solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
for April, May, and June 1973
vol.1 nos.4-6
abstract nos. 73-4452 to 73-5349
This publication (SW-513.2) was compiled
under the direction of John A. Connolly
from the worldwide 1973 literature
available as abstracts
from EPA's Solid Waste Information Retrieval System
u.s. environmental protection agency
1976
-------
preface
The Federal program in solid waste management has maintained a strong interest in bibliography
throughout its history, which dates back to the beginnings of Public Health Service activity in this field in
1941. At present the program's bibliographic work is based on the Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System (SWIRS), a data bank storing abstracts, now totaling 36,000, of the worldwide literature on solid
wastes and their management. The scanning of the literature, the abstracting and indexing, and the resultant
data bank are kept current on a daily basis, and hundreds of requests from the public for information
retrieval service are filled each year.
The January 1973 issue of the Monthly Abstracts Bulletin marked the beginning of a new effort to
make the information acquired by SWIRS available to the public on a regular basis. The Bulletin replaces
several documents-a publication on patents, the annual abstracts, which were published from 1964 through
1968 but not since then because of lack of resources, and the Accession Bulletin, a monthly annotated
listing published from January 1970 through December 1971.
Although the Monthly Abstracts Bulletin does not cover all the literature being published on solid
waste, numerous periodical and nonperiodical titles in both the foreign and domestic literature are screened
for inclusion. No effort was made to separate strictly technical material from that which is more general.
The bibliography is arranged in categories corresponding to the various administrative, engineering, and
operational phases of solid waste management. Subject and author indexes are included in each issue,
and a cumulative author and subject index will be issued as the 13th volume for each year.
The pages of the Bulletin were typeset from computer tapes. As will occasionally be noted, the sys-
tem is not yet foolproof, but rather than go to the relatively high expense of bringing down the error rate
further, it was decided to use the present copy, with apologies to the reader, since it serves the intended
purpose adequately.
The project was the result of the combined efforts of the Solid Waste Information Retrieval System
(SWIRS) and the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, under contract 68-01-0447.
—JOHN A. CONNOLLY
Compiler
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
April 1973
vol.1, no.4, abstract nos. 73-4452 to 73-4753
contents
Subjects
Abstract Numbers
Agricultural waste 734452 to 4455
(crop residues, manure, timber slash/other vegetation)
Analysis of solid waste 734456 to 4462
(data, methods)
Automobile 734463 to 4464
Bulky wastes 734465
Collection 734466 to 4473
Compost/Composting 734474 to 4483
Disposal 734484 to 4510
Hazardous wastes 734511 to 4535
Health/Safety 734536 to 4539
Incineration 734540 to 4584
Industrial wastes 734585 to 4615
Institutional wastes 734616
Law/Regulations 734617 to 4626
Management 734627 to 4633
(municipal, regional, rural, State)
Ocean disposal 734634 to 4636
Packaging wastes 734637 to 4651
Processing/Reduction 734652 to 4678
Recycling 734679 to 4706
(incinerator residues, industrial wastes, mining wastes,
municipal refuse, scrap metal)
Research 734707 to 4721
Sanitary landfill 734722 to 4729
Separation 734730 to 4731
Sludge 734732 to 4746
Street cleaning 734747 to 4748
Training, Education, and Public Relations 734749 to 4752
Transport 734753
Subject index
Author index
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
April 1973
vol.1, no.4, abstract nos. 73-4452 to 73-4753
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
734452
Behandlung von Fluessigmist. [Treatment of
liquid dung.] Wassenvirtschaft, 62(11):356, Nov.
1972.
The Max Planck Institute has been charged by
the Hessian Ministry for Landscape and En-
vironment with research work concerning the
development of systems for the aerobic treat-
ment of liquid dung in stables. It is intended to
use oxidation trenches in the stables so that the
animal excrement falls directly into these
trenches where they are treated with oxygen.
Owing to the integration of the trenches in the
interior of the stables, freezing of the excrement
and bad biological equilibrium is avoided. Due to
the oxygen treatment the development of bad
odors can be kept to a minimum. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23703]
734453
OGATA, T. Chikusan-kei haikibutsu no
resaikuringu sisutemu ni tsuite. [On the abate-
ment of animal waste by way of land disposal.]
Kogai to Taisaku, 9(2):123-130, Feb. 1973.
Although land disposal seems to be best in deal-
ing with animal waste, care must be taken not to
cause soil pollution, since wastes do not move
around very much in the soil, compared to their
movement in atmosphere or in water, and they
do not change their characteristics too rapidly.
Such pretreatment as dewatering and drying is
necessary. It would be ideal if livestock raising
would be carried out side by side with horticul-
ture, as used to be done. However, if there is too
much organic acid and excess nitrogen and
potassium in the soil, plant and vegetable growth
would be hampered. It is necessary to apply
animal wastes to paddy fields in the autumn of
the year before. Care must be taken about the
feed grown when animal wastes are used as fer-
tilizer, as it may have a detrimental effect on cat-
tle. If cattle excrement is applied raw to the
field, at more than 20 tons per acre, farm labor
becomes difficult. Low polymer compounds
among organics in animal wastes would be easily
decomposed in the soil by microbes, but nitrogen
trioxide, sodium salt, etc., would easily get min-
gled with underground water. Phosphoric acid
pollution must be avoided. Care must be taken
not to wash animal wastes down into rivers,
lakes, etc., on sloping ground. By aerobic treat-
ment, nitrogen can be considerably eliminated.
With application of calcium and magnesium, im-
balance with potassium in soil can be rectified. In
order to avoid excess nitrogen and organic acids,
some sturdy plant variety can be selected, or
timing of application of animal waste can be ad-
justed. Feeding methods for cattle can be im-
proved, and kinds of feed can be controlled, in
order to prevent the deterioration of nutrients
composition of crops used as feed, due to excess
animal wastes application. Although the number
of cattle would increase, the land to be used for
land disposal of animal wastes is limited, so that
various measures must be taken. (Text in
Japanese)
[23704]
-------
73-4454
OTA, S. Nogyoyo hai-purasuchikku shori. [The
disposal of waste plastics from agricultural ac-
tivities.] Nogy oyobi Engei, 48(1):201-204, Jan.
1973.
The actual conditions of the disposal of vinyl
chloride film and polyethylene film from garden-
ing and agricultural activities are reported. Ac-
cording to a questionnaire in 1971, 70 percent of
those are burned onsite, 11 percent are buried, 5
percent are sent to the disposal places in the city,
4 percent thrown into a river and sea, 3 percent
burned jointly by the community, and 2 percent
sent to reprocessors. Many of the disposal
methods for waste plastics are still in the
development stage but may be, in general, clas-
sified into the four methods, melting and
reprocessing, crushing and reclamation, destruc-
tion by fire, and pyrolysis and returning to raw
materials. In crushing wastes, the use of destruc-
tion-promoting agents such as polyhalogenized
carbonyl compounds is being studied, in which
particularly polyvinyl chloride film can be natu-
rally decomposed by sunshine. In burning
wastes, facilities for treating the poisonous gases
and heavy metals from vinylchloride plastic are
required to prevent secondary pollution. The
burning method has an advantage that waste
plastic can be disposed of in large quantities, but
whether large scale centralized system is better
or not, should be carefully examined according to
the actual conditions. (Text in Japanese)
[23705]
734455
SCHILLING, E. E. Zur technik der konventional-
len stalldungausbringung. [Technique of conven-
tional dung disposal.] Landtechnik, 28(4): 103-
106,1973.
Dung from conventional farms usually consists
for the greatest part of solid substances while
dung from mass stock keeping contains mainly
liquid matter. The technique of dung disposal is
characterized by transportation, dosing and dis-
tribution of the dung. Vehicles for the transpor-
tation of the dung must be adapted for unpaved
roads and usually have one or two axles. Dosing
of the dung is effected through a spreading
device. According to the velocity with which the
dung is led into the spreading device the quanti-
ties to be spread amount from 50 to 400 double
quintals per hectare. The situation of the spread-
ing device on the side or back walls of the vehicle
determines the distribution of the dung in a
small or large range. (Text in German)
[23706]
ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
73-4456
IKENO, T. Nihon no kagaku to grjutsu. [Pollution
in the Tokyo metropolitan area.] Tokyoto no
Kogai, (146):20-34, July 1972.
Total wastes in Tokyo, Japan, amount to 155,000
tons daily, a total of 49,000,000 tons annually.
Daily industrial waste is 114,000 tons. Sewerage
treatment plants yield 26,500 tons. Households
create 15,500 tons, which are disposed of by each
municipality, in the suburban areas, but in the
central area by the Tokyo Metropolitan Govern-
ment. Despite the fact that there was no ap-
preciable increase in population in the central
part of Tokyo, the volume of wastes increased
2.3 times in the 10 years from 1961 to 1970,
reaching 13,000 tons a day. These wastes are
disposed of by metropolitan disposal facilities.
Construction of new disposal facilities. Sanitary
landfills, as well as transportation to sanitary
landfills, are met by citizen protest and opposi-
tion campaigns, even though the government
acts on the principle that the sacrifice neces-
sitated by wastes disposal is to be borne equally
by all, and wastes created in one locality are to
be disposed of within that locality. Until there
are facilities fully equipped to incinerate all
wastes, sanitary landfill is a necessary evil. (Text
in Japanese)
[23707]
73-4457
KURIHARA, S. Seikatsukei haiWbutsu no seyo to
sono shori no kosatsu. [Character of domestic
refuse and thinking of treatment.] Yosui to
Haisui, 15(3):296-298, Mar. 1973.
Characteristics of gas generated from a
reclaimed area of Tokyo, 'Yumenoshima' (Dream
Island), as of 1965 and another in Fukuoka City,
as of 1970, was studied. At Yumenoshima, car-
-------
bonk acid gas reached 12,000 to 45,000 ppm, 12 to
45 times its allowable limit of 1,000 ppm; carbon
dioxide was 200 to 600 ppm, 2 to 6 times its al-
lowable limit of 100 ppm; it was most intense
right after landfilling. While reclamation was
going on, sulfuric acid gas concentration was 4o
to 60 ppm, 5 to 10 times its allowable limit of 5 to
10 ppm. However, 1 m above ground, these gases
were pretty well diluted, so that only carbonic
acid gas could be measured. At a spot where the
refuse was burning by itself, gas concentration
was higher the closer the spot was to the fire. At
0.5 m away from the fire, carbon monoxide was
3,000 ppm, carbonic acid gas was 20,000 to 30,000
ppm. When there is fire inside the refuse accu-
mulation, the gas generated contained 10,000
ppm carbon monoxide (100 times of 100 ppm),
and 15,000 ppm carbonic acid gas (15 times of
1,000 ppm), so that care must be taken in extin-
guishing the fire. Although no chlorine com-
pounds could be detected at the time, it was only
due to the fact that the ratio of plastic wastes
was only 2 to 3 percent in 1965. By covering the
ground with earth, the figures indicated that
there was hardly any danger to human health.
During reclamation, or a few days afterwards,
temperature 50 to 70 cm underground was 79 C.
At Fukuoka, boring was carried out on the
reclaimed area, and examination was made of
carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur diox-
ide, nitrogen dioxide, methylcaptan, ethylmer-
captan, ethylene oxide, phosgene, carbon
tetrachloride, (by detecting tubes), and oxygen,
nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide (by gas
chromatograph). About 1.5 or 2 years after recla-
mation, methane was 40 to 60 percent of total
gas, carbon dioxide was 30 to 40 percent and
practically no oxygen was present, but oxygen
gradually increased afterwards, reaching 15 per-
cent 2.5 years later and methane and carbon
dioxide decreased. (Text in Japanese)
[23708]
73-4458
KURIHARA, S. Seikatsukei kotai haikibutsu no
seyo to sono shori no kosatsu. (II). [Character of
domestic refuse and treatment] Yosui to Haisui,
15(4):437-441, Apr. 1973.
The composition of refuse in Tokyo (1971),
Madison City (1971), Britain (1965), and W. Ger-
many (1970) is shown. The analysis shows; pro-
portion of flammables and non-flammables in
refuse; physical composition of domestic refuse,
1963 to 1971; change in total refuse; change in
paper refuse; and plastics, garbage, and metal
refuse, 1963 to 1971. With the drastic change in
our mode of life, characteristics of domestic
refuse have shown great change. In Tokyo and
Kyoto, inflammables are around 80 percent and
non-flammables 20 percent. With 1963 as 100,
paper refuse rose as follows: 19670 128; 19680
162; 19690 183, 19700 191; and 1971-242. Also
with 1963 as 100, plastics in 1967 was 250, in
1968--417, in 19690 600; in 19700 709, but
decreased slightly in 1971 to 645. With 1963 as
100, garbage increased to 113 in 1964,119 in 1965,
and 126 in 1971. With 1963 as 100, metal refuse
rose to 118 in 1964,151 in 1965,112 in 1966,116 in
1967,138 in 1968,188 in 1969,195 in 1970, and 295
in 1971. Meteorological effects on refuse and
seasonal consumption-patterns are more
pronounced in small cities than in big cities.
(Text in Japanese)
[23709]
73-4459
MAHLOCH, J. L. Experimental error and data
processing. In An investigation of the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse.
Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of Kansas,
Dec. 1970. p. 55-63.
A statistical analysis was made of moisture,
volatile solids, pH, and COD tests. Evidence of
sampling error was found primarily in tempera-
ture data and in the relationship between COD
and volatile solids data. If a sample is represen-
tative, the correlation between COD and volatile
solids should be good. Two samples used in per-
forming replicate volatile solids determinations
were sub-samples of one sample extracted from
the system. This led to the hypothesis that com-
parable results from the volatile solids tests
should be obtained if the initial sample was
homogeneous. Results of parametric tests
demonstrated that data values for each sub-sam-
ple are not significantly different. There seems
to be no statistical basis for doubting the validity
of the sampling technique. Because some experi-
mental results were variable in nature, espe-
cially those of COD and volatile solids, it was de-
-------
cided to smooth these data values and replot
them. Satisfactory results were obtained from
this procedure. The computer programs used
during this study are described and listed. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23710]
73-4460
MAHLOCH, J. L. Literature review. Environ-
mental considerations. In An investigation of
the microbiology of aerobic decomposition of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of
Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 14-19.
The rate of biological transformation of refuse is
dependent on the composition of the refuse; if
the organic matter is relatively amenable to
decomposition, the rate of reaction will be fast.
Supply of other nutrients such as nitrogen and
inorganic ions is another factor in decomposition.
Composition is dependent on geographic locality,
economic status of an area, seasonal variations,
time of collection, and type of collection em-
ployed. It is generally agreed that a large
amount of cellulosic material is present in refuse.
The amount of organic material present is deter-
mined by such things as volatile solids, COD, and
BOD. The amount of organic matter exerts a
pronounced effect on a refuse system: the num-
bers of microflora present. Nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium are the most necessa-
ry additional nutrients required if biological
decomposition is to be successful. Calcium added
in the form of lime increased the numbers of all
microflora significantly. Caution must be used in
grinding refuse for composting. Fine grinding
yields a large surface area to volume ratio, allow-
ing excessive heat loss, whereas coarse grinding
results in poor aeration and biological heating.
Decomposition of refuse takes place faster under
aerobic conditions, it is generally conceded.
Another effect of aeration is generally to in-
crease the numbers of aerobic organisms
present. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23711]
73-4461
MAHLOCH, J. L. Microbiological analysis. In an
investigation of the microbiology of aerobic
decomposition of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
41-53.
Microbiological analyses conducted during ex-
perimentation into the aerobic decomposition of
refuse included counts of fungi and bacteria,
identification of fungi, and grouping of bacterial
isolates by their characteristics. A soil extract-
yeast extract medium was used for enumeration
of bacteria. The use of rose bengal for enumera-
tion of fungi has been disputed, and so tests were
run with and without it. The effect of rose bengal
on fungal counts produced the following conclu-
sions: there was a significant difference between
counts with and without rose bengal; and there
was no significant difference between counts in
another medium with and without rose bengal. A
description of the two media used in the experi-
ment is provided in the text. In spite of conflict-
ing data, there seems to be some advantage in in-
corporating rose bengal into a counting medium.
When large numbers of fungi are present, rose
bengal has the added advantage of having a bac-
teriostatic effect. Identification of fungi was per-
formed by taking isolates from plates and trans-
ferring them to plates with potato dextrose agar.
The process used to group bacteria is described
in some detail. Because of confidence limits im-
posed by hypergeometric distribution, it was dif-
ficult to group one sample of isolates with any
statistical validity. Thus, all isolates from one
type of substrate were analyzed concurrently.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23712]
73-4462
SCHARFENSTEIN, 0. Hausmuell: flasehmuell.
[Household refuse - bottles.] Staedtehygiene,
24(2):33-34,1973.
From 1963 through 1970 the number of bottles
produced in the Federal Republic of Germany in-
creased by 85 percent, however, the weight of
the glass used only increased by 49.4 percent.
This discrepancy shows the efforts of the bottle
producers to reduce the weight of individual bot-
tles. It was found that one glass beverage bottle
per inhabitant per week would have had to be
removed as refuse, if all beverage bottles
produced in Western Germany in the year 1970
-------
had been thrown away in the same year. The
weight of the glass per inhabitant per week
would have amounted to 444 g. (Text in German)
[23713]
AUTOMOBILE
73-4463
Car scrap disposal tax for Germany. Waste
Trade Journal, 68(48):6, Nov. 30,1972.
The German government is considering the use
of a scrapping tax to be added to the cost of
every new car sold. This would finance the
disposal of used cars. Sweden already has a
similar system. The government would use this
money to finance the building of reduction and
incineration plants, but it would be refunded to
the last owner of the car when he turns it in.
Thus the tax is more of a compulsory loan.
[23714]
73-4464
KAGIYA, J., AND S. TAKAHASHI. Haisha shori
taisaku. [Discarded automobile disposal.]
Jidosha Gijutsu, 27(l):67-73, Jan. 1973.
Although shredding of discarded vehicles is the
only solution, the equipment is costly and there
should be a guarantee that sufficient number of
discarded cars available to make it pay. There is
special loan offered by the Japan Development
Bank to encourage installation of shredders. At
the moment five shredder plants are in opera-
tion, invested by giant trading firms, which are
closely connected with automobile manufac-
turers, scrap dealers, iron and steel manufac-
turers, etc. For one shredder, it requires 300 to
400 million yen (excluding land price), so that
there must be at least 4,000 tons of scrap
produced a month, which means about 8,000
smaller passenger cars to be discarded (0.5 tons
scrap from one car). Price of scrap fluctuates so
much, and it is difficult to predict when the steel
industry would be in acute need of scrap.
Another problem is how to avoid secondary pol-
lution, since there is about 200 kg of impurities,
including tire sheet, floor mat, glass, earth, waste
oil, from each car to be disposed of. Scrap
produced by carbecuing does not make good raw
material for steel making. Prevention of secon-
dary pollution requires cooperation of all the in-
terested parties. (Text in Japanese)
[23715]
BULKY WASTES
73-4465
Shredded bulky rubbish used as daily cover in
Tacoma demonstration project. Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 16(3):22,
24,26,93, Mar. 1973.
This article describes Tacoma, Washington's,
solid waste shredding system, which has one of
the highest capacities in the world. The heart of
the system is a 30-ton-per-hr refuse shredder.
Oversize bulky wastes can, however, be
processed at the rate of 40 tons an hr. The equip-
ment and process are described and illustrated.
Bulky wastes are shredded without difficulty
and made into a fist-sized steel product which
will landfill easily. Pulverization is also employed
to convert the available bulky waste materials to
a uniform, inert cover material.
[23716]
COLLECTION
73-4466
ENDO, S. Shujinsha no okeru jinkai
oshikomibako no shoko sochi. [A lift for the
charging box of a collection vehicle.] Japanese
Patent Sho 47-28,813 owned by Tokyu Car
Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan. Is-
sued Aug. 30,1972.3 p.
This invention relates to a collection vehicle so
designed that the charging box provided with a
device to push wastes in the box can rise in con-
nection with the movement of ram plate. Collec-
tion vehicle consists of the housing body for the
compaction in box, the cylinder to move the ram
and the ram axis, in which the ram pushes
wastes in the housing body by an interlocking
movement with the reciprocating motion of the
cylinder to do both the charging and compaction.
The discharging of wastes from the housing
body is carried out by the inclination of the hous-
ing body, and by shortening the cylinders the
body is returned to the original position. In the
waste-collecting car under this invention, the
-------
discharging of wastes can be very easily carried
out. (Text in Japanese)
[23717]
73-4467
KREUZINGER, U. Umweltschutz per muell-
pipeline. [Environmental protection via refuse
pipeline.] Staedtehygiene, 24(2):44-45,1973.
The world's largest automatic refuse collecting
plant has been put into operation in the Olympic
village at Munich. It has a capacity of 80 cu m of
refuse daily. The cost was about 6 million
deutsche marks. Domestic refuse is thrown into
the refuse shaft system in the houses and falls
onto a cover, leading to a pipe system. This
system has a range of about 76 hectares and is
controlled by a central station. At determined in-
tervals the covers are opened by means of com-
pressed air and the refuse falls into the pipe
system. By means of an air stream which has a
velocity of 80 km per hr of waste and even bulky
refuse is sucked to a central refuse collecting
place where the refuse is compressed and fed
into large containers. (Text in German)
[23718]
73-4468
Muellkanalisation: ein loesung fuer grosseidlun-
gen. [Refuse sewer: a solution for large commu-
nities.] U-das Technische Umweltmagazin,
(1):55,1973.
Due to the increasing cost of refuse collection
and the shortage of personnel the collection
problem is becoming more and more critical. A
new collection system has been developed in
order to avoid such difficulties. Domestic refuse
is thrown into the refuse shaft system in houses.
It, then, falls onto a horizontal disc which is part
of a valve leading to a pipe system which is con-
nected to a central control station. At predeter-
mined intervals of time a group of fans in the
central station produces a vacuum and current of
air, and the valves under the house shafts open
automatically, the refuse is sucked to a central
refuse collecting place where it is compressed
and fed into large containers. The transportation
air is cleaned in high capacity dust filters and
then blown into the open air. (Text in German)
[23719]
734469
Pneumatische muellentsorgung im Olympiadorf.
[Pneumatic refuse removal in the Olympic vil-
lage.] Muell und Abfall, 5(2):56,1973.
The approach that the pneumatic pipeline
system for refuse removal in the Olympic village
is installed incorrectly and does not work cor-
rectly has been rejected by the manager of the
building enterprise. It was found out that one
reason for the blocking of the system was that
nearly all inhabitants of the Olympic village
emptied the refuse between 6 and 8 p.m. into two
of the seven refuse shafts. A new control pro-
gram has been worked out taking into account
the habits of the inhabitants. The total capacity
of the system is sufficient which has been proved
during the Olympic Games when besides the
refuse of 15,000 inhabitants also 45,000 disposa-
ble dishes were removed every day. (Text in
German)
[23720]
73-4470
Proceedings; 72nd Annual Conference of the In-
stitute of Public Cleansing, Torbay, Scotland,
June 2-5,1970.210 p.
The Conference proceedings consist of welcom-
ing speeches, an agenda, and a long section
devoted to many different collection and disposal
vehicles. On the Conference agenda were topics
such as the following: purposeful use of solid
waste, disposal of packaging wastes, industrial
health in the public cleansing services, pulverisa-
tion, and compaction systems. Judging by the
great amount of space in the proceedings
devoted to vehicle demonstrations, this aspect of
the Conference appears to dominate all others.
The exhibits were intended to provide Con-
ference delegates with the opportunity to in-
spect and compare latest designs in vehicles, ap-
pliances, and equipment used in public cleansing.
The descriptive material on equipment was
based on information supplied by exhibitors. At
the end of the proceedings, a complete list of
delegates present at the Conference is provided.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23721]
-------
734471
SAKAMOTO, Y. Jinkaisha no jinkai katsuraku
boshi sochi. [Auxiliary device for a waste collec-
tion vehicle to prevent refuse from falling out
during compaction.] Japanese Patent Sho 47-
24,811 owned by Tokyu Car Manufacturing Com-
pany, Ltd. Issued Aug. 4,1972.
This invention is so designed that several fork
bars which are driven by the mobile cylinder are
inserted into the wastes charged in the waste
box so that wastes will not fall down when the
ram goes back after compacting wastes to the
rear part. With this system^ therefore, workers
can easily do their work without coming in touch
with refuse and also the falling of the piled
wastes can of course be avoided, so that the load-
ing of wastes on the collecting car can be per-
formed more exactly and efficiently; (Text in
Japanese)
[23722]
734472
TOGASHI, M. Jinkai shushusha e no jinkai tonyu
sochi. [A device for charging refuse into a collec-
tion vehicle.] Japanese Patent Sho 47-28,814
owned by Tokyu Car Manufacturing Co., Ltd.,
Yokohama, Japan. Issued Aug. 30,1972.3 p.
This relates to a refuse collecting vehicle in
which a container is mechanically lifted to the
level of the waste-housing section of the collec-
tion vehicle and declined to charge wastes in the
housing section, and when the waste container is
not used, these devices are housed and main-
tained exactly and manual waste-charging work
can be performed safely and exactly. The collec-
tion truck consists of a room in which a push in
plate connected with a lift arm through a chain is
provided movabely. In connection with the
movement of the push in plate, the lift arm
makes an up and down movement and at the
same time the container is lifted upward and is
lowered when wastes are charged into the body.
And, in connection with lowering the lift arm, the
container is rapidly brought down to the ground
arid the waste-charging work is finished. (Text in
Japanese)
[23723]
734473
YONEDA, I. Jinkai shuyosha no okeru jinkai kak
ikomi sochi. [Charging device for a refuse collec-
tion vehicle.] Japanese Patent Sho 47-24810
owned by Kyokuto Kaihatsu Kikai Kogyo Co.,
Ltd., Nihsiriomiya, Japan. Issued Aug. 4,1972. 3
P-
This concerns a charging in device for waste col-
lection vehicle which has a mechanism so
designed that both the charging and lifting ac-
tions of the ram can be performed continuously
by a single rotary axis. In former waste collect-
ing vehicles, since the mechanism to lift the ram
when wastes are damped into the hopper and the
mechanism to take in wastes charged are pro-
vided separately and these are so designed as to
operate by the driving means such as respective
hydraulic cylinders, the entire structure was
complex and the operation control was of necess-
ity troublesome. However, the mechanism under
this invention which has a very simple link
mechanism capable of working by a single rotary
axis can permit both the lifting and charging ac-
tions of the ram to occur and the method also can
compact wastes during the taking in operation of
the ram. (Text in Japanese)
[23724]
COMPOST / COMPOSTING
734474
CARSTENSEN, U. Naturgemaesse bddenverbes-
serung durch frischkompost aus muellkom-
postierungsanlagen. [Natural improvement of
soil conditions with fresh compost from refuse
composting systems.] Staedtehygiene, 24(2):34-
36,1973.
Analyses of the nutritive value showed that
refuse compost is 0.6 percent each nitrogen and
phosphorus and 0.5 percent potash. The plant's
demand for nutritive substances cannot be sup-
plied by refuse sewage sludge composts alone, as
there would be either a lack or a surplus of fer-
tilizing substances. The successful application of
fresh or rotted composts depends on the quality
of the soil. It was found that soil with a porosity
of 55 to 65 percent could be treated successfully
even with fresh compost. For that with a porosi-
ty of 38 to 42 percent rotted composts are recom-
-------
mendable, as fresh composts in this case would
lead to a shortage of oxygen in the soil. Espe-
cially favorable is the application of fresh com-
post in autumn as the high content of easily
decomposting organic substances lead to a post-
rotting process on the fields which increases the
yield. (Text in German)
[23725]
734475
KEHR, W. Q. Microbial degradation of .urban
and agricultural wastes. [Cincinnati, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, 1972. Reprint.] 8
P-
This article discusses the use of microbial decom-
position of waste materials in order to make
them reusable. Microbes are associated with the
breakdown of complex organic substances, and
while the exact processes .are not known the
processes can be utilized to degrade refuse. This
paper contains the results of five studies funded
by the Bureau of Solid Waste Management: the
Johnson City Tennessee Composting Project;
cellulolytic activity in municipal composting;
feasibility study of the disposal of polyethylene
plastic waste; conversion of organic solid wastes
into yeast; and special studies of a sanitary land-
fill. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23726]
73-4476
KEHR, W. Q. The Joint U.S. Public Health Ser-
vice Tennessee Valley Authority Composting
Project, Johnson City, Tennessee. In Microbial
degradation of urban and agricultural wastes.
[Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Pro-
grams, 1972. Reprint.] p. 185-186.
This article describes the composting process as
it is being earned out in this experiment. At the
beginning of the process the mesophilic flora
predominate. These are the organisms that are
able to flourish in the temperature range of 25 to
45 C. The metabolic activity of these microorgan-
isms raises the temperature of the compost, con-
sequently they die off and thermophilic species
take over. These are those which grow at tem-
peratures above 45 C. This process is affected by
the presence of oxygen. At Johnson City they
have found that windrows that are aerobic reach
temperatures as high as 75 C and have no objec-
tionable odors. Those which are not turned and,
therefore, become anaerobic reach only about 55
C and the temperatures drop dramatically after
the first 2 weeks of composting. At the Johnson
City plant researchers have worked at develop-
ing an inoculum of microorganisms that would
speed the decomposition process, but this
research has been inconclusive. Studies have
shown, however, that the addition of certain
chemicals to the compost may supply the flora
with essential nutrients. The Johnson City plant
has also conducted research on the mortality of
pathogens associated with refuse and sludge.
The benefits of compost to the soil are also
discussed. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23727]
73-4477
KlEFER, W. Rekultivierung mit Klaerschlamm-
Muell-Kompost. 8. Informationsgespraech des
ANS in Blaubeuren am 24. April 1970.
[Recultivation by sewage sludge - trash compost.
8th Conference of the Working Group for the
Utilization of Communal Wastes in Blaubeuren,
April 20,1970.] Staedtehygiene, 22(2):39-41,1971.
The Blaubeuren composting process is
described. The compost is made of 25 percent
sewage sludge with 75 percent domestic refuse
collected from about 29,000 inhabitants. Organic
industrial wastes suitable for composting are
processed, too. Crushed glass splinters are
eliminated by 10 mm mesh screen. Aerobic fer-
mentation is done over 1 week in. 120 cu m cells,
followed by maturation in rows over another
month. A new facility will make itpossible to ob-
tain ripe compost after fermentation in cells over
4 weeks. The temperature, humidity, and oxygen
conditions in the cells are controlled automati-
cally. The necessary oxygen supply is deter-
mined from carbon dioxide measurements.IOl
The humidity content is first set at 50 percent,
and is gradually reduced to 35 percent to
facilitate screening. The maturation process is
monitored by regular ammonia and sulfide tests.
[23728]
-------
73-4478
Planung eines Kompostwerkes. [Planning of a
composting plant.] Bundesgesundeitsblatt,
16(5):74-77,1973.
The article serves the purpose of giving informa-
tion on how to construct a composting plant ac-
cording to the stage of the art and the approved
technique. A composting plant should guarantee
in combination with a refuse incinerating plant
or a sanitary landfill that all wastes from a deter-
mined area are removed correctly. The wastes
which will be treated in the composting plant
must be classified according to the expected
quantity and according to their suitability for the
different composting processes and the desired
compost quality. The decision and the location as
well as the space demand of the plant should be
made with consideration of the collection area,
transport distances to the sanitary landfill, and
the market outlet, and possibilities of connection
to the local supply systems. The composting
method should be chosen with regard to the in-
tended utilization of the compost. If the compost
shall be sold as high-quality manure a more com-
plicated composting technique will have to be ap-
plied. At the present time five different com-
posting procedures proved to be efficient: com-
posting in rotting piles without pre-treatment,
composting in rotting piles with previous
shredding, controlled pre-rotting of the refuse,
and, if necessary, subsequent composting in
rotting piles, and controlled pre-rotting of the
refuse after shredding and subsequent compost-
ing in rotting piles. It is recommended that the
domestic refuse be treated together, with sewage
sludge which has to be dewatered first so that
the humidity in the mixture is the desired 40 .to
55 percent. A joint treatment of domestic refuse
and sludge has important financial advantages.
(Text in German) .
[23729]
73-4479
Planung eines Kompostwerkes. [Planning of a
composting plant] Muell und Abfall, 5(l):l-6,
1973.
The present sheet serves the purpose of giving
information on how to construct a composting
plant according to the state of the art and the ap-
proved technique. A composting plant should
guarantee in .combination with a refuse in-
cinerating plant or a sanitary landfill that all
wastes from a determined area are removed cor-
rectly. The wastes which will be treated in the
composting plant must be classified according to
the expected quantity and according to their
suitability for different composting processes
and desired compost quality. The decision and
the location and space demand of the plant
should be made with consideration of the exten-
sion of the collection area, transport distance to
the sanitary landfill, and the market outlet and
possibilities of connection to the local supply
systems. The composting method should be
chosen with regard to the intended utilization of
the compost. If the compost shall be sold as a
high-quality manure a more complicated com-
posting technique will have to be applicated.
Five different composting procedures proved to
be efficient: composting in rotting piles without
pre-treatment, composting in rotting piles with
previous shredding, controlled pre-rotting of the
refuse and if necessary subsequent composting
in rotting piles, and controlled pre-rotting of the
refuse after shredding and subsequent compost-
ing in rotting piles. It is acceptable to treat the
domestic refuse together with sewage sludge
which has to be dewatered first so that the hu-
midity in the mixture must be 40 to 55 percent. A
joint treatment of domestic refuse and sludge
has important financial advantages. (Text in
German) •
[23730] . ' '. •."•'.
73-4480
STRAUB, H. Kompostierung der abfaelle, sinn-
vollste methode. [Refuse compostingO the most
rational method of disposal.] Umwelt, (3):56-61,
June 1972.
The advantages of composting over incineration
and dumping are reviewed. Composting can be
applied to domestic refuse and similar wastes to
which also sewage sludge can be added, while
metal parts, glass and plastics should be
removed. These together with other wastes, also
unfit for composting, account for some 30 per-
cent by weight, whereas the reduction in the
waste volume achieved by composting is greater
than for either dumping or incineration. The raw
-------
10
waste should be treated in closed digesters at
temperatures of 50 to 70 C. A determined carbon
to nitrogen ratio should be maintained, and tem-
perature, humidity content and oxygen supply
should be controlled. If compost is not marketa-
ble, the wastes should be homogenized mechani-
cally, and disposed of on sanitary landfills. Com-
post from domestic refuse, containing valuable
nutrients and trace elements, represents a pre-
cious fertilizer, primarily for recultivation,
amelioration, and for intensive cultures. Com-
bined refuse-sewage sludge composts have in-
creased nitrogen contents and improved physical
properties. Composts are able to improve the
physical properties of the soil, to loosen it up, in-
crease soil humidity and humus content, and to
prevent erosion. Composting should be applied
in combination with incineration and sanitary
landfill, and be developed mostly in rural areas.
(Text in German)
[23731]
73-4481
.WILES, C. C., AND L. W. LEFKE. Solid waste
composting. Journal of the Water Pollution Con-
trol Federation, 44(6):1,104-1,107, June 1972.
The complex problems connected with compost-
ing as well as voices in favor and against com-
posting as a disposal and reclamation method are
presented. Although interest in composting of
solid wastes has declined in recent years, public
awareness became more evident in 1971 with
economics remaining as its major deterrent to its
effective utilization as a solid waste management
method by municipalities. In the literature, there
are different and opposing views as to the future
usefulness of composting as a method for manag-
ing solid wastes. The low dollar value for the
compost product, aggravated by a nonexistent
market and farmers' prejudice, were reasons
making composting currently unattractive from
the economic standpoint. This economic unat-
tractiveness was caused by the application of a
double standard when comparing composting
with other disposal methods. A demand for com-
post will develop in future years, and it is im-
proper to assume that composting as a large-
scale recycling process will remain defunct. The
real economics of composting are not well
presented, and learning how to apply the process
best under present circumstances is the way to
make composting the method of choice for
recycling organic wastes. Processing and com-
post utilization are discussed, such as: different
methods of processing poultry manure onsite;
adding composted bark to the soil; leaf-compost-
ing by communities; and disposal of cannery
wastes on soils as soil conditioner and to help
prevent the contamination of waterways with in-
organic chemical fertilizers.
[23732]
73-4482
WILEY, J. S. Composting of organic waste; an
annotated bibliography. [Savannah, Georgia,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, Technical Development Laboratories,] Feb.
1958.126 p.
This bibliography was written at the Commu-
nicable Disease Center and contains only materi-
als written after 1950. Earlier bibliographies also
exist. This document contains brief abstracts of
the literature which is reviewed. The subject
matter is limited to composting and does not
cover the related fields of digestion and fermen-
tation. There is an author index. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23733]
73-4483
Zur Verbesserung des wachstrums salzgefachr-
deter pflgnzen an bundesstrassen durch muell-
kompost [Improving the growing of plants
which are endangered by salt by means of refuse
compost.] Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift,
28(9/10):172,1973.
Rotted refuse compost shall improve the re-
sistance to salt of plants lining the highways. The
compost neutralizes the salt concentration in the
soil so that it is no longer available for the plants,
thus preventing the salt from being washed into
the ground. (Text in German)
[23734]
DISPOSAL
73-4484
ABE, T., H. ANDO, 0. INOMATA, Y. SHIMIZU, S.
MATSUZAWA, AND S. Orsu. Pori enka biniru
-------
11
haikibutsu no kansuru kenkyu. (dainiho) Pori
enka biniru no datsuinka suiso. [Studies on
polyvinyl chloride waste. (2) Dehydrochlorina-
tion of polyvinyl chloride.] Kogai, 7(5):217-223,
Sept. 1972.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can free hydrogen
chloride (HCL) at a relatively low temperature,
and this treatment is essential to PVC before
final pollutionless combustion or degradation
treatment. Experiments were carried out in
order to study the optimum condition for the
pretreatment of PVC. For the lab experiment, a
nickel crucible of approximately 200 cc capacity
containing wood alloy was used as a bath for the
test tube. The emitting HC1 was led into a trian-
gular beaker. A larger scale dehydrochlorination
system applicable for an industrial use was also
used. The equipment was a conveyor furnace
made of a stainless pipe of a 17 cm diameter, 200
cm in length, which was heated by electricity
from outside. A mesh belt of 10 cm width was
passed through the tube at a speed between 1
and 10 miles per hr. The rate of dehydrochlorina-
tion of PVC increased with increasing tempera-
ture. The results showed that a complete
elimination of HC1 from PVC required 30
minutes of treatment at 300 C or more than 10
minutes of treatment at 350 C. However, the
rate of dehydrochlorination changes with the
quantity of PVC and the type of the the equip-
ment; tests are necessary in actual designing.
(Text in Japanese)
[23735]
73-4485
ALEXANDER, R. R. Flushable sanitary napkin.
Canadian Patent 922,852 owned by the Kendall
Co., Boston, Massachusetts. Issued Mar. 20,1973.
A bonded nonwoven fabric suitable for use as a
flushable cover for a disposable diaper or a sani-
tary napkin is produced by bonding a thin web of
textile-length fiber with a fugitive binder com-
prising a mixture of a soft acrylic binder and
polyvinyl alcohol. Such a fabric has sufficient
tensile strength to function usefully as a cover
whether dry or damp, but then after use may be
readily disposed of by flushing since it disin-
tegrates into a thin fibrous slurry when agitated
in water.
[23736]
73-4486
DAVIDSON, C. M., AND J. R. DESHAIES. Removal
of sulphur dioxide from waste gas. Canadian
Patent 924,872 owned by Canadian Industries
Ltd., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Issued Apr. 24,
1973.12 p.
The process herein described is a method for
removing sulfur dioxide from waste gasses
through reaction with hydrogen sulfide in a mov-
ing bed of catalyst containing variable propor-
tions of two types of catalyst particles. One type
contains adsorbed sulfur dioxide; the other type
is capable of adsorbing additional sulfur dioxide.
By adjusting the proportions of the two types of
catalyst, minimum escape to the atmosphere of
sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide is accom-
plished. Elemental sulfur produced by the reac-
tion between the sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide is adsorbed on catalyst particles and
recovered by cycling the catalyst from the reac-
tor through a regeneration unit.
[23737]
73-4487
Die drohende abfallstatistik. [Current refuse
statistics.] Gesundheitstechnik, (ll):234-235,
Nov. 1972.
The residential refuse quantity increases by 1
percent annually while that of bulky refuse even
by 10 percent per year. In 1970 the quantity of
domestic refuse amounted to 300 kg per year per
inhabitant, that of industrial refuse was also 300
kg per year per inhabitant. Sanitary landfill
reduces the refuse volume by 30 percent, the
composting method combined with sanitary
landfill by 60 percent, composting combined with
incineration by 70 percent and incineration com-
bined with reuse of the residue by 90 percent. All
three methods prevent soil and water pollution,
but have other disadvantages. Plastic bags and
other plastic material cannot be composted and
have to be removed separately. Incineration
causes air pollution by harmful gases like
hydrochloric acid even if flue gas cleaning plants
are used. The new Refuse Disposal Act will im-
prove the situation in the field of refuse removal
as it states that refuse removal shall no longer be
a problem of the individual cities and communi-
ties but it rules that planning and performing of
-------
12
refuse removal shall be effected by the lender in
order to guarantee a hygienic disposal of the
refuse. (Text in German)
[23739]
734488
DIETERICH, M. L. Waste disposal system and
method. Canadian Patent 922,853 owned by
Standard Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Issued
Mar. 20,1973.
A human conveyance such a trailer or bus has a
fuel burning engine and a toilet which discharges
to a waste storage tank Effluent from the
storage tank is fed to an evaporating device
where the effluent is subjected to a first tem-
perature which evaporates the effluent to form
effluent vapor. The effluent vapor is directed to
a second heating device which subjects the waste
to a second temperature substantially greater
than the evaporating temperature. The heating
device which subjects the effluent vapor to the
second temperature may be defined by the in-
take or exhaust ports of the fuel burning engine.
[23738]
73-4489
DUNZ, W. Diskussion der beseit igung-
smethoden. [Discussion of disposal methods.]
Muell und Abfall, 5(2):29-32,1973.
An evaluation of the different disposal methods
is given. The sanitary landfill method can be ap-
plied for disposing of urban refuse as well as
part of the commercial and industrial refuse. The
neighborhood of the sanitary landfill usually is
not influenced in a negative sense. However, the
land needed for a sanitary landfill is important so
that in the long run this system is not feasible.
The specific annual costs amount to 8 to 12
deutsche marks per ton. The composting method
should only be applicated for wastes which can
be biologically decomposed so that the urban
refuse but not commercial and industrial refuse
can be treated by this method. The volume
reduction amounts to 50 percent, the specific an-
nual costs are 25 deutsche marks per ton of
refuse. An advantage of this method is that
sewage sludge can be treated together with the
refuse. The incineration method can be ap-
plicated for all kinds of urban and commercial
refuse, while it is limited for industrial refuse
and sludges. The volume reduction is 85 percent
and the specific annual costs amount to 25 to 30
deutsche marks per ton of refuse. As the com-
bustible component in the refuse increases con-
tinuously incineration is the most suitable
removal method for the future. (Text in German)
[23740]
73-4490
FERBER, M. Abfallbeseitigung. [Solid waste
disposal.] VDI-Z, 114(9):640-642, June 1972.
General problems and trends in the solid waste
disposal area in West Germany are outlined. The
volume fo solid waste will continue to grow at a
rate of 5 percent yearly, with decrease in the
density. Domestic refuse in West Germany con-
tains some 23 percent paper and cardboard, 16
percent putrescible waste, 10 percent glass, 5
percent scrap iron, 2.5 percent plastics, including
less than 1 percent of polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
2.5 percent textiles, and 41 percent a fraction
below 20 mm diameter. The rate of recycling is
about twice as high as in the United States, while
reuse is limited due to manual sorting and
separate collection being prohibitive, and due to
technological possibilities. Though dumping
prevails, sanitary landfills, where waste is
spread in layers with a maximum thickness of 50
cm, and covered by some inert material daily, are
preferable. Some 2 percent of the total waste are
composted, and new composting plants are under
construction. Composting is most attractive for
small towns and farming regions. Combinations
of solid waste incinerators with composting
facilities represent a growing trend. Compost is
often mixed with fertilizer or peat. Efforts to
convert compost fiber material into hardboard
are in an experimental stage. Incineration,
though expensive, is being applied to some 20
percent of the total waste, and to 58 percent in
cities of over 500,000 inhabitants. Special wastes
require chemical or thermal treatment prior to
safe disposal. (Text in German)
[23741]
73-4491
HANAOKA, K Hai purasuchikku shori no genjo.
[Present situation of waste plastics disposal.]
Sangyo to Kankyo, 2(4):77-81, Mar. 1973.
-------
13
Production of plastics in Japan has leveled off
after sudden growth prior to 1970. Of 5,128 tons
of plastic produced in 1970, 1.3 million tons of
plastic, 730,000 tons from general households,
and 570,000 tons from industries are to be
disposed of. Some of them are being reutilized as
civil engineering, construction, agricultural,
fisheries, industrial, and horticulture materials.
Although there are improved type of incinera-
tors for plastic, there is no perfect one which
would prevent secondary pollution. Thermal
cracking, turning plastics into monomers or
oligomers, is a hopeful area. The Association was
jointly established by the Petrochemical Indus-
trial Association Vinyl Chloride Industry As-
sociation, and Japan Plastic Industry Federation
at the end of 1971, to cope with waste plastic
problems. At present, with the cooperation of
Funahashi Municipal Government and citizens,
data is being obtained by collecting waste
plastics separately from other wastes and trying
to reutilize and develop new uses. A Takuma
type special incinerator is being constructed at a
laboratory, and aided by the Sanyo Denki Co.
(Electric Machinery) and Mitsubishi Heavy In-
dustries Co., a plant is being built to further stu-
dies on thermal cracking of plastic. In Nov. 1972,
a council to establish policy on vinyl chloride
wrapping material wastes made its start. The
problems to be solved are to examine the
economics of reutilization and to determine shar-
ing of expenses. (Text in Japanese)
[23742]
734492
HIRSCHHEYDT, A. V. Ueber versuche zur
beseitigung von abfalloelen und oelhaltigen ab-
faellen mit hilfe der kompostierung. [Removal
tests of waste oil and oleiferous waste materials
by means of composting.] Wasser un Boden.
(10):316-318, Oct. 1972.
Tests have been conducted concerning the in-
fluence of waste oils and oleiferous waste
materials on the composting process and on the
growth of vegetation treated with compost con-
taining oily residue. Increasing quantities of
waste oil have been added to raw compost and
then mixed in concrete mixers. It was found that
the addition of oil resulted in higher tempera-
tures in the rotting material, a fact which, how-
ever, did not influence at all the rotting process
itself. The development of microorganisms was
not hampered but with increasing oil contents
the depth of the zone of microorganisms
decreased. As a result of the tests it was found
that concentrations of up to 3 percent of mineral
oil with reference to the initial dry substance will
not retard the rotting process. These concentra-
tions will also not endanger the growing of
plants even if the compost is not diluted. (Text in
German)
237430
73-4493
IMOTO, M. Purasuchikku zairyo no jukeu. [The
end of plastic materials.] Kinzoku, 42(3):33-40,
Feb. 1972.
Japan at present creates 2.5 million tons of
plastic waste per year, and soon 5 million tons
will have to be treated. The most difficult treat-
ment is that of domestic refuse from urban
homes, which contains more than 10 percent of
plastics. The waste collected in Tokyo in 1969
was 3.24 million tons and contained approximate-
ly 9.7 percent of plastic. As a method of separat-
ing various types of plastics, the author suggests
the use of various solutions with certain specific
weights in which various plastics may sink or
float. For instance, polyvinyl chloride containing
heavy halogen will sink and will be separated,
and only floating plastics may be decomposed by
heat. Another solution is, as has been suggested
by many, mixing in the plastic a molecular chain
which ends with oxygen, or a copolymer with
carbon monoxide, which will make
photodegradation of plastic easier. However,
photodegradable plastics are obviously impracti-
cal. Since plastic has high caloric value once it is
burned, many noncombustible additives are
mixed in order to avoid fire hazard. But in recent
fires, it has been revealed that many people died
from the toxic gases emitted from plastic con-
struction material, rather than the fire itself.
The additives used for noncombustible plastics
are mostly halogens, and large sources of toxic
gases. (Text in Japanese)
237440
-------
14
734494
KIROV, N. Y., ED. Solid waste treatment and
disposal. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., 1972.205 p.
This clothbound book is an international edition
of the proceedings of the 1971 Australian Waste
Disposal Conference, held at the University of
New South Wales. The papers included in this
conference are already in the SWIRS as they
were originally issued at the time of the con-
ference. This volume covers many aspects of
solid waste management, including sampling
characterization, transport and disposal by land-
fill, dumping, incineration, and composting. Spe-
cial problems covered are disposal of radioactive
wastes, wood wastes, waste from coal mines, and
the effects of wastes disposal on air and water
pollution. Aspects of salvaging and reuse of
wastes such as glass, paper, metal, plastics, oils,
chemical, and industrial water also are con-
sidered. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23745]
73-4495
KUHLMANN, A., AND H. WALDEYER.
Stretegische und wirtschaftliche Fragen der
Muell- und Abfallverarbeitung. [Strategic and
economic questions of refuse treatment.] Muell
und Abfall, 5(2):42-46,1973.
An analysis of the minimum costs for different
refuse removal systems has been established.
Minimum cost for sanitary landfills was
established for a collection range of 2.5 to 6.5 km
and population density of 500 to 4,000 inhabi-
tants per sq km. Minimum cost in composting
plants was established for a collection range of
3.6 km and a population density of 4,000 inhabi-
tants per sq km. The respective data for refuse
incineration plants are 11.5 km collection range
and 1.7 million inhabitants. As a result it can be
stated that cost varies inversely as the popula-
tion so that sanitary landfills are more economic
for less populated regions while incineration
plants should be constructed in larger towns and
cities. Sanitary landfills should have an annual
throughput of at least 6,000 tons and should be
run if possible in connection with a volume
reduction system like composting or incinera-
tion. The 50,000 dumps in Germany should be
closed and be replaced by 1,000 to 2,000 sanitary
landfills. (Text in German)
[23761]
73-4496
MAHLOCH, J. L. An investigation of the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse.
Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of Kansas,
Dec. 1970.197 p.
Since knowledge concerning the biology and
chemistry of refuse decomposition is necessary
for understanding and designing proper refuse
disposal systems, the aim of this thesis was to in-
vestigate the microbiology of refuse decomposi-
tion and its association with various chemical
parameters. Three types of substrates were in-
vestigated: mixed refuse; paper wastes; and
grass and leaves. Only the aerobic phase of
decomposition was considered. Samples were ex-
tracted every other day starting from the initial
day of substrate incubation. The experiment
lasted 48 days. Data variables measured were
temperature, pH, moisture, volatile solids, COD,
numbers of bacteria, and numbers of fungi. The
primary conclusion from the study was that
rapid microbial degradation of solid wastes can
be accomplished by use of an aerobic system
with proper regulation of the environmental fac-
tors. Chemical parameters of the solid waste
substrates, such as moisture and pH, were im-
portant in controlling microbial metabolism. A
succession of bacteria and fungi were observed
during the course of substrate incubation.
Predominant fungi in the substrates were
Trichoderma, Geotrichum, Rhizopus, Penicillium,
Aspergillus, and Cladosporium. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23749]
73-4497
MAHLOCH, J. L. Application of the results. In
An investigation of the microbiology of aerobic
decomposition of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
141-145.
One goal in sanitary landfill disposal methods is
to return the refuse to the earth and reclaim the
land as quickly as possible. Current landfill
-------
15
designs do not facilitate refuse decomposition.
Results of this study show that aerobic stabiliza-
tion of refuse occurs rapidly, within 30 to 50
days, provided that the environmental conditions
are favorable. Therefore, surface stabilization
seems to be a realistic method for rapidly return-
ing refuse to the earth. Temperature data from
this study show sharp peaks in temperature
when surface stabilization is attempted, followed
by a decline. COD and volatile solids graphs also
show the same general pattern. Numbers of bac-
teria present in the substrate systems indicate
that a good portion of the initial decomposition of
refuse was accomplished by bacteria. For bac-
terial decomposition to occur, microbes must be
in contact with the substrate and require a liquid
interface for good activity. On the other hand,
fungi are able to spread throughout the sub-
strate without needing food. Some type of mix-
ing, therefore, is required for optimum bacterial
activity. Changes in pH had an effect on the
numbers of bacteria and fungi present in paper
and grass and leaves wastes. However, only with
the paper substrate was the decomposition sig-
nificantly affected. Since paper wastes lowered
the numbers of bacteria, it seems true that bac-
teria play a predominant role in the initial phase
of refuse decomposition. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23746]
734498
MAHLOCH,J. L. Discussion of results. In An in-
vestigation of the microbiology of aerobic
decomposition of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
132-141.
The discussion begins with an analysis of the
growth of microbes and resulting problems in
treating refuse aerobic decomposition. One
problem is the lack of uniform distribution of
nutrient elements. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and
trace metals are not uniformly available in solid
wastes as they are in liquid wastes. An impor-
tant interrelationship among variables is that of
pH with the numbers of microorganisms. The pH
was particularly noticeable in paper wastes and
grass and leaves substrates. The effect of water
addition is striking. A decrease in volatile solids
and COD was noted after the addition of water;
an increase in numbers of bacteria resulted; the
numbers of fungi increased concurrently with a
decrease in bacteria. A statistical evaluation of
results was accomplished through use of a cor-
relation matrix. The three variables significantly
correlated with temperature were numbers of
fungi, numbers of bacteria, and time. Time was
correlated inversely with temperature, as were
numbers of fungi; numbers of bacteria were
directly correlated. The pH was inversely corre-
lated to volatile solids, COD, and numbers of
fungi, but directly correlated to numbers of bac-
teria. This would indicate that satisfactory
decomposition of refuse was occurring. Moisture
content was significantly correlated with num-
bers of fungi in an inverse manner, confirming
reports that fungi prefer lower moisture con-
tents than bacteria. Rapid changes in fungal
numbers during initial stages of decomposition
were caused by changes in the type of available
substrate. Data indicate that numbers of fungi
increase with time. However, since the amount
of available substrate decreases with time, this
type of correlation seems implausible. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23747]
73-4499
MAHLOCH, J. L. Introduction. In An investiga-
tion of the microbiology of aerobic decomposition
of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University
of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 2-4.
One estimate has it that average production of
solid wastes in the United States is 5.3 Ib per
person per day, and that the cost for disposing of
solid wastes is $4.5 billion per year. One method
of handling solid wastes is by conversion or
recovery and recycling. However, lack of in-
terest or economic incentive has often caused
failure for this approach. Most composting facili-
ties have likewise failed in this country because
of high expenses and lack of markets. Two land
disposal methods are incineration and landfilling.
Incineration has not been very successful due to
costs and stringent air pollution requirements.
Two major methods of solid waste disposal in-
volve biological degradation of waste products.
Because so little is known about the biological
processes involved in solid waste disposal or the
factors governing these processes, the research
-------
16
herein described had as its purpose a greater
knowledge of these biological processes. Biologi-
cal processes are both aerobic and anaerobic,
occur under many environmental conditions, and
involve many different wastes. For this
research, the range of factors and type of wastes
studied were limited. Therefore the research
done for this study may point the way to future
solutions to solid waste disposal problems. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23748]
73-4500
MAHLOCH, J. L. Literature review. Biological
considerations. In An investigation of the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse.
Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of Kansas,
Dec. 1970. p. 19-29.
The two most important factors influencing
biological decomposition in refuse are the en-
vironmental parameters and the microflora
present. The most important types of microflora
are the bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi.
Mechanisms such as antagonism and competition
for the substrate cause complex interactions
between fungi and bacteria. Data and analyses
are presented with regard to the question of
whether inocula are of value as they relate to the
initial source of microflora involved in refuse
decomposition. Various studies are outlined con-
cerning work on the role of bacteria and actino-
mycetes in decomposition of proteins and cellu-
lose, respectively. The controversy over the role
that fungi play in refuse decomposition is also
examined by the paper. One investigator deter-
mined the percentage of various fungi present
during the thermophilic phase of composting.
They were: Geotrichum, 33 percent; Penicillium,
40 percent; Mucor, 11 percent; Sporotrichum and
Trichoderma, 9 percent; and Aspergillus, 6 per-
cent. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23750]
73-4501
MAHLOCH, J. L. Literature review. Environ-
mental considerations. In An investigation of
the microbiology of aerobic decomposition of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of
Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 5-14.
Biological transformation of solid wastes is de-
pendent on two major factorsO number and type
of organisms present and the environmental con-
stituents operating on the system during the
transformation. A majority of transformations
are performed by the microflora present. The
most important factors in the aerobic decomposi-
tion process are temperature, pH, moisture, com-
position of the refuse, and aeration. Each of
these is discussed in the paper. Temperature in-
fluences the rate of reaction and the types of
microflora present. These influences are
somewhat dependent on each other because
denaturation of key enzymes at elevated tem-
peratures or resistance to denaturation is depen-
dent on the genetic make-up of the organism.
Research has shown, for example, that in one
sample as temperature rose to 45 C, the flora
was predominantly Geotrichum, but at 55 C, the
flora was exclusively Cladosporium. Tempera-
ture observations can be used to determine the
extent of decomposition. The pH effect on
biological processes in refuse decomposition is
revealed in the type of microflora present. In
general, fungi prefer acid conditions; bacteria
prefer neutral or slightly alkaline conditions.
Usually during decomposition the pH decreases
and then becomes alkaline during the final
stages. The role of moisture is also examined. In
biological literature, the amount of available
water is often related to relative humidity. Bac-
teria usually require a relative humidity
between 90 and 99 percent for growth and sur-
vival. Fungi can germinate and grow at lower
temperatures. From various data, it would ap-
pear that a moisture content of 60 percent is
adequate for microflora. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23751]
73-4502
MAHLOCH, J. L. Recommendations for further
research. Bibliography. In An investigation of
the microbiology of aerobic decomposition of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University of
Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 150-197.
The author has concluded his study of the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse
with several recommendations for further
research. For one thing, a comprehensive
-------
17
statistical evaluation of the sampling procedure
for solid waste systems should be made. The ef-
fect of anaerobic versus aerobic conditions and
the presence or absence of nutrients needs in-
vestigation. Further study is recommended into
the biological parameters for measuring availa-
ble water and the effect of optimum moisture on
the biological response of the refuse system. A
method of accurately determining fungal activi-
ty in refuse systems needs to be developed, as
well as a determination of the relationship
between the activity and standard dilution-plate
counts. A better method for characterizing bac-
terial groups in the refuse substrate should be
found. Finally, an investigation into a proper
choice of parameters to monitor a refuse system
and its application to full scale systems would be
useful. A long bibliography follows the set of
recommendations. The final section of the thesis
is a series of appendices, which deal with the fol-
lowing topics: description of media and reagents
used in biological tests; description of computer
usage in this research; description of boxes used
for substrate incubation; description of mul-
tipoint inoculator; tabulation of experimental
results; and a description of Penicilh'um isolates.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23752]
734503
NAKAMURA, M. Haikibutsu shori jittai chosa
hokuku. [Waste disposal research.] Seisan Ken-
kyu, 25(2):76-79, Feb. 1973.
The amount of the wastes discarded per one per-
son per day is, according to a report, 1.1 kg for
Tokyo, of which 10 percent are plastic wastes.
The disposal of these wastes falls into the two
methods, sanitary landfill and burning at the
present time. In the case of landfill, the refuse
naturally decomposes when it is buried, and the
glass and porcelain wastes which are unchangea-
ble and solid can be effectively used for reclama-
tion, whereas the plastic wastes are unsuitable
for the landfill work because they are less stable.
In general, incineration is sanitary, and the ash
obtained is 5 percent by volume of the wastes be-
fore burning and suitable for landfill. Wastes
containing a small amount of plastics cause no
problems in burning, but when the amount of
plastics exceeds 10 percent of refuse, high tem-
perature produced in burning causes damage to
the inner walls of incinerator, or the molten
plastic clogs the grate before burning. Also,
polyvinyl chloride which occupies about 20 per-
cent of all the plastic output causes damage to
the furnace, Cottrell precipitator, and chimney
stack giving off hydrogen chloride, and the
heavy metals added as an age resistor are liable
to giving pollution. Moreover, in this report, the
results of investigation on the cleaning factories
in Chiba prefecture, the Kobe area, and the
Tokyo Metropolis are given. (Text in Japanese)
[23753]
73-4504
PIERAU, H. Feste abfallstoffe. [Solid waste.]
Gesundheitswesen, 34(Special issue, 2): 73-76,
1972.
In order to reduce the environmental load the
removal system of solid waste should be reor-
ganised. Domestic and industrial refuse should
as far as possible be removed together. First of
all an analysis of the quality and quantity of the
refuse, especially of industrial waste should be
established based on which regional refuse
removal plans should determine the optimum
positions for the removal sites. Dump sites and
small incineration plants which do not meet the"
technical requirements any more should be
closed. The refuse should be treated in central
sanitary landfills and in potential incineration or
composting plants. Special maps should be issued
informing about water protection areas and re-
gions where refuse could be deposited without
endangering the environment. Special personnel
should be trained so that they are familiar with
environment problems. Control equipment
should be installed not only in incineration and
composting plants but also in sanitary landfills in
order to control the development of gases in the
site and to determine the stability of the refuse
body with regard to subsequent construction.
(Text in German)
[23754]
73-4505
RASCH, R. Ueber die chemische Bindung von
Chlorwasserstoff in den Rsuchgasen von Muell-
-------
18
verbrennungsanlagen. [Chemical bonding of
hydrogen chloride in flue gases originating from
refuse incinerators.] Aufbereitungstechnik,
13(12):772-776,1972.
The operating principle of a scrubber for
throughputs to 50,000 cu m per hr is briefly
reviewed. Parallel to the wet removal of
hydrogen chloride from the flue gases of in-
cinerators, dry bonding to quicklime will gain in-
creasing importance. However, the process is ef-
ficient only at gas temperature below 400 C. A
ratio between chloride and oxide of more than 10
to one is required for the beginning of chemical
bonding. (Text in German)
[23756]
73-4506
ROECKINGER, F. Fortsetzungsserie ueber
fragen des umweltschutzes im Budesminiszeri-
um. [Refuse removal and cleaning methods of in-
dustrial flue gases.] Umweltschutz - Staed-
tereinigung, 10(1):7-15,1973.
In 1970 the annual refuse quantity of the city of
Vienna amounted to 2.3 million cu m weighing
347,000 tons. The refuse quantity is expected to
increase by 1985 to 9.5 million cu m annually. As
there is not enough land available for a sanitary
landfill the city of Vienna decided to construct a
refuse composting plant. In this plant the refuse
is screened and the fine particles are moistened
with water and then kept in rotting piles for
about 6 months. The final product is a high quali-
ty fertilizer which can be easily sold. However,
only 6 percent of the total refuse of Vienna can
be disposed of by this method. Therefore the
most effective system to dispose of refuse is in-
cineration. The incineration plant in Vienna has a
Martin grate which guarantees a complete com-
bustion of the refuse. From there the slag passes
into an impact crusher where the ferrous parts
are separated. The incineration plant has a
throughput of 720 tons per day. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23755]
73-4507
TABASERAN, 0. Muellbeseitigung in Istanbul.
[Refuse removal at Istanbul.] Muell und Abfall,
5(2):46-48,1972.
The annual refuse quantity at Istanbul is esti-
mated to amount to about 1 million tons. The
pick-up system covers about 80 percent of the
streets. The main part of the refuse is trans-
ported to four deposit sites, where reusable
material, which amounts to about 33.8 percent of
the total refuse quantity, is sorted out. The
remainder is dumped into the refuse pit without
being covered with soil or other inert material.
Two incineration plants have been constructed.
The smaller one has a throughput of 6 tons per
hr and burns the refuse on roll grates. The
second incineration plant started work 1 year
ago and has a throughput of 12 tons per hr. It
disposes of a furnace of 12 m length and burns
the refuse on roll grates by adding the com-
bustion air from below and above. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23757]
73-4508
WELFE, E. Landliche abwasser-gefahr un-
terschaetzt. [Rural effluents - danger underesti-
mated.] U-das technische umweltmagazin,
(10):40-52, Oct. 1972.
A special problem with regard to water pollution
arises from the dumping of refuse, garbage,
bulky refuse and other wastes along the river
banks. A survey conducted in 1971 at a river sec-
tion 16.5 km long, without any industrial enter-
prises in the surrounding area, found that there
were more than 148 dumping places. According
to the type of dumped refuse physical and chemi-
cal changes of the water take place. Control mea-
sures and penalties have not improved the situa-
tion so it will be necessary to install special in-
struments which will continuously monitor the
water quality. Water pollution caused by rain
cannot be easily determined as it depends not
only on the intensity of the precipitation, but also
on the topographic situation. Another source of
water pollution that is very often neglected is
lead. From the exhaust gases of motor cars lead
gets into dust in the streets and from there rain
washes it into the sewer. Thus it enters the
biological cycle and accumulates in fish.
Research work concerning lead in bodies of
water is absolutely necessary. (Text in German)
[23758]
-------
19
73-4509
WENZEL, W., AND L. CHAUSSY. Method of
removing vaporized lead from gases. Canadian
Patent 924,871 owned by Rheinische Braunk-
holenwerke AG, Cologne,. Germany, and W.
Wenzel. Issued Apr. 24,1973.
Use of lead as a heat exchange medium has ad-
vantages over other materials. However, it has
been virtually unavoidable when using lead for
such purposes at temperatures in excess of 900
C, that substantial lead vapor pressure develops
which greatly increases with increasing tem-
peratures. If substantial quantities of lead mix
with heat transfer gasses, lead losses occur and
the gasses are contaminated. The invention
herein described intends to provide an improved
method which eliminates the lead vapor from
gasses contacting liquid lead. Gasses, after hav-
ing been brought into contact with the liquid lead
for the purpose of heat exchange, are contacted
with other liquid metals which cause precipita-
tion of the vaporized lead.
[23759]
73-4510
WoGROLLY, E. Beseitigung von kunststoffab-
faellen heute und mprgen. [Removal of plastic
wastes today and tomorrow.] Umweltschutz-
Staedtereinigung, (2):25-29,1973.
The annual refuse quantity in Austria amounts
to 5 to 6 million cu m of which the quantity of
plastic waste lies between 2 and 6.5 percent. The
percentage of poly vinyl chloride in the refuse is
about 0.5 percent and even in 1980 will not ex-
ceed 1 percent. Plastic wastes in sanitary land-
fills do not have a harmful influence on the en-
vironment as plastics are inert materials which
do not decompose into harmful substances, and
are compacted to a minimum volume. As to the
treatment of plastic wastes in a composting plant
they do not have any negative influence on the
composting process. When incinerated in an
adequate furnace, plastics burn without con-
tributing to ash and slag and decompose into car-
bon dioxide and water. Waste products in the
plastic processing industry like foil wastes and
plastic chips can be recycled by producing a
granulate which is then added to the raw materi-
al. Owing to the increasing demand of plastics in
household and industry, the recycling problem
will become more urgent in the future. Classifi-
cation and shredding of plastic wastes will be the
prerequisite to recycle plastic material which
may then be used for the production of synthetic
wood and paper or transformed into fuel oil.
(Text in German)
[23760]
HAZARDOUS WASTES
73-4511
Aus der Taetigkeit der LAG. [About the activity
of the Laender study group on "refuse removal.']
Muellund Abfall, 5(2):53,1973.
At the present time the study group 'refuse
removal' is concerned with the problem of refuse
transportation and the determination and clas-
sification of special refuse. The study group en-
tered into negotiations with the chemical indus-
try to return waste chemical salts and discussed
the problem of how to treat this critical refuse in
a manner that the environment is riot submitted
to harmful influences. Owing to the great
number of junk car shredders the study group
recommended introduction of licenses for the
construction of further shredding plants in order
to avoid having the government pay subsidies to
the scrap industry because of excess capacity.
(Text in German)
[23762]
734512
BLACK, R. J. Requirements for information and
education programs. In Proceedings; National
Working Conference on Pesticide Disposal, Na-
tional Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland,
June 30-July 1,1970. p. 125-126.
Problems are evident in deciding how to dis-
seminate information to the public and to groups
of large-scale pesticide users. Householders are
the most difficult group to educate. Mass media
must be utilized, but with information that is
limited to short, easily understandable
procedures. Instructions may have to be varied
according to local conditions. The assumption is
made by the author that the public is more so-
phisticated today to the problems of environ-
mental issues, so that the use of mass media
-------
20
should be effective in reaching them. Results of
explaining to the public the dangers of radiation
during an eclipse of the sun are encouraging in
terms of other dissemination. Large-scale users
of pesticides will need more detailed information
than the general public. The usual channels for
new technical information would be most effec-
tive. These include the farm advisor, chemical
supplier, manufacturer, State and local health
department, and trade magazines. State solid
waste agencies are also a resource. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1912 provides a complete
listing of the directors of these agencies. In
order to convey information effectively, the fol-
lowing questions on pesticide disposal must be
answered: What action is needed? What do we
want to say? To whom do we want to tell it?
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23763]
73-4513
BREIDENBACH, A. W. Application of solid waste
research to pesticide disposal. In Proceedings;
National Working Conference on Pesticide
Disposal, National Agricultural Library, Belt-
sville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p. 120-123.
Although the use and regulation of pesticides are
not within the framework of responsibility of the
Bureau of Solid Waste Management, studies
bearing on the disposal of pesticide containers
and the effects of pesticides on solid waste
processes are within the Bureau's responsibility.
Projects which are relative specifically to in-
dividual pesticides or their groups is fairly small;
examples are wastes which require final detox-
ification before disposal or reclamation
processes can be effective, and wastes which
have known degrees of pathogenicity, chemical
toxicity, or corrosive characteristics. Disposal of
pesticide wastes and containers has proceeded
along two lines of research: improvement and
refinement of existing practices; and applying a
portion of our resources specifically to the
disposal of special wastes which require final
detoxification. In the recycling field, efforts have
been directed toward using cellulosic wood
wastes as a substrate to which pesticides might
be attached chemically. Batch-type and continu-
ous compost procedures were effective in reduc-
ing levels of organophosphate pesticides. Ther-
mal degradation experiments have been ex-
amined, in particular the possibility of destroy-
ing pesticide materials if combustion is aided by
oxidizing agents and binders. Land disposal ef-
forts are also under way. Degradation of pesti-
cide manufacturing process liquors by applica-
tion to highly alkaline soil areas is another area
of research. An analysis of sea disposal
techniques and experiences is discussed. The
author recommends for the disposal of empty
pesticide containers that they be subjected to in-
cineration or pyrolysis under controlled time and
temperature conditions, or that they be disposed
of in a well-designed and operated sanitary land-
fill with adequate surveillance. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23764]
73-4514
BUREAU OF VECTOR CONTROL AND SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT. Memorandum on used
pesticide container management. Sacramento,
California Department of Public Health, July 27,
1971.6 p.
This short document discusses the problem of
disposal of pesticide containers. It recommends
that all such containers be disposed of at Class I
or perhaps Class II disposal sites, where there is
no possibility of contamination of ground water.
Reuse of pesticide containers is technically feasi-
ble, although there does not seem to be economic
justification for it. If containers were to be
cleaned out and reused, it is most likely that this
work would be done by private contractors. The
Bureau of Vector Control and Solid Waste
Management makes a series of recommendations
on which it feels future regulations regarding
pesticide and pesticide containers should be
based. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23765]
73-4515
CALKINS, J. R. Report of State programsO
Michigan. In Proceedings; National Working
Conference on Pesticide Disposal, National
Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June
30 July 1,1970. p. 71-74.
-------
21
On June 27, 1969, the Michigan Department of
Agriculture action to cancel nearly all permits to
use DDT became effective. This left the State
with the problem of what to do with pesticide
that was still in the possession of industry,
dealers, or homeowners but could not be used.
Private groups such as the Boy Scouts and in-
dividuals began to agitate for public collection
campaigns; some of these actually took place.
The author, however, points out that the Depart-
ment of Agriculture did its best to discourage
such efforts, even in the face of criticism,
because of the very great dangers of having
uninformed adults and children dealing with
toxic chemicals about which they knew nothing.
Also the collected quantities of pesticides were
more dangerous in the aggregate than they had
been scattered about in people's garages and cel-
lars in 1-lb sacks or aerosol cans. A leaflet has
been printed to be used by pesticide holders, and
it is available free to the public. To obtain a copy,
write to the Michigan State University Coopera-
tive Extension Service, and ask for Extension
Bulletin E-664, Farm Science Series. The
guidelines are basically these. Homeowners
should dispose of DDT products on their own
land, by careful burial. Large holders such as far-
mers or pest control specialists can either bury
the waste on their own land or request that it be
picked up by the State and incinerated at the
Dow Chemical Co.'s special chemical waste in-
cinerator. A list of the poison control centers in
the State is included on the guidelines leaflet.
These recommendations apply only to DDT and
cannot be taken to apply to any troublesome
chemical one might happen to have lying around
the house or place of business. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23767]
734516
CATH, W. S. Report of state programsO summa-
ry. In Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July
1,1970. p. 78-84.
The author of this article is affiliated with the
National Association of State Departments of
Agriculture and conducted a survey of programs
in all the States dealing with collection, storage,
and disposal of unwanted or illegal pesticides. All
the States' programs, or in many cases, lack of
programs, are briefly mentioned; only the States
whose representatives have spoken at this con-
ference are excluded. Most of the States were
doing nothing at the time of this survey about
pesticide collection or disposal. Some of them are
at least seeking ways of dealing with the
problem. Pennsylvania, Montana, New
Hampshire, and West Virginia provide pesticide
holders with disposal guidelines and/or collection
points. Pennsylvania has an incinerator in the
southeast section capable of handling them.
Some States recommend that they be put in ap-
proved sanitary landfills. For the most part,
however, it is apparent that the States have not
solved the problem of pesticide disposal. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23766]
73-4517
CHANDLER, N. Report of state programs-Mas-
sachusetts. In Proceedings; National Working
Conference on Pesticide Disposal, National
Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June
3(KJulyi, 1970. p. 67-70.
In late 1969, the Massachusetts Pesticide Board
restricted the use of DDT, dieldrin, and other so-
called hard pesticides. A copy of the amended
rules and regulations is a part of this article. The
Massachusetts Department of Natural
Resources through its Division of Forest and
Parks embarked on a program to collect these
restricted pesticides. The Division has recently
acquired title to the Naval Annex in Cohasset,
with several ammunition bunkers, seemingly a
logical place to store the pesticides until a
method of disposal could be adopted. News
releases were sent out from the Division of
Forest and Parks that any agency or individual
. in the State could bring whatever quantities of
pesticides they had to any one of several State
Parks during 3 weeks in January; a second col-
lection period was set for May. All collected
materials were trucked to Cohasset and sealed
away. The amounts of pesticides collected are
listed. Three problems developed with this pro-
gram: a continuing trickle of pesticides being
brought to collection points; opposition from the
Cohasset residents to the storage of the wastes
-------
22
in their town; and difficulty in determining what
to do with them. Some of the liquids are stored in
containers of uncertain age, and the agency is
trying to find a safe disposal method as soon as
possible. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23768]
734518
CONNER, J. T. Report of the National Agricul-
tural Chemicals Association. In Proceedings;
National Working Conference on Pesticide
Disposal, National Agricultural Library, Belt-
svffle, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p. 12-26.
The National Agricultural Chemicals Associa-
tion, located in Washington, B.C., has formulated
guidelines for many aspects of the handling of
pesticides and other potentially dangerous
agricultural chemicals. Included in this articles
are brief statements of their recommendations
on the following topics: in-plant pollution control
for pesticide manufacturers, as well as waste
prevention, control and recovery measures;
general disposal methods; specific waste treat-
ment and disposal; special problems to be dealt
with regarding the various major classes of
pesticides; procedures in the event of fire in a
pesticide warehouse; spill control and cleanup;
container inspection procedure; and prevention
of leakage during transport. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23769]
734519
DAY, H. M. Report of review committee of
Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association.
In Proceedings; National Working Conference
on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricultural
Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,
1970. p. 4-11.
The Insecticide Division of the Chemical Special-
ties Manufacturers Association has undertaken a
series of surveys, the results of which are availa-
ble to those interested in reading them. Some
results are included in the report. The topics of
the surveys are: the number of aerosols used for
pesticides on the home and garden market; the
number and kinds of packaging used in the
garden and home market exclusive of aerosols;
State legislation and recommendations relating
to pesticide containers; disposal methods availa-
ble for pesticide containers; a review of the Mis-
sissippi State University project on container in-
cineration; decontamination methods suitable for
pesticide containers; pesticides available for the
home and garden market; types of pesticides and
containers used by pest control agencies; and
types of pesticides used in aerosol containers.
The author recommends that the participants in
the conference, since they are the best informed
people in the area of pesticides, formulate
recommendations to be promulgated by all the
States so that laws are reasonable and uniform.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23770]
734520
FARKAS, E. M. Federal coordination of pesti-
cide disposal information. In Proceedings; Na-
tional Working Conference on Pesticide
Disposal, National Agricultural Library, Belt-
sville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p. 127-130.
The author discusses ways in which the govern-
ment has attempted to coordinate pesticide
disposal information. Both Federal and State in-
formation and education programs have been
directed toward emphasizing the safe handling
and application of pesticides in order to prevent
accidents and avoid harmful residues. Since 1963,
a nationwide pesticides safety information pro-
gram has been conducted using filmed spot an-
nouncements. Also, the proper application of
pesticides has been emphasized in seminars for
agricultural producers. However, the question of
pesticide disposal has received insufficient at-
tention at best. The wealth of new information
available on potential harm from pesticides has,
unfortunately, helped to confuse the public,
which is interested basically in knowing what to
do with its bug bomb when it is empty. Thus the
government and other agencies must strive to
arrive at more definitive answers to these
questions. Responsibility for coordinating im-
mediate and comprehensive dissemination of
projected new guidelines on disposal will rest
with the Information Panel of the Interdepart-
mental Working Group, composed of public in-
formation and education officers from the De-
-------
23
partments of Agriculture, Interior, Defense, and
Health, Education, and Welfare. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23771]
734521
FENDO, A. Department of Defense disposal pro-
gram. In Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July
1,1970. p. 96-98.
