solid waste management
  monthly abstracts bulletin

    for April, May, and June 1973
              vol.1 nos.4-6
       abstract nos. 73-4452 to 73-5349
       This publication (SW-513.2) was compiled
        under the direction of John A. Connolly
          from the worldwide 1973 literature
              available as abstracts
    from EPA's Solid Waste Information Retrieval System
u.s. environmental protection agency
                 1976

-------
                                        preface
     The Federal  program in solid waste management has maintained a strong interest in bibliography
throughout its history, which dates back to the beginnings of Public Health Service activity in this field in
1941.  At present the program's  bibliographic work is based on the Solid Waste Information  Retrieval
System (SWIRS), a data bank storing abstracts, now totaling 36,000, of the worldwide literature on solid
wastes and their management. The scanning of the literature, the abstracting and indexing, and the resultant
data bank are kept current on a  daily basis,  and hundreds of requests from the public for information
retrieval service are filled each year.

     The January  1973 issue of the Monthly  Abstracts Bulletin marked the beginning of a new effort to
make the information acquired by SWIRS available to the public on a regular basis. The Bulletin replaces
several documents-a publication on patents, the annual abstracts, which were published from 1964 through
1968 but not since then because of lack of  resources, and the Accession Bulletin, a monthly annotated
listing published from January 1970 through December 1971.

     Although the Monthly Abstracts Bulletin  does not  cover all the  literature being published on solid
waste, numerous periodical and nonperiodical  titles in both the foreign and domestic literature are screened
for inclusion.  No effort was made to separate strictly technical material from that which is more general.
The bibliography is arranged in categories corresponding  to the various administrative, engineering, and
operational phases of solid waste management.  Subject and  author indexes are  included in each issue,
and a cumulative author and subject index will  be issued as the 13th volume for each year.
     The pages of the Bulletin were  typeset from computer tapes. As will occasionally be noted, the sys-
tem is not yet foolproof, but rather than go to the relatively high expense of bringing down the error rate
further, it was decided to use the present copy, with apologies to the reader, since it serves the intended
purpose adequately.
     The project was the result of the combined efforts of the Solid Waste Information Retrieval System
(SWIRS) and the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, under contract 68-01-0447.
                                                     —JOHN A. CONNOLLY
                                                        Compiler

-------
                solid waste management
           monthly abstracts  bulletin
     April  1973
vol.1, no.4,  abstract  nos.  73-4452  to 73-4753
                           contents
                      Subjects
                                  Abstract Numbers
Agricultural waste	    734452 to 4455
  (crop residues, manure, timber slash/other vegetation)
Analysis of solid waste	    734456 to 4462
  (data, methods)
Automobile	    734463 to 4464
Bulky wastes	    734465
Collection	    734466 to 4473
Compost/Composting	    734474 to 4483
Disposal   	    734484 to 4510
Hazardous wastes	    734511 to 4535
Health/Safety	    734536 to 4539
Incineration	    734540 to 4584
Industrial wastes	    734585 to 4615
Institutional wastes	    734616
Law/Regulations   	    734617 to 4626
Management	    734627 to 4633
  (municipal, regional, rural, State)
Ocean disposal	    734634 to 4636
Packaging wastes	    734637 to 4651
Processing/Reduction	    734652 to 4678
Recycling	    734679 to 4706
  (incinerator residues, industrial wastes, mining wastes,
   municipal refuse, scrap metal)
Research	    734707 to 4721
Sanitary landfill	    734722 to 4729
Separation	    734730 to 4731
Sludge	    734732 to 4746
Street cleaning	    734747 to 4748
Training, Education, and Public Relations	    734749 to 4752
Transport	    734753
Subject index
Author index

-------
                          solid waste  management
                    monthly abstracts bulletin
              April  1973
vol.1, no.4, abstract nos.  73-4452 to  73-4753
AGRICULTURAL WASTE

734452
 Behandlung  von Fluessigmist.  [Treatment of
liquid dung.] Wassenvirtschaft, 62(11):356, Nov.
1972.
The Max Planck Institute has been charged by
the Hessian Ministry  for Landscape and En-
vironment with research work concerning the
development of systems for the aerobic treat-
ment of liquid dung in stables. It is intended to
use oxidation trenches in the stables so that the
animal  excrement falls  directly into  these
trenches where they  are treated with oxygen.
Owing to the  integration of the trenches in the
interior of the stables, freezing of the excrement
and bad biological equilibrium is avoided. Due to
the oxygen treatment the development of bad
odors can be kept to a minimum. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23703]

734453
  OGATA, T.    Chikusan-kei  haikibutsu  no
resaikuringu sisutemu ni tsuite.  [On the abate-
ment of animal waste by way of land disposal.]
Kogai to Taisaku, 9(2):123-130, Feb. 1973.
Although land disposal seems to be best in deal-
ing with animal waste, care must be taken not to
cause soil pollution, since wastes do not  move
around very much in the soil, compared to their
movement in atmosphere or in water, and they
do not change their characteristics too rapidly.
Such pretreatment as dewatering and drying is
               necessary. It would be ideal if livestock raising
               would be carried out side by side with horticul-
               ture, as used to be done. However, if there is too
               much organic acid and  excess  nitrogen  and
               potassium in the soil, plant and vegetable growth
               would be hampered.  It is  necessary to apply
               animal wastes to paddy fields in the autumn of
               the year before. Care must be taken about the
               feed grown when animal wastes are used as fer-
               tilizer, as it may have a detrimental effect on cat-
               tle. If cattle excrement is  applied raw to the
               field, at more than 20 tons per acre, farm labor
               becomes  difficult.  Low  polymer compounds
               among organics in animal wastes would be easily
               decomposed in the soil by microbes, but nitrogen
               trioxide, sodium salt, etc., would easily get min-
               gled with underground water. Phosphoric acid
               pollution must be avoided. Care must be taken
               not  to  wash animal wastes down into rivers,
               lakes, etc., on sloping  ground. By aerobic treat-
               ment, nitrogen can be considerably eliminated.
               With application of calcium  and magnesium, im-
               balance with potassium in soil can be rectified. In
               order to avoid excess nitrogen and organic acids,
               some sturdy plant variety  can be selected, or
               timing of application of animal waste can be ad-
               justed.  Feeding methods  for  cattle can be im-
               proved, and kinds  of feed can be controlled, in
               order to prevent the  deterioration of nutrients
               composition of crops used as feed, due to excess
               animal wastes application. Although the number
               of cattle would increase, the land  to be used for
               land disposal of animal wastes is limited, so that
               various measures  must  be  taken. (Text in
               Japanese)
               [23704]

-------
73-4454
 OTA, S.  Nogyoyo hai-purasuchikku shori. [The
disposal of waste plastics from agricultural ac-
tivities.] Nogy oyobi Engei, 48(1):201-204,  Jan.
1973.
The actual conditions of the disposal of vinyl
chloride film and polyethylene film from garden-
ing and agricultural activities are reported. Ac-
cording to a questionnaire in 1971, 70 percent of
those are burned onsite, 11 percent are buried, 5
percent are sent to the disposal places in the  city,
4 percent thrown into a river and sea, 3 percent
burned jointly by the community, and 2 percent
sent  to  reprocessors.  Many  of  the disposal
methods for  waste plastics are still in  the
development  stage but may be, in general, clas-
sified  into  the  four  methods, melting  and
reprocessing, crushing and reclamation, destruc-
tion by fire, and pyrolysis and returning to raw
materials. In crushing wastes, the use of destruc-
tion-promoting agents such as  polyhalogenized
carbonyl compounds is  being studied, in which
particularly polyvinyl chloride film can be natu-
rally  decomposed  by  sunshine. In burning
wastes, facilities for treating the poisonous gases
and heavy metals from  vinylchloride plastic are
required to prevent  secondary pollution.  The
burning method has an advantage that waste
plastic can be disposed of in large quantities, but
whether large scale centralized system is better
or not, should be carefully examined according to
the actual conditions. (Text in Japanese)
[23705]

734455
 SCHILLING, E. E.  Zur technik der konventional-
len stalldungausbringung. [Technique of conven-
tional dung  disposal.] Landtechnik,  28(4): 103-
106,1973.
Dung from conventional farms  usually consists
for the  greatest part of solid substances while
dung  from mass stock keeping contains mainly
liquid matter. The technique of dung disposal is
characterized by transportation, dosing and dis-
tribution of the dung. Vehicles for the transpor-
tation of the dung must be adapted for unpaved
roads and usually have one or two axles. Dosing
of the dung  is  effected  through a  spreading
device. According to the velocity with which the
dung is led into the spreading device the quanti-
ties to be spread amount from 50 to 400 double
quintals per hectare. The situation of the spread-
ing device on the side or back walls of the vehicle
determines the  distribution of  the dung in  a
small or large range. (Text in German)
[23706]

ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE

73-4456
 IKENO, T. Nihon no kagaku to  grjutsu. [Pollution
in the Tokyo metropolitan area.]  Tokyoto no
Kogai, (146):20-34, July 1972.
Total wastes in Tokyo, Japan, amount to 155,000
tons daily, a total of 49,000,000 tons annually.
Daily industrial waste is 114,000 tons. Sewerage
treatment plants yield 26,500  tons. Households
create  15,500 tons, which are disposed of by each
municipality, in  the suburban  areas, but in the
central area by the Tokyo Metropolitan Govern-
ment.  Despite the fact that there was  no ap-
preciable  increase in population in the central
part of Tokyo, the volume of wastes increased
2.3 times in  the 10 years  from 1961 to 1970,
reaching 13,000 tons  a day. These wastes are
disposed of by metropolitan disposal facilities.
Construction of new disposal facilities. Sanitary
landfills, as well as  transportation to sanitary
landfills, are met by citizen protest and opposi-
tion campaigns,  even  though the  government
acts on the principle that the sacrifice neces-
sitated by wastes disposal is to be borne equally
by all,  and wastes created in one locality are to
be disposed of within  that locality. Until there
are  facilities  fully equipped  to incinerate all
wastes, sanitary landfill is a necessary evil. (Text
in Japanese)
[23707]

73-4457
 KURIHARA, S. Seikatsukei haiWbutsu no seyo to
sono shori no kosatsu. [Character of domestic
refuse and thinking of  treatment.] Yosui to
Haisui, 15(3):296-298, Mar. 1973.
Characteristics   of  gas   generated  from  a
reclaimed area of Tokyo, 'Yumenoshima' (Dream
Island), as of 1965 and another in Fukuoka City,
as of 1970, was studied. At Yumenoshima, car-

-------
bonk acid gas reached 12,000 to 45,000 ppm, 12 to
45 times its allowable limit of 1,000 ppm; carbon
dioxide was 200 to 600 ppm, 2 to 6 times its al-
lowable limit of 100 ppm; it  was most intense
right after landfilling. While reclamation  was
going on, sulfuric acid gas concentration was 4o
to 60 ppm, 5 to 10 times its allowable limit of 5 to
10 ppm. However, 1 m above ground, these gases
were pretty well diluted, so that only carbonic
acid gas could be measured. At a spot where the
refuse was burning by itself, gas concentration
was higher the closer the spot was to the fire. At
0.5 m away from the fire, carbon monoxide was
3,000 ppm, carbonic acid gas was 20,000 to 30,000
ppm. When there is fire inside the refuse accu-
mulation, the gas generated contained  10,000
ppm carbon monoxide  (100 times of 100 ppm),
and  15,000 ppm carbonic acid gas (15 times of
1,000 ppm), so that care must be taken in extin-
guishing  the fire. Although  no chlorine com-
pounds could be detected at the time, it was only
due  to the fact that the ratio of plastic wastes
was only 2 to 3 percent in  1965. By covering the
ground with earth, the figures indicated  that
there was hardly any danger to human health.
During reclamation, or  a few days afterwards,
temperature 50 to 70 cm underground was 79 C.
At Fukuoka,  boring  was  carried  out  on the
reclaimed area, and examination was made of
carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur diox-
ide,  nitrogen dioxide, methylcaptan, ethylmer-
captan,   ethylene  oxide,   phosgene,   carbon
tetrachloride, (by detecting tubes), and oxygen,
nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide (by gas
chromatograph). About 1.5 or 2 years after recla-
mation, methane was 40 to 60 percent of total
gas, carbon dioxide was 30  to 40 percent and
practically no oxygen was present, but oxygen
gradually increased afterwards, reaching 15 per-
cent 2.5  years later and  methane and  carbon
dioxide decreased. (Text in Japanese)
[23708]

73-4458
 KURIHARA, S. Seikatsukei kotai haikibutsu no
seyo to sono shori no kosatsu. (II). [Character of
domestic refuse and treatment] Yosui to Haisui,
15(4):437-441, Apr. 1973.
The composition  of  refuse  in Tokyo  (1971),
Madison City (1971), Britain (1965), and W. Ger-
many (1970) is shown. The analysis shows; pro-
portion of flammables and non-flammables in
refuse; physical composition of domestic refuse,
1963 to 1971; change in total refuse; change in
paper refuse; and plastics, garbage, and metal
refuse, 1963 to 1971. With the drastic change in
our mode  of life,  characteristics of domestic
refuse have shown great change. In Tokyo and
Kyoto, inflammables are around 80 percent and
non-flammables 20 percent. With 1963 as 100,
paper refuse rose as follows: 19670 128; 19680
162; 19690 183, 19700 191; and  1971-242. Also
with 1963  as 100, plastics in 1967 was 250, in
1968--417,  in  19690  600;  in 19700  709, but
decreased slightly in 1971 to 645. With 1963 as
100, garbage increased to 113 in 1964,119 in 1965,
and 126 in 1971. With 1963 as 100, metal refuse
rose to 118 in 1964,151 in 1965,112 in 1966,116 in
1967,138 in 1968,188 in 1969,195 in 1970, and 295
in 1971.  Meteorological effects  on refuse and
seasonal   consumption-patterns   are   more
pronounced in  small  cities than in big cities.
(Text in Japanese)
[23709]

73-4459
 MAHLOCH, J. L.   Experimental error and data
processing.   In   An  investigation  of the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse.
Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence],  University of Kansas,
Dec. 1970. p. 55-63.
A statistical analysis  was made  of moisture,
volatile solids, pH, and COD tests. Evidence of
sampling error was found primarily in tempera-
ture data and in the relationship between COD
and volatile solids data. If a sample is represen-
tative, the correlation between COD and volatile
solids should be good. Two samples used in per-
forming replicate  volatile solids determinations
were sub-samples of one sample extracted from
the system. This led to the hypothesis that com-
parable results  from the volatile solids  tests
should  be obtained if  the initial  sample was
homogeneous.  Results  of  parametric  tests
demonstrated that data values for each sub-sam-
ple are not significantly different. There seems
to be no statistical basis for doubting the validity
of the sampling technique. Because some experi-
mental results were  variable in nature,  espe-
cially those of COD and volatile solids, it was de-

-------
cided to  smooth these data values and replot
them. Satisfactory results were obtained  from
this  procedure. The computer programs  used
during this study are described and listed.  (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23710]

73-4460
 MAHLOCH, J. L.   Literature review. Environ-
mental considerations.  In  An investigation of
the microbiology  of aerobic decomposition of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of
Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 14-19.
The rate of biological transformation of refuse is
dependent  on the composition of the  refuse; if
the organic matter  is relatively amenable to
decomposition, the rate of reaction will be fast.
Supply of other nutrients such as nitrogen and
inorganic ions is another factor in decomposition.
Composition is dependent on geographic locality,
economic status of an area, seasonal variations,
time of collection, and  type of collection em-
ployed.  It  is generally  agreed  that a  large
amount of cellulosic material is present in refuse.
The amount of organic material present is deter-
mined by such things as volatile solids, COD, and
BOD. The  amount of organic matter exerts a
pronounced effect on a refuse system: the  num-
bers   of   microflora    present.    Nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium are the most necessa-
ry additional nutrients  required if  biological
decomposition is to be successful. Calcium added
in the form of lime increased the numbers  of all
microflora significantly. Caution must be used in
grinding  refuse for composting. Fine grinding
yields a large surface area to volume ratio, allow-
ing excessive heat loss, whereas coarse grinding
results in poor aeration and biological heating.
Decomposition of refuse takes place faster under
aerobic  conditions, it  is generally  conceded.
Another  effect of aeration  is generally to in-
crease the  numbers  of  aerobic  organisms
present.  (This  document is  retained  in the
SWIRS library.)
[23711]

73-4461
 MAHLOCH, J. L. Microbiological analysis. In an
investigation  of the  microbiology of  aerobic
decomposition   of   refuse.   Ph.D.   Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
41-53.
Microbiological analyses  conducted during ex-
perimentation into the aerobic decomposition of
refuse included counts of fungi and  bacteria,
identification of fungi, and grouping of bacterial
isolates by their characteristics. A soil extract-
yeast extract medium was used for enumeration
of bacteria. The use of rose bengal for enumera-
tion of fungi has been disputed, and so tests were
run with and without it. The effect of rose bengal
on fungal  counts produced the following conclu-
sions: there was a significant difference between
counts with and without rose bengal; and there
was no significant difference between counts in
another medium with and without rose bengal. A
description of the two media used in the experi-
ment is provided in the text. In spite of conflict-
ing data, there seems to be some advantage in in-
corporating rose bengal into a counting medium.
When large numbers of fungi  are present, rose
bengal has the added advantage of having a bac-
teriostatic effect. Identification of fungi was per-
formed by taking isolates from plates and trans-
ferring them to plates with potato dextrose agar.
The process used to group bacteria is described
in some detail.  Because of confidence limits im-
posed by hypergeometric distribution, it was dif-
ficult to group one sample of  isolates with any
statistical validity. Thus, all isolates  from one
type of substrate were analyzed concurrently.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23712]

73-4462
 SCHARFENSTEIN, 0.  Hausmuell: flasehmuell.
[Household  refuse - bottles.] Staedtehygiene,
24(2):33-34,1973.
From 1963 through 1970 the number of bottles
produced in the Federal Republic of Germany in-
creased by 85 percent, however, the weight  of
the glass  used only increased by 49.4 percent.
This discrepancy shows the efforts of the bottle
producers to reduce the weight of individual bot-
tles. It was found that one glass beverage bottle
per inhabitant per week would have had to be
removed  as refuse,  if  all  beverage bottles
produced  in Western Germany in the year 1970

-------
had been thrown away  in the same  year. The
weight of the glass per inhabitant  per week
would have amounted to 444 g. (Text in German)
[23713]

AUTOMOBILE

73-4463
 Car scrap disposal tax for Germany.  Waste
Trade Journal, 68(48):6, Nov. 30,1972.
The German government is considering the use
of a scrapping tax  to be added to the cost of
every new car  sold.  This would  finance the
disposal of used cars. Sweden  already has  a
similar system. The government would use this
money to finance the building of reduction and
incineration plants, but it would be refunded to
the last owner of the car when he turns it in.
Thus the tax is more of a compulsory loan.
[23714]

73-4464
 KAGIYA, J., AND S. TAKAHASHI. Haisha shori
taisaku.   [Discarded   automobile    disposal.]
Jidosha Gijutsu, 27(l):67-73, Jan. 1973.
Although shredding of discarded vehicles is the
only solution, the equipment is costly and there
should be a guarantee that sufficient  number of
discarded cars available to make it pay. There is
special loan offered by the Japan Development
Bank to encourage installation of shredders. At
the moment five shredder plants are in opera-
tion, invested by giant trading firms, which are
closely  connected  with  automobile   manufac-
turers, scrap dealers, iron and  steel manufac-
turers, etc. For one shredder, it requires 300 to
400 million yen  (excluding land price), so that
there must  be  at least  4,000  tons of scrap
produced  a  month, which means  about 8,000
smaller passenger cars to be discarded (0.5 tons
scrap from one car). Price of scrap fluctuates so
much, and it is difficult to predict when the steel
industry would  be  in  acute need  of  scrap.
Another problem is how to avoid secondary pol-
lution, since there is about 200 kg of impurities,
including tire sheet, floor mat, glass, earth, waste
oil, from  each   car to  be  disposed  of.  Scrap
produced by carbecuing does not make good raw
material for steel making. Prevention of secon-
dary pollution requires cooperation of all the in-
terested parties. (Text in Japanese)
[23715]

BULKY WASTES

73-4465
 Shredded bulky rubbish used as daily cover in
Tacoma demonstration project.   Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 16(3):22,
24,26,93, Mar. 1973.
This article  describes Tacoma, Washington's,
solid waste shredding system, which has one of
the highest capacities in the world. The heart of
the system is a 30-ton-per-hr refuse shredder.
Oversize  bulky  wastes can,  however,  be
processed at the rate of 40 tons an hr. The equip-
ment and process are described and illustrated.
Bulky wastes are shredded  without difficulty
and made into  a fist-sized steel product which
will landfill easily. Pulverization is also employed
to convert the available bulky waste materials to
a uniform, inert cover material.
[23716]

COLLECTION

73-4466
  ENDO,  S.    Shujinsha  no   okeru  jinkai
oshikomibako no  shoko  sochi.  [A lift  for  the
charging box of a collection  vehicle.] Japanese
Patent  Sho  47-28,813 owned  by Tokyu  Car
Manufacturing  Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan. Is-
sued Aug. 30,1972.3 p.
This invention relates to a collection vehicle so
designed that the charging box provided with a
device to push wastes in the box can rise in con-
nection with the movement of ram plate. Collec-
tion vehicle consists of the housing body for the
compaction in box, the cylinder to move the ram
and  the ram axis, in which the ram  pushes
wastes in the housing body  by an interlocking
movement with the reciprocating  motion of the
cylinder to do both the charging and compaction.
The discharging  of wastes  from the  housing
body is carried out by the inclination of the hous-
ing body, and by shortening the  cylinders the
body is returned to the original position. In the
waste-collecting car under this invention,  the

-------
discharging of wastes can be very easily carried
out. (Text in Japanese)
[23717]

73-4467
 KREUZINGER, U.   Umweltschutz per muell-
pipeline.  [Environmental protection via refuse
pipeline.] Staedtehygiene, 24(2):44-45,1973.
The world's largest automatic refuse collecting
plant has been put into operation in the Olympic
village at Munich. It has a capacity of 80 cu m of
refuse daily.  The cost was  about 6 million
deutsche marks. Domestic refuse is thrown into
the refuse shaft system in the houses and falls
onto a cover, leading to  a pipe system. This
system has a range of about 76 hectares and is
controlled by a central station. At determined in-
tervals the covers are opened by means of com-
pressed air  and the refuse  falls into the pipe
system. By means of an air stream which has a
velocity of 80 km per hr of waste and even bulky
refuse is sucked  to a central refuse collecting
place  where the refuse  is compressed and fed
into large containers. (Text in German)
[23718]

73-4468
 Muellkanalisation: ein loesung fuer grosseidlun-
gen. [Refuse sewer: a solution for large commu-
nities.]   U-das  Technische   Umweltmagazin,
(1):55,1973.
Due to the increasing cost of refuse collection
and the  shortage of personnel the collection
problem is becoming more and more critical. A
new collection  system has been developed in
order to avoid such difficulties. Domestic refuse
is thrown into the refuse shaft system in houses.
It, then, falls onto a horizontal disc which is part
of a valve leading to a pipe system which is con-
nected to a central control station. At predeter-
mined intervals of time a group of fans in the
central station produces a vacuum and current of
air, and the valves under the house shafts open
automatically, the refuse is sucked to a central
refuse collecting place where it is compressed
and fed into large containers. The transportation
air is  cleaned in high capacity  dust filters and
then blown into the open air. (Text in German)
[23719]
734469
Pneumatische muellentsorgung im Olympiadorf.
[Pneumatic refuse removal in the Olympic vil-
lage.] Muell und Abfall, 5(2):56,1973.
The  approach that  the  pneumatic  pipeline
system for refuse removal in the Olympic village
is installed incorrectly and does not work cor-
rectly has been rejected by the manager of the
building enterprise. It was found  out  that one
reason for the blocking of the system  was that
nearly all inhabitants of the  Olympic village
emptied the refuse between 6 and 8 p.m. into two
of the seven refuse shafts. A new control pro-
gram has  been worked out taking into account
the habits of the inhabitants. The total capacity
of the system is sufficient which has been proved
during the Olympic Games when  besides the
refuse of 15,000 inhabitants also 45,000 disposa-
ble dishes were removed every day.  (Text  in
German)
[23720]

73-4470
Proceedings; 72nd Annual Conference of the In-
stitute of Public Cleansing,  Torbay, Scotland,
June 2-5,1970.210 p.
The Conference proceedings consist of welcom-
ing speeches, an  agenda, and a  long section
devoted to many different collection and disposal
vehicles. On the Conference agenda were topics
such as the following: purposeful use of solid
waste, disposal of packaging wastes, industrial
health in the public cleansing services, pulverisa-
tion, and  compaction  systems.  Judging by the
great amount  of  space in the   proceedings
devoted to vehicle demonstrations, this  aspect of
the Conference appears to dominate all others.
The  exhibits were intended to  provide Con-
ference delegates  with the opportunity to in-
spect and  compare latest designs in vehicles, ap-
pliances, and equipment used in public cleansing.
The  descriptive  material on  equipment  was
based on information supplied by exhibitors. At
the end of the proceedings, a  complete  list  of
delegates present at the Conference is provided.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23721]

-------
734471
 SAKAMOTO, Y.  Jinkaisha no jinkai katsuraku
boshi sochi. [Auxiliary device for a waste collec-
tion vehicle to prevent refuse from falling out
during compaction.] Japanese Patent Sho 47-
24,811 owned by Tokyu Car Manufacturing Com-
pany, Ltd. Issued Aug. 4,1972.
This invention is so designed that several fork
bars which are driven by the mobile cylinder are
inserted into  the wastes charged in the waste
box so that wastes will not fall  down when the
ram goes back after compacting wastes to the
rear part. With this system^ therefore, workers
can easily do their work without coming in touch
with refuse and also the falling of the piled
wastes can of course be avoided, so that the load-
ing of wastes on the collecting  car can be per-
formed more exactly and efficiently; (Text  in
Japanese)
[23722]

734472
 TOGASHI, M.  Jinkai shushusha e no jinkai tonyu
sochi. [A device for charging refuse into a collec-
tion  vehicle.]  Japanese Patent  Sho 47-28,814
owned by Tokyu Car Manufacturing Co., Ltd.,
Yokohama, Japan. Issued Aug. 30,1972.3 p.
This relates  to a  refuse  collecting vehicle  in
which a container is mechanically lifted to the
level of the waste-housing section of the collec-
tion vehicle and declined to charge wastes in the
housing section, and when the waste container is
not used, these devices are housed and  main-
tained exactly and manual waste-charging work
can be performed safely and exactly. The collec-
tion truck consists of a room in  which a push in
plate connected with a lift arm through a chain is
provided movabely.  In  connection  with the
movement  of the  push in plate, the lift arm
makes an up and down movement and at the
same time the container is lifted upward and is
lowered when wastes are charged into the body.
And, in connection with lowering the lift arm, the
container is rapidly brought down to the ground
arid the waste-charging work is finished. (Text in
Japanese)
[23723]
734473
YONEDA, I. Jinkai shuyosha no okeru jinkai kak
ikomi sochi. [Charging device for a refuse collec-
tion  vehicle.]  Japanese  Patent Sho  47-24810
owned by Kyokuto Kaihatsu Kikai Kogyo Co.,
Ltd., Nihsiriomiya, Japan. Issued Aug. 4,1972. 3
P-
This concerns a charging in device for waste col-
lection  vehicle  which has a mechanism  so
designed that both the charging and lifting ac-
tions of the ram can be performed  continuously
by a single rotary axis. In former waste collect-
ing vehicles, since the mechanism to lift the ram
when wastes are damped into the hopper and the
mechanism to  take in wastes charged are pro-
vided separately and these are so designed as to
operate by the driving means such as respective
hydraulic cylinders,  the  entire structure was
complex and the operation control was of necess-
ity troublesome. However, the mechanism under
this invention  which has a  very  simple link
mechanism capable of working by a single rotary
axis can permit both the lifting and charging ac-
tions of the ram to occur and the method also can
compact wastes during the taking in operation of
the ram. (Text in Japanese)
[23724]

COMPOST  / COMPOSTING

734474
CARSTENSEN, U. Naturgemaesse bddenverbes-
serung  durch  frischkompost  aus muellkom-
postierungsanlagen. [Natural  improvement  of
soil conditions with fresh compost from refuse
composting systems.] Staedtehygiene, 24(2):34-
36,1973.
Analyses of the nutritive value showed that
refuse compost is 0.6 percent each nitrogen and
phosphorus and 0.5 percent potash. The plant's
demand for nutritive substances cannot be sup-
plied by refuse sewage sludge composts alone, as
there would be either a lack or a surplus of fer-
tilizing substances. The successful application of
fresh or rotted composts depends on the quality
of the soil. It was found that soil with a porosity
of 55  to 65 percent could be treated successfully
even with fresh compost. For that with a porosi-
ty of 38 to 42 percent rotted composts are recom-

-------
mendable, as fresh composts in this case would
lead to a shortage of oxygen in the soil. Espe-
cially favorable is the application of fresh com-
post in  autumn as  the  high content  of easily
decomposting organic substances lead to a post-
rotting process on the fields which increases the
yield. (Text in German)
[23725]

734475
 KEHR,  W. Q.  Microbial degradation of .urban
and  agricultural wastes. [Cincinnati,  U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, 1972. Reprint.] 8
P-
This article discusses the use of microbial decom-
position of waste materials in order to  make
them reusable. Microbes are associated with the
breakdown of complex organic substances, and
while the exact processes .are not known  the
processes can be utilized to degrade refuse. This
paper contains the results of five studies funded
by the Bureau of Solid Waste Management: the
Johnson  City  Tennessee Composting Project;
cellulolytic activity  in  municipal  composting;
feasibility study of the disposal of polyethylene
plastic waste; conversion of organic solid wastes
into yeast; and special studies of a sanitary land-
fill. (This document  is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23726]

73-4476
 KEHR, W. Q.  The Joint U.S. Public Health Ser-
vice Tennessee  Valley  Authority  Composting
Project, Johnson City, Tennessee.  In  Microbial
degradation of urban and  agricultural wastes.
[Cincinnati,  U.S.   Environmental  Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Pro-
grams, 1972. Reprint.] p. 185-186.
This article describes the composting process as
it is being earned out in this experiment. At the
beginning of the process  the mesophilic flora
predominate. These are the organisms that are
able to flourish in the temperature range of 25 to
45 C. The metabolic activity of these microorgan-
isms raises the temperature of the compost, con-
sequently they die off and thermophilic species
take over. These are those  which grow at tem-
peratures above 45 C. This process is affected by
the presence of oxygen. At Johnson City they
have found that windrows that are aerobic reach
temperatures as high as 75 C and have no objec-
tionable odors. Those which are not turned and,
therefore, become anaerobic reach only about 55
C and the temperatures drop dramatically  after
the first 2 weeks of composting. At the Johnson
City plant researchers have worked at develop-
ing an inoculum of microorganisms that would
speed  the  decomposition  process,  but  this
research  has been inconclusive.  Studies  have
shown, however, that  the addition  of  certain
chemicals to the compost may supply the  flora
with essential nutrients. The Johnson City  plant
has also conducted research on the mortality of
pathogens  associated with refuse and  sludge.
The benefits of compost to the soil are also
discussed.  (This document is retained  in the
SWIRS library.)
[23727]

73-4477
 KlEFER, W.  Rekultivierung mit Klaerschlamm-
Muell-Kompost.  8.  Informationsgespraech des
ANS  in   Blaubeuren  am  24.   April   1970.
[Recultivation by sewage sludge - trash compost.
8th Conference of the Working Group for the
Utilization  of Communal Wastes in Blaubeuren,
April 20,1970.] Staedtehygiene, 22(2):39-41,1971.
  The  Blaubeuren  composting  process  is
described. The  compost is made of 25 percent
sewage sludge with 75 percent domestic refuse
collected from about 29,000 inhabitants. Organic
industrial wastes suitable for  composting are
processed,  too.  Crushed glass splinters are
eliminated by 10 mm mesh screen. Aerobic fer-
mentation is done over 1 week in. 120 cu m cells,
followed  by maturation  in rows over another
month. A new facility will make itpossible to ob-
tain ripe compost after fermentation in cells over
4 weeks. The temperature, humidity, and oxygen
conditions in the cells are controlled automati-
cally. The  necessary oxygen supply is deter-
mined  from  carbon dioxide measurements.IOl
The humidity content is first set at 50 percent,
and is  gradually  reduced  to  35  percent  to
facilitate screening.  The maturation process is
monitored by regular ammonia and sulfide tests.
[23728]

-------
73-4478
 Planung eines Kompostwerkes. [Planning of a
composting    plant.]    Bundesgesundeitsblatt,
16(5):74-77,1973.
The article serves the purpose of giving informa-
tion on how to construct a composting plant ac-
cording to the stage of the art and the approved
technique. A composting plant should guarantee
in combination with a refuse incinerating plant
or a sanitary landfill that all wastes from a deter-
mined area are removed correctly. The wastes
which will be treated in the composting plant
must be classified  according to the expected
quantity and according to their suitability for the
different composting processes  and the desired
compost quality. The decision and the location as
well as the space demand of the plant should be
made with consideration of  the collection area,
transport  distances to the sanitary landfill, and
the market outlet, and possibilities of connection
to the local  supply  systems. The composting
method should be chosen with regard to the in-
tended utilization of the compost. If the compost
shall be sold as high-quality manure a more com-
plicated composting technique will have to be ap-
plied. At the  present time five different com-
posting procedures proved to be efficient: com-
posting in rotting piles without pre-treatment,
composting  in  rotting piles  with  previous
shredding, controlled pre-rotting of the refuse,
and, if  necessary,  subsequent composting in
rotting piles, and controlled pre-rotting  of the
refuse after shredding and subsequent compost-
ing in rotting  piles.  It is recommended that the
domestic refuse be treated together, with sewage
sludge which has to be dewatered first so that
the humidity in the mixture  is the desired 40 .to
55 percent. A joint treatment of domestic refuse
and sludge has important financial advantages.
(Text in German)                        .
[23729]

73-4479
 Planung eines Kompostwerkes. [Planning of a
composting  plant] Muell und  Abfall, 5(l):l-6,
1973.
The present sheet serves the purpose of giving
information on how to  construct a composting
plant according to the state of the art and the ap-
proved  technique. A composting  plant should
guarantee  in  .combination with a  refuse  in-
cinerating plant or a sanitary landfill that all
wastes from a determined area are removed cor-
rectly. The wastes which will be treated in the
composting plant must be classified according to
the expected  quantity  and according to their
suitability for different composting  processes
and desired compost quality. The decision and
the location  and space demand of  the  plant
should be made with consideration of the exten-
sion of the collection area, transport distance to
the sanitary landfill, and the  market outlet and
possibilities of connection  to the local supply
systems. The  composting method  should  be
chosen with regard to the intended utilization of
the compost. If the compost  shall be sold as a
high-quality manure a  more complicated com-
posting technique will  have  to be  applicated.
Five different composting procedures proved to
be efficient: composting in rotting piles without
pre-treatment, composting in rotting  piles with
previous shredding, controlled pre-rotting of the
refuse and if necessary subsequent composting
in rotting piles, and controlled pre-rotting of the
refuse after shredding and subsequent compost-
ing in rotting  piles. It is acceptable to treat the
domestic refuse together with  sewage sludge
which has to be dewatered first so that the hu-
midity in the mixture must be 40 to 55 percent. A
joint treatment of domestic refuse and sludge
has important financial advantages. (Text in
German)         •
[23730] . '   '. •."•'.

73-4480
 STRAUB, H.  Kompostierung der abfaelle, sinn-
vollste methode. [Refuse compostingO the most
rational method of disposal.]  Umwelt, (3):56-61,
June 1972.
The advantages of composting over incineration
and dumping  are reviewed. Composting can be
applied to domestic refuse and similar wastes to
which  also sewage  sludge can be added,  while
metal  parts,  glass  and  plastics  should  be
removed. These together with other wastes, also
unfit for composting, account for some 30 per-
cent by  weight, whereas the reduction in the
waste volume  achieved by composting is greater
than for either dumping or incineration. The raw

-------
10
waste should be treated  in closed digesters at
temperatures of 50 to 70 C. A determined carbon
to nitrogen ratio should be maintained, and tem-
perature, humidity content and oxygen supply
should be controlled. If compost is not marketa-
ble, the wastes should be homogenized mechani-
cally, and disposed of on sanitary landfills. Com-
post from domestic refuse, containing valuable
nutrients and trace elements, represents a pre-
cious fertilizer,  primarily  for  recultivation,
amelioration, and for intensive cultures. Com-
bined refuse-sewage  sludge composts have in-
creased nitrogen contents and improved physical
properties. Composts are able to improve  the
physical properties of the soil, to loosen it up, in-
crease soil humidity and humus content, and to
prevent erosion. Composting should be applied
in combination  with  incineration  and sanitary
landfill, and be developed mostly in rural areas.
(Text in German)
[23731]

73-4481
.WILES, C. C., AND L. W. LEFKE. Solid waste
composting. Journal of the Water Pollution Con-
trol Federation, 44(6):1,104-1,107, June 1972.
The complex problems connected with compost-
ing as well as voices in favor and against com-
posting as a disposal and reclamation method are
presented.  Although  interest in composting of
solid wastes has declined  in recent years, public
awareness  became more evident  in  1971 with
economics remaining as its major deterrent to its
effective utilization as a solid waste management
method by municipalities.  In the literature, there
are different and opposing views as to the future
usefulness of composting as a method for manag-
ing solid wastes.  The low dollar value for the
compost product, aggravated by a nonexistent
market  and farmers' prejudice, were reasons
making composting currently unattractive from
the economic standpoint.  This economic unat-
tractiveness was caused by the application of a
double standard  when comparing composting
with other disposal methods. A demand for com-
post will develop in future years, and it is im-
proper to assume that composting as a large-
scale recycling process will remain defunct. The
real  economics  of composting are  not  well
presented, and learning how to apply the process
best under present circumstances is the way to
make composting the  method  of choice for
recycling organic wastes.  Processing and com-
post utilization are discussed, such as: different
methods of processing poultry manure onsite;
adding composted bark to the soil; leaf-compost-
ing by  communities;  and disposal of  cannery
wastes on  soils as soil conditioner and to help
prevent the contamination of waterways with in-
organic chemical fertilizers.
[23732]

73-4482
 WILEY, J. S.  Composting of organic waste; an
annotated  bibliography.  [Savannah,  Georgia,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, Technical Development Laboratories,] Feb.
1958.126 p.
This bibliography was written at  the Commu-
nicable Disease Center and contains only materi-
als written after 1950. Earlier bibliographies also
exist. This  document contains brief abstracts of
the literature which is reviewed.  The subject
matter is limited to composting and does not
cover the related fields of digestion and fermen-
tation. There is an author index. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23733]

73-4483
 Zur Verbesserung des wachstrums salzgefachr-
deter pflgnzen an bundesstrassen  durch muell-
kompost  [Improving  the growing of plants
which are endangered by salt by means of refuse
compost.]      Allgemeine    Forstzeitschrift,
28(9/10):172,1973.
Rotted  refuse compost shall  improve the re-
sistance to salt of plants lining the highways. The
compost neutralizes the salt concentration in the
soil so that it is no longer available for the plants,
thus preventing the salt from being washed into
the ground. (Text in German)
[23734]

DISPOSAL

73-4484
 ABE, T., H. ANDO, 0. INOMATA, Y. SHIMIZU, S.
MATSUZAWA,  AND S.  Orsu. Pori enka  biniru

-------
                                                                                          11
haikibutsu  no kansuru  kenkyu. (dainiho) Pori
enka  biniru  no datsuinka suiso.  [Studies  on
polyvinyl chloride  waste.  (2) Dehydrochlorina-
tion of polyvinyl chloride.]  Kogai, 7(5):217-223,
Sept. 1972.
Polyvinyl  chloride  (PVC)  can free hydrogen
chloride (HCL) at a relatively low temperature,
and this treatment is essential to PVC before
final pollutionless  combustion  or degradation
treatment.  Experiments were carried  out in
order to study the optimum condition for the
pretreatment of PVC. For the lab experiment, a
nickel crucible of approximately 200 cc capacity
containing wood alloy was used as a bath for the
test tube. The emitting HC1 was led into a trian-
gular beaker. A larger scale dehydrochlorination
system applicable for an industrial use was also
used.  The  equipment was a conveyor furnace
made of a stainless pipe of a 17 cm diameter, 200
cm in length, which was  heated  by electricity
from outside. A mesh belt of 10 cm width was
passed through the tube at a speed between 1
and 10 miles per hr. The rate of dehydrochlorina-
tion of PVC increased with increasing tempera-
ture.  The  results showed  that a  complete
elimination  of HC1  from PVC  required  30
minutes of treatment at 300 C or more than 10
minutes of treatment at 350 C. However, the
rate  of dehydrochlorination changes  with the
quantity of PVC and the type of the the equip-
ment; tests are necessary in actual designing.
(Text in Japanese)
[23735]

73-4485
 ALEXANDER, R. R.  Flushable  sanitary  napkin.
Canadian Patent 922,852 owned by the Kendall
Co., Boston, Massachusetts. Issued Mar. 20,1973.
A bonded nonwoven fabric suitable for use as a
flushable cover for a disposable diaper or a sani-
tary napkin is produced by bonding a thin web of
textile-length fiber with a fugitive binder com-
prising a mixture  of  a soft acrylic binder and
polyvinyl alcohol.  Such  a fabric has sufficient
tensile strength to function usefully as a cover
whether dry or damp, but then after use may be
readily disposed of by  flushing since it disin-
tegrates into a thin fibrous slurry when agitated
in water.
[23736]
73-4486
DAVIDSON, C. M., AND J. R. DESHAIES. Removal
of sulphur dioxide from  waste gas.  Canadian
Patent 924,872 owned by Canadian Industries
Ltd., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Issued Apr. 24,
1973.12 p.
The process herein described is a  method  for
removing sulfur dioxide from waste gasses
through reaction with hydrogen sulfide in a mov-
ing bed of catalyst containing variable propor-
tions of two types of catalyst particles. One type
contains adsorbed sulfur dioxide; the other type
is capable of adsorbing additional sulfur dioxide.
By adjusting the proportions of the two types of
catalyst,  minimum escape to the atmosphere of
sulfur  dioxide and hydrogen sulfide is accom-
plished. Elemental sulfur produced by the reac-
tion between the sulfur  dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide is adsorbed on catalyst  particles  and
recovered by cycling the catalyst from the reac-
tor through a regeneration unit.
[23737]

73-4487
  Die drohende abfallstatistik.  [Current refuse
statistics.]   Gesundheitstechnik,   (ll):234-235,
Nov. 1972.
The residential refuse quantity increases by 1
percent annually while that of bulky refuse even
by 10 percent per  year. In 1970 the quantity of
domestic refuse amounted to 300 kg per year per
inhabitant, that of industrial refuse was also 300
kg  per year per  inhabitant.  Sanitary  landfill
reduces the refuse volume by 30 percent, the
composting  method  combined  with  sanitary
landfill by 60 percent, composting combined with
incineration by 70 percent and incineration com-
bined with reuse of the residue by 90 percent. All
three methods prevent soil and water pollution,
but have other disadvantages. Plastic bags and
other plastic material cannot be composted and
have to  be removed  separately.  Incineration
causes air  pollution  by harmful  gases  like
hydrochloric acid even if flue gas cleaning plants
are used. The new Refuse Disposal Act will im-
prove the situation in the field of refuse removal
as it states that refuse removal shall no longer be
a problem of the individual cities and communi-
ties but it rules that planning and performing of

-------
12
refuse removal shall be effected by the lender in
order to guarantee a hygienic disposal of the
refuse. (Text in German)
[23739]

734488
 DIETERICH, M. L.  Waste disposal system and
method.  Canadian  Patent  922,853  owned by
Standard Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Issued
Mar. 20,1973.
A human conveyance such a trailer or bus has a
fuel burning engine and a toilet which discharges
to a  waste storage tank  Effluent  from the
storage  tank is fed to  an evaporating device
where the effluent is subjected to a first  tem-
perature which evaporates the effluent to  form
effluent vapor. The effluent vapor is directed to
a second heating device which subjects the waste
to a second temperature substantially greater
than the evaporating temperature. The heating
device which subjects the effluent vapor to the
second temperature may be defined by the in-
take or exhaust ports of the fuel burning engine.
[23738]

73-4489
  DUNZ, W.   Diskussion  der  beseit  igung-
smethoden. [Discussion  of disposal  methods.]
Muell und Abfall, 5(2):29-32,1973.
An evaluation  of the different  disposal methods
is given. The sanitary landfill method can be ap-
plied for disposing  of urban refuse as well as
part of the commercial and industrial refuse. The
neighborhood of the sanitary landfill usually is
not influenced  in a negative sense. However, the
land needed for a sanitary landfill is important so
that in the long run this system is not feasible.
The  specific annual costs amount to  8 to 12
deutsche marks per ton. The composting method
should only be applicated for wastes which can
be biologically decomposed so that the urban
refuse but not commercial and industrial refuse
can  be  treated by this  method. The volume
reduction amounts to 50 percent, the specific an-
nual costs  are 25 deutsche  marks per ton of
refuse.  An advantage of this method is  that
sewage  sludge can be treated together with the
refuse.  The incineration method  can be ap-
plicated for all kinds of urban and commercial
refuse, while it is limited for industrial refuse
and sludges. The volume reduction is 85 percent
and the specific annual costs amount to 25 to 30
deutsche marks per ton of refuse. As the com-
bustible component in the refuse increases con-
tinuously  incineration  is  the most  suitable
removal method for the future. (Text in German)
[23740]

73-4490
 FERBER, M. Abfallbeseitigung. [Solid  waste
disposal.] VDI-Z, 114(9):640-642, June 1972.
General problems and trends in the solid waste
disposal area in West Germany are outlined. The
volume fo solid waste will continue to grow at a
rate of  5  percent yearly,  with decrease in the
density. Domestic refuse in West Germany con-
tains some 23 percent  paper  and  cardboard, 16
percent putrescible waste, 10 percent glass, 5
percent scrap iron, 2.5 percent plastics, including
less than 1 percent of polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
2.5 percent  textiles,  and 41 percent a fraction
below 20 mm diameter. The rate of recycling is
about twice as high as in the United States, while
reuse is limited  due  to  manual sorting and
separate collection being prohibitive,  and due to
technological  possibilities.  Though  dumping
prevails,  sanitary landfills,  where waste  is
spread in layers with a maximum thickness of 50
cm, and covered by some inert material daily, are
preferable. Some 2 percent of the total waste are
composted, and new composting plants are under
construction. Composting is most  attractive for
small towns and farming regions.  Combinations
of solid waste incinerators  with  composting
facilities represent a growing trend. Compost is
often mixed with fertilizer or peat.  Efforts to
convert compost fiber  material into  hardboard
are  in  an  experimental  stage.  Incineration,
though expensive, is being applied to some 20
percent of the total waste, and to 58 percent in
cities of over 500,000 inhabitants. Special wastes
require  chemical or thermal treatment prior to
safe disposal. (Text in German)
[23741]

73-4491
 HANAOKA, K Hai purasuchikku shori no genjo.
[Present situation of waste  plastics disposal.]
Sangyo to Kankyo, 2(4):77-81, Mar. 1973.

-------
                                                                                            13
Production of plastics in Japan has leveled off
after sudden growth prior to 1970. Of 5,128 tons
of plastic produced in 1970, 1.3 million tons of
plastic,  730,000 tons  from general households,
and  570,000  tons from industries  are to  be
disposed of. Some of them are being reutilized as
civil  engineering,  construction,   agricultural,
fisheries, industrial, and horticulture materials.
Although there are improved type of incinera-
tors for plastic, there is no perfect one which
would  prevent  secondary  pollution.  Thermal
cracking, turning plastics  into  monomers  or
oligomers, is a hopeful area. The Association was
jointly established by the Petrochemical Indus-
trial Association Vinyl Chloride Industry  As-
sociation, and Japan Plastic Industry Federation
at the end of 1971, to cope with waste plastic
problems. At  present, with the cooperation of
Funahashi Municipal Government and citizens,
data  is  being  obtained  by  collecting waste
plastics separately from other wastes and trying
to reutilize and develop new uses. A Takuma
type special incinerator is being constructed at a
laboratory, and  aided by the Sanyo Denki Co.
(Electric Machinery)  and Mitsubishi Heavy In-
dustries Co., a plant is being built to further stu-
dies on thermal cracking of plastic. In Nov. 1972,
a council to  establish policy on vinyl chloride
wrapping material wastes made its start.  The
problems to  be solved  are  to  examine  the
economics of reutilization and to determine shar-
ing of expenses. (Text in Japanese)
[23742]

734492
  HIRSCHHEYDT, A.  V.  Ueber  versuche  zur
beseitigung von abfalloelen und oelhaltigen ab-
faellen  mit hilfe der kompostierung. [Removal
tests of waste oil and oleiferous waste materials
by  means of composting.]  Wasser un Boden.
(10):316-318, Oct. 1972.
Tests have been conducted concerning the in-
fluence  of waste  oils  and  oleiferous waste
materials on the composting process and on the
growth of vegetation treated with compost con-
taining  oily  residue.  Increasing  quantities of
waste oil have been added to raw compost and
then mixed in concrete mixers. It was found that
the addition of oil  resulted in  higher tempera-
tures in the rotting material, a fact which, how-
ever, did not influence at all the rotting process
itself. The development of microorganisms was
not hampered but with increasing oil contents
the  depth  of  the   zone  of  microorganisms
decreased. As a result of the tests it was found
that concentrations of up to 3 percent of mineral
oil with reference to the initial dry substance will
not retard the rotting process. These concentra-
tions will also  not  endanger  the growing  of
plants even if the compost is not diluted. (Text in
German)
   237430

73-4493
 IMOTO, M. Purasuchikku zairyo no jukeu. [The
end of plastic materials.] Kinzoku,  42(3):33-40,
Feb. 1972.
Japan at present creates 2.5 million  tons  of
plastic waste per year, and soon 5 million tons
will have to be treated. The most difficult treat-
ment is  that of domestic refuse  from  urban
homes, which contains more than  10 percent of
plastics. The waste  collected in Tokyo in 1969
was 3.24 million tons and contained approximate-
ly 9.7 percent of plastic. As a method of separat-
ing various types of plastics, the author suggests
the use of various solutions with certain specific
weights in which various plastics may sink or
float. For instance, polyvinyl chloride containing
heavy halogen will sink and will be separated,
and only floating plastics may be decomposed by
heat. Another solution is, as has been suggested
by many, mixing in the plastic a molecular chain
which ends with oxygen, or a copolymer with
carbon    monoxide,   which    will    make
photodegradation of plastic easier. However,
photodegradable plastics are obviously impracti-
cal. Since plastic has high caloric value once it is
burned,  many  noncombustible  additives  are
mixed in order to avoid fire hazard. But in recent
fires, it has been revealed that many people died
from the toxic gases emitted from  plastic con-
struction material, rather than the fire itself.
The additives used for noncombustible plastics
are mostly halogens, and large sources of toxic
gases. (Text in Japanese)
   237440

-------
14
734494
 KIROV, N. Y., ED.  Solid waste treatment and
disposal.  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., 1972.205 p.
This clothbound book is an international edition
of the proceedings of the 1971 Australian Waste
Disposal  Conference, held at the University of
New South Wales. The papers included in this
conference are already in the SWIRS as they
were originally issued at the  time of the  con-
ference. This  volume covers many  aspects of
solid waste management, including sampling
characterization, transport and disposal by land-
fill, dumping, incineration, and composting. Spe-
cial problems covered are disposal of radioactive
wastes, wood wastes, waste from coal mines, and
the effects of  wastes disposal  on air and water
pollution.  Aspects of  salvaging  and reuse of
wastes such as glass, paper,  metal, plastics, oils,
chemical,  and  industrial  water also are  con-
sidered.  (This document is  retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[23745]

73-4495
  KUHLMANN, A.,  AND   H.  WALDEYER.
Stretegische  und  wirtschaftliche Fragen  der
Muell-  und Abfallverarbeitung.  [Strategic  and
economic questions of refuse treatment.] Muell
und Abfall, 5(2):42-46,1973.
An  analysis of the minimum costs for different
refuse  removal systems has been established.
Minimum  cost  for   sanitary  landfills  was
established for a collection range of 2.5 to 6.5 km
and population density of 500 to  4,000 inhabi-
tants per sq km. Minimum  cost in composting
plants was established for a collection range of
3.6 km and a population density of 4,000 inhabi-
tants per sq km. The respective data for refuse
incineration plants are 11.5 km collection range
and 1.7 million inhabitants. As  a result it can be
stated that cost varies inversely as the popula-
tion so that sanitary landfills are more economic
for  less  populated  regions  while incineration
plants should be constructed in larger towns and
cities. Sanitary landfills should have an annual
throughput of at least 6,000 tons and should be
run if possible in  connection  with a  volume
reduction  system like  composting or incinera-
tion. The  50,000 dumps in Germany should be
closed and be replaced by 1,000 to 2,000 sanitary
landfills. (Text in German)
[23761]

73-4496
  MAHLOCH, J.  L.    An  investigation  of the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse.
Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of Kansas,
Dec. 1970.197 p.
Since knowledge concerning  the biology and
chemistry of refuse decomposition is necessary
for understanding and designing proper refuse
disposal systems, the aim of this thesis was to in-
vestigate the microbiology of refuse decomposi-
tion and its association with  various chemical
parameters. Three types of substrates were in-
vestigated:  mixed refuse; paper wastes; and
grass and leaves. Only  the aerobic  phase of
decomposition was considered. Samples were ex-
tracted every other day starting from the initial
day of  substrate incubation.  The  experiment
lasted 48  days. Data  variables measured  were
temperature, pH, moisture, volatile solids,  COD,
numbers of bacteria, and numbers of fungi. The
primary conclusion from  the study  was  that
rapid microbial degradation of solid wastes can
be  accomplished by use of an aerobic  system
with proper regulation of the environmental fac-
tors.  Chemical parameters of the solid waste
substrates, such as moisture  and pH, were im-
portant in controlling microbial metabolism. A
succession of bacteria and fungi were observed
during  the course   of  substrate  incubation.
Predominant  fungi  in the  substrates  were
Trichoderma, Geotrichum, Rhizopus, Penicillium,
Aspergillus, and Cladosporium. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23749]

73-4497
 MAHLOCH, J. L. Application of the results. In
An investigation of the microbiology of aerobic
decomposition   of   refuse.   Ph.D.   Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec.  1970. p.
141-145.
One goal in sanitary landfill disposal methods is
to return the refuse to the earth and reclaim the
land  as quickly as  possible. Current  landfill

-------
                                                                                           15
designs do not facilitate refuse decomposition.
Results of this study show that aerobic stabiliza-
tion  of refuse occurs rapidly, within 30 to 50
days, provided that the environmental conditions
are favorable. Therefore, surface stabilization
seems to be a realistic method for rapidly return-
ing refuse to the earth. Temperature data from
this  study show  sharp peaks  in  temperature
when surface stabilization is attempted, followed
by a decline. COD and volatile solids graphs also
show the same general pattern. Numbers of bac-
teria present in the substrate systems indicate
that a good portion of the initial decomposition of
refuse  was accomplished by bacteria. For bac-
terial decomposition to occur, microbes must be
in contact with the substrate and require a liquid
interface for good activity. On the other hand,
fungi are able to spread throughout the sub-
strate without needing food. Some type of mix-
ing, therefore, is required for optimum bacterial
activity.  Changes in pH had an effect on the
numbers of bacteria and fungi present in paper
and grass and leaves wastes. However, only with
the paper substrate was the decomposition sig-
nificantly affected. Since paper wastes lowered
the numbers of bacteria, it seems true that bac-
teria play a predominant role in the initial phase
of refuse  decomposition.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23746]

734498
 MAHLOCH,J. L. Discussion of results. In  An in-
vestigation  of the  microbiology  of aerobic
decomposition   of   refuse.   Ph.D.   Thesis.
[Lawrence], University  of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
132-141.
The  discussion begins with an  analysis  of the
growth of microbes and resulting problems  in
treating  refuse  aerobic  decomposition.  One
problem is the lack of uniform distribution  of
nutrient elements.  Nitrogen,  phosphorus, and
trace metals are not uniformly available in solid
wastes as they are in liquid wastes. An  impor-
tant interrelationship  among variables is that of
pH with the numbers of microorganisms. The pH
was particularly noticeable in paper wastes and
grass and leaves substrates. The effect of water
addition is striking. A decrease in volatile solids
and COD was  noted after the addition of water;
an increase in numbers of bacteria resulted; the
numbers of fungi increased concurrently with a
decrease in bacteria. A  statistical evaluation  of
results was accomplished through use of a cor-
relation matrix. The three variables significantly
correlated with temperature were numbers  of
fungi, numbers of bacteria, and time. Time was
correlated inversely with temperature, as were
numbers of fungi;  numbers of bacteria  were
directly correlated. The pH was inversely corre-
lated to volatile  solids, COD, and numbers  of
fungi, but directly correlated to numbers of bac-
teria. This would  indicate that satisfactory
decomposition of refuse was occurring. Moisture
content was significantly correlated  with num-
bers of fungi in an inverse manner,  confirming
reports that  fungi  prefer lower moisture con-
tents than bacteria. Rapid changes in fungal
numbers during initial stages of decomposition
were caused by changes in the type of available
substrate. Data indicate that numbers of fungi
increase with time. However, since the  amount
of available substrate decreases with time, this
type  of correlation seems  implausible.  (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23747]

73-4499
 MAHLOCH, J. L. Introduction. In An investiga-
tion of the microbiology of aerobic decomposition
of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence],  University
of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 2-4.
One estimate has it that average production  of
solid wastes  in the United  States is 5.3 Ib per
person per day, and that the cost for disposing of
solid wastes is $4.5 billion per year. One method
of handling solid wastes is by conversion  or
recovery and recycling. However,  lack of in-
terest or economic incentive has  often caused
failure for this approach. Most composting facili-
ties have likewise failed in this country because
of high expenses  and lack of markets. Two land
disposal methods  are incineration and landfilling.
Incineration has not been very successful due to
costs and stringent air pollution  requirements.
Two major methods of solid waste disposal in-
volve biological degradation of waste products.
Because so little is known about the biological
processes involved in solid waste disposal or the
factors  governing these processes, the research

-------
16
herein described had as  its purpose a greater
knowledge of these biological processes. Biologi-
cal processes are both aerobic and  anaerobic,
occur under many environmental conditions, and
involve  many   different  wastes.  For  this
research, the range of factors and type of wastes
studied were limited. Therefore  the research
done for this study may point the way to future
solutions to solid waste disposal problems. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23748]

73-4500
 MAHLOCH, J. L.  Literature  review. Biological
considerations.   In   An investigation of the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse.
Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University  of Kansas,
Dec. 1970. p. 19-29.
The two  most important factors influencing
biological  decomposition  in refuse are the en-
vironmental  parameters  and  the  microflora
present. The most important types of microflora
are  the bacteria,  actinomycetes, and fungi.
Mechanisms such as antagonism and competition
for the substrate cause  complex interactions
between fungi and bacteria. Data and analyses
are presented with regard to  the question of
whether inocula are of value as they relate to the
initial  source of microflora involved in refuse
decomposition. Various studies are outlined con-
cerning work on the role  of bacteria and actino-
mycetes in decomposition of proteins and cellu-
lose, respectively. The controversy over the role
that fungi play in refuse decomposition is also
examined by the paper. One investigator deter-
mined the percentage of various fungi present
during the thermophilic  phase of composting.
They were: Geotrichum, 33 percent; Penicillium,
40 percent; Mucor, 11 percent; Sporotrichum and
Trichoderma, 9  percent; and Aspergillus, 6 per-
cent. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23750]

73-4501
 MAHLOCH, J. L.  Literature review. Environ-
mental considerations. In  An investigation of
the microbiology  of aerobic  decomposition  of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of
Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 5-14.
Biological transformation of solid wastes is de-
pendent on two major factorsO number and type
of organisms present and the environmental con-
stituents operating on the system during the
transformation. A majority  of transformations
are performed by the microflora present. The
most important factors in the aerobic decomposi-
tion process are temperature, pH, moisture, com-
position of  the refuse, and aeration. Each of
these is discussed in the paper. Temperature in-
fluences the rate of reaction and the types of
microflora   present.   These  influences  are
somewhat  dependent  on  each  other  because
denaturation of key enzymes at elevated tem-
peratures or resistance to denaturation is depen-
dent on the genetic make-up of the organism.
Research has  shown, for example, that in one
sample as temperature rose to 45 C, the flora
was predominantly Geotrichum, but at 55 C, the
flora  was exclusively Cladosporium. Tempera-
ture observations can be used to determine the
extent of  decomposition. The  pH  effect  on
biological processes in refuse decomposition is
revealed  in the type of microflora present. In
general, fungi prefer acid  conditions; bacteria
prefer neutral or slightly  alkaline conditions.
Usually during decomposition the pH decreases
and  then becomes  alkaline  during the  final
stages. The role of moisture is also examined. In
biological  literature,  the amount  of available
water is often  related to relative humidity. Bac-
teria  usually   require  a   relative   humidity
between 90 and 99 percent for growth and sur-
vival. Fungi can germinate and  grow at lower
temperatures.  From various data,  it would ap-
pear that a moisture content of 60  percent is
adequate  for  microflora.  (This  document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23751]

73-4502
 MAHLOCH, J.  L.  Recommendations for further
research. Bibliography.  In  An investigation of
the microbiology of aerobic decomposition of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of
Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 150-197.
The  author has  concluded his  study  of the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse
with  several   recommendations  for  further
research.  For one  thing,  a   comprehensive

-------
                                                                                           17
statistical evaluation of the sampling procedure
for solid waste systems should be made. The ef-
fect of anaerobic versus aerobic conditions and
the presence or absence  of nutrients needs in-
vestigation. Further study is recommended into
the biological parameters for measuring availa-
ble water and the effect of optimum moisture on
the biological response of the refuse system. A
method of accurately determining fungal activi-
ty in refuse systems needs to be developed, as
well as  a determination of  the relationship
between the activity and standard dilution-plate
counts. A better method for characterizing bac-
terial groups in the refuse substrate  should be
found. Finally, an investigation  into a proper
choice of parameters to monitor a refuse system
and its application to full scale systems would be
useful. A long bibliography follows  the set of
recommendations. The final section of the thesis
is a series of appendices, which deal with the fol-
lowing topics: description of media and reagents
used in biological tests; description of computer
usage in this research; description of boxes used
for substrate incubation; description of mul-
tipoint inoculator;  tabulation of experimental
results; and a description of Penicilh'um isolates.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23752]

734503
 NAKAMURA, M. Haikibutsu  shori jittai  chosa
hokuku. [Waste disposal research.] Seisan Ken-
kyu, 25(2):76-79, Feb. 1973.
The amount of the wastes discarded per one per-
son per day is, according to a report, 1.1 kg for
Tokyo, of which 10 percent are plastic wastes.
The disposal of these wastes falls into the two
methods,  sanitary landfill  and burning at the
present time. In the case of landfill, the refuse
naturally decomposes when it is buried, and the
glass and porcelain wastes which are unchangea-
ble and solid can be effectively used for reclama-
tion, whereas the plastic wastes  are unsuitable
for the landfill work because they are less stable.
In general, incineration is sanitary, and the ash
obtained is 5 percent by volume of the wastes be-
fore burning and suitable for landfill.  Wastes
containing a small amount of plastics cause no
problems in burning, but when the amount of
plastics exceeds 10 percent of refuse, high tem-
perature produced in burning causes damage to
the inner walls of incinerator, or the molten
plastic  clogs the  grate  before burning.  Also,
polyvinyl chloride  which occupies about 20 per-
cent of all the plastic output causes damage to
the furnace, Cottrell precipitator, and chimney
stack giving off  hydrogen  chloride, and  the
heavy metals added as an age resistor are liable
to giving pollution. Moreover, in this report, the
results of investigation on the cleaning factories
in Chiba prefecture, the Kobe area, and  the
Tokyo Metropolis are given. (Text in Japanese)
[23753]

73-4504
 PIERAU, H.  Feste abfallstoffe. [Solid waste.]
Gesundheitswesen, 34(Special issue,  2):  73-76,
1972.
In order to reduce the environmental load the
removal system of solid waste should be reor-
ganised. Domestic and industrial refuse should
as far as possible be removed together. First of
all an analysis of the quality and quantity of the
refuse,  especially of industrial waste should be
established  based on  which regional refuse
removal plans  should  determine the optimum
positions for the removal sites. Dump sites  and
small incineration  plants which do not meet the"
technical requirements  any  more  should  be
closed. The  refuse should be treated in central
sanitary landfills and in potential incineration or
composting plants. Special maps should be issued
informing about water protection areas and re-
gions where refuse could be deposited without
endangering the environment. Special personnel
should be trained so that they are familiar with
environment  problems.   Control   equipment
should be installed not only in incineration  and
composting plants  but also in sanitary landfills in
order to control the development of gases  in the
site and to determine the stability of the refuse
body with regard to  subsequent construction.
(Text in German)
[23754]

73-4505
 RASCH, R. Ueber die chemische Bindung von
Chlorwasserstoff in den Rsuchgasen von Muell-

-------
18
verbrennungsanlagen.  [Chemical  bonding  of
hydrogen chloride in flue gases originating from
refuse   incinerators.]   Aufbereitungstechnik,
13(12):772-776,1972.
The operating  principle of  a  scrubber for
throughputs to 50,000 cu m per hr is briefly
reviewed.  Parallel to  the  wet  removal  of
hydrogen chloride from the flue gases of  in-
cinerators, dry bonding to quicklime will gain in-
creasing importance. However, the process is ef-
ficient only at gas temperature below 400 C. A
ratio between chloride and oxide of more than 10
to one is required for the beginning of chemical
bonding. (Text in German)
[23756]

73-4506
  ROECKINGER,  F.   Fortsetzungsserie ueber
fragen des umweltschutzes im Budesminiszeri-
um. [Refuse removal and cleaning methods of in-
dustrial  flue  gases.]  Umweltschutz  - Staed-
tereinigung, 10(1):7-15,1973.
In 1970 the annual refuse quantity of the city of
Vienna amounted to 2.3 million cu m weighing
347,000 tons. The refuse quantity is expected to
increase by 1985 to 9.5 million cu m annually. As
there is not enough land available for a sanitary
landfill the city of Vienna decided to construct a
refuse composting plant. In this plant the refuse
is screened and the fine particles are moistened
with water and  then kept in rotting piles for
about 6 months. The final product is a high quali-
ty fertilizer which  can be easily sold. However,
only 6 percent of the total refuse of Vienna can
be  disposed of by this  method. Therefore the
most effective system to dispose of refuse is in-
cineration. The incineration plant in Vienna has a
Martin grate which guarantees a complete com-
bustion of the refuse. From there the slag passes
into an impact crusher where the ferrous parts
are separated.  The  incineration plant has  a
throughput of 720 tons per  day. (Text  in Ger-
man)
[23755]

73-4507
 TABASERAN, 0.  Muellbeseitigung in Istanbul.
[Refuse removal at Istanbul.] Muell und Abfall,
5(2):46-48,1972.
The annual refuse quantity at Istanbul is esti-
mated to amount to about  1  million tons.  The
pick-up system covers about 80 percent of the
streets. The main part of the refuse is trans-
ported to  four  deposit  sites,  where reusable
material, which amounts to about 33.8 percent of
the  total refuse quantity,  is sorted out.  The
remainder is dumped into the refuse pit without
being covered with soil or other inert material.
Two incineration plants have been constructed.
The smaller one has a throughput of 6 tons per
hr  and burns the  refuse  on roll grates.  The
second incineration plant started work 1 year
ago and has a throughput of 12 tons per hr. It
disposes of a furnace of 12 m length and burns
the refuse on roll  grates by adding the com-
bustion air from below and above. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23757]

73-4508
 WELFE, E.  Landliche  abwasser-gefahr un-
terschaetzt. [Rural effluents - danger underesti-
mated.]   U-das   technische  umweltmagazin,
(10):40-52, Oct. 1972.
A special problem with regard to water pollution
arises  from the dumping of refuse, garbage,
bulky refuse and other wastes along the river
banks. A survey conducted in 1971 at a river sec-
tion 16.5 km long, without any industrial enter-
prises in the surrounding area, found that there
were more than  148 dumping places. According
to the type of dumped refuse physical and chemi-
cal changes of the water take place. Control mea-
sures and penalties have not improved the situa-
tion so it will be necessary to install special in-
struments which will  continuously monitor the
water  quality. Water pollution caused by rain
cannot be easily determined as it depends not
only on the intensity of the precipitation, but also
on the topographic situation. Another source of
water pollution that is very often neglected is
lead. From the exhaust gases of motor cars lead
gets into dust in the streets and from there rain
washes it into the sewer. Thus  it enters the
biological  cycle  and   accumulates  in  fish.
Research work  concerning lead in bodies of
water is absolutely necessary. (Text in German)
[23758]

-------
                                                                                          19
73-4509
 WENZEL, W.,  AND L.  CHAUSSY.   Method of
removing vaporized lead from gases. Canadian
Patent 924,871  owned  by Rheinische Braunk-
holenwerke  AG,  Cologne,. Germany, and  W.
Wenzel. Issued Apr. 24,1973.
Use of lead as a heat exchange medium has ad-
vantages over other materials. However, it  has
been virtually unavoidable when using lead for
such purposes at temperatures in excess of 900
C, that substantial lead vapor pressure develops
which  greatly increases with increasing tem-
peratures. If substantial quantities of lead mix
with heat transfer gasses, lead losses occur and
the gasses  are contaminated. The invention
herein described intends to provide an improved
method which eliminates the lead vapor from
gasses contacting liquid  lead. Gasses, after hav-
ing been brought into contact with the liquid lead
for the purpose of heat exchange, are contacted
with other liquid metals which cause precipita-
tion of the vaporized lead.
[23759]

73-4510
 WoGROLLY,  E.  Beseitigung von kunststoffab-
faellen heute und mprgen.  [Removal of plastic
wastes  today and  tomorrow.] Umweltschutz-
Staedtereinigung, (2):25-29,1973.
The annual refuse quantity in Austria amounts
to 5 to 6 million cu m of which the  quantity of
plastic waste lies between 2 and 6.5 percent. The
percentage of poly vinyl  chloride in the refuse is
about 0.5 percent and even in 1980 will not ex-
ceed 1 percent. Plastic wastes in sanitary land-
fills do not have a harmful  influence on the en-
vironment as plastics are inert materials which
do not decompose into harmful substances,  and
are compacted to a minimum volume. As to the
treatment of plastic wastes in a composting plant
they do not have  any negative influence on the
composting  process. When incinerated in  an
adequate  furnace, plastics burn without  con-
tributing to ash and slag and decompose into car-
bon dioxide and water.  Waste products in the
plastic processing industry like foil  wastes  and
plastic chips can be recycled by producing a
granulate which is then added to the raw materi-
al. Owing to the increasing demand of plastics in
household and industry, the recycling problem
will become more urgent in the future. Classifi-
cation and shredding of plastic wastes will be the
prerequisite to recycle  plastic material which
may then be used for the production of synthetic
wood and paper  or transformed into fuel oil.
(Text in German)
[23760]

HAZARDOUS WASTES

73-4511
Aus der Taetigkeit der LAG. [About the activity
of the Laender study group on "refuse removal.']
Muellund Abfall, 5(2):53,1973.
At  the present  time  the  study group  'refuse
removal' is concerned with the problem of refuse
transportation and the determination and clas-
sification of special refuse. The study group en-
tered into negotiations with the chemical indus-
try to return waste chemical salts and discussed
the problem of how to treat this critical refuse in
a manner that the environment is riot submitted
to  harmful influences. Owing  to the  great
number of junk car shredders the study group
recommended introduction of licenses  for the
construction of further shredding plants in order
to avoid having the government pay subsidies to
the scrap industry because  of excess capacity.
(Text in German)
[23762]

734512
BLACK, R. J.  Requirements for information and
education programs. In Proceedings; National
Working Conference on Pesticide Disposal, Na-
tional Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland,
June 30-July 1,1970. p. 125-126.
Problems  are evident in deciding how  to dis-
seminate information to the public and to groups
of large-scale pesticide users. Householders are
the most difficult group to educate. Mass media
must be utilized, but with information  that is
limited    to   short,   easily   understandable
procedures. Instructions may have to be varied
according to local conditions. The assumption is
made by the  author that the public is more so-
phisticated today to the problems of environ-
mental issues, so that the use of mass media

-------
20
should be effective in reaching them. Results of
explaining to the public the dangers of radiation
during an eclipse of the sun are encouraging in
terms of other dissemination. Large-scale users
of pesticides will need more detailed information
than the general public. The usual channels for
new technical information would be most effec-
tive. These include the farm advisor, chemical
supplier, manufacturer, State and  local health
department,  and trade  magazines. State solid
waste agencies are also a resource. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1912 provides a complete
listing of the directors  of these  agencies.  In
order to convey information effectively, the fol-
lowing questions on pesticide disposal must be
answered: What action is needed? What do we
want to say? To whom do we want  to tell it?
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23763]

73-4513
 BREIDENBACH, A. W. Application of solid waste
research to pesticide disposal.  In  Proceedings;
National  Working Conference  on  Pesticide
Disposal,  National  Agricultural Library, Belt-
sville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p. 120-123.
Although the use and regulation of pesticides are
not within the framework of responsibility of the
Bureau of Solid Waste Management,  studies
bearing on the disposal of pesticide containers
and the  effects of pesticides  on  solid waste
processes are within the Bureau's responsibility.
Projects  which are relative specifically to in-
dividual pesticides or their groups is fairly small;
examples  are wastes which require final detox-
ification   before   disposal   or   reclamation
processes can be effective, and wastes which
have known  degrees of pathogenicity, chemical
toxicity, or corrosive characteristics. Disposal of
pesticide wastes and containers has proceeded
along two lines of research: improvement and
refinement of existing practices; and applying a
portion  of our  resources specifically  to the
disposal of special  wastes which require final
detoxification. In the recycling field, efforts have
been  directed toward  using  cellulosic wood
wastes as a substrate to which pesticides might
be attached chemically. Batch-type and continu-
ous compost procedures were effective in reduc-
ing levels of organophosphate pesticides. Ther-
mal  degradation experiments have been  ex-
amined, in particular the possibility of destroy-
ing pesticide materials if combustion is aided by
oxidizing agents and binders. Land disposal ef-
forts are also under way. Degradation of pesti-
cide  manufacturing  process liquors  by  applica-
tion  to highly alkaline soil areas is another area
of  research. An   analysis  of  sea  disposal
techniques and  experiences  is discussed. The
author recommends for the  disposal of empty
pesticide containers that they be subjected to in-
cineration or pyrolysis under controlled time and
temperature conditions, or that they be disposed
of in a well-designed and operated sanitary land-
fill with adequate surveillance. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23764]

73-4514
  BUREAU  OF VECTOR  CONTROL  AND  SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT. Memorandum on used
pesticide  container  management. Sacramento,
California Department of Public Health, July 27,
1971.6 p.
This short document discusses the  problem of
disposal of pesticide containers. It recommends
that all such containers be disposed of at Class I
or perhaps Class II disposal sites, where there is
no possibility of contamination of ground water.
Reuse of pesticide containers is technically feasi-
ble, although there does not seem to be economic
justification  for  it.  If  containers were  to be
cleaned out and reused, it is most likely that this
work would be done by private contractors. The
Bureau of Vector  Control  and  Solid  Waste
Management makes a series of recommendations
on which it feels future regulations regarding
pesticide  and pesticide containers  should be
based. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23765]

73-4515
  CALKINS, J. R.  Report  of State programsO
Michigan.  In  Proceedings;  National Working
Conference  on   Pesticide Disposal, National
Agricultural  Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June
30 July 1,1970. p. 71-74.

-------
                                                                                           21
On June 27, 1969, the Michigan Department of
Agriculture action to cancel nearly all permits to
use DDT became effective. This left the State
with the problem of what  to do with pesticide
that was still  in the  possession  of industry,
dealers, or homeowners but could  not be used.
Private groups such as the Boy Scouts and in-
dividuals began to agitate  for public collection
campaigns; some of these  actually took place.
The author, however, points out that the Depart-
ment of Agriculture did  its best to discourage
such  efforts,  even  in  the face  of  criticism,
because  of the very great dangers of having
uninformed adults  and  children dealing with
toxic chemicals about which they knew nothing.
Also the collected quantities of pesticides were
more dangerous in the  aggregate than they had
been scattered about in people's garages and cel-
lars  in 1-lb sacks or aerosol cans. A leaflet has
been printed to be used by pesticide holders, and
it is available free to the public. To obtain a copy,
write to the Michigan State University Coopera-
tive Extension Service, and ask for Extension
Bulletin E-664,  Farm  Science  Series.  The
guidelines  are  basically  these.  Homeowners
should dispose of DDT products on their own
land, by careful burial. Large holders such as far-
mers or pest control specialists can either bury
the waste on their own land or request that it be
picked up  by the State  and incinerated at the
Dow Chemical Co.'s special chemical waste in-
cinerator. A list of the poison control centers in
the  State is included on the guidelines leaflet.
These recommendations apply only to DDT and
cannot  be  taken to apply  to  any troublesome
chemical one might happen to have lying around
the house or place of business. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23767]

734516
 CATH, W. S.  Report of state programsO summa-
ry.  In  Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July
1,1970. p. 78-84.
The author of this  article  is affiliated with the
National Association of  State Departments of
Agriculture and conducted  a survey of programs
in all the States dealing with collection, storage,
 and disposal of unwanted or illegal pesticides. All
 the States' programs, or in many cases, lack of
 programs, are briefly mentioned; only the States
 whose representatives have spoken at this con-
 ference  are excluded. Most of the States  were
 doing nothing at the time of this survey about
 pesticide collection or disposal. Some of them are
 at least seeking  ways of  dealing  with  the
 problem.   Pennsylvania,    Montana,    New
 Hampshire, and West Virginia provide pesticide
 holders with disposal guidelines and/or collection
 points. Pennsylvania has an incinerator in the
 southeast  section  capable  of  handling them.
 Some States recommend that they be put in ap-
 proved  sanitary landfills.  For  the most  part,
 however, it is apparent that the States have not
 solved the problem of pesticide disposal.  (This
 document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
 [23766]

 73-4517
  CHANDLER, N. Report of state programs-Mas-
 sachusetts. In  Proceedings; National Working
 Conference on  Pesticide   Disposal, National
 Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June
 3(KJulyi, 1970. p. 67-70.
 In late 1969, the Massachusetts Pesticide Board
 restricted the use of DDT, dieldrin, and other so-
 called hard pesticides. A copy  of  the amended
 rules and regulations is a part of this article. The
 Massachusetts    Department    of    Natural
 Resources  through its  Division of Forest  and
 Parks embarked on a program to collect  these
 restricted pesticides. The Division has recently
 acquired title to the Naval Annex in Cohasset,
 with several ammunition bunkers, seemingly a
 logical  place to  store  the pesticides  until a
 method  of disposal could  be  adopted. News
 releases were sent out from  the Division of
 Forest and Parks that any agency or individual
. in the State could bring whatever quantities of
 pesticides they had to any one  of  several  State
 Parks during 3 weeks in January; a second col-
 lection  period was set for May.  All collected
 materials were trucked to Cohasset and sealed
 away. The amounts of pesticides  collected are
 listed. Three problems developed with this pro-
 gram: a continuing trickle of  pesticides  being
 brought to collection points; opposition from the
 Cohasset residents to the storage of the wastes

-------
22
in their town; and difficulty in determining what
to do with them. Some of the liquids are stored in
containers of uncertain age,  and the agency is
trying to find a safe disposal method as soon as
possible.  (This document  is retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[23768]

734518
 CONNER, J. T.  Report of the National Agricul-
tural Chemicals Association.  In Proceedings;
National  Working  Conference  on  Pesticide
Disposal,  National  Agricultural Library,  Belt-
svffle, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p. 12-26.
The National Agricultural Chemicals Associa-
tion, located in Washington, B.C., has formulated
guidelines for many aspects  of the handling of
pesticides  and other  potentially  dangerous
agricultural  chemicals. Included in this  articles
are brief statements of their recommendations
on the following topics: in-plant pollution control
for pesticide manufacturers, as well as waste
prevention,  control and  recovery  measures;
general disposal methods; specific waste treat-
ment and disposal; special problems to be dealt
with  regarding the various major  classes  of
pesticides; procedures  in the event of fire in a
pesticide warehouse; spill control and cleanup;
container  inspection procedure; and prevention
of leakage during transport.  (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23769]

734519
 DAY, H. M.   Report  of review committee of
Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association.
 In Proceedings; National Working Conference
on  Pesticide Disposal, National  Agricultural
Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,
1970. p. 4-11.
The Insecticide  Division of the Chemical Special-
ties Manufacturers Association has undertaken a
series of surveys, the results of which are availa-
ble  to those interested in reading them. Some
results are included in  the report. The topics of
the surveys are: the number of aerosols used for
pesticides on the home and garden market;  the
number and kinds of packaging used in  the
garden and home market exclusive of aerosols;
State legislation and recommendations relating
to pesticide containers; disposal methods availa-
ble for pesticide containers; a review of the Mis-
sissippi State University project on container in-
cineration; decontamination methods suitable for
pesticide containers; pesticides available for the
home and garden market; types of pesticides and
containers used by pest control  agencies; and
types of pesticides used in aerosol containers.
The author recommends that the participants in
the conference, since they are the best informed
people  in the area  of pesticides,  formulate
recommendations to be promulgated  by  all the
States so that laws are reasonable and uniform.
(This  document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23770]

734520
 FARKAS, E. M. Federal coordination of pesti-
cide disposal information.  In  Proceedings; Na-
tional   Working   Conference  on   Pesticide
Disposal,  National  Agricultural Library, Belt-
sville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p. 127-130.
The author discusses ways  in which the govern-
ment  has attempted  to  coordinate  pesticide
disposal information. Both Federal and State in-
formation  and education programs have been
directed toward emphasizing the safe handling
and application of pesticides in order to prevent
accidents and avoid harmful residues. Since 1963,
a nationwide pesticides safety information pro-
gram  has been conducted using filmed spot an-
nouncements.  Also, the proper application  of
pesticides has been emphasized in seminars for
agricultural producers. However, the question of
pesticide  disposal  has  received insufficient at-
tention at best. The wealth of new information
available on potential harm from pesticides has,
unfortunately,  helped  to  confuse the  public,
which is interested basically in knowing what to
do with its bug bomb when it is empty. Thus the
government and other agencies must strive to
arrive  at  more  definitive answers   to  these
questions.  Responsibility  for coordinating im-
mediate and  comprehensive  dissemination  of
projected new guidelines on disposal will rest
with the Information Panel of the Interdepart-
mental  Working Group, composed of public in-
formation and education officers from the De-

-------
                                                                                           23
partments of Agriculture, Interior, Defense, and
Health, Education, and Welfare. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23771]

734521
FENDO, A. Department of Defense disposal pro-
gram. In Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July
1,1970. p. 96-98.
The author discusses the Federal Property and
Administrative Services Act of 1949, which as-
signs responsibility for supervision and direction
over the disposition of excess and surplus pro-
perty to  the Administrator of General  Services
Administration. This Administrator delegated to
the Secretary  of Defense  the responsibility for
disposing of  excess  and  surplus  property
generated  by  Defense.   The  Department of
Defense Disposal Program is involved in effect-
ing the orderly disposal of personal property in a
way which assures maximum Federal utilization
through  transfer, donation  to  satisfy  valid
requirements, optimum monetary return for sold
property, and  minimum need for abandonment
or destruction. During Fiscal Year 1969, Defense
disposed of property with an acquisition cost of
about $4.2 billion. Only when various avenues of
utilization and donation are exhausted is proper-
ty made  available for sale to the public. In  the
case of military items with hazardous  or lethal
characteristics, they are cut,  burned,  crushed,
melted,  or  otherwise  deformed  in a  manner
precluding reconstitution of the property for the
purpose originally intended. Sales administered
by the Program are carried out by the Defense
Logistics Services Center. They are conducted
on a competitive bid  basis, normally by sealed
bid, spot bid,  and auction methods. Invitations
for bids are  published,  including  information
with respect to Federal  laws,  regulations, and
restrictions imposed on certain items such  as in-
secticides, fungicides, and rodenticides. In  the
event of a disposal action  requiring special con-
sideration, such as the ban on sales of Defense
surplus insecticides containing DDT, the freeze
remains in effect until the Department develops
an effective method for disposal. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23772]
73-4522
 HALLIDAY, H. E.  Report of state programs--
Wisconsin. In Proceedings; National Working
Conference on  Pesticide  Disposal, National
Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June
30 July 1,1970. p. 75-77.
In January of  1970 the sale and use of DDT and
derivative products was banned in the State of
Wisconsin. Industry was urged to  take back
from  dealers  and  distributors  any  affected
products. The Department of Natural Resources
made available 64 installations around the State
to which anyone holding banned pesticides could
bring their waste. Now the problem of disposing
of the collected pesticides remains.  There  are
also other pesticidesO some cyanide pellets and
mercury  compounds among  them-that have
been  collected and  must be  disposed of.  The
problem of getting rid of pesticide containers is a
continuing one which in the opinion of the author
ought to be the responsibility of the State. At
this time, Wisconsin has  not  determined what
method to use  to dispose of its stores of illegal or
condemned pesticides and is hoping that worka-
ble guidelines  will be developed by the Working
Committee on Pesticides or some other reputa-
ble body of experts. (This document  is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23773]

73-4523
  HILL, R. M.    Recall  and  disposal.    In
Proceedings; National Working Conference on
Pesticide Disposal, National Agricultural Libra-
ry, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30July 1, 1970. p.
89-93.
This is a slightly bitter recounting of the perils of
attempting to recall 2,4,5-T, a pesticide which
had been  ruled unsafe by the Federal govern-
ment. The clerical task of notifying all those
dealers with products containing the formulation
on their shelves was mammoth, and  only a few
cooperated  with  the recall.  Others hid  the
product, refused to return it, or offered to sell it
back  to the supplier. Even  those who willingly
complied were hampered by strict government
regulations about  shipping the broken and im-
properly labeled cartons  of pesticide. Once the

-------
24
chemical companies got their product back, the
disposal problem became acute. At present it is
not solved, and the companies involved are wait-
ing for the promised Department of Agriculture
guidelines on the disposal of this banned product.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23774]

734524
  INOUE,  Y.,  AND  S. MORISAWA.   Hoshasei
haikibutsu no chichu shobun mondai.  [Ground
disposal   of  radioactive  wastes.]   Nippon
Genshiryoky Gakkai-shi, 15(1):3-15, Jan. 1973.
Foreign examples of ground disposal cannot be
immediately adopted in Japan, where population
is dense and underground water is being utilized
as well water. However, examples in the United
States (Hanf ord and Oak Ridge) are given. As to
solid wastes, examples of Windscale and Savan-
nah River, and Chalk River, Idaho,  are given.
For gaseous wastes, Clebsch calculates that they
would stay underground for  250 days. Ground
disposal cost of low level waste liquid is only 0.5
yen per cu m, but at medium level, it increases to
250 to 540 yen per cu m, and at high level, 2,700
yen per cu m.  When medium level wastes are to
be buried in tunnels, it costs 200,000 yen per cu
m, and when put in caissons, 100,000 yen per cu
m. If high level waste liquid  is to be buried, it
costs 3 million yen per cu m: 12 percent for pro-
tection against radiation, 12 percent for burying,
16 percent for transportation, 28 percent for
packaging, and 32 percent for labor  costs. The
disposal site must be chosen taking many things
into consideration, such as distance from wells
used for irrigation, for drinking water, sea, lakes,
and rivers. The water table  must be deep, or
velocity of underground  water low, ion density
of underground water low, porosity low, soil den-
sity great, and precipitation low. No interna-
tional  agreement  concerning   protection  on
hereditary effect has been reached. Various fu-
ture  researches  are   suggested.  (Text  in
Japanese)
[23775]
73-4525
JANSEN, L. L. Estimates of container numbers
by size, type  and formulations involved.  In
Proceedings; National Working Conference on
Pesticide Disposal, National Agricultural Libra-
ry, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30July 1, 1970. p.
27-53.
This article presents summary data from the
Pesticide Review, which is published annually by
the Agricultural Stabilization  and  Marketing
Service, U.S.  Department of Agriculture, and
from 'Quantities of Pesticides Used by Farmers,
1964  and  1966', published by the  Economic
Research Service of the same  department. Ta-
bles and charts give data under the following
headings: domestic sales of pesticides,  divided
into herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides; unit
price in dollars per Ib, in the same three subdivi-
sions; millions of acres treated  for each type of
pesticide; usage rate in Ib per acre; and chemical
cost in dollars per acre. Also provided are data
indicating weighted percentage estimates of ac-
tive  pesticide ingredients, proportional usage
and packaging sizes for formulated pesticides by
class  and formulation types; farmer usage of
technical and formulated  pesticides by  class;
farmer usage of formulated pesticides by formu-
lation types and package size; and  millions of
containers used in the United States. Projections
for the future  are made.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23776]

73-4526
LOUCKS, C. S. Hazardous materials regulations.
In  Proceedings; National Working Conference
on  Pesticide  Disposal,  National  Agricultural
Library,  Beltsville, Maryland,  June 30-July  1,
1970. p. 94-95.
The author as a representative of the Depart-
ment  of Transportation (DOT)  discusses the
labeling and shipping requirements  of this de-
partment concerning hazardous materials. He
points out that for  the most part these regula-
tions do not apply to pesticides, since they are
concerned with hazards during shipping, such as
fire or explosion, and not hazards from use or
storage of the  product after  shipping. Small
aerosols such as are used for pesticides are ex-

-------
empt from the DOT ruling on aerosols, although
some larger aerosol containers might be subject
to regulation. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23777]

73-4527
PECK, B. T. Report of state programs-Connec-
ticut. In  Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July
1,1970. p. 54-58.
The  Connecticut Board of Pest Control met on
May  15,  1970, to  formulate guidelines for
homeowners having DDT and  other  pesticides
on hand that they  wish to dispose of. It  is
probably safer to put  these chemicals  in the
trash along  with  other   refuse,  preferably
wrapped in heavy newspaper or in a plastic bag
to prevent leakage, than to attempt to dispose of
them in some more complicated way. Collection
crews  should  be  notified  and  the pesticide
disposed of in a sanitary landfill, where the other
refuse will absorb much of the leachate and it
will  not be  able to contact  ground water. Drs.
Dewey and  Pendleton of Cornell  University is-
sued a factsheet on pesticide disposal, indicating
that incineration is  probably  the best way  to
dispose  of them, but at present  not enough is
known about the dangers of air pollution. In any
case there is no installation in Connecticut capa-
ble of handling large amounts of pesticides. The
author is not in favor of public and separate col-
lection for pesticides because of the difficulty in
storing   and   handling  quantities  of  such
hazardous wastes. If it is necessary to collect this
type of waste in one place, the operation should
be carefully supervised by a pesticide expert to
avoid poisoning of land, crews, storm runoff, and
any  other area. Fire  protection of pesticide
storage is discussed in a Cornell Fact Sheet, 4-77
of the Chemicals-Pesticides Program. There is
no mention  made in the article of any enforced
Statewide program or law for pesticide manage-
ment. (This  document is retained  in the SWIRS
library.)
[23778]
                                           26

73-4528
 PUTNAM, R. C. Investigation of the necessary
conditions for proper decontamination and com-
bustion of organic pesticides and pesticide con-
tainers. In Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, Juen 30-July
1,1970. p. 108-119.
The purpose of a project described by the author
was to investigate methods  of combustion ap-
plicable to  pesticide residues and their  con-
tainers, and to devise a means for their destruc-
tion which  would keep  environmental pollution
to a minimum. On the basis of several investiga-
tions, the conclusions of the study were sum-
marized and include the following.  Pesticides
may be destroyed by  combustion  at tempera-
tures normally achieved by burning wood, paper,
cardboard,  or plastics. The material of highest
toxicity, the original pesticide, is more than 99
percent destroyed. Pollution by end-products
such as sulfur dioxide and  hydrogen chloride
would depend on whether or not they are formed
by the pesticide and the quantity  of pesticide
destroyed. Binding agents perform an important
service in  retaining  pesticides in order  to
complete combustion. Oxidizing agents are use-
ful in  lowering the temperatures required for
completing combustion  and in aiding oxidation.
Oxidizing agents  appear  unnecessary  in  the
presence of binding agents. Mineral oil  is  a
satisfactory binding agent. Polyethylene serves
the same purpose as mineral oil; additionally, it is
a suitable  liner for most pesticide containers.
Combustible pesticides should be  packaged in
light polyethylene packs or bags surrounded by a
combustible  container  such as corrugated  or
fiber cartons. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23779]

73-4529
 SCOTT, R. C.  The role of the Extension Service
in the disposal of pesticides.  In  Proceedings;
National  Working  Conference  on Pesticide
Disposal, National Agricultural Library, Belt-
sville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p. 124.
The author discusses the role of the Extension
Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture in

-------
26
programs relating to disposal of pesticides and
used pesticide  containers. That role is  educa-
tional. It involves helping people understand the
nature of the problem; laws relating to disposal;
information  about   alternative   means   for
disposal; and relaying problems to the research
staff. The approach to this role varies from State
to State, depending  on their laws. A  pesticide
coordinator is at each Land-Grant University
campus who has, as part of his responsibility, to
maintain liaison with State regulatory  agencies.
He also works through Extension specialists to
inform people about  methods and programs for
disposal of pesticides and containers. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23780]

734530
 SHTJMAN, F. L., JR.   Incineration technology
progress report.   In   Proceedings;  National
Working Conference on Pesticide Disposal, Na-
tional Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland,
June 30-July 1,1970. p. 103-107.
Research on  incineration of pesticides  was con-
ducted under a U.S.  Department of Agriculture
grant. Objectives of  the research include deter-
mination   of  combustion temperatures  and
volatile  products of  selected  pesticides,  in-
vestigation of the use  of chemicals and other
materials used in decomposition  of pesticides
and containers, investigation of the use of in-
digenous soil microflora as an aid in decomposi-
tion of pesticides in  soils, determination of the
requirements for pesticide containers that are
readily combustible, and development of specifi-
cations for an incinerator or other device for the
disposal  of pesticides  and containers. Recent
major efforts have been concentrated in model-
prototype studies relating to incineration as a
method of disposal  for left-over pesticides. A
model incinerator could only be a  scaled-down
version of a large incinerator, since incineration
is  a chemical reaction  and since chemical reac-
tions cannot be modelled according to the princi-
ples of dimensional analysis and similitude. How-
ever, the nature of chemical reactions is not in-
fluenced by the magnitude of the quantities of
the materials involved; thus a small-scale model
using the same design as a large unit would yield
quantities of effluent gasses which were propor-
tional to those emitted from a large incinerator.
The model would comprise a primary combustion
chamber, a secondary  combustion chamber,  a
liquid pesticide feed system, a system for meter-
ing and  monitoring the fuel, air,  and  pesticide
input, and a system for sampling and monitoring
effluent  gasses.  Operating  conditions  were
established  on the basis of previously deter-
mined temperature requirements (900 C, 1652
F). In order  to  maintain  this  temperature,
required input rate of butane was 0.95 cu ft per
minute and  corresponding air input rate was 32
cu ft per minute. Variables involved in the study
were  liquid  pesticide  feed rate, excess  primary
combustion  air,  and  excess  secondary com-
bustion air. Various pesticide-fuel-air rates were
tested to  determine  the optimum  ratio  for
minimizing  noxious off-gasses. Sulfur dioxide
concentration was a maximum at a pesticide in-
jection rate of 1.82 gal per hr. This series of tests
did not produce data which would provide for an
accurate prediction equation for predicting the
performance of the prototype from that of the
model. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23781]

73-4531
  Suggestions   of  the  ten  study groups. In
Proceedings; National Working Conference on
Pesticide Disposal, National Agricultural Libra-
ry, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p.
131-141.
The National Working Conference on Pesticide
Disposal has concluded its proceedings with the
recommendations of the study groups operating
at the Conference. Each  of the  ten has made
very specific recommendations relevant to their
areas of concern. These groups and some of the
subgroups are listed. Group I dealt with commu-
nity disposal including collection and temporary
storage.  Subsumed in the Group  are container
disposal  and 'banned' chemicals. Group II dealt
with recycling alternatives. Group III worked on
incineration ideas.  Group IV, alternate uses, was
broken down into home and garden supplies, and
large  stocks. The  fifth  group discussed ground
disposal  including individual  user and mass
disposal  from collections, etc. Group VI, long-
term storage, was  concerned with the storage of

-------
                                                                                           27
pesticide wastes and containers for at least 5
years pending construction and availability of
approved  disposal facilities. Group VII  dealt
with packaging and contamination recommenda-
tions. Industrial  and  plant  disposal was the
working  topic  of  Group  VIII.  Group  IX
discussed  collection  at  retail  stores and  in-
dividual  users.  The  final  group,  Group  X,
analyzed use of sanitary landfills and concluded
that they are acceptable for detoxified pesticides
and  detoxified containers.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23782]

734532
TABOR, E. C. Air pollution problems of pesticide
disposal.  In  Proceedings;  National Working
Conference  on  Pesticide  Disposal,  National
Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June.
30-July 1,970. p. 99-101.
One important component of air pollution control
is the development  of air  quality criteria, as
required by federal legislation for each pollutant
designated by the Department of Health, Educa-
tion,  and  Welfare. Publication of the  criteria
document for pesticides is scheduled for 1975.
Only a small amount of data on ambient concen-
trations of  a  few pesticides is available now.
Measurement of air-borne pesticides is  difficult
because of the large variety and numbers being
used, lack of suitable collection  methods, and
analytical problems  encountered.  When  con-
sidering the pesticide disposal problem, one must
contend with not only the pesticides themselves,
but  also  containers,  treated materials, soil
residues, and other factors. The author gives ex-
amples of the attendant problems encountered in
combustion  of pesticides; specifically discussed
are compounds usually considered as organics,
nitrogen-containing     organic     compounds,
chlorinated organic compounds, thiophosphates,
and biocides containing metals. Disposal by bu-
rying may result  in decomposition of unstable
biocides which yield gaseous products that could
pollute the air. The most difficult problem con-
cerning  air  pollution  appears   to  center on
disposal  of vast  amounts of biocides left  as
residues on vegetation, debris, and in  the soil.
Carriers may transport such biocides for great
distances. DDT  was found in dust samples in
Cincinnati which originated in Texas, for exam-
ple. Perhaps it would be economically feasible to
treat pesticides as raw chemicals and reprocess
them into more useful  materials. No really
satisfactory method for their disposal without
contributing  to air pollution  may  be possible.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23783]

73-4533
 WAGNER, K.-H., AND I. SIDDIGI.  Gefaehrliche
stoffe      in      bodenverbesserungsmittein.
[Dangerous substances in soil improving agents.]
Natururissenschaften, 60(3):160-161,9713.
Refuse, sewage sludge and compost are used on
a large scale for agricultural purposes. Analysis
of compost and sewage sludge showed that high
concentrations of toxic arsenic, lead, cadmium,
mercury as well as of the polycyclic  aromates
like  3,4-benzpyrene  and  3,4-benzfluoranthene
were contained in these substances. As sewage
sludges and compost are used as soil improving
agents especially in viniculture their continuous
application leads to accumulation of these dan-
gerous substances not only in the soil but also in
plants and vegetables so that a harmful influence
on the environment is the consequence. (Text in
German)
[23784]

73-4534
 WINTERLE, E. R.  Report of state programsO
Florida.   In  Proceedings;  National Working
Conference  on Pesticide  Disposal,  National
Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June
30 July 1,1970. p. 59-70.
In 1969 the Florida Pesticide Law was amended
to provide  for 'restricted pesticides', such as
DDT. Such a pesticide was defined, and it  was
further stated that it is unlawful to hold, offer
for  sale,  sell, or  distribute  such  pesticides
without  a license  and  unlawful to  use  such
without  a permit.  This amendment left many
restricted pesticides in the hands of persons with
no permit to allow possession or use. By April of
1970 considerable pressure had developed for
State and federal officials to provide the public
with a way to dispose of these persistent chemi-

-------
28
cals without endangering public health or the en-
vironment. The U.S. Department of Agriculture
had initiated plans  to install an incinerator for
disposal of pesticides in the Southeast, probably
in Mississippi, so each County Extension Agency
was asked to designate collection stations in the
area. A publicity campaign was urged in the com-
munities to encourage people to take advantage
of this disposal  program. Metal containers  are
used to seal and transport the pesticides to an
underground storage bunker to await disposal at
the new incinerator. It is still legal to burn bags
and combustible containers in all counties of the
State except Bade  (Miami area). A copy of the
Florida law governing pesticide handling is in-
cluded. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23785]

73-4535
WITT, J. M., J. CAPIZZI, W. S. STATON, AND R. L.
GOULDING.    Considerations  preliminary  to
development of  a waste  pesticide  management
system. In Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July
1,1970. p. 85-88.
Oregon is  attempting  to  develop  a method of
disposing of pesticides and pesticide containers.
One project is an experimental waste pesticide
and pesticide  container  disposal system in
Klamath County; the basis for this disposal is the
hypothesis that complete degradation  can be ef-
fected through  chemical alteration  and sub-
sequent soil-surface disposal of the these waste
pesticides by means of the soil microorganisms
and other degradative methods.  The  Oregon
State Department of Agriculture and its Adviso-
ry Committee on Synthetic Chemicals in the En-
vironment  are  in  the preliminary stages of
developing Statewide  plans to govern waste
pesticide practices.  The four major components
of any pesticide program are discussed here.
These four elements are: transport to accumula-
tion sites; accumulation site location and design;
ultimate  disposal;   and a  monitoring  system.
Three types of disposal can be considered. Con-
tainers  perhaps can  be  decontaminated  and
reused, or crushed after cleaning and landfilled.
Pesticides may also be suitable for landfill but
only if the site is hydrologically sound. Waste
liquor can be held in lagoons or tanks for biologi-
cal degradation. Incineration of both containers
and pesticide is a third alternative. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23786]

HEALTH/SAFETY

73-4536
 GOETTSCHING, H. Infektionsgefaehrdung durch
haushaltmuell.  [House-garbage  and  bacteria.]
Staedtehygiene, 23(6):141-144, June 1972.
Results of an opinion poll conducted with physi-
cians and of  related  investigations  on  the
presence of pathogenic germs in domestic refuse
are reviewed.  The health-hazard spectrum of
domestic  refuse ranges from  insignificant to
epidemic  risk  according to  different experts.
Vectors of leptospirosis, typhus, paratyphus, sal-
monellenteritis, brucellosis, tularemia, hepatitis,
poliomyelitis,  tetanus,  botulism,  tuberculosis,
and trichinosis were detected in refuse, and also
protei,  Pseudomonas  aureginosa as  well  as
streptococci and staphylococci were found. Viru-
lences of pathogenic germs such as poliomyelitis
virus, Salmonella, Brucella abortus, Clostridium
tetani, Bacillus anthracis, Spirochaeta  ictero-
haemorrhagiae and Ascaridia larvae under natu-
ral conditions  and at elevated temperatures in
wastewater, manure, garbage, trash, or soil are
given. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23787]

73-4537
 GOETTSCHING, H.  Krankheiten durch muell-
vorschlaege zur abhilfe.   Illnesses  caused by
refuse-corrective  proposals.O  Staedtehygiene,
(10):230-236,1972.
Many types of disease are transmitted because
of deficiencies in the system of refuse collection
and disposal. Refuse bins and containers which
are used by  several  householders  are  often
placed in  a corner which is easily accessible to
children, dogs, and other animals. Particularly
dangerous in this connection are medical labora-
tories and institutes  which do not remove their
refuse  separately,  but together with  other

-------
                                                                                          29
domestic waste. It is absolutely necessary that
medical and hospital refuse should be removed in
special plastic bags and  collected  separately.
High-rise buildings should use efficient refuse
disposal  devices  in order  to  avoid illnesses
caused by  contact with  the refuse.  Modern
refuse collection  vehicles  have  considerably
reduced the  danger of infections during this
phase of refuse removal. The most harmless
method of refuse removal with regard to human
health is incineration. Because of the high tem-
peratures in the  incineration  furnaces  aD
pathogenic germs are absolutely destroyed. The
composting method is  dangerous, especially if
refuse and sewage sludge are composted at low
temperatures or without a  prerotting process.
Germs may remain alive and can be transferred
when utilizing the compost.  The most doubtful
method with regard to the transfer of illnesses is
the dumping  of refuse. Pathogenic germs in the
refuse may get into contact  with surface water
bodies together with  seeping water  or may
penetrate together with the rain directly into the
groundwater. Also, when throwing  refuse into
gravel pits which  are filled  with  groundwater,
pathogenic  germs  may get  into direct  contact
with  the groundwater. Since in the  Federal
Republic of Germany there is no uniform legisla-
tion with regard to refuse removal, it is absolute-
ly necessary  that the present laws and regula-
tions must be concentrated and if necessary cor-
rected in order to guarantee that no illness is
transferred   because  of  insufficient  refuse
removal systems. (Text in German)
[23788]

73-4538
 HEROLD, W., G. PABST, AND F. SCHOLZ. Sicher-
heitstechnik,  Brandschutz und Hygiene in Muell-
verbrennung-sanlagen. [Safety, fire  protection
and hygienic conditions in  refuse incineration
plants.] Mitteilungen  der VGB,  52(6):483-490,
Dec. 1972.
In order to avoid having refuse collection vehi-
cles fall into  the refuse bin  the emptying plat-
form should  be  constructed in such a manner
that only a small feeding inlet is left open and the
refuse is emptied onto a slide leading into the in-
terior of the  bin. Workers in the bin have to be
secured by a rope, while the workers at crushers
and  hammermills  must  be protected  against
chips by means of walls provided with security
glass. Special clothes must be worn by the per-
sonnel cleaning the heating surfaces in order to
protect them against acids. Fires in refuse bins,
which may develop owing to physical or electro-
static processes, should be fought by stationary
fire  extinguishing equipment  with water  or
foam. The hygienic situation in refuse bins is
critical especially because of the development of
dust, the contents of which may rise up to 20  mg
per cm m. The refuse dust contains bacteria or
toxic substances causing serious illnesses. There-
fore, it must  be provided that personnel who
work directly in the interior of the refuse bin  are
equipped  with dust masks and special clothes.
(Text in German)
[23789]

73-4539
 MUELLER, G. Hygienische belange bei der vor-
behandlung von klaerschlamm. [Concerns of  hy-
giene  in  the  primary  treatment of  sewage
sludge.] ISWA (International Solid Wastes and
Public Cleansing Association) Information Bul-
letin, (7):22-27, June 1972.
Hygienic  aspects of the  primary treatment of
sewage sludge  are outlined. The  presence of
pathogens in sewage constitutes a major concern
in primary treatment.  The behavior of  the
pathogens in  wastewater is influenced by  the
type of purification treatment  applied and  the
specific morphology  and  physiology  of  the
germs. Viruses expelled from their host cells, or
in dead host cells, remain  in a state of repose and
have no metabolism of their own, while bacteria
are independent and equipped with  all the regu-
lating mechanisms and enzyme systems required
for  producing  their   cell  substance  and  for
reproduction.  The organic matter contained in
wastewater or  in sewage sludge may sustain
such heterotrophic, pathogenic organisms whose
reproduction is, however, hindered by other  ex-
ternal factors, such as absence of body tempera-
ture  and  the presence   of protozoa,  enzyme
systems, and chemical compounds. The behavior
of pathogens in sewage sludge is also influenced
by  differences  in its  composition  and certain
metabolic  performances  or particularities of
their metabolism (e.g., lipid accumulation, need

-------
30
for animal  protein,  faculty  of  attaining per-
manent form, and the ability to exist in anaerobic
medium). It is thus evident that not only do bac-
teria and viruses behave quite differently during
the purification process but also that, depending
on the kind of bacteria, the influence of aerobic
or anaerobic sludge stabilization must be  quite
different.  This  means that observations of one
species can not be generalized for other  species,
and   that   the degree  of  stabilization  or
mineralization cannot be taken as criteria for the
presence or absence of pathogens. Sludge sta-
bilization,  whether it be aerobic or anaerobic,
cannot be regarded as a disinfection process. In-
vestigations revealed no decrease in the number
of pathogens in raw  sewage for  the last few
years, and even increased incidence of hepatitis,
salmonelloses   and  bovine cysticercosis  was
noticed. Pathogens are transmitted in a closed
cycle  from an infected human through  sewage
sludge used in agriculture back to humans or
animals again. (Text in German)
[23790]

INCINERATION

734540
 BARNISKE,  L.  Muellbeseitigung durch  Ver-
brennung.  [Waste  disposal  by   incineration.]
Schriftenreihe der Vereins fuer Wasser-, Boden-
undLufthygiene, (38):219-226,1972.
In the Federal  Republic Germany (FRG) about
30 large incinerators are presently in operation
burning the waste of 20 percent of the  popula-
tion. The  heating value of trash  in  the  FRG
ranges between 1,200 and 2,000 kcal per kg on
the average, with the minimum  being 800 kcal
per kg and the maximum at 3000 kcal per kg. The
combustion chambers of incinerators are mostly
operated with  temperatures between 850 and
1,200 C. The solid residual matter from incinera-
tion amounts to 10 and 16 percent of the initial
volume. The flue gases developing amount to
between 4,000 and 5,000 cu m per ton of trash.
The flue gases carry along 2 to 10 percent of the
charged trash weight in the form of fly ash. Ac-
cording to legal regulations the dust emission by
incinerators may not exceed 250 mg per cu  m.
This concentration is reached only with electro-
static precipitators. For the cleaning process in
electrostatic precipitators the flue gases must be
cooled at least to 350 C. In most cases the most
efficient form of flue gas cooling is the use of the
flue gas heat for power production or for heat-
ing. If this is not feasible the combined incinera-
tion of trash and sewage sludge provides an al-
ternative with the liberated heat used for drying
the sludge. No such incinerator is in operation
yet, however, in the FRG. Measurement of the
hydrogen  chloride emissions in the vicinity of in-
cinerators in Germany has shown that the max-
imum  allowable emission  concentration  laid
down in the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI)
guidelines has not been exceeded in a single case.
(Text in German)
[23791]

73-4541
 BECKERT, P.  Bau und Betrieb  der  Muellver-
brennungsanlage      Zuercher       Oberland.
[Construction and operation of the incinerator at
Zuercher  Oberland.]  VGB  Kraftwekstechnik,
53(3):139-144,1973.
The new incinerator at  Zuercher Oberland, Swit-
zerland, is described.  The waste  material is
loaded into the charging funnel of the incinerator
by  a  semiautomatic  crane. The  refuse storage
bunker has a volume of 2,000 cu m. The refuse is
pushed onto the grate through a water-cooled
shaft  in the lower section. The grate has been
designed for a capacity of 5.0 tons per hr and for
heating values ranging from 1,100 to 2,200 kcal.
The gate  area available for combustion covers
15.4 sq m. The flue gases are cooled in a Sulzer
radiation boiler with a capacity of producing 12.5
tons per hr of steam. The flue gases leaving the
boiler have a temperature of 230 to 240 C and a
dust concentration of 2.5 to 3.0 g per cu m. They
are cleaned in an electrostatic precipitator to a
residual dust concentration of less than 100 mg
per cu m. The slag is tapped off together with
the ash and the fly ash  is collected in the electro-
static precipitator. The grate is a backward stok-
ing grate.  Measurements of the dust concentra-
tion in the cleaned gas yielded an amount of 74
mg per cu m. A cost  calculation yielded gross
operating  costs of 18.70 deutsche marks per ton
of refuse.  The gain from the sale of electricity
reduces this cost to 9.35 deutsche marks. In the

-------
                                                                                            31
spring of 1973 a second and third incinerator
boiler unit will be put into  operation. Each unit
will have a throughput of 150 tons per day. (Text
in German)
[23792]

73-4542
 CIAFFONE,  C. P., C. A. RICHMOND, AND A. W.
GRAHAM, JR. System and process for conveyance
and  incineration of waste  material.  Canadian
Patent 919,510. Issued Jan. 23,1973.
This is a closed system for conveying sewage
sludge from filters and  incinerating it.  This
system is efficient, sanitary, and odorless. A
pneumatic ejector is used in conjunction with a
receiving means, a discharge pipe, and an in-
cinerator. This provides a  means for collecting
the waste and subjecting it to sufficient air pres-
sure so as to  convey it to  the incinerator. The
manual operation is limited to one loading and
unloading step. By keeping the line sealed in
transferring the waste up to a high level and into
the  incinerator,   movement,  transfer,  and
discharge of the waste is accomplished. The use
of a flared adapter as the connection between
the discharge pipe and the  incinerator serves to
spread the charge  as it enters the incinerator.
The closed system also allows the operation to be
performed sanitarily  and  confines  the  odor
which is inherent in handling such waste. The air
pressure in the system ranges from 5  to 100 Ib
per sq in.
[23793]

73-4543
  COLLEY, D. G.,  C.  A. SNYDER, AND R. M.
LELIAERT.   Dust  collector.  Canadian Patent
924,247 owned by the Wheelabrator Corporation,
South Bend, Indiana. Issued Apr. 10,1973.
This device is an apparatus for removal of solids
from gaseous medium by the use of a filter sur-
face in the form of filter tubes from which the
filter cake is removed by a reverse burst of high
pressure gas without stopping filter flow and in
which  the  gaseous medium with  suspended
solids is  baffled for introduction into the filter
section in a manner not to interfere  with the
disposal  of  the removed  filter cake and  to
enhance solids separation.
[23794]
73-4544
 CROSS, F. L., JR. Agricultural waste disposal by
incineration.   In   Handbook on incineration.
Guide  to theory, design, operation, and  main-
tenance.   Westport,  Connecticut,  Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 53-54.
Of the 2,280 million tons of solid waste produced
in the United States in 1968 about half was
agricultural wastes. HistoricaDy, .most of this
waste has been returned to the land, but the in-
dustrialization of agriculture has rendered this
traditional solution economically unsound. A
large portion of this type  of waste  is  crop
residue. If this residue has been generated at a
plant, it can be burned to provide heat or power.
Incineration of agricultural waste is a field in
which very little has been done. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23795]

73-4545
 CROSS, F. L., JR.  Costs  of  incineration.  In
Handbook  on  incineration.  Guide  to  theory,
design, operation, and maintenance. Westport,
Connecticut,  Technomic Publishing  Co.,  Inc.,
1972. p. 48-49.
Costs of incineration  depend on the equipment
and  the  system used.  Installation  costs vary
from about $13 per Ib per hr of capacity for com-
mercial incineration installations to $20,000 per
ton of installed capacity for municipal incinera-
tors. To upgrade such large units costs around
$12,000 per ton  of daily  capacity.  A table is
presented which gives the relative costs of the
different types of unitsO commercial, municipal,
pit, auto body, conical, pathological, sludge,  and
apartment house. Costs are given in each of four
subcategoriesO capital costs, installation,  main-
tenance,  and  operating. Another chart shows
that incinerator and  scrubber costs are  not
directly proportional;  at a capacity of around 630
Ib per hr incinerator costs begin  to rise  much
more abruptly while scrubber costs begin to
level off. Approximate  costs for control equip-
ment that would be applicable to incinerators are
presented on a dollar per actual cu ft of gas han-
dled basis. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23796]

-------
32
73-4546
 CROSS, F. L., JR.  Determining emissions from
incinerators by sources testing. In Handbook on
incineration. Guide to theory, design, operation,
and   maintenance.   Westport,   Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 43-47.
The trend in State capitals is to set air pollution
standards by the 'State  of the Art' technique,
which means that as soon as any industry utiliz-
ing a specific process reaches a new lower emis-
sion  level, all  new plants of that  type  are
required to meet the new standard. The most
exact and desirable method for determination of
atmospheric emissions is source testing.  How-
ever, this is also the most difficult and expensive
method. The most common applications of source
testing data are evaluation of a plant for com-
pliance with air pollution  control regulations and
in design of air pollution  control equipment.
Emission standards for industries are  being
adopted by the Environmental Protection Agen-
cy (EPA), and this agency has recently issued
new test procedures for stack emissions. The ad-
vantages of the EPA system are that it presents
a single national source testing procedure, util-
izes available test equipment,  established more
uniform flow control conditions in the sampling
train, and it improves isokinetic sampling. Dia-
grams are presented that show both the Amer-
ican  Society of Mechanical  Engineers and  the
EPA sampling trains. Isokinetic sampling is  one
of the most controversial functions of emission
monitoring; definition of particulate  matter is
another thorny point. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23797]

73-4547
 CROSS, F. L., JR.  Future trends in incineration.
In  Handbook on incineration. Guide to theory,
design,  operation, and maintenance. Westport,
Connecticut,  Technomic  Publishing  Co., Inc.,
1972. p. 55-57.
The Environmer tal Protection Agency projects
that by 1977 the amount of solid waste generated
in the United States will increase to 13.7 Ib  per
day per capita. That incineration will be called
upon to reduce the volume of all this refuse is in-
evitable. Ocean disposal is coming under increas-
ing regulation,  composting seems uneconomical,
and the markets for recycled materials are not
sufficiently great to make resource recovery for
most  refuse  pay.  It  is  the  projection of this
author that the current  sanitary landfill boom
will peak around 1975, after which time the need
for energy and the scarcity of suitable land near
population centers will encourage incineration.
Large municipal incinerators with waste heat
recovery  equipment will replace smaller com-
mercial and  onsite units, and  many industrial
wastes will also be incinerated, either because of
new disposal laws or in  order  to recover some
valuable metal. A  list of experimental slagging
or waste heat incinerator  systems is  given.
Charts  present the  projections  for disposal
systems until 1980. (This  document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23798]

73-4548
 CROSS, F. L., JR.  Handbook on incineration.
Guide to  theory, design, operation, and  main-
tenance.  Westport,  Connecticut,   Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1972.64 p.
This  handbook on  incineration  describes in-
cineration as a method of volume reduction and
points out that some ultimate disposal method is
needed for the residue. Incinerator classification
is  given, along with descriptions of the classic
types of units and basic elements of design. Spe-
cial types of incinerators  such as conical burners,
open  pit, starved air, and pathological incinera-
tors are also covered. Air pollution control, in-
cinerator costs, maintenance, resource recovery,
and future trends are discussed in  subsequent
chapters.  A bibliography is provided, as well as
appendices  showing  available films  on solid
waste management,  quantities of  refuse  ex-
pected from various types of establishments, and
refuse classification schemes, and a short glossa-
ry defining terms in the solid waste and incinera-
tor fields. (This  document is  retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[23799]

-------
                                                                                           33
73-4549
 CROSS,  F.  L., JR.  Incineration  of  industrial
wastes. In  Handbook on incineration. Guide to
theory, design, operation,  and  maintenance.
Westport, Connecticut,  Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 26-32.
This section of the document discusses the vari-
ous types of incinerators especially  well suited to
the  disposal of industrial  wastes, a class  of
materials that may be  very  heterogenous. Slur-
ries, sludges, and other liquid/solid  mixtures can
be fired into multiple  hearth, fluidized bed,  or
wet air oxidation units. Plastics, tars, and sticky
or viscous wastes  burn in rotary kiln incinera-
tors. Liquid waste  incinerators are usually quite
simple in design and construction, the basic prin-
ciple being the atomization  of the waste. Con-
taminants in the waste such as chlorine require
air pollution  control equipment  tailored to the
specific waste and type of incinerator. Open pit
incinerators will burn wood wastes and other
low-ash high heat materials,  but particulate
discharges from  these installations  are  often
troublesome. For  limited amounts of various
types  of wastes it is  frequently  necessary  to
have several different incinerators, each fairly
small.  A table  of the characteristics of small
capacity systems is given. There is also a rating
chart to aid management in deciding what type
of incinerator is best  for the particular waste
each plant has to deal with. A systems approach
should be used to maximize  the  efficiency  of
waste  handling, permit resource recovery, and
minimize the waste  at the  source. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23800]

73-4550
 CROSS, F. L., JR.  Methods  of air  pollution con-
trol.  In  Handbook  on incineration.  Guide  to
theory, design, operation,   and  maintenance.
Westport, Connecticut,  Technomic  Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 33-39.
The  emissions  associated with incinerators are
smoke, odor, and particulates.  Control  over
smoke and odor can  be accomplished by good
design and operation of the  unit, especially tem-
perature control. To control  particulates, control
equipment must be added to the incinerator. An
incinerator environmental rating chart is shown
to compare the impact of various types of in-
cinerators on the environment. Up to now, most
incinerators, especially the smaller  ones, have
been  equipped  with  only low energy control
devices such as expansion chambers or baffled
spray chambers. As pollution standards become
more strict, high energy units are needed; these
include electrostatic precipitators and high ener-
gy scrubbers, such as Venturi scrubbers. Regu-
latory  officials  are becoming more intolerant of
the less obvious types of pollutants, like metals,
organic acids,  and  chlorides. These  are not
removed    by   electrostatic   precipitators.
Scrubbing  systems will remove them,  although
in some cases an absorbent such as caustic must
be used to extract the gasses. A chart relating
the control devices that  may be  applicable  to
each incinerator type for the reduction  of visible
emissions,  odor, and  particulates is presented.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23801]

73-4551
 CROSS, F.  L., JR. Operation and maintenance of
commercial sized units.   In  Handbook on in-
cineration.  Guide to  theory, design, operation,
and    maintenance.    Westport,   Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 23-25.
Although large incinerators are usually operated
by unionized operators with special training and
job descriptions, this is very rarely the  cost with
smaller onsite units. Janitors and other person-
nel  running  these   small  incinerators  are
frequently  completely ignorant of the basic prin-
ciples  of incineration  and the routine main-
tenance needed to control burning and  air pollu-
tion. Only New York City has programs of train-
ing and licensing operators; this system should
be widely copied. The items in incinerator opera-
tion that are controlled by the operator are burn-
ing rate, draft, auxiliary burner, and air pollution
control equipment. The burning rate  is depen-
dent upon  a constant feed  and  maintaining a
uniform type of fuel entering the unit. The draft
is regulated by the barometric damper and  by
the individual overfire and underfire air adjust-
ments above and below the grates in the primary
combustion chamber. Temperature in the  in-

-------
34
cinerator is regulated by the waste feed and by
the auxiliary burner. Air pollution control equip-
ment will require special operator training. Sug-
gestions are made as to how to improve com-
bustion efficiency,  reduce corrosion, extend
refractory life, and reduce emissions. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23802]

734552
 CROSS, F. L., JR.  Resource recovery through in-
cineration.  In  Handbook on incineration. Guide
to theory, design, operation, and  maintenance.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 50-52.
Current thinking in the incineration community
today is that the most satisfactory solution to the
resource recovery dilemma is to devise a system
which will combine resource recovery from com-
ponents of refuse as well as energy recovery by
means  of waste heat utilization for heating or
power  generation. The typical incinerator in such
a layout will have a front-end system for upgrad-
ing the refuse and making it uniform in size  and
quality. The metal and glass can be removed at
this point or can be reclaimed from the residue
after burning.  The  remaining residue can be
used as an aggregate for  construction. The  Bu-
reau of Mines has a plant to reclaim values from
incinerator residue at College Park, Maryland.
The debate over whether metal and glass should
be left in to aerate the burning mass or removed
before charging  continues. Contamination  of
both metal and glass result from  incineration,
but there are also damages to the incinerator it-
self. If the residue must be landfilled, the cost of
this disposal will lower the economic desirability
of this  system. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23803]

73-4553
 CROSS, F. L., JR.  Special use incinerators.  In
Handbook  on  incineration. Guide  to theory,
design, operation, and maintenance. Westport,
Connecticut,  Technomic  Publishing  Co., Inc.,
1972. p. 14-22.
Four  types  of special use  incinerators  are
discussed in this chapterO conical burners, open
pit,  fluidized  bed,  auto  body  incinerators,
pathological  units, starved air,  flue  fed,  and
apartment house  units.  The  conical burner is
very cheap and simple to build and operate, but
is not suitable for refuse. Originally designed for
disposal or of sawdust and wood wastes, it burns
refuse incompletely and with a great deal of air
pollution.  To control emissions on such a unit
costs more than the incinerator itself. The open
pit incinerator was developed by Du  Pont to
burn  high density/low ash materials,  such as
wood waste. The process is a batch one, and air
pollution  potential necessitates a buffer zone
around the  installation  to prevent  particulate
matter from  falling  on neighboring  areas.
Although  this  unit has been used to handle
refuse, it is not usually used for this purpose and
is probably not particularly suitable for this type
of waste.  Pathological incinerators are used to
oxidize organic materials at clinics, hospitals, and
SPCA's. Because these wastes have such a high
water  content, a  drying grate and secondary
chamber are essential. Auto body incinerators
are  being  replaced  to a  large  extent  by
shredders, but incinerators, in conjunction with
or in place of shredders, are often feasible for a
regional auto disposal plan. Modification costs
for apartment incinerators to control air pollu-
tion are estimated. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23804]

73-4554
 CROSS, F. L., JR.  Trends in air pollution regula-
tions.  In  Handbook  on incineration.  Guide to
theory, design,  operation, and  maintenance.
Westport,  Connecticut,  Technomic  Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 40-42.
The principle areas  of regulatory activity with
regard to air pollution  from  incinerators  are
smoke or visible  emissions, odor, and  particu-
lates. Standards in all three areas are becoming
more   stringent.   A typical   example  of  this
downward trend is in particulate emissions, in
which the EPA passed a standard of 0.08 grains
per cu ft for incinerators. This can be compared
to the 1949 standard set by the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers of 0.85 Ib  of particu-
lates per  1,000 Ib  of flue gas,'which is  approxi-
mately equivalent to 6.41 grains per at standard

-------
                                                                                           35
cu ft. Permissible visible emission levels are also
being lowered; a number of States have  now
passed a No. 1 Ringlemann limit, and 0 visible
emissions limits are anticipated for the near fu-
ture. Soon the Ringlemann Chart will be aban-
doned for the opacity rating for both white and
black plumes; 20 percent opacity will probably be
the permissible level for incinerator stacks. (This
document is retained in the sWIRS library.)
[23805]

734555
 DARNSTAEDT, T.   Staedteportraet: Frankfurt.
Notfalls  'ein  taschentuch vor den mund.' [The
city portrait: Frankfurt. 'In emergencies a hand-
kerchief around the mouth'.] Umwelt, 3(2):32-34,
1973.
Although Frankfurt is plagued by air pollution
and  water pollution  it  has solved the  trash
disposal problem. The city's trash is burned in a
large incinerator.  The heat produced by this
process is used for heating the entire northwest
area of the city. The only emission source in this
area is the stack 110 m high rising from the in-
cinerator. The former dump site of the city was
turned into a recreation area. It still gives off
polluting substances into the groundwater. (Text
in German)
[23806]

73-4556
 EMU, 0. Purashineta-Morinaga purasuchikku
senyo   shokyakuro.     M.   0.   Placinator-
Morinaga—plastic incinerator.O Kotai  Haibutsu,
(8):134-135, Dec. 1972.
The M. 0. Placinator features a newly developed
air-blowing system by which black smoke and of-
fensive odors can be completely removed, a com-
bined performance  of the  water-cooled  wall
structure and the natural convection of hot air, a
simple and compact small  structure having a
total weight of 1 ton and a  set-up area of only 2
sq m. The waste hot water can be  easily used,
and the unit has a very inexpensive cost of in-
stallation. This Placinator is suitable for plastic
product  makers,  rubber  product  processors,
schools, hospitals, hotels, and others who create a
great quantity of plastic and rubber wastes. The
required area for the installation of the furnace
is only 1 by 2 m for type  10 and type 20. The
method of combustion is a forced air system, and
the available burning capacity is 10 to 15 kg per
hr for type 10 and 20 to 25 kg per hr for type 20.
The hot water supplying capacity is 430 liters
per hr for 90 C temperature hot water, and 624
liters per hr for the 80 C temperature hot water.
(Text in Japanese)
[23807]

73-4557
 ENKE, C.  Korrosionsschaeden  und ihre Ver-
huetung. [Corrosion damages and their preven-
tion.] Wasser Luft und Betrieb, 17(3):82-85,1973.
One of the most problematic and corrosion-prone
air polluters is the incinerator.  As soon as com-
bustion takes  place in a reducing atmosphere,
hydrogen sulfide is formed apart from carbon
monoxide if sulfur-containing material is burned.
Even in an oxidizing atmosphere corrosion can-
not be avoided because sulfur dioxide and sulfur
trioxide are formed,  the latter  mainly in the
presence of of excess air. In incinerators an ideal
conduction of the  combustion  process is not
feasible because  of the varying composition  of
refuse material. However, through the operation
with excess air plus continuous monitoring of the
oxygen concentration and of the gaseous pollu-
tants such as sulfur trioxide, hydrogen chloride,
and nitrogen dioxide, less corroding combustion
can be achieved.  Corrosion problems occur also
in electrostatic precipitators used for dust collec-
tion  in  industrial   off-gases.   Such   gases
frequently contain up to 50 percent water vapor
by  volume. The walls of the precipitator can be
efficiently  protected against this corrosion by
avoidance of undercooling. Any  protection of the
walls of electrostatic precipitators installed be-
hind modern steam generators where the flue
gas has a temperature of 145 C remains difficult.
In  this case corrosion is  unavoidable  with the
present state-of-the-art. (Text in German)
[23808]

73-4558
 Fudojirushi taika seihinO beikoku J-M-sha no
gijutsu  teikei   ni  yoru.  [Fudo  refractory
productsO by arrangement with J-M in the U.S.]
Kotai Haibutsu, (18):106-107, Dec. 1972.