The author discusses the Federal Property and
Administrative Services Act of 1949, which as-
signs responsibility for supervision and direction
over the disposition of excess and surplus pro-
perty to the Administrator of General Services
Administration. This Administrator delegated to
the Secretary of Defense the responsibility for
disposing of excess and surplus property
generated by Defense. The Department of
Defense Disposal Program is involved in effect-
ing the orderly disposal of personal property in a
way which assures maximum Federal utilization
through transfer, donation to satisfy valid
requirements, optimum monetary return for sold
property, and minimum need for abandonment
or destruction. During Fiscal Year 1969, Defense
disposed of property with an acquisition cost of
about $4.2 billion. Only when various avenues of
utilization and donation are exhausted is proper-
ty made available for sale to the public. In the
case of military items with hazardous or lethal
characteristics, they are cut, burned, crushed,
melted, or otherwise deformed in a manner
precluding reconstitution of the property for the
purpose originally intended. Sales administered
by the Program are carried out by the Defense
Logistics Services Center. They are conducted
on a competitive bid basis, normally by sealed
bid, spot bid, and auction methods. Invitations
for bids are published, including information
with respect to Federal laws, regulations, and
restrictions imposed on certain items such as in-
secticides, fungicides, and rodenticides. In the
event of a disposal action requiring special con-
sideration, such as the ban on sales of Defense
surplus insecticides containing DDT, the freeze
remains in effect until the Department develops
an effective method for disposal. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23772]
73-4522
HALLIDAY, H. E. Report of state programs--
Wisconsin. In Proceedings; National Working
Conference on Pesticide Disposal, National
Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June
30 July 1,1970. p. 75-77.
In January of 1970 the sale and use of DDT and
derivative products was banned in the State of
Wisconsin. Industry was urged to take back
from dealers and distributors any affected
products. The Department of Natural Resources
made available 64 installations around the State
to which anyone holding banned pesticides could
bring their waste. Now the problem of disposing
of the collected pesticides remains. There are
also other pesticidesO some cyanide pellets and
mercury compounds among them-that have
been collected and must be disposed of. The
problem of getting rid of pesticide containers is a
continuing one which in the opinion of the author
ought to be the responsibility of the State. At
this time, Wisconsin has not determined what
method to use to dispose of its stores of illegal or
condemned pesticides and is hoping that worka-
ble guidelines will be developed by the Working
Committee on Pesticides or some other reputa-
ble body of experts. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23773]
73-4523
HILL, R. M. Recall and disposal. In
Proceedings; National Working Conference on
Pesticide Disposal, National Agricultural Libra-
ry, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30July 1, 1970. p.
89-93.
This is a slightly bitter recounting of the perils of
attempting to recall 2,4,5-T, a pesticide which
had been ruled unsafe by the Federal govern-
ment. The clerical task of notifying all those
dealers with products containing the formulation
on their shelves was mammoth, and only a few
cooperated with the recall. Others hid the
product, refused to return it, or offered to sell it
back to the supplier. Even those who willingly
complied were hampered by strict government
regulations about shipping the broken and im-
properly labeled cartons of pesticide. Once the
-------
24
chemical companies got their product back, the
disposal problem became acute. At present it is
not solved, and the companies involved are wait-
ing for the promised Department of Agriculture
guidelines on the disposal of this banned product.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23774]
734524
INOUE, Y., AND S. MORISAWA. Hoshasei
haikibutsu no chichu shobun mondai. [Ground
disposal of radioactive wastes.] Nippon
Genshiryoky Gakkai-shi, 15(1):3-15, Jan. 1973.
Foreign examples of ground disposal cannot be
immediately adopted in Japan, where population
is dense and underground water is being utilized
as well water. However, examples in the United
States (Hanf ord and Oak Ridge) are given. As to
solid wastes, examples of Windscale and Savan-
nah River, and Chalk River, Idaho, are given.
For gaseous wastes, Clebsch calculates that they
would stay underground for 250 days. Ground
disposal cost of low level waste liquid is only 0.5
yen per cu m, but at medium level, it increases to
250 to 540 yen per cu m, and at high level, 2,700
yen per cu m. When medium level wastes are to
be buried in tunnels, it costs 200,000 yen per cu
m, and when put in caissons, 100,000 yen per cu
m. If high level waste liquid is to be buried, it
costs 3 million yen per cu m: 12 percent for pro-
tection against radiation, 12 percent for burying,
16 percent for transportation, 28 percent for
packaging, and 32 percent for labor costs. The
disposal site must be chosen taking many things
into consideration, such as distance from wells
used for irrigation, for drinking water, sea, lakes,
and rivers. The water table must be deep, or
velocity of underground water low, ion density
of underground water low, porosity low, soil den-
sity great, and precipitation low. No interna-
tional agreement concerning protection on
hereditary effect has been reached. Various fu-
ture researches are suggested. (Text in
Japanese)
[23775]
73-4525
JANSEN, L. L. Estimates of container numbers
by size, type and formulations involved. In
Proceedings; National Working Conference on
Pesticide Disposal, National Agricultural Libra-
ry, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30July 1, 1970. p.
27-53.
This article presents summary data from the
Pesticide Review, which is published annually by
the Agricultural Stabilization and Marketing
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and
from 'Quantities of Pesticides Used by Farmers,
1964 and 1966', published by the Economic
Research Service of the same department. Ta-
bles and charts give data under the following
headings: domestic sales of pesticides, divided
into herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides; unit
price in dollars per Ib, in the same three subdivi-
sions; millions of acres treated for each type of
pesticide; usage rate in Ib per acre; and chemical
cost in dollars per acre. Also provided are data
indicating weighted percentage estimates of ac-
tive pesticide ingredients, proportional usage
and packaging sizes for formulated pesticides by
class and formulation types; farmer usage of
technical and formulated pesticides by class;
farmer usage of formulated pesticides by formu-
lation types and package size; and millions of
containers used in the United States. Projections
for the future are made. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23776]
73-4526
LOUCKS, C. S. Hazardous materials regulations.
In Proceedings; National Working Conference
on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricultural
Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,
1970. p. 94-95.
The author as a representative of the Depart-
ment of Transportation (DOT) discusses the
labeling and shipping requirements of this de-
partment concerning hazardous materials. He
points out that for the most part these regula-
tions do not apply to pesticides, since they are
concerned with hazards during shipping, such as
fire or explosion, and not hazards from use or
storage of the product after shipping. Small
aerosols such as are used for pesticides are ex-
-------
empt from the DOT ruling on aerosols, although
some larger aerosol containers might be subject
to regulation. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23777]
73-4527
PECK, B. T. Report of state programs-Connec-
ticut. In Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July
1,1970. p. 54-58.
The Connecticut Board of Pest Control met on
May 15, 1970, to formulate guidelines for
homeowners having DDT and other pesticides
on hand that they wish to dispose of. It is
probably safer to put these chemicals in the
trash along with other refuse, preferably
wrapped in heavy newspaper or in a plastic bag
to prevent leakage, than to attempt to dispose of
them in some more complicated way. Collection
crews should be notified and the pesticide
disposed of in a sanitary landfill, where the other
refuse will absorb much of the leachate and it
will not be able to contact ground water. Drs.
Dewey and Pendleton of Cornell University is-
sued a factsheet on pesticide disposal, indicating
that incineration is probably the best way to
dispose of them, but at present not enough is
known about the dangers of air pollution. In any
case there is no installation in Connecticut capa-
ble of handling large amounts of pesticides. The
author is not in favor of public and separate col-
lection for pesticides because of the difficulty in
storing and handling quantities of such
hazardous wastes. If it is necessary to collect this
type of waste in one place, the operation should
be carefully supervised by a pesticide expert to
avoid poisoning of land, crews, storm runoff, and
any other area. Fire protection of pesticide
storage is discussed in a Cornell Fact Sheet, 4-77
of the Chemicals-Pesticides Program. There is
no mention made in the article of any enforced
Statewide program or law for pesticide manage-
ment. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23778]
26
73-4528
PUTNAM, R. C. Investigation of the necessary
conditions for proper decontamination and com-
bustion of organic pesticides and pesticide con-
tainers. In Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, Juen 30-July
1,1970. p. 108-119.
The purpose of a project described by the author
was to investigate methods of combustion ap-
plicable to pesticide residues and their con-
tainers, and to devise a means for their destruc-
tion which would keep environmental pollution
to a minimum. On the basis of several investiga-
tions, the conclusions of the study were sum-
marized and include the following. Pesticides
may be destroyed by combustion at tempera-
tures normally achieved by burning wood, paper,
cardboard, or plastics. The material of highest
toxicity, the original pesticide, is more than 99
percent destroyed. Pollution by end-products
such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride
would depend on whether or not they are formed
by the pesticide and the quantity of pesticide
destroyed. Binding agents perform an important
service in retaining pesticides in order to
complete combustion. Oxidizing agents are use-
ful in lowering the temperatures required for
completing combustion and in aiding oxidation.
Oxidizing agents appear unnecessary in the
presence of binding agents. Mineral oil is a
satisfactory binding agent. Polyethylene serves
the same purpose as mineral oil; additionally, it is
a suitable liner for most pesticide containers.
Combustible pesticides should be packaged in
light polyethylene packs or bags surrounded by a
combustible container such as corrugated or
fiber cartons. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23779]
73-4529
SCOTT, R. C. The role of the Extension Service
in the disposal of pesticides. In Proceedings;
National Working Conference on Pesticide
Disposal, National Agricultural Library, Belt-
sville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p. 124.
The author discusses the role of the Extension
Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture in
-------
26
programs relating to disposal of pesticides and
used pesticide containers. That role is educa-
tional. It involves helping people understand the
nature of the problem; laws relating to disposal;
information about alternative means for
disposal; and relaying problems to the research
staff. The approach to this role varies from State
to State, depending on their laws. A pesticide
coordinator is at each Land-Grant University
campus who has, as part of his responsibility, to
maintain liaison with State regulatory agencies.
He also works through Extension specialists to
inform people about methods and programs for
disposal of pesticides and containers. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23780]
734530
SHTJMAN, F. L., JR. Incineration technology
progress report. In Proceedings; National
Working Conference on Pesticide Disposal, Na-
tional Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland,
June 30-July 1,1970. p. 103-107.
Research on incineration of pesticides was con-
ducted under a U.S. Department of Agriculture
grant. Objectives of the research include deter-
mination of combustion temperatures and
volatile products of selected pesticides, in-
vestigation of the use of chemicals and other
materials used in decomposition of pesticides
and containers, investigation of the use of in-
digenous soil microflora as an aid in decomposi-
tion of pesticides in soils, determination of the
requirements for pesticide containers that are
readily combustible, and development of specifi-
cations for an incinerator or other device for the
disposal of pesticides and containers. Recent
major efforts have been concentrated in model-
prototype studies relating to incineration as a
method of disposal for left-over pesticides. A
model incinerator could only be a scaled-down
version of a large incinerator, since incineration
is a chemical reaction and since chemical reac-
tions cannot be modelled according to the princi-
ples of dimensional analysis and similitude. How-
ever, the nature of chemical reactions is not in-
fluenced by the magnitude of the quantities of
the materials involved; thus a small-scale model
using the same design as a large unit would yield
quantities of effluent gasses which were propor-
tional to those emitted from a large incinerator.
The model would comprise a primary combustion
chamber, a secondary combustion chamber, a
liquid pesticide feed system, a system for meter-
ing and monitoring the fuel, air, and pesticide
input, and a system for sampling and monitoring
effluent gasses. Operating conditions were
established on the basis of previously deter-
mined temperature requirements (900 C, 1652
F). In order to maintain this temperature,
required input rate of butane was 0.95 cu ft per
minute and corresponding air input rate was 32
cu ft per minute. Variables involved in the study
were liquid pesticide feed rate, excess primary
combustion air, and excess secondary com-
bustion air. Various pesticide-fuel-air rates were
tested to determine the optimum ratio for
minimizing noxious off-gasses. Sulfur dioxide
concentration was a maximum at a pesticide in-
jection rate of 1.82 gal per hr. This series of tests
did not produce data which would provide for an
accurate prediction equation for predicting the
performance of the prototype from that of the
model. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23781]
73-4531
Suggestions of the ten study groups. In
Proceedings; National Working Conference on
Pesticide Disposal, National Agricultural Libra-
ry, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July 1,1970. p.
131-141.
The National Working Conference on Pesticide
Disposal has concluded its proceedings with the
recommendations of the study groups operating
at the Conference. Each of the ten has made
very specific recommendations relevant to their
areas of concern. These groups and some of the
subgroups are listed. Group I dealt with commu-
nity disposal including collection and temporary
storage. Subsumed in the Group are container
disposal and 'banned' chemicals. Group II dealt
with recycling alternatives. Group III worked on
incineration ideas. Group IV, alternate uses, was
broken down into home and garden supplies, and
large stocks. The fifth group discussed ground
disposal including individual user and mass
disposal from collections, etc. Group VI, long-
term storage, was concerned with the storage of
-------
27
pesticide wastes and containers for at least 5
years pending construction and availability of
approved disposal facilities. Group VII dealt
with packaging and contamination recommenda-
tions. Industrial and plant disposal was the
working topic of Group VIII. Group IX
discussed collection at retail stores and in-
dividual users. The final group, Group X,
analyzed use of sanitary landfills and concluded
that they are acceptable for detoxified pesticides
and detoxified containers. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23782]
734532
TABOR, E. C. Air pollution problems of pesticide
disposal. In Proceedings; National Working
Conference on Pesticide Disposal, National
Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June.
30-July 1,970. p. 99-101.
One important component of air pollution control
is the development of air quality criteria, as
required by federal legislation for each pollutant
designated by the Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare. Publication of the criteria
document for pesticides is scheduled for 1975.
Only a small amount of data on ambient concen-
trations of a few pesticides is available now.
Measurement of air-borne pesticides is difficult
because of the large variety and numbers being
used, lack of suitable collection methods, and
analytical problems encountered. When con-
sidering the pesticide disposal problem, one must
contend with not only the pesticides themselves,
but also containers, treated materials, soil
residues, and other factors. The author gives ex-
amples of the attendant problems encountered in
combustion of pesticides; specifically discussed
are compounds usually considered as organics,
nitrogen-containing organic compounds,
chlorinated organic compounds, thiophosphates,
and biocides containing metals. Disposal by bu-
rying may result in decomposition of unstable
biocides which yield gaseous products that could
pollute the air. The most difficult problem con-
cerning air pollution appears to center on
disposal of vast amounts of biocides left as
residues on vegetation, debris, and in the soil.
Carriers may transport such biocides for great
distances. DDT was found in dust samples in
Cincinnati which originated in Texas, for exam-
ple. Perhaps it would be economically feasible to
treat pesticides as raw chemicals and reprocess
them into more useful materials. No really
satisfactory method for their disposal without
contributing to air pollution may be possible.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23783]
73-4533
WAGNER, K.-H., AND I. SIDDIGI. Gefaehrliche
stoffe in bodenverbesserungsmittein.
[Dangerous substances in soil improving agents.]
Natururissenschaften, 60(3):160-161,9713.
Refuse, sewage sludge and compost are used on
a large scale for agricultural purposes. Analysis
of compost and sewage sludge showed that high
concentrations of toxic arsenic, lead, cadmium,
mercury as well as of the polycyclic aromates
like 3,4-benzpyrene and 3,4-benzfluoranthene
were contained in these substances. As sewage
sludges and compost are used as soil improving
agents especially in viniculture their continuous
application leads to accumulation of these dan-
gerous substances not only in the soil but also in
plants and vegetables so that a harmful influence
on the environment is the consequence. (Text in
German)
[23784]
73-4534
WINTERLE, E. R. Report of state programsO
Florida. In Proceedings; National Working
Conference on Pesticide Disposal, National
Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June
30 July 1,1970. p. 59-70.
In 1969 the Florida Pesticide Law was amended
to provide for 'restricted pesticides', such as
DDT. Such a pesticide was defined, and it was
further stated that it is unlawful to hold, offer
for sale, sell, or distribute such pesticides
without a license and unlawful to use such
without a permit. This amendment left many
restricted pesticides in the hands of persons with
no permit to allow possession or use. By April of
1970 considerable pressure had developed for
State and federal officials to provide the public
with a way to dispose of these persistent chemi-
-------
28
cals without endangering public health or the en-
vironment. The U.S. Department of Agriculture
had initiated plans to install an incinerator for
disposal of pesticides in the Southeast, probably
in Mississippi, so each County Extension Agency
was asked to designate collection stations in the
area. A publicity campaign was urged in the com-
munities to encourage people to take advantage
of this disposal program. Metal containers are
used to seal and transport the pesticides to an
underground storage bunker to await disposal at
the new incinerator. It is still legal to burn bags
and combustible containers in all counties of the
State except Bade (Miami area). A copy of the
Florida law governing pesticide handling is in-
cluded. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23785]
73-4535
WITT, J. M., J. CAPIZZI, W. S. STATON, AND R. L.
GOULDING. Considerations preliminary to
development of a waste pesticide management
system. In Proceedings; National Working Con-
ference on Pesticide Disposal, National Agricul-
tural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, June 30-July
1,1970. p. 85-88.
Oregon is attempting to develop a method of
disposing of pesticides and pesticide containers.
One project is an experimental waste pesticide
and pesticide container disposal system in
Klamath County; the basis for this disposal is the
hypothesis that complete degradation can be ef-
fected through chemical alteration and sub-
sequent soil-surface disposal of the these waste
pesticides by means of the soil microorganisms
and other degradative methods. The Oregon
State Department of Agriculture and its Adviso-
ry Committee on Synthetic Chemicals in the En-
vironment are in the preliminary stages of
developing Statewide plans to govern waste
pesticide practices. The four major components
of any pesticide program are discussed here.
These four elements are: transport to accumula-
tion sites; accumulation site location and design;
ultimate disposal; and a monitoring system.
Three types of disposal can be considered. Con-
tainers perhaps can be decontaminated and
reused, or crushed after cleaning and landfilled.
Pesticides may also be suitable for landfill but
only if the site is hydrologically sound. Waste
liquor can be held in lagoons or tanks for biologi-
cal degradation. Incineration of both containers
and pesticide is a third alternative. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23786]
HEALTH/SAFETY
73-4536
GOETTSCHING, H. Infektionsgefaehrdung durch
haushaltmuell. [House-garbage and bacteria.]
Staedtehygiene, 23(6):141-144, June 1972.
Results of an opinion poll conducted with physi-
cians and of related investigations on the
presence of pathogenic germs in domestic refuse
are reviewed. The health-hazard spectrum of
domestic refuse ranges from insignificant to
epidemic risk according to different experts.
Vectors of leptospirosis, typhus, paratyphus, sal-
monellenteritis, brucellosis, tularemia, hepatitis,
poliomyelitis, tetanus, botulism, tuberculosis,
and trichinosis were detected in refuse, and also
protei, Pseudomonas aureginosa as well as
streptococci and staphylococci were found. Viru-
lences of pathogenic germs such as poliomyelitis
virus, Salmonella, Brucella abortus, Clostridium
tetani, Bacillus anthracis, Spirochaeta ictero-
haemorrhagiae and Ascaridia larvae under natu-
ral conditions and at elevated temperatures in
wastewater, manure, garbage, trash, or soil are
given. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23787]
73-4537
GOETTSCHING, H. Krankheiten durch muell-
vorschlaege zur abhilfe. Illnesses caused by
refuse-corrective proposals.O Staedtehygiene,
(10):230-236,1972.
Many types of disease are transmitted because
of deficiencies in the system of refuse collection
and disposal. Refuse bins and containers which
are used by several householders are often
placed in a corner which is easily accessible to
children, dogs, and other animals. Particularly
dangerous in this connection are medical labora-
tories and institutes which do not remove their
refuse separately, but together with other
-------
29
domestic waste. It is absolutely necessary that
medical and hospital refuse should be removed in
special plastic bags and collected separately.
High-rise buildings should use efficient refuse
disposal devices in order to avoid illnesses
caused by contact with the refuse. Modern
refuse collection vehicles have considerably
reduced the danger of infections during this
phase of refuse removal. The most harmless
method of refuse removal with regard to human
health is incineration. Because of the high tem-
peratures in the incineration furnaces aD
pathogenic germs are absolutely destroyed. The
composting method is dangerous, especially if
refuse and sewage sludge are composted at low
temperatures or without a prerotting process.
Germs may remain alive and can be transferred
when utilizing the compost. The most doubtful
method with regard to the transfer of illnesses is
the dumping of refuse. Pathogenic germs in the
refuse may get into contact with surface water
bodies together with seeping water or may
penetrate together with the rain directly into the
groundwater. Also, when throwing refuse into
gravel pits which are filled with groundwater,
pathogenic germs may get into direct contact
with the groundwater. Since in the Federal
Republic of Germany there is no uniform legisla-
tion with regard to refuse removal, it is absolute-
ly necessary that the present laws and regula-
tions must be concentrated and if necessary cor-
rected in order to guarantee that no illness is
transferred because of insufficient refuse
removal systems. (Text in German)
[23788]
73-4538
HEROLD, W., G. PABST, AND F. SCHOLZ. Sicher-
heitstechnik, Brandschutz und Hygiene in Muell-
verbrennung-sanlagen. [Safety, fire protection
and hygienic conditions in refuse incineration
plants.] Mitteilungen der VGB, 52(6):483-490,
Dec. 1972.
In order to avoid having refuse collection vehi-
cles fall into the refuse bin the emptying plat-
form should be constructed in such a manner
that only a small feeding inlet is left open and the
refuse is emptied onto a slide leading into the in-
terior of the bin. Workers in the bin have to be
secured by a rope, while the workers at crushers
and hammermills must be protected against
chips by means of walls provided with security
glass. Special clothes must be worn by the per-
sonnel cleaning the heating surfaces in order to
protect them against acids. Fires in refuse bins,
which may develop owing to physical or electro-
static processes, should be fought by stationary
fire extinguishing equipment with water or
foam. The hygienic situation in refuse bins is
critical especially because of the development of
dust, the contents of which may rise up to 20 mg
per cm m. The refuse dust contains bacteria or
toxic substances causing serious illnesses. There-
fore, it must be provided that personnel who
work directly in the interior of the refuse bin are
equipped with dust masks and special clothes.
(Text in German)
[23789]
73-4539
MUELLER, G. Hygienische belange bei der vor-
behandlung von klaerschlamm. [Concerns of hy-
giene in the primary treatment of sewage
sludge.] ISWA (International Solid Wastes and
Public Cleansing Association) Information Bul-
letin, (7):22-27, June 1972.
Hygienic aspects of the primary treatment of
sewage sludge are outlined. The presence of
pathogens in sewage constitutes a major concern
in primary treatment. The behavior of the
pathogens in wastewater is influenced by the
type of purification treatment applied and the
specific morphology and physiology of the
germs. Viruses expelled from their host cells, or
in dead host cells, remain in a state of repose and
have no metabolism of their own, while bacteria
are independent and equipped with all the regu-
lating mechanisms and enzyme systems required
for producing their cell substance and for
reproduction. The organic matter contained in
wastewater or in sewage sludge may sustain
such heterotrophic, pathogenic organisms whose
reproduction is, however, hindered by other ex-
ternal factors, such as absence of body tempera-
ture and the presence of protozoa, enzyme
systems, and chemical compounds. The behavior
of pathogens in sewage sludge is also influenced
by differences in its composition and certain
metabolic performances or particularities of
their metabolism (e.g., lipid accumulation, need
-------
30
for animal protein, faculty of attaining per-
manent form, and the ability to exist in anaerobic
medium). It is thus evident that not only do bac-
teria and viruses behave quite differently during
the purification process but also that, depending
on the kind of bacteria, the influence of aerobic
or anaerobic sludge stabilization must be quite
different. This means that observations of one
species can not be generalized for other species,
and that the degree of stabilization or
mineralization cannot be taken as criteria for the
presence or absence of pathogens. Sludge sta-
bilization, whether it be aerobic or anaerobic,
cannot be regarded as a disinfection process. In-
vestigations revealed no decrease in the number
of pathogens in raw sewage for the last few
years, and even increased incidence of hepatitis,
salmonelloses and bovine cysticercosis was
noticed. Pathogens are transmitted in a closed
cycle from an infected human through sewage
sludge used in agriculture back to humans or
animals again. (Text in German)
[23790]
INCINERATION
734540
BARNISKE, L. Muellbeseitigung durch Ver-
brennung. [Waste disposal by incineration.]
Schriftenreihe der Vereins fuer Wasser-, Boden-
undLufthygiene, (38):219-226,1972.
In the Federal Republic Germany (FRG) about
30 large incinerators are presently in operation
burning the waste of 20 percent of the popula-
tion. The heating value of trash in the FRG
ranges between 1,200 and 2,000 kcal per kg on
the average, with the minimum being 800 kcal
per kg and the maximum at 3000 kcal per kg. The
combustion chambers of incinerators are mostly
operated with temperatures between 850 and
1,200 C. The solid residual matter from incinera-
tion amounts to 10 and 16 percent of the initial
volume. The flue gases developing amount to
between 4,000 and 5,000 cu m per ton of trash.
The flue gases carry along 2 to 10 percent of the
charged trash weight in the form of fly ash. Ac-
cording to legal regulations the dust emission by
incinerators may not exceed 250 mg per cu m.
This concentration is reached only with electro-
static precipitators. For the cleaning process in
electrostatic precipitators the flue gases must be
cooled at least to 350 C. In most cases the most
efficient form of flue gas cooling is the use of the
flue gas heat for power production or for heat-
ing. If this is not feasible the combined incinera-
tion of trash and sewage sludge provides an al-
ternative with the liberated heat used for drying
the sludge. No such incinerator is in operation
yet, however, in the FRG. Measurement of the
hydrogen chloride emissions in the vicinity of in-
cinerators in Germany has shown that the max-
imum allowable emission concentration laid
down in the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI)
guidelines has not been exceeded in a single case.
(Text in German)
[23791]
73-4541
BECKERT, P. Bau und Betrieb der Muellver-
brennungsanlage Zuercher Oberland.
[Construction and operation of the incinerator at
Zuercher Oberland.] VGB Kraftwekstechnik,
53(3):139-144,1973.
The new incinerator at Zuercher Oberland, Swit-
zerland, is described. The waste material is
loaded into the charging funnel of the incinerator
by a semiautomatic crane. The refuse storage
bunker has a volume of 2,000 cu m. The refuse is
pushed onto the grate through a water-cooled
shaft in the lower section. The grate has been
designed for a capacity of 5.0 tons per hr and for
heating values ranging from 1,100 to 2,200 kcal.
The gate area available for combustion covers
15.4 sq m. The flue gases are cooled in a Sulzer
radiation boiler with a capacity of producing 12.5
tons per hr of steam. The flue gases leaving the
boiler have a temperature of 230 to 240 C and a
dust concentration of 2.5 to 3.0 g per cu m. They
are cleaned in an electrostatic precipitator to a
residual dust concentration of less than 100 mg
per cu m. The slag is tapped off together with
the ash and the fly ash is collected in the electro-
static precipitator. The grate is a backward stok-
ing grate. Measurements of the dust concentra-
tion in the cleaned gas yielded an amount of 74
mg per cu m. A cost calculation yielded gross
operating costs of 18.70 deutsche marks per ton
of refuse. The gain from the sale of electricity
reduces this cost to 9.35 deutsche marks. In the
-------
31
spring of 1973 a second and third incinerator
boiler unit will be put into operation. Each unit
will have a throughput of 150 tons per day. (Text
in German)
[23792]
73-4542
CIAFFONE, C. P., C. A. RICHMOND, AND A. W.
GRAHAM, JR. System and process for conveyance
and incineration of waste material. Canadian
Patent 919,510. Issued Jan. 23,1973.
This is a closed system for conveying sewage
sludge from filters and incinerating it. This
system is efficient, sanitary, and odorless. A
pneumatic ejector is used in conjunction with a
receiving means, a discharge pipe, and an in-
cinerator. This provides a means for collecting
the waste and subjecting it to sufficient air pres-
sure so as to convey it to the incinerator. The
manual operation is limited to one loading and
unloading step. By keeping the line sealed in
transferring the waste up to a high level and into
the incinerator, movement, transfer, and
discharge of the waste is accomplished. The use
of a flared adapter as the connection between
the discharge pipe and the incinerator serves to
spread the charge as it enters the incinerator.
The closed system also allows the operation to be
performed sanitarily and confines the odor
which is inherent in handling such waste. The air
pressure in the system ranges from 5 to 100 Ib
per sq in.
[23793]
73-4543
COLLEY, D. G., C. A. SNYDER, AND R. M.
LELIAERT. Dust collector. Canadian Patent
924,247 owned by the Wheelabrator Corporation,
South Bend, Indiana. Issued Apr. 10,1973.
This device is an apparatus for removal of solids
from gaseous medium by the use of a filter sur-
face in the form of filter tubes from which the
filter cake is removed by a reverse burst of high
pressure gas without stopping filter flow and in
which the gaseous medium with suspended
solids is baffled for introduction into the filter
section in a manner not to interfere with the
disposal of the removed filter cake and to
enhance solids separation.
[23794]
73-4544
CROSS, F. L., JR. Agricultural waste disposal by
incineration. In Handbook on incineration.
Guide to theory, design, operation, and main-
tenance. Westport, Connecticut, Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 53-54.
Of the 2,280 million tons of solid waste produced
in the United States in 1968 about half was
agricultural wastes. HistoricaDy, .most of this
waste has been returned to the land, but the in-
dustrialization of agriculture has rendered this
traditional solution economically unsound. A
large portion of this type of waste is crop
residue. If this residue has been generated at a
plant, it can be burned to provide heat or power.
Incineration of agricultural waste is a field in
which very little has been done. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23795]
73-4545
CROSS, F. L., JR. Costs of incineration. In
Handbook on incineration. Guide to theory,
design, operation, and maintenance. Westport,
Connecticut, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.,
1972. p. 48-49.
Costs of incineration depend on the equipment
and the system used. Installation costs vary
from about $13 per Ib per hr of capacity for com-
mercial incineration installations to $20,000 per
ton of installed capacity for municipal incinera-
tors. To upgrade such large units costs around
$12,000 per ton of daily capacity. A table is
presented which gives the relative costs of the
different types of unitsO commercial, municipal,
pit, auto body, conical, pathological, sludge, and
apartment house. Costs are given in each of four
subcategoriesO capital costs, installation, main-
tenance, and operating. Another chart shows
that incinerator and scrubber costs are not
directly proportional; at a capacity of around 630
Ib per hr incinerator costs begin to rise much
more abruptly while scrubber costs begin to
level off. Approximate costs for control equip-
ment that would be applicable to incinerators are
presented on a dollar per actual cu ft of gas han-
dled basis. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23796]
-------
32
73-4546
CROSS, F. L., JR. Determining emissions from
incinerators by sources testing. In Handbook on
incineration. Guide to theory, design, operation,
and maintenance. Westport, Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 43-47.
The trend in State capitals is to set air pollution
standards by the 'State of the Art' technique,
which means that as soon as any industry utiliz-
ing a specific process reaches a new lower emis-
sion level, all new plants of that type are
required to meet the new standard. The most
exact and desirable method for determination of
atmospheric emissions is source testing. How-
ever, this is also the most difficult and expensive
method. The most common applications of source
testing data are evaluation of a plant for com-
pliance with air pollution control regulations and
in design of air pollution control equipment.
Emission standards for industries are being
adopted by the Environmental Protection Agen-
cy (EPA), and this agency has recently issued
new test procedures for stack emissions. The ad-
vantages of the EPA system are that it presents
a single national source testing procedure, util-
izes available test equipment, established more
uniform flow control conditions in the sampling
train, and it improves isokinetic sampling. Dia-
grams are presented that show both the Amer-
ican Society of Mechanical Engineers and the
EPA sampling trains. Isokinetic sampling is one
of the most controversial functions of emission
monitoring; definition of particulate matter is
another thorny point. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23797]
73-4547
CROSS, F. L., JR. Future trends in incineration.
In Handbook on incineration. Guide to theory,
design, operation, and maintenance. Westport,
Connecticut, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.,
1972. p. 55-57.
The Environmer tal Protection Agency projects
that by 1977 the amount of solid waste generated
in the United States will increase to 13.7 Ib per
day per capita. That incineration will be called
upon to reduce the volume of all this refuse is in-
evitable. Ocean disposal is coming under increas-
ing regulation, composting seems uneconomical,
and the markets for recycled materials are not
sufficiently great to make resource recovery for
most refuse pay. It is the projection of this
author that the current sanitary landfill boom
will peak around 1975, after which time the need
for energy and the scarcity of suitable land near
population centers will encourage incineration.
Large municipal incinerators with waste heat
recovery equipment will replace smaller com-
mercial and onsite units, and many industrial
wastes will also be incinerated, either because of
new disposal laws or in order to recover some
valuable metal. A list of experimental slagging
or waste heat incinerator systems is given.
Charts present the projections for disposal
systems until 1980. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23798]
73-4548
CROSS, F. L., JR. Handbook on incineration.
Guide to theory, design, operation, and main-
tenance. Westport, Connecticut, Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1972.64 p.
This handbook on incineration describes in-
cineration as a method of volume reduction and
points out that some ultimate disposal method is
needed for the residue. Incinerator classification
is given, along with descriptions of the classic
types of units and basic elements of design. Spe-
cial types of incinerators such as conical burners,
open pit, starved air, and pathological incinera-
tors are also covered. Air pollution control, in-
cinerator costs, maintenance, resource recovery,
and future trends are discussed in subsequent
chapters. A bibliography is provided, as well as
appendices showing available films on solid
waste management, quantities of refuse ex-
pected from various types of establishments, and
refuse classification schemes, and a short glossa-
ry defining terms in the solid waste and incinera-
tor fields. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23799]
-------
33
73-4549
CROSS, F. L., JR. Incineration of industrial
wastes. In Handbook on incineration. Guide to
theory, design, operation, and maintenance.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 26-32.
This section of the document discusses the vari-
ous types of incinerators especially well suited to
the disposal of industrial wastes, a class of
materials that may be very heterogenous. Slur-
ries, sludges, and other liquid/solid mixtures can
be fired into multiple hearth, fluidized bed, or
wet air oxidation units. Plastics, tars, and sticky
or viscous wastes burn in rotary kiln incinera-
tors. Liquid waste incinerators are usually quite
simple in design and construction, the basic prin-
ciple being the atomization of the waste. Con-
taminants in the waste such as chlorine require
air pollution control equipment tailored to the
specific waste and type of incinerator. Open pit
incinerators will burn wood wastes and other
low-ash high heat materials, but particulate
discharges from these installations are often
troublesome. For limited amounts of various
types of wastes it is frequently necessary to
have several different incinerators, each fairly
small. A table of the characteristics of small
capacity systems is given. There is also a rating
chart to aid management in deciding what type
of incinerator is best for the particular waste
each plant has to deal with. A systems approach
should be used to maximize the efficiency of
waste handling, permit resource recovery, and
minimize the waste at the source. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23800]
73-4550
CROSS, F. L., JR. Methods of air pollution con-
trol. In Handbook on incineration. Guide to
theory, design, operation, and maintenance.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 33-39.
The emissions associated with incinerators are
smoke, odor, and particulates. Control over
smoke and odor can be accomplished by good
design and operation of the unit, especially tem-
perature control. To control particulates, control
equipment must be added to the incinerator. An
incinerator environmental rating chart is shown
to compare the impact of various types of in-
cinerators on the environment. Up to now, most
incinerators, especially the smaller ones, have
been equipped with only low energy control
devices such as expansion chambers or baffled
spray chambers. As pollution standards become
more strict, high energy units are needed; these
include electrostatic precipitators and high ener-
gy scrubbers, such as Venturi scrubbers. Regu-
latory officials are becoming more intolerant of
the less obvious types of pollutants, like metals,
organic acids, and chlorides. These are not
removed by electrostatic precipitators.
Scrubbing systems will remove them, although
in some cases an absorbent such as caustic must
be used to extract the gasses. A chart relating
the control devices that may be applicable to
each incinerator type for the reduction of visible
emissions, odor, and particulates is presented.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23801]
73-4551
CROSS, F. L., JR. Operation and maintenance of
commercial sized units. In Handbook on in-
cineration. Guide to theory, design, operation,
and maintenance. Westport, Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 23-25.
Although large incinerators are usually operated
by unionized operators with special training and
job descriptions, this is very rarely the cost with
smaller onsite units. Janitors and other person-
nel running these small incinerators are
frequently completely ignorant of the basic prin-
ciples of incineration and the routine main-
tenance needed to control burning and air pollu-
tion. Only New York City has programs of train-
ing and licensing operators; this system should
be widely copied. The items in incinerator opera-
tion that are controlled by the operator are burn-
ing rate, draft, auxiliary burner, and air pollution
control equipment. The burning rate is depen-
dent upon a constant feed and maintaining a
uniform type of fuel entering the unit. The draft
is regulated by the barometric damper and by
the individual overfire and underfire air adjust-
ments above and below the grates in the primary
combustion chamber. Temperature in the in-
-------
34
cinerator is regulated by the waste feed and by
the auxiliary burner. Air pollution control equip-
ment will require special operator training. Sug-
gestions are made as to how to improve com-
bustion efficiency, reduce corrosion, extend
refractory life, and reduce emissions. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23802]
734552
CROSS, F. L., JR. Resource recovery through in-
cineration. In Handbook on incineration. Guide
to theory, design, operation, and maintenance.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 50-52.
Current thinking in the incineration community
today is that the most satisfactory solution to the
resource recovery dilemma is to devise a system
which will combine resource recovery from com-
ponents of refuse as well as energy recovery by
means of waste heat utilization for heating or
power generation. The typical incinerator in such
a layout will have a front-end system for upgrad-
ing the refuse and making it uniform in size and
quality. The metal and glass can be removed at
this point or can be reclaimed from the residue
after burning. The remaining residue can be
used as an aggregate for construction. The Bu-
reau of Mines has a plant to reclaim values from
incinerator residue at College Park, Maryland.
The debate over whether metal and glass should
be left in to aerate the burning mass or removed
before charging continues. Contamination of
both metal and glass result from incineration,
but there are also damages to the incinerator it-
self. If the residue must be landfilled, the cost of
this disposal will lower the economic desirability
of this system. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23803]
73-4553
CROSS, F. L., JR. Special use incinerators. In
Handbook on incineration. Guide to theory,
design, operation, and maintenance. Westport,
Connecticut, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.,
1972. p. 14-22.
Four types of special use incinerators are
discussed in this chapterO conical burners, open
pit, fluidized bed, auto body incinerators,
pathological units, starved air, flue fed, and
apartment house units. The conical burner is
very cheap and simple to build and operate, but
is not suitable for refuse. Originally designed for
disposal or of sawdust and wood wastes, it burns
refuse incompletely and with a great deal of air
pollution. To control emissions on such a unit
costs more than the incinerator itself. The open
pit incinerator was developed by Du Pont to
burn high density/low ash materials, such as
wood waste. The process is a batch one, and air
pollution potential necessitates a buffer zone
around the installation to prevent particulate
matter from falling on neighboring areas.
Although this unit has been used to handle
refuse, it is not usually used for this purpose and
is probably not particularly suitable for this type
of waste. Pathological incinerators are used to
oxidize organic materials at clinics, hospitals, and
SPCA's. Because these wastes have such a high
water content, a drying grate and secondary
chamber are essential. Auto body incinerators
are being replaced to a large extent by
shredders, but incinerators, in conjunction with
or in place of shredders, are often feasible for a
regional auto disposal plan. Modification costs
for apartment incinerators to control air pollu-
tion are estimated. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23804]
73-4554
CROSS, F. L., JR. Trends in air pollution regula-
tions. In Handbook on incineration. Guide to
theory, design, operation, and maintenance.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 40-42.
The principle areas of regulatory activity with
regard to air pollution from incinerators are
smoke or visible emissions, odor, and particu-
lates. Standards in all three areas are becoming
more stringent. A typical example of this
downward trend is in particulate emissions, in
which the EPA passed a standard of 0.08 grains
per cu ft for incinerators. This can be compared
to the 1949 standard set by the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers of 0.85 Ib of particu-
lates per 1,000 Ib of flue gas,'which is approxi-
mately equivalent to 6.41 grains per at standard
-------
35
cu ft. Permissible visible emission levels are also
being lowered; a number of States have now
passed a No. 1 Ringlemann limit, and 0 visible
emissions limits are anticipated for the near fu-
ture. Soon the Ringlemann Chart will be aban-
doned for the opacity rating for both white and
black plumes; 20 percent opacity will probably be
the permissible level for incinerator stacks. (This
document is retained in the sWIRS library.)
[23805]
734555
DARNSTAEDT, T. Staedteportraet: Frankfurt.
Notfalls 'ein taschentuch vor den mund.' [The
city portrait: Frankfurt. 'In emergencies a hand-
kerchief around the mouth'.] Umwelt, 3(2):32-34,
1973.
Although Frankfurt is plagued by air pollution
and water pollution it has solved the trash
disposal problem. The city's trash is burned in a
large incinerator. The heat produced by this
process is used for heating the entire northwest
area of the city. The only emission source in this
area is the stack 110 m high rising from the in-
cinerator. The former dump site of the city was
turned into a recreation area. It still gives off
polluting substances into the groundwater. (Text
in German)
[23806]
73-4556
EMU, 0. Purashineta-Morinaga purasuchikku
senyo shokyakuro. M. 0. Placinator-
Morinaga—plastic incinerator.O Kotai Haibutsu,
(8):134-135, Dec. 1972.
The M. 0. Placinator features a newly developed
air-blowing system by which black smoke and of-
fensive odors can be completely removed, a com-
bined performance of the water-cooled wall
structure and the natural convection of hot air, a
simple and compact small structure having a
total weight of 1 ton and a set-up area of only 2
sq m. The waste hot water can be easily used,
and the unit has a very inexpensive cost of in-
stallation. This Placinator is suitable for plastic
product makers, rubber product processors,
schools, hospitals, hotels, and others who create a
great quantity of plastic and rubber wastes. The
required area for the installation of the furnace
is only 1 by 2 m for type 10 and type 20. The
method of combustion is a forced air system, and
the available burning capacity is 10 to 15 kg per
hr for type 10 and 20 to 25 kg per hr for type 20.
The hot water supplying capacity is 430 liters
per hr for 90 C temperature hot water, and 624
liters per hr for the 80 C temperature hot water.
(Text in Japanese)
[23807]
73-4557
ENKE, C. Korrosionsschaeden und ihre Ver-
huetung. [Corrosion damages and their preven-
tion.] Wasser Luft und Betrieb, 17(3):82-85,1973.
One of the most problematic and corrosion-prone
air polluters is the incinerator. As soon as com-
bustion takes place in a reducing atmosphere,
hydrogen sulfide is formed apart from carbon
monoxide if sulfur-containing material is burned.
Even in an oxidizing atmosphere corrosion can-
not be avoided because sulfur dioxide and sulfur
trioxide are formed, the latter mainly in the
presence of of excess air. In incinerators an ideal
conduction of the combustion process is not
feasible because of the varying composition of
refuse material. However, through the operation
with excess air plus continuous monitoring of the
oxygen concentration and of the gaseous pollu-
tants such as sulfur trioxide, hydrogen chloride,
and nitrogen dioxide, less corroding combustion
can be achieved. Corrosion problems occur also
in electrostatic precipitators used for dust collec-
tion in industrial off-gases. Such gases
frequently contain up to 50 percent water vapor
by volume. The walls of the precipitator can be
efficiently protected against this corrosion by
avoidance of undercooling. Any protection of the
walls of electrostatic precipitators installed be-
hind modern steam generators where the flue
gas has a temperature of 145 C remains difficult.
In this case corrosion is unavoidable with the
present state-of-the-art. (Text in German)
[23808]
73-4558
Fudojirushi taika seihinO beikoku J-M-sha no
gijutsu teikei ni yoru. [Fudo refractory
productsO by arrangement with J-M in the U.S.]
Kotai Haibutsu, (18):106-107, Dec. 1972.
-------
36
The Fudo acid-proof castable products, STR-120,
STR-100, and STR-80, as an internal lining
material for the incinerators and their fire flue
and the desulfurization equipment requiring an
acid resistance, and the plastic high-ALS as a lin-
ing material for the alkaline waste liquid in-
cinerator are introduced. The acid-proof castable
product, composed of the burnt agalmatolite, sil-
icate powder, artificial light aggregate, pow-
dered sodium silicate as a binder, and a curing
agent and a plasticizer, has a strong corrosive re-
sistance against the acid gases such as sulfuric
acid gas, sulfuric acid and chlorine gases, and the
acid liquids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric
acid, and nitric acid, and has a heat resistance up
to 800 to 1,200 C together with a relatively stable
high strength after being heated. The setting
time of this product in construction work is 2 to 4
hr for the first setting, and for the final setting is
24 to 48 hr, thus developing the prescribed
strength in an early stage. The compressive
strength is 130 to 300 kg per sq cm at 110 C and
200 to 240 kg per sq cm at 1,000 C for the spray
work. The bending strength is 45 to 90 kg per sq
cm under the same condition, and the thermal
conductivity is 0.42 to 0.65 kcal per mhr C at 250
C. (Text in Japanese)
[23810]
734559
Furukawa no odei kanso shokyaku sochi,
shokyakuro-yo denki shujin sochi. [Furukawa
type drying and incinerating equipment for
sludge, and electric dust collection equipment for
incinerators.] Kotai Haibutsu, (8):112-113, Dec.
1972.
This is a type of drying and incinerating equip-
ment for sludges, such as for sewage sludge,
water-containing organic matter, waste oil-con-
taining sludge, and factory wastes. It is provided
with an air-current drying having a drying
capacity of 80 tons per hr, a rotary fire grate as
the main burning means, a kiln as the secondary
burning means, a wet type dust collector and
deodorizing equipment. The sludge is fed to a
mill, then sent into a drying tube where it is
dried using hot air from the incinerator. It is,
then, completely burned out in the main com-
bustion chamber and the secondary combustion
chamber. The unique feature of the equipment is
that the two burners of the incinerator achieve
rapid drying and combustion with a good effi-
ciency. The great coefficient of the heat capacity
of the air-current dryer makes the scale of the
equipment smaller. Different kinds of wastes
having different combustion rates can be regu-
lated to a constant rate, thus raising the efficien-
cy of combustion. The equipment has the three
available types, I, II, and III. Of these, type I has
a disposal capacity of 1 to 5 tons per hr, the type
110 1 to 7 tons per hr, and the type IIIO two
capacities, 1 ton per hr and 3 tons per hr. (Text in
Japanese)
[23811]
73-4560
IWAI, S., AND H. HARUYAMA. Purasuchikku
haiMbutsu to toshi gomi shokyakuro no mon-
daiten to taisaku. [Problems and countermea-
sures for a combined plastic waste and city
waste incinerator.] PPM, 4(1):21-30, Jan. 1973.
It is estimated by the two writers that out of the
11,000 tons a day of plastic waste produced, 8,000
are mixed with city wastes. The repair costs of
incinerators have been climbing since 1968, when
the percentage weight of plastic wastes was 5 to
8 percent, because the present type of incinera-
tor is not suitable for burning plastics. It is com-
paratively simple to deal with hydrogen chloride
and to eliminate nitrogen oxides. Separate collec-
tion of plastic wastes would increase collection
costs which, even now, are rising 6 to 12 percent
every year. Technical problems in incinerating
plastics are: plastics get melted and cause a high
temperature flame, both of which damage the in-
cinerator; there is corrosion of the incinerator
due to acidic gas generated when polyvinyl
chloride and similar plastics are burned; there is
very much smoke; and problems arise from
heavy metals in paints and plasticizers. A new
type of stoker was developed and tests were
made at a pilot incinerator with 2.63 cu m capaci-
ty, with mixed wastes. With an efficient stoker,
draft around the incinerator floor was good, in-
creasing its capacity (sometimes reaching 480
kg) and temperature sometimes exceeded 1,200
C. However, soot and dust were emitted because
the flame frequently got in contact with the wall
which was not sufficiently heated. If exposed
metal parts are maintained at 40 to 120 C, there
-------
37
is no corrosion due to hydrogen chloride. If the
waste gas temperature is reduced to less than
100 C, a rubber lining or plastic coating can be
used to prevent corrosion. For elimination of fly
ash, an electric dust collector is better than a
Venturi scrubber. (Text in Japanese)
[23809]
73-4561
KOTTMANN, E. Erfahrungen beim Betrieb von
Abfallverbrennungsanlagen mittlerer Groesse.
[Experience with the operation of medium size
incinerators.] Luftverunreinigung, 36-37, Dec.
1972.
Medium-sized incinerators have throughput
capacities up to 1,500 kg per hr. They are used
for burning waste in department stores,
hospitals, and apartment houses. Dust concen-
tration measurements taken in these incinera-
tors have revealed that the limit value of 150 to
200 mg dust per cu m (referred to 7 percent car-
bon dioxide, 0 C and 760 torr) set by the Techni-
cal Directives for the Maintenance of Clean Air
is in most cases exceeded. Although a com-
bustion temperature of 800 C is reached the
gases do not remain long enough in the after-
burning zone because it is not large enough in
most cases. For dust cleaning of these gases cen-
trifugal separators in the form of simple
cyclones or multiklones are used exclusively.
These collectors have a low collection efficiency
for fine dust. The incomplete combustion plus
the unsatisfactory dust removal has in many
cases led to an abandoning of incineration in
favor of dumping. The problem could be solved
by installation of more expensive equipment
such as electrostatic precipitators or by the joint
operation of a large incinerator by several medi-
um-size enterprises. (Text in German)
[23812]
734562
LARUE, P. G. Smokeless and odorless domestic
incinerators. Canadian Patent 924,189 owned by
Calculator Corporation, Bay City, Michigan. Is-
sued Apr. 10,1973.
The invention described related to incinerators
for burning various kinds of combustible refuse,
trash, and garbage. In particular, an incinerator
is described which is designed to return off-
gasses or byproducts from primary combustion
in a separate chamber (more commonly known as
the secondary chamber), where these off-gasses
or byproducts of primary combustion are led into
an atmosphere of temperatures exceeding 1,000
F. They are intermixed with oxygen or passed
through a flame commonly known as an after-
burner at a predetermined air flow rate so that
the gasses are reburned. Since they belong to the
hydrogen family, they are reduced to their
lowest forms, namely, carbon dioxide and water.
[23813]
73-4563
LEUSCHER, K. H. Massnahmen zur vermeidung
von rohrabzehrungen in muellkesseln. [Measures
for avoiding corrosion in incinerators.] VGB
Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(2):87-93, 1973.
Pipes in incinerators are subject to corrosion and
erosion. Corrosion is the chemical attack of flue
gases on the pipes at higher temperatures (low-
temperature corrosion is not considered). Such
corrosion occurs in incinerators primarily in the
combustion chamber and in the first flue. The
evaporator, superheater, or intermediate super-
heater with wall temperatures between 350 and
550 C are mostly affected. After termination of
several years of research it can be said that all
corrosion on pipes of incinerators burning
domestic refuse are due to reactions with
chlorine compounds. Erosion is caused by the ash
components in flue gases. Erosion occurs in-
creasingly after points of deflection of the flue
gas and at points of high flue gas speed. Preven-
tive measures against corrosion and erosion
start with the design of incinerators. A suffi-
ciently large design is important to avoid over-
loading of the combustion chamber which leads
to a lack of air. Homogenizing of the refuse and
smoother supply of the waste into the com-
bustion chamber are also important preventive
measures. The secondary air has an important
influence on the prevention of corrosion. The ox-
ygen concentration of the flue gases shall drop
below 8 to 9 percent. The incinerator Munich
North has been in operation for 32,500 hr and
burned 870,000 tons of waste. Apart from ero-
sion-corrosion caused by the soot blower no
damages have yet occurred which proves that in-
-------
38
cinerators can be operated without major pipe
damages. (Text in German)
[23815]
73-4564
LINDERMAIER, H. 3,2 MW dampfturbosatz mit
kondensationsanlage 'System Heller* der muell-
verbrennungsanlage 1 in Wien. [3.2 MW steam
turbine system with condensation plant 'System
Heller* of the refuse incineration plant 1 in Vien-
na.] Brmnstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 24(12):445-447,
Dec. 1972.
The city of Vienna decided to install in the mu-
nicipal refuse incineration plant a condensation
steam turbine system which transforms the
steam into electrical energy. About 25 percent of
the generated power is used for the refuse in-
cineration plant itself, while 75 percent is sent to
the public power supply system. Three incinera-
tion furnaces are equipped with one boiler each,
having a refuse demand of 8,000 kg per hr each.
The three boilers feed a turbine which drives a
rotary current synchronized generator. The
waste steam from the turbine is led into a con-
denser where it is mixed with a cooling conden-
sate. This mixture is divided into one stream of
cooling condensate and one of boiler water. The
cooling condensate is pumped through the cool-
ing elements in the dry cooling tower, where it is
cooled back and fed again into the mixing con-
denser. The condensation cycle is completely
closed so that water and condensation losses are
avoided. The boiler water is pumped from the
condensate line into containers from where it is
fed through a preheater into the boiler again.
The cooling tower consists of 12 cooling columns
two of them forming a cooling delta each. The
cooling elements consist of small rib heat
exchangers. The cooling capacity is controlled by
changing the quantity of cooling air by means of
flaps in the side walls of the tower. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23814]
73-4565
MK-shiki enkei kikaika bacchi shokyakuro
(Tokkyo). [MK-type rotary automatic batch in-
cinerator.] Kotai Haibutsu, (8):126-129, Dec.
1972.
This incinerator has a cylindrical structure which
is excellent with respect to structural durability,
combustion efficient, and the maximum utiliza-
tion of radiant heat. Especially, in this incinera-
tor suitable for the sewage sludge, or similar
ones, the flame can smoothly circle along the
round walls and the reflected heat can be effec-
tively concentrated on the center of the furnace,
and therefore wastes can be burned out con-
stantly and efficiently throughout the furnace.
The incinerator also has an independent drying
room for the wastes of a high-water content. The
wastes charged from the charging hopper are
first sent to the drying room where they are
forcibly dried with a 600 to 800 C temperature of
combustion gas from the furnace, and sub-
sequently the dried wastes are dropped into the
furnace in a fixed quantity so that the tempera-
ture of the furnace will be kept constant. The
wastes then are burned out inside the furnace
with a hot air from the hot air-generating equip-
ment while being stirred. The disposing capacity
of this type incinerator is made available in 50 to
60 tons per day. (Text in Japanese)
[23816]
73-4566
Mobiler verbrennungsofen fuer die hausmuel-
labfuhr. [Mobile incineration furnace for
domestic refuse removal.] U-das technische Um-
weltmagazin, (1):53,1973.
A mobile incineration furnace for the incinera-
tion of domestic refuse has been developed
working automatically so that no skilled person-
nel is required and the furnace can be operated
by the refuse collection workers. The furnace
consists of a feeding system, a rotary furnace, an
ash container and a ventilation system. The
dimensions of the furnace are laid out in a
manner that it can also be driven on the roads.
(Text in German)
[23817]
73-4567
Moyasuta shokyakuro. [Moyaster incinerator.]
Kotai Haibutsu, (8):120-133, Dec. 1972.
This line of incinerator has the three models, the
incinerator for animal wastes, the MH-type in-
cinerator for chemical wastes, the patented
-------
39
recombustion furnace, and special incinerators.
Generally, the Moyaster incinerator features the
use of a special refractory most suitable for
every waste, the structure in which fire-proof
and heat insulating bricks are used in the outside
of the special refractory to prevent the escape of
heat and to enhance its safety and durability,
with steel panels covering the inside bricks. The
incinerator for animal wastes is typical among
others which is characterized by the complete
removal of smoke and odors, as well as the
complete combustion of wastes by a special post-
combustion system. The efficiency of the
removal of smoke and odors is more than 99.5
percent in case of this incinerator. To complete
the combustion of waste, jet burners, as an
assistant means for combustion, are provided,
along with plural nozzles, in the combustion
room, which permits the flame to go into the in-
side of wastes and facilitates an instant rise of
the temperature inside the furance. (Text in
Japanese)
[23818]
73-4568
Muelldraftwerk stellinger moor. [Power
generating plant on refuse basis at Hamburg.]
Elektrizitaetsmrtschaft, 72(4):103,1973.
A new refuse incineration plant with a
throughput of 260,000 tons of refuse annually
has been taken into operation at Hamburg. It
consists of two refuse boilers and furnishes the
steam for two turbines fo 16 megawatt providing
for power supply. The waste steam from the tur-
bines is condensed in an air condenser. (Text in
German)
[23820]
73-4569
Muellkraftwerk stellinger moor arbeitet.
[Power generating plant on refuse basis starts
operation.] Etiergie, 25(2) :53, Feb. 1973.
A new refuse incineration plant with a
throughput of 260,000 tons of refuse annually
has been put into operation at Hamburg. It con-
sists of two refuse boilers and furnishes the
steam for two 16 megawatt turbines providing
for power supply. The waste steam from the tur-
bines condenses in an air condenser. (Text in
German)
[23819]
73-4570
NITTETSU, K. Sangyo haikibutsu shokyakuro
sochi. [Incinerating facilities for industrial
wastes.] KotaiHaibutsu, (8):102-103, Dec. 1972.
This incinerator is provided with a voltax burner
which creates a circling air flow for complete
combustion of industrial wastes, additionally in-
volving a mechanism which performs a mechani-
cal stirring process in cases where solid wastes
are subject to burning. The voltax burner has a
structure which makes a circling flow of the air
in the combustion room and sprays a fuel into the
air flow. Due to a complete mixture of fuel and
air it brings a high rate of generating heat, 9 mil-
lion kcal per cu m per hr. In the voltax burner, 90
percent of the combustion is completed inside
the burner and the length of flame is 450 to 600
mm, so that no more combustion room is
required. For example, the cylindrical side long
type incinerator for plastic wastes, in which air is
blown in a tangential direction, can burn out a 20
to 70 percent mixture of polyethylene and
poly vinyl chloride, each of which is crushed to 5
to 7 mm size beforehand, at a supply rate of 15 to
25 kg per hr, an air flow rate of 12, a furnace
temperature of 1,250 C, and a combustion load
capacity of 1.8 million kcal per cu m per hr. In
this case, charged wastes stacked up on the bot-
tom of the furnace are soon heated, melted,
decomposed, evaporized, and burned in a very
short time. This furnace also can burn out the
sulfuric acid sludge incapable of predrying. (Text
in Japanese)
[23821]
73-4571
Oesterreichische Alpine Montangesellschaft.
Muellveraschungsanlagen; ein beitrag zum um-
weltschutz. [Refuse incineration plant; a con-
tribution to environmental protection.] Vienna,
Austria, Mar. 1972. [8 p.]
The brochure describes the design and working
principle of the 'Model Zeltweg" prototype in-
cinerator plant of the Alpine Montan-
gesellschaft. It is used for incineration of mu-
nicipal refuse, which may also include some in-
dustrial refuse. Its capacity is about 7 cu m or 2
-------
40
tons per hr, which means that in single shift
operation the incinerator can cope with refuse
generated by a town of about 20,000 inhabitants.
From the arriving trucks, the refuse is dumped
into a receiving bunker, from whence it is trans-
ferred by a grab crane into a hopper which feeds
it into a horizontally disposed, slightly inclined
rotary kiln 1.9 m in diameter and 9 m long. There,
due to continuous rotation of the burning refuse,
thorough incineration takes place, so that only
clinker, ash, and hot fumes emerge from the exit
side of the kiln. The flue gases are completely
burned in an adjoining combustion chamber.
Prior to release into the atmosphere, the flue
gases pass through an electrostatic precipitator
for removal of suspended dust. The solid
residues, on leaving the kiln, drop into a water
tank From there they are conveyed mechani-
cally to the outside, provisionally dumped, and
subsequently transferred to proper dumping or
landfill sites. It is claimed that this sytem practi-
cally eliminates any of the air or water pollution
inherent with conventional incinerators. (Text in
German) (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23822]
73-4572
PLIBRICO JAPAN Co., LTD., TOKYO (JAPAN). PM-
gata kobunshi haikibutsu shokyakuro. [PM-type
high polymer waste incinerator.] Kotai Haibut-
su, (8):104-105, Dec. 1972.
This incinerator is the one specializing in plastic
wastes in which the Plibrico indefinite-type
refractory material is employed as a seamless
wall having an excellent durability against the
corrosive gases peculiar to plastics and high tem-
perature. The furnace structure consists of the
first combustion room, the matrix block, and the
second combustion room. The first combustion
room controls the combustion of wastes and
completely converts combustibles to gas, and the
gas from this furnace is sent through the matrix
block, which is the heart of the incinerator con-
necting the first combustion room with the
second combustion room, to the second com-
bustion room where black smoke, offensive
odors, etc., are completely removed. A complete-
ly confined state is maintained for a high tem-
perature, and a bad odor peculiar to plasics is
also removed. The structure of the furnace is
simplified, in addition to the use of the excellent
and special refractory material, so that any place
tending to cause trouble will be eliminated, and
with the furnace, plastic wastes can also be
burned in the same way as common wastes. The
available capacity of burning wastes covers
several types ranging from 15 to 30 kg per hr, 30
to 50,50 to 75,75 to 100,100 to 140, and even over
150 kg per hr. (Text in Japanese)
[23823]
73-4573
POETSCHKE, H. Entstaubung und Ver-
brennung. [Dust collection and combustion.]
Wasser, Luft und Betrieb, 17(3):86-91,1973.
All measures against air pollution require
knowledge of the actual pollutant concentration
of the atmosphere which necessitates a number
of different measurement units. Gas chromatog-
raphy plays an important role in air monitoring.
In the United States it is considered the only
useful method for the measurement of hydrocar-
bons in the ambient air. A unit operating with
gas chromatography has been brought onto the
West German market. With it carbon monoxide,
methane and the total hydrocarbon concentra-
tion can be determined. Four, six or 12 fully au-
tomatic analyses can be performed per hr. For
measurement of the dust concentration indoors
and outdoors the konimeter is used. For emission
monitoring in a thermal power plant a sampling
probe is installed in the stack. The sampling
probe is made of special material which does not
absorb sulfur dioxide. In the probe head a dust
filter is installed. Via a second fine dust filter the
gas is pumped to the analyzers (infrared
analyzer for sulfur dioxide). For dust removal
the electrostatic precipitator and cloth filter are
widely used. A review of their operating princi-
ple is given. For a new steel manufacturing plant
with oxygen lancing converter a wet electro-
static precipitator with water circulation was
selected. Another steel manufacturer in West
Germany has developed a new method for
disposal of its solid waste products by compost-
ing to avoid the emissions from incineration. The
solid waste material is mixed with sludge from
water purification and homogenized in a rotating
drum with simultaneous biological decomposi-
-------
41
tion. A novel underpressure drum ventilation
helps jto accelerate the decomposition process.
(Text in German)
[23824]
73-4574
POHLE, R. Betriebserfahrungen mit der Muell-
verbrennungsanlage der Stadt Nuernberg.
[Operating experiences with the incinerator of
the city of Nuremberg.] VGB Kraftwerk-
stechnik, 53(2):93-99,1973.
The experiences gained with the incinerator in
Nuremberg during the first 3 years of its opera-
tion are discussed. In order to keep corrosion at
the heating surfaces and the electrostatic
precipitator at a minimum the incinerator is
operated 24 hr a day 7 days a week. Incrusta-
tions on the walls of the chamber occurred very
soon. Water jets directed parallel to the walls
prevented any further incrustations. Extensive
measurements of the flue gas composition in the
combustion chamber revealed that without
secondary air supply carbon monoxide values of
more than 0.5 percent occurred locally. The total
oxygen concentration was then below about 5
percent. With secondary air injection (about
10,000 cu m per hr) the peak carbon monoxide
concentrations dropped in number and mag-
nitude. Through lateral injection the carbon
monoxide peak concentrations could not entirely
be avoided. It is very likely, however, than an ad-
ditional frontal injection of secondary air would
bring an improvement. The largest carbon
monoxide concentrations were measured at
those points where corrosions were noticed.
Minor disturbances occurred during the charg-
ing process through blocking bulky parts and at
the slag tap-off through larger iron parts. In the
electrostatic dust precipitators dust bridges
formed and the screw conveyor for the dust tap-
off from the electrostatic precipitators had to be
replaced. The specific operating costs for 1971
amounted to 19.58 deutsche marks per ton of
waste. (Text in German)
[23825]
73-4575
RASCH, R. Alles wird wieder zu Staub.
[Everything returns to dust] Umwelt, 3(1):49-
53,1973.
A comparison of the available solid waste
disposal methods (sanitary landfill, composting,
and incineration) shows that a controlled volume
reduction within 1 to 2 hr is only feasible with in-
cineration. In the sanitary landfill decomposition
processes are most difficult to control. It is
granted that complete combustion is difficult to
achieve in small incinerators. Therefore they
should not be allowed in residential areas. In
large incinerators a complete combustion is
achieved by uniform charging, continuous opera-
tion, and high combustion chamber temperature.
Analyses in the large incinerator in Duesseldorf
revealed that the amount of volatile organic
acids in the waste gases were near the lower de-
tection limit. Of the 4 million tons of sulfur diox-
ide emitted per year in the Federal Republic of
Germany, 12,000 tons come from incinerators.
They also emit each year 5,000 tons of mitrogen
oxide, 8,000 tons of hydrogen chloride, 50,000
tons of hydrogen fluoride, and 4 million tons of
fly ash. Nothing is known about the emission of
heavy metals. An examination of power plants
and incinerators has shown that toxic heavy
metals such as lead, zinc, and arsenic are
deposited in various sections of the heat
exchanger which means that a considerable por-
tion is not emitted into the environment with fly
ash. (Text in German)
[23826]
73-4576
RIEDLINGER, R. A. Aufbereitungseinrichtun-
gen in muellyerbrennungslagen. [Treatment
equipment in incinerators.] Mitteilungen der
VGB, 52(6):498-503, Dec. 1972.
The disposal of waste by incineration involves
the delivery of the waste to the incinerator, the
actual incineration and the disposal of the
residual matter such as dust, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, glass, etc.
Standard equipment included in incinerators are
cranes, electrostatic precipitators and cyclones
for cleaning the waste gases, and a purification
basin for sedimentation of the dust in the water
from quenching the slag. Other optional equip-
ment include the shredder for bulky refuse,
devices for sifting the ash and for separation of
scrap from the refuse, a waste oil treatment
system, filter presses for the sludge, flue gas
-------
42
scrubbers, etc. Of all these, the shredder is in-
creasingly gaining importance. Detailed descrip-
tions of a shredder and hammermills are given.
The shredder usually operates with a
throughput of 300 cu m per hr. The conveyor
belts transporting the bulky material to the
shredder must be 2 m wide. Slowly moving steel
plate conveyor belts are recommended. The steel
plates should have a thickness of 8 to 16 mm.
Hammermills usually operate with two rotors.
The operating principle of the hammermill and
the shredder is very similar, both crush the ob-
ject into small pieces. The hammermill has little
hammers, the shredder smashing rings. To avoid
any fire hazard it is advisable to spray the refuse
with water. A shredder or hammermill should be
installed only where high quantities of bulky
refuse accumulate, i.e., in cities with a population
of more than 50,000. The additional costs then
amount to 10 percent of the gross incineration
costs. (Text in German)
[23827]
73-4577
SAKAMOTO, S. Jinkai nado no nensho hoho. [A
method of combusting dust.] Japanese Patent
Sho 47-35148 owned by Mitsubishi Heavy Indus-
tries, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention relates to a method of combusting
wastes and dust in which the wastes and dust of
irregular combustion characteristics can be
burned without giving off offensive odors or
harmful gases, the remaining combustible
wastes in the ashes can be minimized, the wastes
and dust can be burned without giving damage
to the furnace such as the cracking of the fur-
nace bricks, clinker trouble, melting loss, and
destruction due to unequal expansion. The heat
of the exhaust gas is effectively utilized and the
condition of combustion can be controlled con-
tinuously and easily. Wastes or dust are fed to a
dryer, the dried wastes or dust are burned out in
combustion equipment, a part of the exhaust gas
coming out of the combustion equipment is recy-
cled through an air-preheater, the preheated air
is fed into the combustion equipment, and both
the temperature and volume of the exhaust gas
to be recycled are regulated according to the
quality of the wastes or dust. If low quality
wastes are charged, the lowering of the tempera-
ture of exhaust gas is detected and both the tem-
perature and volume of recycled gas are greater
so that the temperature of combusting air to be
fed to the dryer is raised. (Text in Japanese)
[23828]
73-4578
Sangyo haikibutsu shokyakuro-Sekiyu kagaku
seihin haikibutsu senshoro to kakushu tokusho
senshoro. Industrial waste incinerator-special
incinerator for petrochemical wastes and other
special incinerators.] Kotai Haibutsu, (8): 120-
125, Dec. 1972.
The incinerator, suitable for various special
wastes such as waste oils, waste tar, carbide
residues, and various kinds of plastics, consists
of the first combustion chamber, the second com-
bustion chamber, and the third combustion
chamber, in which wastes are burned for gasifi-
cation on the grate of the first combustion room
and then burned out at 400 to 500 C in the first
combustion room to decompose into ashes and
gas. The gas from the first combustion room is
sent to the second combustion room where it is
again burned with the air containing a heavy oil
at a high temperature of 1,200 to 1,400 C and
then sent to the third combustion room where
the gas is completely burned out in a swirling
state to mostly remove the black smoke and
odors. This type of incinerator uses a special ro-
tary burner which makes little noise and is easy
to handle, and it has also a special regulatory
device and control system by which the varia-
tions in the amount of gas from the first com-
bustion room with different plastics can be con-
trolled. The gas containing chlorine produced
when polyvinyl chloride is burned is introduced
into a gas scrubber, followed by a neutralizing
treatment using an alkaline solution. And, in this
system, a catalytic combustion system which
uses a oxidizing catalyzer is also employed to
remove most hydrocarbons by oxidization at 260
to 360 C. (Text in Japanese)
[23829]
73-4579
SHIGAKI, M. [Special combustion furnaces for
plastic.] [Water Treatment Techniques], 12(9):21-
24,1971.
-------
43
Existing plastic incinerators have such faults as
sporadic black smoke formation due to batch-
type feeding, quick deterioration due to lack of
experience and construction expenditure, and
lack of exhaust gas treatment and attendant air
pollution and corrosion. A research group drawn
from various industries and government agen-
cies has designed a special plastic incinerator
with the following considerations: plastic is
shredded to even sizes and continuously fed by a
quantitative supply feeder; with an air adjust-
ment device, the combustion gas is mixed with
air and the furnace is kept at a high tempera-
tureO between 1,000 and 1,200 C; crushed plastic
is fed by a screw feeder and air is jet-supplied
into the furnace; a flat-bed is used in order to
avoid clogging of grates by thermo-set plastic
and foam styrene; special consideration is given
to the storage bunker and hopper; the
screwfeeder and the air nozzle are protected
from heat radiation by a water-cooled jacket;
there is no device for continuous ash elimination,
but special materials in plastic are dispersed in
the air and captured by the wet dust collector; a
Wagner type Venturi scrubber is installed for
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen oxides, and cya-
nides; all the systems after the Venturi scrubber
are lined with rubber, ceramic, and FRP in order
to prevent chlorine corrosion; for larger public
incinerators, an automatic fuel supply controller
can be installed. The test furnace was designed
for a small capacity of 60 kg per hr, with special
care for small details such as double duct casing,
the use of heat radiation for combustion air, and
adjustable air jet quantity. The entire system is
designed compactly, for easy mass production
and transportation. (Text in Japanese)
[23830]
73-4580
SlETH, J. Muellverbrennung: Ein Luftreinhal-
teproblem? Wege zur Minderung der Chlorwas-
serstoff-Emissionen. [Incineration: an air-pollu-
tion problem? Ways of reducing hydrogen
chloride emissions.] Luftverunreinigung, 43-51,
Dec. 1972.
In incinerators of the Federal Republic of Ger-
many no measures are generally taken against
gaseous emissions. The incinerators are
equipped with electrostatic precipitators which
remove the dust from the off-gas. Measurements
of the gaseous emissions from incinerators in the
years 1971 to 1972 yielded a hydrogen chloride
concentration of 1 g per cu m sulfur dioxide at 0.6
g per cu m, and hydrogen fluoride at 10 mg per
cu m. The concentration of hydrogen chloride is
so high that a stack incrementation is necessary.
In order to give an idea of the required stack in-
crementation at an increase of the presently
valid maximum allowable average emission
value from 2 g to 2.5 g per cu m, diagrams are
given in which the stack height isohypses are
plotted dependent on the waste gas volume flow,
temperature, and maximum emission concentra-
tion. The following parameters were used for the
diagrams: average emission level 5 m, average
wind velocity 4 m per second, maximum concen-
tration difference 0.075 mg per cu m, exit
velocity of the waste gases 20 m per second. It
can be seen that, for example, the stack height is
177 m with a waste gas flow of 300,000 cu m per
hr and a maximum hourly average concentra-
tions of 2 g hydrogen chloride per cu m and a
waste gas temperature of 200 C. Independent of
increasing the stack height of incinerators other
measures must be taken to reduce the gaseous
pollutants. They comprise the actual reduction of
the pollutant, the processing of the obtained
reaction products and the disposal of the ob-
tained waste product by dumping, discharge into
the sewer, or chemical-technical recycling. A cost
calculation for the installation of an electrostatic
precipitator for dust removal with subsequent
hydrogen chloride absorption and neutralization
and evaporation of the scrubbing water yielded
operating costs of 1.730 deutsche marks per ton
of waste. Scrubbers are very suitable for the
removal of the gaseous pollutants in incinerator
off-gases. (Text in German)
[23831]
73-4581
STOCKMAN, R. F. Plastic burner. Canadian
Patent 922,583 owned by The Air Preheater
Company, Inc., Wellsville, New York. Issued
Mar. 13,1973.
This invention is a plastic incinerator. A meltable
plastic is first reduced to a liquid. The liquid is
heated to the point of vaporization and the vapor
is burned as it leaves the surface of the liquid,
-------
before being exhausted to the surrounding at-
mosphere.
[23832]
734582
Tokkyo sasaW-shiki semi Wkairo-rojin homu to
onsui puru e no yonetsu riyo. [Patented Sasaki
semi-automatic incinerator-application of waste
heat to heating an old people's home and an in-
door pool] Kotai Haibutsu, (8):98-101, Dec. 1972.
This mechanized furnace is the vertical, cylindri-
cal, and independent type which has completely
independent furnaces for every five chambers
having an advantage of making possible a three-
dimensional combustion of wastes in the high
furnace, thus giving the system a high com-
bustion efficiency. The body of the furnace, built
of a refractory, a heat insulation material, iron-
reinforced concrete, and a steel panel, has an air-
tight structure which is not affected by the open
air, minimizing the amount of radiant heat. In
the combustion chamber, two waste receivers
are mounted crosswise to prevent the direct
stack up of wastes on the grate, which enhances
the combustion efficiency because of increased
surface area of combustion of more than 30 per-
cent. The ignition loss with the structure of this
furnace was 3.27 to 3.81 percent. For the utiliza-
tion of waste heat, about 100 tons per day of hot
water from this type of furnace, constructed in
the city of Tateyama, Chiba Prefecture, are
being supplied to an old people's home where 100
persons are living, and to an indoor warm water
pool with 25 m long and seven courses. (Text in
Japanese)
[23833]
73-4583
TOSHIAKI, S. Gomi shokyaku hatsuden ni tsuite.
[Electric generation by refuse incinerator.] Net-
sukanri to kogai, 24(ll):17-24, Nov. 1972.
Data on electrical generation by a refuse in-
cinerator are discussed. Refuse has an average
heat value of 1,800 kilocalories per kg, so that it
yields 800 to 1,200 C of inner temperature in the
incinerator which works 24 hr by means of a con-
tinuous stoker. Consequently a method for the
effective use of heat is introduced also to protect
the apparatus absorbing the heat setting up the
boiler. Electric generation by refuse incineration
requires large capital expense; however, the
generated electricity can be consumed to run the
plant. This makes it possible to decrease the ex-
pense for electricity. For instance an example in
Yokohama, Japan, shows: required electric
power for the incinerator 3,200 kw, generated
electric power 2,800 kw, and buying electric
power 1,950 kw. The problem in electric genera-
tion by incineration is that heat value of refuse
depends largely upon the quality, season, and
even the climate conditions. Secondly the quanti-
ties of plastics in refuse has the tendency of in-
crease. Plastic refuse, especially vinyl chloride
generates chlorine and hydrochloric acid gas,
noxious gasses, and often causes erosion in the
boiler and incinerator, and further when these
noxious gasses are exhausted it causes pollution
problems. Actually if the 20 percent vinyl
chloride in plastic dust is assumed, the generated
acid becomes more than 5,000 ppm. (Text in
Japanese)
[23834]
73-4584
VALDESPINO, J. M. Incinerator toilet. Canadian
Patent 922,855 owned by Tekmar Corporation,
New York, New York Issued Mar. 20,1973.
This apparatus for disposing of solid and liquid
waste matter includes means for separating the
liquid matter from the solid matter, for com-
minuting and burning the solid waste matter,
and for treating and discharging the liquid waste
matter from the apparatus. The device has
means for producing and confining a flame sub-
stantially to an area around the inner wall of a
combustion chamber to incinerate the com-
minuted solid matter and means for chemically
treating the waste liquid prior to discharge.
[23835]
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
73-4585
ALBERTSON, U., AND S. BERGKVIST. New en-
vironmental control techniques at the ASPA
mill. Paper Trade Journal, 157(14) :24-25, Apr. 2,
1973.
-------
45
Munksjo AB is building a new 60,000 ton per
year bleached softwood kraft pulp mill adjoining
one of similar size in Sweden at its Aspa mill site.
The project is unusual in that it incorporates
many pollution prevention processes developed
in conjunction with the Swedish industry's
cooperative pollution abatement study, named
SSVL. The special pollution control features in-
clude: oxygen bleaching in a completely closed
liquid system; a nearly closed filtrate system for
the rest of the bleach plant; collection of tempo-
rary discharges; and treatment of contaminated
condensates. With these measures it is estimated
that total BOD discharge will be reduced by 75
percent to about 35 Ib per metric ton. Lignin
discharge will be reduced by 50 percent. The new
mill is due to start up late in 1973.
[23836]
73-4586
ASHIDA, H., E. IWASAWA, S. YOKOYAMA, S.
NISHI, AND M. KOMAKINE. Sangyo haikibutsu-
ryo to sono shori shobun no jittai ni kansuru
kosatsu. [Observations on the volume of indus-
trial wastes and their treatment and disposal.]
Presented at the 1972 National Environmental
Sanitation Meeting, Niigata, Japan, Oct. 19-20,
1972. Tokyo, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, 1972. 5
P-
A survey of industrial wastes has been con-
ducted every year since 1970 by the Japan En-
vironmental Sanitation Center at the request of
prefectural governments. The results of such
surveys undertaken for six prefectures in 1971
are tabulated. For the whole country daily waste
is estimated to be 1.52 million tons. Question-
naires were sent to check the method of industri-
al waste disposal at the factory level, to see how
much is disposed of within the factory, how the
rest is transported out of the factory, and how
much is disposed of at which terminal disposal
facility. The results showed that not much is
disposed of within the factory. Some of the
wastes are accumulated without being treated.
After incineration or some other treatment,
some are used for reclamation. Some wastes
taken out of factories are sold or given away.
The disposal of others is contracted to a private
collector or to local governments. The wastes
taken out of the factories are disposed of into
rivers, lakes, the sea, land owned by the enter-
prise, public sewers, designated landfills, or
public incineration facilities. A constant survey
is necessary to avoid environmental pollution in
the future. It is necessary also to have more
trained personnel for carrying out this kind of
survey. (Text in Japanese) (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23837]
73-4587
BERGER, A., H. ABEL, AND A. DEFLORIN.
Process for finishing wool. Canadian Patent
922,860 owned by Ciba Limited, Basle, Switzer-
land. Issued Mar. 20,1973.
A process for finishing wool, preferably for
rendering wool nonfelting, is provided. The wool
is treated with an aqueous preparation contain-
ing a reaction product of basic polyamides and
polyfunctional compounds and afterwards dried.
The process is carried out at 35 to 100 C and
preferably according to the exhaustion method.
The wool treated in this way is nonfelting. This
finishing process advantageously can be com-
bined with a dyeing process.
[23838]
73-4588
Beseitigung von Kunststoffabfaellen. [Disposal
of plastic waste.] Kunststofftechnik, 12(3):66,
1973.
A plastic processing enterprise in the State of
New York produces about 50 tons of solid waste,
30 cu m of waste liquids and about 1,000 cu m of
flue gases every day. For the disposal of these
waste substances a combustion plant has been
constructed which will furnish about 70 tons of
steam per hr and 2.5 million kilocalories per hr
for heating purposes. Combustible flue gases are
led into the flue gas combustion chamber. The
combustion gas at a temperature of 980 C heats
the boilers or serves as combustion air for the in-
cineration of the solid refuse. A special com-
bustion chamber has been constructed which
burns only corrosive gases. The requirements of
Federal Air Quality Standards and those of the
State of New York are met so that an air purity
of 96.3 percent is guaranteed. (Text in German)
[23839]
-------
46
73-4589
DELANEY, J. F. Separation of sulfides. Canadi-
an Patent 922,431 owned by the Anaconda Com-
pany, New York, New York. Issued Mar. 6,1973.
This patent describes a method for separating
molybdenum sulfide from a copper ore concen-
trate containing molybdenite. An aqueous pulp
of the concentrate is subjected to froth flotation
in the presence of a collector for molybdenum
sulfide and a Nokes-type depressant (arsenic
trioxide/sodium sulfide) for copper sulfide. The
pulp is aerated with an inert gas to effect flota-
tion of the molybdenum sulfide part of the pulp.
The electromotive force of the pulp is main-
tained above minus 200 millivolts.
[23840]
734590
DUCELIER, G. Recovery of materials from the
wastewater from wine distilleries by drying the
mixture of solid and liquid wastes. Water
Research, 7(4):595-598, Apr. 1973.
Until recently the effluent of wine dregs distilla-
tion was disposed of by lagooning or discharging
to a waterway. Now that such practices are il-
legal, some form of treatment and/or utilization
of this waste stream is essential. Spent wine is
more difficult to purify than domestic sewage.
Except by using expensive plants, impractical
for the small rural wine growers of France, ob-
taining a satisfactory BOD reduction of this
waste is impossible. The author has been experi-
menting for the last few years on ways in which
these dregs can be utilized cheaply. He deter-
mined that to obtain a fertilizer with 50 percent
moisture which can be stacked, only 1.85 tons of
water can be evaporated to yield 1 ton of dry
matter. Fuel consumption in this case would be
only about 170 to 180 kg. If a moist wine waste
mixture is dried with the waste heat from the
rotating drum oven used to dry the pressed
grapes, the dry product obtained thus may be
kept for more than a year and can be used as a
sheep-feed. Even open-air drying is practical for
wine wastes in many climates.
[23841]
73-4591
GINGERICH, J. C. A Whitewater and solids
waste reduction program. Paper Trade Journal,
157(14):22-23,Apr.2,1973.
P. H. Glatfelter Co. is a fully integrated pulp and
paper mill. Recently the company initiated a
campaign to reduce Whitewater and solids losses
at the plant. To obtain an approximate dollar
value for the wastes the effluent was divided
into its major components of fiber, ash and
water. Before the control program was started,
the paper mill effluent contained waste solids
equivalent to 4 to 5 percent of the paper
machines' production. Value of the effluent dur-
ing the previous year was estimated at about
$2,700 a day. The interim goal for the waste con-
trol program is to reduce water and solids losses
to about $1,500 per day. After losses were
established, a careful inspection was made of all
machines and operating procedures. Recom-
mended repairs and system and equipment
changes were listed for each paper machine. The
aim is maximum Whitewater reuse. The centrifu-
gal cleaner system is operating efficiently and
has so far permitted about 70 percent of the
waste reduction to be met.
[23842]
73-4592
Gipsschwefelsaeure-anlage. [Gypsum sulphuric
acid plant.] Wasser, Luft und Betrieb, 17(4): 136,
1973.
A new plant has been constructed in South
Africa in order to reuse waste gypsum which is a
waste product from the production of phosphoric
acid. At the time being the annual world produc-
tion of waste gypsum amounts to 60 million tons.
The plant in South Africa will produce about 350
short tons of cement clinker and 350 short tons
of sulfuric acid. The cement clinker is processed
into high quality 'Portland cement and the sul-
furic acid is used for the production of phosphor-
ic acid. The plaster-sulfuric acid plant consists of
gypsum drying device, milling plant and rotary
shaft furnace for the additives. (Text in German)
[23843]
-------
47
734593
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Current industry investment and
operating costs. In Control of atmospheric
emissions in the wood pulping industry, v. 3.
Springfield, Virginia, National Technical Infor-
mation Service, Mar. 15,1970. p. XII(1-16).
Past estimates of the expenditures made by the
wood pulping industry for air quality control
have indicated that substantial sums are in-
volved, but the numbers vary widely. Because of
congressional interest in the impact of the
Federal air quality control program on all
aspects of the economy, cost figures for the wood
pulping industry would have to be obtained on a
rational basis. Using the latest available data,
estimates were made of the replacement cost
and the annual operating cost of air quality con-
trol equipment in present operation in the indus-
try. Sophisticated engineering cost estimates
were prepared in three categories: total installed
cost (replacement); total annual cost; and net an-
nual cost, reflecting a credit for recovered
materials. Estimates were prepared for a
variety of controls on a number of sources. It
should be noted that the cost analyses in this
chapter are based on prices of chemicals and
equipment as of January 1969. As these prices
change, the whole balance changes. Total in-
stalled cost for kraft was in excess of $166 mil-
lion and for sulfite about $900,000. Total annual
cost for kraft was about $24 million and net an-
nual cost about the same. Net annual costs for
sulfite indicated a slight net return. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23844]
73-4594
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Future industry investment and
operating costs. In Control of atmospheric
emissions in the wood pulping industry, v. 3.
Springfield, Virginia, National Technical Infor-
mation Service, Mar. 15,1970. p. XIIIU-49).
This chapter reports the rationale for and
development of a model which provides data
which can be used to project the investment and
operating costs for emission control in the kraft
pulping industry through 1980. Data are not
available to perform similar analyses for sulfite
and neutral sulfite semichemical mills. A sen-
sitivity analysis is also presented which suggests
how the costs for emission control are influenced
by emission standards, value of recoverable
chemicals, and assumed rate of return. To assist
with the analysis, multipath flow diagrams have
been developed to indicate the various process
alternatives which influence emissions. A simple
program is presented to estimate total annual
costs as a function of fixed and variable costs. A
mathematical programming model was
developed and is presented by which it is possi-
ble, for any specified mill, to determine the op-
timal way to satisfy specified emission stan-
dards. The objective function is to maximize net
revenue from emission control. Constraining
functions include continuity from source to con-
trol, continuity from control to recovery, per-
formance standards, control bounds, implicity in-
teger constraints, and nonnegativity restrictions.
An example is analyzed with the model using
1969 Oregon regulations. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23845]
73-4595
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. On-going research related to reduc-
tion of emissions. In Control of atmospheric
emissions in the wood pulping industry, v. 3.
Springfield, Virginia, National Technical Infor-
mation Service, Mar. 15,1970. p. X(l-84).
A number of the problems facing the chemical
wood pulping indsutry with respect to air quality
improvement cannot be resolved until further
research points the way. A search of the techni-
cal literature for the past 5 years was un-
dertaken. With few exceptions, it was decided
that work reported more than 5 years ago was
currently incorporated into practice, was under
further development, or was found unsuitable
for practical application. The format selected for
presentation was that of an annotated bibliog-
raphy insofar as possible. Eight major categories
were selected for presentation of the abstracts.
They are: Emission Control Technology; Cost
and Effectiveness of Emission Control; Sam-
pling and Analytical Techniques; Control Equip-
ment Development; Process Changes Affecting
-------
48
Emissions; Chemistry of Pollutant Formation of
Interactions; New Pulping Processes; and Con-
trol System Development. Within each major
category the abstracts are arranged in sub-
categories by year of publication. (This docu-
ment is retained in in the SWIRS library.)
[23846]
734596
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Research and development recom-
mendations. In Control of atmospheric emis-
sions in the wood pulping industry, v. 3. Spring-
field, Virginia, National Technical Information
Service, Mar. 15,1970. p. XI(1-12).
The investigations undertaken during the course
of this study have led to the conclusion that ex-
isting technology, plus present technology in the
experimental stage, still may result in emission
levels which can be unacceptable to the public in
some instances. Many gaps exist in our present
knowledge which need to be filled by future
research. The most pressing of these research
needs follow: to develop and standardize
methods and instruments for monitoring emis-
sions and ambient air; to assess the effect of
operating variable on emissions from the kraft
pumping and recovery system to develop and
standardize organoleptic techniques for deter-
minations of process emissions and evaluation of
ambient air quality; to investigate new pulping
methods which eliminate the use of sulfur; to
define the mechanisms, with emphasis on trans-
port processes and emission interactions which
will relate emission limitations to ambient air ob-
jectives; to evaluate emissions from sources in
sulfite and neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC)
mills and determine operating variables which
affect emissions; to investigate adsorption and
absorption of odorous gasses and reuse of the
collected materials in process; and to determine
whether TRS is an effective measure of the ac-
ceptability of odorous emissions from kraft mills
or must the compounds be identified more
definitively. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23847]
73-4597
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Sampling and analytical techniques.
In Control of atmospheric emissions in the wood
pulping industry, v. 3. Springfield, Virginia, Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Mar. 15,
1970.p.IX(l-89).
This section of the document outlines problems
and methods for source and ambient sampling of
noxious and odorous emissions of wood pulping
industry. Each of the main chemical processes is
discussed separatelyO kraft, sulfite and neutral
sulfite semichemical. Source sampling for gasses,
particulates, and nonsulfur contaminants are
treated individually for each of the processes.
Recommended ambient and source methods for
gasses and each type of pollutant are given.
There is an extensive list of references provided
at the end of the chapter. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23848]
73-4598
MARYNOWSKI, C. W. Description of the plastics
industry. In Disposal of polymer solid wastes
by primary polymer producers and plastics
fabricators. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1972. p. 11-30.
Plastics constitute one of the fastest growing
sectors of the chemical industry. U.S. production
of all thermoplastic and thermosetting resins
was 16 billion Ib in 1968, up from 11.4 billion Ib in
1965. The value of 1968 resin shipments was $3.9
billion, accounting for nearly 15 percent of the
basic chemical industry's sales. The plastics in-
dustry is composed of three major sectors, with
some overlap: producers of the basic resin;
processors who convert the resin into some con-
venient standard shape or form; and fabricators
who fashion the final product from the resin
directly or from a processed form. Thermoplastic
resins are primarily of three types: polyolefins
(PO); polyvinyl chloride (PVC); and polystyrene
(PS). Industry statistics for polyolefins include
both high and low density polyethylene. PVC ac-
counts for over 80 percent of total vinyl resins.
The production of PO is concentrated in the Gulf
Coast States, mostly Louisiana and Texas, while
PVC and PS production is mostly in the
-------
49
northeastern States. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23849]
73-4599
MARYNOWSKI, C. W. Disposal of polymer solid
wastes by primary polymer producers and
plastics fabricators. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972.92 p.
This document discusses the plastics industry's
contribution to the solid waste problem at the in-
dustrial level, before the waste is part of the mu-
nicipal solid waste load. The processes and
products of resin producers are described; the
four major types are: polyethylene;
polypropylene; polyvinyl chloride; and
polystyrene. Fabrication processes for ther-
moplastic resins are also dealt with. The next
section of the report concerns itself with a sur-
vey of the solid waste situation, generation
sources, amounts, handling, and disposal of the
unwanted residue from production. Special
problems involved in disposal of such wastes are
commented upon. An evaluation of alternative
methods of treatment and disposal for plastics
and polymer wastes is provided. In this context
open dumping, dumping at sea, and sanitary
landfill are compared. Biodegradation, chemical
oxidation, incineration, and recycling are other
techniques of waste handling applicable in the
polymer industry. (This document is retained in
'the SWIRS library.)
[23850]
73-4600
MARYNOWSKI, C. W. Evaluation of alternative
treatment and disposal techniques. In Disposal
of polymer solid wastes by primary producers
and plastics fabricators. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1972. p. 51-67.
Waste disposal techniques can be divided into
three categories according to their objectives:
removal from view; destruction; and utilization.
Some disposal techniques serve all three func-
tions, such as incineration for heat recovery.
Methods based primarily on removal from view
are: open dumping; ocean dumping; and sanitary
landfill. The land disposal of plastic is not pollut-
ing unless the waste is allowed to scatter or to
burn. Ocean dumping is not satisfactory for
plastics due to their low density, causing them to
float; this same quality makes them resistant to
compaction, which is a disadvantage in a landfill.
Methods based on destruction are: biodegrada-
tion; chemical oxidation; and incineration. Unless
plastics are chemically or thermally treated first,
they are resistant to biodegradation and are not
suitable for composting. Chemical processing is
very expensive, but is suitable for pretreating
plastics to cause them to degrade more quickly.
Incineration of plastics in large quantities en-
counters problems of high heat release, corro-
sion, and other difficulties. However, there are
incinerators on the market capable of handling
even 100 percent plastic waste feeds, and some
of them are quoted to cost as little as $3 per ton
to operate. Most such units are multiple chamber
incinerators, although open pit and rotary kiln
types have also been used for polymer wastes.
Utilization of plastic usually involves either heat
recovery or pyrolysis to produce charcoal, oil,
and waxes. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23851]
73-4601
MARYNOWSKI, C. W. Plastics industry survey.
In Disposal of polymer solid wastes by primary
producers and plastics fabricators. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p. 35-50.
Seven primary resin producers were surveyed
and found to generate waste at the rate of from
0.5 to 4 percent of total production of resin. On
this basis, the average resin producer generated
7.7 tons of polymer waste per day per plant in
1969. Plastics processors and fabricators from 47
plants indicated that they generate waste at the
rate of about 2.2 percent of total production. All
resin producers realize that the price of plastic
scrap can have a great impact on waste genera-
tion rates in the future, since the economics of
reclamation of scrap will determine how much is
reused. Some producers conceded that 30 to 40
percent of their present waste could be used, but
not economically. Virtually no plant expected to
produce less waste per ton of product in the fu-
ture, although many anticipated waste burdens
to lessen because of better reclamation
techniques. The need for research and develop-
-------
50
ment of better means of economically reclaiming
was stressed by all plastics manufacturers. Four
of the seven resin producers surveyed dumped
their waste polymers; two used sanitary land-
fills, and one incinerated its waste. The vast
majority of fabricators used landfill, but did not
use their own land for this. In general, no
processing was provided for the waste before
disposal, although large containers are ground
up for disposal by some fabricators. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23852]
73-4602
MASAYUKI, Y., I. YAMAMOTO, AND N. YASU-
HffiA. Process for recovering uranium from
uranium-bearing aqueous solution. Canadian
Patent 922,900 owned by Kuraray Co., Ltd., Ku-
rashiki, Japan. Issued Mar. 20,1973.
This invention is a process for recovering urani-
um from a solution such as that which might
result from smelting uranium ore or spent liquor
in a nuclear furnace. Sea water also contains
uranium. In this process the solution is brought
into contact with a titanated polyvinyl alcohol.
This causes adsorption of the uranium to the
titanated polyvinyl alcohol. The uranium is then
desorbed with an aqueous solution of sodium car-
bonate or ammonium carbonate.
[23853]
734603
NAKAYAMA, T., Y. AOYAMA, M. TANAKA. Newly
developed process for disposal of effluent from
anodizing plants. Aluminium, 49(3):218-223,
1973.
There is no question of toxicity with regard to
pollution produced by the aluminum anodizing
process. But the product formed by neutralizing
the sulfuric acid effluent and the sodium hydrox-
ide effluent is usually a sludge that contains at
least 85 percent water. Since a sludge of this
type is very difficult to deal with, studies have
been conducted on how to dispose of these ef-
fluents. The neutralizing and pelletizing process
proved to be very effective. The alkali etch ef-
fluent and sulphuric acid anodizing effluent are
mixed and neutralized, adding a small amount of
flocculation agent and led into the pelletizer. The
aluminum hydroxide than agglomerates to a
powder which is then filtered by means of a cen-
trifuge or an Oliver filter to a powder with a hu-
midity of 20 to 30 percent. When the alkali used
is stronger than the acid, about half the alkali can
be recovered using the seeding process, draining
the top part back into the etching bath and lead-
ing the remainder into the above mentioned
process. The final wastewater which is compara-
tively clean can be used for washing purposes.
The byproduct aluminum hydroxide can be used
as a paper production reagent, for the production
of fire-resistant bricks and for the fabrication of
ceramics.
[23854]
73-4604
PINNER, R. The future of effluent treatment in
metal finishing: Part II. Metal Finishing Jour-
nal, 19(218):82-84, Mar. 1973.
After the volume of plant effluent has been
reduced to its economic minimum by intelligent
management of waste streams, the next step in
handling plating wastes is to recover metal
values. Two types of recovery methods can be
distinguished, extraction of the metal and direct
reuse or conversion, and concentration of the
rinse water to a level at which the solution can be
returned to the plating tank Extraction of metal
can be accomplished by: chemical precipitation;
electrolytic recovery; and ion exchange. Concen-:
tration of rinse water can be effected by
evaporation or reverse osmosis. Although metal
recovery offers an immediate economic incentive
for its own sake, the secondary object of sludge
avoidance has also gained in importance. It is an
axiom that the most valuable metals are also the
ones that are toxic and therefore unsuitable for
many disposal techniques. Of the metals found in
metal finishing effluents the two which are given
the lowest priority for recovery are iron and alu-
minum. Nevertheless, even these metals present
in large concentrations pose difficult problems of
dewatering and disposal so that recovery in a
form which avoids the need to handle watery
sludge is a considerable benefit. Least progress
has been made in recovery of nonmetals from
metal finishing rinse waters. As the incentives
increase, however, these wastes too will be
reused more frequently.
[23855]
-------
51
734605
Recycling and recovery of plastics. Eu-
roplastics Monthly, 46(3):66-68,71,73, Mar. 1973.
This feature article on plastic recycling is di-
vided into three sections. The first is entitled
reuse of plastics scrap and deals with the various
kinds of inplant scrap and the ways in which they
can be reground. Essential to onsite reclamation
of scrap is separation of various types of plastics
and colors; some types of plastics are more easily
recycled than others, especially if the product to
be made has to meet stringent specifications.
The second section of the article is concerned
with alternatives to recycling. It is pointed out
that there seems to be no possibility of recycling
plastics from household refuse economically.
Therefore, either disposal or some type of ener-
gy or heat recovery would appear to be the most
likely solution to the volume of plastics waste.
Because of their nonbiodegradability plastics do
not threaten air or water in a sanitary landfill
and lend themselves particularly well to waste
heat recovery from incineration due to their high
calorific value. The last section discusses several
in plant recovery systems suitable for waste
plastics: the closed loop system; machine-side
grinders; and others.
[23856]
73-4606
RIEGE, W. Schutteabfuhr in der giesserei.
[Waste removal from foundries.] Giesserei,
59(12):392-394, June 1972.
Various possibilities of waste removal from
foundries are reviewed. Foundry wastes are
usually transported to municipal dumps by
means of dump trucks, which requires both in-
termediate storage and transshipment. The use
of large-capacity containers and open or dust-
proof boxes, shipped by lift-and-carry trucks
represents a basic trend in foundry waste han-
dling. Economical calculations regarding the use
of different size containers and boxes and of own
versus contracted transport show that the latter
is generally less expensive. Such containers and
boxes can be used to ship other goods as well.
(Text in German)
[23857]
734607
RUECKEL, H. G. Beseitigung von sondermuell.
[Disposal of special refuse.] Abwassertechnik,
23(Special Issue IFAT):38-39,1972.
In 1969 a disposal plant for special industrial
refuse was constructed at Schwabach, Germany.
It consists of: a deposit site in a clay pit of 60,000
sq m where about 15 percent of the special
refuse is deposited; a sludge dewatering plant
where about 300 tons of sludges are detoxified,
neutralized, and dewatered daily; and an emul-
sion separating plant which cleans up to 120 tons
of oil-water mixtures daily. About 20 percent of
the total quantity of special refuse which
amounts to 50,000 tons annually can only be
disposed of by thermal treatment. The incinera-
tion plant at Schwabach burns waste oils, refuse
from the tar industry, chemical refuse, and
waste varnishes and lacquers. It has a capacity
of 10,000 tons annually, and has special equip-
ment to control air pollution. (Text in German)
[23858]
734608
Sangyo haikibutsu shori kiki no kaihatsu dokoO
kotai haikibutsu o chushin to shite. [On the
development of disposer for industrial wastesO
in connection with solid waste.] Kotai Haibutsu,
(8):116-119, Dec. 1972.
The recent trends in the development of the
disposal systems for solid wastes are outlined
concentrating, for the most part, on incinerating
facilities and crushers. A rotary type crusher
and a reciprocating type crushing and compres-
sion machine are cited. The Mitsubishi hammer-
mill type crusher, for example, is a rotary
crusher with a cutting bar system, in which two
hammer-like bars are combined alternately,
designed so that elastic wastes such as metal,
plastic, and rubber can be easily crushed by a
shearing force. The Mitsubishi Lindemann type
is a reciprocating crusher, developed for the
compaction of metal scraps. In this type bulky
wastes are dumped on a feeding bed pushed for-
ward, and cut. A high polymer specialty incinera-
tor and a sludge specialty incinerator are cited.
The Mitsubishi rotary kiln type incinerator is for
high polymer wastes, in which a gasification and
combustion process based on the fundamental
-------
52
studies is adopted which performs an efficient
combustion. Treating equipment for hydrochlo-
ric acid gas from polyvinyl chloride is also pro-
vided. The Mitsubishi multistage incinerator can
serve as an incinerator for sludge and consists of
a drying stage, combustion stage, and a cooling
stage. Also, the Mitsubishi cellulose incinerator
is suitable for the combustion of wood products
and waste papers, and is available in capacities
ranging from 300 to 900 tons per 24 hr. (Text in
Japanese)
[23859]
734609
SPRUILL, E. L. Color removal and sludge
recovery from total mill effluent. Tappi,
56(4):98-100, Apr. 1973.
A lime treatment color removal system, with
recovery of lime and fibrous sludge integrated
into the kraft lime processing system, has been
constructed for treatment of total mill effluent.
With about 1,000 ppm of lime, color reduction of
80 to 90 percent has been achieved in kraft ef-
fluent, with lower effectiveness on neutral
sulfite chemical wastes. Good dewatering and
lime kiln incineration of sludge have been
recorded. Settling and thickening of color sludge
have been excellent, but carbonation-stage set-
tling has been more variable. This project was
assisted by an Environmental Protection Agen-
cy demonstration grant.
[23860]
73-4610
., TAKAHATA, T., AND H. ITO. Gosei kobunshi
haikibutsu no shori hoho. [A method of treating
synthetic high-density polymers.] Japanese
Patent 47-34,474 owned by Kawasaki Heavy In-
dustries Ltd., Kobe, Japan. Issued Aug. 30,1973.
This invention provides for a method in which
high density polymer wastes, such as polyvinyl
chloride which give off poisonous gases such as
hydrogen chloride, are heated at a temperature
of 200 to 400 C at which high density polymers
undergo dechlorination without burning, using
sand, or other fire resistant inorganic materials
as a heat medium. Then an intermediate product
containing no groups such as chlorine is burnt
out with the sand, whereupon the temperature
of the heated sand is lowered to 300 to 800 C for
the subsequent procedures of the preheating of
combustion air and the reuse in the dechlorina-
tion reaction. The method under this invention is
applicable not only to polyvinyl chloride, but also
to a mixture of the chlorine-bearing high-density
polymer wastes and the other synthetic high-
density polymer wastes such as rubbers, plastics,
fibers, and other composite plastic wastes or
compounds. Furthermore, this method has an ad-
vantage that the operation is simple, inexpen-
sive, continuous, highly efficient, and is capable
of treating a large quantity of wastes. Also, com-
pared with the former one-stage combustion
method in which high-density polymer wastes
are burned directly in the presence of oxygen,
the amount of the exhaust gas from this process
is considerably small, and therefore makes the
treatment of the exhaust gas simpler. (Text in
Japanese)
[23861]
73-4611
TAKEMOTO, Y. Purasuchikku sukurappu no
shori hoho. [A method of treating plastic scrap.]
Japanese Patent 47-35,142 owned by Komatsu
Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention relates to a method of treating
plastic wastes in which various high polymers
are crushed and reclaimed as fuel. In the method
under this invention, plastic wastes are sent
through a hopper to a drying room in which the
air is 90 to 100 C. The dry air charged into the
drying room through the air inlet is discharged
after it has heat exchanged with the plastic
wastes. The dried plastic wastes are sent to a
cooling chamber in which they are cooled to
about minus 60 C to minus 100 C, and the cooled
plastic wastes are then sent to a crusher and
ground into powder, keeping them at a tempera-
ture of about minus 50 C. The ground plastic
wastes are sent through a hopper to a blower
continuously and are burned with a heavy oil, or
directly burned by spouting from nozzles with
compressed air or compressed oxygen. The
plastic wastes of high ductility and viscosity at
ordinary temperatures, which were cooled and
ground into powder having a large surface area
per volume, can be completely burned by a
proper control of the amount of oxygen and the
-------
53
condition of combustion. The heat energy
produced then can also be utilized for other
processes as a heat source. (Text in Japanese)
[23862]
73-4612
Trickling filters used in treatment of McCain's
french fried wastes. Water and Pollution Con-
troU10(5):23-24, May 1972.
The trickling filters utilized in treatment of
wastes at the Grand Falls, New Brunswick,
potato processing plant are described. The
amount of waste increases during the season
since stored potatoes demand more trimming for
a quality product; there is also the problem of
shock-loading in common with many processing
operations. The plant produces frozen french
fried potatoes and has a capacity of about 1 mil-
lion Ib daily. The waste solids are collected in a
hopper from which they can be discharged into
20 cu yd dump trucks. The liquids from the
separators are led by flume and pipe to a 175,000
gal, 65 ft-diameter Rex Chain Belt primary clari-
fier, where they are diffused by a rotating baffle
plate. The clarified liquid rises to the surface and
seeps into a weir extending around the surface
of the tank. Fats collecting on the surface are
swept by a surface skimmer into a collecting pan.
McCain is developing a process which will allow
the processing of these materials for animal
feed. The primary system is designed to remove
94 to 96 percent of all solids from the water.
BOD and COD content, however, is generally
reduced by only 46 to 50 percent. For further
waste removal, effluent from the primary clarifi-
er is led to a secondary waste-treatment system,
consisting basically of an 80 by 40-ft by 20-ft
filter building in which carbohydrate effluent
content is reduced by bacterial action. The Mc-
Cain secondary waste treatment plant is the
first in Canada to utilize the Flocor plastic trick-
ling filter medium developed in England.
[23863]
73-4613
WAGNER, T. Glue stock - raw material for or-
ganic manure. ISWA (International Solid
Wastes and Public Cleansing Assocation) Infor-
mation Bulletin, (6):75-80, Dec. 1971.
Investigations concerning the conversion of glue
stock into compost are described. Glue stock
represents malodorous tannery waste account-
ing for 15 to 30 percent of the raw material by
weight, and is composed of 70 to 80 percent
water, proteins, and fat. Mixtures of glue stock
with fresh hop wastes, soil, stable manure, or hu-
midified manure containing proteolytic and cel-
lulolytic bacteria could not be composted
satisfactorily as hop fibers required longer fer-
mentation times than glue stock. Loose, humus-
like compost with low moisture content, high
nitrogen and phosphorus contents and well-
balanced carbon:nitrogen ratio was obtained
from a mixture of glue stock fermented together
with decayed hop wastes over a few weeks.
Similar compost product but with lower nutri-
tive value was obtained by fermenting glue stock
together with lower nutritive value was obtained
by fermenting glue stock together with stable
manure and soil at 35 C over 10 days. The com-
post, having a pH value of 7.89, was 14.34 percent
moisture, 0.45 percent phosphorus, 0.09 percent
potassium, 7.18 percent fat, and 3.34 percent
nitrogen with a nitrogen:carbon ratio of 1:10.
[23864]
73-4614
WALTHER, J. E., H. HAMBY, AND H. R. AMBERG.
Conversion of calcium base pulping to magnesi-
um base pulping with recovery. Tappi,
56(4): 144-147, Apr. 1973.
In order to meet water quality regulations, the
calcium base sulfite mill at Camas, Washington,
was recently converted to a magnesium base
system with recovery. Major areas of concern in
accomplishing the changeover included spent
liquor recovery, evaporation, burning liquor with
chemical recovery, and digester relief recovery.
A pilot plant was built to determine the effect of
the new pulp on existing paper grades and to
provide design data and operating experience
with the magnefite process. Corrosion problems
detected in the pilot plant were corrected in the
plant design. Operating and equipment problems
during the first year included metal fatigue in
the evaporator, scale formation in the venturi
adsorption system, and sulfur dioxide and par-
ticulate emissions. In this paper, methods for
controlling these problems are described, and
-------
64
the pilot plant program and the startup
procedure are discussed.
[23865]
734615
YOKOTA, K. Sangyo haikibutsu no shori no
hoseika to kongo no tenbo. [Legislation for the
disposal of industrial wastes and a view of the
future.] Kankyo Kenkyu, (2):34-42, Dec. 1972.
In disposing of industrial wastes, a technical
standard for the method of disposing of wastes
as well as a general rule for the responsibility for
the disposal of wastes should be set or provided.
Since the industrial wastes discarded from vari-
ous business activities often contain substances
which affect our living environment and health,
standards for disposing of wastes should be set
strictly according to the kinds of industrial
wastes. The usual disposal of wastes begins with
collection and delivery and ends in final disposal
after various processes with intermediate han-
dling; for the final disposal, wastes are usually
turned to reclaiming works, or thrown into the
sea. However, as the wastes become diverse in
quality and the amount is increased rapidly, the
methods of disposing of wastes are more and
more difficult technically. An increased tendency
to secondary pollution in every respect occurs.
To counter the problems, the promotion of self-
treatment in every industry, the training of
private waste specialty dealers, and the positive
management of the waste-dealing business by
local self-governing bodies are important. In the
future, private enterprises should more positive-
ly dispose of wastes by themselves, private
waste dealers should be more actively en-
couraged, and local public organizations should
act more positively when it is difficult for
private enterprises to dispose of wastes. (Text in
Japanese)
[23866]
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
734616
GOETTSCHING, H. Wohin mit den Abfaellen aus
aerztlicher Taetigkeit? [What to do with the
trash from medical activity?] Oeffentliches
Gesundheitswesen, 35(2):108-110,1973.
A polling of physicians revealed that waste from
medical practice, such as vaccines and excess
medicines, are for the most part thrown into the
public refuse collection system without any prior
separation or treatment. As private small in-
cineration devices are not recommended owing
to possible air pollution, there should be a possi-
bility for separate collection, special pickup, and
incineration of the medical waste. Medicine col-
lection centers should be established and as a
first measure of all wastes from medical work
should be effected in closed plastic bags. (Text in
German)
[23867]
LAW / REGULATIONS
734617
DENK, L. Folgerungen aus der neuen abfall-
gesetsbegung fuer geimeinden, gemeinderver-
baende, industriebetriebe. [Consequences of the
new refuse legislation for communities, mu-
nicipal associations, industrial enterprises.]
Muell und Abfall, 4(6): 192-197,1972.
The new refuse legislation states that the com-
munities have to provide for the collection and
transportation of domestic and commercial
refuse, demolition wastes, sludges, hospital
refuse, and slaughterhouse refuse. Refuse which
owing to its special quality or quantity cannot be
collected and transported together with
domestic refuse has to be removed by the owner
himself. Treatment, storing, and depositing of
refuse will have to be effected by the different
regions. In the future refuse removal plants
need an official authorization before starting
work. The new refuse removal act states that the
Laender are obliged to provide for the building
of disposal plants for special refuse. In the fu-
ture also plants dealing with the treatment and
storing of wrecked cars and old tires have to ask
for an official authorization of the competent
cleansing department. The new refuse removal
legislation charges the Laender with the
establishment of refuse removal plants under
consideration of the special situation of the
whole land. Certain industrial plants will have to
inform the competent authorities about type,
composition, and quantity of the refuse develop-
-------
55
ing in their plants and in these cases refuse
removal will be supervised by the authorities.
(Text in German)
[23868]
73-4618
EWERT, G.-D. Abfallbeseitigung und abfall-
gesetzgebung in Hamburg. [Refuse disposal and
refuse legislation in Hamburg.] Muell und Ab-
/a«,4(6):201-203,1972.
Since the year 1886 refuse collection and
removal has been effected in Hamburg by the
municipal authorities, and in 1895 the first refuse
incineration plant in Europe started work there.
The city of Hamburg has a sanitary landfill for
special refuse and constructed an incineration
plant for special refuse with a high heating
value. The city of Hamburg also encourages
private initiative to construct reclamation and
disposal plants for special refuse by granting
suitable areas at low costs. A central plant for
detoxification and neutralization of toxic concen-
trates has been constructed by the city itself. In
Hamburg an official authorization for the collec-
tion or transportation of refuse within the region
of the city of Hamburg is required. The com-
petent authorities in Hamburg are in possession
of the refuse data of about 800 of the 4,000
refuse producing enterprises in Hamburg so that
an effective planning of disposal and recycling
plants will be possible. As a result of the new
federal refuse legislation Hamburg and
neighboring Laender Schleswig-Holstein and
Niedersachsen agreed upon a mutual utilization
of the existing sanitary landfills and plants for
the treatment of special refuse. A new refuse in-
cineration plant for about 500,000 inhabitants
will be constructed together by Hamburg and
Schleswig-Holstein. (Text in German)
[23869]
73-4619
KURIHARA, S. Seikatsukei kotai haikibutsu no
seiji to sono shori no kosatsu. [Characteristics of
domestic refuse and examination of treatment
methods.] Yosui to Haisui, 14(9):1165-1169, Sept.
1972.
The main odor elements designed as pollutants
by the Odor Control Law of May 17, 1972, their
characteristics, and their sources are as follows:
hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg odor) from kraft
pulp mills, petroleum refineries, rayon manufac-
turing, cellophane manufacturing, chemical
processing, starch manufacturing, and sewage
treatment plants; methylmercaptan (rotten
onion odor) from kraft pulp, petroleum refine-
ries, pharmaceutical plants, chemical processing
plants, feather processing plants, starch manu-
facturing plants, garbage treatment plants, and
sewage treatment plants; methyl sulfide (rotten
cabbage odor) from kraft pulp, petroleum refine-
ries, and pharmaceutical manufacturing plants;
ammonia (stinging odor), from chemical fertilizer
plants, petroleum chemical plants, chemical
processing plants, fishmeal processing and
animal offal processing plants, chicken excreta
drying plants, feather processing plants, garbage
treatment plants, sewage treatment plants, and
slaughterhouses; and toluymethylamine (rotten
fish odor) from fishmeal plants, feather
processing plants, fish product canneries, gar-
bage treatment plants, stockyards, and
slaughterhouses. The indexes for maximum al-
lowable odor should be 3.5, which will be 5 ppm
of ammonia, 0.01 ppm of methylmercaptan, 0.2
ppm of hydrogen sulfide, 02 ppm of methyl sul-
fide, and 0.07 ppm of toluymethylamine. Charac-
teristics and significances of odors, physiological
effects of odor, and odor measuring methods are
briefly mentioned. (Text in Japanese)
[23870]
73-4620
MASSEY, D. T. Legal facets of county-wide solid
waste management. Public Works, 104(3):81-82,
Mar. 1973.
In order to take advantage of the many benefits
of county-wide or other regional solid waste
management plans, Wisconsin recently enacted
legislation enabling counties to establish and
operate solid waste disposal systems or to par-
ticipate in such systems jointly with other coun-
ties, cities, or towns. Involvement is optional
since the statute permits but does not require
such cooperation. Municipalities having difficul-
ty finding sanitary landfill sites due to restricted
zoning are aided under the bill. Sites operated by
governmental agencies in accordance with an ap-
proved county plan and meeting all State stan-
-------
56
dards are exempt from local permits or
authorization. Statutory provisions authorize
county boards of supervisors to acquire land for
and operate disposal sites, regulate their opera-
tion, and collect waste. Ordinances necessary to
conduct these functions may be adopted and en-
forced by these boards. Counties are empowered
to appropriate funds and levy taxes for capital
and operating costs of solid waste handling
systems. Persons using the service's of county
systems may be charged reasonable user fees
commensurate with the costs of the services
rendered. Counties may borrow funds and issue
general obligation bonds to finance land acquisi-
tion or construction of solid waste handling
facilities.
[23871]
734621
Poisonous waste disposal. FMF Review, 2, Sept.
1972.
The Deposit of Poisonous Waste Act 1972 is
reviewed. The Act provides that no person shall
deposit waste on land where the waste is of a
kind which is poisonous, noxious, or polluting and
its presence on the land is likely to give rise to an
environmental hazard. The presence of waste on
any land is regarded to give rise to an environ-
mental hazard if the waste has been deposited in
such a manner or in such a quantity as to subject
persons or animals to material risk of death, inju-
ry, or impairment of health, or as to threaten the
pollution or contamination of any water supply.
The Act makes it a duty to notify the responsible
local authority before waste is removed or
deposited, and it makes provision for exceptions
to this requirement to be made by means of
further regulations. Food or any waste produced
in the course of the preparation, processing, or
distribution of food, vegetable matter, and
animal carcasses, or parts thereof are exempt
from notification.
[23872]
73-4622
SCHENKE, R., AND G. W. VON VELSEN. Zum
problem des beseitigung von somdermuell. [The
problem of industrial waste disposal.] Chemie-
Ingenieur-Technik, 44(16):962-966,1972.
The social, organization, and econpmic problems
of industrial waste disposal are outlined in light
of the legal situation. The possible ways of or-
ganizing the disposal of special wasteO that is, by
the State, by private industry, by an alliance of
the two-are compared and contrasted regarding
advantages and disadvantages of each. Finally, a
scheme is given for the region covered by the
Siedlurigsverband Ruhr kohlenbezirk (SVR)
which is based on the construction of a large
plant for disposal of special waste by industry
with participation of the SVR. The newest laws
on the various levels agree on two principles.
Firstly, wastes should be forbidden entry into
any receiving stream, air, or groundwater, and
secondly, that the producer of the waste has to
take care of its disposal. Private initiatives alone
or with some aid from the State seem to be the
fastest and most efficient approach to a satisfac-
tory solution of industrial waste disposal. (Text
in German)
[23873]
73-4623
SULJAK, N. D. Public policymaking and environ-
mental quality; an annotated interdisciplinary
bibliography. Environmental Quality Series No.
5. Davis, University of California, Institute of
Governmental Affairs, 1971.176 p.
This bibliography contains abstracts on many
areas of public policy as related to the environ-
ment. It illustrates the attitude of the various
branches of the government toward environ-
mental questions. Following these abstracts
there is an annotated list of reference sources on
environmental questions including: bibliogra-
phies; abstracts; directories; journals; newslet-
ters; encyclopedias; and statistics. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23874]
73-4624
VON LERSNER, H. Das abfallgesetz des Bundes.
[The Federal Refuse Removal Act.] Muell und
Abfall, 4(6):179-184,1972.
The Refuse Removal Act was the first important
law approved by the Federal Government of
Germany. It defines refuse as material which the
owner wants to get rid of or the removal of
-------
57
which is necessary for the public health and
benefit. According to the 'Polluter-Pays Princi-
ple' costs for the removal of the refuse will have
to be borne by the refuse owner which however
does not mean that he himself will have to pro-
vide for the removal. In order to guarantee cor-
rect and hygienic refuse disposal the waste
material will have to be removed by public
authorities and removal costs will be covered by
collecting a removal fee from the polluters. The
proposal to pay the expenses for refuse disposal
from tax proceeds has been rejected because this
would reduce the initiative of the industrial pol-
luters to reduce environment pollution. In the fu-
ture enterprises dealing with wrecked cars will
be regarded as refuse removal sites and are sub-
ject to an official authorization. For the time
being car shredding plants can work economi-
cally owing to the high prices for shredded scrap
but if prices go down the government will have
to consider the introduction of a car shredding
fee which will have to be paid when buying a new
car. Public authorities are not obliged to remove
special refuse. The owner of such special refuse
must either provide for the necessary disposal
himself or avoid the creation of special refuse.
(Text in German)
[23875]
73-4625
WAHRENHOLZ, K-W. Das neue Abfallrecht.
[The new waste disposal legislation.] Wasser un
Boden, (10):304-307, Oct. 1972.
The new refuse removal act defines refuse as
movable things which the proprietor wants to
get rid of or which have to be removed in order
to guarantee public health. Refuse has to be
removed in such a manner that human health
and animals are not endangered, that water and
soil are not polluted, and that air pollution is
avoided. Only 40 out of 2,700 deposit sites in
Lower Saxonia will meet the mentioned require-
ments. In order to assure that in the future
refuse removal plants will correspond to the
requirements, deposit sites, incineration, and
composting plants will be subject to an official
control procedure. Modifications of removal
plants which are already in operation will have to
be effected in view of operation processes and
plant installation if necessary. According to the
new refuse removal act, an official authorization
is required for collecting and transporting of
refuse and for the importation of waste material.
In case of violations of the refuse removal act,
penalties up to 100,000 deutsche marks will be
imposed. Costs for the removal of domestic
refuse will have to be borne by the individual in-
habitant by paying a certain collection fee, while
in case of removal of special industrial refuse,
costs will have to be borne by the polluter. (Text
in German)
[23876]
73-4626
Waste disposal: a new framework proposed.
Surveyor—Local Government Technology,
14(4,212):31-32, Mar. 2,1973.
A four-point plant, outlining proposals for new
waste disposal legislation, has been accepted by
the Department of the Environment, Scottish
Development Department and the Welsh Office.
The main points of the plan are summarized in
this article. The proposals involve new legisla-
tion to enforce waste disposal authorities to
draw up a comprehensive 10-year plan. This
would review and meet the waste disposal needs
of their area. The legislation would also give the
authorities licensing and sampling powers as
well as authorization powers over the disposal of
toxic or hazardous wastes. Further, the powers
and duties of the refuse collection and disposal
authorities will need to be reviewed and restated
along the lines put forward in the consultation
document as proposals for a new framework for
waste disposal.
[23877]
MANAGEMENT
73-4627
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. Financial
summary, 1972-73.25 p.
This document outlines the income and expendi-
tures of the City of Jacksonville, Florida. In-
cluded is a presentation of expenditures for solid
waste management and street cleaning. This
totals $3.1 million. There is also an extensive
discussion of the new program for improving
Jacksonville's sewage treatment facilities. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
-------
68
[23878]
734628
DREHER, J. Alles fuer die frischluft.
[Everything for fresh air.] Umwelt, 3(1):39-41,
1973.
Stuttgart began early to protect its environ-
ment. In 1965 the city abandoned all dumps, of
which it had 40. A large incinerator was put into
operation in Stuttgart-Muenster. Larger con-
tainers with a volume of 110 liters and 1.1 cu m
and entirely enclosed trash collection trucks
were introduced. Part of the collected domestic
refuse is composted. A planning committee has
the task of estimating the future trash quantities
from in-depth studies of the present trash quan-
tities. (Text in German)
[23879]
734629
LENGYEL, W. Abfallordnung fuer den
Kaerntner zentralraum. [Refuse system for the
Kaernten region.] Oesterreichische Wasser-
wirtschaft, 24(9/10):211-220,1972.
The refuse situation of the region of Kaernten
with special regard to its importance as tourist
attraction is discussed. Communities are clas-
sified according to the contingency of tourist
beds offered and basing on these data refuse
quantities of up to 100 percent are added to the
normal refuse quantity of the inhabitants in
order to get a correct refuse quantity forecast
for the year 1980. At the time being only the big
cities and some tourist places use a closed refuse
collection system. In the other communities the
refuse is collected in paper bags and transported
in open trucks. The domestic refuse quantity
amounts to 106,000 cu m per year, which means
21 liters per inhabitant and week. It is proposed
to establish a regional refuse removal system,
consisting of special refuse collection trucks
which will empty the refuse either directly into
the bins of refuse removal plants or will trans-
port the waste material to transfer stations
where the refuse is pressed into containers of 20
cu m. The central refuse removal plant will be
situated at Klagenfurt consisting of an incinera-
tion plant, a flaying plant and a waste oil
refinery. At Villach the collected refuse will be
shredded and together with sewage sludge
disposed of in a sanitary landfill. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23881]
734630
RASCH, R. Behricht ueber die diskussion an-
laesslich des 23 muelltech kolloquiems am 9 Ok-
tober 1972. [Report on the discussion on the oc-
casion of the 23rd refuse technical meeting on
the 9th Oct., 1972, at Stuttgart.] Muell und Ab-
/a«,4(6):198-201,1972.
The central planning for refuse disposal must be
effected by the individual region. This however
does not mean that each region will have to set
up a special department for refuse disposal. Spe-
cial organizations whose work is not limited to
one region only proved to do a very effective
planning work and the setting up of adequate
disposal plants. Fees for refuse collection and
removal will not be generally fixed but left to the
individual community, which may either calcu-
late the amount according to the number of
refuse bins or to the number of inhabitants. Fees
should be calculated in a manner that investment
costs for the removal plant will be covered. The
storing of refuse in special containers is not sub-
ject to a special authorization but in general is
regarded as part of the refuse collection and thus
has to be effected by the community. For the
transportation of special refuse a license is
required in order to control the removal. Trans-
portation and removal of special refuse must not
be hampered by borders so that it can be trans-
ported from one land into the other as there are
only one or two plants for the removal of special
refuse in the Federal Republic. The definition of
special refuse varies according to the different
situation in communities and cities. In cities for
example most of the special refuse can be
removed together with the domestic refuse
owing to the large capacities of the removal
plants while small communities cannot accept
refuse from industrial plants. (Text in German)
[23882]
734631
SHELEF, G., U. ALONI, AND A. MICHAELS. A na-
tional solid waste management plan for the state
-------
59
of Israel. ISWA (International Solid Wastes and
Public Cleansing Association) Information Eul-
tetin, (7):12-21, June 1972.
A national solid waste management plan for
Israel was elaborated by a committee made up of
representatives of concerned ministries with the
assistance of the World Health Organization.
Extensive use of composting methods, protec-
tion of water resources, and a regionalized solid
waste management system were the major con-
cerns of the plant to be set up. The information
necessary to develop the solid waste manage-
ment plan were obtained from surveys of the
present management practices, present and fu-
ture disposal sites, disposal methods, and total
compost needs, and from investigations of the
refuse in major urban areas and of available
technologies with regard to their applicability to
the specific conditions in Israel. Criteria for the
regionalization concept were determined;
minimum population to be served in a region
should be 250,000, each region should be capable
of disposing of its own solid wastes within its
own area over a period of 30 years, and a con-
venient network of roads should be available
between the populated areas of each region. The
plan is to be implemented in the summer of 1972.
[23883]
734632
Solid wastes. In Environmental health
planning. Public Health Service Publication No.
2120. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1971. p. 31-36.
This chapter discusses the steps necessary to
plan for solid waste management on the State or
regional level. It is necessary, first to define the
nature and scope of the problem. The Federal
government's conception of, its mission is to
assist local bodies with their disposal problems
through research, grants for demonstration pro-
jects, and technical assistance. Many different
Federal agencies are concerned with solid waste
management. Generation of solid waste is
discussed. It is necessary for a State or region to
define its goals and problems in solid waste
management. This could include: elimination of
open dumps; elimination of health hazards; im-
provement of collection services; improvement
of disposal facilities; and similar needs. Sub-
sequently, it it necessary to draw up a plan for
optimal solid waste handling procedures. This
plan should include: suggested legislation;
technical assistance for local areas; a public in-
formation system; a training program; and
similar features depending on the needs of the
individual State or area. The constraints of man-
power, technology, money, and political concern
should be considered and the plan should be im-
plemented. It is necessary to evaluate the plan
after it has been in effect and to include an
evaluation mechanism in the plan itself. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23884]
73-4633
TAKAMATSU, T. Kankyo osen seigyo ni taisuru
shisutemuzu apuroochi no kenkyo no doko.
[Studies on the systematic approach to environ-
mental pollution control.] Gakujutsu Geppo,
25(6):338-347, Sept. 1972.
To perform the plan and control of environment,
it is necessary to know how the environment is
affected by the change of meteorological or
other conditions. Therefore, these conditions
must be represented quantitatively and the
change with time of the environmental condition
must be forecast, but even with modern science
it is difficult to foresee these conclusively and
precisely because there are many unknown fac-
tors. For the material diffusion equation as to
the atmosphere, the direction of wind and the
speed of wind may, strictly speaking, be changed
with time in the three dimensional space, and in
our life space concerning pollution it may be said
that it is in general difficult to calculate exactly
on how the pollutional source would diffuse over
a complicated geographical shape of the ground.
However, it is too late to make pollutional coun-
terplans after the analytical studies for these
problems have been developed. For these
reasons, it is significant to think of a method to
make a reasonable plan and control for environ-
ment as far as possible on the basis of imperfect
information. As a methodology for it, the predic-
tive control may be cited, and in making the con-
trol system, there are the three important
points: (1) the environmental system is primarily
a mobile system; (2) the control policy must be
set up in the presence of improbability; and (3)
-------
60
the environmental control system must be
treated as multivariables system. The present
conditions of water pollution control study are
given here. (Text in Japanese)
[23885]
OCEAN DISPOSAL
73-4634
Abfallbeseitigung In' und 'auf see. [Waste
disposal *into' and 'on' the sea.] Chemische In-
dustrie, 25:89-93, Feb. 1973.
The chemical industry will for some time longer
be compelled to use the sea for the waste
disposal mainly because some substances cause
more severe direct or latent danger to the en-
vironment when disposed on land. The article
gives a general review of the existing national
and international regulations and laws, with
definitions for terms such as 'dumping,' 'sinking,'
'sea,' and 'high sea,' and details of the rules on
waste disposal into coastal waters and 'high
seas.' The rulings are given of the London con-
vention of 1972 of the 13 States of the North-
East Atlantic Ocean, and of the Oslo convention,
with definitions for the 'black list' and the 'gray
list' of substances, including the contents of the
'Annex IIP of both these conventions, not less
important than the 'black' and the 'gray' lists, for
it regulates the granting of permission for waste
disposal into the sea. The present regulations on
the application and permission procedures in the
German Federal Republic are given separately.
(Text in German)
[23887]
73-4635
Abfallbeseitigung der binnenschiffahrt. [Refuse
removal for inland navigation.] Staedtehygiene,
24(3):74-75,1973.
During the last environmental protection action
'Clean up the river Rhine' more than 4,300 cu m
of refuse have been removed from the river
Rhine which demonstrates the necessity of a
regular refuse removal system for river ships. It
has been proposed that the refuse shall be col-
lected on board in sacks which can be deposited
on shore whereever the ship moors. The owner
of the berths has to provide for respective places
from where the city cleaning department will
have to remove the bags. The ship owner has to
buy the bags and pay a special fee for the
removal of the refuse. (Text in German)
[23886]
73-4636
ROSENTHAL, H., V. DETHLEFSEN, AND K.
TIEWS. Rotschlamm in die Nordsee? [Red mud
in the North Sea?] Umsckau, 73(4): 118-121,1973.
Red mud, a waste product of aluminum produc-
tion from bauxite, is increasingly difficult to
dispose of on land because of a land shortage. A
German plant at Stade on the lower Elbe is now
starting production, with 800,000 tons of wet, red
mud to be expected annually, and the intention
of dumping it into the sea. In a large-scale ex-
periment, with 15,000 tons of red mud was
dumped during 20 days from a ship. The waste
spread rapidly over an area of 250 sq km and dis-
appeared in a few months to the bottom.
Although no final conclusions on the injury to the
bottom fauna can be made over the short time,
fishes kept in cages in water nearby died in a few
days. In laboratory experiments, herring eggs
became glued over and a high mortality was ob-
served, and in yet other investigations harm to
plankton crawfish through swallowed floating
red mud particles was shown, as well as to other
animals. Though these observations are contrary
to French experience, as well as that of other
countries, it must be considered that the
hydrological conditions and depth of the North
Sea are different, thus it is certain that, here,
harm is to be expected. It is possible to utilize
red mud as raw material, such as in production of
bricks, in cement, and in roadbuilding and thus,
at least, to lessen the pollution of the sea. Dump-
ing this chemically 'inert waste into depths over
3,000 m beyond the North Sea is also possible.
(Text in German)
[23888]
PACKAGING WASTES
73-4637
AoKI, J. Kadai wa yahari haikibutsu shori. [The
question is the disposal of wastes after all.] Kin-
zoA;tt,43(l):46-50, Jan. 1973.
-------
61
The year of 1972 was a violently shocking year;
particularly the wind blows hard against plastics.
At the present time, the problem is gradually
getting better, but remarkable improvement
cannot be expected. The cause is complex and ex-
tends over a wide range, but due to the circum-
stance that extraordinary prosperity for the last
several years stimulated the expansion of
production faculties and led to the increase in
plastic supply, the worldwide retreat of business
reduces demands for them, and the counterplans
to prevent pollution such as air pollution, water
pollution, and so forth are putting pressure upon
the enterprises. The time has come for the pro-
perties of plastics to be reviewed. Apart from
the outside economic trend, there are many
problems which the plastic industry must settle
of its own accord. The largest focus on plastics as
consumer products is the nontoxicity, nonpollu-
tion, and the ready treatability of the com-
pounds. They are taking some measures against
the regulations, but it seems they are still insuf-
ficient. In the case of polyvinyl chloride, many
problems remain unsettled, such as the genera-
tion of harmful black smoke and combustion
gases when a fire occurs. For the durable materi-
als, such as polyester, epoxy, etc., since they tend
to increase in production and in size, the amount
of wastes to be treated may be considerably in-
creased. For the present, either crushing or
burning must be undertaken, but the develop-
ment of crushers and incinerators should be
hastened. (Text in Japanese)
[23889]
734638
Fotochemischer abbau von kunststoffen.
[Photochemical decomposition of plastic materi-
al.] Kunststoffetechnik, 12(l-2):23,1973.
In England at the present time about 100,000
tons of high pressure polyethylene are used for
packaging purposes. The plastic wastes develop-
ing from the packaging materials can be
disposed of by incineration, pyrolysis, or sanitary
landfill. All of these, however, require high
transportation costs. In this connection the
biological decomposition of plastics has been
discussed. It is possible to modify high polymers
in a manner such that after degradation they can
be decomposed by microorganisms. The
degradation is effected by hydroperoxides
resulting from a transformation of the polymers
by means of oxygen. Other additives provide for
the transformation of ultraviolet radiation into
chemical energy which finally provides for the
development of hydroperoxides. Tests con-
ducted with polypropylene foils led to a complete
degradation of the foils into a fine powder which
was subsequently decomposed by microorgan-
ism. (Text in German)
[23890]
73-4639
Fuer die beseitigung von kunststoff-
packmaterial. [Removal of plastic packaging
material.] Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, 45(1):A
17, Jan. 1973.
In 1970 the total quantity of refuse amounted to
17.5 million tons of which the plastic percentage
was 3 percent, and which is expected to rise to 4
to 6 percent in 1980. According to investigations
conducted by the Environmental Protection
Agency, 90 percent of the total quantity of
plastic packaging is made of polyethylene,
polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, three sub-
stances which cannot be attached by microorgan-
isms. A firm in Japan lately succeeded in
developing copolymers with a photosensitive
agent which degrade within 2 weeks or in
periods up to 6 months according to the quantity
added of the substance. Another photodegrada-
ble polystyrene has been developed in the form
of foam, the degradation of which is effected by
activating the photosensitive agent by means of
ultraviolet light and by an oxidation process. A
polymer in the form of foil which can be easily
penetrated by by oxygen and carbon dioxide
becomes brittle when submitted to ultraviolet
light. (Text in German)
[23891]
73-4640
HONDA, K, M. SENO, S. SHIRAISHI, AND K.
NAKAMURA. Hikari hokaisei purasutikku.
[Photodegradable plastics.] Seisan Kenkyu,
25(2):80-84, Feb. 1973.
As one method for disposal of plastic wastes, the
development of photodegradable plastics is
possible. In this report, the methods by which
-------
62
photodegradation property can be conferred on
plastics are described. For the photodecomposi-
tion of plastics, a copolymerization with the
mononers having the photofunctional groups and
a method of adding a photosensitizer to plastics
may be considered. Particularly, polystyrene
was used as a control plastic in this work, and the
copolymerization with benzalacetone and
benzalacetophenone in the case of the former
and the addition of quinones in the case of the
latter were reexamined, showing that all of them
give good photodegradation. In the additive-ad-
dition method, for example, a 25 to 32 micron
thick polystyrene film of a polymerization rate of
about 1,600 to 1,800 was exposed to a 1 kw
xenon-mercury lamp through a light condenser
lens at a distance of 40 cm. In the copolymeriza-
tion method, a polymer with carbonyl group
directly linked on the main chain was synthes-
ized by copolymerization of styrene with
benzalacetophenone and benzalacetone without
the independent polymerization property, and
the photodecomposition properties of these were
reexamined. (Text in Japanese)
[23893]
734641
Kunststoff als pruegelknabe-zu recht? [Blame
on plastics-reasonable?] Technica, 22(6):442-444,
1973.
The percentage of plastics in residential refuse
actually amounts to 3 percent and is expected to
rise to 6 percent by 1980. Plastic waste can be
deposited without any problems, as it can be
compressed and shredded without difficulty.
Plastic waste does not emit harmful substances
into the soil or water. On the contrary, plastic
material helps to protect the environment.
Plastic foils lining the bottom of sanitary land-
fills prevent polluted water from seeping into
the ground. Plastic flakes mixed with sewage
sludge form an excellent soil improving agent.
Plastic foils are used for lining sedimentation
basins in sewage plants and aeration blades
made of noncorrosive plastic provide for the in-
tensive ventilation of wastewater. Research
work is done throughout the world to develop
plastic material which will be decomposed by
microorganisms or ultraviolet light. Since plastic
waste does not cause any problems in sanitary
landfills or incineration plants, the technical
input to solve the decomposition problem does
not seem justified. (Text in German)
[23894]
73-4642
Lightweight take-home container for beer is
easily disposable. Australian Packaging,
20(9):24, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses a new disposable container
for carbonated beverages and beer. The trade
name of the package is Merolite. The package
consists of a pouch made from a polyethylene
terephthalate tubular film coated with a viny-
lidene chloride copolymer barrier resin and a
paper sleeve which reinforces the tube, so it can
withstand the gas pressure from the beverage.
The sleeve also protects the beverage from ul-
traviolet light and is used for identification. The
use of the pack is described. The package can be
crushed by hand and is easily disposable. It is
burnable. The package holds 8.8 fluid ounces.
The filling and storage of the container are also
discussed.
[23895]
73-4643
New bottles make market impact. Chemical
Week, 111(16):34,36, Oct. 18,1972.
This article outlines new materials and patterns
in the soft-drink bottle industry. The major
development is plastic-glass combination. In
most cases this is a glass bottle with a protective
coating of polystyrene or some other plastic. All
plastic bottles are also being marketed. The bot-
tles are recyclable because most of the plastics
used will be consumed completely in the process
of melting the glass. The bottles will also
decrease the solid waste load because they are
lighter and use less than all-glass bottles.
[23896]
73-4644
NOZAKI, Y. Pori-yoku kanryuho ni yoru hai pu-
rasu. [Waste plastic disposal by thermal
degradation.] Kogai Bosho Sangyo, 3(l):68-75,
Jan. 1973.
Both laboratory and pilot plant experiments
were conducted using melted plastics such as
-------
63
polyethylene, polystrene and polypropylene as
medium for the degrading of plastic wastes.
These plastics are almost completely degraded
at around 400 C distillation and conduct heat to
other waste plastics, decreasing difficulties en-
countered in the thermal degradation of waste
plastics. By this method, the distillation furnace,
the central equipment, can be made compact.
Since degradation goes on at low temperature,
heavy metals are collected in the residue, and are
not scattered in waste gas and recovered salts,
acids, and oils. Hydraulic acid of high concentra-
tion and oil, which is a fuel without causing pollu-
tion, can be recovered. As this process is dif-
ferent from combustion method, very little
waste gas is emitted so that recovery equipment
can be made compact also. It is easy to separate
and remove residual matters. It is possible to
dispose of a great deal of waste plastics and to
produce a unit with 5 to 100 tons per day capaci-
ty. Since the charged waste plastics themselves
act as a medium to conduct heat, there is no need
for any supplementary medium. The residues
can be continuously taken out of the furnace, so
that the process is capable of continuous opera-
tion. Waste plastics to be fed need to be crushed
to some extent, to prevent bulky waste plastics
from staying on the bottom of the distillation
furnace without being melted. (Text in Japanese)
[23897]
734645
PINTO, D. Beer and soft drink packaging. In
How to make ecology work for you. New York,
New York, Chain Store Publishing Corp., 1972.
p. 30-47. ,-
The problem of returnable versus non-returna-
ble soft drink and beer containers has been
debated frequently and there is abundant data
available to support any possible conclusion.
There is disagreement between ecology and
business groups concerning the actual amount
that these bottles do contribute to the solid
waste stream. There are also conflicting reports
about the extent to which consumers want, will
buy, or will return returnable bottles. Retailers,
obviously, feel that non-returnable bottles are
more advantageous. If retailers want to avoid
the passage of laws that require them to sell only
returnable bottles and want to keep a good
image on the issue they should press for tough
anti-litter legislation. They should also finan-
cially support anti-Utter advertising campaigns.
In order to keep ecologists happy retailers can
also: stock a small number of returnable bottles;
point out to shoppers that soft drinks in returna-
ble bottles are a better buy; sell larger bottles of
soft-drinks; help with educational efforts aimed
at making consumers committed to recycling
every bottle, at a recycling center. The results of
surveys on litter quantity and analysis, as well as
consumer attitudes toward returnable bottles
are listed. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23898]
73-4646
PINTO, D. Packaging and private label. In How
to make ecology work for you. New York, New
York, Chain Store Publishing Corp., 1972. p. 48-
55.
Packaging accounts for the majority of all mu-
nicipal solid waste-360 million tons in 1972. Con-
sequently, it has attracted the concern of en-
vironmentalists. The retailer can react to this
concern through his use of his private label
products. He should learn to avoid overpackag-
ing that serves no purpose, except to make the
product resemble a national brand. This should
increase sales to the ecologically conscious
shopper, rather than reduce them. Another ap-
proach is to make paper products available that
are made from recycled materials. The retailer
should point out to his customers that larger size
packages use less packaging material propor-
tionately. Recycled paper and other environmen-
tally responsible materials should be used when-
ever possible for consumer containers, this, too,
will probably lead to an increase in sales. The
store can reduce overwrapping at the checkout
counter and save money and gain friends. Any
actions that the retailer takes toward making his
private name label brands more economical than
those of major brands should be advertised.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23899]
-------
64
73-4647
PINTO, D. Perishables packaging. In How to
make ecology work for you. New York, New
York, Chain Store Publishing Corp., 1972. p. 56-
63.
This article discusses the question of the use of
plastic as a packaging material for perishables,
using the controversy over meat trays as an ex-
ample. There is considerable dissension over the
subject, in general, but the ecology question has
added new dimensions. Opponents of plastic
state that plastic does not burn cleanly when in-
cinerated and does not decompose when placed
in a sanitary landfill. As a result many retailers
have made a well publicized switch back to
paper. Others have spoken in defense of plastic
asserting: plastics by their resistance to decom-
position give stability to a sanitary landfill, and
don't cause pollution from their decomposition
products; and it is faulty incinerators, not
plastics themselves, that produce incomplete
burning and unpleasant combustion byproducts.
Paper is made from a renewable resource and
plastic is not, but in terms of disposal neither is
clearly preferable. The author advocates that
stores give their customers a choice of container
materials. Polyvinyl chloride is discussed and
found to be harmless. Recommendations are
made on the best products for various materials,
it is recommended that retailers not give up
plastic recklessly. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23900]
73-4648
Seven ways to reduce disposable waste in
packaging. Modern Materials Handling,
27(12):52,54-56, Dec. 1972.
Ecology consciousness can lead to savings in the
area of reducing excess packaging. The use of
returnable containers for packaging in industry
can only be effective if a method is found to
make it economical. Industries can often find
uses in their own plants for the waste packaging
materials from supplies they receive. Packaging
materials can be designed so that they have
another use for the end consumer. Re-design of
packages with waste reduction in mind can lead
to great savings. Of the consideration of the
savings that can result from reduction in packag-
ing lead a company to redesign its product
slightly so that it will require less packaging.
Another way to reduce packaging waste is to
create a package that will be consumed in the
course of using the packaging. Similarly, it is op-
timal to eliminate packaging altogether when-
ever possible. It is also important for the
producer to design his packaging with recycling
in mind. In addition if he recycles his own waste
he will be able to do it efficiently, without the
usual problems of contamination and separation.
[23901]
73-4649
The US glass container industry. Glass,
49(9):285-287, Sept. 1972.
This article details the work being taken un-
dertaken by the glass container industry in the
United States in response to the growing en-
vironmental consciousness. The article is a sum-
mary of material in Glass ContainersO 1972,
published by the Glass Container Manufacturers
Institute Inc. The glass industry has set up 100
glass recycling stations around the United
States and a total of 198,000 tons of recycled
glass has been purchased by manufacturers
since 1970. The glass industry is exploring new
uses for waste glass in anticipation of the time
that large-scale separation processes will come
into being. In addition to reuse in new glass con-
tainers, waste glass may be used for paving
materials, building insulation materials, building
construction materials, and cellular material for
absorbing oil spills and allowing them to burn
without polluting the water. The present status
of separation processes is examined. The glass
industry is also taking steps to minimize any air
or water pollution caused by glass manufacture.
[23903]
73-4650
Umwelt freundliche plastikflasche. [Easily
disposable plastic bottle.] Umschau, 72(21):674,
1972.
A new plastic bottle has been developed which
decomposes when it comes into contact with
water. The bottle material consists of two chemi-
cally resistant foils of 0.1 mm thickness. A layer
-------
65
of hydroxypropenyl cellulose is between the two
foils. Before throwing away the bottle the outer
foil is stripped off and the cellulose layer dis-
solves completely in water. (Text in German)
[23902]
73-4651
Waste disposal riddle must be solved soon. Fac-
ton/,5(10):4, Oct. 1972.
A report has been released by the Container:
Paper Subcouncil of the Commerce Depart-
ment's National Industrial Pollution Control
Council. The report is entitled Paper and Wood
Packaging in Solid Waste and it outlines the
problem of disposal of paper from packaging. It
states that by 1985, 100 million tons of waste
paper will be generated each year in the United
States. Of this, only 40 million tons are expected
to be recycled. The document recommends that
the government use economic and technological
means to stimulate the increased recycling of
paper.
[23904]
PROCESSING / REDUCTION
73-4652
A review of crushing-compaction systems~an
introduction to various types of machinery.]
Kotai Haibutsu, (7):80-94, Sept. 1972.
Various crushers and compactors are reviewed
and the workings and scales are presented with
illustrations and tables. Machines discussed in-
clude: Kyokuto (Far East) Tremasher garbage
crusher by Kyokuto Development Co.; a waste
crusher-selector by Kurimoto Ironworks Co.; the
Tezuka compaction treatment system by Tezuka
Kosan K.K., a scrap-shredder by Kikosha Co.; a
KM cuttermill by Matsuzaka Trading Co.; a
fritter for nonburnables, glasses, and jars by
Nakayama Ironworks; the Nikki incombustible
treatment system by Nikki Machinery Co.; the
Odate crusher by Odate Precision Engineeri Co.;
the Rad-Crusher by Horai Ironworks; the Eidal
Crusher manufactured by Marubeni Co., Ltd.;
the Kawasaki Hazemag crusher by Kawasaki
Heavy Industries; the Mammosqueezer by
Kawada Engineering Co.; Hitachi Ltd.'s pul-
verizer/fragmentizer for solid waste; and Mit-
subishi-Hammermill's shredder, compactor, and
shear by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. (Text in
Japanese)
[23921]
73-4653
DINGUS, G. W. Wet pelletizing process and ap-
paratus. Canadian Patent 924,870 owned by
Cabot Corp., Boston, Massachusetts. Issued Apr.
24,1973.
The invention relates to the technique of wet
pelletizing pulverulent materials, such as carbon
black. More specifically, the invention describes
a process in which caking of materials on the
walls of the pelletizer with resulting obstruction
of the pelleting zone is reduced to a minimum
and perhaps even eliminated. The description of
the invention extends to the apparatus used to
carry out this process. Although wet pelletiza-
tion has been a process practiced for more than
30 years commercially, no successful means have
heretofore been devised to eliminate harmful
consequences of wall cake in wet pelletizers. This
invention intends to provide those means.
[23905]
73-4654
Great Falls, Montana to reclaim steel cans mag-
netically. Waste Trade Journal, 68(50):8, Dec. 16,
1972.
The Steel Producers News Bureau has an-
nounced that the City of Great Falls, Montana,
has initiated a project to use magnetic separation
to reclaim used cans. This system, scheduled to
go into effect in 1973, will provide for the salvage
of 30 million cans per year in the Great Falls
area. Both municipal and industrial refuse will be
separated using this method. In the United
States there are now 33 other cities using or
planning magnetic reclamation systems. Three
billion cans are now being reclaimed annually in
the United States. This system is economical and
can operate on a large scale more easily than
other reclamation schemes. Presently these
magnetic systems are attached to disposal
systems.
[23892]
-------
66
734655
HAGIMORI, J., AND E. KITAJIMA. Kenkobutsu no
hasai hoho. [A method of crushing hard objects.]
Japanese Patent 48-2,150 owned by Tsukamoto
Sogyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Issued Jan. 23,
1973.
This invention relates to a method of crushing
hard objects such as bricks, concrete, rocks, and
similar matters to a desired dimension without
scattering small pieces. The crushing device
under this invention consists of a gas bomb of
liquified inert gas such as liquified carbonic acid
gas, a heating water vessel provided with a
heater in which the bomb is heated, and a gas
tube connected with the bomb at the initial point
and with the nozzles at the end and several other
accessaries. At first, two holes are bored in a
hard object to be crushed. Nozzles are inserted
into each hole and tightly fastened with each
other, then a high pressure of inert gas is in-
jected into the holes to crush the hard object. At
this time, the hard object is crushed along a line
which connects the two holes. Thus, the hard ob-
ject can be crushed in a desired direction if more
than two holes are bored along a desired line.
Using this method, the object is simply broken
into two pieces instead of many small pieces, so
that there is no risk that small fragments of hard
objects are scattered. (Text in Japanese)
[23906]
73-4656
Haikibutsu shoriki raddo kurasha--R-600S gata.
Rad crusher waste disposer--R-600S type.O
Kotai Haibutsu, (8):114-115, Dec. 1972.
This crusher is so designed that miscellaneous
wastesO including rubber products, such as tires,
tubes, belts, hoses, and footwear with metallic in-
sertsO can be easily crushed and ground without
any presorting. The Rad crusher developed for
this purpose has a shearing structure in which
the shearing takes place so gradually by rotation
that no great momentary power is required and
a comparatively small power can cut and crush
any waste. The feature of this crusher is that any
waste such as wire-inserted tires, empty cans,
plastic and rubber wastes, wooden products,
cloth, paper, glass, cuttings from lathes, and elec-
tric wire, can be crushed to pieces less than 15
cm long without damaging the blade of the
crusher and without producing a great deal of
heat. Also, less noise and vibration are made and
the grain size of the crushed wastes can be regu-
lated. Presorting and post treatment are not
required. The capacity of the crusher is as fol-
lows: 1,100 to 1,300 pieces per hr for small car
tires, 600 to 900 pieces per hr for common car
tires; 2,100 to 2,500 pieces per hr for 18 liter
empty cans; 2.500 to 3,500 kg per hr for wooden
products, and 2,000 to 3,000 kg per hr for general
city wastes. (Text in Japanese)
[23907]
73-4657
HARADA, T. Purasuchikku haikibutsu no shori
gy'utsu. [Disposal technology for plastic wastes.]
Kogai Boshi Sangyo, 3(2):62-69, Feb. 1973.
Various types of crushers and shredders of
plastics are discussed. It is better to dispose of
waste plastics by shredding, than by crushing.
Clearance, blade angle of hammer and effect of
temperature, are also discussed. The plastic
shredder, with a rotary blade, with 90 percent
shredding rate, can be operated with continuous
feeding of material. Shock-type shredders can-
not be applied to plastic wastes, as they are
meant for harder material, which does not
stretch on impact. Jet crushing method is effec-
tive to a certain extent. Some models are a com-
bination of high speed shock and powerful
shredding. In order to avoid the generation of
heat, plastics can be broken up at cold tempera-
tures, but the means to lower the atmospheric
temperature economically remains a problem.
Crushing by jet stream has its limitations. A new
method, using liquefied nitrogen gas, has not
reached practical stage yet. Photo-degradation
of plastics is briefly discussed. A study of this is
being made at the Textile High Polymer
Research Institute in Japan. At the Polymer
Synthesis Research Institute, studies on model
polymers are being made. (Text in Japanese)
[23908]
73-4658
HASEGAWA, R. Kokei haikibutsu asshuku kon-
poki-kuriin pakku. Solid waste compressed
packer-clean pack.O Yuatsuka Sekkei, 11(1):20-
23, Jan. 1973.
-------
67
This type of solid waste compactor is meant for
department stores, supermarkets, and apart-
ment houses. There are two models~D and M.
Model D can dispose of 30 cu m of refuse per hr,
with 21.5 tons of compression. The solid waste is
reduced to one-fifth to one-sixth of its original
bulk. The machine can be connected with a dust
chute, and the hopper can be made larger, so that
it can dispose of a great deal of waste at one
time. The compressed waste is put into a bag au-
tomatically, so that it is clean and speedy. The
package can be of the bulk and weight in keeping
with the transportation means available. Main-
tenance cost is low; it is easy to operate and
maintain. Electricity does not cost much and it is
only the bags which must be replaced. Unless the
waste bag is correctly set in the charging tube,
the machine does not operate, even if the start-
ing button is pushed.. Once the bag is correctly
set, the waste inside the hopper is compacted au-
tomatically. When stop button is pushed, the bag
can be tied. Model M is similar to Model D, but in
the case of Model M, when waste is thrown into
hopper, the compactor automatically starts
operating, because of photo cells action. The
compressed waste is compacted, sterilized, and
put into bags continuously and speedily. Inside
the hopper there is a sprinkler so that it is safe
from fire. Model M can dispose of 3 cu m an hr,
with 17.2 tons of compression. (Text in Japanese)
[23909]
73-4659
INOUE, H. Asshuku konpo ni yoru gomi shori
hoshiki to sono riron. [Waste disposal method
and its theory using compressed packing.] Yuat-
suka Sekkei, 11(1):8-12,26, Jan. 1973.
Tezuka Kosan Co.'s compression method does
not require thermal treatment, so that non-
flammable, bulky, mixed wastes, and garbage,
can all be compressed, wrapped in wire mesh,
and the package can be asphalt-coated to be used
for reclamation. It does not matter if the wastes
contain plastic wastes with high calorific value or
vinyl chloride, etc. There is no problem of smoke,
or chloride gas issuing, so that there is no com-
plaint about air pollution. Since the bulk is com-
pressed to less than a quarter of the original
bulk, transportation cost is lowered. It is more
hygienic to reclaim with asphalt coated packages
than untreated wastes, and subsidence is only 0.8
percent while untreated wastes' subsidence is
over 30 to 50 percent. Results of studies on
specific weight (weight/volume) of wastes in
Tokyo showed the average was 0.26 tons per cu
m (within the range of 0.2 tons to 0.4 tons per cu
m). However, the specific weight of asphalt-
coated packages is 1.1 tons per cu m. Dewatering
is 7 to 10 percent of the weight. It is important to
determine what the economic compression is,
while assuring that the compressed package
would not regain its original bulk The compres-
sion plant is designed in such a way that 100 kg
per cu cm to 200 kg per cu cm pressure is given.
Those in operation at present have 100 tons per
hr capacity, producing 1.5 ton blocks; 50 tons per
8 hr, 0.8 ton blocks; 50 tons per 8 hr, 0.5 ton
blocks; 50 tons per 8 hr, 0.75 ton blocks; 50 tons
per 8 hr, 0.75 ton blocks; 400 tons per 16 hr, 2 ton
blocks; and 240 tons per 24 hr, 1 ton blocks.
There are presses also in operation which are
solely for decreasing weight and crushing wastes
such as bottles, desks, cans, etc. (Text in
Japanese)
[23913]
73-4660
JESCHE, H. Kisten, kanister kotfluegal. [Cases,
canisters, fenders.] U-das technische umwelt-
magazin. (10):24-26, Oct. 1972.
Medium-sized businesses have special refuse
storing and disposal problems, as they have to
dispose of paper wastes, bottles, plastics, cases,
and bulky refuse. Various devices have been
developed by individual industries which are
especially suitable for the .type of refuse
produced. Communities usually supply enter-
prises with movable refuse bins with a volume of
1,100 liters which are emptied by the competent
municipal cleansing department. For greater
refuse quantities special containers are offered
which are transported by vehicles with a special
charging device. In order to optimize the utiliza-
tion of refuse bins special presses have been
developed which press the refuse, mainly paper
and cardboard, into bales of 40 to 100 kg weight.
Larger press versions can be used for compact-
ing production refuse. These have a throughput
of 2,000 to 25,000 kg per day. Refuse bag presses
compact the refuse to one-fifth of its original
-------
volume and enclose it in a plastic bag. Refuse
compactors consisting of a feeding funnel,
pressing piston, and exchangeable container
compress all types of refuse in a ratio of 1 to 8.
For the disposal of bulky refuse and old tires a
device has been developed equipped with cutting
shafts working in opposite directions which
shred about 30 to 60 cu m of refuse per hr at a
volume reduction of 1 to 5 to 1 to 6. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23914]
734661
KIMURA, K. Denkiroyo sukurappu puresu.
[Scrap press for electric furnace.] Yuatsuka Sek-
fcei, 11(1):13-17, Jan. 1973.
The original type of scrap press developed by
the Nippon Kokan Co. in 1965 was designed for a
20-ton capacity electric furnace, but the newly
developed ones are for 40-, 50-, 60-, and 70-ton
capacity furnaces, rectifying the previously en-
countered problems. The press consists of four
pillars, underneath which there is a bed and on
top a cylinder frame. In the middle there is a
slide frame which guides the piston rod. An oil
tank is placed on the deck, and extended from
cylinder frame. All the valves are placed on the
side wall of the tank to simplify piping and main-
tenance. The slide frame has sufficient width, so
that it can withstand uneven loading. Therefore,
the piston is not unduly affected and there is no
danger of oil leakage. Four cylinders, contrary to
the one cylinder of conventional types, also avoid
detrimental effects from uneven loading. The
radial plunge pump is a simple, efficient,
mechanism, makes less noise and vibration, and
can withstand long use under severe conditions.