-------
36
The Fudo acid-proof castable products, STR-120,
STR-100,  and  STR-80, as  an internal lining
material for the incinerators and their fire flue
and the desulfurization equipment requiring an
acid resistance, and the plastic high-ALS as a lin-
ing material for  the  alkaline waste liquid in-
cinerator are introduced. The acid-proof castable
product, composed of the burnt agalmatolite, sil-
icate powder, artificial light  aggregate,  pow-
dered sodium  silicate  as a binder,  and a curing
agent and a plasticizer, has a strong corrosive re-
sistance against the acid gases such as sulfuric
acid gas, sulfuric acid and chlorine gases, and the
acid liquids  such  as  sulfuric  acid, hydrochloric
acid, and nitric acid, and has a heat resistance up
to 800 to 1,200 C together with a relatively stable
high strength after being heated. The setting
time of this product in construction work is 2 to 4
hr for the first setting, and for the final setting is
24 to 48  hr,  thus  developing the prescribed
strength  in an early stage. The  compressive
strength is 130 to 300  kg per sq cm at 110 C and
200 to 240 kg per  sq cm at 1,000 C for the spray
work. The bending strength is 45 to 90 kg per sq
cm under the same condition, and the thermal
conductivity is 0.42 to 0.65 kcal per mhr C at 250
C. (Text in Japanese)
[23810]

734559
  Furukawa  no  odei kanso  shokyaku sochi,
shokyakuro-yo denki  shujin  sochi. [Furukawa
type drying and incinerating equipment for
sludge, and electric dust collection equipment for
incinerators.] Kotai Haibutsu, (8):112-113,  Dec.
1972.
This is a  type of drying and incinerating equip-
ment for  sludges, such as for sewage sludge,
water-containing  organic matter, waste oil-con-
taining sludge, and factory wastes. It is provided
with an  air-current  drying  having  a drying
capacity of 80 tons per hr, a rotary fire grate as
the main burning  means, a kiln as the secondary
burning means, a wet type dust collector and
deodorizing  equipment. The sludge is  fed  to a
mill, then sent into a drying  tube where  it  is
dried using  hot air from the incinerator.  It is,
then, completely  burned  out in the main com-
bustion chamber and the secondary combustion
chamber. The unique feature of the equipment is
that the two burners of the incinerator achieve
rapid drying and combustion with  a good effi-
ciency. The great coefficient of the heat capacity
of the air-current dryer makes the scale of the
equipment smaller. Different kinds of wastes
having different combustion rates can be regu-
lated to a constant rate, thus raising the efficien-
cy of combustion. The equipment has the three
available types, I, II, and III. Of these, type I has
a disposal capacity of 1 to 5 tons per hr, the type
110 1 to 7 tons per hr, and the type IIIO two
capacities, 1 ton per hr and 3 tons per hr. (Text in
Japanese)
[23811]

73-4560
 IWAI, S., AND H.  HARUYAMA.  Purasuchikku
haiMbutsu to toshi gomi shokyakuro no mon-
daiten to  taisaku. [Problems and  countermea-
sures for a combined  plastic  waste and city
waste incinerator.] PPM, 4(1):21-30, Jan. 1973.
It is estimated by the two writers that out of the
11,000 tons a day of plastic waste produced, 8,000
are mixed with city wastes. The repair costs of
incinerators have been climbing since 1968, when
the percentage weight of plastic wastes was 5 to
8 percent, because the present type of incinera-
tor is not suitable for burning plastics. It is com-
paratively simple to deal with hydrogen chloride
and to eliminate nitrogen oxides. Separate collec-
tion of plastic wastes would increase collection
costs which, even now, are rising 6 to 12 percent
every year. Technical problems in  incinerating
plastics are: plastics get melted  and  cause a high
temperature flame, both of which damage the in-
cinerator;  there is corrosion of the incinerator
due to acidic  gas  generated  when polyvinyl
chloride and similar plastics are burned; there is
very much  smoke;  and problems  arise from
heavy metals in paints and plasticizers. A new
type of stoker was developed  and tests were
made at a  pilot incinerator with  2.63 cu m capaci-
ty,  with mixed wastes. With an efficient stoker,
draft around the incinerator floor was good, in-
creasing its  capacity (sometimes reaching  480
kg) and temperature sometimes exceeded 1,200
C. However, soot and dust were emitted because
the flame frequently got in  contact with the wall
which  was not sufficiently heated. If exposed
metal parts  are maintained at 40 to  120 C, there

-------
                                                                                          37
is no corrosion due to hydrogen chloride. If the
waste gas temperature is reduced to less  than
100 C, a rubber lining or plastic coating can be
used to prevent corrosion. For elimination of fly
ash, an electric dust collector is better than  a
Venturi scrubber. (Text in Japanese)
[23809]

73-4561
 KOTTMANN, E. Erfahrungen beim Betrieb von
Abfallverbrennungsanlagen mittlerer Groesse.
[Experience with the operation of medium size
incinerators.] Luftverunreinigung, 36-37,  Dec.
1972.
Medium-sized  incinerators  have throughput
capacities up to 1,500 kg per hr. They are  used
for  burning  waste  in  department stores,
hospitals, and  apartment houses.  Dust concen-
tration measurements taken in these incinera-
tors have revealed that the limit value of 150 to
200 mg dust per cu m (referred to  7 percent car-
bon dioxide, 0 C and 760 torr) set by the Techni-
cal Directives for the Maintenance of Clean Air
is  in  most  cases exceeded. Although a  com-
bustion  temperature of  800 C is reached the
gases do not remain long enough in the after-
burning zone because it  is not large enough in
most cases. For dust cleaning of these gases cen-
trifugal  separators  in  the  form of simple
cyclones  or multiklones  are  used exclusively.
These collectors have a low collection efficiency
for fine dust.  The incomplete  combustion plus
the unsatisfactory dust  removal  has in many
cases led to an abandoning of incineration in
favor of dumping. The problem could be solved
by installation of more expensive equipment
such as electrostatic precipitators or by the joint
operation of a large incinerator by several medi-
um-size enterprises. (Text in German)
[23812]

734562
 LARUE, P. G.  Smokeless and odorless domestic
incinerators. Canadian Patent 924,189 owned by
Calculator Corporation, Bay City, Michigan. Is-
sued Apr. 10,1973.
The invention  described  related to incinerators
for burning various kinds of combustible refuse,
trash, and garbage. In particular, an incinerator
is  described which is  designed  to  return off-
gasses or byproducts from primary combustion
in a separate chamber (more commonly known as
the secondary chamber), where these off-gasses
or byproducts of primary combustion are led into
an atmosphere of temperatures exceeding 1,000
F. They are intermixed with oxygen or passed
through a flame commonly known as an after-
burner at a predetermined air flow rate so that
the gasses are reburned. Since they belong to the
hydrogen family,  they are  reduced to  their
lowest forms, namely, carbon dioxide and water.
[23813]

73-4563
 LEUSCHER, K. H.  Massnahmen zur vermeidung
von rohrabzehrungen in muellkesseln. [Measures
for avoiding corrosion in incinerators.]  VGB
Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(2):87-93, 1973.
Pipes in incinerators are subject to corrosion and
erosion. Corrosion is the chemical attack of flue
gases on the pipes at higher temperatures (low-
temperature corrosion  is not considered). Such
corrosion occurs in incinerators primarily in the
combustion chamber and in the  first flue. The
evaporator, superheater, or intermediate super-
heater with wall temperatures between 350 and
550 C are mostly  affected. After termination of
several years of research it can be said that all
corrosion  on  pipes of  incinerators  burning
domestic  refuse   are  due  to reactions  with
chlorine compounds. Erosion is caused by the ash
components  in  flue gases.  Erosion occurs  in-
creasingly after points of deflection of the flue
gas and at points of high flue gas speed. Preven-
tive measures  against corrosion  and erosion
start  with the  design  of incinerators. A  suffi-
ciently large design is  important to avoid  over-
loading of the combustion chamber  which leads
to a lack of air. Homogenizing of the refuse and
smoother supply   of the waste  into  the  com-
bustion chamber are also  important preventive
measures. The  secondary  air has an important
influence on the prevention of corrosion. The ox-
ygen  concentration of the flue gases shall drop
below 8  to 9 percent.  The incinerator Munich
North has been in operation for 32,500 hr and
burned 870,000 tons of waste. Apart from ero-
sion-corrosion caused  by the soot blower no
damages have yet occurred which proves that in-

-------
38
cinerators can be operated without major pipe
damages. (Text in German)
[23815]

73-4564
 LINDERMAIER, H. 3,2 MW dampfturbosatz mit
kondensationsanlage  'System Heller* der muell-
verbrennungsanlage  1 in Wien. [3.2 MW steam
turbine system with condensation plant 'System
Heller* of the refuse incineration plant 1 in Vien-
na.]  Brmnstoff-Waerme-Kraft,  24(12):445-447,
Dec. 1972.
The city of Vienna decided to install in the mu-
nicipal refuse incineration plant a condensation
steam turbine  system  which  transforms the
steam into electrical energy. About 25 percent of
the generated power is used for the refuse in-
cineration plant itself, while 75 percent is sent to
the public power supply system. Three incinera-
tion furnaces are equipped with one boiler each,
having a refuse demand of 8,000 kg per hr each.
The three boilers feed a turbine which drives a
rotary current  synchronized  generator. The
waste steam from the turbine is led into a con-
denser where it is mixed with a cooling conden-
sate. This mixture is divided into one stream of
cooling condensate and one of boiler water. The
cooling condensate is pumped through the cool-
ing elements in the dry cooling tower, where it is
cooled back and fed  again into  the  mixing con-
denser.  The condensation  cycle is completely
closed so that water and condensation losses are
avoided. The boiler water is pumped from the
condensate line into containers from where it is
fed through a preheater into the boiler again.
The cooling tower consists of 12 cooling columns
two of them forming a cooling delta  each. The
cooling  elements  consist  of  small  rib  heat
exchangers. The cooling capacity is controlled by
changing the quantity of cooling air by means of
flaps in the side walls of the tower. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23814]

73-4565
  MK-shiki enkei  kikaika  bacchi  shokyakuro
(Tokkyo). [MK-type  rotary automatic batch in-
cinerator.]  Kotai Haibutsu, (8):126-129,  Dec.
1972.
This incinerator has a cylindrical structure which
is excellent with respect to structural durability,
combustion efficient, and the maximum utiliza-
tion of radiant heat. Especially, in this incinera-
tor suitable for the sewage sludge, or similar
ones, the flame can smoothly circle  along the
round walls and the reflected heat can be effec-
tively concentrated on the center of the furnace,
and therefore wastes  can be burned out  con-
stantly and efficiently throughout the furnace.
The incinerator also has  an  independent  drying
room for the wastes of a high-water content. The
wastes charged from the charging hopper are
first  sent to  the drying room where they are
forcibly dried with a 600 to 800 C temperature of
combustion  gas  from the  furnace,  and  sub-
sequently the dried wastes are dropped into the
furnace in a fixed quantity so that the tempera-
ture of the furnace will  be kept  constant. The
wastes then are burned  out inside the furnace
with a hot air from the hot air-generating equip-
ment while being stirred. The disposing capacity
of this type incinerator is made available in 50 to
60 tons per day. (Text in Japanese)
[23816]

73-4566
 Mobiler verbrennungsofen  fuer die hausmuel-
labfuhr.   [Mobile  incineration  furnace  for
domestic refuse removal.] U-das technische Um-
weltmagazin, (1):53,1973.
A mobile incineration furnace for the incinera-
tion  of domestic refuse has been developed
working automatically so that no skilled person-
nel is required  and the furnace can be operated
by the refuse  collection  workers. The furnace
consists of a feeding system, a rotary furnace, an
ash container  and a  ventilation  system.  The
dimensions of  the furnace are laid out in  a
manner that it can also be driven  on the roads.
(Text in German)
[23817]

73-4567
 Moyasuta shokyakuro. [Moyaster  incinerator.]
Kotai Haibutsu, (8):120-133, Dec. 1972.
This line of incinerator has the three models, the
incinerator for animal  wastes, the MH-type in-
cinerator for  chemical  wastes,  the patented

-------
                                                                                           39
recombustion furnace, and special incinerators.
Generally, the Moyaster incinerator features the
use of a  special  refractory most suitable for
every waste, the  structure in which fire-proof
and heat insulating bricks are used in the outside
of the special refractory to prevent the escape of
heat and to enhance its  safety and durability,
with steel panels covering the inside bricks. The
incinerator for animal wastes  is typical among
others which is characterized  by the complete
removal  of smoke  and odors, as well as the
complete combustion of wastes by a special post-
combustion  system.  The efficiency  of the
removal of smoke and odors is more than 99.5
percent in case of this incinerator. To complete
the combustion  of waste, jet burners,  as  an
assistant means for combustion,  are provided,
along with  plural nozzles, in the combustion
room, which permits the flame to go into the in-
side of wastes and facilitates an instant rise of
the temperature  inside the furance. (Text in
Japanese)
[23818]

73-4568
  Muelldraftwerk  stellinger   moor.  [Power
generating plant  on refuse basis at Hamburg.]
Elektrizitaetsmrtschaft, 72(4):103,1973.
A  new   refuse  incineration  plant  with  a
throughput of 260,000 tons of refuse  annually
has been taken into operation at  Hamburg. It
consists of two refuse boilers and furnishes the
steam for two turbines fo 16 megawatt providing
for power supply. The waste steam from the tur-
bines is condensed in an air condenser. (Text in
German)
[23820]

73-4569
  Muellkraftwerk  stellinger   moor  arbeitet.
[Power generating plant on refuse basis starts
operation.] Etiergie, 25(2) :53, Feb. 1973.
A  new   refuse   incineration  plant  with  a
throughput of 260,000 tons of refuse annually
has been put into operation at  Hamburg. It con-
sists  of  two refuse boilers and  furnishes the
steam for two 16 megawatt turbines providing
for power supply. The waste steam from the tur-
bines condenses  in an air condenser.  (Text in
German)
[23819]

73-4570
 NITTETSU, K.  Sangyo haikibutsu shokyakuro
sochi.  [Incinerating  facilities  for  industrial
wastes.] KotaiHaibutsu, (8):102-103, Dec. 1972.
This incinerator is provided with a voltax burner
which creates a circling air flow  for complete
combustion of industrial wastes, additionally in-
volving a mechanism which performs a mechani-
cal stirring process in cases where solid wastes
are subject to burning. The voltax burner has a
structure which makes a circling flow of the air
in the combustion room and sprays a fuel into the
air flow. Due to a complete mixture of fuel and
air it brings a high rate of generating heat, 9 mil-
lion kcal per cu m per hr. In the voltax burner, 90
percent of the combustion is  completed inside
the burner and the length of flame is 450 to 600
mm, so  that  no more  combustion  room  is
required. For example, the cylindrical side long
type incinerator for plastic wastes, in which air is
blown in a tangential direction, can burn out a 20
to  70  percent  mixture  of polyethylene and
poly vinyl chloride, each of which is crushed to 5
to 7 mm size beforehand, at a supply rate of 15 to
25 kg per hr, an air flow rate of 12, a furnace
temperature of 1,250 C,  and a combustion load
capacity of 1.8 million kcal per cu m per hr.  In
this case, charged wastes stacked up on the bot-
tom of the furnace are  soon heated, melted,
decomposed, evaporized, and  burned in a very
short time. This furnace also  can  burn out the
sulfuric acid sludge incapable of predrying. (Text
in Japanese)
[23821]

73-4571
  Oesterreichische  Alpine Montangesellschaft.
Muellveraschungsanlagen;  ein beitrag zum um-
weltschutz. [Refuse incineration  plant; a con-
tribution to environmental protection.] Vienna,
Austria, Mar. 1972. [8 p.]
The brochure describes the design and working
principle of the 'Model Zeltweg"  prototype  in-
cinerator   plant   of   the   Alpine   Montan-
gesellschaft. It is used for incineration of mu-
nicipal refuse, which may also include some  in-
dustrial refuse. Its capacity is  about 7 cu m or 2

-------
40
tons per hr,  which means that in single shift
operation the incinerator can cope with refuse
generated by a town of about 20,000 inhabitants.
From the arriving trucks, the refuse is dumped
into a receiving bunker, from whence it is trans-
ferred by a grab crane into a hopper which feeds
it into a horizontally disposed,  slightly inclined
rotary kiln 1.9 m in diameter and 9 m long. There,
due to continuous rotation of the burning refuse,
thorough incineration takes place, so that only
clinker, ash, and hot fumes emerge from the exit
side of the kiln. The flue gases are completely
burned  in  an  adjoining combustion  chamber.
Prior to release into the atmosphere, the  flue
gases pass through  an  electrostatic precipitator
for removal of  suspended dust.  The  solid
residues, on leaving the kiln, drop into a water
tank  From there they are conveyed mechani-
cally to the outside, provisionally dumped, and
subsequently transferred to proper dumping or
landfill sites. It  is claimed that this sytem practi-
cally eliminates any of the air or water pollution
inherent with conventional incinerators. (Text in
German) (This document  is  retained in  the
SWIRS library.)
[23822]

73-4572
PLIBRICO JAPAN Co., LTD., TOKYO (JAPAN). PM-
gata kobunshi haikibutsu shokyakuro. [PM-type
high polymer waste incinerator.] Kotai Haibut-
su, (8):104-105, Dec.  1972.
This incinerator is the one specializing in plastic
wastes  in  which the  Plibrico  indefinite-type
refractory material is  employed as a seamless
wall having an  excellent durability against the
corrosive gases  peculiar to plastics and high tem-
perature. The furnace  structure consists of the
first combustion room, the matrix block, and the
second combustion  room. The  first combustion
room controls  the  combustion of wastes  and
completely converts combustibles to gas, and the
gas from this furnace is sent through the matrix
block, which is the heart of the incinerator con-
necting  the  first combustion  room  with  the
second combustion  room, to the second com-
bustion  room  where  black  smoke,  offensive
odors, etc., are completely removed. A complete-
ly  confined state  is  maintained for a high tem-
perature, and a bad odor peculiar to plasics is
also removed. The  structure of the furnace is
simplified, in addition to the use of the excellent
and special refractory material, so that any place
tending to cause trouble will be eliminated, and
with the furnace, plastic  wastes can also be
burned in the same way as common wastes. The
available capacity  of  burning wastes covers
several types ranging from 15 to 30 kg per hr, 30
to 50,50 to 75,75 to 100,100 to 140, and even over
150 kg per hr. (Text in Japanese)
[23823]

73-4573
  POETSCHKE,  H.    Entstaubung  und  Ver-
brennung.  [Dust collection  and  combustion.]
Wasser, Luft und Betrieb, 17(3):86-91,1973.
All measures  against  air  pollution  require
knowledge of the actual pollutant concentration
of the atmosphere which necessitates a number
of different measurement units. Gas chromatog-
raphy plays  an important role in air monitoring.
In the United States it is considered the only
useful method for the measurement of hydrocar-
bons in  the  ambient air. A unit operating with
gas chromatography has been brought onto the
West German market. With it carbon monoxide,
methane and the total hydrocarbon concentra-
tion can be determined. Four, six or 12 fully au-
tomatic  analyses can be performed per hr. For
measurement of the dust concentration indoors
and outdoors the konimeter is used. For emission
monitoring in a thermal power plant a sampling
probe is installed in the stack. The sampling
probe is made of special material which does not
absorb sulfur dioxide. In the probe head a dust
filter is installed. Via a second fine dust filter the
gas  is  pumped  to  the  analyzers (infrared
analyzer for sulfur dioxide). For dust removal
the electrostatic precipitator and cloth filter are
widely used. A review of their operating princi-
ple is given. For a new steel manufacturing plant
with oxygen lancing converter a wet electro-
static precipitator with water circulation was
selected. Another steel manufacturer in West
Germany  has  developed  a  new method for
disposal of its solid waste products by compost-
ing to avoid the emissions from incineration. The
solid waste material is mixed with sludge from
water purification and homogenized in a rotating
drum with simultaneous biological  decomposi-

-------
                                                                                           41
tion. A novel underpressure drum ventilation
helps jto accelerate the decomposition process.
(Text in German)
[23824]

73-4574
 POHLE, R. Betriebserfahrungen mit der Muell-
verbrennungsanlage  der  Stadt   Nuernberg.
[Operating experiences with the incinerator of
the  city  of  Nuremberg.] VGB  Kraftwerk-
stechnik, 53(2):93-99,1973.
The  experiences gained with the incinerator in
Nuremberg during the first 3 years of its opera-
tion are discussed. In order to keep corrosion at
the  heating   surfaces  and  the  electrostatic
precipitator at a  minimum the incinerator  is
operated 24 hr a day 7 days a week. Incrusta-
tions on the walls of the chamber occurred very
soon. Water jets directed parallel to the walls
prevented any further incrustations. Extensive
measurements of the flue gas composition in the
combustion  chamber  revealed that without
secondary air supply carbon monoxide values of
more than 0.5 percent occurred locally. The total
oxygen concentration was then below about 5
percent. With secondary  air  injection (about
10,000 cu m per hr) the peak carbon monoxide
concentrations dropped  in number and  mag-
nitude.  Through lateral  injection  the carbon
monoxide peak concentrations could not entirely
be avoided. It is very likely, however, than an ad-
ditional frontal injection of secondary air would
bring  an  improvement.  The  largest carbon
monoxide  concentrations  were  measured at
those points  where  corrosions were noticed.
Minor disturbances occurred during the charg-
ing process through blocking bulky parts and at
the slag tap-off through larger iron parts. In the
electrostatic   dust  precipitators  dust  bridges
formed and the screw conveyor for the dust tap-
off from the electrostatic precipitators had to be
replaced. The specific operating costs for 1971
amounted to  19.58 deutsche marks per ton of
waste. (Text in German)
[23825]

73-4575
  RASCH, R.   Alles  wird wieder  zu Staub.
[Everything  returns to dust] Umwelt, 3(1):49-
53,1973.
A comparison of  the available  solid  waste
disposal methods (sanitary landfill, composting,
and incineration) shows that a controlled volume
reduction within 1 to 2 hr is only feasible with in-
cineration. In the sanitary landfill decomposition
processes are most difficult to control. It is
granted that complete  combustion is difficult to
achieve in small incinerators. Therefore they
should not be allowed in residential areas.  In
large incinerators  a  complete  combustion  is
achieved by uniform charging, continuous opera-
tion, and high combustion chamber temperature.
Analyses in the large incinerator in Duesseldorf
revealed that the  amount  of volatile  organic
acids in the waste gases were near the lower de-
tection limit. Of the 4 million tons of sulfur diox-
ide emitted per year in the Federal Republic of
Germany, 12,000 tons  come from incinerators.
They also emit each year 5,000 tons of mitrogen
oxide,  8,000 tons of hydrogen chloride, 50,000
tons of hydrogen fluoride, and 4 million tons of
fly ash. Nothing is known about the emission of
heavy  metals. An examination of  power plants
and  incinerators has  shown that  toxic heavy
metals  such  as lead, zinc,  and  arsenic  are
deposited  in  various  sections  of the heat
exchanger which means that a considerable por-
tion is not emitted into the environment with fly
ash. (Text in German)
[23826]

73-4576
 RIEDLINGER, R. A.   Aufbereitungseinrichtun-
gen  in  muellyerbrennungslagen.  [Treatment
equipment in incinerators.] Mitteilungen  der
VGB, 52(6):498-503, Dec. 1972.
The  disposal of waste by incineration involves
the delivery of the  waste to the incinerator,  the
actual  incineration  and  the disposal  of  the
residual  matter  such  as  dust,  sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, glass, etc.
Standard equipment included in incinerators are
cranes, electrostatic precipitators  and cyclones
for cleaning the waste gases, and  a purification
basin for sedimentation of the dust in the water
from quenching the slag.  Other optional equip-
ment include the  shredder for bulky  refuse,
devices for sifting the  ash and for separation of
scrap from the refuse, a  waste oil treatment
system, filter presses  for  the sludge, flue  gas

-------
42
scrubbers, etc. Of all these, the shredder is in-
creasingly gaining importance. Detailed descrip-
tions of a shredder and hammermills are given.
The   shredder  usually   operates  with   a
throughput of 300 cu m  per  hr. The conveyor
belts  transporting the bulky material to  the
shredder must be 2 m wide. Slowly moving steel
plate conveyor belts are recommended. The steel
plates should have a thickness of 8 to 16 mm.
Hammermills usually operate with  two rotors.
The operating principle of the hammermill  and
the shredder is very similar, both crush the ob-
ject into small pieces. The hammermill has little
hammers, the shredder smashing rings. To avoid
any fire hazard it is advisable to spray the refuse
with water. A shredder or hammermill should be
installed only  where high  quantities of bulky
refuse accumulate, i.e., in cities with a population
of more than 50,000. The additional costs then
amount to 10 percent of  the  gross incineration
costs. (Text in German)
[23827]

73-4577
 SAKAMOTO, S.  Jinkai nado no nensho hoho. [A
method of combusting dust.] Japanese Patent
Sho 47-35148 owned by Mitsubishi Heavy Indus-
tries, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention relates to a method of combusting
wastes and dust in which  the wastes and dust of
irregular  combustion  characteristics  can  be
burned  without giving off offensive odors or
harmful gases, the   remaining  combustible
wastes in the ashes can be minimized, the wastes
and dust can be burned without giving damage
to the furnace such as the cracking of the fur-
nace bricks, clinker trouble,  melting loss,  and
destruction due to unequal expansion. The heat
of the exhaust gas is effectively utilized and the
condition of combustion can be controlled con-
tinuously and easily. Wastes or dust  are fed to a
dryer, the dried wastes or dust are burned out in
combustion equipment, a part of the exhaust gas
coming out of the combustion equipment is recy-
cled through an air-preheater, the preheated air
is fed into the combustion equipment, and both
the temperature and volume of the exhaust gas
to be recycled  are regulated according to  the
quality  of the wastes  or dust. If low  quality
wastes are charged, the lowering of the tempera-
ture of exhaust gas is detected and both the tem-
perature and volume of recycled gas are greater
so that the temperature of combusting air to be
fed to the dryer is raised. (Text in Japanese)
[23828]

73-4578
 Sangyo haikibutsu shokyakuro-Sekiyu kagaku
seihin haikibutsu senshoro to kakushu tokusho
senshoro.  Industrial waste incinerator-special
incinerator for petrochemical wastes and other
special incinerators.]  Kotai  Haibutsu, (8): 120-
125, Dec. 1972.
The  incinerator,  suitable for  various  special
wastes such as  waste oils,  waste tar, carbide
residues, and various kinds of plastics, consists
of the first combustion chamber, the second com-
bustion chamber, and  the  third  combustion
chamber, in which wastes are burned for gasifi-
cation on the grate of the first combustion room
and then burned out at 400 to 500 C in the first
combustion room to decompose into ashes and
gas. The gas from the first combustion room is
sent to the second combustion room where it is
again burned with the air containing a heavy oil
at a high temperature of 1,200 to 1,400 C and
then sent to the third combustion room where
the gas is completely burned out in a swirling
state  to  mostly  remove the black smoke and
odors. This type of incinerator uses a special ro-
tary burner which makes little noise and is easy
to handle, and it has also a special regulatory
device and control system by which the  varia-
tions in the amount of gas from the first com-
bustion room with different plastics can be con-
trolled.  The gas  containing chlorine  produced
when polyvinyl chloride is burned is introduced
into a gas scrubber, followed by a neutralizing
treatment using an alkaline solution. And, in this
system, a  catalytic  combustion system  which
uses a oxidizing catalyzer is also  employed to
remove most hydrocarbons by oxidization  at 260
to 360 C. (Text in Japanese)
[23829]

73-4579
 SHIGAKI, M.  [Special combustion furnaces for
plastic.] [Water Treatment Techniques], 12(9):21-
24,1971.

-------
                                                                                           43
Existing plastic incinerators have such faults as
sporadic black smoke formation  due to batch-
type feeding, quick deterioration  due to lack of
experience and  construction expenditure, and
lack of exhaust gas treatment and attendant air
pollution and corrosion. A research group drawn
from various industries and  government agen-
cies has designed a special  plastic  incinerator
with the  following considerations:  plastic  is
shredded to even sizes and continuously fed by a
quantitative supply feeder; with  an air adjust-
ment device, the combustion gas  is mixed with
air and the furnace is kept  at a high tempera-
tureO between 1,000 and 1,200 C; crushed plastic
is fed by a screw feeder and air is  jet-supplied
into the furnace; a flat-bed  is used in order to
avoid clogging of grates by  thermo-set plastic
and foam styrene; special consideration  is given
to  the  storage   bunker  and  hopper;  the
screwfeeder and the air  nozzle  are protected
from heat  radiation by a water-cooled jacket;
there is no device for continuous ash elimination,
but special materials in plastic are dispersed in
the air and captured by the wet dust collector; a
Wagner type Venturi scrubber is installed  for
hydrogen  chloride,  hydrogen oxides, and cya-
nides; all the systems after the Venturi scrubber
are lined with rubber, ceramic, and FRP  in order
to prevent chlorine corrosion; for larger public
incinerators, an automatic fuel supply controller
can be installed. The test furnace was designed
for a small capacity of 60 kg per hr, with special
care for small details such as  double duct casing,
the use of heat radiation for combustion air, and
adjustable air jet quantity. The entire system is
designed compactly, for easy mass production
and transportation. (Text in Japanese)
[23830]

73-4580
 SlETH, J.  Muellverbrennung: Ein Luftreinhal-
teproblem? Wege zur Minderung  der Chlorwas-
serstoff-Emissionen. [Incineration: an air-pollu-
tion problem?  Ways   of  reducing  hydrogen
chloride emissions.] Luftverunreinigung,  43-51,
Dec. 1972.
In incinerators of the Federal Republic of Ger-
many no measures  are  generally taken against
gaseous   emissions.   The   incinerators   are
equipped with electrostatic precipitators  which
remove the dust from the off-gas. Measurements
of the gaseous emissions from incinerators in the
years 1971 to 1972 yielded a hydrogen chloride
concentration of 1 g per cu m sulfur dioxide at 0.6
g per cu m, and hydrogen fluoride at 10 mg per
cu m. The concentration of hydrogen chloride is
so high that a stack incrementation is necessary.
In order to give an idea of the required stack in-
crementation at an  increase of  the presently
valid  maximum  allowable  average  emission
value from 2 g to  2.5 g per cu m, diagrams are
given in which the stack height  isohypses are
plotted dependent on the waste gas volume flow,
temperature, and maximum emission concentra-
tion. The following parameters were used for the
diagrams: average emission level 5  m, average
wind velocity 4 m per second, maximum concen-
tration  difference 0.075  mg per  cu m,  exit
velocity of the waste gases 20 m  per second. It
can be seen that, for example, the  stack height is
177 m with a waste gas flow of 300,000 cu m per
hr and a  maximum  hourly average concentra-
tions  of 2 g hydrogen chloride  per cu m and  a
waste gas temperature of 200 C. Independent of
increasing the stack height of incinerators other
measures must be taken to reduce the gaseous
pollutants. They comprise the actual reduction of
the pollutant, the processing of the  obtained
reaction products  and the disposal of the ob-
tained waste  product by dumping, discharge into
the sewer, or chemical-technical recycling. A cost
calculation for the  installation of an electrostatic
precipitator for dust removal with  subsequent
hydrogen chloride  absorption and neutralization
and evaporation of the scrubbing water yielded
operating costs of 1.730 deutsche  marks per ton
of waste. Scrubbers are  very suitable for the
removal of the gaseous pollutants in incinerator
off-gases. (Text in German)
[23831]

73-4581
 STOCKMAN, R. F.   Plastic burner. Canadian
Patent  922,583 owned  by The Air Preheater
Company,  Inc., Wellsville,  New  York.  Issued
Mar. 13,1973.
This invention is a plastic incinerator. A meltable
plastic is first reduced to a liquid. The liquid is
heated to the point of vaporization and the vapor
is burned as it leaves the surface of the liquid,

-------
before being exhausted to the surrounding at-
mosphere.
[23832]

734582
 Tokkyo sasaW-shiki semi Wkairo-rojin homu to
onsui puru e no yonetsu riyo. [Patented Sasaki
semi-automatic incinerator-application of waste
heat to heating an old people's home and an in-
door pool] Kotai Haibutsu, (8):98-101, Dec. 1972.
This mechanized furnace is the vertical, cylindri-
cal, and independent type which has completely
independent furnaces for every  five chambers
having an advantage of making possible a three-
dimensional combustion of wastes in the high
furnace,  thus giving the system a  high  com-
bustion efficiency. The body of the furnace, built
of a refractory, a heat insulation material, iron-
reinforced concrete, and a steel panel, has an air-
tight structure which is not affected by the open
air, minimizing the amount of radiant heat. In
the combustion chamber, two waste receivers
are mounted  crosswise to prevent  the direct
stack up of wastes on the grate, which enhances
the combustion efficiency because of increased
surface area of combustion of more than 30 per-
cent. The ignition loss with the structure of this
furnace was 3.27 to 3.81 percent. For the utiliza-
tion of waste heat, about 100 tons per day of hot
water from this type of furnace, constructed in
the  city  of Tateyama, Chiba Prefecture, are
being supplied to an old people's home where 100
persons are living, and to an indoor warm water
pool with 25 m long and seven courses. (Text in
Japanese)
[23833]

73-4583
 TOSHIAKI, S. Gomi shokyaku hatsuden ni tsuite.
[Electric generation by refuse incinerator.] Net-
sukanri to kogai, 24(ll):17-24, Nov. 1972.
Data on  electrical generation by  a refuse in-
cinerator are discussed. Refuse has an average
heat value of 1,800 kilocalories per kg, so that it
yields 800 to 1,200 C of inner temperature in the
incinerator which works 24 hr by means of a con-
tinuous stoker. Consequently  a method  for the
effective use of heat is introduced also to protect
the apparatus absorbing the heat setting up the
boiler. Electric generation by refuse incineration
requires  large  capital expense; however, the
generated electricity can be consumed to run the
plant. This makes it possible to decrease the ex-
pense for electricity. For instance an  example in
Yokohama,  Japan, shows:  required  electric
power for the incinerator 3,200 kw, generated
electric power  2,800  kw, and  buying electric
power 1,950 kw. The problem in electric genera-
tion by incineration is that heat value of refuse
depends largely upon the  quality, season, and
even the climate conditions. Secondly  the quanti-
ties of plastics in refuse has the tendency of in-
crease. Plastic refuse, especially vinyl chloride
generates chlorine and  hydrochloric acid  gas,
noxious gasses, and often causes erosion in the
boiler and incinerator, and further when these
noxious gasses are exhausted it causes pollution
problems. Actually if  the  20  percent   vinyl
chloride in plastic dust is assumed, the generated
acid becomes more than 5,000 ppm. (Text in
Japanese)
[23834]

73-4584
 VALDESPINO, J. M. Incinerator toilet. Canadian
Patent 922,855 owned by Tekmar  Corporation,
New York, New York Issued Mar. 20,1973.
This apparatus for disposing of solid and liquid
waste matter includes means for separating the
liquid matter from the solid matter, for  com-
minuting and burning the solid waste matter,
and for treating and discharging the liquid waste
matter  from the  apparatus. The  device has
means for producing and confining a flame sub-
stantially to an area around the inner wall of a
combustion  chamber  to  incinerate  the  com-
minuted solid matter and means for chemically
treating the waste liquid prior to discharge.
[23835]

INDUSTRIAL  WASTES

73-4585
 ALBERTSON, U.,  AND S. BERGKVIST. New en-
vironmental  control techniques at  the ASPA
mill. Paper Trade Journal, 157(14) :24-25, Apr. 2,
1973.

-------
                                                                                           45
Munksjo AB is building a new 60,000 ton per
year bleached softwood kraft pulp mill adjoining
one of similar size in Sweden at its Aspa mill site.
The project is unusual  in  that it incorporates
many pollution prevention processes developed
in  conjunction  with  the  Swedish  industry's
cooperative  pollution  abatement study, named
SSVL. The special pollution control features in-
clude: oxygen bleaching in a completely closed
liquid system; a nearly closed filtrate system for
the rest of the bleach plant; collection of tempo-
rary discharges; and treatment of contaminated
condensates. With these measures it is estimated
that total BOD discharge will be reduced by 75
percent to about 35 Ib  per metric ton. Lignin
discharge will be reduced by 50 percent. The new
mill is due to start up late in 1973.
[23836]

73-4586
 ASHIDA, H., E. IWASAWA,  S. YOKOYAMA, S.
NISHI, AND  M. KOMAKINE. Sangyo haikibutsu-
ryo to sono  shori shobun  no jittai ni kansuru
kosatsu. [Observations on the volume of indus-
trial wastes and their treatment and disposal.]
Presented at the 1972 National Environmental
Sanitation Meeting, Niigata, Japan, Oct. 19-20,
1972. Tokyo, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, 1972. 5
P-
A survey of industrial wastes  has been con-
ducted every year since 1970 by the Japan En-
vironmental Sanitation Center at the request of
prefectural  governments. The results of such
surveys undertaken for six prefectures in 1971
are tabulated. For the whole country daily waste
is estimated to be 1.52 million tons.  Question-
naires were  sent to check the method of industri-
al waste disposal at the factory level, to see how
much is disposed of within the factory, how the
rest is transported out of the factory, and how
much is disposed of at which terminal disposal
facility. The results showed that not much is
disposed  of within the  factory. Some of the
wastes are  accumulated without being treated.
After  incineration  or some other treatment,
some are used for reclamation.  Some wastes
taken out of factories are sold or given away.
The disposal of others is contracted to a private
collector or to local governments. The wastes
taken out of the factories are disposed of into
rivers, lakes, the sea, land owned by the enter-
prise,  public sewers,  designated landfills, or
public  incineration facilities. A constant survey
is necessary to avoid environmental pollution in
the future.  It is necessary  also  to have more
trained personnel for carrying out this kind of
survey. (Text in Japanese)  (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23837]

73-4587
 BERGER, A., H.  ABEL,  AND  A. DEFLORIN.
Process  for  finishing wool. Canadian Patent
922,860 owned by Ciba Limited, Basle, Switzer-
land. Issued Mar. 20,1973.
A  process for finishing wool, preferably  for
rendering wool nonfelting, is provided. The wool
is treated with an aqueous preparation contain-
ing a reaction product of basic polyamides and
polyfunctional compounds and afterwards dried.
The process  is  carried out at 35 to  100 C and
preferably according to the exhaustion method.
The wool treated in this way is nonfelting. This
finishing  process advantageously can  be com-
bined with a dyeing process.
[23838]

73-4588
 Beseitigung von Kunststoffabfaellen. [Disposal
of  plastic waste.] Kunststofftechnik,  12(3):66,
1973.
A  plastic processing enterprise in the State of
New York produces about 50 tons of solid waste,
30 cu m of waste liquids and about 1,000 cu m of
flue gases every day. For the disposal of these
waste  substances a combustion plant has been
constructed which will furnish about 70 tons of
steam per hr and 2.5 million kilocalories per hr
for heating purposes. Combustible flue gases are
led into the flue gas combustion chamber. The
combustion gas at a temperature  of 980 C heats
the boilers or serves as combustion air for the in-
cineration of the solid refuse. A special com-
bustion chamber has  been constructed which
burns only corrosive gases. The requirements of
Federal Air Quality Standards and those of the
State of New York are met so that an air purity
of 96.3 percent is guaranteed. (Text in German)
[23839]

-------
46
73-4589
 DELANEY, J. F. Separation of sulfides. Canadi-
an Patent 922,431 owned by the Anaconda Com-
pany, New York, New York. Issued Mar. 6,1973.
This patent describes a method for separating
molybdenum sulfide from a copper ore concen-
trate containing molybdenite. An aqueous pulp
of the concentrate is subjected to froth flotation
in the presence of a collector for molybdenum
sulfide and a Nokes-type depressant (arsenic
trioxide/sodium sulfide) for copper sulfide. The
pulp is aerated with an inert gas to effect flota-
tion of the molybdenum sulfide part of the pulp.
The electromotive force  of the pulp is main-
tained above minus 200 millivolts.
[23840]

734590
 DUCELIER, G. Recovery  of materials from the
wastewater from wine distilleries by drying the
mixture  of solid  and liquid  wastes.   Water
Research, 7(4):595-598, Apr. 1973.
Until recently the effluent of wine dregs distilla-
tion was disposed of by lagooning or discharging
to a waterway. Now that such  practices are il-
legal, some form of treatment and/or utilization
of this waste stream is essential. Spent  wine is
more difficult to purify than domestic sewage.
Except by using expensive plants, impractical
for  the small rural wine growers of France, ob-
taining a satisfactory BOD reduction  of this
waste is impossible. The author has been experi-
menting for the last few years on ways in which
these dregs can be utilized cheaply.  He deter-
mined that to obtain a fertilizer with 50 percent
moisture which can be stacked, only 1.85 tons of
water can be  evaporated  to yield 1 ton of dry
matter. Fuel consumption in this case would be
only about  170 to 180 kg. If a moist wine waste
mixture is  dried with the waste heat from the
rotating  drum oven used to dry  the pressed
grapes, the  dry product obtained thus may be
kept for more than a year and can be  used as a
sheep-feed. Even open-air drying is practical for
wine wastes in many climates.
[23841]
73-4591
 GINGERICH, J. C.  A Whitewater and solids
waste reduction program. Paper Trade Journal,
157(14):22-23,Apr.2,1973.
P. H. Glatfelter Co. is a fully integrated pulp and
paper  mill.  Recently the company  initiated a
campaign to reduce Whitewater and solids losses
at the plant. To  obtain an approximate dollar
value for the wastes the effluent was  divided
into its  major components of  fiber, ash and
water. Before the control program was started,
the paper mill effluent contained waste solids
equivalent  to  4  to 5  percent  of  the paper
machines' production. Value of the effluent dur-
ing the previous  year was estimated at about
$2,700 a day. The interim goal for the waste con-
trol program is to reduce water and solids losses
to  about $1,500  per day. After  losses  were
established,  a careful inspection was made of all
machines and  operating procedures. Recom-
mended  repairs  and  system and  equipment
changes were listed for each paper machine. The
aim is maximum Whitewater reuse. The centrifu-
gal cleaner  system is operating  efficiently and
has so far permitted about 70  percent of the
waste reduction to be met.
[23842]

73-4592
 Gipsschwefelsaeure-anlage. [Gypsum sulphuric
acid plant.] Wasser, Luft und Betrieb, 17(4): 136,
1973.
A new plant has been constructed in South
Africa in order to reuse waste gypsum which is a
waste product from the production of phosphoric
acid. At the time being the annual world produc-
tion of waste gypsum amounts to 60 million tons.
The plant in South Africa will produce about 350
short tons of cement clinker and 350 short tons
of sulfuric acid. The cement clinker is processed
into high quality 'Portland cement and the sul-
furic acid is used for the production of phosphor-
ic acid. The plaster-sulfuric acid plant consists  of
gypsum drying device, milling plant and rotary
shaft furnace for the additives. (Text in German)
[23843]

-------
                                                                                           47
734593
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER.  Current  industry  investment  and
operating costs.  In  Control of atmospheric
emissions in  the wood pulping  industry, v. 3.
Springfield, Virginia, National Technical Infor-
mation Service, Mar. 15,1970. p. XII(1-16).
Past estimates of the expenditures made by the
wood pulping industry for air quality  control
have  indicated that substantial  sums  are in-
volved, but the numbers vary widely. Because of
congressional  interest in the impact  of the
Federal  air  quality  control  program  on all
aspects of the economy, cost figures for the wood
pulping industry would have to be obtained on a
rational basis. Using the latest  available data,
estimates were  made  of the replacement  cost
and the annual operating cost of air quality con-
trol equipment in present operation in the indus-
try.  Sophisticated engineering cost estimates
were prepared in three categories: total installed
cost (replacement); total annual cost; and net an-
nual  cost,  reflecting  a  credit  for recovered
materials.  Estimates  were   prepared   for a
variety of  controls on  a number of sources. It
should be noted that the  cost analyses in this
chapter are based on  prices of chemicals and
equipment as of January 1969. As these prices
change, the whole  balance  changes.  Total in-
stalled cost for kraft was in excess of $166 mil-
lion and for sulfite about $900,000. Total annual
cost for kraft was about $24 million and net an-
nual cost about the same. Net annual costs for
sulfite indicated a slight net return. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23844]

73-4594
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER.  Future   industry  investment  and
operating costs.  In  Control of atmospheric
emissions in  the wood pulping  industry, v. 3.
Springfield, Virginia, National Technical Infor-
mation Service, Mar.  15,1970. p. XIIIU-49).
This  chapter reports the  rationale for  and
development  of a model  which provides  data
which can be used to project the investment and
operating costs for emission control in the kraft
pulping industry through 1980.  Data are  not
available to perform similar analyses for sulfite
and neutral sulfite semichemical mills. A  sen-
sitivity analysis is also presented which suggests
how the costs for emission control are influenced
by  emission  standards,  value of  recoverable
chemicals, and assumed rate of return. To assist
with the analysis, multipath flow diagrams have
been developed  to indicate the various  process
alternatives which influence emissions. A simple
program is presented  to estimate total  annual
costs as a function of fixed and variable costs. A
mathematical    programming    model    was
developed and is presented by which it is possi-
ble, for  any specified mill, to determine the op-
timal  way  to satisfy  specified  emission stan-
dards. The  objective function is to maximize net
revenue  from  emission  control. Constraining
functions include continuity from source to con-
trol, continuity from control to recovery,  per-
formance standards, control bounds, implicity in-
teger constraints, and nonnegativity  restrictions.
An example is analyzed  with the model using
1969  Oregon  regulations. (This document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23845]

73-4595
 HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER.  On-going research related to reduc-
tion of emissions.   In  Control of  atmospheric
emissions in  the wood pulping  industry, v.  3.
Springfield, Virginia, National Technical Infor-
mation Service, Mar. 15,1970. p. X(l-84).
A number  of the problems facing the chemical
wood pulping indsutry with respect to air quality
improvement cannot be  resolved until  further
research points the way. A search of the techni-
cal literature for the past  5 years was un-
dertaken. With few exceptions,  it was  decided
that work reported more than 5 years ago was
currently incorporated into practice, was under
further  development,  or was found unsuitable
for practical application. The format selected for
presentation  was that of an annotated  bibliog-
raphy insofar as possible. Eight major categories
were selected for presentation of the abstracts.
They are:  Emission Control Technology;  Cost
and Effectiveness  of  Emission Control; Sam-
pling and Analytical Techniques; Control Equip-
ment Development; Process Changes Affecting

-------
48
Emissions; Chemistry of Pollutant Formation of
Interactions; New Pulping Processes; and Con-
trol System Development. Within each  major
category the abstracts are arranged in sub-
categories by year  of  publication. (This docu-
ment is retained in in the SWIRS library.)
[23846]

734596
 HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Research and  development  recom-
mendations.  In  Control of atmospheric emis-
sions in the wood pulping industry, v. 3. Spring-
field, Virginia, National Technical Information
Service, Mar. 15,1970. p. XI(1-12).
The investigations undertaken during the course
of this study have led to the conclusion that ex-
isting technology, plus present technology in the
experimental stage, still may result in emission
levels which can be unacceptable to the public in
some instances. Many gaps exist in our present
knowledge which need to  be  filled  by future
research. The most pressing of these research
needs  follow:  to  develop  and  standardize
methods and instruments for monitoring emis-
sions and ambient air; to assess the effect of
operating variable on emissions from the kraft
pumping and recovery system to  develop and
standardize  organoleptic techniques  for  deter-
minations of process emissions and evaluation of
ambient air quality; to  investigate new pulping
methods which eliminate the use  of sulfur; to
define the mechanisms, with emphasis on trans-
port processes and emission interactions which
will relate emission limitations to ambient air ob-
jectives; to evaluate emissions  from  sources in
sulfite and neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC)
mills and  determine operating  variables which
affect emissions;  to investigate adsorption and
absorption of odorous gasses and  reuse of the
collected materials in process; and to determine
whether TRS is an effective measure of the ac-
ceptability of odorous emissions from kraft mills
or must  the  compounds be  identified  more
definitively.  (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23847]
73-4597
 HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Sampling and  analytical techniques.
In Control of atmospheric emissions in the wood
pulping industry, v. 3. Springfield, Virginia, Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Mar. 15,
1970.p.IX(l-89).
This section of the document outlines problems
and methods for source and ambient sampling of
noxious and odorous emissions of wood pulping
industry. Each of the main chemical processes is
discussed separatelyO kraft, sulfite and neutral
sulfite semichemical. Source sampling for gasses,
particulates,  and nonsulfur  contaminants are
treated individually  for each of the processes.
Recommended ambient and source methods for
gasses and each type of pollutant  are  given.
There is an extensive list of references provided
at the end of the  chapter. (This  document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23848]

73-4598
 MARYNOWSKI, C. W. Description of the plastics
industry.  In  Disposal of polymer solid wastes
by  primary  polymer  producers and plastics
fabricators.  Washington,  U.S.   Government
Printing Office, 1972. p. 11-30.
Plastics constitute one of  the fastest growing
sectors of the chemical industry. U.S. production
of all thermoplastic and thermosetting  resins
was 16 billion Ib in 1968, up from 11.4 billion Ib in
1965. The value of 1968 resin shipments was $3.9
billion, accounting for nearly 15 percent  of the
basic chemical industry's sales. The plastics in-
dustry is composed  of three major sectors, with
some  overlap: producers  of  the  basic  resin;
processors who convert the resin into some con-
venient standard shape or form; and fabricators
who fashion the final  product from the resin
directly or from a processed form. Thermoplastic
resins are primarily of three types: polyolefins
(PO); polyvinyl chloride (PVC); and polystyrene
(PS). Industry statistics for polyolefins  include
both high and low density polyethylene. PVC ac-
counts for over 80 percent  of total vinyl  resins.
The production of PO is concentrated in the Gulf
Coast States, mostly Louisiana and Texas, while
PVC  and PS  production  is  mostly  in the

-------
                                                                                            49
 northeastern States. (This document is retained
 in the SWIRS library.)
 [23849]

 73-4599
 MARYNOWSKI, C. W.  Disposal of polymer solid
 wastes  by primary  polymer  producers  and
 plastics  fabricators. Washington, U.S. Govern-
 ment Printing Office, 1972.92 p.
 This document discusses the plastics industry's
 contribution to the solid waste problem at the in-
 dustrial level, before the waste is part of the mu-
 nicipal  solid  waste load. The processes  and
 products of resin producers are described; the
 four    major    types   are:   polyethylene;
 polypropylene;    polyvinyl    chloride;    and
 polystyrene. Fabrication processes  for  ther-
 moplastic resins are also dealt with.  The next
 section of the report concerns itself with  a  sur-
 vey of  the solid  waste situation, generation
 sources,  amounts, handling, and disposal  of the
 unwanted   residue  from  production. Special
 problems involved in disposal of such wastes are
 commented upon. An  evaluation of alternative
 methods of treatment and disposal for plastics
 and polymer wastes is provided. In this context
 open dumping,  dumping at sea, and sanitary
 landfill are compared. Biodegradation, chemical
 oxidation, incineration, and recycling are other
 techniques  of waste handling applicable  in the
 polymer industry. (This document is retained in
'the SWIRS library.)
 [23850]

 73-4600
 MARYNOWSKI, C. W.  Evaluation of alternative
 treatment and disposal techniques.  In Disposal
 of polymer solid wastes by primary producers
 and  plastics  fabricators.  Washington,    U.S.
 Government Printing Office, 1972. p. 51-67.
 Waste disposal  techniques  can be  divided  into
 three categories according  to their objectives:
 removal from view; destruction; and utilization.
 Some disposal techniques serve all three func-
 tions,  such as incineration for heat  recovery.
 Methods based primarily on removal from view
 are: open dumping; ocean dumping;  and sanitary
 landfill. The land disposal of plastic is not pollut-
 ing unless the waste is allowed to scatter or to
burn. Ocean dumping is not  satisfactory  for
plastics due to their low density, causing them to
float; this same quality makes them resistant to
compaction, which is a disadvantage in a landfill.
Methods based on destruction  are: biodegrada-
tion; chemical oxidation; and incineration. Unless
plastics are chemically or thermally treated first,
they are resistant to biodegradation and are not
suitable for composting. Chemical processing is
very expensive, but is suitable for pretreating
plastics to cause them to degrade more quickly.
Incineration of plastics in large  quantities  en-
counters problems of high heat release, corro-
sion, and other difficulties. However, there  are
incinerators on the market capable of handling
even 100 percent plastic waste  feeds, and some
of them are quoted to cost as little as $3 per ton
to operate. Most such units are multiple chamber
incinerators, although open pit and  rotary kiln
types have also been  used for  polymer wastes.
Utilization of plastic usually involves either heat
recovery or pyrolysis  to  produce charcoal,  oil,
and waxes. (This document  is  retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[23851]

73-4601
 MARYNOWSKI, C. W.  Plastics industry survey.
In Disposal of polymer solid  wastes  by primary
producers and plastics fabricators. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p. 35-50.
Seven  primary resin producers were surveyed
and found to generate waste at the rate of from
0.5 to 4 percent of total production of resin. On
this basis, the average resin producer generated
7.7 tons of polymer waste per  day per plant in
1969. Plastics processors and fabricators from 47
plants indicated that they generate waste at the
rate of about 2.2 percent of total production. All
resin producers realize that the price of  plastic
scrap can have a great impact on  waste genera-
tion rates in the  future, since the economics of
reclamation of scrap will determine how much is
reused. Some producers conceded that 30 to 40
percent of their present waste could be used, but
not economically. Virtually no plant expected to
produce less waste per ton of product in the fu-
ture, although many anticipated waste burdens
to  lessen  because   of   better  reclamation
techniques. The need for research and develop-

-------
50
ment of better means of economically reclaiming
was stressed by all plastics manufacturers. Four
of the seven resin producers surveyed dumped
their waste polymers; two used sanitary land-
fills, and one  incinerated its waste.  The vast
majority of fabricators used landfill, but did not
use their  own land for this.  In general,  no
processing was provided for the waste before
disposal, although large containers are ground
up for disposal by some fabricators. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23852]

73-4602
 MASAYUKI, Y., I. YAMAMOTO, AND N. YASU-
HffiA.  Process  for  recovering  uranium from
uranium-bearing  aqueous  solution.  Canadian
Patent 922,900 owned by Kuraray Co., Ltd., Ku-
rashiki, Japan. Issued Mar. 20,1973.
This invention is a process for recovering urani-
um from a solution  such  as that  which might
result from smelting uranium ore or spent liquor
in a nuclear  furnace. Sea  water also contains
uranium. In this process the solution is brought
into  contact with a titanated polyvinyl alcohol.
This causes adsorption of  the uranium to the
titanated polyvinyl alcohol. The uranium is then
desorbed with an aqueous solution of sodium car-
bonate or ammonium carbonate.
[23853]

734603
 NAKAYAMA, T., Y. AOYAMA, M. TANAKA. Newly
developed process for disposal of effluent from
anodizing  plants. Aluminium,  49(3):218-223,
1973.
There is no question of toxicity with  regard to
pollution produced by the  aluminum  anodizing
process. But the product formed by neutralizing
the sulfuric acid effluent and the sodium hydrox-
ide effluent is usually a sludge that contains at
least 85 percent water. Since a sludge of this
type is very difficult to deal with, studies have
been conducted on how to dispose of these ef-
fluents. The neutralizing and pelletizing process
proved to be  very effective. The alkali etch ef-
fluent and sulphuric acid  anodizing effluent are
mixed and neutralized, adding a small amount of
flocculation agent and led into the pelletizer. The
aluminum hydroxide than agglomerates to a
powder which is then filtered by means of a cen-
trifuge or an Oliver filter to a powder with a hu-
midity of 20 to 30 percent. When the alkali used
is stronger than the acid, about half the alkali can
be recovered using the seeding process, draining
the top part back into the etching bath and lead-
ing the  remainder into  the above mentioned
process. The final wastewater which is compara-
tively clean can be used for washing purposes.
The byproduct aluminum hydroxide can be used
as a paper production reagent, for the production
of fire-resistant bricks and for the fabrication of
ceramics.
[23854]

73-4604
 PINNER, R. The future of effluent treatment in
metal finishing: Part II.  Metal Finishing Jour-
nal, 19(218):82-84, Mar. 1973.
After  the  volume of plant effluent has been
reduced to its economic minimum by intelligent
management of waste streams, the next step in
handling plating wastes is to recover metal
values. Two types of recovery methods can be
distinguished, extraction of the metal and direct
reuse or conversion, and concentration  of the
rinse water to a level at which the solution can be
returned to the plating tank Extraction of metal
can be accomplished by:  chemical precipitation;
electrolytic recovery; and ion exchange. Concen-:
tration  of  rinse  water can  be  effected  by
evaporation or reverse osmosis. Although metal
recovery offers an immediate economic incentive
for its own sake, the secondary object of sludge
avoidance has also gained in importance. It is an
axiom that the most valuable metals are also the
ones that are toxic and therefore unsuitable for
many disposal techniques. Of the metals found in
metal finishing effluents the two which are given
the lowest priority for recovery are iron and alu-
minum. Nevertheless, even these metals present
in large concentrations pose difficult problems of
dewatering  and disposal so that recovery in a
form  which avoids the  need to handle watery
sludge is a considerable benefit. Least progress
has been made in recovery of nonmetals from
metal finishing rinse waters. As the incentives
increase, however, these  wastes  too will be
reused more frequently.
[23855]

-------
                                                                                            51
734605
  Recycling and recovery  of plastics.   Eu-
roplastics Monthly, 46(3):66-68,71,73, Mar. 1973.
This feature article on plastic recycling  is di-
vided into  three sections. The first is  entitled
reuse of plastics scrap and deals with the various
kinds of inplant scrap and the ways in which they
can be reground. Essential to onsite reclamation
of scrap is separation of various types of plastics
and colors; some types of plastics are more easily
recycled than others, especially if the product to
be made has to meet stringent  specifications.
The second section of the article is concerned
with alternatives to recycling. It is pointed out
that there seems to be no possibility of recycling
plastics from  household  refuse economically.
Therefore, either disposal or some type of ener-
gy or heat recovery would appear to be the most
likely solution to the volume of plastics waste.
Because of their nonbiodegradability plastics do
not threaten air or water in a sanitary landfill
and lend themselves particularly well to waste
heat recovery from incineration due to their high
calorific value. The last section discusses several
in plant recovery systems suitable for waste
plastics:  the closed loop system;  machine-side
grinders; and others.
[23856]

73-4606
  RIEGE, W.   Schutteabfuhr in  der giesserei.
[Waste  removal  from  foundries.]  Giesserei,
59(12):392-394, June 1972.
Various  possibilities  of waste removal  from
foundries are  reviewed.  Foundry wastes  are
usually  transported  to  municipal  dumps by
means of dump trucks, which requires both in-
termediate storage and transshipment. The use
of large-capacity containers and  open or dust-
proof boxes, shipped by lift-and-carry trucks
represents a basic trend in foundry waste han-
dling. Economical calculations regarding the use
of different size containers and boxes and of own
versus contracted transport show that the latter
is generally less expensive. Such containers and
boxes can be used to ship other goods  as well.
(Text in German)
[23857]
734607
 RUECKEL, H. G. Beseitigung von sondermuell.
[Disposal  of special refuse.] Abwassertechnik,
23(Special Issue IFAT):38-39,1972.
In 1969 a disposal plant for special industrial
refuse was constructed at Schwabach, Germany.
It consists of: a deposit site in a clay pit of 60,000
sq m where about  15 percent of the  special
refuse is deposited;  a sludge dewatering plant
where about 300 tons of sludges are detoxified,
neutralized,  and dewatered daily; and an emul-
sion separating plant which cleans up to 120 tons
of oil-water  mixtures daily. About 20 percent of
the  total quantity  of  special  refuse  which
amounts to  50,000 tons annually can only be
disposed of by thermal treatment. The incinera-
tion plant at Schwabach burns waste oils, refuse
from  the tar  industry, chemical  refuse, and
waste varnishes and lacquers. It has a capacity
of 10,000 tons  annually,  and has  special equip-
ment to control air pollution. (Text in German)
[23858]

734608
 Sangyo haikibutsu shori kiki no kaihatsu dokoO
kotai haikibutsu o chushin  to shite. [On the
development of disposer for industrial wastesO
in connection with solid waste.] Kotai Haibutsu,
(8):116-119, Dec. 1972.
The  recent  trends in the development  of the
disposal systems for solid wastes are outlined
concentrating, for the most part, on incinerating
facilities and crushers. A rotary type crusher
and a reciprocating type crushing and compres-
sion machine are cited. The Mitsubishi hammer-
mill  type crusher,  for  example,  is  a  rotary
crusher with a  cutting bar system, in which two
hammer-like bars  are  combined  alternately,
designed so that elastic wastes such as metal,
plastic,  and  rubber can be easily crushed by a
shearing force. The Mitsubishi Lindemann type
is a  reciprocating crusher, developed for the
compaction  of metal scraps.  In this type bulky
wastes are dumped on a feeding bed pushed for-
ward, and cut. A high polymer specialty incinera-
tor and a sludge specialty incinerator are cited.
The Mitsubishi rotary kiln type incinerator is for
high polymer wastes, in which a gasification and
combustion  process  based on the fundamental

-------
52
 studies is adopted which performs an efficient
 combustion. Treating equipment for hydrochlo-
 ric acid gas from polyvinyl chloride is also pro-
 vided. The Mitsubishi multistage incinerator can
 serve as an incinerator for sludge and consists of
 a drying stage, combustion stage, and a cooling
 stage. Also, the Mitsubishi cellulose incinerator
 is suitable for the combustion of wood products
 and waste papers, and is available in capacities
 ranging from 300 to 900 tons per 24 hr. (Text in
 Japanese)
 [23859]

 734609
  SPRUILL, E.  L.  Color removal and sludge
 recovery  from total mill   effluent.   Tappi,
 56(4):98-100, Apr. 1973.
 A lime treatment color  removal system, with
 recovery of lime  and fibrous sludge integrated
 into the kraft lime processing system, has been
 constructed for treatment of total mill effluent.
 With about 1,000  ppm of lime, color reduction of
 80 to 90 percent  has been achieved in kraft ef-
 fluent,  with  lower   effectiveness  on  neutral
 sulfite chemical wastes.  Good  dewatering and
 lime  kiln  incineration  of  sludge have  been
 recorded.  Settling and thickening of color sludge
 have  been excellent, but carbonation-stage set-
 tling  has been more variable. This project was
 assisted by an Environmental Protection Agen-
 cy demonstration grant.
 [23860]

 73-4610
., TAKAHATA, T.,  AND H. ITO.  Gosei kobunshi
 haikibutsu no shori hoho. [A method of treating
 synthetic   high-density  polymers.]  Japanese
 Patent 47-34,474 owned by Kawasaki Heavy In-
 dustries Ltd., Kobe, Japan. Issued Aug. 30,1973.
 This invention provides for a method in which
 high density polymer wastes, such as polyvinyl
 chloride which give off poisonous gases such as
 hydrogen  chloride, are heated at a temperature
 of 200 to 400 C at which high density polymers
 undergo dechlorination without burning, using
 sand, or other fire resistant inorganic materials
 as a heat medium. Then an intermediate product
 containing no groups such  as chlorine is burnt
 out with the sand, whereupon the temperature
of the heated sand is lowered to 300 to 800 C for
the subsequent procedures of the preheating of
combustion air and  the reuse in the dechlorina-
tion reaction. The method under this invention is
applicable not only to polyvinyl chloride, but also
to a mixture of the chlorine-bearing high-density
polymer wastes and the other synthetic high-
density polymer wastes such as rubbers, plastics,
fibers, and  other composite plastic  wastes or
compounds. Furthermore, this method has an ad-
vantage that the operation is simple,  inexpen-
sive, continuous, highly efficient, and is capable
of treating a large quantity of wastes. Also, com-
pared  with  the  former  one-stage  combustion
method in which high-density polymer wastes
are burned directly in the presence of oxygen,
the amount of the exhaust gas from this process
is considerably small, and therefore makes the
treatment of the exhaust gas simpler. (Text in
Japanese)
[23861]

73-4611
  TAKEMOTO, Y.  Purasuchikku sukurappu no
shori hoho. [A method of treating plastic scrap.]
Japanese  Patent 47-35,142 owned by Komatsu
Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention relates to a method of treating
plastic wastes in which various high polymers
are crushed and reclaimed as fuel. In the method
under  this invention, plastic wastes are sent
through a hopper to a drying room in which the
air  is 90 to 100 C. The dry air charged into the
drying room through the air inlet is discharged
after it has heat exchanged with the plastic
wastes. The dried plastic  wastes  are sent to a
cooling chamber in  which they are  cooled to
about minus 60 C to minus 100 C, and the cooled
plastic wastes are then sent to a crusher and
ground into powder, keeping them at a tempera-
ture of about minus 50 C. The ground plastic
wastes are sent through a hopper to a blower
continuously and are burned with a heavy oil, or
directly burned by  spouting from nozzles with
compressed   air  or  compressed  oxygen.  The
plastic wastes of high ductility  and viscosity at
ordinary temperatures, which were cooled and
ground into  powder having a large surface area
per  volume, can be  completely  burned  by a
proper control of the amount of oxygen and the

-------
                                                                                           53
condition  of  combustion.  The  heat  energy
produced  then can also be utilized for other
processes as a heat source. (Text in Japanese)
[23862]

73-4612
 Trickling filters used in treatment of McCain's
french fried wastes.  Water and Pollution Con-
troU10(5):23-24, May 1972.
The  trickling filters  utilized  in  treatment of
wastes  at  the Grand Falls, New Brunswick,
potato  processing  plant are  described.  The
amount of waste  increases during the season
since stored potatoes demand more trimming for
a quality product; there is also the problem of
shock-loading in common with many processing
operations. The plant produces frozen french
fried potatoes and has a capacity of about 1 mil-
lion Ib daily. The waste solids are collected in a
hopper from which they can be discharged into
20 cu yd dump trucks. The liquids from the
separators are led by flume and pipe to a 175,000
gal, 65 ft-diameter Rex Chain Belt primary clari-
fier, where they are diffused by a rotating baffle
plate. The clarified liquid rises to the surface and
seeps into a weir extending around the surface
of the tank. Fats  collecting on the surface are
swept by a surface skimmer into a collecting pan.
McCain is developing a process which will allow
the  processing of these  materials  for animal
feed. The primary system is designed to remove
94 to 96 percent of all solids from  the water.
BOD and COD content, however, is generally
reduced by only 46 to 50 percent. For further
waste removal, effluent from the primary clarifi-
er is led to a secondary waste-treatment system,
consisting basically of an 80 by 40-ft by 20-ft
filter building in  which carbohydrate effluent
content is reduced by bacterial action. The Mc-
Cain secondary waste  treatment plant is the
first in Canada to utilize the Flocor plastic trick-
ling filter medium developed in England.
[23863]

73-4613
 WAGNER, T.  Glue stock - raw material for or-
ganic  manure.  ISWA   (International  Solid
Wastes and Public Cleansing Assocation) Infor-
mation Bulletin, (6):75-80, Dec. 1971.
Investigations concerning the conversion of glue
stock into  compost are  described. Glue  stock
represents malodorous tannery waste account-
ing for 15 to 30 percent of the raw material by
weight,  and  is composed of 70 to 80  percent
water, proteins, and fat. Mixtures  of glue stock
with fresh hop wastes, soil, stable manure, or hu-
midified manure containing proteolytic and cel-
lulolytic  bacteria could  not be  composted
satisfactorily as hop fibers required longer fer-
mentation times than glue stock. Loose, humus-
like  compost with low  moisture  content,  high
nitrogen and phosphorus  contents and  well-
balanced  carbon:nitrogen  ratio was obtained
from a mixture of glue stock fermented together
with  decayed hop wastes over a few weeks.
Similar compost product but with lower nutri-
tive value was obtained by fermenting glue stock
together with lower nutritive value was obtained
by fermenting glue stock together with stable
manure and soil at 35 C over 10 days. The com-
post, having a pH value of 7.89, was 14.34 percent
moisture, 0.45 percent phosphorus, 0.09  percent
potassium, 7.18 percent fat,  and  3.34  percent
nitrogen with a nitrogen:carbon ratio of 1:10.
[23864]

73-4614
 WALTHER, J. E., H. HAMBY, AND H. R. AMBERG.
 Conversion of calcium base pulping to magnesi-
um  base  pulping with  recovery.    Tappi,
56(4): 144-147, Apr. 1973.
In order to meet water quality regulations, the
calcium base sulfite mill at Camas, Washington,
was recently converted  to a magnesium  base
system with recovery. Major areas of concern in
accomplishing the changeover included spent
liquor recovery, evaporation, burning liquor with
chemical recovery, and digester relief recovery.
A pilot plant was built to determine the effect of
the new pulp on existing paper grades and  to
provide design data and operating experience
with the magnefite process. Corrosion problems
detected in the pilot plant were corrected in the
plant design. Operating and equipment problems
during the first year included metal fatigue  in
the evaporator, scale formation in the venturi
adsorption system, and sulfur dioxide and par-
ticulate emissions. In this paper, methods for
controlling these problems are described, and

-------
64

the  pilot  plant  program  and  the  startup
procedure are discussed.
[23865]

734615
 YOKOTA, K.   Sangyo haikibutsu no shori no
hoseika to kongo no tenbo. [Legislation for the
disposal of industrial wastes and  a view of the
future.] Kankyo Kenkyu, (2):34-42, Dec. 1972.
In disposing of industrial wastes,  a technical
standard for the method of disposing of wastes
as well as a general rule for the responsibility for
the disposal of wastes should be set or provided.
Since the industrial wastes discarded from vari-
ous business activities often contain substances
which affect our living environment and health,
standards for disposing of wastes should be set
strictly according  to the  kinds  of industrial
wastes. The usual disposal of wastes begins with
collection and delivery and ends in final disposal
after various processes with intermediate han-
dling; for the final disposal, wastes are usually
turned to reclaiming works, or thrown into the
sea.  However, as the wastes become diverse in
quality and the amount is increased rapidly, the
methods of disposing of wastes are more and
more difficult technically. An increased tendency
to secondary pollution  in every respect occurs.
To counter the problems, the promotion of self-
treatment  in  every industry, the training of
private waste specialty dealers, and the positive
management of the waste-dealing business by
local self-governing bodies are important. In the
future, private enterprises should more positive-
ly dispose of  wastes  by themselves, private
waste  dealers should be more actively en-
couraged, and local public organizations should
act  more positively when  it  is difficult for
private enterprises to dispose of wastes. (Text in
Japanese)
[23866]

INSTITUTIONAL WASTES

734616
GOETTSCHING, H.  Wohin mit den Abfaellen aus
aerztlicher Taetigkeit? [What to do with the
trash  from  medical   activity?]  Oeffentliches
Gesundheitswesen, 35(2):108-110,1973.
A polling of physicians revealed that waste from
medical practice, such as vaccines and excess
medicines, are for the most part thrown into the
public refuse collection system without any prior
separation  or  treatment.  As private small in-
cineration devices  are not recommended owing
to possible air pollution, there should be a possi-
bility for separate  collection, special pickup, and
incineration of the medical waste. Medicine col-
lection centers should be established and as a
first measure  of all wastes from medical  work
should be effected in closed plastic bags. (Text in
German)
[23867]

LAW / REGULATIONS

734617
 DENK, L.   Folgerungen aus der neuen abfall-
gesetsbegung  fuer geimeinden,  gemeinderver-
baende, industriebetriebe. [Consequences of the
new refuse legislation  for communities,  mu-
nicipal  associations,  industrial   enterprises.]
Muell und Abfall, 4(6): 192-197,1972.
The new refuse legislation states that the com-
munities have to provide for the collection and
transportation  of  domestic and  commercial
refuse,  demolition wastes,  sludges,  hospital
refuse, and slaughterhouse refuse. Refuse which
owing to its special quality or quantity cannot be
collected   and  transported  together   with
domestic refuse has to be removed by the owner
himself. Treatment, storing, and depositing of
refuse will have to be effected by the different
regions. In  the future  refuse  removal plants
need  an official authorization before  starting
work. The new refuse removal act states that the
Laender are obliged to provide for the building
of disposal plants for special refuse. In  the fu-
ture also plants dealing with the treatment and
storing of wrecked cars and old tires have to ask
for  an official  authorization  of  the  competent
cleansing department. The new refuse removal
legislation  charges   the  Laender  with  the
establishment  of refuse  removal plants under
consideration  of the  special situation  of the
whole land. Certain industrial plants will have to
inform the  competent authorities about  type,
composition, and quantity of the refuse develop-

-------
                                                                                            55
ing in their plants and in these cases refuse
removal will be supervised by the authorities.
(Text in German)
[23868]

73-4618
 EWERT, G.-D.   Abfallbeseitigung und abfall-
gesetzgebung in Hamburg. [Refuse disposal and
refuse legislation in Hamburg.] Muell und Ab-
/a«,4(6):201-203,1972.
Since  the  year  1886 refuse  collection  and
removal has been effected in Hamburg by the
municipal authorities, and in 1895 the first refuse
incineration plant in Europe started work there.
The city of Hamburg has a sanitary landfill for
special  refuse and constructed an incineration
plant for special  refuse  with a  high heating
value.  The  city of Hamburg also encourages
private initiative to construct reclamation and
disposal plants for special refuse by granting
suitable areas at low costs. A central plant for
detoxification and neutralization of toxic concen-
trates has been constructed by the city itself. In
Hamburg an official authorization for the collec-
tion or transportation of refuse within the region
of the city  of Hamburg is required. The  com-
petent authorities in Hamburg are in possession
of the  refuse data of about 800 of the 4,000
refuse producing enterprises in Hamburg so that
an effective planning of disposal and recycling
plants will be possible. As a result of the new
federal   refuse   legislation   Hamburg  and
neighboring  Laender  Schleswig-Holstein  and
Niedersachsen agreed  upon a mutual utilization
of the existing sanitary landfills and plants for
the treatment of special refuse. A new refuse in-
cineration plant for about  500,000 inhabitants
will be constructed together by  Hamburg and
Schleswig-Holstein. (Text in German)
[23869]

73-4619
 KURIHARA, S. Seikatsukei kotai haikibutsu  no
seiji to sono shori no kosatsu. [Characteristics of
domestic  refuse and examination of  treatment
methods.] Yosui to Haisui, 14(9):1165-1169, Sept.
1972.
The main odor elements designed as pollutants
by the Odor Control Law  of May 17, 1972, their
characteristics, and their sources are as follows:
hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg odor) from kraft
pulp mills, petroleum refineries, rayon manufac-
turing,   cellophane  manufacturing,   chemical
processing, starch manufacturing, and sewage
treatment  plants;  methylmercaptan  (rotten
onion odor) from kraft pulp, petroleum refine-
ries, pharmaceutical plants, chemical processing
plants, feather processing plants, starch manu-
facturing plants, garbage treatment plants, and
sewage treatment plants; methyl sulfide (rotten
cabbage odor) from kraft pulp, petroleum refine-
ries, and pharmaceutical manufacturing plants;
ammonia (stinging odor), from chemical fertilizer
plants,  petroleum chemical  plants,  chemical
processing plants,  fishmeal processing  and
animal offal processing plants, chicken excreta
drying plants, feather processing plants, garbage
treatment plants, sewage treatment plants, and
slaughterhouses;  and toluymethylamine (rotten
fish  odor)  from fishmeal  plants,   feather
processing plants, fish  product canneries, gar-
bage   treatment  plants,   stockyards,   and
slaughterhouses. The indexes for maximum al-
lowable odor  should be 3.5, which will be 5 ppm
of ammonia,  0.01 ppm  of methylmercaptan, 0.2
ppm of hydrogen sulfide, 02 ppm of methyl sul-
fide, and 0.07 ppm of toluymethylamine. Charac-
teristics and significances of odors, physiological
effects of odor, and odor measuring methods are
briefly mentioned. (Text in Japanese)
[23870]

73-4620
 MASSEY, D. T.  Legal facets of county-wide solid
waste management. Public Works, 104(3):81-82,
Mar. 1973.
In order to take advantage of the many benefits
of county-wide or other regional solid waste
management  plans, Wisconsin recently enacted
legislation  enabling  counties  to  establish  and
operate solid waste disposal systems or to par-
ticipate in such systems jointly with other coun-
ties, cities, or  towns.  Involvement is optional
since the statute permits but does not require
such cooperation. Municipalities having difficul-
ty finding sanitary landfill sites due to restricted
zoning are aided under the bill. Sites operated by
governmental agencies in accordance with an ap-
proved county  plan and meeting all State stan-

-------
56
dards  are  exempt  from  local  permits  or
authorization.  Statutory provisions authorize
county boards of supervisors to acquire land for
and operate disposal sites, regulate their opera-
tion, and collect waste. Ordinances necessary to
conduct these functions may be adopted and en-
forced by these boards. Counties are empowered
to appropriate funds and levy taxes for capital
and  operating  costs  of solid waste  handling
systems. Persons using  the service's of county
systems  may be charged reasonable user fees
commensurate with the costs of the  services
rendered. Counties may  borrow funds and issue
general obligation bonds to  finance land acquisi-
tion  or  construction  of solid waste  handling
facilities.
[23871]

734621
 Poisonous waste disposal. FMF Review, 2, Sept.
1972.
The  Deposit of Poisonous  Waste Act 1972 is
reviewed. The Act provides that no person shall
deposit waste on land where the waste is of a
kind which is poisonous, noxious, or polluting and
its presence on the land is likely to give rise to an
environmental hazard. The presence of waste on
any land is regarded to  give rise to an  environ-
mental hazard if the waste has been deposited in
such a manner or in  such a quantity as to subject
persons or animals to material risk of death, inju-
ry, or impairment of health, or as to threaten the
pollution or contamination of any water supply.
The Act makes it a duty to notify the responsible
local  authority before  waste is  removed  or
deposited, and it makes provision for exceptions
to this requirement to  be  made by means of
further regulations.  Food or any waste produced
in the course of the preparation, processing, or
distribution of  food,  vegetable matter, and
animal carcasses, or parts  thereof are exempt
from notification.
[23872]

73-4622
 SCHENKE, R., AND G. W.  VON VELSEN.  Zum
problem  des beseitigung von somdermuell. [The
problem  of industrial waste disposal.]  Chemie-
Ingenieur-Technik, 44(16):962-966,1972.
The social, organization, and econpmic problems
of industrial waste disposal are outlined in light
of the legal situation. The possible ways of or-
ganizing the disposal of special wasteO that is, by
the State, by private industry, by an alliance of
the two-are compared and contrasted regarding
advantages and disadvantages of each. Finally, a
scheme  is given for the region covered by the
Siedlurigsverband  Ruhr  kohlenbezirk (SVR)
which is based on the construction  of a large
plant for disposal of special waste by industry
with participation of the SVR. The newest laws
on the various levels agree on two principles.
Firstly,  wastes should be forbidden entry  into
any receiving stream, air, or groundwater, and
secondly, that the producer of the waste has to
take care of its disposal. Private initiatives alone
or with  some aid from the State seem to be the
fastest and most efficient approach to a satisfac-
tory solution of industrial waste disposal. (Text
in German)
[23873]

73-4623
 SULJAK, N. D. Public policymaking and environ-
mental  quality; an  annotated interdisciplinary
bibliography. Environmental Quality Series No.
5. Davis, University of California, Institute of
Governmental Affairs, 1971.176 p.
This bibliography contains abstracts on many
areas of public policy  as related to the environ-
ment. It illustrates  the attitude  of the various
branches  of  the government toward  environ-
mental  questions.  Following these  abstracts
there is  an annotated list of reference sources on
environmental  questions  including:  bibliogra-
phies; abstracts; directories; journals;  newslet-
ters; encyclopedias; and statistics. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23874]

73-4624
 VON LERSNER, H. Das abfallgesetz des Bundes.
[The Federal Refuse Removal Act.] Muell  und
Abfall, 4(6):179-184,1972.
The Refuse Removal Act was the first important
law approved by the  Federal Government of
Germany. It defines refuse as material which the
owner wants  to get rid of or the removal of

-------
                                                                                          57
which is necessary for the public health  and
benefit. According to the 'Polluter-Pays Princi-
ple' costs for the removal of the refuse will have
to be borne by the refuse owner which however
does not mean that he himself will have to pro-
vide for the removal. In order to guarantee cor-
rect and  hygienic refuse  disposal the  waste
material will have to be  removed by  public
authorities and removal costs will be covered by
collecting a removal fee from the polluters. The
proposal to pay the expenses for refuse disposal
from tax proceeds has been rejected because this
would reduce the initiative of the industrial pol-
luters to reduce environment pollution. In the fu-
ture enterprises dealing with wrecked cars will
be regarded as refuse removal sites and are sub-
ject to  an official authorization. For the time
being car shredding plants  can work economi-
cally owing to the high prices for shredded scrap
but if prices go down the government will have
to consider the introduction of a car shredding
fee which will have to be paid when  buying a new
car. Public authorities are not obliged to remove
special refuse. The owner of such special refuse
must either provide for the necessary disposal
himself or avoid the creation of special refuse.
(Text in German)
[23875]

73-4625
 WAHRENHOLZ, K-W.   Das neue  Abfallrecht.
[The new waste disposal legislation.] Wasser un
Boden, (10):304-307, Oct. 1972.
The new refuse removal act defines refuse as
movable things which  the proprietor wants to
get rid of or which have to be removed in order
to guarantee public health. Refuse has to be
removed in such a manner that human health
and animals are not endangered, that water and
soil are not polluted, and that air pollution is
avoided. Only 40 out of 2,700 deposit sites in
Lower Saxonia will meet the mentioned require-
ments.  In order to assure  that in the  future
refuse removal  plants will correspond to the
requirements, deposit  sites, incineration,  and
composting plants will be subject  to an official
control  procedure. Modifications   of  removal
plants which are already in operation will have to
be effected in view of operation processes and
plant installation if necessary.  According to the
new refuse removal act, an official authorization
is  required for  collecting and  transporting of
refuse and for the importation of waste material.
In case  of violations of the refuse removal act,
penalties up to 100,000 deutsche marks will be
imposed.  Costs  for the removal  of domestic
refuse will have to be borne by the individual in-
habitant by paying a certain collection fee, while
in case  of removal  of  special industrial refuse,
costs will have to be borne by the polluter. (Text
in German)
[23876]

73-4626
 Waste disposal: a  new framework  proposed.
Surveyor—Local    Government   Technology,
14(4,212):31-32, Mar. 2,1973.
A four-point plant,  outlining proposals for new
waste disposal legislation, has been accepted by
the Department of the Environment, Scottish
Development Department and the Welsh Office.
The main points of the plan are summarized in
this article. The proposals involve new legisla-
tion to  enforce waste disposal authorities to
draw up  a comprehensive 10-year  plan. This
would review and meet the waste disposal needs
of their area. The legislation would also give the
authorities licensing and sampling powers as
well as authorization powers over the disposal of
toxic or hazardous wastes. Further, the powers
and duties of the refuse collection and disposal
authorities will need to be reviewed and restated
along the lines put forward in  the consultation
document as proposals for a new framework for
waste disposal.
[23877]

MANAGEMENT

73-4627
 CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.   Financial
summary, 1972-73.25 p.
This document outlines the income and expendi-
tures of the City of Jacksonville, Florida.  In-
cluded is a presentation of expenditures for solid
waste management and  street cleaning. This
totals $3.1 million.  There is also an  extensive
discussion of the new program for improving
Jacksonville's sewage treatment facilities. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)

-------
68

[23878]

734628
  DREHER,  J.    Alles  fuer  die  frischluft.
[Everything for fresh  air.] Umwelt, 3(1):39-41,
1973.
Stuttgart  began early to protect its environ-
ment. In 1965 the city  abandoned all dumps, of
which it had 40. A large incinerator was put into
operation  in Stuttgart-Muenster.  Larger  con-
tainers with a volume of 110 liters and 1.1 cu m
and entirely enclosed  trash collection trucks
were introduced. Part of the collected domestic
refuse is composted. A planning committee has
the task of estimating the future trash quantities
from in-depth studies of the present trash quan-
tities. (Text in German)
[23879]

734629
  LENGYEL,  W.    Abfallordnung  fuer  den
Kaerntner zentralraum. [Refuse system for the
Kaernten   region.]   Oesterreichische   Wasser-
wirtschaft, 24(9/10):211-220,1972.
The refuse situation of the region of  Kaernten
with special regard to its importance as tourist
attraction is discussed. Communities  are clas-
sified according to the contingency of tourist
beds offered and basing on these  data refuse
quantities of up to 100  percent are added to the
normal  refuse quantity of the inhabitants in
order to get a correct  refuse quantity forecast
for the year 1980. At the time being only the big
cities and some tourist places use a closed refuse
collection system. In the other communities the
refuse is collected in paper bags and transported
in open trucks. The domestic  refuse quantity
amounts to 106,000 cu m per year, which means
21 liters per inhabitant and week.  It is proposed
to establish a regional refuse removal system,
consisting of  special refuse collection trucks
which will empty the refuse either directly into
the bins of refuse removal plants or will trans-
port  the  waste material  to  transfer stations
where the refuse is pressed into containers of 20
cu m. The central refuse removal plant will be
situated at Klagenfurt consisting of an incinera-
tion  plant,  a flaying  plant  and  a waste oil
refinery. At Villach the collected refuse will be
shredded and together  with sewage  sludge
disposed of in a sanitary landfill. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23881]

734630
 RASCH, R.  Behricht ueber die diskussion an-
laesslich des 23 muelltech kolloquiems am 9 Ok-
tober 1972. [Report on the discussion on the oc-
casion of the  23rd refuse technical meeting on
the 9th Oct., 1972, at Stuttgart.] Muell und Ab-
/a«,4(6):198-201,1972.
The central planning for refuse disposal must be
effected by the individual region. This however
does not mean that each region will have to set
up a special department for refuse disposal. Spe-
cial  organizations  whose work is not limited to
one  region only proved to do a very effective
planning work and the setting up of adequate
disposal plants.  Fees for refuse collection and
removal will not be generally fixed but left to the
individual community, which may either  calcu-
late the amount  according to the  number  of
refuse bins or to the number of inhabitants. Fees
should be calculated in a manner that investment
costs for the removal plant will be covered. The
storing of refuse in special containers is not sub-
ject to  a special authorization but in general is
regarded as part of the refuse collection and thus
has  to  be effected by the community. For the
transportation of special  refuse  a  license  is
required in order to  control the removal. Trans-
portation and  removal of special refuse must not
be hampered by borders so that it can be trans-
ported from one land into the other as there are
only one or two plants for the removal of special
refuse in the Federal Republic. The definition of
special  refuse varies according to  the different
situation in communities and cities. In cities for
example  most of the special refuse  can be
removed together with  the domestic  refuse
owing to the large  capacities of the removal
plants while small communities cannot accept
refuse from industrial plants. (Text in German)
[23882]

734631
 SHELEF, G., U. ALONI, AND A. MICHAELS. A na-
tional solid waste management plan for the state

-------
                                                                                           59
of Israel. ISWA (International Solid Wastes and
Public Cleansing Association) Information Eul-
tetin, (7):12-21, June 1972.
A national solid waste management plan for
Israel was elaborated by a committee made up of
representatives of concerned ministries with the
assistance of  the World Health Organization.
Extensive use of composting methods,  protec-
tion of water resources, and a regionalized solid
waste management  system were the major con-
cerns of the plant to be set up. The information
necessary to develop the solid waste manage-
ment plan were obtained from surveys of the
present management practices, present  and fu-
ture disposal sites,  disposal methods, and total
compost  needs, and from investigations of the
refuse  in major urban areas and of available
technologies with regard to their applicability to
the specific conditions in Israel. Criteria for the
regionalization   concept   were   determined;
minimum population to be served  in a region
should be 250,000, each region should be  capable
of disposing of its  own solid wastes within its
own area over a period of  30 years, and a con-
venient network of roads  should be available
between  the populated areas of each region. The
plan is to be implemented in the summer of 1972.
[23883]

734632
  Solid wastes.   In   Environmental  health
planning. Public Health Service Publication No.
2120. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1971. p. 31-36.
This chapter discusses the steps necessary to
plan for solid waste  management on the State or
regional level. It is necessary, first to define the
nature and scope of the problem. The Federal
government's  conception  of,  its mission is to
assist local bodies with their disposal problems
through research, grants for demonstration pro-
jects, and technical assistance. Many different
Federal agencies are concerned with solid waste
management.  Generation  of  solid waste  is
discussed. It is necessary for a State or region to
define  its goals and  problems in  solid waste
management. This could include: elimination of
open dumps; elimination of health hazards; im-
provement of collection services; improvement
of disposal facilities; and  similar needs. Sub-
sequently, it it necessary to draw up a plan for
optimal solid  waste handling procedures. This
plan  should  include:  suggested  legislation;
technical assistance for local areas; a public in-
formation  system;  a  training  program;  and
similar features depending on the needs of the
individual State or area. The constraints of man-
power, technology, money, and political concern
should be considered and the plan should be im-
plemented. It  is necessary to evaluate the plan
after it has been in effect  and to include an
evaluation mechanism in the plan itself. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23884]

73-4633
 TAKAMATSU,  T.  Kankyo osen seigyo ni taisuru
shisutemuzu  apuroochi no   kenkyo  no doko.
[Studies on the systematic approach to environ-
mental  pollution  control.]  Gakujutsu  Geppo,
25(6):338-347, Sept. 1972.
To perform the plan and control of environment,
it is necessary to know how the environment is
affected  by the change of meteorological or
other conditions.  Therefore, these  conditions
must be  represented  quantitatively and the
change with time of the environmental condition
must be forecast, but even with modern science
it is difficult to foresee these conclusively and
precisely because there are many unknown fac-
tors. For  the  material diffusion equation as to
the atmosphere, the direction of wind and the
speed of wind may, strictly speaking, be changed
with time in the three dimensional space, and in
our life space concerning pollution it may be said
that it is in general difficult  to calculate exactly
on how the pollutional source would diffuse over
a complicated  geographical shape of the ground.
However, it is too late to make pollutional coun-
terplans  after the analytical studies  for these
problems   have   been  developed.  For  these
reasons, it is significant to think of a method to
make a reasonable plan and control for environ-
ment as far as possible on the basis of imperfect
information. As a methodology for it, the predic-
tive control may be cited, and in making the con-
trol system,  there  are the three  important
points: (1) the  environmental system is primarily
a mobile system; (2) the control policy must be
set up in the presence of improbability; and (3)

-------
60
the  environmental  control  system  must  be
treated as multivariables system. The present
conditions of water  pollution control study are
given here. (Text in Japanese)
[23885]

OCEAN DISPOSAL

73-4634
 Abfallbeseitigung  In'  und 'auf see.  [Waste
disposal *into' and 'on' the sea.] Chemische In-
dustrie, 25:89-93, Feb. 1973.
The chemical industry will for some time longer
be compelled  to  use the  sea  for  the  waste
disposal mainly because some substances cause
more severe direct or latent danger to the en-
vironment when disposed on land. The  article
gives a general review of the existing national
and  international regulations  and laws, with
definitions for terms such as 'dumping,' 'sinking,'
'sea,' and 'high sea,' and details of the rules on
waste disposal into  coastal waters and 'high
seas.' The rulings are given of the London con-
vention of 1972 of the  13 States of the North-
East Atlantic Ocean, and of the Oslo convention,
with definitions for the 'black list' and the 'gray
list' of substances, including the contents of the
'Annex IIP of both  these conventions, not less
important than the 'black' and the 'gray' lists, for
it regulates the granting of permission for waste
disposal into the sea. The present regulations on
the application and permission procedures in the
German Federal Republic are given separately.
(Text in German)
[23887]

73-4635
Abfallbeseitigung der binnenschiffahrt. [Refuse
removal for inland navigation.]  Staedtehygiene,
24(3):74-75,1973.
During the last environmental protection action
'Clean up the river Rhine' more than 4,300 cu m
of refuse  have been removed  from  the river
Rhine which demonstrates the necessity of a
regular refuse removal system for river ships. It
has been proposed that  the refuse shall be col-
lected on board in sacks which can be deposited
on shore whereever the ship moors. The owner
of the berths has to provide for respective places
from where the city cleaning department will
have to remove the bags. The ship owner has to
buy the  bags and pay a special  fee  for the
removal of the refuse. (Text in German)
[23886]

73-4636
  ROSENTHAL,  H., V.  DETHLEFSEN, AND  K.
TIEWS.  Rotschlamm in die Nordsee? [Red mud
in the North Sea?] Umsckau, 73(4): 118-121,1973.
Red mud, a waste product of aluminum produc-
tion from  bauxite, is increasingly difficult  to
dispose of on land because of a land shortage. A
German plant at Stade on the lower Elbe is now
starting production, with 800,000 tons of wet, red
mud to be expected annually, and the intention
of dumping it into the sea. In a large-scale ex-
periment, with 15,000  tons of red  mud was
dumped during 20 days from  a ship. The waste
spread rapidly over an area of 250 sq km and dis-
appeared  in  a few months  to   the  bottom.
Although no final conclusions on the injury to the
bottom fauna can be made over the short time,
fishes kept in cages in water nearby died in a few
days.  In laboratory experiments,  herring eggs
became glued over and a high mortality was ob-
served, and in yet other investigations harm to
plankton crawfish through swallowed  floating
red mud particles was shown, as well as to other
animals. Though these observations are contrary
to French  experience, as well as that of other
countries,  it  must  be  considered  that the
hydrological conditions  and depth of the North
Sea are different,  thus it  is certain that, here,
harm is to be expected. It is  possible to utilize
red mud as raw material, such as in production of
bricks, in  cement, and in roadbuilding and thus,
at least, to lessen the pollution of the sea. Dump-
ing this chemically 'inert waste into depths over
3,000 m beyond the North Sea is also possible.
(Text in German)
[23888]

PACKAGING WASTES

73-4637
 AoKI, J. Kadai wa yahari haikibutsu shori. [The
question is the disposal of wastes after all.] Kin-
zoA;tt,43(l):46-50, Jan. 1973.

-------
                                                                                           61
The year of 1972 was a violently shocking year;
particularly the wind blows hard against plastics.
At the present time, the  problem is  gradually
getting  better, but remarkable  improvement
cannot be expected. The cause is complex and ex-
tends over a wide range, but due to the  circum-
stance that extraordinary prosperity for the last
several  years  stimulated the expansion  of
production faculties  and led to the increase in
plastic supply, the worldwide retreat of business
reduces demands for them, and the counterplans
to prevent pollution such as air pollution, water
pollution, and so forth are putting pressure upon
the enterprises. The time has come  for the pro-
perties of plastics to be reviewed.  Apart from
the outside economic trend, there are many
problems which the plastic industry must settle
of its own accord. The largest focus on plastics as
consumer products is the  nontoxicity, nonpollu-
tion, and  the ready treatability of  the  com-
pounds. They are taking some measures against
the regulations, but it seems they are still insuf-
ficient. In the case of polyvinyl chloride, many
problems remain unsettled, such as the  genera-
tion  of  harmful black smoke and  combustion
gases when a fire occurs. For the durable materi-
als, such as polyester, epoxy, etc., since they tend
to increase in production and in size, the amount
of wastes to be treated may be considerably in-
creased.  For the  present, either  crushing or
burning must be undertaken, but the develop-
ment of crushers and  incinerators should be
hastened. (Text in Japanese)
[23889]

734638
  Fotochemischer  abbau von  kunststoffen.
[Photochemical decomposition of plastic materi-
al.] Kunststoffetechnik, 12(l-2):23,1973.
In England at the present time  about 100,000
tons of high pressure polyethylene are used for
packaging purposes. The plastic wastes develop-
ing  from  the  packaging materials  can  be
disposed of by incineration, pyrolysis, or sanitary
landfill.  All of  these, however,  require high
transportation  costs. In  this  connection  the
biological  decomposition  of plastics  has  been
discussed. It is possible to  modify high polymers
in a manner such that after degradation they can
be   decomposed  by   microorganisms.   The
degradation  is  effected  by  hydroperoxides
resulting from a transformation of the polymers
by means of oxygen. Other additives provide for
the transformation of ultraviolet radiation into
chemical energy which finally provides for the
development  of hydroperoxides.  Tests  con-
ducted with polypropylene foils led to a complete
degradation of the foils into a fine powder which
was subsequently decomposed by  microorgan-
ism. (Text in German)
[23890]

73-4639
   Fuer   die  beseitigung   von  kunststoff-
packmaterial. [Removal  of  plastic packaging
material.]  Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik,  45(1):A
17, Jan. 1973.
In 1970 the total quantity of refuse amounted to
17.5 million tons of which the plastic percentage
was 3 percent, and which is expected to rise to 4
to 6 percent in 1980. According to investigations
conducted  by  the Environmental  Protection
Agency,  90  percent of  the  total  quantity of
plastic  packaging  is  made  of polyethylene,
polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, three  sub-
stances which cannot be attached by microorgan-
isms.  A firm in Japan lately  succeeded in
developing  copolymers with a photosensitive
agent  which  degrade within  2 weeks or in
periods up  to 6 months according to the quantity
added  of the substance. Another photodegrada-
ble polystyrene has been developed in the form
of foam, the degradation  of which is effected by
activating the photosensitive  agent by means of
ultraviolet  light and by an oxidation process. A
polymer  in the form of foil which can be easily
penetrated by by oxygen and  carbon dioxide
becomes brittle when  submitted to ultraviolet
light. (Text in German)
[23891]

73-4640
 HONDA, K,  M. SENO,  S. SHIRAISHI,  AND K.
NAKAMURA.     Hikari   hokaisei  purasutikku.
[Photodegradable   plastics.]   Seisan  Kenkyu,
25(2):80-84, Feb. 1973.
As one method for disposal of plastic wastes, the
development  of photodegradable  plastics  is
possible. In this report,  the  methods by which

-------
62
photodegradation property can be conferred on
plastics are described. For the photodecomposi-
tion  of plastics,  a copolymerization with the
mononers having the photofunctional groups and
a method of adding a photosensitizer to plastics
may be  considered. Particularly,  polystyrene
was used as a control plastic in this work, and the
copolymerization    with   benzalacetone   and
benzalacetophenone in the case of the former
and the addition of quinones in the case of the
latter were reexamined, showing that all of them
give good photodegradation. In the additive-ad-
dition method, for example, a  25 to 32 micron
thick polystyrene film of a polymerization rate of
about 1,600 to 1,800  was exposed to  a  1 kw
xenon-mercury lamp through a light condenser
lens at a distance of 40 cm. In the copolymeriza-
tion  method, a  polymer  with carbonyl group
directly linked on the main chain was synthes-
ized  by  copolymerization  of  styrene   with
benzalacetophenone and  benzalacetone  without
the independent  polymerization  property, and
the photodecomposition properties of these were
reexamined. (Text in Japanese)
[23893]

734641
 Kunststoff als pruegelknabe-zu  recht? [Blame
on plastics-reasonable?] Technica, 22(6):442-444,
1973.
The percentage of plastics in residential refuse
actually amounts to 3 percent and is expected to
rise to 6 percent by 1980. Plastic waste can be
deposited without any problems, as it can be
compressed   and  shredded without  difficulty.
Plastic waste does not emit harmful substances
into  the  soil  or water. On the  contrary, plastic
material helps  to protect  the   environment.
Plastic foils lining the  bottom of sanitary land-
fills  prevent polluted water from seeping into
the ground. Plastic flakes mixed with sewage
sludge form  an excellent soil improving agent.
Plastic foils  are used  for lining  sedimentation
basins  in sewage plants and  aeration blades
made of noncorrosive plastic provide for the in-
tensive  ventilation of wastewater. Research
work is done throughout the world to  develop
plastic material which will be decomposed by
microorganisms or ultraviolet light. Since plastic
waste does not cause any problems in sanitary
landfills  or incineration  plants, the  technical
input to  solve the decomposition problem does
not seem justified. (Text in German)
[23894]

73-4642
 Lightweight  take-home  container for beer is
easily  disposable.     Australian  Packaging,
20(9):24, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses a new disposable container
for carbonated beverages and beer. The trade
name of the package is  Merolite. The package
consists of a pouch  made from a polyethylene
terephthalate  tubular film coated with a viny-
lidene chloride copolymer barrier  resin and a
paper sleeve which reinforces the tube, so it can
withstand the gas pressure from the beverage.
The sleeve also protects the beverage from ul-
traviolet light and is used for identification. The
use of the pack is described. The package can be
crushed by hand and is  easily disposable. It is
burnable. The package holds 8.8 fluid ounces.
The filling and storage of the container are also
discussed.
[23895]

73-4643
 New bottles  make  market  impact.  Chemical
Week, 111(16):34,36, Oct. 18,1972.
This article outlines new materials and patterns
in the soft-drink bottle  industry. The major
development  is  plastic-glass  combination.  In
most cases this is a glass bottle with a protective
coating of polystyrene or some other plastic. All
plastic bottles are also being marketed. The bot-
tles are recyclable because most of the plastics
used will be consumed completely in the process
of  melting the  glass. The  bottles will also
decrease the solid waste load because they are
lighter and use less than all-glass bottles.
[23896]

73-4644
 NOZAKI, Y. Pori-yoku kanryuho ni yoru hai pu-
rasu.  [Waste  plastic   disposal  by thermal
degradation.]  Kogai Bosho Sangyo,  3(l):68-75,
Jan. 1973.
Both laboratory  and  pilot  plant  experiments
were conducted using melted plastics such as

-------
                                                                                           63
polyethylene, polystrene and polypropylene as
medium for the  degrading of plastic  wastes.
These plastics are almost completely degraded
at around 400 C distillation and conduct heat to
other waste plastics, decreasing difficulties en-
countered in the thermal degradation of waste
plastics. By this method, the distillation furnace,
the central equipment, can be made compact.
Since degradation goes on at low temperature,
heavy metals are collected in the residue, and are
not scattered in waste gas and recovered salts,
acids, and oils. Hydraulic acid of high concentra-
tion and oil, which is a fuel without causing pollu-
tion, can be recovered. As  this process is dif-
ferent from  combustion method,  very  little
waste gas is emitted so that recovery equipment
can be made compact also. It is easy to separate
and remove residual matters. It is possible to
dispose of a great deal of waste plastics and to
produce a unit with 5 to 100 tons per day capaci-
ty. Since the charged waste plastics themselves
act as a medium to conduct heat, there is no need
for any supplementary medium. The residues
can be continuously taken out of the furnace, so
that the process is capable of continuous opera-
tion. Waste plastics to be fed need to be  crushed
to some extent, to prevent bulky waste plastics
from  staying on the bottom of the  distillation
furnace without being melted. (Text in Japanese)
[23897]

734645
 PINTO, D. Beer and soft drink packaging. In
How to make ecology work for you. New York,
New York, Chain Store Publishing Corp., 1972.
p. 30-47.     ,-
The problem of returnable versus non-returna-
ble soft drink and beer containers  has been
debated frequently and there is abundant data
available  to support  any possible  conclusion.
There is  disagreement  between  ecology and
business groups concerning the actual  amount
that these bottles do contribute to the solid
waste stream.  There are  also conflicting reports
about the extent to which consumers  want, will
buy, or will return returnable bottles. Retailers,
obviously, feel that non-returnable bottles are
more advantageous. If retailers want to avoid
the passage of laws that require them to sell only
returnable bottles  and want to keep  a good
image on the issue they should press for tough
anti-litter legislation. They should also finan-
cially support anti-Utter advertising campaigns.
In order to keep ecologists happy retailers can
also: stock a small number of returnable bottles;
point out to shoppers that soft drinks in returna-
ble bottles are a better buy; sell larger bottles of
soft-drinks; help with educational efforts aimed
at making consumers committed to recycling
every bottle, at a recycling center. The results of
surveys on litter quantity and analysis, as well as
consumer attitudes toward returnable bottles
are listed.  (This document is  retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23898]

73-4646
 PINTO, D.  Packaging and private label. In  How
to make ecology work for you. New York,  New
York, Chain Store Publishing Corp., 1972. p. 48-
55.
Packaging  accounts for the majority of all mu-
nicipal solid waste-360 million tons in 1972. Con-
sequently,  it has attracted the  concern of en-
vironmentalists. The retailer can react to this
concern through his  use  of his private label
products. He should learn to avoid  overpackag-
ing that serves no purpose, except  to make the
product resemble a national brand. This should
increase sales  to  the  ecologically  conscious
shopper, rather than reduce them.  Another ap-
proach is to make paper products available that
are made from recycled  materials.  The retailer
should point out to his customers that larger size
packages use less packaging material  propor-
tionately. Recycled paper and other environmen-
tally responsible materials should be used when-
ever possible for consumer containers, this, too,
will probably lead to an increase in sales. The
store can reduce overwrapping at the checkout
counter and save money and gain friends. Any
actions that the retailer takes toward making his
private  name label brands more economical than
those of major  brands  should be advertised.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23899]

-------
64
73-4647
 PINTO, D. Perishables packaging.  In How to
make ecology work  for you. New York, New
York, Chain Store Publishing Corp., 1972. p. 56-
63.
This article discusses the question of the use of
plastic as a packaging  material for perishables,
using the controversy over meat trays as an ex-
ample. There is considerable dissension over the
subject, in general, but the ecology question has
added new  dimensions.  Opponents of  plastic
state that plastic does not burn cleanly when in-
cinerated and does not decompose when placed
in a sanitary  landfill. As a result many retailers
have  made  a well publicized  switch back to
paper. Others have spoken in defense of plastic
asserting: plastics by their resistance to decom-
position give stability to a sanitary landfill,  and
don't cause pollution from their  decomposition
products; and it is  faulty incinerators,  not
plastics  themselves, that produce incomplete
burning and unpleasant combustion byproducts.
Paper is made from a renewable resource  and
plastic is not, but in terms of disposal neither is
clearly preferable. The author advocates  that
stores give their customers a choice of container
materials. Polyvinyl chloride is  discussed  and
found  to be  harmless. Recommendations  are
made on the best products for various materials,
it is recommended that retailers not give up
plastic recklessly. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23900]

73-4648
  Seven  ways to reduce disposable  waste in
packaging.   Modern   Materials   Handling,
27(12):52,54-56, Dec. 1972.
Ecology consciousness  can lead  to savings in the
area of reducing excess packaging. The use of
returnable containers for packaging in industry
can only be  effective  if a method is found to
make it  economical.  Industries can often find
uses in their own plants for the  waste packaging
materials from supplies they receive. Packaging
materials can be designed  so  that they have
another use for the end consumer. Re-design of
packages with waste reduction  in mind can lead
to great savings. Of the consideration  of  the
savings that can result from reduction in packag-
ing lead a  company to  redesign  its product
slightly so that it will  require less packaging.
Another  way  to reduce packaging waste is to
create a  package that will be consumed in the
course of using the packaging. Similarly, it is op-
timal to  eliminate packaging altogether when-
ever  possible. It is also  important for  the
producer to design his packaging with recycling
in mind. In addition if he recycles his own waste
he will be able to do it efficiently, without the
usual problems of contamination and separation.
[23901]

73-4649
  The  US glass container  industry.   Glass,
49(9):285-287, Sept. 1972.
This article details the  work being taken  un-
dertaken by the glass container industry in the
United States in response to the growing en-
vironmental consciousness. The article is a sum-
mary  of material in Glass  ContainersO 1972,
published by the Glass Container Manufacturers
Institute Inc. The glass industry has set up 100
glass  recycling stations  around   the  United
States and a  total  of 198,000 tons of recycled
glass has  been purchased  by  manufacturers
since 1970. The glass industry is exploring new
uses for  waste glass in  anticipation of the time
that large-scale separation processes will come
into being. In addition to reuse in new glass con-
tainers, waste glass  may be used for paving
materials, building insulation materials, building
construction materials, and cellular material for
absorbing oil  spills  and allowing them to burn
without polluting the water. The present status
of separation  processes is examined. The glass
industry is also taking steps to minimize any air
or water pollution caused by glass manufacture.
[23903]

73-4650
  Umwelt  freundliche  plastikflasche.  [Easily
disposable plastic bottle.] Umschau, 72(21):674,
1972.
A new plastic bottle has been developed which
decomposes when it comes into  contact with
water. The bottle material consists of two chemi-
cally resistant foils of 0.1 mm thickness. A layer

-------
                                                                                         65
of hydroxypropenyl cellulose is between the two
foils. Before throwing away the bottle the outer
foil is stripped off and the cellulose layer dis-
solves completely in water. (Text in German)
[23902]

73-4651
Waste disposal riddle must be solved soon. Fac-
ton/,5(10):4, Oct. 1972.
A report has been released by the Container:
Paper Subcouncil  of the Commerce Depart-
ment's National Industrial  Pollution Control
Council. The report is entitled Paper and Wood
Packaging in Solid Waste and  it outlines the
problem of disposal of paper from packaging. It
states that by 1985,  100  million  tons of waste
paper will be generated each year in the United
States. Of this, only 40 million tons are expected
to be recycled. The document recommends that
the government use economic and technological
means to  stimulate the increased recycling  of
paper.
[23904]

PROCESSING  / REDUCTION

73-4652
  A review of crushing-compaction systems~an
introduction to various  types  of machinery.]
Kotai Haibutsu, (7):80-94, Sept. 1972.
Various crushers and compactors are reviewed
and the workings and scales are presented with
illustrations and tables. Machines discussed in-
clude: Kyokuto (Far East) Tremasher garbage
crusher  by Kyokuto Development Co.; a waste
crusher-selector by Kurimoto Ironworks Co.; the
Tezuka compaction treatment system by Tezuka
Kosan K.K., a scrap-shredder by  Kikosha Co.; a
KM cuttermill by Matsuzaka Trading  Co.; a
fritter for nonburnables, glasses, and jars by
Nakayama Ironworks; the Nikki incombustible
treatment system by Nikki Machinery Co.; the
Odate crusher by Odate Precision Engineeri Co.;
the Rad-Crusher by Horai Ironworks; the Eidal
Crusher manufactured by Marubeni  Co., Ltd.;
the Kawasaki  Hazemag  crusher by  Kawasaki
Heavy  Industries;  the  Mammosqueezer  by
Kawada  Engineering Co.;  Hitachi Ltd.'s pul-
verizer/fragmentizer for  solid waste; and Mit-
subishi-Hammermill's shredder, compactor, and
shear by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. (Text in
Japanese)
[23921]

73-4653
 DINGUS, G. W. Wet pelletizing process and ap-
paratus.  Canadian  Patent 924,870 owned by
Cabot Corp., Boston, Massachusetts. Issued Apr.
24,1973.
The  invention relates to the technique of wet
pelletizing pulverulent materials, such as carbon
black. More specifically, the invention describes
a process in which caking of materials on  the
walls of the pelletizer with resulting obstruction
of the pelleting zone is reduced to a minimum
and perhaps even eliminated. The description of
the invention extends to the apparatus used to
carry out this process. Although wet pelletiza-
tion  has been a process practiced for more than
30 years commercially, no successful means have
heretofore been devised to eliminate harmful
consequences of wall cake in wet pelletizers. This
invention intends to provide those means.
[23905]

73-4654
 Great Falls, Montana to reclaim steel cans mag-
netically. Waste Trade Journal, 68(50):8, Dec. 16,
1972.
The  Steel Producers  News Bureau has  an-
nounced that the  City of Great Falls, Montana,
has initiated a project to use magnetic separation
to reclaim used cans. This system,  scheduled to
go into effect in 1973, will provide for the salvage
of 30 million cans per year in the Great Falls
area. Both municipal and industrial refuse will be
separated  using  this method.  In  the United
States there are  now 33  other cities using or
planning magnetic reclamation  systems. Three
billion cans are now being reclaimed annually in
the United States. This system is economical and
can  operate on a large scale more easily than
other reclamation  schemes. Presently  these
magnetic  systems  are  attached  to  disposal
systems.
[23892]

-------
66
734655
HAGIMORI, J., AND E. KITAJIMA.  Kenkobutsu no
hasai hoho. [A method of crushing hard objects.]
Japanese Patent 48-2,150 owned by Tsukamoto
Sogyo  Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Issued Jan. 23,
1973.
This invention relates to a method of crushing
hard objects such as bricks, concrete, rocks, and
similar matters to a desired dimension without
scattering  small  pieces. The crushing device
under this invention consists of a gas bomb of
liquified inert gas such as liquified carbonic acid
gas, a heating water vessel  provided with a
heater in  which the bomb is heated, and a gas
tube connected with the bomb at the initial point
and with the nozzles at the end and several other
accessaries. At first, two holes are bored  in a
hard object to be crushed. Nozzles are inserted
into each  hole  and tightly fastened with each
other, then a high  pressure of inert  gas is in-
jected into the holes to crush the hard  object. At
this time,  the hard object is crushed along a line
which connects the two holes. Thus, the hard ob-
ject can be crushed in a desired direction if more
than two  holes are bored along a desired  line.
Using this method, the object is simply broken
into two pieces instead of many small pieces, so
that there is no risk that small fragments of hard
objects are scattered. (Text in Japanese)
[23906]

73-4656
Haikibutsu shoriki raddo kurasha--R-600S gata.
Rad crusher waste  disposer--R-600S  type.O
Kotai Haibutsu, (8):114-115, Dec. 1972.
This crusher  is so designed that miscellaneous
wastesO including rubber products, such as tires,
tubes, belts, hoses, and footwear with metallic in-
sertsO can be easily crushed and ground without
any presorting. The Rad crusher developed for
this purpose  has a  shearing structure in which
the shearing takes place so gradually by rotation
that no great momentary power is required and
a comparatively small power can cut and crush
any waste. The feature of this crusher is that any
waste such as wire-inserted tires, empty cans,
plastic and rubber wastes, wooden  products,
cloth, paper, glass, cuttings from lathes, and elec-
tric wire,  can be crushed to pieces less than 15
cm long without  damaging  the blade of the
crusher and without producing a great deal  of
heat. Also, less noise and vibration are made and
the grain size of the crushed wastes can be regu-
lated. Presorting and  post treatment are not
required. The capacity of the crusher is as fol-
lows:  1,100 to 1,300 pieces per hr for small car
tires,  600 to 900 pieces per hr for common car
tires;  2,100 to 2,500 pieces per  hr  for  18 liter
empty cans; 2.500 to 3,500 kg per hr for wooden
products, and 2,000 to 3,000 kg per hr for general
city wastes. (Text in Japanese)
[23907]

73-4657
 HARADA, T. Purasuchikku haikibutsu no shori
gy'utsu. [Disposal technology for plastic wastes.]
Kogai Boshi Sangyo, 3(2):62-69, Feb. 1973.
Various  types  of crushers  and shredders  of
plastics are discussed.  It is better to dispose  of
waste plastics by shredding, than  by crushing.
Clearance, blade angle of hammer and effect  of
temperature, are  also discussed.  The plastic
shredder, with  a rotary blade, with 90  percent
shredding rate, can be  operated with continuous
feeding of material. Shock-type  shredders can-
not be  applied to plastic  wastes,  as they are
meant for  harder material, which  does not
stretch on impact. Jet crushing method is effec-
tive to a certain extent. Some models are a com-
bination of high  speed  shock and  powerful
shredding. In order to avoid the generation  of
heat, plastics can be broken up at cold tempera-
tures, but the means to lower the atmospheric
temperature  economically  remains a problem.
Crushing by jet stream has its limitations. A new
method,  using  liquefied  nitrogen gas, has not
reached practical stage yet.  Photo-degradation
of plastics is briefly discussed. A study of this is
being  made at  the  Textile   High  Polymer
Research Institute in Japan. At the Polymer
Synthesis Research Institute, studies on model
polymers are being made. (Text in Japanese)
[23908]

73-4658
 HASEGAWA, R. Kokei haikibutsu asshuku kon-
poki-kuriin  pakku.    Solid waste  compressed
packer-clean pack.O Yuatsuka Sekkei, 11(1):20-
23, Jan. 1973.