The hydraulic system can be simply push-button
operated. Although in the beginning, the com-
pressed scrap was 1.8 to 2.2 specific gravity, this
was changed to 12 to 1.4. Also, there is a 300 to
400 mm space between one side of the press and
the compressed scrap, so that it can easily slip
out. These new devices were made possible due
to the fact that Nippon Kokan Co. not Only
manufactures steel, but also manufacturers the
electric furnace. The new type of scrap press
contributes to lowering the cost of steel making.
(Text in Japanese)
[23915]
73-4662
KINOMOTO, Y., AND Y. SHIN. Haihin asshuku
shoriki. [Refuse compaction device.] Japanese
Patent Sho 47-25,498 owned by Sharp Corp.,
Osaka, Japan. Issued Aug. 8,1972.
This invention concerns a compression
mechanism, in which a rotary movement is
changed to a reciprocating movement with
reduced speeds, used in a compressive disposer
for wastes such as food wastes, other common
wastes, empty bottles, and empty cans. The
disposer under this invention comprises a con-
tainer with an opening on the top to house the
household wastes or the general wastes,
frameworks formed at the openings on the front
and rear walls to surround the container, a
pressing plate provided between the framework
and the wall on the top of the container, and a
compressive system mounted on the top of the
main body in which the one end of rope from a
pain of winding wheels connects with the rotary
axis interlocking with an electric motor, and the
other end of the said rope connects with the pul-
leys provided on both side walls of the
frameworks through a pulley. By operation of
the said compressive system, the winding wheel
winds the top to cause the shuffling movement
of the frameworks housing the compression con-
tainer to take place, and thus wastes are com-
pressed by the pressing plate within the con-
tainer. (Text in Japanese)
[23916]
73-4663
KOBAYASHI, K. Kuren-shiW sukurappu puresu-
ki. [Crane-type scrap compaction machine.]
Japanese Patent Sho 48-3,033. Issued Jan. 29,
1973.
This invention concerns a scrap pressing
machine on the upper part of which is mounted a
strong electromagnet built-in compaction body
in which a ram plate is provided. This invention
is unique in that the installation of the compactor
is on the top of a crane so that the said ram can
be operated back and forth by oil pressure or
gears. The purpose of this invention is to offer
the equipment by which metal scrap can be
pressed to a smaller volume by only one worker
at the spot where scrap is discarded or piled up,
-------
69
and the disposal and delivery of such bulky
scraps can be easily performed by very few wor-
kers and in a very short time. (Text in Japanese)
[23917]
734664
Mitsubishi-Rindeman funsaiki. Mitsubishi-
Lindemann crusherO Yuatsuka Sekkei, 11(1):18-
19, Jan. 1973. '
The Mitsubishi-Lindeman crusher was
developed with technical cooperation between
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. and West
Germany's Lindemann Kommandit Gesellshaft.
Bulky wastes from industry, offices and homes
are effectively crushed. Such pretreatment as
preselection is not required. Since the crusher's
feeder is very wide, bulky wastes can be charged
into a crusher directly, without a feeding con-
veyer, which makes the crusher very compact.
The blades, both vertical and horizontal, effec-
tively cut wastes into pieces less than 60 cu cm in
size. The machine can be operated either
manually or automatically. Since the wastes are
cut after crushing, it is easy to shred even bulky
wastes of complicated shapes. It is economical
and the operation rate is very high. (Text in
Japanese)
[23918]
73-4665
MOZDZANOWSKI, J. Soil compacting machine.
Canadian Patent owned by Bopparder Maschin-
enbaugesellschaft m.b.H., Boppard/Rhein, Ger-
many. Issued Apr. 17,1973.
Described is a soil-compacting machine with a
frame carrying two soil compacting rollers
mounted in tandem and at least two out-of-
balance centrifugal force generators for vibrat-
ing the rollers as they roll the soil. At least one
generator is mounted on the frame in front of
the rollers. At least one other generator is
mounted on the frame behind the rollers. Both
generators are carried on shafts which extend
longitudinally in the direction of the machine's
travel. The generators are relatively short com-
pared with the width of the frame and the axial
length of the rollers. The aim of the invention is
to arrange the unbalance centrifugal force
generators in such a way that the cost of con-
struction is reduced, and also to position the
generators in such a way that the desired
rocking movement is achieved.
[23919]
73-4666
NAKAZAKI, K., T. MORI, AND K. WAKAYAMA.
Gomi shori sochi. [Waste disposer.] Japan Patent
Sho 47-27,825 owned by Tokyo Shibaura Electric
Co., Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan. Issued Aug. 23,1972.
This invention concerns a disposer for household
wastes in which wastes such as vegetable
wastes, fish wastes, etc., which are perishable
and tend to give off bad odors are packed in
bags. The method under this invention is
developed with the intent to exactly and easily
perform the packing of these wastes into a bag
by means of a piston. In this system, the water
contained in wastes is first removed within the
cylinder, the wastes are housed in a vinyl bag ar-
ranged below the cylinder and compressed by
the piston, and then the top end of the bag is heat
fused to closely pack the wastes. Accordingly the
wastes can be packed into a bag, and because
they are formed into compactly compressed light
weight packings by compression after the
removal of the water, the odors are completely
eliminated and therefore the subsequent dispos-
ing work of wastes is easier. The disposer com-
prises a cylinder into which wastes are damped,
a pressure container provided below the
cylinder, a long cylindrical bag leading to the
cylinder and attached foldably so as to be taken
out from the lower part of the cylinder, a piston
movable from the inside of the cylinder to the in-
side of the pressure container and to compress
wastes in the bag, a cutting device to heat fuse
the top end of the bag, rack bar connected with
the piston, a feed wheel to move up and down the
rack bar by an electric motor, a water-draining
device to drain the water from wastes, and elec-
tric switch groups to achieve automatically all
the operations between the changing time and
the bag-cutting time. (Text in Japanese)
[23920]
73-4667
SHIBATA, R. Gomi shoriki. [Waste disposer.]
Japanese Patent 47-25,497 owned by Matsushita
-------
70
Seiko Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan. Issued Aug. 8,
1972.
This invention concerns a waste disposer by
which the wastes coming from general household
can be disposed of sanitarily and compactly. It
eliminates the defect which the former disposer
possesses, such as a tendency of bulky wastes to
fill up the waste contianer. The waste disposer
consists of the body of the disposer, a box drawa-
ble from the body, a water-resistant paper bag
detachable from inside the box, an electric
motor, and a crank which can change the rotating
motion of the motor into an up and down motion
and then moves up and down the dead weight
which compresses wastes. In short, in the system
under this invention, wastes are compressed
compactly into a paper bag by the up and down
movement of the dead weight driven by the
crank with the aid of an electric motor. A great
quantity of wastes can be disposed of easily,
sanitarily, and speedily without wastes being
scattered about, and it also facilitates the sub-
sequent disposal of the compressed wastes.
(Text in Japanese)
[23922]
73-4668
SHIGAKI, M. Hasaiki o sonaeta shokyaku pu-
rasuchikki-rui sokyuki. [Feeder with crusher for
plastic wastes to be burned.] Japanese Patent 48-
10,739 owned by Takuma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
Issued Apr. 6,1973.
This invention relates to a feeder for plastic
wastes to be burned in a combustion furnace in
which plastic wastes are first crushed. The
crushed plastics are fed into a combustion fur-
nace continuously. The amount of air cor-
responding to the quantity of the feed is sent
into the furnace avoiding the inclusion of un-
necessary air. Thus, explosive firing of the
plastic particles during the feeding operation is
completely prevented. This feeder consists of
many slanted fixed blades aligned in a V shape at
intervals inside a hopper and many mobile shear-
ing blades provided side by side so that they can
fit between each space of the slanted, fixed
blades. The upper parts of these are connected
with the top of the piston rod of an oil-pressure
cylinder. A pusher which makes a dragging
movement back and forth is provided at the
lower part of the hopper and connected with the
piston rod of the oil-pressure cylinder, and a
cylindrical top feeder into which the pusher can
enter. In such a furnace, plastic wastes are quan-
titatively fed into the combustion furnace, and
are completely burned out with no smoke and
with sufficient air from several nozzles provided
at proper places in the furnace. (Text in
Japanese)
[23923]
73-4669
SHIN, Y. Haibutsu asshuku sochi. [Compaction
equipment for refuse.] Japanese Patent 47-
25,495 owned by Sharp Corporation, Osaka,
Japan. Issued Aug. 8,1972.3 p.
This invention concerns a ventilating method for
the waste compression equipment in which the
refuse is compacted. This equipment consists of
a container housing household wastes or general
trash, a compression system to press and dispose
of the wastes within the container, and the main
body housing the said container and compression
system which is provided with an electric blower
which can operate at the time of operation of the
compression system, or at definite intervals, to
ventilate, during which fresh air comes in from
plural inlet openings on the wall of the main body
and dirty air goes out of the outlet pipe by the
blower. (Text in Japanese)
[23927]
73-4670
SHIN, Y. Haibutsu asshukuki. [A compressor
for wastes.] Japanese Patent 47-35,144 owned by
Sharp Corp., Osaka, Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention describes a waste compressor
designed to compress and house domestic trash,
especially vegetable waste, empty bottles, empty
cans, and so forth. Trash from kitchens and
general wastes have so far been simply thrown
into a trash basket. The trash basket was very
inconvenient for the reason that it is rapidly
filled with bulky cooking wastes; the wastes are
very unsanitary because they are usually left as
they are. The compressor is intended to remove
such deficts and consists of a main body compris-
ing a rectangular form of frame elements and
outside plates with a door at the central lower
-------
71
part in the front, supporting frame elements at
the central part of the main body, a machine
room above it, and the waste-housing room pro-
vided with a compressing vessel below the sup-
porting frame elements. The cooking trash is
compressed in the compressing vessel into a
small volume, and the compressed trash is
housed in a paper bag within the compressing
vessel so that it is easily and sanitarily taken out
and handled after being compressed. (Text in
Japanese)
[23926]
73-4671
SHIN, Y. Haihin asshuku shoriki. [A compressor
for trash.] Japanese Patent 47-35,145 owned by
Sharp Corp., Osaka, Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention concerns a compressor designed
to compress everyday trash, empty bottles,
empty cans, and so forth, from houses and to
house them in paper bags, or similar containers,
for making the disposal of the compressed trash
easy. The compressor consists of a compressing
container in which trash is charged, a plate at the
bottom of the compressing container which can
open and close by motor, a rotary screw shaft
mounted on the side wall of the compressing con-
tainer, a compressing chamber comprising the
push plate which makes an advance and retreat
movement through the screw shaft by a motor in
the compressing container, a tray which receives
the water pressed out on compression, a con-
tainer, in which a paper bag is housed, arranged
under the compressing container, a take-out
opening for the container, a control switch which
senses the completion of the compressing opera-
tion, a control switch which senses the comple-
tion of the compressing operation, a control
switch which senses the reach of the push plate
at the fixed places at both ends of the com-
pressing container, and a switch which senses
the opening and closing of the receiving plate.
Moreover, the compressing process and the
process to house the compressed trash in the
container are automatically operated. (Text in
Japanese)
[23925]
734672
SHIN, Y. Haihin asshuku shoriki. [Refuse com-
pactor.] Japanese Patent 47-25,499 owned by
Sharp Corporation, Osaka, Japan. Issued Aug. 8,
1972.
This invention concerns a supporting structure
for a compression container in which wastes are
housed and compacted, used in a compressive
disposer to compress wastes such as food wastes,
other usual wastes, empty bottles, and empty
cans. When the wastes in the compactor are com-
pressed under a comparatively great pressure,
the container itself must withstand great stress,
and thus a strongly built container is needed.
The feature is that the disposer consists of the
compression container, a compression system to
compress the wastes within the compression
container freely removable from the door of the
disposer, and freely mobile wheels mounted on
both bottom sides of the compression container,
and the compression container is supported by
the supporting angle where the wheels are
present and at the time of compressing operation
is supported by the receiving angle located at the
lowest part of the bottom wall of the container.
(Text in Japanese)
[23924]
73-4673
STUCHENKO, G. Can crusher. Canadian Patent
924,959. Issued Apr. 24,1973.
The device describes a can crusher. An hydraulic
piston and cylinder carries an upper disc. A
lower disc is situated below. Both discs have con-
centric grooves and receive the rims of popular-
sized cans. The grooves also prevent slippage
when crushing. Part of the apparatus is a four-
way valve which routes the hydraulic fluid to
either side of the piston. A relieve valve
bypasses fluid when the valve is off. The inven-
tion is particularly adapted for use in service sta-
tions which use such cans for oil, antifreeze, soft
drinks, and the like. Three claims are made for
this invention.
[23928]
73-4674
The implications of applying high pressure to
solid wastes for rail haul and solid waste
-------
72
disposal: compaction equipment performance
specifications. In High-pressure compaction
and baling of solid waste. Washington, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 154-155.
The specifications discussed in this report deal
with the functional performance required from
the compaction equipment as a unit. They do not
address themselves to equipment design needed
to perform the task specified. The information
given throughout this report indicates that
several sets of such press performance specifica-
tions can and should be developed. The sets of
specifications should be determined primarily by
the materials to be compacted, press design, and
operation considerations, and local solid waste
disposal condition. It was only feasible to
develop one example of very general per-
formance specifications for a compaction press.
This example provides for: the compaction of re-
sidential/commercial solid waste in heterogene-
ous mixtures which behave like semi-elastics; a
press capacity of about 250 tons per 6 hr or about
33 tons per full 8 hr shift; applied pressure of
2,000 Ib per sq in.; an overall volume reduction
capacity of 18 to 1; a total cycle time of 1 minute;
a service life of 2.9 million cycles; and a bale size
of 25.7 to 27.7 in. in the compaction chamber.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23912]
73-4675
The implications of applying high pressure to
solid wastes for rail-haul and solid waste
disposal: compaction equipment cost. In High-
pressure compaction and baling of solid waste.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1972. p. 155-160.
The compaction equipment cost data presented
in this report include depreciation of the
purchase price and power and maintenance.
They do not include interest and other financing
charges, return on investment, and personnel.
The depreciation is calculated on a 20-year write-
off period although the service life of similar
presses has been found to be 10 or 15 years
longer. An analysis of prices and
cost/performance parameters for existing
hydraulic presses, which in case of need, are
suitable for the high-pressure compaction of
solid wastes, indicates that depreciation and
power amount to about $0.50 per ton in a 7 hr, 5
day-per-week operation. An additional 7-hr shift
would reduce these costs by about $0.15 to $0.25
per ton. However, none of the existing presses
was specifically designed for the compaction of
solid wastes; consequently, the cost data reflect
the price of using substitute equipment. Thus,
these analyses suggest that the high-pressure
compaction of solid waste might cost less than
$0.40 per ton including all charges but excluding
financing costs, labor, and return on investment.
A higher press utilization factor than was used in
this analysis could significantly improve this
cost/performance ratio. Cost estimates made for
a lightweight frame solid waste compaction
press indicate that the basic investment cost
may be reduced substantially, perhaps as much
as 50 to 60 percent. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23911]
73-4676
The implications of applying high-pressure to
solid wastes for rail-haul and solid waste
disposal. In High-pressure compaction and bal-
ing of solid waste. Washington, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 160-163.
The implications of high-pressure compaction for
the rail haul of solid wastes is discussed to some
extent in this report; however, there are plants
to cover them in more detail in a separate publi-
cation being prepared on Rail Transport of Solid
Wastes by the American Public Works Associa-
tion. Concerning transfer stations, the rail haul
link, and the ultimate disposal of the bales by the
sanitary landfill method, the information shows
that high-pressure compaction of solid waste is
highly applicable to hail haul, and that the com-
bination of high-pressure compaction and rail
haul results in environmental control benefits
comparable to those available in the currently
acceptable method of processing solid wastes.
High-pressure compaction of wastes could also
increase the utilization of sanitary landfill space.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23910]
-------
73
73-4677
TSUKUBE, Y. Kanpekopuresu. [Waste disposal
press.] Yuatsuka Sekkei, ll(l):24-26, Jan. 1973.
'Kanpeko' press was developed in order to reutil-
ize waste cans as raw material for steel-making
and to save labor. About 4 percent of all wastes
is metal goods, which, when burnt in an incinera-
tor together with other wastes, would shorten
the life of the incinerator. By push button opera-
tion, compact presses (capacity ranges from
3,000 to 60,000 kg) can compress bulky wastes by
oil pressure. They can be handled by inex-
perienced workers even, at department stores,
forwarders, governmental offices, etc. Two
smaller types are movable. The cycle type
ranges from 30 seconds (14 seconds up, 16
seconds down) to 180 seconds. Capacity ranges
from 1 kg for one operation, 110 kg in an hr to 60
kg in one operation (about 1,000 juice cans), 1,000
kg in an hr (about 17,000 juice cans). The presses
are equipped with an antiexplosion device, and
the biggest type can be attached to a conveyor
and magnet separator, and is capable of continu-
ous operation. (Text in Japanese)
[23929]
734678
WADA, M. Gomi shori sochi. [Waste disposer.]
Japanese Patent 47-25,494. Issued Aug. 8,1972.3
P-
This invention provides for a disposer in which a
cylinder, inserted at the lowest part with a vinyl
bag which houses wastes, is brought down to the
bottom of the waste-stored box, then the wastes
housed in the cylinder are compressed by raising
the pressing plate, and lastly the wastes thus
compressed are removed from the cylinder for
transfer to another handling place. For these
reasons, the disposer under this invention will
serve as a unique means for the disposal of
wastes for reasons of sanitation and economy, in
addition to the advantages possessed by the
equipment that the structure is simple, and its
operation is very easy. (Text in Japanese)
[23930]
RECYCLING
73-4679
[Construction plates made of composted refuse
of common interest.] Staedtehygiene, 23(12):VII,
Dec. 1972.
A new method has been developed to use com-
posted domestic refuse for the production of con-
struction plates. A one-floor plant processes the
new raw material into plates which are nearly
fire-proof and offer a sound protection which
corresponds to that of a brick wall of 17.5 cm
width. (Text in German)
[23934]
73-4680
BARGMANN, R. D. Kein bedarf. [No demand.]
Umwelt, 3(l):54-57,1973.
Some people have proposed recycling of solid
wastes mainly to get around the shortage of
disposal sites. Los Angeles produces 42 million
tons of solid waste annually. The potentially
salvageable materials in residential solid waste,
e.g. glass, aluminum, iron, are among the most
abundant in the earth's crust. In most cases, the
materials and energy needed to collect and
process such materials exceed those needed to
mine and process the materials from natural
resources. On the other hand those materials in
short supply, e.g. copper, tin, lead, are not
present in large amounts in household refuse. If
all salvageable material in residential solid waste
were removed, recovered materials would
amount to only 0.44 million tons, which is 10 per-
cent of the total. Thus if a shortage of sanitary
landfill sites develops in the future, recycling of
solid wastes will not solve the problem: recycling
simply leaves most materials in the waste
stream. A more fundamental solution is needed.
(Text in German)
[23931]
73-4681
BELTING, K. W. Aufbereitung von phosphor-
gips zu anhydrit fuer das gipsschwefelsauere-
verfahren. [Processing of phosphogypsum to an-
hydrite for the gypsum/sulphuric acid process.]
Zement-Kalk-Gips, 25(8):387-390,1972.
In the conversion of phosphate with sulfuric acid
for the production of phosphoric acid, synthetic
gypsum is obtained as a byproduct. Until
-------
74
recently this gypsum was considered to be
worthless and was dumped. Experiments are
now being carried out to find the best method for
utilizing it. Two methods are described in this ar-
ticle for the conversion of this filter-moist
phosphogypsum to anhydrite. One method uses a
turbine calculator. In the other, drying is done in
a flow drier and dry return materials are added.
The separation of crystal water makes it possible
to add sulphuric acid to the dried material and
thus to reduce any excessive fluorine content in
the phosphogypsum to an acceptable level. (Text
in German)
[23932]
734682
Beseitigung von kunststoff-muell in Japan.
[Disposal of plastic wastes in Japan.] Kunst-
stoj5%,63(2):93,1973.
By 1975 plastic production in Japan will amount
to 7 million tons annually and about half of this
quantity will have to be disposed of as refuse.
Therefore efforts have been made to develop
new disposal methods for plastic wastes.
Methods have been developed to suspend milled
plastic refuse as dispersion which can be used for
paving the streets. In a small town near Tokyo
plastic refuse from households is collected
separately and reformed into a granulate which
is 40 percent of high pressure polyethylene, 15
percent of polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, 10
percent, each, low pressure polyethylene and
polypropylene, and 8 percent duroplasts and
other plastic material. Due to the low tearing
strength of this granulate it can only be used for
the production of flower pots, but by adding
chlorinated polyethylene or other substances the
quality might be optimized. Other methods use
plastic wastes for the production of artificial
sand, bricks, and chipboard. (Text in German)
[23933]
734683
DAHL, E. Q. Method of recovering fluorine from
carbonaceous waste material. Canadian Patent
922,486 owned by Elektrokemisk A/S, Oslo, Nor-
way. Issued Mar. 13,1973.
The invention deals with a method for recovery
by pyrohydrolysis of fluorine from particles of
solid carbonaceous waste material containing
fluorine. The particles are obtained from furnace
linings and bottoms, soots, scums, and dusts from
the melt electrolytic production of aluminum.
These particles are suspended at a temperature
of at least 1,000 C in a stream comprising steam
for purposes of establishing a fluidized bed. As
an example of the utility of recovering fluorine,
it is pointed out an aluminum plant producing
100,000 tons of aluminum per year has a waste of
about 6,000 tons of used furnace bottoms and
linings per year, and approximately 1,000 tons of
scum and cyclone dust per year. Thus it is of
great economic importance to be able to recover
the fluorine in such a way that it can be returned
to the electrolytic furnace.
[23935]
734684
DEVILLE, W. B., M. STOLL, AND S. FERGUSON.
Recovery and reuse of solid wastes; a search of
recent report literature. Bloomington, Indiana,
Environmental Systems Applications Center,
Oct. 1971.65 p.
This report was prepared for Public Technology
Inc. as part of a plan to set up an Urban
Technology Clearinghouse. It contains abstracts
of articles written from 1967 on that were com-
piled from a computer and manual search of a
number of data bases. These articles are a fairly
limited review of the literature in resource
recovery. Areas reviewed include: economics;
technology problems; governmental attitudes;
municipal recycling programs; citizen recycling
programs; separation; metals; paper; glass;
plastics; organic materials; energy; incinerator
residues and fly ash; pyrolysis; slags; automobile
tires; composting; and land reclamation. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23936]
734685
FICKER, S. Ein neues Gummi-Regenerierver-
fahren nach dem System Lurgi-ficker. [A new
rubber recycling procedure according to the
Lurgi-ficker system.] Kautschuk und Gummi,
25(10):481-485, Oct. 1972.
A new method has been developed for the
recycling of waste rubber. The material to be
-------
75
recycled is first preshredded in a roll crusher
and then milled in a pulverizing mill. In a mixing
device a plasticizer is added and sprayed onto
the milled rubber waste. By means of a feeding
device, the material is transported into a
recycling worm, consisting of a hollow worm
heat exchanger and the high temperature heat-
ing plant. The heat exchanger consists of a
trough which is closed except for the feeding
inlet and outlet. In the trough two worms are as-
sembled which clean themselves mutually
because of the special thread. A heat carrier
liquid flows without pressure through the trough
and the worms. The rubber material is trans-
ported by the worms from the inlet to the outlet
of the trough without any compression and any
kneading and is at the same time homogeneously
heated up to the recycling temperature. The
temperature of the heat carrier is between 200
and 260 C while that of the rubber material is
about 30 C below the indicated temperatures.
The heat exchanger has a weight of 3 tons, a heat
exchange surface of 16 sq m and has a
throughput of 250 to 300 kg per hr. After a de-
tention time of 15 minutes in the recycling worm
the recycled material leaves the worm and falls
into a special cooling device. Further treatment
of the recycled material is effected in refining
devices. The recycled material has a high quality
and a good processability. (Text in German)
[23937]
73-4686
GOEBEL, K. Enwicklungstendenzen im alt-
papierhandel. [Tendencies in the waste paper in-
dustry.] Das Papier, 27(3):98-99,1973.
In 1971 45.5 percent of the material used for the
production of paper consisted of waste paper and
it is expected that this number will rise by 5 per-
cent in 1972. However, owing to increasing sala-
ries and investment costs, the waste paper in-
dustry can no longer provide for a classification
of the waste paper so that this task has to be
done by the producer of the new paper. Because
of the difficult economic situation of the waste
paper industry, various enterprises ask for a
special fee for the removal of waste paper so
that in many regions it is more economic for the
households to let the waste paper be removed by
the city cleansing service. Therefore sometimes
waste paper dealers also provide for the removal
of other refuse. In the long run waste paper
dealers and governmental authorities together
will have to inform the population about the im-
portance of waste paper as raw material
resource for the paper production. The removal
of the waste paper through a specialized dealer
contributes considerably to effective environ-
mental protection. (Text in German)
[23938]
73-4687
GOODE, A. H., M. E. TYRRELL, AND I. L. FELD.
Glass wool from waste glass. Bureau of Mines
Report of Investigations 7708. Washington, U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1972.16 p.
Glass wool meeting requirements for commercial
use was made from glassy fractions of urban
solid wastes by the Bureau of Mines. This
research was a part of the Bureau's program to
develop building products and other usable
materials from reclaimed urban waste materials.
Mixes of molten glass were fiberized into glass
wool during laboratory studies by impingement
of a jet of compressed air on a stream of the mol-
ten glass. The principal test variable studied was
composition of the melt; this was varied by ad-
ding dolomite and alumina to obtain molten glass
with the handling characteristics required for
producing final wool products of the desired
composition and physical characteristics. When
no charge is made for the waste glass and ap-
proximately $75 per ton can be obtained for the
wool product, an interest rate of return on in-
vestment after taxes of about 12 percent can be
obtained. If a charge of $5 per ton is required for
the waste glass, a selling price of about $78 per
ton would be necessary to obtain a 12-percent-in-
terest rate of return on investment after taxes.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23939]
73-4688
GOTSHALL, W. W. Reinforcing agent from scrap
rubber char. Canadian Patent 922,857 owned by
Marathon Oil Company, Findlay, Ohio. Issued
Mar. 20,1973.
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76
Scrap rubber, for example, scrap tires, is
destructively distilled to produce a carbonaceous
char which is then ground to particles having an
average particle size of less than about 2.5
microns with at least 99 percent by weight less
than 5 microns. The grinding is accomplished
under a nonoxidizing atmosphere and the parti-
cles are protected from oxygenation of their sur-
faces until they have been coated with an organic
liquid. The resulting coated carbon particles are
useful in the production of reinforced elastomer-
ic compositions, for example, natural rubber,
butyl or chlorbutyl components.
[23940]
734689
HAAKE, R. Die Schmieroelregeneration in der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland. [The regeneration
of lubricating oils in the Federal Republic of
Germany,] Erdoel und Kohle-Erdgas-
Petrochemie, 25(6):360-362, June 1972.
The article describes a method for treatment of
used oils as presently used in Germany and other
countries for purposes of recovering high quality
lubricating oils. A special feature of the process
is the ability to stop and start in short periods of
time. For example, 60 minutes are required to
begin the regeneration plant, and 30 minutes are
needed to stop the process. The installation is
heated by cycled hot oil. A special improved
vaporizer ensures that oil quality does not
decrease as the plant is being started or stopped.
The installation has been designed so that not
only oils from internal combustion engines can
be treated, but also industrial oils containing up
to 20 percent by weight of other substances.
Consumption of acid has been largely reduced by
using the patented 'Fiscalin system' for mixing
mineral oils with sulfuric acid. (Text in German)
[23941]
73-4690
Haidenchi no kaishu shori. [Recovery of used
batteries.] Namari to Aen, 10(l):24-32, Jan. 1973.
This report is part of the study made for a pro-
ject concerning electric automobiles commis-
sioned by the Agency for Industrial Science and
Technology, Ministry for International Trade
and Industry. The distribution route of used bat-
teries is complicated; some are sold to rag
pickers; and some to battery dealers, and then to
used copper wholesalers, lead scrap recovery
dealers, and smelters. Separation of electrode,
separator, and the outer case is done mostly by
hand. If lead batteries are to be used for electric
motor cars from now on, the life and cycle time
of batteries must be studied, and the recycling
route must be simplified and improved. It is
necessary to safely dispose of waste sulfuric acid
and to prevent lead pollution of soil. There is no
standard method of disposing of used batteries.
Waste sulfuric acid can be utilized for making
gypsum, but there are unsolved problems. A
method for mechanical separation of components
of batteries, such as electrode, separator and
case, must be devised. New technology for
disposing of plastic battery cases must be
established. Bigger smelters must be
established, to handle used lead from batteries,
since bigger smelters can cope with the problem
of pollution accompanying smeltering better
than the smaller establishments. The example of
Stollberger Zinc Co., West Germany, is cited.
(Text in Japanese)
[23942]
73-4691
HORNER AND SfflFRiN, INC. Energy recovery
from waste. Environmental Protection Publica-
tion No. SW-36d.i. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972.15 p.
This article describes the progress of the St.
Louis demonstration project on the burning of
shredded municipal waste as a fuel for boiler fur-
naces. In this process, solid waste is collected
from residential areas of the city and ground in a
hammermill. Magnetic metals and the remaining
refuse is fired into boilers of the Union Electric
Company for production of electricity. Glass and
other inert materials are not removed. The solid
waste accounts only for about 10 percent of the
fuel used by the boilers, but this percentage may
increase. The processing plant is able to handle
300 tons of refuse per 8 hr day. The firing for the
balers system is pneumatic and the air velocity
of the refuse particles is 50 to 70 miles per hr.
The boilers will use about 12.5 tons of refuse an
hr, 24 hr a day, 5 days a week. No difficulty is ex-
pected from the use of all coal on weekends when
-------
77
solid waste is not collected. Possible problems
that are being studied include: slagging; corro-
sion; incomplete burnout; and impaired electro-
static precipitator performance. The economics
and the applicability on a larger scale of this
process are discussed briefly. There are dia-
grams showing the operation of this system. The
composition of municipal solid waste and coal are
compared on a table. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23943]
73-4692
JACQUELIN, G. Method of and apparatus for con-
tinuous extraction of liquid from a pasty suspen-
sion. Canadian Patent 924,958 owned by Centre
Technique de 1'Industrie des Papiers, Cartons et
Celluloses, Grenoble-Gare, Isere, France. Issued
Apr. 24,1973.
The patent describes a method for continuous
extraction of a liquid from a pasty suspension ar-
ranged on a layer on a support strip comprising
elastically-deformable permeable zones
separated by impermeable zones. The permeable
zones with two faces of the strip in contact are
each subjected to progressive contraction mov-
ing from the face in contact with the suspensions
towards the free face of the support. Compres-
sion pressure is obtained by passing the suspen-
sion-strip combination between press cylinder.
One claim is made for the invention.
239440
73-4693
Kommt die totale abfallfabrik? [Will there be a
refuse plant for the joint treatment of all
wastes?0 Umschau, 73(4): 122-123,1973.
Human society produces wastes. Many industrial
wastes are already recycled for economic
reasons. Most of the urban refuse in the Federal
Republic of Germany neither is recycled nor
disposed of in sanitary landfills. A recycling
plant for the joint treatment of urban refuse and
junk cars would solve the problem of separating
the different materials contained in the refuse.
The plan for such a plant provides that the
refuse which is transported to the plant by
means of collecting vehicles or pipelines is
shredded in hammermill and iron parts are
sorted out by a magnet. By means of a ballistic
separator the refuse is divided into a light com-
ponent (dust, paper, plastics) and a heavy com-
ponent (glass, bones, nonferrous metals). Vari-
ous substances of the light component like paper
and plastics are sorted out in a high voltage
separator. The paper is used in the board produc-
tion while the plastic substances can be reused in
the plastic processing industry. By means of
flotation or electrolysis nonferrous metal are
separated from the heavy component and then
recycled. The residue which consists of dust,
sand and ash is burnt or mixed with sewage
sludge and then composted and used for fertiliz-
ing purposes. In a shredding device which is part
of the recycling plant, junk cars are shredded
into small pieces which are separated into scrap
and nonferrous parts. Such recycling plants
could be realised in the near future as a con-
sequence of the new refuse legislation in the
Federal Republic of Germany. (Text in German)
239450
73-4694
KUXMANN, U., AND H. WEBER. Untersuchun-
gen zur elektrolytischen aufarb aufar beitung
von kupfer-silber-legierungsabfaellen.
[Investigations into electrolytic processing of
copper-silver-alloys.] Metall, 27(l):19-27, Jan.
1973.
Copper-silver-alloy scrap with up to 70 percent
silver content, coming from coin material and
various applications such as old metal, is usually
processed by melting it with the use of lead-con-
taining fluxes into silver-containing lead and
lead-copper matte. In this process considerable
quantities of silver and copper are wasted.
Processing by electrolysis is an alternative to
this. Experiments were carried out in laboratory
apparauts, with anodes prepared from copper-
silver scrap. In this process, copper dissolved in
the solution, while silver remained almost entire-
ly in the rest of the anode, and thus the two
metals are separated. A reaction model has been
developed. The necessity to continually reduce
the potential during the process and to prepare
electrodes from the copper silver scrap are the
drawbacks of the method studied. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23946]
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78
73-4695
MOKLEBUST, 0. Regenerating HCL from iron
chloride solutions. Canadian Patent 924,869
owned by N L Industries, Inc., New York, New
York. Issued Apr. 24,1973.
Described is a process for regenerating
hydrogen chloride from aqueous iron chloride
solutions derived from leaching or pickling
processes. Iron chloride filtrate is divided into
two portions so that one portion contains the
same amount of iron chloride as was present in
the original hydrogen chloride-iron chloride solu-
tion. This portion is sent to an absorber. The
other portion is roasted to recover iron values as
solid particulate matter and the chlorine as gase-
ous hydrogen chloride which is sent to the ab-
sorber. In this way a large proportion of the
water present in the iron chloride filtrate is used
in the absorber for condensing gaseous hydrogen
chloride. Heating costs are reduced in this
process. Also, since the capacity of the roaster is
dependent on the volume of liquid to be roasted,
a small roaster is more feasible as the volume
decreases. As the concentration of iron chloride
in the original solution increases, smaller
amounts of water are needed to be evaporated in
the roaster, thus contributing to savings in heat-
ing and capital costs.
[23947]
73-4696
PINTO, D. Can you win? In How to make ecolo-
gy work for you. New York, New York, Chain
Store Publishing Corporation, 1972. p. 90-100.
The merchandiser is in a difficult position; en-
vironmentalists portray him as the villain, but
consumers do not cooperate with him in buying
more ecologically responsible products. The
government threatens to pass laws that will hurt
his profits while it is doing little itself for the en-
vironment and itself legislates against recycled
products. The store owner must work around
these obstacles in order to carry out his environ-
mental commitment. One important ally that he
has is the National Center for Resource
Recovery. This organization is made up of
representatives from business and industry. The
center also intends to establish a demonstration
project that would demonstrate the profitability
and possibility of a National Resource Recovery
Network. Several facilities will be established
soon which will receive, and process refuse
selling recyclable products and using the rest to
generate power. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23948]
73-4697
Renaissance eines verfahrens: zementklinker
aus abfallgips. [Renaissance of a procedure: Ce-
ment clinker brick from Waste gypsum.] VDI-
Nachrichten, 27(3):38, Jan. 1973.
A new plant has been constructed in South
Africa in order to reuse waste phosphate which
is a waste product from the production of
phosphoric acid. With coke as reduction agent
and by adding clay and sand, the waste plaster is
processed to cement clinker and sulfuric acid.
The plant in South Africa is laid out to process
215,000 tons of waste gypsum annually into
105,000 tons of cement clinker and the develop-
ing 330 million cu m into 105,000 tons of sulfuric
acid. By this procedure 90 percent of the sulfuric
acid used for the production of phosphoric acid
can be recycled. The phosphate-sulfuric acid
plant consists of gypsum drying device, milling
plant and rotary shaft furnace for the additives.
(Text in German)
[23949]
73-4698
SCHUBERT, G. Gewinnung von Eisenkonzen-
traten aus Verbrennungsrueckstaenden. [The
extraction of iron concentrates from combustion
residues.] Freiberger Forschungshefte, Reihe A,
(506):1-108,1972.
The combustion of solid fuel in power plants
produces slag and ashes whose disposal is beset
with considerable difficulties and costs. Treat-
ment of this residual matter so that it can be
reused is of great importance to the crude iron
producing industry of the German Democratic
republic. For an improvement of the concentrate
quality and better extraction of the iron, it was
indispensable to study the mineral composition
of the combustion residues. The studies concen-
trated on slag and ash samples taken in the
power plants of Luebbenau and Schwarze
-------
Pumpe (both East Germany). Through the study
of the samples taken on the two last dates, the
influence of ballast material in the coal on the
mineral composition of the combustion residues
should be determined. The grain size analyses
were performed with a sieve..The intergrowth
conditions were determined with a polarization
microscope. Moreover, qualitative radiographic
phase analyses and quantitative phase analyses
of the iron mineral phases were performed. With
increasing distance from the combustion
chamber the grain size distribution of the com-
bustion residues became smaller. The iron con-
tent of the combustion residues was influenced
by the ash content of the coal. Within the com-
bustion residues a marked dependence of the
chemical composition on the grain size existed.
With decreasing grain size the iron-concentra-
tion rise steadily. A clear maximum of iron con-
centration was found in the grain size range
between 25 and 40 microns. Only the iron oxides
hematite and magnetites were found in the com-
bustion residues. The grain size class containing
particles larger than 1 mm contained more he-
matite than magnetite. Between 0.1 and 1.0 mm
the magnetite concentration was higher than the
hematite one. The most favorable results are
achieved by magnetic separation of the iron
mineral phases. However, even here only 30 to
40 percent of the iron content can be extracted
from a concentrate with about 50 percent iron.
(Text in German)
[23950]
73-4699
SHIMODA, T., T. WATANABE, S. YUDA, Y.
TAKESUE, AND T. IKEMURA. Poriechiren no net-
subunkai ni yoru gasorin no seisei. [Formation of
gasoline by thermal decomposition of
polyethylene.] Presented at the 28th Spring
Meeting, Japan Chemical Society, April 1-5,1973.
Ip.
Thermal decomposition of polyethylene was car-
ried out using a 300 ml stainless steel autoclave
with an agitator. The reaction conditions and the
effect of additives were investigated. The analy-
sis of the liquid product was performed by
means of gas chromatography with a tempera-
ture raising device which uses an SE-30 column.
Optimum conditions were obtained when the
79
temperature was 340 to 360 C, the time was 15
minutes, the initial gas pressure was 0 to 3 kg
per sq cm, and the speed of rotation was 100 rpm.
Main products were n-paraffins and n-olefins;
their isomers were barely observable regardless
of the reaction conditions. The ratio of n-paraf-
fins and n-olefins to common carbon number was
approximately 2. The effects of the construction
materials and additives were also investigated.
Proper use of additives such as sea sand, iron
powder, and steel bead resulted in a good
liquefaction rate at lower temperature. The
decomposition was also accelerated when agita-
tion speed was reduced. On the contrary, it was
depressed at a high speed of rotation, since dis-
sipation of heat is easier at that rate. (Text in
Japanese) (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23951]
73-4700
UESHITA, K., C. KUWAYAMA, AND S. SAITA.
Haikibutsu to umetate shobun. [Waste and its
disposition by reclamation.] Doboku Gakkaishi,
58(2):39-44, Feb. 1973.
In Aichi Prefecture, a Wastes Policy Committee
has been set up in order to plan rational disposal
of wastes, consisting of specialists in medical,
chemical, civil engineering, and economics fields
engaged in overall and systematic studies of the
problem. In most reclaimed land, wastes are
disposed just as they are, and in order to prevent
secondary pollution, earth is laid on top of them.
In the case of Nagoya City, in the low flat land
along the River Shonai, there are many filled
areas, which are utilized as housing areas,
uplands, playing grounds, or land for public use.
Buildings which cannot tolerate any subsidence
cannot be built. Sludge, after sewerage treat-
ment, would make soft ground. Mixture of
materials, used for reclamation, up to the degree
that such useful materials as earth, sand, gravel,
etc., would not be diluted too much, must take
place, or they should be used in sandwich layers.
However, so far, the dominant aim was to
dispose of wastes. From now on, it should be
shifted to raising the ground level. Big concrete
pieces would make pile-driving difficult. Sludge
from sewage treatment alone cannot make good
reclaimed land. The ash from combustion city
-------
80
wastes, from general households, etc., would
make useful material for landfill and also for
road construction. From some reclaimed land,
methane gas issued, and when the covering earth
layer was only 50 cm deep, trees planted could
not grow, but died. (Text in Japanese)
[23952]
73-4701
UPDEGRAFF, D. M. Degradation of waste paper
to protein: research in microbial fermentations.
A Solid Waste Management Open-file Report
(SW-16rg.of). Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1971.100 p.
The early stages of this work concentrated on ef-
forts to isolate pure cultures which would utilize
both cellulose and hydrocarbons. From more
than 70 different inocula of soils, compost,
sewage sludge and forest litter, 367 pure cul-
tures were isolated on n-hexadecane media; 28 of
these were found to be capable of attacking sodi-
um carboxymethyl cellulose and lowering its
viscosity. Only one proved to be capable of at-
tacking purified cellulose, ball-milled newspaper,
or newsprint. This culture is a fungus which
grows well up to 45 C, identified as Aspergillus
fumigatus. More than 300 enrichment cultures
were also developed on cellulosic substrates
(purified cellulose, ball-milled newsprint,
without ink, or ball-milled newspaper) from
similar inocula. These were tested in shake flask
fermentations for ability to produce protein and
utilize the cellulosic substrates listed above. Only
10 enrichment cultures yielded greater than 0.2
mg or protein per ml in 5 days. These also util-
ized appreciable amounts of cellulose. From the
active enrichment cultures, 5 cellulolytic cultures
were isolated. All of these were fungi. All gave
considerably higher protein yields and cellulose
organisms Trichoderma viride or Cellulomonas
sp. These organisms were studied in shake flask
fermentors in an effort to achieve optimum rates
of cellulose utilization and protein synthesis.
Two of the cultures were Myrothecium verru-
caria, two were Aspergillus fumigatus and one
was Trichoderma lignorum. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23953]
734702
Waermeausnutzung bei Muellverbrennungsan-
lagen. [Utilization of heat in incineration plants.]
Sanitaer- und Heizungstechnik, (10):698,1972.
A new system to remove refuse and sewage
sludge together has been developed which is
suitable also for small towns with less than
10,000 inhabitants. The solid waste is burnt in a
grate furnace. The waste heat is transformed
into vapour hi a subsequent boiler. The flue
gases are cooled down to a temperature of 250 to
300 C and are then dedusted so that they can be
emitted through the chimney without exceeding
the emission tolerances. The vapour is used for
dewatering fresh sludge with a water content of
about 96 percent. The dewatered sludge is then
burnt together with the refuse in the combustion
chamber of the incineration plant. This system
offers the advantage that the refuse heat can be
entirely utilized and costs for the sludge removal
can be considerably reduced. (Text in German)
[23954]
73-4703
WARGALLA, G. Einsatz von Rotschlamm bei der
zement-und blaehtonherstellung. [Application of
red sludge in the cement expanded clay produc-
tion.] Erzmetall, 26(1): 18-20, Jan. 1973.
Red sludge has proved to be an excellent sinter-
ing auxiliary agent in the cement and expanded
clay producing industry. In the cement produc-
tion the main substances of the red sludge are
acting as regulators for the fabrication of the
hydraulic crystal phases. By adding red sludge it
is possible to reduce the sintering temperature
which is necessary to obtain the required melt-
ing contents, thus saving energy. In the ex-
panded clay production the pyroplastic
behaviour of the clay mixture during the baking
process is improved by adding red sludge mixed
in a ratio of 1:1 with flue dust. Another method
to dispose of red sludge is the production of
concrete additives. The wet red sludge is treated
together with flue dust in a mixer, drier, and
then in a rotary shaft furnace. The final product,
added to concrete, furnishes a concrete strength
of more than 450 Mlopounds per cu cm at a bulk
weight of 700 kg per cu m. (Text in German)
[23955]
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81
734704
WESTWOOD-BOOTH, I., AND J. B. FERGUSON, JR.
Waste material treatment plant. Canadian
Patent 918,826 owned by Federated Waste and
Pollution Control Corporation, Hoboken, New
Jersey. Issued Jan. 9,1973.
The invention pertains to treatment of waste
material by means of a plant with the facility to
handle large volumes of organic and inorganic
wastes and produce a useful end product. This
end product should be sanitary, odorless, and
substantially inert, but organic and inorganic
wastes require different considerations in treat-
ment in order to produce this desired product.
The aim of this invention is to produce such a
product. Initially the waste is reduced in size.
Part of this reduced waste is deposited into the
uppermost of vertically arranged waste material
treatment courses. Means are provided for
gradually moving the waste to the lowest course;
during this movement, organic wastes are
broken down and metallic wastes oxidized. In-
dividual treatment sections may be insulated
from each other so that such things as plastic,
paper, or metals can be uniquely treated. After
the waste has left the lowermost course it may
be subjected to final grinding or milling; the
product may then be formed into a thin particle
stream which is passed through a high-energy ir-
radiation zone, destroying pathogenic bacteria.
Ten detailed figures at the end of the paper are
examined in detail. They are concerned with the
construction, arrangement, and manner of opera-
tion of the treatment plant. The product
produced by the plant can be used as a con-
stituent in a sanitary landfill, or, with the addi-
tion of binders and compression, in the manufac-
ture of building blocks, roadbed foundations, or
insulated acoustic paneling. The patent has 14
claims.
[23956]
73-4705
YAMATODA, K., K. UCHIYAMA, AND H.
ISHIKAWA. Josuijo haidei no riyoho. [Utilization
of the sludge from water plants.] Yosui to
Haisui, 15(3):202-207, Feb. 1973.
Sludge cake from water plants had better be
utilized for specially molded construction materi-
al, since it is alkaline, with pH of 10 to 11, rather
than be used for landfill, thus interfering with
the growth of plants and vegetables. For solidi-
fying sludge, there are many materials used,
such as portland cement, water, glass, gypsum,
polymers, their emulsions, sand, etc. Vinyl
acetate emulsion proved to be effective for giv-
ing compression and warping strength to the
solid blocks made. To 100 g of sludge powder, 35
g cement, 15 g vinyl acetate emulsion, 0.05 g lig-
nin, 0.3 g vesicatory, and 95 g water were added.
After 4-7 days natural drying, the molded block
has a good finish, is porous, light, heat-proof,
sound-proof, and although it absorbs water,
when dry it regains its original state. Dry mold-
ing eliminates the shortcomings of wet molding
blocks. Plastic, used as binder, is pulverized to
less than 16 mesh, mixed with sludge powder,
and the mixture, in a mold, is heated and pressed
to become about 1/3 powder material. Optimum
mixture is 60:40, so that about 65 percent binder
is required, calling for cheap material, such as
polypropylene byproduct. The blocks, after heat-
ing at 160 to 180 C, are water-proof, fire-proof,
can withstand pressure and shock well, and are
suitable as construction material. However, the
sludge to be mixed must be dried in dry molding.
Cheaper acquisition methods for sludge,
methods of utilizing untreated sludge, etc., must
be studied. (Text in Japanese)
[23957]
73-4706
ZEPLICHAL, F. Die verwertung von altreiten.
[Re-utilization of used tires.] ISWA
(International Solid Wastes and Public
Cleansing Association) Information Bulletin,
6:(105-111), Dec. 1971.
A pyrolytic process for the conversion of old
tires into valuable components is described. The
patented process starts with the grinding of the
old tires into grains of 2 to 8 mm. The particles
are then laid in loose layers about 40 to 50 mm
thick on hurdles and heated under high vacuum,
e.g. 10 Torr, at about 500 C until the organic com-
ponents of the elastomer are disintegrated
without total decomposition of the elastomer
macromolecules. The gaseous products are im-
mediately removed from the reactor, and are
condensed by cooling. Gases, water, and losses
-------
account for about 12 percent of the original
volume, the pyrolyzate for 52 percent, and soot
and zinc oxide for another 36 percent. The liquid
pyrolyzate consists of naphthenic or aromatic
oils which were added to the rubber during
polymerization, and of depolymerization
products of the elastomer. The gaseous product
is composed of hydrogen and light hydrocarbons
which can be used for heating purposes after
desulfurization. The residue contains almost no
volatile components as it consists of loose,
porous, and dry grains, resembling the granu-
lated soot utilized in the production of rubber.
The pyrolyzate obtained can be used as an addi-
tive to road asphalt or epoxy, and the soot as ac-
tive filler for rubber, or as printing ink pigment.
(Text in German)
[23958]
RESEARCH
73-4707
ASTM studies recycled plastics. Materials
Research and Standards, 37-40, June 1972.
The American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) Committee D-20 on Plastics will in-
vestigate its current standards to determine if
an unnecessary premium is put on virgin raw
materials. During the March Committee Week
Meeting at Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C.,
an ad-hoc committee and working groups were
created. ASTM Annual Book of Standards is
available on Visual Search Microfilm (VSMF).
Tests are conducted towards production of
'childproof container caps to prevent poisoning.
Standards are also needed for earthquake-re-
sistant structures achieved by by constructing
less strong and more flexible concrete. The com-
mittee on leather is concerned with developing
methods for testing the chemical and physical
properties of leathers. Since establishing the
ASTM-ACA .Committee, the group has
developed 33 ASTM standards. Improvement of
methods information generated by the commit-
tee is necessary. As a form of incentive, the
ASTM Committee awarded experts who have
been instrumental in developing standards for
different processing methods.
[23959]
73-4708
MAHLOCK, J. L. conclusions. In An investigation
of the microbiology of aerobic decomposition of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. LawrenceO, University
of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 147-149. The article sum-
marizes the results of an investigation into the
microbiology of aerobic decomposition of refuse.
A number of conclusions are offered. Rapid
microbial degradation of certain solid waste com-
ponents can occur by using an aerobic microbial
system. Chemical composition of solid waste is
the most critical factor in decomposition.
Moisture is important for rapid metabolism.
Temperature was a simple parameter useful in
tracing the rate of microbial decomposition. The
pH of the solid waste-soil mixture affected
metabolism initially and as the metabolism
proceeded; mixed refuse showed an increasing
pH while paper wastes showed a decreasing pH.
Grinding and good mixing with soil is essential
for rapid decomposition. Sampling techniques
are critical in evaluating microbial degradation;
homogeneity is of prime concern. A definite pat-
tern of succession of bacteria and fungi occurred
during metabolism of wastes with bacteria start-
ing metabolism. Predominant fungi in the three
solid waste systems included Trichoderma,
Geotrichum, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus,
and Clasdosporium. Use of rose bengal was
satisfactory for a quantitative evaluation of
fungi; a yeast extract-soil extract medium was
satisfactory for enumeration of bacteria. No
method was available for readily distinguishing
between living microbial cells and spore forms
during the latter stages of metabolism. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23965
73-4709
EIPELTAUER, E. Verwertung von phosphor-
saeure-gipsschlamm. [Utilization of phosphoric
acid-gypsum-sludge.] Tonindustrie-Zeitung,
97(l):4-8,1973.
In many phosphoric acid industries, the gypsum
sludge from wet process is as before going to the
dump or into the waters, thus causing pollution
of the environment. The intensive efforts made
all over the world to utilize this sludge have not
-------
83
yet brought success, because of the processes
being too costly, or the products not satisfactory.
The difficulties are due to a considerable degree
to the openness of the gypsum lattice and the
easy penetration of metal ions into it during its
formation. The results of studies in this matter
are reviewed. The important difficulties that
have to be eliminated are: the phosphate content,
fluorine content, organic impurities, sodium
oxide content, and neutralization. The radioac-
tivity is an important factor as well. A techni-
cally feasible way is shown how to produce high-
grade plaster of Paris by single-time calcination,
with sludge drying and final calcination in same
machinery. (Text in German)
[23960]
734710
Forschungsauftrag zur loesung des muell
problems. [Research work to solve the refuse
problem.] VDI-Nachrichten, 27(1)1:6,1973.
The Federal Minister for Education and Science
charged the Batelle Institute at Frankfort with
research work concerning the negative in-
fluences of one-way plastic packaging on the en-
vironment. The study shall show the utility of
one-way plastic packagings in relation to the
harmful effects which are caused by these
packings in the environment. This study is to
establish exact data as to the quantity of
packings which are thrown away and which
material is used for them. These investigations
shall contribute to answer the question whether
it is necessary to develop a plastic material
which can be biologically decomposed and how
this project can be realized economically. (Text
in German)
[23961]
73-4711
KEHR, W. Q. Cellulolytic activity in municipal
composting. In Microbial degradation of urban
and agricultural wastes. [Cincinnati, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, 1972. Reprint.] p.
186-187.
Compost from the Johnson City Tennessee Com-
posting Plant was used to study the microorgan-
isms capable of cellulolytic activity in composted
municipal wastes. Three cellulolytic flora were
isolated by plating appropriate dilutions of com-
post homogenates on cellulose agar. A thermo-
philic fungus was found to clear the cellulose
agar after incubation for 4 or 5 days at 40 to 45 C.
This was Aspergillus fumigatus. A Gram-varible,
spore forming rod, was isolated early in the com-
posting process. It was capable of clearing the
plate after 1 to 2 weeks. This organism flourishes
at temperatures of 35 to 40 C and will not live
above 45 C. The organism was tentatively
identified as a member of the genus Bacillus.
Another organism studied was the Thermoac-
tinomycetes of the Actinobifida group. This or-
ganism grew well in the range of 55 C. Five to 6
days were required for this organism to clear
areas of cellulose. The clarified extracts of com-
post were able to hydrolyze carboxymethyl cel-
lulose at temperatures of 65 C. This temperature
is common in municipal waste. The optimal pH
for the cellulolytic activity of compost was ex-
tracts was 6.0. Other research on the same sub-
ject is discussed. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23962]
734712
KEHR, W. Q. Conversion of organic solid wastes
into yeast. In Microbial degradation of urban
and agricultural wastes. [Cincinnati, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, 1972. Reprint.] p.
188-189.
This article concerns research into the economic
feasibility of converting solid waste to edible
protein through a two stage process of hydroly-
sis and fermentation. Waste paper and bagasse
were used in for research because of the easy
availability of economic data and the isolated
supply. This research was based on work done on
hydrolysis at the Forest Products Laboratory of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Madison,
Wisconsin. The work there used wood for the
process, but the method used was the same and
the data were conservatively relevant. Fermen-
tation followed the regular methods methods for
the aerobic propagation of cells. Economic con-
siderations were based on the production of
protein that is similar to torula yeast. Marketing
projections were made. Bagasse and waste paper
-------
84
were only examples-any organic refuse can be
used and this process seems to hold promise for
extensive utilization of waste. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23963]
734713
KEHR, W. Q. Feasibility study on the disposal of
polyethylene plastic waste. In Microbial
degradation of urban and agricultural wastes.
[Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Pro-
grams, 1972. Reprint.] p. 187-188.
Vinyl plastics are particularly sensitive to some
microorganisms, but since these polymers are
used in a plasticized state it is possible to con-
sider using the plasticizer to provide nutrients
for the microorganisms. Plasticizers are usually
attractive to fungi since microorganisms can
more readily use glycol derivatives than phthalic
acidderivatives. Experiments have shown that
polyvinyl chloride left in the ground for 5 years
showed marked decomposition. Both the
polymer and the plasticizer were attacked. The
inertness of polyethylene makes its disposal by
chemical and biological means difficult. How-
ever, chemical treatment of this plastic can alter
its properties so as to make it more easily
disposable. More research on this subject is
necessary. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
239640
73-4714
MAHLOCH, J. L. Experimental methods. Sam-
pling. Physical-chemical tests. In An investiga-
tion of the microbiology of aerobic decomposition
of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence], University
of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 35-41.
Sampling of substrates from the test boxes was
performed with a trowel. Various amounts of the
substrate were tested for determining pH,
microbiological analysis, volatile solids, and
COD. Temperature was tested using two ther-
mometers at different locations within the sub-
strate. Results of relative humidity studies are:
there was no significant difference in equilibri-
um moisture contents of samples taken at dif-
ferent times; and there was likewise no dif-
ference between different relative humidities of
incubation. Soil alone was used as a control for
COD testing. Findings suggest that COD in the
soil was invariant with time, and that this COD
made up a small portion (5 percent) of the sub-
strate COD. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23967]
73-4715
MAHLOCH, J. L. Experimental methods. In An
investigation of the microbiology of aerobic
decomposition of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
30-34.
The document previously demonstrated the fun-
damental interrelationship existing between
microflora and environmental factors when
discussing biological transformations of refuse.
A larger problem is to expand current
knowledge related to such biological decomposi-
tion. In order to do this, great care must be taken
to design the experiment properly. The design
must incorporate a balance between the
minimum amount of data needed to make
satisfactory conclusions and the maximum
amount of data that can realistically be collected.
For this reason, environmental factors of tem-
perature, moisture, pH, volatile solids, and COD
were measured. An attempt was made to relate
relative humidity to moisture content. Counts
were taken on various samples for bacteria and
fungi; isolations were obtained at various points.
The experiment was limited to the aerobic phase
of biological activity. Refuse was placed into
boxes which were insulated to minimize heat
losses. Aeration rate to each box was maintained
at between one to three cu ft of air per hr.
Refuse was mixed with soil in all but one experi-
ment. The three phases of the experiment were a
trial run to test experimental methods, using
paper wastes plus soil and mixed refuse plus soil
for substrates, and using grass and leaves plus
soil and mixed refuse plus an old refuse-soil mix-
ture for substrates. Refuse was shredded prior
to being placed in the boxes. The experiment was
conducted for 48 days with sampling every 2
days. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23966]
-------
85
73-4716
MAHLOCH, J. L. Fungal populations in the sub-
strates. In An investigation of the microbiology
of aerobic decomposition of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
121-131.
An attempt was made to show succession of the
various types of fungi in the substrates. The
mixed refuse substrate in phase one had a
definite succession of fungi from Mucor,
Geotrichum, and Rhizopus to a final
predominance of Trichoderma. Paper wastes had
the same predominance with a succession of
three Penicillia species throughout the incuba-
tion period. The grass and leaves substrate in
phase two had Trichoderma as the main isolate.
Trichoderma was the major fungus isolated from
mixed refuse in phase two. Types of fungi iso-
lated agree with those previously isolated from
refuse samples. With the exception of the paper
wastes substrate, mycelia were observed in the
substrates during the course of incubation. A
general succession of fungi involved first, the
terrestrial phycomycetes, second, the asco-
mycetes, and finally the basidiomycetes. Fungal
isolates were checked for cellulolytic activity.
Aspergillus and Trichoderma species were re-
ported as fungi which possess the capability to
degrade cellulose. It should be stressed that both
qualitative and quantitative data are needed for
an evaluation of fungal activity in a substrate.
The presence of Trichoderma in all substrates as
well as the increasing counts over time throw
doubt on the validity of the counts as indicators
of fungal activity. Presence of mycelia in the
substrate was probably the best indicator of fun-
gal activity in the research. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23968]
73-4717
MAHLOCH, J. L. Results. Microbiological tests.
In An investigation of the microbiology of aero-
bic decomposition of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
101-120.
Results of microbiological tests concerning aero-
bic decomposition of refuse are presented. The
graphs show an initial increase in numbers of or-
ganisms due to the food available to the microor-
gansims in the substrate. In general, the num-
bers of bacteria increased to a peak value and
remained fairly stable. Numbers of fungi also
showed an increase to a peak during the initial
period but the counts were variable throughout
the remainder of the experimental method. One
reason for this variability may lie in the 'half-life'
concept, which is characterized by a high rate of
metabolic activity and a concomitant high rate of
reproduction, but a rapid decline in numbers due
to substrate availability. Other reasons based on
research are provided. Results of grouping the
bacterial isolates are presented in tables. At
least 80 percent of the isolates obtained were run
through tests described earlier in the thesis. Ex-
perimental work provided insufficient data for
detailing the types of groups present (genera
and species) or to state the interrelationship
between the groups in the various substrates.
However, the results did show that there was a
definite pattern of succession of bacterial popu-
lations within the substrates. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23969]
73-4718
MAHLOCH, J. L. Results. Moisture content.
Volatile solids and COD. In An investigation of
the microbiology of aerobic decomposition of
refuse. Ph.D. Thesis. [Lawrence,] University of
Kansas, Dec. 1970. p. 77-100.
Graphs of percentage moisture versus time, with
the exception of the grass and leaves substrate,
show a linear decrease in moisture. However, in
the second phase of the experiment, the relation-
ships between moisture content and time dif-
fered from those in phase one. It is evident that
the moisture holding capacity of a substrate was
related to its composition. Paper wastes and
mixed refuse were subject to loss of moisture.
The grass and leaves substrate did not undergo a
significant moisture loss. Probably the main
process for moisture loss was through aeration.
It is also apparent that this process was tem-
perature dependent. Both volatile solids and the
COD of refuse are indicators of the amount of
biologically available substrate. In all but two
cases tested, both volatile solids and COD were
found to be significantly decreasing with time.
-------
86
The plot of volatile solids versus time for paper
wastes substrate followed an arc, increasing to a
peak at about 20 days and then decreasing. This
may be explained by a weight gain of the sub-
strate due to hydrolysis of the cellulose. The
plots of COD versus time reveal smoothed
curves for all substrates, showing evidence of
decomposition. It is difficult to ascertain any
kinetic data for the overall reaction from volatile
solids and COD curves. In general, the rates in
the initial states of decomposition appear to be
linear in nature. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23970]
73-4719
MAHLOCH, J. L. Results. Physical-chemical
tests. In An investigation of the microbiology of
aerobic decomposition of refuse. Ph.D. Thesis.
[Lawrence], University of Kansas, Dec. 1970. p.
64-76.
Experimental results of the investigation into
the microbiology of aerobic decomposition of
refuse are presented. The results can be divided
into two sections, one for physical-chemical tests
and the other for microbiological. The common
denominator was time. Temperature results
show one common characteristic, a sharp initial
temperature peak followed by a decline to a
semistable temperature. Indications are that ac-
tivity was at a minimum in paper wastes and at a
maximum in,mixed refuse of the Second Phase
(described earlier). Differences in temperature
curves between these results and those in the
literature may be due to dissimilar heat reten-
tion properties of the two systems and a dif-
ference in time intervals over which tempera-
ture was measured. Effect of aeration on the
temperature curves could not be evaluated. The
graphs of pH versus time demonstrated funda-
mental differences between the three types of
substrates used in the research. Curves for both
mixed refuse substrates show a linear trend up-
ward. Curves for grass and leaves, and paper
wastes, show a much different result, however.
The graph for paper wastes started at slightly
acidic pH, dropped to a pH of 3.9, and remained
fairly constant. The pH of grass and leaves
started at a slightly acidic pH, rose to a pH of 8.3,
and remained fairly constant. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23971]
73-4720
MUKAI, 0. Suijoki funiki deno puraschiku no
gasuka. [Gasification of plastics in a wet at-
mosphere.] In Proceedings; 28th Spring meet-
ing, Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo, Japan, Apr.
1-5,1973. p. 748.
Several plastics such as polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were thermally decom-
posed, and their thermal characteristics and
thermal decomposition rate according to
Kofatad's method were examined by means of
differential thermal analysis. Next, PE and PP
were subject to pyrolysis at 700 to 900 C with
and without addition of water vapor, passing
through a quartz tube pyrolyzer, and their
decomposed product composition, gasification
rate, and carbon yield were examined. In case of
PE, hydrogen, ethylene, ethane, propylene,
propane, and carbon were formed. The addition
of water vapor gave use to carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide, bringing about the decrease in
carbon formation and also the increase in gasifi-
cation rate. The same tendency was observed for
PP. (Text in Japanese) (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23972]
73-4721
MUTO, G., AND M. SEND. Toshi haikibutsu
taisaku no kaihatsu kenkyo gaiyo. [A review of
research on refuse disposal.] Seisan Kenkyu,
25(2):73-75, Feb. 1973.
To proceed with the effective disposal of mu-
nicipal plastic wastes, wide basic studies by the
heat decomposition study group, photo-decom-
position study group, field investigation group,
and the disposal system investigation group
have been undertaken. These include a study on
the development of an analytical method for the
metallic components in plastics and on the
forecast of pollution by heavy metals after
disposal, in which a pulse polarographic analysis
was carried out for cadmium, lead, chromium,
etc., contained in polyvinyl chloride. It is possible
to analyze cadmium to 1 parts per billion and for
lead and chromium to 1 to 10 parts per billion. A
-------
87
study on an inorganic filler for plastics was
made, with a result that adding an inorganic
filler in large amounts lowers the heat of com-
bustion and also aids burn out of polyolefin
plastic. A study on the photochemical decomposi-
tion of plastic including aromatic carbonyl azide
and quinone diazide, in which Eosine as a sen-
sitizer for the formation of oxygen and cyclohex-
ane as a reacting substance are subjected to light
exposure in a solution of methanol, a develop-
mental study on highpolymers which are liable to
photodecomposition in which a carbonyl-contain-
ing polymer is synthesized, a co-polymerization
of benzal acetone (BA) and benzal acetophenone
(BAph) with stylene (St), and a catalytic decom-
position of plastic and a study on the effective
use of plastic waste are underway. (Text in
Japanese)
[23973]
SANITARY LANDFILL
734722
HEITFELD, K.-H., AND U. SCHOETTLER. Ver-
sickert wohin? [Seeping, where?] Umwelt,
3(l):57-58,1973.
Tests have been conducted in Western Germany
as to the pollution of the groundwater near
dumping sites and sanitary landfills. Special at-
tention has been paid to the presence of mercu-
ry, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc which accu-
mulates in the human body and may cause
cancer. Six hundred samples have been drawn
during 2 years and it was found that near mu-
nicipal refuse dumping sites the concentration of
copper and cadmium ions was especially high.
Metal ions decompose incompletely in the un-
derground. According to the soil properties the
accumulation and cleaning capacity of the
ground differs. It was found that soil containing
much clay has the best cleaning capacity while
sandy soD showed the worst results. (Text in
German)
[23975]
734723
KEHR, W. Q. Special studies of a sanitary land-
fill. In Microbial degradation of urban and
agricultural wastes. [Cincinnati, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs, 1972. Reprint.] p. 189-
190.
This report outlines the conclusions drawn from
a study of test cells constructed at the Los An-
geles County Sanitation District landfill. A
number of conclusions were reached. The initial
in-place density of a landfill can be increased by
adding water or increasing the height of the fill.
An aerobically constructed landfill can maintain
an active composting environment. However, the
high temperatures that result can create a fire
hazard. In an aerobic landfills gasses generated
consisted mainly of oxides of carbon and
nitrogen. Methane quantities depend on the
amount of water added. Aerobic landfills
produced oxygen and nitrogen during aeration
and carbon dioxide and nitrogen at other times.
Gas production takes place chiefly between the
230th and 600th days. The gasses produced in a
landfill diffuse into the soil, as well as into the
air. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23976]
734724
KUTSUMA, J. Gomi no umetate ni yoru haikibut-
su no niji kogaiO gomi senso, sono chosa hokoku.
[Secondary pollution from sanitary landfillsO a
report on the investigation of the 'Battle of the
Refuse.'] Sangyo Kogai, 8(10):20-28, Oct. 1972.
The quarries in the Tama River Valley, where
sand pebbles are mined have been used for a city
refuse landfill during the last several years.
Recently, inhabitants of Musashi-Murayama
City complained of secondary pollution caused
by methane obviously leaking from such landfill
sites. Investigations were made to determine the
extent of pollution by methane and carbon
monoxide, and whether this has been the cause
of the blight of chestnut trees in the area.
Methane gas was sampled by 5 cc injection nee-
dles and analyzed by gas chromatography. Car-
bon monoxide was sampled by a Mylar bag and
was analyzed by the non-dispersion infrared ab-
sorption method. The methane concentration
ranged between 100 and 30,000 ppm. The max-
imum concentration at a height of 1.5 m from the
ground was 69.6 ppm and the maximum at 5 m
was 38.5 ppm. There were possibilities of
-------
methane infiltrating into cesspools of households
in the area, which might have caused an explo-
sion in the kitchens and bathhouses by leaking
through the drainage systems. Carbon monoxide
was detected in the range between 3 and 20 ppm.
The highest concentration was found in the cess-
pools. The methane content in the soil of the
blighted chestnut groves was relatively high, the
maximum concentration being 239 ppm. (Text in
Japanese)
[23977]
734725
NOVAK, B. Vorschlag einer einheitlichen
probenahmeeinrichtung fuer die ueberwachung
der auslaugungsvorgaenge in abfalldeponien.
[Proposal for a standard sampling device for the
control of leachate in sanitary landfills.] ISWA
(International Solid Wastes and Public
Cleansing Association) Information Bulletin,
(6):81-89, Dec. 1971
A sampling device of very simple construction
and acceptable price for taking water samples
from landfills is proposed. The sampling surface,
of optional shape and a minimum area of 4 sq m,
is made of plastic or galvanized plate, and is
placed on a compacted gravel or sand layer at a
slope angle of 2 to 5 degrees so as to enable the
water sample to flow off into a collecting tank of
7 to 10 liter- volume. While the sampling surface
is being filled with waste a sampling pipe is in-
serted, and this pipe can be successively ex-
tended as the dump grows. A hand pump coupled
with a suction cylinder is used to extract samples
from the collecting vessel. This sampling device
is suitable for standardization, and can make
comparative measurements at different dumps
possible. (Text in German)
[23978]
734726
SCHENKEL, W. Aspects of water and air pollu-
tion control and landscape architecture at the
tipping site 'Emscherbruch'. ISWA
(International Solid Wastes and Public
Cleansing Association) Information Bulletin,
(6):90-91, Dec. 1971.
The operation of a sanitary landfill established
on the premises of an abandoned marshy mine is
described with regard to the water and air pollu-
tion control measures adopted. The landfill, to be
filled up to a height of 80 m, will accomodate
some 30 million cu m of primarily domestic
refuse. Geological investigations revealed 5 to 11
m thick layers of fine and coarse sand inter-
spersed with boggy deposits, and an underlying
marl layer of some 300 m thickness. Slow water
flow in these layers, and sulfate content higher
than 900 mg per liter were observed. Surface
waters contain 6,100 mg of chlorides, 1,500 mg of
sulfates and 560 mg of nitrates per liter. The in-
vestigations ruled out the possibility of water
contamination due to the landfill. To prevent air
pollution, dust and light pieces of wastes are
fixed by means of mine rubble, asbestos cement
slick, or synthetic suspensions. Waste is dumped
in layers of up to 2 m, followed by compaction.
Except for the edges of the landfill, the surface
is not covered up with soil as this would prevent
the trucks from negotiating the landfill site par-
ticularly in rainy weather. The maximum possi-
ble- dumping capacity is not exhausted, and ef-
forts are made to integrate the site of the landfill
into the surrounding landscape by reactivating
its gentle slopes after filling up.
[23979]
734727
THE URBAN LAND INSTITUTE. Environment
and the land developer. Washington, 1971.28 p.
The Urban Land Institute (ULI) has issued a
position paper of its Task Force on Environmen-
tal Quality which summarizes potentials and
recommendations for improving the environ-
ment through better land use. The Task Force's
deliberations were based on these premises: ur-
banization will increase; population will increase;
environmental problems will increase concomi-
tantly with the above; urban and economic ex-
pansion and environmental improvement are not
irreconcilable. Sections of the paper are devoted
to general conservation practices, open space,
water, air, aesthetics, noise, pollution during con-
struction, and governmental policies and prac-
tices. In the section devoted to water pollution,
the authors point out that where sanitary
sewage is posed of on site or where effluents
from treatment facilities discharge into open
streams, water supply systems must be
-------
89
adequately separated from disposal sites.
Chemicals and bacterial pollutants should be
removed on site rather than being transported
by water. If toxic chemicals cannot be disposed
of on site, their use should be prohibited. The
quality of land and urban environments can be
effected by governmental policies and regula-
tions most broadly through land use controls,
pollution, and subsidized housing. The position
paper concludes its discussion by analyzing each
of the above areas and recommending improve-
ments in existing policies. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23974]
73-4728
VAN DER LEEDEN, F., COMP. Ground water; a
selected bibliography. Port Washington, New
York, Water Information Center, 1971.116 p.
This book is a compilation of publications on the
subject of ground water resources. The book
reviews what the compiler feels are the most im-
portant papers in hydrogeology. For the most
part documents of general applicability, rather
than ones detailing local conditions are
emphasized. The citations are not annotated.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23980]
I
73-4729
ZAPOROZEC, A., AND D. A. STEPHENSON.
Hydrogeological aspects of solid waste disposal.
ISWA (International Solid Wastes and Public
Cleansing Association) Information Bulletin,
(7):3-ll, June 1972.
General and hydrogeological aspects of land-
filling are outlined. The economic considerations
include: location of community and area to be
served; the amount of waste; location and acces-
sibility of disposal site and its distance from the
community; present land use and zoning regula-
tions; source of cover material and its distance;
and costs of land, hauling, and labor. The physical
criteria for selecting landfill site are: climate,
especially precipitation which controls the rate
of leachate production; topography; surface
water conditions; soil conditions; and geological
parameters such as depth to bedrock, character
of surficial and bedrock layers. In addition, grain
size distribution, stratification, and facies
changes influence hydrological properties such
as filtering effectiveness. While irregular topog-
raphy is usually favorable for landfilling, highly
porous or fractured bedrock is not suitable. Soil
depths over 40 inches, silt, silt loam, or loam,
good to moderately good drainage, moderate in-
filtration (0.63 to 2.0 in. per hr), slopes of 2 to 25
percent, and upland location are the ideal soil
conditions for landfilling. The study of small,
local flow systems which are controlled by the
configuration of terrain but modified in flow
direction and flow rate by the soil-rock condi-
tions prevailing along individual flow paths, is of
prime interest in solid waste disposal problems.
The basic factors to be considered in the evalua-
tion of ground-water pollution potential in a
given area are the nature of leachates, their ac-
cess to and distribution within aquifiers, and the
location of the landfill relative to the point of
water use. Chemical pollutants are more per-
sistent and travel more extensively than biologi-
cal pollutants. Chlorides, hardness, specific con-
ductance, sodium and nitrates levels are the best
indicators of ground-water quality. Leaching is
most active in areas where the landfill intercepts
with the ground-water table.
[23981]
SEPARATION
73-4730
JAVET, A. F. Separating apparatus. Canadian
Patent 923,864 owned by The Battelle Develop-
ment Corporation, Columbus, Ohio. Issued Apr.
3,1973.
This invention describes an apparatus for
separating a suspension into at least two frac-
tions of different densities. This apparatus com-
prises one or more cyclones mounted for rotation
about an axis spaced transversely to the
cyclones. Each cyclone has an inlet adapted to
communicate with a source discharging the
lighter of two fractions and the second for
discharging the heavier of the two fractions,
which is more distant from the axis than the
first.
[23982]
-------
90
73-4731
KURIHARA, S. Toshi gomi dm no hai purasuchik-
ku wa bunri suru koto ga detoruka? [Can waste
plastics be separated from city wastes?] Kotai
Haibutsu, (8):2-14, Dec. 1972.
A survey was conducted on citizens' con-
sciousness concerning plastic wastes by a private
research agency. A total of 3000 househols were
surveyedO 1500 in Tokyo, 1000 in Osaka and 500
in Nagoya. More than 90 percent realized that
plastic wastes present a problem. Tokyo citizens
were more keenly conscious of this problem than
those in the two other cities. Residents of
Tokyo's central part realized that plastic wastes
are harmful, while only 25.2 percent in rural
areas of Tokyo, 21.6 percent in Osaka and 20.6
percent in Nagoya realized it was harmful.
Another survey was conducted on 1500
households in Tokyo to see how cooperative they
would be in dividing their wastes into three
categoriesO bulky wastes, combustible wastes
and nonflammables such as plastics and iron
scrapsO as it is scheduled to start garbage collec-
tion according to these three categories in 1975.
A total of 72 percent responded and 90 percent
expressed willingness to cooperate as far as
possible. An actual experiment with this type of
collection was conducted on about 100,000
households in Oji area Tokyo from May 1,1971 to
May 31, 1972. Hard plastics such as electrical
equipment and buckets showed good results
being more than 60 percent separated from
other garbages. However, about 77 percent of
the softer type of plastics, such as wrapping film
and bags from food, were not separated. One lac-
tic acid drink manufacturer, whose plastic emp-
ties are to be recovered, separately after
delivery, found only around 60 percent can be
recovered. Of the remaining 40 percent, 70 per-
cent are found in the garbage, 30 percent, cannot
be traced. Even if waste plastics can be usefully
recycled, unless there is an effective measure for
separation of plastic wastes, there is no true
solution. (Text in Japanese)
[23983]
SLUDGE
73-4732
ANDERSON, D. Disposal of sludge solids from
food industry waste treatment. Critical Reviews
in Food Technology, 3(l):27-87, Apr. 1972.
Disposal of sludge solids from food industry
waste treatment as part of industrial wastes
management is discussed. The following aspects
are presented: source and nature of wastes
produced; liquid-solid separation process; as-
•sessing the filterability industrial sludges;
chemical and thermal conditioning of sludge;
separation equipment; typical plant capital cost
analysis; incineration; disposal of particulate
solids; marine disposal of trade wastes; en-
gineering design criteria; and material recovery.
Equipment selection must be done by laboratory
evaluations which consider cake dryness, and fil-
trate clarity. The cost analysis requirements are
appraised considering basic requirements; op-
tional requirements are appraised considering
basic requirements; optional requirements and
running cost of equipment and processing
methods. Rotary-hearth and fluidized-bed fur-
naces are described, and the corrosion problem is
discussed. The disposal of particulate solids in-
cludes the following aspects: transportation de-
watering and incineration of spent grounds; as
well as land disposal and composting. The en-
gineering design criteria concern bulk-handling
of solids, the fluid rate of flow, slurry pipeline
design criteria from materials available (spun
iron, wrought iron, aluminum, plsatic, concrete,
and steel). Reclamation may be applied in the fol-
lowing fields: malt distillery effluent; potato
starch effluent; and fruit industry effluent,
[23984]
73-4733
BYE-JOERGENSEN, J. S., AND G. H. LARSEN.
Sludge centrifuge. Canadian Patent 918,121
owned by I. Krueger A/S, Copenhagen,
Denmark. Issued Jan. 2,1973.
This invention describes a sludge centrifuge
with a rotating drum containing a separating
chamber for liquids and solids. A worm placed
outside the chamber removes solids and is ar-
ranged to rotate at a speed differing from the
rotating speed of the drum. Many sludge cen-
trifuges have a worm conveyor with a relative
-------
91
rotation relative to the drum itself; the conveyor
is placed inside the centrifuge drum. However,
under this system, liquids and solids move in
countercurrent, thus giving rise to high turbu-
lence so that separation is usually unsatisfactory,
since part of the solids return to the liquid. Using
this technique in biological water-purification
plants, it may be found that the centrifuged
liquid still contains 20-40 percent solids so finely
dispersed as to make further precipitation or
centrifugation difficult. Thus the necessity for
the proposed invention, which describes how the
inlet for sludge is situated at the opposite end of
the separation chamber through openings in a
feed worm placed coaxially to the centrifuge
drum and running in a chamber outside the
separation chamber. This arrangement gives an
extraordinarily pure liquid discharge. A detailed
examination of the patent follows. Three claims
are made.
[23985]
73-4734
HOVER, H. K., D. T. A. HUIBERS, AND L. J. SER-
KANIC, JR. System for treatment of secondary
sewage. Canadian Patent 919,319 owned by
Airco, Inc., New York, New York. Issued Jan. 16,
1973.
The invention is a system for treatment of secon-
dary sewage, in which sewage effluent from a
primary treatment plant is pumped to a vacuum
deaerator for removal of dissolved air. The
stream is then joined with a stream of recycled
activated sludge and oxygen sufficient to meet
the BOD of the combined effluent and recycled
activated sludge. The confluence is subjected to
a static mixer for enhancing contact between ox-
ygen, aerobic bacteria, and organic pollutants.
Reactor stream BOD is reduced to the required
level at the reactor outlet. A clarifier separates
the reactor activated sludge from treated waste
water. Clear waste effluent from the clarifier is
sent to tertiary treatment units or to receiving
water. A short history of previous efforts at
treatment of primary sewage efflent is provided.
The claimed advantage of the invention herein
described is that it improves the activated
sludge treatment system, allowing the economic
utilization of oxygen for more-or-less complete
reduction of organic inpurities in industrial or
municipal waste water. Six figures are used to il-
lustrate the system conceptually. It is envisioned
that the invention may be applied also to treat-
ment of other liquid wastes, such as machine
cutting oils, paints, glycols, alcohols, and ketones.
This should be more economical than with
present methods because of the pipeline reactor
of the invention. The invention has 21 claims.
[23986]
73-4735
Klaerschlammtrocknung im heissgasstrom.
[Sewage sludge drying in hot gas.] Umwelt,
3(6):59-60,1972.
Very often the water content of sewage sludge is
too high for using it in composting plants so that
a mechanical thermal drying of the sludge is
recommendable. A new selection drier has been
developed for this purpose consisting of a feed-
ing inlet, a device producing the hot gas and
three telescoped tubes. The sludge is fed into the
tubes and dried by the hot gas which is flowing
in the same direction as the sludge. Sludge which
is not sufficiently dried in the first run returns
into the gas stream. The dry substance falls into
a cyclone separator where it is finally dried. The
high velocity of gas and sludge and the continu-
ous vorticity of the particles to be dried provide
for an intensive drying within a short time. A
drying system combined with a refuse incinera-
tion plant dewaters the sludge in two phases.
The first mechanical dewatering takes place in a
screen belt press where the sludge which has
been mixed with flocculation agents is de-
watered from 92 percent to 70 percent water
contents. From there the pre-dried sludge goes
to a double paddle mixer where it is mixed with
dry substance so that the water contents
amounts to only 40 percent. In a subsequent spe-
cial mill the sludge is mixed with hot gas which is
aspirated from the combustion chamber of the
refuse incineration plant, so that the final water
contents is 20 percent. In a cyclone the dried
sludge is divided into two currents of which one
returns into the paddle mixer and the other is
burnt together with the refuse in the incinera-
tion plant. (Text in German)
[23987]
-------
92
734736
MUDRACK, K. Kriterien fuer den grad der
aeroben und anaeroben schlammstabilisierung.
[Criteria for the degree of aerobic and anaerobic
sludge stabilization.] ISWA (International Solid
Wastes and Public Cleansing Association) In-
formation Bulletin, (7):28-33, June 1972.
Criteria for the degree of the aerobic or anaero-
bic sludge stabilization are reviewed. The basic
goal in sludge stabilization is the maximum
possible reduction of the biodegradable organic
content in the sludge, the degree of which con-
stitutes a criterion for the degree of stabiliza-
tion. The changes occurring in the volume of the
digested sludge, in the solid content and in the
organic (volatile) content are appropriate
criteria for the sludge digestion. However, varia-
tions in the volatile content give no reliable in-
formation on the degree of aerobic sludge sta-
bilization. Determinations of the gas formation
during anaerobic post-digestion and of the
respiration rate (oxygen demand) give relevant
information on the anaerobically degradable and
the aerobically degradable contents, respective-
ly, while the liquid content is a measure of the or-
ganic fraction. Sufficient degree of stabilization
is reached when the oxygen demand lies below
0.1 kg of oxygen per kg of dry matter, and when
the liquid content is less than 65 mg per g of dry
matter. As the reductions in both the volume and
the solid matter in aerobic stabilization depend
on the process applied these reductions cannot
be used as criteria. Pathogenic germs, unlike
worm eggs, are reduced during aerobic stabiliza-
tion. (Text in German)
[23988]
734737
NELSON, R. D., AND E. VEY. Treatment and
reutilization of solid waste from water treatment
process. Chicago, Illinois, IIT Research Institute
Technology Center, Feb. 23,1970.108 p.
A program was conducted to study methods for
dewatering a water softening sludge from the
Village of Park Forest, Illinois and to evaluate
uses for the dewatered sludge or ways in which
it can be disposed of. The initial concentration of
the sludge is between 3.6 and 3.9 percent solids
by weight. The sludge solids contain about 84
percent calcium carbonate, 11 percent magnesi-
um hydroxide, and 5 percent miscellaneous and
have 90 percent of the particles in the 1.5 to 30
micron range. The sludge is suitable for use as a
mineral filler in paints, floor covering, caulking
compounds, and bituminous products. It can be
mixed with sands, clays, and organic solids to im-
prove their workability and strength charac-
teristics. It can also be used as an agricultural
liming material to improve workability and fer-
tility of solids. If required, it can be used as filler
in concrete without adversely affecting strength
and shrinkage characteristics. Almost all of
these uses would require the sludge to be in a
dry powder or almost dry condition. The best
method of dewatering the sludge is vacuum fil-
tration after gravity thickening. In addition to
being the most economical of the methods con-
sidered to be employed at Park Forest (vacuum
filtration, centrifuging, lagooning, and sand bed
drying), the air passages induced in the filter
cake induce further drying. This would further
improve the handling characteristics and
enhance the utilization possibility. This dewater-
ing method will produce a filter cake of about 45
percent solids and an almost clear filtrate which
can be returned to the plant. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23989]
734738
Neuartige verfahrenseinheit zur trocknung von
klaerschlamm. [New equipment for drying
sewage sludge.] Wasser, Luft und Betrieb,
16(11):404,1972.
A drier for the sludge from sewage purification
is described. It consists of three pipes. The wet
sludge is passed toward a flow of hot gas which
is produced in a combustion chamber. The wet
material is carried along by the hot gas flow and
deflected. The dried part is separated in a
cyclone and the wet fraction is returned to the
feeder and the hot gas flow. With very fine-
grained dry material a filter is attached to the
cyclone. Otherwise the waste gas is discharged
into the open air, but it can also be returned to
the drying process. Digested sludge with a water
content of more than 90 percent is mixed with
flocculants and pumped to a press for prelimina-
ry dehydration. The filter cake with a water con-
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93
tent of 70 to 75 percent is conveyed to a sluice
above the feeder. The feeder is essentially a
heated reciprocating plate feeder which trans-
ports the material into the vertically rising hot
gas flow. Through impaction and friction in the
flow the material is comminuted. After separa-
tion of the dry material the waste gas flow is
passed to a wet cyclone by a radial blower. The
dust is collected in a bin below the cyclone. It can
be returned to the drying process. The cleaned
gas goes to a deodorizing station comprising a
scrubber followed by a wet cyclone. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23990]
73-4739
Neue Faulungs-Technologic. [New rotting
technology.] Wasserwirtschaft, 62(ll):355-356,
Nov. 1972.
A new rotting system has been developed which
prevents the formation of swim sludge layers
and the sedimentation of sand and other heavy
particles. Instead of mechanical pumps which
have to provide for a continuous turbulence in
the rotting tank, pumps working with com-
pressed sewer gas are used. The pipe lines of the
pumps are equipped with a jacket in which hot
water is circulating in order to provide for a con-
stant rotting temperature in the tank. The
rotting tank itself is cylindrical and made of steel
or concrete. The addition of fresh sludge can be
effected either continuously or in single charges.
The fresh sludge is immediately thoroughly
mixed with the activated sludge so that a high
decomposition intensity is guaranteed. The smal-
lest plant disposes of a rotting tank of 400 cu m
and one 'Heatamix' aggregate and the largest
plant consists of 16 rotting tanks of 85,000 cu m
and 60 'Heatamix' aggregates. (Text in German)
[23991]
73-4740
NEUSPIEL, P. J. Sewage treatment process and
apparatus. Canadian Patent 922,432 owned by
FMC Corporation, San Jose, California. Issued
Mar. 6,1973.
Elimination of the biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) from aqueous sewage suspensions
requires a supply of microorganisms and enough
oxygen to support their activites. This invention
helps remove BOD by agitating a mixed liquor
(one which contains recycled sludge) with a sur-
face aerator. This device mixes air into the liquor
with its blades and induces mingling of influent
sewage and recylced microorganisms. Sludge
being returned from a settling zone is delivered
to a holding area. From there it flows to an outlet
positioned next to the inlet of the surface aera-
tor. The outlet for the influent sewage line is ad-
jacent to this sludge return and mixing of the
liquors is accompolished immediately after the
introduction into the tank. The apparatus com-
prises an aeration tank, a surface aerator, a set-
tling tank, a sludge removal means, a holding
tank to receive sludge discharged form the hold-
ing tank, and a conduit for transfer of the sludge
from the holding tank to the rotor intake. The
holding tank is elevationally positioned so that
the flow of sludge through the conduit is at least
in part due to gravity.
[23992]
73-4741
OBRIST, W. Treatment of sewage sludge
through pasteurization or radiation. ISWA
(International Solid Wastes and Public
Cleansing Association) Information Bulletin,
(6):96-97, Dec. 1971.
Recent investigations on the hygienic and other
effects of the application of sewage sludge disin-
fection methods such as pasteurization and
gamma irradiation are reviewed. The usual
sludge treatment proved to be insufficient for
disinfection. However, pasteurization at 70 C
over 30 minutes is highly effective showing a
reduction in the enterovacteria count by 4 to 9
powers. Gamma irradiation is also effective; with
a minimum dose of 200,000 rads causing death
rates of 1,000 - 1,000,000. In addition, surviving
germs are damaged, and eggs of parasites are
killed. Pasteurizing units at sewage treatment
plants are usually automatic in operation. Units
using superheated steam have been in use for
years, and also heat exchangers are available
recently. Gamma irradiation techniques will be
available for practical purposes before long.
Both pasteurization and irradiation by means of
accelerator are preferred to Cobalt-60 and fis-
sion products which have known disadvantages.
-------
94
Irradiated sludge examined in pot tests proved
to be more productive than pasteurized or un-
treated sludge. Increase in the sedimentation
capacity of raw sludge, and increase in the filtra-
tion capacity of digested sludge due to gamma ir-
radiation were observed. (Text in German)
[23993]
734742
Odei no shisshiki sanka shori sochi-zimpro
hoshili. A wet oxidizing treatment equipment
for sludge-the Zimpro System.] Kotai Haibutsu,
(8):108-111, Dec. 1972.
This equipment is used for process in which or-
ganic sludge is heated with air at a certain tem-
perature in a closed vessel where the atmospher-
ic oxygen reacts with the organic sludge, decom-
posing it into gas and water, and a small quantity
of oxidized ash is left. A considerable amount of
heat is produced which promotes the combustion
of the wet sludge permitting a continuous com-
bustion of wastes in a short time without de-
watering and application of heat from outside.
The waste from a factory is stored in a reservoir
after being ground as finely as possible with a
coarse crusher and fine crusher making solids in
the sludge oxidizable. The necessary air for ox-
idation is introduced and mixed with the sludge
in a highly pressurized system, and the mixed
sludge goes to a reactor through a heat
exchanger tube. There a wet oxidizing reaction
takes places and the temperature is raised
gradually by the oxidation heat. Then, the ox-
idized sludge liquid enters a gas-liquid separator.
The separated gas and liquid are subjected to
final treatment. The available equipment of this
type has a capacity of 2 to 20 tons a day for
sewage sludge or industrial waste liquid, and 59
to 600 Kl a day for night soil. (Text in Japanese)
[23994]
73-4743
Putting industrial sludges in place. Environ-
mental Science and Technology, 6(10):874-875,
Oct. 1972.
This article discusses a nonleachable, sanitary
structural material that may be an innovative
answer to the sludge disposal problem. It is a
mixture of fly ash, industrial byproduct sludge,
and hydrated lime. The process encapsulates the
sludge. The encapsulated waste material is put
to good use as roadbed material, construction
material, or construction aggregate. This encap-
sulation technology has been used in several
field projects which are described in the article.
[23995]
73-4744
SAWYER, R. D., AND J. D. TINSLEY. Sewage
treatment. Canadian Patent 923,231 owned by
Nalco Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois. Issued
May 20,1973.
Soluble phosphates are removed from a sewage
effluent by controlled additions of sodium alu-
minate introduced prior to discharging the ef-
fluent to a receiving body of water, thereby
reducing considerably the amount of phosphates
responsible for proliferation of primitive aquatic
plant life deemed ecologically harmful.
[23996]
73-4745
SUPERSPERG, H. Landwirtschaftliche schlamm-
verwertung. [Agricultural sludge utilization.]
Osterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, 24(9/10):192-
199,1972.
Tests have been conducted concerning the con-
sequences on the crop when using wet sludge as
manure on agricultural areas. It was found that
an area of 25 hectares must be available if the
sludge of 10,000 inhabitants shall be used as fer-
tilizer. The reaction of the soil and the plants de-
pend on the composition and the storage time of
the sludge. In any case it is necessary to provide
for an additional fertilizing with potash owing to
the low percentage contained in the sludge. A
comparison of the crops from fields treated with
commerical fertilizer and those with sludge has
been conducted by the city of Vienna It was
found that the quantity of the crop from fields
treated with sludge was superior to that from
fields treated with commercial fertilizer while
the quality suffered slightly. In any case it can
be recommended to use sludge as fertilizer. The
sludge should be ploughed into the fields and the
quantity of the sludge should not exceed 600 cu
m per hectare. However, attention should be
paid that before using sludge it is treated suffi-
-------
ciently in sewage plants and on the fields it is
well mixed with soil so that harmful effects on
the health of men and animals are avoided. (Text
in German)
[23997]
734746
VAN FASSEN, J. Federal assistance speeds
sewage treatment system recovery after flood.
Water and Sewage Works, 120(3):62-65, Mar.
1973.
Under the Disaster Relief Act of 1970, the
Federal government is charged with wide
responsibility in assisting both individuals and
municipalities to recover from major natural dis-
asters, such as floods. The Army Corps of En-
gineers and the Office of Emergency
Preparedness are of particular interest to public
works officials. The aftermath of Hurricane
Agnes, which ravaged large sections of the
Northeast in the summer of 1972, left the city of
Harrisburg with thousands of homes destroyed
and the sewage treatment plant ruined. This
treatment plant is a regional primary facility.
The pumping stations, central treatment plant,
lagoons, sludge incinerator rooms, and transfor-
mers were damaged and inoperable. The Corps
of Engineers commissioned a local engineering
firm to estimate what work would have to been
done, how long it would take and what it would
cost. The estimated time needed to put the treat-
ment plant at full efficiency was about 6 months.
However, because of the massive effort of the
Federal government and the funds made availa-
ble the plant was 100 percent operational only 7
weeks after the flood. To date the repair costs
have been nearly $50,000 less than estimated.
[23998]
STREET CLEANING
734747
ORTH, H. Staedtereinigung. [City cleaning.]
VDI-Z, 114(9):635,640, June 1972.
General problems and trends in municipal waste
collection and city cleaning are outlined.
Domestic waste contains 2-4 percent plastics, 8-
10 percent glass, 49 percent paper, 10 percent
wood, 4 percent metal and 31 percent organic
matter. The share of packaging materials may
reach up to 35 percent. Collection costs can make
up 40-45 percent of the total cost of municipal
waste disposal. Rational collection methods, and
bin and can sizes are reviewed. The use of plastic
or paper bags as well as of garbage compactors is
preferable. Manual sidewalk cleaning is increas-
ingly replaced by mechanized operations, e.g., by
means of sweepers, combined or not with manual
cleaning. High-pressure water jet scavenging,
even of large-diameter sewers, is used increas-
ingly, mostly in combination with suction tank
trucks. The specific problem of the cleaning of
gasoline and sand separators is reviewed. Snow
removal, as difficulties in the use of ice warning
systems are described. The salt expenditure
should not exceed 40 g per sq m. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23999]
734748
ROBERTS, E. E. Snow and ice removal system.
Canadian Patent, 921,785 owned by Gloria E.
Smith and Ralph G. Smith. Issued Feb. 27,1973.
Snow and ice are removed from a paved surface
by moving an air chamber with a downwardly
extending opening along the paved surface hav-
ing a layer of ice or snow thereon, producing high
intensity heat in the chamber and directing the
heat downwardly against the paved surface as
the chamber is moved along such surface to melt
the ice and snow, wiping the paved surface im-
mediately after exposure to the heat of the
chamber to direct the melted ice and snow
laterally of the direction of movement of the
chamber along the paved surface, controlling the
amount of heat and the speed of movement of
the chamber such that the ice or snow is melted
and the paved surface is heated so that the heat
of the paved surface and atmospheric conditions
leave the wiped surface essentially free of traf-
fic-endangering moisture.
[24000]
TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS
-------
96
73-4749
PINTO, D. Ecology, the physical plant, and
public relations. In How to make ecology work
for you. New York, New York, Chain Store
Publishing Corporation, 1972. p. 80-89.
If a retailer is going to be popular with ecology-
minded shoppers he must make sure that his
physical plant takes the steps necessary to avoid
environmental pollution. This would include air
pollution control equipment for incinerators;
substitution of baling and recycling for incinera-
tion of waste paper and corrugated; effluent
treatment at food processing plants; and control
of vehicle emissions. In addition an ecology-
oriented public relations campaign is important.
This advertising should present the store's en-
vironmentally responsible activities, and advise
and educate the consumer on various environ-
mental issues. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24001]
734750
PINTO, D. How to make ecology work for you.
New York, Chain Store Publishing Corporation,
1972.148 p.
This book is published for retailers in order to
provide them with a knowledge of ecological is-
sues and to help them devise a response to them
that will be responsible without harming busi-
ness. In fact ecological consciousness is shown to
help business if properly handled. There are
ways for the business man to respond to the
complaints of ecologists without endangering his
profits. A well run public relations compaign cou-
pled with minimal changes in products and
operations can improve sales to the ecologically
conscious public. Some of the issues discussed in-
clude: detergents; recycling; beverage bottles;
packaging; and the scope of the problem. There
are appendices showing; a model anti-litter law;
solid waste statistics; and key environmental or-
ganizations. There is also a glossary of solid
waste terms. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24002]
73-4751
PINTO, D. Recycling. In How to make ecology
work for you. New York, New York, Chain Store
Publishing Corporation, 1972. p. 64-79.
This article discusses the recycling of paper,
glass, and metal and what retailer's role in the
process can and should be. Possible actions in-
clude: baling and recyling in-store waste paper
and corrugated instead of incinerating it; placing
bins in parking lots for collection of newspapers,
bottles, and aluminum cans from the public;
using recycled paper for packaging store brands;
selling products made from recycled materials;
and making returnable bottles available in
private label beverages. The retailer should,
however, keep the profit motive in hand. It is ex-
pensive for store personnel to supervise recla-
mation facilities on store premises. Most
recycling activities are not profitable. The baling
and sale of corrugated and the collection of alu-
minum cans are exceptions. Nevertheless,
recycling activities and their advertisement
build community goodwill and bring in
customers and profits. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24003]
73-4752
STEFANELLI, L. Americans travel to Soviet
Union in first industry technical exchange. Solid
Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal,
15(11):12-14,70,72, Nov. 1972.
This article describes a trip to Leningrad taken
by members of the solid waste management in-
dustry from Northern California. The Amer-
icans were shown the equipment used in the
Russian city under demonstration conditions
rather than in actual work. The snowplowing
equipment was most impressive; that for street-
cleaning was similar to that in the United States,
but smaller. The collection system is con-
tainerized. Pickup is daily. The vehicles have a
fairly small capacity and must travel 20 miles to
a landfill so the city must operate 1200 vehicles
to service the city. A special reliable container
and truck have been designed to facilitate
removal from areas which the large trucks can-
not reach. There is only one composting plant in
the Soviet Union; it has a four ton per day
capacity.
-------
97
[24004] The article stresses the importance of efficient
methods of materials handling in foundries. The
TRANSPORT primary goal is seen to be minimization of han-
dling. It is important to have systems that
7
-------
98
SUBJECT INDEX
accident
see also petrochemicals
73-4518
agricultural wastes
see also animals, manure, food processing
73-4454
crop residue, 73-4544
air pollution, 73-4494, 73-4555, 73-4602, 73-4739
analysis of pollutants, 73-4486, 73-4532, 73-4557, 73-4587
73-4591, 73-4609, 73-4610, 73-4611
control equipment, 73-4486, 73-4505, 73-4543, 73-4545
73-4546, 73-4548, 73-4550, 73-4557, 73-4587
73-4590, 73-4591, 73-4607, 73-4608, 73-4609
73-4610, 73-4621, 73-4628
incinerator, 73-4505, 73-4548, 73-4550, 73-4561, 73-4562
73-4590, 73-4591
industry, 73-4607, 73-4609, 73-4610, 73-4611
laws concerning, 73-4546, 73-4554
smoke control, 73-4550, 73-4562
algae
see microorganisms
analysis, 73-4456, 73-4457, 73-4458, 73-4459, 73-4490
73-4497, 73-4498, 73-4500, 73-4510, 73-4524
73-4609, 73-4629, 73-4722, 73-4729, 73-4730
73-4731, 73-4732, 73-4733, 73-4734
animals
see also manure
73-4452, 73-4453
ash
utilization, 73-4711
automobiles
burning, 73-4553
costs, 73-4464
incineration, 73-4464, 73-4553
laws concerning, 73-4463, 73-4464, 73-4511
volume reduction, 73-4464, 73-4553
automotive industry
see automobiles
bacteria
see microorganisms
baling
equipment, 73-4660, 73-4672, 73-4676, 73-4682
scrap metal, 73-4682
bulky wastes
disposal, 73-4465, 73-4590
volume reduction, 73-4465, 73-4590, 73-4658, 73-4679
cellulose, 73-4475
chemicals
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4612, 73-4651, 73-4666, 73-4734
processing, 73-4612, 73-4723
utilization, 73-4694, 73-4723
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-4704
collection of wastes
see also containers
73-4745
chute systems, 73-4467, 73-4469
containers, 73-4472, 73-4643
contractors, 73-4649
costs, 73-4642
equipment, 73-4469, 73-4470, 73-4471, 73-4472, 73-4473
73-4566
industrial, 73-4620, 73-4636, 73-4649
institutional, 73-4630
laws concerning, 73-4515, 73-4516, 73-4631, 73-4636
73-4645
municipalities, 73-4643, 73-4644
pneumatic, 73-4467, 73-4468, 73-4469
rural, 73-4644
trucks, 73-4466, 73-4473
compaction, 73-4672, 73-4676
equipment, 73-4658, 73-4659, 73-4660, 73-4670, 73-4673
73-4677, 73-4678, 73-4680, 73-4681, 73-4682
73-4683, 73-4684, 73-4686, 73-4687, 73-4688
73-4689, 73-4690, 73-4691, 73-4692
compost, 73-4476, 73-4481, 73-4482, 73-4627, 73-4725
analysis, 73-4478
health aspects, 73-4533
marketing, 73-4478
utilization, 73-4478, 73-4696
composting, 73-4474, 73-4475, 73-4476, 73-4494, 73-4503
73-4547, 73-4627
cellulose, 73-4725
combined with other disposal methods, 73-4477, 73-4479
73-4480, 73-4483, 73-4643
costs, 73-4478, 73-4481
equipment, 73-4477, 73-4479
installations, 73-4479
methods, 73-4477, 73-4478, 73-4481, 73-4490
problems, 73-4481, 73-4533
sludge, 73-4477, 73-4478, 73-4479, 73-4480, 73-4483
73-4533
computer
see management and planning
construction
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-4671
utilization, 73-4696, 73-4715
containers, 73-4513, 73-4517, 73-4518, 73-4519, 73-4525
73-4526. 73-4527, 73-4528, 73-4529, 73-4531
73-4534, 73-4535, 73-4664, 73-4681, 73-4690
demolition wastes
see also construction
73-4671
disposal of wastes
see also individual methods
73-4547, 73-4558, 73-4666
agricultural, 73-4453, 73-4502
commercial, 73-4502
costs, 73-4495, 73-4509
facilities, 73-4470
health aspects, 73-4502
-------
99
industrial, 73-4486, 73-4487, 73-4489, 73-4492, 73-4502
73-4513, 73-4528, 73-4530, 73-4565, 73-4570
73-4586, 73-4592, 73-4599, 73-4600, 73-4613
73-4618, 73-4629, 73-4636, 73-4651, 73-4652
73-4664, 73-4746
laws concerning, 73-4487, 73-4516, 73-4529, 73-4599
73-4633, 73-4636, 73-4638, 73-4639, 73-4645
73-4651
methods, 73-4459, 73-4460, 73-4461, 73-4484, 73-4486
73-4487, 73-4488, 73-4489, 73-4495, 73-4496
73-4497, 73-4498, 73-4499, 73-4500, 73-4501
73-4502, 73-4504, 73-4505, 73-4507, 73-4509
73-4510, 73-4521, 73-4528, 73-4531, 73-4532
73-4614, 73-4615, 73-4653, 73-4659, 73-4680
73-4687, 73-4690, 73-4691, 73-4704, 73-4706
73-4715, 73-4722, 73-4728, 73-4729, 73-4730
73-4731, 73-4732, 73-4733, 73-4744, 73-4753
municipal, 73-4460, 73-4461, 73-4487, 73-4491, 73-4497
73-4501, 73-4502, 73-4586, 73-4639, 73-4652
73-4687, 73-4728, 73-4753
research, 73-4457, 73-4492, 73-4495, 73-4496, 73-4499
73-4529
drugs
sec pharmaceutical
economics, 73-4509, 73-4511, 73-4642, 73-4697
costs, 73-4547, 73-4607, 73-4608
markets, 73-4700
education
of the public, 73-4512, 73-4515, 73-4520, 73-4662, 73-4663
73-4709
processing, 73-4662
utilization, 73-4662
personnel, 73-4551
professional, 73-4512
environmental protection, 73-4648, 73-4662, 73-4663, 73-4718
73-4736
equipment, 73-4558
balers, 73-4676
collection, 73-4466, 73-4470, 73-4471, 73-4472, 73-4473
73-4566
compaction, 73-4658, 73-4660, 73-4671, 73-4673, 73-4677
73-4678, 73-4680, 73-4681, 73-4682, 73-4683
73-4686, 73-4687, 73-4688, 73-4689, 73-4690
73-4691, 73-4692, 73-4719
hammermilling, 73-4590, 73-4622, 73-4683
separators, 73-4706, 73-4744
shearing, 73-4658, 73-4683
shredding, 73-4590, 73-4622, 73-4658, 73-4671, 73-4675
73-4679, 73-4683, 73-4699, 73-4719
wastewater treatment, 73-4747
fertilizer
see also compost, hazardous
derived from waste products, 73-4707
fire, 73-4493
food processing wastes
see also specific methods
73-4746
biological treatment, 73-4626
chemical treatment, 73-4626
disposal methods, 73-4626
fruits, 73-4604
mechanical treatment, 73-4626
slaughterhouse, 73-4631
utilization, 73-4604
vegetable, 73-4626
fungi
see microorganisms
industrial wastes, 73-4667
post-consumer wastes, 73-4462, 73-4657
disposal, 73-4662
processing, 73-4662
utilization, 73-4662, 73-4667, 73-4701
grants, 73-4704, 73-4734
groundwater, 73-4742
hazardous wastes
see also radioactive wastes
73-4525, 73-4526
disposal, 73-4511, 73-4512, 73-4514, 73-4515, 73-4516
73-4517, 73-4518, 73-4520, 73-4521, 73-4522
73-4523, 73-4524, 73-4527, 73-4528, 73-4531
73-4532, 73-4533, 73-4534, 73-4535, 73-4634
treatment, 73-4511, 73-4512, 73-4513, 73-4514, 73-4518
73-4520, 73-4521, 73-4524, 73-4528, 73-4531
73-4532, 73-4618
health and safety, 73-4518, 73-4533, 73-4537, 73-4538
73-4539
heat recovery
see incineration
hospitals
collection, 73-4630
disposable items, 73-4485
disposal of wastes, 73-4630
incineration, 73-4556, 73-4561, 73-4630
incineration
see also specific wastes
73.4494, 73-4503, 73-4542, 73-4571
air pollution control, 73-4454, 73-4505, 73-4545, 73-4546
73-4548, 73-4549, 73-4550, 73-4553, 73-4554
73-4561, 73-4562, 73-4586, 73-4587, 73-4590
73-4591, 73-4594, 73-4597
combined with reclamation, 73-4548, 73-4552
commercial wastes, 73-4545, 73-4556, 73-4561
costs, 73-4491, 73-4545, 73-4548
design of plant, 73-4530, 73-4541, 73-4547, 73-4548
73-4549, 73-4553, 73-4559, 73-4560, 73-4563
73-4567, 73-4569, 73-4588, 73-4590
emissions, 73-4484, 73-4505, 73-4546, 73-4548, 73-4553
73-4557, 73-4559, 73-4561, 73-4562, 73-4567
73-4587, 73-4588, 73-4589, 73-4594, 73-4597
equipment, 73-4548, 73-4553, 73-4557, 73-4560
industrial wastes, 73-4513, 73-4528, 73-4530, 73-4544
73-4549, 73-4565, 73-4567, 73-4570, 73-4586
73-4592, 73-4593, 73-4602, 73-4614, 73-4622
73-4661, 73-4685
institutional wastes, 73-4561
laws concerning, 73-4546, 73-4547, 73-4554
management, 73-4491, 73-4551
municipal wastes, 73-4456, 73-4490, 73-4491, 73-4540
73-4541, 73-4559, 73-4569, 73-4586, 73-4589
on-site, 73-4550, 73-4551, 73-4553, 73-4561, 73-4566
operation of plant, 73-4547, 73-4548, 73-4562, 73-4570
73-4586
-------
100
problems, 73-4484, 73-4549, 73-4551, 73-4553, 73-4557
73-4560, 73-4561, 73-4563, 73-4588, 73-4597
residue, 73-4552, 73-4588, 73-4589, 73-4591, 73-4594
73-4625, 73-4697, 73-4711
special purpose, 73-4566
waste heat utilization, 73-4541, 73-4544, 73-4552, 73-4555
73-4556, 73-4564, 73-4568, 73-4569, 73-4596
73-4597, 73-4625, 73-4705, 73-4716, 73-4749
incinerator, 73-4541, 73-4558, 73-4559
fluidized bed, 73-4549, 73-4553
open-pit, 73-4548, 73-4549, 73-4553
rotary kiln, 73-4549, 73-4565, 73-4566, 73-4571, 73-4592
73-4622
sludge, 73-4549, 73-4553, 73-4622
special purpose, 73-4515, 73-4535, 73-4548, 73-4549
73-4553, 73-4556, 73-4565, 73-4567, 73-4592
73-4595, 73-4598, 73-4622
industrial wastes
see also specific industry, specific treatment methods
73-4593, 73-4603, 73-4626, 73-4713, 73-4721
73-4746
analysis, 73-4600
biological treatment, 73-4748
centralized disposal plant, 73-4618
combined with municipal wastes, 73-4748
combined with sewage, 73-4748
costs, 73-4605, 73-4607
utilization, 73-4605
effluent charges, 73-4599
laws concerning, 73-4599, 73-4629, 73-4631, 73-4633
73-4636
mechanical treatment, 73-4708
utilization, 73-4606, 73-4625, 73-4650, 73-4694, 73-4703
73-4708, 73-4717
land reclamation
see also mines, sanitary landfill
73-4453, 73-4736
laws, 73-4537, 73-4637
collection of wastes, 73-4515, 73-4516, 73-4517, 73-4522
73-4535, 73-4631, 73-4632, 73-4635, 73-4641
disposal of wastes, 73-4515, 73-4516, 73-4521, 73-4522
73-4534, 73-4535, 73-4554, 73-4599, 73-4631
73-4632, 73-4634, 73-4635, 73-4636, 73-4638
73-4639, 73-4641, 73-4645
enforcement, 73-4632, 73-4641
federal, 73-4521, 73-4599, 73-4631, 73-4633, 73-4634
73-4636, 73-4638, 73-4639, 73-4641
state, 73-4515, 73-4516, 73-4517, 73-4522, 73-4534
73-4535, 73-4554, 73-4635
leachate
sec also sanitary landfill, water pollution
73-4737
lumber, 73-4608
management and planning, 73-4637
county, 73-4635
federal, 73-4520, 73-4529, 73-4632
international, 73-4646
municipal, 73-4643
regional, 73-4635, 73-4644, 73-4645, 73-4647, 73-4715
rural, 73-4647
state, 73-4520, 73-4529, 73-4647
techniques, 73-4608
manure
cattle, 73-4453
treatment methods, 73-4452, 73-4453, 73-4455
utilization, 73-4455, 73-4627
markets
see economics
metal, ferrous
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4618, 73-4620
utilization, 73-4617, 73-4618, 73-4711
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-4691
processing, 73-4640
scrap, 73-4622, 73-4677, 73-4682
slag, 73-4711
metal, non-ferrous, 73-4616
aluminum, 73-4617, 73-4618, 73-4650
copper, 73-4603
lead, 73-4507
precious metals, 73-4713
microorganisms, 73-4460, 73-4461, 73-4475, 73-4476, 73-4492
73-4495, 73-4496, 73-4497, 73-4498, 73-4499
73-4500, 73-4510, 73-4669, 73-4714, 73-4722
73-4725, 73-4728, 73-4730, 73-4731, 73-4732
73-4733
mineral, 73-4606, 73-4710, 73-4717, 73-4723
mines
see land reclamation
mining industry, 73-4533
waste utilization, 73-4710
municipal wastes
see also refuse
compaction, 73-4688
disposal, 73-4688, 73-4748
utilization, 73-4719
ocean disposal
see also specific methods
73-4547
industrial, 73-4650
international control, 73-4651
odor control, 73-4452, 73-4550, 73-4562, 73-4607, 73-4609
73-4633
oil
see petrochemicals
packaging wastes
see also specific materials
73-4462, 73-4657, 73-4663, 73-4665, 73-4668
disposal, 73-4593, 73-4655, 73-4669, 73-4724
processing, 73-4640, 73-4655
utilization, 73-4695
paper and pulp, 73-4609, 73-4610, 73-4611
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4623, 73-4628
processing, 73-4605
utilization, 73-4623, 73-4628
post-consumer wastes, 73-4656, 73-4668
disposal, 73-4662
utilization, 73-4700, 73-4714
-------
101
pathogenic wastes
see hazardous wastes
personnel, 73-4538, 73-4551
pesticides
see also hazardous wastes
73-4512, 73-4513, 73-4514, 73-4515, 73-4516
73-4517, 73-4518, 73-4519, 73-4520, 73-4522
73-4523, 73-4525, 73-4526, 73-4527, 73-4528
73-4529, 73-4530, 73-4531, 73-4532, 73-4534
73-4535
petrochemicals
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4492, 73-4748
processing, 73-4703
utilization, 73-4492, 73-4703
planning
see management and planning
plastics, 73-4653
industrial wastes, 73-4612
disposal, 73-4484, 73-4508, 73-4586, 73-4593, 73-4595
73-4602, 73-4613, 73-4614, 73-4615, 73-4619
73-4622, 73-4624, 73-4652, 73-4661, 73-4666
73-4674, 73-4727
processing, 73-4508, 73-4614, 73-4615, 73-4624
73-4625, 73-4674, 73-4721
utilization, 73-4508, 73-4619, 73-4625, 73-4721
post-consumer wastes, 73-4657
disposal, 73-4454, 73-4484, 73-4491, 73-4493, 73-4508
73-4556, 73-4586, ?3-4593, 73-4619, 73-4624
73-4652, 73-4654, 73-4655, 73-4661, 73-4664
73-4674, 73-4724, 73-4727, 73-4735, 73-4745
processing, 73-4493, 73-4508, 73-4624, 73-4655
73-4669, 73-4674, 73-4695, 73-4712, 73-4745
utilization, 73-4454, 73-4491, 73-4493, 73-4508
73-4556, 73-4619, 73-4655, 73-4695, 73-4712
73-4721, 73-4735
public relations
see education
pyrolysis
see also incineration
73-4513
reclamation
see salvage and reclamation
73-4712
recreational areas
see land reclamation
refuse
see also specific types
73-4459, 73-4461, 73-4495, 73-4496, 73-4497
73-4498, 73-4499, 73-4500, 73-4510, 73-4533
73-4538, 73-4621, 73-4639, 73-4653, 73-4659
73-4688, 73-4707, 73-4718, 73-4722, 73-4728
73-4729, 73-4730, 73-4731, 73-4732, 73-4733
composition, 73-4458, 73-4460
quantity, 73-4458, 73-4487
research
see specific topics, grant
rubber
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-4699
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-4720
utilization, 73-4699, 73-4702, 73-4720
tires, 73-4702, 73-4720
safety
see health and safety
salvage and reclamation
see also specific wastes
73-4475, 73-4491, 73-4494, 73-4531, 73-4594
73-4603, 73-4614, 73-4616, 73-4652, 73-4659
73-4677, 73-4693, 73-4696, 73-4697, 73-4698
73-4699, 73-4703, 73-4705, 73-4707, 73-4708
73-4709, 73-4711, 73-4712, 73-4713, 73-4715
73-4716, 73-4717, 73-4718, 73-4719, 73-4721
73-4726
sanitary landfills
see also land reclamation, specific wastes
73-4475, 73-4494, 73-4547, 73-4615, 73-4621
73-4738, 73-4739, 73-4741
design, 73-4743
management, 73-4456
regulation, 73-4740
sites, 73-4457, 73-4743
water pollution, 73-4737, 73-4740, 73-4743
separation
mechanical, 73-4707, 73-4744
methods, 73-4744
refuse, 73-4707, 73-4745
sewage
5ee also sludge
73-4477, 73-4558, 73-4716, 73-4750, 73-4752
mechanical treatment, 73-4542
slag
see metal, ferrous
slaughterhouse
see .food processing wastes
sludge
see also industrial wastes
73-4590, 73-4622, 73-4752
biological treatment, 73-4746
chemical treatment, 73-4621, 73-4746, 73-4749
disposal, 73-4477, 73-4565, 73-4716, 73-4749, 73-4753
equipment, 73-4558, 73-4746, 73-4747, 73-4749
health aspects, 73-4533, 73-4539, 73-4750
mechanical treatment, 73-4542, 73-4706, 73-4718, 73-4719
73-4746, 73-4747, 73-4751, 73-4753
utilization, 73-4623, 73-4716, 73-4718, 73-4719, 73-4751
soil, 73-4453, 73-4461, 73-4483, 73-4680, 73-4729
sources of information, 73-4609
street cleaning, 73-4642
surveys, 73-4490, 73-4501, 73-4506, 73-4516, 73-4524, 73-4525
73-4607, 73-4612, 73-4613
systems analysis
see management techniques
tannery wastes, 73-4627
textiles
industrial wastes, 73-4601
-------
102
toxic materials
see hazardous wastes
transfer stations
see specific wastes
transportation of wastes
see also specific wastes
methods, 73-4523, 73-4535
railroad, 73-4526, 73-4660, 73-4672, 73-4676
truck, 73-4526
trees
see bulky wastes
vector control
see animals, insects
volume reduction, 73-4590, 73-4622, 73-4658, 73-4659
• 73-4670, 73-4671, 73-4673, 73-4675, 73-4677
73-4679, 73-4683, 73-4684, 73-4687, 73-4688
water pollution, 73-4494, 73-4555, 73-4742
analysis of pollutants, 73-4736, 73-4740
control equipment, 73-4628
industrial wastes, 73-4617, 73-4618, 73-4628
wood
see lumber
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
103
Abe, T., 73-4484
Abel, H., 73-4601
Albertson, U., 73-4599
Alexander, R.R., 73-4485
Aloni, U., 73-4646
Amberg, H.R., 73-4628
Anderson, D., 73-4746
Ando, H., 73-4484
Aoki, J., 73-4652
Aoyama, Y., 73-4617
Ashida, H., 73-4600
Bargmann, R.D., 73-4693
Barniske, L., 73-4540
Beckert, P., 73-4541
Belting, K.W., 73-4694
Berger, A., 73-4601
Bergkvist, S., 73-4599
Black, R.J., 73-4512
Breidenbach, A.W., 73-4513
Bye-Joergensen, J.S., 73-4747
Calkins, J.R., 73-4515
Capizzi, J., 73-4535
Carstensen, U., 73-4474
Cath, W.S., 73-4516
Chandler, N., 73-4517
Chaussy, L., 73-4507
Ciaffone, C.P., 73-4542
Colley, D.G., 73-4543
Conner, J.T., 73-4518
Cross, F.L., Jr., 73-4544, 73-4545
73-4546, 73-4547, 73-4548, 73-4549
73-4550, 73-4551, 73-4552, 73-4553
73-4554
Dahl, E.Q., 73-4697
Darnstaedt, T., 73-4555
Davidson, C.M., 73-4486
Day, H.M., 73-4519
De Ville, W.B., 73-4698
Deflorin, A., 73-4601
Delaney, J.F., 73-4603
Denk, K., 73-4631
Deshaies, J.R., 73-4486
Dethlefsen, V., 73-4650
Dieterich, M.L., 73-4488
Dingus, G.W., 73-4670
Dreher, J., 73-4643
Ducellier, G., 73-4604
Dunz, W., 73-4489
Eipeltauer, E., 73-4723
Endo, S., 73-4466
Enke, C., 73-4557
Ewert, G.-D., 73-4632
Farkas, E.M., 73-4520
Feld, I.L., 73-4701
Fendo, A., 73-4521
Ferber, M., 73-4490
Ferguson, J.B., Jr., 73-4718
Ferguson, S., 73-4698
Picker, S., 73-4699
Gingerich, J.C., 73-4605
Goebel, K., 73-4700
Goettsching, H., 73-4536, 73-4537
73-4630
Goode, A.H., 73-4701
Gotshall, W.W., 73-4702
Goulding, R.L., 73-4535
Graham, A.W., Jr., 73-4542
Haake, R., 734703
Hagimori, J., 73-4671
Halliday, H.E., 73-4522
Hamby, H., 73-4628
Hanaoka, K., 73-4491
Harada, T., 73-4674
Haruyama, H., 73-4559
Hasegawa, R., 73-4673
Heitfeld, K.-H., 73-4737
Hendrickson, E.R., 73-4607, 73-4608
73-4609,73-4610,73-4611
Herold, W., 73-4538
Hill, R.M., 73-4553
Hirschheydt, A.V., 73-4492
Honda, K., 73-4654
Hover, H.K., 73-4748
Huibers, D.T.A., 73-4748
Ikemura, T., 73-4712
Ikeno, T., 73-4456
Imoto, M., 73-4493
Inomata, O., 73-4484
Inoue, H., 73-4659
Ihoue, Y., 73-4524
Ishikawa, H., 73-4719
Ito, H., 73-4624
Iwai, S., 73-4559
Iwasawa, E., 73-4600
Jacquelin, G., 73-4706
Jansen, L.L., 73-4525
Javet, A.F., 73-4744
Jesche, H., 73-4658
Kagiya, J., 73-4464
Kehr, W.Q., 73-4475, 73-4476, 73-4725
73-4726, 73-4727, 73-4738
Kiefer, W., 73-4477
Kimura, K., 73-4677
Kinomoto, Y., 73-4678
Kirov, N.Y., 73-4494
Kitajima, E., 73-4671
Kobayashi, K., 73-4682
Komakine, M., 73-4600
Koogler, J.B., 73-4607, 73-4608
73-4609,73-4610.73-4611
Kottmann, E., 73-4561
Kreuzinger, U., 73-4467
Kuhlmann, A., 73-4509
Kurihara, S., 73-4457, 73-4458, 73-4633
73-4745
Kutsuma, J., 73-4739
Kuwayama, C., 73-4715
Kuxmann, U., 73-4713
La Rue, P.G., 73-4562
Larsen, G.H., 73-4747
Lefke, L.W., 73-4481
Leliaert, R.M., 73-4543
Lengyel, W., 73-4644
Lindermaier, H., 73-4564
Loucks, C.S., 73-4526
Luescher, K.H., 73-4563
Mahloch, J.L., 73-4459, 73-4460
73-4461, 73-4495, 73-4496, 73-4497
73-4498, 73-4499. 73-4500, 73-4510
73-4722, 73-4728. 73-4729, 73-4730
73-4731, 73-4732, 73-4733
Marynowski, C.W., 73-4612, 73-4613
73-4614, 73-4615
Masayukl, Y., 73-4616
Massey, D.T., 73-4635
Matsuzawa, S., 73-4484
Michaels, A., 73-4646
Moklebust, O., 73-4708
Mori, T., 73-4681
Morisawa, S., 73-4524
Mozdzanowski, J., 73-4680
Mudrack, K., 73-4750
Mueller, G., 73-4539
Mukai, O., 73-4734
Muto, G., 73-4735
Nakamura, K., 73-4654
Nakamura, M., 73-4501
Nakayama, T.. 73-4617
Nakazaki, K., 73-4681
Nelson, R.D., 73-4751
Nishi, S., 73-4600
Nittetsu, K., 73-4570
Novak, B., 73-4740
Nozaki, Y., 73-4661
Ogata, T., 73-4453
Ota, S., 73-4454
Otsu, S., 73-4484
Pabst, G., 73-4538
Peck, B.T., 73-4527
Pierau, H., 73-4502
Pinner, R., 73-4618
Pinto, D., 73-4662, 73-4663, 73-4664
73-4709
Poetschke, H., 73-4587
Pohle, R., 73-4588
Putnam, R.C., 73-4528
Rasch, P., 73-4589
Rasch, R., 73-4505, 73-4645
Richmond, C.A., 73-4542
Riedlinger, R.A., 73-4590
Riege, W., 73-4620
Roberson, J.E., 73-4607. 73-4608
73-4609,73-4610,73-4611
Roeckinger, F., 73-4503
Rosenthal, H., 734650
Rueckel, H.G., 73-4621
Saita, S., 73-4715
Sakamoto, S., 73-4591
Sakamoto, Y., 73-4471
Scharfenstein, O., 73-4462
Schenkel, W., 73-4636, 73-4741
Schilling, E.E., 73-4455
Schoettler, U., 73-4737
Scholz, F., 73-4538
Schubert, G., 73-4711
Scott, R.C., 73-4529
Seno, M., 73-4654, 73-4735
Serkanic, L.J., Jr., 73-4748
Sgubatam R,, 73-4684
-------
104
Shelef, G., 73-4646
Shigaki, M., 73-4593, 73-4685
Shimizu, Y., 73-4484
Shimoda, T., 73-4712
Shin, Y., 73-4678, 73-4686, 73-4687
73-4688, 73-4689
Shiraishi, S.S., 73-4654
Shuman, F.L., Jr., 73-4530
Siddiqi, I., 73-4533
Sieth, J., 73-4594
Snyder, C.A., 73-4543
Spruill, EX., 73-4623
Staton, W.S., 73-4535
Stephenson, D.A., 73-4743
Stockman, R.F., 73-4595
Stoll, M., 73-4698
Straub, H., 73-4480
Stuchenko, G., 73-4690
Suljak, N.D., 73-4637
Tabasaran, O., 73-4504
Tabor, B.C., 73-4532
Takahashi, S., 73-4464
Takahata, T., 73-4624
Takamatsu, T., 73-4648
Takemoto, Y., 73-4625
Takesue, Y., 73-4712
Tanaka, N., 73-4617
Tiews, K., 73-4650
Toahiaki, S., 73-4597
Togashi, M., 73-4472
Tsukube, Y., 73-4691
Tyrrell, M.E., 73-4701
Uchiyama, K., 73-4719
Ueshita, K., 73-4715
Updegraff, D.M., 73-4714
Valdespino, J.M., 73-4598
Van der Leeden, F., 73-4742
Velsen, G.W.V., 73-4636
Vey, E., 73-4751
Von Lersner, H., 73-4638
Wada, M., 73-4692
Wagner, K.-H., 73-4533
Wagner, T., 73-4627
Wahrenholz, K.-W., 73-4639
Wakayama, K., 73-4681
Waldeyer, H., 73-4509
Walther, J.E., 73-4628
Wargalla, G., 73-4717
Watanabe, T., 73-4712
Weber, H., 73-4713
Welfe, E., 73-4506
Wenzel, W., 73-4507
Westwood-Booth, I., 73-4718
Wiles, C.C., 73-4481
Wiley, J.S., 73-4482
Winterle, E.R., 73-4534
Witt, J.M., 73-4535
Wogrolly, E., 73-4508
Yamamoto, I., 73-4616
Yamatoda, K., 73-4719
Yasuhira, N., 73-4616
Yokata, K., 73-4629
Yokoyama, S., 73-4600
Yoneda, I., 73-4473
Yuda, S., 73-4712
Zaporozec, A., 73-4743
Zeplichal, F., 73-4720
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
May 1973
vol.1 no.5, abstract nos. 734754 to 73-5052
contents
Subjects
Abstract Numbers
Agricultural waste 734754 to 4756
(crop residues, manure, timber slash/other vegetation)
Analysis of solid waste 734757 to 4764
(data, methods)
Automobile 734765
Bulky wastes 734766
Collection 734767 to 4773
Compost/Composting 734774 to 4775
Disposal 734776 to 4781
Economics 734782 to 4788
(disposal costs, financing of facilities, pollution control costs,
marketing information, taxes and incentives)
Hazardous wastes 734789
Health/Safety 734790
Incineration 734791 to 4828
Industrial wastes 734829 to 4849
Institutional wastes 734850 to 4859
Law/Regulations 734860 to 4870
Management 734871 to 4881
(municipal, regional, rural, State)
Ocean disposal 734882 to 4888
Packaging wastes 734889 to 4891
Processing/Reduction 734892 to 4902
Recycling 734903 to 5025
(incinerator residues, industrial wastes, mining wastes,
municipal refuse, scrap metal)
Sanitary landfill 73-5026 to 5030
Separation 73-5031 to 5036
Sludge 73-5037 to 5049
Street cleaning 73-5050
Training, Education, and Public Relations 73-5051
Transport 73-5052
Subject index
Author index
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
May 1973 vol.1 no.5, abstract nos. 734754 to 73-5052
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
73-4754
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Agricultural
solid wastes. In Handbook of environmental
control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 78-92.
This paper discusses agricultural solid wastes.
Data are provided on the following subjects:
principal agricultural waste components
(household, refuse, crop residue, and animal and
poultry manure); average amount and type of
trash in seed cotton harvested by various
methods; production of wastes by livestock,
United States, 1965; farm and animal population
of the United States, 1966; per capita consump-
tion of meat, 1966; waste generation potential of
U.S. animal population, 1960; population
equivalents of animal wastes; per capita animal
contribution of indicator microorganisms;
frequency of occurrence of various salmonella
types; animal waste defecation; characteristics
of animal manures; nutrients in animal wastes;
properties of fresh manure particles; number
and capacity of cattle feedlots; distribution of
beef production; dairy cows and cultivated land;
cattle waste generation rates; seasonal variation
of hog manure characteristics; equivalent popu-
lation of animals, 1960; and poultry waste charac-
teristics. Detailed source material is provided for
the data given. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24006]
73-4755
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Agricultural
waste management. In Handbook of environ-
mental control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio,
CRC Press, 1973. p. 551-560.
This paper presents data on agricultural waste
management. The topics presented follow: possi-
ble schemes for animal waste treatment; materi-
als handling and labor studies in a dairy and
forage farm; land requirements for utilization of
manures in an integrated land-livestock system;
compilation of bedding requirements; possible
treatment units for livestock wastes; economic
evaluation of liquid manure disposal from con-
fined hog operations; annual costs of a liquid
manure system; design recommendations for in-
building oxidation ditches; performance of
anaerobic lagoons; effluent quality of anaerobic
lagoons treating livestock waste; characteristics
of mixed liquidO anaerobic digestion of animal
wastes; pyrolysis of livestock wastes; average
price margin of cattle feeding system; and
methods and costs of trash disposal at cotton
gins. Source material is provided for the data
presented. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24007]
73-4756
RIEMANN, U. Nutztierhaltung und Um-
weltschutz. [Mass stock keeping and environ-
mental protection.] Landtechnik, 28(5):149-158,
Mar. 1978.
The treatment of animal excrement serves the
purpose of destroying pathogenic germs, reduc-
-------
ing the volume of feces, and preventing the
development of bad odors. Animal excrement
can be decomposed by anaerobic and aerobic
biological treatment. Owing to the development
of bad odors, anaerobic decomposition methods
like rotting towers or lagoons cannot be recom-
mended. Aerobic methods are based on the
decomposition of the excrement by means of
microorganisms under oxygen consumption. The
most effective aerobic decomposition method is
the oxidation trench under a grate floor in the
stable. A ventilator provides for a good aeration
of the dung. The most intensive form of aerobic
decomposition is reached in oxidation towers
where gyroscopes blow compressed air into the
dung. Another system used to dispose of the
dung is the composting method where the dung
is mixed with turf, lime, straw, plastic flakes, or
residential refuse, matter which provides for the
aeration of the dung. The compost is odorless
and does not cause any problems with regard to
hygienic requirements. (Text in German)
[24008]
ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
73-4757
BEACH, M. I., AND J. S. BEACH, JR. A new
technique for industrial waste sampling. Indus-
trial Wastes, 19(l):28-32, Jan./Feb. 1973.
Collecting representative samples is essential to
any pollution study or control program. The
generally recognized types of samples are the
'grab' or discrete sample, the simple composite,
and the flow-proportioned composite. The new
sample type described is the sequential com-
posite. The sequential composite is in effect a se-
ries of frequently collected samples, collected
and retained in individual containers, each of
which represents a subperiod within the overall
sampling period. It broadens the statistical base
of the final samples, and it minimizes the change
of missing a significant event of short duration.
The sequential samples provide data which can
be used to reduce waste or to determine which
wastes might be better segregated or even used
to neutralize one another.
[24009]
73-4758
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Effects of solid
wastes. In Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press,
1973. p. 131-176.
This paper provides data on the effects of solid
wastes. Flow charts are included on chemical
waste/human disease pathways, human fecal
waste/human disease pathways, animal fecal
waste/disease relationship, and solid
waste/plague pathways. Information on storage
limits for solid wastes are also included. Public
health evaluations of domestic wastes are
presented in tabular form and cover metals,
cloth and fibers, plastics, leather, rubber, glass,
wood, garbage, and paper. Evaluations of indus-
trial wastes cover the following areas: textile
mills; leather products; petrochemicals; chemi-
cals; energy; metal production; oil refineries;
wood; stone, clay, and glass; printing and
publishing; manure; crop residues; canning;
animal carcasses; dairy; brewery and winery;
sugar refinery; laundry and dry cleaning;
hospitals; demolition and construction debris;
junk automobiles; and sewage sludge. Data are
also provided on the efficacy of incinerator
operations in the destruction of microflora, and
the polluting effect of leachate from household
refuse tipped into a gravel pit. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24010]
73-4759
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Handbook of
environmental control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleve-
land, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973.580 p.
This document provides extensive data, dia-
grams, and graphs on the technical aspects of
solid waste. The following topics are covered in
detail: urban solid wastes; physical composition
and properties; chemical composition; generation
rates; packaging wastes; agricultural solid
wastes; industrial solid wastes; manufacturing
industries; mining industries; solid wastes analy-
sis methods; effects of solid wastes; legal
aspects; municipal solid waste controls; collec-
tion and hauling; size reduction, separation, and
compaction; recycling and recovery; landfill; in-
cineration; composting; pyrolysis; marine
-------
disposal and water tipping; wet-air oxidation; in-
dustrial and commercial waste disposal; and
agricultural waste management. Conversion fac-
tors are provided as are detailed source materi-
als. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24011]
73-4760
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Refuse analysis
methods. In Handbook of environmental con-
trol, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 109-130.
This paper outlines proposed methods for the ex-
amination of solid and semisolid wastes,
domestic refuse in particular. Ten separation
categories are discussed, the methods used for
analyzing the samples are described and illus-
trated, and equations are provided. The follow-
ing tests are discussed in detail: moistureO water
(oven drying method, infrared method, toluene
distillation method); volatile solids and ash;
lipidsO ether extract; liquids; crude fiber; sugars;
starch (anthrone-sulfuric acid method and direct
acid hydrolysis method); carbon; nitrogenO or-
ganic and ammoniacal; protein; carbon-nitrogen
ratio; phosphorus; potassium; hydrogen-ion con-
centration (pH); gross calorific value; net
calorific value; sulfur; and hydrogen and carbon.
Source material is provided for the information
given. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24012]
73-4761
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Solid wastes--
sources and composition. In Handbook of en-
vironmental control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland,
Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 3-5.
This paper defines solid waste in chemical,
economic, and reclamation terms. Market condi-
tions affecting salvage are also discussed. Solid
wastes are also classified by point of origin as
follows: residential; private institutions; offices
and public facilities; health services, commercial
and service establishments, construction and
demolition; agricultural; extractive industry;
food processing; tobacco industry; ordnance and
accessories; textiles and apparel; lumber and
wood products; furniture and fixtures; paper and
allied products; printing, publishing, and allied;
chemicals and allied products; petroleum refin-
ing; rubber and plastic products; leather and al-
lied; stone, clay, and glass; primary metals;
fabricated metals; nonelectrical machinery; elec-
trical machinery; transportation equipment;
professional and scientific instruments; and
miscellaneous manufacturing. Detailed source
material is provided for the information given.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24013]
73-4762
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Urban solid
wastes—chemical composition. In Handbook of
environmental control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleve-
land, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 26-45.
This paper discusses the chemical composition of
urban solid wastes. Chemical analyses of solid
refuse are provided for Hempstead, New York,
and Berkeley, California. Data are also provided
on the following: ultimate analyses of typical mu-
nicipal refuse components; the approximate com-
position of rural wastes; composition and analy-
sis of average municipal refuse; organic analysis
of composite refuse; refuse composition used in
refuse variability computer program; refuse
analyses of inorganic constituents, organic con-
stituents, wood, paper products, plants, foods,
plastics, leather, rags, paints, oils, removers,
rubber, dirt, glass and ceramics, and metals;
chemical composition of food wastes; chemical
properties and combustion data for paper, wood,
and garbage; chemical composition of pathologi-
cal waste and combustion data; analysis of
packaging waste; aluminum packaging alloys;
solders; steel packaging materials; and fuel pro-
perties of solid waste materials. Detailed source
material is provided for the data given. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24014]
73-4763
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Urban solid
wastes—physical composition and properties.
Part 1. In Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press,
1973. p. 6-15.
-------
This paper discusses the physical composition
and properties of urban solid wastes. Data are
provided on urban solid waste constituents in
terms of source, type of waste, composition, and
means of treatment or disposal. The composition
of refuse is listed in terms of components, com-
position, and estimated municipal and residential
averages from 1965 to 1971. Data are also pro-
vided for the composition of waste in eight U.S.
cities. The component categories are paper
products, food waste, plastics, rubber, leather,
dirt, paints, wood, glass, metals, plants and
grasses, textiles, ashes, furniture, organics, and
construction waste. Tables also provide data on
the following: physical characteristics of refuse
at recreational areas; composition of camping
and recreation residence solid waste compared
with urban residence values; composition of Cen-
tral European municipal refuse; litter found
along a 1-mile stretch of a two-lane highway in
Kansas; components of litter by proportion of
total items littered; a summary of international
refuse composition, 15 countries; composition of
household garbage in six countries; and a refuse
breakdown by physical components for seven
European cities and three in the United States.
Detailed source material is provided for the data
given. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24015]
734764
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Urban solid
wastes—physical composition and properties.
Part 2. In Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press,
1973. p. 16-25.
This paper discusses the physical composition
and properties of urban solid wastes. An analysis
of household rubbish in the District of Columbia
is provided for 1914 and 1915. Monthly distribu-
tions of physical components of combined refuse
are given for New York City and Chicago for
1939, and 1956 to 1958. The composition of
Berkeley refuse is shown in tables for a 15-year
period. The following data are also provided in
tables: properties of combined refuse from the
United States, England, France, Germany, Scot-
land, and Sweden; the characteristics of bulky
wastes, residential and commercial; the typical
characteristics of refuse; typical refuse analysis
in three municipalities; the density of solid
packaging materials; the density of various
classes of refuse; and refuse density patterns.
Detailed source material is provided for the data
given. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24016]
AUTOMOBILE
73-4765
REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
The auto wrecking industry. In Identification of
opportunities for increased recycling of ferrous
solid waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1972. p. 232-238.
This paper discusses the auto wrecking industry
as the major source of obsolescent scrap for the
scrap processor. The industry comprises about
15,600 companies, with 98,500 employees, and
has annual sales of salvaged parts and scrap
metal in excess of $5 billion. The wrecker has
three basic choices in preparation of the hulks
for shipment to scrap processors: find a proces-
sor who will take the material as is; burn the
hulk to clean it; or strip the vehicle of the objec-
tionable residue. Problems facing the auto
wrecker include: prohibitive stripping and in-
cineration costs; high costs of transportation to
the scrap processor; disposal of unmarketable
waste from operations; and the lack of sufficient
economic inducement to move hulks from the
wrecker's yard to the scrap processor. Extensive
tabular material is included. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24017]
BULKY WASTES
73-4766
Sperrmuellprobleme. [Bulk refuse problems.]
Staedtehygiene, 24(4):97, Apr. 1973.
The city of Hamburg was the first city in Ger-
many which started a monthly bulky refuse col-
lection service. The bulky refuse quantity at
Hamburg was 112,000 cu m in 1962. It rose to
573,900 cu m in 1971. A further increase of the
bulky refuse quantity is very likely. At the
-------
present time, the city cleansing department of
Hamburg has to employ 115 workers and 45
vehicles daily only for the bulky refuse removal.
(Text in German)
[24018]
COLLECTION
734767
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Collection and
hauling. In Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press,
1973. p. 243-301.
This paper presents data and graphs on collec-
tion and hauling of waste. The topics covered fol-
low: cost of refuse collection; types of collection
agencies used; range in per capita costs for
refuse collection; staff and service units for
refuse collection and disposal agencies; New Or-
leans Sanitation Department employment ex-
perience; Civil Service status of refuse collection
employees; basic work week for refuse collection
crews; hourly wage rates for refuse collection
employees; contract refuse collectionO ad-
vantages and disadvantages, methods used to
finance refuse collection; refuse collection fee
per month; residential rates for refuse collection;
commercial refuse collection; regulations con-
cerning size, use, weight, and type of refuse con-
tainers; nomographs used for study of refuse col-
lection operation; collection truck data; data
from transfer stations; economic evaluation of
refuse compacted by a high compression system;
and truck collection and pipeline system costs.
Detailed source material is provided for the in-
formation given. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24019]
73-4768
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Generation
rates. In Handbook of environmental control, v.
2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973.
p. 46-65.
This paper discusses generation rates for solid
wastes in the United States and part of Europe.
Data are provided for the following: refuse out-
putO domestic and commercial, 1959 to 1961, for
the United States, England, France, Germany,
Scotland, and Sweden; annual quantities of raw
refuse per capita; paper and paperboard con-
sumption; household refuse collected; residential
and commercial solid waste generation in nine ci-
ties; average solid waste collectedO urban, rural,
and national; residential solid wastes generation;
solid wastes collected in the United States, 1970;
pound of refuse collected per capita, 1966; trends
in total refuse per capita, 1955 to 1968; solid
wastes collected from nine U.S. cities, 1957-1958
and 1967; regional generation rates for solid
wastes, 1968; daily production of hospital wastes,
1955; combined refuse from recreation areas;
and waste generation rates for recreation sites.
Graphs are also included. Detailed source
material is provided for the data given. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24020]
73-4769
Muellsammel- und Umladeanlage in Witten.
[Refuse collection and transfer station at Wit-
ten.O Staedtehygiene, Apr., 1973.
As the transport of refuse for long distances in
small collection vehicles is not economical, the
city of Witten constructed a refuse collection and
transfer station with a daily capacity of 1,600
tons and storage space of 400 cu m. The refuse is
emptied into a steel trough 30 m long, the bottom
of which is a steel plate line which transports the
refuse to a 70 ton press and from there into con-
tainer trucks with a net load of 20 to 25 tons. The
container trucks transport the refuse to the cen-
tral sanitary landfill where the refuse is pushed
out of the container by means of a hydraulic
pressing plate. (Text in German)
[24021]
73-4770
Ressources et collecte. 5. Discussion. [Resources
and collection. Part 5: Discussion.] Revue
A.T.I.P., 26(5):403-406,1972.
General problems of waste paper collection are
discussed. The State income derived from the
tax imposed on paper should be used to subsidize
waste paper recycling. The cost of paper in-
cineration in waste incinerator plants is
generally much higher than that of recycling (50
francs per ton), and collection is especially ex-
-------
pensive, showing the need for cutting the cost of
waste collection. Suction type vacuum systems,
tentatively introduced in some cities in Europe,
require separate collection of bulky objects and
do not usually permit separation of paper
wastes. Another experiment in which inhabi-
tants are requested to place paper wastes beside
refuse bins on collection days may become a suc-
cessful system of separate paper collection.
(Text in French)
[24024]
73-4771
ROUGIER, J. La collecte pneumatique des or-
dures menageres dans la ville neuve de Greno-
ble. [The pneumatic collection of household
refuse in the new town of Grenoble.] Techniques
et Sciences, 67(ll):421-429, Nov. 1972.
A pneumatic refuse collection installation built in
Grenoble by the Societe Eau et Assainissement,
licencee of the Swedish Company Societe AB
Centralsug has been put in operation in April
1972. The installation serves 2,300 households
and will eventually serve 4,500. The refuse is
transported by the force of a flow of air induced
by underpressure in a network of ducts with the
help of valves opened and closed by remote con-
trol. At a central collection station, the refuse is
compacted in containers which are then taken
away for incineration or dumping by Roll-On
trucks. The chutes in individual households have
a diameter of 400 mm; the subterranean steel
transport ducts have a diameter of 500 mm.
Transport velocity is 25 to 35 m per second. At
Grenoble the duct is 540 m long, the aggregate
length of the feeder branches is 1,700 m. At the
central collection station the refuse is released
from the air flow in a 3 m wide, 7 m high cyclone
by centrifugal effect. The containers have a
volume of from 8 to 30 cu m depending on the
size of the installation. The installation is ac-
tivated three times daily (after the three meal
times) and operated and maintained by a crew of
two. Such installations can be built to service a
circular area 3 km in diameter or about 300 hec-
tares. (Text in French)
[24025]
73-4772
STRUMANNE, J. Ressources et collecte. 2. Le
point de vue des maires et de leurs services
techniques. [Resources and collection. Part 2:
Opinions of mayors and municipal technical ser-
vices.] Revue A.Tlf., 26(5):389-391,1972.
General problems of the collection and sorting of
packaging wastes made of paper and cardboard
as viewed by mayors of major cities and mu-
nicipal sanitation services in France are ex-
pounded. Paper and cardboard wastes presently
made up some 13 percent of the combined ton-
nage of municipal waste collected. While the per
capita waste output has stabilized around 800 gal
per day, the specific weight of the municipal
waste has decreased from 400 to 150 kg per cu m
over the past decade, which is due to the increas-
ing proportion within municipal waste of paper
and cardboard packaging. The highly increased
waste volume to be collected requires expensive
enlargement of collection capacities and man-
power. Also storage bin capacities have to be in-
creased, and additional storage facilities are
necessary. While collection and sorting of paper
and cardboard wastes in family homes is un-
realistic and far from rewarding, such problems
could be resolved in large apartment houses,
shopping centers, and marketplaces by the use of
compacting presses. At present, waste paper
recovery in waste treatment and disposal seem
most appropriate. (Text in French)
[24026]
73-4773
TUCKER, H. L. Personal communication. Dis-
trict of Columbia, Solid Waste Management Ad-
ministration, to Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System, May 1,1973.
This letter, in answer to a request for informa-
tion for a user of the SWIRS system, includes in-
formation about the city's collection system.
Refuse is collected by the city from single family
homes and apartment units up to four units. The
cost of this collection is approximately $45.00 per
household, but it is included in the city's tax
structure. A private company now has the con-
tract to service public buildings, including
schools. This represents a savings for the city
since the private company conducts this opera-
-------
tion more economically than the city could. Total
expenditures for collection in Fiscal Years 1969
to 1972 are listed. The costs per ton for disposal
are also shown. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24023]
COMPOST / COMPOSTING
73-4774
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Composting.
In Handbook of environmental control, v. 2.
Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p.
490-518.
This paper presents data, diagrams, graphs, and
equations on composting. The topics covered fol-
low: general principles of composting as related
to treatment of town wastes; typical composting
processes, 1960 to 1969; municipal solid waste
composting plants; European and Middle East-
ern municipal refuse composting plants; data on
composting plants in Germany; typical relation-
ship obtained between oxygen uptake and bac-
terial count; time-temperatures required for or-
ganism destruction; analyses and weight
changes in laboratory composting of refuse; re-
liability of tests to determine degree of compost-
ing of ground, separated garbage; enhancement
of the composting process; calculation of area
required for a Windrow composting plant; equip-
ment required for composting; costs of
processing raw refuse utilizing different com-
post systems; production and sale of compost;
estimated costs to own and operate digester
plants; commercial venture compost plant; and
soil characteristics in a compost ripeness experi-
ment. Detailed source material is provided for
the data given. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24027]
73-4775
Procede pour produire un engrais granulaire ne
liberant que lentement de 1'azote et produit ainsi
obtenu. [Process for the manufacture of granular
slow-release nitrogen fertilizer.] French Patent
2,074,766 owned by J. N. Karnemaat. Issued Oct.
10,1971.01
A procedure for the manufacture of fertilizer
from organic compost with uniform chemical and
granulometric composition, which slowly
liberates nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, is
described. The respective proportions of
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compounds
insoluble in cold water are at least 15 percent
and 25 percent in the dry, practically dust-free
fertilizer. Waste organic compost is dehydrated
to a residual water content of about 3 percent
after which it is granulated into fine particles.
The granulous material thus obtained is sub-
sequently mixed with dibasic ammonium
phosphate, potassium chloride, and urea to ob-
tain a mixture of uniform chemical and granu-
lometric composition. The resulting mixture is
mixed with anaqueous solution of urea and for-
maldehyde, in which excess formaldehyde is
present so that a formaldehyde urea polymer has
been formed, to form a damp mass of uniform
chemical composition by adding phosphoric acid
of 20 to 75 percent concentration. The broth ob-
tained is stirred vigorously, and finally de-
watered. (Text in French)
[24028]
DISPOSAL
73-4776
BAUD, E. Les schemas departementaux de col-
lecte et de traitement des ordures menageres.
[Departmental plans for the collection and treat-
ment of household refuse.] Techniques et
Sciences, 67(12):451-457, Dec. 1972.
The Collection and treatment of household
refuse in the Departement de Swine which is
governed by a law of Apr. 23,1933 employs 4,500
workers. Two million tons of refuse are collected
and disposed of in four large incinerators yearly.
Half of this volume stems from the city of Paris.
Because of the growing problem of waste
disposal, the interdepartmental circular of Nov.
27, 1969, was conceived asking for the submis-
sion of Departmental plans for the collection and
treatment of refuse by Departments of France
excepting that of the Paris region, information
was sought on existing services and installations,
on respective city ordinances and rural regula-
tions, on costs and income from steam, electric!-
-------
ty, and outlets for compost. Plans submitted
reveal that 75 percent of the population is being
served by waste disposal services. This includes
90 percent of urban communities and 45 percent
of rural communities. Only several large cities
have incinerators. Thirty seven thousand or half
of all French communities dispose of solid waste
on dumps. Collection route distances vary from 5
to 20 km with a minimal population from 10 to
20,000. In sparsely populated regions garbage is
collected periodically, in densely populated areas
a twice weekly collection schedule seems to be
the rule. (Text in French)
[24029]
73-4777
MOTTS, W. S. Environmental impact of alterna-
tive waste disposal methods. In Proceedings;
Regionalized Solid Waste Management Con-
ference, Newton, Massachusetts, June 1-2,1972.
University of Massachusetts at Amherst and
Massachusetts Department of Community Af-
fairs, p. 24-57.
This paper discusses various waste disposal
methods. The topics covered under sanitary
landfills, landfills, and refuse dumps follow: en-
vironmental effects from a single landfill site;
landfill impact on New England geology; long-
term effects of the landfill alternative; till
deposits and bedrock; lake-bottom deposits; sand
and gravel deposits; examples of improperly
located landfill sites; and integrated, regional
land-use studies. A discussion of the environ-
mental effects from methods other than sanitary
landfill covered recycling, composting, and high-
temperature incineration. Data are presented on
hydrogeologic conditions producing pollution of
groundwater supplies by leachate from a landfill;
the relation of a refuse dump to a town well, and
the increase of mineralization leading to aban-
donment of the well; collection and treatment of
leachate at a site through hydraulic isolation of
landfill by an impermeable membrane; and
management of leachate by allowing its
discharge into groundwater, then collecting and
treating it in a down-gradient direction. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24080]
73-4778
SIERIG, G. Moderne Abfallbeseitigung in Berlin.
[Modern refuse disposal in Berlin.] Staedtehy-
giene, 24(4):84-86, Apr. 1973.
Total refuse quantity in Berlin rose from 2.209
million cu m in 1960 to 4.239 million cu m in 1970.
Residential refuse quantity amounted to 3.080
million cu m in 1970 of more than half was burnt
in the incineration plant at RuhlebenO producing
steam for a nearby power generating plant and
pumice which is used in road construction. About
1 million cu m of industrial waste as well as
liquids and sludges from industry are deposited
in three sanitary landfills. Three rammer foot
compactors and various bulldozers operating on
these sites provide for rapid compressing and
shredding, especially of bulky refuse, which
amounts to 450,000 cu m annually. The disposal
of liquids, sludges, and chemicals is subject to a
written authorization and a special control
procedure. Refuse containers of 6, 12, 18, and 24
cu m have been given to industrial and commer-
cial enterprises and are regularly transported to
the sanitary landfills by the city cleansing de-
partment of Berlin. (Text in German)
[24031]
73-4779
SPITZER, E. F. How European solid-waste prac-
tices are changing. American City, 87(10): 115-
116, Oct. 1972.
This article reports on the International Solid
Waste Conference held in Prague,
Czechoslovakia, from June 26 to July 2,1972. The
Conference subjects were limited to refuse col-
lection and disposal and street cleaning. The
discussions were very general in nature, with
only eight papers presented in 4 days of sessions.
Approximately 75 firms displayed equipment
and materials, and there were about 1,500 par-
ticipants. European sanitation equipment is
getting bigger, more sophisticated, and more ex-
pensive. Manufacturers are changing equipment
designs in order to meet changing conditions. In
the area of refuse disposal, firms manufacturing
incinerators predominated. A few companies ex-
hibited composting machinery.
[24032]
-------
73-4780
STRUMANNE, J., AND P. FOURMENT. Les
plastiques dans les ordures menageres. IV-In-
fluence des matieres plastiques sur la mise en
decharge des ordures menageres. [Plastic
materials in domestic waste. IV~The influence
of plastic materials on the disposal of domestic
wastes.] Techniques et Sciences Municipales,
67(11):405-414, Nov. 1972.
Disposal and utilization of domestic wastes as af-
fected by the presence in them of plastic materi-
als are outlined. Neither waste disposal opera-
tions nor anaerobic decomposition of domestic
wastes is adversely influenced by plastic materi-
als in deep layers of sanitary landfills. However,
plastic wastes may retain moisture in the soil.
While plastics are generally believed not to be
degradable, a few observations indicate slow
degradation of plastics, especially of
polyethylene. The recultivation of filled-up sani-
tary landfills may be hindered by the presence of
plastic materials which interfere with gas and
moisture exchange processes, and with the
growth of roots. Plastic materials in sanitary
landfills constitute no additional fire hazard. The
presence in compost of polyvinyl chloride and
polyethylene usually causes no problems and
does not lessen the value of the compost, while
large, rigid pieces of polyethylene, and especially
nylon, which is highly resistant to fermentation,
should not be present in composts. (Text in
French)
[24033]
73-4781
SUTIN, G. L. A systems approach to refuse
disposal on a regional scale. In Proceedings; Re-
gionalized Solid Waste Management Conference,
Newton, Massachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. Univer-
sity of Massachusetts at Amherst and Mas-
sachusettes Department of Community Affairs.
p. 5-23.
This paper presents a system of refuse disposal
which will eliminate the present undesirable fea-
tures usually related to the methods now in use
for solid waste disposal in the United States. The
topics covered include the importance of cleanli-
ness to avoid the spread of disease, a recognition
of sewage as a prime source of disease, sources
of pollution, industrial wastes, pollution control,
criteria for new landfill sites, costs, regulations,
and the incinerator as the major disposal facility.
It is recommended that a study be conducted in
each region to determine the extent of present
and future refuse disposal requirements. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24034]
ECONOMICS
73-4782
Aspects economiques. 4. Discussion. [Economic
aspects. Part 4:. Discussion.] Revue A.TJf.,
26(5):301-305,1972.
Economic aspects of the collection, selection, and
utilization of waste paper in France and in other
European countries are reviewed. The fast
development of waste paper recycling in France
is primarily due to the increased percentage of
corrugated cardboard amounting to 35 to 36 per-
cent. Some 640,000 tons of waste paper are in-
cinerated yearly together with municipal refuse
in the Paris region, which represents a propor-
tion of 34 percent in the total waste volume.
Waste paper in a price bracket of 50 to 100
frances, not exceeding the price of pulp, is suita-
ble for replacement of primary fiber. Waste
paper collection can be efficiently solved by col-
lection together with municipal refuse, as
proposed by Black-Clawson. Separate collection
necessitates both public education and certain
material incentives, which would appeal primari-
ly to school children. (Text in French)
[24035]
73-4783
Aspects financiers. Table ronde. [Financial
aspects. Round-table conference.] Revue
A.r./.P.,26(5):407-411,1972.
Financing problems in the pulp and paper as well
as in the waste paper recycling industry in
France are surveyed with respect to the activity
of such major financial institutions as the In-
stitute for Industrial Development (I.D.I.), Lyon
Credit Bank, and Societe Generate. In general,
considerable fluctuations in the price of waste
paper and cardboard have to cease before major
credits to the waste paper recyling branch
-------
10
become more liberal. Credits are more reluc-
tantly extended to medium and small-size indus-
tries. (Text in French)
[24036]
73-4784
Conclusions du colloque 'vieux papiers'.