-------
                                                                                           67
This type of solid waste compactor is meant for
department stores, supermarkets,  and  apart-
ment houses. There are two models~D and M.
Model D can dispose of 30 cu m of refuse per hr,
with 21.5 tons of compression. The solid waste is
reduced to one-fifth to one-sixth of its original
bulk. The machine can be connected with a dust
chute, and the hopper can be made larger, so that
it can dispose of a great deal of waste  at one
time. The compressed waste is put into a bag au-
tomatically, so that it is  clean and speedy. The
package can be of the bulk and weight in keeping
with the transportation means available. Main-
tenance cost  is low; it is easy to operate and
maintain. Electricity does not cost much and it is
only the bags which must be replaced. Unless the
waste bag is  correctly set in the charging tube,
the machine does not operate, even if the start-
ing button is pushed.. Once the bag is correctly
set, the waste inside the hopper is compacted au-
tomatically. When stop button is pushed, the bag
can be tied. Model M is similar to  Model D, but in
the case of Model M, when waste is thrown into
hopper,  the  compactor  automatically  starts
operating,  because  of photo cells  action. The
compressed waste is compacted, sterilized, and
put into bags continuously and speedily. Inside
the hopper there is a sprinkler so that it is safe
from fire. Model M can dispose of 3 cu m an hr,
with 17.2 tons of compression. (Text in Japanese)
[23909]

73-4659
 INOUE, H.  Asshuku konpo ni yoru gomi shori
hoshiki  to  sono riron.  [Waste disposal method
and its theory using compressed packing.] Yuat-
suka Sekkei, 11(1):8-12,26, Jan. 1973.
Tezuka  Kosan  Co.'s compression method does
not  require  thermal treatment, so that non-
flammable, bulky, mixed wastes, and garbage,
can all be  compressed, wrapped in wire mesh,
and the package can be asphalt-coated to be used
for reclamation. It does not matter if the wastes
contain plastic wastes with high calorific value or
vinyl chloride, etc. There is no problem of smoke,
or chloride gas issuing, so that there is no com-
plaint about air pollution. Since the bulk is com-
pressed to less than a quarter  of the original
bulk, transportation cost is lowered. It is more
hygienic to reclaim with asphalt coated packages
than untreated wastes, and subsidence is only 0.8
percent while untreated wastes' subsidence is
over 30  to  50 percent.  Results  of studies on
specific weight  (weight/volume) of wastes in
Tokyo showed the average was 0.26 tons per cu
m (within the range of 0.2 tons to 0.4 tons per cu
m). However, the  specific  weight of asphalt-
coated packages is 1.1 tons per cu m. Dewatering
is 7 to 10 percent of the weight. It is important to
determine what the  economic compression is,
while  assuring that  the compressed package
would not regain its original bulk The compres-
sion plant is designed in such a way that 100 kg
per cu cm to 200 kg per cu cm pressure is given.
Those in operation at present have  100 tons per
hr capacity, producing 1.5 ton blocks; 50 tons per
8 hr, 0.8 ton blocks; 50  tons per 8 hr, 0.5 ton
blocks; 50 tons per 8 hr, 0.75 ton blocks; 50 tons
per 8 hr, 0.75 ton blocks; 400 tons per 16 hr, 2 ton
blocks;  and  240 tons per 24 hr, 1 ton  blocks.
There  are presses also in operation which are
solely for decreasing weight and crushing wastes
such  as bottles,  desks, cans, etc.  (Text  in
Japanese)
[23913]

73-4660
 JESCHE, H. Kisten, kanister kotfluegal. [Cases,
canisters, fenders.] U-das  technische umwelt-
magazin. (10):24-26, Oct. 1972.
Medium-sized businesses have special  refuse
storing and  disposal problems, as they  have to
dispose of paper wastes, bottles, plastics, cases,
and  bulky refuse. Various devices have been
developed by individual  industries which  are
especially  suitable  for  the  .type  of  refuse
produced. Communities  usually  supply enter-
prises with movable refuse bins with a volume of
1,100 liters which are emptied by the competent
municipal cleansing department.  For  greater
refuse quantities special containers are offered
which are transported by vehicles with a special
charging device. In order to optimize the utiliza-
tion  of refuse bins  special presses have been
developed which press the refuse, mainly paper
and cardboard, into bales of 40 to 100 kg weight.
Larger press versions can be used for compact-
ing production refuse. These have a throughput
of 2,000 to 25,000 kg per day. Refuse bag presses
compact the refuse to one-fifth  of its  original

-------
volume and enclose it in a plastic bag. Refuse
compactors  consisting  of a  feeding funnel,
pressing  piston,  and exchangeable container
compress all types of refuse in a ratio of 1 to 8.
For the disposal of bulky refuse and old tires a
device has been developed equipped with cutting
shafts working  in  opposite  directions which
shred about 30 to 60 cu m of refuse per hr at a
volume reduction of 1 to 5 to 1 to 6. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23914]

734661
 KIMURA,  K.   Denkiroyo sukurappu puresu.
[Scrap press for electric furnace.] Yuatsuka Sek-
fcei, 11(1):13-17, Jan.  1973.
The original type of scrap press developed by
the Nippon Kokan Co. in 1965 was designed for a
20-ton capacity electric furnace, but the newly
developed ones are  for 40-, 50-, 60-, and 70-ton
capacity furnaces, rectifying the previously en-
countered problems. The press  consists of four
pillars, underneath which there is a bed and on
top a cylinder frame. In the  middle there is  a
slide frame which guides the  piston rod. An oil
tank is placed on the deck, and extended from
cylinder frame. All the valves are placed on the
side wall of the tank to simplify piping and main-
tenance. The slide frame has sufficient width, so
that it can withstand uneven loading. Therefore,
the piston is not unduly affected and there is no
danger of oil leakage. Four cylinders, contrary to
the one cylinder of conventional types, also avoid
detrimental effects from  uneven loading. The
radial  plunge  pump is  a  simple,  efficient,
mechanism, makes less noise and vibration, and
can withstand long use under severe conditions.
The hydraulic system can be simply push-button
operated.  Although in the beginning, the  com-
pressed scrap was 1.8 to 2.2 specific gravity, this
was changed to 12 to 1.4. Also, there is a 300 to
400 mm space between one side  of the press and
the compressed  scrap, so that it can easily slip
out. These new devices were made possible due
to the fact that Nippon  Kokan Co. not  Only
manufactures steel, but  also manufacturers the
electric furnace. The new type of scrap press
contributes to lowering the cost of steel making.
(Text in Japanese)
[23915]
73-4662
 KINOMOTO, Y., AND Y. SHIN.  Haihin asshuku
shoriki. [Refuse compaction  device.]  Japanese
Patent Sho 47-25,498 owned by Sharp  Corp.,
Osaka, Japan. Issued Aug. 8,1972.
This   invention   concerns   a   compression
mechanism, in which  a rotary  movement  is
changed  to  a reciprocating  movement  with
reduced speeds, used in a compressive disposer
for wastes such as food wastes, other common
wastes, empty bottles, and  empty  cans.  The
disposer under this invention comprises a  con-
tainer with an opening on the top to house the
household  wastes or  the  general  wastes,
frameworks formed at the openings on the front
and  rear  walls to surround the container, a
pressing plate provided between the framework
and the wall on the top of the container, and a
compressive system mounted on the top of the
main body in which the one end of rope from a
pain of winding wheels connects with the rotary
axis interlocking with an electric motor, and the
other end  of the said rope connects with the pul-
leys provided on both  side  walls of  the
frameworks through a pulley. By operation of
the said compressive system, the winding wheel
winds the top to cause the shuffling movement
of the frameworks housing the compression  con-
tainer  to take place, and thus wastes are com-
pressed by the pressing plate  within  the  con-
tainer. (Text in Japanese)
[23916]

73-4663
 KOBAYASHI, K. Kuren-shiW sukurappu puresu-
ki.  [Crane-type  scrap compaction  machine.]
Japanese  Patent  Sho 48-3,033. Issued Jan. 29,
1973.
This  invention   concerns  a   scrap   pressing
machine on the upper part of which is mounted a
strong electromagnet built-in compaction body
in which a ram plate is provided. This invention
is unique in that the installation of the compactor
is on the top of a  crane so that the said ram can
be operated back and forth by oil pressure or
gears.  The purpose of this invention is to offer
the equipment by which metal  scrap can be
pressed to a smaller volume by only one worker
at the spot where scrap is discarded or piled up,

-------
                                                                                          69
and the  disposal and  delivery of such  bulky
scraps can be easily performed by very few wor-
kers and in a very short time. (Text in Japanese)
[23917]

734664
 Mitsubishi-Rindeman  funsaiki.    Mitsubishi-
Lindemann crusherO Yuatsuka Sekkei, 11(1):18-
19, Jan. 1973.                            '
The    Mitsubishi-Lindeman    crusher   was
developed with technical  cooperation between
Mitsubishi  Heavy Industries, Ltd.  and West
Germany's Lindemann Kommandit Gesellshaft.
Bulky wastes from industry, offices and homes
are effectively crushed. Such pretreatment as
preselection is not required. Since the crusher's
feeder is very wide, bulky wastes can be charged
into a crusher directly, without a feeding con-
veyer, which makes the crusher very compact.
The blades, both vertical and horizontal, effec-
tively cut wastes into pieces less than 60 cu cm in
size.  The  machine  can  be  operated  either
manually or automatically. Since the wastes are
cut after crushing, it is easy to shred even bulky
wastes of complicated  shapes. It is economical
and the operation rate is  very  high. (Text in
Japanese)
[23918]

73-4665
 MOZDZANOWSKI, J.  Soil compacting machine.
Canadian Patent owned by Bopparder Maschin-
enbaugesellschaft m.b.H.,  Boppard/Rhein, Ger-
many. Issued Apr. 17,1973.
Described is a soil-compacting machine with a
frame carrying two   soil compacting rollers
mounted in tandem and  at  least two out-of-
balance centrifugal force generators for vibrat-
ing the rollers as they  roll the soil. At least one
generator is mounted on the frame in front of
the rollers. At  least  one other generator  is
mounted on the frame behind the rollers. Both
generators are carried on shafts which extend
longitudinally in the direction of the machine's
travel. The generators  are relatively short com-
pared with the width of the frame and the axial
length of the rollers. The aim of the invention is
to  arrange the  unbalance  centrifugal  force
generators in such a way that the cost of con-
struction is reduced, and also to position the
generators in  such a  way  that the desired
rocking movement is achieved.
[23919]

73-4666
 NAKAZAKI, K., T. MORI, AND K. WAKAYAMA.
Gomi shori sochi. [Waste disposer.] Japan Patent
Sho 47-27,825 owned by Tokyo Shibaura Electric
Co., Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan. Issued Aug. 23,1972.
This invention concerns a disposer for household
wastes  in which wastes  such  as vegetable
wastes, fish wastes, etc., which are perishable
and  tend  to give off bad odors are packed in
bags. The  method under   this invention is
developed with the intent to  exactly and easily
perform the packing of these wastes into a bag
by means of a piston. In this  system, the water
contained in wastes is first removed within the
cylinder, the wastes are housed in a vinyl bag ar-
ranged  below the cylinder and compressed by
the piston, and then the top end of the bag is heat
fused to closely pack the wastes. Accordingly the
wastes  can be  packed into a bag, and because
they are formed into compactly compressed light
weight  packings  by  compression after  the
removal of the water, the odors are completely
eliminated and therefore the subsequent dispos-
ing work of wastes is easier.  The disposer com-
prises a cylinder into which wastes are damped,
a  pressure  container   provided  below  the
cylinder, a long cylindrical bag leading to the
cylinder and attached foldably so as to be taken
out from the lower part of the cylinder, a piston
movable from the inside of the cylinder to the in-
side  of the pressure container and to  compress
wastes in the bag, a cutting device to heat fuse
the top end of the bag, rack bar connected with
the piston, a feed wheel to move up and down the
rack bar by an electric motor, a water-draining
device to drain the water from wastes, and elec-
tric  switch groups to achieve automatically all
the operations  between the changing time and
the bag-cutting time. (Text in Japanese)
[23920]

73-4667
 SHIBATA, R.  Gomi shoriki. [Waste disposer.]
Japanese Patent 47-25,497 owned by Matsushita

-------
70
Seiko Co.,  Ltd., Osaka, Japan. Issued Aug. 8,
1972.
This invention concerns a waste  disposer by
which the wastes coming from general household
can be disposed of sanitarily and compactly. It
eliminates the defect which the former disposer
possesses, such as a tendency of bulky wastes to
fill up the waste contianer. The waste disposer
consists of the body of the disposer, a box drawa-
ble from the  body, a water-resistant paper bag
detachable  from  inside  the  box,  an electric
motor, and a crank which can change the rotating
motion of the motor into an up and down motion
and then moves up and down the dead weight
which compresses wastes. In short, in the system
under this invention,  wastes are  compressed
compactly into a paper bag by the up and down
movement  of the dead weight driven  by the
crank with the aid of an electric motor. A great
quantity of wastes can be disposed of easily,
sanitarily, and speedily without wastes being
scattered about, and it also facilitates the sub-
sequent  disposal of  the compressed wastes.
(Text in Japanese)
[23922]

73-4668
 SHIGAKI, M.  Hasaiki o sonaeta shokyaku pu-
rasuchikki-rui sokyuki. [Feeder with crusher for
plastic wastes to be burned.] Japanese Patent 48-
10,739 owned  by Takuma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
Issued Apr. 6,1973.
This invention relates to a feeder for plastic
wastes to be  burned in a combustion furnace in
which  plastic wastes  are first crushed. The
crushed plastics are fed into a combustion fur-
nace  continuously.  The  amount  of air cor-
responding to the quantity of the  feed is sent
into the furnace  avoiding the inclusion of un-
necessary  air.  Thus, explosive  firing  of the
plastic particles during the feeding operation is
completely prevented. This feeder consists of
many slanted  fixed blades aligned in a V shape at
intervals inside a hopper and many mobile shear-
ing blades provided side by side so that they can
fit between  each space  of the  slanted, fixed
blades. The upper parts of these are connected
with the top of the piston rod of an oil-pressure
cylinder. A pusher  which makes  a  dragging
movement  back and forth is provided at the
lower part of the hopper and connected with the
piston rod of the oil-pressure cylinder,  and a
cylindrical top feeder into which the pusher can
enter. In such a furnace, plastic wastes are quan-
titatively fed into the  combustion furnace, and
are completely burned out with no smoke and
with sufficient air from several nozzles provided
at  proper places  in  the  furnace.  (Text in
Japanese)
[23923]

73-4669
 SHIN, Y. Haibutsu asshuku sochi. [Compaction
equipment for refuse.]  Japanese  Patent 47-
25,495 owned  by Sharp Corporation, Osaka,
Japan. Issued Aug. 8,1972.3 p.
This invention concerns a ventilating method for
the waste compression equipment in which the
refuse is compacted. This equipment consists of
a container housing household wastes or general
trash, a compression system to press and dispose
of the wastes within the container, and the main
body housing the said container and compression
system which is provided with an electric blower
which can operate at the time of operation of the
compression system, or at definite intervals, to
ventilate, during which fresh air comes in from
plural inlet openings on the wall of the main body
and dirty air goes out of the outlet pipe by the
blower. (Text in Japanese)
[23927]

73-4670
 SHIN, Y.  Haibutsu asshukuki. [A compressor
for wastes.] Japanese Patent 47-35,144 owned by
Sharp Corp., Osaka, Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention describes  a waste compressor
designed to compress and house domestic trash,
especially vegetable waste, empty bottles, empty
cans, and so  forth.  Trash from kitchens and
general wastes have so far been simply thrown
into a trash basket. The trash basket was very
inconvenient  for  the reason that it is rapidly
filled with bulky cooking wastes; the wastes are
very unsanitary because they are usually  left as
they are. The compressor is intended to remove
such deficts and consists of a main body compris-
ing a rectangular  form of frame elements and
outside plates with a door at the central lower

-------
                                                                                          71
part in the front, supporting frame elements at
the central part of the main body, a machine
room above it, and the waste-housing room pro-
vided with a compressing vessel below the sup-
porting  frame elements. The cooking trash is
compressed in the compressing vessel into  a
small volume, and the  compressed  trash is
housed in a paper bag within the compressing
vessel so that it is easily and sanitarily taken out
and handled  after being compressed. (Text in
Japanese)
[23926]

73-4671
 SHIN, Y. Haihin asshuku shoriki. [A compressor
for trash.] Japanese Patent 47-35,145 owned by
Sharp Corp., Osaka, Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention concerns a compressor designed
to compress  everyday trash,  empty  bottles,
empty cans, and  so forth,  from  houses and to
house them in paper bags, or similar containers,
for making the disposal of the compressed trash
easy. The compressor consists of a compressing
container in which trash is charged, a plate at the
bottom of the compressing  container which can
open and close by motor, a rotary screw shaft
mounted on the side wall of the compressing con-
tainer,  a compressing chamber comprising the
push plate which makes an  advance and retreat
movement through the screw shaft by a motor in
the compressing container, a tray which receives
the water pressed out on  compression, a con-
tainer, in which a paper bag is housed, arranged
under the compressing  container,  a take-out
opening for the container, a  control switch which
senses the completion of the compressing opera-
tion, a control switch which senses the comple-
tion  of  the  compressing operation, a control
switch which senses the reach of the push plate
at the  fixed  places at both ends of the com-
pressing container, and a switch which senses
the opening and closing of the receiving plate.
Moreover,  the compressing  process  and  the
process  to house the  compressed trash in the
container are automatically operated. (Text in
Japanese)
[23925]
734672
 SHIN, Y.  Haihin asshuku shoriki. [Refuse com-
pactor.] Japanese Patent 47-25,499  owned  by
Sharp Corporation, Osaka, Japan. Issued Aug. 8,
1972.
This invention concerns a supporting structure
for a compression container in which wastes are
housed and compacted, used in a compressive
disposer to compress wastes such as food wastes,
other usual wastes, empty bottles, and empty
cans. When the wastes in the compactor are com-
pressed under a comparatively great pressure,
the container itself must withstand great stress,
and thus a strongly built container  is needed.
The feature is that the disposer consists of the
compression container, a compression system to
compress  the wastes  within the  compression
container freely removable from the door of the
disposer, and freely mobile wheels mounted on
both bottom sides of the compression container,
and the compression container is supported by
the supporting  angle  where the wheels  are
present and at the time of compressing operation
is supported by the receiving angle located at the
lowest part of the bottom wall of the container.
(Text in Japanese)
[23924]

73-4673
 STUCHENKO, G.  Can crusher. Canadian Patent
924,959. Issued Apr. 24,1973.
The device describes a can crusher. An hydraulic
piston  and cylinder carries an  upper disc. A
lower disc is situated below. Both discs have con-
centric grooves and receive the rims of popular-
sized  cans. The  grooves also prevent slippage
when crushing. Part of the apparatus is a four-
way valve which routes the  hydraulic fluid to
either  side  of  the piston.  A relieve  valve
bypasses fluid when the valve is off. The inven-
tion is particularly adapted for use in service sta-
tions which use such cans for oil, antifreeze, soft
drinks, and the like. Three claims are made for
this invention.
[23928]

73-4674
 The implications of applying high pressure to
solid  wastes for rail  haul  and  solid waste

-------
72
disposal: compaction equipment  performance
specifications.  In   High-pressure compaction
and baling of solid waste. Washington, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 154-155.
The specifications discussed in this report deal
with the functional performance required from
the compaction equipment as a unit. They do not
address themselves to equipment design needed
to perform the task specified. The information
given  throughout  this report  indicates  that
several sets of such press performance specifica-
tions can and should be developed. The sets  of
specifications should be determined primarily by
the materials to be compacted, press design, and
operation considerations,  and local solid waste
disposal  condition.  It  was  only  feasible  to
develop  one  example  of very general  per-
formance specifications for a compaction press.
This example provides for: the compaction of re-
sidential/commercial solid waste in heterogene-
ous mixtures which behave like  semi-elastics; a
press capacity of about 250 tons per 6 hr or about
33 tons per full 8 hr shift; applied pressure  of
2,000 Ib per sq in.; an overall volume reduction
capacity of 18 to 1; a total cycle time of 1 minute;
a service life of 2.9 million cycles; and  a bale size
of 25.7 to 27.7 in. in the  compaction chamber.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23912]

73-4675
 The implications of applying high pressure  to
solid  wastes  for  rail-haul  and  solid  waste
disposal: compaction equipment cost.  In  High-
pressure compaction and  baling of solid waste.
Washington,   U.S.  Environmental   Protection
Agency, 1972. p. 155-160.
The compaction equipment cost  data  presented
in this  report  include  depreciation  of the
purchase price  and power  and  maintenance.
They do not include interest and other financing
charges, return  on investment,  and  personnel.
The depreciation is calculated on a 20-year write-
off period  although the  service life  of similar
presses has been found to be  10 or 15 years
longer.  An   analysis    of   prices   and
cost/performance   parameters   for   existing
hydraulic presses, which  in  case  of  need, are
suitable  for  the high-pressure  compaction  of
solid  wastes,  indicates that  depreciation and
power amount to about $0.50 per ton in a 7 hr, 5
day-per-week operation. An additional 7-hr shift
would reduce these costs by about $0.15 to $0.25
per ton. However, none of the existing presses
was specifically designed for the compaction of
solid wastes; consequently, the cost data reflect
the price  of using  substitute  equipment. Thus,
these analyses suggest that the high-pressure
compaction  of solid waste might cost less than
$0.40  per ton including all charges but excluding
financing costs, labor, and return on investment.
A higher press utilization factor than was used in
this analysis could significantly improve this
cost/performance ratio. Cost estimates made for
a  lightweight  frame  solid waste compaction
press indicate  that the  basic investment cost
may be reduced substantially, perhaps as much
as 50  to 60 percent.  (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23911]

73-4676
 The  implications of applying high-pressure to
solid  wastes  for  rail-haul  and solid  waste
disposal. In High-pressure compaction and bal-
ing of solid waste. Washington, U.S.  Environ-
mental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 160-163.
The implications of high-pressure compaction for
the rail haul of solid wastes  is  discussed to some
extent in this report; however, there are  plants
to cover them in more detail in a separate publi-
cation being prepared on Rail Transport of Solid
Wastes by the American Public Works Associa-
tion. Concerning transfer stations, the rail haul
link, and the ultimate disposal of the bales by the
sanitary landfill method, the information  shows
that high-pressure  compaction of solid waste is
highly applicable to hail haul,  and that the com-
bination of high-pressure  compaction and  rail
haul  results in  environmental control benefits
comparable to  those available in the currently
acceptable method of processing solid wastes.
High-pressure  compaction of  wastes could also
increase the utilization of sanitary landfill space.
(This document is retained in  the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23910]

-------
                                                                                          73
73-4677
 TSUKUBE, Y. Kanpekopuresu. [Waste disposal
press.] Yuatsuka Sekkei, ll(l):24-26, Jan. 1973.
'Kanpeko' press was developed in order to reutil-
ize waste cans as raw material for steel-making
and to save labor. About 4 percent of all wastes
is metal goods, which, when burnt in an incinera-
tor together with other wastes, would shorten
the life of the incinerator. By push button opera-
tion,  compact presses (capacity ranges from
3,000 to 60,000 kg) can compress bulky wastes by
oil pressure. They can  be handled  by inex-
perienced workers even, at department stores,
forwarders, governmental  offices,  etc.  Two
smaller types  are movable.  The  cycle  type
ranges  from 30  seconds (14 seconds up,  16
seconds down) to 180 seconds. Capacity ranges
from 1 kg for one operation, 110 kg in an hr to 60
kg in one operation (about 1,000 juice cans), 1,000
kg in an hr (about 17,000 juice cans). The presses
are equipped with an antiexplosion device, and
the biggest type can be attached to a conveyor
and magnet separator, and is capable of continu-
ous operation. (Text in Japanese)
[23929]

734678
 WADA, M.  Gomi shori sochi. [Waste disposer.]
Japanese Patent 47-25,494. Issued Aug. 8,1972.3
P-
This invention provides for a disposer in which a
cylinder, inserted at the lowest part with a vinyl
bag which houses wastes, is brought down to the
bottom of the waste-stored box, then the wastes
housed in the cylinder are compressed by raising
the pressing plate, and lastly the  wastes thus
compressed are removed from the cylinder for
transfer to another handling place.  For these
reasons, the disposer under this invention will
serve  as a unique means for the  disposal of
wastes for reasons of sanitation and economy, in
addition to the advantages possessed by the
equipment that the structure is simple, and its
operation is very easy. (Text in Japanese)
[23930]

RECYCLING
73-4679
 [Construction plates made of composted refuse
of common interest.] Staedtehygiene, 23(12):VII,
Dec. 1972.
A new method has been developed to use com-
posted domestic refuse for the production of con-
struction plates. A one-floor plant processes the
new raw material into plates which are nearly
fire-proof and offer a sound protection  which
corresponds to that of a brick wall of 17.5 cm
width. (Text in German)
[23934]

73-4680
 BARGMANN, R. D.  Kein  bedarf. [No demand.]
Umwelt, 3(l):54-57,1973.
Some people have proposed  recycling of solid
wastes  mainly to get around the shortage of
disposal sites. Los Angeles produces 42 million
tons of solid  waste annually. The potentially
salvageable materials  in residential solid waste,
e.g. glass, aluminum, iron, are among the most
abundant in the earth's crust. In most cases, the
materials  and energy needed to collect and
process such materials exceed those needed to
mine  and process the materials from natural
resources. On the other hand those materials in
short   supply, e.g.  copper, tin,  lead,  are not
present in large amounts in household refuse. If
all salvageable material in residential solid waste
were   removed,  recovered  materials  would
amount to only 0.44 million tons, which is 10 per-
cent of the total. Thus if a shortage of sanitary
landfill sites develops  in the future, recycling of
solid wastes will not solve the problem: recycling
simply  leaves  most  materials  in  the  waste
stream. A more fundamental solution is needed.
(Text in German)
[23931]

73-4681
 BELTING, K. W. Aufbereitung  von phosphor-
gips zu anhydrit  fuer das gipsschwefelsauere-
verfahren. [Processing of phosphogypsum to an-
hydrite for the gypsum/sulphuric acid process.]
Zement-Kalk-Gips, 25(8):387-390,1972.
In the conversion of phosphate with sulfuric acid
for  the production of phosphoric acid, synthetic
gypsum is obtained as  a  byproduct.   Until

-------
74
recently  this  gypsum was considered to be
worthless and was dumped.  Experiments  are
now being carried out to find the best method for
utilizing it. Two methods are described in this ar-
ticle for  the  conversion of this filter-moist
phosphogypsum to anhydrite. One method uses a
turbine calculator. In the other, drying is done in
a flow drier and dry return materials are added.
The separation of crystal water makes it possible
to add sulphuric acid to the dried material and
thus to reduce any excessive fluorine content in
the phosphogypsum to an acceptable level. (Text
in German)
[23932]

734682
  Beseitigung  von kunststoff-muell in Japan.
[Disposal  of plastic wastes in Japan.] Kunst-
stoj5%,63(2):93,1973.
By 1975 plastic production in Japan will amount
to 7 million tons annually and about half of this
quantity  will have to  be  disposed of as refuse.
Therefore efforts have been made to develop
new  disposal  methods   for  plastic  wastes.
Methods have been developed to suspend milled
plastic refuse as dispersion which can be used for
paving the streets. In a small town near Tokyo
plastic refuse  from  households  is  collected
separately and reformed into a granulate which
is 40 percent of high pressure polyethylene, 15
percent of polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, 10
percent,  each, low pressure  polyethylene and
polypropylene,  and 8 percent duroplasts and
other plastic material. Due to the low tearing
strength of this granulate it can only be used for
the production of flower pots, but by adding
chlorinated polyethylene or other substances the
quality might be optimized. Other methods  use
plastic wastes for the production of artificial
sand, bricks, and chipboard. (Text in German)
[23933]

734683
DAHL, E. Q. Method of recovering fluorine from
carbonaceous waste material. Canadian Patent
922,486 owned by Elektrokemisk A/S, Oslo, Nor-
way. Issued Mar. 13,1973.
The invention deals with a method for recovery
by pyrohydrolysis of fluorine from particles of
solid  carbonaceous waste  material  containing
fluorine. The particles are obtained from furnace
linings and bottoms, soots, scums, and dusts from
the melt  electrolytic production of aluminum.
These particles are suspended at a temperature
of at least 1,000 C in a stream comprising steam
for purposes of establishing a fluidized bed. As
an example of the utility of recovering fluorine,
it  is pointed out an aluminum plant producing
100,000 tons of aluminum per year has a waste of
about 6,000  tons of used furnace bottoms  and
linings per year, and approximately 1,000 tons of
scum and cyclone  dust  per year. Thus it is of
great economic importance to be able to recover
the fluorine in such a way that it can be returned
to the electrolytic furnace.
[23935]

734684
 DEVILLE, W. B., M. STOLL, AND S. FERGUSON.
Recovery and reuse of solid wastes; a search of
recent report  literature. Bloomington, Indiana,
Environmental Systems Applications Center,
Oct. 1971.65 p.
This report was prepared for Public Technology
Inc. as  part of a  plan to set up  an  Urban
Technology Clearinghouse. It contains abstracts
of articles written from  1967 on that were com-
piled  from a computer and manual search of a
number of data bases. These articles are a fairly
limited  review of  the  literature  in resource
recovery. Areas reviewed include: economics;
technology problems; governmental  attitudes;
municipal recycling programs; citizen recycling
programs;  separation;  metals;  paper;  glass;
plastics;  organic materials; energy; incinerator
residues and fly ash; pyrolysis; slags; automobile
tires; composting;  and  land reclamation. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23936]

734685
 FICKER,  S.  Ein neues Gummi-Regenerierver-
fahren nach dem System  Lurgi-ficker. [A new
rubber  recycling procedure according  to  the
Lurgi-ficker system.] Kautschuk und Gummi,
25(10):481-485, Oct. 1972.
A new method has  been  developed for  the
recycling  of waste  rubber. The material to be

-------
                                                                                          75
recycled is first preshredded in a roll crusher
and then milled in a pulverizing mill. In a mixing
device a plasticizer is added and sprayed onto
the milled rubber waste. By means of a feeding
device,  the material  is  transported  into a
recycling worm, consisting of a  hollow worm
heat exchanger and the high temperature heat-
ing plant.  The heat exchanger consists  of a
trough which is closed except for the feeding
inlet and outlet. In the trough two worms are as-
sembled  which  clean  themselves   mutually
because of the special thread.  A heat carrier
liquid flows without pressure through the trough
and the worms. The rubber material  is trans-
ported by the worms from the inlet to the outlet
of the trough without any compression and any
kneading and is at the same time homogeneously
heated up  to  the recycling temperature. The
temperature of the heat carrier is between 200
and 260 C  while that of the rubber material is
about 30 C below the  indicated temperatures.
The heat exchanger has a weight of 3 tons, a heat
exchange   surface of  16  sq m and  has a
throughput of 250 to 300 kg per hr. After a de-
tention time of 15 minutes in the recycling worm
the recycled material leaves the worm and falls
into a special cooling device. Further treatment
of the recycled material is  effected in refining
devices. The recycled material has a high quality
and a good processability. (Text in German)
[23937]

73-4686
 GOEBEL,  K.   Enwicklungstendenzen im alt-
papierhandel. [Tendencies in the waste paper in-
dustry.] Das Papier, 27(3):98-99,1973.
In 1971 45.5 percent of the material used for the
production of paper consisted of waste paper and
it is expected that this number will rise by 5 per-
cent in 1972. However, owing to increasing sala-
ries and investment costs, the waste paper in-
dustry can no longer provide for a classification
of the waste paper so that this  task has to be
done by the producer of the new paper. Because
of the difficult  economic situation of the waste
paper industry, various enterprises ask  for a
special fee for  the removal of waste  paper so
that in many regions it is more economic for the
households to let the waste paper be removed by
the city cleansing service. Therefore sometimes
waste paper dealers also provide for the removal
of other refuse. In the long run  waste  paper
dealers  and governmental authorities together
will have to inform the population about the im-
portance  of  waste  paper  as  raw  material
resource for the paper production. The removal
of the waste paper through a specialized dealer
contributes considerably  to  effective environ-
mental protection. (Text in German)
[23938]

73-4687
 GOODE, A. H., M. E. TYRRELL, AND I.  L. FELD.
Glass wool from waste glass. Bureau of  Mines
Report of Investigations 7708. Washington, U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1972.16 p.
Glass wool meeting requirements for commercial
use was made  from glassy  fractions  of  urban
solid  wastes by  the  Bureau of  Mines. This
research was a part of the Bureau's program to
develop  building products  and  other  usable
materials from reclaimed urban waste materials.
Mixes of molten glass were fiberized into glass
wool during laboratory studies by impingement
of a jet of compressed air on a stream of the mol-
ten glass. The principal test variable studied was
composition of the melt; this was varied by ad-
ding dolomite and alumina to obtain molten glass
with the handling characteristics  required for
producing  final wool products of the desired
composition and physical characteristics.  When
no charge is made for the waste glass and ap-
proximately $75 per ton can be obtained for the
wool product,  an  interest rate of return  on in-
vestment after taxes of about 12 percent can be
obtained. If a charge of $5 per ton is required for
the waste glass, a selling price of about $78 per
ton would be necessary to obtain a 12-percent-in-
terest rate of return on investment after taxes.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23939]

73-4688
 GOTSHALL, W. W. Reinforcing agent from scrap
rubber char. Canadian  Patent 922,857  owned by
Marathon Oil  Company,  Findlay,  Ohio. Issued
Mar. 20,1973.

-------
76
Scrap  rubber,  for  example,  scrap  tires,  is
destructively distilled to produce a carbonaceous
char which is then ground to particles having an
average particle  size  of less  than about 2.5
microns with at least 99 percent by weight less
than 5 microns. The grinding  is  accomplished
under a nonoxidizing atmosphere and the parti-
cles are protected from oxygenation of their sur-
faces until they have been coated with an organic
liquid. The resulting coated carbon particles are
useful in the production of reinforced elastomer-
ic  compositions, for example,  natural rubber,
butyl or chlorbutyl components.
[23940]

734689
 HAAKE, R.  Die Schmieroelregeneration in der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland. [The regeneration
of lubricating  oils in the Federal Republic  of
Germany,]   Erdoel   und   Kohle-Erdgas-
Petrochemie, 25(6):360-362, June 1972.
The article describes a method for treatment  of
used oils as presently used in Germany and other
countries for purposes of recovering high quality
lubricating oils. A special feature of the process
is the ability to stop and start in short periods  of
time. For example, 60  minutes are required  to
begin the regeneration  plant, and 30 minutes are
needed to stop the process. The  installation  is
heated by cycled  hot  oil.  A special improved
vaporizer  ensures  that oil  quality does not
decrease as the plant is being started or stopped.
The installation has  been designed so  that not
only oils from internal combustion engines can
be treated, but also industrial oils containing up
to 20 percent by  weight of other substances.
Consumption of acid has been largely reduced by
using the  patented 'Fiscalin system' for mixing
mineral oils with sulfuric acid. (Text in German)
[23941]

73-4690
 Haidenchi no kaishu shori. [Recovery of used
batteries.] Namari to Aen, 10(l):24-32, Jan. 1973.
This report is part of the study made for a pro-
ject concerning electric automobiles  commis-
sioned by the Agency for Industrial Science and
Technology,  Ministry  for  International  Trade
and Industry. The distribution route of used bat-
teries  is  complicated;  some  are  sold to rag
pickers; and some to battery dealers, and then to
used copper wholesalers, lead scrap recovery
dealers, and smelters. Separation  of electrode,
separator, and the outer case is done mostly by
hand. If lead batteries are to be used for electric
motor cars from now on, the life and cycle time
of batteries must be studied, and the recycling
route must be simplified and improved. It is
necessary to safely dispose of waste sulfuric acid
and to prevent lead pollution of soil. There is no
standard method of disposing of used batteries.
Waste  sulfuric acid can be utilized for making
gypsum, but there are unsolved  problems. A
method for mechanical separation of components
of batteries, such as electrode,  separator and
case, must  be  devised. New technology  for
disposing of  plastic  battery cases  must be
established.   Bigger   smelters   must   be
established, to handle used lead  from batteries,
since bigger smelters can cope with the problem
of pollution accompanying smeltering  better
than the smaller establishments. The example of
Stollberger  Zinc Co., West Germany, is  cited.
(Text in Japanese)
[23942]

73-4691
 HORNER AND SfflFRiN, INC.  Energy recovery
from waste. Environmental Protection Publica-
tion  No.  SW-36d.i. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972.15 p.
This article describes the  progress  of the St.
Louis demonstration project on  the burning of
shredded municipal waste as a fuel for boiler fur-
naces.  In this process,  solid waste is  collected
from residential areas of the city  and ground in a
hammermill. Magnetic metals and the remaining
refuse  is fired into boilers of the Union Electric
Company for production of electricity. Glass and
other inert materials are not removed. The solid
waste accounts only for about 10 percent of the
fuel used by the boilers, but this percentage may
increase. The processing plant is able to handle
300 tons of refuse per 8 hr day. The firing for the
balers  system is pneumatic and the air velocity
of the  refuse particles is 50 to 70  miles per hr.
The boilers will use about 12.5 tons of refuse an
hr, 24 hr a day, 5 days a week. No difficulty is ex-
pected from the use of all coal on weekends when

-------
                                                                                            77
solid waste  is not collected. Possible problems
that are being studied include: slagging; corro-
sion; incomplete burnout; and  impaired electro-
static precipitator performance. The economics
and the applicability  on a larger scale of this
process are discussed briefly. There  are dia-
grams showing the operation of this system. The
composition  of municipal solid waste and coal are
compared on a table. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23943]

73-4692
JACQUELIN, G. Method of and apparatus for con-
tinuous extraction of liquid from a pasty suspen-
sion. Canadian Patent 924,958  owned by Centre
Technique de 1'Industrie des Papiers, Cartons et
Celluloses, Grenoble-Gare, Isere, France. Issued
Apr. 24,1973.
The  patent  describes a method for  continuous
extraction of a liquid from a pasty suspension ar-
ranged on a layer on a support strip  comprising
elastically-deformable    permeable     zones
separated by impermeable zones. The permeable
zones with two faces  of the strip in contact are
each subjected to progressive contraction mov-
ing from the face in contact with the suspensions
towards the free face of the support. Compres-
sion pressure is obtained by passing the suspen-
sion-strip  combination between press  cylinder.
One claim is made for the invention.
   239440

73-4693
 Kommt die totale abfallfabrik? [Will there be a
refuse plant for the joint  treatment of  all
wastes?0 Umschau, 73(4): 122-123,1973.
Human society produces wastes. Many industrial
wastes  are  already  recycled  for  economic
reasons. Most of the urban refuse in the Federal
Republic  of Germany neither is recycled nor
disposed   of in  sanitary landfills. A recycling
plant for the joint treatment of urban refuse and
junk cars  would  solve the problem of separating
the different materials contained in  the refuse.
The plan  for  such a plant provides  that the
refuse which  is transported  to the plant  by
means of collecting  vehicles or pipelines  is
shredded  in hammermill and iron parts are
sorted out by a magnet. By means of a ballistic
separator the refuse is divided into a light com-
ponent (dust, paper, plastics) and a heavy com-
ponent (glass, bones, nonferrous metals). Vari-
ous substances of the light component like paper
and plastics  are  sorted  out in  a  high voltage
separator. The paper is used in the board produc-
tion while the plastic substances can be reused in
the plastic processing industry. By means  of
flotation or  electrolysis  nonferrous metal are
separated from the heavy  component and then
recycled.  The residue which consists of dust,
sand and ash is  burnt or mixed  with sewage
sludge and then composted and used for fertiliz-
ing purposes. In a shredding device which is part
of the recycling plant, junk cars are shredded
into small pieces which are separated into scrap
and  nonferrous parts. Such recycling plants
could be realised in the near future as a con-
sequence  of  the new refuse  legislation in the
Federal Republic of Germany. (Text in German)
   239450

73-4694
 KUXMANN, U., AND H. WEBER. Untersuchun-
gen zur  elektrolytischen aufarb aufar  beitung
von          kupfer-silber-legierungsabfaellen.
[Investigations into electrolytic processing  of
copper-silver-alloys.]  Metall,  27(l):19-27,  Jan.
1973.
Copper-silver-alloy scrap with up to 70 percent
silver content, coming from coin  material and
various applications such as old metal, is usually
processed by melting it with the  use of lead-con-
taining fluxes into  silver-containing lead and
lead-copper matte.  In this  process considerable
quantities of silver  and  copper  are  wasted.
Processing by electrolysis is  an alternative  to
this. Experiments were carried out in laboratory
apparauts, with  anodes prepared from copper-
silver scrap.  In this process, copper dissolved in
the solution, while silver remained almost entire-
ly in the rest of the anode, and thus the two
metals are separated. A reaction model has been
developed. The necessity to continually reduce
the potential during the process and to prepare
electrodes from the copper silver scrap are the
drawbacks of the method studied.  (Text in Ger-
man)
[23946]

-------
78
73-4695
 MOKLEBUST, 0.  Regenerating HCL from iron
chloride  solutions.  Canadian  Patent  924,869
owned by N L Industries, Inc., New York, New
York. Issued Apr. 24,1973.
Described  is  a  process  for  regenerating
hydrogen chloride from  aqueous iron chloride
solutions derived from  leaching or  pickling
processes. Iron chloride filtrate is divided into
two portions so that  one portion contains the
same  amount of iron chloride as was present in
the original hydrogen chloride-iron chloride solu-
tion. This portion is sent to an absorber. The
other portion is roasted to recover iron values as
solid particulate matter and the chlorine as gase-
ous hydrogen chloride which is sent to the ab-
sorber. In this way a large proportion of the
water present in the iron chloride filtrate is used
in the absorber for condensing gaseous hydrogen
chloride.  Heating costs  are reduced  in this
process. Also, since the capacity of the roaster is
dependent on the volume of liquid to be roasted,
a small roaster is more feasible as  the volume
decreases. As the concentration of iron chloride
in  the   original  solution  increases,   smaller
amounts of water are needed to be evaporated in
the roaster, thus contributing to savings in heat-
ing and capital costs.
[23947]

73-4696
 PINTO, D. Can you win? In How to make ecolo-
gy work for you. New York, New York, Chain
Store Publishing Corporation, 1972. p. 90-100.
The merchandiser is in a difficult position; en-
vironmentalists portray him as the villain, but
consumers do not cooperate with him in buying
more  ecologically responsible   products. The
government threatens to pass laws that will hurt
his profits while it is doing little  itself for the en-
vironment and  itself legislates against recycled
products. The store  owner must work around
these obstacles in order to carry out his environ-
mental commitment. One important ally that he
has  is  the  National  Center  for  Resource
Recovery.  This organization  is  made up  of
representatives from business and industry. The
center also intends to establish a demonstration
project that would demonstrate  the profitability
and possibility of a National Resource Recovery
Network. Several  facilities will be established
soon  which will receive,  and process  refuse
selling recyclable products and using the rest to
generate power. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23948]

73-4697
 Renaissance  eines  verfahrens: zementklinker
aus abfallgips. [Renaissance of a procedure: Ce-
ment clinker brick from Waste  gypsum.] VDI-
Nachrichten, 27(3):38, Jan. 1973.
A  new plant has been constructed in South
Africa in order to reuse waste phosphate which
is  a  waste product from the production  of
phosphoric acid. With coke as reduction agent
and by adding clay and sand, the waste plaster is
processed to cement clinker and sulfuric acid.
The plant in South Africa is laid out to process
215,000 tons  of waste gypsum  annually  into
105,000 tons of cement clinker and the develop-
ing 330 million cu m into 105,000 tons of sulfuric
acid. By this procedure 90 percent of the sulfuric
acid used for the production of phosphoric acid
can be recycled. The  phosphate-sulfuric  acid
plant consists of gypsum drying device, milling
plant and rotary shaft furnace for the additives.
(Text in German)
[23949]

73-4698
 SCHUBERT, G. Gewinnung von Eisenkonzen-
traten aus  Verbrennungsrueckstaenden. [The
extraction of iron concentrates from combustion
residues.] Freiberger Forschungshefte, Reihe A,
(506):1-108,1972.
The  combustion of  solid fuel in power plants
produces slag and ashes whose disposal is beset
with considerable  difficulties and costs. Treat-
ment of this residual matter so that it  can  be
reused is of great importance to the crude iron
producing industry of the  German Democratic
republic. For an improvement of the concentrate
quality and better  extraction of the iron, it was
indispensable  to study the mineral composition
of the combustion residues. The studies concen-
trated on  slag and  ash samples taken  in  the
power  plants  of  Luebbenau  and  Schwarze

-------
Pumpe (both East Germany). Through the study
of the samples taken on the two last dates, the
influence of ballast material in the coal on the
mineral composition of the combustion residues
should be determined. The grain size analyses
were performed with a sieve..The intergrowth
conditions were determined with a polarization
microscope. Moreover, qualitative radiographic
phase analyses and quantitative phase analyses
of the iron mineral phases were performed. With
increasing   distance   from  the  combustion
chamber the grain size distribution of the com-
bustion  residues became smaller. The iron con-
tent of the combustion residues was  influenced
by the ash content of the coal. Within the com-
bustion  residues a marked dependence of the
chemical composition on the grain size existed.
With decreasing grain size the iron-concentra-
tion rise steadily. A clear maximum of iron con-
centration was found  in the grain size range
between 25 and 40 microns. Only the iron oxides
hematite and magnetites were found in the com-
bustion residues. The grain size class containing
particles larger than 1 mm contained more he-
matite than magnetite. Between 0.1 and 1.0 mm
the magnetite concentration was higher than the
hematite one.  The most favorable results are
achieved by magnetic separation of the  iron
mineral phases. However, even here  only 30 to
40 percent of the iron content  can be extracted
from a concentrate with about 50 percent iron.
(Text in German)
[23950]

73-4699
  SHIMODA,  T., T.  WATANABE, S.  YUDA, Y.
TAKESUE, AND T. IKEMURA. Poriechiren no net-
subunkai ni yoru gasorin no seisei. [Formation of
gasoline  by    thermal   decomposition   of
polyethylene.]  Presented at the 28th  Spring
Meeting, Japan Chemical Society, April 1-5,1973.
Ip.
Thermal decomposition of polyethylene was car-
ried out using a 300 ml stainless steel autoclave
with an agitator. The reaction conditions and the
effect of additives were investigated. The analy-
sis of the liquid  product  was  performed by
means of gas chromatography with a tempera-
ture raising device which uses an SE-30 column.
Optimum  conditions were  obtained  when the
                                           79

temperature was 340 to 360 C, the time was 15
minutes, the initial gas pressure was 0 to 3 kg
per sq cm, and the speed of rotation was 100 rpm.
Main products  were n-paraffins and n-olefins;
their isomers were barely observable regardless
of the reaction  conditions. The ratio of n-paraf-
fins and n-olefins to common carbon number was
approximately 2. The effects of the construction
materials and additives were also investigated.
Proper use of additives  such as sea sand,  iron
powder,  and steel bead resulted  in a  good
liquefaction rate at  lower temperature.  The
decomposition was also accelerated when agita-
tion speed was  reduced. On the contrary, it was
depressed at a high speed of rotation, since dis-
sipation of heat is easier at that rate. (Text in
Japanese) (This document  is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23951]

73-4700
 UESHITA, K.,  C. KUWAYAMA, AND  S. SAITA.
Haikibutsu to umetate shobun. [Waste  and its
disposition by reclamation.] Doboku Gakkaishi,
58(2):39-44, Feb. 1973.
In Aichi Prefecture, a Wastes Policy Committee
has been set up in order to plan rational disposal
of wastes, consisting  of specialists in  medical,
chemical, civil engineering, and economics fields
engaged in overall and systematic studies of the
problem.  In most reclaimed land, wastes are
disposed just as they are, and in order to prevent
secondary pollution, earth is laid on top of them.
In the case of Nagoya City, in the low flat land
along the River Shonai,  there are many filled
areas, which  are utilized  as  housing areas,
uplands, playing grounds, or land for public use.
Buildings which cannot tolerate any subsidence
cannot be built. Sludge,  after sewerage treat-
ment, would make  soft ground. Mixture of
materials, used for reclamation, up to the degree
that such useful materials as earth, sand, gravel,
etc., would not be diluted too much, must take
place, or they should be used in sandwich layers.
However, so  far, the  dominant  aim was to
dispose  of wastes. From now on, it should be
shifted to raising the ground level. Big concrete
pieces would make pile-driving difficult. Sludge
from sewage treatment alone cannot make good
reclaimed land. The ash from combustion city

-------
80
wastes,  from  general  households, etc., would
make useful material for landfill and  also for
road construction.  From some reclaimed land,
methane gas issued, and when the covering earth
layer was only 50 cm deep, trees planted could
not grow, but died. (Text in Japanese)
[23952]

73-4701
UPDEGRAFF, D. M. Degradation  of waste paper
to protein: research in microbial  fermentations.
A Solid Waste Management Open-file Report
(SW-16rg.of). Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1971.100 p.
The early stages of this work concentrated on ef-
forts to  isolate pure cultures  which would utilize
both cellulose and hydrocarbons.  From more
than  70 different  inocula  of  soils,  compost,
sewage  sludge and forest litter, 367 pure  cul-
tures were isolated on n-hexadecane media; 28 of
these were found to be capable of attacking sodi-
um  carboxymethyl cellulose and lowering its
viscosity. Only one proved to be capable of at-
tacking purified cellulose, ball-milled newspaper,
or newsprint. This culture  is a fungus which
grows well up to 45 C, identified as Aspergillus
fumigatus. More than 300 enrichment  cultures
were also developed on cellulosic substrates
(purified  cellulose,   ball-milled   newsprint,
without ink, or ball-milled  newspaper) from
similar inocula. These were tested in shake flask
fermentations for ability to produce protein and
utilize the cellulosic substrates listed above. Only
10 enrichment cultures yielded greater than 0.2
mg or protein per ml in 5 days. These also util-
ized  appreciable amounts of  cellulose. From the
active enrichment cultures, 5  cellulolytic cultures
were isolated. All of these were fungi. All gave
considerably higher protein yields and cellulose
organisms Trichoderma viride or Cellulomonas
sp. These organisms were studied in shake flask
fermentors in an effort to achieve optimum rates
of cellulose  utilization  and  protein  synthesis.
Two of  the cultures  were Myrothecium verru-
caria, two were Aspergillus  fumigatus  and one
was  Trichoderma lignorum.  (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23953]
734702
 Waermeausnutzung bei Muellverbrennungsan-
lagen. [Utilization of heat in incineration plants.]
Sanitaer- und Heizungstechnik, (10):698,1972.
A new  system to remove refuse and sewage
sludge together has been developed which  is
suitable  also for small towns with less than
10,000 inhabitants. The solid waste is burnt in a
grate furnace. The  waste heat is transformed
into  vapour hi a subsequent boiler. The  flue
gases are cooled down to a temperature of 250 to
300 C and are then dedusted so that they can be
emitted through the chimney without exceeding
the emission tolerances. The vapour is used for
dewatering fresh sludge with a water content of
about 96 percent. The dewatered sludge is then
burnt together with the refuse in the combustion
chamber of the incineration plant. This system
offers the advantage that the refuse heat can be
entirely utilized and costs for the sludge removal
can be considerably reduced. (Text in German)
[23954]

73-4703
 WARGALLA, G. Einsatz von Rotschlamm bei der
zement-und blaehtonherstellung. [Application of
red sludge in the cement expanded clay produc-
tion.] Erzmetall, 26(1): 18-20, Jan. 1973.
Red sludge has proved to be an excellent sinter-
ing auxiliary agent in the cement and expanded
clay  producing industry. In the cement produc-
tion  the main substances of the red sludge are
acting as regulators for the  fabrication of the
hydraulic crystal phases. By adding red sludge it
is possible to reduce the sintering temperature
which is necessary to obtain the required melt-
ing contents, thus  saving energy. In the ex-
panded    clay   production   the   pyroplastic
behaviour of the clay mixture during the baking
process is improved by adding red sludge mixed
in a ratio of 1:1 with flue dust. Another method
to dispose of red sludge is  the production of
concrete additives. The wet red sludge is treated
together with flue  dust in a mixer, drier, and
then in a rotary shaft furnace. The final product,
added to concrete, furnishes a concrete strength
of more than 450 Mlopounds per cu cm at a bulk
weight of 700 kg per cu m. (Text in German)
[23955]

-------
                                                                                           81
734704
WESTWOOD-BOOTH, I., AND J. B. FERGUSON, JR.
Waste  material  treatment  plant.  Canadian
Patent 918,826 owned by Federated Waste and
Pollution Control Corporation, Hoboken, New
Jersey. Issued Jan. 9,1973.
The  invention pertains  to treatment of waste
material by means of a plant with the facility to
handle large  volumes of organic  and inorganic
wastes and produce  a useful end product. This
end  product  should  be  sanitary,  odorless, and
substantially  inert,  but organic and inorganic
wastes require different considerations in treat-
ment in order to produce this desired product.
The  aim of this invention is  to produce  such a
product. Initially the waste is reduced in size.
Part of this reduced  waste is deposited into the
uppermost of vertically arranged waste material
treatment  courses.  Means   are  provided  for
gradually moving the waste to the lowest course;
during  this  movement,  organic  wastes  are
broken  down and metallic wastes oxidized.  In-
dividual  treatment  sections  may  be insulated
from each other so that such things as plastic,
paper, or metals can be uniquely treated. After
the waste has left the lowermost course  it may
be subjected to final grinding or  milling; the
product may then be formed  into a thin particle
stream which is passed through a high-energy ir-
radiation zone,  destroying pathogenic  bacteria.
Ten  detailed figures  at the end of the paper are
examined in detail. They are concerned with the
construction, arrangement, and manner of opera-
tion   of  the  treatment  plant.  The  product
produced by the plant  can be used as  a  con-
stituent in a sanitary landfill, or, with the addi-
tion  of binders and compression, in the manufac-
ture of building blocks, roadbed foundations, or
insulated acoustic paneling. The patent  has 14
claims.
[23956]

73-4705
  YAMATODA,  K.,   K.   UCHIYAMA,  AND  H.
ISHIKAWA. Josuijo haidei  no  riyoho. [Utilization
of the  sludge  from water  plants.]  Yosui  to
Haisui, 15(3):202-207, Feb. 1973.
Sludge  cake  from water  plants had better be
utilized for specially molded construction materi-
al, since it is alkaline, with pH of 10 to 11, rather
than be used for landfill, thus interfering with
the growth of plants and vegetables. For solidi-
fying sludge, there  are many materials used,
such as portland cement,  water, glass, gypsum,
polymers,  their  emulsions,  sand,   etc. Vinyl
acetate emulsion proved to be effective for giv-
ing compression and warping strength to the
solid blocks made. To 100 g of sludge powder, 35
g cement, 15 g vinyl acetate emulsion, 0.05 g lig-
nin, 0.3 g vesicatory, and 95 g water were added.
After 4-7 days natural drying, the molded block
has a  good finish, is porous,  light,  heat-proof,
sound-proof, and  although it absorbs  water,
when dry it regains its original state. Dry mold-
ing eliminates the shortcomings  of wet molding
blocks. Plastic,  used as binder, is pulverized to
less than 16 mesh, mixed with  sludge powder,
and the mixture, in a mold, is heated and pressed
to become about 1/3 powder material. Optimum
mixture is 60:40, so that about 65 percent binder
is required, calling for  cheap material, such as
polypropylene byproduct. The blocks, after heat-
ing at 160 to 180 C, are water-proof, fire-proof,
can withstand pressure and shock well, and are
suitable as construction material. However, the
sludge to be mixed must be dried in dry molding.
Cheaper   acquisition   methods  for  sludge,
methods of utilizing untreated sludge, etc., must
be studied. (Text in Japanese)
[23957]

73-4706
 ZEPLICHAL, F. Die verwertung von altreiten.
[Re-utilization    of   used    tires.]    ISWA
(International   Solid   Wastes  and   Public
Cleansing  Association) Information  Bulletin,
6:(105-111), Dec. 1971.
A pyrolytic process for the conversion of old
tires into valuable components is described. The
patented process starts with the grinding of the
old tires into grains of 2 to 8 mm. The particles
are then laid in loose layers about 40 to 50 mm
thick on hurdles and heated under high vacuum,
e.g. 10 Torr, at about 500 C until the organic com-
ponents  of the  elastomer  are disintegrated
without  total decomposition of the elastomer
macromolecules. The gaseous  products are im-
mediately  removed  from the reactor,  and are
condensed by cooling. Gases, water, and losses

-------
account for about 12 percent of the original
volume, the pyrolyzate for 52 percent, and soot
and zinc oxide for another 36 percent. The liquid
pyrolyzate  consists  of naphthenic or  aromatic
oils which  were added  to the rubber  during
polymerization,    and   of   depolymerization
products of the  elastomer. The gaseous product
is composed of hydrogen and light hydrocarbons
which can be used for heating purposes after
desulfurization.  The residue  contains almost no
volatile  components  as  it  consists of loose,
porous,  and dry grains,  resembling  the  granu-
lated soot utilized in the production of rubber.
The pyrolyzate obtained  can be used as an addi-
tive to road asphalt or epoxy, and the soot as ac-
tive filler for rubber, or as printing ink pigment.
(Text in German)
[23958]

RESEARCH

73-4707
 ASTM studies  recycled  plastics. Materials
Research and Standards, 37-40, June 1972.
The American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) Committee  D-20 on Plastics will in-
vestigate its current standards to determine if
an unnecessary premium is  put on  virgin raw
materials. During the March Committee Week
Meeting at Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C.,
an ad-hoc committee and working groups were
created. ASTM Annual  Book of Standards is
available on Visual  Search Microfilm  (VSMF).
Tests are  conducted towards production  of
'childproof container caps to prevent poisoning.
Standards  are also  needed for earthquake-re-
sistant structures achieved by by constructing
less strong and more flexible concrete. The com-
mittee on leather is concerned with  developing
methods for testing the chemical and physical
properties  of leathers.  Since establishing the
ASTM-ACA  .Committee,   the   group  has
developed 33 ASTM standards. Improvement of
methods information generated by the commit-
tee is necessary. As  a  form of incentive, the
ASTM Committee awarded  experts who have
been instrumental in developing standards for
different processing methods.
[23959]
73-4708
 MAHLOCK, J. L. conclusions. In An investigation
of the microbiology of aerobic decomposition of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis.    LawrenceO, University
of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 147-149. The article sum-
marizes the  results of an investigation into the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse.
A number of conclusions are  offered. Rapid
microbial degradation of certain solid waste com-
ponents can  occur by using an aerobic  microbial
system. Chemical composition of solid waste is
the  most  critical factor  in  decomposition.
Moisture is  important  for  rapid  metabolism.
Temperature was a simple parameter useful in
tracing the rate of microbial decomposition. The
pH of the  solid  waste-soil  mixture  affected
metabolism  initially and as  the  metabolism
proceeded; mixed refuse showed an increasing
pH while paper wastes showed a decreasing pH.
Grinding and good mixing with soil is essential
for rapid decomposition. Sampling techniques
are critical in evaluating microbial  degradation;
homogeneity is of prime concern. A definite pat-
tern of succession of bacteria and fungi occurred
during metabolism of wastes with bacteria start-
ing metabolism. Predominant fungi in the three
solid  waste  systems   included Trichoderma,
Geotrichum,  Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus,
and Clasdosporium.  Use  of rose  bengal was
satisfactory  for  a quantitative evaluation  of
fungi; a yeast extract-soil extract medium was
satisfactory  for  enumeration of  bacteria.  No
method was available for readily distinguishing
between  living microbial cells and  spore forms
during the latter  stages of metabolism. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23965

73-4709
 EIPELTAUER, E.  Verwertung von phosphor-
saeure-gipsschlamm. [Utilization of phosphoric
acid-gypsum-sludge.]     Tonindustrie-Zeitung,
97(l):4-8,1973.
In many phosphoric acid industries, the gypsum
sludge from wet process is as before going to the
dump or into the waters, thus causing pollution
of the environment. The intensive efforts made
all over the world to utilize this sludge have not

-------
                                                                                          83
yet brought success, because of the processes
being too costly, or the products not satisfactory.
The difficulties are due to a considerable degree
to the  openness  of the gypsum lattice and the
easy penetration of metal ions into it during its
formation. The results of studies in this matter
are reviewed. The  important difficulties that
have to be eliminated are: the phosphate content,
fluorine  content, organic  impurities,  sodium
oxide content, and neutralization. The radioac-
tivity is an important factor as well. A techni-
cally feasible way is shown how to produce high-
grade plaster of Paris by single-time calcination,
with sludge drying and final calcination in same
machinery. (Text in German)
[23960]

734710
  Forschungsauftrag  zur  loesung  des  muell
problems. [Research work to solve the refuse
problem.] VDI-Nachrichten, 27(1)1:6,1973.
The Federal Minister for Education and Science
charged the Batelle Institute at Frankfort with
research work  concerning the  negative  in-
fluences of one-way plastic packaging on the en-
vironment.  The study shall show the utility of
one-way  plastic  packagings in  relation to the
harmful  effects  which are  caused by these
packings in  the  environment. This  study is to
establish exact  data  as  to the  quantity  of
packings which  are thrown  away and  which
material is  used for them. These investigations
shall contribute to answer the question whether
it is necessary  to  develop a plastic  material
which  can be biologically decomposed and how
this project  can be realized economically. (Text
in German)
[23961]

73-4711
 KEHR, W.  Q. Cellulolytic activity in municipal
composting.  In  Microbial degradation of urban
and agricultural wastes. [Cincinnati,  U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste  Management Programs, 1972. Reprint.] p.
186-187.
Compost from the Johnson City Tennessee Com-
posting Plant was used to study the microorgan-
isms capable of cellulolytic activity in composted
municipal wastes. Three cellulolytic flora were
isolated by plating appropriate dilutions of com-
post homogenates on cellulose agar. A thermo-
philic fungus was  found to clear  the  cellulose
agar after incubation for 4 or 5 days at 40 to 45 C.
This was Aspergillus fumigatus. A Gram-varible,
spore forming rod, was isolated early in the com-
posting process. It was capable of clearing the
plate after 1 to 2 weeks. This organism flourishes
at temperatures of 35 to 40 C and will not live
above  45  C.  The  organism was  tentatively
identified as a member  of the genus  Bacillus.
Another organism studied was the Thermoac-
tinomycetes of the Actinobifida group. This or-
ganism grew well in the range of 55 C. Five to 6
days were required  for this organism to clear
areas of cellulose. The clarified extracts of com-
post were able to hydrolyze carboxymethyl cel-
lulose at temperatures of 65 C. This temperature
is common in municipal waste. The optimal pH
for the cellulolytic activity of compost was ex-
tracts was 6.0. Other research on the same sub-
ject is discussed. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23962]

734712
 KEHR, W. Q. Conversion of organic solid wastes
into yeast.  In Microbial degradation of urban
and agricultural wastes. [Cincinnati, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, 1972. Reprint.] p.
188-189.
This article  concerns research into the economic
feasibility of converting solid waste to  edible
protein through a two stage process of hydroly-
sis and fermentation. Waste paper and bagasse
were used in for research because of the easy
availability  of economic  data and  the isolated
supply. This research was based on work done on
hydrolysis at the Forest Products Laboratory of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Madison,
Wisconsin. The work there used wood for the
process, but the method used was the same and
the data were conservatively relevant.  Fermen-
tation followed the regular methods methods for
the aerobic  propagation of cells. Economic con-
siderations  were based  on the production of
protein that is similar to torula yeast. Marketing
projections were made. Bagasse and waste paper

-------
84
were only examples-any organic refuse can be
used and this process seems to hold promise for
extensive utilization of waste. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23963]

734713
 KEHR, W. Q. Feasibility study on the disposal of
polyethylene  plastic   waste.   In  Microbial
degradation of  urban and agricultural wastes.
[Cincinnati,   U.S.   Environmental  Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Pro-
grams, 1972. Reprint.] p. 187-188.
Vinyl plastics are particularly sensitive to some
microorganisms, but since these polymers are
used in a plasticized state it is possible to con-
sider using the  plasticizer to provide nutrients
for the microorganisms. Plasticizers are usually
attractive to fungi since microorganisms  can
more readily use glycol derivatives than phthalic
acidderivatives. Experiments have shown that
polyvinyl chloride left in the ground for 5 years
showed  marked   decomposition.   Both   the
polymer  and the plasticizer were attacked. The
inertness of polyethylene makes its disposal by
chemical and biological means difficult.  How-
ever, chemical treatment of this plastic can alter
its properties  so  as  to make it  more  easily
disposable.  More research on this subject is
necessary.  (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
   239640

73-4714
 MAHLOCH, J. L.  Experimental methods. Sam-
pling. Physical-chemical tests. In An investiga-
tion of the microbiology of aerobic decomposition
of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University
of Kansas, Dec.  1970. p. 35-41.
Sampling of substrates from the test boxes was
performed with a trowel. Various amounts of the
substrate were tested  for  determining  pH,
microbiological  analysis,  volatile  solids,  and
COD. Temperature was tested using two ther-
mometers at different locations within  the sub-
strate. Results  of relative humidity studies are:
there was no significant difference in equilibri-
um moisture contents of samples taken at dif-
ferent  times; and there was likewise no  dif-
ference between different relative humidities of
incubation. Soil alone was used as  a control for
COD testing. Findings suggest that COD in the
soil was invariant with time, and that this COD
made up a small portion (5 percent) of the sub-
strate  COD. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23967]

73-4715
 MAHLOCH, J. L. Experimental methods. In An
investigation of  the microbiology of  aerobic
decomposition   of   refuse.   Ph.D.   Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas,  Dec. 1970. p.
30-34.
The document previously demonstrated the fun-
damental  interrelationship existing  between
microflora and environmental  factors  when
discussing biological transformations  of refuse.
A  larger problem  is  to   expand  current
knowledge related to such biological decomposi-
tion. In order to do this, great care must be taken
to design the experiment properly. The design
must   incorporate   a   balance  between   the
minimum amount  of  data  needed  to  make
satisfactory  conclusions  and the  maximum
amount of data  that can realistically be collected.
For this reason, environmental factors  of tem-
perature,  moisture, pH, volatile solids, and COD
were measured. An attempt was made to relate
relative humidity  to moisture content. Counts
were taken on various samples for bacteria and
fungi; isolations were obtained at various points.
The experiment was limited to the aerobic phase
of biological activity.  Refuse was placed into
boxes  which were insulated to minimize  heat
losses. Aeration rate to each box was maintained
at between one to  three  cu  ft of air per hr.
Refuse was mixed with  soil in all but one experi-
ment. The three phases of the experiment were a
trial run  to test experimental methods,  using
paper wastes plus soil and mixed refuse plus soil
for substrates,  and using grass and leaves plus
soil and mixed refuse plus an old refuse-soil mix-
ture for substrates. Refuse was shredded prior
to being placed  in the boxes. The experiment was
conducted for  48  days with sampling every 2
days. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23966]

-------
                                                                                           85
73-4716
 MAHLOCH, J. L. Fungal populations in the sub-
strates. In An investigation of the microbiology
of aerobic decomposition of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis.
[Lawrence], University  of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
121-131.
An attempt was made to show succession of the
various types of fungi  in the substrates. The
mixed  refuse substrate in phase  one  had a
definite  succession   of fungi  from  Mucor,
Geotrichum,   and   Rhizopus   to   a   final
predominance of Trichoderma.  Paper wastes had
the same predominance with a  succession  of
three Penicillia species  throughout  the incuba-
tion period. The grass and leaves substrate  in
phase two had Trichoderma as the main isolate.
Trichoderma was the major fungus isolated from
mixed  refuse in phase two.  Types of  fungi iso-
lated agree with those previously isolated from
refuse samples. With the exception of the paper
wastes substrate, mycelia were observed in the
substrates during the course  of incubation.  A
general succession of fungi involved  first, the
terrestrial phycomycetes,   second,  the  asco-
mycetes, and finally the basidiomycetes. Fungal
isolates were  checked for cellulolytic activity.
Aspergillus  and Trichoderma  species were re-
ported as fungi which possess the capability  to
degrade cellulose. It should be stressed that both
qualitative and quantitative data are needed for
an evaluation of fungal activity in a  substrate.
The presence of Trichoderma in all substrates as
well  as the increasing counts  over  time throw
doubt on the validity of the counts as  indicators
of fungal activity. Presence of mycelia  in the
substrate was probably the best indicator  of fun-
gal activity in the research. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23968]

73-4717
 MAHLOCH, J. L. Results. Microbiological tests.
In An investigation of the microbiology of aero-
bic  decomposition  of  refuse.  Ph.D.  Thesis.
[Lawrence], University  of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
101-120.
Results of microbiological tests concerning aero-
bic decomposition of refuse are presented. The
graphs show an initial increase in numbers of or-
ganisms due to the food available to the microor-
gansims in the substrate. In general, the num-
bers of bacteria increased to a peak value and
remained  fairly stable. Numbers  of fungi also
showed an increase to a peak during the initial
period but the counts were variable throughout
the remainder of the experimental method. One
reason for this variability may lie in the 'half-life'
concept, which is characterized by a high rate of
metabolic activity and a concomitant high rate of
reproduction, but a rapid decline in numbers due
to substrate availability. Other reasons based on
research are provided. Results of grouping  the
bacterial isolates  are  presented in  tables.  At
least 80 percent of the isolates obtained were run
through tests described earlier in the thesis. Ex-
perimental work provided insufficient data for
detailing the  types of groups  present  (genera
and  species) or to state the interrelationship
between  the groups in the  various  substrates.
However, the results did show that there was a
definite pattern of succession of bacterial popu-
lations within the substrates. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23969]

73-4718
 MAHLOCH, J. L.   Results. Moisture content.
Volatile solids and  COD.  In  An investigation of
the microbiology  of  aerobic decomposition  of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence,] University of
Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 77-100.
Graphs of percentage moisture versus time, with
the exception of the grass and leaves substrate,
show a linear decrease in moisture. However, in
the second phase of the experiment, the relation-
ships between moisture content and time dif-
fered from those in phase one. It is evident that
the moisture holding capacity of a substrate was
related to its composition.  Paper wastes and
mixed refuse  were subject to loss of moisture.
The grass and leaves substrate did not undergo a
significant moisture  loss. Probably the  main
process for moisture loss was through aeration.
It is  also apparent that this process was tem-
perature dependent. Both volatile solids and the
COD of refuse are indicators of the amount of
biologically available  substrate. In all but two
cases tested, both  volatile solids and COD were
found to be significantly decreasing with time.

-------
86
The plot of volatile solids versus time for paper
wastes substrate followed an arc, increasing to a
peak at about 20 days and then decreasing. This
may  be explained by a weight gain of the sub-
strate  due to  hydrolysis of the cellulose. The
plots  of COD versus  time  reveal smoothed
curves for all  substrates,  showing evidence of
decomposition. It is  difficult to ascertain any
kinetic data for the overall reaction from volatile
solids and COD curves.  In general, the rates in
the initial states of decomposition appear to be
linear in nature. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23970]

73-4719
 MAHLOCH, J. L.  Results.  Physical-chemical
tests. In An investigation of the microbiology of
aerobic decomposition of refuse.  Ph.D.  Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
64-76.
Experimental  results of the  investigation into
the microbiology of aerobic  decomposition of
refuse are presented. The results can be divided
into two sections, one for physical-chemical tests
and the other  for microbiological. The common
denominator was  time. Temperature  results
show one common characteristic, a sharp initial
temperature peak followed by a decline to a
semistable temperature. Indications are that ac-
tivity was at a  minimum  in paper wastes and at a
maximum in,mixed refuse of the Second Phase
(described earlier). Differences in temperature
curves between  these results and those  in the
literature may be due to dissimilar heat reten-
tion  properties of the two systems and a dif-
ference in time  intervals over which tempera-
ture was  measured.  Effect of aeration  on the
temperature curves could not be evaluated. The
graphs of pH versus time demonstrated funda-
mental  differences between the three types of
substrates used in the research. Curves for both
mixed refuse substrates show a linear trend up-
ward. Curves  for grass and  leaves, and paper
wastes, show a much different result, however.
The graph for paper wastes started at slightly
acidic pH, dropped to a pH of 3.9, and remained
fairly constant.  The pH  of  grass  and  leaves
started at a slightly acidic pH, rose to a pH of 8.3,
and remained fairly constant. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23971]

73-4720
 MUKAI, 0.  Suijoki funiki deno puraschiku no
gasuka. [Gasification of plastics  in a wet  at-
mosphere.] In Proceedings; 28th Spring meet-
ing, Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo, Japan, Apr.
1-5,1973. p. 748.
Several  plastics  such  as polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene  (PP),  polystyrene   (PS),  and
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were thermally decom-
posed, and  their  thermal characteristics  and
thermal   decomposition  rate   according  to
Kofatad's method  were examined by means of
differential thermal analysis. Next, PE  and PP
were  subject to pyrolysis at 700 to 900 C with
and without  addition of water vapor,  passing
through  a quartz  tube pyrolyzer, and  their
decomposed product composition,  gasification
rate, and carbon yield were examined. In case of
PE,   hydrogen,  ethylene,  ethane,  propylene,
propane, and carbon were formed. The addition
of water vapor gave use to carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide, bringing about the  decrease in
carbon formation and also the increase in gasifi-
cation rate. The same tendency was observed for
PP.  (Text  in Japanese)  (This  document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23972]

73-4721
 MUTO,  G., AND  M.  SEND.  Toshi haikibutsu
taisaku no kaihatsu kenkyo gaiyo. [A review of
research on refuse  disposal.]  Seisan Kenkyu,
25(2):73-75, Feb. 1973.
To proceed  with  the effective disposal of mu-
nicipal plastic  wastes, wide basic studies by the
heat  decomposition study group, photo-decom-
position study group, field investigation group,
and  the disposal  system  investigation group
have been undertaken. These include a study on
the development of an analytical method for the
metallic  components in  plastics  and  on the
forecast of pollution  by heavy metals  after
disposal, in which a pulse polarographic analysis
was  carried out for cadmium, lead, chromium,
etc., contained in polyvinyl chloride. It is possible
to analyze cadmium to 1 parts per billion and for
lead and chromium to 1 to 10 parts per billion. A

-------
                                                                                         87
study on  an inorganic filler for plastics was
made, with  a result that adding an inorganic
filler in large amounts lowers the heat of com-
bustion  and also aids  burn out  of  polyolefin
plastic. A study on the photochemical decomposi-
tion of plastic including aromatic carbonyl azide
and quinone diazide, in which Eosine as a sen-
sitizer for the formation of oxygen and cyclohex-
ane as a reacting substance are subjected to light
exposure in a solution of methanol, a develop-
mental study on highpolymers which are liable to
photodecomposition in which a carbonyl-contain-
ing polymer is synthesized, a co-polymerization
of benzal acetone (BA) and benzal acetophenone
(BAph)  with stylene (St),  and a catalytic decom-
position of plastic and a study on the effective
use of  plastic waste are underway.  (Text  in
Japanese)
[23973]

SANITARY LANDFILL

734722
 HEITFELD, K.-H., AND U.  SCHOETTLER. Ver-
sickert  wohin?   [Seeping,  where?]  Umwelt,
3(l):57-58,1973.
Tests have been conducted in Western Germany
as to the pollution  of the groundwater near
dumping sites and sanitary landfills. Special at-
tention has been paid to the presence of mercu-
ry, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc which accu-
mulates in  the  human  body  and may  cause
cancer.  Six hundred samples have been drawn
during 2 years and it was found that near mu-
nicipal refuse dumping sites the concentration of
copper  and  cadmium ions was especially high.
Metal ions decompose incompletely in the un-
derground. According to the soil properties the
accumulation  and  cleaning  capacity  of the
ground differs. It was found that soil containing
much clay has the best cleaning capacity while
sandy soD showed the worst results. (Text  in
German)
[23975]

734723
 KEHR, W. Q. Special studies of a sanitary land-
fill.  In  Microbial degradation of urban and
agricultural  wastes.  [Cincinnati, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs, 1972. Reprint.] p. 189-
190.
This report outlines the conclusions drawn from
a study of test cells constructed at the Los An-
geles County Sanitation District  landfill.  A
number of conclusions were reached. The initial
in-place density of a landfill can be increased by
adding water or increasing the height of the fill.
An aerobically constructed landfill can maintain
an active composting environment. However, the
high temperatures that result can create a fire
hazard. In an aerobic landfills gasses generated
consisted  mainly  of  oxides  of carbon and
nitrogen. Methane  quantities depend  on the
amount of  water  added.  Aerobic  landfills
produced oxygen and nitrogen during aeration
and carbon dioxide and nitrogen at other times.
Gas production takes place chiefly between the
230th and 600th days. The gasses produced in a
landfill diffuse into the soil, as well  as into the
air. (This document is  retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23976]

734724
 KUTSUMA, J. Gomi no umetate ni yoru haikibut-
su no niji kogaiO gomi senso, sono chosa hokoku.
[Secondary pollution from sanitary  landfillsO  a
report on the investigation of the 'Battle of the
Refuse.'] Sangyo Kogai, 8(10):20-28, Oct. 1972.
The  quarries in the Tama River Valley, where
sand pebbles are mined have been used for a city
refuse landfill during  the  last several years.
Recently,   inhabitants  of  Musashi-Murayama
City complained of secondary pollution  caused
by methane obviously leaking from such landfill
sites. Investigations were made to determine the
extent  of  pollution by  methane and  carbon
monoxide, and whether this has been the cause
of the  blight of chestnut trees in the area.
Methane gas was sampled by 5 cc injection nee-
dles and analyzed by gas chromatography. Car-
bon monoxide was sampled by a Mylar bag and
was analyzed by the non-dispersion infrared ab-
sorption method.  The methane  concentration
ranged between 100 and  30,000 ppm. The max-
imum concentration at a height of 1.5 m from the
ground was 69.6 ppm and the maximum at 5 m
was   38.5   ppm.  There  were  possibilities  of

-------
methane infiltrating into cesspools of households
in the area, which might have caused an explo-
sion in the kitchens and bathhouses by  leaking
through the drainage systems. Carbon monoxide
was detected in the range between 3 and 20 ppm.
The highest concentration was found in the cess-
pools. The methane  content in the soil of the
blighted chestnut groves was relatively high, the
maximum concentration being 239 ppm. (Text in
Japanese)
[23977]

734725
  NOVAK, B.    Vorschlag einer  einheitlichen
probenahmeeinrichtung fuer die ueberwachung
der  auslaugungsvorgaenge  in abfalldeponien.
[Proposal for a standard sampling device for the
control of leachate in sanitary landfills.] ISWA
(International   Solid   Wastes   and   Public
Cleansing Association) Information Bulletin,
(6):81-89, Dec. 1971
A sampling device of very simple construction
and acceptable price for taking water samples
from landfills is proposed. The sampling surface,
of optional shape and a minimum area of 4 sq m,
is made  of plastic or  galvanized plate, and is
placed on a compacted  gravel or sand layer at a
slope angle of 2 to 5 degrees so as to enable the
water sample to flow off into a collecting tank of
7 to 10 liter- volume. While the sampling  surface
is being filled  with waste a sampling pipe is in-
serted, and this  pipe  can be successively ex-
tended as the dump grows. A hand pump coupled
with a suction cylinder is used to extract samples
from the collecting vessel. This sampling device
is suitable for standardization, and can make
comparative measurements at different dumps
possible. (Text in German)
[23978]

734726
 SCHENKEL, W.  Aspects of water and air pollu-
tion control and landscape architecture at the
tipping    site    'Emscherbruch'.       ISWA
(International   Solid   Wastes   and   Public
Cleansing Association) Information Bulletin,
(6):90-91, Dec. 1971.
The operation of a sanitary  landfill established
on the premises of an abandoned marshy mine is
described with regard to the water and air pollu-
tion control measures adopted. The landfill, to be
filled up to  a height of 80 m, will  accomodate
some 30 million  cu m of primarily domestic
refuse. Geological investigations revealed 5 to 11
m thick  layers of fine and coarse  sand inter-
spersed with boggy deposits,  and an underlying
marl layer of some 300 m thickness. Slow water
flow in these layers, and sulfate content higher
than 900 mg per liter were  observed. Surface
waters contain 6,100 mg of chlorides, 1,500 mg of
sulfates and 560 mg of nitrates per liter. The in-
vestigations ruled out the possibility of water
contamination due to the landfill. To prevent air
pollution, dust and light pieces of wastes are
fixed by means of mine rubble, asbestos cement
slick, or synthetic suspensions. Waste is dumped
in layers of  up to 2 m, followed  by  compaction.
Except for the edges of the landfill, the surface
is not covered up with soil as this would prevent
the trucks from negotiating the landfill site par-
ticularly in rainy weather. The maximum possi-
ble- dumping capacity is not exhausted,  and ef-
forts are made to integrate the site of the landfill
into the surrounding landscape by reactivating
its gentle slopes after filling up.
[23979]

734727
 THE URBAN LAND INSTITUTE. Environment
and the land developer. Washington, 1971.28 p.
The Urban  Land Institute (ULI) has issued a
position paper of its Task Force on Environmen-
tal  Quality  which  summarizes  potentials  and
recommendations for  improving the environ-
ment through better land use. The Task Force's
deliberations were based on these premises: ur-
banization will increase; population will increase;
environmental problems  will increase concomi-
tantly with  the above; urban and economic ex-
pansion and  environmental improvement are not
irreconcilable. Sections of the paper are devoted
to general conservation  practices, open space,
water, air, aesthetics, noise, pollution during con-
struction, and governmental  policies and prac-
tices. In the section devoted to water pollution,
the  authors point  out  that where  sanitary
sewage is posed  of on site or where effluents
from treatment facilities discharge into  open
streams,  water   supply  systems  must  be

-------
                                                                                           89
adequately  separated  from  disposal  sites.
Chemicals  and bacterial  pollutants should be
removed on site rather than being transported
by water. If toxic chemicals cannot be disposed
of on site, their use should be prohibited. The
quality of land and urban environments can be
effected  by governmental policies and regula-
tions most broadly through  land  use controls,
pollution, and subsidized housing.  The  position
paper concludes its discussion by analyzing each
of the above areas and recommending improve-
ments  in existing policies. (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23974]

73-4728
 VAN DER LEEDEN, F., COMP. Ground water; a
selected  bibliography. Port  Washington, New
York, Water Information Center, 1971.116 p.
This book is a compilation of publications on the
subject of ground water resources.  The book
reviews what the compiler feels are the most im-
portant papers in hydrogeology. For the most
part documents of general applicability, rather
than   ones  detailing  local  conditions  are
emphasized. The citations are not annotated.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23980]
          I
73-4729
  ZAPOROZEC, A.,  AND D. A. STEPHENSON.
Hydrogeological aspects of solid waste disposal.
ISWA (International Solid Wastes and Public
Cleansing  Association) Information  Bulletin,
(7):3-ll, June 1972.
General  and hydrogeological aspects of land-
filling are outlined. The economic considerations
include: location of community and area to be
served; the amount of waste; location and acces-
sibility of disposal site and its distance from the
community; present land use and zoning regula-
tions; source of cover material and its distance;
and costs of land, hauling, and labor. The physical
criteria for selecting landfill site  are:  climate,
especially precipitation which controls the rate
of  leachate  production;  topography;  surface
water conditions; soil conditions; and geological
parameters such as depth to  bedrock, character
of surficial and bedrock layers. In addition, grain
size   distribution,  stratification,   and  facies
changes influence hydrological properties  such
as filtering effectiveness. While irregular topog-
raphy is usually favorable for landfilling, highly
porous or fractured bedrock is not suitable. Soil
depths over 40  inches, silt, silt loam, or loam,
good to moderately good drainage, moderate in-
filtration (0.63 to 2.0 in. per hr), slopes of 2 to 25
percent, and upland location are the ideal soil
conditions for landfilling. The study of small,
local flow systems which are controlled by the
configuration  of terrain but modified in  flow
direction and  flow rate by the  soil-rock condi-
tions prevailing along individual flow paths, is of
prime interest in solid  waste disposal problems.
The basic factors to be considered in the evalua-
tion  of ground-water  pollution potential  in  a
given area are the nature of leachates, their ac-
cess to and distribution within aquifiers, and the
location of the landfill relative  to the point of
water  use. Chemical pollutants are more per-
sistent and travel more extensively than biologi-
cal pollutants. Chlorides, hardness, specific con-
ductance, sodium and nitrates levels are the best
indicators of ground-water quality. Leaching is
most active in areas where the landfill intercepts
with the ground-water  table.
[23981]

SEPARATION

73-4730
 JAVET, A. F.  Separating apparatus. Canadian
Patent 923,864 owned  by The Battelle Develop-
ment Corporation, Columbus, Ohio. Issued Apr.
3,1973.
This  invention   describes  an  apparatus  for
separating a suspension into at least two  frac-
tions of different densities. This apparatus  com-
prises one or more cyclones mounted for rotation
about  an  axis  spaced  transversely  to the
cyclones. Each cyclone has an inlet adapted to
communicate  with a  source  discharging the
lighter  of two  fractions and the  second for
discharging the heavier of the two fractions,
which is more distant from the axis than the
first.
[23982]

-------
90
73-4731
 KURIHARA, S. Toshi gomi dm no hai purasuchik-
ku wa bunri suru koto ga detoruka? [Can waste
plastics be separated from city wastes?] Kotai
Haibutsu, (8):2-14, Dec. 1972.
A survey was  conducted on citizens'  con-
sciousness concerning plastic wastes by a private
research agency. A total of 3000 househols were
surveyedO 1500 in Tokyo, 1000 in Osaka and 500
in Nagoya. More than  90  percent realized that
plastic wastes present a problem. Tokyo citizens
were more keenly conscious of this problem than
those in  the two  other  cities.  Residents of
Tokyo's central part realized that plastic wastes
are harmful, while only  25.2  percent in rural
areas of Tokyo, 21.6 percent in Osaka and 20.6
percent in Nagoya  realized  it was harmful.
Another  survey  was  conducted   on   1500
households in Tokyo to see how cooperative they
would be in  dividing  their wastes  into  three
categoriesO bulky wastes, combustible  wastes
and nonflammables  such  as plastics and iron
scrapsO as it is scheduled to start garbage collec-
tion according to these three categories in 1975.
A total  of 72 percent responded and 90 percent
expressed willingness  to  cooperate as far as
possible. An actual experiment with this type of
collection  was  conducted  on  about  100,000
households in Oji area Tokyo from May 1,1971 to
May 31, 1972. Hard plastics such as electrical
equipment and  buckets  showed good  results
being more  than 60 percent separated  from
other garbages. However,  about 77  percent of
the softer type of plastics, such as wrapping film
and bags from food, were not separated. One lac-
tic acid drink manufacturer, whose plastic emp-
ties  are  to   be  recovered,  separately  after
delivery, found only around 60 percent can be
recovered. Of the remaining 40 percent, 70 per-
cent are found in the garbage, 30 percent, cannot
be traced. Even if waste plastics can be usefully
recycled, unless there is an effective measure for
separation of plastic wastes,  there  is no true
solution. (Text in Japanese)
[23983]

SLUDGE
73-4732
 ANDERSON, D. Disposal of sludge solids from
food industry waste treatment.  Critical Reviews
in Food Technology, 3(l):27-87, Apr. 1972.
Disposal of  sludge solids from  food industry
waste treatment as part  of industrial wastes
management is discussed. The following aspects
are  presented:  source and  nature of wastes
produced;  liquid-solid separation process;  as-
•sessing  the  filterability  industrial  sludges;
chemical and thermal  conditioning of sludge;
separation equipment; typical plant capital cost
analysis;  incineration;  disposal  of particulate
solids; marine disposal of  trade  wastes;  en-
gineering design criteria; and material recovery.
Equipment selection must be done by laboratory
evaluations which consider cake dryness, and fil-
trate clarity. The cost analysis requirements are
appraised  considering basic  requirements;  op-
tional requirements are appraised considering
basic requirements; optional requirements and
running  cost  of  equipment  and  processing
methods. Rotary-hearth and fluidized-bed fur-
naces are described, and the corrosion problem is
discussed.  The disposal of particulate solids in-
cludes the  following aspects: transportation de-
watering and incineration  of spent grounds; as
well as land disposal and  composting. The  en-
gineering design criteria concern bulk-handling
of solids, the fluid rate of flow, slurry pipeline
design criteria from  materials available  (spun
iron,  wrought iron, aluminum,  plsatic, concrete,
and steel). Reclamation may be applied in the fol-
lowing fields:  malt distillery  effluent;  potato
starch effluent; and fruit industry effluent,
[23984]

73-4733
 BYE-JOERGENSEN, J. S., AND G. H.  LARSEN.
Sludge centrifuge.  Canadian  Patent  918,121
owned  by  I.  Krueger   A/S,   Copenhagen,
Denmark. Issued Jan. 2,1973.
This  invention  describes  a  sludge centrifuge
with  a rotating drum containing a separating
chamber for liquids and solids. A worm placed
outside the chamber  removes  solids  and is ar-
ranged to  rotate at a speed  differing from  the
rotating  speed of  the drum. Many sludge cen-
trifuges have a worm conveyor with a relative

-------
                                                                                           91
rotation relative to the drum itself; the conveyor
is placed inside the centrifuge drum. However,
under this system, liquids and solids move in
countercurrent, thus giving rise to high turbu-
lence so that separation is usually unsatisfactory,
since part of the solids return to the liquid. Using
this  technique  in  biological water-purification
plants, it may  be found  that the centrifuged
liquid still contains 20-40 percent solids so finely
dispersed as to make further precipitation or
centrifugation difficult. Thus the necessity for
the proposed invention, which describes how the
inlet for sludge is situated at the opposite end of
the separation  chamber through  openings in a
feed worm  placed  coaxially to  the  centrifuge
drum and  running in a  chamber outside the
separation chamber. This arrangement gives an
extraordinarily pure liquid discharge. A detailed
examination of the patent follows. Three claims
are made.
[23985]

73-4734
 HOVER, H. K., D. T. A. HUIBERS, AND L. J. SER-
KANIC, JR. System for treatment of secondary
sewage.  Canadian  Patent  919,319  owned  by
Airco, Inc., New York, New York. Issued Jan. 16,
1973.
The invention is a system for treatment of secon-
dary sewage, in which sewage effluent from a
primary treatment plant is pumped to a vacuum
deaerator for  removal  of  dissolved air. The
stream is then joined with a stream of recycled
activated sludge and oxygen sufficient to meet
the BOD of the combined effluent and recycled
activated sludge. The confluence is subjected to
a static mixer for enhancing contact between ox-
ygen, aerobic  bacteria, and organic  pollutants.
Reactor stream BOD is reduced to the required
level at the reactor outlet. A clarifier separates
the reactor activated sludge from treated waste
water. Clear waste effluent from the clarifier is
sent to tertiary treatment units or to receiving
water. A short history of previous efforts at
treatment of primary sewage efflent is provided.
The  claimed advantage of the invention herein
described is that  it  improves  the  activated
sludge treatment system, allowing the economic
utilization of oxygen for more-or-less complete
reduction of organic inpurities in industrial or
municipal waste water. Six figures are used to il-
lustrate the system conceptually. It is envisioned
that the invention may be applied also to treat-
ment  of other liquid wastes,  such as machine
cutting oils, paints, glycols, alcohols, and ketones.
This  should  be  more economical  than  with
present methods because of the pipeline reactor
of the invention. The invention has 21 claims.
[23986]

73-4735
  Klaerschlammtrocknung  im  heissgasstrom.
[Sewage sludge  drying  in hot gas.]  Umwelt,
3(6):59-60,1972.
Very often the water content of sewage sludge is
too high for using it in composting plants so that
a mechanical  thermal  drying  of the sludge is
recommendable. A new selection drier has been
developed for this purpose consisting of a feed-
ing inlet, a device producing  the  hot gas and
three telescoped tubes. The sludge is fed into the
tubes and dried by the hot gas which is flowing
in the same direction as the sludge. Sludge which
is not sufficiently dried in the first run returns
into the gas stream. The dry substance falls into
a cyclone separator where it is finally dried. The
high velocity of gas and sludge and the continu-
ous vorticity of the particles to be dried provide
for an intensive drying within a short  time. A
drying system combined with a refuse incinera-
tion plant  dewaters the sludge in  two phases.
The first mechanical dewatering takes place in a
screen belt press where the sludge which has
been  mixed  with  flocculation  agents is de-
watered from 92 percent to 70 percent water
contents. From there the pre-dried sludge goes
to a double paddle mixer where it is mixed with
dry substance  so  that  the   water  contents
amounts to only 40 percent. In a subsequent spe-
cial mill the sludge is mixed with hot gas which is
aspirated from the combustion chamber of the
refuse incineration plant, so that the final water
contents is 20 percent. In a cyclone the  dried
sludge is divided  into two currents of which one
returns into the paddle mixer and  the  other is
burnt together with the refuse in  the incinera-
tion plant. (Text in German)
[23987]

-------
92
734736
 MUDRACK, K.   Kriterien fuer  den grad  der
aeroben und anaeroben  schlammstabilisierung.
[Criteria for the degree of aerobic and anaerobic
sludge stabilization.] ISWA (International Solid
Wastes and Public Cleansing Association) In-
formation Bulletin, (7):28-33, June 1972.
Criteria for the degree of the aerobic or anaero-
bic sludge stabilization are reviewed. The basic
goal in sludge  stabilization  is the  maximum
possible reduction of the biodegradable organic
content in the sludge, the degree of which con-
stitutes a criterion for the degree of stabiliza-
tion. The changes occurring in the volume of the
digested sludge, in the solid content and in the
organic  (volatile)   content  are  appropriate
criteria for the sludge digestion. However, varia-
tions in the volatile content give no reliable in-
formation on the degree of aerobic sludge sta-
bilization. Determinations of the gas formation
during  anaerobic  post-digestion  and  of  the
respiration rate (oxygen demand) give relevant
information on the anaerobically degradable and
the aerobically  degradable contents, respective-
ly, while the liquid content is a measure of the or-
ganic fraction. Sufficient degree of stabilization
is reached when the oxygen demand lies below
0.1 kg of oxygen per kg of dry matter, and when
the liquid content is less than 65 mg per g of dry
matter. As the reductions in both the volume and
the solid matter in aerobic stabilization depend
on the process applied these reductions cannot
be  used  as criteria. Pathogenic germs, unlike
worm eggs, are reduced during aerobic stabiliza-
tion. (Text in German)
[23988]

734737
 NELSON, R. D., AND E. VEY.   Treatment  and
reutilization of solid waste from water treatment
process. Chicago, Illinois, IIT Research Institute
Technology Center, Feb. 23,1970.108 p.
A program was conducted to study methods for
dewatering a water softening  sludge from the
Village of Park  Forest, Illinois and to evaluate
uses for the dewatered sludge or ways in which
it can be disposed of. The initial concentration of
the sludge is between 3.6 and 3.9 percent solids
by weight. The sludge solids contain about 84
percent calcium carbonate, 11 percent magnesi-
um hydroxide, and 5 percent miscellaneous and
have 90 percent of the particles in the 1.5 to 30
micron range. The sludge is suitable for use as a
mineral filler in paints, floor covering, caulking
compounds, and bituminous products. It can be
mixed with sands, clays, and organic solids to im-
prove their  workability and strength charac-
teristics. It can also be used as an agricultural
liming material to improve workability and fer-
tility of solids. If required, it can be used as filler
in concrete without adversely affecting strength
and  shrinkage  characteristics.  Almost all  of
these uses would require the sludge  to be in a
dry powder  or almost dry condition. The  best
method of dewatering the  sludge is vacuum fil-
tration after gravity  thickening.  In addition to
being the most economical of the methods con-
sidered to be employed at Park Forest (vacuum
filtration, centrifuging, lagooning, and sand bed
drying), the  air passages induced in the filter
cake induce further drying. This would further
improve   the   handling   characteristics  and
enhance the utilization possibility. This dewater-
ing method will produce a filter cake of about 45
percent solids and an almost clear filtrate which
can be returned to the plant. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23989]

734738
 Neuartige verfahrenseinheit zur trocknung von
klaerschlamm.   [New  equipment  for  drying
sewage  sludge.]  Wasser,  Luft  und  Betrieb,
16(11):404,1972.
A drier for the sludge from sewage purification
is described. It consists of three pipes. The wet
sludge is passed toward a flow of hot gas which
is produced in  a combustion chamber. The wet
material is carried along by the hot gas flow and
deflected.  The  dried  part is separated in  a
cyclone and the wet fraction is returned to the
feeder and the hot  gas flow. With very fine-
grained dry material  a filter is attached to the
cyclone. Otherwise the waste gas is discharged
into the open air, but it can also be returned to
the drying process. Digested sludge with a water
content of more than 90 percent is mixed with
flocculants and pumped to a press for prelimina-
ry dehydration. The filter cake with a water con-

-------
                                                                                           93
tent of 70 to 75 percent is conveyed to a sluice
above the  feeder. The  feeder is essentially a
heated reciprocating plate feeder which trans-
ports the material into the vertically rising hot
gas flow. Through impaction and friction in the
flow the material is comminuted. After  separa-
tion of the dry material the waste gas flow is
passed to a wet cyclone by a radial blower. The
dust is collected in a bin below the cyclone. It can
be returned to the drying process. The  cleaned
gas goes to a deodorizing station comprising a
scrubber followed by a wet cyclone. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23990]

73-4739
  Neue Faulungs-Technologic.  [New  rotting
technology.]  Wasserwirtschaft,  62(ll):355-356,
Nov. 1972.
A new rotting system has been developed which
prevents the formation of swim  sludge layers
and the sedimentation of sand and other heavy
particles.  Instead of mechanical  pumps which
have to provide for a continuous turbulence in
the rotting tank, pumps working  with com-
pressed sewer gas are used. The pipe lines of the
pumps are equipped with a jacket in which hot
water is circulating in order to provide for a con-
stant  rotting temperature  in the  tank.  The
rotting tank itself is cylindrical and made of steel
or concrete. The addition of fresh sludge can be
effected either continuously or in single charges.
The fresh  sludge is immediately  thoroughly
mixed with the activated sludge so that a high
decomposition intensity is guaranteed. The smal-
lest plant disposes of a rotting tank of 400 cu m
and one 'Heatamix' aggregate and the largest
plant consists of 16 rotting tanks of 85,000 cu m
and 60 'Heatamix' aggregates. (Text in German)
[23991]

73-4740
 NEUSPIEL, P. J.  Sewage treatment process and
apparatus. Canadian Patent 922,432 owned by
FMC Corporation, San  Jose, California. Issued
Mar. 6,1973.
Elimination of the biochemical oxygen  demand
(BOD)  from  aqueous   sewage   suspensions
requires a supply of microorganisms and enough
oxygen to support their activites. This invention
helps remove BOD by agitating a mixed liquor
(one which contains recycled sludge) with a sur-
face aerator. This device mixes air into the liquor
with its blades  and induces mingling of influent
sewage and  recylced  microorganisms. Sludge
being returned  from a  settling zone is delivered
to a holding area. From there it flows to an outlet
positioned next to the  inlet of the surface aera-
tor. The outlet for the influent sewage line is ad-
jacent to this sludge return and  mixing of the
liquors is accompolished immediately after the
introduction into the tank. The apparatus com-
prises an aeration tank, a surface aerator,  a set-
tling tank, a sludge removal means, a holding
tank to receive  sludge discharged form the hold-
ing tank, and a  conduit  for transfer of the sludge
from the holding tank to the rotor intake. The
holding tank is elevationally positioned so that
the flow of sludge through the conduit is at least
in part due to gravity.
[23992]

73-4741
  OBRIST,  W.   Treatment of sewage sludge
through  pasteurization  or radiation.   ISWA
(International   Solid    Wastes   and  Public
Cleansing  Association)  Information  Bulletin,
(6):96-97, Dec. 1971.
Recent investigations on the hygienic and other
effects of the application of sewage sludge disin-
fection methods  such as  pasteurization and
gamma irradiation  are  reviewed.  The  usual
sludge treatment proved to be insufficient for
disinfection.  However, pasteurization at  70 C
over 30 minutes is  highly effective showing a
reduction in the enterovacteria count by 4 to 9
powers. Gamma irradiation is also effective; with
a minimum dose of 200,000 rads causing  death
rates of 1,000 - 1,000,000. In addition, surviving
germs are damaged, and eggs of parasites are
killed. Pasteurizing  units at sewage  treatment
plants are  usually automatic in operation.  Units
using superheated  steam have been  in use for
years, and also heat exchangers are available
recently. Gamma irradiation techniques will be
available  for   practical  purposes before  long.
Both pasteurization and irradiation by means of
accelerator are preferred to Cobalt-60 and fis-
sion products which have known disadvantages.

-------
94
Irradiated sludge examined in pot tests proved
to be more productive than pasteurized or un-
treated sludge. Increase in the sedimentation
capacity of raw sludge, and increase in the filtra-
tion capacity of digested sludge due to gamma ir-
radiation were observed. (Text in German)
[23993]

734742
 Odei no shisshiki  sanka  shori  sochi-zimpro
hoshili.  A wet oxidizing treatment equipment
for sludge-the Zimpro System.] Kotai Haibutsu,
(8):108-111, Dec. 1972.
This equipment is used for process in which or-
ganic sludge is heated with air at a certain tem-
perature in a closed vessel where the atmospher-
ic oxygen reacts with the organic sludge, decom-
posing it into gas and water, and a small quantity
of oxidized ash is  left. A considerable amount of
heat is produced which promotes the combustion
of the wet sludge permitting a continuous com-
bustion of wastes in a short time without de-
watering and  application of heat  from outside.
The waste from a factory is stored in a reservoir
after being ground as finely as possible with a
coarse crusher and fine crusher making solids in
the sludge oxidizable. The necessary air for ox-
idation is introduced and mixed with the sludge
in a highly pressurized system, and the mixed
sludge  goes   to  a  reactor  through   a  heat
exchanger tube. There a wet oxidizing reaction
takes  places  and the temperature is raised
gradually  by  the  oxidation heat. Then, the ox-
idized sludge liquid enters a gas-liquid separator.
The  separated gas and liquid are subjected to
final treatment. The  available equipment of this
type has a capacity  of 2 to 20 tons a  day for
sewage sludge or industrial waste liquid, and 59
to 600 Kl a day for night soil. (Text in Japanese)
[23994]

73-4743
 Putting industrial sludges in place.  Environ-
mental Science and Technology,  6(10):874-875,
Oct. 1972.
This article  discusses a  nonleachable,  sanitary
structural material that  may be an innovative
answer to the sludge disposal problem. It is a
mixture of fly ash, industrial byproduct sludge,
and hydrated lime. The process encapsulates the
sludge. The encapsulated waste  material is put
to good use as roadbed material, construction
material, or construction aggregate. This encap-
sulation technology  has been used in several
field projects which are described in the article.
[23995]

73-4744
 SAWYER,  R. D.,  AND J. D. TINSLEY.  Sewage
treatment. Canadian  Patent 923,231  owned by
Nalco Chemical  Co., Chicago,  Illinois. Issued
May 20,1973.
Soluble phosphates are removed from a sewage
effluent by controlled additions  of sodium alu-
minate introduced prior to  discharging the ef-
fluent to  a receiving body of water, thereby
reducing considerably the amount of phosphates
responsible for proliferation of primitive aquatic
plant life deemed ecologically harmful.
[23996]

73-4745
 SUPERSPERG, H.  Landwirtschaftliche schlamm-
verwertung. [Agricultural  sludge utilization.]
Osterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, 24(9/10):192-
199,1972.
Tests have been conducted concerning the con-
sequences on the crop when using wet sludge as
manure on agricultural areas. It  was found that
an area of 25 hectares must be  available if the
sludge of 10,000 inhabitants shall be used as fer-
tilizer. The reaction of the soil and the plants de-
pend on the composition and the  storage time of
the sludge. In any case it is necessary to provide
for an additional fertilizing with potash owing to
the low percentage contained in the sludge. A
comparison of the crops from fields treated with
commerical fertilizer and those with sludge has
been conducted by the city of  Vienna It was
found that the quantity of the crop from fields
treated with sludge  was superior to that from
fields treated with commercial  fertilizer while
the quality suffered  slightly. In  any case it can
be recommended to use sludge as fertilizer. The
sludge should be ploughed into the fields and the
quantity of the sludge should not exceed 600 cu
m per hectare. However,  attention  should  be
paid that before using sludge it is treated suffi-

-------
ciently in sewage plants and on the fields it is
well mixed with soil so that harmful effects on
the health of men and animals are avoided. (Text
in German)
[23997]

734746
 VAN FASSEN, J.   Federal  assistance  speeds
sewage treatment system recovery after flood.
Water  and Sewage Works,  120(3):62-65, Mar.
1973.
Under the  Disaster Relief  Act of 1970,  the
Federal government  is  charged  with wide
responsibility  in  assisting both individuals  and
municipalities to recover from major natural dis-
asters, such as floods.  The Army Corps of  En-
gineers   and   the  Office   of  Emergency
Preparedness are of particular interest to public
works  officials.  The aftermath  of  Hurricane
Agnes, which ravaged large sections  of  the
Northeast in the summer of 1972, left the city of
Harrisburg with  thousands of homes destroyed
and the sewage treatment plant ruined.  This
treatment  plant  is  a regional primary facility.
The pumping  stations, central treatment plant,
lagoons, sludge incinerator rooms, and transfor-
mers were damaged and inoperable. The Corps
of Engineers  commissioned a local engineering
firm to estimate what work would have to been
done, how long it would take  and what it would
cost. The estimated  time needed to put the treat-
ment plant at  full efficiency was about 6 months.
However, because of the massive effort of the
Federal government and the funds made availa-
ble the plant was 100 percent operational only 7
weeks after the flood.  To date the repair costs
have been nearly $50,000 less than estimated.
[23998]

STREET CLEANING

734747
 ORTH,  H.   Staedtereinigung. [City cleaning.]
VDI-Z, 114(9):635,640, June 1972.
General problems and trends in municipal waste
collection  and   city  cleaning  are  outlined.
Domestic waste contains 2-4 percent plastics, 8-
10 percent glass, 49 percent  paper, 10 percent
wood, 4 percent  metal  and 31 percent organic
matter. The share of packaging materials may
reach up to 35 percent. Collection costs can make
up 40-45 percent of the total cost of municipal
waste disposal. Rational collection methods, and
bin and can sizes are reviewed. The use of plastic
or paper bags as well as of garbage compactors is
preferable. Manual sidewalk cleaning is increas-
ingly replaced by mechanized operations, e.g., by
means of sweepers, combined or not with manual
cleaning.  High-pressure water jet scavenging,
even of large-diameter  sewers, is used increas-
ingly, mostly in combination with suction tank
trucks. The specific  problem of the cleaning of
gasoline and sand separators is reviewed. Snow
removal, as difficulties in the use of ice warning
systems are  described. The salt expenditure
should not exceed 40 g  per sq m. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23999]

734748
 ROBERTS, E. E.  Snow  and ice removal system.
Canadian Patent, 921,785 owned by Gloria E.
Smith and Ralph G. Smith. Issued Feb. 27,1973.
Snow and ice are removed from a paved surface
by moving an air chamber with a downwardly
extending opening along the paved surface hav-
ing a layer of ice or snow thereon, producing high
intensity heat in  the chamber and  directing the
heat downwardly against the paved surface as
the chamber is moved along such surface to melt
the ice and snow, wiping the paved surface im-
mediately  after  exposure to the  heat of the
chamber  to direct  the melted ice and snow
laterally of the direction of movement of the
chamber along the paved surface, controlling the
amount of heat and the speed of movement of
the chamber such that the ice or snow is melted
and the paved surface is heated so  that the heat
of the paved surface and atmospheric conditions
leave the wiped surface essentially free of traf-
fic-endangering moisture.
[24000]

TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS

-------
96
73-4749
 PINTO, D.   Ecology, the physical  plant, and
public relations.  In How to make ecology work
for you.  New York,  New York,  Chain  Store
Publishing Corporation, 1972. p. 80-89.
If a retailer is going to be popular with ecology-
minded shoppers he must make sure that his
physical plant takes the steps necessary to avoid
environmental pollution. This would include air
pollution   control equipment for  incinerators;
substitution of baling and recycling for incinera-
tion  of waste paper  and corrugated; effluent
treatment at food processing plants; and control
of vehicle emissions. In  addition an ecology-
oriented public relations campaign is important.
This advertising should present the  store's en-
vironmentally responsible activities, and advise
and educate the consumer on various environ-
mental issues. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24001]

734750
 PINTO, D. How to make ecology work for you.
New York, Chain Store Publishing Corporation,
1972.148 p.
This book is  published for retailers in order to
provide them with a knowledge of ecological is-
sues and to help them devise a response to them
that will be responsible without harming busi-
ness. In fact ecological consciousness is shown to
help business if properly handled.  There  are
ways for  the business man to respond  to the
complaints of ecologists without endangering his
profits. A well run public relations compaign cou-
pled with minimal  changes in  products and
operations can improve sales to the ecologically
conscious public. Some of the issues discussed in-
clude: detergents; recycling; beverage  bottles;
packaging; and the scope of the problem. There
are appendices showing; a model anti-litter law;
solid waste statistics; and key environmental or-
ganizations.  There is also a glossary of  solid
waste terms. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24002]
73-4751
 PINTO, D.  Recycling. In How to make ecology
work for you. New York, New York, Chain Store
Publishing Corporation, 1972. p. 64-79.
This article discusses the recycling of paper,
glass, and metal and what retailer's role in the
process can and should be. Possible actions in-
clude: baling and recyling in-store waste paper
and corrugated instead of incinerating it; placing
bins in parking lots for collection of newspapers,
bottles, and  aluminum cans from the public;
using recycled paper for packaging store brands;
selling products made from recycled materials;
and  making  returnable  bottles  available  in
private label  beverages. The  retailer should,
however, keep the profit motive in hand. It is ex-
pensive for store personnel to supervise  recla-
mation  facilities  on  store  premises.  Most
recycling activities are not profitable. The baling
and sale of corrugated and the collection of alu-
minum  cans   are  exceptions.  Nevertheless,
recycling  activities  and their advertisement
build  community  goodwill   and   bring  in
customers   and  profits.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24003]

73-4752
 STEFANELLI,  L.  Americans travel to Soviet
Union in first industry technical exchange.  Solid
Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal,
15(11):12-14,70,72, Nov. 1972.
This article describes  a trip to Leningrad  taken
by members of the solid waste management in-
dustry from Northern California. The Amer-
icans were  shown the  equipment used in the
Russian  city  under  demonstration  conditions
rather than in actual work. The  snowplowing
equipment was most impressive; that for street-
cleaning was similar to that in the United States,
but  smaller.  The  collection   system  is  con-
tainerized. Pickup is daily. The vehicles have a
fairly small capacity and must travel 20 miles to
a landfill so the city must operate 1200 vehicles
to service the  city. A special reliable container
and  truck  have  been  designed  to  facilitate
removal from areas which the large trucks can-
not reach. There is only one composting plant in
the  Soviet  Union; it has  a  four ton per  day
capacity.

-------
                                                                                          97
[24004]                                          The article stresses the importance of efficient
                                                methods of materials handling in foundries. The
TRANSPORT                                primary goal is seen to be minimization of han-
                                                dling.  It is important to have systems  that
7
-------
98
                                                 SUBJECT INDEX
   accident
      see also petrochemicals
             73-4518
   agricultural wastes
      see also animals, manure, food processing
             73-4454
      crop residue, 73-4544
   air pollution, 73-4494, 73-4555, 73-4602, 73-4739
      analysis of pollutants,  73-4486, 73-4532, 73-4557, 73-4587
             73-4591, 73-4609, 73-4610, 73-4611
      control equipment, 73-4486, 73-4505, 73-4543, 73-4545
             73-4546, 73-4548, 73-4550, 73-4557, 73-4587
             73-4590, 73-4591, 73-4607, 73-4608, 73-4609
             73-4610, 73-4621, 73-4628
      incinerator, 73-4505, 73-4548, 73-4550, 73-4561, 73-4562
             73-4590, 73-4591
      industry,  73-4607, 73-4609, 73-4610, 73-4611
      laws concerning, 73-4546, 73-4554
      smoke control,  73-4550, 73-4562
   algae
      see microorganisms
   analysis, 73-4456, 73-4457, 73-4458, 73-4459, 73-4490
             73-4497, 73-4498, 73-4500, 73-4510, 73-4524
             73-4609, 73-4629, 73-4722, 73-4729, 73-4730
             73-4731, 73-4732, 73-4733, 73-4734
   animals
      see also manure
             73-4452, 73-4453
   ash
      utilization, 73-4711
   automobiles
      burning, 73-4553
      costs, 73-4464
      incineration, 73-4464,  73-4553
      laws concerning, 73-4463, 73-4464, 73-4511
      volume reduction, 73-4464, 73-4553
   automotive industry
      see automobiles
   bacteria
      see microorganisms
   baling
      equipment, 73-4660, 73-4672, 73-4676, 73-4682
      scrap metal, 73-4682
   bulky wastes
      disposal, 73-4465, 73-4590
      volume reduction, 73-4465, 73-4590, 73-4658, 73-4679
   cellulose, 73-4475
   chemicals
      industrial wastes
         disposal, 73-4612, 73-4651, 73-4666, 73-4734
         processing, 73-4612, 73-4723
         utilization, 73-4694, 73-4723
      post-consumer wastes
         disposal, 73-4704
   collection of wastes
      see also containers
          73-4745
   chute systems, 73-4467, 73-4469
   containers, 73-4472, 73-4643
   contractors, 73-4649
   costs, 73-4642
   equipment, 73-4469, 73-4470, 73-4471,  73-4472, 73-4473
          73-4566
   industrial, 73-4620, 73-4636, 73-4649
   institutional, 73-4630
   laws concerning, 73-4515, 73-4516, 73-4631, 73-4636
          73-4645
   municipalities, 73-4643, 73-4644
   pneumatic, 73-4467, 73-4468, 73-4469
   rural, 73-4644
   trucks, 73-4466, 73-4473

compaction, 73-4672, 73-4676
   equipment, 73-4658, 73-4659, 73-4660,  73-4670, 73-4673
          73-4677, 73-4678, 73-4680, 73-4681, 73-4682
          73-4683, 73-4684, 73-4686, 73-4687, 73-4688
          73-4689, 73-4690, 73-4691, 73-4692

compost, 73-4476, 73-4481, 73-4482, 73-4627, 73-4725
   analysis, 73-4478
   health aspects, 73-4533
   marketing, 73-4478
   utilization, 73-4478, 73-4696

composting, 73-4474, 73-4475, 73-4476, 73-4494, 73-4503
          73-4547, 73-4627
   cellulose, 73-4725
   combined with other disposal methods, 73-4477, 73-4479
          73-4480, 73-4483, 73-4643
   costs, 73-4478, 73-4481
   equipment, 73-4477, 73-4479
   installations, 73-4479
   methods, 73-4477, 73-4478, 73-4481, 73-4490
   problems, 73-4481, 73-4533
   sludge, 73-4477, 73-4478, 73-4479, 73-4480, 73-4483
          73-4533
computer
   see management and planning
construction
   post-consumer wastes
       processing, 73-4671
       utilization, 73-4696, 73-4715

containers,  73-4513, 73-4517, 73-4518, 73-4519, 73-4525
          73-4526. 73-4527, 73-4528, 73-4529, 73-4531
          73-4534, 73-4535, 73-4664, 73-4681, 73-4690

demolition wastes
   see also construction
          73-4671

disposal of wastes
   see also individual methods
          73-4547, 73-4558, 73-4666
   agricultural, 73-4453,  73-4502
   commercial, 73-4502
   costs, 73-4495, 73-4509
   facilities, 73-4470
   health aspects, 73-4502

-------
                                                                                                                       99
   industrial, 73-4486, 73-4487, 73-4489, 73-4492, 73-4502
          73-4513, 73-4528, 73-4530, 73-4565, 73-4570
          73-4586, 73-4592, 73-4599, 73-4600, 73-4613
          73-4618, 73-4629, 73-4636, 73-4651, 73-4652
          73-4664, 73-4746
   laws concerning, 73-4487, 73-4516, 73-4529, 73-4599
          73-4633, 73-4636, 73-4638, 73-4639, 73-4645
          73-4651
   methods, 73-4459, 73-4460, 73-4461, 73-4484, 73-4486
          73-4487, 73-4488, 73-4489, 73-4495, 73-4496
          73-4497, 73-4498, 73-4499, 73-4500, 73-4501
          73-4502, 73-4504, 73-4505, 73-4507, 73-4509
          73-4510, 73-4521, 73-4528, 73-4531, 73-4532
          73-4614, 73-4615, 73-4653, 73-4659, 73-4680
          73-4687, 73-4690, 73-4691, 73-4704, 73-4706
          73-4715, 73-4722, 73-4728, 73-4729, 73-4730
          73-4731, 73-4732, 73-4733, 73-4744, 73-4753
   municipal, 73-4460, 73-4461, 73-4487, 73-4491, 73-4497
          73-4501, 73-4502, 73-4586, 73-4639, 73-4652
          73-4687, 73-4728, 73-4753
   research, 73-4457, 73-4492, 73-4495, 73-4496, 73-4499
          73-4529
drugs
   sec pharmaceutical
economics, 73-4509, 73-4511, 73-4642, 73-4697
   costs, 73-4547, 73-4607, 73-4608
   markets, 73-4700

education
   of the public,  73-4512, 73-4515, 73-4520, 73-4662, 73-4663
          73-4709
       processing, 73-4662
       utilization, 73-4662
   personnel, 73-4551
   professional, 73-4512

environmental protection, 73-4648, 73-4662, 73-4663, 73-4718
          73-4736

equipment, 73-4558
   balers, 73-4676
   collection, 73-4466, 73-4470, 73-4471, 73-4472,  73-4473
          73-4566
   compaction, 73-4658, 73-4660, 73-4671, 73-4673,  73-4677
          73-4678, 73-4680, 73-4681, 73-4682, 73-4683
          73-4686, 73-4687, 73-4688, 73-4689, 73-4690
          73-4691, 73-4692, 73-4719
   hammermilling,  73-4590, 73-4622,  73-4683
   separators, 73-4706, 73-4744
   shearing, 73-4658, 73-4683
   shredding, 73-4590, 73-4622, 73-4658, 73-4671, 73-4675
          73-4679, 73-4683, 73-4699, 73-4719
   wastewater treatment, 73-4747

fertilizer
   see also compost, hazardous
   derived from waste products, 73-4707
fire,  73-4493

food processing wastes
   see also specific methods
          73-4746
   biological treatment, 73-4626
   chemical treatment, 73-4626
   disposal methods, 73-4626
   fruits, 73-4604
   mechanical treatment, 73-4626
   slaughterhouse, 73-4631
   utilization, 73-4604
   vegetable, 73-4626

fungi
   see microorganisms
   industrial wastes, 73-4667
   post-consumer wastes, 73-4462, 73-4657
      disposal, 73-4662
      processing, 73-4662
      utilization, 73-4662, 73-4667, 73-4701
grants, 73-4704, 73-4734

groundwater, 73-4742

hazardous wastes
   see also radioactive wastes
          73-4525, 73-4526
   disposal, 73-4511, 73-4512, 73-4514, 73-4515, 73-4516
          73-4517, 73-4518, 73-4520, 73-4521, 73-4522
          73-4523, 73-4524, 73-4527, 73-4528, 73-4531
          73-4532, 73-4533, 73-4534, 73-4535, 73-4634
   treatment, 73-4511, 73-4512, 73-4513, 73-4514, 73-4518
          73-4520, 73-4521, 73-4524, 73-4528, 73-4531
          73-4532, 73-4618

health and safety, 73-4518, 73-4533, 73-4537, 73-4538
          73-4539

heat recovery
   see incineration

hospitals
   collection, 73-4630
   disposable items, 73-4485
   disposal of wastes, 73-4630
   incineration, 73-4556, 73-4561, 73-4630

incineration
   see also specific  wastes
          73.4494, 73-4503, 73-4542, 73-4571
   air pollution control,  73-4454, 73-4505, 73-4545, 73-4546
          73-4548, 73-4549, 73-4550, 73-4553, 73-4554
          73-4561, 73-4562, 73-4586, 73-4587, 73-4590
          73-4591, 73-4594, 73-4597
   combined with reclamation, 73-4548, 73-4552
   commercial wastes, 73-4545, 73-4556, 73-4561
   costs, 73-4491, 73-4545, 73-4548
   design of plant,  73-4530, 73-4541,  73-4547, 73-4548
          73-4549, 73-4553, 73-4559, 73-4560, 73-4563
          73-4567, 73-4569, 73-4588, 73-4590
   emissions, 73-4484, 73-4505, 73-4546, 73-4548, 73-4553
          73-4557, 73-4559, 73-4561, 73-4562, 73-4567
          73-4587, 73-4588, 73-4589, 73-4594, 73-4597
   equipment, 73-4548, 73-4553, 73-4557, 73-4560
   industrial wastes, 73-4513, 73-4528, 73-4530, 73-4544
          73-4549, 73-4565, 73-4567, 73-4570, 73-4586
          73-4592, 73-4593, 73-4602, 73-4614, 73-4622
          73-4661, 73-4685
   institutional wastes, 73-4561
   laws concerning, 73-4546, 73-4547, 73-4554
   management, 73-4491, 73-4551
   municipal wastes, 73-4456, 73-4490, 73-4491, 73-4540
          73-4541, 73-4559, 73-4569, 73-4586, 73-4589
   on-site, 73-4550, 73-4551, 73-4553, 73-4561, 73-4566
   operation of plant, 73-4547, 73-4548, 73-4562, 73-4570
          73-4586

-------
100
   problems, 73-4484, 73-4549, 73-4551, 73-4553,  73-4557
           73-4560, 73-4561, 73-4563, 73-4588, 73-4597
   residue, 73-4552, 73-4588, 73-4589, 73-4591, 73-4594
           73-4625, 73-4697, 73-4711
   special purpose, 73-4566
   waste heat utilization, 73-4541, 73-4544, 73-4552, 73-4555
           73-4556, 73-4564, 73-4568, 73-4569, 73-4596
           73-4597, 73-4625, 73-4705, 73-4716, 73-4749

incinerator, 73-4541, 73-4558, 73-4559
   fluidized bed, 73-4549, 73-4553
   open-pit, 73-4548, 73-4549, 73-4553
   rotary kiln, 73-4549, 73-4565, 73-4566,  73-4571, 73-4592
           73-4622
   sludge,  73-4549, 73-4553, 73-4622
   special purpose, 73-4515, 73-4535, 73-4548, 73-4549
           73-4553, 73-4556, 73-4565, 73-4567, 73-4592
           73-4595, 73-4598, 73-4622
industrial wastes
   see also specific industry, specific treatment methods
           73-4593, 73-4603, 73-4626, 73-4713, 73-4721
           73-4746
   analysis, 73-4600
   biological treatment, 73-4748
   centralized disposal plant, 73-4618
   combined with municipal wastes, 73-4748
   combined with sewage, 73-4748
   costs, 73-4605, 73-4607
       utilization,  73-4605
   effluent charges, 73-4599
   laws concerning, 73-4599, 73-4629, 73-4631, 73-4633
           73-4636
   mechanical  treatment, 73-4708
   utilization, 73-4606, 73-4625, 73-4650, 73-4694, 73-4703
           73-4708, 73-4717
land reclamation
   see also mines, sanitary landfill
           73-4453, 73-4736
laws, 73-4537, 73-4637
   collection of wastes, 73-4515, 73-4516, 73-4517, 73-4522
           73-4535, 73-4631, 73-4632, 73-4635, 73-4641
   disposal of wastes, 73-4515, 73-4516,  73-4521, 73-4522
           73-4534, 73-4535, 73-4554, 73-4599, 73-4631
           73-4632, 73-4634, 73-4635, 73-4636, 73-4638
           73-4639, 73-4641, 73-4645
   enforcement, 73-4632, 73-4641
   federal, 73-4521, 73-4599, 73-4631, 73-4633, 73-4634
          73-4636, 73-4638, 73-4639, 73-4641
   state, 73-4515, 73-4516, 73-4517, 73-4522, 73-4534
           73-4535, 73-4554, 73-4635
leachate
   sec also sanitary landfill,  water pollution
          73-4737
lumber, 73-4608
management and planning, 73-4637
   county, 73-4635
   federal, 73-4520, 73-4529, 73-4632
   international, 73-4646
   municipal, 73-4643
   regional, 73-4635,  73-4644, 73-4645,  73-4647, 73-4715
   rural, 73-4647
   state, 73-4520,  73-4529, 73-4647
   techniques,  73-4608
manure
   cattle, 73-4453
   treatment methods, 73-4452, 73-4453, 73-4455
   utilization, 73-4455, 73-4627

markets
   see economics

metal, ferrous
   industrial wastes
       disposal, 73-4618, 73-4620
       utilization, 73-4617, 73-4618, 73-4711
   post-consumer wastes
       disposal, 73-4691
       processing, 73-4640
   scrap, 73-4622, 73-4677, 73-4682
   slag, 73-4711

metal, non-ferrous,  73-4616
   aluminum, 73-4617, 73-4618, 73-4650
   copper, 73-4603
   lead,  73-4507
   precious metals, 73-4713

microorganisms, 73-4460,  73-4461, 73-4475, 73-4476, 73-4492
           73-4495, 73-4496, 73-4497, 73-4498, 73-4499
           73-4500, 73-4510, 73-4669, 73-4714, 73-4722
           73-4725, 73-4728, 73-4730, 73-4731, 73-4732
           73-4733

mineral,  73-4606, 73-4710, 73-4717, 73-4723

mines
   see land reclamation

mining industry, 73-4533
   waste utilization, 73-4710

municipal wastes
   see also refuse
   compaction, 73-4688
   disposal, 73-4688, 73-4748
   utilization, 73-4719

ocean disposal
   see also specific  methods
           73-4547
   industrial, 73-4650
   international control, 73-4651

odor control, 73-4452, 73-4550, 73-4562, 73-4607, 73-4609
           73-4633

oil
   see petrochemicals
packaging wastes
   see also specific  materials
           73-4462, 73-4657, 73-4663, 73-4665, 73-4668
   disposal, 73-4593, 73-4655, 73-4669, 73-4724
   processing, 73-4640, 73-4655
   utilization, 73-4695

paper and pulp, 73-4609, 73-4610, 73-4611
   industrial wastes
       disposal, 73-4623, 73-4628
       processing, 73-4605
       utilization, 73-4623, 73-4628
   post-consumer wastes,  73-4656, 73-4668
       disposal, 73-4662
       utilization, 73-4700, 73-4714

-------
                                                                                                                     101
pathogenic wastes
   see hazardous wastes

personnel, 73-4538, 73-4551

pesticides
   see also hazardous wastes
           73-4512, 73-4513, 73-4514, 73-4515, 73-4516
           73-4517, 73-4518, 73-4519, 73-4520, 73-4522
           73-4523, 73-4525, 73-4526, 73-4527, 73-4528
           73-4529, 73-4530, 73-4531, 73-4532, 73-4534
           73-4535
petrochemicals
   industrial wastes
       disposal, 73-4492, 73-4748
       processing, 73-4703
       utilization,  73-4492, 73-4703

planning
   see management and planning

plastics, 73-4653
   industrial wastes, 73-4612
       disposal, 73-4484, 73-4508,  73-4586, 73-4593, 73-4595
           73-4602, 73-4613, 73-4614, 73-4615, 73-4619
           73-4622, 73-4624, 73-4652, 73-4661, 73-4666
           73-4674, 73-4727
       processing, 73-4508, 73-4614, 73-4615, 73-4624
           73-4625, 73-4674, 73-4721
       utilization,  73-4508, 73-4619, 73-4625, 73-4721
   post-consumer wastes, 73-4657
       disposal, 73-4454, 73-4484,  73-4491, 73-4493, 73-4508
           73-4556, 73-4586, ?3-4593, 73-4619, 73-4624
           73-4652, 73-4654, 73-4655, 73-4661, 73-4664
           73-4674, 73-4724, 73-4727, 73-4735, 73-4745
       processing, 73-4493, 73-4508, 73-4624, 73-4655
           73-4669, 73-4674, 73-4695, 73-4712, 73-4745
       utilization,  73-4454, 73-4491, 73-4493, 73-4508
           73-4556, 73-4619, 73-4655, 73-4695, 73-4712
           73-4721, 73-4735

public relations
   see education

pyrolysis
   see also incineration
           73-4513

reclamation
   see salvage and reclamation
           73-4712
recreational areas
   see land reclamation

refuse
   see also specific types
           73-4459, 73-4461, 73-4495, 73-4496, 73-4497
           73-4498, 73-4499, 73-4500, 73-4510, 73-4533
           73-4538, 73-4621, 73-4639, 73-4653, 73-4659
           73-4688, 73-4707, 73-4718, 73-4722, 73-4728
           73-4729, 73-4730, 73-4731, 73-4732, 73-4733
   composition, 73-4458, 73-4460
   quantity, 73-4458, 73-4487
research
   see specific topics, grant
rubber
   industrial wastes
       utilization, 73-4699
   post-consumer wastes
       processing, 73-4720
       utilization, 73-4699, 73-4702, 73-4720
   tires, 73-4702, 73-4720

safety
   see health and safety

salvage and reclamation
   see also specific wastes
           73-4475, 73-4491, 73-4494, 73-4531, 73-4594
           73-4603, 73-4614, 73-4616, 73-4652, 73-4659
           73-4677, 73-4693, 73-4696, 73-4697, 73-4698
           73-4699, 73-4703, 73-4705, 73-4707, 73-4708
           73-4709, 73-4711, 73-4712, 73-4713, 73-4715
           73-4716, 73-4717, 73-4718, 73-4719, 73-4721
           73-4726

sanitary landfills
   see also land reclamation, specific wastes
           73-4475, 73-4494, 73-4547, 73-4615, 73-4621
           73-4738, 73-4739, 73-4741
   design,  73-4743
   management, 73-4456
   regulation, 73-4740
   sites, 73-4457, 73-4743
   water pollution, 73-4737, 73-4740, 73-4743

separation
   mechanical, 73-4707, 73-4744
   methods, 73-4744
   refuse, 73-4707,  73-4745

sewage
   5ee also sludge
           73-4477, 73-4558, 73-4716, 73-4750, 73-4752
   mechanical treatment,  73-4542

slag
   see metal, ferrous

slaughterhouse
   see .food processing wastes

sludge
   see also industrial wastes
           73-4590, 73-4622, 73-4752
   biological treatment, 73-4746
   chemical treatment, 73-4621, 73-4746, 73-4749
   disposal, 73-4477, 73-4565, 73-4716, 73-4749, 73-4753
   equipment, 73-4558, 73-4746, 73-4747, 73-4749
   health aspects, 73-4533, 73-4539, 73-4750
   mechanical treatment, 73-4542, 73-4706, 73-4718, 73-4719
           73-4746, 73-4747, 73-4751, 73-4753
   utilization, 73-4623, 73-4716, 73-4718, 73-4719,  73-4751

soil,  73-4453, 73-4461, 73-4483,  73-4680, 73-4729

sources of  information, 73-4609

street cleaning,  73-4642

surveys, 73-4490, 73-4501, 73-4506, 73-4516, 73-4524, 73-4525
           73-4607, 73-4612, 73-4613

systems analysis
   see management techniques

tannery wastes, 73-4627

textiles
   industrial wastes,  73-4601

-------
102
       toxic materials
          see hazardous wastes

       transfer stations
          see specific wastes

       transportation of wastes
          see also specific wastes
          methods, 73-4523, 73-4535
          railroad, 73-4526, 73-4660, 73-4672, 73-4676
          truck, 73-4526

       trees
          see bulky wastes
vector control
   see animals, insects

volume reduction, 73-4590, 73-4622, 73-4658, 73-4659
      •   73-4670, 73-4671, 73-4673, 73-4675, 73-4677
          73-4679, 73-4683, 73-4684, 73-4687, 73-4688

water pollution, 73-4494, 73-4555, 73-4742
   analysis of pollutants, 73-4736, 73-4740
   control equipment, 73-4628
   industrial wastes, 73-4617, 73-4618, 73-4628

wood
   see lumber

-------
                                              AUTHOR INDEX
                                                                                                                  103
Abe, T., 73-4484
Abel, H., 73-4601
Albertson, U., 73-4599
Alexander, R.R., 73-4485
Aloni, U., 73-4646
Amberg, H.R., 73-4628
Anderson, D., 73-4746
Ando, H., 73-4484
Aoki, J., 73-4652
Aoyama, Y., 73-4617
Ashida, H., 73-4600
Bargmann, R.D., 73-4693
Barniske, L., 73-4540
Beckert, P., 73-4541
Belting, K.W., 73-4694
Berger, A., 73-4601
Bergkvist, S., 73-4599
Black, R.J., 73-4512
Breidenbach, A.W., 73-4513
Bye-Joergensen, J.S., 73-4747
Calkins, J.R., 73-4515
Capizzi, J., 73-4535
Carstensen, U., 73-4474
Cath, W.S., 73-4516
Chandler, N., 73-4517
Chaussy, L., 73-4507
Ciaffone, C.P., 73-4542
Colley, D.G., 73-4543
Conner, J.T., 73-4518
Cross, F.L., Jr., 73-4544, 73-4545
    73-4546, 73-4547, 73-4548, 73-4549
    73-4550, 73-4551, 73-4552, 73-4553
    73-4554
Dahl, E.Q., 73-4697
Darnstaedt, T., 73-4555
Davidson, C.M., 73-4486
Day, H.M., 73-4519
De Ville, W.B., 73-4698
Deflorin, A., 73-4601
Delaney, J.F., 73-4603
Denk, K., 73-4631
Deshaies, J.R., 73-4486
Dethlefsen, V., 73-4650
Dieterich, M.L., 73-4488
Dingus, G.W., 73-4670
Dreher, J.,  73-4643
Ducellier, G., 73-4604
Dunz, W., 73-4489
Eipeltauer, E., 73-4723
Endo, S., 73-4466
Enke, C., 73-4557
Ewert, G.-D., 73-4632
Farkas, E.M., 73-4520
Feld, I.L., 73-4701
Fendo, A., 73-4521
Ferber, M., 73-4490
Ferguson, J.B., Jr., 73-4718
Ferguson, S., 73-4698
Picker, S., 73-4699
Gingerich, J.C., 73-4605
Goebel, K., 73-4700
Goettsching, H., 73-4536, 73-4537
    73-4630
Goode, A.H., 73-4701
Gotshall, W.W., 73-4702
Goulding, R.L., 73-4535
Graham, A.W., Jr., 73-4542
Haake, R., 734703
Hagimori, J., 73-4671
Halliday, H.E., 73-4522
Hamby, H., 73-4628
Hanaoka, K., 73-4491
Harada, T., 73-4674
Haruyama, H., 73-4559
Hasegawa, R., 73-4673
Heitfeld, K.-H., 73-4737
Hendrickson, E.R., 73-4607,  73-4608
    73-4609,73-4610,73-4611
Herold, W., 73-4538
Hill, R.M., 73-4553
Hirschheydt, A.V., 73-4492
Honda, K., 73-4654
Hover, H.K., 73-4748
Huibers, D.T.A., 73-4748
Ikemura, T., 73-4712
Ikeno, T., 73-4456
Imoto, M., 73-4493
Inomata, O., 73-4484
Inoue, H., 73-4659
Ihoue, Y., 73-4524
Ishikawa, H., 73-4719
Ito, H., 73-4624
Iwai, S., 73-4559
Iwasawa, E., 73-4600
Jacquelin, G., 73-4706
Jansen, L.L., 73-4525
Javet,  A.F., 73-4744
Jesche, H., 73-4658
Kagiya, J., 73-4464
Kehr, W.Q., 73-4475, 73-4476, 73-4725
    73-4726, 73-4727, 73-4738
Kiefer, W., 73-4477
Kimura, K., 73-4677
Kinomoto, Y., 73-4678
Kirov,  N.Y., 73-4494
Kitajima, E., 73-4671
Kobayashi, K., 73-4682
Komakine, M.,  73-4600
Koogler, J.B., 73-4607, 73-4608
    73-4609,73-4610.73-4611
Kottmann, E., 73-4561
Kreuzinger, U., 73-4467
Kuhlmann, A., 73-4509
Kurihara, S., 73-4457, 73-4458, 73-4633
    73-4745
Kutsuma, J., 73-4739
Kuwayama, C.,  73-4715
Kuxmann, U., 73-4713
La Rue, P.G., 73-4562
Larsen, G.H., 73-4747
Lefke,  L.W., 73-4481
Leliaert, R.M.,  73-4543
Lengyel, W., 73-4644
Lindermaier, H., 73-4564
Loucks, C.S., 73-4526
Luescher, K.H., 73-4563
Mahloch, J.L., 73-4459, 73-4460
     73-4461, 73-4495, 73-4496, 73-4497
     73-4498, 73-4499. 73-4500, 73-4510
     73-4722, 73-4728. 73-4729, 73-4730
     73-4731, 73-4732, 73-4733
Marynowski, C.W., 73-4612, 73-4613
     73-4614, 73-4615
Masayukl, Y., 73-4616
Massey, D.T., 73-4635
Matsuzawa, S., 73-4484
Michaels, A., 73-4646
Moklebust, O., 73-4708
Mori, T., 73-4681
Morisawa, S., 73-4524
Mozdzanowski, J., 73-4680
Mudrack, K., 73-4750
Mueller, G., 73-4539
Mukai, O., 73-4734
Muto,  G., 73-4735
Nakamura, K., 73-4654
Nakamura, M., 73-4501
Nakayama, T.. 73-4617
Nakazaki, K., 73-4681
Nelson, R.D.,  73-4751
Nishi, S., 73-4600
Nittetsu, K., 73-4570
Novak, B., 73-4740
Nozaki, Y., 73-4661
Ogata, T., 73-4453
Ota, S., 73-4454
Otsu, S., 73-4484
Pabst,  G., 73-4538
Peck, B.T., 73-4527
Pierau, H., 73-4502
Pinner, R., 73-4618
Pinto, D., 73-4662, 73-4663, 73-4664
     73-4709
Poetschke, H., 73-4587
Pohle,  R., 73-4588
Putnam, R.C., 73-4528
Rasch, P., 73-4589
Rasch, R., 73-4505, 73-4645
Richmond, C.A., 73-4542
Riedlinger, R.A., 73-4590
Riege, W., 73-4620
Roberson, J.E., 73-4607. 73-4608
     73-4609,73-4610,73-4611
Roeckinger, F., 73-4503
Rosenthal, H., 734650
Rueckel, H.G., 73-4621
Saita, S., 73-4715
Sakamoto, S.,  73-4591
Sakamoto, Y., 73-4471
Scharfenstein, O., 73-4462
Schenkel, W.,  73-4636, 73-4741
Schilling, E.E., 73-4455
Schoettler, U., 73-4737
Scholz, F., 73-4538
Schubert, G., 73-4711
Scott, R.C., 73-4529
Seno, M., 73-4654, 73-4735
Serkanic, L.J., Jr., 73-4748
Sgubatam R,, 73-4684

-------
104
         Shelef, G., 73-4646
         Shigaki, M., 73-4593, 73-4685
         Shimizu, Y., 73-4484
         Shimoda, T., 73-4712
         Shin, Y., 73-4678, 73-4686, 73-4687
             73-4688, 73-4689
         Shiraishi, S.S., 73-4654
         Shuman, F.L., Jr., 73-4530
         Siddiqi, I., 73-4533
         Sieth, J., 73-4594
         Snyder, C.A., 73-4543
         Spruill, EX.,  73-4623
         Staton, W.S., 73-4535
         Stephenson, D.A., 73-4743
         Stockman, R.F.,  73-4595
         Stoll, M., 73-4698
         Straub, H., 73-4480
         Stuchenko, G., 73-4690
         Suljak, N.D., 73-4637
         Tabasaran, O., 73-4504
         Tabor, B.C., 73-4532
         Takahashi, S., 73-4464
         Takahata, T., 73-4624
Takamatsu, T., 73-4648
Takemoto, Y., 73-4625
Takesue, Y., 73-4712
Tanaka, N., 73-4617
Tiews, K., 73-4650
Toahiaki, S., 73-4597
Togashi,  M., 73-4472
Tsukube, Y., 73-4691
Tyrrell, M.E., 73-4701
Uchiyama, K., 73-4719
Ueshita, K., 73-4715
Updegraff, D.M., 73-4714
Valdespino, J.M., 73-4598
Van der Leeden, F., 73-4742
Velsen, G.W.V.,  73-4636
Vey, E., 73-4751
Von Lersner,  H., 73-4638
Wada, M., 73-4692
Wagner, K.-H., 73-4533
Wagner, T., 73-4627
Wahrenholz, K.-W., 73-4639
Wakayama, K., 73-4681
Waldeyer, H., 73-4509
Walther, J.E., 73-4628
Wargalla, G., 73-4717
Watanabe, T., 73-4712
Weber, H., 73-4713
Welfe, E., 73-4506
Wenzel, W., 73-4507
Westwood-Booth, I., 73-4718
Wiles, C.C., 73-4481
Wiley, J.S., 73-4482
Winterle, E.R., 73-4534
Witt, J.M., 73-4535
Wogrolly, E., 73-4508
Yamamoto, I., 73-4616
Yamatoda, K., 73-4719
Yasuhira,  N., 73-4616
Yokata, K., 73-4629
Yokoyama, S., 73-4600
Yoneda, I., 73-4473
Yuda, S., 73-4712
Zaporozec, A., 73-4743
Zeplichal, F., 73-4720

-------
                  solid waste management
             monthly abstracts bulletin
      May  1973
vol.1  no.5,  abstract  nos.  734754 to  73-5052
                             contents
                       Subjects
                                  Abstract Numbers
Agricultural waste	    734754 to 4756
  (crop residues, manure, timber slash/other vegetation)
Analysis of solid waste	    734757 to 4764
  (data, methods)
Automobile	    734765
Bulky wastes	    734766
Collection	    734767 to 4773
Compost/Composting	    734774 to 4775
Disposal	    734776 to 4781
Economics	    734782 to 4788
  (disposal costs, financing of facilities, pollution control costs,
   marketing information, taxes and incentives)
Hazardous wastes	    734789
Health/Safety	    734790
Incineration	    734791 to 4828
Industrial wastes	    734829 to 4849
Institutional wastes	    734850 to 4859
Law/Regulations    	    734860 to 4870
Management	    734871 to 4881
  (municipal, regional, rural, State)
Ocean disposal	    734882 to 4888
Packaging wastes	    734889 to 4891
Processing/Reduction	    734892 to 4902
Recycling	    734903 to 5025
  (incinerator residues, industrial wastes, mining wastes,
   municipal refuse, scrap metal)
Sanitary landfill	    73-5026 to 5030
Separation    	    73-5031 to 5036
Sludge	    73-5037 to 5049
Street cleaning	    73-5050
Training, Education, and Public Relations	    73-5051
Transport	    73-5052
Subject  index
Author index

-------
                        solid waste management
                   monthly  abstracts bulletin
           May  1973       vol.1   no.5, abstract nos. 734754  to 73-5052
AGRICULTURAL WASTE

73-4754
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB.  Agricultural
solid wastes.  In  Handbook of environmental
control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 78-92.
This paper discusses agricultural  solid wastes.
Data are  provided on the following  subjects:
principal   agricultural   waste   components
(household, refuse, crop residue, and animal and
poultry manure); average amount and type of
trash in  seed  cotton  harvested  by  various
methods;  production of wastes by livestock,
United States, 1965; farm and animal population
of the United States, 1966; per capita consump-
tion of meat, 1966; waste generation potential of
U.S.  animal  population,  1960;   population
equivalents of animal wastes; per capita animal
contribution  of  indicator   microorganisms;
frequency of occurrence of  various salmonella
types; animal waste defecation; characteristics
of animal manures; nutrients in animal wastes;
properties of fresh  manure particles;  number
and capacity of cattle feedlots; distribution of
beef production; dairy cows and cultivated land;
cattle waste generation rates; seasonal variation
of hog manure characteristics; equivalent popu-
lation of animals, 1960; and poultry waste charac-
teristics. Detailed source material is provided for
the data given. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24006]
73-4755
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Agricultural
waste management.  In  Handbook of environ-
mental control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio,
CRC Press, 1973. p. 551-560.
This paper presents data on agricultural waste
management. The topics presented follow: possi-
ble schemes for animal waste treatment; materi-
als handling and labor  studies in a dairy and
forage farm; land requirements for utilization of
manures in an integrated land-livestock system;
compilation of bedding requirements; possible
treatment units for  livestock wastes; economic
evaluation of liquid  manure disposal from con-
fined  hog operations; annual costs of a liquid
manure  system; design recommendations for in-
building  oxidation  ditches;   performance of
anaerobic lagoons; effluent quality of anaerobic
lagoons  treating livestock waste; characteristics
of mixed liquidO anaerobic digestion  of animal
wastes;  pyrolysis of livestock wastes; average
price  margin  of  cattle feeding system;  and
methods and costs of trash disposal at cotton
gins. Source material is provided for the  data
presented.  (This document is retained in the
SWIRS  library.)
[24007]

73-4756
  RIEMANN, U.    Nutztierhaltung  und   Um-
weltschutz. [Mass stock keeping and  environ-
mental protection.] Landtechnik, 28(5):149-158,
Mar. 1978.
The treatment of animal excrement serves the
purpose of destroying pathogenic germs, reduc-

-------
ing the volume  of feces, and preventing  the
development  of  bad odors. Animal excrement
can be decomposed by  anaerobic  and aerobic
biological treatment. Owing to the development
of bad odors, anaerobic decomposition methods
like rotting towers or lagoons cannot be recom-
mended.  Aerobic methods are  based on  the
decomposition of the excrement by means of
microorganisms under oxygen consumption. The
most effective aerobic decomposition method is
the oxidation trench under a grate floor in  the
stable. A ventilator provides for a good aeration
of the dung. The most intensive form of aerobic
decomposition is reached in  oxidation towers
where gyroscopes blow compressed air into the
dung. Another system used to dispose of  the
dung is the composting method where the dung
is mixed with turf, lime, straw, plastic flakes, or
residential refuse, matter which provides for the
aeration of the dung. The compost is odorless
and does not cause any problems  with regard to
hygienic requirements. (Text in German)
[24008]

ANALYSIS OF  SOLID WASTE

73-4757
 BEACH, M. I., AND J. S. BEACH, JR. A new
technique for industrial waste sampling. Indus-
trial Wastes, 19(l):28-32, Jan./Feb. 1973.
Collecting representative samples is essential to
any  pollution  study or  control  program. The
generally recognized types of samples are  the
'grab' or discrete sample, the simple composite,
and the flow-proportioned composite. The new
sample type  described  is the sequential com-
posite. The sequential composite is in effect a se-
ries  of frequently collected samples, collected
and retained in individual containers, each of
which represents a subperiod within the overall
sampling period. It broadens the  statistical base
of the final samples, and it minimizes the change
of missing a significant event of  short duration.
The sequential samples provide data which  can
be used to reduce waste  or to determine which
wastes might be better segregated or even used
to neutralize one another.
[24009]
73-4758
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Effects of solid
wastes. In Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press,
1973. p. 131-176.
This paper provides data on the effects of solid
wastes. Flow charts are included on chemical
waste/human disease pathways,  human fecal
waste/human disease pathways,  animal fecal
waste/disease     relationship,    and    solid
waste/plague pathways.  Information on storage
limits for solid wastes are also included. Public
health  evaluations  of  domestic  wastes  are
presented in tabular form and cover metals,
cloth and fibers, plastics, leather,  rubber, glass,
wood, garbage, and paper. Evaluations of indus-
trial wastes cover the following  areas: textile
mills; leather products;  petrochemicals; chemi-
cals; energy; metal  production; oil refineries;
wood;  stone,  clay,  and  glass;  printing  and
publishing;  manure;  crop residues;  canning;
animal carcasses;  dairy; brewery and winery;
sugar  refinery;  laundry  and  dry  cleaning;
hospitals; demolition and construction  debris;
junk automobiles; and sewage sludge. Data are
also provided on  the efficacy  of incinerator
operations in the destruction of microflora,  and
the polluting effect of leachate from household
refuse tipped into a gravel pit. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24010]

73-4759
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB.  Handbook of
environmental control, v. 2. Solid  waste. Cleve-
land, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973.580 p.
This  document  provides  extensive  data,  dia-
grams, and graphs on the  technical aspects of
solid waste. The following topics are covered in
detail: urban solid wastes; physical composition
and properties; chemical composition; generation
rates;  packaging  wastes;  agricultural solid
wastes; industrial  solid  wastes; manufacturing
industries; mining industries; solid wastes analy-
sis  methods;  effects  of solid  wastes; legal
aspects;  municipal solid waste controls; collec-
tion and hauling; size reduction, separation,  and
compaction; recycling and recovery; landfill; in-
cineration;   composting;   pyrolysis;   marine

-------
disposal and water tipping; wet-air oxidation; in-
dustrial and commercial  waste  disposal;  and
agricultural waste management. Conversion fac-
tors are provided as are detailed source materi-
als. (This  document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24011]

73-4760
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Refuse analysis
methods.  In  Handbook of environmental  con-
trol, v.  2.  Solid waste. Cleveland,  Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 109-130.
This paper outlines proposed methods for the ex-
amination  of  solid   and  semisolid  wastes,
domestic refuse in particular. Ten  separation
categories are discussed, the methods used for
analyzing  the samples are described and illus-
trated, and equations are provided. The follow-
ing tests are discussed in detail: moistureO water
(oven drying method, infrared method, toluene
distillation method);  volatile solids  and  ash;
lipidsO ether extract; liquids; crude fiber; sugars;
starch (anthrone-sulfuric acid method and direct
acid hydrolysis method); carbon; nitrogenO or-
ganic and ammoniacal; protein; carbon-nitrogen
ratio; phosphorus; potassium; hydrogen-ion  con-
centration   (pH);  gross  calorific  value;  net
calorific value; sulfur; and hydrogen and carbon.
Source material is provided for the information
given. (This document is retained  in the SWIRS
library.)
[24012]

73-4761
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB.  Solid wastes--
sources  and composition.  In  Handbook of en-
vironmental control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland,
Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 3-5.
This paper defines  solid  waste  in chemical,
economic, and reclamation terms.  Market condi-
tions affecting salvage are also discussed. Solid
wastes are also classified by point of origin as
follows: residential; private institutions; offices
and public facilities; health services, commercial
and  service  establishments,   construction  and
demolition;  agricultural;  extractive  industry;
food processing; tobacco industry; ordnance and
accessories; textiles  and  apparel; lumber  and
wood products; furniture and fixtures; paper and
allied products; printing, publishing, and allied;
chemicals and allied products; petroleum refin-
ing; rubber and plastic products; leather and al-
lied; stone,  clay,  and  glass;  primary  metals;
fabricated metals; nonelectrical machinery; elec-
trical  machinery;  transportation  equipment;
professional  and  scientific  instruments;  and
miscellaneous manufacturing. Detailed source
material is provided for the information given.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24013]

73-4762
 BOND, R. G., AND  C. P. STRAUB.  Urban solid
wastes—chemical composition.  In  Handbook of
environmental control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleve-
land, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 26-45.
This paper discusses the chemical composition of
urban  solid  wastes. Chemical analyses of solid
refuse are provided for Hempstead, New York,
and Berkeley, California. Data are also provided
on the following: ultimate analyses of typical mu-
nicipal refuse components; the approximate com-
position of rural wastes; composition and analy-
sis of average municipal refuse; organic analysis
of composite refuse; refuse composition used in
refuse  variability  computer  program; refuse
analyses of  inorganic constituents, organic  con-
stituents, wood, paper  products, plants, foods,
plastics,  leather,  rags, paints,  oils, removers,
rubber, dirt, glass and ceramics,  and  metals;
chemical composition of food  wastes; chemical
properties and combustion data for paper, wood,
and garbage; chemical composition of pathologi-
cal waste  and combustion  data;  analysis of
packaging waste;  aluminum  packaging alloys;
solders; steel packaging materials; and fuel pro-
perties of solid waste materials. Detailed source
material is  provided  for the data given. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24014]

73-4763
 BOND, R. G., AND  C. P. STRAUB.  Urban solid
wastes—physical  composition  and properties.
Part 1.  In  Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland,  Ohio,  CRC  Press,
1973. p. 6-15.