[Conclusions of the "Waste Paper' Conference.]
Revue A.T.IJ*., 26(5):413-415,1972.
Conclusions of the "Waste Paper' conference re-
garding the technical and economic problems of
paper and cardboard wastes recycling are
presented. Several technical problems of waste
paper and cardboard recycling have been solved
technically, and other technical problems will be
solved in the foreseeable future, thus permitting
both diversification of the use of waste paper
pulp, and the recovery of fibers whose recovery
is not possible at the present time. With the
technical aspects presenting no serious difficul-
ties, economic problems, especially in dealer-user
relationships, persist. The solutions for the
economic problems, in particular that of price
fluctuations, require the creation of a mixed
committee of dealers in and users of waste
papers. Representation of the interested minis-
tries as well as of the I.D.I. (Institute for Indus-
trial Development) on this committee is seen
possible. (Text in French)
[24037]
73-4785
HOWARD, R. D. Financing regional solid waste
management plans. In Proceedings; Regional-
ized Solid Waste Management Conference, New-
ton, Massachusetts, June 1-2,1972. University of
Massachusetts at Amherst and Massachusetts
Department of Community Affairs, p. 140-156.
Thia paper discusses financing as an important
segment of the regional solid waste management
scene. This paper first examines some of the or-
ganizational arrangements used nationally for
managing regional solid waste systems, touches
on the pertinent aspects of financial planning,
and discusses alternative methods of raising
money for capital needs, and techniques for al-
locating costs among municipalities participating
in a regional system. The topics disucssed in
detail follow: organizational arrangements;
financial planning; raising money for capital
needs (general obligation bonds, revenue bonds,
leasing, and grant assitance); allocating costs
among municipalities; raising money to meet an-
nual needs; and specific Massachusetts legisla-
tion. This paper recommends additional legisla-
tion to provide another option for financing re-
gional systems. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24038]
73-4786
MIGNO, M. Aspects economiques. 2. L'industrie
de la recuperation. [Economic aspects. 2. The
reclaiming industry.] Revue A.TJ.P., 26(5):295-
297,1972.
French paper mills used 1.5 million tons of waste
paper in 1971 of which 133,600 tons were im-
ported. Exported were 74,900 tons consisting of
grades for which there is for technical reasons no
demand in France. There is no import or export
duty on waste paper but transport costs are
holding imports down. About 400 dealers deal in
waste paper of which the majority are small
businesses dealing also with scrap and other
reclaimed commodities; some are semi-
wholesalers and some wholesalers dealing exclu-
sively in paper. Of the last there are 15 in Paris
and 30 in the provinces. About 25 to 30 percent of
all waste paper is bought up directly by the
users; 10 percent is handled through sales and
purchase bureaus set up jointly by users and
paper dealers, which leaves 60 percent to be
traded in the open market. In the interest of sta-
bilizing the often demoralized market in paper, a
policy should be evolved jointly by users and
dealers based on long-range market require-
ments which would provide the not inconsidera-
ble investmants which the industry will need in
the near future. (Text in French)
[24039]
73-4787
OTTO, F. Kraftfahrzougsteuerbefreiung fuer
Wegebau-, Strassenreinigungs- und Muellfahr-
zeuge. [Tax exemption for road construction, city
cleansing and refuse removal vehicles.] Staed-
tehygiene, 24(4):101-102, Apr. 1973.
-------
11
Because of the exacting requirements set on the
city cleansing and refuse collection, the vehicles
of the respective departments - even the pas-
senger cars of the supervising personnel - are
exempt from any taxes according to paragraph 2
of the Motor Vehicle Tax Law, and a judgment
of the Federal Finance Court. It is especially im-
portant that supervising personnel be in a posi-
tion to provide the necessary measures in case of
oil or dirt impeding traffic on the streets, so that
tie ups are avoided. In the case of refuse removal
the supervisors have to guide the complicated
special removal vehicles and other devices. For
these reasons the passenger cars of the supervis-
ing personnel are absolutely necessary to fulfill
their duties and therefore have to be exempted
from taxes like any other vehicle used directly
for cleaning or refuse removal. (Text in German)
[24040]
73-4788
REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. McLEER.
Markets for iron and steel scrap. In Identifica-
tion of opportunities for increased recycling of
ferrous solid waste. Washington, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 118-176.
This paper discusses markets for iron and steel
scrap. The American steel industry is discussed
in terms of industry structure, industry growth,
steelmaking technology, impact of emerging
technologies, continuous casting, and direct
reduction. The iron and steel casting industries
are also discussed along the following lines:
structure; growth; and casting technology. Ex-
port markets, copper precipitation, detinning,
and future scrap requirements are also
described. Extensive tabular data are provided.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24041]
HAZARDOUS WASTES
73-4789
Umwelterfreundliche Muellplaetze fuer giftigen
sondermuell. [Sanitary landfills for toxic special
refuse.] Umschau, 73(8):226,1973.
A new corporation for the disposal of special
refuse has been founded in Bavaria. About 45
percent of the total special refuse quantity in
Bavaria is industrial sludge; 14 percent is solu-
tions and emulsions; 13 percent is residue from
gasoline dischargers; 10 percent is oily soils, 17
percent is acids and lyes; 4 percent is toxic sub-
stances containing arsenic; and 3 percent is
waste oils. The ground below the sanitary land-
fill for special refuse is covered with concrete in
order to avoid the penetration of polluted water
into the underground. (Text in German)
[24042]
HEALTH/SAFETY
73-4790
OTTO, F. Haftung fuer Muelltonnen Gehweg.
[Liability for refuse bins on side walks.] Staed-
tehygiene, 24(4):98, Apr. 1973.
A customer who left a shop stepped down from
the sidewalk in order to avoid the refuse bins of
the shop. He fell and asked indemnity from the
shop owner. The Court of Appeal Koblenz ruled
under file No. 3 U 918/70 that the shop owner
was not to pay an indemnity as the leaving of the
sidewalk was not unusual and therefore no
reason for special danger. It was the fault of the
pedestrian that he did not pay attention and did
not assure himself that he could evade the bins
without any danger to his health. (Text in Ger-
man)
[24043]
INCINERATION
73-4791
BECKMAN, J. A., C. GRANT, E. L. KAY, AND J. R.
LAMAN. Destructive distillation. Rubber Age,
105(4):43-48, Apr. 1973.
Statistics on the volume of road-worn tires as
well as other scrap rubber confirm that the
rubber industry is faced with a pressing solid
waste disposal problem. Several processes which
are being investigated may solve the problem.
One of these processes, the destructive distilla-
tion of scrap rubber has the potential of conserv-
ing natural resources. Valuable materials can be
recovered from scrap rubber and recycled to
manufacturing operations. The destructive
distillation of scrap tires gives three primary
-------
12
crude productsO char, oil, and hydrocarbon rich
in hydrogen. The effects of the process variables
on the distribution of the primary products are
discussed as well as the effects of batch versus
continuous process operation. Preliminary
product development work on the primary pyrol-
ysis products indicates that marketable materi-
als can be manufactured.
[24044]
73-4792
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Incineration
data: cost, equipment, and performance. In
Handbook of environmental control, v. 2. Solid
waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 453-
482.
This paper presents data, diagrams, and graphs
on incineration costs, equipment, and per-
formance. The topics covered follow: approxi-
mate combustion characteristics of various kinds
of materials and amounts of air needed for com-
bustion; calculated variations in refuse incinera-
tor data for various refuse heating values and
compositions; parameters of design for refuse
furnaces; gas burner recommendations for
general refuse incinerators; typical physical pro-
perties of refractories; comparative costs for
two types of incinerators, Chicago; typical com-
parative cost figures for furnace systems; in-
cineration costs, 1967 to 1968; operating costs for
municipal incinerators; incinerator residues;
chemical analysis of incinerator fly ash; effects
of air flow in air pollutant emissions by incinera-
tors; control equipment efficiencies and costs;
and characteristics of incinerator waste water.
Source material is provided for the data given.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24046]
73-4793
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Incineration.
In Handbook of environmental control, v. 2.
Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p.
395-424.
This paper presents data, diagrams, and graphs
on solid waste incineration. The topics covered
follow: installed incinerator capacity, U.S., 1966;
average size of incinerators in 1966; volume
reduction by incineration; process flow chart
with incinerator-boiler; equipment for continu-
ous incineration; possible reaction modes in an
incinerator; multiple chamber incinerator design
factors; operating procedures for crematory;
classification of seven wastes and nine incinera-
tors; maximum burning rate of various type
wastes; BTU values; incinerator capacity chart;
recommended incineration equipment; and con-
versions of dust loadings in flue gas. Source
material is provided for the data given. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24045]
73-4794
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Interim guide
of good practice. In Handbook of enviromental
control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 425-452.
This paper presents a guide for good incineration
practices in the form of text, diagrams, and
graphs. The topics covered follow: excerpts of in-
terim guide of good practices for incineration at
Federal facilities; applicability of Federal
regualtions to incinerators; standards for par-
ticulate emissions; standards for visible emis-
sions; considerations for good planning other
than incinerator design; definitions of incinera-
tor terms; design recommendations for general
refuse incinerators; types of general refuse in-
cinerators; scrubber design parameters;
scrubber controls; scrubber construction; mist
eliminators; materials of construction; general
refuse incinerator requirements; pathological in-
cinerators; general refuse incinerators with or
without scrubbers; and minimum incinerator
thicknesses. Source material is provided for the
data given. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24047]
73-4795
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Power from in-
cimeration. In Handbook of environmental con-
trol, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 483-489.
This paper presents data, diagrams, and graphs
on power from incineration of solid waste. The
topics covered follow: steam and power from in-
-------
18
cineration in France, Germany, and Switzerland;
summary of operating costs for Chicago's mu-
nicipal heat-recovery incinerator; East coast in-
cinerator-boiler installations; effect of refuse
moisture and excess air on steam generating
capacity; refuse-fired gas turbines; apartment
and residence incinerators; estimated emission
rates from incinerators; and costs for three
types of domestic incinerators. Source material
is provided for the data given. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24048]
73-4796
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Pyrolysis. In
Handbook of environmental control, v. 2. Solid
waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 519-
524.
This article presents data on pyrolysis of solid
wastes. The topics covered include: San Diego
sanitary fill material survey, 1965-1966; pyroly-
sis product yield; gases evolved by pyrolysis; gas
evolved per pound of typical refuse combusti-
bles; proximate analysis of pyrolysis char; pyrol-
ysis of newspaper; typical low pressure pyrolysis
systems; volatile matter yields; analyses of gas
from pyrolysis of refuse components for pyroly-
sis tests; and cost and revenue estimates for
pyrolysis. Detailed source material is provided
for the data given. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24049]
73-4797
BURGESS, J. V. Developments in sludge and
waste incineration. Process Biochemistry,
8(l):27-28, Jan. 1973.
Approximately 1 million tons of dry solids are
contained in the 25 million tons of sewage sludge
produced annually in the United Kingdom. Of
the available sludge and liquid disposal options,
incineration provides the most complete and safe
disposal of organic matter, producing only clean
gases, water vapor, and ash. Its high cost may be
reduced through centralized facilities. Various
types of furnaces are commonly used: multiple-
hearth, mono-hearth, fluidized-bed, rotary drum,
and liquid incinerators. Many other furnace com-
binations are under consideration and construc-
tion.
[24050]
73-4798
CRAWFORD, G. Incineration. Waste Age,
83,Jan./Feb.l973.
Solid waste disposal is a major problem affecting
nearly everyone. Special consideration for waste
disposal must be made at the very inception of a
new building. On site incineration of solid waste
disposal in high rise buildings for a modern
system consists of five basic components: refuse
chute; refuse charging apparatus; multiple
chamber incinerator with primary and secondary
burners; scrubber (optional depending on appli-
cation and codes); and chimney. All incinerators
require substantial amounts of combustion air to
prevent poor combustion.
[24051]
73-4799
Direct incineration plant. Public Cleansing,
63(3):104-114,Mar. 1973.
The experience acquired in the study of the
design of a number of incinerators, is presented
in various categoriesO operating experience,
profiting by experience, calorific value, environ-
mental considerations and conservation. Before
going the incinerator route, a feasibility study is
first suggested to identify the best method of
waste disposal. Nowadays, the incinerator route
has fewer of the difficulties encountered in early
British direct incineration plants. A technical
discussion of the paper is also included.
[24052]
73-4800
DOTREPPE-GRISARD, N. Incineration des
plastiques et pollution atmospherique.
[Incineration of plastic materials and air pollu-
tion.] Tribune du Cebedeau, 25(348):476-475,
Nov. 1972.
Air pollution problems involved in the incinera-
tion of plastic and other wastes are reviewed.
Domestic refuse in Belgium presently contains
2.25 percent plastic materials, of which 1.75 per-
cent is polyethylene, 0.30 percent is polystyrene,
and 0.20 percent is polyvinyl chloride. The per-
centage of plastic materials in domestic waste is
expected to reach 7 percent in 1975, and 10 per-
-------
14
cent in 1980, when the share of poly vinyl chloride
will rise to 11.5 percent. Incinerator equipment
may be subject to corrosion due to the destruc-
tion of its protective oxide film by carbon
monoxide, especially at temperatures above 400
C. Corrosion can be also caused by sulfur diox-
ide, and chlorine compounds. Chlorine com-
pounds produce buildups of ferrous and ferric
chloride, which latter readily separates from the
metal surface. Corrosion can be prevented by
maintaining the flue gas temperature between
900 and 1,000 C, by injecting secondary air for
postcombustion, by limiting the gas flow rate to
6 to 8 m per second and through diminishing
aburpt changes in flow direction. Incrustations
of the incinerator surfaces can be prevented in a
similar manner. The formation of hydrochloric
acid from incinerated polyvinyl chloride may be
due to high-temperature reactions of inorganic
chlorides with fused iron and aluminum silicates,
producing highly volatile iron and aluminium
chlorides which ultimately hydrolyze into
hydroxides and hydrogen chloride or due to reac-
tions of alkaline chlorides and acid sulfates in
buildups, which results in hydrogen chloride
under high humidity and temperature condi-
tions. Through injecting lime into the flue gas 70
to 80 percent of all hydrogen chloride formed can
be bound. (Text in French)
[24053]
73-4801
EBAHA MFG. Co., LTD, TOKYO. Gasuka
shokyaku hoshiki ni yoru tokushu gomi oyobi
sangyo haikibutsu shokyakuro. [Incinerating
furnace for special trash and industrial waste by
a gasification and combustion method.] Kotai
Haibutsu, (8):44-49, Dec. 1972.
The gasification and combustion method is a
process developed with the object of preventing
the occurrence of secondary pollution and of
serving as one of the future energy sources by
the conversion of the byprocuct formed by this
method to flammable gas. The facility consists of
a pre-treater, a supplying system, gasification
equipment, gas absorption equipment, and com-
bustion equipment for generated gas. The
adequately crushed flammable solid wastes, such
as plastics, synthesized rubber, coarse trash, etc.,
are thrown into the incinerating furnace after
being mixed up in a pit for waste, preheated by
the generated hot gas rising from the lower part
of the furnace, then heated at 250 to 400 C at a
dry-distillation stage, and volatile substances
such as hydrochloric acid are removed. It is
heated at 500 to 600 C at a reduction stage until
the majority of waste is carbonized, and at the
last oxidizing stage the carbon is consumed by
the reaction of the carbon with the atmospheric
oxygen. Thus the heat so generated promotes
the reactions such as reduction and dry distilla-
tion. The temperature of the oxidizing stage is
800 to 850 C, and the gas coming out of the ox-
idizing stage is introduced to the outside of the
furnace through each stage of reduction, dry
distillation, and preheating. The amount of gas
generated from the gas generated from the
gasification furnace is one-sixth to one-tenth
that of the former incinerating furnace, thus
making the air pollution equipment less costly.
(Text in Japanese)
[24063]
73-4802
EWING, R. C. Amoco installs fluid-bed incinera-
tor. Oil and Gas Journal, 71(4):103, 106, Jan. 22,
1973.
A new fluid-bed incinerator is now operating at
the Amoco Oil Co. refinery at Whiting, Indiana.
The unit is charged up wil liquid wastes and
semi-solid sludges from various waste sources.
Incinerator operation is continuous with feed
tankage capacity permitting a shutdown of 20
days. Products of the unit are effluent flue gas
out of the stack and solids from the reactor.
Twenty conditions of operation must be met to
automatically start the unit; otherwise, one or
more control loops will prevent startup. Alarms
are sounded during operation if one or more in-
terlocks are involved during operational moni-
toring.
[24054]
73-4803
EWING, R. C. Centralized incinerators burn
plants' waste. Oil and Gas Journal, 71(11):109,
112, Mar. 12,1973.
The Bayport Central Waste Treatment Plant is
located on a 120-acre site within a still develop-
-------
15
ing industrial park in southwest Harris County,
Texas, serving 19 industrial installations. The in-
cineration unit consists of two 1,000 gal per hr
liquid incinerators, six 20,000 gal holding tanks,
and 20,000 gal mix tanks. One incinerator is
equipped with a high-energy, venturi-type wet
scrubber which removes particulate matter not
comsumed in the combustion process. Waste con-
taining inorganic matter is processed through
this unit. The unscrubbed incinerator burns only
wastes which contains organics. The plant in-
cinerates on a batch basis but both incinerators
run continuously24 hr per day, 7 days per week.
[24055]
73-4804
FABRY, F. A. M. Incinerateur perfectionne pour
ordures et residus solides ou liquides.
[Incinerator for liquid or solid wastes.] Canadian
Patent 906,327. Issued Aug. 1,1972.
An incinerator for any king of solid or liquid
wastes is described. The incinerator comprises a
combustion grate, a distributor system for the
distribution of the waste materials over the
grate, and feed chute for the distributor, an aux-
iliary burner placed underneath the grate, and
the collecting tray mounted below the grate for
collecting wastes passing the incinerator without
being destroyed. The air supply and the auxiliary
burner operation are thermostatically controlled.
The incinerator is designed to operate as a heat
generator whenever there is not waste to be in-
cinerated. Wet type flue gas cleaning system is
provided for. (Text in French)
[24056]
73-4805
FERREL, J. F. Sludge incineration. Pollution
Engineering, 5(3):36-39, Mar. 1973.
Although sludge incineration is usually more ex-
pensive than land dumping, the former is coming
more and more to the fore when a balance of pro
and con factors is made. Various methods of
sludge incineration are then discussed: multiple
hearth furnace, flash drying and incineration
system, cyclone type, kiln type, fluid bed reactor
and wet air oxidation. Performance and cost
curves are presented along with system sche-
matics.
[24057]
73-4806
FIELD, A. A. Waste incineration. Heat-
ing/Piping/Air Conditioning, 45(3):95-97, Mar.
1973.
With the increasing need to put a brake on all
forms of pollution, incineration is now getting
priority as a means of waste disposal in most Eu-
ropean countries. A few cases in Europe are
described where incineration is being combined
with power generation to sometimes produce
steam for district heating. Advantage is thus
being taken of the increasing calorific value of
the millions of tons (18 million tons in the United
Kingdom last year) of domestic waste being
generated these past years.
[24058]
73-4807
FIFE, J. A. Solid waste disposal: incineration or
pyrolysis. Environmental Science and
Technology, 7(4):308-312, Apr. 1973.
Combustion processes, reduce not only the
volume of the refuse, such as in the shredding
and baling operations, but also its weight.
Weight becomes an important factor when waste
must be transported over significant distances.
Of the combustion processes, incineration and
pyrolysis, the former occurs in the presence of
air whereas the latter doesn't. After describing
the nature of both types of processes and com-
paring them, selection factors are presented to
enable one to decide which process should be
selected for a given situation.
[24059]
73-4808
HASELER, A. E. Refuse incineration-the en-
vironmental answer for district heating schemes.
The Building Services Engineer, (4):A31-A34,
Mar. 1973.
District heating enables fuel technologists, en-
gineers, town planners, administrators and coun-
cillors all to have opportunities to make a very
considerable contribution to the reduction in the
rate of world fuel consumption including the
reuse of civilization's waste products. A part of
telethermics- the transmission and distribution
of thermal energy in the form of piped hot water
-------
16
in thermally insulated mains, district heating is
anetwork of pipes circulating hot water from any
convenient source of heat to all urban buildings.
On the other hand, refuse may be regarded as a
valuable source of useful energy. The idea is to
employ this refuse heat from incinerators as part
of the heat input into the district heating scheme
to not only provide heat energy but also to
reduce environmental pollution in a very effec-
tive way.
[24060]
73-4809
Heat recovery at Bristol sewage works. Energy
Digest, 2(2):11-13, Mar. 1973.
An economic self-contained installation at
Bristol, England, provides electricity supplies
for complete sewage pumping and treatment
plant, and for a large refuse incinerator. The in-
cinerator has a maximum load of 1,450 kw. It is
operated initially on a two-shift, 5 days per week
system, equivalent to 80 hours, Monday to
Friday. On completion of an extended power
plant installation, sludge gas yield will be suffi-
cient to meet the fuel requirements of the en-
gines when the alternator sets are providing
base-load power for the sewage works and in-
cinerator.
[24061]
73-4810
How to get rid of liquid waste. Factor, 6(1):64-
65, Jan. 1973.
Disposal of liquid plant wastes economically and
without fouling the environment is a problem
faced by many manufacturers. In this case, the
Union Carbide Corporation of Elk Grove,
California had two types of liquid wastes- a toxic
distillate and liquid solvent wastes. The latter
was used to supplement the fuel needs to in-
cinerate the former in a liquid waste incinerator
designed by the Thermal Research and En-
gineering Company of Conshohocken, Pennsyl-
vania.
[24062]
73-4811
Incineration makes a comeback. Factory,
6(1):51, Jan. 1973.
The starved air design incinerator of the Kelley
Co. of Milwaukee, Wisconsin has been shown by
independent laboratory tests to have an emission
rate well below the standard set by most States.
By holding back on the air used for combustion, a
less turbulent and more even burning process is
promoted to burn off the combustion gases,
along with the smoke, in a secondary chamber,
located at the base of the stack, above the prima-
ry chamber. Natural gas is introduced in the
secondary chamber to ignite the combustible
gases.
[24064]
73-4812
KNAAK, R., AND H. KUHL. Ergebnisse der
Grossversuche mit gemeinsamet Verbrennung
von Muell und klaerschlamm in den Muellver-
brennung sanlagen Kopenhagen und Bonn-Bad
Godesberg. [Results of tests with joint com-
bustion of refuse and sewage sludge in the in-
cineration plants Copenhagen and Bonn-Bad
Godesberg.] VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(4):210-
213,1973.
Tests with regard to a joint combustion of
sewage sludge and refuse were conducted at
Copenhagen and Bonn. Both incineration plants
has a throughput of 5 tons of refuse per hr. A ro-
tary shaft furnace is especially adapted for the
combustion of sewage sludge. The tests were
conducted with four different sludge types hav-
ing a water content of 49 to 78 percent. Three
sludge types were rotted sludges while in the
last test series activated sludge was combusted.
In one case the sludge was dosed by a rotating
roll, in the second case it was dosed by hand, one
sludge types was fed into the furnace by means
of a crane, and the last test sample was fed
directly into the rotating furnace. It was found
that under the given conditions all types of
sludge burnt satisfactorily, the unburnt sub-
stances amounting to only 0.2 percent at
Copenhagen and less than 0.1 percent at Bonn.
Even the fresh sludge with a water contents of
78 percent burnt completely at sufficient furnace
temperatures. However, it is very important for
complete combustion that an intensive mixing of
sewage sludge and refuse is provided for. (Text
in German)
[24065]
-------
17
73-4813
MAUGH, T. H. Fuel from wastes: a minor ener-
gy source. Science, 178(4061):599-602, Nov. 10,
1972.
Simultaneously, the United States has begun to
consume far greater quantities of fossil fuels
than can be produced domestically and to
produce far greater quantities of solid organic
wastes than can be taken up by landfills and
other conventional methods of disposal. There is
the hope that these wastes could be converted
into synthetic fuels to simultaneously solve both
problems. Three major routes are available to do
so: hydrogenation, pyrolysis, and bioconversion.
However realistically, the vision of fuel from
wastes would seem to be of minor importance. A
more optimistic route, that may take as long as
25 years, would start with algae.
[24066]
73-4814
NBS helps with problems of waste incineration.
National Bureau of Standard Technical News
Bulletin, 57(2):42-43,48, Feb. 1973.
Industrial incinerators that burn cleaner and last
longer could result from readily usable ther-
modynamic data compiled by NBS scientists on
likely incinerator reactants and products. These
data help engineers in the proper design and
operation of incinerators by solving important
problems: determination of waste material com-
position, analysis of main ingredients or reac-
tants, and determination of the heat balance of
the combustion process to maintain correct tem-
perature control.
[24067]
73-4815
New burner tip makes residue-disposal routine.
Chemical Engineering, 80(9):80, Apr. 16,1973.
Attempting to burn dirty liquid wastes can
result in burner fouling where the burner tip
becomes clogged with deposited solids which
may be carbon. A new burner tip design is
described that prevents fouling. Both fuel and a
cooling atomization medium, steam, combine in a
spiral mixture flow inside the tip in a dynamic
way so that the mixture exits into the com-
bustion zone through a single large port. At this
point, additional atomizing medium impinges
onto the into the fuel mixture to provide addi-
tional external atomization. The atomizing medi-
um ports, about the single large fuel mixture
port, produce a rotary motion opposing that of
the flowing fuel mixture.
[24068]
73-4816
New facility to produce industrial steam from
municipal refuse. Secondary Raw Materials,
10(10):92, Oct. 1972.
A new waste energy recycling facility is to be
built on the present site of the sanitary land fill
in Saugus, Massachusetts by the Thermal Ener-
gy System Co. as a joint venture of Combustion
Engineering and the M. DeMatteo Construction
Co. Construction was slated to begin in July 1972
and be completed in mid-1974. It represents an
economically and ecologically attractive answer
to municipal trash disposal problems by combin-
ing steam generation with efficient refuse in-
cineration. The solid waste of the collected
refuse will be shredded, metals removed, and
then used as fuel to produce up to 350,000 pounds
of steam per hr for sale to area industries.
[24069]
73-4817
New incinerator features mobility aspect.
American Gas Association Monthly, 55(20):34,
Feb. 1973.
A mobile and smokeless incinerator meets the
needs of construction projects, park systems and
other activities where accumulation of solid
waste is widely scattered as well as those of
plants, stores, or building sites. The unit is
mounted on a flatbed trailer, with the emission
stack hinged to clear any underpass or wires. An
automatic feeder is included to move waste into
the primary chamber continuously during com-
bustion. Use is made of the starved air principle
to maintain air flow during incinerator operation
and to promote combustion to drive off certain
combustion gases.
[24070]
73-4818
New-type incineration effective at textile
plants. Modern Textiles, 54(2):22-23, Feb. 1973.
-------
18
A number of companies have gone the incinera-
tion route with the Keelley Co. 'starved air'
design incinerator in operation as demonstrated
by the Wallis Equipment Co. of Charlotte, North
Carolina. This decision was made on both ecolog-
ical and economic grounds. A minimum amount
of air is used to release a comsubtion gas that
rises, with smoke, into a secondary chamber,
where the gas is ignited to 'burn up its own
smoke'. The incinerator can be kept burning at a
high site and high temperature around the clock,
50 weeks a year, in one case.
[24071]
73-4819
PARIEL, J. M., AND G. ROBIC. Precede et ap-
pareillage d'incineration de liquides pollues et de
boues. [Process and device for the incineration of
waste liquids and sludges.] French Patent
2,088,628 owned by the Societe Anonyme Heur-
tey et Elf-Union. Issued Jan. 7,1972.
Procedure and apparatus for the burning off of
impurities in liquids and sludge are described.
The impurities present in liquids or sludge are
destroyed by the production of a finely divided
pseudo-homogeneous mixture resulting from the
mutural dispersion of two immiscible phases at
least one of which is contaminated and at least
one being a fuel. The resulting mixture is ad-
mitted into a reaction chamber for gasification
and combustion with recirculation of the gas
generated in the chamber so that is contacts the
chamber walls near the inlet zone. The com-
bustion chamber is composed of a cylindrical
part with a height-to-diameter ratio of at leat 3,
another convergent conical part with a top angle
of 44 degrees, and of a cylindrical outlet with
device for partial obturation. (Text in French)
[24072]
73-4820
Plastic wastes are a burning issue. Chemical
Week, 112(9):51, Feb. 28,1973.
New pyrolysis techniques, incinerators for
steam generation, and reuse of industry-
generated scrap promise to alliviate plastics
waste disposal problems. The article presents
the gist of a report prepared for the Manufactur-
ing Chemists Association: Pyrolysis is pollution
free, needs little fuel, and recovers a wide
variety of materials. Test scale pyrolysis units
are in operation at Monsantos St. Louis plant and
in Denmark. It is suggested that incinerators use
water walls for water heat utilization. A previ-
ous report indicated no problems in the incinera-
tion of plastics in well-designed and operated in-
cinerators.
[24073]
73-4821
Portable debris incinerator takes to the water.
Construction Methods and Equipment, 55(5):75,
May 1973.
Owners, faced with the problem of getting rid of
debris along the shores of the newly completed
4,000-acre Bullards Bar Dam reservoir in
northern California, called for the camram Corp.
of Seattle to do the job with its portable Air
Cushion Combustion Destructor. A crawler
crane, mounted in the incinerator barge, cleans
the shoreline of slash, and piles material aboard
the barge in preparation for disposal in the mo-
bile incinerator. It has a knucklebone crane at its
head end that feeds debris to the air combustion
chamber in a continuous operation. Ash, dirt, and
rock pass through the grates into an ash barge
that dumps the residue ashore every 12 hr.
[24074]
73-4822
Reacteur a lit fluidise. [Fluidized bed reactor.]
French Patent 2,091,161 owned by the Fuller
Company. Issued Jan. 14,1972.
Fluidized-bed reactor for the incineration of
combustibles residues is described. The reactor
contains a grill for the granulated bed material, a
device for continuous air supply, and a heating
unit using fuel, combustible residue or combina-
tions thereof as heat source. Heat sensing and
heat detecting units compare the temperatures
occurring in the fluidized bed and in the free
zone above the fluidized bed to a preset
reference value, and control the feed rates of the
residue, fuel, and cooling water as a function of
the determined difference in temperature. The
fluidized-bed reactor provides for complete com-
bustion, and consequently for deodorization, of
combustible residues. (Text in French)
[24075]
-------
19
73-4823
Solid wastes treated by pyrolytic process.
Machine Design, 45(7):8, Mar. 22,1973.
In a pyrolysis study of Torrax Systems Inc. of
Orchard Park, New York solid wastes are con-
verted into a useful gas and a solid material. The
solid wastes are hard to dispose of items such as
auto body parts, tires, tree stumps, plastics and
old appliances. The items are loaded into a fur-
nace called a gasifier and subjected to blasts of
air heated to 2,000 F by natural gas. Organic por-
tions of the wastes are literally decomposed and
most of the wastes are turned into gases. The
remaining material settles to the bottom of the
furnace and is liquified into a molten slag, which
may be used as base material in highway con-
struction. The produce gases may be burned to
make electricity and steam to heat buildings.
[24076]
73-4824
STRIBLING, J. B. New Furnace. Oil and Gas
Journal, 71(12):72-74, Mar. 19,1973.
The cyclone furnace, developed by Lucas Fur-
nace Developments Ltd and licensed in the
United States by Fluor Utah Inc. of San Mateo,
California, is especially designed for wastes
disposal purposes. It is proving highly efficient
for all types of wastes except those containing an
appreciable amount of either sodium or potassi-
um; at high temperatures, these metals attack
the refractory material to form a glass-like slag
necessitating the exploration of other refractory
materials which would allow the incineration of
these compounds without difficulty. Four
categories of material are handled by the cyclone
furnace: particulate solids, large solids, sludges
and semi-liquids, and liquids. Continual auto-
matic measurement and control of four main
variables of cyclone operation is possible: fur-
nace pressure and temperature oxygen content
of products of combustion, and carbon monoxide
level of the burning surface.
[24078]
73-4825
STRIBLING, J. B. The cyclone furnace for waste
incineration. Process Biochemistry, 8(1):29, 31,
34, Jan. 1973.
The British policy of dumping by land or sea may
become impossible after tomorrow as the
disposal problems increases exponentially. Al-
ternatives to dumping must be found and such
related costs must be paid for. The incineration
process appears most acceptable provided it is
efficient. The cyclone furnace is so regarded,
adapting itself as it does to changes in the nature
of the waste being incinerated through the
rapidly spinning motion of the column of gas in-
side the chamber to best incinerate fine particu-
late, solids, larger solids, sludges and semi-
liquids, and liquids. Yet sodium and potassium
compounds prove most difficult to handle
because the refractory meterial of the furnace
breaks down into glass-like slag in their
presence. Improved refractory material is there-
fore needed. This calls for an all-encompassing
technology effort specifically suited to the exact-
ing needs of modern waste disposal.
[24077]
73-4826
System for treating fluid and solid waste. Ship
and Boat International, 25(11):19, Nov. 1972.
A/S Atlas of Copenhagen has now introduced a
product that can deal with effluents from toilets
as well as sludge and oily bilge water. It is a dual
unit, one providing waste effluent treatment and
the other incineration. The water and sewerage
treatment unit leaves the treated material free
from bacteria and odor. Residual sludge, perhaps
with a considerable percentage of oil, can be
dealt, immediately, with the automatically con-
trolled incinerator unit. The 7 ft high dual unit
can deal with all classessses of waste material
from a ship's crew of fifty people.
[24079]
73-4827
Verbrennungsanlage fuer Gummiabfaelle Rb4.
[Incinerator for rubber waste products RB4.]
Die Technik, 28(5):321,1973.
The incinerator for combustion of rubber and
plastic waste products is equipped with two bur-
ners. One is installed in the combustion chamber.
It extinguishes automatically once the operating
temperature of 1000 C is reached. The other
burner is used for afterburning combustion
-------
20
products. It remains in operation. As fuel for the
burners, diesel oil, light fuel oil and gas can be
used. The fuel consumption is 20 kg per hr. One
combustion cycle last 4 to 5 hr. One charge may
have a maximum volume of 4 cu m. The height
including stack is 6700mm. The waste products
are burned without smoke, dust and odor. (Text
in German)
[24080]
73-4828
WIEDERMANN, F. Heizzentrale mit Muellver-
brennung. [Heating system with refuse incinera-
tion.] Staedtehygiene, (4):103,1973.
Contrary to the general opinion that only in-
cineration plants which are laid out for large
quantities work economically, the example of a
hotel in the Swiss Alps shows that small plants
also offer special advantages. In order to avoid
the dumping of refuse in the mountain region the
hotel had to construct an incineration plant of its
own. The daily refuse quantity of the hotel of 2
to 3 cu m is burnt in two combustion chambers
where a ventilation system provides for the
necessary air. The first chamber is used for
burning the refuse while the second one is pro-
vided with an oil burner which burns the cases
from the refuse incineration so that they leave
the plant completely odorless. About 360,000 of
the 1 million kcal in which are required for heat-
ing purposes are produced by the incineration
plant of the hotel. One hundred kg of refuse
produce about 5,000 liters of hot water at a tem-
perature of 60 C. Slag and ash are used for land-
fill purposes. (Text in German)
[24081]
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
73-4829
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUS. Industrial and
commercial waste disposal. In Handbook of en-
vironment control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland,
Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 544-550.
This paper presents data on industrial and com-
mercial waste disposal. The following topics are
covered; Monthly rates for commercial collection
based on quantity of refuse collected; commer-
cial rates for refuse collection based on kind of
business, 1961; bases used by four cities to com-
pute commercial rates for refuse collection; com-
mercial treatment of industrial and municipal
solid wastes; scrap and waste quanitites and
utilization achieved; waste produced by
processing minerals and fuels in 1965; and U.S.
disposal of solid wastes, methods and quantities.
Source material is provided for the data
presented. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24082]
73-4830
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Industrial solid
wastes-manufacturing industries. In Hand-
book of environmental control, v. 2. Solid waste.
Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 93-108.
This paper discusses solid wastes in the manu-
facturing industries. An extensive listing is pro-
vided of the principal industrial waste com-
ponents according to source, waste, charac-
teristics, composition, and means of treatment of
disposal. Solid waste disposal is categorized by
State. Data are also provided on the following:
manufacturing wastes, 1967; large firm mul-
tipliers; small firm multipliers; estimation of in-
dustrial wastes generation rates; solid waste
generated by the fabricated rubber products in-
dustry, 1968; solid waste generated by tire and
tire products manufacturing; and the Pennsyl-
vania anthracite refuse banks. Detailed source
material is provided for the data given. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24083]
73-4831
BOWERS, D. Control of liquid wastes in printing
ink plants. American Ink Maker, 51(3):16-17,
Mar. 1973.
For years the printing manufacturers have been
aware of the need for living within the pollution
control laws. It is now demonstrating its
response to that awareness through a developing
technology involving both products and systems
to solve environmental problems. Two major ob-
stacles facing the printing ink plants are the time
limit and the individual State landfill regulations.
Presently methods such as reducing the amount
of waste by reducing solvent usage or by
-------
21
recovering solvent are ways available to the
printing ink plants for eliminating pollution. The
author concludes by saying that it is apparent
that there is a need for getting on with the appli-
cation of what new technology is available. This
is necessary so that the ink manufacturers may
evaluate the disposal problems they encounter
this year or next year versus the solutions they
can turn to this year or next.
[24084]
73-4832
CROWLE, V. Water conservation and nickel
recovery. Metal Finishing Journal, 18(212):269-
272, Sept. 1972.
Water reuse and nickel recovery are discussed.
The Lancy Laboratories proposed the integrated
method of effluent treatment incorporating a
rinse water conservation and recirculation plant
which reduced the estimated quantity of water
used for rinsing by 80 percent. This type of plant
treatment also facilitated easy rocovery of metal
values and therefore an additional plant to
recover nickel for reuse in the plating solution
was also proposed. Processes concerning plating
facilities, effluent treatment, sludge filtration,
nickel recovery, recovery plant costs and total
and future savings are discussed. It is concluded
that Raleigh Industries Ltd., has shown that ef-
fluent treatment need not be an expensive
process. Savings in water, nickel, and in the fu-
ture savings are discussed. It is concluded that
Raleigh Industries Ltd., has shown that effluent
treatment need not be an expensive process.
Savings in water, nickel, and in the future
copper, not only pay for the costs of treatment
but also show the company an annual profit. It is
pointed out that water and discharge costs will
at least double in the next few years resulting in
even greater savings.
[24085]
73-4833
DAVIES, W. E. Geologic factors in waste bank.
Mining Congress, 59(l):43-46, Jan. 1973.
The geologic problems in disposal of coal refuse
vary greatly from region to region depending on
the topography in the mining area. In the Ap-
palachians, the rugged ground makes it necessa-
ry to deposit most of the refuse as fills in small
side valleys or large piles along valley walls. In
the more gentle areas of the Appalachians,
refuse is disposed of in the form of large mounds
on teh tops of slopes and hills as well as in valley
fills and in the flatter areas of the midwest
prectically all the refuse is heaped in large
mounds. In achieving waste bank stability, sound
application of soil mechanics and engineering
know-how are to be applied. If they are not the
results are heaps of refuse piles and dams which
can be traced to lack of regard regarding proper
application of principles in these fields. The arti-
cle deals mostly with valley fill and hillside
banks. There are four figures in this article.
[24086]
73-4834
Driving a tunnel downhill. Western Union,
48(l):23-24, Jan. 1973.
Under the Rocky Mountains a tunnel is being
built by Dravo Corp. All of the tricks and the
tenacity of the men in mining are required to
build this tunnel. The 10 mile bore will pass 4,600
ft under the Continental Divide, near Empire
Colorado. It is to carry a railroad from a new
deep molybdenum mine to an ore-processing
plant. Geology and water cause great problems
to the miners. The alignment passes through a
series of faults and highly fractured zones. The
water runs towards the face and the working
operations. The reason is that the tunnel is being
driven on a 3 percent descending grade into the
range and toward the ore deposit. The project is
being carried out under a contract with Amer-
ican Metal Climax Inc., as part of the Henderson
Mine Development in Colorado's high country.
Key personnel have been hired to solve the dif-
ficulties and hazards of fractured rock and
running water.
[24087]
73-4835
DUMAN, R. Chemical engineering and environ-
ment. La Technique Moderns, 64(ll):35-39,
NOv. 1972.
Efforts made by the chemical industry to abate
environmental pollution are reviewed. Sanitary
landfilling has definite advantages over uncon-
-------
22
trolled disposal of solid wastes, but incineration
and pyrolysis represent the only genuine solu-
tion to the problem of safe waste disposal. How-
ever, the best way to avoid wastes is adopt
technologies which generate minimum amounts
of waste, and to recycle all wastes. A process has
been developed by the Heurty Co. for the con-
version of forging scales, and steelwords and
mine dusts mixed with bitumen into balls by sub-
jecting the wastes to normal heat treatment.
(Text in French)
[24088]
73-4836
Fly ash removal from wastewater. Industrial
Wastes, 18(5):38-40, Nov./Dec. 1972.
The Marshal, Texas plant of 1C I America, Inc
produces activated carbon by burning lignite
under heat and pressure in large rotary kilns.
This process produces large volumes of fly ash
which must be removed from the air and water
effluent. The water in the fly ash sump sontains
particulate matter from the air control system
and the rotary kilns. This slurry is pumped
through cyclones where the larger particles are
removed and collected in an undertank, while the
smaller particles are pumped to the plant's
wastewater sump. The wastes in this sump are
initially neutralized with lime. They then go to a
neutralizer and from there to a large clarifier.
Flocculants are added at the clarifier and the
sludge is pumped to the filter building where
large rotary vacuum filters remove the water.
Solids are discharged as filter cake. Clear water
from the clarifier and filtrate from the rotary fil-
ters go to the effluent tank. Half of the contents
of this tank are recirculated in the plant to the
saturator. The other half is discharged into the
creek. The air and water quality control equip-
ment cost $4 million to install and half a million
dollars per year to operate. A good measure of
the success of the wastewater treatment is that
fish are present downstream from the plant.
Several pictures i nd a graph are included in this
report.
[24089]
73-4837
GROPP, R. F., AND R. E. MONTGOMERY.
Recycling plant tissue effluent. Industrial
Wastes, 19(3):18-19,22-23,46-47, May/June 1973.
Kimberly Clark's tissue plant on the Big East
River in Muskoka, Ontario, has been concerned
with controlling discharge since pollution of the
waterways would affect the area's natural beau-
ty. The Ministry of the environment conducted
hydrological, biological, and bacteriological sur-
veys on the river and determined that it the
plant discharge did not exceed 500 Ib of BOD per
day or 50 mg per liter of suspended solids, the
aquatic life in the system would not be affected.
The Ministry also determined that the waste-
water effluent could not cause unacceptable con-
ditions in the river such as odor, color, foam, or
taste. The discussions include the treatment
plant, sludge removal, freeing suspended solids
to produce 1 ton of paper, the clarifier bleed, the
importance of being aware of the oxygen de-
mand through the water and effluent treatment
on a daily basis, temperature control, and color
removal. The two major keys to the success of
the plant are: a well integrated design to
minimize waste with sufficient safeguards to
allow for human errors, process upsets and
equipment failures; and a total commitment by
all plant personnel to fight pollution of th scenic
region.
[24090]
73-4838
KREPLICK, R., W. LITSKY, AND H. B. GUNNER,
ED. Proceedings; Regionalized Solid Waste
Management Conference, Newton, Mas-
sachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. University of Mas-
sachusetts at Amherst and Massachusetts De-
partment of Community Affairs. 216 p.
This document covers papers presented on the
legal and socioeconomic aspects of regional solid
waste management in the United States. The
topics covered follow: a systems approach to
refuse disposal on a regional scale; environmen-
tal impact of alternative disposal methods;
legislative provisions; local political systems in
relation to regionalization; regional planning
decisions and citizen participation; a Statewide
solid waste management proposal for Mas-
-------
23
sachusetts; a process for planning in a regional
basis; and financing regional solid waste
management plans. An appendix is included
which outlines pertinent legislation. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24091]
73-4839
MALY, V. Charakteristika popilku z hnedeho
uhli a moznosti jejich vyuziti. [Characteristics of
brown coal fly ash and possibilities of its utiliza-
tion.] Uhli, 20(8):328-331,1972.
Granulation, physical and chemical charac-
teristics of brown coal fly ash depend on the type
of coal, on the manner of combustion, and on the
type of separation method, i.e., electrostatic or
mechanical. Mechanical separators yield ash with
particle size from 0.8 to below 0.06 mm. Fly ash
taken directly from separators has less than 1
percent humidity, specific mass of 2 to 2.5 g per
cu cm, specific surface from 1,060 sq cm per g to
3,200 sq cm per g, and water absorption varies
greatly. Siica content varies from 63 to 86 per-
cent for brown coal (79 to 80 percent for
anthracite coal), iron oxide - 5 to 11 percent, and
aluminum oxide-8 to 13 percent. All samples con-
tained boron, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, copper, al-
most all chromium, titanium and lead; half the
samples contained arsenic, zinc, tin, strontium
and germanium, occasionally barium, beryllium,
and silver. The ash can be used for conversion to
magnetite, to aluminum oxide, and for the
recovery of germanium and of other elements. It
can be used in agriculture as a mineral fertilizer
for the improvement of heavy soils, in the manu-
facture of construction materials, as an additive
to cement, in the manufacture of hydraulic bond-
ing materials, and in the manufacture of artificial
stone. (Text in Czech)
[24092]
73-4840
McKlNNEY, R. E. Biodegradation of concen-
trated aqueous solid wastesO aerobic versus
anaerobic systems. In Proceedings; National
Industrial Solid Wastes Management Con-
ference, Houston, Texas, Mar. 24-26, 1970.
University of Houston and Bureau of Solid
Waste Management, p. 166-171.
This paper discusses the biological treatment of
concentrated aqueous solid wastes. The funda-
mental concept described is the biological sta-
bilization of organic wastes which is carried out
by simple microbial metabolism over a definite
period of time in a controlled environment. A
flow chart is included to assist in explaining this
concept. Aerobic-anaerobic environments are
described in equations and in terms of pH and
temperature. The waste characteristics of vari-
ous solids (paper, garbage, grass, tree trimmings,
metal, and glass) are also discussed. The biologi-
cal systems outlined which can be used to treat
concentrated wastes follow: anaerobic digestion;
anaerobic lagoons; aerobic digestion; oxidation
ditches; sanitary landfill; composting; and sur-
face stabilization. Their advantages and disad-
vantages are covered. It is concluded that by un-
derstanding the waste characteristics, the funda-
mentals of biotreatment, and the desired degree
of treatment a proper system can be selected
and designed. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24093]
73-4841
MICHAELIS, H. Die Stellung der NE-Metall-
huetten. [Removal of industrial refuse.]
Presented at the VTG-Dechema Conference,
Kniebis, Nov. 20,1972.4 p.
In the whole Western world, about 25 percent of
aluminum, 41 percent of lead, 37 percent of
copper, 22 percent of zinc, and 26 percent of tin
were recycled from waste materials. Aluminum
alloys are refined by means of the chloride-
nitrogen process. Zinc scrap can be used for
recycling high-quality zinc or zinc oxide by
means of distillation. Owing to the low iron con-
tent of Australian bauxite which is used in alu-
minum works, it becomes more difficult to recy-
cle the developing red sludge so that the bulk of
it has to be disposed in sanitary landfills. Owing
to the recently developed Jarosite and Goethite
precipitation methods, the leach residue of the
zinc electrolysis contains only a very small quan-
tity of zinc so that a thermal smelting process is
not feasible any more. The precipitation sludges
therefore cause a new problem in sanitary land-
fills. Slag from copper smelting works does not
cause any problems as it can be used as gravel in
-------
24
road construction. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.) (Text in German)
[24094]
73-4842
News trends. Machine Design, 45(15):46, June
14,1973.
Three topics are discussed. In 'Scientists Recom-
mend Coal Baths,' Dr. Robert Meyers and a team
of scientists have found a way to remove from 40
to 80 percent of the sulfur from coal. Coal sulfur
is the largest source of sulfur-dioxide in the
United States. This process is accomplished by
giving it a warm bath (about the temperature of
tepid tea) in a ferric-sulfate solution. The second
topic, 'Fluoropolymer Developed for Rotomold-
ing' discusses a new rotomolding technique that
can readily be extended with Halar 5002 to in-
clude rotolining of chemical processing, storage
and transfer equipment. In rotolining, the piece
of equipment to be lined is employed as the mold,
and Halar resin is molded inside the equipment
to form an integral, pinhole-free liner. Valves,
pipes, and flow meters are some of the equip-
ment possibilities. The last item, 'Titanium Scrap
Recycled into Usable Product', states that a new
process converts titanium metal-machine
turnings into an inexpensive general purpose
metal. This new product is called Utili-Ti and it is
well suited for many applications considered to
require nickel-bearing stainless steel and nickel
copper metals. Utili-Ti has a very good strength-
to-weight ratio, is much stronger than chemically
pure titanium, is more corrosion resistant, and
will be lower in price on a volume basis.
[24095]
73-4843
Oil shale-a stateside answer to petroleum
shortage. Mining Engineer, 24(10):95-98, Oct.
1972.
The Colony Development Operation in western
Colorado has a developing program focusing on
oil shale as a source of crude oil and energy for
the United States at a time when the nation's oil
production is not meeting the demand. Some 80
billion barrels are in the Piceance basin. At the
depositional center of the Piceance basin, the oil
shale deposit is more than 2,500 ft thick. It is in
three separate zones. An experimental history of
oil shaling in the United States since World War
II is mentioned. The Tosco 2 process for retort-
ing oil shale is discussed along with mining
methods used in oil shaling, disposing of the
processed shale from the retort and land status
concerning developing commercial oil shale on
privately owned land and on Federal land.
Seventy percent of all oil reserves are on
Federal land. Since World War II, the govern-
ment has passed the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act
which is aimed at the creation of new and more
economic mining, retorting, and refining
technology, plus providing studies to determine
reliable information on the costs of oil shale
production. The Department of the Interior has
played an important role in this area.
[24096]
73-4844
OSBOBN, E. E. Emergency investigation of coal
waste embankments. Mining Congress Journal,
59(l):40-42, Jan. 1973.
A special task force under the auspices of the
Department of the Interior was assigned two im-
mediate and two long range goals. The first was
to make a thorough study of the Buffalo Creek
disaster. The Buffalo Creek tragedy resulted
from the sudden and total collapse of a coal
refuse dam on Feb. 26, 1972, at Saunders, West
Virginia. Approximately 21 million cu ft of water
was released in minutes and a wild 17 mile
plunge down Buffalo Creek at velocities of up to
20 ft per second began. All the homes and the
structures in the upper end of the-valley were
destroyed. The Task Force was to identify as
soon as possible all the waste dams, banks or im-
poundments with unsafe conditions that could
threaten lives or property. It was to work
toward developing more effective and accurate
means for recognizing hazardous conditions and
all the possible modes of failure at coal waste
sites. And it was told to recommend how safer
storage or disposal technology for mining wastes
might be developed through research. After
much research, the lessons learned from Buffalo
Creek are that unless disposal practices are im-
proved and waste banks and impoundments con-
trolled, the problems will become even more
critical and the probability and consequences of
-------
failure will increase. Authoritative and adequate
laws and a clear definition of responsibility are
needed. Congress should provide these.
[24097]
73-4845
REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEEB.
Ferrous solid waste. In Identification of oppor-
tunities for increased recycling of ferrous solid
waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972. p. 56-117.
Ferrous solid waste is discussed as an integral
part of our total solid waste problem. The follow-
ing topics are discussed in detail: sources of iron
and steel scrapO home scrap, purchased scrap,
prompt industrial scrap, and obsolescent scrap;
junked motor vehicles; the steel can; discarded
major household appliances; and potential sup-
plies. Data are presented on the following: the
iron and steel cycle and ferrous solid waste;
home scrap generated by industry and types of
manufacturer, 1960 to 1970; home scrap genera-
tion by State, 1969; estimated prompt industrial
scrap by major States, 1969; automotive corn-
sumption of iron and steel products, 1960 to 1969;
and composition of incinerator residues. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24099]
73-4846
REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
THE FERROUS THE FERROUS SCRAP PROCESSING
INDUSTRY. In Identification of opportunities
for increased recycling of ferrous solid waste.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1972. p. 177-231.
The ferrous scrap processing industry is outlined
in terms of functions, profile, and capabilities.
The following topics are covered under capital
equipment: types of capital equipment; recent
developments in processing equipment; new
developments in processing equipment; impact
of the auto body shredder; the role of capital
equipment in recycling; survey data on equip-
ment usage; and problems related to the use of
capital equipment. Iron and steel scrap grades,
stainless and alloy steels, railroad car disman-
tling, demolition and shipbreaking, problems of
the ferrous scrap industry, problems as seen by
industry members, and residue disposal are also
discussed. Extensive tabular material is pro-
vided. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24098]
73-4847
Scrap trade faces direct dealing. Waste Trade
Journal, 68(42):!, 3, Oct. 21,1972.
The spread of the practice of bypassing the scrap
dealer through increased recycling activities is
the most serious problem confronting the scrap
trade in years. As an example, U.S. Steel
purchased several thousand tons of auto bundles
from the Fischer Body plant of General Motors,
thus bypassing scrap dealers. Recently a former
scrap broker recommended that steel mills buy
their supplies directly from the producer and
eliminate the scrap dealer. Recycling is urged to
increase the supply of solid wastes from indus-
trial plant producers who want higher prices.
Dealers find that the consumer expects that in-
creased supplies from recycling should result in
lower prices. Thus as supplies increase, market
prices drop. Scrap dealers' profit margins are so
narrow that it requires luck to cover operating
costs. This has been brought about by the
recycling drive which serves to weaken the
supply balance and may continue to reduce
prices.
[24100]
73-4848
STOPKA, F. Skusenosti s pousitim kaustificac-
neho kalu na vyrobu vezovej kyseliny.
[Experience with the use of caustic sludge for
the manufacture of tower acid.] Papir a Celu-
loza, 27(6):125-127,1972.
Where sulfate and sulfite paper mills are located
in a single complex caustic sludge can partly or
wholly replace limestone in the manufacture of
tower acid for sulfite cellulose production.
Caustic sludge, a fine precipitate of calcium car-
bonate with various predominantly inorganic im-
purities, contains 2.65 percent sodium salts, 0.57
percent organic oxides, 95.31 percent calcium
carbonate and 1.47 percent magnesium car-
bonate of which lime is 53.40 percent and mag-
nesium oxide 0.72 percent. Thus the calcium car-
-------
26
bonate content is about equal to that of
limestone. The replacement of limestone with
sludge in the manufacture of tower acid by the
absorption of gaseous hydrogen sulfide in a solu-
tion of the caustic sludge has the advantage of a
more intensive and complete reaction of the
gaseous hydrogen sulfide with the dripping
sludge suspension in the tower and the addi-
tional advantage of a comparatively high content
of sodium salts. The stability of the acid obtained
by this method is good; its decomposition is
minimal. The boiling of cellulose with acid ob-
tained from such sludge poses no difficulties. In
5 years no negative effect on cellulose yield or on
its mechanical properties was noted. The prin-
cipal advantage is the saving of the cost of
limestone, of its transport and handling. (Text in
Czech)
[24101]
73-4849
Weirton steel gets it all together at new plant on
Brown's Island. Magazine of Metal Producing,
11(1):27-30, Jan. 1973.
The Weirton steel plant attacks air and water
pollution with so many novel elements that it
represents the greatest collection of coal equip-
ment ever assembled for a single coking opera-
tion. In opting for the 3,000 ton per day installa-
tion, Weirton plant managers had these objec-
tives in mind: sufficient capacity to increase coke
availability and at the same time permit the
eventual closing of an existing coke plant con-
sidered too old and too cramped to undergo
modernization; reducing air and water pollution
sources within the coke battery to meet Federal
standards; and recovering high-purity sulfur.
Weirton attacked the pollution problems on four
fronts: emissions during charging, leaking oven
doors and lids; emissions during pushing and
quenching; and air and water contamination
from coke oven off-gas. A description of each of
these processes is given. Among the features of
the Weirton battery are a version of the smoke-
less charging equipment; an enclosed un-
derground quenching system; machinery for
cleaning stove pipe elbows oven doors and door
jambs automatically; double gas collecting
mains; a biological oxidation system for remov-
ing certain chemical compounds from waste
water; and ammonia destruction and sulfur
recovery facilities.
[24102]
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
73-4850
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Appendices A
to K. In Handbook on hospital solid waste
management. Westport, Connecticut, Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 85-103.
These 11 appendices provide data, diagrams, and
illustrations relating to hospital solid waste
management. The topics covered follow: glossa-
ry of terms; detailed inventory of hospital solid
waste by point of origin; cost of composite solid
waste systems for hospitals; cost of equipment;
incinerator classification of wastes; cost of a
hospital solid waste management system; deter-
mining emissions from incinerators by source
testing; summary of survey of State regulations
applicable to single-use items; controlled air in-
cinerator installation; formatO NSWMA sta-
tionary compactor rating; and manufacturers of
on-site refuse handling equipment. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24103]
73-4851
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Classification.
In Handbook on hospital solid waste mange-
ment. Westport, Connecticut, Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 4-10.
This paper discusses the variety of waste
produced by hospitals. A table is used to list the
many disposable items used in hospitals. Five
classification schemes for hospital solid waste
presented from 1963 to 1968 are summarized.
The general classification systems described
cover the following waste types: domestic
(kitchen, office, and packaging); pathological;
contaminated; and special (hazardous wastes
other than pathological, such as radioactive
wastes and discarded acids). Problems as-
sociated with waste types are summarized in a
table. The design of an internal handling and col-
lection system is discussed in detail. The approx-
imate variation in density of hospital solid waste
is shown in a table as are the advantages and dis-
-------
27
advantages of using disposables. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24104]
73-4852
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Disposal of
solid waste. In Handbook on hospital solid
waste management. Westport, Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 53-65.
This paper discusses the disposal of hospital
solid wastes. Ocean dumping is not recom-
mended for hospital wastes because of pollution,
and sanitary landfills would be considered
adequate only if they were properly placed and
maintained. Only 6 percent of the 6,000 sites in
the United States are. Sanitary landfill is, how-
ever, economically feasible, although more ex-
pensive than operating a dump. It is also sug-
gested that rather than handling the disposal of
contaminated and pathological waste in hospitals
it may be considered economical to transport
waste to a municipal incinerator. A table contain-
ing data on municipal incinerator costs and flow
charts on basic incinerator design and ultimate
disposal by municipal incineration are provided.
Composting is considered advantageous bacause
of its recycling aspects, but only kitchen hospital
wastes can be disposed by this method. A flow
chart of composting operations is also provided.
It is concluded that composting is an attractive
method for ultimate disposal but one which is not
now economically feasible. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.) v
[24105]
73-4853
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Future trends.
In Handbook on hospital solid waste manage-
ment. Westport, Connecticut, Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 76-84.
This paper discusses developments in all areas of
hospital solid waste management in recent years.
Storage has been helped by the introduction of
plastics. Personnel are receiving better training
in the classification and disposal of wastes. Col-
lection has been improved by the treatment of
many wastes at the point of origin. Sanitary com-
pactors and other equipment have made the
processing of hospital wastes easier. Compaction
has also made transportation (rail haul) more
economical. Ultimate disposal of hospital wastes
is being improved by changes in the materials
used for disposables and resource recovery of
waste heat from incineration of hospital wastes.
This energy could be applied to the generation of
steam, production of hot water, and the reduc-
tion of refuse to be collected and transported for
ultimate disposal. The application of radiation
techniques to pathological wastes is under study.
It these techniques prove feasible, sterilized
pathological wastes will no longer have to be in-
cinerated and all hospital wastes may be handled
and disposed of in the same manner. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24106]
73-4854
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Handbook on
hospital solid waste management. Westport,
Connecticut, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.,
1973.107 p.
This document discusses the general, technical,
economic, and legal aspects of hospital solid
waste management. The specific topics covered
include: quantity; classification; internal collec-
tion methods; processing of solid waste; in-
tegrated systems for collection and disposal;
disposal of solid waste; outside influences on in-
side practices; and future trends. Eleven indexes
are provided which include data, diagrams, and
illustrations. Extensive bibliographic materials
are also provided. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24107]
73-4855
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Integrated
systems for collection and disposal. In Hand-
book on hospital solid waste management. West-
port, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1973. p. 49-52.
This paper discusses the application of in-
tegrated systems for the collection and disposal
of hospital wastes. The ideal system should be
economical, have the least operation and main-
tenance problems, and include both the internal
and external operations and alternate combina-
tions of transport and processing equipment.
-------
28
Local or State regulations will dictate whether
an incinerator can be used by a hospital for all
wastes, pathological waste and contaminated
waste, or pathological wastes only. A unique ap-
proach which is discussed in detail is the use of
small compactors on each floor for the following
purposes: compaction at nursing stations on each
floor; decrease in the frequency of collection;
decreasing the storage requirements during all
intermediate steps; and permitting the solid
waste problem to be solved as a materials han-
dling problem. Flow diagrams are used to
describe solid waste management by the follow-
ing methods: wet pulping; central compaction;
central incineration; and remote compactors.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)'
[24108]
73-4856
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Internal col-
lection methods. In Handbook on hospital solid
waste management. Westport, Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 11-25.
This paper deals with precollection, storage, col-
lection, and transportation of hospital wastes. A
flow diagram is provided to illustrate the in-
volvement of storage, collection, and transporta-
tion in the entire flow of wastes through a
hospital system. A storage rating system for
hospital solid waste and a recommended plastic
bag system for hospital pathological and animal
wastes and surgery wastes are presented in ta-
bles. The advantages and disadvantages of inter-
nal transportation systems consisting of eleva-
tors, gravity chutes, pneumatic chutes, auto-
matic carts, and conveyors are discussed. The
economics, advantages, and disadvantages of
pulping systems, pneumatic tube systems,
monorail systems, and self-propelled cart
systems are described in detail in the text, ta-
bles, and graphs. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24109]
73-4857
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Outside in-
fluences on inside practices. In Handbook on
hospital solid waste management. Westport,
Connecticut, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.,
1973. p. 66-75.
This paper discusses the economic, technical, and
regulatory factors which influence the manage-
ment of hospital solid wastes. Hospitals are
heavily labor intensive and extremely sensitive
to increases in labor rates. The daily labor costs
of solid waste handb'ng and disposal for seven
Los Angeles hospitals are shown in tabular form.
The adequacy of municipal incinerators is
discussed in terms of its influence on a hospital's
use of food grinders. A municipality's sewer size
and slope may also influence design and self-
cleaning velocities and these data are also
presented in tabular form. Legislation is
discussed in reference to processing of hospital
wastes, particularly in terms of particulate emis-
sions from incineration, visible emissions, and
odors. Hospitals must also consider the cost of
transportation systems and the use of volume
reduction methods to reduce the cost of hauling
wastes. The technical difficulties which face
hospital solid waste upon arrival at a landfill are
also outlined. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24110]
73-4858
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Processing of
solid waste. In Handbook on hospital solid
waste management. Westport, Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1973. p. 26-48.
This paper discusses the processing of hospital
solid wastes. Physical, chemical, and biological
processing are discussed in detail as are
shredding, grinding, compaction, pulping, and in-
cineration. The economic aspects of all these
methods are also mentioned. Incineration is seen
as the method which produces the best total
volume reduction but the following air pollution
emissions; and unskilled operators. Data are
presented on the following topics: equipment
cost for wet scrubbers; cost of incinerators;
hospital incinerator selection guide; advantages
and disadvantages of waste handling systems
(central compactor, central incineration, wet
pulping, and combination systems); relative
merits of major components of waste handling
systems; service life of solid waste processing
equipment; and a comparison of proposed
-------
systems based on economic and environmental
factors. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24111]
73-4859
CROSS, F. L., JR., AND G. NOBLE. Quantity. In
Handbook on hospital solid waste management.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1973. p. 1-3.
This paper provides data and discussion on the
quantity of solid waste generated by hospitals in
the United States. These institutions generate
an estimated 55 million tons of solid waste per
year or 1.5 percent of the total waste generated
in the United States. This is two to 10 times the
domestic generation rates, or 10 Ib per year per
patient. Due to the nature of the solid wastes
generated and the great need to limit disease
transmission, the hospital collection rate must
equal the generation rate. The frequency of col-
lection must also be much greater in a hospital
compared to most solid waste systems. By the
year 1980 it is projected that hospital solid waste
will increase 76 percent due to the use of
disposables. The following information is
presented in the form of tables and graphs: total
U.S. solid waste generation; estimates of waste
generation by various commentators from 1963
to 1971; a comparison of growth of U.S. solid
waste generation compareed to hospital solid
waste generation; and the disposables market
compared to the total medical supplies market.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24112]
LAW / REGULATIONS
73-4860
Bay State laws for sanitary fill. Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal,
15(10):52,65, Oct. 1972.
This article outlines Massachusetts' sanitary
landfill laws. In this State, sanitary landfill sites
can only be located in areas where the potential
for environmental pollution is minimal. Geo-
graphical characteristics of the facility must be
determined by on-site investigation to determine
or evaluate the following: availability, quality,
and quantity of on-site soil for cover material;
the influence that geologic factors would have on
the ease of excavation and potential for ground
and surface water pollution; maximum and nor-
mal ground water table elevation, and ground
water patterns; probable patterns of - un-
derground travel of gasses and attendant
restriction on nearby land use; and the public im-
portance of ground water supply to be affected
by the operation. Open burning is prohibited at
landfill sites as well as the salvaging of materi-
als. All accumulated salvaged materials shall be
removed from the disposal site at least once a
week.
[24113]
73-4861
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Solid waste
controls and management - legal aspects. In
Handbook of environmental control, v. 2. Solid
waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 179-
202.
The legal aspects of sob'd waste management are
discussed in this paper. The Solid Waste
Disposal Act is discussed in detail in terms of
research, demonstration, training, reclamation,
interstate cooperation, grants, executive agen-
cies, disposal sites, labor standards, and recom-
mended guidelines. The St. Louis County, Mis-
souri, Refuse Disposal Ordinance of 1953 and the
City of New Orleans Solid Waste Ordinance are
also outlined. Waste disposal at sea is presented
and the following topics are especially noted:
current authorization procedures; the existing
legal framework; international law; current
Federal laws; State laws; international agencies;
Federal agencies and State agencies. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24114]
73-4862
GRAD, F. P. Legislative provisions: evaluation
and recommendations. In Proceedings; Re-
gionalized Solid Waste Management Conference,
Newton, Massachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. Univer-
sity of Massachusetts at Amherst and Mas-
sachusetts Department of Community Affairs, p.
58-72.
-------
30
This paper discusses the field of environmental
law. What has happened with regard to pollution
problems generally, is that the problems have
burst out of their narrow geographical jurisdic-
tional boundaries. Pollution is almost inherently
an intergovernmental problem because the place
of emission and the place of fallout are invariably
in different jurisdictions. The legal aspects of re-
gionalized solid waste management are
discussed along with the legal developments on
the Federal, State, and local levels with respect
to solid waste and the the role of the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency. Also discussed
are the regional waste disposal methods being
used in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Mas-
sachusetts. The legal and economic changes
which will be required to move towards more
recycling are also indicated. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24115]
73-4863
HlGGlNS, J. Congress zeroing in on land use,
strip mining, plant siting legislation. Coal Age,
78(3):65-67, Mar. 1973.
Mr. Nixon's environmental and natural
resources message to Congress told of the many
environmental problems existing in the United
States. However his message barely touched the
serious energy crisis which is of great concern to
many legislators particularly Senators Jackson
and Muskie and Representative James A. Haley.
To meet this energy crisis, these legislators are
calling for new and tougher laws on land use,
strip mining, and plant siting. They are also ask-
ing for the creation of new agencies to deal with
specific environmental problems and at the same
time new agencies to advise existing depart-
ments such as the creation of a National Adviso-
ry Land Use Policy to advise the Interior De-
partment. The author suggests that in 1973, it
looks good for the passage of a new strip mining
bill; and that in the land use area, some sort of a
federal grant-in-aid program to assist States in
making long range plans may pass.
[24116]
73-4864
Kein platz mehr fuer muellwoelfe. [No permis-
sion for household shredders any longer.]
Umschau, (8):252,1973.
For several years a household shredder was sold
which shredded residential refuse like bones,
glass, and tins into a fine powder which could be
removed together with the waste water. A new
regulation by the official authorities of North-
Rhine Westfalia rules that material like sand,
ash, rubbish, dung, kitchen refuse, and other
solid substances, even if shredded must no
longer be thrown into the sewer which means
that the utilization of household shredders is no
longer permitted. (Text in German)
[24117]
73-4865
NAWATA, H. Impact of national pollution-con-
trol policies on international affairs. Chemical
Economy and Engineering Review, 4(9):35-37,
1972.
This article discusses the technoeconomic move-
ment of industrial pollution. Transnational pollu-
tion, such as air and water contamination across
the national borders of European countries is
discussed. New regulations on a national or re-
gional level over automobile engines, fuel oil, and
other product standards are discussed along
with international environmental standards. It is
pointed out that while standards for water con-
tamination would not be so difficult to set, emis-
sion standards would be more difficult, because
of wind conditions. The 'polluter pays principle*
is suggested as the most sensible guideline for
the export industries, enabling them to reflect
their environmental control costs on their export
prices. Extensive data on air and water pollution
in the United States and Japan and on the
economics of pollution control are also provided.
[24118]
73-4866
Oregon county committee sets landfill regula-
tions. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 15(12):32,64, Dec. 1972.
A regulation has been established in Marion
County, Oregon, to provide for landfill opera-
tions. It sets procedures for the franchising of
-------
31
refuse collectors and disposal site operators in
the following areas: franchising solid wastes col-
lection and disposal; requirements for collection
franchises; issuance of collection franchises;
disposal franchise requirements; issuance of
disposal franchises; appeal on a franchise; exclu-
sive joint service under a franchise; transfer of a
franchise; responsibilities of franchise holders;
rates and charges for collection and disposal ser-
vice; rate preferences prohibited; responsibility
for payment of charges for service; enforcement
of franchise provisions; preventing interruption
of services; and use of franchise fees.
[24119]
73-4867
PANTON, J. E., AND J. C. MEYER, JR. Expanding
the role of local police in environmental protec-
tion. Environmental Affairs, 2(2):358-364, Fall
1972.
This article discusses the enforcement of antipol-
lution legislation. The role of the Police Depart-
ment is discussed in terms of policing the en-
vironment, problems of local enforcement, and
environmental affairs in general. Four catego-
ries of environmental pollution are outlined:
unintended incremental pollution; by-products of
living; residuals of urban dacay; and results of
overtaxing the natural environment. It is recom-
mended that a model local government environ-
mental code be created which would provide the
necessary guidance for municipalities in direct-
ing enforcement and levying sanctions for viola-
tions.
[24120]
73-4868
Permits for dredged or fill material. In Sum-
mary of legislative activities and accomplish-
ments of the Committee on Public Works,
United States Senate. 92d Cong., 2nd sess., Seri-
al No. 92-28. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1972. p. 51.
This excerpt discusses permits for dredged or
fill material and the disposal of sewage sludge.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
three responsibilities in the landfill area and
authority to act on the following: for failure to
obtain a permit for disposal of dredged spoil or
failure to comply with the condition thereon;
determining whether or not a site to be used for
the disposal of dredged spoil is acceptable when
judged against the criteria established for fresh
and ocean waters similar to that required under
the ocean dumping section of the law; and deter-
mining that the material to be disposed of will
not adversely affect municipal water supplies,
shellfish beds and fishery areas, wildlife or
recreation areas. The law concerning the
disposal of sewage sludge contains a provision
which relates to the disposal of sewage sludge
from waste treatment plants. Disposition of
sewage sludge in any manner which might affect
the inland or coastal navigable waters is
prohibited. This provision should provide
adequate safeguards against immediate threats
to the shorelines, beaches and fish, wildlife, and
recreational resources in coastal areas.
[24121]
73-4869
Resource Recovery Act oversight. In Summa-
ry of legislative activities and accomplishments
of the Committee on Public Works, United
States Senate. 92d Cong., 2d sess., Serial No. 92-
28. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1972. p. 58-59.
This excerpt discusses oversights in the
Resource Recovery Act of 1970 and outlines
changes in the current solid waste program
which appear to be necessary if the Federal pro-
grams dealing with the solid waste management
problem are to have any degree of success.
These recommendations and problems follow:
Federal policy must change its direction from
emphasizing disposal to emphasizing recycling;
sites for future land disposal of solid waste are
increasingly difficult to find; Federal regulation
of products to reduce the volume of solid waste
before the point of disposal is necessary, espe-
cially in the area of packaging; and there is sig-
nificant citizen awareness of the need to use
recycled products, but not enough of these goods
are available.
[24122]
-------
82
73-4870
Technology for a cleaner environment; the Na-
tional Society for Clean Air Spring Seminar in
Manchester. Heating and Ventilating Engineer,
46(542):118-121, Sept. 1972.
This article outlines the papers presented at the
National Society for Clean Air Seminar in
Manchester, and discusses the United Kingdom's
outstanding record of cooperation between
Government and industry in the field of environ-
mental cleanliness. Air and water pollution con-
trol legislation from 1830 to the present is out-
lined. The topics covered in some of the papers
follow: destroying wastes at the source of
generation instead of transmitting them el-
sewhere; the argument for municipal incinera-
tors; incinerating polymers; sewage incineration;
the concept of integrated design; pollution from
the heating point of view; dust-producing
processes; dust and gases; and furnaces and
chimneys.
[24123]
MANAGEMENT
73-4871
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STBAUB. Municipal solid
waste controls. In Handbook of environmental
control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 203-245.
This paper presents data, slow diagrams, and
charts on municipal solid waste controls. The
topics covered follow: major municipal disposal
methods; waste disposal routes (flow diagram);
common solid waste disposal methods and costs;
solid waste flow from consumer to disposal site
or recycling; disposal modes used for nonpackag-
ing paper; costs for disposal of activated sludge;
collection and landfill studies; landfill operation
and maintenance costs; Des Moines solid waste
collection and disposal summary; seasonal and
compaction factors and unit weights for landfills;
cost estimates for incineration and sanitary land-
fill operations; summary for incineration and
sanitary landfill operations; summary of disposal
costs for sewage solids; packing house waste cal-
culations; auto salvaging industry statistics col-
lection personnel computations; Fresno area
waste management study; and cost benefit anal-
ysis of agricultural systems (graphs). (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24124]
73-4872
COUSINS, A. E. Procedure for plan distribution
including the system of hearings and regional
meetings. In Proceedings; Regionalized Solid
Waste Management Conference, Newton, Mas-
sachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. University of Mas-
sachusetts at Amherst and Massachusetts De-
partment of Community Affairs, p. 109-112.
This paper describes the planned distribution of
Massachusetts' Solid Waste Study. The various
State departments to which copies were
delivered are listed. The bidding process for the
reproduction of the study is also described. The
procedures for delivery are outlined. Following
the completion of the distribution, a public meet-
ing will be held in each of the 12 Regional
Planning Districts under the sponsorship of the
Water Resources Commission. The purpose of
the meetings will be to allow direct public par-
ticipation in the development of the State's Solid
Waste Management Master Plan. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24125]
73-4873
FEIBUSCH, H. A process for planning on a re-
gional basis. In Proceedings; Regionalized Solid
Waste Management Conference, Newton, Mas-
sachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. University of Mas-
sachusetts at Amherst and Massachusetts De-
partment of Community Affairs, p. 133-139.
This paper discusses solid waste management
experiences in the San Francisco Bay region. It
is suggested that the fragmentation and disor-
ganiation of local government is clearly visible in
the area of management of solid wastes. In the
nine-county Bay area, for example, 99 cities,
counties, and refuse disposal districts deal in-
dividually with 45 private companies, who in
turn are regulated by at least 30 different regu-
latory agencies. Some basic concepts are outlined
as follows: reduction at source; reuse without
processing; reuse with processing; conversion;
change of state; and burial. Other topics which
are covered in detail include a proposed regional
-------
plan, carrying out the Bay area plan, and a
description of a 3-yr project to demonstrate the
feasibility of total resource recovery concepts
and using composted Bay area waste to improve
agricultural use of the Delta Islands. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24126]
73-4874
FOSTER, C. H. W. Remarks on the Governor's
Solid Waste Council. In Proceedings; Regional-
ized Solid Waste Management Conference, New-
ton, Massachusetts, June 1-2,1972. University of
Massachusetts at Amherst and Massachusetts
Department of Community Affairs, p. 90-94.
This paper reviews what Massachusetts is doing
about solid wastes, and specifically the work of
the Governor's Solid Waste Council. Mas-
sachusetts has been conducting a Statewide
management study of solid wastes with financial
assistance from the Federal Environmental Pro-
tection Agency. The Massachusetts Bureau of
Solid Waste Disposal within the Department of
Public Works has been searching for landfill
sites capable of immediate use. The Council
recommended the following four steps: that solid
waste planning be removed from the province of
a construction agency and transferred to one
with more of an interagency character; that deci-
sions relating to solid waste management
require a substantial commitment of resources
by local communities; that adequate environ-
mental impact studies should be undertaken for
every new landfill site; and that an aggressive
State effort should be made to obtain Federal
and regional funds for solid waste program pur-
poses. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24127]
73-4875
KIRBY, J. J. The Raytheon proposal for a State-
wide solid waste management plan. In
Proceedings; Regionalized Solid Waste Manage-
ment Conference, Newton, Massachusetts, June
1-2, 1972. University of Massachusetts at Am-
herst and Massachusetts Department of Com-
munity Affairs, p. 94-108.
This paper reviews a study of the problem of
solid waste in the State of Massachusetts. The
study consisted of four phases which are
discussed in detail: data collection; data analysis;
solid waste technology; and study findings. It is
concluded that 41 districts is a logical division of
the State in order to grapple with the problem
through optional use of technology which can
grow as the problem grows; that the State at the
bureau level will be able to operate, supervise,
and administer if it has four units; and that this
report is a basis for a State master plan. Data
and organization charts are also included. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24129]
73-4876
Les industries de Penvironnement. [The en-
vironmental industries.] Annales des Mines,
Nov. 9-22,1972.
A survey was made of the operations of some
300 French companies engaged in the manufac-
turing of equipment serving air and water pollu-
tion control, noise control, waste treatment and
manufacturing pollution monitoring and measur-
ing equipment. The air pollution control equip-
ment industry has a volume of 300 million francs
of which 15 to 20 percent is exported, 2 to 3 per-
cent spent on research. Most of these companies
are foreign-owned or use foreign licences. The
water pollution control industry had in 1971 a
business volume of 250 million francs of which
from 25 to 40 percent was for export, 2 to 5 per-
cent for research. Both these industries have an
annual growth rate of 10 to 20 percent. Noise
control equipment (measuring instruments and
noise control insulation) is manufactured by
several companies only as a side-line. There still
is no great awareness of the problem in France.
The instrument industry has a volume of busi-
ness of some 200 million francs realized by 13
companies which seem up-to-date technically but
suffer from the narrowness of the French mar-
ket. The waste treatment equipment industry
(incinerators, crushers, garbage cans etc.) has a
volume of business of 200 million francs, the
reclaiming industry (metal scrap, old paper,
glass, textiles) is sizeable and has a volume of
business exceeding 5 billion francs. Conclusions
and recommendations arrived at from the sur-
-------
34
vey calling for governmental measures that
would benefit the industries surveyed are out-
lined. (Text in French)
[24128]
73-4877
MAYBANK, J.-C. Ressources et collecte. 3. In-
dustrie des vieux papiers en Grande-Bretagne.
[Resources and collection. Part 3: Waste paper
industry in Great Britain.] Revue A.TJf.,
26(5):393-396,1972.
The waste paper sorting and conditioning indus-
try in Great Britain in general, and the British
Waste Paper Association in particular, are
presented. The British Waste Paper Association
embraces some 140 to 150 associate members the
majority of which are partially or completely af-
filiated with paper mills. Very strong, stable
links between paper mills and waste paper sup-
pliers have been established. The waste paper
market volume in Great Britain lies at over
1,900,000 tons yearly. Brutal oscillations in waste
paper and cardboard prices have been eliminated
by appropriate price setting policies. While both
the British pulp and paper industry and the
waste paper supplier are experiencing severe
difficulties, which is primarily due to the inva-
sion of the British market by cheap pulp and
paper from Scandinavia, the outlook for future
recovery and rebound is bright. (Text in French)
[24130]
73-4878
OPPERMANN, H. Die stadtreiningung Hamburg.
[City cleansing in Hamburg.] Staedtehygiene,
(4):78-84,1973.
The total annual refuse quantity at Hamburg
rose from 0.76 million cu m in 1949 to 4.68 million
cu m in 1972 and is expected to amount to about 8
million cu m in 1980. Once a week the usual
refuse bins of 110 liter volume are emptied by
about 500 collection vehicles. Since 1962 there is
a regular service to remove bulky refuse once a
month. Residential, bulky and industrial refuse
are removed on a sanitary landfill of 45 hectares
where the bulky refuse is compacted and
shredded by means of two compactors. The
greater part of the refuse in Hamburg is
removed in the incineration plant Stellinger
Moor. The refuse is emptied into a bin of 7,000 cu
m and from there fed onto the reversed feed
grates having a throughput of 2 times 19.5 tons
per hr at a heating value of 2,000 kcal per kg. The
slag is fed onto conveyors which pass under a
magnet to separate the iron parts from the slag.
The final volume of the slag is only 10 percent of
that of the original refuse. Cleaning of the side-
walks is performed by hand once a week. The
street cleaning is effected by means of 60 sweep-
ing machines. (Text in German)
[24131]
73-4879
SENF, H. Generalplan Abfallbeseitugung
Baden-Wuerttemburg. [Basic plan for refuse
disposal at Baden-Wuerttemburg.] Muell und
Abfall, 5(3):85-93, Mar. 1973.
Various data have been collected in Baden-
Wuerttemberg in order to set up a general
refuse removal plan. A detailed survey has been
made of areas which will not be suitable places
for sanitary landfills. A second survey has found
suitable places for sanitary landfills through con-
sideration of criteria, such as type of the un-
derground soil, surface water problems, ground
water reservoirs, and effluent problems. Various
other aspects of the plan give detailed informa-
tion on sewage sludge, commercial refuse, and
abandoned cars, stating quantity, quality, and
type of treatment. Based on these detailed sur-
veys a general plan for the removal of residential
refuse has been elaborated. For refuse removal
purposes 96 plants are provided of which 49 are
sanitary landfills having a deposit capacity for
about 100,000 inhabitants each. There are 24
composting plants with a refuse capacity for
100,000 inhabitants each. Nine transfer stations
are planned for 30,000 inhabitants each. A total
of nine incineration plants are provided for, each
burning the refuse of 200,000 inhabitants. (Text
in German)
[24132]
73-4880
SHANLEY, R. A. Local political systems in rela-
tion to regionalization. In Proceedings; Re-
gionalized Solid Waste Management Conference,
Newton, Massachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. Univer-
-------
36
sity of Massachusetts at Amherst and Mas-
sachusetts Department of Community Affairs, p.
73-79.
This paper outlines some of the methods used by
political scientists to shed more light on local
political systems and regionalization in the solid
waste management area. The Federal Govern-
ment's legislative and fiscal commitment in this
field is also discussed. It is proposed that the
States have not provided adequate leadership in
fulfilling their responsibilities in this area and
therefore little progress had been made in terms
of regionalization of solid waste management
programs. The main area covered in this paper
include the following: political science studies of
regionalization and metropolitan problems; an
analysis of the politics of solid wastes manage-
ment and regionalization; and an analysis of
those community factors which appear to be as-
sociated with community acceptance or nonac-
ceptance of existing regional programs in solid
waste management. It is concluded that political
scientists might also be of research assistance
through the examination of community leader
attitudes in the solid waste management area.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24133]
73-4881
WHITING, P.-L. Resources et collecte. 4. Struc-
ture, organisation et circulation de 1'information
au sein de 1'industrie des vieux papiers au
Royaume Uni. [Resources and collection. Part 4:
Structure and organization of, and communica-
tions within, the waste paper recycling industry
in Great Britain.] Revue A.T.I.P., 26(5):397-402,
1972.
Structure, organization of, and communications
within the waste paper supply and recycling in-
dustry in Great Britain are described. The bulk
of the waste paper, amounting to some 1,200,000
to 1,300,000 tons yearly, is supplied by special-
ized companies which handle both collection and
sorting of different sorts of waste paper and
board. Another part of the waste paper recycled
comes directly from paper and cardboard
processing plants. Local authorities supply
sorted newsprint and mixed paper and card-
board. Some 70 percent of the recycled volume is
processed by affiliates and companies of paper
and cardboard mills. Statistical data processing
and communication, conferences, detection of
overproduction and of shortages, as well as im-
portation and new source reports help establish
operative contacts between suppliers and
processing plants, and maintain stability in the
waste paper market with stable, reasonable
price setting. (Text in French)
[24134]
OCEAN DISPOSAL
73-4882
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Marine disposal
and water tipping. In Handbook of environmen-
tal control, v. 2. Solid Waste. Clevelend, Ohio,
CRC Press, 1973. p. 525-536.
This paper presents maps and data on U.S.
marine disposal and water tipping of solid
wastes. The topics covered follow: marine waste
disposal tonnages; total U.S. sea disposal of
radioactive wastes, 1946 through 1967; summary
of wastes barged to sea; Atlantic coast disposal
areas and artificial reefs; Gulf of Mexico disposal
areas and artificial reefs; Pacific coast disposal
areas and artificial reefs; estimated polluted
dredge spoils; major industrial wastes barged to
sea; marine disposal of industrial wastes from
coastal cities; costs for marine disposal of wastes
in U.S. coastal waters; summary of environmen-
tal studies on industrial waste discharged at sea;
and field observations and conclusions on indus-
trial wastes discharged at sea. Detailed source
material is provided for the data presented.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24135]
73-4883
CARPENTER, E. J., S. J. ANDERSON, G. R. HAR-
VEY, H. P. MlKLAS, AND B. B. PECK. Polystyrene
spherules in coastal waters. Science,
178(4,062):749-750, Nov. 17,1972.
This article describes the polystyrene spherules
which are abundant in the coastal waters of
southern New England. Two types are present, a
clear form and a white, opaque form with pig-
mentation resulting from a diene rubber. They
-------
36
have bacteria on their surface and contain
polychlorinated biphenyls, absorbed from the
seawater. The opaque spherules are consumed
by eight species of fish out of 14 species ex-
amined. Ingestion of the plastic may lead to in-
testinal blockage in smaller fish. Data are
presented on the concentration of plastic
spherules in coastal waters.
[24136]
73-4884
COLE, H. A. Implications of disposal of wastes
to the North Sea. Chemistry and Industry,
(4):162-165, Feb. 17,1973.
Waste put into the sea may effect living
resources in a variety of ways. The direct effects
of wastes on living resources are grouped into
four subheads: killing of fish or shellfish at any
stage in their life cycle; interference with biolog-
ical processes; contamination with persistent
toxic substances so that fish and shellfish
become unsafe to eat; and tainting, so that fish
and shellfish are temporarily unsaleable. In-
direct effects, however, can alter the environ-
ment (the sea water or the sea bed) so that its
capacity to support fish, shellfish, or the other
components of the ecosystem, such as the plank-
ton or bottom animals, upon which the shellfish
and fish depend for food is impaired or changed.
In the sea, dilution of wastes is very rapid so that
the levels which are directly toxic to fish are
found only in the immediate vicinity of the point
of discharge and usually persist for only a short
time. Despite the fact that the North Sea is sur-
rounded by densely populated, heavily industri-
alized countries and receives vast amounts of
wastes in almost infinite variety, statistics show
that production of staple varieties of fish such as
cod, haddock, and plaice has reached record
levels in recent years. This means that adverse
pollution effects are masked by other beneficial
influences, such as climatic change. Nevertheless
substances such as mercury and cadmium are
undesirable in any measures and steps to
minimize thier discharge are fully justified. In
the future there is no reason why man should not
use the great capacity of the seas to receive
wastes and to render them harmless. This must
be done on the basis of the limitations of the
sea's capacity. The knowledge on which sound
judgments can be based is steadily becoming
more available. A table and illustrations are in-
cluded in the article.
[24137]
73-4885
GUSTAPSON, J. F. Beneficial effects of dredging
turbidity. World Dredging and Marine Con-
struction, 8(13):44-45,47-48,50-52, Dec. 1972.
This paper describes the beneficial roles of clay
particles. Also discussed are State and national
regulatory provisions intended to reduce man-
caused turbidity, the natural role of fine sedi-
ments in fresh water and marine environments,
and the beneficial roles of clays and their chemi-
cal composition. The concentration of toxic sub-
stances in bay sediments and data on the toxicity
levels of some metals are presented in tables.
Clam experiments and turbidity in dumping are
also described.
[24138]
73-4886
NAIR, S. A., U. P. DEVASSY, S. N. DWIVEDI, AND
R. A. SELVAKUMA. Preliminary observations on
tar-like material observed on some beaches.
Current Science, 41(21):766-767, Nov. 1972.
This paper discusses the deposition of tar-like
lumps on the beaches of the central west coast of
India in the Environs of Goa. This occurred dur-
ing the onset of the southwest monsoon, in as-
sociation with various marine organisms. Algae
formed the primary film for settlement and
growth of stalked barnacles. It seems that these
lumps must have existed in the open sea for a
period long enought to allow settlement and
growth of the organisms. It is possible that the
occurrence of these lumps is due to the impact of
coastal waters on the coast during the monsoon
season. Further investigations to find out the na-
ture, origin, and extent of this pollutant are in
progress.
[24139]
73-4887
Ocean dumping of trash and debris poses many
snags. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 15(5):25,112,146, May 1973.
-------
87
A survey on the use of the ocean as a waste
receptacle casts doubt on large-scale disposal of
baled urban refuse at sea because of its possible
effects on marine environment. More research is
needed before this method of recycling waste
materials should be considered for USP on a
large scale. While solid wastes may be used as
building material in artificial islands, surfing
reefs, and floating breakwaters, the cost of sea
disposal may range from $0.20 per ton for dredge
spoil to $600 per ton for miscellaneous wastes,
and from $0.80 to $1.20 a ton for sewage sludge.
Industrial wastes cost varies from $0.60 a ton for
bulk shipments to $130 per ton for containerized
refuse. In 1968, 2 million tons of wastes were
disposed of in the ocean at an estimated cost of
$37 million, mostly spoils from the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers harbor-dredging operations.
It is predicted that disposal of wastes within the
U.S. coastal cities over the next 10 years will in-
crease materially or be stopped entirely. This
will be due to increasingly strict water and air
pollution laws, the loss of areas now used for
sanitary landfills, the ponding of liquid wastes,
and the anticipated growth in industry and popu-
lation in a decade. Dredge spoil, industrial
wastes, sewage sludge, refuse, radioactive
wastes, construction and demolition debris, mili-
tary explosives, and chemical wastes are the
types of waste dumped into the ocean. Highly
toxic and chemical wastes are dumped at least
300 miles from shore. Industrial and urban
refuse dumping sites are from 15 to 100 miles of
the coast in depths less than 100 ft, and most if
not all radioactive wastes and explosive disposal
areas are at 6,000 ft or more. There are charts
listing the number of marine disposal areas and
the total U.S. sea disposal of radioactive wastes
(1946 to 1967). A summary of environmental stu-
dies on industrial wastes discharged at sea is
given.
[24140]
73-4888
Shipboard waste treatment systems. Shipbuild-
ing and Marine Engineering International,
95(1,159):605-606, Oct. 1972.
Two Danish shipping companies, Concord Line
and J. Lauritzen, will be the first to install a new
complete system for treatment of fluid and solid
waste on board ship. The system's manufacturer
is A/S Atlas of Copenhagen. The system com-
prises two main componentsO a unit for mechani-
cal and chemical treatment of all waste water on
board and an incineration unit for burning oil
sludge, sewage from the waste water unit, and
oily water from the oily water separator.
Retained sludge and solids are pneumatically
transported into tanks. The two basic systems
are described in detail in the text, photographs,
and by use of a flow chart.
[24141]
PACKAGING WASTES
73-4889
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Packaging
wastes. In Handbook of environmental control.
v. 2. Solid waste. Clevelend, Ohio, CRC Press,
1973. p. 66-77.
This paper discusses packaging wastes. Informa-
tion is provided on how packaging relates to
aspects of solid wastes problems, such as collec-
tion, processing, littering, and pollution. Exten-
sive data are also provided on the following: use
of packaging materials contributes to increase
refuse; consumption of packaging materials; dis-
tribution of packaging output, 1958-1963;
polyethylene film consumed in packaging, 1961-
1966; consumption of film in packaging, 1966-
1976; films consumed in packaging by type; con-
sumption of wood in packaging; shipments of
wooden containers, 1958-1976; shipments of
glass containers, 1940-1971; distribution of cor-
rugated and solid fiber shipping containers,
1958-1966; consumption of aerosol containers,
1958-1966; comsumption of beverage containers;
consumption of nonpackaging paper and paper-
board, 1966; summary of nonpackaging paper
consumption, solid waste, and recycling; non-
packaging paper entering the solid waste
stream. Detailed source material is provided for
the data given. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24142]
73-4890
Les plastiques I'emballage et 1'environnement.
[Plastic materials, packagings, and the environ-
-------
merit.] Revue Generate des Caoutchoucs et
Pio8ttwtte8)49(ll):1002,1003, Nov. 1972.
Figures on the plastic material production of
France and problems involved in the disposal of
plastic wastes are surveyed. Some 24 percent of
the plastic materials manufactured in France in
1969 were used for packaging, and this percent-
age is expected to rise to 33 percent of the 1974
production of 2,500,000 tons. The total amount of
packaging materials is expected to rise from
5,420,000 tons in 1970 to 7,470,000 tons in 1975.
The respective shares of plastic materials, card-
board plus paper, as well as of glass will increase
from 195,000 tons to 548,700 tons, and the polyvi-
nyl chloride consumption from 53,900 tons to
179,400 tons. The increase in the share of
polystyrenes will be from 44,900 tons to 108,500
tons. In 1972, the total amount of municipal
waste in France was estimated at 11,400,000
tons, of which 4 percent were plastic packaging
wastes. In 1971, when the total amount of plastic
waste amounted to 470,000 tons, the respective
shares of polyvinyl chloride polyethylene,
polystyrene and polypropylene were 90,000 tons,
270,000 tons, 60,000 tons, and 15,000 tons. In-
cineration in a temperature range of 800 to 1,000
C leads to complete destruction of plastic materi-
als to water and carbon dioxide, with polyvinyl
chloride as the only plastic material to produce
hydrochloric acid emissions, accounting for 55 to
60 percent of the total hydrogen chloride emis-
sion from incinerators. Wastes with up to 6 per-
cent of polyvinyl chloride can be incinerated
safely, without producing considerable environ-
mental hazards Plastic wastes do not interfere
with the composting process, and also can be ef-
fectively separated from the waste intended for
composting. On sanitary landfills, the presence
of plastic materials appears to intensify the
anaerobic decomposition process. Studies on the
photodegradation and biodegradation of plastic
materials are being conducted. Recovery of
plastic materials may become the most desirable
approaches to the plastic waste problem. (Text in
French)
[24144]
73-4891
NISHI, Y. Hikari bunkai-zai, hari kurakku esu-I.
Photo dissociating agent, Haricrack S-I.]
Harima Gijutsu Nyusu, 1(1):14-17, Nov. 1972.
As a means of solving the social problem result-
ing from the plastic waste products, the Har-
icrack S-I, a photodissociating agent, was
developed which is primarily intended for use on
polyolefins. It is a photo-sensitizer which causes
a photo-excitation action in the plastic molecules
and can be added to plastics in any proportion,
permitting control of the time of disintegration
of the product in a certain range. The composi-
tion is an organometallic compound (a
benzophenone derivative) which is soluble in
many organic solvents. And in view of the
molecular structure of the Haricrack S-I, the loss
of the additive due to dissolving out or sublima-
tion during processing of plastic, and even after
finished is impossible because it has a great rela-
tive solubility in and a great affinity to plastic
resins. Using the Haricrack S-I and two other
sensitizers, films of polypropylene were made to
check its effectiveness on the tensile strength
after outdoor exposure test and the breaking
strength after a weatherometer exposure test.
The tests showed that the variation of the tensile
strength at 30 days of outdoor exposure was
very small compared to the other, and for the
breaking strength, excellent effects resulted.
(Text in Japanese)
[24143]
PROCESSING / REDUCTION
73-4892
Aspects techniques. II. Discussion. [Technical
aspects. Part 2: Discussion.] Revue A.TJJ3.,
26(5):375-382,1972.
Various technical aspects of the processing of
waste paper are discussed. Beloit-model pulper
and In-line Shark have perforations with a 6 mm
diameter, and discharge plastic contaminants
through an orifice opposite to the rotor due to
the powerful vortex generated before they can
reach the agitator. A Herisson type needle clas-
sifier, developed by Novipro, uses long needles
mounted on moving, endless belts for the
removal of the finest elements from fiber
suspensions. The minimum profitable capacity of
two different types of Voith hot triturators with
nominal capacities of 120 and 200 tons per day
are 40 and 70 tons per day, respectively. The cor-
-------
responding figure for Reed-Black-Clawson
deinking units lies at 30-40 tons per day.
Satisfactory dispersion of coating materials can
be achieved by the application of a temperature
of 95 C under atmospheric pressure and with
mechanical force, or by treatment at 130-140 C.
Waxes and hot-melts do not require temperature
above 95 C for their dispersion. Reprecipitation
of once dispersed resins and tars at reduced tem-
perature can be prevented by the addition of
polyelectrolytes. (Text in French)
[24145]
73-4893
CARRIER, B. Aspects techniques. 2. Precede de
dispersion Escher Wyss. [Technical aspects. Part
2: Escher Wyss dispersion process.] Revue
A7\7.P.,26(5):311-313, 1972.
Disperser for processing tarred, inked, and
dampproof paper and cardboard wastes is
described. Following disintegration, the waste
paper is indirectly heated with steam to 95 to 98
C, and fed into a disperser composed of a rotor
and a stator. The softened tar is easily dispersed
between the stator and rotor of the disperser
without the use of excess pressure. The specific
electricity consumption lies between 63 and 150
kw per hr per ton of pulp, depending on the sort
of waste paper being processed. (Text in French)
[24146]
73-4894
LAMORT, P. Aspects techniques. 7. Utilisation
du Centrifiner pour le taitement des vieux
papiers. [Technical aspects. Part 7: The use of
the Centrifiner for the processing of waste
papers.] Revue A.T.I.P., 26(5):353-357,1972.
Uses of the Centrifiner, a combined precleaning
and dispersing unit, in the processing of waste
papers, are described. A processing line may be
composed of pulper, a cleaner for thick pulp, and
a Centrifiner. With a continuously operating
pulper, capable of delivering a pulp with a max-
imum concentration of 3 percent, which is the
minimum density suitable for the Centrifiner, a
thickener between pulper and the first vat is
necessary. Due to its high dispersing power for
bitummen, tar, wax, plastics, and other coatings,
and to its excellent classifying effect, the Cen-
trifiner is best suited for use in combination with
a hot triturator. In such combinations, the Cen-
trifiner can be placed between pulper and tritu-
rator, and preferably after the latter. (Text in
French)
[24147]
73-4895
LE MENESTREL, B. Aspects techniques. 10.
Utilisation des vieux papiers dans 1'impression-
decriture et 1'emballage. [Technical aspects. Part
10: Use of waste paper for printing and packag-
ing purposes.O Revue A.TJ.P., 26(5):373-374,
1972.
General problems in the recycling of waste paper
are described. Deinking and coating dispersion
have been satisfactorily solved, while purifica-
tion, especially from scotches, remains a
problem. Cleaners with minute slots accepting
dilute pulp, represent the only available means
for the partial removal of scotches from pulp. In-
creased soiling and greasing of dryer and frac-
tionator felts, frequent occurrence of products of
improper quality, and sophisticated manual work
constitute problems yet to be solved in the waste
paper recycling area. (Text in French)
[24148]
73-4896
MORICET, H. Aspects techniques. 8. Elimination
des plastiques et des 'scotches.' [Technical
aspects. Part 8: Elimination of plastics and
'scotches'.] Revue A.T.I.P., 26(5):359-365,1972.
Problems and possibilities for the removal of
plastic materials from waste paper pulps are
discussed. Plastic materials, with specific
weights close to that of fibers, cannot be effi-
ciently separated from the pulp in pulpers, which
calls for sophisticated extraction and purification
techniques. Pulps with high plastic contents
should be purified at reduced concentrations (2.5
percent before and 1 percent after the pulper),
which requires the use of a thickener, since
dispersers operate best in a concentration range
of 3 to 5 percent. The plastic materials should
pass through the pulper in as short time as possi-
ble before being mechanically macerated. The
pulper should have holes of appriate diameter,
e.g., 3mm, to minimize the entrainment of plastic
-------
40
contaminants. Following dilution, the mixture
should be classed so as to obtain a pulp suitable
for further processing in a thickener, and
another fraction containing plastic and other
contaminants. Available classifiers usually are
applicable to 1 percent pulp concentrations, espe-
cially needed for plastic-contaminated pulps. A
'flot-purge' installation is especially suitable for
rapid removal of nonfibrous, light-weight con-
taminants such as plastic materials.
[24149]
73-4897
Muell und Abfallabfuhrkosten koennen gesenkt
werden. [Costs for refuse transportation can be
reduced.] Wasser Luft und Betrieb, 17(4):133,
1973.
The utilization of compaction devices helps to
save up to 90 percent of the transportation costs
for refuse. The compaction device consists of a
machine part and a compression container. The
machine is stationary while the container can be
lifted and transported by special trucks. Cartons,
paper, textiles, wood, refuse, and even bulky
wastes are compressed in a ratio between 1 to 7
and 1 to 15. According to the size of the com-
pressing device the working pressure is 10 to 75
tons per sq m. (Text in German)
[24150]
73-4898
Presst und verpackt Abfall. [Pressing and
packing of refuse.] Verpackungs-Rundschau,
24(4):376,1973.
An electro-mechanical refuse packing press has
been developed. With a pressure of 5,000
kilopounds it compresses refuse in a chamber
measuring 700 by 500 by 1900 millimeters, thus
reducing its original volume by 80 percent. The
contents of three 100 liter refuse bins are com-
pressed to a parcel and automatically pushed
into a plastic bag. The refuse packing press is
especially recommended for hotels and
cafeterias which have to dispose of refuse like
paper, glass, tins, or plastic waste. (Text in Ger-
man)
[24151]
73-4899
RAOUX, M. Aspects techniques. 9. Utilisation
des vieux papiers dan Findustrie papetiere.
[Technical aspects. Part 9: Utilization of waste
paper in the paper-making industry.] Revue
Arj.P.,26(5):367-371,1972.
Processes for the recycling of newsprint and
cardboard are described. Newsprints are sent
through a continuously operating breaker, a
washer, a discontinuously operating pulper, a
disperser, a sand remover operating at 1 percent
concentration, and a series of three washers be-
fore being delivered to a paper-making machine.
Deinking is done in the pulper at a concentration
of 5 percent by the addition of chemicals such as
Antharox OC 610 (Sacli), Remcopal 6110, or an
American product by Monsanto. Deinking is fol-
lowed by bleaching by means of 0.5-0.8 percent
solution of hydrogen peroxide. In another
process, cardboard waste is pulped in a continu-
ously operating pulper, and the resulting pulp is
passed through a sand remover, thickeners, and
centrifiner for purification and coating disper-
sion before being combined with semichemical
pulp for cardboard production. (Text in French)
[24152]
73-4900
RYRBERG, G. Aspects techniques. 1. Le systeme
Defibrator de traitement des vieux papiers.
[Technical aspects. Part 1: The Defibrator
system for the processing of used paper.] Revue
4.rJ..P.(26(5):307-309,1972.
A process elaborated by the American Defibra-
tor Inc. for the processing of asphalt- and wax-
coated waste paper is described. Mixed waste
paper is defibrated in a hydropulper, and the
pulp obtained is purified in a hydrocyclone, and
with a concentration of 10 percent, it is thickened
in a classical thickener before it is concentrated
to 30 percent in a Davenport press. The concen-
trated pulp is then continually fed by feed
screws into an Asplund Defibrator where the
asphalt and wax coating is softened and fused at
a temperature of 150 C and under 4 kg per sq cm
pressure in a short time. The softened asphalt
and wax is then easily dispersed between the
discs of the Asplund refiner. The capacity of the
Defibrator ranges from 50 to 300 tons of dry
-------
41
pulp per day. The specific steam and electricity
consumption lies at 800 kg and 50 kw-hr per ton.
(Text in French)
[24153]
73-4901
SCHAAN, J. L. Aspects techniques. 3. Elimina-
tion des plastiques, dispersion des goudrons,
cires et hot-melts. [Technical aspects. Part 3:
Elimination of plastics, dispersion of tar, wax,
and hot-melts.] Revue A.TJ.P., 26(5):315-325,
1972.
Equipment for the processing of various sorts of
waste papers, including removal of plastic, tar,
wax and hot-melt coatings, and of printing ink,
are described. The Inline Shark equipment,
generating a vortex in the cylindrical vat by
means of its rotor, is suitable for the separation
from the pulp of plastic residues with specific
gravities lower than that of the pulp, while
heavier particles are removed from the cylindri-
cal wall zone separately. The Barracuda disin-
tegrator, designed for paper wastes hard to dis-
integrate, such as for dampproof sorts, has
toothed disintegrating blades, and provides con-
tinuous operation. The Hi-Lo deinking equip-
ment, designed for the discontinuous deinking of
printed wastes, has cycle times of 45 to 60
minutes and uses different chemicals for the
destruction of the printing ink, for the saponifi-
cation of oils by soda, sodium silicate of sodium
peroxide, for the humidification of pigments, and
for the separation of ink from the fibers. The
processing of tar-, wax-, and hot-melt-coated
waste papers requres high-temperature disper-
sion systems operating under pressure. For ex-
ample, a 75 tons per day capacity piece of equip-
ment with 300 hp has a specific steam consump-
tion of 1.85 tons per hr under a pressure of 4.2 kg
per sq m and at a temperature of 153 C. (Text in
French)
[24154]
73-4902
WILSON, C. M., AND P. CHAUSSEE. Aspects
techniques. 5. Desencrage de journaux et
magazines par le systeme Reed/Black Clawson.
[Technical aspects. Part 5: Deinking newsprint
by the Reed/Black Clawson system.] Revue
A.TJ.P., 26(5):331-336,1972.
The Reed-Black-Clawson deinking system in-
stalled in Aylesford for the processing of
newsprint waste is described. Newsprint is con-
tinuously disintegrated and triturated in a
Hydropulper equipped with classical accessories
such as Ragger and Junk Remover. Detergents,
alkali, and bleaching solutions are dosaged con-
tinuously. The pulp extracted from the
Hydropulper is diluted to about 1 percent for pu-
rification in Liquid Cyclones and Selectifiers
which remove heavy particles including fine
sand and all non-fibrous contaminants larger
than 2 mm. The pulp is then thickened to 5 per-
cent for washing in a Fractionater, after which it
passes through Bauer type centricleaners. Fol-
lowing final concentration, the recovered pulp is
sent to the feeding tank for being mixed with
primary pulp. The plant produces 90 tons of pulp
daily at a power consumption of 1, 200 hp. The
deinked pulp makes up 40 to 60 percent of the
newsprint. (Text in French)
[24155]
RECYCLING
73-4903
A sludge recovery system for use in pigmented
paper production. Paper Trade Journal,
156(29):44-46, July 10,1972.
This article outlines 10 years of research which
have resulted in a technically feasible process for
production of a paper filler from effluent sludge.
The study concluded the following: gritty
materials, such as sand, can be separated from
primary treatment sludge through the use of
Bauer-type Centricleaners; sludge can be de-
watered through the use of a rotary drum
vacuum filter; reuse of the reclaimed pigment as
a wet end filler is technically feasible; and
because of the high capital cost involved in the
recovery of this pigment, it is not economically
feasible to use this recovery process at this time.
[24266]
73-4904
ADAMS, L. M., J. P. CAPP, AND D. W. GILLMORE.
Coal mine spoil and refuse bank reclamation
with powerplant fly ash. Journal of Waste
Recycling, 13(6):20-26, Nov./Dec. 1972.
-------
42
This article discusses the experimental reclama-
tion of coal mine refuse piles and strip spoil
banks with fly ash from bituminous coal-fired
power plants. Conventional farm equipment was
used at some of the sites. Large earthmovers
were required at others. The fly ash served as a
neutralizing agent, diluent, and soil amendment,
providing some nutrients that encouraged
vegetation of the barren areas while disposing of
significant quantities of the power plant waste.
The estimated cost of reclamation by this
method is $300 per acre of previously leveled
area. Reclamation of strip soil and coal mine
refuse with fly ash thus appears to be technically
feasible and economically possible.
[24156]
73-4905
AFFHOLDER, M. Ressources et collecte. 1. Recu-
peration des fibres et protection de
1'environnement. [Resources and collection. Part
1. Recovery of fibrous material, and environmen-
tal protection.] Revue A.T.I.P., 26(5):383-
387,1972.
General problems of the collection and recovery
of waste paper as a source of pulp for paper mak-
ing are reviewed. Waste paper pulp accounted
for 21.8 percent of the total pulp production in in-
dustrialized countries in 1968. For Europe, the
corresponding figure for 1968 lies at 26 percent,
and is even higher in such countries as England
and West Germany. Intensification of waste
paper collection, and hence, increased rate of
waste paper recycling in European countires,
has been evidenced. The rate of fiber recovery in
France lies at 27 percent, and shows signs of
further increase. Waste paper recycling
represents a valuable means of preventing both
deforestation (each ton of waste paper recycled
saves 0.4 hectares of forest) and environmental
pollution due to such wastes, and to the elimina-
tion of an amount of pollutants that would be
generated by the production of an equivalent
quantity of primary wood pulp. Expensiveness
of collection and sorting, presence of contami-
nants in waste paper, the need for substantial
storage capacities, and fluctuations in the waste
paper market constitute, however, serious hin-
drances in the scale-up of waste paper recycling,
which can be remedied or alleviated appropriate
economic, legislative, psychological, and techni-
cal measures. (Text in French)
[24157]
73-4906
AMAX Fly Ash Corporation reduces pollution.
Secondary Raw Materials, 10(8):127, Aug. 1972.
Fly ash, a residue produced by the burning of
finely pulverized coal in large power plants, has
long been considered an undesirable waste
product. Modern power plants collect fly ash by
means of mechanical or electrostatic precipita-
tors just before the exhaust gasses are forced up
the chimneys for dissipation into the upper air.
Once collected in this fashion, fly ash must then
be disposed of, frequently by landfill processes,
requiring reserve acreage over the life of a large
generating plant. AMAX Fly Ash has deter-
mined that the use of fly ash as a cement ex-
tender in ready mix concrete and concrete block
produces a stronger, more durable and imperme-
able concrete product. AMAX now plans to ship
approximately 100,000 tons of fly ash to the con-
struction industry, significantly reducing a
major solid waste disposal problem.
[24158]
73-4907
ARMCO begins construction of solid waste
recycling center. Journal of Metals, 24(11):16,
Nov. 1972.
A solid waste recycling center is being con-
structed at Armco Steel Corp.'s Middletown
(Ohio) Works. The sophisticated facility has a
three stage air quality control system and will
have the capacity to convert more than 800,000
tons of steelmaking waste into reusable product
annually. The plant represents a total invest-
ment of $20 million, and is being built in coopera-
tion with the Ohio Water Development Authori-
ty. The recycling center will be located on an 8.6
acre site next to the Number 3 blast furnace at
Middletown, and materials will be brought from
other steelmaking locations by rail or truck.
Completion is scheduled for late 1974.
[24159]
-------
43
73-4908
ARNAUD, J. Aspects economiques. 3. Fibres de
recuperation ressource a part entiere. [Economic
Aspects. 3. Reclaimed cellulose fibers: a
completely separate resource.] Revue A.TJ.P.,
26(5):299-300,1972.
The used paper market has traditionally been
archaic, but the importance of this resource is
considerable if for no other reason than because
in France used paper represents fully 33 percent
of the total requirement in cellulose. In other
countries the figure is even higher. Increasing
attention is being paid this commodity which is
reflected in increased research, in the establish-
ment of a special commission by the French
Paper Producers Federation, and in the
establishment of work groups dealing with the
problem of paper reclamation at different
governmental levels. This resource may yet be
the life saver of certain specialized paper and
cardboard manufacturing sectors. Waste paper
is viewed as a resource by the paper industry but
as a waste material by municipalities whose job
it is to dispose of refuse. It is necessary that a
single solution be found that would meet the
requirements of both sectors. (Text in French)
[24160]
73-4909
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Additives. In Incen-
tives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 1(19-29).
This paper discusses the processs of incorporat-
ing additives into a polymer, which is called com-
pounding. By approximate compounding
polymers can be made resistant to oxidation, the
effects of ultraviolet radiation, and environmen-
tal degradation in general. Other additives are
used to modify a molding compound to provide
melt viscosity control, improve process lubrica-
tion, assist the mold release of a finished part,
prevent slip or adhesion of plastic film, or im-
prove the properties of a filled of reinforced
molding compound. The additives discussed in
detail follow: antioxidants; antistatic agents;
colorants; fillers; fibers; flame retardants; lubri-
cants; plasticizers; stabilizers; and ultraviolet
stabilizers. Extensive data are provided. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24161]
73-4910
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Alternative methods
of paying social costs. In Incentives for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. V(8-35).
Two alternative ways of reducing the environ-
mental damage caused by the disposal of
nuisance plastics are discussed: to decrease the
volume of nuisance plastics in the disposal
stream; or to change the composition of plastic
materials in the disposal stream by increasing
the proportion of easily disposable plastic
products and decreasing the percentage of those
that are more difficult to dispose of. The follow-
ing ways of achieving these ends are outlined:
regulation versus taxation; strategies that
require legislation versus those that do not; tax
on virgin materials, taxes on nonrecycled
products, rebatable taxes; improvement of solid
waste management practices; incentive pro-
grams for the reprocessor; and the direct
purchase of scrap by the government. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24162]
73-4911
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Applications for scrap
and nuisance plastics. In Incentives for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. IV(1-
16).
This paper describes and recommends some ap-
plications for scrap and nuisance plastics. The
promotion of markets for the scrap material is
essential and if reuse is not possible, then
recycling should be promoted. The topics which
are discussed in detail include: reuse; primary
recycling; secondary recycling (equipment,
recycling of monoplastics, composites, mul-
tiplastics, and the construction market); tertiary
recycling (pyrolysis and other conversions); and
the present state of the art. The following data
are also included: a comparison of properties of
injection moldings from virgin and waste high-
density polyethylene; and the physical proper-
ties of actual plastic scrap with increasing levels
of chlorinated polyethylene (compression molded
-------
samples). (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24163]
73-4912
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. General properties of
plastics. In Incentives for recycling and reuse
of plastics. Washington, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972. p. 1(11-18).
This paper reviews the important properties of
plastic compositions related to their end-use ap-
plication and introduces some of the properties
that make plastics useful. The properties which
are discussed in detail include: appearance; hard-
ness; density; mechanical properties (tensile
strength, elongation, compressive strength, flex-
ural and fatigue strength, impact resistance,
creep, and dimensional stability); thermal pro-
perties (conductivity, specific heat, heat-distor-
tion temperature, heat resistance, flammability,
and coefficients of expansion); electrical proper-
ties; chemical resistance; and flow properties.
Data are provided on the effect of temperature
on polymers (graph) and the comparative heat
resistance of plastic materials. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24169]
73-4913
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Incentives for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972.308 p.
The technical, socioeconomic, and legal aspects of
the recycling and reuse of plastics are discussed
in this document. The following topics are
discussed in detail: the technology of plastics and
the structure of polymers; general properties of
plastics; additives; selected polymers;
processing; the economics of the plastic indus-
try—growth, price trends, and markets; major
thermoplastic resins; the resin producer; the
compounder; the reprocessor/compounder; the
fabricator; the converter; the manufac-
turer/packager; the wholesaler/retailer; the con-
sumer; the disposer; scrap and nuisance plasticsO
isolation, applications, and markets; and tactics
and strategies for recycling plasticsO legislation,
taxation, and educational, research, and informa-
tion programs. A glossary of special terms, ex-
tensive data in the form of 59 tables, and 38
figures are included. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24170]
73-4914
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Industry economics.
In Incentives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 11(23-42).
Plastic industry economics are discussed in
terms of monomers, resins, plastic products, and
major companies which are producing resins and
fabricating plastic products. Extensive market,
cost, and profit data are provided. It is concluded
that over the next 5-year period the new fixed
capital expenditures required for resin manufac-
ture alone will approximate $2 billion and
possibly another $4 billion will be needed for re-
lated petrochemical raw materials, monomers,
and fabrication facilities. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24171]
73-4915
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Major thermoplastic
resins. In Incentives for recycling and reuse of
plastics. Washington, Environmental Protection
AGgency, 1972. p. 11(15-22).
Over 24 different chemical types of resin are
commercially important; however, this paper
limits itself to a discussion of four major families
of thermoplastic resin-polyethylene, styrene
plastics, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene.
Polyethylene is mainly used for packaging;
styrene plastics for packaging, toys, housewares,
appliances, automotive parts, pipe, telephones,
and luggage; polyvinyl chloride for building and
construction, automotive and other transporta-
tion equipment, and packaging; and
polypropylene for molded products, ther-
moplastics, textile fibers, monofilaments, and
packaging. Extensive data are also included.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24172]
-------
46
73-4916
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Processing. In Incen-
tives for recyling and reuse of plastics. Washing-
ton, Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. p.
1(50-100).
This paper discusses the transforming of a
polymer or compound into a useful plastic item.
This processing is divided into three types of ac-
tivities: compoundingO mixing the polymer with
additives or colorants; fabricatingO transforming
the resulting compound or uncompounded
polymer to a finished or semifinished plastic,
such as film; and converting-modifying a
fabricated plastic product by decorating, cutting,
or sealing it. Each of these activities is described
in detail along with reprocessingO converting
scrap plastic into a useful material. The following
data and illustrations are included: reciprocating
screw injection molding machine; single screw
vented extruder; blown film processes; film and
sheet chill casting; extrusion coating; extrusion
blow molding; injection blow molding; rotational
molding; compression molding; transfer molding;
calendering; thermoforming; high-pressure
laminating; and knife coating. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24174]
73-4917
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Recycling programs.
In Incentives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. IV(16-22).
Recovery of plastic wastes from consumers must
involve some form of interception of these
wastes before they reach the disposal site for the
following reasons: economies in recycling and
reuse of certain materials may be achieved
through segregated collection; where municipal
facilities are only designed for a nonreclamatory
type of operation, interception provides the only
means for recovering materials that may have
salvage values; and interception may be selec-
tively mandated for certain materials deemed to
be environmentally more damaging than others.
This paper summarizes some of the details of
various interception programs for plastics, alu-
minum, steel, and glass. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24175]
73-4918
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Selected polymers. In
Incentives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 1(30^9).
This paper discusses the following polymers in
detail: polyethylene; polypropylene; and styrene
polymers. The primary objective of this study is
recycling and it is primarily concerned with ther-
moplastics and includes a description of the
major features of each of the polymers cited in
terms of raw materials, manufacuring process,
structure, properties, and applications. The fol-
lowing data are included: plastics production in
1969; production of major thermoplastics in 1969;
density of polyethylenes; the high-pressure
process for low-density polyethylene (flow
chart); the low-pressure processes for manufac-
turing high density polyethylene; polyethylene-
specification requirements; polymerization of a
vinyl chloride-suspension system (flow chart);
and polyvinyl chloride-specification require-
ments. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24176]
73-4919
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Separation at the in-
termediate disposal site, and at the final disposal
site. In Incentives for recycling and reuse of
plastics. Washington, Environmental Protection
Agency, 1972. p. IV(22-29).
The following plastic reclamation procedures are
discussed in detail: metal wire recovery systems;
the separation of plastic from plastic-coated
paper and paperboard; and separation equip-
ment and processes (the specific-gravity separa-
tor, the hydropulper separation system, and
Riverside Paper Corp.'s Polysolv system). The
Bureau of Mines at College Park, Maryland, is
developing a process which would separate
plastics and yet leave the plastic-coated paper
with the remainder of the wastes. Air-classifica-
tion systems and the Black Clawson process are
also detailed. MIT is working on the two follow-
ing systems: an inverted cone vortex chamber
that reduces the size of waste materials by
means of cutters mounted in the walls and then
-------
46
classifies them by specific gravity; and a laser
beam that identifies waste materials which are
then sorted automatically by selective switching.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24177]
73-4920
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Strategies that do not
require legislation. In Incentives for recycling
and reuse of plastics. Washington, Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, 1972. p. V(36-39).
The Federal Government can institute various
programs that will not require Congressional ac-
tion in the area of environmental protection.
These programs are discussed and come under
the categories of education, information, and
research. Educational programs should be
directed at both the consumer and industry. In
the area of information, the Federal Government
together with the plastics industry should
develop a clarification program so that standard
grades of secondary resins will become available
similar to those for the virgin products. In effect,
the secondary resins would have to, meet new in-
dustrial standards. There should also be an in-
ventory of all scrap plastics sources. Another ap-
proach should be the initiation of research pro-
grams directed at developing new applications
for scrap materials and new technology for col-
lecting and disposing of scrap plastic. By specify-
ing the use of secondary materials in their
purchases, the Federal Government would not
only open up a new market by its own purchases,
but many would tend to follow its lead. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24178]
73-4921
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Tactics and strategies
for recycling plastics. In Incentives for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. V(l-7).
This paper outlines the following strategies
which were developed as criteria for recycling
plastics: minimize environmental damage; max-
imize the Ib-volume of troublesome nuisance
plastics recycled and/or reused as a percentage
of total plastics production; minimize the sum
costs of achieving the first two objectives;
minimize economic disruption; minimize disposal
costs; and maximize the recyclability of plastics.
Methods of evaluating tactics and strategies and
of developing a strategy are outlined and include
no recycling, a discussion of the systematic inter-
dependencies in our ecological and economic
systems, the disposal of nonrecycled plastics, and
impediments to recycling (economic, political,
psychological, and technical). (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24179]
73-4922
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The compounder and
the reprocessor/compounder. In Incentives for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 111(10-
18).
This paper describes compounding, which is
often carried out immediately after polymeriza-
tion, but can be carried out by specialists who are
known as compounders. Scrap plastic generated
during compounding is recycled in the com-
pounder's facilities rather than sold to an outside
reprocessor, as shown in a flow diagram.
Nuisance plastic generated by compounding in
1970 amounted to about 60 million Ib. About 30
companies today are involved primarily in com-
pounding. The functions of reprocessing and
compounding are also discussed. The reproces-
sor/compounder usually uses both scrap plastic
and virgin polymer or compound as raw material.
One of the major impediments to recycling is the
absence of major markets for the recycled
plastic; therefore, the reprocessor has to develop
his own markets. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24164]
73-4923
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The converter and the
manufacturer/packager. In Incentives for
recycling and reuse of plastics. Washington, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1972. p. 111(24-
35).
This paper .discusses the roles of the converter
and the manufacturer/packager in the plastics
industry. The converter transforms a fabricated
-------
47
item to a finished plastic product. Ways in which
he disposes of scrap plastic or recycles it are out-
lined and illustrated in a flow diagram. The
processes he performs include decorating, seal-
ing, cutting, and thermoforming. The tasks of the
manufacturer/packager are also presented in a
flow diagram. Since nuisance plastic from the
manufacturer/packager segment is con-
taminated with quantities of nonplastic refuse,
scrap generated by this segment is seldom sold
to a reprocessor. Three different types of dis-
tribution conducted by the manufac-
turer/packager are outlinedO to the wholesaler,
to the retailer, and directly to the consumer. Ex-
tensive data are provided on the nuisance
plastics generated by both these segments of the
plastics industry. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24165]
73-4924
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The disposer. In In-
centives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 111(54-72).
This paper discusses the plastics disposer which
can be a public agency, a private contractor, an
individual housekeeper, or an industrial firm.
The discussion of the disposal of plastics is di-
vided into industrial sources and all other
sources. The other topics covered in detail fol-
low: intermediate disposal; collection; treatment
processes (salvage, baling, pulverizing,
shredding, milling, composting, and incinera-
tion); final disposal (sanitary landfill and
behavior of plastics); and litter. The following
data and graphs are included: sources of indus-
trial nuisance plastics, 1970; industrial wastes ac-
cording to plastic type; nuisance plastics in the
disposal area according to product; plastics in the
disposal area from all sources, according to type
of plastic; a disposal flow chart; and the esti-
mated cost of incineration using batch incinera-
tion systems, in 1969 dollars. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24166]
73-4925
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The economics of the
plastic industry. In Incentives for recycling and
reuse of plastics. Washington, Environmental
Protection Agency, 1972. p. 11(1-14).
This paper discusses economic growth and price
trends for resins and plastic products. The fol-
lowing markets are also analyzed in detail: build-
ing and construction; packaging; transportation;
furniture; housewares; appliances and toys; and
exports. Data are presented on the structure of
the plastics industry (flow chart), the approxi-
mate size of the plastics industry in 1970, the
production value of resins, and the use of resins
by markets projected for 1970 to 1975. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24167]
73-4926
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The fabricator. In In-
centives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 111(18-24).
This paper discusses the fabricator's role in the
plastics industry. He works closely with the
manufacturer/packager and the resin producer.
A flow diagram is included which indicates the
steps taken by the fabricator to transform
polymer or compound to a finished plastic article.
The following topics are discussed in detail:
disposal and reclamation of scrap plastic by the
fabricator; injection molding; film extrusion;
blow molding; research and development; and
markets. Extensive data are provided on the
estimated volume of nuisance plastic which can-
not be recycled which was generated by fabrica-
tion in 1970. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24168]
73-4927
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The plastics cycle. In
Incentives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 111(1-10).
This paper describes the plastics cycle, which in-
cludes the manufacturer/packager who assem-
bles the plastic product or fills a plastic con-
tainer; the wholesaler-retailer who distributes
-------
48
the product to the consumer; and individual, in-
dustrial, and institutional consumers. Also
discussed are the resin producers who convert
petroleum raw materials or monomers into
polymer or compound and determine the chemis-
try of the plastic item. A diagram is included
which shows the physical flow from operation to
operation, rather than between individual com-
panies. A generalized flow diagram representing
the production of the major thermoplastic resins
is also provided. Data are presented on the esti-
mated volume of nuisance (unrecyclable) plastics
generated by resin production (1970) and the
estimated volume of scrap plastic sold by resin
producers (1970). (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24173]
73-4928
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The technology of
plastics. In Incentives for recycling and reuse
of plastics. Washington, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972. p. 1(1-10).
This paper discusses the structure of polymers
in terms of interchain forces, molecular-weight
distribution, molecular shape, crystallinity,
orientation, glass-transition temperature, and
copolymers. Data and illustrations are provided
on the following: the interchain forces of
ethylene and polyethylene; the structure of im-
portant commercial polymers; liner, branched,
and crosslinked polymer molecules; crystallinity
in polymers; and the glass transition tempera-
tures of common plastics. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24180]
73-4929
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. The
wholesaler/retailer and the consumer. In Incen-
tives for recycling and reuse of plastics.
Washington, Environmental Protection Agency,
1972. p. 111(35-54).
The roles played by the wholesaler/retailer and
the consumer in the disposal and reclamation of
plastics are discussed. The wholesaler purchases
products in large quantities from the manufac-
turer, warehouses them, and ships small orders
to the nearest retail outlets. His functions are il-
lustrated in a flow diagram. The retailer's profit
problems are also outlined, as are his difficulties
with handling returnables. The following data re
provided on the wholesaler/retailer, the con-
sumer, and plastics: service life of various plastic
products; packaging wastes; types of plastic
packaging (1970); estimated volume of plastics in
packaging according to type of plastic; estimated
volume of nuisance plastic from consumer items
other than packaging; estimated volume of
nuisance plastic generated by consumer in 1970;
estimated annual average national refuse com-
position; and bottles in plastic samples collected
in a community. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24181]
73-4930
BABCOCK, A. Fly ash achieving dramatic suc-
cess in reclaiming coal waste piles. Coal Age,
78(4):88-89, Apr. 1973.
Coal waste piles resulting from deep mine opera-
tions are now largely devoid of vegetation and
often burning. By treating these piles with fly
ash from coal burning electric generating sta-
tions and seeding the areas with grasses and
legumes, a lasting green will result. Such has
been the experience of the Energy Research
Center of the U.S. Bureau of Mines located at
Morgantown, West Virginia, in its dual research
for less expensive reclamation techniques in coal
wastes and treatment of strip mine spoil. As a
result of a number of projects, it has been found
necessary to change the pH of the soil to desira-
ble levels and to reseed when necessary. In addi-
tion, a mixture of fly ash and digested sewage
sludge has also been used. The economics of
using fly ash in preference to top soil can be
shown by the relative cost of both to achieve a 2
ft layer of cover on a 1 acre refuse bank. The top-
soil would cost about $4,000 against $300 for the
fly ash.
[24182]
73-4931
BALL, B. Automated scrap handling pays off:
the case for auger-feed systems. Plastics
Technology, 18(ll):46-47, Nov. 1972.
-------
49
Four key steps are involved in adapting plastic
injection machines to operate as an automated
process system: secure automated and positive
ejection from the mold, confine the parts and
runners in a container as they drop from the
mold, transfer finished parts from underneath
the mold and separate from their runners, and
move parts to packaging and the separated run-
ners to direct grinding and recycling. By in-
stalling auger-feed granulators and parts
separators, the system is automated to achieve
annual cost savings.
[24183]
73-4932
BERRY, R. E., C. W. WILSON m, AND 0. W. Bis-
SETT. Recovery of natural orange pigments: an
improved method applied to citrus processing
wastes. Journal of Food Science, 37(6):809-811,
Nov./Dec. 1972.
This articles discusses the use of natural orange
pigments as coloring for food products. Methods
for obtaining such pigments have recently been
under development. Previous methods were too
complex for easy commercial scale-up. A study
was made to develop an improved carotenoid pu-
rification method which would be simple, require
the use of little water, and result in efficient pig-
ment yield. The new method was tested for its
applicability to citrus peel from different orange
cultivars, different forms of peel, and different
degrees of maturity. The experiments and
results are described in detail.
[24184]
73-4933
Betting on bagasse. Chemical Week, 111(23):16,
Dec. 6,1972.
W. R. Grace and International Paper will make
investments totaling about $21.4 million over the
next 5 years in their bagasse paper mill in
Colombia. The funds will be used for the produc-
tion of coated paper from bagasse by Grace's
Peadco process, and for a chemical recovery
plant, principally aimed at regaining 30,000 Ib
per year of caustic soda for internal use. The
companies expect the mill to export up to $15
million worth of products to the United States
and Andean group countries in 1975. Grace is
also studying bagasse paper feasibility in Mex-
ico, Peru, and Australia.
[24185]
73-4934
BLUM, S. L. Man-made ores and their use.
Chemtech, 2(3): 148-152, Mar. 1972.
Waste materials are compared to ores and called
man-made ores. They result from changes in
man's environment that yield pollution and
waste along with food, energy, housing, and
transportation. Pollution may be described as
the product of ignorance and greed. It is the
economics of location and assay which will deter-
mine when ores or wastes are to be used, not if
they are to be used. As an example, titanium in
its raw material source, rutile, was not produced
until a use was generated for it. Similarly with
man-made ores, assay, economics, and volume
will determine its use. A big difference between
natural and man-made ores is that the latter
grow exponentially. The question arises as to
how to identify, catalog, and determine ultimate
use. How do we use agricultural byproducts in
large volume in industry? The first step involves
an understanding of where and how wastes are
generated and how to conceptually handle them
as a misplaced resource. The technique of high
temperature (3,000 F) incineration treats refuse
as ore to make salable products from it.
[24186]
73-4935
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUS. Recycling and
recovery. In Handbook of environmental con-
trol, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC
Press, 1973. p. 320-358.
This paper presents data, flow charts, and
graphs on recycling and recovery of wastes. The
topics covered follow: processing of refuse for
salvage; materials salvaging in England; flow
chart of recycled nonferrous scrap metals; types
of recyclable materials; nonferrous scrap
recovered in the United States in 1964; partial
list of precious metal scrap; U.S. recycling of
paper, 1969; secondary fiber usage, paper stock
grades; copper flow and recycling; municipal in-
cinerators practicing metal salvage in 1968;
waste rubber used in 1968; composition of
-------
60
residues from five municipal incinerators; recla-
mation of municipal refuse by the Sacs process;
flow charts of solid waste processing systems;
equipment for anaerobic fermentation process;
cost for biological fractionation process; cellulose
conversion systems; summary protein costs ver-
sus alternate animal feeds; coal fly ash utilization
in Germany; appliance scrap values; dismantling
railroad cars; alternatives to open burning for
wood separation; and estimates of equipment in-
vestment requirements for selected scrap
processing methods. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24187]
73-4936
BRANDT, G. H. Potential impact of sodium and
calcium chloride de-icing mixtures on roadside
soils and plants. Highway Research Abstracts,
42(12):46, Dec. 1972.
The quantity of salt required to maintain bare
pavement can be minimized partly by applying
chemicals, such as sodium chloride and calcium
chloride mixtures, that melt ice faster per unit
applied and by allowing adequate time between
application and bare pavement. At high salt
loadings, salt pollution is being traded for time to
bare pavement at the rate of 2 or 3 times more
salt than is required for slower de-icing. Labora-
tory data indicate that sodium chloride, if used
between 0 and 10 F for de-icing within 1 hr, can
introduce 5 times more chloride than calcium
chloride and ten times more moles of sodium ion
than moles of calcium ion from calcium chloride.
However, both can melt roughly similar quanti-
ties of ice if sufficient time elapses to attain
equilibrium. Potential salt loadings in roadside
soils and drainage waters were compared with
published field data by use of hypothetical con-
structs, and potentials for producing saline (high
salt) and alkali (high sodium) soils were esti-
mated. Although considerable de-icing salt
damage to plants is reported in the literature,
the damage does not appear to be so extensive as
guidelines for agricultural soils in the arid West
tend to suggest
[24188]
73-4937
BRIGGS, R. C. Pavement crushed, reused to
strengthen runway base. Civil Engineering-
ASCE, 43(4):82-83, Apr. 1973.
The runway pavement at Orange Municipal Air-
port (Orange, Massachusetts) was badly cracked.
It failed to meet Federal Aviation Administra-
tion requirements and covered with oversize
cobbles. The option was to remove the existing
pavement and either discard or somehow reuse
the old pavement material. Contractors were
permitted to bid on both the imported-aggregate
method and the reused-pavement method. A
contract was awarded to reuse the old pavement
to rebuild the base; the actual cost was 15 per-
cent less than the bid for conventional construc-
tion.
[24189]
73-4938
BUCK, A. D. Recycled concrete. Highway
Research Abstracts, 42(12):68, Dec. 1972.
An investigation was made to evaluate the use of
crushed waste concrete aggregate. A discarded
concrete driveway that contained siliceous ag-
gregates and a laboratory concrete beam that
contained limestone as coarse aggregate and
natural siliceous sand as fine aggregate were
selected. Portions of each kind of concrete were
processed into aggregate sizes. Three test mix-
tures and two control mixtures were made.
Specimens from each round of each mixture
were tested for compressive strength at dif-
ferent ages up to six months, for resistance to ac-
celerated freezing and thawing, and for volume
changes due to temperature changes or to
moisture effects at a constant temperature. The
aggregate particles produced by crushing
concrete had good particle shape, high adsorp-
tion, and low specific gravity by comparison with
conventional natural mineral aggregates. It is
concluded that the present results are promising
for the use of recycled pavements or similar
concrete as concrete course aggregate and per-
haps as fine aggregate. If additional work tends
to support this tentative conclusion, then exist-
ing specifications should be revised to permit
and encourage the use of this material as
concrete aggregate so that existing supplies of
-------
51
natural aggregates are conserved and the
amount of solid waste is reduced. The results in
this work pertain only to waste concrete that is
free of contamination by other materials such as
sulfates.
[24190]
X
73-4939 i
Cambro-interests from fluorspar to stainless
steel. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 122(2): 19-
21, Jan. 13,1973.
Harry Camm heads a loosely knit series of inter-
related companies which recover anything that
is recyclable. Ferrous, nonferrous, and stainless
steel scrap is processed with an accent on metal
recovery from foundry skulls. Furnace fire
bricks, when discarded, are collected from steel
works and crushed to produce 'grog' which forms
the base of a material used to reline furnaces.
Coal is reclaimed that was ignored by miners
who dug out coal from mines in the 1880's;
generally prime steam coal, it is produced and
sold at the rate of 500 to 600 tons a week. Clean
stainless steel scrap and a valuable roadmaking
material is reclaimed from slag using modern
crushing machinery and vibratory containers.
Starting with a site, over 20 acres in extent, and
several feet deep in broken and unserviceable
electrodes, graphite, metal, and electrode insu-
lating media, reclamation of all reusable material
in the site was undertaken to reclaim silicon car-
bide and graphite.
[24191]
73-4940
CAPORALI, G. How Montedison makes acrylo.
Hydrocarbon Processing, 51(11):144-146, Nov.
1972.
The Montedison process for the manufacture of
acrylonitrile is based upon the catalytic reaction
of propylene with ammonia and air. Along with
the acrylonitrile, a certain amount of waste
material is produced. Aqueous liquids are the
largest problem both in quantity and composi-
tion. For the most economical disposal of these
wastes, both chemical and biological treatment is
used. Organic waste liquids are burned. The only
solid wastes are the catalysts which are
scrubbed by an ammonium sulphate solution,
easily settled and then filtered or centrifuged
with the valuable metal components recovered.
Gaseous wastes consist of off-gases from the
water absorber and their residual content of
nitriles. These may be burned and some of the
heat recovered if economics so advise.
[24192]
73-4941
CHANDLER, P. L., AND D. S. LUOTO. Managerial
aspects of a chemical reduction program.
Highway Research Abstracts, 42(12):46, Dec.
1972.
The increasing public pressures on the use of
chemicals on roadways has caused a reassess-
ment of techniques in controlling the usage.
Previous controls were designed primarily to
achieve a road condition. New techniques should
be designed to produce levels of service with a
minimum of chemicals. The development of a re-
porting system to obtain this objective is
discussed, and conclusions are made as to the
success of the various managerial devices used.
Recommendations for research and development
emphasis in some of the most promising areas
are given wherever possible. Full analysis of cost
factors were beyond the scope of this investiga-
tion.
[24193]
73-4942
Chemical process slashes cost of treating and
recovering waste soluble oils. Process Engineer-
ing, p.7, Oct. 1972.
The MOR Effluent Treatment Co. claims their
process for treating and recovering waste solu-
ble oils saves about 15 Ib per 1,000 gal for
disposal costs. The process separates insoluble
mineral oils from the feed as well as soluble
mineral oils and neutralizes the residual water.
By avoiding payments for disposal and with the
savings introduced by re-refining the separated
oils, the total savings are enough to pay for the
plant in less than 2 years.
[24194]
73-4943
Chicago paper mill closes. Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse, 15(127):46, Dec. 1972.
-------
52
The Lake Shore Mill in downtown Chicago was
closed down for a number of reasons: increasing
difficulty for recycling mills such as the Lake
Shore Mill to compete with virgin fiber mills has
occurred. The lower costs of virgin fiber paper
products have cut sales of recycled items. The
potential use of the mill's site for future high rise
development, recent increases in property taxes,
imposition of special sewerage surcharges, and a
substantial increase in fuel costs to meet new en-
vironmental standards are additional reasons.
Yet it will cost the local government $1.5 million
annually to collect and dispose of the wastepaper
formerly withdrawn from the urban solid waste
load and consumed by the Lake Shore Mill.
[24195]
73-4944
CHURCH, F. L. Recycling cans for fun and
profit. Modern Metals, 29(3):65-66, 68, 70, Apr.
1973.
Dan Fountain founded his National Reclamation
Co. in Oct. 1971 to help bridge a widening gap in
the aluminum can recycling program. The collec-
tion of cans has been, at times, an undoubted suc-
cess but for many distributors the major
problem has been getting rid of them at a
reasonable price. Dan Fountain helps them do
this by buying, shredding, and selling their cans
to the aluminum companies for recycling.
Presently, Dan Fountain is looking for a suitable
crusher for use at the sites of the distributors. It
costs as much to haul a trailer load of bulk cans,
weighing 5,000 Ibs.as it does a 20,000 Ib load of
crushed material.
[24196]
73-4945
Copper industry uses much scrap iron. En-
vironmental Science and Technology, 7(2):100-
102, Feb. 1973.
There are several reasons why the copper indus-
try is using the cementation process more and
more. Ever increasing strict environmental pro-
tection constraints make the roasting and smelt-
ing of copper-laden ores, at least as conven-
tionally performed, less and less attractive. As
expensive pollution control modifications are
made on the conventional equipment, the
hydrometallurgical process becomes increas-
ingly competitive and therefore attractive.' A
more fundamental reason for wider practice of
the process stems from the fact that the mine
wastes which are too low in copper to justify con-
ventional flotation techniques may often be
leached and recovered by the cementation
process. Basically, in the cementation process
the copper-laden solution is contacted with
metallic iron, usually in the form of waste scrap
metal. A chemical reaction takes place, the net
effect being that copper is precipitated from the
solution as a red mud; the scrap iron is solubil-
ized as an iron salt. To achieve 90 percent
recovery of the copper, a resident time for the
solutions must be more than 1 hr. For every Ib of
copper produced, 3 Ib of scrap iron are needed.
The scrap iron must be thin and of light gauge,
shredded, clean, free of tin, coatings, and
lacquers. Five-eighths of the, detinned steel
supply goes to the copper industry with the
remainder returned to the steel industry. On an
annual basis, 800,000 tons of scrap iron are
needed to produce 200,000 tons of cement
copper. Last year, cities sent more than 700 mil-
lion scrap cans to copper mines, recognizing that
the copper industry is a market for their cans.
[24197]
73-4946
Could waste solve the energy crisis? Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 122(9):27, Mar. 1973.
Fossil fuels may be limited but organic wastes
such as manure, sewerage, paper making
residues, and domestic refuse are renewable and
could provide a vital source of energy in the not
too distant future. So concludes a U.S. Bureau of
Mines report on the energy potential of organic
waste. Recycling waste by converting it to oil
could, the Bureau estimates, provide the United
States with 1,330 million barrels of oil by 1980.
The conversion process consists of essentially
treating the material with carbon monoxide and
water at a temperature of 250 to 400 C and a
pressure of 2,000 to 5,000 psi. The oil produced is
said to be a brownish-black liquid which becomes
a semi-solid at room temperatures. It has a heat-
ing value of 15,000 Btu per Ib. Using a continuous
system, oil yields of more than 33 percent have
been obtained from the dry organic waste used
-------
in an experimentO giving a yield of 2 barrels of
oil for every ton of material processed.
[24198]
73-4947
Cryogenic hopes for rubber reclamation.
Materials Reclamation Weekly, 122(4):20-22,
Jan. 27,1973.
Rubber tires were fragmentized by first reduc-
ing the temperature of the tire to the glass point
of rubber and then subjecting it to impact in a
hammer-mill. The tire was completely shattered,
separating the rubber from the fiber. Liquid
nitrogen was used to lower the temperature of
the tires. A glass transition temperature in the
range of minus 80 F to minus 90 F was deter-
mined. Immersion for 30 to 45 seconds was
required. The reduced temperature technique is
a very effective method to reclaim scrap tires.
The cryogenic process could handle about 30
tires a minute. The biggest problem is to find a
market for the fragmented rubber. A number of
possible uses for reclaimed tires were presented
and include, among others, the following: as a
resilient cushioning layer between soil and
concrete in road building, as a backing for turf,
as fuel when mixed with coal, as a soil condi-
tioner, as man-made reefs, as hoses, ignition
wire, and toys.
[24199]
73-4948
Ecological drive in New York area is losing
steam. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 15(5):28, May 1972.
The interest in recycling refuse in the Long
Island, New York, area has fallen off except for
newspaper collection. Evidently the prevalent
feeling is that the effort is not worthwile. And
yet the towns of Hempstead and North Hemp-
stead insist on the compulsory separation of
newspapers from other rubbish for resale to
brokers. Other towns are starting to follow suit.
On the other hand, a report by the Department
of Urban Sciences and Engineering at the New
York State University at Stony Brook concluded
that the refuse recycling effort was not now
economically feasible because of high operating
costs, small revenues, and the instability of the
market.
[24201]
73-4949
Europe offers viable technology for chlorinated
hydrocarbon waste recovery processes. Chemi-
cal Age International, 106(2801):9-11, Mar. 1973.
A number of processes are now available on the
market for the waste recovery of chlorinated
hydrocarbons. Indications are that the operation
of this type of waste recovery with recycling
would be performed by a number of waste
disposal companies contracting out services to
waste producers in the chemical industry. This
recovery and recycling market to produce wet
and dry hydrogen chloride and chlorine is
presently wide open and untapped. The recycling
contractor, when he appears, will be a vital part
of the chemical industry of the future, providing
his services to governments in their wish to
dispose of civilization's wastes.
[24202]
73-4950
Extrusion process increases steel recycling.
New Scientist, 56(821):454, Nov. 23,1972.
Millions of pounds worth of wasted steel may be
reclaimed annually with a technique developed
recently by the National Engineering Laborato-
ry (NEL) of East Kilbride, England. Of the 110
million Ib of steel swarf produced in the United
Kingdom each year, only the higher grade steels
are collected for recycling. The rest of the swarf
usually vanishes on dumps and tips because it
contains too many impurities or has too variable
a carbon content to be suitable for melting down
for reclamation. The new method involves first
degreasing the swarf with an ordinary commer-
cial cleaning agent, then subjecting it to a com-
pressing force of about 6 tons per sq cm. The bil-
lets formed this way are extruded, using cold or
hot metal extrusion techniques developed at the
NEL to produce strong round bars. Tin cans are
stripped of paint, lacquer, tin, and solder, and
then shredded. Then, billets are formed under 8
tons per sq cm pressure. Most large users of
steel bars are not interested because they have
rigid strength specifications; however small
scale users may be interested because their
specifications are not as stringent.
[24203]
-------
54
73-4951
FAN, L. T., D. G. RETZLOFF, AND W. 0. VAN-
DERPOOL. Solid waste - plastics composites:
physical properties and feasibility for produc-
tion. Environmental Science Technology,
6(13):1,085-1,091, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses the feasibility of producing
a composite by radiation-induced polymerization
using solid waste and methyl methacrylate as
starting materials. Composites were prepared
from the following solid wastes: used computer
printout paper; newsprint; sawdust from fir
lumber; cardboard; bagasse; wheat straw; dried
sediment from the primary treatment of mu-
nicipal sewage; sludge from secondary sewage
treatment; cotton cloth; clothes lint; and human
hair. It is concluded that such composites are
suitable for use as wood substitute materials.
Data and diagrams are included.
[24204]
73-4952
Fibre processes improved by recovery/recycle
steps. Process Engineering, p6. Oct. 1972.
Improved technology is reported for the
recovery and recycle of materials in synthetic
fiber processing. In nylon-6 production, caprolac-
tam is recovered either from extract water of
the polymerization process, from the solid capro-
lactam waste, or from the two raw materials
used for making caprolactam. The purified
caprolactam is then recycled. In the production
of polyesters, methanol, split from the ester in-
terchange, is recovered; so is the glycol in the
separated glycol-water mixture. Both are then
recycled to the poly-condensation plant. Solid
polyester waste from the spinning process can
also be treated and recycled to an earlier process
stage. In this way, reclamation of waste material
is possible at each stage of the process.
[24205]
73-4953
FICKEB, S. Bin neues Gummi-Regenerierver-
fahren nach dem System Lurgi-Ficker. [A new
rubber reclaiming process according to the
Lurgi-Ficker system.] Kautschuk und Gummi
Kunststoffe,25(10)-A81-482, Oct. 1972.
The Lurgi-Ficker process for reclaiming rubber
wastes including used tires is described. The
rubber wastes are fed into a crushing mill, after
which the fiber content is reduced to 5 to 10 per-
cent for fine crushing to a particle size of up to 2
mm. The particles are then mixed continuously
with plasticizers and regenerating agents, and
conveyed to a regenerating unit composed of hol-
low regenerating screw and double-walled hous-
ing to permit the circulation of a heating fluid
with a temperature of 200 to 260 C. The re-
sidence time of the material to be reclaimed in
the screw is about 15 minutes, during which
homogeneous temperature distribution is
achieved. The reclaim further passes through
cooling rolls, refiners, and strainers. With
equally high quality of the end product, the new
procedure is more practical and economical than
any other process hitherto applied. (Text in Ger-
man)
[24206]
73-4954
Finding profits in chlorinated hydrocarbon
wastes. Chemical Week, 111(23):39, Dec. 6,1972.
Nittetu Chemical Engineering Ltd (Tokyo) en-
tered into a licensing agreement to offer the
Japanese firms chlorinated hydrocarbon
recycling technology in North and Central
America. In this process, the chlorinated
hydrocarbons are burned with air and steam in
the incineration unit at about 1,500 C, forming
carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen chloride
which are then cooled. The concentrated
hydrochloric acid solution is removed from the
steam and 100 percent hydrochloric acid is
produced. On the other hand, a dilute sodium
chloride solution is prepared from the effluent
and discharged into the waterways.
[24207]
73-4955
G. M. to scrap 1,000 cars. Waste Trade Journal,
68(42):!, Oct. 21,1972.
The General Motors plant in Norwood, Ohio, is
scrapping 1,000 Chevrolet Camaros and Pontiac
Firebirds that had not been fully completed
when their plant went on strike in April. Since
these partially completed cars have parts which
-------
65
do not meet the 1973 Federal safety standards
they cannot be economically assembled into the
firm's vehicles for 1973.
[24210]
73-4956
Garden State Pomona rebuild features a new
press concept. Paper Trade Journal, 156(52):30-
31, Dec. 18,1972.
Garden State Paper Co., a world leader in utiliz-
ing waste paper fibers for the production of
newsprint, has announced the successful start-
up of its rebuilt No. 3 machine at the Pomona,
California, mill. Production of Garden State's
newsprint will have increased 30 percent from
85,000 tons per year to 110,000 tons per year by
the end of 1973. The newprint is manufactured
from a 100 percent furnish of deinked
newspapers.
[24208]
73-4957
GELDOP, H., W. HUSTINX, J. M. RELLAGE, AND
0. B. SCHRIEKE. Rubberafval in de vorm van
versleten autobanden. [Rubber waste in the
form of used tires.] Plastica, 25(9):394-401, Sept.
1972.
Problems involved in the disposal of used tires in
the Netherlands and in other countries are sur-
veyed. The amount of the used tires discarded
yearly is expected to rise from 39,600 tons in
1970 to 77,000 tons in 1980. The percentage of
tire regeneration lies at 25 percent for car tires,
and at 50 percent for truck tires. Used tires can
be used for the preparation of reclaim for the
manufacturing of new tires. However, the price-
quality relation for such reclaim is presently
fairly unfavorable. Reclaimed rubber is also used
as an ingredient for asphaltic pavements, im-
proving their life, safety, and ultimately their
cost. The imcomplete incineration of milled tires
mixed with oil is suitable for the production of
carbon black to be recycled in tire production.
Certain chemical substances can be recovered by
used tires by the destructive distillation process,
and the residue can be used as valuable fuel. The
Palma process, developed in Hungary, yields
regenerated and fiber material to be used by
jute factories. The incineration of used tires
requires special air pollution control devices, and
yields only thermal energy, while valuable com-
ponents of the tires are lost forever. (Text in
Dutch)
[24209]
73-4958
Good bricks, good waste disposal. British
Clayworker, 81(965):28, Oct. 1972.
This article describes how a German producer of
alumina and aluminum-metal has developed and
successfully tested, both technically and
economically, a process for low-iron red mud ob-
tained from tropical bauxite. It is suitable for
making high-quality bricks in which the red mud
forms the basic component by converting the
sodium oxide content into a chemical compound
during processing so that it cannot cause ef-
florescence. At the same time this glasslike
chemical compound greatly increases the com-
pressive strength of the bricks. The composition
of the red mud bricks is given, along with their
characteristics and applications. It is possible to
produce these bricks at the same cost as stan-
dard dry bricks now on the market, provided
that the red mud is free.
[24211]
73-4959
GRATSERSHTEIN, I. M., AND L. Y. AVRASHKOV.
Turnover of aluminum in the national economy
of the Soviet Union. Soviet Journal of Non-Fer-
rous Metals, ll(3):71-73, Mar. 1970.
The demands by the Soviet economy for items of
aluminum may be satisfied in two waysO by ex-
panding the production of primary aluminum
and by new and more effective means of
recovering and reclaiming aluminum in its vari-
ous phases of processing, and use. Loss coeffi-
cients were computed assuming a straight line
relationship for loss in a process phase or phases.
The losses were distributed between waste and
irrevocable losses. The latter category includes
loss through wear, abrasion during operation,
and incomplete collection of waste, scrap, and ob-
solescent articles. The data shows that only
about 60 percent of the potentially usable alu-
minum would be cycled into the total circulation
of the metal. The remainder would be lost due to
technological and organization factors.
-------
66 .
[24212]
73-4960
HARRIS, W. B. Aspects of a land reclamation
scheme at Cwmtillery, Mon. Civil Engineering
and Public Works Review, 67(796):1172-1173,
Nov. 1972.
The project at Cwmtillery, Wales, involves tak-
ing the discarded shale from a coal recovery
point being worked at the long disused Penybout
tip, and placing it for approximately a mile on the
valley floor between the only active mine left
and the lower end of the valley at Abertillery.
The intent is to build factories on the terraces
which are being created in the heart of an
established community. The removal of coal and
shale from the Penybout Tip will make available
a most suitable site for the construction of
modern houses and bungalows.
[24213]
73-4961
HEROD, B. C. Granite Rock's goal-flexibility
and service. Pit and Quarry, 65(5):92-97, Nov.
1972.
The Granite Rock Go.'s 200 tons per hr sand
plant, located a few miles north of Santa Cruz,
California is now in its third full production
season. Wash water from all of the plant's
processing system components is piped to the
100 ft Eimco plant process water thickener. As
needed, a Dow AP30 flocculating agent is added
to the center of the thickener, and solids are
pumped to a catch basin. Possible markets for
that residue are being investigated. The clear
water overflow from the thickener flows to the
pit and plant supply sump for use in the plant's
operation.
[24214]
73-4962
Identifying plastic materials. In Materials
Reclamation Weekly handbook and buyer's
guide, 1973. Croydon, England, Maclaren & Sons
Ltd., [1973]. p. 271-272.
As more plastic materials come into use, the
pressure for their reclamation grows. One of the
greatest problems facing the plastics reclaimer
is that of identification of the plastic. Visual
methods do not suffice. Characteristics based
upon cutting, melting, immersion in water, and
burning help in the identification, short of more
sophisticated chemical testing. A table of proper-
ties of plastic materials is presented along with a
few examples such as the green flame test when
touching a polymer sample containing chlorine
with a hot copper wire. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24215]
73-4963
Japan's paper and board industry utilizes more
board and paper waste. Secondary Raw Materi-
als, 10(9):64, Sept. 1972.
Japan's pulp and paper industry has been em-
ploying more efficient recovery methods to in-
crease the collection and utilization of paper and
paperboard waste, which comprises a very im-
portant part of the raw material consumed in the
local manufacture of paper and paperboard. In
1970, the local waste paper and paperboard
recovery rate was 38.4 percentO one of the
highest such percentages in the world.
[24216]
73-4964
JEFPERS, P. E. World's first fly ash brick plant.
Brick and Clay Record, 161(5):18-20, Nov. 1972.
Research at the University of West Virginia has
led to the development of a process to make
lightweight, accurately sized fly ash brick. Cal-
gary Power Co. in Canada, expelling 600,000 tons
of fly ash from coal furnaces of the Wabomum
steam plant, has provided 7,000 tons of fly ash
for the process. The wet, tempered mix contain-
ing 60 to 80 percent fly ash goes to an automatic
press which delivers 40 bricks per minute. The
brick is next dried and then fired for 10 to 20 hr.
The finished brick is then marketed in the Ed-
monton area.
[24217]
73-4965
Joint mini-steel works and scrap yard venture.
Materials Reclamation Weekly, 121(7):10, Aug.
12,1972.
A mini-steel works is planned in Great Britain
which will comprise a 30 ton electric arc furnace
-------
57
and a continuous casting plant. Initial calcula-
tions show that the mini-plant will require, ap-
proximately 60,000 to 70,000 tons of processed
scrap a year. A shredder will process the scrap,
working at the estimated rate of 50,000 cars a
year.
[24218]
73-4966
KALINA, J. F. Now, recycled fiber in more of
Uncle Sam's corrugated. Modern Packaging,
45(11):4, Nov. 1972.
The General Services Administration now
requires the use of recycled fiber in all the corru-
gated it uses, whether purchased directly or as
packaging for the items it buys. This policy is
causing industry-wide consternation, especially
among some food and detergent manufacturers
who sell to the United States and whose sup-
pliers traditionally use virgin fiber. They dislike
maintaining separate inventories of GS A-ap-
proved boxes. A detailed account of how the new
ruling evolved is presented.
[24219]
73-4967
KUMAR, S. Reclaiming amino sugars from milk
and whey. Ohio Report, 57(6):90, Nov./Dec. 1972.
Present research seeks to recover amino sugars
from skim milk powder, liquid or dehydrated
whey, and deproteinized whey powder. The
selected approach is to employ solvent extrac-
tion followed by precipitation. Results have in-
dicated that 90 percent of the amino sugars can
be extracted with methanol with impurities
removed by concentration and selective
precipitation. The fractions thus obtained are
rich in minerals, lactose, and amino sugars which
may be useful for food fortification and dietary
supplementation.