-------
This paper discusses the physical composition
and properties of urban solid wastes. Data are
provided on urban solid waste constituents in
terms of source, type of waste, composition, and
means of treatment or disposal. The composition
of refuse is listed in terms of components,  com-
position, and estimated municipal and residential
averages from 1965 to  1971. Data are also pro-
vided for the composition of waste in eight U.S.
cities.  The  component categories  are paper
products, food waste, plastics, rubber,  leather,
dirt, paints, wood,  glass,  metals, plants and
grasses, textiles, ashes, furniture, organics, and
construction waste. Tables also provide data on
the following: physical  characteristics of refuse
at recreational  areas;  composition of camping
and recreation residence  solid waste compared
with urban residence values; composition of Cen-
tral  European  municipal  refuse; litter found
along a 1-mile stretch of a two-lane highway in
Kansas; components of litter by proportion of
total items littered;  a summary of international
refuse composition, 15 countries; composition of
household garbage in six countries; and a refuse
breakdown by physical components for seven
European cities and three in the United States.
Detailed source material is provided for the data
given. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24015]

734764
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB.  Urban  solid
wastes—physical  composition  and  properties.
Part 2.  In Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press,
1973. p. 16-25.
This paper discusses the physical composition
and properties of urban solid wastes. An analysis
of household rubbish in the  District of Columbia
is provided for 1914 and 1915. Monthly distribu-
tions of physical components of combined refuse
are given for New York City and Chicago for
1939, and 1956  to  1958.  The  composition  of
Berkeley refuse is shown  in tables for a 15-year
period. The following data  are also provided in
tables: properties of combined refuse from the
United States, England, France, Germany, Scot-
land, and Sweden; the  characteristics  of bulky
wastes, residential and commercial; the typical
characteristics of refuse; typical refuse analysis
in three  municipalities; the density  of  solid
packaging  materials; the  density  of various
classes of refuse; and refuse density patterns.
Detailed source material is provided for the data
given. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24016]

AUTOMOBILE

73-4765
 REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
The auto wrecking industry. In  Identification of
opportunities for increased recycling of ferrous
solid waste.  Washington,  U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1972. p. 232-238.
This paper discusses the auto wrecking industry
as the major source of obsolescent scrap for the
scrap processor. The industry comprises about
15,600  companies,  with  98,500  employees, and
has annual sales of salvaged  parts  and scrap
metal in excess of $5 billion. The  wrecker has
three basic choices  in preparation  of the hulks
for shipment to scrap processors: find a proces-
sor who will take the material as is; burn the
hulk to clean it; or strip the vehicle of the objec-
tionable  residue.  Problems  facing  the  auto
wrecker include: prohibitive stripping and  in-
cineration costs; high costs of transportation to
the scrap processor; disposal of unmarketable
waste from operations; and the lack of sufficient
economic  inducement to move  hulks from the
wrecker's yard to the scrap processor. Extensive
tabular material is included. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24017]

BULKY WASTES

73-4766
  Sperrmuellprobleme. [Bulk refuse problems.]
Staedtehygiene, 24(4):97, Apr. 1973.
The city of Hamburg was the first city in Ger-
many which started a monthly bulky refuse col-
lection service.  The bulky refuse quantity at
Hamburg was  112,000 cu  m in  1962. It rose to
573,900 cu m in 1971. A further increase of the
bulky refuse  quantity  is  very likely.  At the

-------
present time, the city cleansing department of
Hamburg has to employ 115 workers  and 45
vehicles daily only for the bulky refuse removal.
(Text in German)
[24018]

COLLECTION

734767
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Collection and
hauling. In  Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press,
1973. p. 243-301.
This paper presents data and graphs on collec-
tion and hauling of waste. The topics covered fol-
low: cost of refuse collection; types of collection
agencies used; range in per capita costs for
refuse  collection;  staff and service units for
refuse collection and disposal agencies; New Or-
leans Sanitation  Department employment ex-
perience; Civil Service status of refuse collection
employees; basic work week for refuse collection
crews; hourly wage rates for refuse collection
employees;  contract  refuse  collectionO  ad-
vantages  and  disadvantages, methods  used to
finance  refuse collection; refuse collection fee
per month; residential rates for refuse collection;
commercial  refuse  collection; regulations  con-
cerning size, use, weight, and type of  refuse con-
tainers; nomographs used for study of refuse col-
lection  operation; collection truck  data; data
from transfer stations;  economic evaluation of
refuse compacted by a high compression  system;
and  truck collection and pipeline system costs.
Detailed source material is provided  for the in-
formation given. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24019]

73-4768
 BOND,  R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB.   Generation
rates. In  Handbook of environmental control, v.
2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973.
p. 46-65.
This paper discusses generation rates for solid
wastes in the United States and part  of Europe.
Data are provided for the following: refuse out-
putO domestic and commercial, 1959 to 1961, for
the United  States, England, France, Germany,
Scotland, and Sweden; annual quantities of raw
refuse per capita; paper and paperboard  con-
sumption; household refuse collected; residential
and commercial solid waste generation in nine ci-
ties; average solid waste collectedO urban, rural,
and national; residential solid wastes generation;
solid wastes collected in the United States, 1970;
pound of refuse collected per capita, 1966; trends
in total refuse per capita, 1955  to 1968; solid
wastes collected from nine U.S. cities, 1957-1958
and  1967;  regional generation rates for solid
wastes, 1968; daily production of hospital wastes,
1955; combined refuse from recreation areas;
and waste generation rates for recreation sites.
Graphs are also  included.  Detailed  source
material  is  provided  for the data  given.  (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24020]

73-4769
  Muellsammel-  und Umladeanlage in  Witten.
[Refuse collection and transfer station  at Wit-
ten.O Staedtehygiene, Apr., 1973.
As the transport of refuse for long distances in
small collection  vehicles is not economical,  the
city of Witten constructed a refuse collection and
transfer station with a  daily capacity of 1,600
tons and storage space of 400 cu m. The refuse is
emptied into a steel trough 30 m long, the bottom
of which is a steel plate line which transports the
refuse to a 70 ton press and from there into con-
tainer trucks with a net load of 20 to 25 tons. The
container trucks transport the refuse to  the cen-
tral sanitary landfill where the refuse is pushed
out of the container  by means of a hydraulic
pressing plate. (Text in German)
[24021]

73-4770
 Ressources et collecte. 5. Discussion. [Resources
and   collection.   Part   5:  Discussion.]  Revue
A.T.I.P., 26(5):403-406,1972.
General problems of waste paper collection  are
discussed. The  State  income derived from  the
tax imposed on paper should be used to subsidize
waste paper recycling. The cost  of paper in-
cineration   in   waste  incinerator  plants  is
generally much higher than that of recycling (50
francs per ton), and collection is  especially  ex-

-------
pensive, showing the need for cutting the cost of
waste collection. Suction type vacuum systems,
tentatively introduced in some cities in Europe,
require separate collection of bulky objects and
do  not  usually permit  separation of  paper
wastes.  Another experiment in which  inhabi-
tants are requested to place paper wastes beside
refuse bins on collection days may become a suc-
cessful  system  of  separate paper collection.
(Text in French)
[24024]

73-4771
 ROUGIER, J.  La collecte pneumatique  des or-
dures menageres dans  la ville  neuve de Greno-
ble.  [The  pneumatic  collection of household
refuse in the new town  of Grenoble.] Techniques
et Sciences, 67(ll):421-429, Nov. 1972.
A pneumatic refuse collection installation built in
Grenoble by the Societe Eau et Assainissement,
licencee of the Swedish  Company  Societe AB
Centralsug has been put in operation in April
1972.  The installation  serves  2,300 households
and will eventually serve 4,500. The refuse is
transported by the force of a flow of air induced
by underpressure in a network of ducts with the
help of valves opened and closed by remote con-
trol. At a central collection station, the refuse is
compacted in containers  which are then taken
away for  incineration  or dumping by Roll-On
trucks. The chutes in individual households have
a diameter of 400  mm; the subterranean steel
transport  ducts have  a diameter  of 500  mm.
Transport velocity is 25 to 35 m per second. At
Grenoble the duct is 540 m long, the aggregate
length of the feeder branches is 1,700 m. At the
central collection station the refuse is released
from the air flow in a 3  m wide, 7 m high cyclone
by  centrifugal  effect.  The  containers  have a
volume  of from 8 to 30 cu m depending on the
size of  the installation. The installation is ac-
tivated three times  daily (after the three meal
times) and operated  and maintained by a crew of
two. Such installations  can be built to service a
circular area 3 km in diameter  or about 300 hec-
tares. (Text in French)
[24025]
73-4772
 STRUMANNE, J.  Ressources et collecte. 2. Le
point de vue  des maires et de leurs services
techniques. [Resources  and collection. Part 2:
Opinions of mayors and  municipal technical ser-
vices.] Revue A.Tlf., 26(5):389-391,1972.
General problems of the collection and sorting of
packaging wastes made  of paper and cardboard
as viewed by mayors of major cities and  mu-
nicipal sanitation  services in France are  ex-
pounded. Paper and cardboard wastes presently
made up some 13 percent of the combined  ton-
nage of municipal waste collected. While the per
capita waste output has stabilized around 800 gal
per day, the  specific weight of the  municipal
waste has decreased from 400 to 150 kg per cu m
over the past decade, which is due to the increas-
ing proportion within municipal waste of paper
and cardboard packaging. The highly increased
waste volume to be collected requires expensive
enlargement  of  collection  capacities  and man-
power. Also storage bin  capacities have to be in-
creased,  and  additional storage facilities   are
necessary. While collection and sorting of paper
and  cardboard wastes in family homes  is  un-
realistic and far from rewarding, such problems
could be resolved in large apartment houses,
shopping centers, and marketplaces by the use of
compacting  presses. At present,  waste  paper
recovery in waste treatment and disposal seem
most appropriate. (Text in French)
[24026]

73-4773
 TUCKER, H. L.  Personal communication.  Dis-
trict of Columbia, Solid Waste Management Ad-
ministration,  to  Solid  Waste  Information
Retrieval System, May 1,1973.
This letter, in answer to a  request for informa-
tion for a user of the SWIRS system, includes in-
formation about  the city's collection system.
Refuse is collected by the city from single family
homes and apartment units up to four units. The
cost of this collection is approximately $45.00 per
household,  but it is included in the  city's  tax
structure. A private company now has the  con-
tract to  service  public  buildings,  including
schools. This represents a savings for the  city
since the private company conducts this opera-

-------
tion more economically than the city could. Total
expenditures for collection in Fiscal Years 1969
to 1972 are listed. The costs per ton for disposal
are also shown. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24023]

COMPOST / COMPOSTING

73-4774
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Composting.
In  Handbook of environmental control, v. 2.
Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p.
490-518.
This paper presents data, diagrams, graphs, and
equations on composting. The topics covered fol-
low: general principles of composting as related
to treatment of town wastes; typical composting
processes,  1960 to 1969;  municipal solid waste
composting plants; European  and Middle East-
ern municipal refuse composting plants; data on
composting plants in Germany; typical relation-
ship obtained between oxygen uptake and bac-
terial count; time-temperatures required for or-
ganism   destruction;   analyses  and   weight
changes in laboratory composting of refuse; re-
liability of tests to determine degree of compost-
ing of ground, separated garbage; enhancement
of the composting process; calculation of  area
required for a Windrow composting plant; equip-
ment   required   for   composting;   costs   of
processing raw refuse  utilizing different com-
post systems;  production and sale  of compost;
estimated  costs  to own  and  operate digester
plants; commercial venture compost plant; and
soil characteristics in a compost ripeness experi-
ment. Detailed source material is provided for
the data given. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24027]

73-4775
 Procede pour produire un engrais granulaire ne
liberant que lentement de 1'azote et produit ainsi
obtenu. [Process for the manufacture of granular
slow-release nitrogen fertilizer.] French  Patent
2,074,766 owned by J. N. Karnemaat. Issued Oct.
10,1971.01
A  procedure  for the manufacture of fertilizer
from organic compost with uniform chemical and
granulometric  composition,   which   slowly
liberates nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, is
described.  The  respective  proportions  of
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compounds
insoluble in cold water are at least 15 percent
and 25 percent in the dry, practically dust-free
fertilizer. Waste organic compost is dehydrated
to a residual  water content  of about 3 percent
after which it is granulated into fine particles.
The  granulous material thus obtained is sub-
sequently   mixed   with  dibasic  ammonium
phosphate, potassium  chloride, and  urea to ob-
tain  a mixture of uniform chemical and granu-
lometric composition.  The resulting mixture is
mixed with anaqueous solution of urea and for-
maldehyde, in which excess formaldehyde is
present so that a formaldehyde urea polymer has
been formed, to form a damp mass of uniform
chemical composition by adding phosphoric acid
of 20 to 75 percent concentration. The broth ob-
tained  is  stirred  vigorously, and  finally  de-
watered. (Text in French)
[24028]

DISPOSAL

73-4776
 BAUD, E. Les schemas departementaux de col-
lecte et de traitement des  ordures menageres.
[Departmental plans for the collection and treat-
ment  of  household  refuse.]  Techniques  et
Sciences, 67(12):451-457, Dec. 1972.
The Collection  and  treatment  of household
refuse  in  the Departement  de  Swine which is
governed by a law of Apr. 23,1933 employs 4,500
workers. Two million tons of refuse are collected
and disposed  of in four large incinerators yearly.
Half of this volume stems from the city of Paris.
Because of  the  growing  problem of  waste
disposal, the  interdepartmental  circular of Nov.
27, 1969, was conceived asking  for the submis-
sion of Departmental plans for the collection and
treatment of refuse by Departments of France
excepting that of the  Paris region,  information
was sought on existing services and installations,
on respective city ordinances and rural regula-
tions, on costs and income from  steam, electric!-

-------
ty,  and outlets for compost. Plans  submitted
reveal that 75 percent of the population is being
served by waste disposal services. This includes
90 percent of urban communities and 45 percent
of rural communities. Only several large cities
have incinerators. Thirty seven thousand or half
of all French communities dispose of solid waste
on dumps. Collection route distances vary from 5
to 20  km with a minimal population from 10 to
20,000. In  sparsely populated regions garbage is
collected periodically, in densely populated areas
a twice weekly collection schedule seems to be
the  rule. (Text in French)
[24029]

73-4777
 MOTTS, W. S. Environmental impact of alterna-
tive waste disposal methods. In   Proceedings;
Regionalized Solid Waste Management  Con-
ference, Newton, Massachusetts, June 1-2,1972.
University of Massachusetts at Amherst  and
Massachusetts Department of  Community Af-
fairs, p. 24-57.
This  paper discusses various  waste  disposal
methods.  The topics covered  under  sanitary
landfills, landfills, and refuse dumps follow: en-
vironmental effects from a  single landfill site;
landfill impact on  New  England geology; long-
term  effects  of  the landfill  alternative;  till
deposits and bedrock; lake-bottom deposits; sand
and gravel deposits; examples of improperly
located  landfill sites; and integrated,  regional
land-use studies.  A discussion  of  the  environ-
mental effects from methods other than sanitary
landfill covered recycling, composting, and high-
temperature incineration. Data are  presented on
hydrogeologic conditions producing pollution of
groundwater supplies by leachate from a landfill;
the relation of a refuse dump to  a town well, and
the increase of mineralization leading to aban-
donment of the well; collection and  treatment of
leachate at a site  through hydraulic isolation of
landfill  by  an impermeable  membrane;  and
management  of   leachate   by  allowing   its
discharge  into groundwater, then collecting and
treating it in  a down-gradient  direction. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS  library.)
[24080]
73-4778
 SIERIG, G. Moderne Abfallbeseitigung in Berlin.
[Modern refuse disposal in Berlin.] Staedtehy-
giene, 24(4):84-86, Apr. 1973.
Total refuse quantity in Berlin rose from 2.209
million cu m in 1960 to 4.239 million cu m in 1970.
Residential refuse  quantity amounted to 3.080
million cu m in 1970 of more than half was burnt
in the incineration plant at RuhlebenO producing
steam for a nearby power generating plant and
pumice which is used in road construction. About
1 million  cu m  of  industrial waste as  well as
liquids and sludges from industry are deposited
in three sanitary landfills. Three  rammer foot
compactors and various bulldozers operating on
these sites provide for rapid compressing and
shredding, especially of  bulky refuse, which
amounts to 450,000 cu m annually. The disposal
of liquids, sludges, and chemicals is subject to a
written  authorization and  a  special  control
procedure. Refuse containers of 6,  12, 18, and 24
cu m have been given to industrial and commer-
cial enterprises and are regularly transported to
the sanitary landfills by the city cleansing de-
partment of Berlin. (Text in German)
[24031]

73-4779
 SPITZER, E. F. How European solid-waste prac-
tices are changing. American  City, 87(10): 115-
116, Oct. 1972.
This article reports on the International Solid
Waste    Conference    held    in    Prague,
Czechoslovakia, from June 26 to July 2,1972. The
Conference subjects were limited to refuse col-
lection and disposal  and  street  cleaning. The
discussions were very general in nature, with
only eight papers presented in 4 days of sessions.
Approximately  75  firms  displayed equipment
and  materials, and  there were  about 1,500 par-
ticipants.  European  sanitation equipment  is
getting bigger, more sophisticated, and more ex-
pensive. Manufacturers are changing equipment
designs in order to meet changing conditions. In
the area of refuse disposal, firms manufacturing
incinerators predominated. A few companies ex-
hibited composting machinery.
[24032]

-------
73-4780
  STRUMANNE, J., AND  P.  FOURMENT.   Les
plastiques dans les ordures menageres. IV-In-
fluence  des  matieres plastiques sur la mise en
decharge  des  ordures  menageres.   [Plastic
materials in domestic waste.  IV~The influence
of plastic materials on the disposal of domestic
wastes.] Techniques et Sciences Municipales,
67(11):405-414, Nov. 1972.
Disposal and utilization of domestic wastes as af-
fected by the presence in them of plastic materi-
als are  outlined. Neither waste disposal opera-
tions  nor anaerobic decomposition  of domestic
wastes is adversely influenced by plastic materi-
als in deep layers of sanitary landfills. However,
plastic wastes may retain moisture in the soil.
While plastics are generally believed not to be
degradable,  a few observations indicate slow
degradation   of   plastics,     especially   of
polyethylene. The recultivation of filled-up sani-
tary landfills may be hindered by the presence of
plastic materials  which interfere with gas and
moisture exchange  processes,  and with the
growth  of  roots. Plastic materials in  sanitary
landfills constitute no additional fire hazard. The
presence in compost of polyvinyl chloride and
polyethylene usually  causes  no problems and
does not lessen the value of the compost, while
large, rigid pieces of polyethylene, and especially
nylon, which is highly resistant to fermentation,
should  not  be present in composts. (Text in
French)
[24033]

73-4781
 SUTIN, G.  L.  A systems approach to refuse
disposal on a regional scale. In Proceedings; Re-
gionalized Solid Waste Management Conference,
Newton, Massachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. Univer-
sity  of  Massachusetts  at  Amherst and Mas-
sachusettes  Department of Community Affairs.
p. 5-23.
This paper presents a system of refuse disposal
which will eliminate the present undesirable fea-
tures usually related to the methods now in use
for solid waste disposal in the United States. The
topics covered include the importance of cleanli-
ness to avoid the spread of disease, a recognition
of sewage as a prime source of disease, sources
of pollution, industrial wastes, pollution control,
criteria for new landfill sites, costs, regulations,
and the incinerator as the major disposal facility.
It is recommended that a study be conducted in
each region to determine the extent of present
and future refuse disposal requirements. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24034]

ECONOMICS

73-4782
 Aspects economiques. 4. Discussion. [Economic
aspects.  Part 4:. Discussion.]  Revue  A.TJf.,
26(5):301-305,1972.
Economic aspects of the collection, selection, and
utilization of waste paper in France and in other
European  countries  are  reviewed.  The  fast
development of waste paper recycling in France
is primarily due to  the  increased percentage of
corrugated cardboard amounting to 35 to 36 per-
cent. Some 640,000 tons of waste paper are in-
cinerated yearly together with municipal refuse
in the  Paris region, which represents a propor-
tion of 34  percent  in the  total waste  volume.
Waste paper in a  price bracket of 50 to  100
frances, not exceeding the price of pulp, is suita-
ble for replacement of primary  fiber. Waste
paper collection can be efficiently solved by col-
lection  together  with municipal refuse,  as
proposed by Black-Clawson. Separate collection
necessitates both public education and certain
material incentives, which would appeal primari-
ly to school children. (Text in French)
[24035]

73-4783
  Aspects financiers.  Table  ronde. [Financial
aspects.   Round-table  conference.]   Revue
A.r./.P.,26(5):407-411,1972.
Financing problems in the pulp and paper as well
as in  the  waste paper recycling  industry  in
France are surveyed with respect to the activity
of such major  financial institutions as the In-
stitute for Industrial Development (I.D.I.), Lyon
Credit Bank, and Societe Generate. In general,
considerable fluctuations in the price of waste
paper and cardboard have to cease before major
credits  to  the waste  paper recyling branch

-------
10
become more  liberal. Credits are more reluc-
tantly extended to medium and small-size indus-
tries. (Text in French)
[24036]

73-4784
  Conclusions   du  colloque  'vieux  papiers'.
[Conclusions of the "Waste Paper' Conference.]
Revue A.T.IJ*., 26(5):413-415,1972.
Conclusions of the "Waste Paper' conference re-
garding the technical and economic problems of
paper  and  cardboard  wastes  recycling  are
presented. Several technical problems of waste
paper and cardboard recycling have been solved
technically, and other technical problems will be
solved  in the foreseeable future, thus permitting
both diversification of the use of waste paper
pulp, and the recovery of fibers whose recovery
is not  possible at the  present time. With the
technical aspects presenting no serious difficul-
ties, economic problems, especially in dealer-user
relationships,  persist.  The solutions  for  the
economic problems, in  particular that  of price
fluctuations, require the  creation of a mixed
committee  of dealers  in and  users of waste
papers. Representation of the interested minis-
tries as well as of the I.D.I. (Institute for Indus-
trial Development) on this committee  is seen
possible. (Text in French)
[24037]

73-4785
 HOWARD, R. D. Financing regional solid waste
management plans. In  Proceedings; Regional-
ized Solid Waste Management Conference, New-
ton, Massachusetts, June 1-2,1972. University of
Massachusetts at  Amherst  and Massachusetts
Department of Community Affairs, p. 140-156.
Thia paper discusses financing as an important
segment of the regional solid waste management
scene.  This paper first examines some of the or-
ganizational arrangements used  nationally for
managing regional solid waste systems,  touches
on  the pertinent  aspects of financial planning,
and discusses alternative  methods  of raising
money for capital needs,  and techniques for al-
locating costs among municipalities participating
in a regional  system. The  topics disucssed in
detail   follow:  organizational   arrangements;
financial planning;  raising  money for capital
needs (general obligation bonds, revenue bonds,
leasing, and  grant  assitance);  allocating  costs
among municipalities; raising money to meet an-
nual needs; and specific Massachusetts legisla-
tion. This paper recommends additional legisla-
tion to provide another option for financing re-
gional systems. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24038]

73-4786
 MIGNO, M. Aspects economiques. 2. L'industrie
de  la recuperation.  [Economic aspects. 2. The
reclaiming industry.] Revue A.TJ.P.,  26(5):295-
297,1972.
French paper mills used 1.5 million tons of waste
paper  in 1971 of which 133,600 tons were im-
ported. Exported were 74,900 tons consisting of
grades for which there is for technical reasons no
demand in France. There is no import or export
duty on waste paper  but transport  costs are
holding imports down. About 400 dealers deal in
waste  paper of which  the majority  are  small
businesses dealing  also with  scrap  and  other
reclaimed   commodities;   some   are   semi-
wholesalers and some wholesalers dealing exclu-
sively in paper. Of the last there are 15 in Paris
and 30 in the provinces. About 25 to 30 percent of
all  waste paper is  bought  up directly by the
users;  10 percent is handled through sales and
purchase  bureaus set up jointly by users and
paper  dealers,  which leaves 60 percent to be
traded in the open market. In the interest of sta-
bilizing the often demoralized market in paper, a
policy  should be evolved jointly by users and
dealers based  on long-range  market require-
ments  which  would  provide the not inconsidera-
ble investmants which the industry will need in
the near future. (Text in French)
[24039]

73-4787
 OTTO, F. Kraftfahrzougsteuerbefreiung fuer
Wegebau-, Strassenreinigungs- und Muellfahr-
zeuge.  [Tax exemption for road construction, city
cleansing and refuse removal vehicles.] Staed-
tehygiene, 24(4):101-102, Apr. 1973.

-------
                                                                                         11
Because of the exacting requirements set on the
city cleansing and refuse collection, the vehicles
of the respective departments - even the pas-
senger cars of the supervising personnel - are
exempt from any taxes according to paragraph 2
of the Motor Vehicle Tax Law, and a judgment
of the Federal Finance Court. It is especially im-
portant that supervising personnel be in a posi-
tion to provide the necessary measures in case of
oil or dirt impeding traffic on the streets, so that
tie ups are avoided. In the case of refuse removal
the supervisors have to guide the complicated
special removal vehicles and other devices. For
these reasons the passenger cars of the supervis-
ing personnel are absolutely necessary to fulfill
their duties and therefore have to be exempted
from taxes like any other vehicle used  directly
for cleaning or refuse removal. (Text in German)
[24040]

73-4788
 REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. McLEER.
Markets for iron and steel scrap. In  Identifica-
tion of opportunities for increased recycling of
ferrous solid  waste. Washington, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 118-176.
This paper discusses markets for iron and steel
scrap. The American steel industry is discussed
in terms of industry structure, industry growth,
steelmaking  technology,  impact  of emerging
technologies,  continuous  casting,   and  direct
reduction. The iron and steel  casting industries
are also  discussed along  the following lines:
structure; growth; and casting technology. Ex-
port markets, copper  precipitation, detinning,
and   future   scrap  requirements  are  also
described. Extensive tabular data are provided.
(This document is retained in  the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24041]

HAZARDOUS WASTES

73-4789
 Umwelterfreundliche Muellplaetze fuer giftigen
sondermuell. [Sanitary landfills for toxic special
refuse.] Umschau, 73(8):226,1973.
A new corporation for the disposal of special
refuse has been founded in Bavaria. About  45
percent of the  total special refuse quantity in
Bavaria is industrial sludge; 14 percent is solu-
tions and emulsions; 13 percent is residue from
gasoline dischargers; 10 percent is oily soils, 17
percent is acids and lyes; 4 percent is toxic sub-
stances containing  arsenic; and  3  percent is
waste oils. The  ground below the sanitary land-
fill for special refuse is covered with concrete in
order to avoid the penetration of polluted water
into the underground. (Text in German)
[24042]

HEALTH/SAFETY

73-4790
 OTTO, F.  Haftung fuer Muelltonnen Gehweg.
[Liability for refuse bins on side walks.] Staed-
tehygiene, 24(4):98, Apr. 1973.
A customer who left a shop  stepped down from
the sidewalk in  order to avoid the refuse bins of
the shop. He fell and asked indemnity from the
shop owner. The Court of Appeal Koblenz ruled
under file No. 3 U  918/70 that the shop  owner
was not to pay an indemnity as the leaving of the
sidewalk  was  not  unusual and  therefore  no
reason for special danger. It was the fault of the
pedestrian that he did not pay attention and did
not assure himself that he could evade the bins
without any danger to his health.  (Text in Ger-
man)
[24043]

INCINERATION

73-4791
 BECKMAN, J. A., C. GRANT, E. L. KAY, AND J. R.
LAMAN. Destructive distillation.  Rubber Age,
105(4):43-48, Apr. 1973.
Statistics  on the volume of road-worn tires as
well as other  scrap  rubber confirm that the
rubber  industry is  faced with a pressing solid
waste disposal problem. Several processes which
are being investigated may solve the problem.
One of these processes, the  destructive distilla-
tion of scrap rubber has the potential of conserv-
ing natural resources. Valuable materials can be
recovered from scrap rubber and recycled to
manufacturing   operations.  The   destructive
distillation of scrap tires gives three primary

-------
12
crude productsO char, oil, and hydrocarbon rich
in hydrogen. The effects of the process variables
on the distribution of the primary products are
discussed as well as the effects of batch versus
continuous  process   operation.  Preliminary
product development work on the primary pyrol-
ysis products indicates that marketable materi-
als can be manufactured.
[24044]

73-4792
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Incineration
data:  cost, equipment, and performance.  In
Handbook of environmental control, v. 2. Solid
waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 453-
482.
This paper presents data, diagrams, and graphs
on  incineration  costs,  equipment,  and  per-
formance. The  topics covered follow:  approxi-
mate combustion characteristics of various kinds
of materials and amounts of air needed for com-
bustion; calculated variations  in refuse  incinera-
tor data for various refuse heating values and
compositions; parameters of  design  for  refuse
furnaces; gas  burner  recommendations for
general refuse incinerators; typical physical pro-
perties of  refractories;  comparative  costs for
two types of incinerators, Chicago; typical com-
parative cost figures for furnace systems; in-
cineration costs, 1967 to 1968; operating costs for
municipal  incinerators;  incinerator  residues;
chemical analysis of incinerator fly ash; effects
of air flow in air pollutant emissions by  incinera-
tors;  control equipment  efficiencies  and  costs;
and characteristics of incinerator waste  water.
Source  material is provided for the data given.
(This  document is retained  in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24046]

73-4793
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB.  Incineration.
In  Handbook  of environmental control, v.  2.
Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p.
395-424.
This paper presents data, diagrams, and graphs
on solid waste incineration. The topics covered
follow: installed incinerator capacity, U.S., 1966;
average  size of  incinerators in  1966; volume
reduction by  incineration; process flow  chart
with incinerator-boiler; equipment for continu-
ous incineration; possible reaction modes in an
incinerator; multiple chamber incinerator design
factors;  operating  procedures for crematory;
classification of seven wastes and nine incinera-
tors;  maximum burning  rate of various  type
wastes; BTU values; incinerator capacity chart;
recommended  incineration equipment; and con-
versions of dust loadings in  flue gas. Source
material is provided for  the data given. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24045]

73-4794
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB.  Interim guide
of good practice. In Handbook of enviromental
control, v. 2. Solid waste.  Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 425-452.
This paper presents a guide for good incineration
practices in the  form  of text, diagrams, and
graphs. The topics covered follow: excerpts of in-
terim guide of good practices for incineration at
Federal  facilities;   applicability  of  Federal
regualtions to  incinerators; standards for par-
ticulate emissions;  standards  for visible  emis-
sions;  considerations  for good planning  other
than incinerator design; definitions of incinera-
tor terms; design recommendations for general
refuse incinerators; types of general  refuse in-
cinerators;   scrubber    design   parameters;
scrubber controls; scrubber construction;  mist
eliminators; materials  of construction; general
refuse incinerator requirements; pathological in-
cinerators; general  refuse incinerators with  or
without  scrubbers; and  minimum incinerator
thicknesses. Source material is provided for the
data given. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24047]

73-4795
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Power from in-
cimeration. In  Handbook of environmental con-
trol, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 483-489.
This paper presents data, diagrams, and graphs
on power from incineration of solid waste. The
topics covered follow: steam and power from in-

-------
                                                                                           18
cineration in France, Germany, and Switzerland;
summary  of operating costs for Chicago's mu-
nicipal heat-recovery incinerator; East coast in-
cinerator-boiler installations;  effect of refuse
moisture and  excess  air on  steam generating
capacity; refuse-fired gas turbines; apartment
and residence incinerators; estimated emission
rates  from  incinerators; and costs for  three
types of domestic incinerators. Source material
is provided for the data given. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24048]

73-4796
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Pyrolysis.  In
Handbook of environmental control, v. 2. Solid
waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 519-
524.
This article presents  data on pyrolysis of solid
wastes. The topics  covered include: San Diego
sanitary fill material survey,  1965-1966; pyroly-
sis product yield; gases evolved by pyrolysis; gas
evolved per pound  of typical refuse  combusti-
bles; proximate analysis of pyrolysis char; pyrol-
ysis of newspaper; typical low pressure pyrolysis
systems; volatile matter yields; analyses of gas
from pyrolysis of refuse components for pyroly-
sis tests;  and cost  and revenue  estimates for
pyrolysis. Detailed  source material is provided
for the data given. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24049]

73-4797
 BURGESS, J. V.  Developments in sludge and
waste   incineration.    Process  Biochemistry,
8(l):27-28, Jan. 1973.
Approximately 1  million tons  of dry  solids are
contained in the 25 million tons of sewage sludge
produced  annually  in the United  Kingdom. Of
the available sludge and liquid disposal options,
incineration provides the most complete and safe
disposal of organic matter, producing only clean
gases, water vapor,  and ash. Its high cost may be
reduced through  centralized  facilities. Various
types of furnaces are  commonly used: multiple-
hearth, mono-hearth, fluidized-bed, rotary drum,
and liquid incinerators. Many other furnace com-
binations are under consideration and construc-
tion.
[24050]

73-4798
CRAWFORD, G. Incineration. Waste Age,
83,Jan./Feb.l973.
Solid waste disposal is a major problem affecting
nearly everyone. Special consideration for waste
disposal must be made at the very inception of a
new building. On site incineration of solid waste
disposal  in high  rise  buildings for a modern
system consists of five basic components: refuse
chute;  refuse  charging  apparatus;  multiple
chamber incinerator with primary and secondary
burners; scrubber (optional depending on appli-
cation and codes); and  chimney. All incinerators
require substantial amounts of combustion air to
prevent poor combustion.
[24051]

73-4799
 Direct incineration plant.  Public  Cleansing,
63(3):104-114,Mar. 1973.
The experience acquired in  the study of the
design of a number of incinerators, is presented
in  various  categoriesO  operating experience,
profiting by experience, calorific value, environ-
mental considerations  and conservation. Before
going the incinerator route, a feasibility study is
first suggested to identify the best method  of
waste disposal. Nowadays, the incinerator route
has fewer of the difficulties encountered in early
British  direct incineration plants. A technical
discussion of the paper is also included.
[24052]

73-4800
  DOTREPPE-GRISARD,  N.    Incineration  des
plastiques    et    pollution    atmospherique.
[Incineration of plastic materials and air pollu-
tion.]  Tribune du  Cebedeau, 25(348):476-475,
Nov. 1972.
Air pollution problems involved in the incinera-
tion of plastic and other wastes  are reviewed.
Domestic refuse in  Belgium presently contains
2.25 percent plastic materials, of which 1.75 per-
cent is polyethylene, 0.30 percent is polystyrene,
and 0.20 percent is polyvinyl chloride. The  per-
centage of plastic materials in  domestic waste is
expected to reach 7 percent in 1975, and 10 per-

-------
14
cent in 1980, when the share of poly vinyl chloride
will rise to 11.5 percent. Incinerator equipment
may be subject to corrosion due to the destruc-
tion  of its  protective  oxide  film by carbon
monoxide, especially at temperatures above 400
C. Corrosion can be also caused by sulfur diox-
ide, and  chlorine compounds. Chlorine  com-
pounds produce buildups of ferrous and ferric
chloride, which latter readily separates from the
metal surface. Corrosion can be  prevented by
maintaining the flue gas temperature between
900 and 1,000 C, by injecting secondary air for
postcombustion, by limiting the gas flow rate to
6 to 8 m  per second and through diminishing
aburpt changes in flow direction. Incrustations
of the incinerator surfaces can be prevented in a
similar manner. The formation of hydrochloric
acid from  incinerated polyvinyl chloride may be
due to high-temperature reactions of inorganic
chlorides with fused iron and aluminum silicates,
producing highly volatile iron and aluminium
chlorides  which   ultimately  hydrolyze   into
hydroxides and hydrogen chloride  or due to reac-
tions of alkaline chlorides  and acid sulfates in
buildups,  which results  in hydrogen chloride
under  high  humidity  and  temperature  condi-
tions. Through injecting lime into the flue gas 70
to 80 percent of all hydrogen chloride formed can
be bound. (Text in French)
[24053]

73-4801
  EBAHA  MFG. Co.,  LTD, TOKYO.   Gasuka
shokyaku  hoshiki ni yoru  tokushu gomi  oyobi
sangyo haikibutsu  shokyakuro.   [Incinerating
furnace for special trash and industrial waste by
a gasification and  combustion method.] Kotai
Haibutsu, (8):44-49, Dec. 1972.
The  gasification and  combustion method is a
process developed with the object of preventing
the occurrence of secondary  pollution and of
serving as one  of the future energy sources by
the conversion  of the byprocuct formed by this
method to flammable gas. The facility consists of
a pre-treater, a supplying  system, gasification
equipment, gas absorption equipment, and com-
bustion equipment  for  generated  gas. The
adequately crushed flammable solid wastes, such
as plastics, synthesized  rubber, coarse trash, etc.,
are thrown into the incinerating  furnace  after
being mixed up in a pit for waste, preheated by
the generated hot gas rising from the lower part
of the furnace, then heated at 250 to 400 C at a
dry-distillation  stage, and volatile substances
such  as  hydrochloric  acid are  removed. It is
heated at 500 to 600 C at a reduction stage until
the majority of waste is carbonized, and at  the
last oxidizing stage the carbon is consumed by
the reaction of the carbon with the atmospheric
oxygen. Thus the heat so generated promotes
the reactions such as  reduction and dry distilla-
tion. The temperature of the oxidizing stage is
800 to 850 C, and the gas coming out of the ox-
idizing stage is introduced to the outside of the
furnace through  each stage of reduction, dry
distillation, and preheating. The amount of  gas
generated  from  the  gas generated  from  the
gasification furnace  is one-sixth to  one-tenth
that of the former  incinerating furnace, thus
making the air pollution equipment less costly.
(Text in Japanese)
[24063]

73-4802
 EWING, R. C. Amoco installs fluid-bed incinera-
tor. Oil and Gas Journal, 71(4):103, 106, Jan. 22,
1973.
A new fluid-bed incinerator is now operating at
the Amoco Oil Co. refinery at Whiting, Indiana.
The unit is charged  up wil liquid  wastes and
semi-solid sludges from  various waste sources.
Incinerator operation is  continuous  with feed
tankage capacity permitting a shutdown of 20
days. Products  of the unit are effluent flue  gas
out of the stack and solids from the reactor.
Twenty conditions of operation must be met to
automatically start the unit; otherwise,  one or
more control loops will prevent startup. Alarms
are sounded during operation if one or more in-
terlocks are involved  during operational moni-
toring.
[24054]

73-4803
  EWING, R. C.   Centralized incinerators burn
plants' waste. Oil and Gas Journal, 71(11):109,
112, Mar. 12,1973.
The Bayport Central  Waste Treatment Plant is
located  on a 120-acre  site within a still develop-

-------
                                                                                           15
ing industrial park in southwest Harris County,
Texas, serving 19 industrial installations. The in-
cineration unit consists of two 1,000 gal per hr
liquid incinerators, six 20,000 gal holding tanks,
and 20,000 gal mix  tanks.  One incinerator  is
equipped with a high-energy, venturi-type wet
scrubber which removes particulate matter not
comsumed in the combustion process. Waste con-
taining inorganic matter is processed through
this unit. The unscrubbed incinerator burns only
wastes which contains organics. The plant in-
cinerates on a batch basis but both incinerators
run continuously24 hr per day, 7 days per week.
[24055]

73-4804
FABRY, F. A. M. Incinerateur perfectionne pour
ordures   et   residus   solides   ou   liquides.
[Incinerator for liquid or solid wastes.] Canadian
Patent 906,327. Issued Aug. 1,1972.
An incinerator for any king of solid or liquid
wastes is described. The incinerator comprises a
combustion grate,  a distributor system for the
distribution  of the waste materials over the
grate, and feed chute for the distributor, an aux-
iliary burner placed underneath the grate, and
the collecting tray mounted below the grate for
collecting wastes passing the incinerator without
being destroyed. The air supply and the auxiliary
burner operation are thermostatically controlled.
The incinerator is designed to operate as a heat
generator whenever there is not waste to be in-
cinerated. Wet type flue gas cleaning system is
provided for. (Text in French)
[24056]

73-4805
 FERREL, J. F.  Sludge incineration.  Pollution
Engineering, 5(3):36-39, Mar. 1973.
Although sludge incineration is usually more ex-
pensive than land dumping, the former is coming
more and more to the fore when a balance of pro
and con  factors is made.  Various  methods  of
sludge incineration are then discussed: multiple
hearth furnace,  flash  drying and incineration
system, cyclone type, kiln type, fluid bed reactor
and wet air  oxidation. Performance and  cost
curves are presented along with system  sche-
matics.
[24057]
73-4806
  FIELD, A.  A.   Waste  incineration.   Heat-
ing/Piping/Air Conditioning,  45(3):95-97, Mar.
1973.
With the increasing need  to put a brake on all
forms of pollution, incineration is now getting
priority as a means of waste disposal in most Eu-
ropean  countries.  A few  cases in Europe are
described where incineration is being combined
with power generation to sometimes  produce
steam for  district heating.  Advantage is thus
being taken of the increasing  calorific  value of
the millions of tons (18 million tons in the United
Kingdom last year) of domestic  waste being
generated these past years.
[24058]

73-4807
 FIFE, J. A. Solid waste disposal: incineration or
pyrolysis.     Environmental  Science   and
Technology, 7(4):308-312, Apr. 1973.
Combustion  processes, reduce  not only the
volume  of  the refuse, such as in the shredding
and baling operations,  but  also  its  weight.
Weight  becomes an important factor when waste
must be transported over significant distances.
Of the  combustion processes, incineration and
pyrolysis, the former occurs in the presence of
air whereas the latter doesn't. After describing
the nature  of both types of processes and com-
paring them, selection factors  are presented to
enable one to decide which process should be
selected for a given situation.
[24059]

73-4808
 HASELER, A. E.  Refuse incineration-the en-
vironmental answer for district heating schemes.
 The Building Services Engineer, (4):A31-A34,
Mar. 1973.
District heating enables fuel technologists, en-
gineers, town planners, administrators and coun-
cillors all to have opportunities to make a very
considerable contribution to the reduction in the
rate of  world fuel consumption  including the
reuse of civilization's waste products. A part of
telethermics- the transmission and distribution
of thermal  energy in the form of piped hot water

-------
16
in thermally insulated mains, district heating is
anetwork of pipes circulating hot water from any
convenient source of heat to all urban buildings.
On the other hand, refuse may be regarded as a
valuable source of useful energy. The idea is to
employ this refuse heat from incinerators as part
of the heat input into the district heating scheme
to not only provide heat  energy  but also  to
reduce environmental pollution in a very effec-
tive way.
[24060]

73-4809
 Heat recovery at Bristol sewage works. Energy
Digest, 2(2):11-13, Mar. 1973.
An   economic  self-contained   installation  at
Bristol, England, provides electricity supplies
for  complete sewage pumping and treatment
plant, and for a large refuse incinerator. The in-
cinerator has a maximum load of 1,450 kw. It is
operated initially on a two-shift, 5 days per week
system, equivalent to  80 hours,  Monday  to
Friday. On completion of  an extended power
plant installation, sludge gas yield will be suffi-
cient to meet the fuel requirements of the en-
gines when  the alternator sets are providing
base-load  power for the sewage works and in-
cinerator.
[24061]

73-4810
 How to get rid of liquid waste.  Factor, 6(1):64-
65, Jan. 1973.
Disposal of liquid plant wastes economically and
without fouling the environment is a problem
faced by many manufacturers. In this case, the
Union Carbide  Corporation  of  Elk Grove,
California had two types of liquid wastes- a toxic
distillate and liquid solvent wastes. The  latter
was  used  to supplement the  fuel needs to in-
cinerate the former in a liquid waste incinerator
designed  by  the Thermal Research  and En-
gineering  Company of Conshohocken, Pennsyl-
vania.
[24062]

73-4811
  Incineration  makes  a  comeback.   Factory,
6(1):51, Jan. 1973.
The starved air design incinerator of the Kelley
Co. of Milwaukee, Wisconsin has been shown by
independent laboratory tests to have an emission
rate well below the standard set by most States.
By holding back on the air used for combustion, a
less turbulent and more even burning process is
promoted to burn  off the combustion gases,
along with the smoke, in a secondary chamber,
located at the base of the stack, above the prima-
ry chamber.  Natural  gas is introduced in the
secondary chamber to ignite  the combustible
gases.
[24064]

73-4812
 KNAAK,  R., AND H. KUHL.   Ergebnisse der
Grossversuche mit  gemeinsamet  Verbrennung
von Muell und klaerschlamm in den Muellver-
brennung sanlagen  Kopenhagen und Bonn-Bad
Godesberg. [Results of tests  with joint  com-
bustion  of refuse and sewage sludge in the in-
cineration  plants Copenhagen  and Bonn-Bad
Godesberg.] VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(4):210-
213,1973.
Tests with  regard to a  joint combustion of
sewage  sludge and refuse were  conducted at
Copenhagen and Bonn. Both incineration plants
has a throughput of 5 tons of refuse per hr. A ro-
tary shaft furnace is especially  adapted for the
combustion of sewage sludge. The tests were
conducted with four different sludge types hav-
ing a water content of 49 to 78 percent. Three
sludge  types were rotted sludges  while in the
last test series activated sludge was combusted.
In one case the sludge was dosed  by a  rotating
roll, in the second case it was dosed by hand, one
sludge types was fed into the furnace by means
of a crane,  and the last test sample was fed
directly into the rotating furnace. It was found
that  under  the  given conditions  all types of
sludge   burnt  satisfactorily, the unburnt  sub-
stances  amounting to  only  0.2  percent  at
Copenhagen and less than 0.1 percent at Bonn.
Even the fresh sludge with a water contents of
78 percent burnt completely at sufficient furnace
temperatures. However, it is very important for
complete combustion that an intensive mixing of
sewage  sludge and refuse is provided for. (Text
in German)
[24065]

-------
                                                                                          17
73-4813
 MAUGH, T. H. Fuel from wastes: a minor ener-
gy source.  Science, 178(4061):599-602, Nov. 10,
1972.
Simultaneously, the United States has begun to
consume far  greater  quantities of fossil fuels
than  can be produced  domestically  and to
produce far greater quantities  of solid organic
wastes than  can be taken up by landfills  and
other conventional methods of disposal. There is
the hope that these wastes could be converted
into synthetic fuels to  simultaneously solve both
problems. Three major routes are available to do
so: hydrogenation, pyrolysis, and bioconversion.
However realistically, the  vision of fuel from
wastes would seem to  be of minor importance. A
more  optimistic route, that may take as long as
25 years, would start with algae.
[24066]

73-4814
 NBS helps with problems of waste incineration.
National Bureau  of Standard  Technical News
Bulletin, 57(2):42-43,48, Feb. 1973.
Industrial incinerators that burn cleaner and last
longer could  result from  readily usable ther-
modynamic data compiled  by NBS scientists on
likely incinerator reactants and products. These
data help engineers  in the proper design  and
operation of  incinerators by  solving important
problems: determination of waste material com-
position, analysis  of main ingredients or reac-
tants, and determination of the heat balance of
the combustion process to maintain correct tem-
perature control.
[24067]

73-4815
 New burner  tip makes residue-disposal routine.
Chemical Engineering, 80(9):80, Apr. 16,1973.
Attempting to  burn  dirty liquid  wastes  can
result in burner fouling where the burner tip
becomes clogged   with deposited  solids  which
may be  carbon. A new  burner  tip design is
described that prevents fouling. Both fuel and a
cooling atomization medium, steam, combine in a
spiral mixture flow inside the tip in a dynamic
way so that  the  mixture exits into the  com-
bustion zone through a single large port. At this
point,  additional  atomizing medium  impinges
onto the into the fuel mixture to provide addi-
tional external atomization. The atomizing medi-
um ports, about the single large fuel mixture
port, produce a rotary motion opposing that of
the flowing fuel mixture.
[24068]

73-4816
 New facility to produce industrial  steam from
municipal refuse.   Secondary Raw Materials,
10(10):92, Oct. 1972.
A new waste energy recycling facility is to be
built on the present site of the sanitary land fill
in Saugus, Massachusetts by the Thermal Ener-
gy System  Co. as a joint venture of  Combustion
Engineering and the M. DeMatteo Construction
Co. Construction was slated to begin in July 1972
and be completed in mid-1974. It represents an
economically and ecologically attractive  answer
to municipal trash disposal problems by combin-
ing steam  generation with efficient refuse in-
cineration.  The solid  waste of the collected
refuse will be  shredded,  metals removed, and
then used as fuel to produce up to 350,000 pounds
of steam per hr for sale to area industries.
[24069]

73-4817
  New incinerator  features mobility aspect.
American Gas Association Monthly, 55(20):34,
Feb. 1973.
A mobile and smokeless incinerator meets the
needs of construction projects, park systems and
other  activities where accumulation of solid
waste  is widely scattered as well  as those of
plants,  stores,  or building sites. The  unit is
mounted on a flatbed trailer, with the emission
stack hinged to clear any underpass or wires. An
automatic feeder is included to move waste into
the primary chamber continuously during com-
bustion. Use is made of the starved air principle
to maintain air flow during incinerator operation
and to promote combustion to drive off certain
combustion gases.
[24070]

73-4818
  New-type incineration  effective  at  textile
plants. Modern Textiles, 54(2):22-23, Feb. 1973.

-------
18
A number of companies have gone the incinera-
tion  route  with the Keelley Co. 'starved air'
design incinerator in operation as demonstrated
by the Wallis Equipment Co. of Charlotte, North
Carolina. This decision was made on both ecolog-
ical and economic grounds. A minimum amount
of air is used to release a comsubtion gas that
rises, with smoke,  into a  secondary chamber,
where the  gas is ignited to 'burn  up its own
smoke'. The incinerator can be kept burning at a
high site and high temperature around the clock,
50 weeks a year, in one case.
[24071]

73-4819
 PARIEL, J. M., AND G.  ROBIC.  Precede et ap-
pareillage d'incineration de liquides pollues et de
boues. [Process and device for the incineration of
waste  liquids  and  sludges.]  French  Patent
2,088,628 owned by the Societe Anonyme Heur-
tey et Elf-Union. Issued Jan. 7,1972.
Procedure and apparatus for the burning off of
impurities  in liquids and sludge are described.
The  impurities present  in liquids or sludge are
destroyed by the production of a finely  divided
pseudo-homogeneous mixture resulting from the
mutural dispersion of two immiscible phases at
least one of which is contaminated and at least
one  being a fuel. The resulting mixture is ad-
mitted into a reaction chamber for  gasification
and  combustion with recirculation  of the gas
generated in the chamber so that is contacts the
chamber walls near the inlet  zone. The com-
bustion chamber is  composed  of a cylindrical
part with a height-to-diameter ratio of at leat 3,
another convergent conical part with a top angle
of 44 degrees,  and  of a cylindrical  outlet with
device for partial obturation. (Text in French)
[24072]

73-4820
 Plastic wastes are a burning issue. Chemical
Week, 112(9):51, Feb. 28,1973.
New pyrolysis techniques, incinerators  for
steam  generation,   and  reuse  of  industry-
generated  scrap  promise  to  alliviate plastics
waste  disposal problems. The article presents
the gist of a report prepared for the Manufactur-
ing Chemists Association: Pyrolysis is pollution
free,  needs little fuel,  and recovers  a wide
variety of materials. Test scale pyrolysis units
are in operation at Monsantos St. Louis plant and
in Denmark. It is suggested that incinerators use
water walls for water heat utilization.  A previ-
ous report indicated no problems in the  incinera-
tion of plastics in  well-designed and operated in-
cinerators.
[24073]

73-4821
 Portable debris incinerator takes to the water.
Construction Methods and Equipment, 55(5):75,
May 1973.
Owners, faced with the problem of getting rid of
debris along the shores of the newly completed
4,000-acre  Bullards  Bar  Dam reservoir  in
northern California, called for the camram Corp.
of Seattle to do  the job  with  its portable Air
Cushion Combustion  Destructor.  A   crawler
crane, mounted in the incinerator barge, cleans
the shoreline of slash, and piles material aboard
the barge in preparation for disposal in the mo-
bile incinerator. It has a knucklebone crane at its
head end that feeds debris to the air combustion
chamber in a continuous operation. Ash, dirt, and
rock pass through the grates into an ash barge
that dumps the residue ashore every 12 hr.
[24074]

73-4822
 Reacteur a lit  fluidise. [Fluidized bed  reactor.]
French Patent 2,091,161 owned  by the Fuller
Company. Issued Jan. 14,1972.
Fluidized-bed reactor  for the  incineration  of
combustibles residues is described. The reactor
contains a grill for the granulated bed material, a
device for continuous air supply, and a heating
unit using fuel, combustible residue or combina-
tions  thereof as heat source. Heat sensing and
heat detecting units compare the temperatures
occurring in  the  fluidized bed  and in  the free
zone  above  the  fluidized  bed to a  preset
reference value, and control the feed rates of the
residue, fuel, and cooling water as a function  of
the determined difference in temperature. The
fluidized-bed reactor provides for complete com-
bustion, and  consequently for deodorization,  of
combustible residues. (Text in French)
[24075]

-------
                                                                                           19
73-4823
 Solid wastes  treated  by pyrolytic  process.
Machine Design, 45(7):8, Mar. 22,1973.
In a pyrolysis study of Torrax Systems Inc. of
Orchard Park, New York solid wastes are con-
verted into a useful gas and a solid material. The
solid wastes are hard to dispose of items such as
auto body parts, tires, tree stumps, plastics and
old appliances. The items are loaded into a fur-
nace called a gasifier and subjected to blasts of
air heated to 2,000 F by natural gas. Organic por-
tions of the wastes are literally decomposed and
most of the wastes are turned into gases. The
remaining material settles to the bottom of the
furnace and is liquified into a molten slag, which
may be used as base material in highway con-
struction.  The produce gases may be burned to
make electricity and steam to heat buildings.
[24076]

73-4824
 STRIBLING, J. B.  New Furnace.  Oil and Gas
Journal, 71(12):72-74, Mar. 19,1973.
The cyclone furnace, developed by Lucas Fur-
nace  Developments  Ltd and  licensed in the
United States by Fluor Utah Inc. of San Mateo,
California, is  especially designed  for wastes
disposal purposes.  It is proving highly efficient
for all types of wastes except those containing an
appreciable amount of either sodium or potassi-
um; at high temperatures, these metals attack
the refractory material to form a glass-like slag
necessitating the exploration of other refractory
materials  which would allow the incineration of
these  compounds  without  difficulty.  Four
categories of material are handled by the cyclone
furnace: particulate solids, large solids, sludges
and semi-liquids, and  liquids.  Continual  auto-
matic  measurement  and control  of four main
variables  of cyclone operation  is possible: fur-
nace pressure and temperature oxygen content
of products of combustion, and carbon monoxide
level of the burning surface.
[24078]

73-4825
 STRIBLING, J. B. The cyclone furnace for waste
incineration.  Process Biochemistry,  8(1):29, 31,
34, Jan. 1973.
The British policy of dumping by land or sea may
become  impossible  after  tomorrow  as the
disposal  problems increases exponentially. Al-
ternatives to dumping must be found and such
related costs must be paid for. The incineration
process appears most acceptable provided it is
efficient. The cyclone furnace is so regarded,
adapting itself as it does to changes in the nature
of the  waste  being incinerated  through the
rapidly spinning motion of the column of gas in-
side the chamber to best incinerate fine particu-
late, solids,  larger  solids,  sludges  and  semi-
liquids, and liquids.  Yet sodium and potassium
compounds  prove   most  difficult  to handle
because the refractory  meterial of the furnace
breaks  down  into  glass-like  slag  in  their
presence. Improved refractory material is there-
fore  needed. This calls  for an all-encompassing
technology effort specifically suited to the exact-
ing needs of modern waste disposal.
[24077]

73-4826
 System for treating fluid  and solid waste.  Ship
and Boat International, 25(11):19, Nov. 1972.
A/S Atlas of Copenhagen has now introduced a
product that can deal with effluents from toilets
as well as sludge and oily bilge water. It is a dual
unit, one providing waste effluent treatment and
the other incineration. The water and sewerage
treatment unit leaves the treated material free
from bacteria and odor. Residual sludge, perhaps
with a considerable percentage  of  oil, can  be
dealt, immediately, with the automatically con-
trolled incinerator unit. The 7 ft high dual unit
can deal with all classessses of waste material
from a ship's crew of fifty people.
[24079]

73-4827
 Verbrennungsanlage fuer Gummiabfaelle Rb4.
[Incinerator for  rubber waste products  RB4.]
Die Technik, 28(5):321,1973.
The  incinerator for combustion of rubber and
plastic waste products is equipped with two bur-
ners. One is installed in the combustion chamber.
It extinguishes automatically once the operating
temperature of 1000 C is  reached. The  other
burner is  used  for afterburning  combustion

-------
20
products. It remains in operation. As fuel for the
burners, diesel oil, light fuel oil and gas can be
used. The fuel consumption is 20 kg per hr. One
combustion cycle last 4 to 5 hr. One charge may
have a maximum  volume of 4 cu m. The height
including stack is 6700mm. The waste products
are burned without smoke, dust and odor. (Text
in German)
[24080]

73-4828
 WIEDERMANN, F.  Heizzentrale mit Muellver-
brennung. [Heating system with refuse incinera-
tion.] Staedtehygiene, (4):103,1973.
Contrary to the  general opinion  that only in-
cineration plants  which are laid  out for large
quantities work economically, the example of a
hotel in the Swiss Alps shows that small plants
also offer  special  advantages. In order to avoid
the dumping of refuse in the mountain region the
hotel had to construct an incineration plant of its
own. The daily refuse quantity of the hotel of 2
to 3 cu m  is burnt in two combustion chambers
where  a ventilation system  provides  for  the
necessary air. The first chamber is  used for
burning the refuse while the second one is pro-
vided with an oil  burner which  burns the cases
from the refuse incineration so that they leave
the plant completely odorless. About 360,000 of
the 1 million kcal in which are required for heat-
ing purposes are  produced by the incineration
plant of the  hotel. One hundred  kg of refuse
produce about 5,000 liters of hot water at a tem-
perature of 60 C. Slag and ash are  used for land-
fill purposes. (Text in German)
[24081]

INDUSTRIAL  WASTES

73-4829
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUS. Industrial and
commercial waste disposal.  In Handbook  of en-
vironment control, v. 2. Solid  waste. Cleveland,
Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 544-550.
This paper presents data on industrial and com-
mercial waste disposal. The following topics are
covered; Monthly rates for commercial collection
based on quantity of refuse collected; commer-
cial rates for refuse collection based on kind of
business, 1961; bases used by four cities to com-
pute commercial rates for refuse collection; com-
mercial treatment of industrial  and municipal
solid  wastes; scrap  and waste quanitites  and
utilization   achieved;   waste   produced   by
processing minerals and fuels in  1965; and U.S.
disposal of solid wastes, methods  and quantities.
Source  material   is  provided  for  the  data
presented. (This  document  is retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[24082]

73-4830
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Industrial solid
wastes-manufacturing industries.   In  Hand-
book of environmental control, v. 2. Solid waste.
Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 93-108.
This paper discusses solid wastes in the manu-
facturing industries. An extensive listing is pro-
vided of  the  principal industrial  waste com-
ponents  according to source, waste, charac-
teristics, composition, and means of treatment of
disposal. Solid waste disposal is categorized by
State. Data  are also  provided on the following:
manufacturing  wastes, 1967;  large firm  mul-
tipliers; small firm multipliers; estimation of in-
dustrial wastes generation  rates; solid waste
generated by the fabricated rubber products in-
dustry,  1968; solid waste generated  by tire  and
tire products manufacturing; and the Pennsyl-
vania anthracite refuse banks. Detailed source
material is provided for the data given. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24083]

73-4831
 BOWERS, D. Control of liquid wastes in printing
ink plants.  American Ink Maker,  51(3):16-17,
Mar. 1973.
For years the printing manufacturers have been
aware of the need for living within the pollution
control  laws.  It  is  now  demonstrating   its
response to that awareness through a developing
technology involving  both products and systems
to solve environmental problems. Two major ob-
stacles facing the printing ink plants are the time
limit and the individual State landfill regulations.
Presently methods such as reducing the amount
of waste  by  reducing solvent  usage  or  by

-------
                                                                                           21
recovering solvent  are ways available to the
printing ink plants for eliminating pollution. The
author concludes by saying that it is apparent
that there is a need for getting on with the appli-
cation of what new technology is available. This
is necessary so that the ink manufacturers may
evaluate  the  disposal problems they encounter
this year or next year versus the solutions they
can turn to this year or next.
[24084]

73-4832
 CROWLE, V.  Water conservation and nickel
recovery. Metal Finishing Journal, 18(212):269-
272, Sept. 1972.
Water reuse  and nickel recovery are discussed.
The Lancy Laboratories proposed the integrated
method  of effluent  treatment  incorporating a
rinse water conservation and recirculation plant
which reduced the estimated quantity of water
used for rinsing by 80 percent. This type of plant
treatment also facilitated easy rocovery of metal
values and therefore  an  additional plant  to
recover nickel for reuse in the plating solution
was also  proposed. Processes concerning plating
facilities,  effluent treatment, sludge filtration,
nickel recovery, recovery plant costs and total
and future savings are discussed. It is concluded
that Raleigh  Industries Ltd., has shown that ef-
fluent  treatment need  not be  an expensive
process. Savings in  water, nickel,  and in the fu-
ture savings  are discussed. It is concluded  that
Raleigh Industries Ltd., has shown that effluent
treatment  need not be  an expensive process.
Savings  in  water,  nickel,  and  in the future
copper, not only pay for the costs of treatment
but also show the company an annual profit. It is
pointed out that water and discharge costs will
at least double in the next few years resulting in
even greater savings.
[24085]

73-4833
 DAVIES, W. E.  Geologic factors in waste bank.
Mining Congress, 59(l):43-46, Jan.  1973.
The geologic  problems in disposal of coal refuse
vary greatly from region to region depending on
the topography in the mining area. In the Ap-
palachians, the rugged ground makes it necessa-
ry to deposit most of the refuse as fills in small
side valleys or large piles along valley walls. In
the more  gentle  areas of the  Appalachians,
refuse is disposed of in the form of large mounds
on teh tops of slopes and hills as well as in valley
fills and in the flatter areas  of the midwest
prectically  all the refuse is  heaped in  large
mounds. In achieving waste bank stability, sound
application of soil mechanics and  engineering
know-how are to be applied. If they are not the
results are heaps of refuse piles and dams which
can be traced to  lack of regard regarding proper
application of principles in these fields. The arti-
cle deals  mostly  with  valley  fill  and  hillside
banks. There are four figures in this article.
[24086]

73-4834
  Driving  a  tunnel downhill. Western Union,
48(l):23-24, Jan.  1973.
Under the Rocky Mountains a tunnel is being
built by Dravo  Corp. All of the  tricks and the
tenacity of the  men in mining are  required to
build this tunnel. The 10 mile bore will pass 4,600
ft under the Continental Divide, near  Empire
Colorado.  It  is to carry a railroad  from a new
deep  molybdenum mine  to an  ore-processing
plant. Geology and water cause great problems
to the miners. The alignment passes  through a
series of faults and highly fractured zones. The
water runs towards the face and the working
operations. The reason is that the  tunnel is being
driven on a 3 percent descending  grade into the
range and toward the ore deposit. The project is
being carried out  under a contract  with Amer-
ican Metal Climax Inc., as part of the Henderson
Mine  Development in  Colorado's high country.
Key personnel have been  hired to solve the dif-
ficulties and  hazards  of  fractured  rock and
running water.
[24087]

73-4835
 DUMAN, R.  Chemical engineering and environ-
ment.   La  Technique Moderns, 64(ll):35-39,
NOv. 1972.
Efforts  made by the chemical industry to abate
environmental pollution are reviewed. Sanitary
landfilling has definite advantages  over uncon-

-------
22
trolled disposal of solid wastes, but incineration
and pyrolysis represent the only genuine solu-
tion to the problem of safe waste disposal. How-
ever,  the best  way  to  avoid wastes is adopt
technologies which generate minimum amounts
of waste, and to recycle all wastes. A process has
been developed by the Heurty Co. for the con-
version of forging scales, and steelwords and
mine dusts mixed with bitumen into balls by sub-
jecting  the  wastes  to normal heat treatment.
(Text in French)
[24088]

73-4836
 Fly ash removal from wastewater. Industrial
Wastes, 18(5):38-40, Nov./Dec. 1972.
The Marshal, Texas  plant of 1C I America, Inc
produces activated  carbon by burning lignite
under heat  and  pressure in large rotary  kilns.
This process produces large volumes of fly ash
which must be removed from the air and water
effluent. The water in the fly ash sump sontains
particulate matter from the air control  system
and  the rotary kilns. This slurry is  pumped
through cyclones where the larger particles are
removed and collected in an undertank, while the
smaller particles are  pumped to  the  plant's
wastewater sump. The wastes in this sump are
initially neutralized with lime. They then go to a
neutralizer and from  there to a large clarifier.
Flocculants  are  added at the clarifier and the
sludge is pumped to  the filter building where
large  rotary vacuum filters  remove the water.
Solids are discharged as filter cake. Clear water
from the clarifier and filtrate from the rotary fil-
ters go to the effluent tank. Half of the contents
of this tank are  recirculated in the plant to the
saturator. The other half is discharged into the
creek. The air and water quality control equip-
ment  cost $4 million to install and half a million
dollars per year to operate. A good measure of
the success of the wastewater treatment is that
fish are present downstream from  the plant.
Several pictures i nd a graph are included in this
report.
[24089]
73-4837
 GROPP,  R. F.,  AND R.  E. MONTGOMERY.
Recycling  plant  tissue  effluent.    Industrial
Wastes, 19(3):18-19,22-23,46-47, May/June 1973.
Kimberly Clark's tissue plant on the Big East
River in Muskoka, Ontario, has been concerned
with controlling discharge since pollution of the
waterways would affect the area's natural beau-
ty. The Ministry of the environment conducted
hydrological, biological, and  bacteriological sur-
veys on the river and determined that it the
plant discharge did not exceed 500 Ib of BOD per
day or 50 mg per liter of suspended solids, the
aquatic life in the system would not be affected.
The  Ministry also determined that the waste-
water effluent could not cause unacceptable con-
ditions in the river such as odor, color, foam,  or
taste.  The  discussions include  the treatment
plant, sludge removal, freeing suspended solids
to produce 1 ton of paper, the clarifier bleed, the
importance  of  being  aware of the oxygen de-
mand through the water and effluent treatment
on a daily basis, temperature control, and color
removal. The two major keys to the success  of
the  plant are: a well  integrated  design  to
minimize  waste with  sufficient safeguards  to
allow for  human errors, process  upsets  and
equipment failures; and a total commitment by
all plant personnel to fight pollution of th scenic
region.
[24090]

73-4838
 KREPLICK, R.,  W. LITSKY, AND H. B. GUNNER,
ED.   Proceedings; Regionalized Solid  Waste
Management   Conference,   Newton,    Mas-
sachusetts, June  1-2,  1972. University of Mas-
sachusetts at Amherst and  Massachusetts De-
partment of Community Affairs. 216 p.
This document  covers papers presented on the
legal and socioeconomic aspects of regional solid
waste  management in the United States.  The
topics  covered  follow: a  systems  approach  to
refuse disposal  on a regional scale; environmen-
tal  impact  of  alternative  disposal  methods;
legislative provisions; local political systems  in
relation  to  regionalization;   regional planning
decisions and citizen participation; a Statewide
solid  waste  management proposal  for  Mas-

-------
                                                                                           23
sachusetts; a process for planning in a regional
basis;  and   financing  regional  solid  waste
management plans.  An  appendix  is  included
which outlines pertinent legislation. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24091]

73-4839
 MALY, V.  Charakteristika popilku z  hnedeho
uhli a moznosti jejich vyuziti. [Characteristics of
brown coal fly ash and possibilities of its utiliza-
tion.] Uhli, 20(8):328-331,1972.
Granulation,  physical and  chemical   charac-
teristics of brown coal fly ash depend on the type
of coal, on the manner of combustion, and on the
type of separation method, i.e., electrostatic or
mechanical. Mechanical separators yield ash with
particle size from 0.8 to below 0.06 mm. Fly ash
taken directly from separators has less  than 1
percent humidity, specific mass of 2 to 2.5 g per
cu cm, specific surface from 1,060 sq cm per g to
3,200 sq cm per g, and water absorption varies
greatly. Siica content varies from 63 to 86  per-
cent  for  brown coal (79 to  80 percent  for
anthracite coal), iron oxide - 5 to 11 percent, and
aluminum oxide-8 to 13 percent. All samples con-
tained boron, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, copper, al-
most all chromium, titanium  and lead; half the
samples contained arsenic, zinc, tin, strontium
and germanium, occasionally  barium, beryllium,
and silver. The ash can be  used for conversion to
magnetite,  to  aluminum  oxide,  and  for  the
recovery of germanium and of other elements. It
can be used in agriculture as a mineral fertilizer
for the improvement of heavy soils, in the manu-
facture of construction materials, as an additive
to cement, in the manufacture of hydraulic bond-
ing materials, and in the manufacture of artificial
stone. (Text in Czech)
[24092]

73-4840
 McKlNNEY, R. E.  Biodegradation of concen-
trated aqueous solid  wastesO aerobic  versus
anaerobic systems.  In  Proceedings;  National
Industrial  Solid  Wastes Management  Con-
ference,  Houston,  Texas,  Mar.  24-26,  1970.
University  of  Houston  and  Bureau  of Solid
Waste Management, p. 166-171.
This paper discusses the biological treatment of
concentrated aqueous solid wastes. The  funda-
mental concept described is the  biological sta-
bilization of organic wastes which is carried out
by simple microbial metabolism over a definite
period of time in  a  controlled environment. A
flow chart is included to assist in explaining this
concept.  Aerobic-anaerobic environments  are
described in equations and in terms of pH and
temperature. The waste characteristics of vari-
ous solids (paper, garbage, grass, tree trimmings,
metal, and glass) are also discussed. The biologi-
cal systems outlined which can be used to treat
concentrated wastes follow: anaerobic digestion;
anaerobic lagoons; aerobic digestion; oxidation
ditches; sanitary landfill;  composting; and sur-
face stabilization. Their advantages  and disad-
vantages are covered. It is concluded  that by un-
derstanding the waste characteristics, the funda-
mentals of biotreatment, and the desired  degree
of treatment a proper  system can be selected
and designed. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24093]

73-4841
 MICHAELIS, H.  Die Stellung der NE-Metall-
huetten.   [Removal   of   industrial  refuse.]
Presented  at the  VTG-Dechema Conference,
Kniebis, Nov. 20,1972.4 p.
In the whole Western world, about 25 percent of
aluminum, 41 percent  of lead,  37  percent of
copper, 22 percent of zinc, and 26 percent of tin
were recycled from waste materials. Aluminum
alloys are refined  by means  of the  chloride-
nitrogen process.  Zinc  scrap can be  used for
recycling high-quality  zinc  or zinc oxide by
means of distillation. Owing to the low iron con-
tent of Australian bauxite which  is used in alu-
minum works, it becomes  more difficult to recy-
cle the developing red sludge so that the bulk of
it has to be disposed in sanitary landfills. Owing
to the recently developed Jarosite and Goethite
precipitation methods, the leach  residue of the
zinc electrolysis contains only a very small quan-
tity of zinc so that a thermal smelting process is
not feasible any more. The precipitation sludges
therefore cause a new problem in sanitary land-
fills. Slag from copper smelting works does not
cause any problems as it can be used as gravel in

-------
24
road construction. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.) (Text in German)
[24094]

73-4842
 News trends. Machine Design, 45(15):46, June
14,1973.
Three topics are discussed. In 'Scientists Recom-
mend Coal Baths,' Dr. Robert Meyers and a team
of scientists have found a way to remove from 40
to 80 percent of the sulfur from coal. Coal sulfur
is the largest source of sulfur-dioxide in the
United States. This process is accomplished by
giving it a warm bath (about the temperature of
tepid tea) in a ferric-sulfate solution. The second
topic, 'Fluoropolymer Developed for Rotomold-
ing' discusses a new rotomolding technique that
can readily be extended with Halar 5002 to in-
clude rotolining of chemical processing, storage
and transfer equipment. In rotolining, the piece
of equipment to be lined is employed as the mold,
and Halar resin is molded inside the equipment
to form an integral, pinhole-free liner. Valves,
pipes, and flow meters are  some of the equip-
ment possibilities. The last item, 'Titanium Scrap
Recycled into Usable Product', states that a new
process    converts   titanium   metal-machine
turnings  into an  inexpensive  general purpose
metal. This new product is called Utili-Ti and it is
well suited for many applications considered to
require nickel-bearing stainless steel and nickel
copper metals. Utili-Ti has a very good strength-
to-weight ratio, is much stronger than chemically
pure titanium, is  more corrosion resistant, and
will be lower in price on a volume basis.
[24095]

73-4843
  Oil shale-a stateside  answer to petroleum
shortage.  Mining Engineer, 24(10):95-98, Oct.
1972.
The Colony  Development Operation in western
Colorado has a developing program focusing on
oil shale as a source of crude oil and energy for
the United States at a time when the nation's oil
production is not meeting the demand. Some 80
billion barrels are in the Piceance basin. At the
depositional center of the Piceance basin, the oil
shale deposit is more than 2,500 ft thick. It is in
three separate zones. An experimental history of
oil shaling in the United States since World War
II is mentioned. The Tosco 2 process for retort-
ing oil  shale  is  discussed along  with mining
methods used  in oil  shaling, disposing of the
processed shale from the retort and land status
concerning developing commercial oil  shale on
privately  owned land and on Federal  land.
Seventy percent of  all  oil  reserves are  on
Federal land. Since World War II, the govern-
ment has passed the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act
which is aimed at the creation of new and more
economic   mining,   retorting,   and  refining
technology, plus providing studies  to determine
reliable information on the costs of  oil  shale
production. The Department of the Interior has
played an important role in this area.
[24096]

73-4844
 OSBOBN, E. E. Emergency investigation of coal
waste embankments. Mining Congress  Journal,
59(l):40-42, Jan. 1973.
A special  task  force under the auspices of the
Department of the Interior was assigned two im-
mediate and two long range goals. The first was
to make a thorough study of the Buffalo  Creek
disaster. The  Buffalo  Creek tragedy  resulted
from  the  sudden and total collapse of a coal
refuse dam on Feb. 26, 1972, at Saunders,  West
Virginia. Approximately 21 million cu ft of water
was released  in minutes and  a  wild  17 mile
plunge down Buffalo Creek at velocities of up to
20 ft  per second began. All the homes and the
structures in the upper end of  the-valley were
destroyed. The Task  Force was to identify as
soon as possible all the waste dams, banks or im-
poundments with unsafe  conditions  that  could
threaten lives  or property.  It was  to  work
toward developing more effective  and  accurate
means for recognizing hazardous conditions and
all the possible modes of failure at  coal  waste
sites.  And it was told to recommend how  safer
storage or disposal technology for mining wastes
might be  developed  through research.  After
much research, the lessons learned  from Buffalo
Creek are that unless disposal practices are im-
proved and waste banks and impoundments con-
trolled,  the  problems will become even  more
critical and the probability and consequences of

-------
failure will increase. Authoritative and adequate
laws and a clear definition of responsibility are
needed. Congress should provide these.
[24097]

73-4845
 REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEEB.
Ferrous solid waste. In Identification of oppor-
tunities for increased  recycling of ferrous solid
waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972. p. 56-117.
Ferrous solid waste is discussed as an integral
part of our total solid waste problem. The follow-
ing topics are discussed in detail: sources of iron
and steel scrapO home scrap,  purchased scrap,
prompt industrial scrap, and obsolescent scrap;
junked motor vehicles; the steel can; discarded
major household appliances; and potential sup-
plies.  Data are presented on the following: the
iron  and  steel  cycle  and ferrous solid waste;
home scrap generated by industry and types of
manufacturer, 1960 to 1970; home scrap genera-
tion by State, 1969; estimated prompt industrial
scrap  by  major States, 1969;  automotive corn-
sumption of iron and steel products, 1960 to 1969;
and composition of incinerator residues.  (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24099]

73-4846
 REGAN,  W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
THE FERROUS THE FERROUS SCRAP PROCESSING
INDUSTRY. In  Identification  of opportunities
for increased recycling of ferrous solid waste.
Washington,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection
Agency, 1972. p. 177-231.
The ferrous scrap processing industry is outlined
in terms of functions, profile, and capabilities.
The following topics are covered under capital
equipment: types of capital equipment; recent
developments  in processing  equipment; new
developments  in processing equipment; impact
of the auto body shredder; the role of capital
equipment in recycling; survey data on equip-
ment  usage; and problems related to the use of
capital equipment. Iron and steel scrap grades,
stainless  and alloy steels, railroad car disman-
tling,  demolition and shipbreaking, problems of
the ferrous scrap industry, problems as seen by
industry members, and residue disposal are also
discussed. Extensive  tabular  material  is  pro-
vided. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24098]

73-4847
 Scrap trade faces direct dealing.  Waste Trade
Journal, 68(42):!, 3, Oct. 21,1972.
The spread of the practice of bypassing the scrap
dealer through increased recycling activities is
the most serious problem confronting the scrap
trade in  years.  As  an example, U.S. Steel
purchased several thousand tons of auto bundles
from the Fischer Body plant of General Motors,
thus bypassing scrap dealers. Recently a former
scrap broker recommended that steel mills buy
their  supplies directly from the  producer and
eliminate the scrap dealer. Recycling is urged to
increase the supply of solid wastes from indus-
trial plant producers who  want higher  prices.
Dealers find that the consumer expects that in-
creased supplies from recycling should result in
lower prices. Thus as supplies increase,  market
prices drop. Scrap dealers' profit margins are so
narrow that it requires luck to cover operating
costs.  This  has  been brought about  by the
recycling  drive  which  serves  to weaken the
supply  balance  and may  continue  to  reduce
prices.
[24100]

73-4848
 STOPKA, F.  Skusenosti s pousitim kaustificac-
neho   kalu   na   vyrobu   vezovej   kyseliny.
[Experience with the use of caustic  sludge for
the manufacture of tower acid.] Papir a Celu-
loza, 27(6):125-127,1972.
Where sulfate and sulfite paper mills are located
in a single complex caustic sludge can partly or
wholly replace limestone in the manufacture of
tower  acid  for  sulfite cellulose  production.
Caustic sludge, a fine precipitate of calcium car-
bonate with various predominantly inorganic im-
purities, contains 2.65 percent sodium salts, 0.57
percent organic oxides,  95.31 percent calcium
carbonate and 1.47 percent  magnesium  car-
bonate of which lime is 53.40 percent and mag-
nesium oxide 0.72 percent. Thus the calcium car-

-------
26
bonate  content is  about equal  to  that  of
limestone. The replacement of limestone with
sludge in the manufacture of tower acid by the
absorption of gaseous hydrogen sulfide in a solu-
tion of the caustic sludge has the advantage of a
more  intensive and complete reaction of the
gaseous hydrogen  sulfide with  the dripping
sludge suspension in the  tower and the  addi-
tional advantage of a comparatively high content
of sodium salts. The stability of the acid obtained
by this method is  good;  its decomposition is
minimal. The boiling of cellulose with  acid ob-
tained from such sludge poses no difficulties. In
5 years no negative effect on cellulose yield or on
its mechanical properties was  noted. The prin-
cipal  advantage is  the saving of the cost of
limestone, of its transport and handling. (Text in
Czech)
[24101]

73-4849
Weirton steel gets it all together at new plant on
Brown's Island. Magazine of Metal Producing,
11(1):27-30, Jan. 1973.
The Weirton steel plant attacks air and water
pollution with  so many novel  elements that it
represents the  greatest collection of coal equip-
ment  ever assembled for a single coking opera-
tion. In opting for the 3,000 ton per day installa-
tion, Weirton plant managers  had these objec-
tives in mind: sufficient capacity to increase coke
availability and at  the same  time permit the
eventual closing of an existing coke plant con-
sidered too  old and  too  cramped  to  undergo
modernization;  reducing air and water pollution
sources within the coke battery to meet Federal
standards;  and recovering high-purity sulfur.
Weirton attacked the pollution  problems on four
fronts: emissions  during charging, leaking oven
doors  and lids; emissions  during pushing and
quenching;  and air and  water contamination
from coke oven off-gas. A description of each of
these  processes is given. Among the features of
the Weirton battery are a version of the smoke-
less   charging  equipment;  an  enclosed  un-
derground  quenching  system;  machinery for
cleaning stove pipe  elbows oven doors and door
jambs  automatically;   double   gas  collecting
mains; a biological oxidation system for remov-
ing certain  chemical  compounds  from  waste
water; and ammonia  destruction  and  sulfur
recovery facilities.
[24102]

INSTITUTIONAL WASTES

73-4850
 CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE.  Appendices A
to K.  In   Handbook on hospital  solid waste
management. Westport, Connecticut, Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 85-103.
These 11 appendices provide data, diagrams, and
illustrations relating to  hospital solid  waste
management. The topics covered follow: glossa-
ry of terms; detailed inventory of hospital solid
waste by point of origin; cost of composite solid
waste systems for hospitals; cost of equipment;
incinerator classification of wastes; cost of a
hospital solid waste management system; deter-
mining emissions from incinerators by  source
testing; summary of survey of State regulations
applicable to single-use items; controlled air in-
cinerator  installation;  formatO NSWMA  sta-
tionary compactor rating; and  manufacturers of
on-site refuse handling equipment. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24103]

73-4851
 CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Classification.
In   Handbook on hospital solid waste mange-
ment.  Westport,   Connecticut,   Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 4-10.
This  paper discusses  the  variety of  waste
produced by hospitals. A table is used to list the
many disposable  items used in hospitals. Five
classification schemes  for hospital  solid waste
presented from  1963 to 1968 are summarized.
The  general  classification  systems described
cover  the  following  waste  types:  domestic
(kitchen, office,  and  packaging);  pathological;
contaminated; and  special  (hazardous wastes
other than pathological, such  as  radioactive
wastes  and   discarded  acids). Problems  as-
sociated with  waste types are summarized in a
table. The design of an internal handling and col-
lection system is discussed in detail. The approx-
imate variation in density of hospital solid waste
is shown in a table as are the advantages and dis-

-------
                                                                                           27
advantages of using disposables. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24104]

73-4852
 CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE.  Disposal of
solid waste.  In  Handbook on  hospital solid
waste  management.   Westport,   Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 53-65.
This paper  discusses the disposal of hospital
solid  wastes.  Ocean  dumping is  not  recom-
mended for hospital wastes because of pollution,
and  sanitary  landfills  would  be  considered
adequate only if they were properly placed and
maintained.  Only 6 percent of the 6,000 sites in
the United States are. Sanitary landfill is, how-
ever,  economically feasible,  although more ex-
pensive than operating a dump. It is also sug-
gested that rather than handling the disposal of
contaminated and pathological waste in hospitals
it  may be  considered  economical  to transport
waste to a municipal incinerator. A table contain-
ing data on municipal incinerator costs and flow
charts on basic incinerator design  and  ultimate
disposal by municipal incineration are provided.
Composting is considered advantageous bacause
of its recycling aspects, but only kitchen hospital
wastes can be disposed by this method. A flow
chart  of composting operations is also provided.
It is concluded that composting is  an attractive
method for ultimate disposal but one which is not
now economically  feasible.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)  v
[24105]

73-4853
 CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Future trends.
 In Handbook on hospital solid waste manage-
ment.   Westport,   Connecticut,    Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 76-84.
This paper discusses developments in all areas of
hospital solid waste management in recent years.
Storage has been helped  by the introduction of
plastics. Personnel are receiving better training
in  the classification and disposal of wastes. Col-
lection has been improved by the  treatment of
many wastes at the point of origin. Sanitary com-
pactors and other  equipment have made the
processing of hospital wastes easier. Compaction
has also made transportation (rail haul) more
economical. Ultimate disposal of hospital wastes
is being improved by changes in the materials
used for disposables and resource  recovery  of
waste heat from incineration of hospital wastes.
This energy could be applied to the generation of
steam, production of hot water, and the  reduc-
tion of refuse to be collected and transported for
ultimate disposal. The application  of radiation
techniques to pathological wastes is under study.
It these techniques prove feasible, sterilized
pathological wastes will no longer have to be in-
cinerated and all hospital wastes may be handled
and disposed of in the same manner. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24106]

73-4854
 CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Handbook on
hospital solid  waste  management. Westport,
Connecticut,  Technomic  Publishing  Co.,  Inc.,
1973.107 p.
This document discusses the general, technical,
economic, and  legal aspects of  hospital solid
waste  management. The  specific topics covered
include: quantity; classification; internal  collec-
tion  methods;  processing of solid waste; in-
tegrated systems for collection and  disposal;
disposal of solid waste; outside influences on in-
side practices; and future trends. Eleven indexes
are provided which include data, diagrams, and
illustrations.  Extensive bibliographic materials
are also provided. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24107]

73-4855
 CROSS, F. L.,  JR., AND G. NOBLE.  Integrated
systems for collection and disposal. In  Hand-
book on hospital solid waste management. West-
port,  Connecticut, Technomic  Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1973. p. 49-52.
This  paper discusses the application  of in-
tegrated systems for the collection  and disposal
of hospital wastes. The ideal system should be
economical, have the least operation and main-
tenance problems, and  include both the internal
and external  operations and alternate combina-
tions  of transport and  processing  equipment.

-------
28
Local or State regulations will dictate whether
an incinerator can be used by a hospital for all
wastes, pathological waste  and  contaminated
waste, or pathological wastes only. A unique ap-
proach which is discussed in detail is the use of
small compactors on each floor for the following
purposes: compaction at nursing stations on each
floor; decrease in the  frequency of collection;
decreasing the storage requirements during all
intermediate  steps;  and permitting the  solid
waste problem to be solved  as a materials han-
dling problem.  Flow  diagrams  are used  to
describe solid waste management by the follow-
ing methods: wet pulping; central  compaction;
central incineration; and  remote  compactors.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)'
[24108]

73-4856
 CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Internal col-
lection methods. In  Handbook on hospital solid
waste   management.  Westport,  Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 11-25.
This paper deals with precollection, storage, col-
lection, and transportation of hospital wastes. A
flow diagram is provided to illustrate  the  in-
volvement of storage, collection, and transporta-
tion in the entire flow of wastes  through a
hospital  system.  A storage rating  system for
hospital solid waste and a recommended plastic
bag system for hospital pathological and animal
wastes and surgery wastes are presented in ta-
bles. The advantages and disadvantages of inter-
nal transportation systems consisting of eleva-
tors,  gravity  chutes, pneumatic  chutes, auto-
matic  carts, and  conveyors  are  discussed. The
economics, advantages, and disadvantages of
pulping  systems,  pneumatic  tube  systems,
monorail   systems,  and   self-propelled  cart
systems are described  in detail in the text,  ta-
bles, and graphs. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24109]

73-4857
 CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE.  Outside  in-
fluences on inside practices.  In  Handbook on
hospital  solid waste management. Westport,
Connecticut,  Technomic Publishing  Co.,  Inc.,
1973. p. 66-75.
This paper discusses the economic, technical, and
regulatory factors which influence the manage-
ment  of hospital  solid wastes. Hospitals are
heavily labor intensive and extremely sensitive
to increases in labor rates. The daily labor costs
of solid waste handb'ng and disposal for seven
Los Angeles hospitals are shown in tabular form.
The  adequacy  of municipal  incinerators  is
discussed in terms of its influence on a hospital's
use of food grinders. A municipality's sewer size
and slope may also influence design and  self-
cleaning  velocities and these  data  are  also
presented  in  tabular  form.  Legislation  is
discussed in reference to processing of hospital
wastes, particularly in terms of particulate emis-
sions from incineration, visible emissions, and
odors.  Hospitals must also consider the cost of
transportation systems and the use of volume
reduction methods to reduce the cost of hauling
wastes.  The  technical difficulties  which  face
hospital solid waste upon arrival at a landfill are
also outlined. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24110]

73-4858
 CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Processing of
solid waste.   In  Handbook  on hospital  solid
waste  management.  Westport,  Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 26-48.
This paper discusses  the processing of hospital
solid wastes. Physical, chemical, and biological
processing are   discussed  in  detail  as are
shredding, grinding, compaction, pulping, and in-
cineration. The  economic aspects of  all  these
methods are also mentioned. Incineration is seen
as the method  which produces the  best  total
volume reduction but the following air pollution
emissions;  and  unskilled operators. Data are
presented on the following topics: equipment
cost for  wet scrubbers;  cost  of  incinerators;
hospital incinerator selection guide; advantages
and disadvantages of waste handling systems
(central  compactor,  central  incineration,  wet
pulping,  and  combination  systems); relative
merits of major components of waste handling
systems; service life  of solid  waste processing
equipment;  and  a  comparison of  proposed

-------
systems based on economic and environmental
factors. (This  document  is retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[24111]

73-4859
 CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE.  Quantity. In
Handbook on hospital solid waste management.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1973. p. 1-3.
This paper provides data and discussion on the
quantity of solid waste generated by hospitals in
the United States. These  institutions generate
an estimated 55 million tons of solid waste per
year or 1.5 percent of the total waste generated
in the United States. This is two to 10 times the
domestic generation rates, or 10 Ib per year per
patient. Due to the nature of the solid wastes
generated and the great need  to limit  disease
transmission, the hospital collection rate must
equal the generation rate. The frequency of col-
lection must also be  much greater in a hospital
compared  to  most  solid waste systems. By the
year 1980 it is projected that hospital solid waste
will  increase  76  percent  due  to  the  use of
disposables.  The   following   information  is
presented in the form of tables and graphs: total
U.S. solid  waste generation; estimates of waste
generation by various commentators from 1963
to 1971; a comparison of  growth of U.S. solid
waste  generation compareed to  hospital solid
waste  generation;  and the disposables  market
compared  to  the total medical supplies market.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24112]

LAW / REGULATIONS

73-4860
 Bay State laws for sanitary fill.  Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse    Removal    Journal,
15(10):52,65, Oct. 1972.
This article  outlines  Massachusetts'  sanitary
landfill laws. In this State, sanitary landfill sites
can only be located in areas where the potential
for environmental pollution  is minimal.  Geo-
graphical characteristics of the  facility must be
determined by on-site investigation to determine
or evaluate the following: availability, quality,
and quantity of on-site soil for cover material;
the influence that geologic factors would have on
the ease of excavation and potential for ground
and surface water pollution; maximum and nor-
mal ground water table elevation, and ground
water   patterns; probable  patterns  of - un-
derground   travel  of  gasses  and  attendant
restriction on nearby land use; and the public im-
portance of ground  water supply to be affected
by the operation. Open burning is prohibited at
landfill sites as well as the salvaging of materi-
als. All accumulated salvaged materials shall be
removed from the disposal site  at least once a
week.
[24113]

73-4861
 BOND,  R.  G., AND  C.  P. STRAUB. Solid waste
controls and management - legal aspects.  In
Handbook  of environmental control, v. 2. Solid
waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 179-
202.
The legal aspects of sob'd waste management are
discussed  in  this  paper. The  Solid  Waste
Disposal Act is  discussed in  detail in terms of
research, demonstration,  training, reclamation,
interstate cooperation, grants, executive agen-
cies, disposal sites, labor standards, and recom-
mended guidelines.  The St. Louis County, Mis-
souri, Refuse Disposal Ordinance of 1953 and the
City of New Orleans Solid Waste Ordinance are
also outlined. Waste disposal at sea is presented
and the following topics  are especially noted:
current authorization procedures; the existing
legal  framework;  international  law;  current
Federal laws; State  laws; international agencies;
Federal agencies and State agencies. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24114]

73-4862
 GRAD, F. P. Legislative  provisions: evaluation
and  recommendations.  In  Proceedings; Re-
gionalized Solid Waste Management Conference,
Newton, Massachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. Univer-
sity  of Massachusetts  at Amherst and  Mas-
sachusetts Department of Community Affairs, p.
58-72.

-------
30
This paper discusses the field of environmental
law. What has happened with regard to pollution
problems generally, is that the problems have
burst out of their narrow geographical jurisdic-
tional boundaries. Pollution is almost inherently
an intergovernmental problem because the place
of emission and the place of fallout are invariably
in different jurisdictions. The legal aspects of re-
gionalized   solid   waste  management   are
discussed along with the legal developments on
the Federal, State, and local levels with respect
to solid waste and the the role of the U.S.  En-
vironmental Protection Agency. Also discussed
are the regional waste disposal methods being
used  in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Mas-
sachusetts.  The legal and  economic changes
which  will  be required to move towards more
recycling are also  indicated. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24115]

73-4863
 HlGGlNS, J. Congress zeroing in on land  use,
strip mining, plant siting legislation. Coal Age,
78(3):65-67, Mar. 1973.
Mr.   Nixon's    environmental   and   natural
resources message to Congress told of the many
environmental problems existing in the  United
States. However his message barely touched the
serious energy crisis which is of great concern to
many legislators particularly Senators Jackson
and Muskie and Representative James A. Haley.
To meet this energy crisis, these legislators are
calling for new and tougher  laws  on land  use,
strip mining, and plant siting. They are also  ask-
ing for the creation of new agencies to deal with
specific environmental problems and at the same
time new  agencies to advise existing depart-
ments such as the creation of a National Adviso-
ry Land Use Policy to advise the  Interior  De-
partment. The author suggests  that in 1973, it
looks good for the passage of a new strip mining
bill; and that in the land use area, some sort of a
federal grant-in-aid program to  assist States in
making long range plans may pass.
[24116]
73-4864
 Kein platz mehr fuer muellwoelfe. [No permis-
sion  for  household  shredders  any  longer.]
Umschau, (8):252,1973.
For several years a household shredder was sold
which  shredded residential refuse  like bones,
glass, and tins into a fine powder which could be
removed together with the waste water. A new
regulation by the official  authorities of North-
Rhine Westfalia rules that material like  sand,
ash, rubbish, dung, kitchen refuse, and  other
solid  substances,  even if shredded  must no
longer be thrown into the sewer which means
that the utilization of household shredders is no
longer permitted. (Text in German)
[24117]

73-4865
 NAWATA, H. Impact of national pollution-con-
trol policies on international affairs. Chemical
Economy and Engineering Review, 4(9):35-37,
1972.
This article discusses the technoeconomic move-
ment of industrial pollution. Transnational pollu-
tion, such as air and water contamination across
the national  borders of European countries  is
discussed. New regulations on a national or re-
gional level over automobile engines, fuel oil, and
other  product  standards are discussed  along
with international environmental standards. It is
pointed out that while standards for water con-
tamination would not be so difficult to set,  emis-
sion standards would be more difficult, because
of wind conditions. The 'polluter pays principle*
is  suggested  as the most  sensible guideline for
the export industries, enabling them to reflect
their environmental control costs on their export
prices. Extensive data on air and water pollution
in  the United  States and Japan and  on the
economics of pollution control are also provided.
[24118]

73-4866
 Oregon  county  committee sets landfill  regula-
tions.   Solid   Wastes   Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 15(12):32,64, Dec. 1972.
A  regulation has been established  in  Marion
County, Oregon, to provide for landfill opera-
tions. It sets procedures for the franchising of

-------
                                                                                           31
refuse collectors and  disposal site operators in
the following areas: franchising solid wastes col-
lection and disposal; requirements for collection
franchises;  issuance  of collection franchises;
disposal  franchise  requirements;  issuance  of
disposal franchises; appeal on a franchise; exclu-
sive joint service under a franchise; transfer of a
franchise; responsibilities of franchise holders;
rates and charges for collection and disposal ser-
vice; rate preferences prohibited; responsibility
for payment of charges for service; enforcement
of franchise provisions; preventing  interruption
of services; and use of franchise fees.
[24119]

73-4867
PANTON, J. E., AND J. C. MEYER, JR. Expanding
the role of local police in environmental protec-
tion. Environmental Affairs, 2(2):358-364, Fall
1972.
This article discusses the enforcement of antipol-
lution legislation. The role of the Police Depart-
ment is discussed in  terms of policing the en-
vironment,  problems  of local enforcement, and
environmental affairs in general. Four catego-
ries of environmental  pollution are  outlined:
unintended incremental pollution; by-products of
living; residuals of urban dacay; and  results of
overtaxing the natural environment. It is recom-
mended that a model local government environ-
mental code be created which would provide the
necessary guidance for municipalities in direct-
ing enforcement and levying sanctions for viola-
tions.
[24120]

73-4868
 Permits for dredged or fill material.   In  Sum-
mary of  legislative activities  and accomplish-
ments of the Committee  on Public Works,
United States Senate. 92d Cong., 2nd sess., Seri-
al  No. 92-28. Washington,  U.S.  Government
Printing Office, 1972. p. 51.
This excerpt discusses  permits for dredged or
fill material and the disposal of sewage sludge.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
three responsibilities in the  landfill area and
authority to act  on the following: for failure to
obtain a permit for disposal of dredged spoil or
failure to comply with the  condition thereon;
determining whether or not a site to be used for
the disposal of dredged spoil is acceptable when
judged against the criteria established for fresh
and ocean waters similar to that required under
the ocean dumping section of the law; and deter-
mining that the material  to be disposed of will
not adversely affect municipal water supplies,
shellfish beds and  fishery  areas, wildlife  or
recreation   areas.  The  law  concerning  the
disposal  of sewage sludge contains a  provision
which relates to the disposal of sewage sludge
from  waste  treatment  plants. Disposition  of
sewage sludge in any manner which might affect
the  inland   or  coastal  navigable waters  is
prohibited.   This   provision   should   provide
adequate safeguards against immediate  threats
to the shorelines, beaches and fish, wildlife, and
recreational resources in coastal areas.
[24121]

73-4869
 Resource Recovery Act oversight. In Summa-
ry of legislative activities and accomplishments
of  the  Committee  on Public Works,  United
States Senate. 92d Cong.,  2d sess., Serial No. 92-
28. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1972. p. 58-59.
This  excerpt  discusses  oversights  in   the
Resource Recovery Act  of 1970 and outlines
changes  in  the current  solid waste  program
which appear to be necessary if the Federal pro-
grams dealing with the solid waste management
problem are  to have any degree of success.
These  recommendations  and problems  follow:
Federal  policy must change its direction  from
emphasizing disposal to emphasizing recycling;
sites for future  land disposal of solid waste are
increasingly difficult to find; Federal regulation
of products  to reduce the volume of solid waste
before the point of  disposal  is necessary, espe-
cially in  the area of packaging; and there is sig-
nificant  citizen  awareness of  the  need to use
recycled products, but not enough of these goods
are available.
[24122]

-------
82
73-4870
 Technology for a cleaner environment; the Na-
tional Society for Clean Air Spring Seminar in
Manchester. Heating and Ventilating Engineer,
46(542):118-121, Sept. 1972.
This article outlines the papers presented at the
National Society for  Clean Air  Seminar  in
Manchester, and discusses the United Kingdom's
outstanding record  of  cooperation  between
Government and industry in the field of environ-
mental cleanliness. Air and water pollution con-
trol legislation from 1830 to the present is out-
lined. The topics covered in some of the  papers
follow:  destroying  wastes  at  the  source  of
generation  instead  of  transmitting them el-
sewhere; the argument for municipal incinera-
tors; incinerating polymers; sewage incineration;
the concept of integrated design; pollution from
the  heating point  of view;  dust-producing
processes;  dust  and gases; and furnaces and
chimneys.
[24123]

MANAGEMENT

73-4871
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STBAUB. Municipal solid
waste controls.  In  Handbook of environmental
control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 203-245.
This paper  presents data,  slow  diagrams, and
charts on municipal solid waste controls. The
topics covered follow: major municipal disposal
methods; waste disposal routes (flow diagram);
common solid waste disposal methods and costs;
solid waste flow  from consumer to disposal site
or recycling; disposal modes used for nonpackag-
ing paper; costs for disposal of activated sludge;
collection and landfill studies; landfill operation
and maintenance costs; Des Moines solid waste
collection and disposal summary; seasonal and
compaction factors and unit weights for landfills;
cost estimates for incineration and sanitary land-
fill operations;  summary for incineration and
sanitary landfill operations; summary of disposal
costs for sewage  solids; packing house waste cal-
culations; auto salvaging industry statistics col-
lection personnel computations;  Fresno area
waste management study; and cost benefit anal-
ysis of agricultural systems (graphs). (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24124]

73-4872
 COUSINS, A. E.  Procedure for plan distribution
including the system of hearings  and  regional
meetings. In  Proceedings; Regionalized Solid
Waste Management  Conference, Newton, Mas-
sachusetts, June  1-2, 1972. University  of Mas-
sachusetts at Amherst  and Massachusetts  De-
partment of Community Affairs, p. 109-112.
This paper describes the planned distribution of
Massachusetts' Solid Waste Study. The various
State  departments   to  which  copies  were
delivered are listed. The bidding process for the
reproduction of the study is also described. The
procedures for delivery are outlined. Following
the completion of the distribution, a public meet-
ing will  be held in each of the  12 Regional
Planning Districts under the sponsorship of the
Water Resources Commission.  The purpose of
the meetings will be to  allow direct public par-
ticipation in the development of the State's Solid
Waste Management Master Plan. (This  docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24125]

73-4873
 FEIBUSCH, H.  A process for planning on a re-
gional basis. In Proceedings; Regionalized Solid
Waste Management  Conference, Newton, Mas-
sachusetts, June  1-2, 1972. University  of Mas-
sachusetts at Amherst  and Massachusetts  De-
partment of Community Affairs, p. 133-139.
This paper discusses solid waste  management
experiences in the San Francisco Bay region. It
is  suggested that the fragmentation  and disor-
ganiation of local government is clearly visible in
the area of management of solid wastes. In the
nine-county  Bay  area,  for example, 99 cities,
counties, and refuse disposal districts  deal in-
dividually with 45 private companies, who in
turn are regulated by at least 30 different regu-
latory agencies. Some basic concepts are outlined
as follows: reduction at source; reuse  without
processing; reuse with  processing; conversion;
change of state; and burial. Other  topics which
are covered in detail include a proposed  regional

-------
plan, carrying out the  Bay area  plan, and  a
description of a 3-yr project to demonstrate the
feasibility of total resource  recovery concepts
and using composted Bay area waste to improve
agricultural use of the Delta Islands. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24126]

73-4874
 FOSTER, C. H. W. Remarks on the Governor's
Solid Waste Council.  In Proceedings; Regional-
ized Solid Waste Management Conference, New-
ton, Massachusetts, June 1-2,1972. University of
Massachusetts at Amherst and Massachusetts
Department of Community Affairs, p. 90-94.
This paper reviews what Massachusetts is doing
about solid wastes, and specifically the work of
the  Governor's   Solid  Waste Council.  Mas-
sachusetts  has been  conducting a  Statewide
management study of solid wastes with financial
assistance from the Federal Environmental Pro-
tection Agency. The Massachusetts Bureau of
Solid Waste Disposal within the Department of
Public  Works has been  searching  for landfill
sites capable  of  immediate use. The Council
recommended the following four steps: that solid
waste planning be removed from the province of
a construction agency and transferred to  one
with more of an interagency character; that deci-
sions  relating to  solid  waste  management
require a substantial  commitment of resources
by local  communities; that  adequate environ-
mental impact studies should be undertaken for
every new landfill site; and that an aggressive
State effort should be made to obtain Federal
and regional funds for solid waste program pur-
poses. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24127]

73-4875
 KIRBY, J. J. The Raytheon proposal for a State-
wide  solid  waste management  plan.    In
Proceedings; Regionalized Solid Waste Manage-
ment Conference, Newton, Massachusetts, June
1-2, 1972. University of Massachusetts at Am-
herst  and Massachusetts Department of Com-
munity Affairs, p.  94-108.
This paper reviews a study of the problem of
solid waste in the State of Massachusetts. The
study  consisted  of four  phases  which  are
discussed in detail: data collection; data analysis;
solid waste technology; and study findings. It is
concluded that 41 districts is a logical division of
the State in order to grapple with the problem
through optional use  of technology which  can
grow as the problem grows; that the State at the
bureau level will be able to operate, supervise,
and administer if it has four units; and that this
report is a basis for a State master plan. Data
and organization charts  are  also included. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24129]

73-4876
 Les industries de Penvironnement. [The  en-
vironmental  industries.] Annales  des  Mines,
Nov. 9-22,1972.
A  survey was made of  the  operations of some
300 French companies engaged in the manufac-
turing of equipment serving air and water pollu-
tion control, noise control, waste treatment and
manufacturing pollution monitoring and measur-
ing equipment. The air pollution control  equip-
ment industry has a volume of 300 million francs
of which 15 to 20 percent is exported, 2 to 3 per-
cent spent on research. Most of these companies
are foreign-owned or  use foreign licences. The
water pollution control  industry had in 1971 a
business volume of 250  million francs of which
from 25 to 40 percent was for export, 2 to 5 per-
cent for research. Both these industries have an
annual growth rate of 10 to 20  percent. Noise
control equipment (measuring instruments and
noise control  insulation)  is manufactured  by
several companies only as a side-line. There still
is no great awareness  of the problem in France.
The instrument industry has a volume of busi-
ness of some 200  million francs realized by 13
companies which seem up-to-date technically but
suffer from the narrowness of the French mar-
ket. The waste  treatment  equipment industry
(incinerators, crushers, garbage cans etc.) has a
volume of  business of 200  million francs,  the
reclaiming  industry (metal  scrap, old   paper,
glass, textiles) is sizeable and has a volume of
business exceeding 5 billion francs.  Conclusions
and recommendations arrived at from the sur-

-------
34
vey  calling  for governmental measures that
would benefit the industries surveyed are out-
lined. (Text in French)
[24128]

73-4877
 MAYBANK, J.-C.  Ressources et collecte. 3. In-
dustrie des vieux papiers en Grande-Bretagne.
[Resources and collection. Part 3: Waste paper
industry  in  Great  Britain.]  Revue  A.TJf.,
26(5):393-396,1972.
The waste paper sorting and conditioning indus-
try in Great Britain in general, and the  British
Waste  Paper  Association in  particular,  are
presented. The British Waste Paper Association
embraces some 140 to 150 associate members the
majority of which are partially or completely af-
filiated  with  paper mills. Very strong,  stable
links between paper mills and waste paper sup-
pliers have been established. The waste paper
market  volume in Great Britain lies at over
1,900,000 tons yearly. Brutal oscillations in waste
paper and cardboard prices have been eliminated
by appropriate price setting policies. While both
the British pulp  and paper industry and the
waste paper  supplier are experiencing  severe
difficulties, which is primarily due to the inva-
sion  of the British market by cheap pulp  and
paper from Scandinavia, the outlook for future
recovery and rebound is bright. (Text in French)
[24130]

73-4878
 OPPERMANN, H. Die stadtreiningung Hamburg.
[City cleansing  in Hamburg.] Staedtehygiene,
(4):78-84,1973.
The  total annual refuse quantity at Hamburg
rose from 0.76 million cu m in 1949 to 4.68 million
cu m in 1972 and is expected to amount to about 8
million cu m in 1980.  Once a week the usual
refuse bins of 110 liter volume are  emptied by
about 500 collection vehicles. Since 1962 there is
a regular service to remove bulky refuse once a
month. Residential, bulky and  industrial refuse
are removed on a sanitary landfill of 45 hectares
where  the  bulky refuse is  compacted  and
shredded by means of  two  compactors. The
greater  part of  the  refuse  in  Hamburg is
removed in the  incineration  plant Stellinger
Moor. The refuse is emptied into a bin of 7,000 cu
m and from there fed onto the reversed feed
grates having a throughput of 2 times 19.5 tons
per hr at a heating value of 2,000 kcal per kg. The
slag is fed onto conveyors which pass under a
magnet to separate the iron parts from the slag.
The final volume of the slag is only 10 percent of
that of the original refuse. Cleaning of the side-
walks is performed by hand once a week. The
street cleaning is effected by means of 60 sweep-
ing machines. (Text in German)
[24131]

73-4879
  SENF,  H.    Generalplan  Abfallbeseitugung
Baden-Wuerttemburg. [Basic plan for refuse
disposal at Baden-Wuerttemburg.]  Muell und
Abfall, 5(3):85-93, Mar. 1973.
Various  data  have  been collected  in  Baden-
Wuerttemberg  in order to set up a general
refuse removal plan. A detailed survey has been
made of areas which will not be suitable places
for sanitary landfills. A second survey has found
suitable places for sanitary landfills through con-
sideration  of criteria, such as type of the un-
derground soil,  surface water problems, ground
water reservoirs, and effluent problems. Various
other aspects of the plan give detailed informa-
tion on sewage sludge, commercial  refuse, and
abandoned cars,  stating  quantity,  quality,  and
type of treatment. Based on these detailed sur-
veys a general plan for the removal of residential
refuse has been elaborated. For refuse removal
purposes 96 plants are provided of which 49 are
sanitary landfills having  a deposit capacity for
about  100,000 inhabitants each. There are 24
composting plants with  a refuse  capacity for
100,000 inhabitants each. Nine transfer stations
are planned for 30,000 inhabitants each. A total
of nine incineration plants are provided for, each
burning the refuse of 200,000 inhabitants. (Text
in German)
[24132]

73-4880
 SHANLEY, R. A.  Local political systems in rela-
tion to regionalization.   In  Proceedings;  Re-
gionalized Solid Waste Management Conference,
Newton, Massachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. Univer-

-------
                                                                                          36
sity  of Massachusetts at Amherst and  Mas-
sachusetts Department of Community Affairs, p.
73-79.
This paper outlines some of the methods used by
political scientists to  shed more light on local
political systems and regionalization in the solid
waste management area. The  Federal Govern-
ment's legislative and fiscal commitment in this
field is also discussed. It is proposed that the
States have not provided adequate leadership in
fulfilling their responsibilities  in this area and
therefore little progress had been made in terms
of regionalization  of  solid waste management
programs. The main area covered in this paper
include the following:  political science  studies of
regionalization and metropolitan problems; an
analysis of the politics of solid wastes manage-
ment and regionalization; and an  analysis of
those community factors which appear to be as-
sociated with community  acceptance  or nonac-
ceptance of existing regional programs in solid
waste management. It is concluded that political
scientists might also  be of research assistance
through the examination  of community leader
attitudes in  the  solid waste management area.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24133]

73-4881
 WHITING, P.-L.  Resources et  collecte. 4. Struc-
ture, organisation et circulation de 1'information
au  sein  de  1'industrie des  vieux  papiers au
Royaume Uni. [Resources and collection. Part 4:
Structure and organization of, and  communica-
tions within, the waste paper recycling industry
in Great Britain.] Revue A.T.I.P., 26(5):397-402,
1972.
Structure, organization of, and communications
within the waste paper supply and recycling in-
dustry in Great  Britain are described. The bulk
of the waste paper, amounting to some 1,200,000
to 1,300,000 tons yearly, is supplied by special-
ized  companies which  handle both collection and
sorting of different sorts of waste paper and
board. Another part of the waste paper recycled
comes   directly  from paper  and   cardboard
processing  plants. Local  authorities  supply
sorted newsprint  and mixed  paper and card-
board. Some 70 percent of the recycled volume is
processed by affiliates and companies of paper
and cardboard mills. Statistical data processing
and  communication, conferences,  detection of
overproduction and of shortages, as well as im-
portation and new source reports help establish
operative   contacts   between  suppliers   and
processing plants, and maintain stability in the
waste  paper  market  with stable,  reasonable
price setting. (Text in French)
[24134]

OCEAN DISPOSAL

73-4882
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Marine disposal
and water tipping. In Handbook of environmen-
tal control,  v. 2.  Solid Waste. Clevelend,  Ohio,
CRC Press, 1973. p. 525-536.
This paper presents maps and data  on U.S.
marine disposal  and  water  tipping  of  solid
wastes. The topics covered follow: marine waste
disposal tonnages; total U.S.  sea  disposal of
radioactive wastes, 1946 through 1967; summary
of wastes  barged to  sea; Atlantic coast disposal
areas and artificial reefs; Gulf of Mexico disposal
areas and artificial reefs; Pacific coast disposal
areas  and artificial reefs;  estimated  polluted
dredge spoils; major industrial wastes barged to
sea;  marine disposal of industrial  wastes  from
coastal cities; costs for marine disposal of wastes
in U.S. coastal waters; summary of environmen-
tal studies on industrial waste discharged at sea;
and field observations and conclusions on indus-
trial wastes discharged at  sea. Detailed source
material  is  provided for the  data  presented.
(This document is retained  in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24135]

73-4883
 CARPENTER, E. J., S. J. ANDERSON, G.  R. HAR-
VEY, H. P. MlKLAS, AND B. B. PECK. Polystyrene
spherules    in    coastal    waters.    Science,
178(4,062):749-750, Nov. 17,1972.
This article  describes the polystyrene spherules
which  are abundant in the coastal waters of
southern New England. Two types are present, a
clear form and a  white, opaque form with pig-
mentation resulting from a diene rubber.  They

-------
36
have  bacteria  on their surface  and  contain
polychlorinated biphenyls,  absorbed from the
seawater. The opaque  spherules are consumed
by eight species  of fish out of 14 species ex-
amined. Ingestion of the plastic may lead to in-
testinal  blockage  in  smaller  fish.  Data are
presented  on  the  concentration  of  plastic
spherules in coastal waters.
[24136]

73-4884
 COLE, H. A.  Implications of disposal of wastes
to the North Sea.   Chemistry and Industry,
(4):162-165, Feb. 17,1973.
Waste put into  the  sea  may  effect living
resources in a variety of ways. The direct effects
of wastes on living resources are  grouped into
four subheads: killing of fish or shellfish at any
stage in their life cycle; interference with biolog-
ical  processes;  contamination  with  persistent
toxic substances so  that  fish and  shellfish
become unsafe to eat;  and tainting, so that fish
and  shellfish are temporarily  unsaleable.  In-
direct effects, however, can alter  the  environ-
ment (the sea water or the  sea bed) so that its
capacity  to support fish, shellfish,  or the  other
components of the ecosystem, such  as the plank-
ton or bottom animals, upon which the shellfish
and fish depend for food is impaired or changed.
In the sea, dilution of wastes is very rapid so that
the levels  which  are directly toxic to fish are
found only in the immediate vicinity of the point
of discharge and usually persist for only a  short
time. Despite the  fact that the North Sea is sur-
rounded  by densely populated, heavily industri-
alized countries and receives vast amounts of
wastes in almost infinite variety, statistics show
that production of staple varieties of fish such as
cod,  haddock, and  plaice has  reached record
levels in  recent years.  This means  that adverse
pollution effects are masked by other beneficial
influences, such as climatic change. Nevertheless
substances such as mercury and cadmium are
undesirable in  any measures  and  steps to
minimize thier discharge are fully justified. In
the future there is no reason why man should not
use the great capacity of  the  seas  to  receive
wastes and to render them  harmless. This  must
be done  on the basis of the limitations of the
sea's capacity. The knowledge on  which sound
judgments can be  based is  steadily becoming
more available. A table and illustrations are in-
cluded in the article.
[24137]

73-4885
 GUSTAPSON, J. F.  Beneficial effects of dredging
turbidity.  World  Dredging  and Marine Con-
struction, 8(13):44-45,47-48,50-52, Dec. 1972.
This paper describes the beneficial  roles of clay
particles.  Also discussed are State  and  national
regulatory provisions intended to reduce man-
caused turbidity, the natural role of fine sedi-
ments in fresh water and marine environments,
and the beneficial roles of clays and their chemi-
cal composition. The concentration of toxic sub-
stances in bay sediments and data on the toxicity
levels of  some metals are presented in tables.
Clam experiments and turbidity in dumping are
also described.
[24138]

73-4886
 NAIR, S. A., U. P. DEVASSY, S. N. DWIVEDI, AND
R. A. SELVAKUMA.  Preliminary observations on
tar-like material  observed on some  beaches.
Current Science, 41(21):766-767, Nov. 1972.
This  paper  discusses the deposition of tar-like
lumps on the beaches of the central west coast of
India in the Environs of Goa. This occurred dur-
ing the onset of the southwest monsoon, in as-
sociation with various marine organisms. Algae
formed the primary film for settlement and
growth of stalked barnacles. It seems that these
lumps must have existed in the open sea for a
period long enought to allow settlement and
growth of the organisms. It is possible that the
occurrence of these lumps is due to the impact of
coastal waters on the coast during the monsoon
season. Further investigations to find out the na-
ture,  origin, and extent of this pollutant are in
progress.
[24139]

73-4887
 Ocean dumping of  trash and debris poses many
snags.  Solid   Wastes  Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 15(5):25,112,146,  May 1973.

-------
                                                                                          87
A  survey on the use of the ocean  as a waste
receptacle casts doubt on large-scale disposal of
baled urban refuse at sea because of its possible
effects on marine environment. More research is
needed before this method of recycling waste
materials should be considered for USP on a
large scale. While solid wastes may be used as
building  material in artificial islands, surfing
reefs, and floating breakwaters, the cost of sea
disposal may range from $0.20 per ton for dredge
spoil to $600 per ton for miscellaneous wastes,
and from $0.80 to $1.20 a ton for sewage sludge.
Industrial wastes cost varies from $0.60 a ton for
bulk shipments to $130 per ton for containerized
refuse. In 1968,  2  million tons of wastes were
disposed  of in the ocean at an estimated cost of
$37 million, mostly  spoils from the  U.S. Army
Corps of  Engineers harbor-dredging operations.
It is predicted that disposal of wastes within the
U.S. coastal cities over the next 10 years will in-
crease  materially or be  stopped entirely.  This
will be due to increasingly strict water and air
pollution  laws, the  loss of areas now used for
sanitary landfills, the ponding of liquid wastes,
and the anticipated growth in industry and popu-
lation  in  a  decade.  Dredge  spoil, industrial
wastes,  sewage  sludge, refuse,  radioactive
wastes, construction and demolition debris, mili-
tary explosives,  and  chemical wastes are  the
types of  waste dumped into the ocean. Highly
toxic and chemical wastes are dumped at least
300  miles  from  shore.  Industrial  and urban
refuse dumping sites are from 15 to 100 miles of
the coast in depths less than 100 ft, and most if
not all radioactive wastes and explosive disposal
areas are at 6,000 ft or more. There are charts
listing the number of marine disposal areas and
the total  U.S. sea disposal of radioactive wastes
(1946 to 1967). A  summary of environmental stu-
dies on industrial wastes discharged  at sea is
given.
[24140]

73-4888
 Shipboard waste treatment systems. Shipbuild-
ing  and  Marine  Engineering  International,
95(1,159):605-606, Oct. 1972.
Two Danish shipping companies, Concord Line
and J. Lauritzen,  will be the first to install a new
complete  system  for treatment of fluid and solid
waste on board ship. The system's manufacturer
is A/S Atlas of Copenhagen. The system com-
prises two main componentsO a unit for mechani-
cal and chemical treatment of all waste water on
board and  an incineration unit for  burning oil
sludge, sewage from the waste water unit, and
oily  water from  the oily  water  separator.
Retained sludge and solids are pneumatically
transported into tanks. The two basic systems
are described in detail in the text, photographs,
and by use of a flow chart.
[24141]

PACKAGING WASTES

73-4889
 BOND,  R.  G., AND C. P.  STRAUB.   Packaging
wastes.  In  Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid  waste. Clevelend, Ohio, CRC  Press,
1973. p. 66-77.
This paper  discusses packaging wastes. Informa-
tion is provided on  how packaging relates to
aspects of solid wastes problems, such as  collec-
tion, processing, littering, and pollution. Exten-
sive data are also provided on the following: use
of packaging materials contributes  to  increase
refuse; consumption of packaging materials; dis-
tribution   of  packaging   output,   1958-1963;
polyethylene film consumed in packaging, 1961-
1966; consumption of film  in packaging, 1966-
1976; films  consumed in packaging by type; con-
sumption of wood in packaging;  shipments of
wooden  containers,  1958-1976;  shipments  of
glass containers, 1940-1971; distribution of cor-
rugated  and  solid fiber  shipping  containers,
1958-1966;  consumption of aerosol  containers,
1958-1966; comsumption of beverage containers;
consumption of nonpackaging paper and paper-
board,  1966; summary of nonpackaging  paper
consumption, solid waste, and  recycling; non-
packaging  paper  entering the  solid  waste
stream. Detailed source material is provided for
the data given. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24142]

73-4890
 Les plastiques I'emballage et 1'environnement.
[Plastic materials, packagings, and the environ-

-------
merit.] Revue  Generate  des  Caoutchoucs  et
Pio8ttwtte8)49(ll):1002,1003, Nov. 1972.
Figures on  the plastic material  production  of
France and problems involved in the disposal of
plastic wastes are surveyed. Some 24 percent of
the plastic materials manufactured in France in
1969 were used for packaging, and this percent-
age is expected to rise  to 33 percent of the 1974
production of 2,500,000  tons. The total amount of
packaging materials is expected to rise from
5,420,000 tons in 1970 to 7,470,000 tons in 1975.
The respective  shares of plastic materials, card-
board plus paper, as well as of glass will increase
from 195,000 tons to 548,700 tons, and the polyvi-
nyl chloride  consumption from  53,900 tons  to
179,400  tons. The  increase  in  the share  of
polystyrenes will be from 44,900 tons to 108,500
tons.  In  1972,  the  total  amount of municipal
waste in France was  estimated at 11,400,000
tons, of which 4 percent were plastic packaging
wastes. In 1971, when the total amount  of plastic
waste amounted to  470,000 tons,  the respective
shares  of  polyvinyl   chloride  polyethylene,
polystyrene and polypropylene were 90,000 tons,
270,000 tons, 60,000 tons, and 15,000  tons.  In-
cineration in a temperature range of 800 to 1,000
C leads to complete destruction of plastic materi-
als to water and carbon dioxide,  with polyvinyl
chloride as the  only plastic material to produce
hydrochloric acid emissions, accounting for 55 to
60 percent  of the total hydrogen chloride emis-
sion from incinerators.  Wastes with up to 6 per-
cent of polyvinyl  chloride  can  be incinerated
safely, without  producing considerable environ-
mental hazards Plastic wastes do not  interfere
with the  composting process, and also can be ef-
fectively separated  from the waste intended for
composting. On sanitary landfills, the  presence
of  plastic  materials appears  to intensify the
anaerobic decomposition process.  Studies on the
photodegradation and  biodegradation of  plastic
materials are  being   conducted. Recovery  of
plastic materials may become the  most desirable
approaches to the plastic waste problem. (Text in
French)
[24144]

73-4891
 NISHI, Y. Hikari bunkai-zai, hari  kurakku esu-I.
Photo  dissociating agent,   Haricrack  S-I.]
Harima Gijutsu Nyusu, 1(1):14-17, Nov. 1972.
As a means of solving the social problem result-
ing from the plastic waste products, the Har-
icrack   S-I,  a  photodissociating  agent,  was
developed which is primarily intended for use on
polyolefins. It is a photo-sensitizer which causes
a photo-excitation action in the plastic molecules
and can be added to plastics in any proportion,
permitting control of the time of disintegration
of the product in a certain range. The  composi-
tion   is  an   organometallic   compound   (a
benzophenone derivative)  which  is soluble in
many organic  solvents. And  in  view  of  the
molecular structure of the Haricrack S-I, the loss
of the additive due  to dissolving out or sublima-
tion during processing of plastic, and even after
finished is impossible because it has a great rela-
tive  solubility in and a great affinity to plastic
resins. Using the Haricrack S-I and two other
sensitizers, films of polypropylene were made to
check its effectiveness on the tensile  strength
after outdoor exposure test and the  breaking
strength after a weatherometer exposure test.
The tests showed that the variation of the tensile
strength at 30 days of outdoor exposure was
very small compared to the other, and for the
breaking  strength, excellent  effects  resulted.
(Text in Japanese)
[24143]

PROCESSING  / REDUCTION

73-4892
 Aspects techniques. II. Discussion. [Technical
aspects.  Part 2: Discussion.]  Revue  A.TJJ3.,
26(5):375-382,1972.
Various technical aspects  of the  processing of
waste paper are discussed. Beloit-model pulper
and In-line Shark have perforations with  a 6 mm
diameter, and  discharge  plastic  contaminants
through an orifice opposite to  the rotor due to
the powerful vortex generated before  they can
reach the agitator. A Herisson type needle clas-
sifier, developed by Novipro, uses long needles
mounted  on  moving,  endless belts  for  the
removal of  the finest elements  from fiber
suspensions. The minimum profitable capacity of
two different types of Voith hot triturators with
nominal capacities of 120 and 200 tons per day
are 40 and 70 tons per day, respectively. The cor-

-------
responding  figure  for  Reed-Black-Clawson
deinking  units  lies at  30-40 tons  per  day.
Satisfactory dispersion of coating materials can
be achieved by the application of a temperature
of 95 C under atmospheric pressure and  with
mechanical force, or by treatment at 130-140 C.
Waxes and hot-melts do not require temperature
above 95 C for their dispersion. Reprecipitation
of once dispersed resins and tars at reduced tem-
perature can be prevented by the addition  of
polyelectrolytes. (Text in French)
[24145]

73-4893
 CARRIER, B. Aspects techniques. 2. Precede  de
dispersion Escher Wyss. [Technical aspects. Part
2: Escher Wyss  dispersion  process.]  Revue
A7\7.P.,26(5):311-313, 1972.
Disperser  for  processing tarred,  inked, and
dampproof  paper  and  cardboard  wastes  is
described.  Following disintegration, the waste
paper is indirectly heated with steam to 95 to 98
C, and fed into a disperser composed of a rotor
and a stator. The softened tar is easily dispersed
between the stator and rotor of the disperser
without the use of excess pressure. The specific
electricity consumption lies between 63 and 150
kw per hr per ton of pulp, depending on the sort
of waste paper being processed. (Text in French)
[24146]

73-4894
 LAMORT, P. Aspects techniques. 7. Utilisation
du  Centrifiner  pour le  taitement des  vieux
papiers. [Technical  aspects. Part 7: The use  of
the  Centrifiner for the  processing of waste
papers.] Revue A.T.I.P., 26(5):353-357,1972.
Uses of the Centrifiner, a combined precleaning
and dispersing unit, in the processing of waste
papers, are described. A processing line may  be
composed of pulper, a cleaner for thick pulp, and
a Centrifiner. With a  continuously  operating
pulper, capable of delivering a pulp  with a max-
imum concentration of 3 percent,  which is the
minimum density suitable for the Centrifiner, a
thickener between  pulper and the first vat is
necessary. Due to its high dispersing power for
bitummen, tar, wax, plastics, and other coatings,
and to its excellent classifying effect, the Cen-
trifiner is best suited for use in combination with
a hot triturator. In such combinations, the Cen-
trifiner can be placed between pulper and tritu-
rator, and  preferably after the latter. (Text in
French)
[24147]

73-4895
 LE MENESTREL, B.   Aspects  techniques. 10.
Utilisation des vieux  papiers dans 1'impression-
decriture et 1'emballage. [Technical aspects. Part
10: Use of waste paper  for printing and packag-
ing  purposes.O  Revue  A.TJ.P., 26(5):373-374,
1972.
General problems in the recycling of waste paper
are described. Deinking and coating dispersion
have been satisfactorily solved, while purifica-
tion,  especially   from   scotches,  remains   a
problem. Cleaners with minute  slots accepting
dilute pulp, represent the only available means
for the partial removal of scotches from pulp. In-
creased soiling and greasing of dryer and frac-
tionator felts, frequent occurrence of products of
improper quality, and sophisticated manual work
constitute problems yet  to be solved in the waste
paper recycling area. (Text in French)
[24148]

73-4896
 MORICET,  H. Aspects techniques. 8. Elimination
des  plastiques  et  des  'scotches.' [Technical
aspects.  Part 8:  Elimination of  plastics and
'scotches'.] Revue A.T.I.P., 26(5):359-365,1972.
Problems and possibilities for the removal  of
plastic materials from  waste paper pulps are
discussed.  Plastic  materials,  with   specific
weights close  to that of fibers,  cannot be effi-
ciently separated from the pulp in pulpers, which
calls for sophisticated extraction and purification
techniques. Pulps with high plastic  contents
should be purified at reduced concentrations (2.5
percent before and 1 percent after the pulper),
which  requires  the  use of a thickener, since
dispersers  operate best  in a concentration range
of 3 to 5 percent. The  plastic materials should
pass through the pulper in as short time as possi-
ble before being mechanically macerated. The
pulper should  have holes  of appriate diameter,
e.g., 3mm, to minimize the  entrainment of plastic

-------
40
contaminants.  Following dilution,  the mixture
should be classed so as to obtain a pulp suitable
for further processing  in a  thickener,  and
another fraction containing plastic  and other
contaminants.  Available classifiers usually are
applicable to 1 percent pulp concentrations, espe-
cially  needed for plastic-contaminated pulps. A
'flot-purge' installation is especially suitable for
rapid  removal of nonfibrous, light-weight  con-
taminants such as plastic materials.
[24149]

73-4897
 Muell und  Abfallabfuhrkosten koennen gesenkt
werden. [Costs for refuse transportation can be
reduced.] Wasser Luft und Betrieb, 17(4):133,
1973.
The utilization of compaction devices helps  to
save up to 90 percent of the transportation costs
for refuse.  The compaction device  consists of a
machine part and a compression container. The
machine is  stationary while the container can be
lifted  and transported by special trucks. Cartons,
paper, textiles, wood, refuse, and even bulky
wastes are  compressed in a ratio between 1 to 7
and 1  to 15. According to the size of the com-
pressing device the working pressure is 10 to 75
tons per sq  m. (Text in German)
[24150]

73-4898
  Presst  und  verpackt Abfall.  [Pressing  and
packing  of refuse.]  Verpackungs-Rundschau,
24(4):376,1973.
An electro-mechanical refuse packing press has
been   developed. With  a pressure of  5,000
kilopounds  it compresses  refuse in  a chamber
measuring  700 by 500 by 1900 millimeters,  thus
reducing its original volume by 80  percent. The
contents of three 100 liter refuse bins are com-
pressed to a parcel  and automatically pushed
into a plastic bag. The refuse packing press is
especially   recommended   for   hotels   and
cafeterias which have to dispose of  refuse like
paper, glass, tins, or plastic waste. (Text in Ger-
man)
[24151]
73-4899
 RAOUX, M.  Aspects techniques. 9. Utilisation
des  vieux papiers  dan  Findustrie papetiere.
[Technical aspects. Part 9: Utilization of waste
paper  in  the paper-making industry.]  Revue
Arj.P.,26(5):367-371,1972.
Processes for the recycling of newsprint and
cardboard are described. Newsprints are  sent
through  a continuously  operating  breaker,  a
washer, a discontinuously operating pulper,  a
disperser, a sand remover operating at 1 percent
concentration, and a  series of three washers be-
fore being delivered  to a paper-making machine.
Deinking is done in the pulper at a concentration
of 5 percent by the addition of chemicals such as
Antharox OC 610 (Sacli), Remcopal 6110, or an
American product by Monsanto. Deinking is fol-
lowed  by  bleaching by means of 0.5-0.8 percent
solution   of  hydrogen  peroxide.   In   another
process, cardboard waste  is pulped in a continu-
ously operating pulper, and the resulting pulp is
passed through a sand remover, thickeners, and
centrifiner for purification and coating disper-
sion before  being combined with semichemical
pulp for cardboard production. (Text in French)
[24152]

73-4900
 RYRBERG, G. Aspects techniques. 1. Le systeme
Defibrator de traitement des vieux papiers.
[Technical aspects.  Part 1:  The  Defibrator
system for the processing of used paper.] Revue
4.rJ..P.(26(5):307-309,1972.
A process elaborated by the American Defibra-
tor Inc. for the processing of asphalt- and wax-
coated waste paper  is described. Mixed waste
paper  is defibrated  in  a hydropulper, and the
pulp obtained is purified in a hydrocyclone, and
with a  concentration  of 10 percent, it is thickened
in a classical thickener before it is concentrated
to 30 percent in a Davenport press. The concen-
trated  pulp  is  then continually fed  by  feed
screws into an Asplund Defibrator where the
asphalt and wax coating is softened  and fused at
a temperature of 150 C and under 4 kg per sq cm
pressure in  a short  time. The  softened asphalt
and wax  is  then easily dispersed  between the
discs of the Asplund  refiner. The capacity of the
Defibrator ranges from 50 to  300  tons of dry

-------
                                                                                          41
pulp per day. The specific steam and electricity
consumption lies at 800 kg and 50 kw-hr per ton.
(Text in French)
[24153]

73-4901
 SCHAAN, J. L. Aspects techniques. 3. Elimina-
tion  des plastiques, dispersion  des goudrons,
cires et hot-melts.  [Technical aspects. Part 3:
Elimination of plastics, dispersion of tar, wax,
and  hot-melts.]  Revue A.TJ.P.,  26(5):315-325,
1972.
Equipment for the processing of various sorts of
waste papers, including removal of plastic, tar,
wax and hot-melt coatings, and of printing ink,
are described. The Inline  Shark equipment,
generating a vortex in the cylindrical  vat by
means of its rotor, is suitable for the separation
from the pulp of plastic residues  with specific
gravities lower  than that of the  pulp, while
heavier particles are removed from the cylindri-
cal wall zone separately. The Barracuda disin-
tegrator, designed for paper wastes hard to dis-
integrate,   such  as  for dampproof  sorts,  has
toothed disintegrating blades, and provides  con-
tinuous  operation. The Hi-Lo deinking equip-
ment, designed for the discontinuous deinking of
printed  wastes, has cycle times  of 45 to 60
minutes and uses different chemicals for the
destruction of the printing ink, for the saponifi-
cation of oils by soda, sodium silicate of sodium
peroxide, for the humidification of pigments, and
for the  separation of ink from the fibers.  The
processing of tar-, wax-, and  hot-melt-coated
waste papers requres high-temperature disper-
sion systems operating under pressure. For ex-
ample, a 75 tons per day capacity piece of equip-
ment with 300 hp has a specific steam consump-
tion of 1.85 tons per hr under a pressure of 4.2 kg
per sq m and at a temperature of 153 C. (Text in
French)
[24154]

73-4902
 WILSON,  C. M., AND  P. CHAUSSEE.  Aspects
techniques.  5.  Desencrage  de  journaux  et
magazines par le systeme Reed/Black Clawson.
[Technical aspects. Part 5: Deinking newsprint
by the  Reed/Black Clawson system.] Revue
A.TJ.P., 26(5):331-336,1972.
The  Reed-Black-Clawson deinking system  in-
stalled  in  Aylesford  for the  processing  of
newsprint waste is described. Newsprint is con-
tinuously  disintegrated  and  triturated  in  a
Hydropulper equipped with classical accessories
such as Ragger and Junk Remover. Detergents,
alkali, and bleaching solutions are dosaged con-
tinuously.  The  pulp   extracted  from  the
Hydropulper is diluted to about 1 percent for pu-
rification in Liquid Cyclones and  Selectifiers
which  remove heavy particles  including fine
sand and all  non-fibrous contaminants  larger
than 2 mm. The pulp is then thickened to 5 per-
cent for washing in a Fractionater, after which it
passes through Bauer type centricleaners. Fol-
lowing final concentration, the recovered pulp is
sent to the feeding tank for being mixed with
primary pulp. The plant produces 90 tons of pulp
daily at a power consumption of 1, 200 hp. The
deinked pulp makes up 40 to 60 percent of the
newsprint. (Text in French)
[24155]

RECYCLING

73-4903
 A sludge recovery  system for use in pigmented
paper   production.    Paper  Trade  Journal,
156(29):44-46, July 10,1972.
This article outlines 10 years of research which
have resulted in a technically feasible process for
production of a paper filler from effluent sludge.
The  study  concluded  the  following:  gritty
materials, such as sand, can be separated from
primary treatment  sludge through the use of
Bauer-type Centricleaners;  sludge  can be de-
watered through the use of a rotary drum
vacuum filter;  reuse of the reclaimed pigment as
a wet  end  filler  is  technically  feasible; and
because of the high capital cost involved in the
recovery of this pigment, it is not economically
feasible to use  this recovery process at this time.
[24266]

73-4904
ADAMS, L. M., J. P. CAPP, AND D. W. GILLMORE.
Coal mine  spoil and refuse  bank reclamation
with powerplant fly ash.   Journal of Waste
Recycling, 13(6):20-26, Nov./Dec. 1972.

-------
42
This article discusses the experimental reclama-
tion  of  coal mine refuse piles and  strip spoil
banks with fly ash from  bituminous coal-fired
power plants. Conventional farm equipment was
used at some  of  the sites. Large earthmovers
were required at others. The fly ash served as a
neutralizing agent, diluent, and soil amendment,
providing  some   nutrients  that  encouraged
vegetation of the barren areas while disposing of
significant quantities of the power plant waste.
The  estimated  cost  of  reclamation  by  this
method  is $300 per acre  of previously leveled
area. Reclamation of strip soil and coal mine
refuse with fly ash thus appears to be technically
feasible and economically possible.
[24156]

73-4905
 AFFHOLDER, M. Ressources et collecte. 1. Recu-
peration   des   fibres   et   protection   de
1'environnement. [Resources and collection. Part
1. Recovery of fibrous material, and environmen-
tal   protection.]   Revue   A.T.I.P.,   26(5):383-
387,1972.
General problems of the collection and recovery
of waste paper as a source of pulp for paper mak-
ing are  reviewed. Waste  paper pulp accounted
for 21.8 percent of the total pulp production in in-
dustrialized countries in 1968. For Europe, the
corresponding figure for 1968 lies at 26 percent,
and is even higher in such countries as England
and  West  Germany. Intensification of waste
paper collection,  and hence, increased  rate  of
waste paper recycling  in European  countires,
has been evidenced. The rate of fiber recovery in
France  lies at 27 percent, and shows signs  of
further   increase.   Waste  paper   recycling
represents a valuable means of preventing both
deforestation (each ton of waste paper recycled
saves 0.4 hectares of forest) and environmental
pollution due to such wastes, and to the elimina-
tion  of an amount of pollutants that would be
generated by  the production  of  an  equivalent
quantity of primary  wood pulp. Expensiveness
of collection and  sorting, presence of contami-
nants in waste paper, the need for substantial
storage  capacities, and fluctuations in the waste
paper market  constitute,  however, serious hin-
drances in the  scale-up of waste paper recycling,
which can be remedied or alleviated appropriate
economic, legislative, psychological, and techni-
cal measures. (Text in French)
[24157]

73-4906
 AMAX Fly Ash Corporation reduces pollution.
Secondary Raw Materials, 10(8):127, Aug. 1972.
Fly ash, a residue produced by the  burning of
finely pulverized coal in large power plants, has
long been  considered  an  undesirable  waste
product. Modern power plants collect fly ash by
means of mechanical or  electrostatic precipita-
tors just before the exhaust gasses are forced up
the chimneys for dissipation into the upper air.
Once collected in this fashion, fly ash must then
be disposed of, frequently by landfill processes,
requiring reserve acreage over the life of a large
generating plant.  AMAX Fly Ash  has deter-
mined  that the use  of fly ash as a cement ex-
tender in ready mix concrete and concrete block
produces a stronger, more durable and imperme-
able concrete product. AMAX now plans to ship
approximately 100,000 tons of fly ash to the con-
struction  industry,   significantly reducing a
major solid waste disposal problem.
[24158]

73-4907
  ARMCO  begins  construction  of solid waste
recycling center.   Journal of Metals, 24(11):16,
Nov. 1972.
A solid waste recycling center is  being  con-
structed at  Armco  Steel  Corp.'s Middletown
(Ohio)  Works. The sophisticated facility has a
three stage air quality control system and  will
have the capacity  to convert more than 800,000
tons of steelmaking waste into reusable product
annually. The plant represents a total invest-
ment of $20 million, and is being built in coopera-
tion with the Ohio Water Development Authori-
ty. The recycling center will be located on an 8.6
acre site next to the Number 3 blast  furnace at
Middletown, and materials will be brought from
other steelmaking locations by rail or truck.
Completion is scheduled for late 1974.
[24159]

-------
                                                                                           43
73-4908
 ARNAUD, J.  Aspects economiques. 3. Fibres de
recuperation ressource a part entiere. [Economic
Aspects.  3.   Reclaimed  cellulose  fibers:  a
completely separate resource.] Revue A.TJ.P.,
26(5):299-300,1972.
The used  paper market  has traditionally been
archaic, but the importance of this resource is
considerable if for no other reason than because
in France used paper represents fully 33 percent
of the total requirement in cellulose.  In other
countries the  figure is even higher. Increasing
attention is being paid this commodity which is
reflected in increased research, in the establish-
ment  of a special  commission by the French
Paper  Producers  Federation,  and  in  the
establishment of work groups dealing with the
problem of  paper  reclamation  at   different
governmental levels. This resource may yet be
the life saver of certain specialized paper and
cardboard  manufacturing sectors. Waste paper
is viewed as a resource by the paper industry but
as a waste material by municipalities whose job
it is to dispose of refuse. It is necessary that a
single solution be found that would meet the
requirements of both sectors. (Text in French)
[24160]

73-4909
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Additives. In  Incen-
tives   for  recycling and   reuse  of  plastics.
Washington,  Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 1(19-29).
This paper discusses the  processs of incorporat-
ing additives into a polymer, which is called com-
pounding.   By   approximate    compounding
polymers can be made resistant to oxidation, the
effects of ultraviolet radiation, and environmen-
tal degradation in general. Other additives are
used to modify a molding compound to provide
melt viscosity control, improve process lubrica-
tion, assist the mold release of a finished part,
prevent slip  or adhesion of plastic film,  or im-
prove  the  properties of a  filled of reinforced
molding compound. The  additives discussed  in
detail  follow: antioxidants;  antistatic agents;
colorants; fillers; fibers; flame retardants; lubri-
cants; plasticizers;  stabilizers; and  ultraviolet
stabilizers. Extensive data  are provided. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24161]

73-4910
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Alternative methods
of paying  social  costs.   In   Incentives  for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. V(8-35).
Two alternative ways  of reducing the environ-
mental  damage  caused  by  the  disposal  of
nuisance plastics are discussed: to decrease the
volume  of nuisance  plastics in  the disposal
stream; or to change the composition of plastic
materials in the disposal  stream by increasing
the  proportion of easily  disposable  plastic
products and decreasing the percentage of those
that are more difficult  to dispose of. The  follow-
ing ways of achieving these ends are outlined:
regulation  versus taxation;  strategies  that
require legislation versus those that do not; tax
on   virgin  materials,  taxes on  nonrecycled
products, rebatable taxes; improvement of solid
waste  management practices;  incentive  pro-
grams for  the reprocessor;  and  the  direct
purchase  of  scrap by the  government. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24162]

73-4911
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Applications for scrap
and  nuisance  plastics.   In    Incentives  for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency,  1972. p. IV(1-
16).
This paper describes and recommends some ap-
plications for scrap and  nuisance plastics. The
promotion of markets  for the scrap material is
essential and  if  reuse  is  not possible, then
recycling should be promoted. The topics which
are discussed in detail include:  reuse; primary
recycling;  secondary   recycling   (equipment,
recycling of  monoplastics,  composites, mul-
tiplastics, and the construction market); tertiary
recycling (pyrolysis and other conversions); and
the present state of the art. The following data
are also included: a comparison of properties of
injection moldings from virgin and waste high-
density polyethylene; and the physical proper-
ties of actual plastic scrap with increasing levels
of chlorinated polyethylene (compression molded

-------
samples).  (This  document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24163]

73-4912
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC.  General properties of
plastics.  In  Incentives for recycling and reuse
of plastics. Washington, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972. p. 1(11-18).
This paper reviews the important properties of
plastic compositions related to their end-use ap-
plication and introduces some of the properties
that make plastics useful.  The properties which
are discussed in detail include: appearance; hard-
ness; density;  mechanical properties  (tensile
strength, elongation,  compressive strength, flex-
ural and  fatigue  strength, impact resistance,
creep, and dimensional stability); thermal  pro-
perties (conductivity, specific heat,  heat-distor-
tion  temperature, heat resistance, flammability,
and coefficients of expansion); electrical proper-
ties; chemical resistance;  and flow properties.
Data are provided on the  effect of temperature
on polymers (graph) and  the comparative heat
resistance of plastic materials. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS  library.)
[24169]

73-4913
  ARTHUR D.  LITTLE, INC.  Incentives  for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972.308 p.
The technical, socioeconomic, and legal aspects of
the recycling and reuse of plastics are discussed
in this  document.  The  following topics  are
discussed in detail: the technology  of plastics and
the structure of polymers; general properties of
plastics;     additives;    selected    polymers;
processing; the economics of the  plastic indus-
try—growth,  price trends, and markets; major
thermoplastic resins; the resin  producer;  the
compounder; the reprocessor/compounder; the
fabricator;   the   converter;  the   manufac-
turer/packager; the wholesaler/retailer; the con-
sumer; the disposer; scrap  and nuisance plasticsO
isolation, applications, and markets; and tactics
and strategies for recycling plasticsO legislation,
taxation, and educational, research, and informa-
tion  programs. A glossary of special terms,  ex-
tensive data in the  form of 59 tables, and 38
figures are included. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24170]

73-4914
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Industry economics.
In Incentives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 11(23-42).
Plastic  industry  economics  are  discussed  in
terms of monomers, resins, plastic products, and
major companies which are producing resins and
fabricating plastic products. Extensive market,
cost, and profit data are provided. It is concluded
that over the next 5-year period the new fixed
capital expenditures required for resin manufac-
ture  alone  will  approximate  $2  billion and
possibly another $4 billion will be needed for re-
lated petrochemical raw materials,  monomers,
and  fabrication  facilities.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24171]

73-4915
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Major thermoplastic
resins. In  Incentives for recycling and reuse of
plastics. Washington, Environmental Protection
AGgency, 1972. p. 11(15-22).
Over 24 different chemical types of resin are
commercially important; however, this paper
limits itself to a discussion of four major families
of thermoplastic  resin-polyethylene, styrene
plastics,  polyvinyl chloride,  and polypropylene.
Polyethylene is  mainly used  for  packaging;
styrene plastics for packaging, toys, housewares,
appliances, automotive parts, pipe, telephones,
and luggage; polyvinyl chloride for building and
construction, automotive and  other transporta-
tion    equipment,    and    packaging;    and
polypropylene  for   molded  products,   ther-
moplastics,  textile  fibers,  monofilaments, and
packaging.  Extensive data  are also included.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24172]

-------
                                                                                           46
73-4916
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Processing. In Incen-
tives for recyling and reuse of plastics. Washing-
ton, Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. p.
1(50-100).
This paper discusses  the transforming  of a
polymer or compound into a useful plastic item.
This processing is divided into three types of ac-
tivities: compoundingO mixing the polymer with
additives or colorants; fabricatingO transforming
the  resulting  compound  or  uncompounded
polymer to a  finished or semifinished  plastic,
such  as  film;  and  converting-modifying  a
fabricated plastic product by decorating, cutting,
or sealing it. Each of these activities is described
in detail along with reprocessingO converting
scrap plastic into a useful material. The following
data and illustrations are included: reciprocating
screw injection molding machine; single screw
vented extruder; blown film processes; film and
sheet chill casting; extrusion coating; extrusion
blow molding;  injection blow molding; rotational
molding; compression molding; transfer molding;
calendering;   thermoforming;    high-pressure
laminating; and knife coating. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24174]

73-4917
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC.  Recycling programs.
In Incentives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. IV(16-22).
Recovery of plastic wastes from consumers must
involve  some  form of interception  of these
wastes before they reach the disposal site for the
following  reasons: economies in  recycling and
reuse of  certain materials  may  be  achieved
through segregated collection; where municipal
facilities are only designed for a nonreclamatory
type of operation, interception provides the only
means for recovering materials that may have
salvage  values; and interception may be selec-
tively mandated for certain materials deemed to
be environmentally  more damaging than others.
This paper summarizes some of  the details  of
various  interception programs for plastics, alu-
minum,  steel,  and glass.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24175]
73-4918
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Selected polymers. In
 Incentives  for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 1(30^9).
This paper discusses the following polymers in
detail: polyethylene; polypropylene; and styrene
polymers. The primary objective of this study is
recycling and it is primarily concerned with ther-
moplastics and  includes a description of the
major features of each of the polymers cited in
terms of raw materials, manufacuring process,
structure, properties, and applications. The fol-
lowing data are  included: plastics production in
1969; production of major thermoplastics in 1969;
density of  polyethylenes; the  high-pressure
process  for  low-density  polyethylene   (flow
chart); the low-pressure processes for manufac-
turing high  density polyethylene; polyethylene-
specification requirements; polymerization of a
vinyl chloride-suspension  system (flow chart);
and   polyvinyl  chloride-specification  require-
ments. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24176]

73-4919
 ARTHUR  D. LITTLE, INC.  Separation at the in-
termediate disposal site, and at the final disposal
site.  In   Incentives for recycling and reuse of
plastics. Washington, Environmental Protection
Agency, 1972. p. IV(22-29).
The following plastic reclamation procedures are
discussed in detail: metal wire recovery systems;
the  separation  of  plastic  from  plastic-coated
paper and paperboard; and separation equip-
ment and processes (the specific-gravity separa-
tor,  the  hydropulper  separation system, and
Riverside Paper Corp.'s Polysolv system). The
Bureau of Mines at College Park, Maryland, is
developing  a process  which would  separate
plastics and yet leave the  plastic-coated paper
with the remainder  of the wastes. Air-classifica-
tion systems and the Black Clawson process are
also detailed. MIT is working on the two follow-
ing systems: an inverted cone vortex chamber
that reduces  the size  of  waste materials  by
means of cutters mounted in the walls and then

-------
46
classifies them by specific gravity; and a laser
beam that identifies waste materials which are
then sorted automatically by selective switching.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24177]

73-4920
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Strategies that do not
require legislation. In  Incentives for recycling
and reuse of plastics. Washington, Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, 1972. p. V(36-39).
The  Federal Government can institute various
programs that will not require Congressional ac-
tion  in the  area of  environmental protection.
These programs are discussed and come under
the  categories  of education, information,  and
research.  Educational  programs  should   be
directed at both the consumer and industry. In
the area of information, the Federal Government
together  with   the  plastics  industry  should
develop a clarification program so that standard
grades of secondary resins will become available
similar to those for the virgin products. In effect,
the secondary resins would have to, meet new in-
dustrial standards. There should also be an in-
ventory of all scrap plastics sources. Another ap-
proach should be the initiation of research pro-
grams directed at developing new applications
for scrap materials and new technology for col-
lecting and disposing of scrap plastic. By specify-
ing  the  use of secondary  materials in their
purchases, the Federal Government would not
only open up a new market by its own purchases,
but  many would tend  to follow its lead. (This
document is retained in  the SWIRS library.)
[24178]

73-4921
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Tactics and strategies
for  recycling plastics.   In   Incentives  for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection  Agency, 1972. p. V(l-7).
This  paper  outlines the  following  strategies
which were  developed  as criteria for recycling
plastics: minimize environmental damage; max-
imize the Ib-volume of troublesome nuisance
plastics recycled and/or reused as a percentage
of total plastics production; minimize the sum
costs  of achieving the  first two objectives;
minimize economic disruption; minimize disposal
costs; and maximize the recyclability of plastics.
Methods of evaluating tactics and strategies and
of developing a strategy are outlined and include
no recycling, a discussion of the systematic inter-
dependencies  in  our  ecological and  economic
systems, the disposal of nonrecycled plastics, and
impediments to recycling  (economic,  political,
psychological,  and technical). (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24179]

73-4922
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The compounder and
the reprocessor/compounder. In Incentives for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 111(10-
18).
This  paper describes compounding,  which  is
often carried out immediately after polymeriza-
tion, but can be carried out by specialists who are
known as compounders. Scrap plastic generated
during  compounding  is  recycled  in  the  com-
pounder's facilities rather than sold to an outside
reprocessor,  as  shown  in  a flow  diagram.
Nuisance plastic generated  by compounding in
1970 amounted to about 60 million Ib. About 30
companies today are involved primarily in com-
pounding. The functions of reprocessing and
compounding are also discussed. The reproces-
sor/compounder usually uses both  scrap plastic
and virgin polymer or compound as raw material.
One of the major impediments to recycling is the
absence  of major markets for  the  recycled
plastic; therefore, the reprocessor has to develop
his  own markets. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24164]

73-4923
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The converter and the
manufacturer/packager.   In   Incentives  for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 111(24-
35).
This paper .discusses the roles of the  converter
and the  manufacturer/packager in  the  plastics
industry. The converter transforms a fabricated

-------
                                                                                            47
item to a finished plastic product. Ways in which
he disposes of scrap plastic or recycles it are out-
lined  and illustrated in a flow diagram. The
processes he performs include decorating, seal-
ing, cutting, and thermoforming. The tasks of the
manufacturer/packager are also presented in a
flow diagram. Since nuisance plastic from the
manufacturer/packager   segment   is    con-
taminated with quantities of nonplastic  refuse,
scrap generated by this segment is seldom sold
to a reprocessor. Three different types  of dis-
tribution   conducted   by    the   manufac-
turer/packager are outlinedO to  the wholesaler,
to the retailer, and directly to the consumer. Ex-
tensive  data  are  provided  on the  nuisance
plastics generated by both these segments of the
plastics industry. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24165]

73-4924
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The disposer.  In  In-
centives  for recycling and  reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 111(54-72).
This paper discusses the plastics disposer which
can be a public agency, a  private contractor,  an
individual housekeeper,  or  an  industrial firm.
The discussion of the  disposal of plastics is di-
vided  into  industrial sources  and  all other
sources. The other topics covered in  detail fol-
low: intermediate disposal; collection;  treatment
processes    (salvage,    baling,   pulverizing,
shredding, milling,  composting, and  incinera-
tion);  final  disposal (sanitary  landfill  and
behavior of plastics); and litter. The following
data and graphs are included: sources of indus-
trial nuisance plastics, 1970; industrial wastes ac-
cording to plastic type; nuisance plastics in the
disposal area according to product; plastics in the
disposal area from all sources, according  to type
of plastic; a  disposal flow chart; and the esti-
mated cost of incineration using batch incinera-
tion systems, in 1969 dollars. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24166]
73-4925
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The economics of the
plastic industry. In Incentives for recycling and
reuse of plastics. Washington,  Environmental
Protection Agency, 1972. p. 11(1-14).
This paper discusses economic growth and price
trends for  resins and plastic products. The fol-
lowing markets are also analyzed in detail: build-
ing and construction; packaging; transportation;
furniture; housewares; appliances and toys; and
exports. Data are presented on the structure of
the plastics industry  (flow chart), the approxi-
mate size of the plastics industry in 1970, the
production value of resins, and the use of resins
by  markets projected for 1970  to  1975. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24167]

73-4926
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC.  The fabricator. In In-
centives for recycling and  reuse  of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p.  111(18-24).
This paper discusses the fabricator's role in the
plastics industry. He works closely with  the
manufacturer/packager and the  resin producer.
A flow  diagram is included which indicates the
steps taken  by the  fabricator to  transform
polymer or compound to a finished plastic article.
The following  topics  are discussed in  detail:
disposal and reclamation of scrap plastic by the
fabricator; injection  molding; film  extrusion;
blow molding;  research and development; and
markets. Extensive data are provided  on the
estimated volume of nuisance plastic which can-
not be recycled which was generated by fabrica-
tion in  1970. (This document is  retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24168]

73-4927
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The plastics cycle. In
Incentives  for  recycling  and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p.  111(1-10).
This paper describes the plastics cycle, which in-
cludes the manufacturer/packager who  assem-
bles the plastic product  or  fills a plastic con-
tainer;  the wholesaler-retailer who distributes

-------
48
the product to the consumer; and individual, in-
dustrial,  and  institutional  consumers.  Also
discussed are the resin producers who convert
petroleum  raw  materials  or monomers  into
polymer or compound and determine the chemis-
try of the  plastic item. A  diagram is included
which shows the physical flow from operation to
operation, rather than between individual com-
panies. A generalized flow diagram representing
the production of the major thermoplastic resins
is also provided. Data are presented on the esti-
mated volume of nuisance (unrecyclable) plastics
generated  by resin production (1970) and the
estimated volume of scrap  plastic sold by resin
producers (1970). (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24173]

73-4928
 ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC.  The technology of
plastics.  In  Incentives for recycling and reuse
of plastics. Washington, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972. p. 1(1-10).
This paper discusses the structure of polymers
in terms of interchain forces, molecular-weight
distribution,   molecular   shape,   crystallinity,
orientation, glass-transition temperature,  and
copolymers. Data and illustrations are provided
on  the  following:  the  interchain  forces of
ethylene and polyethylene; the structure of im-
portant commercial polymers; liner, branched,
and crosslinked polymer molecules; crystallinity
in polymers;  and the glass transition tempera-
tures of common plastics. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24180]

73-4929
    ARTHUR    D.    LITTLE,   INC.       The
wholesaler/retailer and the consumer. In Incen-
tives  for  recycling  and  reuse  of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 111(35-54).
The roles played by the wholesaler/retailer and
the consumer in the disposal and reclamation of
plastics are discussed. The wholesaler purchases
products in large quantities from the manufac-
turer, warehouses them, and ships  small orders
to the nearest retail outlets. His functions are il-
lustrated in a flow diagram. The retailer's profit
problems are also outlined, as are his difficulties
with handling returnables. The following data re
provided on  the wholesaler/retailer, the con-
sumer, and plastics: service life of various plastic
products;  packaging  wastes;  types of plastic
packaging (1970); estimated volume of plastics in
packaging according to type of plastic; estimated
volume of nuisance plastic from consumer items
other  than  packaging;  estimated  volume of
nuisance plastic generated by consumer in 1970;
estimated annual average national refuse com-
position; and bottles in plastic samples collected
in a community. (This document  is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24181]

73-4930
 BABCOCK, A. Fly ash achieving dramatic suc-
cess in reclaiming coal waste piles.  Coal Age,
78(4):88-89, Apr. 1973.
Coal waste piles resulting from deep mine opera-
tions are now largely devoid of vegetation and
often burning. By treating these  piles with fly
ash from  coal burning electric generating sta-
tions and seeding the areas with grasses and
legumes, a lasting green will result. Such has
been  the  experience  of  the Energy Research
Center of the U.S. Bureau of Mines located at
Morgantown, West Virginia, in its dual research
for less expensive reclamation techniques in coal
wastes and treatment of strip mine spoil. As a
result of a number of projects, it has been found
necessary to change the pH of the soil to desira-
ble levels and to reseed when necessary. In addi-
tion, a mixture of fly ash and digested sewage
sludge has also been used.  The  economics of
using fly ash in preference to top soil can be
shown by the relative cost of both to achieve a 2
ft layer of cover on a 1 acre refuse bank. The top-
soil would cost about $4,000 against $300 for the
fly ash.
[24182]

73-4931
 BALL, B. Automated scrap handling pays off:
the  case  for auger-feed  systems.   Plastics
Technology, 18(ll):46-47, Nov. 1972.

-------
                                                                                          49
Four key steps are involved in adapting plastic
injection machines to operate as an automated
process system: secure automated and positive
ejection from the mold, confine  the  parts and
runners in  a container as they drop from  the
mold,  transfer finished parts from underneath
the mold and separate from their runners, and
move parts to packaging and the separated run-
ners to direct  grinding and recycling. By in-
stalling auger-feed  granulators  and  parts
separators, the  system is automated to achieve
annual cost savings.
[24183]

73-4932
 BERRY, R. E., C. W. WILSON m, AND 0. W. Bis-
SETT.   Recovery of natural orange pigments: an
improved method applied to citrus processing
wastes. Journal of Food Science, 37(6):809-811,
Nov./Dec. 1972.
This articles discusses the use of natural orange
pigments as coloring for food products. Methods
for obtaining such pigments have recently been
under development. Previous methods were too
complex for easy  commercial scale-up.  A study
was made to develop an improved carotenoid pu-
rification method which would be simple, require
the use of little water, and result in efficient pig-
ment yield. The new method was tested for its
applicability to citrus peel from different orange
cultivars, different forms of peel, and different
degrees  of maturity.  The  experiments and
results are described in detail.
[24184]

73-4933
 Betting on bagasse. Chemical Week, 111(23):16,
Dec. 6,1972.
W. R.  Grace and International Paper will make
investments totaling about $21.4 million over the
next 5 years  in  their bagasse  paper  mill in
Colombia. The funds will be used for the produc-
tion of coated paper from bagasse by Grace's
Peadco process, and for  a chemical  recovery
plant,  principally  aimed at regaining  30,000 Ib
per year of caustic soda for internal use. The
companies expect the mill to export up to $15
million worth of products to the United States
and Andean group countries in 1975. Grace is
also studying bagasse paper feasibility in Mex-
ico, Peru, and Australia.
[24185]

73-4934
 BLUM, S. L.   Man-made ores and their use.
Chemtech, 2(3): 148-152, Mar. 1972.
Waste materials are compared to ores and called
man-made ores. They result from changes in
man's  environment  that yield pollution  and
waste  along with food, energy, housing,  and
transportation. Pollution may be described as
the product of ignorance and greed. It is the
economics of location and assay which will deter-
mine when ores or wastes are to be used, not if
they are to be used. As  an example, titanium in
its raw material source, rutile, was not produced
until a use was generated for it. Similarly with
man-made ores, assay,  economics, and volume
will determine its use. A big difference between
natural and man-made  ores  is that the latter
grow exponentially.  The question  arises as to
how to identify, catalog, and determine ultimate
use. How do we use agricultural byproducts in
large volume in industry? The first step involves
an understanding of where and how wastes are
generated and how to conceptually handle them
as a misplaced resource. The technique of high
temperature (3,000 F) incineration treats refuse
as ore to make salable products from it.
[24186]

73-4935
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUS. Recycling and
recovery. In  Handbook of environmental con-
trol, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 320-358.
This  paper presents data,  flow  charts,  and
graphs on recycling and  recovery of wastes. The
topics covered follow: processing of refuse for
salvage;  materials salvaging  in England;  flow
chart of recycled nonferrous scrap metals; types
of  recyclable  materials;   nonferrous  scrap
recovered in the  United States in  1964; partial
list of precious metal scrap; U.S.  recycling of
paper, 1969; secondary fiber usage, paper stock
grades; copper flow and recycling; municipal in-
cinerators practicing metal  salvage in 1968;
waste  rubber  used in  1968;  composition of

-------
60
residues from five municipal incinerators; recla-
mation of municipal refuse by the Sacs process;
flow charts of solid waste processing systems;
equipment for anaerobic fermentation process;
cost for biological fractionation process; cellulose
conversion systems; summary protein costs ver-
sus alternate animal feeds; coal fly ash utilization
in Germany; appliance scrap values; dismantling
railroad cars; alternatives to open burning for
wood separation; and estimates of equipment in-
vestment  requirements  for   selected  scrap
processing methods. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24187]

73-4936
 BRANDT, G. H.  Potential impact of sodium and
calcium chloride de-icing mixtures on roadside
soils and plants. Highway Research Abstracts,
42(12):46, Dec. 1972.
The quantity of salt required to maintain bare
pavement can be minimized  partly by applying
chemicals, such as sodium chloride and calcium
chloride mixtures, that melt ice faster per unit
applied and by allowing adequate time between
application and  bare pavement. At  high  salt
loadings, salt pollution is being traded for time to
bare pavement at the rate of 2 or 3 times more
salt than is required for slower de-icing. Labora-
tory data indicate that sodium chloride, if used
between 0 and 10 F for de-icing within 1 hr, can
introduce  5  times more chloride than calcium
chloride and ten times more moles of sodium ion
than moles of calcium ion from calcium chloride.
However, both can melt roughly similar quanti-
ties of ice  if sufficient time elapses  to attain
equilibrium. Potential salt loadings in roadside
soils and drainage waters were compared with
published field data by use of hypothetical con-
structs, and potentials for producing saline (high
salt) and alkali  (high sodium) soils were esti-
mated.  Although   considerable de-icing  salt
damage to plants is reported in the  literature,
the damage does not appear to be so extensive as
guidelines for agricultural soils in the arid West
tend to suggest
[24188]
73-4937
 BRIGGS,  R.  C.  Pavement crushed, reused to
strengthen runway base.   Civil Engineering-
ASCE, 43(4):82-83, Apr. 1973.
The runway pavement at Orange Municipal Air-
port (Orange, Massachusetts) was badly cracked.
It failed to meet Federal Aviation Administra-
tion requirements and covered with  oversize
cobbles. The option was to remove the existing
pavement and either discard or somehow reuse
the old pavement material. Contractors  were
permitted to bid on both the imported-aggregate
method and  the reused-pavement method.  A
contract was awarded to reuse the old pavement
to rebuild the base; the actual cost was 15 per-
cent less than the bid  for conventional construc-
tion.
[24189]

73-4938
 BUCK, A. D.  Recycled  concrete.   Highway
Research Abstracts, 42(12):68, Dec. 1972.
An investigation was made to evaluate the use of
crushed waste concrete aggregate. A discarded
concrete driveway that contained  siliceous ag-
gregates and  a  laboratory concrete  beam that
contained limestone as  coarse aggregate and
natural siliceous sand as fine aggregate  were
selected. Portions of each kind of concrete were
processed into aggregate sizes. Three test mix-
tures and two  control  mixtures  were  made.
Specimens from each round  of each  mixture
were  tested  for compressive  strength at dif-
ferent ages up to six months, for resistance to ac-
celerated freezing  and thawing, and for volume
changes  due  to temperature changes  or to
moisture effects at a constant temperature. The
aggregate  particles   produced   by   crushing
concrete had good particle shape,  high adsorp-
tion, and low specific gravity by comparison with
conventional  natural mineral aggregates. It  is
concluded that the  present results are promising
for the use of  recycled pavements or similar
concrete as concrete course aggregate  and per-
haps as fine aggregate. If additional work tends
to support this tentative conclusion, then exist-
ing specifications should  be revised to permit
and encourage  the  use  of this  material  as
concrete aggregate so that existing supplies of

-------
                                                                                           51
natural aggregates  are  conserved  and  the
amount of solid waste is reduced. The results in
this work pertain only to waste concrete that is
free of contamination by other materials such as
sulfates.
[24190]
 X

73-4939                                 i
 Cambro-interests from  fluorspar to stainless
steel. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 122(2): 19-
21, Jan. 13,1973.
Harry Camm heads a loosely knit series of inter-
related companies which recover anything  that
is recyclable. Ferrous, nonferrous, and stainless
steel scrap is processed with an accent on metal
recovery from  foundry skulls. Furnace  fire
bricks, when discarded, are collected from steel
works and crushed to produce 'grog' which forms
the base of  a material used to reline furnaces.
Coal is reclaimed that was ignored  by miners
who  dug out coal from mines in  the 1880's;
generally prime steam coal, it is produced and
sold at the rate of 500 to 600 tons a week. Clean
stainless steel scrap and a valuable roadmaking
material is  reclaimed from  slag using modern
crushing  machinery  and vibratory containers.
Starting with a site, over 20 acres in extent, and
several feet deep in broken  and unserviceable
electrodes, graphite, metal, and electrode insu-
lating media, reclamation of all reusable material
in the site was undertaken to reclaim  silicon car-
bide and graphite.
[24191]

73-4940
 CAPORALI,  G. How Montedison makes acrylo.
Hydrocarbon Processing, 51(11):144-146,  Nov.
1972.
The Montedison process for the manufacture of
acrylonitrile is based upon the catalytic reaction
of propylene with ammonia and air. Along with
the acrylonitrile, a  certain  amount of  waste
material is  produced. Aqueous liquids are the
largest problem both in quantity and composi-
tion. For the most economical disposal of these
wastes, both chemical and biological treatment is
used. Organic waste liquids are burned. The  only
solid  wastes are  the  catalysts  which  are
scrubbed by an  ammonium  sulphate  solution,
easily settled  and then filtered or centrifuged
with the valuable metal components recovered.
Gaseous wastes consist of off-gases from the
water absorber and their residual  content of
nitriles. These may be burned and some of the
heat recovered if economics so advise.
[24192]

73-4941
 CHANDLER, P. L., AND D. S. LUOTO. Managerial
aspects   of  a  chemical  reduction  program.
Highway Research  Abstracts, 42(12):46,  Dec.
1972.
The increasing public  pressures on  the  use of
chemicals on roadways has caused a reassess-
ment  of techniques in controlling  the  usage.
Previous controls were designed  primarily to
achieve a road condition. New techniques should
be designed to produce levels of service with a
minimum of chemicals. The development of a re-
porting  system  to obtain  this  objective  is
discussed, and conclusions are made as to the
success  of the various  managerial devices used.
Recommendations for research and development
emphasis in some of the most promising areas
are given wherever possible. Full analysis of cost
factors were beyond the scope of this investiga-
tion.
[24193]

73-4942
 Chemical process slashes cost of treating and
recovering waste soluble oils. Process Engineer-
ing, p.7, Oct. 1972.
The MOR Effluent Treatment Co. claims their
process for treating and recovering waste solu-
ble oils  saves about  15  Ib per  1,000  gal for
disposal costs. The process separates insoluble
mineral oils from the feed as well as soluble
mineral oils and neutralizes the residual water.
By avoiding payments  for disposal and with the
savings introduced by re-refining the separated
oils, the total savings are enough to pay for the
plant in  less than 2 years.
[24194]

73-4943
  Chicago  paper  mill closes.  Solid  Wastes
Management/Refuse, 15(127):46, Dec. 1972.

-------
52
The Lake Shore Mill in downtown Chicago was
closed down for a number of reasons: increasing
difficulty for recycling mills such as the Lake
Shore Mill to compete with virgin fiber mills has
occurred. The lower costs of virgin  fiber paper
products have cut  sales of  recycled items. The
potential use of the mill's site for future high rise
development, recent increases in property taxes,
imposition of special sewerage surcharges, and a
substantial increase in fuel costs to meet new en-
vironmental standards are additional reasons.
Yet it will cost the  local government $1.5 million
annually to collect and dispose of the  wastepaper
formerly withdrawn from the urban solid waste
load and consumed by the Lake Shore Mill.
[24195]

73-4944
 CHURCH, F. L.  Recycling  cans for fun  and
profit. Modern  Metals, 29(3):65-66, 68, 70, Apr.
1973.
Dan Fountain founded his National Reclamation
Co. in Oct. 1971 to help bridge a widening gap in
the aluminum can recycling program. The collec-
tion of cans has been, at times, an undoubted suc-
cess   but for  many distributors  the  major
problem  has been getting rid  of  them at a
reasonable price. Dan Fountain  helps them do
this by buying, shredding, and selling their cans
to  the   aluminum   companies   for recycling.
Presently, Dan Fountain is looking for a suitable
crusher for use at the sites of the distributors. It
costs as much to haul a trailer load of bulk cans,
weighing 5,000  Ibs.as it does a 20,000 Ib load of
crushed material.
[24196]

73-4945
 Copper industry  uses much scrap iron. En-
vironmental Science and Technology, 7(2):100-
102, Feb. 1973.
There are several reasons why the copper indus-
try is using the cementation  process more  and
more. Ever increasing strict environmental pro-
tection constraints  make the roasting and smelt-
ing of copper-laden  ores,  at least  as  conven-
tionally  performed, less and less attractive. As
expensive pollution  control  modifications  are
made  on  the   conventional  equipment,  the
hydrometallurgical  process  becomes  increas-
ingly  competitive  and therefore attractive.' A
more  fundamental reason for wider practice of
the process stems from the fact that the mine
wastes which are too low in copper to justify con-
ventional  flotation techniques  may  often be
leached and  recovered   by the  cementation
process. Basically, in the cementation process
the copper-laden  solution  is  contacted with
metallic iron, usually in the form of waste scrap
metal. A chemical reaction takes place, the net
effect being that copper is precipitated from the
solution as a red mud; the scrap iron  is solubil-
ized as an iron  salt. To achieve 90 percent
recovery of the copper, a resident time for the
solutions must be more than 1 hr. For every Ib of
copper produced, 3 Ib of  scrap iron are needed.
The scrap iron must be thin and of light  gauge,
shredded,  clean,  free  of  tin,  coatings,  and
lacquers.  Five-eighths of the,  detinned steel
supply goes to the  copper industry with  the
remainder returned to the steel industry. On an
annual basis, 800,000 tons of scrap  iron  are
needed to  produce  200,000  tons of cement
copper. Last year, cities sent more than 700 mil-
lion scrap cans to copper mines, recognizing that
the copper industry is a market for their cans.
[24197]

73-4946
 Could waste solve the energy crisis? Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 122(9):27, Mar. 1973.
Fossil fuels may be  limited but  organic wastes
such  as  manure,   sewerage,   paper making
residues, and domestic refuse are renewable and
could  provide a vital source of energy in the not
too distant future. So concludes a U.S. Bureau of
Mines report on the energy potential of organic
waste. Recycling waste by converting it to oil
could, the Bureau estimates, provide the United
States with 1,330 million barrels of oil by 1980.
The conversion process  consists of essentially
treating the material with carbon monoxide and
water at a temperature  of 250 to 400 C and a
pressure of 2,000 to 5,000 psi. The oil produced is
said to be a brownish-black liquid which becomes
a semi-solid at room temperatures. It has a heat-
ing value of 15,000 Btu per Ib. Using a continuous
system, oil yields of more than 33 percent have
been  obtained from the dry organic waste used

-------
in an experimentO giving a yield of 2 barrels of
oil for every ton of material processed.
[24198]

73-4947
  Cryogenic hopes  for  rubber reclamation.
Materials  Reclamation  Weekly, 122(4):20-22,
Jan. 27,1973.
Rubber tires were fragmentized by first reduc-
ing the temperature of the tire to the glass point
of rubber and then  subjecting it to impact in a
hammer-mill. The tire was completely shattered,
separating the rubber from  the fiber. Liquid
nitrogen was used to lower the temperature of
the tires. A glass transition temperature in the
range of minus 80 F to minus 90 F was deter-
mined.  Immersion  for 30 to 45 seconds was
required. The reduced temperature technique is
a very effective method  to reclaim scrap tires.
The cryogenic  process could handle  about  30
tires a minute. The  biggest problem is to find a
market for the fragmented rubber. A number of
possible uses for reclaimed tires were presented
and include, among others, the following: as a
resilient cushioning layer between  soil and
concrete in road building, as a backing for turf,
as fuel  when mixed with coal,  as a  soil condi-
tioner, as  man-made  reefs, as  hoses, ignition
wire, and toys.
[24199]

73-4948
 Ecological drive in New York area is losing
steam.   Solid   Wastes   Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 15(5):28, May 1972.
The interest  in recycling refuse in the Long
Island, New York, area has fallen off except for
newspaper collection. Evidently the prevalent
feeling is that the effort is not  worthwile. And
yet the towns of Hempstead and North Hemp-
stead insist on  the compulsory  separation  of
newspapers from other  rubbish for  resale  to
brokers. Other towns are starting to follow suit.
On the other hand, a report by the Department
of Urban Sciences and Engineering at the New
York State University at Stony Brook concluded
that the refuse recycling effort was not now
economically feasible because of high operating
costs, small revenues, and the instability of the
market.
[24201]

73-4949
 Europe offers viable technology for chlorinated
hydrocarbon waste recovery processes. Chemi-
cal Age International, 106(2801):9-11, Mar. 1973.
A number of processes are now available on the
market  for the waste recovery of chlorinated
hydrocarbons. Indications are that the operation
of this type of waste recovery with recycling
would be performed by  a number of  waste
disposal companies  contracting out services to
waste producers in  the chemical industry. This
recovery and recycling market to  produce wet
and  dry  hydrogen  chloride  and  chlorine  is
presently wide open and untapped. The recycling
contractor, when he appears, will be a vital part
of the chemical industry of the future, providing
his services to governments  in their  wish  to
dispose of civilization's wastes.
[24202]

73-4950
 Extrusion process increases  steel recycling.
New Scientist, 56(821):454, Nov. 23,1972.
Millions of pounds worth of wasted steel may be
reclaimed annually with a technique developed
recently by the National Engineering Laborato-
ry (NEL) of East Kilbride, England. Of the 110
million Ib of steel swarf produced in the United
Kingdom each year, only the higher grade steels
are collected for recycling. The rest of the swarf
usually  vanishes on dumps and tips because it
contains too many impurities or has too variable
a carbon content to be suitable for melting down
for reclamation. The new method  involves first
degreasing the swarf with an ordinary commer-
cial cleaning agent, then subjecting it to a com-
pressing force of about 6 tons per sq cm. The bil-
lets formed this way are extruded,  using cold or
hot metal extrusion  techniques developed  at the
NEL to produce strong round bars. Tin cans are
stripped of paint, lacquer,  tin, and solder, and
then shredded. Then, billets are formed under 8
tons per sq cm pressure. Most large users of
steel bars are not interested because they have
rigid  strength  specifications;  however  small
scale  users  may  be  interested because  their
specifications are not as stringent.
[24203]

-------
54
73-4951
 FAN, L. T., D. G. RETZLOFF, AND W. 0. VAN-
DERPOOL.  Solid  waste - plastics composites:
physical  properties  and feasibility for produc-
tion.  Environmental  Science   Technology,
6(13):1,085-1,091, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses the feasibility of producing
a composite by radiation-induced polymerization
using  solid waste and methyl methacrylate as
starting  materials.  Composites were  prepared
from the following solid wastes: used computer
printout  paper; newsprint;  sawdust  from  fir
lumber; cardboard; bagasse; wheat straw; dried
sediment from  the  primary treatment of mu-
nicipal sewage; sludge from secondary sewage
treatment;  cotton cloth; clothes lint; and human
hair. It is  concluded that such composites are
suitable for use as wood  substitute materials.
Data and diagrams are included.
[24204]

73-4952
 Fibre processes improved by recovery/recycle
steps. Process Engineering, p6. Oct. 1972.
Improved  technology  is  reported  for  the
recovery and recycle  of materials in  synthetic
fiber processing. In nylon-6 production, caprolac-
tam is recovered either from  extract water of
the polymerization process, from the solid capro-
lactam waste, or from the two raw  materials
used  for  making  caprolactam.  The  purified
caprolactam is then recycled. In the production
of polyesters, methanol, split from the ester in-
terchange,  is recovered; so is  the glycol in the
separated glycol-water mixture. Both are then
recycled to the poly-condensation plant. Solid
polyester waste from  the  spinning process can
also be treated and recycled to an earlier process
stage. In this way, reclamation of waste material
is possible at each stage of the process.
[24205]

73-4953
 FICKEB, S.  Bin  neues Gummi-Regenerierver-
fahren nach dem System Lurgi-Ficker. [A new
rubber  reclaiming  process  according to  the
Lurgi-Ficker system.] Kautschuk und Gummi
Kunststoffe,25(10)-A81-482, Oct. 1972.
The Lurgi-Ficker process for reclaiming rubber
wastes including used tires  is described. The
rubber wastes are fed into a crushing mill, after
which the fiber content is reduced to 5 to 10 per-
cent for fine crushing to a particle size of up to 2
mm. The particles are then mixed continuously
with plasticizers and regenerating agents, and
conveyed to a regenerating unit composed of hol-
low regenerating screw and double-walled hous-
ing to permit  the circulation of a heating fluid
with a temperature of 200 to 260 C. The  re-
sidence time of the material to be reclaimed in
the screw  is  about 15 minutes,  during which
homogeneous   temperature   distribution   is
achieved. The reclaim further passes through
cooling   rolls,  refiners,  and  strainers. With
equally high quality of the end product, the new
procedure is more practical and economical than
any other process hitherto applied. (Text in Ger-
man)
[24206]

73-4954
  Finding profits  in chlorinated  hydrocarbon
wastes. Chemical Week, 111(23):39, Dec. 6,1972.
Nittetu Chemical Engineering Ltd (Tokyo)  en-
tered into  a licensing agreement to offer  the
Japanese   firms    chlorinated    hydrocarbon
recycling technology  in  North  and  Central
America. In  this  process,  the  chlorinated
hydrocarbons  are burned with air and steam in
the incineration  unit at about 1,500 C, forming
carbon dioxide,  water, and hydrogen  chloride
which   are  then  cooled.   The  concentrated
hydrochloric acid solution  is removed from  the
steam  and  100 percent  hydrochloric  acid is
produced. On  the other hand, a  dilute sodium
chloride  solution is prepared from the effluent
and discharged into the waterways.
[24207]

73-4955
 G. M. to scrap 1,000 cars. Waste Trade Journal,
68(42):!, Oct. 21,1972.
The General Motors plant in Norwood, Ohio, is
scrapping 1,000 Chevrolet Camaros and Pontiac
Firebirds that had  not been fully  completed
when their plant went on strike  in April. Since
these partially completed cars have parts which

-------
                                                                                          65
do not meet the 1973 Federal safety standards
they cannot be economically assembled into the
firm's vehicles for 1973.
[24210]

73-4956
 Garden  State Pomona rebuild features a new
press concept. Paper Trade Journal, 156(52):30-
31, Dec. 18,1972.
Garden State Paper Co., a world leader in utiliz-
ing waste  paper fibers for the production of
newsprint, has announced the successful start-
up of its rebuilt No. 3 machine at the  Pomona,
California,  mill.  Production of Garden State's
newsprint will have  increased 30 percent from
85,000  tons per year to 110,000 tons per year by
the end of 1973. The newprint is manufactured
from   a   100  percent  furnish   of  deinked
newspapers.
[24208]

73-4957
 GELDOP, H., W. HUSTINX, J. M. RELLAGE, AND
0. B. SCHRIEKE. Rubberafval in de vorm  van
versleten autobanden. [Rubber waste in  the
form of used tires.] Plastica, 25(9):394-401, Sept.
1972.
Problems involved in the disposal of used tires in
the Netherlands and in other countries are sur-
veyed. The amount of the used tires discarded
yearly is expected to rise  from 39,600 tons in
1970 to 77,000 tons in 1980. The percentage of
tire regeneration lies at 25 percent for car tires,
and at 50 percent for truck tires. Used  tires can
be used for the preparation of reclaim for the
manufacturing of new tires. However, the price-
quality relation  for  such reclaim  is presently
fairly unfavorable. Reclaimed rubber is also used
as an  ingredient for asphaltic pavements,  im-
proving their life, safety, and  ultimately their
cost. The imcomplete incineration of milled tires
mixed  with oil is suitable for the production of
carbon black to  be recycled in tire production.
Certain chemical substances can be recovered by
used tires by the destructive distillation process,
and the residue can be used as valuable fuel. The
Palma process,  developed  in  Hungary,  yields
regenerated and fiber material to be  used  by
jute  factories. The  incineration of used tires
requires special air pollution control devices, and
yields only thermal energy, while valuable com-
ponents of the tires are lost forever. (Text in
Dutch)
[24209]

73-4958
 Good bricks, good  waste disposal.   British
Clayworker, 81(965):28, Oct. 1972.
This article describes how a German producer of
alumina and aluminum-metal has developed and
successfully   tested,   both   technically   and
economically, a process for low-iron red mud ob-
tained from tropical bauxite. It is suitable for
making high-quality bricks in which the red mud
forms the  basic component by converting the
sodium oxide content  into a chemical compound
during processing so that  it cannot cause  ef-
florescence. At  the same  time this glasslike
chemical compound greatly increases the com-
pressive strength of the bricks. The composition
of the red mud bricks is given, along with their
characteristics and applications. It  is possible to
produce these bricks  at the same  cost as stan-
dard dry  bricks now on the market, provided
that the red mud is free.
[24211]

73-4959
 GRATSERSHTEIN, I. M., AND L. Y. AVRASHKOV.
Turnover of aluminum in the national economy
of the Soviet Union. Soviet Journal of Non-Fer-
rous Metals, ll(3):71-73, Mar. 1970.
The demands by the Soviet economy for items of
aluminum may be satisfied  in two waysO by ex-
panding  the  production  of primary aluminum
and by  new  and more effective  means of
recovering and reclaiming aluminum in its vari-
ous phases of processing, and use. Loss coeffi-
cients were computed assuming a straight line
relationship for loss in a process phase or phases.
The losses were distributed between waste and
irrevocable losses. The latter category includes
loss through wear, abrasion  during operation,
and incomplete collection of waste, scrap, and ob-
solescent  articles. The data shows that only
about 60 percent of the  potentially usable alu-
minum would be cycled into the total circulation
of the metal. The remainder would be lost due to
technological and organization factors.

-------
66   .

[24212]

73-4960
 HARRIS, W. B.  Aspects of a land reclamation
scheme at Cwmtillery, Mon. Civil Engineering
and  Public Works Review, 67(796):1172-1173,
Nov. 1972.
The project at Cwmtillery, Wales, involves tak-
ing the  discarded  shale from  a coal  recovery
point being worked at the long disused Penybout
tip, and placing it for approximately a mile on the
valley floor between the only  active mine  left
and the  lower end of the valley at Abertillery.
The  intent is to  build  factories on the terraces
which are  being created  in  the heart of an
established community. The removal of coal and
shale from the Penybout Tip will make available
a  most  suitable site  for the  construction of
modern houses and bungalows.
[24213]

73-4961
 HEROD, B. C.   Granite Rock's goal-flexibility
and  service.  Pit and Quarry,  65(5):92-97, Nov.
1972.
The  Granite  Rock Go.'s 200 tons per hr sand
plant, located a few miles north of Santa Cruz,
California is  now  in its third full production
season.  Wash water  from all of the plant's
processing system components is piped to the
100 ft Eimco plant process  water thickener. As
needed, a Dow AP30 flocculating agent is added
to the center of the thickener, and  solids are
pumped to a catch basin. Possible markets for
that residue are being investigated. The clear
water overflow from the thickener flows to the
pit and plant  supply sump for use in the plant's
operation.
[24214]

73-4962
 Identifying  plastic materials.   In  Materials
Reclamation  Weekly   handbook  and  buyer's
guide, 1973. Croydon, England,  Maclaren & Sons
Ltd., [1973]. p. 271-272.
As more plastic materials  come into use,  the
pressure for their reclamation grows. One of the
greatest problems  facing the plastics reclaimer
is  that of  identification of the plastic.  Visual
methods do not suffice. Characteristics  based
upon cutting, melting, immersion in water, and
burning help in the identification, short of more
sophisticated chemical testing. A table of proper-
ties of plastic materials is presented along with a
few examples such as the green flame test when
touching a polymer sample containing chlorine
with  a  hot copper  wire. (This  document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24215]

73-4963
 Japan's paper and board industry utilizes more
board and paper waste. Secondary Raw Materi-
als, 10(9):64, Sept. 1972.
Japan's  pulp and paper industry has  been em-
ploying  more efficient recovery methods to in-
crease the collection and utilization of paper and
paperboard  waste, which comprises a very im-
portant  part of the raw material consumed in the
local manufacture of paper and paperboard. In
1970,  the local waste paper and  paperboard
recovery  rate  was 38.4 percentO  one of the
highest  such percentages in the world.
[24216]

73-4964
 JEFPERS, P. E. World's first fly ash brick plant.
Brick and Clay Record, 161(5):18-20, Nov. 1972.
Research at the University of West Virginia has
led to the development  of a process  to make
lightweight, accurately sized fly ash brick.  Cal-
gary Power Co. in Canada, expelling 600,000 tons
of fly ash from coal furnaces of the Wabomum
steam plant, has provided 7,000 tons of fly ash
for the process. The wet, tempered mix contain-
ing 60 to 80 percent fly ash goes to an automatic
press which delivers 40 bricks per minute. The
brick is  next dried and then fired for 10 to 20 hr.
The finished brick is then marketed in the Ed-
monton  area.
[24217]

73-4965
 Joint mini-steel works and scrap yard venture.
Materials Reclamation  Weekly, 121(7):10, Aug.
12,1972.
A mini-steel works is planned in Great Britain
which will comprise a 30 ton electric arc furnace

-------
                                                                                          57
and a continuous casting plant.  Initial calcula-
tions show that the mini-plant will require, ap-
proximately 60,000 to 70,000 tons of processed
scrap a year. A shredder will process the scrap,
working at the estimated rate of 50,000 cars a
year.
[24218]

73-4966
 KALINA, J. F.  Now, recycled fiber in more of
Uncle Sam's corrugated.  Modern Packaging,
45(11):4, Nov. 1972.
The  General  Services  Administration  now
requires the use of recycled fiber in all the corru-
gated it uses, whether purchased directly or as
packaging for the items it buys. This policy is
causing  industry-wide consternation, especially
among some food and detergent  manufacturers
who  sell to the United States and whose sup-
pliers traditionally use virgin fiber. They dislike
maintaining separate  inventories  of GS A-ap-
proved boxes. A detailed account  of how the new
ruling evolved is presented.
[24219]

73-4967
 KUMAR, S. Reclaiming amino sugars from milk
and whey. Ohio Report, 57(6):90, Nov./Dec. 1972.
Present research  seeks to recover amino sugars
from skim milk  powder, liquid  or dehydrated
whey,  and  deproteinized whey powder. The
selected approach is to employ solvent extrac-
tion followed by precipitation. Results have in-
dicated that 90 percent of the amino sugars can
be extracted  with methanol with  impurities
removed   by  concentration    and  selective
precipitation. The fractions  thus obtained are
rich in minerals, lactose, and amino sugars which
may  be useful for food fortification and dietary
supplementation.
[24220]

73-4968
 LAUNDRIE, J. F., AND J. G. BERBEE. The disap-
pearing forestO boosting pulp yield per acre with
short rotation crops. Chem 26 Paper Processing,
9(2):48-50, Feb. 1973.
Kraft pulps were made  from  hybrid poplar
whole trees and components, including bark,
using growth rotations of 1,3,5,11, and 24 years.
The best rotation, on the basis of yield per acre
per year, was 11 years. Satisfactory pulps were
made from all of the materials, and the presence
of bark posed no special problems in either pulp-
ing or bleaching. The  1 year old material was
unique in that it was stronger than pulps made
from the 3 and 5 year old trees and that little or
no refining energy was required to develop the
strength of the pulp.
[24221]

73-4969
 LAZAR, F., B. NEMETH, AND J. KORODI. Process
and apparatus for the leaching of soluble materi-
als  from  slurries. Canadian  Patent 924,873
owned by  Almasfiizitoi Timfoldgyar, Almasfu-
zito, Hungary. Issued Apr. 24,1973.
An apparatus and method for leaching dissolved
quantities from slurry through counter-current
flow is described. This method is particularly
useful in recovering caustic  soda in alumina
processing or phosphoric acid in fertilizer manu-
facuture.   Additionally,  the   process  offers
economic advantages over other known methods.
The  process itself involves feeding  the  slurry
through a slurry zone under pressure. A leaching
solution is fed under pressure through a solution
zone. A filter surface common to the slurry zone
and the solution zone is provided. Two broadly
distinct stages for carrying out this process are
described. Six claims are made for the invention.
[24222]

73-4970
 LESHER, R. L.  Tackling resource recovery. En-
vironmental    Science    and    Technology,
6(13):1078-1081,1083, Dec. 1972.
The  National  Center  for Resource  Recovery,
Inc. of Washington, B.C. has accepted the chal-
lenge of coping with the problems of municipal
solid waste collection and disposal and the rapid
depletion of vital natural raw materials by spur-
ring interest in resource recovery by application
of the appropriate technology. A plan for action
has been developed to hasten this end.  It has
resulted  in the National  Resource Recovery
Network program conceived to provide a demon-
stration program for displaying and  evaluating

-------
58
technology to recover resources from municipal
refuse and to serve as a catalyst in the develop-
ment of a  new  industry, consisting  of  self-
sustaining  resource recovery facilities for ex-
tracting  raw  materials  from  today's waste
products.  The National Center thus  seeks to
further  the development  of the  treatment of
solid wastes not as pollutants but as resources
which are recoverable and reusable.
[24223]

73-4971
 MARCOVITCH, S.  Aspects techniques. 4. Le Pul-
pafiner. [Technical  aspects. Part  4: The Pul-
pafiner.] RevueA.TJ.P., 26(5):327-329,1972.
Pulpafiner, new equipment for pulping waste
paper, is described. After rocks, wires, and other
large-size  materials are removed from the bulk
waste paper, the waste paper, still containing
small-size  adherent  contraries, is  pulped in the
two-stage  pulper for fibrillation and separation.
The pulp obtained, of very good quality, is suita-
ble for  processing directly on a  paper-making
machine. The impurities, such as plastic and
other coating residues, are drained off at the bot-
tom  of the second stage  together with a small
proportion of pulp. The discharge passes through
a vibratory screen for reducing pulp losses. The
equipment can produce 120 to 140 tons of pulp
per day. (Text in French)
[24224]

73-4972
  MARUSINOVA,  8.    Pevnost  a  nasakavost
vapenopiskovych  cihel vyrabenuch z flotacnich
odpadu  pri tezbe rud. [Strength and water ad-
sorption of sand-lime bricks produced from flota-
tion wastes from ore mining.] Stavivo, 50(7):237-
239,1972.
The  mechanical properties of the newly in-
troduced solid and hollow sand-lime bricks  were
tested to determine their suitability for various
applications.  Compression strength  of  solid
bricks determined  by standard  Czechoslovak
norms is 200 kilopounds per sq cm, of hollow
bricks 150 kilopounds  per sq  cm. Strength is
greatest the first 24 hours, smallest between the
25th and 30th day, then it increases to the 60th
day  to  its original  value and remains stable.
Flexural tensile strength of solid bricks is 30
kilopounds per sq cm, water absorption of dry
solid bricks is  15.5 percent of mass, of hollow
bricks 17.00 percent. Water saturation in sand-
lime bricks proceeds slower than in fired bricks,
95 percent water adsorption is not reached until
after 2  hr immersion in water (1 hr for fired
bricks).  Compression  strength of these bricks
decreases  with  water  adsorption  from  195
kilopounds per sq cm  for dry  bricks to  150
kilopounds per sq cm for 5 percent water adsorp-
tion, to  140 kilopounds per sq cm for 10 percent
water adsorption and to 120 kilopounds per sq
cm for  15 percent water adsorption.  (Text in
Czech)
[24225]

73-4973
 MASSUS, M. Aspects economiques. 1. Approche
statistique et Fonctionnement du marche  des
vieux papiers. [Economic Aspects. 1. Statistical
approach  to and functioning of the market for
waste paper.] Revue A.TJJ>., 26(5):287-294,1972.
From 1953 to 1970 consumption of waste paper
in France has grown 3.7 times to 1,424,000 tons.
During  the same  period paper  and cardboard
production increased 2.75 times and that of pulp
2.72 times. While in France in 1970 old paper con-
sumption covered 34.2 percent of the total need
for cellulose, the figure for Germany was 45 per-
cent, for England 40 percent, for Japan 36 per-
cent, for Holland 36 percent, for Italy 29 percent,
for Austria 23 percent, and for the United States
21  percent. Per  capita consumption  of waste
paper in 1970 in France was 28 kg against 46 kg
in the United States. From 1960 to 1970 waste
paper supply in France increased by 6.3 percent
yearly. The largest increase in the consumption
of waste paper between 1961 and 1970 was in
corrugated cardboard production (11 percent),
followed by Kraft paper (6 percent), newsprint
(4 percent), and shredded paper  (2 percent). In
France  the percentage of reclaimed paper in
1958 was 26 percent, in 1970 28 percent. In 1970
raw materials for the manufacture of 100 kg of
paper consisted of 63.9  kg pulp, 30.7 kg waste
paper, 2.3 kg rags and 14.6 kg other materials.
Reclaiming of paper, stable till 1969, began rising
in 1970 and 1971. Increasing demand for paper is
a  European phenomenon.  The  price of waste

-------
                                                                                          69
paper rises and falls with demand while the price
of pulp fluctuates very little. This disparity is
disastrous for the paper  market  and  has  a
deleterious effect on reclamation  which stops
whenever the market is depressed. (Text in
French)
[24226]

73-4974
 MAURER, T., AND H. G.  RICHTER.   Precede
d'utilisation  de calamine de laminage  pour la
fabrication d'oxyde ferrique (Fe203). [Process
for the reclamation of rolling skin for the produc-
tion  of ferric oxide (Fe203).]  French Patent
2,070,909 owned  by Deutsche  Edelstahlwerke
Aktiengesellschaft. Issued Sept. 17,1971.
Procedure for the conversion of rolling skin of
non-alloyed steel, which consists mainly of fer-
rosoferric oxide, into ferric oxide, is described.
Rolling skin, together with chips and other scrap
iron  or non-alloyed steel material, is first con-
verted into ferrous chloride by the addition of
water-diluted hydrochloric acid  at temperatures
ranging from ambient up to 100  C. The resulting
ferrous chloride, together with the water and the
residual hydrochloric acid is finely sprayed into
an oven heated to a 800 to 900 C  temperature for
the recovery  of ferric oxide and  hydrochloric
acid from the oven. The addition of iron or steel
waste enables the process to be controlled. The
ferric oxide is economically obtained in the form
of a  fine powder or granulate accumulating on
the bottom of the furnace. (Text  in French)
[24227]

73-4975
 McFARLAND, C. M., AND R. E. CECH.  Copper
recovery via sulfide-salt reduction.  Journal of
Metals, 24(10):20-29, Oct. 1972.
A  process was  described  to convert  existing
forms of copper-bearing raw materials into sala-
ble purified  copper. The process sequence in-
cludes flotation,  reverberatory smelting, con-
verting, fire-refining, and electrolytic refining.
The key step converts cuprous sulfide to cuprous
oxide so that both may yield metallic copper and
sulfur  dioxide. The three chief copper bearing
sources for feed  into this  process were  scrap,
copper concentrates, and cementation copper.
Copper ores, predominantly  sulfide in  nature,
must  be roasted for conversion to oxides, fol-
lowed by leaching  of copper and copper oxides
with the copper ammonium carbonate complex.
Heat decomposes the filtered complex to drive
off ammonia, and  carbon  dioxide,  precipitating
the copper oxide, with the above key step follow-
ing next.
[24228]

73-4976
 MCMANUS, G. J., AND K. W. BENNETT.  Furnace
economics  expand  mini-mills.    Iron  Age,
210(24):50-51, Dec.  14,1972.
This article discusses economic problems in the
steel industry. Expansion  of established compa-
nies has been  curbed  by  price and profit
problems and  pollution  costs. Mini-mills  are
tending to  multiply because conditions  are un-
favorable for maxi-mill growth.  A  variety of
representatives from the industry are quoted in
reference to their views on the economic picture.
The scrap market is also analyzed.
[24229]

73-4977
  Minerals  synthetiques  et leur  fabrication.
[Synthetic  raw material  from scrap.]  French
Patent 2,081,160 owned by Societe de Travaux et
de Services Industriels. Issued Dec. 3,1971.
Process for the manufacture of synthetic raw
material from scrap metal or alloys of  particle
size of  1 to 5 mm which are not suitable for
returning to the process feed is described. The
scrap particles are  aggregated by means  of
hydraulic hardening binder, such as cement to
which possibly  lime is added, or  pulverized or
granulated slag with  sodium or potassium sil-
icate. The binder expenditure may  range from 5
to 20 percent by weight. The binder also contains
hardening resin, such as ethoxyline resin, added
to the former at a  rate of  2 to 10 percent of the
weight of the binder. The  agglomerates formed
are crushed to a mean particle size (usually up to
80 mm) appropriate to the process requirements.
The process is of particular interest for ferrous
metallurgy. (Text in French)
[24230]

-------
60
73-4978
 Modern, fully systemized scrap handling opera-
tion. Secondary Raw Materials, 10(8):139-141,
Aug. 1972.
At the Houston Junk Co. of Houston, Texas, 100
tons of scrap  per day  are apron-fed into a
Pennsylvania Crusher Type DFC Non-reversi-
ble  Hammertnill to be reduced down to fist-size
pieces.  These  then  pass  through  magnetic
separators. The virtually dirt  and debris-free
scrap  products  are then  conveyed on  to a
stockpile area where they are baled, stacked, and
made ready for shipment. The scrap is sold to
foundries such as United States Steel and Armco
where it is recycled into products such as pipe,
gears, pinions, springs, and machine works.
[24231]

73-4979
 Moeglichkeiten und  Grenzen  der  Wiederver-
wertung industrieller Abfaelle. [Possibilities and
limits of the recycling of industrial waste.] Tex-
til-Jndustrie, 79(10):345-346, Oct. 1972.
General aspects of industrial waste recycling are
outlined, with special regard to related efforts
made in the United States. The necessity  for
waste  recycling  arises  from  the  immense
problem of waste disposal (about 33 percent of
the raw materials are converted into products
with the rest as waste material), and from  the
more or less  imminent  exhaustion  of  several
material resources. Industries in Europe, too,
should be required to recycle their wastes, what-
ever the price, which will, however, necessitate
close cooperation  of  the European  countries.
(Text in German)
[24242]

73-4980
 MUSSELMANN,  W.  Aspects techniques. 6. La
preparation  des  vieux papiers  dans  les installa-
tions de trituration a chaud. [Technical aspects.
Part 6: The  preparation of waste papers in  hot
slushing installations.] Revue A.TJ.P., 26(5):337-
351,1972.
A hot slushing installation for the processing of
paper  wastes is described. The pulp, obtained
from  the  disintegrated  waste  paper with the
coarse contraries removed, is thickened and then
sent for hot slushing. The hot slushing installa-
tion comprises a stock delivery screw conveyer,
a reheater provided with a conveyer screw, a
slusher with a shaft, and a draw-off device. The
stock  is   then  diluted  and  deflaked.   An
established  industrial installation  has closely
confirmed the results obtained during tests. The
stock produced is free from flakes. The paraffin
waxes, waxes, and tars are completely dispersed
by the double thermal and mechanical action. An
industrial installation produces 120 tons of stock
daily  under conditions which are so satisfactory
both technically and economically that an instal-
lation of 200 tons per day is being considered.
The slushing unit produces 100 kg of stock for a
consumption of 3 to 8 kw-hr and 50 kg of steam
at 135 to 150 C according to the type of waste
being treated.  Waste  papers with  high  wet
strength are the most difficult to treat. Although
the reheater enables treatment at 150 C to be
done, this temperature is in fact not  used even
though it allows an economy in mechanical power
because it  reduces  very  considerably   the
strength  properties  of  the  stock.  (Text  in
French)
[24232]

73-4981
 NEFP, N. T.  Solid waste and fiber recovery
demonstration  plant for the City of Franklin,
Ohio: an interim report. Washington, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection  Agency, Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, 1972.83 p.
The objective of this project was to design, con-
struct,  operate, and evaluate a demonstration
plant which would use an innovative system for
disposal of municipal solid wastes and recovery
of metals, glass, and paper fiber. The project was
conducted in three phases: design; construction;
and operation. This work was done under a grant
from  the U.S. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy's Office of  Solid  Waste Management Pro-
grams.  The Franklin, Ohio,  Solid Waste and
Fiber Recovery Plant (funded under this  pro-
ject) has in its first 7 months of operation accom-
plished the following: successfully wet-ground
unsorted municipal refuse; removed  relatively
small ungrindable items from the Hydrapulper
slurry and separated them into ferrous and non-
ferrous fractions; reduced the quantity of non-

-------
                                                                                          61
combustibles remaining in the slurry by inertial
separation in a liquid cyclone; removed recycla-
ble paper fiber from slurry by the fiberclaim
process; and burned the  unrecoverable residue
in a fluid bed  reactor.  On the basis of data ob-
tained in this study, the economics of a 500 ton
per day, or larger, plant are indicated to be at-
tractive, compared  to an incinerator for which
adequate air  pollution controls are  provided.
(This document is retained in the 8WIRS libra-
ry.)
[24233]

73-4982
  NETHERTON, R.  D.,  L. B.  LOVELL, J.  P.
MURPHY, AND L. GROSSMAN. The highway en-
vironment and recyclable resources.  Highway
Research Abstracts, 42(12):94, Dec. 1972.
Roadside visual blight is closely related  to the
current national problem  of protecting the en-
vironment   and    salvaging   and   recycling
resources. A major facet of the total environ-
mental problem is the disposal of abandoned au-
tomobiles. Solution  of the junk-car problem de-
pends on development of new means for dealing
with unique economic and legal requirements.
These include  creation of incentives for collec-
tion of abandoned cars, recovering salvageable
materials, and  utilization of scrap metal in steel-
making. The legal problems include claims of ti-
tles and registrations and the collection of cars
from public  and private property. Development
of effective  means  for dealing with these mat-
ters is a prerequisite to reducing this major form
of roadside blight.
[24234]

73-4983
 New fibre  filler board  is manufactured from
recycled waste paper.  Secondary Raw Materi-
als, 10(8):[158], Aug. 1972.
This article discusses Container Corp. of Amer-
ica's introduction of a  filler  sheet  made  of 100
percent recycled fibers. Designed to be used as
filler for solid fiber boards, it is laminated to vir-
gin fiber plies comprising the facings of the
board. This product is intended primarily for use
in returnable beer and soft  drink  cases. All of
Container Corp.'s filler grades are described.
[24235]
73-4984
 New stainless steel  from scrap.  Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 121(7):20-21, Aug. 12,1972.
APV  has introduced a vacuum refining process
for producing stainless steel using scrap with a
carbon content as low as 0.02 percent. Scrap steel
is charged into  the furnace crucible and melted.
For the 5 hundredweight furnace using a medi-
um frequency, this normally takes  about 30
minutes. After sampling, the vacuum chamber is
sealed and using a mains frequency supply, the
carbon content is reduced to the required specifi-
cation. Chromium or other additions can be made
during this  latter  operation. The lid is finally
removed and  the  molten  charge poured  into
moulds.
[24236]

73-4985
 Old batteries generate new lead. Material Han-
dling Engineering, 27(11):47, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses the Gulf Coast Lead Co.'s
recycling of lead. The firm  obtains old batteries
from  several sources, reclaims the lead, refines
it, and sells it to two nearby battery manufac-
turers. Some of the reclaimed lead is used to
make keel  ballasts for local sailboat manufac-
turers. A Case  Uni-Loader is used to move bat-
tery plates to the blast furnace for smelting, to
supply the furnace with coke and limestone, and
to dig mold pits in  the ground for making  keel
ballasts.
[24237]

73-4986
 ONUSCHECK, J. W., AND R. L. W. HOLMES.  Ox-
ygen  and oil in a  EOF.  Journal of Metals,
24(9):26-36, Sept. 1972.
With  the Monessen Works  of  Wheeling-Pitt-
sburgh Steel   short  of  hot metal producing
capacity, it was decided to employ in-vessel pre-
heating of scrap prior  to charging hot metal to
permit utilization of scrap in place of hot metal.
As  a result, hot metal consumption was reduced
as much as 27 percent and scrap consumption in-
creased 25 to 50 percent by using oxygen/fuel oil
preheating of the scrap. A fuel oil/oxygen burner
was chosen for the purpose for a 200-ton  vessel

-------
62
firing 45 gal per minute of fuel for 390 million
Btu per hr.
[24238]

73-4987
 Paper reclamation survey. Materials Reclama-
tion Weekly, 122(ll):31-36, Mar. 17,1973.
In the United States, a country richly endowed
with  primary  fiber, considerable  attention is
being given to marketing secondary fiber. The
first  advertisements   dealing   with  paper
recycling under a new communications program
of the forest  industries appeared  recently in
three U.S. newspapers. To handle  inquiries
generated by this advertisement, a booklet an-
swering some  of the common questions asked
about recycling is being prepared.  Potential
waste paper  availability, the  practical supply
situation,  improved collection,  cleaning,   and
processing systems,  the  competitiveness  of
waste paper with other fibers in terms of cost,
prices, and fiber characteristics, the implications
of product demand, new  product or end  use
development, and general economic and social in-
fluences, are  all among numerous studies that
have been or are being undertaken by govern-
ment agencies, trade groups, and institutions in
the United States. United Paper Mills and seven
other Finnish companies are to build a protein
factory at Jamsankoskie in which fodder albumin
will be produced from cellulose waste. Research
is to continue  into the production of a protein
suitable for human consumption from forestry
wastes.
[24239]

73-4988
 Pavement is half glass and concrete waste. En-
gineering News-Record, 189(17):17, Oct. 26,1972.
A 1.2-acre lot was paved in a Detroit suburb as a
recycling demonstration by the Royal Oak Beau-
tification Council which paid for half of the pav-
ing cost of $6,000, out of funds raised by selling
waste glass, paper, and  metal. The  1.5-in. bitu-
minous  binder, containing  crushed glass  and
used concrete, was topped by a 1-in. wearing sur-
face without the crushed concrete.
[24240]
73-4989
 Plant on stream to produce sulphuric acid from
gypsum  waste.  Chemical  Age  International,
106(2795):!!, Feb. 9,1973.
The first plant in the world designed to produce
sulphuric acid exclusively from phospho-gypsum
is  now  in  full production at Phalaborwa for
Chemical  Industries  of  South  Africa  Ltd.
(CISA). The plant produces 350 tons per day of
cement clinker and 37 million standard cu ft per
day of  sulphur  dioxide  containing  gases, ex-
pected to yield 350 tons per day of concentrated
sulphuric acid. Feed for the plant comes from
waste material discharged  from the  phosphoric
plant operated by Bosveld  Kunsmis. Phosphate
fertilizers are mainly produced from  phosphoric
acid. The production of phosphoric acid by the
wet process, of which the present world output is
12 million tons annually, in  terms of phosphorus
pentoxide, yields gypsum in a ratio of 1 to 5,
making  an  annual total of  60 million tons. The
practice has been to dump or pump this gypsum
byproduct into rivers or the sea, with a harmful
effect  on ground water  resources, polluting
rivers, and oceans and their shores and beaches.
[24241]

73-4990
 Priestman excavator helps reclaim metal.  Steel
Times, 200(9):647, Sept. 1972.
Equipped with a 1 cu yd bucket, a Priestman ex-
cavator which  is crawler-mounted transfers
waste from a steel  factory tipping area to  a
hopper conveyor system at the rate  of 2 cycles
per min. The metal content  is later extracted for
reuse and the hard core recovered for use in the
construction of highways. In operation at Cat-
cliffe  since  1966, the excavator has completed
15,000  hr of service giving trouble-free per-
formance apart  from  replacement  for  normal
wear.
[24243]

73-4991
 PRISCO, H. A.  Process for reactivating pow-
dered carbon  using  vibrating bin activators.
Sugar y Azucar, 67(ll):48-49, Nov. 1972.
It was necessary to  prevent flow blockages of
spent carbon from the supply silo to the process

-------
line through the use of the Vibra Screw Gyrator
to generate vibratory thrusts to vibrate the en-
tire bin bottom and its contents but not the bin
itself.  Next  followed flash vaporization  and
decarbonization. Reactivation of the carbon took
place at 1,750  F. The  process is available  in
capacities of 300 to 8,000 tons per year.
[24244]

73-4992
  Precede de fabrication  de mousse de  CPV
reconstituee. [Process for  the  manufacture  of
reclaimed PVC foam.] French  Patent 2,090,936
owned by General Foam Products, Ltd. Issued
Jan. 14,1972.
Process for the recovery of polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) foam wastes is described. The PVC foam
waste  is crushed to particles with an average
diameter range of 3 to 15 mm, and the resulting
particles are agglomerated by means of a polyu-
rethane resin obtained from methylene  polyiso-
cyanata,  especially  diphenylmethane  diiso-
cyanate, as a binding agent which latter is previ-
ously diluted with a non-inflammable diluant, ex-
erting inflating action  on  the  PVC. Catalysts
such as amine-base or organotin compounds, can
be used. The PVC foam particles mixed with the
binding agent are hardened in the mold for about
45 min. The PVC  thus obtained  can be used, e.g.,
as sound insulator.
[24245]

73-4993
 Precede de traitement de dechets d'origine in-
dustrielle  et   domestique  et   application  du
precede a certains terrains. [Procedure for the
treatment of industrial and domestic wastes and
their application  for soil consolidation.] French
Patent 2,075,354  owned   by   Environmental
Sciences, Inc. Issued Oct. 8,1971.
Procedure  for the conversion of industrial and
domestic wastes into a stable, practically insolu-
ble material, suitable for use in soil stabilization
in construction and  other  industrial  sites,  is
described. The  waste materials  are crushed and
mixed  with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal
silicate, preferably sodium silicate, and a curing
agent for the silicate, preferably monobasic sodi-
um carbonate or  calcium chloride. The  ratio  of
the silicate to the curing agent is such that the
mixture hardens in the form of an inert, stable
product which is practically insoluble in ground
water. The  mix contains enough  water to be
suitable for pumping to sites to be stabilized. The
mix obtained can be used for the consolidation of
low-value grounds  unsuitable  for  agriculture,
building,  or  recreational   purposes,  such as
marshes, excavations, and exhausted mines. The
quality of the ground can  be improved at low
cost using packaging wastes, plastics, household
waste  bins,  and industrial wastes. (Text  in
French)
[24246]

73-4994
 Procede de valorisation des residus  du charbon
et en particulier des cendres de centrales  elec-
triques. [Recovery  of fly  ash from coal fired
power stations.] French Patent 2,090,813 owned
by Trief Leon. Issued Jan. 14,1972.
Recovery of coal residues and fly ash from coal
fired power stations for use as a hydraulic binder
especially  of the pozzolanic cement type  is
described. Forty percent of fly ash is mixed with
60 percent of calcium carbonate, and the result-
ing mixture is fired at 1,300 C and then at 1,500 C
to produce  a molten slag.  The molten slag is
cooled to  granulate the slag. The  granules are
then ground to fine powder. If the initial fly ash
contains more than 4 percent ferric oxide, the
molten slag is heated to a maximum temperature
of 1,800 C for the separation of the heavy metal
melt from the molten  slag prior to rapid cooling.
The fine powder to be used as hydraulic binder is
mixed with 2 to 4 percent  of potassium oxide,
sodium oxide or sodium carbonate, or with 5 to
10 percent of sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, or
potassium sulfate. (Text in French)
[24247]

73-4995
 Precede pour la recuperation de 1'acier dans les
ferrailes legeres. [Reclaiming low-density  con-
taminated scrap steel.] French Patent 2,077,893
owned by Gerald Grott. Issued Nov. 5,1971.
Procedure for the production of a  homogenous,
high-purity  ferrous  product from  scrap  steel
containing ferrous metal, volatile organic impuri-

-------
64
ties  and  slag-forming  metallic impurities is
described. The scrap is treated in a furnace com-
posed of an upper calcining, another evaporating,
and a lower refining zone in which a partially
combustible fuel-oxygen mixture is burned. The
products of partial combustion are sent through
the evaporating and calcining zones in counter-
current, and additional oxygen is introduced into
the evaporating and calcining zones to increase
oxidation  of the organic impurities. The tem-
perature and oxygen concentration in the refin-
ing zone are controlled by adjusting the feed rate
of the fuel-oxygen mixture to form a melt which
is withdrawn  as refined product. The oxygen
partial pressure in the evaporating zone is main-
tained within a range of 0.00001 to 0.000001 bar.
(Text in French)
[24248]

73-4996
 Produits non colores en caoutchouc regenere et
precede  d'obtention de  ceux-ci.  [Noncolored
rubber reclaim products and the process for the
manufacture thereof.] French Patent 2,090,958
owned by Uniroyal, Inc. Issued Jan. 14,1972.
Vulcanized rubber wastes  are heated in au-
toclave in a temperature range of 148 to 215 C
and in the presence of formaldehyde and resor-
cinol as well as of 100 to 300 parts of water per
100 parts of rubber waste. The formaldehyde
and resorcinol  expenditures lie at 2 to 5.5 percent
and 0.01 to  0.5 percent, respectively. (Text in
French)
[24249]

73-4997
 Putting the closed loop into practice. Environ-
mental  Science and  Technology,  6(13):1,072-
1,073, Dec. 1972.
This  article   discusses  Dow  Chemical  Co.'s
recycling of its process waste water. The Dow
plant under discussion manufactures styrene-bu-
tadiene latex for carpet backing and carpet con-
struction and latex foam for carpet backing. This
firm uses municipal water for makeup and sani-
tary water, and provides a closed-loop system
for reusing process,  wash, and coolant waters,
thereby eliminating discharge to the river and
benefiting economically. Dow is also installing a
system .which should prevent any overflow froi
entering a  nearby  river.  The  latex  sludg
presents some problems in landfilling,  largel
connected with drying.
[24250]

73-4998
 RAGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Environmental perspective. In  Identification of
opportunities for increased recycling of ferrous
solid  waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1972. p. 43-52.
This paper discusses the environmental perspec-
tive as  part of a study of ferrous solid waste.
Reclamation.  The  environmental   problems
covered include  pollution, land use, and  natural
resources. Among the causes of these problems
are misplaced economic incentives, values, popu-
lation,  technology,  mobility,  limitations  of
government units, and information gaps. The ef-
fects of these problems follow: health; esthetics;
economic costs;  and natural systems. Data are
presented on solid waste generation in 1969 from
residential, commercial, institutional, industrial,
mineral, and agricultural sources. Environmen-
tal action, economic implications of environmen-
tal quality, and solid waste alternatives are also
discussed. (This document is  retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24254]

73-4999
 RAGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Identification  of  opportunities for  increased
recycling  of ferrous solid  waste. Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  1972.
391 p.
This document presents the results of a study of
the recycling of ferrous solid waste which was
sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's  Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs. The  study examines the following:
the sources, types, and quantities of iron and
steel scrap; the markets for iron and steel scrap;
the functions of the ferrous scrap processing in-
dustry;  and the technology  of iron and  steel
scrap utilization. Problems inhibiting greater use
of  iron  and  steel scrap  are identified  and
discussed, and recommendations  are  made for

-------
                                                                                          66
solutions to these problems. A survey of the fer-
rous scrap industry was the basis for many of
the identified problems and proposed solutions,
and also provided numerous statistics on the fer-
rous scrap industry. Four appendices, an exten-
sive bibliography, and  numerous  tables and
figures are included. (This document is  retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24255]

73-5000
 RAGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Introduction  In Identification of opportunities
for increased recycling of  ferrous solid waste.
Washington,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection
Agency, 1972. p. 1-7.
This paper describes a research program un-
dertaken  by  Batelle-Columbus  for  the  Scrap
Metal Research and Education  Foundation of
the Institute  of Scrap Iron and Steel, Inc. This
work was funded by a demonstration grant from
the  Office of Solid  Waste Management Pro-
grams of the U.S. Environmental  Protection
Agency.  The ferrous scrap industry's accom-
plishments in the recycling of steel and iron are
outlined. The following research methods were
utilized: a literature search and evaluation to as-
sess the current documented and published in-
formation; an extensive survey  of the ferrous
scrap industry to identify the industry,  its capa-
bilities,  and its  problems;  in-depth interviews,
conducted in person to add detail and insight into
the  problems  identified;  and  technical and
economic  evaluation to determine the obstacles
and   opportunities  for   increased  recycling.
Sunthesis and  recommendations  for  further
research  and   action  leading   to  increased
recycling was the final phase of the study. Nu-
merous  statistical tables are also included. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24253]

73-5001
  Recycled  palm  fronds.    American  City,
87(11):72, Nov. 1972.
Palm fronds, when  chipped  with  a  Wayne
Chipper, are used  by the Miami Seaquarium to
mulch around trees and shrubs  on  its  infertile
land. Previously, the Seaquarium had to  earmark
a substantial amount of money for mulch that
was purchased and shipped in. In addition, the
Miami area  receives  a  reduced  volume  of
trimmings to dispose of.
[24252]

73-5002
 Recycling roads  and buildings with  portable
plants.  Pit and Quarry, 65(7):91-92, 106, Feb.
1973.
Two Washington,  D.C., firms have  recognized
the  practical  and  economic implications  of
recycling road and building aggregates. They
have  installed and are  operating new portable
primary crushing plants designed and built by
Hewitt-Robins Division of Litton   Industries.
The highly compact plants cost less than $80,000
and are  producing usable aggregate products
from  demolished roads, concrete construction,
and excavation material at rates varying from
100 to 200  tons per hr. Excavating and demoli-
tion  contractors  are major material sources.
There are savings on mileage and time to have
the mobile plants on site. Big slabs of asphalt and
concrete are first cracked into more manageable
portions  by a  hydraulic vibrator breaker  and
then fed into the portable crusher. Present plans
are to use  recycled concrete and asphalt in the
production of road asphalt and  to  extensively
recycle outworn construction. The efficiency and
portability of the recycling equipment are impor-
tant keys  to long range profitability whereas
down time is the biggest problem.
[24251]

73-5003
 REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Other major areas. In Identification of opportu-
nities for increased recycling of ferrous solid
waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972. p. 283-321.
In this paper, some major  areas of opportunity
for increased recycling of  ferrous solid wastes
are outlined as follows: natural resource conser-
vation, coal, and iron ore; substitution of scrap
for pig iron;  transportation of ferrous scrap in
terms of scrap movement, economics  of scrap
transportation,  discriminatory  freight  rates,
problems related to transportation, and potential

-------
66
solutions; governmental influence on solid waste
utilization and  recycling (Federal, State,  and
local areas of influence  affecting solid  waste
utilization, and major problems and recommen-
dations); research  and  development; and price
volatility. Data are included for the following:
coal consumption for pig iron production, 1970;
blast furnace production; United States' iron ore
production   and   imports   for  consumption;
establishments   using   transportation   mode
(truck, rail, or barge);  and  heavy melting steel
scrap annual averages and range, 1950 to 1971, in
dollars. (This document  is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24256]

73-5004
 REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Summary. In Identification of opportunities for
increased  recycling of  ferrous  solid   waste.
Washington,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, 1972. p. 7-42.
This paper  summarizes the  following  topics
covered in this study of the recycling of ferrous
solid wastes: environmental quality; solid waste
alternatives; ferrous solid  waste;  markets for
ferrous solid waste; and the ferrous scrap indus-
try as the vital link between ferrous solid waste
and its markets. Under the major problems and
obstacles to increased  recycling  the  following
topics are included: low growth rate of consum-
ing industries;  changing iron  and steelmaking
technology; quality of  scrap from ferrous solid
waste;  reduced requirements for  purchased
scrap of total scrap consumption; poor economics
of recycling ferrous solid waste;  apparent  dis-
criminatory  restrictions; and the lack of public
awareness  of  the scrap  processor's role in
economic recycling. There is also a discussion of
the major opportunities for increased recycling
of ferrous solid waste and recommendations for
achieving these ends. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24258]

73-5005
 REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Technology of iron and steel scrap utilization. In
 Identification  of  opportunities for increased
recycling of ferrous solid waste. Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. p.
239-282.
This paper outlines methods for increasing the
recycling of the various forms of ferrous scrap.
The following topics are  discussed  in  detail:
scrap quality; scrap charges; iron and steelmak-
ing processes such as  blast  furnace  practice,
open-hearth steelmaking,  basic  oxygen steel-
making, hot-blast cupola, electric furnace steel-
making,  continuous charging,  preheating   of
scrap, increased power to electric furnaces, fuel-
oxygen-scrap  process,  continuous-counterflow
steelmaking,  and the Torrax melting system;
cryogenic scrap  processing; reinforcement  of
concrete with scrap; and electrolytic processing
of scrap. A summary of conclusions and recom-
mendations and extensive data are also included.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24257]

73-5006
 Researching reclamation processes at Warren
Spring.    Materials   Reclamation   Weekly,
121(19):25-27,Nov.4,1972.
This  article   describes  the  Warren  Spring
Laboratory of Great Britain's involvement  in
reclamation  research.  Its  interest in metals
recovery is shown by the  development of new
processes designed to reclaim nonferrous metals
from complex scrap and nonmetallic waste such
as effluents,  effluent sludges, spent catalysts,
metallurgical fumes, drosses, and residues. Some
of the topics covered in text  and diagrams  in-
clude: separation problems; a metals recovery
system in conjunction with a refuse incinerator;
hot salts; sorting out the nonferrous; and smaller
particles.
[24259]

73-5007
 SAVERY, C. W.  Future energy  sources for
transportation. Traffic Quarterly, 26(4):485-499,
Oct. 1972.
Natural energy resources are being consumed at
a terrific rate. In 1960, approximately 20 percent
of the total  energy consumed  in  the United
States was consumed in transportationO 126,000

-------
                                                                                           67
Btu per capita per day. On one hand transporta-
tion  fuel  sources  must  be  conserved  and
synthetic  fuels produced. Two  of  these  fuels
would be hydrogen and ammonia. The third type
of fuel would be produced by recycling waste
trash, animal wastes,  and crop residues. The
pyrolysis of municipal refuse offers a possibility
of producing fuels. It is estimated that 500 to 700
Btu per capita per day would be produced by
recovering gas from the sludge digestion process
in the   United  States.  Another   source of
hydrocarbon  fuels  is the digestion of animal
wastes.  About  50,000  Btu per capita  per day
could  be  produced from the annual  total of
animal waste production. Another  category of
recycling  waste is  agricultural  crop residues.
Two processes are possibleO fermentation to
make alcohol and anaerobic digestion to produce
a combustible mixture of methane  and carbon
dioxide. About 25,000  Btu per capita  per day
could be produced. By altering the energy mix,
recycling  could  thus  produce 80,000  Btu per
capita per day or about two-thirds of the amount
of the transportation energy consumed in 1960.
[24260]

73-5008
 SCHLEY, J. R. An economical route to hydrogen
chloride by burning chlorinated wastes. Materi-
als Protection  and Performance,  ll(12):38-42,
Dec. 1972.
This  article  describes  the  operation  and
economics of a system in which clorinated or-
ganic wastes are burned and hydrochloric acid is
recovered. Corrosion  problems and restrictive
pollution control legislation are also discussed. In
the study outlined, a variety of materials for con-
struction  are employed, and  extensive  use is
made  of impervious graphite  equipment.  Data,
diagrams, and equations are also provided.
[24261]

73-5009
 Scrap collection in Eastern Germany. Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 121(8):10, Aug. 19,1972.
A law providing, for the collection, processing,
and distribution of scrap iron and  non-ferrous
metals  has  been   issued   in  the  German
Democratic Republic. Factories have been asked
to make arrangements for the recycling of their
scrap  by  delivering  it  to  the  authorities.
Resmelting or re-utilization of scrap in the plant
itself is banned. Scrap deliveries can only be car-
ried out by firms and must be accompanied by a
certificate of orgin. This is intended to prevent
practice of scrap selling by factory workers who
want to earn a little money on the side.
[24262]

73-5010
 Scrap trade faces direct dealing.  Waste Trade
Journal, 68(42):!, Oct. 21,1972.
This article discusses the effect of direct dealing
on  the scrap iron  trade. Recently  U.S.  Steel
purchased  auto  bundles directly from General
Motors. Also, a  former scrap broker has been
recommending that steel mills buy their supplies
directly from the producer  and eliminate  the
scrap dealer. This is making many dealers worry
since they are already having a difficult time
making a profit because  of the rising cost of
scrap.  Profit margins in  the  years before
recycling were more substantial. The effect of
aluminum  can recycling on  the old time alu-
minum scrap smelters is also discussed.
[24263]

73-5011
 Segas helps free 'mini' steel mill of dirt. Gas
Journal, 351(5,676):151-151, Sept. 6,1972.
This article discusses the  Sheerness Steel Co.'s
construction of a 'mini' steel mill, the first of its
kind in England's Southeast. It produces 180,000
tons of steel a year, is fed on scrap metal, and
uses natural gas in  the process. Production is
carried out by a method  known as  continuous
casting, using an  electric arc furnace for  the
scrap  melting process. This furnace  and  the
process are described in detail and  illustrated.
The company believes it can  run  its  works
without atmospheric pollution. The entire plant
will be run by about 180 to 190 people.
[24264]

73-5012
 SHAW, J.  M. Small foundry reclaims no-bake
sand. Foundry, 100(ll):46-48, Nov. 1972.

-------
68
This article discusses no-bake molding, with sand
reclamation,  in  the foundry  industry.  Essex
Casting's  plant  is  designed and  equipped to
produce  gray and ductile iron  castings for
customers who need quick delivery of high-quali-
ty, complex castings for experimental purposes,
service and replacement, and  other  limited-de-
mand uses. Among the  parts  currently being
produced are cylinder heads,  blocks, and mul-
ticolored housings. Cost feasibility  and plant
layout studies are also discussed.
[24265]

73-5013
 SOUCHA, A.  Vyuziti prumyslovych odpadu ve
vyrobe staviv a  ve stavebnictvi. [Utilization of
industrial wastes in the  production  of building
materials.] Stavivo, 50(10):329-332,1972.
Among industrial wastes, ash from power plants
is in the first place by volume.  This material can
be used as an additive in brick making, as bond-
ing material in concrete and mortar, in the manu-
facture of porous concrete, in road construction,
in  the manufacture of porous  agloporite, in the
manufacture  of moulded brick, and in the manu-
facture  of cement. The  addition of fly  ash to
brick  clay yields  stronger and lighter bricks. Fly
ash of proper quality  will improve the  chemical
and physical properties of concrete and will save
cement. Fly ash  is used for the manufacture of
porous  concrete  blocks  in   nine  plants in
Czechoslovakia. In road building fly ash is suita-
ble as a filler, as  base  material, for insulation
against  cold,  for irrigation, and for  other  pur-
poses. Agloporit, a synthetic stone which is now
manufactured in Czechoslovakia under licence,
uses great quantities of fly ash and is suitable for
the manufacture  of insulation  concrete, for
moulding  brick  concrete, and  for construction
concrete of certain classes. Fly ash should be
used in greater quantities in the manufacture of
cement  because  of a  shortage  of blast furnace
slag in Czechoslovakia. Up to 15 percent fly ash
can be added to Portland cement. (Text in Czech)
[24267]

73-5014
 SPETH, S.   Aufarbeitung von  polyaethylen-
rueckstaenden  zu  niedermolekukaren  destil-
laten. [Reprocessing of waste polyethylene into
low-molecular  distillates.]  Chemie-Injenieur-
Technik, 45(8):526-529,1978.
Waste polyethylene (from  production and test-
ing) can be  readily converted into liquid low
molecular weight distillates. The polyethylene is
fed by means of a piston press into an agitator
vessel previously  charged with  waxy waste
products and heated to decomposition at about
400 C. No catalyst is required. The decomposi-
tion product is distilled off and can be further
processed without difficulty. The heat required
amounts  to  about  2 to  2.3  kw per  kg  of
polyethylene. The results obtained with our pilot
plant are  in full agreement with those reported
by Japanese researchers. (Text in German)
[24268]

73-5015
 STRIBLING, J. B.  A solution to the  scrap tire
problem.  Rubber Journal, 155(3):40-42, 44-45,
Mar. 1973.
Tires and tire products account for over  60 per-
cent of the  total consumption of rubber in  the
world. This  represents a quantity of over 3 mil-
lion metric tons annually. The United Kingdom
produces some 30 million tires per year while in
the United States, it is an astronomical 200 mil-
lion. During its life of three years, the average
tire loses about  15 percent of  its weight,  the
balance being  scrap at the end of this  period.
Linked to this industry, therefore, is a very con-
siderable  problem  in  scrap disposal. The  con-
tinually growing  dumps of scrap tires have
stimulated the expenditure of much time and
thought on  methods of disposal. The following
uses have been considered-retreading, reclaim
production for new tires, use of rubber in road
surfaces,  as  motor crash barriers, as artificial
coastal reefs, and link matting. There remain two
possible  main  alternatives- dump or destroy.
Dumping  requires  great space; one ton of car
tires occupies some 200 cu ft. Tire dumps  are un-
sightly and house vermin. There is also a  serious
risk of spontaneous combustion with the cor-
responding difficulty of extinguishing fires once
started. Tire destruction therefore becomes the
only practical solution to the problem with some
return on the credit side. Two conditions of in-
cineration are possible-  with  sufficient  and

-------
restricted amounts of air. The Lucas furnace em-
ploys sufficient air and whole tires are fed in;
rubber hydrocarbon content is quickly burned
off; next the residual carbon is burned off and
the bead wire and mesh skeleton is also reduced.
The cyclone  furnace  is combined with a solid
rotating refractory hearth to accept the entire
tire  or stack of tires, one  after another. The
mechanism of loading and hearth clearing is
described  along with the nature of the gas pat-
tern inside the Lucas furnace.
[24269]

73-5016
SURFLEET, B., AND V. A. CROWLE. Quantitative
recovery  of metals  from   dilute  solutions.
Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing,
50(5):227-232, Win. 1972.
This paper describes a number of cell designs
suitable for electrolytic recovery of metals from
dilute solutions. The advantages include the pos-
sibility of quantitative metal recovery and  the
reduction   of  effluent  treatment and  sludge
disposal problems and costs. Examples of availa-
ble recovery systems for gold, silver, and tin are
described.  Extension of  this principle to other
metals is also discussed, using new types of cell
designs.  Extensive  data,  equations,  and dia-
grams are provided.
[24270]

73-5017
System recovers zinc for re-use. Water and Pol-
lution Control, lll(lj:32-33, Jan; 1973.
Recovery and re-use of 600 Ib of zinc per day is
preferable to daily trucking of some 8,500 Ib of
zinc hydroxide sludge 160 miles. A treatment
system  is operated  to   neutralize  acids and
precipitate metal hydoxides from waste streams.
The first step is to adjust the pH of all wastes to
a uniform pH of 5.5 where zinc and other metals
present remain in solution. Then the pH is raised
to 8.8 to precipitate out zinc hydoxide. Because
of  zinc's  amphoteric  properties, addition  of
caustic beyond a pH of 8.8 would produce soluble
sodium zincate and zinc would be lost  from  the
process. An alarm is given if the pH is above 9.3
or below 8.2. In  the second part of the process,
filter cake is  slurried with zinc chloride solution
and treated with hydrogen chloride gas to con-
vert zinc hydroxides to zinc chloride. Remaining
tin, lead, and copper wil be precipitated and fil-
tered out along with dirt particles and recovered
zinc chloride solution  will be returned  to the
plant for use in soldering flux. The second part of
the process, still in the planning  stage, will
reduce sludge hauling and  disposal costs to  a
bare minimum and reduce annual purchases of
new zinc chloride.
[24271]

73-5018
 TATE, R. C.  Atchison report is a sharp-focus,
wide-angle look at recycling. Paper Trade Jour-
nal, 157(8):41-43, Feb. 19,1973.
The Atchison report, covering many aspects of
waste paper recycling, carries out an exhaustive
study of all problems related  to waste  paper
recovery and reuse and provides a comprehen-
sive reference to this area of interest. Some of
the recommendations  are:  establishment of  a
recycling coordination  center, preferably  under
the direction of the American Paper Institute;
establishment of national recovery rate goals for
future years; in depth studies to find cost saving
procedures   for   every   phase   of   recycling;
research and development projects which  might
obtain federal funding;   and the inclusion  of
paper recycling in paper technology courses. The
report stresses the need for proper planning now
with properly planned implementation of the
plans soon. A number of systems are presented
which are intended to improve the entire method
of collecting and  processing waste paper. The
following areas are covered: economic problems,
importance  of price, need for reliable cost data,
feasibility studies, and recycling organizations.
[24272]

73-5019
 The cryogenic scrap process.  Secondary Raw
Materials, 10(ll):22-23, Nov. 1972.
A scrap  fragmentation process is described. It
consists of a pre-pressing stage to obtain similar
standard bundles with an automatic press; a tun-
nel stage to  sprinkle  the  bundle with  liquid
nitrogen in order to bring carbon steel  to its
point of  brittleness; the stage of fragmentation

-------
70
to crush the bundle; and the sorting stage,  to
separate out the ferrous crushed  pieces with
electromagnetic equipment and foreign materi-
als  by  suction,  leaving non-ferrous material.
Metallic refuse can be handled at the rate of  20
tons per hr. The  main advantages  of  this
cryogenic process are: the speed and cleanliness
of the work; the high quality of the products ob-
tained;  the  easy forwarding of old cars; the
adaptability of the process for small and medium
sized firms; safety; the limited attrition of equip-
ment because of low temperatures; the low cost;
and the  effectiveness of the process for small
mills and steel works.
[24200]

73-5020
 Thermoset resins used for wood particle mould-
ing process. Europlastics Monthly, 45(ll):84-85,
Nov. 1972.
The  German Werzalit process  was  first  in-
troduced to the plastics industry some 15 years
ago. Shredded wood particles are bonded with
therm oset resins  to form a variety of products-
garage  doors, ceiling  tiles,  etc., with a high
technical finish to eliminate the need for repaint-
ing or revarnishing for maintenance purposes. A
mixture of soft and hard woods are shredded to
sliver-like  particles  without  reducing  fiber
strength and then dried. Bonding of melamine
and urea is used for waterproof applications. The
mix is then moulded in the cold state. Final cur-
ing and surfacing is achieved at 150 C and 500-
800 Ib per sq m. Products are easily tailor-made
and relatively cheap as the waste core material is
cheap.
[24273]

73-5021
 THILLAIMUTHU,  J.  A new solvent process for
the manufacture of pulp. Paper, 1(12):786, Nov.
15,1972.
A new  process  for  manufacturing pulp from
agricultural residues of the grass family is essen-
tially a chemical e olvent process, used with batch
digesters, and provided with distillation units of
special design. A water, miscible solvent, water,
and chipped raw cellulosic materials are heated
in a pressure digester. The desired cellulose is
left unattacked at 100-130 C. Solvent and some
water are distilled off and recovered for reuse.
The  residual straw  is centrifuged and passed
onto beaters and hydapulpers where the fibers
are separated and adhering gelled constituents
washed away. A patent application has been sub-
mitted for the process. Claimed advantages are:
low cost of production because of the very high
rate of recovery of the solvent; the solvent does
not adversely affect pulp strength;  the pulp is
easily bleached; pulp yield varies with cooking
time; solvent does not attack  silica in plant tis-
sues; recovered lignin can be utilized  as  fuel,
plastic filler, wood adhesive, and for other uses;
and recovered lignin can be used as animal feed-
stuff. Pretreatment may be  necessary to dis-
solve out hydrocarbon soluble impurities that in-
terfere with the process.
[24274]

73-5022
 Voluntary recycling program succeeds at com-
munity level. Plastics World, 31(1):29, Jan. 1973.
The persistence  of  a  group   of  concerned
housewives  has finally developed a voluntary
recycling program with many repercussions. It
has  succeeded  in  substantially  reducing  the
amount of a community's  disposable waste. It
was conceived  in  Wellesley, Massachusetts, as
the Recycling Collection Center, spearheaded by
Mrs. Martha Stone, to reuse  materials to con-
serve resources and to reduce the load of the
town's incinerator-landfill  operation. Wellesley
receives $20 per ton for recovered glass and $10
per ton for cans. A local firm donated a plastics
grinder. The potential or recycled plastics was
investigated  by interested companies  and in-
stitutions; soil drainage may be aided by mixed
plastic wastes. A nearby  firm  blends plastics
with metal and nonmetallics to produce several
commercially successful  sporting goods items
and   building   products.   Slide   programs,
newspaper articles, and house  to  house  can-
vassing continue to  spur new developments in
the  Wellesley  program.  Lunchline  recycling-
separation of plastics utensils, aluminum dishes,
milk cartons and traysis underway  at three of
the community's elementary schools. Students as
young  as six are helping solve  a  community
problem. Furthermore, the project is promoting

-------
                                                                                          71
cooperation between industry and the communi-
ty in the search for an ecologically acceptable
solution to the solid waste problem.
[24275]

73-5023
 Why swell the tide of pollution? Rheem Blag-
den's  contribution to the environment.  Polu-
mers, Paint and Colour Journal, 162(3,832):508-
509, Nov. 22,1972.
This article discusses Rheem Blagden's contribu-
tion to the environment. This company is one of
the major British manufacturers of new 45-gal
steel drums and also the largest drum recondi-
tioner in Europe. The drums collected by the
company,  which  might otherwise  be left to
despoil and  contaminate the countryside, are
scrapped,  crushed, baled, and returned to the
steel mills. The reconditioning process for lightly
contaminated tight-head drums and  open-head
drums is described in detail and illustrated.
[24276]

73-5024
 Wood products industry established at Canber-
ra. Appita, 26(2):86-87, Sept. 1972.
A full range of products is being produced at the
$5 million integrated wood mill at IFPP Ltd at
Canberra. The concept of full utilization of logs is
employed. Each log supplies  either plywood or
kiln-dried sawed timber. Waste wood goes to
wood chips while sawdust, plane-shavings, and
other waste fire the steam boiler which provides
heat for the dryers.
[24277]

73-5025
 WYSOCKI, G. Recovers salable products from
waste yeast.   Food Engineering,  44(10):88-90,
Oct. 1972.
Waste brewer's yeast is a valuable product han-
dled by a recovery plant which treats 3,500 kg or
7,700 Ib per hr of waste effluent with a yeast con-
tent of 13 to  16  percent  solids.  The system
recovers  ethyl  alcohol, and  converts  a  waste
stream with a BOD of 200,000 mg per liter to
high purity water. The recovered yeast can be
used as cattle feed and the water may be used as
process water or sent to the sewer or treatment
plant. In the course of this process, the waste ef-
fluent passes through the plant equipment as fol-
lows from the brewery's fermenting and lager
vessels, to  the  collection  tank,  to the plate
evaporator, to the buffering tank now containing
the yeast concentrate, to the roller dryers where
the concentrate  is dried to an 8  to 10 percent
water content consistency. The water distillate is
obtained from  the plate evaporator and  the
water and ethyl alcohol are  separated  in the
distillation column.
[24278]

SANITARY LANDFILL

73-5026
 ARNST, F.  Verfahrenstechnik  Muelldeponie.
[Procedure for sanitary landfill.] Staedtehygiene,
24(4):86-88, Apr. 1973.
The total  refuse quantity in Germany amounts
actually to 350 million cu m annually. Approxi-
mately 86 percent of the refuse is disposed of in
sanitary landfills. There are several minimum
requirements for sanitary landfills.  The bottom
of the site should be protected against penetra-
tion of polluted water by means of a clay layer of
a thickness of up to 1 m. Bulky refuse should be
compacted in such a manner that no hollow space
promotes  the formation of methane gas which
causes bad  odors and fires. Residential  refuse
can be deposited to a depth of 3 m without being
covered by  earth layers. The daily refuse layer
should be  0.2 to 0.4 m thick. Fresh refuse should
be mixed with already rotting refuse in order to
provide for a sufficient air supply. Temperatures
in the middle of the rotting  refuse  layer are
between 50  and 60 C. The biological oxidation of
the organic substances  takes  place not  only in
the surface layer but also in  the inner  refuse
layers. Organic acids are oxidized and deodorized
before being  emitted  into  the open air. The
rotting process is completed after 4 to 6 years.
Then the composted substances can be separated
from the unrotted material by means of screen-
ing. (Text  in German)
[24279]

-------
72
73-5027
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STBAUB. Landfill.  In
Handbook of environmental control, v. 2. Solid
waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 359-
394.
This paper presents data, graphs, and illustra-
tions on landfills. The topics covered follow: year
of life left in landfills in 1966; sanitary landfill
requirements; estimation of necessary landfill
capacity; classification  of disposal sites;  nature
of wastes acceptable for disposal; incineration
and sanitary landfill volume reduction relation-
ships; density of landfill cells; rules for construc-
tion on filled sites; operating costs of disposal by
sanitary landfill; equipment required for landfill;
cost of equipment operation; landfill site person-
nel; composition of gases produced from landfill
refuse under  various  conditions; landfill and
microorganisms; gases associated with landfills
in water; materials leached from refuse and ash;
leaching study of simulated landfills; and a sum-
mary of data on 51 sanitary landfills in Califor-
nia. Source material is provided for the data
given. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24280]

73-5028
 Ein neuer Muellverdichter fuer Deponien. [New
refuse compressing device  for small sanitary
landfills.] U-das technische (1):47, Feb. 1973.
A new refuse compaction device of a total weight
of 12 tons has been developed which can be easi-
ly transported from one  sanitary  landfill  to
another. It is, therefore, especially adapted for
utilization on several different sanitary landfills.
Rammer foot rolls provide for the shredding and
compressing of the refuse  while  a  charging
device can be used for distribution and grading
of the refuse. As this compressing device can be
transported without official authorization it is
especially recommended for communities which
have several sanitary landfills.
[24281]

73-5029
 Sanitary landfills: the latest thinking.  Civil En-
gineering-ASCE, 43(3):69-71, Mar. 1973.
An important result from the 1972 Engineering
Foundation was that a documenting by research,
field observations, hydrogeologists, engineers,
and operators of sanitary landfills that leachate
is not a significant problems in sanitary landfill
management either in the United States or in
Western Europe. There have been a few cases
where  leachate problems have occurred but the
fault lay in the lack of engineer design. Soil is an
excellent stabilizer of leached material, and con-
touring the bottom of the  site  and installing
leachate collection devices  minimize leachate
problems. It is emphasized that concern must be
given to handling methane gas generated in the
sanitary landfills and to the milling of refuse be-
fore placing in the earth. A good public relations
campaign aimed at regional public acceptance to
new sanitary landfill  sites and the concern re-
garding the  handling of toxic and  hazardous
materials are also discussed in this article.
[24282]

73-5030
 YAGOME, K., H. FUTAMI, AND S. DOBASHI. Gomi
umetatechi chosa ni okeru kosatsu. [Remarks on
the sanitary landfill survey.]  In  Proceedings;
16th National Environmental Sanitation Meet-
ing, Niigata, Oct. 19-20,  1972. [Tokyo], Japan
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Environmental
Sanitation Center, p. 49-51.
A survey on  sanitary, landfill was conducted by
the Japan Environmental  Sanitation  Center.
Samples of wastes used  for land  reclamation
were collected by pit (power shovel) method and
boring method. The  former was adopted  for
layers less than 3 m, the latter for deeper than a
5 m layer, collecting over 30 kg, or at least 10 kg
samples. The result of four surveys showed that
although  there was  no significant difference
seen by the depth of layer, there  were dif-
ferences according to the conditions of landfill.
Kitchen  garbage  is  completely  broken  down
after 1 to 2 years. However, if it is wrapped in
plastic bags, it remains just as it  was undecom-
posed even after 5 to  6 years, clearly recogniza-
ble as kitchen garbage. The liquid  seeping out of
reclaimed layers  and  gases issuing  from them
were studied also. The analysis of these samples
is  influenced  greatly by the sample  taking
method, handling of earth and sand  adhered to

-------
                                                                                          78
the samples, and method of distinguishing such
earth and sand. Much  more research must be
done on what happens to the landfilled wastes, to
see what changes occur, depending upon the
years,  depth of layers,  and  utilization of such
reclaimed land, as not  much has been done  in
these  areas,  considering that  34  percent  of
wastes in Japan is dealt with by landfill. (This
document is retained in the 8WIRS library.)
(Text in Japanese)
[24283]

SEPARATION

73-5031
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUS. Size reduction,
separation, and compaction. In Handbook of en-
vironmental control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland,
Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 302-319.
This paper presents data and  graphs on size
reduction, separation, and compaction of waste.
The topics covered follow: solid waste size reduc-
tion equipment (hammermills, drum pulverizers,
wet pulpers, rasp mill, shredders); effects of new
equipment and  potential applications to mu-
nicipal solid waste; summary of compatibility of
size reduction output, particle-size capabilities,
and separation  process particle-size require-
ments; summary  of  experimental runs milling
combined refuse; adjusted cost per ton versus
grate  size;  guide for  estimating  commercial
grinder capacity in kitchen uses; properties  of
heavy  organic liquids  used in heavy  media
separation; and nominal particle size capacilities
for size  reduction and  separation  processes.
Source material is provided for the  data given.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24284]

73-5032
 Dispositif de traitement de dechets et de recu-
peration de fibres. [Apparatus for the treatment
and recovery  of fiber  wastes.] French Patent
2,080,786 owned by Black Clawson Co., Inc. Is-
sued Nov. 11,1971.
Process for  the recovery of fibrous materials
from domestic  refuse containing paper and other
fibrous materials, nonfibrous organic, and inor-
ganic materials,  is  described.  Fragile  com-
ponents are comminuted to particles with sizes
below a definite value by hydraulic and mechani-
cal forces in a vat into  which a mixture of the
domestic waste with water is admitted. The inor-
ganic component of the resulting sludge is quan-
titatively separated by  centrifugation.  Non-
fibrous organic materials  are dissolved by the
addition  of a  chemical  agent, and  fiber is
recovered by successive straining after which
the fibrous  material is  deinked  and sterilized.
(Text in French)
[24285]

73-5033
 ElSENEGGER, E. B., AND H. P. HEPERMEHL.
Procede  pour le sechage de  dechets a  forte
teneur en humidite provenant d'etres vivants.
[Moisture extraction from high-moisture human
and  animal wastes.] French Patent 2,083,952
owned by Gebruder Buhler AG and H. P. Hefer-
mehl S. A. Issued Dec. 17,1971.
Procedure for the dehydration of human and
animal sewage with an initial moisture content of
80 to 90  percent is described. The procedure is
suitable  for  dewatering and  drying  material
mechanically separated from liquid manure and
slaughterhouse  waste    effluents   following
mechanical separation of solids. The waste water
is fed into a continuously operating extraction
press to reduce the water content to 40 to 50 per-
cent. The waste is subsequently fed by conveyor
belt  to a hot air dryer operating with closed cir-
cuit air flow with a minimum temperature of 150
C, periodically replenished  with fresh air to
remove  further moisture down to 8  to 20 per-
cent, preferably to  15 percent. The inner surface
of the dryer walls is scraped to remove adherent
sewage  particulates. The process is continuous
with no time lapse  between each  stage. (Text in
French)
[24286]

73-5034
 Perfectionnements apportes au fonctionnement
d'un  separateur centrifuge. [Improvements on a
centrifuge.] French Patent 2,090,449 owned by
Alfa-Laval AB. Issued Jan. 14,1972.

-------
74
A sludge centrifuge equipped with adequate con-
trol mechanism for the gradual, partial, or total
removal of sludge and liquid from the centrifuge
during operation is described. The centrifuge is
provided with several openings in the periphery
of the rotor which can be opened and closed dur-
ing operation. Sludge and liquid can be removed
from  the  centrifuge  through these  openings
while the  centrifuge is in motion provided the
rotor imbalance is kept below  a certain  limit.
Sludge removal is instantaneously stopped by a
control device as soon as rotor imbalance ex-
ceeds a certain limit. Liquid fed into the cen-
trifuge is shut off prior to sludge removal. (Text
in French)
[24287]

73-5035
 Precede et appareil pour degazer les liquides.
[Process and apparatus for deaeration.] French
Patent 2,091,248 owned by Autometrics Co. Is-
sued Jan. 14,1972.
Process and apparatus for the extraction of gas
from inorganic  suspensions and from liquids in
general are described. The  apparatus is  com-
posed of a tank, and another chamber with round
cross section and with one inlet and outlets for
the liquid  and the  gas.  The latter  chamber,
located  inside the tank, is rotated  around the
vertical axis of the latter. The inlet of the tank
communicates with the interior of the tank at a
height below the normal liquid level in the  tank.
A  vacuum   system   communicates  with the
chamber gas outlet for evacuating the gas and
for maintaining reduced  pressure inside the
chamber. The removal of gases from the liquid is
due to centrifugal forces. (Text in French)
[24288]

73-5036
 VON DER CRONE, G., AND H. FRICKE. Raffinage
de mitraille. [Refining scrap metal.] French
Patent 2,090,120 owned by Vereinigte Deutsche
Metallwerke Aktiengesellschaft. Issued Jan. 14,
1972.
Process for the recovery  of high-melting  alloy
scrap, especially of copper and nickel, which are
contaminated with weld metal such as lead, tin,
and zinc, is described. The scrap is heated in
vacuum furnace at a temperature sufficient for
the melting and evaporation of the low-melting
impurities, but not for the melting and evapora-
tion of the scrap proper. After the oxidized im-
purities are eliminated, the scrap is made molten
immediately,   without  intermediary  cooling.
(Text in French)
[24289]

SLUDGE

73-5037
 AINSWORTH, G.  Sludge treatment-the current
trends.  Process Biochemistry, 8(1):11-14,  Jan.
1973.
The treatment of sewage and related organic in-
dustrial effluents consists of the separation of
solids from water and the conversion  of dis-
solved and colloidal  substances to a biological
sludge.  Air flotation,  electrolytic flotation, or
disc centrifuging  can  improve  thickening (a
sludge  dewatering  process)  which  functions
more  efficiently at high  solids  concentrations.
Other engineering techniques, including thermal
and chemical conditioning, assist in dewatering.
These two processes use belt-press filters, pres-
sure filters,  rotary  vacuum  filters, and  cen-
trifuges to dewater sludge. A recently published
report of a government sponsored committee in-
dicated   that  with  proper  controls,  sludge
disposal in deep water in one particular area was
unlikely to cause unacceptable changes in the en-
vironment. To meet the problem of sludge han-
dling  the  community  must  realize that  the
processes adopted by man for the treatment and
the disposal  of wastes will  affect the environ-
ment. The community must also be prepared to
pay the cost of recycling suitable organic wastes;
otherwise, sludge  treatment   and  disposal
methods will  increasingly be directed  to destruc-
tion and/or dumping. There is a table which sum-
marizes the  methods of sludge treatment and
disposal currently available.
[24290]

73-5038
 Appareil servant a melanger un gaz avec un
liquide. [A device for mixing a gas with a liquid.]
French  Patent 2,083,109 owned by Sanitary
Disposal Systems, Inc. Issued Dec. 10,1971.

-------
                                                                                          75
Apparatus for mixing gas and liquid such as used
in waste water treatment plants for aeration is
described. The mixer consists of a vessel with a
single continuous wall extending upwards from
its bottom to above the liquid  level in the vessel
for dividing the liquid into an inner and an outer
mass, an inlet for the liquid, and a gas inlet
placed so that the gas (oxygen) is introduced into
the inner liquid mass near the lower  end of the
wall in order to cause liquid circulation in  the
inner liquid. The circulating liquid moves from
the bottom to the top in a first cycle, and from
the top to the bottom in a second cycle. The con-
tinuous wall dividing the liquid into an inner and
an outer mass tapers off conically from the bot-
tom to the top of the vessel. (Text in French)
[24291]

73-5039
 BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Wet-air oxida-
tion. In  Handbook of environmental control, v.
2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973.
p. 537-543.
This paper presents flow diagrams, graphs, and
data on wet-air oxidation. The topics covered in-
clude the  following: typical continuous system
for liquid wastes (flow diagram); time-tempera-
ture effect on the degree of oxidation; oxidation
curves of five aqueous fuels; summary of typical
operating conditions for several sludge oxidation
plants; equipment for wet oxidation process;
U.S. wet-air oxidation installation, 1970; and typ-
ical characteristics of primary activated sewage
sludge. Source material is provided for the data
presented.  (This document is retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[24292]

73-5040
 KARNOVSKY, F. Die Beseitigung des Rechen-
gutes  im  Klaerwerk  Muenchen-Grosslappen.
[Removal of material retained on screens of the
sewage treatment plant at  Muenchen-Grosslap-
pen.   Abwassertechnik,   23(Special    Issue
IFAT):27-29,1972.
It has been decided at Munich that the material
which is collected on screens of the sewage treat-
ment plant  should  be burnt   together with
domestic refuse  in  the incineration  plant. For
this  purpose it is  necessary to dewater the
material to 50 or 60 percent water content. This
is effected by means of three presses having a
throughput of 2 to 225 cu m at a water content of
85 to 95 percent. The presses consist of a low and
a high pressure bucket in which the pressure
piston moves. The device is completed by a post
dewatering chamber. From a feeding inlet the
material to be dewatered falls into the low pres-
sure bucket. At a pressure at 40 atmospheres the
refuse is pre-dewatered and  then  fed into the
high pressure bucket where the pressure can be
raised to 200 atmospheres for about 30 seconds.
In the post dewatering chamber five to  six
charges are compressed together so that an op-
timum dewatering  effect  is obtained. (Text in
German)
[24293]

73-5041
 Ko, S. C., AND L. DUCKSTEIN.  Cost-effective-
ness analysis of wastewater reuses. Journal of
the  Sanitary  Engineering  Division—ASCE,
98(SA 6):869-881, Dec. 1972.
This paper applies a cost-effectiveness approach
in order to  compare alternative  schemes for
reusing treated sewage effluents. This approach
was used to help solve the problems of finding al-
ternate wastewater reuse schemes for Tucson,
Arizona, and cities with similar problems. Com-
puters were not used in this study because it was
relatively simple. The step by step  approach for
cost-effectiveness studies  is discussed in detail
and seven advantages of this approach  are  out-
lined..
[24294]

73-5042
 LESCHBER, R. Klaerschlammbehandlung und -
beseitiqung.  [Sewage   sludge  treatment  and
removal.]   Schriftenreihe   des  Vereins  fuer
Wasser-,  Boden-  und Lufthgiene,  (38):185-193,
1972.
Sewage sludge  can  be treated by four different
methods. The stabilization method is based on
the aeration of sludge and the decomposition of
the organic substances  by aerobic microorgan-
isms. After a period of about 10 days no bad odor
emissions can be noticed. Sludge conditioning is

-------
76
affected by adding flocculation and filter agents
like iron and  aluminum  salts, ash,  or organic
polymers. As the sludge contains about 90 per-
cent water, a volume reduction of the sludge is a
prerequisite to reduce transportation costs. The
first step to reach this purpose is the thickening
of the sludge by means of flotation or graviation
thickening.  After thickening  the sludge is de-
watered and dried either by  natural processes
like drying  in lagoons or sludge deposit sites, or
by artificial methods like filters, centrifuges, and
drying devices. In order to destroy parasites and
pathogen germs, the sludge is submitted to disin-
fection methods like composting or thermal dry-
ing processes. After treating the sludge in the
described manner it  can either  be deposited
together with refuse  or incinerated after de-
watering. Another economic method to dispose
of sludge is its  utilization  as a soil improving
agent in agriculture. (Text in German)
[24295]

73-5043
  Mit  Strahlen  gegen   Klaerschlamm.  [Rays
against sewage sludge.]  U—das technische Um-
weltmagazin, (1):48, Feb. 1973.
In the Federal Republic of Germany the sewage
sludge quantity to be  disposed of annually  will
amount to 38 million cu m by 1985. This requires
investment costs of more than five hundred mil-
lion deutsche marks. Pasteurized sludge could be
used as fertilizer for  agricultural purposes. A
new  method  to  sterilize  sludge  has been
developed by Siberian scientists. By means of a
new type of electron accelerator whose  dimen-
sions  are smaller but  whose  capacity  is higher
than that of the common accelerators which are
used in food industry, about 10 cu m of sewage
sludge can be sterilized per hr. Pasteurization by
means of the Soviet method will cost  about 2 to 4
deutsche marks per cu m, while the disposal of
sludge by  means of  incineration  or thermal
sterilization costs from 10 to 70 deutsche marks
per cu m. (Text in German)
[24296]

73-5044
 PLOOS VAN AMSTEL, J. J. A. Slibverwerking
door oxydatie  bij hoge temperatuur en druk. I.
Achtergronden en mogelijkheden van het hoge-
druk Zimmerman-precede. [Sludge treatment by
high temperature oxidation under pressure. I.
Background of and  possibilities for the high-
pressure  Zimmerman process.]  Delngenieur,
84(47):G31-G36, Nov. 24,1972.
The  high-pressure Zimmerman sewage sludge
treatment method,  and related  model  experi-
ments  aiming at  improving the above process,
are described.  The Zimmermann process is a
method of sewage sludge treatment by which
the sludge is oxidized in a liquid water phase in
the presence of air at temperatures of 220 to 300
C and  pressures of 60 to 125 atmospheres. The
largest sludge  treatment  facility adopting the
Zimmerman process is in Chicago. It is composed
of 20 m high reactors, and has a capacity of 200
tons of dry matter daily. The residence  time of
the sludge in the reactor is 45 minutes. Partial
heat and pressure recovery is applied. Efficiency
is about 80 percent. Model  experiments with
small-size reactors  revealed the  possibility of
developing much smaller reactors  than those
currently  applied in practice, primarily through
the application of counterflow, and increasing
oxygen excess coefficients  up to 30 percent.
Decrease  in the necessary residence  time and
the oxygen  excess coefficient was established.
(Text in Dutch)
[24297]

73-5045
 Procede et  appareillage pour le traitement des
boues.  [Process and equipment for sludge treat-
ment.]  French Patent 2,078,673 owned by Kurita
Water  Industries, Tokyo, Japan. Issued Oct. 5,
1971.
Process and equipment for treatment of sewage
and industrial waste water sludge is described.
The sludge is treated with anionic or cationic  or-
ganic coagulants such as water-soluble  polymers
containing amino, imino, and quaternary am-
monium   radicals,  polyvinyl pyridine  salts,
polyethylene imine, polycondensates of amine-
epichlorhydrine, or  aniline-formaldehyde, vinyl
benzylammonium compounds, groudron, pitch,
polymers  and copolymers  of acrylonitrile and
acrylamide, or substances obtained from the par-
tial hydrolysis  of water-soluble  polymers and
copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acids. The

-------
                                                                                          77
sludge thus treated is rapidly dewatered by dis-
tribution on a filter  material composed of fine
sand and powdered carbon and charcoal with a
particle size range of 0.1 to 10 mm. Within 40
minutes after being distributed  on the filter
material, the sludge  is removed together with
the surface layer fo the filter material. The de-
watered sludge and the layer  of filter medium
removed can be incinerated. (Text in French)
[24298]

73-5046
 Precede pour reduire la teneur  en phosphore
d'une boue. [Process for the  reduction of the
phosphorus  content  of sludge.]  Swiss Patent
511,771 owned by  FMC Corporation, San Jose,
California. Issued Oct. 15,1971.
Process for the reduction of the phosphorus con-
tent in an activated  sludge to be recycled in a
waste water treatment plant is described. The
watery suspension of the recovered sludge con-
centrate is mixed with  an acid to adjust the pH
value between 4 and 6.5, in such a manner that
the phosphorus compounds associated with solid
particles in the suspension  are rendered water-
soluble. The acidified  aqueous  suspension  is
separated into an aqueous fraction with reduced
suspended   matter  content   and  increased
suspended  matter content. The  latter sludge
suspension is mixed with at least equal volume of
an  aqueous medium with  reduced phosphorus
content. An effluent  with reduced solid content
and of a volume at least equal to that of the aque-
ous medium  having  been  added for dilution is
separated from the diluted sludge concentrate,
while the remaining sludge concentrate, ready
for recycling for waste water treatment,  con-
tains less than 25 percent of phosphates relative
to  the  suspended matter content.  (Text in
French)
[24299]

73-5047
   Reisiger   Staubsauger  zur   Seereinigung.
[Enormous  vacuum  cleaner for  lake  purifica-
tion.] Die Technik, 28(4):271, Apr. 1973.
A new method to clean polluted lakes and rivers
has been developed in Sweden. A suction dredge
which works like a vacuum cleaner pumps sludge
and  sedimentation  substances  into dammed
parts of the lake from  where the water flows
back into the lake through cleaning equipment
which eliminates the phosphate. From a heavily
polluted lake in Sweden of a total surface area of
700,000 sq m, more than 450,000 cu m of sludge
have been removed.  If the sludge does not con-
tain mercury or other toxic substances, it can be
used as soil improving agent. (Text in German)
[24300]

73-5048
 STRAUCH, D.  Hygienische Gesichtspunkte der
klaerschlammbehandlung. [Hygienic problems of
sewage sludge treatment.] Staedtehygiene, (1):3-
8, Jan. 1973.
Despite their pretreatments,  sludgesO including
fresh sludge, anaerobically or aerobically stabil-
ized  sludge in liquid, dewatered,  or naturally
dried form, and chemically conditioned sludge-
still contain pathogenic  microorganisms. There-
fore, such sludges have  to be disinfected before
they  are used in agriculture,  horticulture, or
forestry.  There  are various methods to un-
dertake a reliable sterilization. Good results have
been obtained in Sweden by adding caustic lime
to the sewage sludge which raises  the tempera-
ture up to 70 C which guarantees a disinfection
of the sludge. Also the  application of the usual
composting methods leads to  a reliable disinfec-
tion of sludge. Drying of the sludge in rotary fur-
naces is not sufficient to destroy all pathogenic
germs, an aim which however is achieved by ap-
plying a  pasteurizing method.  The  sludge  is
heated up to 70 C and then kept for 30 minutes at
this  temperature, so that at the end of this
period even pathogenic gut germs are destroyed.
Recently tests conducted in Switzerland with
gamma rays showed  that sterilization can be ob-
tained by applying a ray dose of 300 kilorads.
(Text in German)
[24301]

73-5049
  Surfacing helps centrifuges  fight pollution.
Welding Journal, 51(ll):782-783, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses the Sanitation Districts of
Los Angeles County's waste utilization program.
As part of its water pollution  control efforts, the

-------
78
organic  solids removed in its system are con-
verted into fertilizer. The equipment and process
used are described in detail. Countless gallons of
effluent pour into the  ocean  waters off the
Southern California coast daily. The fact that
there are few problems with water pollution and
dirty beaches can be ascribed to the removal of
large solids by the centrifuges described herein,
and to the surfacing process which  keeps them
operating at full efficiency.
[24302]

STREET CLEANING

73-5050
 LEIBFRIED, T.   Kleinkehrmaschinen.  [Small
sweeping machines.] Staedtehygiene, 24(4):100-
101, Apr. 1973.
A  new  sweeping machine which is especially
maneuverable has been developed for cleaning
streets  and squares.  The rubbish from  the
streets  is thrown into a  refuse container by
means  of  a centrifugal  roll  provided with
brooms. A disc broom on a swivel arm serves the
purpose of cleaning house walls and chutes. The
swivel arm with disc broom as well as the sweep
roll are  operated by means of separate motors
while the motor of the vehicle itself is mounted
behind the driver in the  highest position of the
vehicles so that the combustion and cooling air
for the  motor is free  of dust. The  refuse con-
tainer has a net load of 1 cu m  and  is closed by
means of a simple cover on top. Emptying of the
container  is effected by  means  of tipping.
Replacement of  the ten  sweeps can be done
within 10 minutes. (Text in German)
[24303]

TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS

73-5051
 SUTTON,  G. F.  Regional planning decisions:
population distribution and citizen participation.
In   Proceedings;  Regionalized  Solid Waste
Management   Conference,   Newton,   Mas-
sachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. University of Mas-
sachusetts at Amherst, and Massachusetts De-
partment of Community Affairs, p. 80-86.
This paper discusses the  social context of re-
gionalization of solid waste  management. The
points which are covered include: the urbaniza-
tion of the population of the West; urban institu-
tions having penetrated  all geographic areas of
the land; the expanding Federal role which com-
prises intervention at the local level; and the par-
ticipation of citizens whose interests are affected
by Federal programs. It is concluded that more
effort is required at both the Federal and the
State levels of government in systematic  social
planning to deal  with  the problems of re-
gionalization. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24304]

TRANSPORT

73-5052
 Aktuelle Seite. [Refuse transportation.] Staed-
tehygiene, 23(12):VII, Dec. 1972.
A new method to transport refuse into a refuse
treatment plant without using bins as storing
places has been developed by Messrs Mayfran. A
big hall which is open at its long side serves as
the collection place, where the collection trucks
empty the refuse  quantities.  The refuse is con-
tinuously fed onto a Mayfran line which  is as-
sembled in the bottom of the hall and which for
the first ten m runs horizontally so that this
whole length can be utilized for charging the line
with refuse. Afterwards the  line inclines by 40
degrees to the required height. From there the
refuse goes to the incineration plant. If the in-
cineration plant is completely charged the line
stops and serves as storing bin for as short time.
The capacity of this Mayfran line is laid out for
50 cu m per hr. (Text in German)
[24305]

-------
                                                                                                                      79
                                               SUBJECT INDEX
accident
   see petrochemicals

agricultural wastes
   see also animals, manure, food processing
   crop residue, 73-4754, 73-4932
   treatment, 73-4755
   utilization, 73-4755, 73-4762, 73-4932, 73-4933, 73-5009

air pollution
   analysis of pollutants, 73-4893
   control equipment, 73-4851
   incinerator,  73-4803, 73-4851
   industry, 73-4851
   smoke control, 73-4851

algae
   see microorganisms

analysis,  73-4754, 73-4758,  73-4760, 73-4761, 73-4762
           73-4763, 73-4764, 73-4768, 73-4786, 73-4832
           73-4975
animals
   see a/so manure
           73-5009
   vector, 73-4756

automobiles
   costs, 73-4765
   disposal, 73-4982
   quantity, 73-4959
   transport, 73-5009
   utilization, 73-4765, 73-4959, 73-4982, 73-5012

automotive industry
   see also automobiles
   utilization, 73-5009

bacteria
   see microorganisms

bulky wastes
   collection, 73-4766

chemicals
   industrial wastes
       disposal, 73-4837, 73-5010
       processing, 73-4844,  73-4989
       utilization, 73-4837,  73-4942, 73-4951, 73-4954
           73-4989, 73-5002, 73-5010
   post-consumer wastes
       utilization, 73-4951

collection of wastes
   see also containers
           73-4766, 73-4781, 73-4784, 73-4905
   chute systems, 73-4771
   costs, 73-4767, 73-4772, 73-4773,  73-4774
   equipment, 73-4774
   laws concerning, 73-4773
   municipalities, 73-4767,  73-4768, 73-4771, 73-4773
           73-4775, 73-4873, 73-4880
   pneumatic, 73-4771

compaction, 73-4769, 73-4780
   equipment, 73-4771, 73-4899, 73-4900, 73-5030, 73-5033
composting, 73-5028
   equipment, 73-4776, 73-4781
   installations, 73-4776
   methods, 73-4776, 73-4777
   sludge, 73-5050

computer
   see management and planning
construction
   industrial wastes
      utilization, 73-4960
   post-consumer wastes
      utilization, 73-5003

containers, 73-4775, 73-4892, 73-4983

dairy industry, 73-4755

demolition wastes
   see construction

disposal of wastes
   see also individual methods
          73-4781
   agricultural, 73-4756,  73-4758, 73-4759, 73-4842, 73-4932
   commercial, 73-4759,  73-4763, 73-4819
   costs, 73-4759
   health aspects, 73-4758, 73-4779,  73-4783, 73-4886
   industrial, 73-4758, 73-4759, 73-4763, 73-4819, 73-4832
          73-4843, 73-4872, 73-4886, 73-4960, 73-4997
   institutional, 73-4758, 73-4763
   laws concerning, 73-4759, 73-4840, 73-4863, 73-4866
   methods, 73-4759, 73-4779, 73-4783, 73-4842, 73-4843
          73-5044
   municipal, 73-4758, 73-4759,  73-4760, 73-4763, 73-4800
          73-4819, 73-4840, 73-4872, 73-4873, 73-4874
          73-4878
   research, 73-4783, 73-4840, 73-4842, 73-4872, 73-4874
          73-4878, 73-4886
drugs
   see pharmaceutical
dumps
   health aspects, 73-4887
   laws concerning, 73-4887
economics, 73-4792, 73-4899
   costs, 73-4772, 73-4773, 73-4784,  73-4785, 73-4787
          73-4805, 73-4884, 73-4904, 73-4905, 73-4920
          73-4921, 73-4924, 73-4925, 73-4926, 73-4933
          73-4960, 73-4978, 73-5010, 73-5012
   markets, 73-4784, 73-4785, 73-4786, 73-4788, 73-4790
          73-4876, 73-4879, 73-4883, 73-4905, 73-4908
          73-4916, 73-4920, 73-4922, 73-4925, 73-4926
          73-4933, 73-4975, 73-4978, 73-5012
   taxes, 73-4772, 73-4773,  73-4787,  73-4789, 73-4910
          73-4924
education
   of the public, 73-4916
   professional, 73-4872, 73-4874, 73-4916
energy, 73-5009

environmental protection, 73-4779, 73-4783, 73-4787, 73-4840
          73-4864, 73-4867, 73-4869, 73-4870, 73-4872
          73-4874, 73-4875, 73-4877, 73-4878, 73-4882

-------
80
             73-4999, 73-5025, 73-5053

  equipment, 73-4781
     collection, 73-4767
     compaction, 73-4900, 73-5033
     reclamation, 73-4894, 73-4895, 73-4896, 73-4901, 73-4902
            73-4903, 73-4973, 73-4980, 73-4981, 73-4997
            73-5014, 73-5016, 73-5034
     separators, 73-4894, 73-4895, 73-4896, 73-4898, 73-4902
            73-4903, 73-4915, 73-4973, 73-4981, 73-5014
            73-5033, 73-5034, 73-5035
     shredding, 73-4846, 73-4866, 73-4901
     wastewater treatment, 73-5035,  73-5040, 73-5049

  fertilizer
     see also compost, hazardous
     derived from waste products, 73-4777, 73-5051

  fly ash
     analysis, 73-4841
     disposal, 73-4838, 73-4906
     mine stabilization,  73-4841
     soil conditioner, 73-4841
     utilization, 73-4906, 73-4930
        aggregate, 73-4841,  73-4966, 73-4996, 73-5017

  food processing wastes
     see also specific methods
     brewery, 73-5027
     dairy, 73-4969
  fungi
     see microorganisms

  garbage grinding, 73-4866
     post-consumer wastes
        disposal, 73-5024
        utilization, 73-4988

  hazardous wastes
     see also radioactive wastes
            73-4847
     disposal, 73-4791, 73-4884, 73-4940

  health and safety, 73-4792, 73-4885

  heat recovery
     see incineration

  hospitals
     collection, 73-4852, 73-4855, 73-4856, 73-4857, 73-4858
            73-4861
     disposable items, 73-4853, 73-4855, 73-4856, 73-4861
     disposal of wastes, 73-4852, 73-4853, 73-4854, 73-4855
            73-4856, 73-4857, 73-4859, 73-4860, 73-4861
     health aspects, 73-4853, 73-4854, 73-4855, 73-4856
            73-4858
     incineration, 73-4852, 73-4856, 73-4860

  incineration
     see also specific wastes
            73-4780, 73-4799, 73-4815, 73-4934
     air pollution control, 73-4805, 73-4811, 73-4813, 73-4820
            73-4822, 73-4826, 73-4827
     combined with  reclamation, 73-4880
     commercial wastes, 73-4819, 73-4820, 73-4822, 73-4825
            73-4826, 73-4830
     costs, 73-4793, 73-4795, 73-4797, 73-4798, 73-4805
            73-4813, 73-4820, 73-4825
   design of plant, 73-4795, 73-4800, 73-4801, 73-4802
          73-4803, 73-4805, 73-4813, 73-4816, 73-4817
          73-4825, 73-4826, 73-4827, 73-4828, 73-4829
   emissions, 73-4798, 73-4811, 73-4812, 73-4813
   equipment, 73-4793, 73-4795, 73-4796, 73-4800, 73-4803
          73-4804, 73-4805, 73-4813, 73-4819, 73-4820
          73-4821, 73-4825, 73-4827, 73-4828, 73-4829
          73-4830
   industrial wastes, 73-4793, 73-4802, 73-4803, 73-4810
          73-4813, 73-4819, 73-4820, 73-4822, 73-4823
          73-4825, 73-4826, 73-4829
   institutional wastes, 73-4819, 73-4825
   laws concerning, 73-4796, 73-4813
   management, 73-4796
   municipal wastes, 73-4793, 73-4795, 73-4797, 73-4800
          73-4806, 73-4808, 73-4809, 73-4819, 73-4825
          73-4826, 73-4880
   on-site, 73-4800, 73-4802, 73-4805, 73-4809, 73-4813
          73-4820, 73-4827, 73-4828, 73-4829, 73-4830
          73-4951
   operation of plant, 73-4802, 73-4803,  73-4806, 73-4810
          73-4811, 73-4813, 73-4814, 73-4820, 73-4827
          73-4828
   problems, 73-4800, 73-4807, 73-4825
   waste heat utilization, 73-4797, 73-4801, 73-4802, 73-4806
          73-4807, 73-4808, 73-4810, 73-4812, 73-4818
          73-4822, 73-4826, 73-4830

incinerator
   fluidized bed, 73-4802, 73-4805, 73-4821, 73-4824
   rotary kiln, 73-4805, 73-4825, 73-4827
   sludge, 73-4799, 73-4821, 73-4825
   special purpose,  73-4814, 73-4829
industrial wastes
   see also specific industry, specific treatment methods
          73-4837, 73-4838, 73-4889
   analysis, 73-4757, 73-4832, 73-4833
   centralized disposal plant, 73-4791, 73-4803
   combined with municipal wastes, 73-4831
   costs, 73-4757, 73-4831, 73-4833
   laws concerning, 73-4833
   utilization, 73-4831, 73-4843, 73-4968, 73-4971, 73-4985
          73-4991, 73-5002, 73-5020
land reclamation
   see also mines, sanitary  landfill
          73-4835, 73-4962, 73-4995
laws, 73-4792
   collection of wastes,  73-4772, 73-4773, 73-4778, 73-4789
          73-4868,73-5011
   disposal of wastes, 73-4772, 73-4773,  73-4778, 73-4787
          73-4840, 73-4852, 73-4856, 73-4859, 73-4862
          73-4863, 73-4864, 73-4866, 73-4867, 73-4868
          73-4870, 73-4871, 73-4877, 73-4882, 73-4910
          73-4916, 73-4924, 73-5011
   enforcement, 73-4865, 73-4869, 73-5011
   federal, 73-4847, 73-4859, 73-4863, 73-4865, 73-4870
          73-4871, 73-4877, 73-4882, 73-4910, 73-4916
          73-4924, 73-5053
   international, 73-4867
   municipality, 73-4772, 73-4773, 73-4787
   state, 73-4787, 73-4862, 73-4865, 73-4866, 73-4868
          73-4877, 73-5053
leachate
   see also sanitary landfill, water pollution
          73-5032

-------
                                                                                                                       81
lumber, 73-4970
   industrial wastes
       utilization, 73-4953, 73-5001, 73-5009, 73-5026
   post-consumer wastes
       utilization, 73-4987, 73-5001, 73-5022, 73-5023

management and planning, 73-4780, 73-4789, 73-4876, 73-4879
           73-5028
   municipal, 73-4778, 73-4880
   regional, 73-4778, 73-4787, 73-4840, 73-4875, 73-4881
   state, 73-4840
   techniques, 73-4939

manure
   cattle, 73-4754
   health aspects, 73-4756
   poultry, 73-4754
   sheep, 73-4754
   swine, 73-4754
   treatment methods, 73-4755, 73-4756, 73-5035
   utilization, 73-4755, 73-5009

markets
   see economics

metal, ferrous, 73-4967, 73-4990, 73-4992
   economics, 73-4978, 73-4999, 73-5000, 73-5004,  73-5005
           73-5007, 73-5013
   industrial wastes
       disposal, 73-4949
       processing, 73-4949, 73-4979
       utilization, 73-4765, 73-4790, 73-4846, 73-4848
           73-4849, 73-4913, 73-4935, 73-4952, 73-4959
           73-4976, 73-4978, 73-4979, 73-4984, 73-4986
           73-4997, 73-4999, 73-5000, 73-5004, 73-5005
           73-5006, 73-5007, 73-5008, 73-5011, 73-5012
           73-5013, 73-5015, 73-5025, 73-5038
   post-consumer wastes
       processing, 73-4949
       utilization, 73-4849, 73-4935, 73-4952, 73-5013
           73-5038
   scrap, 73-4765, 73-4790, 73-4846, 73-4848, 73-4849
           73-4907, 73-4935, 73-4939, 73-4945, 73-4949
           73-4952, 73-4959, 73-4979, 73-4984, 73-4997
           73-4999, 73-5000, 73-5004, 73-5005, 73-5006
           73-5007, 73-5008, 73-5012, 73-5013, 73-5025
           73-5038
   swarf, 73-4976

metal, non-ferrous,  73-4939, 73-4990,  73-4992, 73-5011
           73-5038
   aluminum, 73-4843, 73-4913, 73-4944, 73-4961,  73-5012
           73-5024
   copper, 73-4790, 73-4843, 73-4945, 73-4977
   lead,  73-4843, 73-4985
   nickel,  73-4834,  73-4844
   precious metals, 73-5020
   tin, 73-4790, 73-4843,  73-4945, 73-5020
   zinc,  73-4843, 73-4948
microorganisms, 73-5009

mineral,  73-4974

mines
   see also land reclamation
           73-4847, 73-4974, 73-4995

mining industry
   waste disposal, 73-4836, 73-4847
   waste utilization, 73-4904, 73-4939, 73-4974
municipal wastes
   see also refuse
   disposal, 73-4873
   transport, 73-4873
   utilization, 73-4818, 73-4873, 73-4972, 73-4981, 73-5009

ocean disposal
   see also specific methods
          73-4886, 73-4887
   commercial,  73-4889
   industrial, 73-4884, 73-4885, 73-4889
   international control, 73-4863
   sludge, 73-4889

oil
   see petrochemicals

packaging wastes
   see also specific materials
   disposal, 73-4892, 73-4893
   processing, 73-4775
   utilization, 73-4775, 73-5025

paper and pulp,  73-4987
   industrial wastes
       processing,  73-4774, 73-4775, 73-4785, 73-4839
          73-4883, 73-4894, 73-4895, 73-4896, 73-4898
          73-4902, 73-4905, 73-4973, 73-4980, 73-5014
       utilization,  73-4775, 73-4784, 73-4786, 73-4788
          73-4839, 73-4850, 73-4879, 73-4883, 73-4897
          73-4905, 73-4953, 73-4968
   newspaper, 73-4897, 73-4901, 73-4908, 73-4953, 73-4975
          73-5021
   post-consumer  wastes
       processing,  73-4774, 73-4775, 73-4785, 73-4883
          73-4894, 73-4895, 73-4896, 73-4898, 73-4901
          73-4902, 73-4905, 73-4973, 73-4980, 73-4983
          73-5014
       utilization,  73-4775, 73-4784, 73-4786, 73-4879
          73-4883, 73-4897, 73-4901, 73-4905, 73-4908
          73-4943, 73-4953, 73-4956, 73-4965, 73-4968
          73-4975, 73-4983, 73-5021
pathogenic wastes
   see hazardous wastes

personnel, 73-4847
pesticides
   see hazardous wastes
petrochemicals,  73-4845
   industrial wastes
       utilization,  73-4946

planning
   see management and planning

plastics
   industrial wastes
       disposal,  73-4822, 73-4829,  73-4903, 73-4917, 73-4918
          73-4919, 73-4922, 73-4927, 73-4929
       processing,  73-4822, 73-4894, 73-4898, 73-4902
          73-4909, 73-4912, 73-4914, 73-4917, 73-4922
          73-4923, 73-4925, 73-4926, 73-4927, 73-4928
       utilization,  73-4822, 73-4909, 73-4910, 73-4911
          73-4912, 73-4913, 73-4914, 73-4915, 73-4916
          73-4917, 73-4918, 73-4919, 73-4920, 73-4921
          73-4922, 73-4923, 73-4924, 73-4925, 73-4926
          73-4928, 73-4929, 73-4931, 73-4953, 73-4958
          73-4964, 73-4994, 73-5018

-------
82
     post-consumer wastes
        disposal, 73-4782, 73-4811, 73-4891, 73-4893, 73-4903
            73-4929
        processing, 73-4894, 734898, 73-4902
        utilization, 734913, 734921, 734924, 73-4929
            734958, 734964, 734994, 73-5022, 73-5024

  public relations
     see education

  pyrolysis
     see also incineration
            734794, 734798, 734807, 73-4815, 73-4822
            734826

  radioactive wastes, 734884, 734889

  reclamation
     see salvage and reclamation

  recreational areas
     see land reclamation

  refuse
     see also specific types
            734781, 734814, 734815, 734950, 73-5028
     composition, 734893
     quantity, 73-4818, 734881, 73-4893

  research
     see specific topics, grant
            734847

  rubber
     industrial wastes
        disposal, 73-4829
        utilization, 734998
     post-consumer wastes
        processing, 73-4955
        utilization, 734794, 734947, 734957, 73-4998
            73-5019
     tires, 734829, 73-4947, 73-4955, 73-4957, 734998
            73-5019

  safety
     see health and safety
  salvage and reclamation
     see also specific wastes
            734784, 73-4785, 734786, 73-4788, 734837
            734843, 734849, 734879, 734883, 734897
            734901, 734903, 734905, 734906, 73-4907
            734908, 734930, 734931, 73-4934, 73-4937
            73-4938, 73-4939, 734940, 734942, 734943
            734944, 73-4945, 734946, 734947, 734948
            734949, 73-4950, 734951, 73-4952, 73-4954
            734956, 73-4958, 73-4961, 734962, 734963
            73-4964, 73-4965, 734967, 734969, 73-4970
            73-4972, 734973, 73-4975, 734977, 734980
            73-4982, 734984, 73-4986, 734987, 734988
            73-4989, 734990, 734991, 73-4992, 73-4993
            73-5001, 73-5003, 73-5009, 73-5011, 73-5019
            73-5021, 73-5022, 73-5023, 73-5026, 73-5027
            73-5034

  sand, 73-5015

  sanitary landfills
     see also land reclamation, specific wastes
            73-4780, 73-4782, 73-5028
     costs, 73-5029
     decomposition of refuse, 73-5029, 73-5032
   design, 73-5031
   equipment, 73-5029
   management, 73-5031
   regulation, 73-4862, 73-5031
   water pollution, 73-4862, 73-4870

separation
   liquid-solid, 73-5036, 73-5039, 73-5047
   mechanical, 73-5034
   metal, 73-5038
   methods, 73-5034, 73-5037, 73-5047

sewage
   see also sludge
   analysis, 73-5041
   biological  treatment, 73-4828, 73-5041
   chemical treatment, 734828, 73-4890, 73-5044, 73-5050
   health aspects, 73-5044,  73-5050
   irradiation treatment, 73-5050
   mechanical treatment, 73-4890, 73-5042, 73-5044, 73-5051

slag
   see metal,  ferrous

slaughterhouse
   see food processing wastes

sludge
   see also industrial wastes
          73-4802, 734809
   analysis, 73-5039, 73-5041, 73-5043
   biological  treatment, 73-5039, 73-5041
   chemical treatment, 73-5039, 73-5040, 73-5046, 73-5047
          73-5048, 73-5050
   costs, 73-5016, 73-5039,  73-5043, 73-5044
   disposal, 734828, 73-5039, 73-5044, 73-5047
   equipment, 73-5041
   health aspects, 73-5050
   heat treatment, 734799, 734814, 73-4828, 734890
          73-5050
   irradiation treatment, 73-5045, 73-5050
   mechanical treatment, 73-5016, 73-5035, 73-5036, 73-5042
   utilization, 734930, 73-4971, 73-5008, 73-5009, 73-5016
          73-5043, 73-5048, 73-5051

snow removal, 73-4936, 734941
storage of wastes
   methods, 734775

street cleaning, 73-4781, 73-4880, 73-5052
surveys, 73-4798, 73-4881

systems analysis
   see management techniques
textiles
   industrial  wastes
      disposal, 73-4820
      processing, 73-4820

toxk materials
   see hazardous wastes

transfer stations
   see also specific  wastes
          73-4769

transportation of wastes
   see also specific  wastes
          734769
   costs, 73-5006

-------
                                                                                                            83
    pneumatic, 73-4771
    railroad, 73-5006
trees
   see bulky wastes
vector control
   see animals, insects

volume reduction, 73-4769, 73-5030
water pollution, 73-4886, 73-4963
   analysis of pollutants, 73-4888
   control equipment, 73-4.834, 73-5049
   economics, 73-4834
   health aspects, 73-4828
   industrial wastes, 73-5002
wood
   see lumber
          73-4987, 73-5001

-------
84
                                                AUTHOR  INDEX
  Adams, L.M., 73-4904
  Affholder, M., 73-4905
  Ainsworth, G., 73-5039
  Anderson, S.J., 73-4885
  Arnaud, J., 73-4908
  Avrashkov, L.Y., 73-4961
  Babcock, A., 73-4930
  Ball, B., 73-4931
  Baud, E., 73-4778
  Beach, J.S., Jr., 73-4757
  Beach, M.I., 73-4757
  Beckman, J.A., 73-4794
  Bennett, K.W., 73-4978
  Berbee, J.G.,  73-4970
  Berry, R.E., 73-4932
  Bissett, O.W., 73-4932
  Blum, S.L., 73-4934
  Bond, R.G., 73-4754, 73-4755, 73-4758
     73-4759, 73-4760, 73-4761, 73-4762
     73-4763, 73-4764, 73-4767, 73-4768
     73-4776, 73-4793, 73-4795, 73-4796
     73-4797, 73-4798, 73-4831, 73-4832
     73-4863, 73-4873, 73-4884, 73-4892
     73-4935, 73-5029, 73-5033, 73-5041
  Bowers,  D., 73-4833
  Brandt, G.H., 73-4936
  Briggs, R.C., 73-4937
  Buck, A.D., 73-4938
  Burgess, J.V., 73-4799
  Caporali, G., 73-4940
  Capp, J.P., 73-4904
  Carpenter, E.J., 73-4885
  Carrier,  B., 73-4895
  Cech, R.E., 73-4977
  Chandler, P.L., 73-4941
  Chaussee, P.,  73-5014
  Church,  F.L.,  73-4944
  Cole, H.A.; 73-4886
  Cousins, A.E., 73-4874
  Crawford, G., 73-4800
  Cross, F.L., Jr., 73-4852, 73-4853
     '73-4854, 73-4855, 73-4856, 73-4857
  '   73-4858, 73-4859, 73-4860, 73-4861
  Crowle, V., 73-4834
  Crowle, V.A.,  73-5020
  Davies, W.E., 73-4835
  Devassy, U.P., 73-4888
  Dobashi, S., 73-5032
  Dotreppe-Grisard, N., 73-4811
  Duckstein, L., 73-5043
  Dunton, R., 73-4837
  Dwivedi, S.N., 73-4888
  Eisenegger, E.B., 73-5035
  Ewing, R.C., 73-4802, 73-4803
  Fabry, F.A.M., 73-4804
  Fan, L.T., 73-4953
  Feibusch, H., 73-4875
  Ferrel, J.F., 73-4805
  Ficker, S., 73-4955
  Field, A.A., 73-4806
  Fife, J.A., 73-4807
  Foster, C.H.W., 73-4877
  Fourment, P.,  73-4782
Fricke, H., 73-5038
Futami, H., 73-5032
Geldof, H., 73-4957
Gillmore, D.W., 73-4904
Grad, F.P., 73-4864
Grant, C., 73-4794
Gratsershtein, I.M., 73-4961
Gropp, R.F., 73-4839
Grossman, L., 73-4982
Gunner, H.B., 73-4840
Gustafson, J.F., 73-4887
Harris, W.B., 73-4962
Harvey, G.R., 73-4885
Haseler, A.E., 73-4808
Hefermehl, H.P., 73-5035
Herod, B.C., 73-4963
Higgins, J.,  73-4865
Holmes, R.L.W., 73-4986
Howard, R.D., 73-4787
Hustinx, W., 73-4957
James, R.W., 73-4765, 73-4790
    73-4846, 73-4848,  73-4999, 73-5000
    73-5004* 73-5005,  73-5006, 73-5007
Jeffers, P.E., 73-4966
Kalina, J.F., 73-4968
Karnovsky, F., 73-5042
Kay, E.L., 73-4794
Kirby, J.J., 73-4878
Knaak, R., 73-4814
Ko, S.C., 73-5043
Korodi, J., 73-4971
Kreplick, R., 73-4840
Kuhl, H., 73-4814
Kumar, S., 73-4969
Laman, J.R., 73-4794
Lamort, P., 73-4896
Laundrie, J.F., 73-4970
Lazar, F., 73-4971
Le Menestrel, B., 73-4897
Leibfried, T., 73-5052
Leschber, R., 73-5044
Lesher,  R.L., 73-4972
Litsky, W., 73-4840
Lovell, L.B., 73-4982
Lubto, D.S., 73-4941
Maly, V., 73-4841
Marcovitch, S., 73-4973
Marusinova, S., 73-4974
Massiis, M., 73-4975
Maugh, T.H.,  73-4815
Maurer, T., 73-4976
Maybank, J.-C., 73-4879
McFarland, C.M., 73-4977
McKinney, R.E.,  73-4842
McLeer, T.J., 73-4765, 73-4790
    73-4846, 73-4848, 73-4999, 73-5000
    73-5004, 73-5005, 73-5006, 73-5007
McManus, G.J., 73-4978
Meyer, J.C., Jr.,  73-4869
Michaelis, H., 73-4843
Migno, M., 73-4788
Miklas, H.P.,  73-4885
Montgomery, R.E., 73-4839
Moricet, H., 73-4898
Motts, W.S., 73-4779
Murphy, J.P., 73-4982
Musselmann, W., 73-4980
Nair, S.A., 73-4888
Nawata, H., 73-4867
Neff, N.T., 73-4981
Nemeth, B., 73-4971
Netherton, R.D., 73-4982
Nishi, Y., 73-4891
Noble, G., 73-4852, 73-4853, 73-4854
    73-4855, 73-4856, 73-4857, 73-4858
    73-4859, 73-4860, 73-4861
Onuscheck, J.W., 73-4986
Oppermann, H., 73-4880
Osborn, E.E., 73-4847
Otto, F., 73-4789, 73-4792
Panton, J.E., 73-4869
Panush, B., 73-4772
Pariel, J.M., 73-4821
Peck, B.B., 73-4885
Ploos van Amstel, J.J.A., 73-5046
Prisco, H.A., 73-4993
Raoux,  M., 73-4901
Regan, W.J., 73-4765, 73-4790, 73-4846
    73-4848, 73-4999, 73-5000, 73-5004
.    73-5005, 73-5006, 73-5007
Rellage, J.M., 73-4957
Retzloff, D.G., 73-4953
Richter, H.G., 73-4976
Riemann,  U., 73-4756
Robic, G., 73-4821
Rougier, J., 73-4771
Ryrberg, G., 73-4902
Savery, C.W., 73-5009
Schaan, J.L., 73-4903
Schley,  J.R., 73-5010
Schrieke,  O.B., 73-4957
Selvakumar, R.A., 73-4888
Senf, H.,  73-4881
Shanley, R.A., 73-4882
Shaw, J.M., 73-5015
Sierig, G., 73-4780
Soucha, A., 73-5017
Speth, S.,  73-5018
Spitzer, E.F., 73-4781
Stonka, F., 73-4850
Straub,  C.P., 73-4754, 73-4755, 73-4758
    73-4759, 73-4760,  73-4761, 73-4762
    73-4763, 73-4764,  73-4767, 73-4768
    73-4776, 73-4793,  73-4795, 73-4796
    73-4797, 73-4798,  73-4831, 73-4832
    73-4863, 73-4873,  73-4884, 73-4892
    73-4935, 73-5029,  73-5033, 73-5041
Strauch, D., 73-5050
Stribling,  J.B., 73-4825, 73-4827
Strumanne, J., 73-4775,  73-4782
Surfleet, B., 73-5020
Sutin, G.L., 73-4783
Sutton, G.F., 73-5053
Tate, R.C., 73-5021
Thillaimuthu, J., 73-5023
Tucker, H.L., 73-4773

-------
                                                                                                               85
Van Der Pool, W.O., 73-4953
Von der Crone, G., 73-5038
Whiting, P.-L., 73-4883
Wiedermann, F., 73-4830
Wilson, CM., 73-5014
Wilson, C.W. III, 73-4932
Wysockl, G., 73-5027
Yagome, K., 73-5032

-------
                 solid waste  management
            monthly abstracts bulletin
     June 1973
vol.1  no.6,  abstract  nos.  73-5054  to 73-5349
                            contents

                       Subjects                            Abstract Numbers

Agricultural waste	    73-5054 to 5059
  (crop residues, manure, timber slash/other vegetation)
Analysis of solid waste	    73-5060 to 5063
  (data, methods)
Automobile	    73-5064 to 5065
Bulky wastes	    73-5066 to 5067
Collection	    73-5068 to 5080
Compost/Composting	    73-5081 to 5091
Disposal	    73-5092 to 5105
Economics	    73-5106 to 5116
  (disposal costs, financing of facilities, pollution control costs,
   marketing information, taxes and incentives)
Hazardous wastes	    73-5117 to 5123
Incineration	    73-5124 to 5150
Industrial wastes	    73-5151 to 5172
Law/Regulations   	    73-5173 to 5185
Management	    73-5186 to 5221
  (municipal, regional, rural, State)
Ocean disposal	    73-5222
Packaging wastes	    73-5223 to 5228
Processing/Reduction	    73-5229 to 5239
Recycling	    73-5240 to 5313
  (incinerator residues, industrial wastes, mining wastes,
   municipal refuse, scrap metal)
Research	    73-5314 to 5315
Sanitary landfill	    73-5316 to 5321
Sludge	    73-5322 to 5332
Street cleaning	    73-5333 to 5335
Transport	    73-5336 to 5349
Subject index
Author index

-------
                       solid waste management
                 monthly  abstracts bulletin
          June  1973      vol.1  no.6,  abstract  nos.  73-5054  to  73-5349
AGRICULTURAL WASTE

73-5054
  BATES, D.  W.   Dairy  waste management
systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 56(4):495-
499, Apr. 1973.
Odor control and waste disposal are the two in-
terrelated major problems facing the dairy in-
dustry. There is no practical solution at present
for odor control other than proper manure han-
dling  and disposal.  Manure  handling systems
may range from a gutter cleaner and daily haul-
ing with a manure spreader to extended storage
in concrete tanks under slat floors. Daily hauling
requires less investment but more labor. It is a
practical method for a small farm. Warm or cold
free-stall slat housing requires greater invest-
ment in construction of the barn and ventilation
that must be provided to control odor due  to
manure storage. Variations of these two waste
handling systems are discussed  by  the author.
Waste heat produced in the barn or storage tank
prevents the  manure from freezing in cold cli-
mates.
[24306]

73-5055
 CROSS, 0. E., A. P. MAZURAK, AND L. CHESIN.
Animal waste utilization for pollution abatement.
Transactions  of the  American  Society  of
Agricultural Engineers, 15(1):160-163, Jan.-Feb.
1973.
The objectives of this research were: 1) to deter-
mine the maximum  allowable rate of applying
livestock manure to cultivate crops without sur-
face or underground water pollution; 2) to deter-
mine the magnitude of this pollution; 3) to deter-
mine the changes in the physical and chemical
properties of the soil resulting from high rates of
manure application; and 4) to determine the ef-
fects of very high application of manure on crop
production. In conducting this experiment four
rates of manure per acre were applied, and the
farm was irrigated after the manure was plowed
under.   Pollution  potential  was  measured  in
terms of nitrate nitrogen, sodium, electrical con-
ductivity,  and potassium. The result indicates
that electrical conductivity and potassium levels
were high enough to exclude potable use of the
runoff water, while the underground water was
considered safe for irrigation as well as for pota-
ble use. The physical condition of  the soil may
deteriorate if heavy application is done year
after year. Heavy application of manure reduces
crop yield compared to moderate application (e.g.
260 tons per acre decreased yield compared to 40
and 120 tons per acre.)
[24307]

73-5056
 DALE, A.  C.  Solids-liquid separation: an impor-
tant step in the recycling of dairy  cow wastes.
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 36(5):289-
295, May 1973.
Use of a solids-liquid separator in  the manage-
ment of dairy cattle  wastes may  reduce labor
requirements, make mechanical  handling more
feasible, improve automation,  produce solids
with economic value, and produce  a liquid that
may be handled  by ordinary  equipment and

-------
treated to produce potable water and fertilizer.
In aoMaiquid separation of dairy cattle wastes&
macro-colloidal, that is, larger than 5 microns,
and larger solid particles are partially removed
from the liquid portion by screens, sieves, and
compressors. The  two products produced are
wet solids and a dilute liquid. The solids contain
about 45 to 80 percent water depending on the
systems used and are stable in nature. The solids
have little or no odor and may be dried and used
for bedding, refeeding, or mulch,  thus  having
economic value. The liquid is dark brown in color
and contains about 85 to 90 percent of the BOD
and only about 1 to 3 percent suspended and dis-
solved solids.  It may be handled  by  ordinary
pumps and tractors and spread directly on crops
and soils. There is included in the article a list of
separators on  the market with a brief descrip-
tion of each  unit and suggestions for how to in-
corporate such equipment into existing manure
handling systems.
[24308]

73-5057
 SAVERY, C. W., AND  D. C. CRUZON.  Methane
recovery from chicken manure digestion. Jour-
nal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,
44(12):2349-2354, Dec. 1972.
Due to  the  serious environment problems as-
sociated with the large concentrations of manure
produced by poultry raised in confinement, the
idea of being able to use  chicken manure  to
produce methane and use it as a source of fuel is
attractive. This paper discusses the  design of an
anaerobic chicken manure digestor and the ex-
perimental method used to  produce  methane
from chicken manure. The result indicates that
130 liters of  gas, 69  percent of which  was
methane, was  produced per kg of wet manure.
The authors  conclude that due to strict pollution
controls on  poultry farms, it  is  economically
feasible for a poultry farm to invest in an anaero-
bic digestor to produce methane to provide ener-
gy for the farm and to control pollution.
[24313]

73-5058
 SHINKAWA, K.,  H.  HOSODA, S.  MITSUI, K.
ISHIBASHI, Y.  NODA, AND U.  YAMOTO.  Tonfun
no ryudo tanka ni kansuru keakyu. [Converting
hog manure into carbon by distillation.] Sangyo
Kogai, 9(5):473-475, May 1973.
Hogs excrement from a feedlot was dried in a
kiln so that its water content was reduced to ap-
proximately 9.3 percent; then distillation took
place at over 300 C, and mixing took place at 80
rpm. The waste gas was discharged after going
through  a dust collection chamber. Using  a
heater, the kiln was heated so that inside tem-
perature was around 200 C; then the manureO 5
to 6 kg-was charged. When it responded to the
heat, the heater was turned off (at about 260 C),
keeping the inside  temperature with constant
temperature air and controlling the temperature
by adjusting the feeding of manure.  Volatile
matter is quickly lost. The maximum yield of car-
bon was more than 30 percent. Hog excrement
thus carbonized in the kiln was good material for
activated carbon. There  is one kiln at an agricul-
tural cooperative in Ibaragi Prefecture  operat-
ing full scale. (Text in Japanese)
[24314]

73-5059
 TAYLOR, J.  Protein  without  pollution.  En-
gineering, 212(11):1081-1083, Nov. 1972.
The author describes a method of drying poultry
manure developed by Douglas-Rowson, Ltd. The
dried manure, which is 27 percent by weight of
the wet manure, is 38 percent protein, and can be
used  both as fertilizer  and feed additive. The
author claims that  a  new  profit of 8  pounds
sterling per ton can be  achieved by  processing
the  poultry manure and  utilizing it  by this
method.
[24312]

ANALYSIS OF  SOLID WASTE

73-5060
  BEITZ,   L.,  AND  U.  JECHT.     Einsatz-
moeglichkeiten der Roentgenfluoreszenzanalyse
fuer  den Umweltschutz. [Application of X-ray
fluorescence analysis for environmental protec-
tion.] Siemens-Zeitschrift, 46(5):369-373,1972.
X-ray fluorescence  analysis is purely physical
method. Liquid pasty or solid samples are  ir-
radiated with  a  high-capacity  X-ray  tube.

-------
Through interaction with the atoms of the sam-
ple the primary spectrum is converted into a
characteristic  fluorescent line  spectrum. The
wave length of the  spectral lines  are charac-
teristic of the various elements in  the sample;
the intensity of the lines yields information on
the concentration. Concentrations from 100 per-
cent to the ppm range can be determined. The
detection limit for most elements is  between 0.1
and  10 ppm. Through preceding  enrichment
trace elements in concentrations as low as about
0.1 microgram can be measured. This is a suffi-
ciently low concentration for analyzing trace ele-
ments  in air and water. The reproducibility of
the method is plus or minus 0.1 percent (relative)
and the accuracy is plus or minus 2 to 5 percent.
Detection  limit, reproducibility and accuracy de-
pend considerably on the sampling  time, which
differs from element to element. On the average
sampling  lasts  40  seconds each  time.  X-ray
fluorescence  analysis is  very  suitable for the
analysis  of  sodium,  magnesium,  potassium,
phosphorus, calcium, copper, iron, lead, and  ar-
senic in plant material, for  sulfur,  phosphorus,
lead or arsenic in air samples and in waste water
samples. (Text in German)
[24315]

73-5061
 IWAI,  S., K. HARUYAMA, H. TAKATSUKI, AND T.
IRIE.  Seihin seisan tokei kara  mita toshi gomi
sosei.  [The  composition  of city wastes  from
standpoint of  production  statistics.]  Kankyo
Gijutsu, 2(3):162-173, Mar. 1973.
The estimation  of the composition of general
household wastes in Japan from the standpoint
of production statistics was attempted in this
study.  The results were compared with actually
measured  waste composition in various cities. As
a result, by close investigation and examination
of the  production statistics, the data which are
useful  in knowing the qualitative and quantita-
tive tendency of wastes in Japan were obtained.
Particularly in cases  where the  future of the
changes in the amount and composition of wastes
is predictable and  the analytical values of the
composition  of wastes in  each city are verified,
this method is effective as a method by which ap-
proximate  values  are  obtained.  The  results
showed that for the whole country the percent of
paper waste was 33.2, plastic waste 12.0, glass
10.7, and animal and vegetable trash 9.6. For the
city of Tokyo percent of paper waste was 32.1,
plastic waste 13.8,  glass 11.9; and animal and
vegetable trash  15.5. Although only household
wastes  were treated,  it is believed that this
method is also applicable to the estimation of the
amount and the quality of industrial wastes. To
more precisely make a comparison of the analyti-
cal values of wastes in each city it is necessary
that the classification of the wastes disposed  of
by Public  Cleansing  Bureaus  in each city be
made clear. (Text in Japanese)
[24316]

73-5062
 KURIHARA, S.  Seikatsukei kotai haikibutsu no
dejo to sono shori no kosatsu (12). [Composition
of domestic refuse and its treatment (12).] Yosui
to Haisui, 15(5):569-572, May 1973.
The  result  of survey  on  composition  of city
wastes made in eight big cities, nine medium-size
cities and sixteen small cities is shown, as  well as
comparison  between   Hokkaido  Prefecture,
Kanagawa   Prefecture,  Yokohama  City  and
Okayama Prefecture. There is no significant dif-
ference between  big and medium cities,  but  in
small cities, kitchen garbage increases slightly.
The  comparison among three  prefectures and
one city showed  industrial area  had the most
combustible wastes (43.2 percent), followed by
commercial area  (37.6 percent). Fisheries area
had the most putrescible wastes (58.2 percent),
followed by agricultural area (50.0 percent). Re-
sidential areas were responsible for more  plastic
wastes  (8.9 percent), followed by fisheries (8.3
percent), and commercial area (7.7 percent). In-
dustry was responsible for most  non-combusti-
ble wastes (22.0 percent), residential area (20.0
percent). Future  forecast anticipates combusti-
ble wastes and plastic wastes to increase year
after year, but kitchen garbage  and non-com-
bustible wastes  would  decrease. The trend  in
composition of wastes in Britain and West Ger-
many is introduced. (Text in Japanese)
[24317]

73-5063
 Protein concentrate from rape-seed. Chemical
Processing, :15, Sept. 1972.

-------
Alfa-Laval A.B. working in collaboration with
A.B. Karlshamner Oljefabriker have developed a
pilot plant in Sweden which manufactures oil and
high protein concentrate from rape-seed. Rape-
seed, up until now, has been grown for the  ex-
traction of nonedible  oil with the  result that
valuable protein was being lost. The concentrate
produced in the pilot plant from rape-seed con-
tains approximately 60 percent protein. Rape-
seed is a better source of protein than soya. The
use of rape-seed protein could reduce the in-
cidence of many deficiency diseases. The use of
rape-seed  protein is intended as an addition to
the ordinary diet, not as a  'meat  substitute'.
Further development  of the process plant and
extensive testing of the protein on rats and dogs
is necessary before marketing the product.
[24311]

AUTOMOBILE

73-5064
 Shredder gegen autowracks. [Shredder for old
cars.] Daa Technische Umweltmagazin, (3):36-
37, June 1973.
More than a million cars will have to be disposed
of this year in West Germany. By  1975  the
number will have risen to 1.3 million, by 1980 to
1.6 million. Bavaria possesses a larger shredder
plant  in Ebenhausen  near  Ingolstadt.  Its con-
struction was supported by state means. Bavari-
an authorities are aware of the fact that more
shredders are required. They have asked  the
Battelle Institute in Frankfurt to furnish a re-
port concerning future car junk  accumulation
and  to pinpoint suitable  erection sites  for
shredders. Shredder scrap consists  of fist size
pieces which are cleaned of all contaminants such
as  plastics  and  paint. All  metal has  been
separated  as well. The scrap can go to a furnace
for melting. (Text in German)
[24318]

73-5065
 TEIKOKU  SANSO, K. K., AND TEZUKA KOSAN K.
K.   The  inch scrap method-the low tempera-
ture crushing method for junk cars.] Tokyo, Jan.
12,1973.7p.
The 'Inch Scrap' crusher, which was developed
by George (Belgium), Klockner (West Germany),
and  L'Air Liquide  (France)  Companies and
which is being promoted in Japan by Teikoku
Sanso K.K. and Tezuka Kosan K.K. is introduced.
The  method  improves  the manual, press,  or
crushing method of junk car treatment; the con-
sumption of electricity is  relatively  small, and
the separation of metals and waste material is
easy. The system is composed of the press, the
cooling  tunnel, the crusher, the  selector,  the
eliminator, and  the  Tezuka waste  treatment
system. The capacity is 20 ton per hr (20 to 25
cars per hr); the liquid nitrogen consumption is
400 liters per ton of iron scrap; electricity con-
sumption is 830 kw per hr; the space require-
ment is 5,000 sq m; and the total system installa-
tion  cost estimate is  440,000,000  yen.  Scrap
products are 720 kg of iron per 1 ton of junk car
material, separated into groups  by size. The
copper content is less than 0.05 percent and paint
or oil residue is almost none. Copper, aluminum
and alloy products are 90 kg per ton of crude
material, copper is approximately 5  kg. Waste
produced is approximately 180  kg  per  crude
material, and consists of rubber,  plastic, glass,
oil, paint, and sand. (The treatment process is not
given.)  Text  in Japanese) (This  document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24319]

BULKY WASTES

73-5066
 GLOVER, D. E. What to do with old docks.  In-
stitution  of  Civil  Engineers  Proceedings,
54(Part I.  Design and  Construction), 221-222,
Feb. 1973.
Land values might vary by a factor of 15 if the
land could be  used for commercial rather than
residential development. The relative balance of
water and land areas can influence land value or
usage.  The problem  of how  to dispose of old
docks was discussed in the  article. They could be
converted into yacht marinas or,  if a develop-
ment planned for old docks demanded more land
than was naturally provided, old buildings could
be demolished or water areas reclaimed.  If old
docks are filled in, using filling directly on silt

-------
layers which are always found at the bottom of
docks, the problem of settlement occurs. Demoli-
tion of old stone or brick buildings on abandoned
docks was approached from the standpoint of ex-
plosives, but much planning in the area of safety
is required. In the United Kingdom, as well as in
many other areas, docks are often  woefully ob-
solete,  and yet plans for their conversion are
painfully slow to execute. Perhaps the sites could
be used for exhibitions or other events requiring
open space, until their conversion is  accom-
plished. It was pointed out that with the current
use of bulk handling and  containerization, it is
very  difficult  to  reconstruct  old  docks  for
modern.cargo handling methods.
[24320]

73-5067
 Specially designed vehicle will take your dead
yak.      Solid   Wastes  Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 16(2):46,73, Feb.  1973.
In New York a specially designed  van for haul-
ing dead animals is part of the regular sanitation
fleet. The  truck, designated the 'offal' truck, can
handle large carcasses of such animals as horses,
small whales, yaks, llamas, and other zoo, circus,
draught, and pet  animals that die in  the  city
every year. The vehicle, which  looks something
like a moving van, is provided with a winch and
steel cable. The cable is drawn  around the hind
quarters of the carcass,  and the winch hauls the
body into the truck. It is then disposed of at the
Spring Creek Park landfill. Any call for the truck
is checked out ahead of time to avoid answering
crank calls. The only animal that cannot be han-
dled  in the truck without pretreatment is a full-
grown elephant; it must  be sawn in  half. Most ci-
ties rely on private contractors to  remove such
large carcasses from streets and private proper-
ties.
[24321]

COLLECTION

73-5068
 Concrete trash cans make debut in New York
City.     Solid  Wastes  Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 16(2):50, Feb. 1973.
Times Square in Manhattan is now adorned with
25 new  concrete trash receptacles warning the
populace not to write on or steal them. The local
Environmental Protection Agency plans to place
60,000 of these containers throughout  the city.
The containers are hexagonal with a hard plastic
cover which can be opened to remove  a plastic
bag liner. These bins  are  the result of a 2-year
study to find a way  to  replace the  old wire
baskets, in  use for 25 years. The  old  baskets
frequently   were  stolen  and  held trash  in-
adequately.  Whereas   the purchase  and main-
tenance of the new receptacles would have cost
an estimated $11.5 million over the next 5 years,
the local Environmental Protection Administra-
tion expects minimal expense, because a contract
has been negotiated which will provide the con-
tainers free from a Florida firm in exchange for
the right to sell advertising on the sides of the
containers. The city expects to receive some  of
the profits  from this  advertising, which  could
amount to $3.7 million in 5 years.
[24322]

73-5069
 CRITES, R.  R.  Private collector.  Waste Age,
4(1):67,73, Jan./Feb. 1973.
The author contends that the basic elements of a
solid waste management system are storage in-
cluding    prehandling,   collection,    interim
processing,  and final  disposal. He  directs his
analysis to the effect of collection on the building
system in high-rises or, inversely, the system on
collection. Although the  interface between the
building and available utilities is a standard con-
sideration in building design, this  interface  is
frequently  not considered in designs.  Methods
by which users pay for collection service varies
from no direct charge  regardless of the type or
volume  of  waste produced  to a direct charge
based upon time and equipment required.  Since
there is no relationship between what is paid and
the actual cost of collection, there is no economic
incentive to provide  processing and  storage
facilities to  reduce  collection  costs.  Higher
charges in a given  community may be the result
of lower efficiency or greater profits, but the
more relevant factors are  labor rates, amount  of
franchise fees, disposal charges, and the collec-
tion  effort  required  for  particular  customers.

-------
Cost of collection is basically a function of the
equipment cost, time expended, and the volume
and weight of the waste collected. Reduction in
volume  will  reduce collector costs and user
charges.
[24323]

73-5070
 DAVIS, P. L.  Garbage grinders.  Waste Age,
4(1):54,56,58, Jan./Feb. 1973.
The author contends that the household garbage
grinder will be included in nearly all new con-
struction. It is estimated that community-wide
installation of grinders may reduce the amount
of refuse collected  by less  than  10  percent.
Savings in collection costs will be slight, if at all,
unless removal of putrescible food wastes from
refuse enables a community to discontinue the
separate collection of garbage or to reduce the
number of collections of combined refuse. Fly
and  rodent  problems will be  reduced with
grinder installation. Garbage grinders  will  in-
crease water usage by 1 or 2 percent. BOD and
suspended solids in wastewater will increase by
30 percent, however. As for sewers and building
drain loads, a 30 percent increase in solids will
not cause difficulties in lines that are fairly trou-
ble-free  before ground garbage addition. This
prediction  is  based on the  fact  that normal
sewage is very dilute. Garbage solids can be han-
dled  at wastewater treatment plants as easily as
sewage solids. While it is debatable whether use
of garbage grinders will result in savings to the
householder, it is indisputable that the grinder
has resulted in better sanitation.
[24324]

73-5071
 EPA study shows one-man crew more efficient
than multi-man team.  Solid Wastes Manage-
ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 15(12):22-23, 26,
40,44,62, Dec. 1972.
This  article summarizes current  research into
the relative functional and cost efficiencies of a
one-man crew compared with two- or three-man
crews for collection of refuse. It is based on an
analytical study conducted by Ralph Stone and
Co., of Los Angeles, and prepared for  the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.  One-man
pickup is probably more efficient for collecting
refuse placed at the curb  than larger  crews.
Although  equipment  costs  for one-man crews
are higher, overall costs are  found to be 25 to 45
percent less than for two-man crews and 35 to 50
percent less than for three-man crews. However,
for backyard pickup, larger crews are more effi-
cient. Field studies were done to compare  four
municipal collection methods, and time-and-mo-
tion studies corroborated the findings. The sin-
gle most important factor determining relative
efficiency of different  size crews  is  the time
required to pick up wastes at each stop. Relative
efficiency decreases as crew size increases. Hav-
ing a man act solely or primarily as driver does
not  significantly reduce travel time between
stops. Another way to reduce costs is to require
that refuse be placed on the  curb in sacks rather
than  returnable cans. This modification could
reduce pickup time per stop by 15 to 50 percent.
An experimental collection vehicle called  TRAC
(truck rear-actuated  control)  was tried  in one
community and requires about 26 percent fewer
man-minutes per  route.  One-man  crews are
fairly popular with private contractors, but most
cities do not use them. It is  apparent that many
municipalities have never attempted or  do not
know how to measure the productivity of their
collection systems.
[24325]

73-5072
 GORHAM  INTERNATIONAL INC.  Collection In
Solid waste management:  opportunities  and
markets for equipment  products and processes.
v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 30-
43.
This paper describes the many different specific
collection vehicles which have been designed and
manufactured to increase  collection efficiency
and reduce associated costs. The following are
described  in detail: compaction  vehicles (rear-
loading, side-loading, container, front-loading,
packers, nonpackers, and special collection vehi-
cles); satellite collection vehicles; one-man collec-
tion systems; and collection network routing (the
routing of solid waste collection vehicles to pro-
vide the most efficient resource allocation and its
role in determining total collection costs). (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24326]

-------
73-5073
JEWELL, R. L. One-man collection crews reduce
costs  in  Ohio town.   Solid Wastes  Manage-
ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 16(2):42-44, Feb.
1973.
Refuse  collection  costs  in  Miamisburg, Ohio,
have risen phenomenally since 1970. Most of the
increase can be attributed to the new county in-
cinerator which improved air quality at great ex-
pense to the citizenry. The town found itself pay-
ing more for disposal than for wages. As a way of
controlling the tonnage collected, plastic bags or
tightly-sealed containers  were required. It was
reasoned that this  would decrease the liquids
content in  waste and therefore lower incinera-
tion  costs.  Results proved satisfactory,  but
further efficiencies were sought by the city. In
1971,  a report was received  concerning use of
one-man crews for collecting refuse. Miamisburg
had always used the typical three-man system. A
demonstration truck was  brought in and drivers
expressed enthusiasm for it. The principle of the
truck was simple enough: it was  a  stand-up,
right-hand-drive vehicle  with the  loading area
directly behind the cab, thus combining the func-
tions of driver and loader. After a great deal of
indecision and doubt, the city council approved
the purchase of these vehicles. A comparative
analysis had shown that 176 man hr could be
saved each week with the  new equipment, or
more than $32,000  a year  in salaries.  Another
service provided by the city is commercial con-
tainer rentals, which are collected with  rear-
loading trucks. This practice was continued after
adopting the new packer trucks. Cost savings
are still being realized by the new system.
[24327]

73-5074
 License for commercial pickup and disposal. In
1973  Sanitation  Industry  Yearbook. 10th  ed.
New York, R.R J. Publishing Co., 1973. p. 14, 90,
102.
This is a model license for private contractors in-
volved in  collection and disposal of commercial
wastes. Fees, frequency of collection, special ser-
vices  such  as cleaning  out incinerators,  and
provision of the containers by the contractor are
spelled  out  in  the license.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24328]

73-5075
 PATTERSON, C. Curb service and neighborhood
trash stations enable Dade County, Fla., to hold
the line on  refuse-collection costs.  American
City, 88(3):84,87, Mar. 1973.
Dade County, Florida, has saved approximately
$1.6 million in 1972 by changing to a new refuse
collection  system.  Under the old system, crews
collected garbage  from the rear of the house
twice a week, with collections limited to two con-
tainers per pickup. Vegetation debris was placed
at front curbs and remained for weeks between
collection  times.  Under  the   new  system,
homeowners carry garbage and  trash by con-
tainer to the curb on collection day and haul yard
trash to neighborhood  transfer stations. Con-
tainers  may  be garbage  cans, plastic bags, or
paper bags.  Collection now occurs twice a week
but with no limit on the number of containers.
Crews collect yard trash from the neighborhood
transfer station 6 days a week  during heavy
growth  periods and 4 times a week otherwise. A
significant reduction in crew size has resulted
from  the  new  system.  Much of the grass and
trimmings is now put in containers. In seeking to
make it easier  for residents to haul their con-
tainers  to curbside, the  Dade County Waste
Division was attracted to an 82-gal plastic con-
tainer mounted on wheels. The  apparatus  is
designed  for easy tilting. Test areas for the
device were set up, in which people were asked
to try the units for 1 year  at an $8.50 lease  price.
Response was very favorable, resulting in a Roll-
a-Waste system costing $30.50 per unit with a
guaranteed life of 5 years. Public relations work
was  extensive  in convincing people to try the
system.
[24329]

73-5076
 Personal communication.  A. E. Kroger, City of
Houston,  Department of  Solid Waste Manage-
ment, to  Solid Waste  Information  Retrieval
System, May 21.1973.

-------
This letter, written in answer to a request for in-
formation for a SWIRS user briefly details the
collection  system in Houston,  Texas.  The City
operates a municipal garbage collection system.
It is funded by the real estate tax.  Commercial
establishments do receive collection service, but
they are limited to three 30 gal refuse containers
per day. All other industrial and business collec-
tion is done by private companies. The average
disposal cost is $3.75  per day  and the average
haul distance  is  12 miles.  (This document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24330]

73-5077
 PlTE, J. J. Refuse and refuse collection.  Build-
ing Services Engineer, 40:156-161, Oct.  1972.
This article draws  on  two reports made in 1967
and 1971, respectively,  by working parties ap-
pointed  by the Minister and Housing  and Local
Government-Refuse  Storage  and Collection,
and Refuse Disposal.  First the law concerning
waste collection is reviewed; Britain has laws on
the books  governing  collection  of  household
refuse,  trade refuse (industrial),  other refuse,
frequency of collection, access to premises to col-
lect wastes, salvage  storage  of  refuse paper
sacks, and litter. Next,  the various methods  of
onsite storage are listed and briefly described;
secured-lid bins; plastic dustbins;  dustless load-
ing bins;  paper sacks;  bulk refuse containers;
chutes  with containers; waterborne  systems;
pneumatic systems; and  metal containers. Onsite
treatment  systems are  listed as well: incinera-
tion; compaction; and waterborne systems. Vari-
ous types  of collection  are briefly  covered. In
order to design a collection system, the required
types of information are indicated. General esti-
mates of such vital figures as per  capita volume
to be  expected are given, but it is  pointed out
that local  statistics should be  obtained  before
final plans are drawn up. Average  composition
by weight, chemical analysis and calorific value
of British household refuse are  given  in a table.
Calorific values for refuse are expected to rise,
as is  volume, while  density will  continue to
decrease. Tentative projections for  weekly out-
put of refuse per household are put forth.
[24331]
73-5078
Pneumatic collection system to handle complex's
trash.  Engineering News-Record, :20, Feb. 1,
1973.
A  $1.5-million contract has  been awarded by
New York State for installation of a pneumatic
waste collection system in the huge $850-million
State office building being built in Albany. The
pneumatic disposal system will be completed in
1974, tentatively. It will include approximately
6,000 ft of pressurized pipe, 68 loading stations
located in the various buildings of the  complex,
six shredders, and four compactors. The complex
will  be  capable of housing 12,000 people who,
predictably  enough, will generate 50,000 Ib of
waste paper and other trash daily.  Called  the
South Mall,  the complex will consist of eight of-
fice  buildings,  an  auditorium,  and a library
clustered on and about a five-story platform. All
of the buildings will be connected to the waste
disposal system, although only the 44-story main
office  tower  will  have  pressurized  vertical
chutes.
[24332]

73-5079
 POLLOCK, K. M.  Snow, ice and high mountain
roads present no challenge for Colorado hauler.
Solid  Wastes  Management/Refuse   Removal
Journal, 16(2):10-11, Feb. 1973.
Aspen, Colorado, has built a refuse collection and
disposal system which is for the most part con-
tainerized. The Aspen Trash Service collects and
disposes of  all home and commercial refuse in
the city and performs a  similar service for the
ski mountains in the area. From the mountains,
trash is transported down to the ground either
by chair lifts or by vehicles normally used to
groom ski runs. Restaurant  refuse is likewise
picked up in 1-yd  detachable containers leased
from the company. The company fleet consists of
five  Leach packers. A more recent development
has  been  the  banding  together of several
neighbors to lease  a lidded container in order to
prevent   scavenging   by  the  local  German
shepherds. This remedy also reduces the number
of pickups required for the company. The collec-
tion  rate under city franchise is $4 a month for
once-a-week pickup. All establishments, includ-

-------
ing restaurants, use clusters of containers when
necessary, instead of larger single containers,
because of the collection problems  in  snowy
weather.
[24333]

73-5080
 PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE.  Sanitation: Bu-
reau of Cleaning and Collection New York, New
York, Environmental Protection Administration,
Feb. 1973.4 p.
This pamphlet is distributed by the Public Infor-
mation Office of the New York City Environ-
mental Protection Administration, 125  Worth
St., New York,  10013, to describe the activities
and organization of its Bureau of Cleaning and
Collection. This division of the  Sanitation De-
partment comprises 85 percent of its uniformed
personnel and  is  administered  through  11
boroughs. Collection  schedules, bulky wastes
pickup, leaf collection, street and lot  cleaning,
flushing of streets to prevent litter and dust, and
cleaning up  after parades are all discussed in
terms of the size of the job (for example, bulky
wastes alone account for 143,000 tons of collected
refuse per year) equipment, schedules, and spe-
cial problems. There is an auxiliary field force
that serves as a special snow removal battalion,
removes dead animals, and tests new equipment.
Costs for the  operations are not given. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24334]

COMPOST / COMPOSTING

73-5081
 BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. S. FBEANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H.  MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TRIDGE, A. SURAFIM, AND D. G.  WILSON. Com-
posting municipal refuse. In  The treatment and
management of urban solid waste. Westport,
Connecticut, Technomic  Publishing  Co., Inc.,
1972. p. 182-210.
This paper  discusses the composting of mu-
nicipal refuse in terms of the past, present, and
future. The topics covered and  expanded upon
by the use  of  data  and illustrations include:
recent  trends;  economies of scale; European
leadership;   the   biology,   chemistry,   and
mechanics of composting (chemical composition
of municipal  refuse  and  compost  products,
economics of enrichment, particle size, moisture
content and pH of the  feed material, reaction
temperature, and rate of air circulation); com-
post reclamation processes; the products of com-
post reclamation plantsO their uses and markets;
and  the  future   of  composting  reclamation
processes. (This document is retained  in the
SWIRS library.)
[24335]

73-5082
  Federal  report  pinpoints  composting  as
economically weak and unreliable.  Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 15(5):8-
9,118,120,124, May 1972.
This  paper considers the monetary aspects of
composting. The information provided is based
on surveys of composting in the United States
and Europe and  on composting investigations
and demonstrations supported by the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency's Office of Solid
Wastes Management Programs. Elements of the
cost of  disposal by composting,  expressed as a
gross cost per ton for processing raw refuse, and
the credits that may accrue from  salvage, the
sale of  compost, and  other  considerations are
discussed and extensive  data are provided. It is
concluded that  composting  urban wastes  is
technically possible, but costs more than sanitary
landfilling and can be more  expensive than in-
cineration.
[24336]

73-5083
 FOURIE, J. M.  Composting of municipal solid
refuse.  Water Pollution Control 1978, 72(2):205-
208.
The article discusses the possibility of compost-
ing solid  household  refuse to   produce  an
economically useful product from wastes in Cape
Town, South Africa. In the Western Cape, four
composting plants with  different  designs are
being operated by municipalities. All of them are
designed to accelerate the aerobic processes in-
herent in composting to such a point that sta-
bilization occurs. Provision is made for pre-sort-
ing in order to remove non-compostable matter,

-------
10
such as glass, metals, paper, and plastics. Four
different installations with a common purpose of
stabilization are located at Worcester, Parow,
Athlone, and Bellville. Stabilization is supple-
mented by windrowing for periods varying from
6 weeks to 6 months. In rural areas, based on
successful windrowing,  solid household waste
may be treated by windrowing alone, combined
with sorting and disintegration processes. Addi-
tion of sewage sludge to garbage prior to com-
posting initiates heat development which inac-
tivates organisms present in the  sludge. Addi-
tion of sewage sludge improves the quality of the
compost with the addition of such elements  as
nitrogen and phosphorus. The high moisture con-
tent of sewage  sludge has  created a problem
when mixing with garbage. One possible solution
is to filter sludge through a filter-bed of fresh
compost. The municipalities involved in compost-
ing have found a great demand for compost.
[24337]

73-5084
 GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C.  H.
BARNES. Composting.  In The problem of solid
waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of Engineer-
ing, University of Michigan, 1972. p. 85-95.
This article discusses the processes of compost-
ing, as well as its advantages  and limitations.
Composting attracts a great deal of emotional
support, because it is so natural, but it is difficult
to  make it  economically  viable.  Sophisticated
processes for composting usually require three
stagesO grinding,  conditioning,  and  aerobic
digestion. Grinding the material to be composted
creates a high ratio of surface area to weight and
homogenizes  the waste,  thus   making the
digestion process easier and more complete, and
the finished product uniform. Conditioning the
material includes moisturizing it and improving
the carbon/nitrogen ratio. The latter should be at
least 40 to  50.  Sewage sludge  is usually the
chosen additive for both of these purposes. The
third stage  is aerobic digestion. The  digestion
process takes place over a period of 3 to 5 days
(longer in  some  cases). This  microbial action
takes place best when the mixture is kept well
mixed  and thoroughly aerated. Temperatures
usually reach 170 F. After digestion the compost
is  aged or cured  for several  weeks. The ad-
vantages and  disadvantages  of composting as
compared to other disposal or volume reduction
processes are  presented. There are charts  and
diagrams showing:  the composting process; a
mechanized municipal composting plant; typical
output of a composting and separation process;
agricultural  consumption  of soil nutrients in
MichiganO including  sewage  sludge,  manure,
compost, and mineral soil conditioners; compost-
ing plants in  the United  States; economics of
composting,  based on 50 tons per day and 300
tons per day plants. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24338]

73-5085
 HOLZINGER, L. Edel-Kompost, Fabrikmaessig
hergestellt.  [Highest-quality,  factory-produced
compost.] Staedtehygiene, 24(6):148-151,1973.
Humus produced from waste is  of untold im-
portance for animals of all species. Consequently
it is superfluous to describe  factory-produced
humus as refuse compost; it is of far greater im-
portance to produce it always and everywhere of
the same high quality with the help of a simple
testing method and as a result to  make possible
purely biological cultivation without the employ-
ment of noxious substances at a lower cost than
employing mineral fertilizers. Carefully selected
special bacteria (Eokomit) are employed for the
composting  process which produce fully ripe,
highest quality compost in 8 to  10 weeks. Th
waste is crushed, sorted, sifted, and mixed with
dehydrated sewage sludge. Through addition of
a cheap acid a pH between 6.2 and 6.8 must be
obtained. Slowly 1 liter of Eokomit is added per
cu m waste. Hydrochloric acid can be  used for
acidification of which about 0.3 to 0.5  liters are
needed per cu m. The bacteria plus the acid  cost
1.50 deutsche  marks per cu m compost. The ad-
vantage of this compost is that it contains an an-
tibioticum', Phytocillin, which helps the plant to
combat its pests without requiring spraying with
a pesticide. (Text in German)
[24339]

73-5086
 JERIS, J. S., AND R. W. REGAN. Controlling en-
vironmental parameters for optimum  compost-

-------
                                                                                          11
ing.  Part III.   Compost Science,  14(3):16-22,
May/June 1973.
This article  presents findings on the effect of
various factors relative to composting. Based on
4 years of controlled composting experiments, a
compilation  of the  environmental  conditions
recommended for optimum composting of typical
municipal refuse,   newsprint,  and  stabilized
refuse is given. A summary of the more signifi-
cant parameters involved in  composting  in-
cluded: temperature; moisture content and free
air space; seed recycle; pH; nutrients (nitrogen
and phosphorus); storage conditions; and paper
content. Extensive data are provided in the form
of tables and graphs.
[24341]

73-5087
 JERIS, J. S., AND R. W. REGAN. Controlling en-
vironmental parameters for optimum compost-
ing:  Part  I.   Compost  Science,  14(1):10-15,
Jan./Feb. 1973.
The paper deals with the results of experiments
conducted over a 4-year period relating to the
most important factors in composting. Experi-
mental procedures and temperature effects are
described.   The  three  major  experimental
systems  used  include bench  scale composters,
shake  flasks,  and a Warburg respirometer. A
summary of the findings is presented with the
following observations.  Proper temperature is
needed if high rate  continuous composting is to
occur. Little use of continuous high temperature
composting  has been  made  heretofore. Only
limited information has been obtainable concern-
ing composting rates of refuse and solid wastes
containing high concentrations of paper at a con-
tinuously maintained thermophilic temperature.
Since paper resists biological degradation and is
a major component of municipal refuse, the  in-
vestigation herein described attempted to deter-
mine optimum conditions for composting solid
wastes with a  high paper content. Temperature
analysis reveals that newsprint and stabilized
municipal refuse have similar and  low rates of
degradation. For mixed refuse, very high com-
posting rates were  obtained  which were much
greater than previously reported rates. Part of
the reason for more efficient composting rates
obtained in these tests is the result of continuous
closely controlled temperature. Illustrations and
data showing the relationship of temperature to
composting rates are included with the text.
[24340]

73-5088
 KNOESEL, D., AND A. RESZ.  Enzymatischer
Abbau von Pekt'n  und Zellulose durch  waer-
meliebende spezies. [Pectolytic and cellulolytic
activity of thermophilic fungi isolated from com-
post   of   waste   material.]   Staedtehygiene,
24(6):143-147,1973.
Thermophilic  and  thermotolerant  strains  of
fungi representing different genera and species
taken from fresh compost were investigated for
pectolytic  and   cellulolytic  enzymes   under
defined conditions. The fungi were separated by
spreading suspensions of fresh compost on vari-
ous nutrient  substances such as yeast extract-
starch-agar, yeast extract-glucose-agar, barley
flower   extract-agar,   and   mineral   salt-
saccharose-agar. For incubation  temperatures
between 40 and 50 C were used. Most of the or-
ganisms  decomposed native cellulose. Soluble
cellulose  was degraded within a wide range of
pH.  Cellobiose  and  glucose were the  final
products. Breakdown of pectin substances was
obtained under acid conditions only. In the rela-
tive  enzyme  activities of the culture filtrates,
certain differences were obtained. The enzymes
exhibit a marked temperature stability. The con-
clusion is  that in the composed material, enzy-
matic conversions will continue after microbial
development is terminated by extreme tempera-
tures. (Text in German)
[24342]

73-5089
 LANGER,  W.   Aktuelle Probleme  der  Kom-
posberung.  [Present  composting  problems.]
Schriftenreihe des Vereinsfuer Wasser-, Boden-
und Lufthygiene, (38):227-233,1972.
Composting of garbage for recycling is used in
Germany  only  little, 16   composting  plants
producing a total of 60,000 tons from the garbage
from 2 percent of population annually. The un-
desirable consequences of lack of natural organic
fertilizing matter in the soil are pointed out and
the ways of composting garbage, together with

-------
12
sewage sludge, are discussed from the technical,
economic, and planning angle. The existing com-
posting methods are briefly listed:  the DANO
biostabilisation process - holding uncrushed gar-
bage in a slowly rotating drum of 3.5 m and 28 m
length under controlled aeration for 6 days, then
screening and, if needed, letting rot further in
stacks; Pratt process  - holding uncrushed gar-
bage in cells made of wire mesh to rot, with ox-
ygen  fed into through spear pipes  if desired,
then crushing and screening, and subsequently
letting rot in stacks; Multibacto process - passing
pre-crushed  garbage  through  8-9   stories
downward  during 1 to 3  days under aeration,
then disinfecting the rotten matter, and mostly
letting  rot in  stacks  afterwards; Brikolare
process - first crushing the garbage with sewage
sludge added, with 50 percent humidity, then
pressing into small blocks and leaving to rot and
mold  until  dried, when the  dry blocks can be
stored; 'breathing' process -  developed in Blau-
beuren, consisting of crushed raw garbage mixed
with dried  sewage sludge, then homogenizing in
a kneading machine and subjecting to rotting in
concrete cells  under controlled  aeration  and
moisture for 6 to 8 days controlling the tempera-
ture at  80  C, finally  seasoning in stacks. This
compost  can be fed to piglets. Besides, experi-
ments are  being conducted  with  pressing ripe
compost into boards for utilization for construc-
tion purposes. Manuals on composting are men-
tioned, issued  by the central garbage disposal
agency. (Text in German)
[24343]

73-5090
 SCANLON,  D. H., C. DUGGAN, AND S. D. BEAN.
Evaluation of municipal compost for strip mine
reclamation.  Compost Science, 14(3):4-8, May-
June 1973.
This article describes 4 years of tests of the Ten-
nessee Valley Authority which have proven the
effectiveness of composted municipal wastes in
producing  vegetative  cover  on coal  strip mine
sites. This study tested the effects of both heavy
and light applications of municipal  compost on
coal strip  mine sites. The  heavy  rates were
designed  to evaluate  long-term  effects   on
growth  and possible  toxicity   responses  of
vegetation  where unscreened compost was ap-
plied at disposal-type rates. The evaluation of
light rates was to determine the minimum levels
of effective compost application. The  experi-
ments are described and extensive data on pH
values and density are provided.
[24344]                 •-'••
                       !

73-5091
 TIETJEN, C.   the  utilization  of  composted
domestic  refuse.     In     Waste  disposal;
Proceedings; 4th International Congress of the
International  Research  Group  on   Refuse
Disposal (IRGRDJ, Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,
1969. Basel, Schweizerische  Zeitschrift fuer
Hydrologie. p. 543-557.
The article  presented  the results  of  testing
Dano-processed refuse compost on rye, oats, and
potato crops. The nine year trials revealed that
the increase occasioned  by the addition  of com-
post ranged from 5 to 23 percent. Figures are
provided showing the yields over the years on
both control and composted plots of land. Car-
bon, nutrients, and pH of the soil are shown as
well. A literature review is given concerning the
use of refuse compost on farm crops, vineyards,
truck gardens,  orchards, forests, and  desert,
mined or otherwise damaged lands. An extensive
bibliography is  appended. (This  dpcument  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24345]

DISPOSAL

73-5092
 [The present condition  of waste treatment and
the measures for the future, including the educa- •
tional measures for waste treatment business
operators.] 1st.  ed. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of
Health and  Welfare, Bureau  of Environmental
Health, Sept. 1972.19p.
As of 1975, the total population of Japan is esti-
mated  to  be 109,930,000;  the per capita waste
production will be 1,200 g; the total waste requir-
ing treatment will be 125,316 tons per day. The
total combustibles in the waste will be 83  percent
(90 percent up to 1966; approximately 85  percent
at present),  and the total amount requiring in-
cineration will  be  104,012 tons. In addition,
3,259,100 tons  per day of industrial  waste will

-------
                                                                                          13
require some form of treatment and disposal by
1975.  The total number of sanitation business
operators in Japan as of August 1972 is 5,595 for
the treatment of  night waste, domestic refuse,
and waste from small businesses; the number of
operators of sewage purification and sanitation
business is 2,840 while those engaged in industri-
al waste treatment number only 154; 174 applica-
tions are  pending because they have not met the
strict requirements for the means of collection,
transportation, treatment, or securing  of long-
term, low-interest loans  for  terminal disposal.
The average  number of sanitation  workers per
business is between 5.1 and 5.8 for sewage treat-
ment, and the number of trucks per business is
2.3 to  2.9. For domestic waste treatment, the
number of workers per business is 2.8 to 12. and
the number  of trucks,  2.8  to 5.5. As these
statistics indicate, qualified business operators
and workers for  treatment of waste are  very
much in demand. The improvement  of qualifica-
tions of operators by education, appropriate dis-
tribution of operators and facilities, cooperation
between  local government, public organizations,
and sanitation  business operators,  securing of
long-term, low-interest funds for the installation
of cooperative treatment facilities, and preven-
tion  of accidents by appropriate  inspections,
guidance, and maintenance  are some of the ad-
ministrative guidelines for  the future.  (Text in
Japanese) (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24356]

73-5093
 Campground plant serves Gateshead, Felling
and Washington.   Public Cleansing, 63(5):238-
241, May 1973.
This  article  describes Great Britain's Camp-
ground Refuse Disposal works which serve
three  communities-Gateshead, Felling,   and
Washington. This  is one of five such plants to be
built.  The  Gateshead  group recognized   that
there could be substantial savings in construc-
tion and running costs if it were possible to adopt
common plants and appoint the same consulting
engineer. Investigation showed that the amount
and type of refuse was similar for all three
groups of authorities and this would allow for
the same size and type of plant to be used. The
whole project was a joint effort from conception
to completion. It is anticipated that initially 170
tons of refuse a day will be dealt with, rising to
220 tons over the next few years.
[24346]

73-5094
 Focus on pollution  control and the Department
of Defense. Water and Sewage Works, 120(2):42-
45, Feb. 1973.
The Department of Defense has set up programs
which will reduce the current pollution of sea,
land, and air by defense installations and opera-
tions. These programs will incorporate environ-
mental considerations into weapons and material
design.  They  include consideration of possible
environmental impacts in planning training exer-
cises, compliance with Federal and State pollu-
tion control standards, and cooperation with local
and regional  authorities.  Priorities  will  be
established  to control  pollution  by reducing
those problems which constitute a direct hazard
to the health of man, those having economic im-
plications, and those which affect the  recrea-
tional  and  aesthetic  value  of   the nation's
resources. The Defense Department's pollution
control expenditures have grown from less than
$19 million  in fiscal year 1969 to $171 million
being requested for fiscal 1973.
[24347]

73-5095
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC.  Disposal.  In
Solid waste  management:  opportunities  and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p.
109-121.
This paper discusses land and ocean disposal of
residue from  solid waste management opera-
tions. Land disposal equipment and the following
land disposal  methods are discussed  in detail:
sanitary landfill; open dumping; trenching; and
composting. Very  little  technological develop-
ment has gone into ocean disposal of solid or
liquid wastes. The primary interest has been on
transportation  methods.   Ocean   disposal
represents a small portion of today's solid waste
management operations. However, with the in-
creasing difficulties in  finding  suitable land

-------
14
disposal sites, more emphasis will be devoted to
determining appropriate and safe methods to im-
plement ocean disposal. Data  are  provided  on
landfill  equipment  needs.  (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24348]

73-5096
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Processing. In
Solid  waste management:  opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 68-
108.
This paper discusses solid waste processingO the
activities  that alter the waste characteristics
between collection and final disposal. The follow-
ing procedures  are discussed  in detail: size
reduction; separation; incineration (conventional,
high temperature, pyrolysis, fluidized bed); com-
posting; and compaction. Diagrams are provided
of crushers,  rasp mills, drum pulverizers, inertial
separators, a rectangular furnace, a vertical cir-
cular  furnace, a rotary kiln furnace, traveling
grates, reciprocating grates, and rocking grates.
(This  document is retained  in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24349]

73-5097
  GREENLEAF,  J.  W.   Manual-pneumatic-pul-
verization.  Waste Age, 4(1):8, 10,  12, Jan.-Feb.
1973.
This article  discusses a study completed for the
Department of  Housing and  Urban Develop-
ment  and  the Environmental Protection Agency
entitled 'Solid Waste Management in Residential
Complexes'. This  report studies  and reviews
solid waste handling methods and equipment as
they might be applied to housing projectsO from
single family detached low rise to high-rise mul-
tifamily units. The four principal functions of a
solid waste  system which are discussed include
waste  handling,   storage,  processing,  and
disposal. The system's basic disposal components
include: the unit  system; the interunit system;
the  interbuilding  system; and  the off-site
system. Disposal equipment is also discussed in
detail.
[24350]
73-5098
 H IRA YAM A, N.  Daitoshi ni okeru gomi shori
keikaku.  [Waste   disposal   plans   in  the
Metropolitan area.] Kankyo Gijutsu, 2(l):56-62,
Jan. 1973.
It is very important to establish a future plan
concerning waste  disposal in  the metropob'tan
area and to perform it exactly.  In November,
1971, the Metropolitan Governor entrusted us
with making a plan for the waste disposal of
Tokyo,  mainly a plan for the construction of
cleaning factories.  The  work  was  recently
completely with the cooperation of the Bureau of
Public  Cleansing.  In  this  work,  new data
processing methods were used, such as the in-
troduction of peak coefficient and scope coeffi-
cient. The peak coefficient is used in represent-
ing the increase in the amount of wastes during
the period July through August and the value is
1.085. For the scope coefficient, if three factories
of a capacity of 200 tons per day are always un-
derutilized,  the coefficient  will  become  about
1.05. Thus, the estimation of the necessary burn-
ing capacity, N, of the incinerator can  be  calcu-
lated by the equation: N equals average collected
quantity per day times 1.085 times 306/292 times
1.05, where 306/292 is the ratio of the working
day of an incinerator to that of a waste collecting
vehicle. With  such an equation, the amount of
wastes to be discharged, the necessary burning
capacity of the incinerator, the number of facto-
ries, and the capacity of factories to be newly
built  were  calculated up  to 1980.  (Text in
Japanese)
[24351]

73-5099
 JAAG, 0. International cooperation in the field
of  waste  disposal.    In    Waste  Disposal;
Proceedings; 4th International Congress of the
International   Research  Group   on   Refuse
Disposal (IRGRD), Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,
1969.  Basel,  Schweizerische  Zeitschrift fuer
Hydrologie. p. 235-245.
This article traces the development of national
then  international  bodies  to deal  with the
problems of sob'd  waste and water  pollution
problems. First the responsible federal authori-
ties in each of the major European countries are

-------
                                                                                           15
identified. The national associations from Great
Britain, Holland and Germany were the first to
cooperate on an international level. This alliance
took the form of the International Committee on
Public Cleansing, begun in 1928. This group, the
name of which was later changed to the Interna-
tional   Association  of   Public   Cleansing
(INTAPUC) held conferences every 3 or 4 years
and  publishes  the  widely  circulated  journal
Public Cleansing. In 1955 experts in the solid
waste field convened in Switzerland to discuss
the  formation  of  a new group dedicated to
research; the outcome of this meeting was the
International  Research   Group  on   Refuse
Disposal (IRGRD) and the body began to issue
bulletins of its research activities. To avoid
duplication of efforts, INTAPUC  and IRGRD
merged to form ISWA, (the International Solid
Waste and Public Cleansing Association). Their
bulletin was first published in French and Ger-
man, but later also in English and Italian with
the cooperation of the U.S. and  Italian govern-
ments.  The World  Health  Organization  is
another international group  active in the water
and  solid waste  pollution control area.  (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24352]

73-5100
 KOJETINSKY, R.  Duties of the state and local
authorities in maintaining the cleanliness of our
habitat.  In  Waste Disposal; Proceedings;  4th
International  Congress  of  the International
Research Group on  Refuse  Disposal (IRGRD),
Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,1969. Basel, Schwe-
izerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 271-279.
The  author outlines the  major areas of public
cleansing that require  governmental  actionO
solid and liquid waste disposal, street sweeping,
air and  water pollution control, and noise abate-
ment. He makes a  list of the  ways in which
government, either national or local, or both in
concert, can function to alleviate the problems of
public health and aesthetics. First the problems
must be identifiedO and all the factors contribut-
ing to a given situation recognized. For instance,
air pollution in a city is the result of many activi-
ties and conditions, all of which must be located
before any meaningful action can be taken. The
regulations to deal with each offender or circum-
stance can be drawn up. Land use planning is a
public responsibility that can  help  greatly  to
make regulation and control of pollution easier.
Where financing pollution control is  a problem,
government must be willing to aid communities
or industry in complying with the law. Perhaps
research into ways and means  of pollution con-
trol needs to be done before regulations can be
enforced; both the research itself and the dis-
semination of  the findings are  public duties.
Finally, the population at large must be apprised
of the value of clean air, water, and land. Ulti-
mately only public concern for health and ameni-
ties will create an atmosphere in which govern-
ment, industry, and the citizen can control pollu-
tion. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24353]

73-5101
 OKI, Y.  Ecological consideration  of  plastics
waste and municipal refuse in Japan.  Japan
Plastics, 7(2):36-43, Apr. 1973.
This paper estimates the generation rates and
amounts of  plastics  wastes in Japan now and
makes  projections for  the future.  From the
figures derived the plastics waste content ratio
in municipal refuse is predicted for  the future.
Since municipal refuse generation has a direct
relationship with human living, it is necessary to
understand human beings ecologically and demo-
graphically and to take into account regional geo-
graphical conditions, climate, living customs, in-
come, and various human desires when making
these projections. Graphs and extensive data are
provided. The topics  which are  discussed  in
detail follow: the background of plastics waste
generation  (population  and   habitable  area,
change of income and consumption, change with
year  of waste  compostion, and  compositional
change in foodstuff demand); estimate of plastics
waste generation  (relationship of product life
and total demand and estimate of plastics waste
generation); prediction of quantity of municipal
refuse  (mathematical  model  given); and the
prospects of plastics waste in municipal refuse.
[24354]

-------
16
73-5102
 SEBASTIAN, F. P.  Modern technology battles
ancient traditions. Water and Wastes Engineer-
ing, 10(2):20-24,81, Feb. 1973.
This article describes China's efforts to protect
her environment while building an increasingly
industrialized  country.  The  Government  is
revamping its ancient nightsoil (human wastes)
disposal practices for municipal wastes and ap-
plying modern techniques for industrial treat-
ment. In rural areas, however, the peasants are
still collecting and using human wastes. Doctors
in Peking have reported that schistosmiasis, a
parasitic disease  associated  with the  use  of
human waste for fertilizer, is China's most seri-
ous health problem today. Sludge incineration is
considered the practice with the brightest fu-
ture. A Chinese waste water treatment plant, a
process for recovering chemicals, and a method
for producing cement from waste  carbide lime
sludge and ferrous  sulfide sludge are outlined.
The  quality  and  treatment of water in Vienna
are also discussed briefly.
[24357]

73-5103
 The positive approach pays off. Site Selection
Handbook, 2:206-208,1972.
This article presents a national round-up of con-
structive  efforts in  environmental planning.
Union Electric Co. has a prototype project un-
derway to produce power from the city's refuse.
The process  recovers thermal energy by burning
shredded solid wastes as supplementary fuel in
boiler furnaces for direct production of electric
power. Bunyon Enterprise is taking waste bark,
pulverizing and aging it, and transforming it into
a soil conditioner. Inexpensive processes to turn
inorganic  solid wastes into quality  building
bricks, and  sewage  sludge  into  molasses for
animal feed are also discussed. The following en-
vironmentally helpful  tasks performed  by bull-
dozers are outlined: forest fire control;  sanitary
landfilling; the construction of reservoirs, dams,
and channels; and reclaiming strip mines.
[24366]
73-5104
 VAUGHAN, R. D.  Solid waste management in
the USA. In  Waste Disposal; Proceedings; 4th
International  Congress  of the  International
Research Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD),
Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,1969. Basel, Schwe-
izerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 309-321.
This paper is a review of the solid waste manage-
ment situation in the United States and what is
being done  by the Federal government to al-
leviate  the  present  problem.  Figures  are
presented on the amount and composition of the
major categories of wastes-municipal,  agricul-
tural, mineral, and fossil fuel  wastes and total
wastes.  The role of the Federal government is
outlined, along with the enabling legislation that
has permitted the formation of new authorities
such as the Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs  of the  Environmental  Protection
Agency to deal with the solid waste problem.
The preliminary results of the national survey of
solid waste practices are summarized; these deal
with  the  current   methods  of  collecting,
processing, and  disposing of the wastes in 33
States and the District of Columbia. Federal ac-
tivity in planning, research, demonstrations, and
training is reviewed, and some examples of the
work being done at some of our large universi-
ties provided.  (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24358]

73-5105
 Waste Disposal; Proceedings;  4th International
Congress of the International Research Group
on  Refuse Disposal  (IRGRD), Basel, Switzer-
land,  June  2-5, 1969. Basel, Schweizerische
Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. 782 p.
This volume contains the papers presented at
this conference in three languages-French, Ger-
man, and English. Included in the volume are the
welcoming and  opening  speeches, three main
papers, and the activities of six working groups.
The main papers are on the following topics: in-
ternational  cooperation in the field  of waste
disposal; duties of national and local authorities
in maintaining the cleanliness of our habitat, and
solid waste  management in the United States.
The working groups dealt  with these subjects:

-------
                                                                                          17
controlled tipping of solid urban refuse and in-
dustrial waste; disposal of industrial sludges; in-
cinerator corrosion; utilization  of  refuse com-
post; pretreatment of sewage sludge; and ther-
mal treatment  of sludge. At the end  of the
volume there is a survey of solid waste handling
practices in Switzerland and descriptions, opera-
tional data, and cost figures on refuse disposal
plants in 14 Swiss cities or areas. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24359]

ECONOMICS

73-5106
 ASHCROFT, J.  Value added tax. In  Materials
Reclamation Weekly Handbook & Buyers Guide.
Croyden,  England, Maclaren  and Sons, Ltd.,
[1973].
This article summarizes the essentials  of the
Value Added Tax (VAT) in Great Britain and in-
dicates aspects that are of special concern. VAT
went into force on April 1, 1973. Anyone with a
business  turnover of more  than 5,000 pounds
sterling a year must register with  the Customs
and Excise. All sales will include the 10 percent
VAT  except for the reclamation industry. The
following categories are also presented:  buying
regulations; tax invoices;  imports  and exports;
accounting for VAT; the quarterly return; cost
accounting; cash flow; bad debts;  and implica-
tions for production.
[24360]

73-5107
 Economics and resource recovery.  Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 122(l):22-23, Jan. 6,1973.
Only 5 percent of the solid waste produced in the
United  States  is  actually collected, let alone
recovered.  If  cost  were  no  object almost  all
waste could be recycled using existing technolo-
gy and separation  and grading  techniques. One
of the factors influencing overall U.S. recovery
rates has been the price of iron  and steel scrapO
which declined in 1971 as domestic steel produc-
tion demanded less ferrous material than in 1970.
Data are provided on U.S. recycling percentages
for various materials. The National Commission
on Materials Policy is studying the recycling in-
dustry in relation to  the  needs of the  United
States in terms of an adequate supply of materi-
als, and in terms of a better environment.
[24361]

73-5108
 ENVIROGENICS co. Appendix C-cost model. In
Systems evaluation of refuse as a low sulfur fuel,
a final report to the Environmental Protection
Agency,  v. 2. Appendices. Report No. F-1295.
Washington,   U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. C(l-54).
This appendix provides a cost model  on  the
utilization of refuse as a fuel as part of a study
sponsored by the U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency's  National Air Pollution  Control  Ad-
ministration. Capital costs for a combined firing
plant model  are  presented for: land  and land
rights;  structures  and  improvements;  boiler
plant equipment;  auxiliary  boiler equipment;
turbine-generator equipment; accessory electri-
cal equipment; air pollution control equipment;
waste handling equipment; and engineering and
construction  supervision.  The following annual
capital costs are outlined:  amortization; Federal
taxes; insurance; and  State and local taxes.  The
operation and maintenance  expenses include:
basic costs; shredding costs; air pollution control
costs; and residue disposal costs. Power genera-
tion credit, net solid waste disposal charges, and
a transportation cost  model  are also  provided,
along with extensive  data, charts, and biblio-
graphic material.  (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24362]

73-5109
 FORSBERG,  F. J. Concerns of State program
due to Federal cutbacks. Waste Age, 4(3):56, 58,
60, May/June 1973.
This article describes  what effects the program
cutback of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's  Office  of Solid  Waste  Management
Programs will have on Minnesota's solid waste
management program. The effects will not be
felt as adversely as in  other States because Min-
nesota has been receiving technical and financial
assistance  since  1967 from  EPA in  order to
establish sound State solid waste management

-------
18
programs. Local  public and private concerns
have received instruction in the proper methods
of collecting, transporting, and disposing of solid
wastes; an abandoned automobile recycling pro-
gram  was initiated; an agricultural waste pro-
gram  was undertaken; and toxic and hazardous
waste  studies  were performed. All these pro-
grams necessitated the coordinative guidance of
the EPA. Although  the reduction of Federal
financial assistance and grant programs will be
of immediate concern, of greater concern is the
reduction  and  possible loss of the  technical
assistance.
[24363]

73-5110
 GESCHKA, H., AND L. LICHTWER.  Estimates of
expenditure on environmental protection in the
Federal Republic of  Germany for the period
1971  to  1975.   Batelle-Institut  Information,
(14):4-6, Aug. 1972.
This article estimates expenditures on environ-
mental planning and protection in the Federal
Republic of Germany for the period 1971 to 1975.
A  summary  of  the  existing  environmental
nuisances, listed according  to type of nuisance
and sector causing it, served as the basis for the
individual estimates. The quantities of pollution
were  calculated for the  year 1970  and forecast
for 1975. Individual estimates were  made for
each type of pollution in the different economic
sectors. The environmental sectors  discussed in-
clude: clean air; waste water disposal; fungicides,
pesticides, and environmental chemicals; noise
abatement; and nature conservation and preser-
vation of the countryside. The economic sectors
covered are:  coal and  steel industry; power
production; stone, clay, glass, ceramics; chemical
industry; building industry; private  transport;
and public authorities.
[24364]

73-5111
  GORHAM  INTERNATIONAL  INC.     Economic
potential. In Solid waste management: opportu-
nities and markets for equipment products and
processes, v. 2. Development needs and poten-
tial. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 127-161.
This paper illustrates what overall economics are
associated with  various solid  waste treatment
systems. The  examples presented portray the
order of magnitude of projected costs for imple-
menting solid waste  management technology.
The topics  covered  are collection, integrated
resource recovery processing plant, 'Fibreclaim'
applications,  incinerator  residue reclamation,
hydrolysis and fermentation, wet oxidation, and
biological processes. Based on the economic indi-
cations  presented in this report, organizations
can undertake  to refine process  design and
operation to apply basic technology to a specific
waste source or to optimize recovery of a specific
valuable material. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24365]

73-5112
 Government ups environmental funds.   En-
vironmental Science and Technology, 7(3):197,
Mar. 1973.
Despite  cutbacks in  other  programs, Federal
spending for  environmental protection is con-
tinuing to grow.  Within the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency,  the largest share of the
budget  goes for the construction of  municipal
waste treatment facilities. Funds for the water
activities  program   increased;   air  activity
decreased  a  small  amount;  but the  major
decrease was in  the area of solid waste. Within
the nearly $25 million decrease in the solid waste
effort is a $9 million  reduction in the resource
recovery  effort.  Other  increases  in EPA's
budget request for fiscal 1974 include $4.4 mil-
lion for its pesticides program, a $1.6 million in-
crease for its noise program, and a $4 million
entry for the development of a toxic substances
office to  handle that area as it evolves and
legislation is introduced.
[24366]

73-5113
 HIRST, E.,  AND T. J. HEALY.  Electric energy
requirements  for environmental protection.
Public Utilities  Fortnightly, 91(10):52-58, May
10,1973.
This article examines  electric energy require-
ments  for  operation of several environmental

-------
                                                                                          19
protection strategies and compares these  with
present electricity consumption. Various conser-
vation measures which reduce adverse environ-
mental effects are  then discussed to determine
levels of potential electricity savings. The strate-
gies include: electric mass transit; waste water
treatment; solid waste disposal; air pollution con-
trol; waste heat dissipation; and electricity con-
servation. Two conclusions are drawn from this
work: the quantities of electricity required to
achieve various environmental quality goals are
not large; and environmental needs for electrici-
ty can be largely offset through electricity con-
servation measures. Such energy conservation
measures would reduce  pollution  from power
generation, conserve  scarce energy resources,
and save  money for consumers.
[24367]

73-5114
 JORDAN, G. E. Experiences in contracting for
solid  waste  management.    Public   Works,
104(1):59-60, Jan. 1973.
This  article describes how contracting for solid
waste management services has  saved tax dol-
lars for Omaha, Nebraska, and avoided resident
complaints. The Public Works Department has
found that the key to success is the selection of a
company that  has  experienced  management,
good equipment, and trained personnel.  Having
multiple  bidders assures low budgets; however,
the low bid must be supported not only by a per-
formance bond but by a successful record of ex-
perience  in municipal operations. To comply with
Omaha's  contract, daily collections of about 400
tons  were made for 24,000 households and com-
mercial  establishments.  Sanitary  landfilling
remained the most economical and technically
acceptable means of final disposal. The landfills
were located close to the city limits. The final
disposal cost at the landfill was less than $2 per
ton.
[24368]

73-5115
 KELLER, J. B. Let's have a recovery allowance.
Industrial Finishing, 49(1):12-14, Jan. 1973.
This  article points out that the cost of recovery
in most cases exceeds the cost of using  freshly
mined  and processed material because of the
depletion allowance. A depletion allowance com-
pensates an individual or corporation for deple-
tion of an irreplacable resource. This tax benefit
encourages resource extraction and discourages
resource recovery. It is recommended that a
recovery allowance equivalent to the allowance
for depletion be granted to the recoverer. In-
tangible allowances and accelerated depreciation
advantages could also be applied. This  kind of
program would mean that a large part of the pol-
lution control equipment installed in the future
would be recovery equipment.
[24369]

73-5116
 U.S. statistics show annual salaries of crewmen.
Solid  Wastes  Management/Refuse  Removal
Journal, 16(11):34,52, Jan. 1973.
Statistics are presented in several tables which
relate  to municipal refuse  collector  salaries.
These  tables show  the  average minimum and
maximum annual salaries of refuse collectors by
city size and region, the percent distribution of
refuse collectors by  minimum and maximum
salaries, and the percent distribution of cities by
minimum and maximum salaries of refuse collec-
tors.  Average  first-year  salary  of municipal
refuse collectors in cities of 100,000 or more  in-
habitants was $7,428 in 1972.  Maximum  salaries
averaged $8,411 in a study of swampers' wages
conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Communities of 100,000 but less than 250,000 re-
sidents have the lowest average minimum and
maximum wages, while cities of a million or more
have the highest. Thus, mean salary scales vary
in direct proportion  to  city population. Wages
are generally highest in the Northeast,  averag-
ing $8,765 and having a $10,016 maximum. Two
major factors account for some of the inter-area
discrepancies: regional cost-of-living variations
and unequal distribution in larger cities. In the
Northeast, 90 percent of the refuse collectors
earn starting  salaries of $7,000 or more  com-
pared with less than 10 percent in the South.
[24370]

HAZARDOUS WASTES

-------
20
73-5117
 Industrial notes. Nuclear Engineering Interna-
tional, 18(205):499-502, June 1973.
The following topics connected with hazardous
wastes  are  discussed:  Westinghouse  recycle
fuels plant  (the manufacturing process, environ-
mental  protection,  and  plutonium  protection);
positioning system  for  insulating plates; con-
struction of a heavy engineering plant  in Fin-
land;  a  computerized  equipment  quality as-
surance reporting system; fully automatic turbo-
generator  run-up; uses  of  epoxy  resins in  a
nuclear power plant; detecting ocean resources;
and the removal of iodine from nuclear power
reactors. Some of the plants and equipment are
illustrated.
[24371]

73-5118
 MATHIEU, G. I. The FLPC  process for cyanide
destruction.    Canadian   Mining  Journal,
94(6):32-33, June 1973.
This article describes a process termed the film
layer  purification  chamber  (FLPC)  system
which has been developed for the purification of
cyanide waste as well as oils, organic matter, and
some base metals. It uses the oxidizing power of
ozone in a  mechanical device for obtaining effi-
cient contact of the short-lived gas with the im-
purities to  be oxidized. Features of the process
are: rapid and complete oxidation of simple cya-
nides; concomitant destruction of cyanates and
cyanide complexes at a somehwat slower rate;
and control of oxidation so that excess produc-
tion of ozone is avoided. This process features
the use  of the spray-chamber technique. The
pilot-plant system has a capacity of 2 to 7 gal per
min. The installed cost of the portable field unit
is $9,500. It may be rented for $1,800 per month
including technical assistance.
[24372]

73-5119
 SAKATA, S.   [Development of waste disposal
methods.] Genshiryoku Kogyo, 19(4):23-25, Apr.
1973.
According to  the regulations for atomic reactors
and other legal bases for atomic power manage-
ment,  the  responsibility for  the  disposal  of
radioactive waste material lies with the manu-
facturers and operators of atomic plants. Special
private disposal business operators may be en-
gaged, but the responsibility of management is
still with  the  manufacturers and operators. In
contrast, in Europe, the responsibility is trans-
ferred from the manufacturers and operators to
the state  or  the government,  or semi-govern-
ment  agencies. The limit of responsibility de-
pends on the type of waste and on the social and
natural conditions of the concerned country, but
usually the operator is responsible for packing
radioactive waste safely, ready for transporta-
tion. In France, the Commissariat a 1'Energie
Atomique is responsible  for the transportation
and storage of waste at the storage center in La
Hague. In England, the Minister of Housing and
Local Governments is responsible for the control
of  radioactive  waste, and the  Minister  of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food shares responsi-
bility for  burial treatment of waste. British
Nuclear Fuels treats the waste  and the United
Kingdom Atomic Energy Association stores and
manages it. The administrative responsibilities
of radioactive waste  in  Germany,  Belguim,
Czechoslovakia, Holland, and Italy are briefly
discussed. (Text in Japanese)
[24373]

73-5120
 SICCAMA, E. H. The environmental risk arising
from the bulk storage  of dangerous chemicals.
/Wflreniettr, 85(24):502-505, June 14,1973.
In this article consideration is given to the na-
ture and  scope of the danger for  residential
areas arising from the bulk storage of dangerous
chemicals. In the first section a theoretical analy-
sis of the  danger and the  factors involved  is
given. This analysis is then applied to the bulk
storage of dangerous chemicals. A method for an
approach to work on the problems of storage of
dangerous  liquids and  distance from residential
areas is also discussed. As sufficient information
for statistical  calculations was lacking, only the
order of magnitude was indicated. It is concluded
that since dangerous chemicals are shipped from
one country to another, agreement on criteria for
these hazards is needed. Tables and graphs are
included.
[24374]

-------
                                                                                          21
73-5121
Spectrum. Environment, 15(3):21, Apr. 1973.
This article discusses the relationship between
lead and  infectious  disease in human beings.
That small amounts of lead in human beings may
interfere with their  ability to resist infectious
disease is the conclusion of the comments sub-
mitted to  the U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency by the Environmental Defense Fund on
proposed lead-in-gasoline standards. Studies of
mice, rats, and baboons  show that animals with
body burdens of lead similar to those found in
the average adult human reduced the animals'
resistance  to infectious disease  and reduced
their lifespan. Salt mine storage of low and medi-
um radioactive wastes in West Germany is also
discussed. The Germans are postponing storage
of high level radioactive wastes until further
testing is done on whether water is likely to
enter the salt formations. The U.S. Atomic Ener-
gy Commission had planned to use a salt forma-
tion in Lyons, Kansas, as the national radioactive
waste repository  but abandoned the plan when
questions of water  penetration  into the  salt
arose.
[24375]

73-5122
 WELTY, R. K.   Scrap nuclear  fuel material
recovery  process.  Canadian  Patent 888,105
owned by General Electric Co., Inc., New York,
New York. Issued Dec. 14,1971.
Nuclear fuel material such as uranium dioxide or
mixtures or uranium dioxide with thorium diox-
ide, and  plutonium  dioxide,  scrapped  during
manufacture  is recovered by passage through a
fluidized bed reactor as a continuous flow of
scrap. Particles of scrap are fed into a fluidized
bed reactor into which air with a 400 to 600 F
temperature is admitted at a superficial velocity
of about 1.33 ft per second. The reactor is heated
to a temperature  of about 800 to 1,300 F for the
continuous, simultaneous  oxidation and  com-
minution of the scrap particles. The air flow is
controlled  so that the largest  particles are not
fluidized,  medium sized particles are  fluidized,
and the smallest particles are carried out at the
top  of the  reactor.  The  smallest  particles
separated from the gas after the reactor are con-
tacted with a hydrogen containing gas with a
temperature of about 1,150 to 1,350 F to reduce
the oxide  back  to  the original  oxide  state,
whereby finely divided, millable, sinterable par-
ticles are produced.
[24376]

73-5123
 WEST, P. J. Management of radioactive wastes
from  nuclear  fuel processing.   Atom Energy
Review, 11(1):179-184,1973.
This article outlines  some of the presentations
made at a symposium on  the  management of
radioactive wastes from fuel reprocessing which
was held in Paris from Nov. 27 to Dec. 1, 1972.
One paper describes  the main  elements of the
slightly enriched water-cooled reactor fuel cycle,
such as mining and milling, chemical conversion,
isotopic  enrichment,  fuel  fabrication, reactor
operation, and chemical reprocessing.  Another
paper  reviewed  the  radiation doses  used as
criteria for protecting populations for the effects
of nuclear power programs. The latest available
data on risks of radiation-induced  biological ef-
fects were discussed.  There was also a group of
papers  on  local releases  of radionuclides  and
their regional and global impacts. The group of
papers  on  solidification techniques indicated a
general preference for borosilicate glasses as the
preferred end  product for storage.  The  waste
problem in the processing of irradiated fuel by
dry methods was also presented.
[24377]

INCINERATION

73-5124
 ANDERSON, J. E. Solid refuse  disposal process
and apparatus. U.S. Patent 3,729,298 owned by
Union Carbide Corp., New  York, New York. Is-
sued Apr. 24,1973.
This patent covers a process for disposing of
refuse by thermally decomposing it in a shaft
furnace and simultaneously producing a fuel or
synthesis gas containing over 50 percent carbon
monoxide and  hydrogen.  A  gas  containing at
least 40 percent oxygen is fed into the furnace at
a rate of 0.15  to 0.28  tons of oxygen per ton of
refuse to create a sufficiently high thermal driv-

-------
22
ing force in the hearth to melt and fluidize the
non-combustible inorganic matter and to permit
molten metal and slag to be tapped from the base
of the furnace without causing overoxidation of
the refuse. The metal and slag will solidify to an
inert  compact residue.  The  relatively  small
volume of gas produced from the combustible or-
ganic  portion  of the refuse renders it easy to
clean of pollutants prior to further treatment or
utilization. The process may be used in combina-
tion with  an  oxygen  plant in  an  integrated
system which  leaves a major portion of the gas
produced available for use.
[24378]

73-5125
 BODMAN, S. W., J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HARRING-
TON, D.  H. MARKS, W.  NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TRIDGE, A. SAROFIM,  AND D. G. WILSON. Mu-
nicipal incineration.   In   The treatment  and
management of  urban solid waste. Westport,
Connecticut, Technomic  Publishing  Co., Inc.,
1972. p 99-144.
In  this  paper some of the factors of design,
operation,  and financing  which influence  the
overall performance of municipal  incinerators
are discussed.  The following topics are discussed
in detail: the role of incineration; refuse as a fuel;
design criteria for incinerators; incinerator com-
ponents;  heat  recovery and energy generation;
air pollution control; the economics of contempo-
rary incineration systems; and  new concepts,
such as slagging  incinerators,  fluidized bed in-
cineration,  refuse incineration  by fluidized bed,
pyrolysis, the current  status of refuse pyrolysis
technology,  pyrolysis  products, and an evalua-
tion of the  refuse-pyrolysis process. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24379]

73-5126
 BODMAN, S. W., J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HARRING-
TON, D. H. MARKS, W.  NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TRIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON.  Quan-
titative estimates  for solid waste management in
Boston.  In  The  treatment and management of
urban  solid   waste.   Westport,  Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 29-68.
This discussion provides a quantitative analysis
of  waste management in  densely populated
urban  areas by means  of a case study of the
economics and performance of a specific solid
waste management system, that of Boston. The
types of solid  waste generated in  Boston are
discussed under domestic refuse, bulky material,
construction and demolition debris, and  street
sweepings. The following topics are also covered:
refuse collection; street sweeping; lot and alley
cleaning; the city incinerator and landfill; alter-
native disposal possibilities;  and onsite  treat-
ment. (This document is retained in  the SWIRS
library.)
[24380]

73-5127
 DANIELS, L. E. A report on the Dekalb County
incinerator study. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and  Welfare, Bureau of
Solid Waste Management, 1970.72 p.
This report is an exhaustive study of the opera-
tion and pollution potential of the Dekalb County
incinerator, a rotary kiln incinerator that handles
some of the wastes generated by the City of At-
lanta, Georgia. The purpose of the study was to
determine the various  parameters of the in-
cinerator  operation  such  as  composition and
quantity of the waste, its  density and  other
characteristics, the analysis and moisture con-
tent of the residue, the efficiency of the plant,
and the composition, temperature, chemical com-
position,  and pathogen content of the scrubber
and  quenching  waters.  Findings are  also
presented on the burning rate of the plant, the
particulate emissions, and economic  analyses.
Bacteriological studies were carried out on the
residue, stack gas, fly ash, and tapwater samples.
In addition to the many charts presenting this in-
formation, there is a bibliography.  (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24381]

73-5128
 DAVIDS, P. Die Luftbelastung durch die Schad-
stoffemission  aus  Muellverbrennungsanlagen.
[Air pollution  through pollutant emission from
incinerators.] Muell und Afball, 5(3):61-68, Mar.
1973.

-------
This article was also presented as a paper at the
Muelltechnische Kolloquim, Universitaet Stutt-
gart, Mar. 8,1973. The incinerators in operation
in the Federal Republic of Germany today are all
similar in their design with the exception of in-
dividual components. For  dust cleaning of the
emissions, electrostatic precipitators are mostly
used. A  removal  of gaseous  pollutants  is
generally not undertaken. In six incinerators a 1-
week measurement program was  launched to
determine the type and  quantity  of the  com-
ponents of trash and their distribution in the
gaseous and solid combustion residues which are
important for air pollution. Dust measurements
were taken behind  the electrostatic precipitator
to determine the dust composition in the cleaned
gas. Silica, aluminum, iron, alkali,  and  alkaline
earth metals were  analyzed. The measured lead
concentrations were below 1 percent; the zinc
concentrations were below 5.3 percent.  In two
samples neither of these two components could
be determined. Measurements of chlorine, am-
monia, hydrogen sulfide,  and other pollutants
showed that the  concentration  of these was
about 1 mg per cu m (detection limit) or they
were not  detectable at all. Correlation of the
measurement results yielded a significant rela-
tionship   between  hydrogen   chloride   and
hydrogen  fluoride  emission. For determination
of long-term changes of the pollutant emission,
because of the changes of the trash composition,
500 measurement values for  hydrogen  chloride
and sulfur dioxide were available taken in one in-
cinerator since 1966. For the period 1966 to 1972
a steady decline of the sulfur dioxide emission by
about one third was discernible. The hydrogen
chloride emission  rose between 1967 and the
beginning of 1970  by about 100 percent. Since
then it  has remained about constant. (Text in
German)
[24382]

73-5129
  DAVIDS,  P., AND W.  BROCKE.   Technische
Moeglichkeiten zur Verminderung der  Schad-
stoffemission  aus   Muellverbrennungsanlagen.
[Technical possibilities for  reduction of pollutant
emissions from incinerators.] Muell und Abfall.
5(3):72-75, Mar. 1973.
This article was originally a paper presented at
the  Muelltechnische {Colloquium, Universitaet
Stuttgart,  Mar.  8, 1973.  Incinerators  emit
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride,  sulfur
dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Since hydrogen
chloride is water soluble its separation is rela-
tively easy compared to sulfur dioxide. Through
scrubbing with water,  cleaned gas  concentra-
tions of less than 10 mg of hydrogen chloride per
cu m can be reached. Hydrogen fluoride too is
water soluble. In aluminum plants scrubbers for
hydrogen fluoride which clean several million cu
m per hr are in operation. The cleaned gas con-
centrations are in the vicinity of 1 mg hydrogen
fluoride per cu m. For sulfur dioxide, alkaline ab-
sorbents must be used. For desulfurization a
number of processes exist. In incinerators of the
Federal  Republic  of Germany  scrubbers for
waste gas cleaning are rarely used. Extensive
measurements were carried out with a scrubber
in an incinerator with a throughput  of 2.5 tons
per hr and an emission  quantity of 18,000 cu m
per hr. The gas was first cooled to 70 C. Using
several parallel venturi nozzles the dust was
separated and the watersoluble gaseous com-
ponents  absorbed. After  passing   through  a
droplet separator the off-gas was heated  again
and blown out through the stack. An average col-
lection efficiency for hydrogen  chloride of 95
percent and for hydrogen fluoride of 96 percent
was obtained.  The average concentrations in the
cleaned gas were 27 mg of hydrogen chloride per
cu m and 0.3 mg hydrogen fluoride per cu m. The
collection efficiency for sulfur dioxide was 7 per-
cent and for the nitrous oxides 12 percent. Ther-
mogravimetric and laboratory experiments con-
cerning the  sorption properties of comminuted
slag from incinerators for hydrogen chloride and
sulfur   dioxide  under  simulated   conditions
revealed that  at temperatures between 500 and
700 C the slag has a large binding potential for
these substances. (Text in German)
[24383]

73-5130
 DEFECHE, J.  Corrosions  produced by the  in-
cineration of domestic refuse.   In   Waste
Disposal; 4th  International Congress of the In-
ternational Research Group on Refuse Disposal
(IRGRD), Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,  1969.

-------
24
Basel,   Schweizerische    Zeitschrift   fuer
Hydrologie. p. 488-508.
This section is  the proceedings of the working
group of the conference concerned with incinera-
tion of refuse and corrosion. Particular attention
is directed  at the Issy-les-Moulineaux refuse in-
cineration installation outside Paris, which is a
large facility with steam generating capability.
Pictures of corroded tubes and figures giving the
thickness of tubes in various stages of corrosion
are provided. There is a tentative explanation of-
fered for the corrosion. Three main theories are
discussed in some detail. The first is the theory
that  corrosion  is a  result of a reductive  at-
mosphere in some zones of the furnace. Carbon
monoxide  is generated by the uneven  com-
bustion of  refuse; this  reductive gas increases
corrosion,  especially in counter-flow incinera-
tors.  The carbon oxide reacts  with  iron very
rapidly above 400 C. Corrosion by chlorine com-
pounds is  another  theory. These compounds
result largely from the combustion of plastics in
refuse,  although there are also other sources of
chlorine in  wastes.  Sulfur-bearing wastes are
also possible sources of corrosive compounds.
Suggestions are made as to how to control corro-
sion in plants with or without waste heat utiliza-
tion equipment. Both design and operation of the
plant must be  considered if corrosion is to be
minimized.  (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24384]

73-5131
 DEMARCO, J. Advanced techniques for incinera-
tion of municipal solid wastes.  A Division of
Processing  and  Disposal Open File Report (SW-
38d.of). Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972.15 p.
This paper  is a  discussion of two demonstration
projects currently funded by the U.S. Environ-
mental  Protection  Agency's Office  of Solid
Waste Management Programs. One is the pyrol-
ysis project in  New York State,  the Torrax
system, designed to convert mixed  municipal
refuseO including metal, glass, and garbageO into
an inert residue by completely consuming com-
bustible material and  melting  noncombustible
material at temperatures up to 3,000 F. The
refuse  is  processed without  any sorting  or
pretreatment. The major components and opera-
tion of the Torrax system are  described. The
second  system discussed is the St.  Louis in-
cineration project, in which refuse is used as aux-
iliary fuel in  a power generation facility. The
final cost data are not in yet on either of these
projects, much operational and emission data has
yet to be gathered. However, it seems that these
two types of plants hold promise for the near fu-
ture in terms of simultaneously solving the solid
waste  and air  pollution  problems, and the
shortage  of energy  fuels.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24385]

73-5132
  ENVIROGENICS  Co.  Refuse as a fuel-com-
bustion and interactions. In Systems evaluation
of refuse as a low sulfur fuel, a final report to the
Environmental Protection Agency, v. 1. Report
No. F-1295. Washington,  U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(22-43).
The combustion  and  interactions  involved  in
using refuse as a fuel are discussed in this study
sponsored by the  U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's  National Air Pollution  Control Ad-
ministration. The following topics are discussed
in detail: gaseous combustion products (major
products and  pollutants);  and solid combustion
products (residue, fly ash and suspended parti-
cles, ash deposits and corrosion,  and ash fouling
tendencies). The  following data are included:
refuse combustion products;  combustion  con-
stants for refuse  and coal; nitrogen oxide emis-
sions from  various types of  furnaces;  fly ash
from refuse and  coal combustion; and chloride
contents of refuse and coal. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24386]

73-5133
 ENVIROGENICS Co.  Refuse as a fuel-handling
and processing. In Systems evaluation of refuse
as a low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, v.  1. Report No. F-
1295. Washington, U.S. Environmental  Protec-
tion Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(55-68).
The physical handling and processing of refuse
prior to and after combustion are discussed  in

-------
this study sponsored by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's National Air Pollution Con-
trol  Administration. The  following topics are
discussed  in  detail: size reduction  (equipment
characteristics, test work, and the effect of parti-
cle   size  on  combustion);  refuse  transport
(pipeline transfer of  refuse);  and separation
processes  (ferrous  metals,  nonferrous  metals,
and  air classification). The  following data are
also  provided: size reductionO  total capital and
operating costs; particle size distributions of out-
puts from two different types of hammermills;
and  calculated burning times for various frac-
tions of milled refuse. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24387]

73-5134
 ENVIROGENICS Co.  Refuse as a fuel-potential
pollutant reductions. In  Systems evaluation of
refuse as a low sulfur fuel, a final report to the
Environmental Protection Agency, v. 1. Report
No.  F-1295.  Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(44-54).
Ways of reducing pollution while utilizing refuse
as a fuel are discussed in this study sponsored by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Na-
tional Air Pollution Control Administration. The
following  topics are discussed in detail: current
incinerator and power plant emissions; projected
reductions through use of refuse as a fuel; and
the effect of refuse firing  on sulfur and particu-
late  emissions. The following data are provided:
fusion temperatures of 90 percent coal ashO 10
percent refuse ash mixtures;  projected power
plant coal displacement by urban refuse energy;
raw  energy consumption  for the generation of
electricity in  the United States; potential reduc-
tions in current sulfur and particulate emissions;
and  projected emissions reduction by  coal dis-
placement with   refuse.  (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24388]

73-5135
 GARNER, F.  View from abroad, night soil. En-
vironment, 15(5):26-27, June 1973.
This article discusses  'night soil' which is the
euphemism for human wastes  in the Orient. In
rural  China the farmers still  collect  and use
human and animal feces as nutrient in fish ponds
and to fertilize fields. This direct recycling is un-
sanitary; however, the Japanese have begun  to
combine  combustion  technology  and  shrewd
marketing techniques in recycling urban wastes.
Tokyo and Osaka have started to convert sewage
sludge to a sterile  ash in multiple hearth fur-
naces. The burning process depends mostly on
fuel energy  in  the  sludge itself. Tokyo and
Nagoya have sold over 50,000 tons of this ash  to
commercial fertilizer  firms at $2.42 per ton.  A
more  advanced waste treatment  installation  at
South Lake Tahoe, California, is  producing ash
with twice  as much phosphate plus 30 percent of
lime.
[24389]

73-5136
 GERHARDS, K.  Kunstoffabfaelle im Muell und
ihre Emissionen aus Muellverbrennungsanlagen.
Untersuchungen  und Entwicklungstendenzen.
[Synthetic  waste in trash and its emissions from
incinerators. 'Studies  and development  trends.]
Muell und Abfall, 5(3):68-71, Mar.  1973.
This article was also presented as a paper at the
Muelltechnische {Colloquium, Universitaet Stutt-
gart, Mar. 8,1973. In the year 1971 six one-week
measurement series  were conducted with the
aim of determining, weight, type,  and amount of
synthetics  in domestic refuse. Each resident was
found to throw away  4.1 kg of synthetic wastes
per year.  A number of synthetics,  primarily
polyamides and polyurethanes contain up to  19
percent nitrogen. In domestic refuse polyamide
was  found to constitute  4.9  percent of the
synthetic  waste. Between  0.1 and  0.2  g  of
nitrogen per ton of refuse are added through
polyamides. The contribution of synthetics to the
emission of nitrous oxides is, therefore, rather
insignificant.  None  of the  more important
synthetics  contain  sulfur. The  most important
fluorine      containing     synthetic      is
polytetrafluoroethylene but its fraction among
the synthetics is so small that no fluorine could
be detected in any case. Chlorine  is an essential
component of chlorinated polyethylene, polyvi-
nyl chloride,  and  polyvinylidene  chloride.  In
domestic refuse from  Bochum a chlorine fraction
of 5.0 percent of the  synthetics was found. The

-------
26
total chlorine fraction in the Bochum domestic
refuse amounted to 3.45 kg per ton refuse; the
fraction constituted by the synthetics alone was
0.95 kg per ton refuse. Based on this data the
synthetic's share of the hydrogen chloride emis-
sion from incineration of domestic refuse  is 32
percent. Based on an estimated specific domestic
refuse accumulation of 256  kg per person per
year by 1980, an industrial refuse quantity of 116
kg per person per year, and a bulky and commu-
nal refuse quantity of 34 kg per person per year
and a  synthetics quantity  of 5.9 percent, the
average chlorine emission will be 5.7 kg per ton
waste. This is 50  percent  more than  in  1971.
(Text in German)
[24390]

73-5137
 GLYSSON, E. A.,  J. R.  PACKARD, AND  C.  H.
BARNES.  Incineration. In The problem of solid
waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of Engineer-
ing, The University of Michigan, 1972. p. 65-85.
This chapter provides a basic introduction to the
principles  and  methods of  incineration.  It
stresses, first, that technically incineration is not
a method of disposal, but rather is volume reduc-
tion. A brief history of incineration is given. A
number of charts and diagrams with commenta-
ry make up the major part of the chapter. These
include: a flow chart for incineration with ex-
planations of the various stages; the incineration
process; alternative charging  methods; typical
heating values of refuse  components; tempera-
tures of combustion air at various stages in the
combustion process; standards for desirable  in-
cineration operations; types  of grates; incinera-
tor emissions for municipal and onsite incinera-
tors;   particle  classification  and  particulate
removal; diagrams  of an electrostatic precipita-
tor, a cyclonic dust collector, and a direct-contact
scrubber;  water-wall construction; and  costs of
municipal  incinerators. Waste  heat  recovery is
briefly  discussed.   There is  explanation and
discussion of each of the elements that is illus-
trated  by  these charts. The  advantages and dis-
advantages of incineration  compared to other
disposal and reduction  methods  is  discussed.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24391]
73-5138
 GOLDSTERN, W.  Muellverbrennungsanlage mit
Dampfspeicher. [Incinerator with steam storer.]
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 25(5):203, May 1973.
The urban community in Quebec, Canada, is con-
structing an incinerator for 24 municipalities at a
cost of 20 million Canadian dollars. An agree-
ment has been reached with the neighboring
Anglo-Canadian Paper Mills to supply them with
steam. For compensating the fluctuating steam
generation a steam storer  holding  12  tons  of
steam is being built. With the aid of this storer
the steam supply will not fluctuate by more than
plus or minus 75 percent of the daily average
quantity. The storer has a diameter of 3 m and a
height of 12 m. (Text in German)
[24392]

73-5139
 JACOBI, P., AND H. THIEME. Muellverbrennen -
eine Gefahr? Zusammenstellung von Argumen-
ten,   die   fuer    Muellverbrennunsanlagen
sprechen. [Incineration - A danger? Compilation
of arguments in favor  of  incineration.]  VDI-
Nachrichten, 27(18):15,1973.
According to statistics included in the  environ-
mental program of the Federal government 45
million tons of waste accumulated in  1970 in the
Federal Republic of Germany. Incineration  of
this amount of waste  would produce 30,000  to
35,000 tons of dust which would be emitted into
the atmosphere. It would take 150 years of dust
emissions of these proportions to deposit one
mm of dust over the entire country. In urban
areas the dust concentration of the air is already
higher than  the  dust concentration in waste
gases from incinerators. Apart from dust 60,000
tons of sulfur oxides, about 200,000  tons  of
hydrogen  chloride,  and about  1,000  tons   of
hydrogen fluoride would be emitted. These gases
can be  washed out and neutralized. The heat
liberated at the combustion of 45 million tons
would suffice to heat  about 15 percent of the
private  households. Dumping 45 million tons  of
waste would require 1,000 to  1,500 hectares  of
land, while the slag residues from incineration
would require only 100 to 150 hectares. (Text  in
German)
[24394]

-------
                                                                                          27
73-5140
  JOACHIM,  H.     Muellverbrennungsanlage
Deurne-Betrachtungen zum Stand der Technik
der  Muellverbrennungsanlagen.   Refuse  in-
cineration plant Deurne-considerations regard-
ing the state of the art of the refuse incineration
plants.]  Aufbereitungs-Technik,  14(3):166-172,
1973.
A detailed report is given on the refuse incinera-
tion plant Deurne, Antwerp, started up in April
1972. With a population of 80,000 inhabitants, the
amount of refuse is approximately 25,000 tons
per year.  With continuous  24-hr operation, the
continuous grate capacity is higher than 3.6 tons
per hr; there are two self-contained incineration
grates available. For the daily starting operation
and in  the case  of short-term  throughput of
refuse featuring a low calorific value, the fuel oil
consumption determined is 6  liters per ton of
refuse. The loss of weight involved in refuse in-
cineration  is 30 percent, the refuse volume is
reduced by 90 percent. The The waste material is
charged through water cooled shafts. Hydrauli-
cally operated multi-zone forward stoking grates
are installed in the 50 cu m  combustion cham-
bers. The flue gases are cooled to the operating
temperature of the dust collector by fresh air.
Centrifugal collectors are used for dust removal.
The maximum  allowable dust concentration in
the cleaned gas is 0.4 g per cu m. These values
are based  on saturated flue gas with a carbon
dioxide concentration of 7 percent. The stack
rises to a height of 35 m. Incineration is a solid
waste disposal method which will gain  further
importance in the future. (Text in German)
[24393]

73-5141
 KlMURA, M. Ryudoso shokaku sisutemu ni yoru
toshi gomi no shori ni tsuite. [City waste treat-
ment by circulating layer  combustion  system.]
Presented at the 1972 National Environmental
Sanitation Meeting, 16th, Niigata, Japan, Oct. 19-
20, 1972. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Health and
Welfare,   Japan   Environmental   Sanitation
Center, 1972.2 p.
The type  of incinerator used for the petroleum
industry and metallurgy was adopted by Matsu-
do City to dispose of its wastes and to recover
some usable materials. The whole system is di-
vided into pre-treatment the process and the
combustion  system.  Pretreatment  consists of
crushing and pulverizing. Between the crushing
and  pulverizing  processes,   scrap   iron  is
recovered by  magnetic  separator.  After  pul-
verization, wastes are crushed to smaller than 25
mm pieces. The wastes are fed into incinerator
by conveyer. Inside the incinerator, a slurry of
sand is in boiling condition. Wastes are continu-
ously fed and get in contact with sand slurry at
600 C. Most of the ash formed is taken out from
the top duct, together with exhaust gas, and led
to the  cyclone. Non-flammables such as metal,
glass, and porcelain  pieces  are  automatically
ejected,  and ash is  stored in  an ash  bunker.
Waste gas goes into heat exchanger, is heated to
200 to 250 C, and is sent back to  incinerator.
Finally, waste gas is cooled in the cooling tower,
and hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, and dust
are absorbed in adsorption tower, and  cleaned
gas is  emitted  by blower into  the  atmosphere
from  a  stack.  Water absorbed  by  hydrogen
chloride, sulfur dioxide, and dust is neutralized
by alkali, and sent to a thickener, where floating
substances are separated, and reutilized. The in-
cinerator has been in operation since Aug. 1972.
Data was obtained concerning wastes of summer
time only. (Text in Japanese) (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24395]

73-5142
 KRAMER, R. J. Method and apparatus for waste
incineration. U.S. Patent 3,722,433. Issued Mar.
27,1973.
A waste incineration apparatus and method are
provided having two  serially  connected  com-
bustion chambers for incineration of solid, semi-
solid, and liquid waste material, each of which
comprises  combustible components. The  com-
bustion  chambers are relatively positioned so
that heated gaseous fluids produced  by  com-
bustion  of  substantially solid and semi-solid
waste are passed on to enhance combustion of
liquids  introduced  into  the second chamber.
These  gaseous  fluids which are at  a relatively
high temperature  include those that enable or
support combustion of liquid waste and may also
include those that are combustible when com-

-------
28
bined  with additional combustion air. These
gaseous fluids intermix with liquid waste enter-
ing the second chamber thereby enhancing the
combustion characteristics  of the liquid waste.
Preferably, combustion in the first chamber is
carried out in the presence  of  a substantial
amount of excess air resulting in complete com-
bustion and preheating of  the remaining  com-
bustion air prior to its entry into the second com-
bustion chamber. Alternatively, combustion in
the first chamber is controlled by limiting the
amount of combustion air admitted to that neces-
sary to effect burning  of  the solids or semi-
solids,  but not sufficient for combustion of the
gaseous fluids evolved as a result of the  com-
bustion process thereby forming a combustible
gaseous fluid.
[24396]

73-5143
 ODA,  T.  Kobunshikei haikibutsu nenshoro no
mondaiten.  [Problems   of  incinerators  for
polymer  wastes.]  Kobunshi,  22(253):201-205,
Apr. 1973.
Of the  several  disposal  methods  for  high
polymers, the burning system  would consitute
the main  procedure for the present because it
may be said that the burning system is the most
safe and exact method. However, there are many
problems  with incinerator  for high polymers:
that is, the high  exothermic amount  of plastic
wastes requires  a  great amount  of  air when
burned. The decomposition of plastics other than
vinyl chloride ends at 400 to 500 C, but the vinyl
chloride produces hydrochloric acid above 300 C
and begins to redecompose above 500 C. The
evolution of hydrochloric acid seriously corrodes
metals. The high  temperatures produced when
plastic wastes are burned greatly damages in-
cinerators and black smoke due to incomplete
combustion may be emitted which makes smoke
a nuisance, and most thermal plastic wastes are
melted or  softened by heat, which often stops up
or damages the fire grate of the incinerator. For
these reasons, concerning the ideal conditions to
solve the  problems of the incinerator for  high
polymers,  the feeding system should be an auto-
matic and  continuous one to improve the contact
of air with gases. To keep the combustion condi-
tion inside the incinerator constant, the incinera-
tor should be of the flat bed type and should
have a main combustion room, secondary com-
bustion room,  and third combustion  room in
order  to   complete  combustion.  (Text  in
Japanese)
[24397]

73-5144
 OSHITA, S., T. FUJITA, AND K. MURAYAMA. San-
gyo    haikibutsu    shokyakuro    ni   tsuite.
[Incinerators  for  industrial wastes.]  Niaseki
Rebyu, 15(1):24-31, Mar. 1973.
The classification of various incinerators and the
comparison of their  characteristics were made,
and a test on an incinerator manufactured for ex-
periment was reported. The test incinerator con-
sists of about one sq m of fixed stage fire grate,
primary and secondary combustion rooms, main
and auxiliary burners, and 15 m high  chimney
stack. As  a result of four experiments, in order
to raise the efficiency of burning the wastes in
powder, granular, and sludge forms the ejection
and stirring of burning wastes by force ventila-
tion and pushers and the dropping of ashes are
found to be very effective means.  The  noncom-
bustible sluge of the wastes from oil refinery is
mixed  with waste terra alba and tank sludge.
The  temperature  of refinery wastes is  low
(about 250 to 460 C) because the waste is self-
combustible and so no firing arch is required.
The dust in exhaust gas is completely burned if
an excess of air is supplied with force ventilation,
and the  addition  of a  dust-collecting cyclone
reduces the amount of dust. The behavior of ex-
haust gas  was very good, but about 100 or more
ppm of sulfur dioxide were discharged.  And the
test  incinerator could burn various  kinds  of
wastes such as terra alba, sludges, tank sludge,
waste diatomaceous earth, polymer mats, and
general trash. (Text in Japanese)
[24398]

73-5145
 RASCH, R.  Bericht ueber die Diskussion zum 1.
Teil des 24. Muelltechnischen  Kolloquiums der
Universitaet Stuttgart am 8.3. 1973. [Report on
the discussion  of  Part I of  the  24th Muell-
technische Kolloquium  [(colloquium on waste
technology)]  at  the  University  of Stuttgart,

-------
                                                                                          29
March 8,1973. Muell und Abfall, 5(3):76-77, Mar.
1973.
For the densely populated Ruhr Area incinera-
tion is the most adequate method of solid waste
disposal. Doubts  were  expressed  whether  a
reduction of hydrogen chloride from a maximum
of 2000mg per cu m to lOmg per cu m is either
feasible in practice or  really necessary. With
natural precipitation 50 to 60 kg per hectare per
year of chlorine ions  are carried into the soil;
from incinerators it is only about 2 kg per hec-
tare per year. A reduction  of the maximum al-
lowable emission  concentrations for hydrogen
chloride from 0.7 mg per cu m to 0.15 mg per cu
m is  intended. It is  important to be warned
against  overemphasis  on  hydrogen  chloride
emissions.  There  was  disagreement  on  the
benefit  of scrubbers for incinerators. The cold
water vapor  saturated  flue gases leaving the
scrubber are also a burden for the neighborhood.
Most gaseous components in the emissions from
incinerators are so low  that a reduction can be
achieved  only  by   enormous   expenditures.
Moreover, the use of scrubbers turns the air pol-
lution problem  into a water pollution problem.
(Text in German)
[24399]

73-5146
  SCHENKEL,  W.   Grundsaetze  fuer Muellver-
brennungsanlagen    in     Ballungsgebieten.
[Fundamentals for incinerators in industrial cen-
ters.] Muell und abfall, 5(3):59-61, Mar. 1973.
Annually,  in the Ruhr area 12 million  cu  m of
chemically and biologically  nondecomposable
waste accumulates. There is also 6 million cu m
of putrescible  waste.  Incinerators are in ex-
istence  in  Essen-Karnap,  Oberhausen,  and
Hagen with a joint annual capacity of 800,000
tons per  year. The waste volume is  reduced
through incineration to  between 10 and 20 per-
cent of its original volume. Combustion of one
ton of trash with a residence time of 30 minutes
produces 3,000 to 5,000 cu m of flue gas. Each cu
m of this contains 150 mg of dust, 103,000 mg of
carbon dioxide, 43 mg of sulfur dioxide, 1 mg of
sulfur trioxide, 40 mg of organic acids, and 43 mg
of chlorine. Apart from this 300 to 400 kg of slag
and 100 to 200  kg of fly ash are produced. The
heat liberated from one ton  of trash amounts
presently to 1,800 kcal per kg and will further in-
crease. This heat could be used  for preventing
future  power  shortages.  The   air  pollution
problem,  however,   will  certainly   increase
through this. The best method of trash disposal
would be conversion into a form  which makes it
feasible to localize and to monitor it. This would
mean that only the sanitary landfill is an accepta-
ble method. But it would require large areas of
land which are just not available. Thus the con-
struction of large incinerators will be  unavoida-
ble. They should be operated in as nonpolluting a
manner as possible. The aim here is to achieve a
maximum of cost reduction, the utilization of
heat, and a reduction of emissions. (Text in Ger-
man)
[24400]

73-5147
 SCHOPPE,  F.  Apparatus for the burning of
solids. U.S. Patent 3,727,565. Issued Apr.  17,
1973.
The patent concerns  a system  to burn waste
materials with  essentially complete combustion
including a verticle  preheating  chamber with
upper waste inlet and lower outlet, the outlet
conducting  preheated material  into a furnace
having a rotating frusto-conical grate with a ver-
tix angle of between 90 degrees and 120 degrees
arranged somewhat horizontal so  a lowermost
surface line is slightly inclined down toward the
large inlet end of the grate relative to  a horizon-
tal reference. The furnace has an  air inlet system
which directs a controlled amount of combustion
air to a specific limited zone of the grate. The
grate, its disposition, and the  air supply provide
a waste material movement and burning to max-
imize effective  use  of  combustion  heat. The
system  also has apparatus for removing waste
solids and  gases from the furnace, with com-
ponents to cool, wash and separate small solids
from the  waste  gas  and to  utilize controlled
quantities of the waste gas for introduction back
into the inlet end of the preheating chamber.
[24401]

73-5148
 SOUDA, R., AND H. ARITOU. Teflon netsubunkai
seiseibutsu. Kanetsu joken ni yoru seiseibutsu no

-------
30
henka. [Pyrolysis products of Teflon. Variations
of pyrolysis products by heating conditions.] In
Proceedings; 28th Spring Meeting of the Japan
Chemical Society, Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1-5,1973. p.
753.
It is well known that teflon is thermally decom-
posed  by  heating  and toxic compounds  are
formed as  a result. To elucidate the effect of
pyrolysis on  the kind  of pyrolysis  products,
polyfluoroethylenepropylene    (PFEP)   was
pyrolyzed  both  in  air  and nitrogen streams.
Resulting products  were analyzed by alizanine
complexon  method  for water soluble fluoride
compounds, and by infrared spectra analysis for
gaseous products respectively. At several tem-
perature levels  below  430 C,  water  soluble
fluoride compounds were absorbed in air stream.
In nitrogen stream, weight loss by pyrolysis was
little and no  water soluble  fluoride compound
was detected in contrast with the decomposition
in air  stream. Infrared spectra  show that the
main pyrolysis products are the same  in both
cases.  Absorption  bands  of  difluoro  formal-
dehyde and tetrafluoro acetaldehyde  were ob-
served clearly in air stream decomposition, while
tetrafluoro ethane and hexafluoro propene were
seen in nitrogen stream decomposition. The for-
mation of silicon fluoride (SiF) was also observed
in air stream decomposition  which suggests the
reaction  with  ceramic  of thermocouple occurs.
On  the  contrary,  SiF was  not  detected  in
nitrogen stream decomposition. A trace of car-
bon dioxide was also  observed in air  stream
decomposition. (Text in Japanese)  (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24402]

73-5149
 TAKAHASHI, Y., AND T. ISHIKAWA. Purasuchik-
ku kanryu  shokyaku shisutemu. [Plastic waste
incineration system.] Hitashi Hyoron, 55(3):95-
98, Mar. 1973.
A bench scale model of a dry distillation incinera-
tion system for plastic waste was designed. The
system has a pretreatment  process for plastic
containing hydro/en chloride. Using the thermal
property of polyolefin in the absence of oxygen,
polyvinyl chloride is distilled at 280 to 400 C and
dehydrochlorinated. The pretreatment compart-
ment is heated indirectly from the outside of the
wall and directly by steam. Experiments with
the dry distillation temperature showed that at
300 C, only 54.2 percent dehydrochlorination was
achieved, and at 350 C, 98.5 percent of polyvinyl
chloride  was  dehydrochlorinated. The gas is
heat-exchanged in the boiler and part of it is
recirculated by a circulation blower to the outer
channel of the pretreatment kiln. The rest of the
gas is cooled in the scrub tower and the dust in
the gas is eliminated. The traceable amounts of
hydrogen chloride and other toxic gases are ab-
sorbed in alkaline liquid. Only hydrogen chloride
is absorbed  in water and recovered as chlorine.
Most of hydrogen chloride gas from the distilla-
tion process is sent to an incinerator and com-
bustibles in the gas  are  burned. The residue
plastic is incinerated by supplying combustion
air  in  several sections until it  is completely
burned. The ashes contain lead,  cadmium, and
other heavy metals, and require an appropriate
solids treatment system. (Text in Japanese)
[24403]

73-5150
 TAZAKA, H. Sky-view tokushu shokyaku puran-
to. [Sky-view special combustion plant.] Kagaku
Kojo, 16(7):48-52, July 1972.
The newly designed Sky-view incineration plant
has a capacity for burning various plastic wastes,
solid waste, highly viscous waste, waste oil and
liquid,  and slurry.  It is a grid-type incinerator
with the capacity of burning 6,000 kcal per kg,
500 kg per hr of solid containing up to 15 percent
of polyvinyl chloride, or 10,000 kcal per kg, 300
kg per hr of waste liquid, or 8,000 kcal per kg, 300
kg per hr of slurry. The exhaust gas is 11,730 N
cu m per hr. The basic flow chart shows a solid
waste  storage, a skip hoist, a double  hopper, a
preliminary combustion  room, and  a recom-
bustion room, where waste liquid is set  by a
pump  from another tank, and where viscous
waste is also sent from still another tank. There
is a supplementary burner, and a compresser at-
tached to this unit. The combustion gas goes to a
boiler  where  the temperature is dropped  by
water. The  steam  formed  is sent to  the  main
steam  header, and  the combustion gas moves
onto the dust eliminator. The cleaned air is sent
to the  exhaust pipe by a suction fan. When the
gas contains hydrogen chloride or sulfur oxide,

-------
                                                                                          31
still another unit (scrubber) is added for detoxifi-
cation. Each apparatus has an automatic control
system, and when a water jet cooling system is
used, an automatic temperature control and an
automatic pH adjuster are  installed. (Text  in
Japanese)
[24404]

INDUSTRIAL WASTES

73-5151
 Don't  get  stuck with costly  mud  handling.
World Construction, 26(5):52,54,56, May 1973.
This paper describes a new recycling  system,
built in part by a sand and  gravel firm, which
requires less than  10 percent of the space for-
merly  needed for  this  operation.  Most of the
work is done automatically. This new vacuum fil-
tration process eliminates the need  for large set-
tling ponds as well. Diagrams are included of the
redesigned recycling  system and  of the sump
and thickening pond. The theory has worked out
quite well and has quickly  paid dividends in sav-
ing crane costs, manpower, time, and money. The
system is reusable and satisfies the pollution and
zoning statutes of the area.
[24451]

73-5152
 Ferro-Tech 'Demo-Disc'  solves asbestos  dust
problems. Asbestos, 54(12):4,6, June 1973.
This  article  discusses  the  application of ag-
glomeration  processes  to  fine  dusty  waste
materials for the purpose of recycling  and for
disposal as plant waste or  landfill. The fine  dust
from asbestos milling or a brake lining or insulat-
ing waste, could be  pelletized  on  a Ferr-Tech
Demo-Disc, which is described in this article. The
operating costs of the pelletizing system are low
since the additive is normally plain water. Should
a more durable pellet be required for a  lengthy
storage life or for recycling,  an additive such as
cement will produce a pellet  crushing resistance
of up to 50 Ib.
[24452]

73-5153
 Generates sodium hypochlorite on-site. Food
Engineering, 45(6):79, June 1973.
This article describes how sodium hypochlorite
can be made as needed on site  with an elec-
trolytic system which is easily installed, main-
tained, and operated. The raw materials for the
process are salt, electric power, and water. No
special maintenance attention  is required other
than routine pump inspection, supervision dur-
ing salt deliveries, and occasional replacement of
electrode packages. Economic data are provided.
[24453]

73-5154
 HAUGHEY, D. P.  Chemical engineering in the
meat industry.   Chemical Engineer, (268):472-
475, Dec. 1972.
In this article, a description is given of the na-
ture of meat processing, byproduct processing,
and works' services in terms of their dependence
on  unit operations, transport,  reaction kinetics,
and thermodynamics.  The  topics  which  are
discussed in detail  include:  meat  processing
(product   preparation,   transformation,   and
storage   and    transportation);    byproduct
processing (offals,  rendering, tallow, blood, cas-
ings,  and fell-mongery); refrigeration and air
conditioning;  and  cold  water  and  effluent
disposal.
[24454]

73-5155
 HONDA,  A, S. INOUE,  AND K. YAMADA.  Pu-
rasuchikku haikibutsu no nensho tokusei to sono
shokyaku hoho.  [Combustion  characteristics of
plastic wastes  and its  incineration.] Yosui to
Haisui, 15(6):691-705, June 1973.
According to an investigation of  the industrial
wastes in the city of Osaka, the amount of ther-
mal plastic wastes  comes to 349 tons a day, ther-
mal setting plastic wastes 839 tons  a day, and
rubber 641 tons a day.  An investigation con-
ducted by Osaka City showed that about 1,200
tons a day of plastic wastes are discharged from
the manufacturing industry. In this work, the ex-
othermic  amount  and  differential  thermal
characteristic of these plastic wastes were mea-
sured. For the exothermic  amount, 11 typical
thermal plastic  resins and  10 thermal setting
resins were  measured. In   general,  thermal
setting resins, polyvinyl  chloride,  and polyvinyl

-------
32
acetate showed  a high exothermic amount of
3,000 to 6,000 kcal per kg, and thermal plastic
wastes showed 9,500 to 11,400 kcal per kg. The
average exothermic amount of 20 plastic wastes
was 7,336 kcal per kg. As regards the differential
thermal characteristic,  plastic wastes can  be
classified into vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and
the other plastic group. For  the vinyl  series
resin, the change in weight showed a three-stage
alternation.  In  vinyl  chloride, for  example,
dechlorination takes place at 260  to 305 C; en-
dothermic change takes place at 276 C. After this
the heat decomposition of vinyl occurs, and a re-
markable exothermic reaction  occurs at 560 C.
(Text in Japanese)
[24455]

73-5156
 HONMA, T., M. YAMAMOTO, H. IWATA, AND K.
MASUDA.   Purasuchikku haikibutsu no funsai
shori ni kansuru kenkyu (dai 2 ho)~Karyu fun-
saiho no tekiyosei ni  tsuite.    A  study of the
crushing of plastic wastes. 2—on the applicability
of the swirl type crusher.] Presented  at  the
Study Meeting on  Mining Technology,  Spring
Meeting, Tokyo,  Japan, Mar.  29-Apr.  1, 1973.
Tokyo, Japan, The Mining and  Metallurgical In-
stitute of Japan,1973.2p.
Although various types of mechanical methods
were recently tried, it is said that the mechanical
crushing of plastics to the extent of fine powder
is  difficult because the destruction of plastic is
accompanied by a plastic deformation and a large
amount of energy absorption. In this study, the
measurement  of the energy absorption by ten-
sion and impact was made to determine the ener-
gy required to destruct plastic, and a swirl type
crusher was manufactured to examine the rela-
tionship between the energy obtained from fun-
damental studies for  crushing and the actual
crushing effect and also to test the applicability
of the crusher. The stress-strain curve obtained
from  tension test showed the following: ABS
plastic showed the same tendency  as that of the
fragile destruction; polyvinyl  chloride  (PVC)
showed properties peculiar to plastics; the stress
was  transformed only  into plastic deformation
and it was stored as absorbed energy. The speed
of impact  was almost in linear relation to  the
thickness of material.  ABS and PVC, having a
relatively small  absorption energy, were more
easily  crushed  than  the  polypropylene  and
polyethylene plastics with  a larger absorption
energy. For ABS, the crushing is possible to an
extent  of producing  fine  powder.  (Text in
Japanese) (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24456]

73-5157
 KOBAYASHI, R. PURASUCHIKKU  HAIKIBUTSU
SHORI GUUTSU.  [The technology of disposing of
waste  plastic.] Kogyo Gijutsu, 14(5):24-26, May
1973.
In this report, problems of the disposal of plastic
wastes which have not so far been treated in the
general  monthly  technical magazines and  a
disposal technology for waste tires developed by
the Hokkaido Industrial  Development Lab are
described. Most plastic wastes are thermoplastic
and are naturally directed  toward reutilization
such as  remolding.  In the last several years,
many reclaiming processes have been developed
and more than twenty types of equipment are of-
fered  for sale.  These techniques are mostly
modifications  of the  conventional method of
molding plastics. Most of the products of such
processes are designed for public works, build-
ing,  agriculture, forestry,  and  fishing.   The
problems  in this method are the possibility of
marketing and the recovery and disposal when
the products are again discarded. The method by
which plastic wastes are subject to heat decom-
position processes to obtain  oils and gases as
chemical raw materials is one of the most impor-
tant methods. This method is incorporated into
the  -disposal  technology   for  waste   tires
developed by the Hokkaido Industrial Develop-
ment Lab. (Text in Japanese)
[24457]

73-5158
 MATSUMOTO, K. Sangyo haikibutsu shori to ku-
rozudu shisutemu. [Industrial waste disposal and
a closed system.] Kankyo Gijutsu.  2(4):236-242,
Apr. 1973.
According to an  investigation conducted by the
Ministry of International Trade and Industry in
1970,  the total amount per year  of industrial

-------
                                                                                          83
wastes in Japan amounts to about 60 million tons,
about 2.5 times that of city wastes. Because the
investigation includes no wastes from trade, ser-
vice, agriculture, the marine industry, or civil en-
gineering  and  construction, the  figure  would
become larger.  It can be itemized as follows: 1)
non-combustible solid waste is 57 percent of the
total; 2) non-combustible liquid waste and sludge
is 36 percent; 3) combustible but smoke-evolut-
ing wastes is 2 percent; and 4) easily combustible
wastes is 4  percent. The non-combustible solid
wastes can be turned to reclaiming work and the
easily combustible wastes are easy to process.
Waste oil, waste acid, waste alkali, sludge, and
plastic wastes are most troublesome. In general,
the  organic sludge tends to  burn out  after
dehydration and drying. The sulfuric acid sludge
can be disposed of by the circle flow type in-
cinerator and fluidized bed type incinerator, but
a great amount of sulfuric acid gas must  be
removed by high power absorption equipment.
For  the disposal of waste oil, the use of the
technique by which sulfuric acid and lubricating
oil can be recovered is  desirable.  The disposal
method of plastic wastes is classified into three
methods: fusion and solidification, heat cracking,
and burning, but this disposal must be connected
to the closed  system  in which  raw materials'
production,  consumption,  and  elimination are
being cycled. (Text in Japanese)
[24459]

73-5159
 McCoMBS, W. H. AND K. L.  VAN AACKEN.
Overcomes phosphate problem.  Food Engineer-
ing, 45(6):72-73, June 1973.
Faced with  increased cheese production  which
created more waste, and  a change in effluent
standards which required better treatment, Bon-
gards Creameries took immediate corrective ac-
tion. This article  describes  the biological and
chemical treatment processes which have helped
this  firm cut BOD by  90 percent and  reduce
phosphorus  levels by  80  to   90 percent.
Phosphorus is removed from waste water by the
addition of lime and polyelectrolyte. Chlorine is
added to accomplish the bacterial kill. A diagram
of the system  and performance data are pro-
vided.
[24458]
73-5160
 MINAMI, N.  [The treatment of industrial waste
in the paint industry. Toso to Toryo, 2(223):55-60,
1973.
Waste solvent is produced at a rate of approxi-
mately 6,500 tons per year by paint industries in
Japan. Waste solvent  is a mixture  of various
kinds of solvent, and there is  no recovery value.
After distilling scrubbing solvent, residue has to
be  burned with  waste paint. Waste  paint is
produced at a rate of approximately 4,000 tons
per year. Sludge  from various processes in  the
paint industry is dehydrated and buried. Most of
the  metal waste from the  industry is  empty
petroleum cans and about 200,000 cans must be
burned a month as waste material. In treating
any of these waste materials, measures must be
taken to prevent secondary pollution. The Osaka
Paint Solvent Cooperative Union comprises 45
large and small paint manufacturers. They began
the treatment of waste oil by three  distillators
and three incinerators in Sept. 1969. The multi-
chamber incinerators operate at 800 to 1,200 C,
and  are specially designed  for effective  air
supply and air flow.  The low-calorie incinerator
for  highly  viscous  waste   is a watercooled
cylinder and the air is supplied from the rotating
central axis and burner arms. Viscous material is
scattered over the ashes on the floor by the air
and burned in the ash. Cinders are removed by
the stokers on the burner arms. The Japan As-
sociation of Paint Industries  is examining  the
possibility of waste paint and sludge incineration
and  sludge incineration on the ocean.  (Text in
Japanese)
[24460]

73-5161
 NAKAMURA, J.  [The  present state of waste
disposal.] Toso to Toryo, 2(223):61-62,1973.
In 1969, the Osaka Paint and Solvent Coopera-
tive Union installed a paint  solvent recovery
system and a paint waste incinerator for the pur-
pose of recovery and recirculation of paint waste
from local manufacturers. When the operation of
these systems began, it was found that the sol-
vent recovery operation did not thrive due to too
many orders, and there was an overflow of or-
ders for paint incineration. For seven months in

-------
1969,  the initial orders  for  solvent reduction
were 571 tons and the orders for waste paint in-
cineration were 295 tons; in 1970, these orders
were 1,881 and 1,605 tons; in 1971, 775 and 2,792
tons; and in six months of 1972, the orders were
259 and 2,428 tons. The ratio of the recovery to
incineration orders which was initially 66.34 per-
cent reversed to 22.78 percent in 1971, and at
present, 90 percent of the total orders are for in-
cineration. In March 1972, an additional large in-
cinerator was constructed. The total incineration
capacity at the present time is over 30 tons a day.
The total orders per month is approximately 500
tons per month, 470 tons of which is for incinera-
tion. (Text in Japanese)
[24461]

73-5162
 NEIMITZ, W. Disposal of industrial sludges.  In
Waste disposal; Proceedings; 4th International
Congress  of  the International Research Group
on Refuse Disposal  (IRGRD), Basel, Switzer-
land,  June  2-5,  1969.  Basel,  Schweizerische
Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 425-443.
This article  contains the introductory remarks
and the final discussion of a working group on in-
dustrial sludge disposal. The introduction points
out several factors that  must be kept in  mind
when an industry is attempting to solve a sludge
disposal  problem. First, the  cost  of  waste
disposal must be considered from the inception
of process design and various processes for the
production of a product should be compared on
the basis of the difficulty involved in  waste
disposal. As much of the waste as possible should
be reused; to this end, as  well  as to expedite
treatment and disposal, various  types of waste
streams should be kept separate. Since dewater-
ing is the most difficult and costly phase of
sludge handling,  any step that unnecessarily
raises  the water  content  of waste, such  as
hydraulic  transport, should  be avoided. In addi-
tion  to dewatering, sludge disposal  should  be
preceded by biological stabilization to reduce the
threat of  environmental damage after disposal.
Two graphs are presented showing the essential
disposal  methods  for organic  and  inorganic
sludges. If possible, it is desirable to treat indus-
trial sludge or waste water along with municipal
sewage.  (This  document is  retained  in the
SWIRS library.)
[24462]

73-5163
 OFFICE OF  THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY, POLLUTION CONTROL SECTION.
[The  state  of industrial  waste  (agricultural,
forestry, and marine related industries).] Tokyo,
Japan, Ministry of  Agriculture and Forestry,
July 1972.31 p.
The following statistics are presented in tables:
estimated total industrial waste  effluence  in
Japan; the total disposal estimate for industrial
waste; the total  plastic film consumption for
agricultural  and  horticulture; the  total  1971
agricultural plastic  waste; the projected  total
amount of cattle exreta; the present state  of
animal  excreta treatment;  a  projection  for
excreta treatment required in 1977; the economy
of the permanent treatment method for excreta;
the projected total figure for waste from indus-
tries related to agriculture, forestry, and marine
products; treatment methods  for major wastes
from  the above  industries  by category; the
present conditions of waste treatment facilities
and installation plans; the ratio of waste produc-
tion by the above industries by categories; and
industrial waste production per unit cost for
main  food items. According to these tables, the
food  items  which   produce  relatively   high
amounts of waste per unit are kanten (seaweed
gelatin),  coffee, potato chips, powdered sweet
potatoes,  and  dried fish.  Tofu  (bean curd),
mashed potatoes, beat sugar, canned fish and
shellfish, and monosodium glutamine produce
relatively small amounts of waste in the manu-
facturing process. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24463]

73-5164
 Pollution control in the NZ meat industry. Food
Technology  in Australia, 24(12):642-643,  Dec.
1972.
This article outlines a report from the New  Zea-
land meat industry's Trade Wastes Committee
to the Water Resources Council. The industry
has spent  almost  $2 million  in its efforts  to
reduce or eliminate pollution. This pollution con-
trol is being carried out in three ways: by the in-

-------
                                                                                           35
stallation  of effluent disposal and recovery
plants; by experimentation and research at the
Meat Industry  Research  Institute's research
unit; and by experimentation and research by in-
dividual freezing companies in conjunction with
research organizations and  other  interested
parties. Six major studies were undertaken: acid
coagulation  of  effluentO  pilot plant;   Flocor
plastic-packed  biological  filter  pilot  plant;
anaerobic pilot plant; a process akin to compost-
ing; pelt house wastesO methods for the recovery
of chemicals; and a river coliform survey.
[24464]

73-5165
 RANDALL, C. W., AND P. H. KING. Treating
finishing  waste  chemically  and   biologically.
American Dyestuff Reporter, 62(6):63-66, June
1973.
In this article full-scale plant  operating data are
presented that illustrate the  efficacy of a com-
bined chemical-biological treatment process for
removal of both color and organic matter from a
concentrated textile dyeing and finishing waste.
Data, graphs, and diagrams  are included. The
topics  which are  discussed  in detail  include:
waste characterization; description of treatment
facilities; equalization and neutralization lagoon;
chemical treatment  and  flocculation  channel;
sedimentation   basin;   neutralization   tanks;
aerated lagoons; treatment plant performance;
and performance after process change.
[24465]

73-5166
 RIDDLE, M. J., AND K. L. MURPHY.  Treatability
studies at a  fish processing  plant.   Water and
Pollution Control, lll(6):32-35, June 1973.
This article  describes batch biological  studies
which were carried out on perch, smelt, and com-
bined perch  and  smelt waste water. Sampling
and analysis of the contents of the batch reactors
were performed  daily.  Extensive data  are
presented.  The  characteristics of  other  fish
processing  waste water and  any variations can
be accounted for by the type of fish processed,
the processing techniques, plant size, and water
usage. It is concluded that the waste water from
a fresh  water  fish  processing plant  can  be
characterized as of medium strength with large
day to day variations in the major parameters.
[24466]

73-5167
 SAKAI, H., AND M. OZAKI. Sangyo haikibutsu
sogo  shori  shisutemu.  [Total   management
system  of  industrial  wastes.] Hitachi Hyoron,
55(3):99-104, Mar. 1973.
The functions of subsystems in a total manage-
ment system  of industrial waste  are  defined
from the viewpoint of materials handling and in-
formation control. The system as conceived now
consists of various subsystems which control col-
lecting,  relaying,  transporting,  treating,  and
disposing of all types of waste material. In addi-
tion, there are subsystems collecting and  incor-
porating purely  informational  data such  as:
monitoring of emission sources; predicting  the
quantity, quality, and frequency of waste emis-
sion; managing the transportation system; con-
trolling traffic; and determining the treatment
and disposal methods. The collection subsystem
will depend heavily on trucks operated by  one
man.  The waste should be described when  the
waste source  manager requests the collection.
The data should be registered as digital informa-
tion and the  collection truck  should  follow  a
planned  collection route.  The  intermediary or
relaying subsystem should reduce the quantity
of waste by crushing  and  compacting the  waste
and  transfering it into a large transportation
vehicle. This is also a point where pipe transpor-
tation  can be  applied.   The  transportation
subsystem comprises large packers, large con-
tainers, and removable body vehicles, subter-
ranean,  or ground  pipe  transportation. The
method used is determined by the considerations
of  cost,  space,  manageability,  and  loading
method.  The  treatment  subsystem comprises
data on optimum treatment methods for various
waste classifications and the possibility for com-
posite processing. In this process, incineration
for the  purpose of energy recovery, materials
recovery by crushing, classifying, and selecting,
thermodegradation processes, and microbiologi-
cal degradation should  be considered. (Text in
Japanese)
[24467]

-------
36
73-5168
 Sangyo haikibutsu  no shori  shobun no jittai.
[Actual conditions of treatment and disposal of
industrial wastes.] Kinzoku Ziryo, 13(6):59-61,
June 1973.
Bureau of Public Cleansing, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, conducted a survey of  industrial
wastes, the result of which showed that industri-
al wastes would amount to 5,880,000 tons a year
but only less than 20 percent, 1,090,000 tons, is
disposed of by enterprises. There are 3,000 tons
of industrial wastes containing  heavy metals
such as cadmium still undisposed, and the figure
may exceed 10,000 tons, including those undis-
closed  by the survey of 1971. Of  5,880,000 tons,
3,580,000 tons is attributable to the manufactur-
ing industry and 1,880,000 tons to civil engineer-
ing and construction. Construction waste materi-
al is 1,870,000 tons, followed by metal wastes of
1,260,000 tons, and sludge of 990,000  tons. The
wastes disposed  of  by enterprises are mostly
sludge (820,000 tons) and wood wastes (170,000
tons). Most of these wastes are burnt, dewatered
and dried, and crushed. The rest of the wastes
are commissioned to  private enterprises  and
public  organizations, except when they can  be
salvaged.  The enterprises find  it  difficult  to
secure the land  necessary for wastes disposal,
but many  smaller enterprises failed to  even
answer the questionnaires. Most of the enter-
prises  thought it was desirable that the waste be
disposed of by public agencies, and only very few
thought it was  desirable  that  the  companies
dispose of the wastes themselves. The enter-
prises  commissioned  with wastes disposal reutil-
ize or sell 29.5 percent of the waste they handle.
The salvagable items are: metal,  textile, animal
and vegetable residue, ore residue, paper waste,
and waste oil; 70.5 percent of  waste is taken to
public  disposal sites, private  disposal sites,  or
recommissioned to other enterprises. In 1975 the
wastes in Tokyo (excluding that of horticulture
and livestock) will reach 7,200,000 tons.  The in-
crease  in waste generation would  be due to con-
struction and manufacturing industries. (Text in
Japanese)
[24468]
73-5169
 SUGISHIMA, W. Sangyo haikibutsu shorikiki to
shori shisutemu  ni tsuite.  [Industrial waste
treatment  apparatus and treatment  system.]
Water Treatment Techniques, 12(9):7-20,1971.
Waste is  examined in  a total  picture  of  the
materials  cycle system, and  various treatment
facilities are discussed  from the standpoint of
the requirements  for specific industrial waste
materials. For crushing of solid waste, the Ham-
mermill crushers and Lindemann crushers  are
discussed.   Incinerators  for cellulose  waste
material, general miscellaneous wastes, polymer
wastes, sludges, and liquid waste are discussed.
Various types of  incinerator, such  as multi-
chamber furnaces, rotary kilns, flush-dryers, and
fluidized beds are discussed. The basic flowchart
of a coordinated treatment  plant shows three
functions: treatment of exhaust gases, and liquid
waste; landfill with prior compaction, crushing,
and  incineration;  and recycling using an  oil-
water separation system and boilers. (Text in
Japanese)
[24469]

73-5170
 TOBIHO,  S. Sangyo haikibutsu shori  taisaku.
[Industrial wastes  disposal policy.]  Tsusansho
Koho, (6987):9-12, Mar. 5,1973.
Although studies have been made as to disposal
of city garbage, there  has  been no adequate
technology established on disposal of industrial
wastes. The ministry's survey on 5,000 factories
employing more than 200 workers in manufac-
turing,  electric, and gas industries  was con-
ducted from April to May,  1970, by question-
naires,  of  which   2,443  sent  their   replies
(representing 67 percent of national manufac-
tured goods shipment).  Of  58,470,000  tons  of
waste  produced, 36,860,000  tons are  noncom-
bustibles.  Of these wastes, 12,330,000 tons  are
disposed of by dewatering, compression, and
combustion; 81 percent being disposed of by  the
enterprises themselves;  17  percent  commis-
sioned to  private operators;  and 2 percent  en-
trusted to public organizations. More than half is
buried, 27 percent sold for recycling, 11 percent
thrown away. In December, 1970, 'Law Concern-
ing  Disposal  and  Cleaning  of Wastes'  and

-------
                                                                                          87
'Marine Pollution Control Law' were  enacted
and the principle that the person responsible for
creating  wastes should dispose of them was
established; and enterprises must conform to the
standards concerning collection, transportation,
and disposal of industrial wastes.  In the next
fiscal year, lecture meetings on industrial wastes
are to be held (meetings on the oil refinery and
petrochemical industry were  held in 1972) and
the manual on disposal technology is going to be
published. Systematized disposal is to be carried
out at two combined areas in 1972, followed  by
one combined area in 1973. At about 20 factories
the survey was conducted on harmful wastes. At
the Agency of Industrial Science and Technolo-
gy, studies are being made on crushing  and pul-
verization of plastics,  reutilization  of  plastics,
and combustion treatment of plastics.  (Text in
Japanese)
[24470]

73-5171
 WEBBER, C. C. B., AND L. S. DIAZ. Automatic
particle size  and rod  mill tonnage control at
Craigmont. Canadian Mining Journal,  94(6):36-
37, June 1973.
This article discusses  the wide  variations in
grind which occur due to the changing hardness
of ores. The object of this study was to develop a
control system that would: control the  grinding
circuit  to hold  a preselected particle  size dis-
tribution of solids in the cyclone overflow stream
within  narrow limits over extended periods of
time; and process rod mill tonnages at maximum
practical rates at all times. A parallel objective
was to establish quantitatively the performance
improvement obtained. Mill tonnage and copper
recovery  were  measured. Schematic diagrams
are provided of simplified mill operations and of
a grinding circuit control system.
[24471]

73-5172
 YAMADA, K., J. FUKUYAMA, AND J. HONDA. Pu-
rasuchikku haikibutsu  no netsu bunkai shori.
[Pyrolytic treatment of plastic wastes.]  Yosui to
Haisui, 15(6):706-718, June 1973.
In this report,  the pyrolytic characteristics of
various plastics, the  material  balance during
pyrolysis, the pyrolytic condition of polyethylene
and other plastics, and the methods for pyrolysis
are given.  For eight kinds of thermal plastic
resins and seven kinds of thermal setting resins,
the change in weight and  differential thermal
characteristics  were  measured  with nitrogen
current using a differential  thermal analyzer.
The  thermal characteristics of thermal plastic
resins in the nitrogen current are classified into
vinyl resins such as vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate,
and the other plastics. The change in weight for
vinyl resins proceeds in two stages  and for the
other resin the change  ends in  one stage. For
vinyl  chloride,  dechlorination  decomposition
takes place at  260 to 280  C and endothermic
change occurs at 276 C. During the temperature
range up to about 410  C, the  weight is con-
siderably reduced, and the change in weight due
to the pyrolysis of vinyl compound again occurs
at temperatures  between  410 and 478  C.  In
general, the change in weight for thermal setting
resins is small, and no change occurs  at tempera-
tures up to 235 to 327 C. The endothermic reac-
tion  of thermal setting resins is weak, except
that urea resin shows an endothermic reaction at
about 260 C. (Text in Japanese)
[24472]

LAW / REGULATIONS

73-5173
 [Regulations and standards for industrial waste
including toxic  material and  treatment and
disposal techniques.] Tokyo, Japanese Pollution
Research and Control Center, Dec. 1972.118 p.
The  general standards  for the  treatment and
disposal of industrial waste are spelled out in the
Government  Ordinance  Item No. 6, Article  1.
Sanitary landfill is used to prevent litter from in-
dustrial  waste material and to prevent the
leakage of odors; the fill area should  be fenced in
and  the place should be clearly marked indicat-
ing that it is an industrial waste disposal ground;
necessary measures should be taken to prevent
the percolation and pollution of ground  water
from any material. Infestation of rats, mice, flies,
roaches, and other undesirable vectors should be
strictly avoided. General  rules  applicable  to
ocean disposal are the same as the  first clause

-------
concerning the burial, and necessary measures
and considerations should be given in the choice
of disposal area to prevent damage to marine
animals and products.  Both landfill and ocean
disposal regulations concerning individual types
of solid  waste are spelled out separately by
categories  in  Ordinances 1-12.  Categories in-
cluded are: cinder, sludge, glass and  ceramics,
mining  waste,  construction  material  waste,
animal excreta, animal carcasses, dusts, organic
waste including putrefied material, oil  waste,
acid waste, alkaline waste, plastic waste, paper,
wooden chips, fiber and fabric waste, animal of-
fals  and plant residues,  rubber,  and  metals.
Regulations concerning the collection and trans-
portation of  industrial waste including toxic
matter are designated in Ordinance Item 6, No.
2. (Text in Japanese) (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24482]

73-5174
 'EPA' would require licensing of all disposal ac-
tivity.    Solid  Wastes  Management/Refuse
RemovalJournal, 16(6):42, June 1973.
This  article   discusses  proposals by  Great
Britain's Department of the  Environment for
licensing of  all disposal  programs, public or
private. This plan would enable counties to make
their  own refuse removal plans, including  both
domestic and industrial waste. The Department
of the Environment stresses that an important
part of the plan  should be a  statement of the
relationship of landfill activities in the county to
land reclamation activities. The proposed regula-
tions would also require local authorities to col-
lect  all  domestic  refuse  and  many  types of
agricultural waste.  Licenses would be  required
for all private or public incinerators and landfills
and would  be granted only after inspections to
determine safety, pollution control, and working
conditions at  the site. Hazardous and other spe-
cial wastes would require a special license.
[24474]

73-5175
 BRYSON, D. S. Profound changes coming in pol-
lution enforcement. Food Engineering, 45(6):68-
69, June 1973.
This article describes the far-reaching changes
in the United States' entire system of pollution
control which are being brought about by the
Federal Water Pollution  Control  Act of 1972.
Precise, detailed abatement requirements will be
established.  They  will  be  enforced  through
streamlined legal procedures and  heavy penal-
ties for violations. Specific provisions of the law
and  their application are outlined as follows:
precise   limits  for  waste;  tough  penalties
(violations  of requirements will be subject to
civil penalities of up to $10,000 per day); and per-
mit requirements (U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency and State cooperation).
[24473]

73-5176
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Legislation. In
Solid waste management: opportunities  and
markets  for equipment  products and processes.
v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972.  p.
134-141.
This paper discusses legislation designed specifi-
cally for solid waste management, which is rela-
tively  new  at all  levels of  government. Or-
dinances and statutes  governing  local  storage
and  collection  procedures plus  antilitter laws
represent the majority of solid waste legislation.
Pertinent Federal,  State, and local  laws are
reviewed.  The advantages  of  establishing  a
separate department for  solid waste activities
follow:  separate  budget;  increased  visibility;
total attention to goals; equipment and personnel
sharing; direct responsibility; and higher priori-
ty status.  The disadvantages include:  further
government  fragmentation; possible  lack  of
coordination; and duplication of service person-
nel.  (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24475]

73-5177
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Legislation. In
Solid waste management: opportunities  and
markets  for equipment products and processes.
v. 2. Development needs and potential. Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 74-83.
This paper outlines solid waste legislation, which
is currently  divided into categories  with dif-

-------
ferent goals and objectives. The U.S. Environ-
mental Protection  Agency currently is examin-
ing a wide range of issues and problems in order
to make  specific recommendations to stimulate
secondary  materials usage. Areas  included  in
these efforts  are: tax policy  changes (tax on
energy, tax on virgin materials, depletion  rate
changes, and  tax  credits to users  of postcon-
sumer waste); transportation rate changes; im-
port-export regulations; virgin resource regula-
tion from federally controlled land; Federal and
State purchasing regulations; and national stan-
dards for waste use. Specific legislative ideas are
presented  for tax  incentives  and  subsidies
(recycling), transportation rates, disposal taxes,
and tax  exempt industrial development  bonds.
(This document is  retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24476]

73-5178
 HOSCHUETZKY, A. Der umweltbereich abfall in
Umweltprogramm der Bundesregurung und das
abfallbeseitigungsgesetz. [Wastes in the Federal
Government's environment program, and the
waste disposal law.] Schriftenreihe  des Vereins
fuer Waaser-,  Boden-, und Lufthygiene, 38:201-
206,1972.
The grave situation in Germany is stated - grow-
ing masses of wastes and refuse of all kinds and
of  sewage sludge from  ever more treatment
plants, 90 percent  of the  refuse and wastes still
being dumped randomly and without care for hy-
giene, many dumping grounds amid settlements
in densely populated areas, the legal and ad-
ministrative   regulations  heretofore uncoor-
dinated and inadequate,  and the governmental
environment protection  program,  prepared  in
1971, are discussed, with particular view to the
wastes disposal problem. The estimated costs for
the  coming 15 years are  2.8  billion deutsche
marks, and the general principle is that he who is
producing the  refuse has to bear the costs of the
disposal;  thus  the  charges  will  be   raised.
Deliberations led to the conclusion that the ob-
jectives can only be achieved if large dumping
grounds are provided, with due  care for preven-
tion of ground water pollution and so planned as
to  become a  gain for the environment after
recultivation; if new collection  and transporta-
tion  systems are found; if composting  is im-
proved; if improved elimination and recycling
processes are developed; if incineration facilities
for otherwise not disposable waste are provided;
and  if model dumps  for  particular kinds of
wastes  are provided. The organization of a
federal agency for environment protection is en-
visaged. The law on refuse disposal has been in
force since June 7, 1972.  Its essential rules,
briefly listed, include punishment by imprison-
ment for up to five years plus fines for offenders
causing danger to life or health, and fines up to
100,000 deutsche marks for other offenses. (Text
in German)
[24477]

73-5179
Joint House-Senate Colloquium to Discuss a Na-
tional Policy for the Environment. Hearing be-
fore the Committee on Interior and Insular Af-
fairs, United States Senate and the Committee
on  Science and Astronautics, U.S.  House of
Representatives. 90th Cong., 2nd. sess., July 17,
1968. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1968.233 p.
This hearing presents the views of a number of
witnesses including cabinet officers,  conserva-
tionists, and academic  leaders. There  is  also an
appendix of communications to the colloquium on
the subject of the importance  of environmental
protection. A second appendix  contains a special
report written for the Senate Committee on In-
terior and Insular Affairs on the subject. The re-
port stresses  that  it is no longer possible to
ignore the environmental costs  of  our policies
and actions, and that they must instead be  con-
sidered equally if we are to prevent the destruc-
tion  of this country's beauty, natural resources,
and productivity. An environmental policy, once
formed,  must  be  implemented  with relevant
legislation and  must be carried out in coopera-
tion  with other nations. Governmental structure
for environmental  control is  discussed. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24478]

73-5180
 KLEE, A. J. Environmental plastics legislation
in the U.S.: an overview. S P E Journal (Society
of Plastics Engineers), 29(5):46-48, May 1973.

-------
40
This article discusses environmental protection
laws enacted in Oregon and  New York City
which have affected the plastics industry. These
laws have been challenged in regard to their con-
stitutionality. In New  York City an ordinance
was passed which placed a  tax solely on plastic
containers on the ground that they were more
harmful to the environment than  other  types.
The Society of the Plastics  Industry challenged
the law on its basic premise as well as on grounds
that  it violated  the equal  protection and due
process clauses of the  Fourteenth  Amendment
and the commerce  clause of the Constitution.
The city argued  that plastics are harmful to in-
cinerators, that they are  not biodegradable and
thus not suitable for landfills, that they cause air
pollution  when incinerated,  and that the tax on
this nonrecyclable material would be used to pay
for reclamation  of other materials, and  would
consequently  encourage  their  use.  The  New
York County  Superior Court found that the tax
did not promote recycling and that it was uncon-
stitutional in that it did not  observe due process
and equal protection in placing  such a burden
only on  the  plastics industry.  There is also
discussion on the Oregon Law  which requires a
deposit on all beer and soft drink containers sold
whether reusable or not. The constitutionality of
the this law has been challenged, but has been
upheld and is presently under appeal  in the
Oregon  Supreme Court. The  constitutionality
and desirability  of laws affecting the container
industry, and aimed at preventing litter or other-
wise protecting the environment, are discussed
in detail.
[24479]

73-5181
 Man, materials and environment. Professional
Engineer, 34(6):32-34, June 1973.
This article is a summary  of a National Academy
of Engineering/National  Academy of Sciences
report to the National Commission on Materials
Policy. It discusses the importance of such a pol-
icy  and  the  social  consequences  thereof.  It
recommends an amendment to the constitution
that  will guarantee to  every  citizen a safe,
healthful, pleasant, and productive environment.
Such an amendment would force the nation to
enact public policy which would preserve natural
resources and energy. The committee makes a
number of recommendations for the implemen-
tation of a rational materials policy including the
following:  the  government should  use all its
available instruments and power to forward this
policy; economic growth should be  oriented in
such a way as to be consistent with environmen-
tal  protection;  environmental costs should al-
ways be taken into consideration when evaluat-
ing the costs and benefits of a given process; ef-
ficiency is  generally highest when costs of en-
vironmental damage  are borne by  those  who
cause it; land use policy is important  when creat-
ing a materials policy; and research should be en-
couraged in environmental science. There is also
a list of the present full-scale resource revovery
demonstrations projects sponsored by the  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
[24480]

73-5182
 RANDOLPH, J.  Federal solid waste  control pol-
icy. Waste Age, 4(3):4-6, May/June 1973.
This article by the senior senator from West Vir-
ginia is a  broad  overview of Federal  policies
relating to solid waste management. It stresses
the important role  that legislation  can  play in
preserving our environment  and resources. In
1965 Congress enacted the Solid Waste Disposal
Act aimed  at providing assistance to the States
in their disposal plans and initiating a national
research and demonstration program  in  solid
waste management. Seeing that that law was not
sufficient  the  Congress passed in  1970  the
Resource Recovery Act. This directed the major
federal  emphasis toward reclamation. There is
still a need for more Federal activity in the area
of stimulating recycling through demonstrations,
research,  and financial incentives.  The author
discusses the dangers inherent in the proposed
Federal plan to cut back on expenditures on solid
waste management, especially aid to the States.
The Environmental Protection Agency's budget
for solid waste  programs in Fiscal Year 1972 is
presented.
[24481]

73-5183
 Solid waste and related legislation.  Waste Age,
4(3):30,33,36-37, May/June 1973.

-------
                                                                                         41
This article lists  the  bills that have  been in-
troduced into the U.S. Congress since January of
1973 that  relate directly or  indirectly to solid
waste management. Each bill is listed with its
number, sponsor,  and  a brief description. More
than 100 bills are included covering such topics
as: use of recycled materials in products bought
by the government; establishment of a national
system of solid waste management; revision of
tax laws to make them more favorable to use of
recycled materials;  control of ocean dumping;
various controls and taxes aimed at preventing
litter  from   soft-drink   and  beer  bottles;
hazardous waste  programs;  and the  improve-
ment or alteration of government structures ac-
tive in solid waste management or planning, in-
cluding the  question of Federal/State coopera-
tion.
[24483]

73-5184
Waste Management Research and Environmen-
tal  Quality  Management. Hearings before  the
Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the
Committee  on Public Works, United  States
Senate. 90th Cong., 2nd sess., May 22, June 3,
June 9 and  10, 1968. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1968.451 p.
These  hearings were held for the purpose of
discussing those aspects of a national environ-
mental  quality policy which  relate to  waste
management with a minimization  of  pollution.
Also presented are Federal research activities in
solid waste management and air and water pollu-
tion control. A number of authorities testified on
the importance of waste management in environ-
mental protection and a greater number sub-
mitted statements to the committee. An  appen-
dix contains a  number of reprints of documents
related to this subject. Of particular interest are:
Athelstan Spilhaus, Waste management and con-
trol; Annual report on government patent policy-
-June 1965; Demonstration  project abstractsO
Solid Wastes  Program; State/Interstate solid
waste  planning  grant listing; Summaries  of
research and training grants  in solid waste; and
National Society of Professional Engineers, The
engineering challenge of pollution control! (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24484]
73-5185
 YOKOTA, I.  Sangyo haikibutsu shori no mon-
daiten-Kankei  horei  no kaisei ni atatte.
Problems of  industrial wastes  disposal~in  the
revision  of  related laws.] Kankyo  Gijutsu,
2(4):227-235, Apr. 1973.
It is one and a half years since the waste disposal
law was passed and now that the law is put into
practical use,  it is gradually becoming clear that
there is some disagreement between the policy
and the actual  conditions when compared with
the start of enforcement.  It may be therefore
said that the revision of the law  at this time was
made to remove the difficulties in applying the
law  in  relation to the disposal of industrial
wastes containing harmful  substances.  Under
the unrevised law, industrial wastes containing
harmful matter, sludge, waste acid, waste alkali,
and mineral slag were specified. In the Prime
Minister's office, mercury and its compound, cad-
mium and its compound, lead and its compound,
organic phosphoric compound, six-valent chromi-
um compound, and arsenic and its compound are
defined  as harmful substances, but because
there is no expression like 'containing harmful
substances', they have  been treated as harmful
substances regardless of the composition. There-
fore, as the first point that should be revised, a
standard by which the  content level of harmful
substances can be judged objectively  was
established. Secondly,  cyanide  compound  was
added as a harmful substance. Third, the in-
terpretation of No. 13 of Article  I came into
question. The composition of wastes rather than
their name was regarded as much more impor-
tant. (Text in Japanese)
[24485]

MANAGEMENT

73-5186
 BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. A. FRKANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W.  NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Opera-
tions research and solid waste collection. In The
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 69-84.

-------
42
This paper deals with the application of a group
of mathematical tools to the systematic analysis
of the solid waste collection problem, in order to
show its sensitivity to various parameters, and
to predict the outcome of possible policy changes
so that alternative management schemes may be
evaluated. Compromise solutions are presented
for the microscale subproblem as follows: simu-
lation   modeling;  route-generation   models;
traveling-salesman problem; data and assump-
tions used;  amount and  variability  of waste
generated; pickup time; crew  size, type of vehi-
cle and work rules; and travel and waiting times.
Macroscale models are also  presented.  (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24486]

73-5187
 BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TIDGE, A. SAROFIM,  AND D. G. WILSON.  Solid
waste management in homes, apartment and of-
fice buildings. In The treatment and manage-
ment of urban solid waste. Westport, Connec-
ticut, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 7-
22.
This paper discusses the problems and  some
promising solutions for the management of solid
wastes  in  private homes,  hotels,  apartment
buildings, hospitals, and supermarkets. Some of
the better approaches available at present  are
compaction,   recycling,   and  tube-transport
systems. Developments which are either proba-
ble or desirable for the future are discussed. The
principal problems of solid wastes in buildings
are insects, rats and vermin, fire, odor, volume,
and  hazardous wastes.  The  methods of solid
waste management which are  discussed include:
pneumatic and hydraulic  dust  systems; pneu-
matic transport systems; containers; compactors
and balers; shredders; incinerators for buildings;
and  salvage and  recycling. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24487]

73-5188
 BODMAN, S. W.,  Ill, J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TIDGE, A. SAROFIM,  AND D. G. WILSON.   The
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972.210 p.
This report provides a technical discussion of the
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Extensive bibliographic material,  data, tables,
and figures are provided. The  topics which are
discussed  in detail  follow:  the  history and
background of solid waste problems; solid waste
management in homes and apartment and office
buildings;  urban  refuse  collection and street
cleaning; quantitative estimates for solid waste
collection; landfill; municipal incineration; recla-
mation for municipal solid waste; and compost-
ing municipal refuse. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24488]

73-5189
 BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TIDGE, A.  SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON.  Urban
refuse collection and street  cleaning.  In  The
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 23-28.
This paper presents a  detailed examination of
present practices  in refuse collection and street
cleaning in part of Boston and summarizes some
of the  particular  changes  which  seem to  be
desirable.  The possible improvements in urban
refuse collection and street cleaning which are
recommended include:  combined  collection  in
bags;  reduction in crew size; quieter  collection
vehicles; continuous loaders; integrated vehicles;
integrated street-cleaning and  collection vehi-
cles; automated  collection  vehicles;  automatic
loading  plus home compactors; and bulky-item
container collection. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24489]

73-5190
 Department of Street  and Sanitation Services.
[Information bulletin.] Dallas, Texas, Apr. 1973.
19 p.
This booklet, available  from  the issuing agency
at 2721  Municipal Street, Dallas, Texas, 75215,
describes the facilities,  functions, and budget of

-------
                                                                                           43
the Department of Street and Sanitation Ser-
vices. This department is responsible for collec-
tion  and disposal  of refuse, abandoned autos,
litter cleanup, street cleaning and flushing, snow
removal, and emergency services such as flood
cleanup. The city does not contract out its collec-
tion functions, but allows industry and commer-
cial establishments to hire private contractors to
collect their wastes. The customer pays the de-
partment a  fee for sanitation as he pays  his
water bill. The service  fee ranges from $1.50 to
$5.00 a month for residences, depending on the
type of service. Commercial rates are based on
the amount  of trash and the frequency of ser-
vice. The Department's budget for the forthcom-
ing year  will be more than $7.3 million. The an-
nual cost per ton of refuse was $10.65 for collec-
tion and $1.39 for disposal. Ten disposal sites are
operated, all of which  are on  private property.
The  owner in  these cases wishes to fill an  old
gravel pit or raise the  level of his land, so that
the city does not have  to pay for the use of the
land. At one of the disposal sites, metal recycling
is taking place on a pilot scale. About $600 worth
of metal  was recovered in the first month of the
test program.  (This document  is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24490]

73-5191
 ENVIROGENICS Co.  Power plant  design con-
siderations.  In Systems evaluation of refuse as
a low sulfur fuel. A final report to the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, v.  1. Report No. F-
1295. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 111(1-159).
The  criteria to be used for designing a plant
which would utilize refuse as a  fuel are discussed
in this study sponsored by the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency's National Air Pollution
Control Administration. The following topics are
discussed in detail: a survey of fossil fuel and
refuse-fired boilers; fuel value; refuse charging
rate; unit capacity; steam  and other operating
conditions;  energy requirements;  combustion
calculations; fuel requirements; heat rate; steam
flow; design data for candidate systems (design
criteria,  weighing  stations,  truck  unloading,
receiving pit,  oversize  material separation and
reduction, and storage facilities); and an evalua-
tion of selected engineering designs (cost model,
optimization of selected new plant designs, and
retrofit plants). Data, charts, and diagrams are
also provided. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24491]

73-5192
 GLYSSON, E.  A., J.  R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES.  The  problem of solid waste disposal.
Ann Arbor, College of Engineering, The Univer-
sity of Michigan, 1972.153 p.
This document discusses the technical and social
problems  involved  in  solid  waste  disposal
systems. The document is part of the Ingenor se-
ries which deals  with issues in  which these
aspects cannot be separated. The book attempts
to define the  nature and scope of the problem of
devising the best system of solid waste manage-
ment  and also discusses  the various  types of
solid waste disposal systems presently available.
The disposal methods that are presented include:
sanitary landfill;  size reduction;  incineration;
composting; reclamation; and recycling. A basic
introduction  to each  of these is  given. Each
chapter is accompanied by diagrams, charts, and
graphs which  provide a  great deal  of  useful
material. There is an extensive list of references
and  additional reading. (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24492]

73-5193
 GLYSSON, E.  A., J.  R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. What's the problem? In  The problem
of solid waste  disposal. Ann Arbor, College of
Engineering, The University of Michigan, 1972.
p. 1-32.
This chapter serves as a basic introduction to the
problem of solid waste management. The social
and legal aspects of the issue are discussed.
There  is also a definition of the terms used in
discussing solid waste. Collection is dealt with
briefly, but  it is  felt  by  the  authors that
processing and  disposal are the important issues.
American attitudes toward solid waste handling
are presented. A number of  charts give basic
data on solid waste,  including: types of solid
waste; sources of  solid  waste; on-site  handling

-------
44
methods; off-site methods of handling; flow of
solid waste in the community; present disposal
alternatives;  wastes acceptable for different
disposal alternatives; composition and amount of
solid waste in the United States, France, and
Sweden; trends in solid waste collected in dif-
ferent cities; seasonal variations; and generation
of municipal solid waste in the United States per
capita over the years. The case of the problem of
Rochester, New  York  in  finding  a suitable
disposal alternative is discussed in detail for an
example of the issue involved. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24493]

73-5194
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. [Environment.]
In  Solid waste management: opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 2. Development needs and potential. Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 70-73.
The environmental  conditions connected with
solid waste management are discussed. Every
solid  waste  management  processing  system
must consider the following general environmen-
tal  criteria: air pollution control; water quality
(groundwater contamination, effluent treatment,
process  water reclamation,  and overall water
requirements); aesthetic  acceptability;  occupa-
tional safety and health (noise, physical dangers,
work environment, and  specific contaminants);
thermal  pollution; and  final  process  residue
disposal. (This document is  retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24495]

73-5195
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Entry require-
ments and methods for solid waste management
industry. In  Solid waste management: opportu-
nities and markets for equipment products and
processes, v.  2. Development needs  and poten-
tial. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 170-176.
Entry requirements and methods for the solid
waste management field are outlined. Entry
methods include: internal expansion and hiring
of additional personnel with the specific talents
needed for expansion; organizing a new company
to undertake the new activities; licensing and
franchising; a joint venture between two firms;
and  the  acquisition  of existing firms. Entry
requirements  include:  developing  improved
technology; obtaining the capital necessary to
make large equipment purchases; personnel; and
service.  (This  document  is  retained in  the
SWIRS library.)
[24494]

73-5196
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC.  Management
systems.  In Solid waste management: opportu-
nities and markets for equipment products and
processes, v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct.
1972. p. 122-133.
This paper describes solid waste management
systems  which  cover the following basic func-
tions: policymaking; public information; budget-
ing; planning and review; drafting, adopting, and
enforcement of standards; and operation of ac-
tual  and  day-to-day  systems, such as contract,
turnkey,  utility, municipal operations, and inter-
governmental approaches. The  points that are
critical requirements in developing an effective
solid management unit are presented along with
a summary of alternative methods of financing
capital requirements. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24496]

73-5197
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC.  Marketing. In
Solid waste  management:  opportunities  and
markets  for equipment products and  processes.
v. II. Development needs and potential. Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 162-169.
This paper discusses  the  marketing of  solid
waste management  equipment and  processes.
The  purchasing sector  includes purchasers of
diverse characteristics and sizes; the purchasing
methods  and decisionmaking  rationale varies
greatly from  purchaser to purchaser; and the
various alternative processes and equipment are
extremely  competitive with no overriding ad-
vantages yet proven for many of the developing
systems.  Volumes and strategy are presented. A
table includes  data  on the additional expendi-
tures required  to update  solid  waste manage-
ment facilities  for  collection,  incinerators, in-

-------
                                                                                          45
cinerator air pollution control, land disposal, and
dump closing and conversion. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24497]

73-5198
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL  INC.   New equip-
ment, product and process opportunities.  In
Solid  waste  management:  opportunities  and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 2. Development needs and potential. Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 84-118.
This paper discusses  the areas that have poten-
tial for new technological developments to im-
prove solid waste management systems and effi-
ciency levels. Solid waste management technolo-
gy currently utilizes many techniques borrowed
from  other industries. A great need exists for
application of other existing technology as well
as totally new development efforts. The topics
which are discussed  in detail follow: collection;
storage; handling and transportation; size reduc-
tion; compaction; incineration (energy recovery);
separation; resource  recovery; and  ocean and
land disposal. Data are provided on size reduc-
tion-separation  systems  compatibility.  (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24498]

73-5199
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Present expen-
ditures. In Solid waste management: opportuni-
ties and  markets for equipment products and
processes, v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct.
1972. p. 20-29.
This paper discusses  the amount of money cur-
rently expended for solid waste management ac-
tivities. Solid waste management costs are dif-
ficult  to separate  from overall pollution control,
public works, or general expense accounts. How-
ever, by use of standard cost accounting systems
and increased emphasis  on solid waste manage-
ment  activites, more definitive costs  will be
available in  the near future. Federal  Govern-
ment, State agency, and operating agency expen-
ses are covered. The following data are provided:
Federal solid waste management budget obliga-
tions;  Federal solid waste management funding
by agencies;  legislative budget authorizations;
and operating agency expenditures. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24499]

73-5200
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC.  Service oppor-
tunities in solid waste management. In  Solid
waste management: opportunities and markets
for equipment  products and  processes, v. 2.
Development  needs  and  potential.  Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 119-126.
This paper discusses the provision of both direct
operational  services  and indirect solid  waste
management  supplemental  services.   While
several firms are  rapidly expanding to establish
substantial market shares in this service  indus-
try, opportunities will expand as improved solid
waste management develops. The topics covered
under collection services are: private  disposal
sites; and solid waste collection services com-
bined with processing and  disposal operations.
Under management services to the solid  waste
generators and to the private and  public solid
waste  collection,  processing, and  disposal or-
ganizations there is also a discussion of equip-
ment,  maintenance,  and  service  contracts.
Resource recovery services are also reviewed.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24500]

73-5201
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL  INC.  Solid  waste
management industry structure.  In  Solid waste
management:  opportunities and markets  for
equipment   products  and  processes,   v.  1.
Technology.  Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 7-19.
This description  of the structure  of the solid
waste management industry is divided  into the
public and private sectors. Under the public sec-
tor the following are discussed:  the  Federal
Government (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency grants); large metropolitan areas; small
cities and villages;  rural areas; and  regional
agencies. National organizations and  the or-
ganizational  options and structure of the private
sector are also outlined. The following data are
provided:  a  1968 survey of community  solid
waste practices; the  proportion of cities of dif-

-------
46
ferent sizes using different collection arrange-
ments; and the type of collection agency used by
cities in 1939, 1955, and 1964. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24501]

73-5202
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC.  Solid waste
management: opportunities  and  markets for
equipment  products  and  processes,  v.  1.
Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972.151 p.
This report provides basic information on the
currently  available alternatives for solid waste
management operations and  presents a com-
prehensive  review  of  today's  solid  waste
management industry. The discussion of today's
technology is categorized as follows: historical
development; the structure of the solid waste
management industry;  present expenditures;
collection;  equipment; storage  and  handling
systems;  processing;  disposal;  management
systems; and legislation. Extensive data and dia-
grams, bibliographic material, and an appendix
containing classifications of wastes and incinera-
tors are provided. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24502]

73-5203
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC.  Solid waste
management: opportunities  and  markets for
equipment products and processes, v. 2. Develop-
ment needs and potential.  Gorham, Maine, Oct.
1972.181 p.
This publication highlights the operational per-
formance  and reported costs for typical waste
management installations.  The areas that pos-
sess potential for new and improved develop-
ments are presented. A chapter is  devoted  to
each of the following topics: technology assess-
ment; environmental considerations  legislation;
new equipment, product, and process opportuni-
ties;  service  opportunities  in  solid  waste
management; economic  potential;  marketing;
and  entry requirements and  methods for the
solid waste management industry. Conclusions,
extensive  data, and bibliographic material are
also  included. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24503]
73-5204
 GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC.  Storage and
handling systems. In  Solid waste management: j
opportunities  and   markets  for  equipment
products and processes, v. 1. Technology. Gor-
ham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 44-67.
The storage of solid waste is described as the
single aspect that most significantly affects the
individual homeowner, business  establishment,
or other  refuse  generating facility.  Storage
techniques and handling systems are discussed
in detail as follows:  household storage methods;
commercial and industrial storage systems; com-
bined   storage  and  densification   systems;
transfer stations; pneumatic; slurry; conveyor;
and rail haul. To be feasible, the rail haul alterna-
tive must provide the least costly waste disposal
technique based on  the following criteria: solid
waste materials; volumes; environment impact;
operational  reliability; service; economics; or-
ganization; and implementation. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24504]

73-5205
 GORHAM  INTERNATIONAL INC. Technology as-
sessment. In  Solid waste management: oppor-
tunities and markets for equipment products and
processes, v. 2. Development needs and poten-
tial. Gorham, Maine,  Oct. 1972. p. 2-69.
The economics and technology of the solid waste
management industry are outlined. The  topics
which are discussed in detail include: collection;
storage and handling; size reduction; separation;
incineration and energy recovery; composting;
compaction; and disposal. The U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection  Agency is  conducting programs
aimed at  providing more  efficient solid  waste
collection  utilizing  available  equipment and
techniques. Tables providing extensive cost data
are included. (This document is retained  in the
SWIRS library.)
[24505]

73-5206
 Haikibutsu shori gijutsu. [Solid waste treatment
techniques.] Tokyo,  Government  of Japan, Jan.
1973.47 p.

-------
                                                                                           47
The   collection,   transportation,  intermediary
treatment, and terminal treatment of solid waste
are discussed. As an example of special waste
treatment, the case of Yokohama city  and its
handling of plastics, large appliances, hospital
waste, and waste from  high rise office buildings
is discussed. The history and the present condi-
tion  of  solid waste treatment, the future ad-
ministrative policy, and the direction of research
work on sanitary landfill are discussed. Between
1971 and 1975, sanitary service coverage by the
municipal, township, and village governments of
Japan will be increased from 85.5 percent to  95
percent. Incineration systems should be installed
to treat at least 90 percent of the total combusti-
bles  in  the  collected  waste (approximately  83
percent of  all  total waste).  The incinerators
should be  able  to process large amounts  of
plastics without  creating air pollution. Crushing
and  compaction  equipment  for  large  waste
should be installed in all cities  with a population
of more than 100,000 as of 1975. The basic budget
for installation and furbishing of all solid waste
treatment between 1971 and 1975 (including con-
struction, land cost, incineration, residue  landfill)
will  be 269,500 billion yen. The capacity at that
time will  be 58,855 tons  per day. Large waste
treatment facilities will be installed at 274 loca-
tions,  and  their installation  and  furbishing
budget  will be 21,500  billion yen. This  will in-
crease the total waste incineration capacity to
110,660  tons per day.  (Text in Japanese) (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24506]

73-5207
 HEIDEN, U.  Teil II: Ueberregionale  und re-
gionale  Planungen entsprechend der  modernen
Abfallgesetzgebung   des  Bundes   und  der
Laender, part II. [Supra-regional and regional
planning according to the modern refuse laws of
the Federal Republic and the Laender, Part II.]
M uell und Abfall, 5(3):78-79,1973.
According to investigations conducted in Lower
Saxonia in 1971 the refuse of about 86 percent of
the inhabitants is collected regularly. The annual
residential refuse quantity amounts to 7 million
cu m, and the industrial refuse reaches nearly
the same quantity. About 2,680 disposal sites are
working in  Lower Saxonia  of which, however,
only 40 are sanitary landfills. The most economic
method of refuse removal for Lower Saxonia is
sanitary landfill. The basic refuse disposal plan
set up for Lower Saxonia provides for 1980 the
construction of 144 sanitary landfills, three com-
posting plants and two incineration plants. Each
refuse disposal plant shall be laid out  for 20,000
to  25,000  inhabitants  and the transportation
distance shall not  exceed 20 to 25  km. Four
plants shall provide for the detoxification, in-
cineration and disposal of dangerous  industrial
refuse. (Text in German)
[24507]

73-5208
  JAPAN   DEVELOPMENT  BANK.     [Various
problems  surrounding  plastic pollution.] Oct.
1972.104 p.
The present state of total domestic and industri-
al waste production in Japan, the production in
Japan, the general treatment methods, costs, and
the problems  in the present treatment method
due to the plastic content in refuse, the adminis-
trative  policy  in the treatment of plastic  waste
and the general trends are reviewed. The ratio of
plastic waste in the  total amount of waste has in-
creased from  2.0 percent by weight in 1953 to
10.3 percent of 1970 in Tokyo, from 1.4 percent to
10.1 percent in Kyoto; the ratios now are 8.5 per-
cent  in Yokohama, 8.0 percent in Nagoya, 8.0
percent in Osaka, and 9.5 percent in Kobe. These
figures are high compared to large cities in other
countries, which range from  2 percent (London
and Chicago) to 5 to 6 percent (New York). Some
ideas on the solution of the problem range from
taxation of plastic industries  and using the fund
for the research and development of special
treatment  method to the construction of model
recycling total system plants. The Ministry of
Health and Welfare plans to continue the instal-
lation and  construction of sanitary facilities for
the treatment of sewage and waste materials. As
of 1971, 93 percent  of sewage and 62 percent of
waste are being  treated; by 1975, the treatment
of  100  percent  of  sewage and 90 percent of
domestic refuse  will  become  possible on  the
budget  of 402 billion yen. The capacity of waste
incineration will be approximately a  double of
that of 1970, at 110,661 tons per day. The budget
for the installation of industrial waste treatment

-------
48
facilities is 50 million yen; this will have a 60 per-
cent treatment capacity for industrial  sludge,
waste  oil and plastic  produced by  small and
medium size industries. With regard to plastics,
the Metropolitan Government of Tokyo is to at-
tain facilities for selective collection crushing,
compaction, and landfill by 1975. Although this
will not be the most desirable of the treatment
methods, the metropolitan government will not
be able to reach the point of recycling by that
date. (Text  in Japanese.)  (This document  is
retained in the SWIR'S library.)
[24510]

73-5209
 LESSING, L.  The salt of the earth joins the war
on  pollution.  Fortune, 88(1):138-142, 144, 146-
147, July 1973.
Anti-Pollution Systems, Inc., New  Jersey,  is
developing a new waste-disposal system which is
efficient and small. It  employs molten salts to
dispose of sewage and solid waste of up to 1,000
people. The  system's major premise  is that by
passing most kinds of wastes through a searing-
hot bath of molten salts, in one relatively simple,
self-contained operation, it  can  reduce  these
wastes faster and more completely by catalytic
action  than  can conventional pollution-control
equipment of much larger size and complexity.
The system is low in capital costs and economical
in fuel consumption. Additional economies may
be realized by recycling materials such as metals
and glass.
[24508]

73-5210
 MACKlLLOP, A.  Low energy building-why and
how? Building Technology  and Management,
ll(l):8-9,11-13, Jan. 1973.
The average building  in Great Britain is not
designed to use energy effectively and economi-
cally. If the world is not to run out of fuel within
the next generation's lifetime and/or to continue
to pollute  the air, sea, and soil with the products
of coal mining, oil refining, and electrical genera-
tion by conventional or radioactive fuels,  some
drastic changes must be made in the way houses
and office buildings use energy. The first area
where  energy economies must be made is in the
construction materials themselves.  To produce
enough conventional  materials for a standard
housing unit is 53,700 kilowatt per hr, whereas a
comparable housing unit built with soil cement
blocks, which can be made by hand on site by un-
skilled labor, would require only 20,450 kilowatt
per hr. Also conventional building materials and
regulation of their use do not always make the
best use of energy. For example, vast glass-and-
steel office buildings which are Used only a por-
tion of the week need much heating and cooling,
much of which is lost through  poorly insulated
walls and ceilings. Waste materials available lo-
cally such as fly ash and demolition waste must
be better utilized. Solar energy can be exploited
by private homes for a relatively small invest-
ment of a flat-plate collector. The high cost  of
sewage treatment could be lowered by installing
Clivus units in all houses, and composting would
dispose of many wastes and provide soil im-
provement simultaneously.
[24509]

73-5211
 O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Develop-
ment of a master plan. In Jefferson County com-
prehensive solid waste  planning study, CSWP-
15. Albany, New York, New York State Depart-
ment of Environmental Conservation, June 1972.
In this paper, various collection and disposal al-
ternatives' are presented and a master plan  is
outlined for Jefferson  County for the  period
1970 to 1985. This is part of the Jeff erson County
Comprehensive  Solid Waste  Planning  Study.
The principal objective was'to minimize costs for
each municipality. The Environmental impact  of
each system was judged; however,  and. con-
venience to  residents and aesthetics were con-
sidered as well. The collection alternatives evalu-
ated during the study'were: independent collec-
tion systems for each municipality using packer-
type trucks; rural contairierization for unincor-
porated areas on an intermunicipal basis; and a
centrally controlled collection service for the en-
tire county. The disposal alternatives evaluated
during  this  study were: .incineration  by each
population center in the County; sanitary land-
fills  for each of five town  service areas;  three
sanitary landfills with direct haul to each site;
one sanitary landfill with three transfer stations;

-------
                                                                                        49
incineration   followed   by   landfilling;   and
shredding followed  by landfilling.  (This docu-
ment is retained in the 8WIRS library.)
[24511]

73-5212
 O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Disposal
site planning. In Jefferson County comprehen-
sive solid waste planning study,  CSWP-15. Al-
bany,  New York, New York State Department
of Environmental Conservation, June 1972. p. 71-
77.
This paper investigates the feasibility of a large
number of sites throughout Jefferson County for
use as disposal facilities as part of the Jefferson
County  Comprehensive  Solid Waste Planning
Study. The criteria used for disposal operations
were:  workability  of soil;  depth to  bedrock;
depth to ground  water; distance from  waste
generation centers;  distance  from  habitations;
and possible contamination of streams. It was as-
sumed in selecting sites that the method of solid
waste disposal  to  be utilized in the County
throughout the  study period  was sanitary land-
filling  without  intermediate  treatment.  The
method  of  site selection and 19 detailed  site
evaluations are also presented. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24512]

73-5213
 O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Imple-
mentation of the  master plan.   In   Jefferson
County  comprehensive  solid  waste  planning
study, CSWP-15. Albany, New York, New York
State  Department of Environmental Conserva-
tion, June 1972. p. 90-96.
This paper  outlines the implementation of a
master plan for Jefferson County, New York, as
part of the  Jefferson County Comprehensive
Solid Waste Planning Study. The following alter-
native means  of  administering solid  waste
management activities were investigated during
this study: individual municipal administration;
administration through County districts;  Coun-
tywide administration by an agency of County
Government;  or administration by an authority.
Financing of capital expenditures for solid waste
management activities could be accomplished by
direct use of general funds or by borrowing. An-
nual costs for debt service, labor, and operation
could be levied on County residents through the
tax structure or the institution of user fees. The
implementation of the master  plan  which  oc-
curred during the study and a 1975 timetable for
further implementation of the master plan are
provided. (This  document is  retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24513]

73-5214
 O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Physical
characteristics,  economy, and  population and
land use. In Jefferson County comprehensive
solid waste planning study, CSWP-15. Albany,
New York, New  York State Department of En-
vironmental Conservation, June 1972. p. 1-10.
This paper presents the physical, economic, and
population and land use background of Jefferson
County as part of the Jefferson County  Com-
prehensive Solid Waste Planning Study. Under
physical  characteristics the  location, climate,
topography,  geology, and water resources are
discussed. The economic development of the
county is a function of its transportation as the
county has a well developed  internal highway
network. The industrial output of the county is
diversified and includes paper, food, machinery,
instrument, clothing, and transportation equip-
ment production. Population  data and projec-
tions are provided  and land use  and  natural
resources are also discussed. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24516]

73-5215
 O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC.  Princi-
ples of solid waste management. In  Jefferson
County  comprehensive solid  waste planning
study, CSWP-15. Albany, New York, New York
State Department of Environmental Conserva-
tion, June 1972. p. 25-42.
This paper  outlines the overall  management
system for Jefferson County, New York, as part
of the Jefferson County  Comprehensive  Solid
Waste Planning Study.  The  elements  of an
overall solid wastes management system which
are discussed in detail are: storage of wastes at

-------
60
the source; collection; transportation; treatment;
and ultimate disposal. A well-conceived system
involves  recognition of: the  interrelationships
between  phases; the effects  individual phases
have on each other; and the need for a totally in-
tegrated  system. Local  community problems
which point to the need for an organized, area-
wide  approach  to  management  include:  a
shortage  of properly operated disposal facilities;
escalating costs; increases in  per capita refuse
production rates; a shortage of land for sanitary
landfill use; and difficulty in attracting qualified
personnel. (This document is retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[24517]

73-5216
 O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC.  Solid
waste quantities.  In  Jefferson County com-
prehensive solid waste planning study, CSWP-
15. Albany, New York, New York State Depart-
ment of Environmental Conservation, June 1972.
p. 11-15.
This  paper  estimates the  rates  at   which
domestic, commercial, and industrial solid wastes
will be produced in  the municipalities of Jeffer-
son County, New York, from 1970 to 1985. This is
part of the Jefferson  County  Comprehensive
Solid Waste Planning Study. Population projec-
tions from a  previous chapter are used  and
present generation  rates  and  projections  are
presented in table form for the years 1970,1975,
1980, and 1985. For the purposes of this study,
the solid  wastes produced in  Jefferson County
were classified into five  principal categoriesO
domestic, commercial,  institutional,  industrial,
and  special. The topics which are discussed  in
detail  follow:  classification  of  solid  wastes
(glossary of terms);  investigations; domestic and
commercial refuse; industrial refuse; and a sum-
mary of quantities. (This document is retained  in
theSWIRS library.)
[24518]

73-5217
 O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC.  Special
wastes.   In  Jefferson County comprehensive
solid waste planning study, CSWP-15. Albany,
New York, New York State Department of En-
vironmental Conservation, June 1972. p. 16-24.
This paper discusses the special wastes problems
of Jefferson County, New York, as part of the
Jefferson County  Comprehensive Solid Waste
Planning Study. The normal procedures for col-
lection, transportation, compaction,  and cover
are inappropriate for special wastes. Each of the
following special waste categories is discussed in
a  section of this  paper: abandoned  vehicles;
scavenger  wastes; residues from water  and
waste water treatment; demolition and construc-
tion materials;  tires;  trees and  brush; agricul-
tural  wastes;  hazardous  wastes; and  bulky
wastes.  (This  document is retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[24519]

73-5218
 PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE.  Environmental
protection in New York  City. New York, New
York Environmental Protection Administration,
Aug. 1972.8 p.
This booklet is available from the above agency,
the address of which is 125 Worth St, New York,
10013.  It describes the organization and activi-
ties of the New York Environmental Protection
Administration, formed in March of 1968 to com-
prise  the Sanitation  Department, the Depart-
ment of Water Resources, and the Department
of Air Resources, which includes the Bureau of
Noise Abatement.  Figures are provided on the
overall budget of each department, the amount
of service they provide and the aims of the de-
partment. In the case of the sanitation depart-
ment, it is responsible  for garbage collection,
street  cleaning, flushing,  snow removal  and
pickup of bulky wastes and abandoned cars. This
body is also charged with the disposal of all this
waste. It is the policy of the city of New York to
help to alleviate the solid waste problem in two
waysO to expedite  the collection  and disposal of
waste and to reduce the amount generated. To
the first end, productivity studies have  been
done to improve efficiency  of collection opera-
tions;  these  have been markely bettered in
recent years. To reduce the waste load, the city
council proposed a  packaging tax. In the form in
which the bill was finally passed, it was declared
void by the courts, but another bill covering all
packaging and not just plastic will be introduced
in the next session of the council.  In its official

-------
                                                                                          51
purchasing the city gives preference to recycled
products, and experimental programs for the col-
lection of newpapers  are in progress.  Various
disposal methods are  being studied to replace
the soon-exhausted  landfills now in use. Infor-
mation is also given on plans to expand the water
treatment and sewage treatment capability of
the city. New laws to aid the Department of Air
Resources and Bureau of Noise Abatement to
lower noise and air nuisances  in the city are
being developed. Other programs  of the  New
York EPA are mentioned as well, such as the
campaign to promote rapid  public transit at the
expense of the automobile  in downtown areas.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24520]

73-5219
  PUBLIC  INFORMATION OFFICE.   Sanitation:
statistical summary. New York, New York, En-
vironmental  Protection  Administration,  Feb.
1973.6 p.
This booklet is simply a collection of tables. They
cover the  following  topics: personnel  of the
sanitation department; area and population den-
sity;  refuse  collection  frequencies in various
parts of the  city; cost summary for collection,
street cleaning, and  refuse disposal; statistics on
tonnages of  solid wastes handled in the  city;
figures on abandoned automobiles; households of
various types serviced in the city; numbers of ac-
counts serviced by private  cartmen; number of
trucks used for collection and  haul per truck;
tonnages  of  refuse disposed  of by  different
methodsO incineration, ocean dumping, and sani-
tary landfill; street cleaning data; number of
litter baskets; number of summonses issued by
the sanitation enforcement division; complaint
calls received and  what the complaints were
about; data on the facilities under the jurisdic-
tion of the Sanitation  Department and their
capacity; and equipment owned by the Depart-
ment. (This document  is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24521]
73-5220
 SHIMIZU, R.  Haikibutsu shori taisaku. [Waste
disposal policy.] Kankyo Joho Kangaku, 1(3):14-
20, Dec. 1972.
The  present problem of waste  disposal is at-
tributed the the fact that aftermaths of produc-
tion and other activities were left with nature or
as some other people's responsibility. If wastes
are to be disposed of by recycling them back to
resources, or through ecosystem and reproduc-
tion mechanism of resources, by individuals, in-
dustry, and  local governments, the problem can
be  overcome.  For  this,  all  the  production
processes must be checked, based  upon flow
sheet of resources, i.e.,  they must be made to
produce no pollution. Pollution can be controlled
by a strict system of sorting and classification.
Environmental problems  are caused because
both homes and industry are  accustomed to
throw out what is of no economic  use to them.
Enterprises must realize that throwing out is not
for free  any  more.  If industrial  effluent  and
sewage from general households are  discharged
into joint sewers without pretreatment terminal
treatment can be difficult and costly. New indus-
trial values and evaluations are called  for. By
turning wastes back into resources, both con-
sumption and production can be stimulated, and
generation  of pollution  can   be   minimized,
preventing environmental pollution and creating
harmony  between nature  and  man. (Text in
Japanese)
[24522]

73-5221
 Urban-rural reports; Illinois suburbs join in
solid-waste  study.   Compost Science,  14(3):3,
May-June 1973.
This article announces that three  northern Il-
linois suburbs, Evanston, Niles, and Skokie, have
embarked on a joint solid-waste-management
study funded by a $100,000 federal grant. With
the shutdown of its incinerator, Evanston's gar-
bage disposal costs could  rise $100,000 a year,
since refuse must then  be hauled to a landfill
site.  Skokie trucks its incinerated refuse to a
landfill. This town paid $541,000 for  refuse col-
lection and $163,000 for disposal  last year. Niles
paid  $200,000 in collection costs and $20,000 in

-------
52
disposal fees in 1972. Pollution control standards
and the shortage of space for sanitary landfills
are two of the problems noted.
[24523]

OCEAN DISPOSAL

73-5222
Heavy going ahead for waste discharging at sea.
Chemical Week, 112(6):45,47, June 27,1973.
This article  warns  that companies  planning
major expansions of titanium dioxide production
cannot count on ocean  disposal of their wastes.
They now use the ocean dispose of dilute acid
wastes from most of the 800,000 tons per year of
pigment produced in the United States. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency is still issuing
permits for barging such wastes to sea, but the
pressure which is building for plants to switch to
other disposal and waste treatment methods is
outlined. This pressure  has come from State
agencies and  citizen  groups. Without  ocean
disposal there are three routes available for the
chemical industry: make  something that can be
marketed; make something that can be reused in
its processes;  or make something that  can be
stored on land.
[24524]

PACKAGING WASTES

73-5223
Abfall wird reduziert. [Refuse is reduced.] Ver-
packungs-Rundschau, 24(4):376,1973.
Two new refuse removal devices have been
developed basing on the shredding and pressing
principle in order to reduce  the refuse volume.
Plastic packaging, cartons and glass up to  a
diameter of 165 mm are ground to 5 to 10 percent
of the original volume. A hydraulic press  has
been developed especially for cans. By means of
a pressure of 4,500 rx and 7,500 kg respectively
tins up to 12 liters are compressed to five per-
cent of the original volume. (Text in German)
[24525]
73-5224
  HEISS,  R.    Abbaybare  Kunststoffe-eine
kritische  Wertung  ihrer  Moeglichkeiten.
Degradable plastics—a critical evaluation of their
possibilities.0         Verpackungs-Rundschau,
24(5):669-670, May 1973.
The  technical problems of how to decompose
plastic material by means of ultra-violet light has
been  solved. After  a first phase of chemical
decomposition the  plastic material is finally
degraded by microorganisms. However, owing to
various  factors like printing and thickness and
type of the plastic material which considerably
influence  the velocity of the degradation it is
practically impossible to find a procedure which
is  generally applicable for all types of plastic
material. The usefulness of degradable plastic
seems doubtful considering the fact that in sani-
tary  landfills  the  behaviour  of  degradable
plastics does not differ from that of nondegrada-
ble material. Degradable plastics would only en-
courage people to throw plastic packings on the
ground. Another argument against degradable
plastics is the increasing shortness of fuel so that
in  the future it might be necessary to make use
of the high heating value of the plastic material
which would  be  impossible  in  the  case  of
degradable plastics. (Text in German)
[24526]

73-5225
 SACHAROW, S.  Design  for disposal in food
packaging. Food Engineering, 45(6):82-84, June
1973.
This article presents guidelines for the disposal
and reutilization of packaging materials. Certain
materials   should  be  avoided,   overpacking
eliminated, and  marketing  goals  directly en-
forced.   The  following  characteristics  are
described: weight; volume; combustibility;  and
separability.  Disposal of plastics,  incineration,
nuclear  fusion prospects for recycling, industrial
reclaim, degradable plastics, and aluminum and
glass are also discussed. A table on methods of
degrading plastics is provided.
[24527]

-------
                                                                                         63
73-5226
 SCHULER, M. Polyvinylchlorid im Dienste des
Umweltschutzes. [Polyvinylchloride serves the
protection  of the  environment.]  Chemische
fl«ndscAoM,25(48):1607,1611, Nov. 1972.
Polyvinyl chloride is not so harmful as it is al-
ways  said to be. Its fraction among the trash
presently amounts to 0.25 percent. By 1980 it will
have risen to 1 percent according to a report by
the Battelle Institute. Together  with  other
chlorine-containing substances in the trash such
as salt-containing food residues, coal, chlorine
bleached paper, it  gives off hydrogen chloride
upon  incineration.  The absorption of gaseous
hydrogen  chloride  poses  no difficulty. Studies
have  shown  that the  larger part of gaseous
hydrogen  chloride  is  bound to coke  and ash.
Moreover, the alkaline components of the com-
bustion residues such as the calcium and magne-
sia compounds have the capability  of neutraliz-
ing the hydrogen chloride. The chlorine bound in
polyvinyl  chloride  stems  originally  from the
production of a number of important substances
such  as  sodium lye  and magnesia where  it
develops as an unwanted byproduct. The produc-
tion of polyvinyl chloride is in fact the safest and
most  efficient method of chlorine disposal. The
product polyvinyl chloride is, moreover, a very
useful material for lining refuse dumps. (Text in
German)
[24528]

73-5227
  SOCIETY  OF  PLASTICS   INDUSTRY,  INC.
Polystyrene foam meat trays &  egg cartons and
environmental quality. New York, New York,
1972.8 p.
This little booklet, available from the Society of
Plastics Industry,  250 Park Avenue,  is an at-
tempt to answer the hew and cry that is raised
about  the  pollutional  potential of polystyrene
foam  packaging. It is pointed out that simply
being biodegradable, as paper is alleged to be, is
not definitely an advantage. Firstly, paper has
been  found  in landfills after sixty years, they
state, showing virtually no sign of deterioration.
Also,  the very biodegradation of materials in a
landfill is what causes the greatest environmen-
tal threat—leachate and methane generation. It
is also argued that entirely too much has been
made of the problem of incinerating polystyrene
foam. When burned in modern equipment, with
adequate pollution control equipment, the foam
does not cause either pollution or damage to the
incinerator or air pollution control  equipment.
Finally, data is presented, taken from a Public
Health Service publication, that shows the small
fraction  of   refuse  that   is  composed  ' of
polystyrene foamO 0.5 percent.  It is not denied
that there is a great solid waste problem in this
country—one which  packaging has gone a long
way toward creating.  The  suggestion  of  the
plastics industry is to take advantage of the ris-
ing calorific value of refuse by incinerating it and
using the heat for heating or power generation, a
solution reached by many European cities. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24529]                        .

73-5228
 TAKEUCHI, Y. Hikari hokaisei purasuchikku no
kenkyu kaihatsu doko.  [Tendency of studies on
light degradable plastics.] Kankyo Sozo, 3(3):45-
55, Mar. 1973.
In Japan, the study and development of the light
degradable plastics has been carried on, but it is
said that the only one which is put into practical
use is the foamed polystyrene product developed
by  Sekisui Chemical Co. The other  companies
which are wrestling with the development of the
light degradable  plastics  are  Chisso   Corp.,
Fibrous  High  Polymer Material   Research
Laboratory,  Nippon  Synthetic  Rubber Co.,
Kyoto University,  Asahi Chemical  Industrial
Co., Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Mitsubishi
Chemical  Industries, Sumitomo Chemical Co.,
Mitsubishi  Petrochemical Co.,  Mitsui  Toatsu
Chemicals, Kuraray Co., and Teyin Ltd. Most of
the light degradable plastics which are now stu-
died are of the self-degradation type, or main-
chain-cutting type. The external force degrada-
ble  plastic and  the  easily crushable type  are
being studied only by Nippon Synthetic Rubber
Co. and Kyoto University. The  self-degradation
type plastic, except E COL AN introduced  by
Chisso Corp. and Fibrous High Polymer Materi-
al Research Lab., is a composition added with a
material which promotes the oxidation of the
polymer chain and the  cutting of the molecular

-------
54
chain by the excitation of ultra-violet rays like a
sensitizer.   The   light   degradable   plastic
developed by Nippon Synthetic Rubber Co. is a
butadiene resin  composed of syndiotactic 1.2-
polybutadiene having a crystallinity of 10 to  30
percent. (Text in Japanese)
[24530]

PROCESSING / REDUCTION

73-5229
 ADOLPH, M. Shreddern, die neue Methode  of
Schrottaufbereitung. [Shredding process, a new
way of  scrap  preparation.]  Staedtehygiene,
24(4):88-95,1973.
Increasing  amounts  of scrap, especially car
bodies, have occasioned shredding  processes.
Steel works  are  also demanding high quality
scrap. The shredder is preferably used for bulky
wastes  such as  car  bodies,  kitchen  ranges,
refrigerators, washing machines, and steel furni-
ture. It is not suitable for steel ropes or steel
bars. The operation of all shredders, with one ex-
ception, is based on the principle of the hammer-
mill. There are three main groups of shredders:
shredders with top grate, shredders with bottom
grate,  and special shredders.  The most used
charging system is that  of continuous charging.
Again there are three main types which all serve
the same purpose of  supplying  an  adequate
amount of  waste material  to the  shredder.
Shredders  are  equipped  with  a  separating
system for non-ferrous metals and a dust collec-
tion system. The dust which has to be  drawn off
poses a particular problem. During the  winter
months the drawn off dust is wet and tends  to
agglomerate. Sparks from the shredding process
should  not  damage the  dust collection  system.
Sudden deflections of the dust flow  are to  be
avoided because of the eroding effect of the steel
dust particles. For dust collection in this particu-
lar case a combination of a cyclone for  prelimina-
ry dust collection followed  by a wet collector
proved most suitable. Presently 15 shredders are
in operation  in  West  Germany with  a total
throughput of about 390,000  tons  per annum.
(Text in German)
[24531]
73-5230
 DUNLEA, J. V., JR.  Method of disposing bulk
rubbish. U.S. Patent 3,721,183. Issued Mar. 20,
1973.
By the device covered by this patent, bulk refuse
is shredded, saturated with a binding agent, com-
pacted on a continuously extruded or piecemeal
basis, reduced in size, rinsed, and disposed of
either as landfill or at sea. Further steps include
treatment of the rubbish to kill bacteria, drying
prior to compaction and cutting or chipping the
compacted rubbish into small pieces.
[24532]

73-5231
 GLADWIN, F. R.  Trash compactor. U.S. Patent
3,726,211. Issued Apr. 10,1973.
This invention  comprises  a trash compactor
formed of a cabinet having a raised support floor
upon which an open trash  bag is rested in an
upright position beneath a compacting ram, and
a movable dolly formed of a roller supported
frame  arranged  beneath the  support floor and
locked  thereto by a releasable locking means. A
cabinet door is hingedly connected to the frame
and has a bag support means upon which the bag
is  mounted. The door is arranged  to  tilt for-
wardly to the cabinet for raising the bag above
the floor,  for thereby removing the bag, door,
and frame as a unit from the cabinet. The door
hinge includes a locking means which releasably
locks the door in tilted position and simultane-
ously causes the frame locking member to un-
lock. A manual control unlocks the  door for
swinging upright thereby permitting the frame
locking member to re-engage the  cabinet door.
In this compactor a trash bag is arranged within
a  cabinet, compacting ram or piston,  and is
periodically lowered into the bag compact trash
thrown therein. When the bag is  filled  it is
removed and replaced. These bags  are usually
heavy,  so in this invention the bags are mounted
on removable dollys.
[24533]

73-5232
 GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD,  AND C. H.
BARNES.  Size reduction.  In The  problem of
solid waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of En-

-------
                                                                                           65
gineering, The University of Michigan, 1972. p.
54-64.
This chapter discusses the use of volume reduc-
tion in processing and disposing of solid waste.
Two basic processing methods are discussedO
grinding and high-pressure baling. Grinding is
further divided into wet and dry  grinding. The
advantages of using one of these methods in ad-
dition  to  some  other  disposal   method   are
presented. The major disadvantages are cost and
the energy requirements for operation of these
enormous pieces of equipment. The applications
of seven basic types of grinders are shown; these
are:  hammermills; chippers; wet  pulpers;  grin-
ders; jaw crushers; shears; and rasp mills.  Dia-
grams show the operation of grinders, hammer-
mills, chippers, and hydrapulpers. This last had
its origins in the paper industry; it is a wet-
grinding system which is primarily used in small
scale operations-such as food handling and docu-
ment  destruction—but  has  been applied  by
Black-Clawson to a municipal scale operation. A
schematic of large-scale size-reduction units is
provided. The  costs  of  grinding  refuse  as
established   by   the   Madison,   Wisconsin
milling/landfill project are presented. The work-
ing of a three-stage baling process is illustrated.
A chart is given which  compares the costs of
handling  unprocessed,   shredded,  and  baled
waste for transfer stations, rail haul, and landfill.
(This document is retained in the  SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24534]

73-5233
 INOUE, S., AND J. HONDA. Ekijo  oyobi deijo no
kanensei sangyo haikibutsu no nenryo kagaku-
teki seishitsu to sono shoriho. [Liquid and muddy
industrial wastesO fuel chemical properties and
treatment.]  Yosui to Haisui, 15(4):442-461, Apr.
1973.
With the premise that liquid and  muddy indus-
trial wastes be burnt, their fuel chemical proper-
ties were examined to see whether or not it is
possible to treat them by combustion. How much
gas was generated and composition of  such gas
was also determined. The conditions under which
such wastes of low calorific value can burn by
themselves  and  the  best method of self com-
bustion were considered with more than 60 in-
dustrial waste samples, such as waste oil, oily
waste liquid, waste solvent, sulfuric acid pitch,
organic waste liquid, tar chloride, organic sludge
or  its  cake, paint  waste  and  waste  clay.
Generally, it is possible for waste oil, sulfuric
acid pitch, waste clay, and chloride tar, since they
are of high calorific value, to burn by themselves.
However, sulfuric acid pitch  and tar chloride
cannot  be  treated  by ordinary  combustion
method, as they generate much sulfuric acid gas
and hydrogen  chloride.  Waste  solvents  can
mostly burn by themselves, and care  must be
taken in storing  and  handling them. Pretreat-
ment such as dewatering, condensation, or dry-
ing is necessary for treating sludge, sludge cake,
organic waste liquid, or paint waste, with high
water content, as they require much supplemen-
tary fuel. Wastes of high calorific value may be
burnt together with them. It would be necessary
to develop combustion technology  to burn such
wastes  of high  water  content. By examining
combustion  conditions  (air, gas for combustion
required) of wastes and composition  of com-
bustion gas, the degree of necessity of waste gas
treatment, such as desulfurization,  was clarified.
Relationship between  volatile  element  and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) with generated
heat was analyzed. It was concluded that what is
volatile, caused by oil, can be regarded as 10,000
kcal per kg,  such as heavy oil, and that of natural
organic  material  and  chemically  synthetized
ones, as 8,000 kcal per kg. Special  care must be
taken in case of special organic substances con-
taining chlorine, or low calorific value materials.
(Text in Japanese)
[24535]

73-5234
  KOANA, K.  Koatsu gasuboube o  mochiite
hishoributsu no koketsu jotai ni henka o ataeru
hoho. [A method of  crushing inorganic solids
using high pressure bomb.] Japanese Patent Sho
48-2151. Issued Jan. 23,1973.
This invention relates to a method changing the
solid state of a material to be treated, such as
crystallized  quartz, granite, glass, diatomaceous
earth, bricks, concrete,  rocks,  or the refractory
substance adhered to a blast furnace using the
expansion power of a compressed inert gas such
as carbonic acid gas. The operation is as follows:

-------
66
A bomb filled with a compressed inert gas is in-
serted into a hole bored in  the  material to be
treated, tightly sealed, and then the gas  in the
bomb is injected  into the  hole using an  ap-
propriate method. At this time, the expansion
power of the gas makes the solid state of a hard
inorganic object  weak. This method is  much
safer than the former method which uses the ex-
plosion of gunpowder, and it also has a dynami-
cally efficient destructive power the same as
that of the  blasting method.  When the object to
be treated is crushed by this method the extent
of scattering of broken pieces is much smaller as
compared with the former blasting method.
(Text in Japanese)
[24536]

73-5235
 MOON, J. W.  Refuse compactor. U.S.  Patent
3,722,404. Issued Mar. 27,1973.
A  refuse  compactor  including  a  receptacle
removably  contained within a cabinet wherein
refuse is compacted by a ram to a fraction of its
normal  volume is shown. The refuse is com-
pacted within  a specially constructed bag sup-
ported by the receptacle and cabinet, permitting
the  compacted  refuse to  be  removed as  a
wrapped  package  for convenient  and  tidy
disposal. The ram includes a  refuse-compressing
platen actuated  through  a toggle linkage to
which force is applied by a single screw driven
by  an  electric  motor coupled  to the  screw
through a  reduction drive.  The screw and its
motor drive train are carried as a unit by the  tog-
gle linkage and move bodily therewith to provide
a very compact and high ratio force multiplica-
tion system of reliable and inexpensive construc-
tion. Additional features relating to control cir-
cuitry, a safety lock, and bag, receptacle  and
drawer construction are also disclosed.
[24537]

73-5236
 NAKAMURA, K.,  T. YAMADA, AND K. HONDA.
Hikaribunkaisei   porisuchiren   no   kenkyu
(daiyonpo.)    [Study   on    photodegradative
polystyrene, 4.]  In  Proceedings;  28th Spring
Meeting of the Japan  Chemical Society, Tokyo,
Japan, Apr. 1-5,1973. p. 750.
Discussed  herein  is  the  photodegradation
mechanism of polystyrene. The degradation of
polystyrene can be pursued quantitatively by in-
frared analysis, following the formed carbonyl
group  at the wave  length  of 1735  cm. As
photosensitizer  5  percent   by   weight  of
chloroanthraquinone was added to polystyrene
and its cast film was irradiated using  a  1 KW
xenon-mercury lamp.  The formation speeds of
hydroxyl group (-OH) and carbonyl group (-CO)
were  sought by adsorption bands at 3450 and
1735 cm respectively. It was clarified that in the
degradation of polystyrene the formation ratio
of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups was constant.
As reported  previously,  under perfect evacua-
tion, polystyrene film does not show degradation
at all even by photoirradiation, which suggests
the photodegradation of polystyrene is based on
the oxidation reaction.  The  photodegradation
mechanism of polystyrene when  a photosen-
sitizer of quinone family is added is also studied.
Radical catcher is an effective means to examine
whether  a  degradation   proceeds  by  radical
mechanism   or  not.   The  degradation  rate
decreases as the dose level of diphenyl picryl
hydrazl (DPPH) increases since the formed radi-
cal is trapped by DPPH. (Text in Japanese) (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24538]

73-5237
 Scrap processing machinery.  British  Steel-
maker, 39(3):17-18,21, Mar. 1973.
Current scrap processing machinery being used
in Great Britain is described.  The minishear for
smaller  scrapyards,   a  comparatively  small
hydraulic shear, has brought sophisticated scrap
processing  within  the  financial range of many
small  scrapyards. A metal reclaimer, the Coreco
metal  separator,  will  automatically  recover  a
desired metal from unsorted metallic scrap. Also
described are: magnetic lifting, separating, and
handling equipment; a scrap fragmentation plant
near London; briquetting presses; and a metals
separator which sorts and separates ferrous and
nonferrous metals.
[24539]

-------
                                                                                         67
73-5238
 SEIDL, F., AND P. UEBEL.  U.S. Patent 3,727,890
owned by Wacker Werke KG, Munich, Germany.
Issued Apr. 17,1973.
A  vibrator for and a mtheod for compacting
concrete and like material is presented in which
the vibrator has a housing and an eccentric mass
therein, a fluid supply leads into the chamber in
which the mass is located for actuating the mass
by fluid pressure and an exhaust lead from the
chamber. The rate of supply of fluid to the
chamber is regulated by  a control sensitive  to
the amplitude of movement of the eccentric mass
so that when the vibrator is engaged with the
material to be compacted  there is a  maximum
fluid flow to the chamber and when the vibrator
to the chamber is reduced.
[24540]

73-5239
 YOSHINAGA, J., M. MATSUMOTO,  T. NAGAI,  Y.
KARA, AND  H.  OSADA.   Porienkabiniru   no
nenshosei ni kansuru kenkyu. 5. Porienkabiniru
to daiichi  sankasuzu (II) no hanno. [Study  on
combustion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 5. Reac-
tion   of  PVC   with  tin monoxide.]    In
Proceedings; 28th Spring Meeting of the Japan
Chemical Society, Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1-5,1973. p.
754.
Some information concerning the mechanism  of
dehydrochlorination and flame retardance of tin
monoxide added  polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is re-
ported.  Differential thermal  analysis  of  tin
monoxide  added PVC indicates an exothermic
peak at 210 C, which is assigned to the formation
of stannous chloride by the reaction of hydrogen
chloride with tin monoxide. The formation of tin
chloride is also confirmed by X-ray analysis. The
formed tin  chloride is considered to have a fire
retardance effect due to an endothermic peak  of
fusion near 250 C and that of vaporization near
600 C, thus lowering the ambient temperature.
An excess of hydrogen chloride suppresses the
oxidation of a part of the tin chloride into tin
dioxide. It is observed that as the dose level  of
tin monoxide increases, the generated hydrogen
chloride amount decreases and the formed tin
chloride increases.  Thermogravity shows the
reverse  phenomenon,  probably   due to  the
vaporization of the formed tin chloride. The igni-
tion starting time measurement by the Krupp
method indicates at  the  elevated temperature
above 700 C, tin monoxide  added PVC reveals
flame retardant effect. According to the analysis
of pyrolysis gas chromatography, it is observed
that tin monoxide added PVC gives birth to less
carbon   dioxide,   benzene,   toluene,   and
chlorobenzene together with lower  hydrocar-
bons such  as methane, ethane, and ethylene.
(Text in Japanese) (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24541]

RECYCLING

73-5240
 A hew method of  reclaiming waste  paper.
Svensk Papperstidning, 76(5): 192-194, Mar. 25,
1973.
This article describes and illustrates a system
for the processing of recycled  paper which is
now   being  marketed  by Calor-Celsius   of
Stockholm. This system, which is characterized
by  its  great simplicity, centers  around  the
Frotapulper. Other pieces of equipment are of
the  conventional  type   although  carefully
selected or modified to suit their purpose in har-
mony with the process. There is a decided in-
crease  in the  strength  of the  paper board
produced from  the same raw material as com-
pared to using a previous system  with more
beating tackle.
[24408]

73-5241
Abfallglass im Strabenbau und in der Bauindus-
trie Glasphalt aus alten Flaschen. [Waste glass in
road construction and the construction industry.
Glasphalt from  old bottles.] Umwelt,  3(3):21r22,
June/July 1973.
Glasphalt may contain  up to 17 percent of  old
glass waste.  Glasphalt  was applied to a 300 m
long section of a street leading through the city
of Toledo, Ohio. About 1,500 tons of waste glass
was  worked into this  road section. One lane
received a  glasphalt  cover, the other lane
received  four supporting layers  of  glass.  An
average of 10,000 vehicles pass daily over this

-------
68
section 20 percent of which are trucks. Over one
year of use no more  wear was observed than
with conventional asphalt pavements. The road
roughness  was found  to  be  even  better.
Glasphalt stores more  heat and gives it off more
slowly.  Ground glass can  also  be added to
concrete building blocks, cement, and concrete.
As  much as 35 percent  by  weight of building
blocks  can  be constituted of waste glass.  The
small smooth glass pieces have a decorative ef-
fect. (Text in German)
[24405]

73-5242
 Advanced  technique costs in reducing bleached
kraft  pollution.      Paper   Trade  Journal,
157(26):32-36, June 25,1973.
In this article results are forecast for what may
be achieved by  applying various combinations of
new  pollution  abatement   techniques   and
processes to a conventional bleached kraft pulp
mill. The  hypothetical  mill  considered  here
produces 500 tons of bleached pulp per day from
softwood. This mill uses conventional equipment
of the type prevalent in mills constructed during
the period 1960 to 1965. Extensive data are pro-
vided and the topics covered include: the cost of
external and internal  treatment; barking; cook-
ing  and washing;  screening;  bleaching; BOD
reduction by ion exchange;  BOD effect of ox-
ygen bleaching; counter-current washing effect
on BOD; and evaporating.
[24406]

73-5243
 American materials commission pinpoints scrap
growth.     Materials  Reclamation  Weekly,
122(19):12, May 12,1973.
In this article the U.S. National Commission on
Materials Policy concludes  that  the  increased
scrap supply situation will in  turn change the
pattern of steelmaking processes. The trends in-
dicate that increased recycling is likely to alter
the balance of raw materials economics and place
a greater emphasis on  the efficient processing of
scrap and reduce the  pressure on the need  for
ore. The  Commission  emphasized  that  the
United  States  is   depending  increasingly  on
foreign iron ore which raises the average cost of
American pig iron. In an examination of copper
demand  and supply, the Commission records
that more than half the copper flowing into the
U.S. economy has come traditionally from secon-
dary sources. The most dramatic aspect of the
Commission's report on zinc concerns the drop in
the U.S.  share in world production from 26 per-
cent in 1950 to only 9 percent in 1970.
[24407]

73-5244
 ARAKIDA, Y., H. TOKUSHIGE, T. SAKAI, AND A.
KOSAKI.  Haiki  purasuchikku saisei shori  puran-
to.  [Waste plastics recycling plant.]  Nihon
Seikosho Siho, (32):22-32, Nov. 1972.
Prior  to  designing  a waste plastic recycling
plant,  the Japan  Steel  Works  conducted
thorough research on the physical and mechani-
cal  properties of waste plastics. All the possible
variations and possible property changes  caused
by  proportions of various different plastics  in
waste  mixtures were studied. Tensile strength,
impact strength, effects of additives, weathera-
bility,  workability,  extrusion workability,  melt
flow index, and thermal stability  were checked.
The plant consists of the following processes:
rough  crushing, air separation, shredding, mag-
netic metal separation, scrubbing, drying, pow-
dering, melting,  pellet  forming  (hot-cut), and
final storage for molding of new  products. The
characteristics  of the plant are: any kind  of
plastic waste can be recycled into highly valuable
products; the entire  plant is operated below the
temperature of polyvinyl chloride processing or
order to  avoid the formation of toxic gases; non-
soluble material and plastic with high melting
points  are powderized; and new products have a
smooth surface and excellent quality. Some sam-
ples of recycled products are flower pots, dust
bins and garbage  containers,  and  water and
drain pipes. (Text in Japanese)
[24409]

73-5245
 A'SHIDA, S. Gosei kobunshi haikibutsu no yuko
riyo. [Effective use of synthetic polymer waste.]
Tokyo, Japanese Government Ministry of Inter-
national Trade and Industry, 6 p. [1973].

-------
                                                                                         59
The classification of polymer waste, and solidifi-
cation  and  degradation  methods  of polymer
waste are briefly discussed. Industrial waste in-
volving polymers can  be classified  into  1) a
homogeneous type of synthetic polymer which
can be recycled; 2) two or more kinds of reusable
or non-reusable polymers, which cannot be recy-
cled  without some treatment; 3) the first two
types plus combustibles other than synthetic
polymers; 4) a mixture of all  these. Simple
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can be crushed, rolled,
and mixed, and processed into sheet material.
PVC  and thermoset resins can be crushed,
heated, melted, filtered, cooled, cut, and pel-
letized,  or further extruded  and injected into
mold products or construction board. A variety
of other types of  polymers can be crushed,
pressed, heated, and molded into sheet material.
Mixture  with  other material have  also been
tried. These methods are all relatively simple
only  when the waste  material  consistency is
homogeneous.  Chemical  degradation into gas
and liquid fuel is also being studied. Addition of
catalysis, solvent, hydrogen,  or  hydrogenation
and oxidation are some other methods of chemi-
cal degradation. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24410]

73-5246
AUCHTER, R. J., AND R. A. HORN. Economics of
kraft pulping of unbarked wood.  Paper Trade
Journal, 157(26):38-39, June 25,1973.
Data are presented in this article which show
economic advantages in the production of both
bleached and unbleached pulps from rough wood
chips  in  addition  to  conservation  of  wood
resources. In a recent  study  covering 12 West
Coast wood species, basic data were established
for the kraft pulping of wood  chips with and
without bark.  A mill design was set and the
order  of magnitude  of  capital costs  was
developed for a 750-ton per day bleached draft
mill, Raw material costs and energy requirement
costs are detailed. Tables provide the following
data: basic data for mill design for southern pine
kraft pulp; pulp costs for bleached southern pine
kraft pulp;  and manpower requirements  for
bleached kraft pulp mill
[24411]
73-5247
  BAYER,  G.   Gips,  Stahl und mauerziegel.
[Gypsum,  steel,  and bricks.]  U-das technische
Umweltmagazin, (l):24-26, Feb. 1973.
A new  method  has been developed  to clean
waste gypsum from impurities. Water is added
to the waste gypsum and the suspension is
pumped into the flotation plant  where organic
and mucous inorganic substances  as well as solu-
ble impurities are separated. In subsequent au-
toclaves the dehydrate crystallizes and forms a
semihydrate  which is then cooled down and
separated from the residue. After drying it can
be processed into powder gypsum or after ad-
ding  water  it  can  be   cast   thus  forming
prefabricated gypsum parts. New methods for
the removal of red sludge, a waste product of the
aluminum oxide  production, have been recently
developed. The first method is most suitable for
red sludges containing at least 45 percent ferric
oxide in the dry substance and bases  on  the
smelting of the  sludge. The wet red sludge .is
mixed with carbon and fine-grained lime stone
and  then  pumped  into a  rotary shaft furnace
where it is dried and forms a  granulate with
grain sizes of 2 to 15 mm. The sinter material still
contains  a certain percentage of  carbon. The
granulate is then heated up to 1,000 C whereby
at least 80 percent of the ironoxide is reduced to
metallic iron particles. Smelting is effected in a
special  oil-heated  smelting furnace where a
direct incineration  of  the carbon residue in the
sinter granulate takes  place which provides for a
very rapid melting. The iron separates from the
slag  and is cast into raw iron pigs. The slag can
be used in road construction. The  second process
is recommendable for red sludges with small fer-
ric oxide contents. The sludge is mixed with spe-
cial additives and dried for a determined period.
Then it is fed into a press and formed into bricks
which are hardened  at  1,000 C.  During this
process  the sodium oxide contained in the  red
sludge reacts with the  additives and provides for
an improved brick stability. (Text in German)
[24412]

73-5248
 BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-

-------
60
TRIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Recla-
mation from municipal  solid waste.  In  The
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Westport, Connecticut,  Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 145-181.
The  incentives  promoting,  and  the  barriers
restricting, greater reclamation of valuable com-
ponents from mixed municipal refuse are briefly
reviewed in this paper. Existing methods of sort-
ing refuse into its useful and other components
are described,  and some of the  major com-
ponents of domestic refuse are bright. The topics
which  are  discussed   in  detail  follow:  the
economics of purity; separation  and transporta-
tion; the economics of central-station reclama-
tion; a review of separation approaches; machine
separation; the utilization of reclaimed materi-
als; and  legislation encouraging  reclamation.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24413]

73-5249
 British papermakers review status of  waste
paper   utilization.    Paper Trade  Journal,
157(19):43-45, May 7,1973.
This article  reviews  a  British technical con-
ference  on  secondary  fiber   utilization.  It
discussed the situation  regarding waste  paper
reuse and defines three incentives: economics of
the industry; national economics in regard to
balance of payments, which  depends heavily on
trading; and environmental  considerations. The
following problems are outlined: collection; mar-
ket influences; contraries; fiber degradation; and
effluent. Waste paper merchants, waste  paper
treatment,   new   equipment  designed  for
processing various grades of waste paper, and
user experience  with  waste papers are also
discussed.
[24414]

73-5250
CHIBA, K. Haiyu ni yoru kobunshikei gosei jushi
no shoriho. [A method of treating polymerized
synthetic  waste oil.] Japanese  Patent Sho 47-
35143 owned by K. Chiba and T. Obara, Nagoya,
Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention relates to a method of treating
various polymerized resins using the waste oil
obtained from the  processing  stages  and the
refining process of crude oil. The polymerized
resins which are applicable to the method under
this invention must be the oil-soluble ones, and
ethylenic synthetic resin, among others, is most
suitable, the  polymerized  resin  wastes  are
formed into a solid shape by heating or compres-
sion and then mixed with the waste oil heated to
a temperature of about 180 C. The desirable pro-
portion of the resin is 20 to 50 percent. In this
case, the resin wastes are completely dissolved
in the heated waste oil by stirring, and it is then
added with an adhesive resin such as rosin, ester
gum, terpene resin, and cumarone resin, or tur-
pentine oil, and plasticizer such  as diphenyl
chloride by 5 to  20 percent of the weight of the
resin-dissolved oil. The resin-oil solution with a
high viscosity and adhesive property, prepared
in such a manner, is mixed with heated asphalt
and  is ground  into pieces  after  cooling.  The
ground mixture can be used for the pavement of
road. If the mixture have no asphalt, it can be
used as building materials, after being molded
into a block or floor form. (Text in Japanese)
[24415]

73-5251
 COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC.  Introduction. In
 Turbine compatibility test program. Technical
proposal 69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto,  California. Aug.
1969. p. 2(1-17).
This paper outlines the development program
for the turbine  compatibility test (TCT) for a
system capable  of producing electrical power
with a gas turbine cycle directly from the com-
bustion of municipal solid  wastes.  The  TCT
package will  culminate in the demonstration of
continuous operation or combined systems test-
ing for a period  of 6 hr. It is expected that the
system would subsequently be  operated for ex-
tended periods to obtain  maintenance and life
data. The advantage of the subscale or pilot plant
approach over initial fullscale  prototype equip-
ment is to identify and correct any development
problems at the  lowest  cost. The TCT package
has been divided into four major areas, as fol-
lows:  development  support  subsystem;  solid
waste handling subsystem; hot gas subsystem;

-------
                                                                                          61
and  the turboelectric subsystem.  Subsystem
schematics and  extensive  data are provided.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24416]

73-5252
 COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. TCT package
program plan.  In  Turbine  compatibility test
program. Technical proposal 69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto,
California, Aug. 1969. p. 4(1-37).
The objectives, criteria, and technical aspects of
developing a pilot plant, designated  the turbine
compatibility  tests (TCT) are summarized. The
following  discussions  are  provided:  program
summary; work statement (including 18 design,
fabrication, integration, installation,  and testing
tasks); organization; personnel allocations; pro-
gram controls; status  reporting; and data han-
dling and submittals. The following  flow charts
are provided:  TCT package; TCT development
support subsystem; TCT solid  waste handling
subsystem; TCT  hot  gas subsystem; and  the
TCT turboelectric subsystem. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24417]

73-5253
  COMBUSTION POWER  Co., INC.   Technical
discussion-TCT  turboelectric subsystem.   In
Turbine compatibility test program. Technical
proposal 69-8. v. 1. Palo  Alto, California, Aug.
1969. p. 3(61-67).
The objective of the tests described in this paper
is to verify normal specification performance of
all components of the turbine compatibility test
(TCT) turboelectric subsystem including the gas
turbine, the electrical generator, and the electri-
cal load absorbing resistance bank. The tests will
demonstrate electrical power generation with a
gas turbine using solid wastes as a fuel. The tur-
boelectric subsystem hardware consists of the
gas turbine, the generator, turbine silencers and
controls, the electrical dissipation system, all the
associated system controls, and instrumentation
and support hardware. Subsystem diagrams and
illustrations are provided. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24423]
73-5254
  COMBUSTION  POWER Co.,  INC.   Technical
discussion-TCT     development     support
subsystem.  In Turbine compatibility test pro-
gram. Technical proposal  69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto,
California, Aug. 1969. p. 3(3-38).
This paper contains a general description of the
turbine compatibility test (TCT) development
support subsystem, along with explanations of
what was accomplished during the key subscale
experiments and what needs to be accomplished
during the TCT package.  Detailed descriptions
of the hardware comprising this sytem are also
provided. The following topics are covered in
detail: pressure performance data; slagging con-
dition data; fluid  bed combustor  hydrochloric
acid suppression; dual fluid bed operation tests;
inertial  separator  performance; regenerative
mat filter performance; fluid bed start and shut-
down sequence; fluid bed  elutriation investiga-
tions; municipal solid wastes combustion corro-
sive effects  tests; air  pollution control com-
pliance; hardware description; and development
support tests. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24419]

73-5255
  COMBUSTION  POWER Co.,  INC.   Technical
discussion-TCT hot gas subsystem.  In Turbine
compatibility test  program. Technical proposal
69-8. v. 1.  Palo  Alto, California, Aug.  1969. p.
3(48-60).
The basic objective of the turbine compatibility
test (TCT)  hot gas subsystem tests described in
this paper is to verify proper subsystem opera-
tion prior  to integration  with a turboelectric
subsystem. Test conditions and instrumentation
will be selected to verify these characteristics of
the hot gas subsystem: combustion efficiency in
excess of 95 percent at nominal solid waste feed
rates; particle collection devices functioning such
that the gases leaving the subsystem contain less
than .01 grain of particulate matter per actual cu
ft; a start-stop sequence for the combustor that
is consistent with gas turbine start-stop require-
ments shall be consistent with continuous runs of
6 hr. The subsystem consists  of the fluid bed
combustor, the particle  collectors,  and  support

-------
62
apparatus.  Diagrams  are  provided  of  the
subsystem  and hardware. (This  document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24420]

73-5256
 COMBUSTION  POWER  Co.,  INC.   Technical
discussion~TCT objectives and criteria. In Tur-
bine  compatibility  test  program.  Technical
proposal 69-8. v. 1.  Palo Alto, California, Aug.
1969. p. 3(1-3).
The primary objectives of the turbine compati-
bility  test (TCT) package is to demonstrate the
successful operation of a gas turbine generating
electric power, using municipal  solid wastes as
fuel. The secondary objectives are: to measure
the performance of  a  fluid bed  combustor
operating with a gas turbine; to measure the per-
formance of a particulate collector to clean up
the combustor  effluent  gases; to  investigate
system    dynamic     response    and    the
start/shutdown sequences for the  design; to in-
vestigate methods of processing, storing,  and
handling municipal solid wastes; and to  verify
operation of  the  solid wastes combustor feed
mechanism. (This document is  retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24421]

73-5257
 COMBUSTION  POWER   Co.,  INC.   Technical
discussion-TCT    solid    wastes    handling
subsystem. In  Turbine  compatibility test pro-
gram. Technical proposal 69-8.  v. 1. Palo Alto,
California, Aug. 1969. p. 3(39-47).
The primary objective of the turbine compatibili-
ty test (TCT)  solid wastes handling subsystem is
to  feed shredded solid wastes fuel to a high pres-
sure, high temperature environment. Secondary
objectives are to evaluate specific designs that
have been incorporated in the TCT package and
to  obtain additional knowledge concerning the
mechanical processing of typical municipal solid
wastes. The solid waste  subsystem  description
consists of three basic  groups of equipmentO
shredding, transfer, and combustor feed equip-
ment.  Testing   of  the   subsystems  is  also
discussed and diagrams  and illustrations of the
systems and equipment are provided. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24422]

73-5258
  COMBUSTION  POWER Co., INC.   Technical
discussion-TCT design analysis.  In   Turbine
compatibility test program.  Technical proposal
69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto, California, Aug. 1969. p. 3
(68-81).
This paper presents the preliminary design anal-
ysis which has  been accomplished to illustrate
the feasibility and  basic sizing of the turbine
compatibility   test   (TCT)  hardware  and
procedures  for  use  with  a  gas  turbine  to
generate electric power using  municipal solid
wastes as fuel. The topics which are discussed in
detail follow: gas  turbine selection; fluid bed
design;  insulation  design;  particle collection
design; and analysis for hydrogen  chloride in
combustion  gases.  Graphs, diagrams   of  the
systems,  and data  on  the composition  of mu-
nicipal refuse are  provided. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24418]

73-5259
 COMBUSTION POWER  Co., INC.  Turbine com-
patibility test program. Technical  proposal 69-8.
v. 1. Palo Alto, California, Aug. 1969.137 p.
This report presents the  turbine compatibility
test (TCT) which is a comprehensive package of
development   experiments   and   hardware
designs, culminating in the production and test-
ing of a system capable of producing electrical
power with a gas turbine cycle directly from the
combustion of municipal solid wastes. Technical
discussions are  presented of:  the solid  waste
handling subsystem; hot  gas  subsystem; tur-
boelectric subsystem; and design analysis. The
TCT package program  plan includes: a program
summary; a work statement; organization; per-
sonnel allocations; program controls; data  re-
porting; and data handling and  submittals. The
corporate facilities are described. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24424]

73-5260
Continental Can's expansion at Hodge a tremen-
dous  success.    American Paper Industry,
55(5):28-34, May 1973.

-------
This article announces Continental Can's expan-
sion at Hodge, Louisiana. Key installations are
the  390-in.  wide Valmet paper machine, the
Kamyr digester capable  of  handling pin  chips
and  sawdust, and the centralized  power and
recovery plants featuring C-E boilers. The topics
which are  covered in detail follow: wood supply;
the  woodroom  complex; the pulp  mill;  stock
preparation and flow; the  wet end; the dryer sec-
tion, calender, and reel; roll handling; the broke
system; the white water system; process control;
the  recovery boiler; the power boiler; water
pretreatment; and turpentine and tall oil.
[24425]

73-5261
 ELLERBE, R. W. Why, where, and how U.S.
mills recover tall oil soap. Paper Trade Journal,
157(26):40-43, June 25,1973.
This article reports  on methods and  practices
utilized at kraft pulp mills for the collection of
tall oil soap. It also discusses why, where, and
how mills  recover soap. Pulp mills recover soap
because it produces byproduct income and it of-
fers important  operational advantages.  Most
mills recover soap  continuously in evaporator
soap skimmers. They recover it intermittently
with manifold values on foam towers and storage
tanks, and with specially  designed foam concen-
trators.
[24426]

73-5262
 ENVIROGENICS Co.  Appendix A-wastage and
fouling. In Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 2. Appendices. Report
No.  F-1295. Washington, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1971. p. A(l-29).
This appendix on  wastage and fouling in connec-
tion with the utilization of refuse as a fuel is part
of a study sponsored by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's National Air Pollution Con-
trol  Administration. A  literature survey is pro-
vided for the following:  operating conditions;
laboratory  investigations;  and corrosion by
reducing atmospheres, chloride  compounds, and
sulfur compounds. Corrosion test results and an
extensive  bibliography are also included. The fol-
lowing data are provided: chemical analyses of
refuse-fired  furnace  deposits;  summary  of
operating  conditions of  steam-producing  in-
cinerator plants; typical ash analyses from dif-
ferent boilers; and comparative analyses of bulk
and inside layers of ash samples. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24428]

73-5263
 ENVIROGENICS Co.  Appendix B~state of the
art survey. In  Systems of refuse as a low sulfur
fuel, a final report to the Environmental Protec-
tion  Agency, v. 2. Appendices. Report No. F-
1295. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Nov. 1971. p. B(l-163).
This state of the art survey which was conducted
in connection with the utilization  of refuse as a
fuel is part of a study sponsored by the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency's National Air
Pollution Control Administration. The following
topics are  covered in detail: the  history and
technology  of  steam generators;  air  pollution
control  (the nature of emissions and  pollution
control  techniques); and a study of refuse-fired
steam generators in selected German  plants
(description of the plants, data  analysis, per-
formance tests, emission control equipment, and
dust  collector tests). Extensive data  are pro-
vided in the form of 21  tables and 73 figures.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24429]

73-5264
 ENVIROGENICS Co. Conclusions and recommen-
dations.  In  Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 1. Report No. F-1295.
Washington,  U.S. Environmental  Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 1(8-27).
The  conclusions and recommendations based on
a study sponsored by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration are presented in this paper.
They  are   categorized  under  the  following
headings: refuse as a  fuel (quantity-quality con-
siderations, reduction in pollutant emissions,
processing technology, and thermal utilization);

-------
64
power plant  designs  (engineering criteria for
candidate systems, economic model, and detailed
design and cost studies); and recommended
research  and  development (criteria  and two
plans are outlined). The following pertinent data
are included: projected compositional changes in
U.S. urban refuse, 1970 to 2000;  summary of
systems characteristics of 10 refuse-firing steam
generator designs; and refuse disposal costs for
retrofit systems. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24430]

73-5265
 ENVIROGENICS Go.   Appendices D  and E--
bibliography and glossary. In  Systems evalua-
tion of refuse as a low sulfur fuel, a final report
to the Environmental Protection Agency, v. II.
Appendices. Report No.  F-1295.  Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Nov.
1971.
This bibliography and glossary on the utilization
of refuse as a fuel are part of a study sponsored
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
National  Air Pollution Control Administration.
The bibliography lists reasonably current (none
earlier than  1962)  and accessible  information
sources that deal with subjects falling within the
basic scope of this study. Only those publications
that clearly relate to refuse-fuel systems have
been cited. This bibliography is divided into the
following topical groupings: steam generation;
corrosion;  bottom  residues;   refuse  charac-
teristics;  air pollution aspects; related thermal
processes; and related waste handling processes.
An author index is also included and the glossary
contains over 60 technical terms. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24427]

73-5266
 ENVIROGENICS Co. Program objectives and ap-
proach. In Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 1. Report No. F-1295.
Washington,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 1(1-8).
The  purpose  of the program  discussed in this
paper, which was  sponsored by the  U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency's  Natioal Air
Pollution Control Administration, was to deter-
mine the  characteristics of systems for using
refuse as a low sulfur fuel for power generation,
to determine the overall potential of using such
systems to decrease the total emissions from the
incineration of refuse, and to assist in reducing
sulfur pollution  which results from fossil fuel
combustion. These objectives were approached
as follows: assessment of refuse as a fuel by stu-
dying published  and solicited data and conduct-
ing chemical and physical property analyses; as-
sessment of power plant designs (survey of wet-
and dry-bottom steam generators fired with con-
ventional and  unconventional fuels and prelimi-
nary  engineering  designs  of boilers);  and
development of  recommendations and formula-
tions of research and development plans. The in-
formation  and data sources  used and the or-
ganization  of the report are also outlined. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24431]

73-5267
 ENVIROGENICS  Co.  Recommendations.  In
Systems evaluation of refuse as a low sulfur fuel,
a final report  to the Environmental Protection
Agency, v.  1.  Report No. F-1295. Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Nov.
Recommendations for the utilization of refuse as
a fuel are presented which are based on a study
sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's  National  Air Pollution  Control  Ad-
ministration. Under Plan A a research facility is
outlined  with  the  following  programs:  com-
bustion optimization studies; corrosion and foul-
ing; systems analysis of alternative thermal con-
version process for refuse; particulate control;
small refuse-fired boilers; sub-scale component
testing; and flow modeling. The following  pro-
grams are recommended  under Plan B:  com-
bustion  optimization  studies;  evaluation of
refuse pyrolysis  and gasification  processes in
connection with steam generation; evaluation of
refuse combustion in fluidized beds; an engineer-
ing manual for the conversion of boilers to com-
bined firing; design of a demonstration unit; and
the construction of a demonstration plant. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24432]

-------
                                                                                           66
73-5268
 ENVIROGENICS Co. Refuse as a fuel-quantities
available.  In Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 2. Report No. F-1295.
Washington,  U.8.  Environmental  Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(1-21).
The quantity of refuse available  in the United
States is discussed in  this study sponsored by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Na-
tional Air Pollution Control Administration. The
following  topics are discussed in detail: refuse
collection  rates for  the  United  States  and
selected metropolitan areas; and refuse composi-
tion in terms of an analysis of current refuse,
projected  composition, seasonal variation, and
heat value. The purpose  of establishing these
quantities of refuse is to consider their value as a
fuel. The following data are also included: 1965
survey of collection rates; estimates of future
urban refuse collections  in the United States;
large  metropolitan areas  having  severe  sulfur
pollution problems; and composition of refuse.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24433]

73-5269
 ENVIROGENICS Co.   Refuse as fuel-energy
utilization. In Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 1. Report No. F-1295.
Washington,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(68-73).
The utilization of refuse as an energy source is
discussed  in  this study sponsored by the  U.S.
Environmental  Protection Agency's National
Air Pollution Control  Administration. The fol-
lowing topics are discussed in detail: turboelec-
tric generation; Rankine cycle  systems; gas tur-
bine systems; industrial and district heating; and
desalination and miscellaneous applications. The
economic variables affecting a steam generating
system are outlined as follows: regional electri-
cal demand and anticipated growth rate; district
heat demand; distribution of population density;
temporal effects on output demand for both ser-
vices; annual outdoor temperature statistics; fos-
sil fuel costs;  refuse  hauling and  processing
costs; refuse heating value; and capital charges
and  labor. (This document  is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24434]

73-5270
  ENVIROGENICS Co.   Systems  evaluation  of
refuse as a low sulfur fuel, a final report to the
Environmental Protection Agency, v. 1. Report
No.  F-1295.  Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1971.290  p.
This report describes a systematic assessment of
the  fuel  properties  of  refuse   and  of the
mechanics and combustion technology associated
with the utilization of refuse as a fuel in generat-
ing utility grade steam. By estimating the inven-
tories  and compositions of refuse that might
occur, the extent of sulfur-abatement that might
be realized in using refuse as a partial coal sub-
stitute was projected through the  year 2000. The
fuel's behavior in, and compatibility with, fur-
nace  structures were  established.  Cost and
design specifications were adopted for certain
components examined in  the analysis.  A cost
model was developed to consider all the major
elements involved in the erection and operation
of the candidate refuse-burning  systems. Two
plants were chosen and subjected  to detailed en-
gineering analyses and two  suggested 5-year
plans are presented. (This document  is retained
is the SWIRS library.)
[24435]

73-5271
  Gas from  garbage.   Materials Reclamation
Weekly, 122(19):28-29, May 12,1973.
This article describes a new  process that can
turn solid waste into gas which is being tried out
at Orchard Park, near Buffalo, New York. The
demonstration  is being supported by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. The process
is being developed by Torrax  Systems Inc. The
facility can deal with car body sections,  trees,
plastics, refrigerators, and 55-gal steel drums.
The process is a combined combustion-pyrolytic
system. The nonburnable residues are liquefied
into a molten slag which may be made into build-
ing blocks and insulating fiber or may be used  as

-------
66
a base material in road construction. The gases
from the gasifier can be burned to make steam
for power generation. Capital costs will probably
be low for this system.
[24436]

73-5272
 GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. Reclamation and recycling. I. General
aspects and paper reclamation. In The problem
of solid waste disposal.  Ann  Arbor, College of
Engineering, the University of Michigan, 1972. p.
96-113.
This  chapter  discusses  the  advantages  of
reclaiming  our  resources  instead  of  simply
disposing of them. The  importance of devising
separation processes to facilitate reclamation is
stressed. Special case  studies  of paper  and
metals are presented. Charts, graphs, diagrams,
and illustrations are used to present the  materi-
al. These include:  percentage and  amounts of
various metals, and paper and textiles presently
being recycled in the United States; pounds of
packaging  materials being   consumed  in  the
United States per capita; a flow chart for recla-
mation of residential and industrial waste; a flow
chart for reclamation of paper and metals; paper
stock classifications  and prices; percentage of
wood fiber products recycled in various coun-
tries; sources and quantities  of fiber consumed
by the U.S. paper industry; the effects of repulp-
ing on paper stock qualities; a comparison for
different areas  of  the  United  States  of  rail
freight rates for waste paper and pulpwood; and
comparison  for  pulpwood and  paper waste in
ocean shipping rates from different port areas;
and a diagram of the Black-Clawson process for
fiber reclamation. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24437]

73-5273
 GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES.    Reclamation  and  recycling.  III.
Economics.   In  The problem of solid waste
disposal.  Ann Arbor, College of Engineering,
The University of Michigan, 1972. p. 125-134.
The  economic factors and  policies that affect
reclamation are presented in this section. In par-
ticular  the  role of  government in  creating
favorable economic situation for reclamation is
presented. The normal profit considerations that
previously determined the choice between virgin
and reclaimed materials can no longer be con-
sidered strictly applicable, because  these  in-
teractions of supply and demand fail to take into
consideration the dwindling supply of resources.
While there is great disagreement on what steps
the government should  take to positively make
the  utilization  of  secondary  materials more
profitable, it is generally agreed  by those con-
cerned with the preservation of resources that
the government must cease to carry  out those
economic policies  which discriminate against
reclamation. Governments  at various  levels are
finally beginning to require recycled materials in
the products that they buy. However, laws like
the Wool Products Labelling Act and various
laws on the re-use of oil inhibit reclamation when
their purposes could be as  well served by other
methods. Incentives, transportation rate regula-
tion by the ICC, and Federal tax policies are also
discussed in detail. Another hindrance to recla-
mation is that most of the secondary materials
enterprises are on a fairly small scale and, there-
fore, are not able to utilize the economies of scale
that are available to larger companies involved
in primary materials extraction. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24439]

73-5274
  GLYSSON,  E. A., J.  R. PACKARD, AND  C. H.
BARNES.  RECLAMATION  RECLAMATION AND
RECYCLING. II. IRON AND STEEL.   In   The
problem of solid waste disposal. Ann Arbor, Col-
lege of Engineering, The University of Michigan,
1972. p. 114-125.
This section discusses the  recycling of ferrous
metals. This is  chiefly  done through  graphics.
There  is also  a brief discussion of non-ferrous
metals reclamation. Only two types of metals are
presently being reclaimed at anything near their
full possibilitiesO  stainless steel and precious
metals. This is largely because these two materi-
als are the only ones which  are sufficiently valu-
able to be worth the cost of the processes  to
reclaim  them.  Zinc  recovery  processes  are
becoming more common and it  may soon be

-------
                                                                                           67
recovered in large quantities. The graphics illus-
trating the information are as follows: iron de-
mand and supply by source presently and pro-
jected into the future; the end uses and quanti-
ties of iron in the United States; scrap iron clas-
sifications; the percentage of pig iron and scrap
used in basic oxygen, open hearth, and  electric
furnaces in U.S. Steel production; a comparison
of rail and freight rates for scrap and ore; iron
and  steel  scrap consumption   in  the  United
States, 1925-1969; average prices of U.S. iron
and steel scrap, 1955-1970; and the Huron Valley
Steel Company's new process for reclamation of
all types of metalsO now used only for scrap au-
tomobiles.  (This document  is  retained  in  the
SWIRS library.)
[24438]

73-5275
 HANNA, R. C. Simplified, economical reclaiming
of insulating oil.  Transmission and Distribu-
*iow,25(4):66,68,Apr.l973.
A mobile  filter system using an  improved
asbestos-cellulose cartridge type medium is less
expensive than the blotter type paper when used
to reclaim oil through filtration. The new mobile
filtering  system, developed in the early 1960's,
utilized an asbestos-cellulose fiber cartridge. The
system consisted of a filter, pump, and motor on
a common portable base. Tests  showed that the
overall cost per gallon of oil filtered with  the
asbestos-cellulose sheets was less than with the
blotter type paper. This lower operating cost is
possible because the unit cartridge construction
reduces the labor required to make a change of
medium. Filtering some 5.8 million gallons of oil
a year resulted in a cost saving of more than
$30,000 a year.
[24440]

73-5276
 HARADA, H.  Kinsoku haikibutsu no shigenka.
[Reutilization  of metal wastes overseas.] Kin-
zoku Zairyo, 13(6):55-58, June 1973.
In Europe and the United States, the Polluter
Pays Principle is in more widespread use than in
Japan and wastes are regarded as  important
resources. This fact is symbolized by the  boom in
the waste management industry,  with about
10,000 enterprises  in  the  United States. The
bigger ones do annual business of 150 billion yen.
Several trillion dollars worth of wastes are being
reutilized, in the United States, and over a tril-
lion in the United Kingdom. More than 120 mil-
lion tons (in terms of money, about 2 trillion yen)
of waste metals is being reutilized in the United
States. It is comparatively easy to reutilize metal
wastes from mechanical processing; they can be
reprocessed into other products or to be turned
into an alloy ingot.  However, recovery and reu-
tilization of waste  metals from  individual con-
sumers in wide areas, mixed with other materi-
als  and dirt  is very difficult. The fraction of
metal  wastes in general city wastes, such as
metal cans varies between 3 percent and 8 per-
cent.  Even  after  manually  sorting out large
metal  items like prams, bicycles and washers,
and picking up empty cans by magnetic selector,
the incinerator residue still contains much metal,
which may again be sorted by magnetic selector.
The recovered metal waste is pressed by com-
pactor, to make blocks. Bulky wastes like televi-
sions,  radios,  beds,  and refrigerators are  col-
lected separately from  general city wastes along
with  cars,  and treated by  hammer mills  and
shredders. Japan is too preoccupied by pollution
problems and such problems as securing suffi-
cient space for dumping wastes, treating to make
them   non-polluting  is  neglected  and  such
worthwhile waste as metal waste is not fully util-
ized. (Text in Japanese)
[24441]

73-5277
 HARADA, H.  Purasuchikku haikibutsu no shori
to sairiyo. [Disposal and reuse of plastic waste.]
#o0afctt,28(2):144-152,  Feb. 1973.
When the presorting  and  collection  of city
wastes is put  into  practical  application, the  use
and grade of processed products to be reused are
different according to the extent of the presort-
ing collection, which corresponds to the thermal
plastics.  In  the  case  of the  thermo-setting
plastics, they  are ground to fine particles and
then may be reused as fillers for remolding of
the thermal plastics. Fundamentally, the extru-
sion molding of thermal plastics takes a leading
part in the field, but  another mold  processing
method can of course be applied to the thermal

-------
68
plastics.   Since  plastics   are   the  highly
polymerized compounds  of the low-molecular
monomers, the idea to reuse plastic wastes by
resolving  the  original  monomers  has  been
presented, but has not  been put  to practice
because it was not economically feasible. How-
ever, now that plastic wastes are exhausted in
great quantities, the depolymerization method is,
of course,  worthy of reexamination as one of the
methods of reuse. As a premise for it, there is a
great problem on whether or not the presorting
collection  of plastics  from  the  city wastes is
possible, but if plastic wastes can be collected
easily and in  great quantities, its profitability
may be expected. According to existing informa-
tion, for polystyrene,  more than 60 percent of
styrene monomer can be recovered by heat
decomposition  at  about  400  C,  whereas
polyethylene is resolved  into unsaturated com-
pounds such as carbon-3 or carbon-4, or methane,
not into ethylene. Thus, there is no other way but
using it as a fuel. (Text in Japanese)
[24442]

73-5278
 HEDENLAND, L. D. District goes into the recla-
mation business.  Water  and Wastes Engineer-
ing, 10(3):30-34, Mar. 1973.
The Las Virgenes Municipal Water District was
organized in 1958 to bring imported water into
the semi-arid region  in  western Los Angeles
County, north of Malibu. Presently, the Tapia
plant is primarily a reclamation facility that fea-
tures primary sedimentation,  aerobic sludge
digestion,  aeration,  secondary  sedimentation,
and chlorine contact to achieve an effluent that is
used to irrigate agricultural products in the area.
Technical  highlights include: an extremely ver-
satile aeration system; temporary  use of one
final sedimentation tank as a chlorine  contact
chamber, careful control of nitrification;  and the
study of a simplified single stage oxygen contact
system. The first phase of the reclaimed water
system  is a five mile six million  gal per day
pipeline terminating in a 34 acre ft storage reser-
voir located 350 ft in elevation above the plant.
Use of  this water  is  on  irrigated  agriculture,
primarily  alfalfa and  permanent pasture.  The
proposed  second phase of the reclaimed water
system will be a dual water system throughout
the District, making reclaimed water available
for additional uses such as residential, golf cour-
ses, park and cemetary irrigation.
[24443]

73-5279
 Hydrogenation of discarded tires yields reusa-
ble carbon black.  Rubber World, 168(3):26, 28,
June 1973.
In this  article it  is noted  that hydrogenation
could prove  to  be  a  means  of  converting
discarded tires into saleable products at a cost
competitive with methods of disposing of used
tires other than  by dumping them. Hydrogen
will not react with the carbon in the tires; there-
fore,  the  carbon  can  be  recovered  nearly
unchanged. Products of hydrogenation of ground
discarded tires are fuel gas, naphtha, gas oil, and
carbon black. The carbon black and oil produced
in the pilot-plant-scale tests of the process  ap-
pear to be satisfactory for reuse in commercial
rubber  compounds. The  main factors affecting
the profitability of the plant are the cost of the
ground  rubber feed and the value  of the carbon
black sold.
[24444]

73-5280
 INAGAKI, K.  Saisei riyo no jikkenka shiken.
[Reutilization  experiments on sludge containing
heavy metals.] Kinsoku Zairyo, 13(6):25-30, June
1973.
Sludge  containing heavy metals  is generated
from more than 50 kinds of processes  such as
waste oil  treatment and woolen yarn washing.
By adding clay, sand, or similar materials to such
sludge,  and heating it at temperatures above
1150 C, the sludge was successfuly turned into
construction  structural material,  without dis-
solving of heavy metals which would cause pollu-
tion. The  critical  temperature is approximately
1200 C. Using  a tunnel  type  kiln, the dust
generated was found to be within  the limit con-
trolled by law, and quantities of heavy metals
contained in  the  dust were extremely small.
Very little  metals  became gaseous  during
processing, so that there was very little danger
of air pollution. The mixture should contain at
least 25 percent clay  added to the sludge. The

-------
                                                                                          69
price of clay is 1500 to 2000 yen a ton, so that
there is no difference from the cost of presently
marketed tile. However,  the product  using
sludge is  5  to 20 percent stronger than those
marketed,  which  are manufactured  without
sludge,  since heavy  metals  in  the  sludge
strengthen the final product. (Text in Japanese)
[24445]

73-5281
 KELLER, E. Recycling Stichwort oder Schlag-
wort?   [Recycling - Catchword or  keyword?]
t7mwett,3(3):17-20, July 1973.
Efforts of recycling waste products in industries
have been under way in all developed countries
for many  years, in some  industries such as the
steel or chemical industry, for decades. Much
more complex than the recycling of wastes in in-
dustries is the recycling of domestic and commu-
nal wastes because they are a mixture  of many
varieties of  waste products. Sorting  techniques
are thus gaining  increasing importance. Many
recycling processes are in developmental stage.
For example there is a pilot plant in Franklin,
Ohio, for  a  wet process developed  by Black-
Clawson for the  developed recovery  of fiber
material. For recycling as for any environmental
clean-up measures the cost acceptability is no
longer decided  by  economists alone  but in
cooperation with ecologists. (Text in German)
[24446]

73-5282
 KURODA, J.  Puraschikku haikibutsu  no ybyu
saisei riyoki  purachiraiza. [Platilizer, reclamation
equipment for plastic wastes.] Plastics  Age,
18(9):43-47, Sept. 1972.
The 'Platilizer' is an efficient and inexpensive
plastic recycling machine which can be adapted
to an existing extruder. The machine has several
special attachments and the manner of operation
and molding can be changed to direct extrusion
molding  or  flow  molding.  The   equipment
requires only one operator, and recycled pellets
can be  produced at the full capacity of  the
machine at all times. The machine comprises a
crusher, a blower conveyor, a storage tank with
bridge, a  screwfeeder with the speed change
gear, a compactor, an extruder, and a pelletizer.
The special attachments are the screw changer,
supplementary storage tank and feeder, and the
flow mold. The crusher cuts the material into
rather large particles for screens 50 by 60 mm.
The crusher is installed in the ground for noise
abatement; foreign materials are eliminated on
the conveyor. The crushed plastics are  trans-
ported by a blower or a screw conveyor into the
storage tank, where they are stored for 10 to 12
minutes and fed into the compactor periodically.
The screwfeeder  supplies  a given amount of
material into the  compactor. The speed change
gear adjusts  the difference of apparent weight
and balances the .extrusion quantity and material
charge. The compactor is a conical screw and the
theoretical pressure ratio is larger than 10; in
operation, the effective pressure ratio is smaller
than that, regulated by the  supply quantity. The
compactor barrel has a watercooled jacket ex-
truder without melting. The extruder is the Bent
type.  The pelletizer is water-cooled. (Text in
Japanese)
[24447]

73-5283
 KUROKI, K., T. HONDA, T.  TAKESUE, AND T.
IKEMURA.  Purasuchiku haikibutsu no yokoriyo
ni kansuru kenkyu. Poriechiren no thermal sand
cracking. [Study on utilization of plastics wastes.
Thermal sand cracking of polyethylene.] In
Proceedings;  28th  Spring meeting of the Japan
Chemical Society,  Tokyo, Japan, Apr.  1-5, 1973.
1916 p.
Thermal sand cracking was  carried out  under
normal pressure and at relatively low tempera-
ture, and it was found out that decomposition
and liquefaction is possible at a temperature as
low as about 310 C. The liquid component of the
decomposition product has  some selectivity and
it  may be useful in the  disposal of plastics
wastes. A 100 cu cm stainless steel autoclave was
used as experimental equipment with a stainless
steel pipe connected to it. Sea sand was mainly
used as packing agent, varying in size from 5 to
80  mesh. Ordinary sand was  also used  after
treating it  with   acid  or   alkali. Mixture  of
polyethylene  with  the  sand was packed  in the
reactor, and the sand was in the pipe. Heat was
applied from the  outside  to complete thermal
cracking at  the prescribed  temperature. The

-------
70
reaction product was then expelled from the top
of the pipe and cooled, and underwent analysis
mainly by means of gas chromatography. For
qualititative analysis, dimethyl formamide plus
dioctyl phthalate for gas component, and SE-30
3m, for liquid  component  were  used. Olefins
were quantitatively analyzed as a whole using
silica  gel  column,  and chain  molecules  by
synthetic zeolite molecular sieve 5 A respective-
ly. Liquefaction rate  of liquid components in
decomposition product was 70 to 80 percent by
weight to the packed sample, and its major com-
ponent, olefins, came up to 65 percent by weight.
Paraffins  and  mixture  of isomers were also
identified. Formation of carbon and gas was very
low. Regarding the effect of sea sand on product,
the smaller the size, the less the high boiling
distillate. Acid treated sand produced lower boil-
ing substances, which indicates the increase in
contact space at the reaction zone prevents heat
localization  and  give   effective  cracking.  In
cracking of plastics  wastes at low temperature,
peeling off reaction from chain ends presumably
predominates. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24448]

73-5284
 MIYAKE,  M. Kemikaru shuzu kosaidan kuzu to
no shigenka no kenkyu. [Study of utilization of
scraps  accumulated  after   making  chemical
shoes.] Kogai Boshi Sangyo, 3(3):77-85, March
1973.
Of 1200 tons artificial leather used for making
chemical shoes in  and around  Kobe City, 15 per-
cent become scraps, which, treated with sulfuric
acid, plastic is  recovered. However, since this
method presents  problems, a new approach of
utilizationO making soles out of scraps and other
vinyl sheet scraps, etc. has been developed. The
scraps are cut by irregular cutter and crushed
repeatedly by mixers, with  fibers and all, and
rolled by a newly  developed 'fish-tail die'. There
is no secondary pollution involved, since the ef-
fluent is the industrial water used for cooling of
machinery and  does not contain oil, etc.  Care
must be taken, however, in abating odor  from
polyvinyl  chloride and  noise and vibration in
crushing process. If the beneficiaries are to bear
the cost of depreciation and interest on the loan
they owe banks, and the cost of wastes disposal
borne by enterprises and local governments is to
be defrayed, with some financial assistance from
the national and local government, this plan is
quite feasible.  The  rolled out  material  looks
brownish, so that it must be coated with new
polyvinyl chloride to make soles, or used as inner
sole, etc. The presently  used rubber adhesive
with adequate primer is quite satisfactory. (Text
in Japanese)
[24449]

73-5285
 More fluting, testliner from waste paper as Jass
Fulda mill reaches full output. Pulp and Paper
International, 15(5):76-78, May 1973.
A new German paper mill, Jass Fulda, started up
in late 1971 and is now producing 200 tons  per
day of fluting and testliner grades based almost
entirely on waste paper. This compact, efficient
mill features an  Er-We-Pa cylinder machine and
is designed  for future expansion. The  topics
discussed   include:  expansion  potential;  the
recycling concept in operation; two shock linesO a
third planned; machine already  exceeds design
output; machine is run on sales orders; full aux-
iliary facilities;  and  good demand for testliner
and fluting. Illustrations are also provided.
[24450]

73-5286
 NATIONAL CENTER  FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Capital and operating costs. In Materials
recovery system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 9(1-
53).
This paper  discusses the economic factors in-
volved in the establishment and  maintenance of
a municipal  materials recovery system. The  fol-
lowing  topics  are  presented:  calculation  of
general contracting and field supervision; calcu-
lation of contingency estimate; operating  costs;
and sample calculations and design work. A sum-
mary of the estimated capital costs is given, then
detailed estimates are presented and discussed.
Some  sample   engineering  calculations  and
drawings are also included. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24542]

-------
                                                                                         71
73-5287
 NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Environmental considerations. In Materi-
als recovery system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p.
7(1-8).
This paper discusses environmental protection in
connection with the disposal and reclamation of
municipal refuse. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency regulations, local requirements for con-
trol of air and water effluent quality, and the oc-
cupational health and safety guidelines provided
by the U.S. Department of Labor must all be
considered  when establishing a waste manage-
ment system which is to be compatible with  a
clean  environment.  The  environmental  con-
siderations discussed include: prevention of local
pollution of air, water, and landscape; maintain-
ing quiet operations; avoiding overloads of mu-
nicipal  sewage processing  facilities;  providing
safe and reasonably pleasant working conditions
for employees;  and fire  prevention.  Organic
refuse,  process  water, and   dust   are  also
discussed in detail. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24543]

73-5288
 NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Equipment. In Materials recovery system.
Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 4(1-92).
This paper presents in detail the unit processes
utilized in a municipal refuse resource recovery
system. Major current applications, foreseeable
advantages, and drawbacks of selected equip-
ment  are  presented.  Manufacturers  are in-
dicated  for the sake of information and clarity,
not for endorsement. The critical unit processes
outlined herein are: the  air classifier; the rising
current classifier; the heavy media system; and
the electrostatic separator. The basic processes
described follow: a Trommel as a shredding sub-
stitute; dry screening and other dry processes as
a substitution for the rising  current  classifier
and the wet screen; and the electronic ore sorter
as a possible  substitute for the  heavy media
system.  (This  document  is  retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24544]
73-5289
 NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC.   Introduction.   In   Materials  recovery
system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 1(1-13).
This engineering feasibility study conducted by
the  National  Center for Resource  Recovery
discusses the system flow of a resource recovery
facility. Each unit process  is described  and
preferred pieces of equipment  identified  by
manufacturer. The topics which are discussed in
detail follow: economic separation of potentially
valuable    components   in   refuse;   refuse
shredding;  the economic viability of resource
recovery as an adjunct to a landfill system; four
general approaches  that could  be  used  for
separating  metals and minerals from organicsO
advantages and disadvantages of each  process;
and the three modules which compose a recovery
facilityO the basic building, additional buildings
and  the equipment, and color sorters of glass.
The analysis  presented  is  based on  the  ex-
perience  of the  professional  staff in materials
handling and mineral processing, a review of the
literature,  visits  to  sites  using  applicable
processes,  and  discussions  with  equipment
manufacturers and other experts. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24545]

73-5290
 NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC.  Manpower requirements.  In  Materials
recovery system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p.  8(1-
12).
This paper discusses the  manpower  require-
ments  of a municipal waste management  and
recovery system. The direct manpower needed is
presented in a table and detailed job descriptions
are provided for the following: superintendent;
shift foreman; quality control; clerk; front  end
loader operator; shredder  and  air classifier
operator; maintenance;  and  hand pickers.  To
determine how many pickers are required, it is
necessary  to estimate  their production  of
recovered material as shown in the equations
provided. The following two measures are pro-
vided for finding the amount  of newspaper that
is available to be bundled: computing the weight
of paper delivered  within the municipality by

-------
72
weighing samples of each newspaper and mul-
tiplying by the circulation rate of each within the
municipality; or using a percentage base to pro-
ject  the  amount  of  total newsprint available.
Equations are also included for determining how
much aluminum could  be picked by specified
numbers of pickers.  The results are shown in
tabular form. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24546]

73-5291
 NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC.  Materials recovery system.  Washington,
Dec. 1972.381 p.
This document examines the engineering  and
economic  aspects of  a facility  designed  to
separate municipal refuse into six major com-
ponents. The general intent is to adapt standard
equipment commonly  found in the  minerals
processing  industries  to the  application  of
segregating   marketable    products    from
household waste. The topics which are covered in
detail follow: the systems concept; unit opera-
tions;  equipment; output characteristics;  site
requirements  and plant  layout; environmental
considerations; manpower requirements; capital
and operating costs; and  process economics. An
extensive bibliography, data, and  illustrations
are also included  along with  appendices on the
laboratory testing program, equipment manufac-
turers, water balance, plant personnel, and plant
costs and returns. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24547]

73-5292
 NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC.   Output characteristics.  In  Materials
recovery system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 5(1-
35).
The output  characteristics of municipal refuse
are discussed under the following headings: dry
organics;  paper specifications;  ferrous scrap;
mixed  other nonferrous metals; glass; aluminum
scrap;  and inorganic fines. The products to be
reclaimed are  summarized in tables along with
the standards which must be met in order to
retain markets for these goods. Dry organics are
discussed in terms of landfilling and the practi-
cality  and   economic  viability   of   burning
shredded refuse in existing incinerators, new in-
cinerators, or utility-grade boilers. The following
tabular material is provided: specifications for
folded news; specifications for old corrugated
boxes, and mixed news and old corrugated con-
tainers; specifications for can bundles, ferrous
scrap, and nonferrous metals; specifications for
recovered glass; chemical composition limits of
aluminum scrap for wrought products; and the
chemical composition limits of aluminum scrap
for secondary  metal.  Fine organic particles,
passing through  a 100-mesh screen,  will  be
separated and collected. This material could be a
substitute for sand and fine gravel. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24548]

73-5293
 NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC.  Systems concept.  In  Materials recovery
system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 2(1-26).
This paper describes the basic systems concept
for a  prototype  recovery system for a mu-
nicipality. The characteristics of the raw materi-
alO mixed municipal  refuseO which the system
processes are  also  discussed. The proposed
system is an add on to an existing solid waste
management system, to be complemented by fu-
ture additions of processes to take advantage of
the economic potential of the residue of this
sytem. The topics which  are discussed  in detail
follow:  a comparison  of various  system  ap-
proaches; equipment capabilities,  advantages,
and disadvantages; energy recovery;  compost-
ing;  various recovery systems;  reasons  for
selecting a materials recovery system; reasons
for selecting a  dry system; and design inputs.
Data and an extensive bibliography are also pro-
vided. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24551]

73-5294
 NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC.  Unit operations. In Materials recovery
system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 3(1-34).

-------
                                                                                          78
This paper discusses unit operations for a mu-
nicipal resource recovery system. There is  a
detailed  discussion  of  homogenizing  mixed
refuse, and separating the mixed material into
its basic components, particularly the recovera-
ble  products the system  is designed to extract
from  the  waste. The following  processes and
equipment are  described  in  detail:  trucks;
picking conveyer; paper baler; shredder; air clas-
sifier; compactor; magnetic separator; air knife;
rising current classifier;  slurry recovery; mag-
netic drum separator; dryer; four-deck shaker
screen; roll crusher; ferrous  incinerator; and an
electronic ore sorter. A detailed, four-page sche-
matic is included of a materials recovery system.
The material balance is  described in terms of
output and recovery rates which are shown in
tabular form. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24552]

73-5295
 O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC.  Salvage
and re-use. In Jefferson  County comprehensive
solid waste planning study,  CSWP-15. Albany,
New York, New York State  Department of En-
vironmental Conservation, June 1972. p. 64-70.
This  paper  investigates  the  feasibility  of
recycling  in Jefferson County, New York, as
part of the Jefferson County  Comprehensive
Solid Waste Planning Study. The quantities of
materials  available  for recycle were surveyed
and the markets for these materials were evalu-
ated. It was found that for most components of
refuse the cost of collection and shipment ex-
ceeded the market value.  This excess cost would
have to be paid by the  County's taxpayers in
order to  make salvage and  refuse a workable
concept.  The  conservation  of resources,  the
quantities available, the  markets, and future
developments  in the  area  of  recycling  are
discussed  in detail. It is concluded that since
there are no proved processes for the separation
of  mixed  refuse  into   saleable  component
products, in-home separation and separate col-
lection of components are  the recommended
procedures for the  present. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24653]
73-5296
 Paper reclamation  survey:  recovery rate of
waste  paper needs to be increased. Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 17-18, May 12,1973.
Great Britain's joint waste paper advisory coun-
cil has concluded that the recovery rate of waste
paper  now  has to be  substantially  increased
because the traditional  source of raw material,
timber, is not keeping  pace with the demand.
Preliminary figures for waste paper  consump-
tion issued for the first 3 months of 1973 are
presented.  Great Britain's newsprint industry
has been returning very low profits  in recent
years.  This industry is  not confident  about its
economic future because of Scandinavian com-
petition and pollution  controls which are adding
to future cost problems.
[24554]

73-5297
 Pavements: environmental composite pavement
report. Highways  and  Road  Construction,
41(1,761):27, May 1973.
This article discusses an experimental composite
pavement which has been used on a 1,500-ft sec-
tion of heavily travelled New Jersey highway. It
has  served as designed  with minimal  main-
tenance since its construction in 1963. The pave-
ment consists of a five-component system in-
volving a 6-in. crushed stone subbase, an 8-in.
plain concrete base,  a 3-in. layer  of densely
graded crushed stone, a 5-in. layer of dry-bound
macadam, and a  3.5-in. surface  of bituminous
concrete. The  composite pavement  cost  was
about 15 percent higher than New Jersey's stan-
dard design of reinforced concrete pavement,
but this is expected to be offset by the estimated
23 percent longer service life.
[24555]

73-5298
 PROBERT, S.  D., I. E. SMITH, AND R. J. HAN-
SFORD. Casting waste ash should hot up the pace
of building. Engineer, 236(6105):45-46, Mar. 15,
1973.
A  casting process produces a continuous ribbon
of ceramic which adheres to foundations and to
itself. By laying a series of such ribbons, a wall
can be formed. The solidified ceramic  possesses

-------
74
better physical characteristics for some applica-
tions than conventional brick. The raw material
for the process is pulverized fuel ashO a waste
product from  coal fired  electricity generating
stations. The process uses it at high tempera-
turesO 1273  K to 1473 K.  It sinters within this
temperature range and with the addition of flux,
becomes molten. It is this molten ceramic which,
laid as a series of ribbons, is used to form a wall.
No fixed  formwork  or  shuttering  should  be
necessary because  the ceramic requires from 3
to 10 seconds to set. The ribbon emerges from an
inverted  cone  of  a  mobile furnace.  Thinner
ceramic walls  could replace standard thickness
walls. Further research is necessary to improve
the foamed ceramic to give even better physical
properties and to develop a lightweight and easi-
ly maneuverable furnace with attached shutter-
ing for shaping the continuous ceramic ribbon.
[24556]

73-5299
 Rasensport auf Altreifen-Packlage.   Sport on
slabs  of old  tires.O  VDI-Nachrickten, 27(24),
June, 1973. 01 The West  German Federal De-
partment of the Interior helped to finance the
development of a process for the recycling of old
tires.  In the Federal Republic of Germany alone
the annual accumulation of old tires amounts to
between 200,000 and 300,000 tons. The method is
based on comminution of  old tires and shaping
them  into slabs. Steel and fiber belts in the tires
do not interfere with the process. The tire chips
are bound together by a new resin with an iso-
cyanate base sold  under the names Desmodur
and Desmophen. The slabs are particularly suita-
ble as infrastructure for sports grounds and for
paths. They permit the installation of a heating
system to keep the surface snow- and  ice-free.
(Text in German)
[24557]

73-5300
 Recovering lead from scrap batteries.  Materi-
als Reclamation Weekly, 122(19):28-29, May 12,
1973.
This article announces that a lead recovery plant
for  processing  scrap   batteries   has  been
developed by  Hemco and  Co., an English en-
gineering firm. The plant handles up to 210 bat-
teries an hour, giving a capacity of 20 tons in 6
hours and only one  operator is  needed.  The
complete recovery of lead and separation of the
bakelite casing is achieved in three stages which
are outlined in this article. The system basically
breaks the batteries  and separates them  into
three separate containers-battery terminals and
bridges, battery plates and dross,  and  battery
cases and fragments of bakelite.
[24558]

73-5301
 Recycle  more? It's  up to Washington, study
shows.  Chem 26  Paper Processing, 9(5):55-57,
May 1973.
Midwest Research Institute has concluded in a
report on its year-long study of recycling trends
from 1970 through 1985 that the rate at which
waste paper is  recycled in the United States
could increase from the 20.6 percent of 1970 to 26
percent by 1985 given Federal Government in-
centives  to  help overcome recycling barriers.
The report, entitled 'Paper Recycling© the Art of
the Possible, 1970-1985,' was released during the
96th annual American Paper Institute meeting
in New York City. It is suggested that the most
effective Government recycling incentive would
be a tax credit per ton of paper recycled. In addi-
tion to statistical highlights of 1972, the report
includes  charts  and  tables  on  consumption,
production by major grades of paper, capital ex-
penditures, fuel and  energy requirements, ex-
ports, sources of fiber, and capacity increases by
major categories.
[24560]

73-5302
  Recycled rubble  saves  contractors money.
/Beads and Streets, 116(4):80,83, Apr. 1973.
This article discusses the substantial savings in-
curred  by  onsite  recycling  of  concrete  and
asphalt.  Other benefits  include the saving of
scarce landfill areas and the great reduction in
truck traffic  which help  control  air pollution.
Problems include  the  scarcity and selection of
quality concrete  or asphalt and the relatively
high maintenance costs. Savings on material han-
dling vary but they always depend on site loca-

-------
tion. The flow plan for continuous operation of
the twoestage crushing system is provided and
the equipment used is described.
[24559]

73-5303
Refuse reclamation pilot plant comes on stream.
Materials Reclamation Weekly, 122(10):29, Mar.
10,1973.
The Garrett Research and Development Co. of
La Verne, California, is pilot testing a proprieta-
ry flash pyrolysis a process for municipal solid
wastes designed to recover profitably  ferrous
metals, glass, and heating fuels. The system of-
fers what is claimed to be an almost entirely pol-
lution-free means of converting these wastes to
useful products. Based upon present data, it is
estimated  that a  full  scale 2,000  tons a day
processing plant to accommodate the needs of a
community of 500,000 people would cost about
$12  million.   Fuel for  the plant  would  be
generated  from   its own  gaseous  pyrolysis
products. The operating costs, it is estimated,
would be about $5 a ton, including amortisation
over 25  years at  6 percent interest. Approxi-
mately four acres would be required for a plant
site, but this cost  is not included in the capital
estimate. The process offers the potential of
replacing expensive and  relatively inefficient
disposal  operations with  a revenue producing
process which minimizes  pollution  of  the sur-
rounding land, air, and water. Incoming solid
wastes are shredded, dried, and passed through
an air classifier which separates out most of the
metals, glass, and other inorganic materials. The
remaining refuse is shredded a second time and
then pyrolizedO a process in which  it is broken
down into smaller molecules through the applica-
tion of heat in the absence of oxygen. Laboratory
reactor runs resulted in the production of good
quality oil at the rate of about one barrel per ton
of refuse received.
[24561]

73-5304
 SADLER, T. B.  A crushing success: aggregate
from concrete. Public Works, :72-73, Apr. 1973.
The  city  of  Minneapolis  has   successfully
produced 75,000 tons of aggregate in 90 days by
                                           75

crushing waste sidewalk and paving materials
for reuse. The cost of a ton of aggregate made by
crushing demolition  concrete and delivered to
the job site is not substantially less than a ton of
comparable material delivered from a gravel pit.
Yet there is the convenience of having a disposal
site  10 minutes  away from the paving  site.
Crusher expenses  are more  than offset by
demolition haul costs, wear and tear on trucks,
and  overall construction cost advantages. The
work of crushing concrete proceeded at a rate of
some 200 tons per hr.
[24563]

73-5305
 Scrap tires can yield marketable products. En-
vironmental  Science and Technology, 7(3): 188-
190, Mar. 1973.
Approximately 11 billion Ib of rubber products
are produced annually in the U.S. Tires con-
stitute  the   largest  segment of these  goods.
Waste rubber is 70 percent tires. More than 200
million old tires  are discarded each year. One
reclamation answer is to use reclaimed rubber in
asphalt for road surfacing.  If 1 to 2  percent
reclaimed rubber in roadbeds became common
practice, 60 percent  of the nation's waste  tires
would  then  be  utilized  each year. Reclaimed
rubber is produced by treating vulcanized waste
rubber with chemical agents, heat, and intensive
mechanical working  to produce a uniform con-
sistency. Goodyear is installing a furnace to use
old tires as fuel to generate steam for new tire
production. About 3,000 tires will be used daily
to reduce the disposal problem. Although  tires
have 50 percent more Btu value than coal, the
expensive incinerator operation  will not  save
money for Goodyear. Firestone has developed a
destructive  distillation process for reclaiming
hydrocarbons and carbon black from tires. When
oxygen is added to rubber, it becomes useful as a
soil conditioner. Other possible uses are: to clean
up oil spills, as high protein foodstuffs, as water
purification material, as crash barriers, and for
artificial reef programs.
[24564]

-------
76
73-5306
 SINGLETON, E. L., AND T. A. SULLIVAN. Elec-
tronic scrap reclamation.  Journal  of Metals,
25(6):31-34, June 1973.
This article describes how aluminum of 99.9 per-
cent purity plus copper, lead, tin, silver, and gold
can be recovered from obsolete electronic equip-
ment. Aluminum  ingots derived from sweated
electronic scrap were processed by electrolytic
methods to recover aluminum and to concentrate
base and precious metals  in an enriched anode.
The ingots obtained contained most  of the alu-
minum  and part of the  precious metals and
copper in the original scrap. The copper, lead, tin,
silver, gold, and other precious metals were con-
centrated threefold in an anode product which
was then suitable for treatment by commercial
methods to recover the  copper and precious
metals. E xtensive data are provided.
[24562]

73-5307
 Some equipment used in fibre recovery and ef-
fluent treatment  operations.  Paper, 179(6):294,
296,299-300, Mar. 21,1973.
This article describes some equipment designed
specifically for fiber recovery and effluent and
sludge treatments. The destruction of sludge by.
fluid bed incineration is outlined. The fluidized
bed incinerator has  the following advantages:
reduction in volume and weight of sludge; suita-
bility for centralizing waste sludge  disposal  in
densely populated areas; and complete burning
out of flue gasses  and then freedom from any or-
ganic reactive matter. The floatwash system is
designed to overcome the  combined problems of
the pollution of rivers from paper and pulp mill
effluent, to  assist in the  reuse of white water
within the mill's system and recover  good fiber.
The Brassert Strainer is a pressure type strainer
for mechanical cleaning of water and other types
of fluids. The  BeloiWones Polydisk  Filter con-
sists of a series of discs mounted on a hollow cen-
tershaft. Each disc consists of individual sectors
covered with filter media.
[24565]
73-5308
 SUGIE, G.  Ashio haidei no kenchiku tojiki to
shite no riyo. [Reuse of Ashio mine waste (slime)
as  ceramic  building  blocks.]   Seramikkusu,
7(12):943-945,1972.
The mine waste (slime) from the Ashio copper
mine contains much ferrous oxide and is not ideal
as far as ceramic material goes; but interesting
tiles and building ceramic blocks with superior
mechanical property can be produced very inex-
pensively. The sizes of Ashio slime particles are
even and large, but the shapes are irregular. The
particle bond is not  good, the  surfactant is
limited, and plasticity  is  poor.  However,  the
bondage between particles and water is also poor
and the slime can be relatively easily dried. The
shrinkage caused by drying is 3 to 4 percent and
is low, but that caused by baking is very largeO
9.2 percent. However, a small difference in bak-
ing temperature causes a  large difference in
shrinkage  and  both  sintering  and mechanical
properties are  superior. Mixing  of 30 percent
clay makes extrusion very easy, increases drying
shrinkage to 5.2 percent, and reduces the baking
shrinkage  to 7.5 percent.  Presently, approxi-
mately 500 tons of attractive red clinker tiles and
black clinker tiles (with manganese mixture) are
produced very inexpensively every month. (Text
in Japanese)
[24566]

73-5309
 SULLIVAN, P. M., M. H. STANCZYK, AND M. J.
SPENDLOVE. Resource recovery from raw urban
refuse. Report No. 7760. Washington, U.S. De-
partment  of the  Interior, Bureau of Mines,
[1973]. 28 p.
The U.S.  Bureau of Mines  has installed and is
operating a 5-ton-per-hr pilot plant for continu-
ous mechanical separation of values contained in
raw  urban  refuse.   The  process  includes
shredding, air classification, screening, gravity
concentration, and electrostatic separation. Com-
pactor trucks deliver raw refuse collected along
typical routes in metropolitan Washington, D.C.,
to the pilot plant. The loads are  separated into
light iron, massive metals, glass, waste combusti-
bles, paper, and plastics.  The data obtained to
date  have indicated  favorable  economics  for

-------
                                                                                          77
commercial-size  plants.   (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24567]

73-5310
 SUZUKI,  M.  Purasutikku no netsu bunkai ni
yoru abura no kaishu. [Recovery of oil by ther-
mal  decomposition  of  waste plastic.] SeisanO
Kenkyu, 25(2):85-88, Feb. 1973.
From the standpoint of a closed system for the
disposal of plastic wastes, the importance of the
recovery method of light oil by thermal decom-
position is pointed out. A fundamental  experi-
ment was carried out for the development of the
recovery process of oils by  dry distillation and
thermal decomposition of polyolefins, where a
possibility for a process to independently control
the  reaction  rate  and  the  composition  of
produced  oils was reviewed. In this study, ther-
mal decomposition was  carried out using the out-
side dry  distillation process, in which a cooling
section was provided on the upper part of the
dry distilling still and the temperature was regu-
lated independently of  the reaction section, with
the intent of obtaining efficiently light oil by a
method to reflux the heavy components of distil-
late. The device  consists of a stainless steel
cylinder with a 2 liter decomposition section and
a 1 liter upper distillate section, together with a
90 mm diameter  reaction section.  As a result,
using the dry distillation process provided with a
cooling section on the upper part of the still, the
light oil seems to be recovered with a good effi-
ciency. But more technical problems such as
enhancing the  heat exchange efficiency of the
cooling section, improving the heating method,
and  related various problems  require  further
research.  From the standpoint of the  plastic
cycle, the method of treating polyvinyl chloride
and  the reexamination  of laws and specific poli-
cies would  become important issues. (Text in
Japanese)
[24568]

73-5311
  TAKIHARA, T.   Haipurasuchikku  no  maiku-
rohayoyu  to  tankasuiso  yu  kaisyu.  [The
microwave fusion of plastic wastes and recovery
of hydrocarbon oil.] Kankyo Sozo, 3(l):18-26, Jan.
1973.
In 1971,  Sanyo Electric Co. constructed a test
plant for disposal of plastic industrial wastes
having a  capacity of 1 ton per day to obtain vari-
ous experimental data; in 1972, a practical plant
having a capacity  of 3 tons per day was  con-
structed  at the Gifu factory. In the process used,
plastic wastes are  first ground to grain sizes
near the bean size  and automatically sent to a
fusing furnace  through a pneumatic conveyer.
The plastic wastes thus sent are fused by heat-
ing them to 250  to 270 C  by  the use of a
microwave heating system and  sent through a
storage tank to a horizontal, cylindrical reactor
about 3 m long where the molten plastic is heat
decomposed  at  500 C. The  hydrocarbon gas
produced  by  thermal  decomposition  is  in-
troduced into a cooling tank and the cooled oil is
stored in a tank. The gas of carbon numbers of
less than four is sent to a combustion cylinder
through a filter. In the case of the microwave fu-
sion, the efficiency  of fusion is greatly changed
by  load  material, its amount,  and even by the
shape  and  structure of furnace, so  that im-
pedance  matching must be considered. In this
company, by adding an amount of powdered car-
bon into plastic wastes, the effective fusion of
plastic wastes  was  successfully attained. For
vinyl chloride, which is in question more than 95
percent of the hydrogen chloride were removed
in the test plant. (Text in Japanese)
[24569]

73-5312
 Urban rural reports. Compost Science, 14(3):3,
MayJune 1973.
Four articles on reclamation are presented. In
the article on tax reform for recycled materials it
is pointed out that inequitable freight rates for
raw  versus  recycled  materials   should  be
changed. The House Ways and Means Commit-
tee is holding hearings on a bill, H.R. 1508, which
would alleviate the  economic  disadvantages to
which  recycled  materials  are now subjected.
Garbage is discussed as a source of animal feed
as  well  as  plant food. Two  researchers have
found  a  way to turn 10 tons of garbage into 3
tons of 20-percent protein meal at a cost to far-
mers of  $40 a ton. Peking generates more than
2,700 tons  of garbage daily which are removed
from the city every night by sanitation workers.

-------
78
The   inhabitants  dump   their  garbage  in
designated places for collection. From there it is
taken in garbage-disposal trucks to pits in the
communes on the outskirts and turned into fer-
tilizer. It was announced that trilingual abstracts
covering  European  efforts  on  solid  waste
disposal and use are available from the Interna-
tional Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Assn.,
Zurich, Switzerland. The abstracts are published
in French, German, and English, and the treat-
ment is scholarly.
[24570]

73-5313
 Walmsley's Research Center develops waste
paper processing methods. Paper Trade Jour-
nal, 157(23):32-34, June 4,1973.
Walmsley's Research Center  has recently ex-
panded its research facility in  England in order
to study the problems involved in waste paper
processing. Its pilot plant has produced  new
equipment and processes for fiberizing, removal
of light contaminants, deflaking, screening, and
pressing. The topics which are discussed follow:
the Belcor unit; pressmaster and shredmaster;
experimental board  machine; deflaking;  high
consistency screening; dewatering and pressing;
asphalt    disperson;   and   high    consistency
processing.  Economic considerations  are  of
prime importance in the treatment of secondary
fibers and careful selection of equipment can
result  in reduced  costs.  Illustrations of the
equipment and systems are provided.
[24571]

RESEARCH

73-5314
 OHTA, N. Kogai to Kagaku Gijutsu. [Chemical
technology for pollution  control.]  Yuki Gosei
Kagaku, (353): 17-23, Dec. 15,1972
Methods of recycling waste material are being
studied  by the  Ministry of International Trade
and  Industry.  Some of the methods being ex-
amined  are  selective reuse  of iron, aluminum,
copper, lead, zinc, and glass from the refuse. The
refuse is roughly crushed in a mill and classified
into  fibers, plastics, iron and  metal, nonmetal,
transparent glass, and colored glass by air, mag-
nets, screening,  weight, or optically.  Steam is
recovered  in the  combustion process. The
Tulper'  which is under  development  in the
United States is a  device in which waste and
water are mixed and shredded by a  propeller
cutter. Some other methods  in the process of
development are  the conversion  of organic
refuse into fuel gas, oil, and coal, or synthesizing
petroleum  by  adding carbon monoxide  and
steam. Photolysis of plastics is also being studied
in recent years; photosensitivity reagent or ox-
idation  degradation  basis  is  added to  the
polymer. The most  desirable product  will be a
biodegradable plastic which can be reduced to
carbon dioxide and water. (Text in Japanese)
[24572]

73-5315
 YAMADA, K.  Purasuchikku haikibutsu netsub-
unkai shori no kenkyu no doko. [Tendency of stu-
dies on the thermal cracking treatment of plastic
wastes.] Kankyo Sozo, 3(1):11-17, Jan. 1973.
Since vinyl chloride which contains chlorine, un-
like  other  olefinic  series plastics,  gives off
hydrogen chloride at 250 to 300 C prior  to the
decomposition of the main chain, considerations
must be taken not to cause air pollution. Strom-
berg and others subjected several kinds of vinyl
chloride to heat cracking process under vacuum
and determined the hydrogen chloride, benzene,
and so forth, produced at a decomposition tem-
perature of about 300 C by means of mass spec-
trometry. They  then analyzed hydrocarbons
which are decomposition products at 400 C. The
mechanism of the decomposition reaction was in-
vestigated with a heat balance,  which led to the
result that the rate of reaction was on  the order
of 3:2, and the rate of reaction was about 30 calo-
ries. P. Dumn and others state that a metal oxide
such as zinc oxide or iron oxide promotes the
thermal cracking of a chlorinated high polymer
such  as  vinyl  chloride.  Polystyrene   like
polymethyl methacrylate, can be easily decom-
posed by heat cracking to a monomer. F. A. Leh-
mann and others conducted detailed analyses for
the decomposition gases of styrene and other
high  polymers.  The  production  of   waste
polyacrylonitrile is smaller than  in other plastics,
but when the plastic is burned a harmful gas is
emitted;  that is, cyanic acid gas is emitted at

-------
                                                                                          79
temperatures  exceeding   180  C.  (Text  in
Japanese)
[24573]

SANITARY LANDFILL

73-5316
 BE VAN, R. E. Controlled tipping of solid urban
refuse and suitable industrial waste. In Waste
disposal; Proceedings; 4th International  Con-
gress of the  International  Research Group on
Refuse  Disposal (IRGRD), Basel,  Switzerland,
June 2-5,1969. Basel, Schweizerische Zeitschrift
fuer Hydrologie. p. 364-382.
This section of the proceedings includes both the
opening remarks and the conclusions presented
at a working  session of the congress on  con-
trolled tipping of refuse and  industrial waste.
(Controlled tipping is the British term for sanita-
ry landfill.) Within the article,  a  definition is
given of what the Ministry of Housing and Local
Government  considers  to  be  the  minimum
requirements for a controlled tip. Space required
for such tips,  with or without pretreatment of
the waste, is discussed, as well as findings from
tips receiving  refuse, commercial wastes, bulky
wastes,  fly ash from power stations, dust, street
sweepings, and other types of wastes. Estimated
densities of these types of refuse are given, both
at the time of tipping and  a few months  later,
when they would have presumably increased in
moisture content. Considerations of the effect of
tips on air and water quality, are discussed, and
measures to avoid such damage are briefly out-
lined. Operating costs are also covered, and the
effect of pretreatment by pulverization on costs
is discussed. A short section is devoted to tipping
of industrial sludge mixed with solid waste. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24574]

73-5317
 BODMAN, S. W. Ill, J. A. FEARNEY, J. J.  HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TRIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON.  Land-
fill. In The treatment and management of urban
solid  waste. Westport, Connecticut, Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 85-98.
This paper reviews some methods which would
reduce transportation  and handling costs and
produce landfills which are tolerable to the local
communities during filling, and which would be
highly beneficial. The sanitary landfill methods
discussed are: basic sanitary landfill; baling and
landfill; landfill with pulverized refuse; and mul-
tiple use  of land. The experimental methods con-
sidered were: continuous burial; pulverization in
the land; and rapid stabilization by aeration.
Some of the problems encountered are: water
pollution; gas production; fires; and  settling.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24575]

73-5318
 GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. Sanitary landfills.  In The problem of
solid waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of En-
gineering, The University of Michigan,  1972. p.
34-53.
This is a basic introduction to sanitary landfill
practices. Landfill is defined, and its advantages
and disadvantages are  discussed; the latter are
seen as chiefly economic. Site selection and land-
fill design must be carefully carried out in order
to prevent pollution, secure social acceptance,
achieve  efficient operation,  and  utilize the
completed fill. Basic operations of sanitary land-
fills are described and illustrated with diagrams,
graphs,  charts,  and pictures. There are four
types of landfill  methods in  terms of sites: 1)
area, 2) slope or ramp,  3) trench, and 4)  canyon,
pit, or quarry. Landfill must be compacted; this
is  done daily in  individual cells. The density of
refuse in various landfill stages is  presented.
Cell construction, fill construction, and daily and
permanent cover are illustrated. Heavy equip-
ment for spreading and compacting solid waste
and cover material includes the crawler dozers,
crawler  loaders, rubber-tired  dozers,  rubber-
tired  loaders,   compactors,   scrapers,  and
draglines. Each of these is evaluated for the dif-
ferent tasks that must be performed. Other
graphics  portray the following: cost per ton of
sanitary  landfill operations, based on different
populations served; leachate  and infiltration
movement;  leachate  composition  standards;
groundwater quality near a landfill; gaseous end

-------
80
products of decomposition of municipal refuse;
nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide produc-
tion from a landfill  over different periods of
time; cumulative volume  of gas from a landfill;
methods of controlling gas movement-including
clay barriers and crushed stone with pipe vents;
and comparative capital and operating costs of
sanitary landfill, incineration, and composting.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24576]

73-5319
 SCHRAMMECK, E. Gewasserbeeintraechtigung
druch Deponien und  AbfallagerstaettenO  Emp-
fehlungen zue laufenden Ueberwachung. [Water
pollution through dumps and landfills. Recom-
mendations for continuous monitoring.] Wasser
Abwasser    GWF  Gas-  und  WasserfachO,
114(5):214-217, May 1973.
According to the results of an inquiry by the
center for waste disposal of the Federal Health
Department in West Geramny, only 16 percent
of  the  existing dumps  are sealed off from
groundwater,  and only  11  percent  are  being
monitored for possible changes in the ground
and  surface water composition. The results of
analyses of leachate and groundwater from vari-
ous dump sites as found in the existing literature
are presented in a table along with analyses. Ac-
cording to the author, the water samples taken in
the vicinity of dump sites with mostly domestic
refuse  had  a  biochemical oxygen  demand of
15,000 to 46,000 mg per liter. Chloride was mea-
sured in concentrations between 1,700 and 2,250
mg per liter, and ammonium between 600  and
3,000 mg per liter. Traces of nitrate were  found
and less than 0.005 mg per liter of nitrite. The
sulfate concentration measured was between 200
and 400 mg per liter, that of phenol between 180
and 230. For sampling of surface water, one sam-
ple before and  after dumping suffices. For moni-
toring groundwater, pipes must be driven into
the ground to  the water level. The pipes shall
end at least 30  cm above the ground and must be
sealed.  One observation  pipe is necessary for
every 100 m of dump site length, and further
pipes at 100,  250, and  500 m  distances  are
required. It is recommended to pump off at least
100 liters of water prior  to sampling to gain a
representative sample. In the first 3 to 5 years of
groundwater monitoring, samples  should be
taken every 3 months. Later semiannual and an-
nual samples might be enough. (Text in German)
[24577]

73-5320
 TOSCH, M.  Grundwasserschutz bei geordneter
Deponie von Siedlungsabfaellen. [Ground water
protection through controlled tipping of trash.]
WasserwirtBchaft-Wassertechnik, 23(5):158-161,
May 1973.
After a review of groundwater pollution by un-
controlled  tipping   and  the   self-purification
capacity  of groundwater, the  prevention  of
groundwater   pollution   through   controlled
tipping of trash is discussed. Since measures for
the protection  of groundwater are  expensive,
sites should be selected for controlled  tipping
which do not have any useable groundwater or
which have  a natural water-impermeable layer.
The layer must have a water permeability coeffi-
cient of 0.00001 cm per sec. Usually clay, clayey
silt, and marl  layers  have the  required  im-
permeability. The water impermeability can be
improved by compacting such layers. If no site is
available with natural impermeable layers, the
tipping site  must be sealed either with natural
earth material  or with  synthetic material. An
aerobic,   chemical-biological    decomposition
process which  creates a large water  demand
higher than the supply by rainfall can be an effi-
cient means to eliminate the leachate problem.
Entirely  sealed tipping sites must have a water
drainage  system. The  costs  for  the drainage
system may well absorb 50 percent of the total
investment costs. Controlled tipping with aero-
bic decomposition requires rather light compact-
ing of the 2 m thick trash layer and coverage
with a rather  coarse and permeable top layer.
The relatively loose layer promotes the decom-
position  of the  organic  matter.  Rainwater
penetrating into the layer is evaporated because
of the high temperature. For the decomposition
process  in  the  2 m  thick trash layer,  4 to 6
months must be  allowed. At  the  end of this
period the layer is tightly compacted and now
serves as the base for a new trash layer. (Text in
German)
[24578]

-------
                                                                                         81
73-5321
 UESHITA,  K., T. KUWAYAMA, AND S. SAIDA.
[Sanitary landfill disposal.] Doboku Gakkai-shi,
58(2):39-44, Feb. 1973.
Investigations and tests were conducted on land-
fill areas where  various waste materials were
buried. Samplings of rubble and gravel, various
sludges, and  various  cinders and  ashes were
tested for chemical composting, specific weight,
water content, and  physical characteristics for
their suitability as landfill material. The areas in-
vestigated  mostly showed the signs of insuffi-
cient pretreatment  of waste material.  It was
evidenct that waste was dumped and covered
with earth without enough crushing, compaction,
and other necessary pretreatment, and land set-
tling and sinking had started. In one area where
four large apartment  houses had stood for the
last  7  years,  there was  no sign of building
damages, but the land had settled in spots as
much as 20 cm. In another residential and school
area which  was developed 2 years ago, buildings
show damages, and the land has settled 10 to 15
cm  in spots. The covering earth is only 50 cm
thick, and sometimes methane gas leaks from the
waste layer, and  newly planted trees do not live
long.
[24579]

SLUDGE

73-5322
 ANDERSSON, A., AND K. 0. NILSSON.  En-
richment of trace elements from sewage sludge
fertilizer in soils and plants. Ambio, 1(5):176-179,
May 1973.
This article discusses  soil as a medium for the
disposal of sewage sludge. Soils are more easily
aerated than water  and  can  receive  large
amounts of organic matter per unit volume that
can be decomposed without harmful effects from
the anaerobic and reducing conditions that occur
in water. However,  sewage sludge also contains
hazardous components of domestic and industri-
al origin which are toxic even in low concentra-
tions. When municipal waste products are to be
used for agricultural  purposes, the application
rates recommended should be based on the con-
tent of potentially harmful components. Analytic
data are provided for trace elements.
[24580]

73-5323
 BJOERKMAN, A. Thermal treatment of sewage
sludge. In Waste Disposal; Proceedings; 4th In-
ternational  Congress   of  the   International
Research Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD),
Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,1969. Basel, Schwe-
izerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 670-686.
This article described the functions of heat treat-
ment    of   sewage    sludge—destruction   of
pathogens,  facilitation  of' dehydration,  and
preparation  for incineration or utilization.  It
describes two processes, the Porteous and von
Roll, and gives flow charts and cost figures for
both. Heat can be used for removal of intercellu-
lar water (thickening), removal of adhesion and
capillary water (dehydration) and removal of ad-
sorption or inner water (drying).  The amount of
power needed  for each  type  of treatment is
presented.   Devices  for  drying  sludge   are
described: multiple hearth dryer; drying drum;
flash dryer; and belt drying. Two  Swedish plants
involved in drying sludge prior  to incineration
are used to demonstrate approximate costs. In-
cineration of sludge,  with  and  without previous
dehydration,  is  covered,  including  various
processes and pieces  of equipment and their ap-
proximate costs. A graph  presents the calorific
value of sewage sludge in relation to its water
content. Cost figures for a Zimmermann process
installation in Kansas City are included. There is
also a short discussion of the technology and
costs  of refuse-sludge incineration.  (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24581]

73-5324
 BOEHNKE, B. Pretreatment of sewage sludge.
In Waste Disposal; Proceedings; 4th Interna-
tional  Congress of the  International Research
Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Basel, Swit-
zerland, June 2-5, 1969. Basel, Schweizerische
Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 608-631.
Figures show that the amount of raw sewage
sludge in  the Federal Republic  of Germany is
equal to the amount of domestic refuse, or ap-
proximately 20 million cu m per year. However,
the disposal of this amount of sludge  should

-------
82
present no great problem if two conditions are
met. It must be rendered biologically stable and
it  must be reduced to the  smallest practical
moisture content, and hence, volume. Then it can
be composted, incinerated, or landfilled without
difficulty.  Flow charts are given showing various
systems by which both these objectives can be
achieved.  Tables show the  characteristics of
sewage sludge in relation to water contents and
disposal  volumes  in relation  to degrees  of
dehydration. For example, a sludge with a 4 per-
cent dry matter content will  have only 50 per-
cent of its original volume  after thickening.
When the  volume is reduced to 10 percent of the
original, it will require only  10 percent  of the
disposal space. However, past this point, there is
no  economy in reducing  the  water content
further, that is, beyond 60 percent. The results of
the working committee's activities are presented
under the following headings:  criteria for the
degree of  anaerobic and aerobic sludge stabiliza-
tion required; operational experience in and cost
of anaerobic and  aerobic  sludge  stabilization;
operational experience in and  cost of thickening;
operational experience in and  cost of centrifuga-
tion while considering preconditioning;  opera-
tional  experience   in  and  cost   of  sludge
processing in drying beds and lagoons; operation
experience in and cost of vacuum filtration while
considering preconditioning;  operational  ex-
perience in and  cost of pressure filtration; and
operational experience in  and cost of sludge
dehydration  through  conveyor  screen  com-
presses. Extensive data and graphs are provided
for each  of  these topics. (This  document  is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24582]

73-5325
 BROUZES, P.  H.  Considerations in the  multi-
stage activated  sludge treatment  of industrial
wastewater.   Water Research, 7:783-791, May
1973.
This article discusses the possibilities of biologi-
cal treatment for industrial wastes. The experi-
ments which we) e carried out  show that the rate
of metabolism of activated sludge can be  in-
fluenced by pH value, concentration of nutrients,
presence of trace elements, and concentration of
toxic substances. The treatment of sewage and
industrial wastes in the same plant is generally
to be preferred but optimum removal of pollu-
tants is seldom achieved if the two liquors are
simply mixed together.  Substances which are
biodegradable but toxic to activated sludge and
nonbiodegradable  toxic  waste  waters  require
different  forms of treatment. This  might be
achieved by subdivision of these plants into vari-
ous more specialized stages.
[24583]

73-5326
 FOSTER, W. S.  Potato starch—its extra water-
softening benefits. American City, 88(5):83-84,
May 1973.
This  article  describes  how a  plant  in Ocala,
Florida, conditions water-softening sludge  with
potato starch, obtains a sludge that is easy and
economical to handle, and finds a way  to use the
sludge in the stabilization and improvement  of
roadways. The softening plant is able  to receive
and treat 6 million gal of water per day. Lime is
the principal softening agent. The  water is fil-
tered and chlorinated before being pumped to a
2-million gal  prestressed concrete storage tank,
and ultimately delivered to the city's distribution
system.
[24584]

73-5327
 LABERIS, S.  Compressed air sub-surface aera-
tion.  Pollution  Engineering, 5(4):35-37, Apr.
1973.
This article discusses .aeration of sewage and in-
dustrial wastes using compressed air. Extensive
research has  been done to improve  upon the
basic process of introducing air at some depth
within a tank, and allowing the natural  rise of the
air bubbles and entrained water to provide ox-
ygen transfer. Several ways of introducing air
have been developed. Characteristics of the most
common  methods are summarized  in a table.  A
new approach to the problem improves upon the
compressed air method of aeration by  using a
maintenance-free,  nonporous diffuser, increas-
ing the  path length and air-water  mixing, and
reducing air bubble size after the introduction  of
air in order  to  increase oxygen transfer.  The
system is described in detail after which it is con-

-------
eluded that the degree of mixing is more than
sufficient for waste treatment application.
[24585]

73-5328
 LECLERC,  H.,  AND P. BROUZES.   Sanitary
aspects  of sludge treatment.  Water Research,
7(3):355-360, Mar. 1973.
This study compares the efficiency of various
sludge treatmentsO  dehydration,  stabilization,
and disinfection. The total removal of pathogenic
microorganisms from sludge is not compatible
with technological and economic necessities. This
article sets forth the reasons which would lead to
the codifying of the bacteriological control over
various  treatment processes. It seems essential
that information be obtained in salmonella, total
enterobacteria, and on the  total count of bac-
teria. The techniques used are described. Graphs
provide the  following information: influence of
the duration of stabilization on the elimination of
bacteria and the decrease of mass; influence of
temperature on the elimination of bacteria and
on  the sludge density;  influence of treatment
time on the elimination of bacteria and on the
sludge density; and the  influence of ultrasonic
treatment time on the  elimination of bacteria
and on the sludge density.
[24586]

73-5329
 RINCKE, G. AND R.  BORN.  Der Einfluss einer
votbehandlung  auf  die   Rueckloesung   or-
ganischer  Stoffe bei der  thermischen Schlamm-
konditionierung. [Influence of pretreatment on
the  release  of organic  substances in thermal
sludge conditioning.] Staedtehygiene, 24(1):8-12,
1973.
The rapid technological development  in the
treatment of  sewage sludge  led a specialized
group of the University of Darmstadt to survey
the present situation. Studies have been con-
ducted as to the reduction of the rate of released
substances in  the thermal conditioning process
through pre-separation,  digestion, or both. It
was found that the specific additional load, based
on a sludge quantity of 100 cu m per day for ther-
mally conditioned fresh sludge was 20 g BOD per
day, for thermally conditioned fresh sludge with
previous separation it was 12 g BOD per day, for
thermally conditioned digested sludge it was 10
g BOD  per day, and for thermally conditioned
digested sludge with previous separation it was
6 g BOD per day. Consequently a reduction of 70
percent through both separation and digestion
may be achieved. However, the economical point
of view depends on the local situation, available
digestion  tanks, sludge  quality,  and the final
disposal  of  dewatered  sludge.  Investigation
results showed that  in the case  of a digestion
process followed by thermal conditioning treat-
ment, the interpolation  of a  separating step is
recommended. (Text in German)
[24587]

73-5330
 SPEECE, R. E., R. S. ENGELBRECHT, AND D. R.
AUKAMP.  Cell replication and biomass in the ac-
tivated  sludge  process.    Water Research,
7(3):361-374, Mar. 1973.
This article is concerned with the increase in
biomass and the replication of microorganisms in
the activated sludge process. Because of the dif-
ficulties in enumerating cell numbers in a floccu-
lent suspension, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
was chosen as an indicator of cell numbers in the
activated  sludge process. An  increase in  DNA
was assumed to be indication of cell replication.
Storage was a function  of the loading rate to
which the organisms were acclimated. Higher
loading  rates maintained the  sludges in a more
active  state having  shorter  time  lags before
replication  occurred. Increased  frequency of
feeding also resulted in less time before replica-
tion occurred.  In  the  contact  stabilization
process, cell replication would be expected in the
stabilization tank  with  only  substrate storage
taking place in the contact tank, due to the low
loading  rates used. Extensive data and graphs
are included.
[24588]

73-5331
 WALKER, C. W.  Collection and disposal of ship's
sewage. U. S. Patent 3,721,207 owned by the U.S.
Secretary of the Navy. Issued Mar. 20,1973.
This invention pertains  to the  collection and
disposal of ship's sewage. It has been customary

-------
84
for ships to simply flow their waste overboard,
but concern  over water pollution  has neces-
sitated the development of systems for collect-
ing and storing shipboard wastes, in particular
sewage. This invention provides a system for col-
lecting ship's wastes by running the discharges
by gravity through a floating pipe and discharg-
ing the discharges into  a  submerged sewage
pumping plant or holding station from whence it
is pumped  into the nearest domestic collection
manhole of the onshore sanitary  sewer lines. The
invention comprises a series of  fiberglass pipes
cast in styrofoam floats and  connected by rubber
connectors. The rubber  connectors are in turn
connected by flexible rubber hoses to ship out-
lets. The series of pipes is  pitched  towards the
submerged pumping station  so that the ship
discharge will flow by gravity  to the pumping
station.
[24589]

73-5332
 ZlNTL, G.  Auslaugeverhalten metallhaltiger
Faellschlaemme. [Lixivation behaviour of metal-
containing  precipitation sludges.]  Erzmetall,
26(2):60-65,1973.
The quantity of wastes in the nonferrous metal
industry is growing. The high metal purity
required   makes   separation  and   refining
processes  necessary. Leaner ores  have  to  be
mined to maintain raw material  supply, and this
in turn increases the quantity of waste. Arsenic
and lead are contained in most nonferrous metal
ores  as well as in metal ores. The pollution of
ground  water with these noxious elements can
be prevented by  turning them  into compounds
having a low residual solubility,  thus preventing
them   from  reaching  the  groundwater   by
leaching through  dumps. In experiments con-
ducted in laboratory apparatus  this is achieved
by precipitation from aqueous solution with lime
in the presence of surplus iron ions.  The residual
solubility of precipitation sludge produced in the
process was 1 mg per liter or  lower. Of great
economic interest is such processing for copper
cementates containing 35 percent copper, up to
10 percent arsenic, and a  small percentage of
lead such as those obtained  in lye purification in
zinc electrolysis. In the process developed for
this purpose, copper is transformed with high
yield into the solution, while arsenic and lead are
precipitated by lime into sludge. An experimen-
tal dump is being prepared to verify the labora-
tory results and to determine the permeability of
a precipitation sludge dump. (Text in German)
[24590]

STREET CLEANING

73-5333
 ADAMS, F. S.  Highway salt: social and environ-
mental  concerns.  Highway Research Record,
(425):3-13,1973.
This article argues against expanding the use of
highway salt as the, presumably, most effective,
safe, and  cheap method of snow removal. The
topics which are covered in detail follow: physi-
cal, chemical, and biological makeup of salt; the
fate of salt in  the environment; direct runoff of
dissolved salt; splash and percolate; pickup and
discard; the relationship between salt, safety,
and economics; and recommendations. It is con-
cluded that under many meteorological and en-
vironmental conditions chloride salts are effec-
tive agents for melting ice and snow, but to cal-
culate the true costs and real benefits of an ex-
panding salt-based technology  requires that a
great deal of vital research be conducted. In the
meantime, increasing the  use  of salt for snow
removal is questionable.
[24591]

73-5334
  BAIN,  J. R.  Vacuum sweeping  curbs street
cleaning costs.  American City, 88(5):100,  170,
May 1973.
This article discusses the introduction of vacuum
street sweeping to the city of Ottawa. A 3-year
study of street sweeping costs shows that opera-
tional hours for sweeping the same number of
curb miles dropped as much as 21 percent using
vacuum sweeping. Maintenance and repair costs
plunged 50 percent and on an overall average the
vacuum sweeper was 25 percent more efficient
than mechanical sweeping. Aside  from saving
money and reducing sweeping time, the vacuum
sweeper cuts down on air pollution by controlling
dust efficiently.
[24592]

-------
                                                                                           86
73-5335
 VISSER, S. A. The microflora of a snow deposi-
tory in the city of Quebec. Environmental Let-
ters, 4(4):267-272,1973.
This article describes a study which establishes
that the snow cleared from the roads of Quebec
and dumped at  various  depositories  in  and
around the city contains a microflora consisting
mainly of short chain and single cell groupings. It
is well adapted to the rigid conditions of its en-
vironment. The sampling sites, methods, results,
and a  discussion of the study are presented. The
following tables are provided: growth tempera-
tures  of microorganisms isolated from snow; and
microorganisms present  in  different types  of
snow.
[24593]

TRANSPORT

73-5336
 CHOUDHURY,  A.   Solids pipelines-a reality.
General Engineer, 84(5):122-124, May 1973.
This article discusses pipelines  techniques. The
major problems to be ironed out in this area are
the   successful  transportation  of  liquefied
petroleum gas and liquefied natural gas through
this medium, and means of combating the effect
of  permafrost  (Arctic  ground  conditions)  on
pipelines. The  topics which are discussed  in
detail include: existing pipelines for gases and
solids; existing and projected pipelines for solids;
hydraulics; pumps; receiving terminal; economic
factors (physiography, end use/product, quanti-
ty,  and distance); other vehicles; and Marcona
flow (a patented system of pipelines transporta-
tion).
[24594]

73-5337
  Copper slurry  pipeline.   Compressed  Air
Magazine, 78(5):10-12, May 1973.
This article discusses the Bougainville Mine  in
New Guinea which holds the distinction of being
the site of several outstanding accomplishments
in the field of ore processing. It houses  the lar-
gest known  copper  concentrator, which feeds
one of the only two copper slurry pipelines in the
world. This installation also  uses vertical, posi-
tive-displacement pumps  instead of the  usual
horizontal type for this kind of mineral service.
The slurry is pushed through a 16-mile pipeline'
that snakes up and down mountainous terrain
and ends at a new seaport facility, some 2,000 ft
below the elevation of the mine. Annual produc-
tion is expected to exceed 150,000 tons of copper
concentrate and 500,000 ounces of gold, which
exists in small quantities in the ore body.
[24595]

73-5338
 Haulers say, 'Charge it' at Seattle transfer sta-
tion.     Solid   Wastes   Management/Refuse
RemovalJournal, 16(1):8, Jan. 1978.
Computers are being used in Seattle, Washing-
ton,  to speed up refuse-disposal operations  at
two  municipal , transfer  stations.  Each  IBM
system controls traffic lights guiding collection
vehicles  onto truck  scales, calculates the net
weight  of  each  load, and bills  contractors
through a credit  card  system. At peak periods,
3,700 vehicles and 1,500 tons of refuse are han-
dled at  both stations. Six years  ago Seattle
pioneered the automated  transfer  station con-
cept of waste disposal. The new system should
enable the city to keep abreast of the increased
number of credit transactions  with the  area's
rubbish  contractors. Each  transaction of the
weighing operation  now takes  less  than   10
seconds. As drivers enter the facilities, they in-
sert their credit cards into readers which record
the empty-truck  weight and other identifying
characteristics. Transaction details are flashed
on a display board by the computer and a green
light  is  flashed when   the   transaction   is
completed. The system  should be helpful in keep-
ing account  of annual disposal costs and  in
analyzing future operatioal trends.
[24596]

73-5339
 Hauling  compacted wastes. Compactor  Hand-
book, p. 33-34, [1973].
A substantial amount  of  commercial refuse is
being compacted  into 2-, 4-, and 6-yd containers
and then hauled in front- or rear-loading trucks.
The lack of systematic methods  for pricing these
jobs often leads  to undercharging. The reason

-------
86
for this is very often that a substantial amount of
low-revenue  producing  compacted  refuse is
mixed  with   uncompacted  trash.  Household
wastes containing quantities of liquid  can be
compacted with greater density than commercial
refuse  loaded  with  paper, corrugated,  and
similar trash. A schedule for hauling charges is
presented. It is concluded that the only way to
arrive at a proper price rating would be to divide
the number  of possible  daily trips into the
required revenue.
[24597]

73-5340
 Helicopter  lifts  garbage from park.  Wildlife
Review, 6(7):7, Spring 1973.
In Kokanee Glacier Park a helicopter is now used
to haul rubbish from inside the park to the road's
end. The refuse is gathered in bags and piled at
the landing  sites. Using  cargo nets, the flying
machine then picks up the bags and transports
them in 800-lb lots to waiting trucks. Some cam-
pers bury their tin cans, paper, foil, and packag-
ing, but the danger here  is  that the subsoil in
high areas is so shallow that it is impossible to
properly dispose  of waste materials. Bears and
other animals usually dig up camp rubbish al-
most as soon  as  the hiker has departed. Park
workers  find  that  people hiking  in  the back
country leave tons of garbage behind them. This
is the real problem.
[24598]

73-5341
 Hydrogen atoms called key to pumping liquid
coal. Machine Design, 45(12):10, May 17,1973.
Researchers  at West Virginia University are
studying  the possibility of pumping coal out of
the ground as a slurry in  order to recover coal
which is now too thin to deep mine and too deep
to strip mine. The biggest obstacle  to pumping
coal is finding an economical way of converting it
into  a liquid  or slurry   while it is still un-
derground. Other problems  are:  choosing the
coal, because every seam  is different and reacts
differently to liquefaction; and choosing the sol-
vent. The  solvent would have to be recycled for
economic reasons. Laboratory tests have shown
that swelling occurs when sub-bituminous coal is
liquefied and it is accompanied by a transfer of
hydrogen atoms from the solvent to the coal. The
reaction weakens the structure of the coal and
causes it to form fragments. The slurry contain-
ing the fragments, however, can be pumped
much like a liquid.
[24599]

73-5342
  Kanto  Area Urban  Waste  Transportation
System Investigation  Committee, Ministry of
Construction. [Examination.] In [Report on the
investigation of an urban waste transportation
system.] 1st ed. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Con-
struction, Kanto  Region Construction Bureau,
July 1972. p. 79-329.
Chapter II  of the  report on a comprehensive
study  of urban  waste transportation  system
discusses the direction, object, and method of ex-
amination, the structure of a waste treatment
system (the  purpose of a waste  treatment
system, components of the system, the hardware
comprising the system), designing of a system,
and case studies. As case studies, the 23 districts
of Metropolitan Tokyo and  Chiba New Town
were selected and model systems were designed.
The  system flow chart shows: the purpose of
case studies; th«? selection of areas; grasping of
local  characteristics;  formation  of  procedural
steps;  examinations of each step; evaluation of
each  step;  organization  of the  results;  and
proposal  (chapter  III).  The   six   steps  of
redeveloping a waste treatment system in Tokyo
involve the first 5 years for the first two steps,
1975 to 1983 for steps 3 and 4, and 1983 to 2002
for steps 5 and 6. In the first steps, the total in-
cineration of  all  combustibles will not  be  at-
tained; only by the 3rd and 4th steps will the
total combustibles be burned; by the 5th and 6th
steps,  all the reusable waste will be recycled.
From the standpoint of transportation, an addi-
tional circular expressway will be constructed by
1975; by 1983, there will be pollutionless cars;
and between 1983 and 2002, a new traffic system
and network will be completed; a deeper subway
system and the use of underground passages will
alleviate the  waste  transportation  problems.
(Text in Japanese) (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24600]

-------
                                                                                          87
73-5343
  Kanto  Area Urban  Waste  Transportation
System Investigation Committee, Ministry of
Construction. [Introduction.] In  [Report on the
investigation of an urban waste transportation
system.] 1st ed. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Con-
struction,  Kanto Region Construction Bureau,
July 1972. p. 1-75.
The introduction to this report on a comprehen-
sive study  of  an  urban waste  transportation
system discusses the definition of waste materi-
al, classification, historical transition of waste
treatment, civilization and  waste, waste in the
urban environment, the problem of waste on the
national  scale, local characteristics  of waste,
waste in the Tokyo metropolitan area, the policy
and the role of the government in waste treat-
ment, the role of local  governments, the  state
and the role of private sanitation industries, the
state of industries producing waste, the direction
of  waste treatment in the future, and the
direction of reuse and recycling of waste materi-
al in the future. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24601]

73-5344
  Kanto  Area Urban  Waste   Transportation
System Investigation Committee, Ministry of
Construction.  [Investigation methodology.] In
[Report on the investigation of an urban waste
transportation  system.]  1st ed. Tokyo, Japan,
Ministry of Construction,  Kanto Region  Con-
struction Bureau, July 1972. p. 353-413.
Chapter  IV of the report  on a  comprehensive
study of urban waste transportation analyses ex-
isting studies of similar nature, general methods
for waste treatment problems, and  the future
methods for waste  problem investigations in
Tokyo. In planning an investigation of the state
of waste production, the clarification  of the pur-
pose, collection of sampling, examination of in-
vestigative  methods, preliminary examination,
application and investigation, and analyses and
evaluation of results must be followed. Among
various investigative methods, the waste materi-
al production projection method material flow in-
vestigation, the mesh method, and the question-
naire method  of citizen attitudes are analyzed.
(Text in Japanese) (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24602]

73-5345
  Kanto  Area Urban  Waste  Transportation
System Investigation  Committee,  Ministry  of
Construction. [Proposal.] In  [Report on the in-
vestigation of an urban  waste transportation
system.] 1st ed. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Con-
struction, Kanto  Region Construction Bureau,
July 1972. p. 333-349.
Chapter III of the report on a comprehensive
study of urban waste transportation discusses
the proposal made by the  committee as a result
of their examination of the present situation and
case  studies.  The  basic  proposal  is  urban
redevelopment, in which specific suggestions are
made for securing public land for waste collec-
tion  and storage, redesigning  of buildings for
easy collection and sanitary waste storage, relay-
ing points and their effective use, construction
and redevelopment of connecting roads, automa-
tion  of transportation, the use of railroad trans-
portation, securing of treatment terminals, and
the  use of  treatment  terminal  (landfill)  as
playgrounds, botanical gardens, zoos, farms, golf
links, swimming pools, skating rinks, and public
cemeteries. In addition, methods of reducing the
amount of waste by reducing the total produc-
tion  or  changing  the  quality  of  throwaway
material and development of recycling methods
are briefly mentioned. (Text in Japanese) (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24603]

73-5346
  Kanto Area  Urban  Waste  Transportation
System Investigation  Committee,  Ministry  of
Construction. [Report on the investigation of an
urban  waste  transportation  system.]  1st ed.
Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Construction, Kanto
Region Construction Bureau, July 1972.80 p.
In this abridged version of the report on the in-
vestigation of an urban  waste transportation
system, the following topics are dicsussed: what
is waste?; waste in  human life;  problems  of
waste;  sociological  attitude   toward  waste
disposal problems; the future of  waste; the

-------
structure of a waste treatment  system; desig-
ning of a waste disposal system;  case studies; a
proposal for the reformation of the nation and its
regions; urban redevelopment as a preparation
for the realization of a waste treatment system;
an evaluation of existing investigation methods;
and the future trend for the investigation of con-
ditions in Tokyo. Toward the systematization of
waste disposal and urban redevelopment, the fol-
lowing proposals are made: securing  of public
land for waste treatment and disposal; improve-
ments on city buildings and structures; efficient
collection methods and designing of structures
with space for collection vehicles;  the use of
relaying  points; redevelopment  of connecting
roads; automation of transportation; the use of
railroads; and the use of disposal areas (landfill
or burial) for functional and attractive communi-
ty activities. (Text in Japanese) (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24604]

73-5347
 SCHULTZ,  G. A.  Guidelines for selecting solid
waste handling  conveyors. Pollution Engineer-
ing, 5(4):45-46, Apr. 1,1973.
The  units summarized  in this article are those
most commonly used for the handling of solid
waste materials. Guidelines for the  selection of
this equipment  include: the type and volume of
solid  waste;  the  amount  of  accumulation
required; the plant arrangement and  size; and
the   final   method   of  disposal   selected
(compaction,   incineration,   and/or   product
recovery). A system can be broken down into col-
lection and process; and the collection segment
can be subdivided into  containerized  and con-
veyorized methods. The topics discussed include:
why and when to use conveyors; how to identify
wastes; and an analysis of the conveying job. The
following  conveying equipment is described:
belt; hinged metal belt;  vibrating;  drag chain;
screw; and pneumatic conveyors.
[24605]

73-5348
 VOCADLO, J. J., AND M. S. SAGOO.  Slurry flow in
pipes and pumps.  Journal of Engineering for
Industry, 95(B 1):65-71, Feb. 1973.
In this article a new approach to slurry flow both
in laminar and turbulent regimes is outlined. It
emphasizes  an approach for  turbulent  slurry
flow without deposits which does not rely on
subdivisions of slurries into arbitrary groups and
which is based oh identifiable mechanisms  of
energy  loss. The  following aspects  of  slurry
systems and pumps are discussed: technology of
hydraulic transport; laminar  flow  of slurries;
turbulent flow of slurries; the pressure gradient
for the flow of the carrier liquid; the total pres-
sure gradient; critical velocity; the wide range of
particle  size distribution;  and slurry pipeline
systems (gravity feed systems, solid handling
pump systems, and clear liquid pump systems).
[24606]

73-5349
 WILSON, G. The  design aspects of centrifugal
pumps  for  abrasive slurries.  The Canadian
Mining  and  Metallurgical  (CIM)  Bulletin,
66(733):91-102, May 1973.
This paper is concerned with the design and con-
struction of centrifugal pumps for handling abra-
sive solids. It also outlined the wear phenomena
due to slurry being pumped and the materials
used to  combat abrasive wear. The  hydraulic
design of the impeller and casing and their rela-
tionship  to wear and the hydraulic  radial and
axial unbalance are also discussed. The predic-
tion of abrasive wear in pumps cannot be precise
because  many  factors  are involved,  but the
researchers  are working on this  problem. Dia-
grams, equations, and data are included.
[24607]

-------
                                                                                                                    89
                                               SUBJECT INDEX
accident
   see petrochemicals

agricultural wastes
   see also animals, manure, food processing
           73-5054, 73-5061
   utilization, 73-5055. 73-5060, 73-5062, 73-5063, 73-5064
           73-5065
air pollution
   analysis of pollutants, 73-5059, 73-5132, 73-5140, 73-5149
   control equipment, 73-5133, 73-5149, 73-5346
   incinerator, 73-5131, 73-5132, 73-5133, 73-5140, 73-5149
           73-5150
   see microorganisms

analysis, 73-5059, 73-5066, 73-5104, 73-5106, 73-5212
          73-5213, 73-5214, 73-5215, 73-5216, 73-5217
          73-5218, 73-5219, 73-5226, 73-5231, 73-5347
          73-5354, 73-5355
animals
   see also manure
          73-5055
   carcass, 73-5071
   feedlots,  73-5056, 73-5103

ash
   utilization, 73-5311

automobiles
   volume reduction,  73-5068, 73-5069

automotive industry
   see automobiles

bacteria
   see microorganisms
baling, 73-5195

bulky wastes, 73-5070, 73-5237
   collection, 73-5071
   disposal, 73-5071

chemicals
   industrial wastes
       disposal, 73-5185, 73-5258
       utilization, 73-5185
collection of wastes
   see also containers
   chute systems, 73-5081
   commercial, 73-5078, 73-5083, 73-5118, 73-5228
   containers, 73-5079, 73-5083
   contractors, 73-5073, 73-5075, 73-5078, 73-5083
   costs, 73-5073.  73-5077, 73-5115. 73-5171. 73-5182
   equipment, 73-5071, 73-5072, 73-5074, 73-5075, 73-5076
          73-5084, 73-5182
   frequency, 73-5078, 73-5182  '
   industrial, 73-5080, 73-5228
   laws concerning, 73-5081, 73-5275
   municipalities, 73-5072, 73-5073, 73-5074, 73-5075
          73-5079, 73-5080, 73-5081, 73-5083, 73-5084
          73-5108, 73-5118, 73-5172, 73-5176, 73-5181
          73-5228, 73-5284, 73-5287, 73-5288
   personnel, 73-5075, 73-5084, 73-5106, 73-5120, 73-5182
   pneumatic, 73-5081, 73-5082
   routes, 73-5076
   trucks, 73-5071, 73-5077, 73-5084, 73-5182, 73-5350

compaction
   equipment, 73-5194

compost, 73-5088
   analysis, 73-5090, 73-5092, 73-5104
   health aspects, 73-5092
   utilization, 73-5094,  73-5104

composting, 73-5170
   cellulose, 73-5092
   combined with other disposal methods, 73-5093
   costs. 73-5085, 73-5086, 73-5089, 73-5131
   equipment, 73-5089, 73-5091, 73-5098
   methods, 73-5085, 73-5087, 73-5088, 73-5089, 73-5090
          73-5091, 73-5093, 73-5098
   paper, 73-5090, 73-5091
   problems, 73-5086, 73-5089, 73-5093
   separation of non-organics, 73-5087
   sludge, 73-5087, 73-5088

computer
   see management and planning
construction
   industrial wastes
       disposal, 73-5266
       processing, 73-5197
       utilization, 73-5309,  73-5313
   post-consumer wastes
       processing, 73-5197, 73-5208
       utilization, 73-5170,  73-5201, 73-5208

containers,  73-5072, 73-5083,  73-5188
dairy industry, 73-5054, 73-5254

demolition wastes
   see also construction
          73-5070. 73-5170

disposal of wastes
   see also individual methods
          73-5137, 73-5153, 73-5156
   commercial, 73-5118, 73-5286
   costs, 73-5182
   facilities, 73-5095, 73-5182
   industrial, 73-5106, 73-5251, 73-5255, 73-5257, 73-5258
          73-5270, 73-5280, 73-5283
   institutional, 73-5082, 73-5285
   laws concerning, 73-5275,  73-5280
   methods, 73-5096, 73-5097, 73-5098, 73-5099, 73-5159
          73-5161, 73-5171, 73-5182, 73-5270, 73-5285
          73-5286, 73-5341
   municipal, 73-5080, 73-5095, 73-5100, 73-5106, 73-5118
          73-5172, 73-5173, 73-5181, 73-5285, 73-5286
   research, 73-5101, 73-5108, 73-5286, 73-5315, 73-5326
drugs
   see pharmaceutical
economics,  73-5235
   costs, 73-5055, 73-5073, 73-5095, 73-5096, 73-5111
          73-5112, 73-5113, 73-5114, 73-5115, 73-5116
          73-5117, 73-5118, 73-5119, 73-5160, 73-5163

-------
90
              73-5169, 73-5172, 73-5174, 73-5177, 73-5183
              73-5202, 73-5203, 73-5204, 73-5206, 73-5210
              73-5232, 73-5240, 73-5246, 73-5249, 73-5260
              73-5274, 73-5294, 73-5300, 73-5303, 73-5307
              73-5324, 73-5325, 73-5340, 73-5348, 73-5353
      markets, 73-5085, 73-5139, 73-5158, 73-5163, 73-5164
              73-5178, 73-5188, 73-5204, 73-5210, 73-5246
              73-5303, 73-5308
      taxes, 73-5110, 73-5112,  73-5113, 73-5116, 73-5118
              73-5119, 73-5174, 73-5260, 73-5274, 73-5303
              73-5314, 73-5324

   education
      of the public, 73-5157
      professional, 73-5221, 73-5324

   energy- 73-5117, 73-5170, 73-5229

   environmental protection, 73-5064, 73-5091, 73-5096, 73-5103
              73-5105, 73-5107, 73-5111, 73-5114, 73-5116
              73-5117, 73-5121, 73-5122, 73-5124, 73-5138
              73-5155, 73-5185, 73-5221, 73-5223, 73-5224
              73-5227, 73-5243, 73-5260, 73-5271, 73-5276
              73-5278, 73-5282, 73-5295, 73-5346

   equipment, 73-5215
      balers, 73-5306, 73-5329
      collection, 73-5159
      compaction, 73-5098, 73-5159, 73-5193, 73-5198, 73-5285
              73-5292, 73-5306, 73-5319, 73-5351
      reclamation, 73-5103, 73-5119, 73-5128, 73-5212, 73-5213
              73-5214, 73-5219, 73-5220, 73-5222, 73-5230
              73-5243, 73-5247, 73-5285, 73-5289, 73-5291
              73-5296, 73-5299, 73-5301, 73-5305, 73-5313
              73-5319, 73-5319, 73-5325
      separators, 73-5137, 73-5159, 73-5209, 73-5291, 73-5296
              73-5299, 73-5301, 73-5306, 73-5319
      shearing,  73-5291
      shredding, 73-5074, 73-5112, 73-5192, 73-5193, 73-5218
              73-5296, 73-5304, 73-5306, 73-5325
      transport, 73-5137, 73-5159
      wastewater treatment, 73-5337

   fertilizer
      see also compost, hazardous
      derived from waste products, 73-5055, 73-5088, 73-5324

   fly ash
      utilization
          aggregate, 73-5170

   food processing wastes
      see also specific methods
      biological treatment, 73-5260, 73-5264
      chemical  treatment, 73-5250
      dairy, 73-5254
      disposal methods, 73-5188, 73-5259
      grain and feed crops, 73-5060
      mechanical treatment, 73-5264
      utilization, 73-5060, 73-5250, 73-5260, 73-5324

   fungi
      see microorganisms  .
   glass
      industrial wastes
          utilization,  73-5315
      post-consumer wastes
          processing, 73-5187
          utilization,  73-5201, 73-5315
grants, 73-5099, 73-5112, 73-5116, 73-5184, 73-5221, 73-5223
          73-5227, 73-5229

groundwater, 73-5055, 73-5331

hazardous wastes
   see also radioactive wastes
   disposal, 73-5122, 73-5123, 73-5124, 73-5283, 73-5334
   treatment, 73-5126, 73-5127

health and safety, 73-5107, 73-5124, 73-5125, 73-5155
          73-5295, 73-5334

heat recovery
   see incineration

incineration
   see also specific wastes
          73-5109, 73-5149, 73-5152
   air pollution control, 73-5112, 73-5133, 73-5140, 73-5142
          73-5144, 73-5224, 73-5225, 73-5226, 73-5227
   combined with reclamation, 73-5115, 73-5135, 73-5145
          73-5159, 73-5256
   costs, 73-5112, 73-5129, 73-5131, 73-5137, 73-5142
          73-5335
   design of plant, 73-5100, 73-5131, 73-5134, 73-5135
          73-5142, 73-5148, 73-5151, 73-5199, 73-5231
   emissions, 73-5131, 73-5137, 73-5138, 73-5142, 73-5144
          73-5145, 73-5148, 73-5150
   equipment, 73-5098, 73-5131, 73-5136, 73-5137, 73-5142
          73-5143, 73-5146, 73-5148, 73-5200, 73-5258
          73-5289
   industrial wastes, 73-5145, 73-5147, 73-5148, 73-5150
          73-5199, 73-5200, 73-5256
   management, 73-5142
   municipal wastes, 73-5100, 73-5129, 73-5130, 73-5131
          73-5135, 73-5140, 73-5142, 73-5315, 73-5354
   on-site, 73-5142
   operation of plant, 73-5131, 73-5134, 73-5142, 73-5143
          73-5199, 73-5315
   problems, 73-5134, 73-5140, 73-5147
   waste heat utilization, 73-5129, 73-5134, 73-5135, 73-5136
          73-5138, 73-5141, 73-5142, 73-5144, 73-5225
          73-5227, 73-5228, 73-5229, 73-5315
   water pollution,  73-5131
incinerator,  73-5150
   fluidized bed, 73-5098, 73-5214, 73-5216, 73-5319, 73-5335
   sludge, 73-5148, 73-5335
   special purpose,  73-5145, 73-5148, 73-5200,  73-5315

industrial wastes
   see also specific industry, specific treatment  methods
          73-5152, 73-5265, 73-5267
   analysis, 73-5259, 73-5269
   biological treatment, 73-5254,  73-5257, 73-5261
   centralized disposal plant, 73-5256, 73-5268
   chemical  treatment, 73-5121, 73-5196,  73-5254, 73-5261
          73-5290, 73-5344
   combined with municipal wastes, 73-5257, 73-5266
   costs, 73-5248
   effluent charges, 73-5260
   laws concerning, 73-5110, 73-5268,  73-5280
   mechanical  treatment, 73-5197, 73-5251, 73-5252
   pyrolysis, 73-5232, 73-5270
   utilization, 73-5110, 73-5111, 73-5121,  73-5136, 73-5138
          73-5208, 73-5221, 73-5222, 73-5223, 73-5224
          73-5225, 73-5226, 73-5227, 73-5229, 73-5231
          73-5232, 73-5243, 73-5247, 73-5248, 73-5249
          73-5255, 73-5268, 73-5269, 73-5289, 73-5310

-------
                                                                                                                      91
           73-5316

land reclamation
   see also mines, sanitary landfill
          73-5070, 73-5094

laws, 73-5282
   collection of wastes, 73-5081, 73-5108, 73-5181, 73-5183
          73-5275
   disposal of wastes, 73-5108, 73-5183, 73-5266, 73-5272
          73-5273, 73-5274, 73-5275, 73-5280
   enforcement, 73-5102, 73-5271
   federal, 73-5081, 73-5102, 73-5108, 73-5110, 73-5116
          73-5271, 73-5273, 73-5274, 73-5276, 73-5278
          73-5279, 73-5280, 73-5281, 73-5283
   international,  73-5278
   municipality, 73-5081, 73-5181, 73-5273, 73-5277, 73-5286
          73-5288
   state, 73-5271, 73-5273, 73-5277

leachate
   see also sanitary landfill, water pollution
          73-5331

litter, 73-5277
management  and  planning, 73-5150, 73-5153, 73-5156, 73-5167
          73-5183, 73-5265
   county, 73-5168, 73-5172, 73-5173, 73-5174, 73-5175
          73-5176, 73-5177, 73-5178, 73-5179, 73-5180
          73-5308
   federal, 73-5102, 73-5108, 73-5123, 73-5157, 73-5160
          73-5162, 73-5163, 73-5164, 73-5276, 73-5282
   international,  73-5101, 73-5109
   municipal, 73-5099,  73-5109, 73-5118,  73-5130,  73-5157
          73-5162, 73-5163, 73-5166, 73-5172, 73-5173
          73-5174, 73-5175, 73-5177, 73-5179, 73-5180
          73-5181, 73-5184, 73-5284, 73-5285, 73-5304
          73-5305, 73-5308, 73-5350
   regional,  73-5157, 73-5162,  73-5163, 73-5168
   rural, 73-5162, 73-5163, 73-5164
   state, 73-5102, 73-5113, 73-5160, 73-5164
   techniques,  73-5076, 73-5118, 73-5154, 73-5158, 73-5161
          73-5175, 73-5177, 73-5350

manure
   cattle, 73-5054, 73-5055, 73-5056, 73-5061
   health aspects, 73-5064,  73-5139
   poultry, 73-5061, 73-5063, 73-5064
   storage, 73-5054
   swine, 73-5061, 73-5065
   treatment methods,  73-5056, 73-5259
   utilization, 73-5055, 73-5056, 73-5063, 73-5064, 73-5065
           73-5139

markets
   see economics
metal, ferrous, 73-5234
   industrial wastes
       utilization, 73-5203
   post-consumer wastes
       processing, 73-5069,  73-5187, 73-5192
       utilization, 73-5237, 73-5302, 73-5315
   scrap, 73-5069, 73-5111, 73-5145, 73-5192, 73-5203
           73-5291, 73-5302
metal, non-ferrous, 73-5192, 73-5237, 73-5241
   aluminum,  73-5069, 73-5302,  73-5316
   copper, 73-5069, 73-5203, 73-5316, 73-5349
    lead, 73-5316, 73-5344
   precious metals, 73-5316
   tin, 73-5316
   zinc, 73-5203

microorganisms, 73-5061,  73-5088, 73-5092

mineral, 73-5301

mines
   see also land reclamation
          73-5320

mining industry
   waste processing, 73-5320, 73-5349
   waste utilization, 73-5104, 73-5320, 73-5353

municipal wastes
   see also refuse
          73-5066
   disposal, 73-5091, 73-5105, 73-5108, 73-5118, 73-5169
          73-5176, 73-5294, 73-5300
   separation, 73-5209, 73-5295, 73-5296, 73-5301, 73-5302
          73-5304, 73-5305, 73-5306
   transport, 73-5077
   utilization, 73-5085, 73-5103, 73-5104, 73-5111, 73-5135
          73-5136, 73-5137, 73-5138, 73-5176, 73-5209
          73-5212, 73-5213, 73-5214, 73-5216, 73-5217
          73-5218, 73-5219, 73-5220, 73-5221, 73-5223
          73-5224, 73-5225, 73-5226, 73-5227, 73-5228
          73-5229, 73-5231, 73-5243, 73-5289, 73-5294
          73-5295, 73-5296, 73-5299, 73-5300, 73-5301
          73-5302, 73-5303, 73-5304, 73-5305, 73-5306
          73-5308, 73-5319

ocean disposal
   see also specific methods
   commercial, 73-5097
   industrial, 73-5097, 73-5185, 73-5280
   municipal, 73-5097

odor control, 73-5054

oil
   set1 petrochemicals

packaging wastes
   see also specific materials
   disposal, 73-5188, 73-5190
   processing,  73-5187
   utilization, 73-5188, 73-5190

paper and pulp
   industrial wastes
      disposal, 73-5266
      utilization,  73-5202, 73-5204, 73-5206, 73-5210
           73-5230, 73-5246, 73-5307, 73-5314, 73-5319
           73-5325
   newspaper,  73-5090
   post-consumer wastes
      disposal, 73-5090
      utilization,  73-5204, 73-5210, 73-5233, 73-5307
           73-5314

pathogenic wastes
   see hazardous wastes

personnel, 73-5077, 73-5106, 73-5120, 73-5213, 73-5300

pesticides
   see hazardous wastes

-------
92
   petrochemicals, 73-5236
      industrial wastes, 73-5145, 73-5211, 73-5255
         utilization, 73-5222
      post-consumer wastes
         utilization, 73-5211, 73-5315

   planning
      see management and planning

   plastics
      industrial wastes
         disposal, 73-5105, 73-5147, 73-5199, 73-5238, 73-5244
             73-5251, 73-5252, 73-5268, 73-5293, 73-5323
             73-5327
         processing, 73-5147, 73-5152, 73-5205, 73-5245
             73-5251, 73-5252, 73-5270, 73-5290, 73-5293
             73-5323, 73-5327
         utilization, 73-5205, 73-5207, 73-5242, 73-5244
             73-5245, 73-5253, 73-5323
      post-consumer wastes, 73-5277
         disposal, 73-5105, 73-5140, 73-5166, 73-5186, 73-5189
             73-5190, 73-5191, 73-5199, 73-5252, 73-5293
         processing, 73-5152, 73-5187, 73-5205, 73-5238
             73-5245, 73-5252, 73-5293, 73-5327
         utilization, 73-5189, 73-5190, 73-5205, 73-5238
             73-5244, 73-5245, 73-5253, 73-5268, 73-5322

   public relations
      see education

   pyrolysls
      see aJso incineration
             73-5128, 73-5135, 73-5253, 73-5270

   radioactive wastes, 73-5121, 73-5125, 73-5126, 73-5127

   reclamation
      see salvage and reclamation

   recreational  areas
      see also land reclamation
             73-5352
   refuse
      see also specific types
             73-5062, 73-5079, 73-5083
      composition, 73-5066, 73-5067
      quantity, 73-5066, 73-5067

   research
      see specific topics, grant
             73-5215
   rubber
      post-consumer wastes
         utilization, 73-5312, 73-5318
      tires, 73-5240, 73-5312, 73-5318

   safety
      see health and safety

   salvage and reclamation
      see also specific wastes
             73-5070, 73-5108, 73-5201, 73-5205, 73-5208
             73-5215, 73-5233, 73-5234, 73-5235, 73-5236
             73-5239, 73-5241, 73-5311, 73-5312, 73-5315
             73-5317, 73-5318, 73-5320, 73-5322, 73-5324
             73-5326

   sanitary landfills
      see also land reclamation, specific wastes
             73-5330
      combined with shredding, 73-5328
    costs, 73-5328, 73-5329
    decomposition of refuse, 73-5328, 73-5332
    design, 73-5329
    management, 73-5329, 73-5332
    regulation, 73-5280
    sites, 73-5288, 73-5328, 73-5332, 73-5333
    water pollution, 73-5331, 73-5332

separation
    chemical, 73-5344
    liquid-solid, 73-5056
    metal, 73-5344
    methods, 73-5098

sewage
    see also sludge
           73-5343
    analysis, 73-5341
    biological treatment, 73-5087, 73-5337, 73-5339
    chemical treatment,  73-5169, 73-5341

slag
    see metal, ferrous

slaughterhouse
    see food processing wastes

sludge
    see also industrial wastes
    analysis, 73-5342
    biological treatment, 73-5336, 73-5337, 73-5338, 73-5342
    chemical treatment,  73-5336, 73-5340, 73-5342, 73-5344
    costs, 73-5336
    disposal, 73-5257, 73-5334, 73-5335, 73-5336, 73-5344
    equipment, 73-5319, 73-5338
    heat treatment, 73-5107, 73-5319, 73-5335, 73-5336
           73-5341
    transport, 73-5165
    utilization, 73-5107,  73-5139, 73-5338

snow removal, 73-5084,  73-5182, 73-5345

soil, 73-5062

storage of wastes
    containers, 73-5081
    laws concerning,  73-5081
    methods, 73-5081, 73-5124, 73-5165
    sites, 73-5124

street cleaning, 73-5084, 73-5130, 73-5182, 73-5287, 73-5345
           73-5346, 73-5347

surveys, 73-5066, 73-5067,  73-5108, 73-5113, 73-5182,  73-5224
           73-5289

systems analysis
   see management techniques

toxic materials
   see hazardous wastes

transfer stations
   see also specific wastes
           73-5079, 73-5165, 73-5350

transportation of wastes
   see also specific wastes
   costs, 73-5077, 73-5351
    methods, 73-5081, 73-5352,  73-5354, 73-5355
    pipeline, 73-5348, 73-5349, 73-5353
    pneumatic, 73-5165,  73-5353
    railroad, 73-5165

-------
                                                                                                                    93
               truck, 73-5077, 73-5351, 73-5352
            trees
               see bulky wastes
            vector control
               see animals, insects
            volume reduction, 73-5195, 73-5197
                                water pollution
                                   analysis of pollutants, 73-5059
                                   sewage disposal, 73-5239
                                wood
                                   see lumber
                                              AUTHOR  INDEX
Adams, F.S., 73-5345
Adolph, M., 73-5192
Anderson, J.E., 73-5128
Andersson, A., 73-5334
Arakida, Y., 73-5205
Aritou, H., 73-5152
Ashcroft, J., 73-5110
Ashida, S., 73-5207
Auchter, R.J., 73-5206
Aukamp, D.R., 73-5342
Bain, J.R., 73-5346
Barnes, C.H., 73-5089, 73-5142
    73-5153, 73-5156, 73-5195, 73-5233
    73-5234, 73-5235, 73-5330
Bates, D.W., 73-5054
Bayer, G., 73-5208
Bean, S.D., 73-5104
Beitz, L., 73-5059
Bevan, R.E., 73-5328
Bjoerkman, A., 73-5335
Bodman, S.W.III,  73-5085, 73-5129
    73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
    73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
Boehnke, B., 73-5336
Born, R., 73-5341
Brocke, W., 73-5133
Brouzes, P., 73-5340
Brouzes, P.H., 73-5337
Bryson, D.S., 73-5271
Chesniii, L., 73-5055
Chiba, K., 73-5211
Choudhury, A., 73-5348
Crites, R.R., 73-5073
Cross, O.E., 73-5055
Cruzon, D.C., 73-5064
Dale, A.C., 73-5056
Daniels, L.E., 73-5131
Davids, P., 73-5132, 73-5133
Davis, P.L., 73-5074
De Marco, J., 73-5135
Defeche, J., 73-5134
Diaz, L.S., 73-5269
Duggan, C., 73-5104
Dunlea, J.V., Jr., 73-5193
Ellerbe, R.W., 73-5222
Engelbrecht, R.S.,  73-5342
Forsberg, F.J., 73-5113
Forstner, M.J., 73-5061
Foster, W.S., 73-5338
Fourie, J.M., 73-5087
 Freaney, J.A., 73-5085, 73-5129
    73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
    73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
 Fujita, T., 73-5148
 Fukuyama, J., 73-5270
 Garner, F., 73-5139
 Gerhards,  K., 73-5140
 Geschka, H., 73-5114
 Gladwin, F.R., 73-5194
 Glover, D.E., 73-5070
 Glysson, E.A., 73-5089, 73-5142
    73-5153, 73-5156, 73-5195, 73-5233
    73-5234, 73-5235, 73-5330
 Goldstern, W., 73-5141
 Greenleaf, J.W., 73-5099
 Hanna, R.C., 73-5236
 Hansford,  R.J., 73-5311
 Kara, Y., 73-5293
 Harada, H., 73-5237
 Harada, Y.,  73-5238
 Harrington, J.J., 73-5085, 73-5129
    73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
    73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
 Haruyama, K., 73-5066
 Haughey, D.P., 73-5250
 Healy, T.J.,  73-5117
 Hedenland, L.D., 73-5239
 Heiden, U., 73-5168
 Heiss, R., 73-5186
 Hirayama, N., 73-5100
 Hirst, E., 73-5117
 Holzinger, L., 73-5088
 Honda, A., 73-5251
 Honda, J.,  73-5196, 73-5270
 Honda, K., 73-5290
 Honda, T., 73-5244
 Honma, T., 73-5252
 Horn, R.A., 73-5206
 Hoschuetzky, A., 73-5275
 Hosoda, H., 73-5065
 Ikemura, T.,  73-5244
 Inagaki, K., 73-5241
 Inoue, S., 73-5196, 73-5251
 Irie, T., 73-5066
 Ishibashi, K., 73-5065
 Ishikawa, T., 73-5199
 Iwai,  S., 73-5066
 Iwata, H., 73-5252
Jaag, O., 73-5101
Jacob!, P.,  73-5144
Jecht, U., 73-5059
Jeris, J.S., 73-5090, 73-5091
Jewell, R.L., 73-5077
Joachim, H., 73-5143
Jordan, G.E., 73-5118
Keller, E., 73-5243
Keller, J.B., 73-5119
Kimura, M., 73-5145
King, P.H., 73-5261
Klee, A.J., 73-5277
Kleinpeter, D., 73-5062
Knoesel, D., 73-5092
Koana, K, 73-5197
Kobayashi, R., 73-5253
Kojetinsky, R., 73-5102
Kosaki, A., 73-5205
Kramer, R.J., 73-5146
Kroger, A.E., 73-5080
Kurihara, S., 73-5067
Kuroda, J., 73-5242
Kuroki, K., 73-5244
Kuwayama, T., 73-5333
Laberis* S., 73-5339
Langer, W.,  73-5093
Leclerc, H.,  73-5340
Lessing, L., 73-5169
Lich'twer, L., 73-5114
MacKillop, A., 73-5170
Marks, D.H., 73-5085, 73-5129
   73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
   73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
Masuda, K., 73-5252
Mathieu, G.I., 73-5122
Matsumoto, K., 73-5255
Matsumoto, M.,  73-5293
Mazurak, A.P., 73-5055
McCombs, W.H., 73-5254
Minami, N., 73-5258
Mitsui, S., 73-5065
Miyake, M, 73-5245
Moon, J.W., 73-5198
Murayama, K., 73-5148
Murphy, K.L., 73-5264
Nagai, T., 73-5293
Nakamura, J., 73-5256
Nakamiira, K., 73-5290
Niemitz, W., 73-5257
Niessen, W., 73-5085, 73-5129, 73-5130
   73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285, 73-5286
   73-5287, 73-5329

-------
  94
Nilsson, K.O., 73-5334
Noda, Y., 73-5065
Oda,T.,  73-5147
Ohta, N., 73-5326
Okl, Y., 73-5105
Osada, H., 73-5293
Oshita,S., 73-5148
Ozaki, M., 73-5265
Packard, J.R., 73-5089, 73-5142
    73-5153, 73-5156, 73-5195, 73-5233
    73-5234, 73-5235, 73-5330
Partridge, L.J., 73-5085, 73-5129
    73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
    73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
Patterson, C., 73-5079
Pite, J.J., 73-5081
Pollock, K.M., 73-5083
Probert, S.D., 73-5311
Randall, C.W., 73-5261
Randolph, J., 73-5279
Rasch, R., 73-5149
Regan, R.W., 73-5090. 73-5091
Resz, A., 73-5092
Riddle, M.J., 73-5264
Rineke, G., 73-5341
Sacharow, S., 73-5188
Sadler, T.B., 73-5317
Saida, S.. 73-5333
Sakal, H., 73-5265
Sakai, T., 73-5205
Sakata, S., 73-5123
Saraflm,  A., 73-5085
Saroflm,  A., 73-5129, 73-5130, 73-5209
   73-5284, 73-5285, 73-5286, 73-5329
Sarofim,  H., 73-5287
Savery, C.W., 73-5064
Scanlon,  D.H., 73-5104
Schenkel, W., 73-5150
Schoppe, F., 73-5151
Schrammeck, E., 73-5331
Schuler, M., 73-5189
Seidl, F., 73-5292
Shimizu, R., 73-5183
Shinkawa, K., 73-5065
Siccama, E.H., 73-5124
Singleton, E.L., 73-5316
Smith, I.E., 73-5311
Souda, R., 73-5152
Speece, R.E., 73-5342
Spendlove, M.J., 73-5321
Stanczyk, M.H., 73-5321
Sugie, G., 73-5320
Sugtshima, W., 73-5267
Sullivan, P.M., 73-5321
Sullivan, T.A., 73-5316
Suzuki, M., 73-5322
Takahashi, Y., 73-5199
Takatsuki, H., 73-5066
Takesue, T., 73-5244
Takeuchi, Y., 73-5191
Takihara, T., 73-5323
Taylor, J., 73-5063
Tazaka, H.,  73-5200  .
Thieme, H.,  73-5144
Tietjen, C., 73-5094
Tobiho, S., 73-5268
Tokushige, H., 73-5205
Tosch, M., 73-5332
Uebel, P., 73-5292
Ueshita, K.,  73-5333
Van Aacken, K.L., 73-5254
Vaughan, R.D., 73-5108
Visser, S.A., 73-5347
Walker, C.W., 73-5343
Webber, C.C.B.,  73-5269
Welty, R.K., 73-5126
West, P.J., 73-5127
Wilson, D.G., 73-5085, 73-5129
    73-5130,  73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
    73-5286,  73-5287, 73-5329
Yamada, K., 73-5251, 73-5270, 73-5327
Yamada, T.,  73-5290
Yamamoto, M., 73-5252
Yamoto, U.,  73-5065
Yokota, I.. 73-5283
Yoshinaga, J.,  73-5293
Zintl, G., 73-5344
                                                                                                               pal 180
                                                                                                               SW-513.2

-------
l   decreaaea


J>
                                  refuse and
poultry Infuse,

            -
tTf\r  uv>^~~       i ^w
•^ 
-------