[24220]
73-4968
LAUNDRIE, J. F., AND J. G. BERBEE. The disap-
pearing forestO boosting pulp yield per acre with
short rotation crops. Chem 26 Paper Processing,
9(2):48-50, Feb. 1973.
Kraft pulps were made from hybrid poplar
whole trees and components, including bark,
using growth rotations of 1,3,5,11, and 24 years.
The best rotation, on the basis of yield per acre
per year, was 11 years. Satisfactory pulps were
made from all of the materials, and the presence
of bark posed no special problems in either pulp-
ing or bleaching. The 1 year old material was
unique in that it was stronger than pulps made
from the 3 and 5 year old trees and that little or
no refining energy was required to develop the
strength of the pulp.
[24221]
73-4969
LAZAR, F., B. NEMETH, AND J. KORODI. Process
and apparatus for the leaching of soluble materi-
als from slurries. Canadian Patent 924,873
owned by Almasfiizitoi Timfoldgyar, Almasfu-
zito, Hungary. Issued Apr. 24,1973.
An apparatus and method for leaching dissolved
quantities from slurry through counter-current
flow is described. This method is particularly
useful in recovering caustic soda in alumina
processing or phosphoric acid in fertilizer manu-
facuture. Additionally, the process offers
economic advantages over other known methods.
The process itself involves feeding the slurry
through a slurry zone under pressure. A leaching
solution is fed under pressure through a solution
zone. A filter surface common to the slurry zone
and the solution zone is provided. Two broadly
distinct stages for carrying out this process are
described. Six claims are made for the invention.
[24222]
73-4970
LESHER, R. L. Tackling resource recovery. En-
vironmental Science and Technology,
6(13):1078-1081,1083, Dec. 1972.
The National Center for Resource Recovery,
Inc. of Washington, B.C. has accepted the chal-
lenge of coping with the problems of municipal
solid waste collection and disposal and the rapid
depletion of vital natural raw materials by spur-
ring interest in resource recovery by application
of the appropriate technology. A plan for action
has been developed to hasten this end. It has
resulted in the National Resource Recovery
Network program conceived to provide a demon-
stration program for displaying and evaluating
-------
58
technology to recover resources from municipal
refuse and to serve as a catalyst in the develop-
ment of a new industry, consisting of self-
sustaining resource recovery facilities for ex-
tracting raw materials from today's waste
products. The National Center thus seeks to
further the development of the treatment of
solid wastes not as pollutants but as resources
which are recoverable and reusable.
[24223]
73-4971
MARCOVITCH, S. Aspects techniques. 4. Le Pul-
pafiner. [Technical aspects. Part 4: The Pul-
pafiner.] RevueA.TJ.P., 26(5):327-329,1972.
Pulpafiner, new equipment for pulping waste
paper, is described. After rocks, wires, and other
large-size materials are removed from the bulk
waste paper, the waste paper, still containing
small-size adherent contraries, is pulped in the
two-stage pulper for fibrillation and separation.
The pulp obtained, of very good quality, is suita-
ble for processing directly on a paper-making
machine. The impurities, such as plastic and
other coating residues, are drained off at the bot-
tom of the second stage together with a small
proportion of pulp. The discharge passes through
a vibratory screen for reducing pulp losses. The
equipment can produce 120 to 140 tons of pulp
per day. (Text in French)
[24224]
73-4972
MARUSINOVA, 8. Pevnost a nasakavost
vapenopiskovych cihel vyrabenuch z flotacnich
odpadu pri tezbe rud. [Strength and water ad-
sorption of sand-lime bricks produced from flota-
tion wastes from ore mining.] Stavivo, 50(7):237-
239,1972.
The mechanical properties of the newly in-
troduced solid and hollow sand-lime bricks were
tested to determine their suitability for various
applications. Compression strength of solid
bricks determined by standard Czechoslovak
norms is 200 kilopounds per sq cm, of hollow
bricks 150 kilopounds per sq cm. Strength is
greatest the first 24 hours, smallest between the
25th and 30th day, then it increases to the 60th
day to its original value and remains stable.
Flexural tensile strength of solid bricks is 30
kilopounds per sq cm, water absorption of dry
solid bricks is 15.5 percent of mass, of hollow
bricks 17.00 percent. Water saturation in sand-
lime bricks proceeds slower than in fired bricks,
95 percent water adsorption is not reached until
after 2 hr immersion in water (1 hr for fired
bricks). Compression strength of these bricks
decreases with water adsorption from 195
kilopounds per sq cm for dry bricks to 150
kilopounds per sq cm for 5 percent water adsorp-
tion, to 140 kilopounds per sq cm for 10 percent
water adsorption and to 120 kilopounds per sq
cm for 15 percent water adsorption. (Text in
Czech)
[24225]
73-4973
MASSUS, M. Aspects economiques. 1. Approche
statistique et Fonctionnement du marche des
vieux papiers. [Economic Aspects. 1. Statistical
approach to and functioning of the market for
waste paper.] Revue A.TJJ>., 26(5):287-294,1972.
From 1953 to 1970 consumption of waste paper
in France has grown 3.7 times to 1,424,000 tons.
During the same period paper and cardboard
production increased 2.75 times and that of pulp
2.72 times. While in France in 1970 old paper con-
sumption covered 34.2 percent of the total need
for cellulose, the figure for Germany was 45 per-
cent, for England 40 percent, for Japan 36 per-
cent, for Holland 36 percent, for Italy 29 percent,
for Austria 23 percent, and for the United States
21 percent. Per capita consumption of waste
paper in 1970 in France was 28 kg against 46 kg
in the United States. From 1960 to 1970 waste
paper supply in France increased by 6.3 percent
yearly. The largest increase in the consumption
of waste paper between 1961 and 1970 was in
corrugated cardboard production (11 percent),
followed by Kraft paper (6 percent), newsprint
(4 percent), and shredded paper (2 percent). In
France the percentage of reclaimed paper in
1958 was 26 percent, in 1970 28 percent. In 1970
raw materials for the manufacture of 100 kg of
paper consisted of 63.9 kg pulp, 30.7 kg waste
paper, 2.3 kg rags and 14.6 kg other materials.
Reclaiming of paper, stable till 1969, began rising
in 1970 and 1971. Increasing demand for paper is
a European phenomenon. The price of waste
-------
69
paper rises and falls with demand while the price
of pulp fluctuates very little. This disparity is
disastrous for the paper market and has a
deleterious effect on reclamation which stops
whenever the market is depressed. (Text in
French)
[24226]
73-4974
MAURER, T., AND H. G. RICHTER. Precede
d'utilisation de calamine de laminage pour la
fabrication d'oxyde ferrique (Fe203). [Process
for the reclamation of rolling skin for the produc-
tion of ferric oxide (Fe203).] French Patent
2,070,909 owned by Deutsche Edelstahlwerke
Aktiengesellschaft. Issued Sept. 17,1971.
Procedure for the conversion of rolling skin of
non-alloyed steel, which consists mainly of fer-
rosoferric oxide, into ferric oxide, is described.
Rolling skin, together with chips and other scrap
iron or non-alloyed steel material, is first con-
verted into ferrous chloride by the addition of
water-diluted hydrochloric acid at temperatures
ranging from ambient up to 100 C. The resulting
ferrous chloride, together with the water and the
residual hydrochloric acid is finely sprayed into
an oven heated to a 800 to 900 C temperature for
the recovery of ferric oxide and hydrochloric
acid from the oven. The addition of iron or steel
waste enables the process to be controlled. The
ferric oxide is economically obtained in the form
of a fine powder or granulate accumulating on
the bottom of the furnace. (Text in French)
[24227]
73-4975
McFARLAND, C. M., AND R. E. CECH. Copper
recovery via sulfide-salt reduction. Journal of
Metals, 24(10):20-29, Oct. 1972.
A process was described to convert existing
forms of copper-bearing raw materials into sala-
ble purified copper. The process sequence in-
cludes flotation, reverberatory smelting, con-
verting, fire-refining, and electrolytic refining.
The key step converts cuprous sulfide to cuprous
oxide so that both may yield metallic copper and
sulfur dioxide. The three chief copper bearing
sources for feed into this process were scrap,
copper concentrates, and cementation copper.
Copper ores, predominantly sulfide in nature,
must be roasted for conversion to oxides, fol-
lowed by leaching of copper and copper oxides
with the copper ammonium carbonate complex.
Heat decomposes the filtered complex to drive
off ammonia, and carbon dioxide, precipitating
the copper oxide, with the above key step follow-
ing next.
[24228]
73-4976
MCMANUS, G. J., AND K. W. BENNETT. Furnace
economics expand mini-mills. Iron Age,
210(24):50-51, Dec. 14,1972.
This article discusses economic problems in the
steel industry. Expansion of established compa-
nies has been curbed by price and profit
problems and pollution costs. Mini-mills are
tending to multiply because conditions are un-
favorable for maxi-mill growth. A variety of
representatives from the industry are quoted in
reference to their views on the economic picture.
The scrap market is also analyzed.
[24229]
73-4977
Minerals synthetiques et leur fabrication.
[Synthetic raw material from scrap.] French
Patent 2,081,160 owned by Societe de Travaux et
de Services Industriels. Issued Dec. 3,1971.
Process for the manufacture of synthetic raw
material from scrap metal or alloys of particle
size of 1 to 5 mm which are not suitable for
returning to the process feed is described. The
scrap particles are aggregated by means of
hydraulic hardening binder, such as cement to
which possibly lime is added, or pulverized or
granulated slag with sodium or potassium sil-
icate. The binder expenditure may range from 5
to 20 percent by weight. The binder also contains
hardening resin, such as ethoxyline resin, added
to the former at a rate of 2 to 10 percent of the
weight of the binder. The agglomerates formed
are crushed to a mean particle size (usually up to
80 mm) appropriate to the process requirements.
The process is of particular interest for ferrous
metallurgy. (Text in French)
[24230]
-------
60
73-4978
Modern, fully systemized scrap handling opera-
tion. Secondary Raw Materials, 10(8):139-141,
Aug. 1972.
At the Houston Junk Co. of Houston, Texas, 100
tons of scrap per day are apron-fed into a
Pennsylvania Crusher Type DFC Non-reversi-
ble Hammertnill to be reduced down to fist-size
pieces. These then pass through magnetic
separators. The virtually dirt and debris-free
scrap products are then conveyed on to a
stockpile area where they are baled, stacked, and
made ready for shipment. The scrap is sold to
foundries such as United States Steel and Armco
where it is recycled into products such as pipe,
gears, pinions, springs, and machine works.
[24231]
73-4979
Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der Wiederver-
wertung industrieller Abfaelle. [Possibilities and
limits of the recycling of industrial waste.] Tex-
til-Jndustrie, 79(10):345-346, Oct. 1972.
General aspects of industrial waste recycling are
outlined, with special regard to related efforts
made in the United States. The necessity for
waste recycling arises from the immense
problem of waste disposal (about 33 percent of
the raw materials are converted into products
with the rest as waste material), and from the
more or less imminent exhaustion of several
material resources. Industries in Europe, too,
should be required to recycle their wastes, what-
ever the price, which will, however, necessitate
close cooperation of the European countries.
(Text in German)
[24242]
73-4980
MUSSELMANN, W. Aspects techniques. 6. La
preparation des vieux papiers dans les installa-
tions de trituration a chaud. [Technical aspects.
Part 6: The preparation of waste papers in hot
slushing installations.] Revue A.TJ.P., 26(5):337-
351,1972.
A hot slushing installation for the processing of
paper wastes is described. The pulp, obtained
from the disintegrated waste paper with the
coarse contraries removed, is thickened and then
sent for hot slushing. The hot slushing installa-
tion comprises a stock delivery screw conveyer,
a reheater provided with a conveyer screw, a
slusher with a shaft, and a draw-off device. The
stock is then diluted and deflaked. An
established industrial installation has closely
confirmed the results obtained during tests. The
stock produced is free from flakes. The paraffin
waxes, waxes, and tars are completely dispersed
by the double thermal and mechanical action. An
industrial installation produces 120 tons of stock
daily under conditions which are so satisfactory
both technically and economically that an instal-
lation of 200 tons per day is being considered.
The slushing unit produces 100 kg of stock for a
consumption of 3 to 8 kw-hr and 50 kg of steam
at 135 to 150 C according to the type of waste
being treated. Waste papers with high wet
strength are the most difficult to treat. Although
the reheater enables treatment at 150 C to be
done, this temperature is in fact not used even
though it allows an economy in mechanical power
because it reduces very considerably the
strength properties of the stock. (Text in
French)
[24232]
73-4981
NEFP, N. T. Solid waste and fiber recovery
demonstration plant for the City of Franklin,
Ohio: an interim report. Washington, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, 1972.83 p.
The objective of this project was to design, con-
struct, operate, and evaluate a demonstration
plant which would use an innovative system for
disposal of municipal solid wastes and recovery
of metals, glass, and paper fiber. The project was
conducted in three phases: design; construction;
and operation. This work was done under a grant
from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy's Office of Solid Waste Management Pro-
grams. The Franklin, Ohio, Solid Waste and
Fiber Recovery Plant (funded under this pro-
ject) has in its first 7 months of operation accom-
plished the following: successfully wet-ground
unsorted municipal refuse; removed relatively
small ungrindable items from the Hydrapulper
slurry and separated them into ferrous and non-
ferrous fractions; reduced the quantity of non-
-------
61
combustibles remaining in the slurry by inertial
separation in a liquid cyclone; removed recycla-
ble paper fiber from slurry by the fiberclaim
process; and burned the unrecoverable residue
in a fluid bed reactor. On the basis of data ob-
tained in this study, the economics of a 500 ton
per day, or larger, plant are indicated to be at-
tractive, compared to an incinerator for which
adequate air pollution controls are provided.
(This document is retained in the 8WIRS libra-
ry.)
[24233]
73-4982
NETHERTON, R. D., L. B. LOVELL, J. P.
MURPHY, AND L. GROSSMAN. The highway en-
vironment and recyclable resources. Highway
Research Abstracts, 42(12):94, Dec. 1972.
Roadside visual blight is closely related to the
current national problem of protecting the en-
vironment and salvaging and recycling
resources. A major facet of the total environ-
mental problem is the disposal of abandoned au-
tomobiles. Solution of the junk-car problem de-
pends on development of new means for dealing
with unique economic and legal requirements.
These include creation of incentives for collec-
tion of abandoned cars, recovering salvageable
materials, and utilization of scrap metal in steel-
making. The legal problems include claims of ti-
tles and registrations and the collection of cars
from public and private property. Development
of effective means for dealing with these mat-
ters is a prerequisite to reducing this major form
of roadside blight.
[24234]
73-4983
New fibre filler board is manufactured from
recycled waste paper. Secondary Raw Materi-
als, 10(8):[158], Aug. 1972.
This article discusses Container Corp. of Amer-
ica's introduction of a filler sheet made of 100
percent recycled fibers. Designed to be used as
filler for solid fiber boards, it is laminated to vir-
gin fiber plies comprising the facings of the
board. This product is intended primarily for use
in returnable beer and soft drink cases. All of
Container Corp.'s filler grades are described.
[24235]
73-4984
New stainless steel from scrap. Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 121(7):20-21, Aug. 12,1972.
APV has introduced a vacuum refining process
for producing stainless steel using scrap with a
carbon content as low as 0.02 percent. Scrap steel
is charged into the furnace crucible and melted.
For the 5 hundredweight furnace using a medi-
um frequency, this normally takes about 30
minutes. After sampling, the vacuum chamber is
sealed and using a mains frequency supply, the
carbon content is reduced to the required specifi-
cation. Chromium or other additions can be made
during this latter operation. The lid is finally
removed and the molten charge poured into
moulds.
[24236]
73-4985
Old batteries generate new lead. Material Han-
dling Engineering, 27(11):47, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses the Gulf Coast Lead Co.'s
recycling of lead. The firm obtains old batteries
from several sources, reclaims the lead, refines
it, and sells it to two nearby battery manufac-
turers. Some of the reclaimed lead is used to
make keel ballasts for local sailboat manufac-
turers. A Case Uni-Loader is used to move bat-
tery plates to the blast furnace for smelting, to
supply the furnace with coke and limestone, and
to dig mold pits in the ground for making keel
ballasts.
[24237]
73-4986
ONUSCHECK, J. W., AND R. L. W. HOLMES. Ox-
ygen and oil in a EOF. Journal of Metals,
24(9):26-36, Sept. 1972.
With the Monessen Works of Wheeling-Pitt-
sburgh Steel short of hot metal producing
capacity, it was decided to employ in-vessel pre-
heating of scrap prior to charging hot metal to
permit utilization of scrap in place of hot metal.
As a result, hot metal consumption was reduced
as much as 27 percent and scrap consumption in-
creased 25 to 50 percent by using oxygen/fuel oil
preheating of the scrap. A fuel oil/oxygen burner
was chosen for the purpose for a 200-ton vessel
-------
62
firing 45 gal per minute of fuel for 390 million
Btu per hr.
[24238]
73-4987
Paper reclamation survey. Materials Reclama-
tion Weekly, 122(ll):31-36, Mar. 17,1973.
In the United States, a country richly endowed
with primary fiber, considerable attention is
being given to marketing secondary fiber. The
first advertisements dealing with paper
recycling under a new communications program
of the forest industries appeared recently in
three U.S. newspapers. To handle inquiries
generated by this advertisement, a booklet an-
swering some of the common questions asked
about recycling is being prepared. Potential
waste paper availability, the practical supply
situation, improved collection, cleaning, and
processing systems, the competitiveness of
waste paper with other fibers in terms of cost,
prices, and fiber characteristics, the implications
of product demand, new product or end use
development, and general economic and social in-
fluences, are all among numerous studies that
have been or are being undertaken by govern-
ment agencies, trade groups, and institutions in
the United States. United Paper Mills and seven
other Finnish companies are to build a protein
factory at Jamsankoskie in which fodder albumin
will be produced from cellulose waste. Research
is to continue into the production of a protein
suitable for human consumption from forestry
wastes.
[24239]
73-4988
Pavement is half glass and concrete waste. En-
gineering News-Record, 189(17):17, Oct. 26,1972.
A 1.2-acre lot was paved in a Detroit suburb as a
recycling demonstration by the Royal Oak Beau-
tification Council which paid for half of the pav-
ing cost of $6,000, out of funds raised by selling
waste glass, paper, and metal. The 1.5-in. bitu-
minous binder, containing crushed glass and
used concrete, was topped by a 1-in. wearing sur-
face without the crushed concrete.
[24240]
73-4989
Plant on stream to produce sulphuric acid from
gypsum waste. Chemical Age International,
106(2795):!!, Feb. 9,1973.
The first plant in the world designed to produce
sulphuric acid exclusively from phospho-gypsum
is now in full production at Phalaborwa for
Chemical Industries of South Africa Ltd.
(CISA). The plant produces 350 tons per day of
cement clinker and 37 million standard cu ft per
day of sulphur dioxide containing gases, ex-
pected to yield 350 tons per day of concentrated
sulphuric acid. Feed for the plant comes from
waste material discharged from the phosphoric
plant operated by Bosveld Kunsmis. Phosphate
fertilizers are mainly produced from phosphoric
acid. The production of phosphoric acid by the
wet process, of which the present world output is
12 million tons annually, in terms of phosphorus
pentoxide, yields gypsum in a ratio of 1 to 5,
making an annual total of 60 million tons. The
practice has been to dump or pump this gypsum
byproduct into rivers or the sea, with a harmful
effect on ground water resources, polluting
rivers, and oceans and their shores and beaches.
[24241]
73-4990
Priestman excavator helps reclaim metal. Steel
Times, 200(9):647, Sept. 1972.
Equipped with a 1 cu yd bucket, a Priestman ex-
cavator which is crawler-mounted transfers
waste from a steel factory tipping area to a
hopper conveyor system at the rate of 2 cycles
per min. The metal content is later extracted for
reuse and the hard core recovered for use in the
construction of highways. In operation at Cat-
cliffe since 1966, the excavator has completed
15,000 hr of service giving trouble-free per-
formance apart from replacement for normal
wear.
[24243]
73-4991
PRISCO, H. A. Process for reactivating pow-
dered carbon using vibrating bin activators.
Sugar y Azucar, 67(ll):48-49, Nov. 1972.
It was necessary to prevent flow blockages of
spent carbon from the supply silo to the process
-------
line through the use of the Vibra Screw Gyrator
to generate vibratory thrusts to vibrate the en-
tire bin bottom and its contents but not the bin
itself. Next followed flash vaporization and
decarbonization. Reactivation of the carbon took
place at 1,750 F. The process is available in
capacities of 300 to 8,000 tons per year.
[24244]
73-4992
Precede de fabrication de mousse de CPV
reconstituee. [Process for the manufacture of
reclaimed PVC foam.] French Patent 2,090,936
owned by General Foam Products, Ltd. Issued
Jan. 14,1972.
Process for the recovery of polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) foam wastes is described. The PVC foam
waste is crushed to particles with an average
diameter range of 3 to 15 mm, and the resulting
particles are agglomerated by means of a polyu-
rethane resin obtained from methylene polyiso-
cyanata, especially diphenylmethane diiso-
cyanate, as a binding agent which latter is previ-
ously diluted with a non-inflammable diluant, ex-
erting inflating action on the PVC. Catalysts
such as amine-base or organotin compounds, can
be used. The PVC foam particles mixed with the
binding agent are hardened in the mold for about
45 min. The PVC thus obtained can be used, e.g.,
as sound insulator.
[24245]
73-4993
Precede de traitement de dechets d'origine in-
dustrielle et domestique et application du
precede a certains terrains. [Procedure for the
treatment of industrial and domestic wastes and
their application for soil consolidation.] French
Patent 2,075,354 owned by Environmental
Sciences, Inc. Issued Oct. 8,1971.
Procedure for the conversion of industrial and
domestic wastes into a stable, practically insolu-
ble material, suitable for use in soil stabilization
in construction and other industrial sites, is
described. The waste materials are crushed and
mixed with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal
silicate, preferably sodium silicate, and a curing
agent for the silicate, preferably monobasic sodi-
um carbonate or calcium chloride. The ratio of
the silicate to the curing agent is such that the
mixture hardens in the form of an inert, stable
product which is practically insoluble in ground
water. The mix contains enough water to be
suitable for pumping to sites to be stabilized. The
mix obtained can be used for the consolidation of
low-value grounds unsuitable for agriculture,
building, or recreational purposes, such as
marshes, excavations, and exhausted mines. The
quality of the ground can be improved at low
cost using packaging wastes, plastics, household
waste bins, and industrial wastes. (Text in
French)
[24246]
73-4994
Procede de valorisation des residus du charbon
et en particulier des cendres de centrales elec-
triques. [Recovery of fly ash from coal fired
power stations.] French Patent 2,090,813 owned
by Trief Leon. Issued Jan. 14,1972.
Recovery of coal residues and fly ash from coal
fired power stations for use as a hydraulic binder
especially of the pozzolanic cement type is
described. Forty percent of fly ash is mixed with
60 percent of calcium carbonate, and the result-
ing mixture is fired at 1,300 C and then at 1,500 C
to produce a molten slag. The molten slag is
cooled to granulate the slag. The granules are
then ground to fine powder. If the initial fly ash
contains more than 4 percent ferric oxide, the
molten slag is heated to a maximum temperature
of 1,800 C for the separation of the heavy metal
melt from the molten slag prior to rapid cooling.
The fine powder to be used as hydraulic binder is
mixed with 2 to 4 percent of potassium oxide,
sodium oxide or sodium carbonate, or with 5 to
10 percent of sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, or
potassium sulfate. (Text in French)
[24247]
73-4995
Precede pour la recuperation de 1'acier dans les
ferrailes legeres. [Reclaiming low-density con-
taminated scrap steel.] French Patent 2,077,893
owned by Gerald Grott. Issued Nov. 5,1971.
Procedure for the production of a homogenous,
high-purity ferrous product from scrap steel
containing ferrous metal, volatile organic impuri-
-------
64
ties and slag-forming metallic impurities is
described. The scrap is treated in a furnace com-
posed of an upper calcining, another evaporating,
and a lower refining zone in which a partially
combustible fuel-oxygen mixture is burned. The
products of partial combustion are sent through
the evaporating and calcining zones in counter-
current, and additional oxygen is introduced into
the evaporating and calcining zones to increase
oxidation of the organic impurities. The tem-
perature and oxygen concentration in the refin-
ing zone are controlled by adjusting the feed rate
of the fuel-oxygen mixture to form a melt which
is withdrawn as refined product. The oxygen
partial pressure in the evaporating zone is main-
tained within a range of 0.00001 to 0.000001 bar.
(Text in French)
[24248]
73-4996
Produits non colores en caoutchouc regenere et
precede d'obtention de ceux-ci. [Noncolored
rubber reclaim products and the process for the
manufacture thereof.] French Patent 2,090,958
owned by Uniroyal, Inc. Issued Jan. 14,1972.
Vulcanized rubber wastes are heated in au-
toclave in a temperature range of 148 to 215 C
and in the presence of formaldehyde and resor-
cinol as well as of 100 to 300 parts of water per
100 parts of rubber waste. The formaldehyde
and resorcinol expenditures lie at 2 to 5.5 percent
and 0.01 to 0.5 percent, respectively. (Text in
French)
[24249]
73-4997
Putting the closed loop into practice. Environ-
mental Science and Technology, 6(13):1,072-
1,073, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses Dow Chemical Co.'s
recycling of its process waste water. The Dow
plant under discussion manufactures styrene-bu-
tadiene latex for carpet backing and carpet con-
struction and latex foam for carpet backing. This
firm uses municipal water for makeup and sani-
tary water, and provides a closed-loop system
for reusing process, wash, and coolant waters,
thereby eliminating discharge to the river and
benefiting economically. Dow is also installing a
system .which should prevent any overflow froi
entering a nearby river. The latex sludg
presents some problems in landfilling, largel
connected with drying.
[24250]
73-4998
RAGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Environmental perspective. In Identification of
opportunities for increased recycling of ferrous
solid waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1972. p. 43-52.
This paper discusses the environmental perspec-
tive as part of a study of ferrous solid waste.
Reclamation. The environmental problems
covered include pollution, land use, and natural
resources. Among the causes of these problems
are misplaced economic incentives, values, popu-
lation, technology, mobility, limitations of
government units, and information gaps. The ef-
fects of these problems follow: health; esthetics;
economic costs; and natural systems. Data are
presented on solid waste generation in 1969 from
residential, commercial, institutional, industrial,
mineral, and agricultural sources. Environmen-
tal action, economic implications of environmen-
tal quality, and solid waste alternatives are also
discussed. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24254]
73-4999
RAGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Identification of opportunities for increased
recycling of ferrous solid waste. Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1972.
391 p.
This document presents the results of a study of
the recycling of ferrous solid waste which was
sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs. The study examines the following:
the sources, types, and quantities of iron and
steel scrap; the markets for iron and steel scrap;
the functions of the ferrous scrap processing in-
dustry; and the technology of iron and steel
scrap utilization. Problems inhibiting greater use
of iron and steel scrap are identified and
discussed, and recommendations are made for
-------
66
solutions to these problems. A survey of the fer-
rous scrap industry was the basis for many of
the identified problems and proposed solutions,
and also provided numerous statistics on the fer-
rous scrap industry. Four appendices, an exten-
sive bibliography, and numerous tables and
figures are included. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24255]
73-5000
RAGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Introduction In Identification of opportunities
for increased recycling of ferrous solid waste.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1972. p. 1-7.
This paper describes a research program un-
dertaken by Batelle-Columbus for the Scrap
Metal Research and Education Foundation of
the Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, Inc. This
work was funded by a demonstration grant from
the Office of Solid Waste Management Pro-
grams of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. The ferrous scrap industry's accom-
plishments in the recycling of steel and iron are
outlined. The following research methods were
utilized: a literature search and evaluation to as-
sess the current documented and published in-
formation; an extensive survey of the ferrous
scrap industry to identify the industry, its capa-
bilities, and its problems; in-depth interviews,
conducted in person to add detail and insight into
the problems identified; and technical and
economic evaluation to determine the obstacles
and opportunities for increased recycling.
Sunthesis and recommendations for further
research and action leading to increased
recycling was the final phase of the study. Nu-
merous statistical tables are also included. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24253]
73-5001
Recycled palm fronds. American City,
87(11):72, Nov. 1972.
Palm fronds, when chipped with a Wayne
Chipper, are used by the Miami Seaquarium to
mulch around trees and shrubs on its infertile
land. Previously, the Seaquarium had to earmark
a substantial amount of money for mulch that
was purchased and shipped in. In addition, the
Miami area receives a reduced volume of
trimmings to dispose of.
[24252]
73-5002
Recycling roads and buildings with portable
plants. Pit and Quarry, 65(7):91-92, 106, Feb.
1973.
Two Washington, D.C., firms have recognized
the practical and economic implications of
recycling road and building aggregates. They
have installed and are operating new portable
primary crushing plants designed and built by
Hewitt-Robins Division of Litton Industries.
The highly compact plants cost less than $80,000
and are producing usable aggregate products
from demolished roads, concrete construction,
and excavation material at rates varying from
100 to 200 tons per hr. Excavating and demoli-
tion contractors are major material sources.
There are savings on mileage and time to have
the mobile plants on site. Big slabs of asphalt and
concrete are first cracked into more manageable
portions by a hydraulic vibrator breaker and
then fed into the portable crusher. Present plans
are to use recycled concrete and asphalt in the
production of road asphalt and to extensively
recycle outworn construction. The efficiency and
portability of the recycling equipment are impor-
tant keys to long range profitability whereas
down time is the biggest problem.
[24251]
73-5003
REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Other major areas. In Identification of opportu-
nities for increased recycling of ferrous solid
waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972. p. 283-321.
In this paper, some major areas of opportunity
for increased recycling of ferrous solid wastes
are outlined as follows: natural resource conser-
vation, coal, and iron ore; substitution of scrap
for pig iron; transportation of ferrous scrap in
terms of scrap movement, economics of scrap
transportation, discriminatory freight rates,
problems related to transportation, and potential
-------
66
solutions; governmental influence on solid waste
utilization and recycling (Federal, State, and
local areas of influence affecting solid waste
utilization, and major problems and recommen-
dations); research and development; and price
volatility. Data are included for the following:
coal consumption for pig iron production, 1970;
blast furnace production; United States' iron ore
production and imports for consumption;
establishments using transportation mode
(truck, rail, or barge); and heavy melting steel
scrap annual averages and range, 1950 to 1971, in
dollars. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24256]
73-5004
REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Summary. In Identification of opportunities for
increased recycling of ferrous solid waste.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1972. p. 7-42.
This paper summarizes the following topics
covered in this study of the recycling of ferrous
solid wastes: environmental quality; solid waste
alternatives; ferrous solid waste; markets for
ferrous solid waste; and the ferrous scrap indus-
try as the vital link between ferrous solid waste
and its markets. Under the major problems and
obstacles to increased recycling the following
topics are included: low growth rate of consum-
ing industries; changing iron and steelmaking
technology; quality of scrap from ferrous solid
waste; reduced requirements for purchased
scrap of total scrap consumption; poor economics
of recycling ferrous solid waste; apparent dis-
criminatory restrictions; and the lack of public
awareness of the scrap processor's role in
economic recycling. There is also a discussion of
the major opportunities for increased recycling
of ferrous solid waste and recommendations for
achieving these ends. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24258]
73-5005
REGAN, W. J., R. W. JAMES, AND T. J. MCLEER.
Technology of iron and steel scrap utilization. In
Identification of opportunities for increased
recycling of ferrous solid waste. Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. p.
239-282.
This paper outlines methods for increasing the
recycling of the various forms of ferrous scrap.
The following topics are discussed in detail:
scrap quality; scrap charges; iron and steelmak-
ing processes such as blast furnace practice,
open-hearth steelmaking, basic oxygen steel-
making, hot-blast cupola, electric furnace steel-
making, continuous charging, preheating of
scrap, increased power to electric furnaces, fuel-
oxygen-scrap process, continuous-counterflow
steelmaking, and the Torrax melting system;
cryogenic scrap processing; reinforcement of
concrete with scrap; and electrolytic processing
of scrap. A summary of conclusions and recom-
mendations and extensive data are also included.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24257]
73-5006
Researching reclamation processes at Warren
Spring. Materials Reclamation Weekly,
121(19):25-27,Nov.4,1972.
This article describes the Warren Spring
Laboratory of Great Britain's involvement in
reclamation research. Its interest in metals
recovery is shown by the development of new
processes designed to reclaim nonferrous metals
from complex scrap and nonmetallic waste such
as effluents, effluent sludges, spent catalysts,
metallurgical fumes, drosses, and residues. Some
of the topics covered in text and diagrams in-
clude: separation problems; a metals recovery
system in conjunction with a refuse incinerator;
hot salts; sorting out the nonferrous; and smaller
particles.
[24259]
73-5007
SAVERY, C. W. Future energy sources for
transportation. Traffic Quarterly, 26(4):485-499,
Oct. 1972.
Natural energy resources are being consumed at
a terrific rate. In 1960, approximately 20 percent
of the total energy consumed in the United
States was consumed in transportationO 126,000
-------
67
Btu per capita per day. On one hand transporta-
tion fuel sources must be conserved and
synthetic fuels produced. Two of these fuels
would be hydrogen and ammonia. The third type
of fuel would be produced by recycling waste
trash, animal wastes, and crop residues. The
pyrolysis of municipal refuse offers a possibility
of producing fuels. It is estimated that 500 to 700
Btu per capita per day would be produced by
recovering gas from the sludge digestion process
in the United States. Another source of
hydrocarbon fuels is the digestion of animal
wastes. About 50,000 Btu per capita per day
could be produced from the annual total of
animal waste production. Another category of
recycling waste is agricultural crop residues.
Two processes are possibleO fermentation to
make alcohol and anaerobic digestion to produce
a combustible mixture of methane and carbon
dioxide. About 25,000 Btu per capita per day
could be produced. By altering the energy mix,
recycling could thus produce 80,000 Btu per
capita per day or about two-thirds of the amount
of the transportation energy consumed in 1960.
[24260]
73-5008
SCHLEY, J. R. An economical route to hydrogen
chloride by burning chlorinated wastes. Materi-
als Protection and Performance, ll(12):38-42,
Dec. 1972.
This article describes the operation and
economics of a system in which clorinated or-
ganic wastes are burned and hydrochloric acid is
recovered. Corrosion problems and restrictive
pollution control legislation are also discussed. In
the study outlined, a variety of materials for con-
struction are employed, and extensive use is
made of impervious graphite equipment. Data,
diagrams, and equations are also provided.
[24261]
73-5009
Scrap collection in Eastern Germany. Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 121(8):10, Aug. 19,1972.
A law providing, for the collection, processing,
and distribution of scrap iron and non-ferrous
metals has been issued in the German
Democratic Republic. Factories have been asked
to make arrangements for the recycling of their
scrap by delivering it to the authorities.
Resmelting or re-utilization of scrap in the plant
itself is banned. Scrap deliveries can only be car-
ried out by firms and must be accompanied by a
certificate of orgin. This is intended to prevent
practice of scrap selling by factory workers who
want to earn a little money on the side.
[24262]
73-5010
Scrap trade faces direct dealing. Waste Trade
Journal, 68(42):!, Oct. 21,1972.
This article discusses the effect of direct dealing
on the scrap iron trade. Recently U.S. Steel
purchased auto bundles directly from General
Motors. Also, a former scrap broker has been
recommending that steel mills buy their supplies
directly from the producer and eliminate the
scrap dealer. This is making many dealers worry
since they are already having a difficult time
making a profit because of the rising cost of
scrap. Profit margins in the years before
recycling were more substantial. The effect of
aluminum can recycling on the old time alu-
minum scrap smelters is also discussed.
[24263]
73-5011
Segas helps free 'mini' steel mill of dirt. Gas
Journal, 351(5,676):151-151, Sept. 6,1972.
This article discusses the Sheerness Steel Co.'s
construction of a 'mini' steel mill, the first of its
kind in England's Southeast. It produces 180,000
tons of steel a year, is fed on scrap metal, and
uses natural gas in the process. Production is
carried out by a method known as continuous
casting, using an electric arc furnace for the
scrap melting process. This furnace and the
process are described in detail and illustrated.
The company believes it can run its works
without atmospheric pollution. The entire plant
will be run by about 180 to 190 people.
[24264]
73-5012
SHAW, J. M. Small foundry reclaims no-bake
sand. Foundry, 100(ll):46-48, Nov. 1972.
-------
68
This article discusses no-bake molding, with sand
reclamation, in the foundry industry. Essex
Casting's plant is designed and equipped to
produce gray and ductile iron castings for
customers who need quick delivery of high-quali-
ty, complex castings for experimental purposes,
service and replacement, and other limited-de-
mand uses. Among the parts currently being
produced are cylinder heads, blocks, and mul-
ticolored housings. Cost feasibility and plant
layout studies are also discussed.
[24265]
73-5013
SOUCHA, A. Vyuziti prumyslovych odpadu ve
vyrobe staviv a ve stavebnictvi. [Utilization of
industrial wastes in the production of building
materials.] Stavivo, 50(10):329-332,1972.
Among industrial wastes, ash from power plants
is in the first place by volume. This material can
be used as an additive in brick making, as bond-
ing material in concrete and mortar, in the manu-
facture of porous concrete, in road construction,
in the manufacture of porous agloporite, in the
manufacture of moulded brick, and in the manu-
facture of cement. The addition of fly ash to
brick clay yields stronger and lighter bricks. Fly
ash of proper quality will improve the chemical
and physical properties of concrete and will save
cement. Fly ash is used for the manufacture of
porous concrete blocks in nine plants in
Czechoslovakia. In road building fly ash is suita-
ble as a filler, as base material, for insulation
against cold, for irrigation, and for other pur-
poses. Agloporit, a synthetic stone which is now
manufactured in Czechoslovakia under licence,
uses great quantities of fly ash and is suitable for
the manufacture of insulation concrete, for
moulding brick concrete, and for construction
concrete of certain classes. Fly ash should be
used in greater quantities in the manufacture of
cement because of a shortage of blast furnace
slag in Czechoslovakia. Up to 15 percent fly ash
can be added to Portland cement. (Text in Czech)
[24267]
73-5014
SPETH, S. Aufarbeitung von polyaethylen-
rueckstaenden zu niedermolekukaren destil-
laten. [Reprocessing of waste polyethylene into
low-molecular distillates.] Chemie-Injenieur-
Technik, 45(8):526-529,1978.
Waste polyethylene (from production and test-
ing) can be readily converted into liquid low
molecular weight distillates. The polyethylene is
fed by means of a piston press into an agitator
vessel previously charged with waxy waste
products and heated to decomposition at about
400 C. No catalyst is required. The decomposi-
tion product is distilled off and can be further
processed without difficulty. The heat required
amounts to about 2 to 2.3 kw per kg of
polyethylene. The results obtained with our pilot
plant are in full agreement with those reported
by Japanese researchers. (Text in German)
[24268]
73-5015
STRIBLING, J. B. A solution to the scrap tire
problem. Rubber Journal, 155(3):40-42, 44-45,
Mar. 1973.
Tires and tire products account for over 60 per-
cent of the total consumption of rubber in the
world. This represents a quantity of over 3 mil-
lion metric tons annually. The United Kingdom
produces some 30 million tires per year while in
the United States, it is an astronomical 200 mil-
lion. During its life of three years, the average
tire loses about 15 percent of its weight, the
balance being scrap at the end of this period.
Linked to this industry, therefore, is a very con-
siderable problem in scrap disposal. The con-
tinually growing dumps of scrap tires have
stimulated the expenditure of much time and
thought on methods of disposal. The following
uses have been considered-retreading, reclaim
production for new tires, use of rubber in road
surfaces, as motor crash barriers, as artificial
coastal reefs, and link matting. There remain two
possible main alternatives- dump or destroy.
Dumping requires great space; one ton of car
tires occupies some 200 cu ft. Tire dumps are un-
sightly and house vermin. There is also a serious
risk of spontaneous combustion with the cor-
responding difficulty of extinguishing fires once
started. Tire destruction therefore becomes the
only practical solution to the problem with some
return on the credit side. Two conditions of in-
cineration are possible- with sufficient and
-------
restricted amounts of air. The Lucas furnace em-
ploys sufficient air and whole tires are fed in;
rubber hydrocarbon content is quickly burned
off; next the residual carbon is burned off and
the bead wire and mesh skeleton is also reduced.
The cyclone furnace is combined with a solid
rotating refractory hearth to accept the entire
tire or stack of tires, one after another. The
mechanism of loading and hearth clearing is
described along with the nature of the gas pat-
tern inside the Lucas furnace.
[24269]
73-5016
SURFLEET, B., AND V. A. CROWLE. Quantitative
recovery of metals from dilute solutions.
Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing,
50(5):227-232, Win. 1972.
This paper describes a number of cell designs
suitable for electrolytic recovery of metals from
dilute solutions. The advantages include the pos-
sibility of quantitative metal recovery and the
reduction of effluent treatment and sludge
disposal problems and costs. Examples of availa-
ble recovery systems for gold, silver, and tin are
described. Extension of this principle to other
metals is also discussed, using new types of cell
designs. Extensive data, equations, and dia-
grams are provided.
[24270]
73-5017
System recovers zinc for re-use. Water and Pol-
lution Control, lll(lj:32-33, Jan; 1973.
Recovery and re-use of 600 Ib of zinc per day is
preferable to daily trucking of some 8,500 Ib of
zinc hydroxide sludge 160 miles. A treatment
system is operated to neutralize acids and
precipitate metal hydoxides from waste streams.
The first step is to adjust the pH of all wastes to
a uniform pH of 5.5 where zinc and other metals
present remain in solution. Then the pH is raised
to 8.8 to precipitate out zinc hydoxide. Because
of zinc's amphoteric properties, addition of
caustic beyond a pH of 8.8 would produce soluble
sodium zincate and zinc would be lost from the
process. An alarm is given if the pH is above 9.3
or below 8.2. In the second part of the process,
filter cake is slurried with zinc chloride solution
and treated with hydrogen chloride gas to con-
vert zinc hydroxides to zinc chloride. Remaining
tin, lead, and copper wil be precipitated and fil-
tered out along with dirt particles and recovered
zinc chloride solution will be returned to the
plant for use in soldering flux. The second part of
the process, still in the planning stage, will
reduce sludge hauling and disposal costs to a
bare minimum and reduce annual purchases of
new zinc chloride.
[24271]
73-5018
TATE, R. C. Atchison report is a sharp-focus,
wide-angle look at recycling. Paper Trade Jour-
nal, 157(8):41-43, Feb. 19,1973.
The Atchison report, covering many aspects of
waste paper recycling, carries out an exhaustive
study of all problems related to waste paper
recovery and reuse and provides a comprehen-
sive reference to this area of interest. Some of
the recommendations are: establishment of a
recycling coordination center, preferably under
the direction of the American Paper Institute;
establishment of national recovery rate goals for
future years; in depth studies to find cost saving
procedures for every phase of recycling;
research and development projects which might
obtain federal funding; and the inclusion of
paper recycling in paper technology courses. The
report stresses the need for proper planning now
with properly planned implementation of the
plans soon. A number of systems are presented
which are intended to improve the entire method
of collecting and processing waste paper. The
following areas are covered: economic problems,
importance of price, need for reliable cost data,
feasibility studies, and recycling organizations.
[24272]
73-5019
The cryogenic scrap process. Secondary Raw
Materials, 10(ll):22-23, Nov. 1972.
A scrap fragmentation process is described. It
consists of a pre-pressing stage to obtain similar
standard bundles with an automatic press; a tun-
nel stage to sprinkle the bundle with liquid
nitrogen in order to bring carbon steel to its
point of brittleness; the stage of fragmentation
-------
70
to crush the bundle; and the sorting stage, to
separate out the ferrous crushed pieces with
electromagnetic equipment and foreign materi-
als by suction, leaving non-ferrous material.
Metallic refuse can be handled at the rate of 20
tons per hr. The main advantages of this
cryogenic process are: the speed and cleanliness
of the work; the high quality of the products ob-
tained; the easy forwarding of old cars; the
adaptability of the process for small and medium
sized firms; safety; the limited attrition of equip-
ment because of low temperatures; the low cost;
and the effectiveness of the process for small
mills and steel works.
[24200]
73-5020
Thermoset resins used for wood particle mould-
ing process. Europlastics Monthly, 45(ll):84-85,
Nov. 1972.
The German Werzalit process was first in-
troduced to the plastics industry some 15 years
ago. Shredded wood particles are bonded with
therm oset resins to form a variety of products-
garage doors, ceiling tiles, etc., with a high
technical finish to eliminate the need for repaint-
ing or revarnishing for maintenance purposes. A
mixture of soft and hard woods are shredded to
sliver-like particles without reducing fiber
strength and then dried. Bonding of melamine
and urea is used for waterproof applications. The
mix is then moulded in the cold state. Final cur-
ing and surfacing is achieved at 150 C and 500-
800 Ib per sq m. Products are easily tailor-made
and relatively cheap as the waste core material is
cheap.
[24273]
73-5021
THILLAIMUTHU, J. A new solvent process for
the manufacture of pulp. Paper, 1(12):786, Nov.
15,1972.
A new process for manufacturing pulp from
agricultural residues of the grass family is essen-
tially a chemical e olvent process, used with batch
digesters, and provided with distillation units of
special design. A water, miscible solvent, water,
and chipped raw cellulosic materials are heated
in a pressure digester. The desired cellulose is
left unattacked at 100-130 C. Solvent and some
water are distilled off and recovered for reuse.
The residual straw is centrifuged and passed
onto beaters and hydapulpers where the fibers
are separated and adhering gelled constituents
washed away. A patent application has been sub-
mitted for the process. Claimed advantages are:
low cost of production because of the very high
rate of recovery of the solvent; the solvent does
not adversely affect pulp strength; the pulp is
easily bleached; pulp yield varies with cooking
time; solvent does not attack silica in plant tis-
sues; recovered lignin can be utilized as fuel,
plastic filler, wood adhesive, and for other uses;
and recovered lignin can be used as animal feed-
stuff. Pretreatment may be necessary to dis-
solve out hydrocarbon soluble impurities that in-
terfere with the process.
[24274]
73-5022
Voluntary recycling program succeeds at com-
munity level. Plastics World, 31(1):29, Jan. 1973.
The persistence of a group of concerned
housewives has finally developed a voluntary
recycling program with many repercussions. It
has succeeded in substantially reducing the
amount of a community's disposable waste. It
was conceived in Wellesley, Massachusetts, as
the Recycling Collection Center, spearheaded by
Mrs. Martha Stone, to reuse materials to con-
serve resources and to reduce the load of the
town's incinerator-landfill operation. Wellesley
receives $20 per ton for recovered glass and $10
per ton for cans. A local firm donated a plastics
grinder. The potential or recycled plastics was
investigated by interested companies and in-
stitutions; soil drainage may be aided by mixed
plastic wastes. A nearby firm blends plastics
with metal and nonmetallics to produce several
commercially successful sporting goods items
and building products. Slide programs,
newspaper articles, and house to house can-
vassing continue to spur new developments in
the Wellesley program. Lunchline recycling-
separation of plastics utensils, aluminum dishes,
milk cartons and traysis underway at three of
the community's elementary schools. Students as
young as six are helping solve a community
problem. Furthermore, the project is promoting
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71
cooperation between industry and the communi-
ty in the search for an ecologically acceptable
solution to the solid waste problem.
[24275]
73-5023
Why swell the tide of pollution? Rheem Blag-
den's contribution to the environment. Polu-
mers, Paint and Colour Journal, 162(3,832):508-
509, Nov. 22,1972.
This article discusses Rheem Blagden's contribu-
tion to the environment. This company is one of
the major British manufacturers of new 45-gal
steel drums and also the largest drum recondi-
tioner in Europe. The drums collected by the
company, which might otherwise be left to
despoil and contaminate the countryside, are
scrapped, crushed, baled, and returned to the
steel mills. The reconditioning process for lightly
contaminated tight-head drums and open-head
drums is described in detail and illustrated.
[24276]
73-5024
Wood products industry established at Canber-
ra. Appita, 26(2):86-87, Sept. 1972.
A full range of products is being produced at the
$5 million integrated wood mill at IFPP Ltd at
Canberra. The concept of full utilization of logs is
employed. Each log supplies either plywood or
kiln-dried sawed timber. Waste wood goes to
wood chips while sawdust, plane-shavings, and
other waste fire the steam boiler which provides
heat for the dryers.
[24277]
73-5025
WYSOCKI, G. Recovers salable products from
waste yeast. Food Engineering, 44(10):88-90,
Oct. 1972.
Waste brewer's yeast is a valuable product han-
dled by a recovery plant which treats 3,500 kg or
7,700 Ib per hr of waste effluent with a yeast con-
tent of 13 to 16 percent solids. The system
recovers ethyl alcohol, and converts a waste
stream with a BOD of 200,000 mg per liter to
high purity water. The recovered yeast can be
used as cattle feed and the water may be used as
process water or sent to the sewer or treatment
plant. In the course of this process, the waste ef-
fluent passes through the plant equipment as fol-
lows from the brewery's fermenting and lager
vessels, to the collection tank, to the plate
evaporator, to the buffering tank now containing
the yeast concentrate, to the roller dryers where
the concentrate is dried to an 8 to 10 percent
water content consistency. The water distillate is
obtained from the plate evaporator and the
water and ethyl alcohol are separated in the
distillation column.
[24278]
SANITARY LANDFILL
73-5026
ARNST, F. Verfahrenstechnik Muelldeponie.
[Procedure for sanitary landfill.] Staedtehygiene,
24(4):86-88, Apr. 1973.
The total refuse quantity in Germany amounts
actually to 350 million cu m annually. Approxi-
mately 86 percent of the refuse is disposed of in
sanitary landfills. There are several minimum
requirements for sanitary landfills. The bottom
of the site should be protected against penetra-
tion of polluted water by means of a clay layer of
a thickness of up to 1 m. Bulky refuse should be
compacted in such a manner that no hollow space
promotes the formation of methane gas which
causes bad odors and fires. Residential refuse
can be deposited to a depth of 3 m without being
covered by earth layers. The daily refuse layer
should be 0.2 to 0.4 m thick. Fresh refuse should
be mixed with already rotting refuse in order to
provide for a sufficient air supply. Temperatures
in the middle of the rotting refuse layer are
between 50 and 60 C. The biological oxidation of
the organic substances takes place not only in
the surface layer but also in the inner refuse
layers. Organic acids are oxidized and deodorized
before being emitted into the open air. The
rotting process is completed after 4 to 6 years.
Then the composted substances can be separated
from the unrotted material by means of screen-
ing. (Text in German)
[24279]
-------
72
73-5027
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STBAUB. Landfill. In
Handbook of environmental control, v. 2. Solid
waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 359-
394.
This paper presents data, graphs, and illustra-
tions on landfills. The topics covered follow: year
of life left in landfills in 1966; sanitary landfill
requirements; estimation of necessary landfill
capacity; classification of disposal sites; nature
of wastes acceptable for disposal; incineration
and sanitary landfill volume reduction relation-
ships; density of landfill cells; rules for construc-
tion on filled sites; operating costs of disposal by
sanitary landfill; equipment required for landfill;
cost of equipment operation; landfill site person-
nel; composition of gases produced from landfill
refuse under various conditions; landfill and
microorganisms; gases associated with landfills
in water; materials leached from refuse and ash;
leaching study of simulated landfills; and a sum-
mary of data on 51 sanitary landfills in Califor-
nia. Source material is provided for the data
given. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24280]
73-5028
Ein neuer Muellverdichter fuer Deponien. [New
refuse compressing device for small sanitary
landfills.] U-das technische (1):47, Feb. 1973.
A new refuse compaction device of a total weight
of 12 tons has been developed which can be easi-
ly transported from one sanitary landfill to
another. It is, therefore, especially adapted for
utilization on several different sanitary landfills.
Rammer foot rolls provide for the shredding and
compressing of the refuse while a charging
device can be used for distribution and grading
of the refuse. As this compressing device can be
transported without official authorization it is
especially recommended for communities which
have several sanitary landfills.
[24281]
73-5029
Sanitary landfills: the latest thinking. Civil En-
gineering-ASCE, 43(3):69-71, Mar. 1973.
An important result from the 1972 Engineering
Foundation was that a documenting by research,
field observations, hydrogeologists, engineers,
and operators of sanitary landfills that leachate
is not a significant problems in sanitary landfill
management either in the United States or in
Western Europe. There have been a few cases
where leachate problems have occurred but the
fault lay in the lack of engineer design. Soil is an
excellent stabilizer of leached material, and con-
touring the bottom of the site and installing
leachate collection devices minimize leachate
problems. It is emphasized that concern must be
given to handling methane gas generated in the
sanitary landfills and to the milling of refuse be-
fore placing in the earth. A good public relations
campaign aimed at regional public acceptance to
new sanitary landfill sites and the concern re-
garding the handling of toxic and hazardous
materials are also discussed in this article.
[24282]
73-5030
YAGOME, K., H. FUTAMI, AND S. DOBASHI. Gomi
umetatechi chosa ni okeru kosatsu. [Remarks on
the sanitary landfill survey.] In Proceedings;
16th National Environmental Sanitation Meet-
ing, Niigata, Oct. 19-20, 1972. [Tokyo], Japan
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Environmental
Sanitation Center, p. 49-51.
A survey on sanitary, landfill was conducted by
the Japan Environmental Sanitation Center.
Samples of wastes used for land reclamation
were collected by pit (power shovel) method and
boring method. The former was adopted for
layers less than 3 m, the latter for deeper than a
5 m layer, collecting over 30 kg, or at least 10 kg
samples. The result of four surveys showed that
although there was no significant difference
seen by the depth of layer, there were dif-
ferences according to the conditions of landfill.
Kitchen garbage is completely broken down
after 1 to 2 years. However, if it is wrapped in
plastic bags, it remains just as it was undecom-
posed even after 5 to 6 years, clearly recogniza-
ble as kitchen garbage. The liquid seeping out of
reclaimed layers and gases issuing from them
were studied also. The analysis of these samples
is influenced greatly by the sample taking
method, handling of earth and sand adhered to
-------
78
the samples, and method of distinguishing such
earth and sand. Much more research must be
done on what happens to the landfilled wastes, to
see what changes occur, depending upon the
years, depth of layers, and utilization of such
reclaimed land, as not much has been done in
these areas, considering that 34 percent of
wastes in Japan is dealt with by landfill. (This
document is retained in the 8WIRS library.)
(Text in Japanese)
[24283]
SEPARATION
73-5031
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUS. Size reduction,
separation, and compaction. In Handbook of en-
vironmental control, v. 2. Solid waste. Cleveland,
Ohio, CRC Press, 1973. p. 302-319.
This paper presents data and graphs on size
reduction, separation, and compaction of waste.
The topics covered follow: solid waste size reduc-
tion equipment (hammermills, drum pulverizers,
wet pulpers, rasp mill, shredders); effects of new
equipment and potential applications to mu-
nicipal solid waste; summary of compatibility of
size reduction output, particle-size capabilities,
and separation process particle-size require-
ments; summary of experimental runs milling
combined refuse; adjusted cost per ton versus
grate size; guide for estimating commercial
grinder capacity in kitchen uses; properties of
heavy organic liquids used in heavy media
separation; and nominal particle size capacilities
for size reduction and separation processes.
Source material is provided for the data given.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24284]
73-5032
Dispositif de traitement de dechets et de recu-
peration de fibres. [Apparatus for the treatment
and recovery of fiber wastes.] French Patent
2,080,786 owned by Black Clawson Co., Inc. Is-
sued Nov. 11,1971.
Process for the recovery of fibrous materials
from domestic refuse containing paper and other
fibrous materials, nonfibrous organic, and inor-
ganic materials, is described. Fragile com-
ponents are comminuted to particles with sizes
below a definite value by hydraulic and mechani-
cal forces in a vat into which a mixture of the
domestic waste with water is admitted. The inor-
ganic component of the resulting sludge is quan-
titatively separated by centrifugation. Non-
fibrous organic materials are dissolved by the
addition of a chemical agent, and fiber is
recovered by successive straining after which
the fibrous material is deinked and sterilized.
(Text in French)
[24285]
73-5033
ElSENEGGER, E. B., AND H. P. HEPERMEHL.
Procede pour le sechage de dechets a forte
teneur en humidite provenant d'etres vivants.
[Moisture extraction from high-moisture human
and animal wastes.] French Patent 2,083,952
owned by Gebruder Buhler AG and H. P. Hefer-
mehl S. A. Issued Dec. 17,1971.
Procedure for the dehydration of human and
animal sewage with an initial moisture content of
80 to 90 percent is described. The procedure is
suitable for dewatering and drying material
mechanically separated from liquid manure and
slaughterhouse waste effluents following
mechanical separation of solids. The waste water
is fed into a continuously operating extraction
press to reduce the water content to 40 to 50 per-
cent. The waste is subsequently fed by conveyor
belt to a hot air dryer operating with closed cir-
cuit air flow with a minimum temperature of 150
C, periodically replenished with fresh air to
remove further moisture down to 8 to 20 per-
cent, preferably to 15 percent. The inner surface
of the dryer walls is scraped to remove adherent
sewage particulates. The process is continuous
with no time lapse between each stage. (Text in
French)
[24286]
73-5034
Perfectionnements apportes au fonctionnement
d'un separateur centrifuge. [Improvements on a
centrifuge.] French Patent 2,090,449 owned by
Alfa-Laval AB. Issued Jan. 14,1972.
-------
74
A sludge centrifuge equipped with adequate con-
trol mechanism for the gradual, partial, or total
removal of sludge and liquid from the centrifuge
during operation is described. The centrifuge is
provided with several openings in the periphery
of the rotor which can be opened and closed dur-
ing operation. Sludge and liquid can be removed
from the centrifuge through these openings
while the centrifuge is in motion provided the
rotor imbalance is kept below a certain limit.
Sludge removal is instantaneously stopped by a
control device as soon as rotor imbalance ex-
ceeds a certain limit. Liquid fed into the cen-
trifuge is shut off prior to sludge removal. (Text
in French)
[24287]
73-5035
Precede et appareil pour degazer les liquides.
[Process and apparatus for deaeration.] French
Patent 2,091,248 owned by Autometrics Co. Is-
sued Jan. 14,1972.
Process and apparatus for the extraction of gas
from inorganic suspensions and from liquids in
general are described. The apparatus is com-
posed of a tank, and another chamber with round
cross section and with one inlet and outlets for
the liquid and the gas. The latter chamber,
located inside the tank, is rotated around the
vertical axis of the latter. The inlet of the tank
communicates with the interior of the tank at a
height below the normal liquid level in the tank.
A vacuum system communicates with the
chamber gas outlet for evacuating the gas and
for maintaining reduced pressure inside the
chamber. The removal of gases from the liquid is
due to centrifugal forces. (Text in French)
[24288]
73-5036
VON DER CRONE, G., AND H. FRICKE. Raffinage
de mitraille. [Refining scrap metal.] French
Patent 2,090,120 owned by Vereinigte Deutsche
Metallwerke Aktiengesellschaft. Issued Jan. 14,
1972.
Process for the recovery of high-melting alloy
scrap, especially of copper and nickel, which are
contaminated with weld metal such as lead, tin,
and zinc, is described. The scrap is heated in
vacuum furnace at a temperature sufficient for
the melting and evaporation of the low-melting
impurities, but not for the melting and evapora-
tion of the scrap proper. After the oxidized im-
purities are eliminated, the scrap is made molten
immediately, without intermediary cooling.
(Text in French)
[24289]
SLUDGE
73-5037
AINSWORTH, G. Sludge treatment-the current
trends. Process Biochemistry, 8(1):11-14, Jan.
1973.
The treatment of sewage and related organic in-
dustrial effluents consists of the separation of
solids from water and the conversion of dis-
solved and colloidal substances to a biological
sludge. Air flotation, electrolytic flotation, or
disc centrifuging can improve thickening (a
sludge dewatering process) which functions
more efficiently at high solids concentrations.
Other engineering techniques, including thermal
and chemical conditioning, assist in dewatering.
These two processes use belt-press filters, pres-
sure filters, rotary vacuum filters, and cen-
trifuges to dewater sludge. A recently published
report of a government sponsored committee in-
dicated that with proper controls, sludge
disposal in deep water in one particular area was
unlikely to cause unacceptable changes in the en-
vironment. To meet the problem of sludge han-
dling the community must realize that the
processes adopted by man for the treatment and
the disposal of wastes will affect the environ-
ment. The community must also be prepared to
pay the cost of recycling suitable organic wastes;
otherwise, sludge treatment and disposal
methods will increasingly be directed to destruc-
tion and/or dumping. There is a table which sum-
marizes the methods of sludge treatment and
disposal currently available.
[24290]
73-5038
Appareil servant a melanger un gaz avec un
liquide. [A device for mixing a gas with a liquid.]
French Patent 2,083,109 owned by Sanitary
Disposal Systems, Inc. Issued Dec. 10,1971.
-------
75
Apparatus for mixing gas and liquid such as used
in waste water treatment plants for aeration is
described. The mixer consists of a vessel with a
single continuous wall extending upwards from
its bottom to above the liquid level in the vessel
for dividing the liquid into an inner and an outer
mass, an inlet for the liquid, and a gas inlet
placed so that the gas (oxygen) is introduced into
the inner liquid mass near the lower end of the
wall in order to cause liquid circulation in the
inner liquid. The circulating liquid moves from
the bottom to the top in a first cycle, and from
the top to the bottom in a second cycle. The con-
tinuous wall dividing the liquid into an inner and
an outer mass tapers off conically from the bot-
tom to the top of the vessel. (Text in French)
[24291]
73-5039
BOND, R. G., AND C. P. STRAUB. Wet-air oxida-
tion. In Handbook of environmental control, v.
2. Solid waste. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1973.
p. 537-543.
This paper presents flow diagrams, graphs, and
data on wet-air oxidation. The topics covered in-
clude the following: typical continuous system
for liquid wastes (flow diagram); time-tempera-
ture effect on the degree of oxidation; oxidation
curves of five aqueous fuels; summary of typical
operating conditions for several sludge oxidation
plants; equipment for wet oxidation process;
U.S. wet-air oxidation installation, 1970; and typ-
ical characteristics of primary activated sewage
sludge. Source material is provided for the data
presented. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24292]
73-5040
KARNOVSKY, F. Die Beseitigung des Rechen-
gutes im Klaerwerk Muenchen-Grosslappen.
[Removal of material retained on screens of the
sewage treatment plant at Muenchen-Grosslap-
pen. Abwassertechnik, 23(Special Issue
IFAT):27-29,1972.
It has been decided at Munich that the material
which is collected on screens of the sewage treat-
ment plant should be burnt together with
domestic refuse in the incineration plant. For
this purpose it is necessary to dewater the
material to 50 or 60 percent water content. This
is effected by means of three presses having a
throughput of 2 to 225 cu m at a water content of
85 to 95 percent. The presses consist of a low and
a high pressure bucket in which the pressure
piston moves. The device is completed by a post
dewatering chamber. From a feeding inlet the
material to be dewatered falls into the low pres-
sure bucket. At a pressure at 40 atmospheres the
refuse is pre-dewatered and then fed into the
high pressure bucket where the pressure can be
raised to 200 atmospheres for about 30 seconds.
In the post dewatering chamber five to six
charges are compressed together so that an op-
timum dewatering effect is obtained. (Text in
German)
[24293]
73-5041
Ko, S. C., AND L. DUCKSTEIN. Cost-effective-
ness analysis of wastewater reuses. Journal of
the Sanitary Engineering Division—ASCE,
98(SA 6):869-881, Dec. 1972.
This paper applies a cost-effectiveness approach
in order to compare alternative schemes for
reusing treated sewage effluents. This approach
was used to help solve the problems of finding al-
ternate wastewater reuse schemes for Tucson,
Arizona, and cities with similar problems. Com-
puters were not used in this study because it was
relatively simple. The step by step approach for
cost-effectiveness studies is discussed in detail
and seven advantages of this approach are out-
lined..
[24294]
73-5042
LESCHBER, R. Klaerschlammbehandlung und -
beseitiqung. [Sewage sludge treatment and
removal.] Schriftenreihe des Vereins fuer
Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthgiene, (38):185-193,
1972.
Sewage sludge can be treated by four different
methods. The stabilization method is based on
the aeration of sludge and the decomposition of
the organic substances by aerobic microorgan-
isms. After a period of about 10 days no bad odor
emissions can be noticed. Sludge conditioning is
-------
76
affected by adding flocculation and filter agents
like iron and aluminum salts, ash, or organic
polymers. As the sludge contains about 90 per-
cent water, a volume reduction of the sludge is a
prerequisite to reduce transportation costs. The
first step to reach this purpose is the thickening
of the sludge by means of flotation or graviation
thickening. After thickening the sludge is de-
watered and dried either by natural processes
like drying in lagoons or sludge deposit sites, or
by artificial methods like filters, centrifuges, and
drying devices. In order to destroy parasites and
pathogen germs, the sludge is submitted to disin-
fection methods like composting or thermal dry-
ing processes. After treating the sludge in the
described manner it can either be deposited
together with refuse or incinerated after de-
watering. Another economic method to dispose
of sludge is its utilization as a soil improving
agent in agriculture. (Text in German)
[24295]
73-5043
Mit Strahlen gegen Klaerschlamm. [Rays
against sewage sludge.] U—das technische Um-
weltmagazin, (1):48, Feb. 1973.
In the Federal Republic of Germany the sewage
sludge quantity to be disposed of annually will
amount to 38 million cu m by 1985. This requires
investment costs of more than five hundred mil-
lion deutsche marks. Pasteurized sludge could be
used as fertilizer for agricultural purposes. A
new method to sterilize sludge has been
developed by Siberian scientists. By means of a
new type of electron accelerator whose dimen-
sions are smaller but whose capacity is higher
than that of the common accelerators which are
used in food industry, about 10 cu m of sewage
sludge can be sterilized per hr. Pasteurization by
means of the Soviet method will cost about 2 to 4
deutsche marks per cu m, while the disposal of
sludge by means of incineration or thermal
sterilization costs from 10 to 70 deutsche marks
per cu m. (Text in German)
[24296]
73-5044
PLOOS VAN AMSTEL, J. J. A. Slibverwerking
door oxydatie bij hoge temperatuur en druk. I.
Achtergronden en mogelijkheden van het hoge-
druk Zimmerman-precede. [Sludge treatment by
high temperature oxidation under pressure. I.
Background of and possibilities for the high-
pressure Zimmerman process.] Delngenieur,
84(47):G31-G36, Nov. 24,1972.
The high-pressure Zimmerman sewage sludge
treatment method, and related model experi-
ments aiming at improving the above process,
are described. The Zimmermann process is a
method of sewage sludge treatment by which
the sludge is oxidized in a liquid water phase in
the presence of air at temperatures of 220 to 300
C and pressures of 60 to 125 atmospheres. The
largest sludge treatment facility adopting the
Zimmerman process is in Chicago. It is composed
of 20 m high reactors, and has a capacity of 200
tons of dry matter daily. The residence time of
the sludge in the reactor is 45 minutes. Partial
heat and pressure recovery is applied. Efficiency
is about 80 percent. Model experiments with
small-size reactors revealed the possibility of
developing much smaller reactors than those
currently applied in practice, primarily through
the application of counterflow, and increasing
oxygen excess coefficients up to 30 percent.
Decrease in the necessary residence time and
the oxygen excess coefficient was established.
(Text in Dutch)
[24297]
73-5045
Procede et appareillage pour le traitement des
boues. [Process and equipment for sludge treat-
ment.] French Patent 2,078,673 owned by Kurita
Water Industries, Tokyo, Japan. Issued Oct. 5,
1971.
Process and equipment for treatment of sewage
and industrial waste water sludge is described.
The sludge is treated with anionic or cationic or-
ganic coagulants such as water-soluble polymers
containing amino, imino, and quaternary am-
monium radicals, polyvinyl pyridine salts,
polyethylene imine, polycondensates of amine-
epichlorhydrine, or aniline-formaldehyde, vinyl
benzylammonium compounds, groudron, pitch,
polymers and copolymers of acrylonitrile and
acrylamide, or substances obtained from the par-
tial hydrolysis of water-soluble polymers and
copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acids. The
-------
77
sludge thus treated is rapidly dewatered by dis-
tribution on a filter material composed of fine
sand and powdered carbon and charcoal with a
particle size range of 0.1 to 10 mm. Within 40
minutes after being distributed on the filter
material, the sludge is removed together with
the surface layer fo the filter material. The de-
watered sludge and the layer of filter medium
removed can be incinerated. (Text in French)
[24298]
73-5046
Precede pour reduire la teneur en phosphore
d'une boue. [Process for the reduction of the
phosphorus content of sludge.] Swiss Patent
511,771 owned by FMC Corporation, San Jose,
California. Issued Oct. 15,1971.
Process for the reduction of the phosphorus con-
tent in an activated sludge to be recycled in a
waste water treatment plant is described. The
watery suspension of the recovered sludge con-
centrate is mixed with an acid to adjust the pH
value between 4 and 6.5, in such a manner that
the phosphorus compounds associated with solid
particles in the suspension are rendered water-
soluble. The acidified aqueous suspension is
separated into an aqueous fraction with reduced
suspended matter content and increased
suspended matter content. The latter sludge
suspension is mixed with at least equal volume of
an aqueous medium with reduced phosphorus
content. An effluent with reduced solid content
and of a volume at least equal to that of the aque-
ous medium having been added for dilution is
separated from the diluted sludge concentrate,
while the remaining sludge concentrate, ready
for recycling for waste water treatment, con-
tains less than 25 percent of phosphates relative
to the suspended matter content. (Text in
French)
[24299]
73-5047
Reisiger Staubsauger zur Seereinigung.
[Enormous vacuum cleaner for lake purifica-
tion.] Die Technik, 28(4):271, Apr. 1973.
A new method to clean polluted lakes and rivers
has been developed in Sweden. A suction dredge
which works like a vacuum cleaner pumps sludge
and sedimentation substances into dammed
parts of the lake from where the water flows
back into the lake through cleaning equipment
which eliminates the phosphate. From a heavily
polluted lake in Sweden of a total surface area of
700,000 sq m, more than 450,000 cu m of sludge
have been removed. If the sludge does not con-
tain mercury or other toxic substances, it can be
used as soil improving agent. (Text in German)
[24300]
73-5048
STRAUCH, D. Hygienische Gesichtspunkte der
klaerschlammbehandlung. [Hygienic problems of
sewage sludge treatment.] Staedtehygiene, (1):3-
8, Jan. 1973.
Despite their pretreatments, sludgesO including
fresh sludge, anaerobically or aerobically stabil-
ized sludge in liquid, dewatered, or naturally
dried form, and chemically conditioned sludge-
still contain pathogenic microorganisms. There-
fore, such sludges have to be disinfected before
they are used in agriculture, horticulture, or
forestry. There are various methods to un-
dertake a reliable sterilization. Good results have
been obtained in Sweden by adding caustic lime
to the sewage sludge which raises the tempera-
ture up to 70 C which guarantees a disinfection
of the sludge. Also the application of the usual
composting methods leads to a reliable disinfec-
tion of sludge. Drying of the sludge in rotary fur-
naces is not sufficient to destroy all pathogenic
germs, an aim which however is achieved by ap-
plying a pasteurizing method. The sludge is
heated up to 70 C and then kept for 30 minutes at
this temperature, so that at the end of this
period even pathogenic gut germs are destroyed.
Recently tests conducted in Switzerland with
gamma rays showed that sterilization can be ob-
tained by applying a ray dose of 300 kilorads.
(Text in German)
[24301]
73-5049
Surfacing helps centrifuges fight pollution.
Welding Journal, 51(ll):782-783, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses the Sanitation Districts of
Los Angeles County's waste utilization program.
As part of its water pollution control efforts, the
-------
78
organic solids removed in its system are con-
verted into fertilizer. The equipment and process
used are described in detail. Countless gallons of
effluent pour into the ocean waters off the
Southern California coast daily. The fact that
there are few problems with water pollution and
dirty beaches can be ascribed to the removal of
large solids by the centrifuges described herein,
and to the surfacing process which keeps them
operating at full efficiency.
[24302]
STREET CLEANING
73-5050
LEIBFRIED, T. Kleinkehrmaschinen. [Small
sweeping machines.] Staedtehygiene, 24(4):100-
101, Apr. 1973.
A new sweeping machine which is especially
maneuverable has been developed for cleaning
streets and squares. The rubbish from the
streets is thrown into a refuse container by
means of a centrifugal roll provided with
brooms. A disc broom on a swivel arm serves the
purpose of cleaning house walls and chutes. The
swivel arm with disc broom as well as the sweep
roll are operated by means of separate motors
while the motor of the vehicle itself is mounted
behind the driver in the highest position of the
vehicles so that the combustion and cooling air
for the motor is free of dust. The refuse con-
tainer has a net load of 1 cu m and is closed by
means of a simple cover on top. Emptying of the
container is effected by means of tipping.
Replacement of the ten sweeps can be done
within 10 minutes. (Text in German)
[24303]
TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS
73-5051
SUTTON, G. F. Regional planning decisions:
population distribution and citizen participation.
In Proceedings; Regionalized Solid Waste
Management Conference, Newton, Mas-
sachusetts, June 1-2, 1972. University of Mas-
sachusetts at Amherst, and Massachusetts De-
partment of Community Affairs, p. 80-86.
This paper discusses the social context of re-
gionalization of solid waste management. The
points which are covered include: the urbaniza-
tion of the population of the West; urban institu-
tions having penetrated all geographic areas of
the land; the expanding Federal role which com-
prises intervention at the local level; and the par-
ticipation of citizens whose interests are affected
by Federal programs. It is concluded that more
effort is required at both the Federal and the
State levels of government in systematic social
planning to deal with the problems of re-
gionalization. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24304]
TRANSPORT
73-5052
Aktuelle Seite. [Refuse transportation.] Staed-
tehygiene, 23(12):VII, Dec. 1972.
A new method to transport refuse into a refuse
treatment plant without using bins as storing
places has been developed by Messrs Mayfran. A
big hall which is open at its long side serves as
the collection place, where the collection trucks
empty the refuse quantities. The refuse is con-
tinuously fed onto a Mayfran line which is as-
sembled in the bottom of the hall and which for
the first ten m runs horizontally so that this
whole length can be utilized for charging the line
with refuse. Afterwards the line inclines by 40
degrees to the required height. From there the
refuse goes to the incineration plant. If the in-
cineration plant is completely charged the line
stops and serves as storing bin for as short time.
The capacity of this Mayfran line is laid out for
50 cu m per hr. (Text in German)
[24305]
-------
79
SUBJECT INDEX
accident
see petrochemicals
agricultural wastes
see also animals, manure, food processing
crop residue, 73-4754, 73-4932
treatment, 73-4755
utilization, 73-4755, 73-4762, 73-4932, 73-4933, 73-5009
air pollution
analysis of pollutants, 73-4893
control equipment, 73-4851
incinerator, 73-4803, 73-4851
industry, 73-4851
smoke control, 73-4851
algae
see microorganisms
analysis, 73-4754, 73-4758, 73-4760, 73-4761, 73-4762
73-4763, 73-4764, 73-4768, 73-4786, 73-4832
73-4975
animals
see a/so manure
73-5009
vector, 73-4756
automobiles
costs, 73-4765
disposal, 73-4982
quantity, 73-4959
transport, 73-5009
utilization, 73-4765, 73-4959, 73-4982, 73-5012
automotive industry
see also automobiles
utilization, 73-5009
bacteria
see microorganisms
bulky wastes
collection, 73-4766
chemicals
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4837, 73-5010
processing, 73-4844, 73-4989
utilization, 73-4837, 73-4942, 73-4951, 73-4954
73-4989, 73-5002, 73-5010
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-4951
collection of wastes
see also containers
73-4766, 73-4781, 73-4784, 73-4905
chute systems, 73-4771
costs, 73-4767, 73-4772, 73-4773, 73-4774
equipment, 73-4774
laws concerning, 73-4773
municipalities, 73-4767, 73-4768, 73-4771, 73-4773
73-4775, 73-4873, 73-4880
pneumatic, 73-4771
compaction, 73-4769, 73-4780
equipment, 73-4771, 73-4899, 73-4900, 73-5030, 73-5033
composting, 73-5028
equipment, 73-4776, 73-4781
installations, 73-4776
methods, 73-4776, 73-4777
sludge, 73-5050
computer
see management and planning
construction
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-4960
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-5003
containers, 73-4775, 73-4892, 73-4983
dairy industry, 73-4755
demolition wastes
see construction
disposal of wastes
see also individual methods
73-4781
agricultural, 73-4756, 73-4758, 73-4759, 73-4842, 73-4932
commercial, 73-4759, 73-4763, 73-4819
costs, 73-4759
health aspects, 73-4758, 73-4779, 73-4783, 73-4886
industrial, 73-4758, 73-4759, 73-4763, 73-4819, 73-4832
73-4843, 73-4872, 73-4886, 73-4960, 73-4997
institutional, 73-4758, 73-4763
laws concerning, 73-4759, 73-4840, 73-4863, 73-4866
methods, 73-4759, 73-4779, 73-4783, 73-4842, 73-4843
73-5044
municipal, 73-4758, 73-4759, 73-4760, 73-4763, 73-4800
73-4819, 73-4840, 73-4872, 73-4873, 73-4874
73-4878
research, 73-4783, 73-4840, 73-4842, 73-4872, 73-4874
73-4878, 73-4886
drugs
see pharmaceutical
dumps
health aspects, 73-4887
laws concerning, 73-4887
economics, 73-4792, 73-4899
costs, 73-4772, 73-4773, 73-4784, 73-4785, 73-4787
73-4805, 73-4884, 73-4904, 73-4905, 73-4920
73-4921, 73-4924, 73-4925, 73-4926, 73-4933
73-4960, 73-4978, 73-5010, 73-5012
markets, 73-4784, 73-4785, 73-4786, 73-4788, 73-4790
73-4876, 73-4879, 73-4883, 73-4905, 73-4908
73-4916, 73-4920, 73-4922, 73-4925, 73-4926
73-4933, 73-4975, 73-4978, 73-5012
taxes, 73-4772, 73-4773, 73-4787, 73-4789, 73-4910
73-4924
education
of the public, 73-4916
professional, 73-4872, 73-4874, 73-4916
energy, 73-5009
environmental protection, 73-4779, 73-4783, 73-4787, 73-4840
73-4864, 73-4867, 73-4869, 73-4870, 73-4872
73-4874, 73-4875, 73-4877, 73-4878, 73-4882
-------
80
73-4999, 73-5025, 73-5053
equipment, 73-4781
collection, 73-4767
compaction, 73-4900, 73-5033
reclamation, 73-4894, 73-4895, 73-4896, 73-4901, 73-4902
73-4903, 73-4973, 73-4980, 73-4981, 73-4997
73-5014, 73-5016, 73-5034
separators, 73-4894, 73-4895, 73-4896, 73-4898, 73-4902
73-4903, 73-4915, 73-4973, 73-4981, 73-5014
73-5033, 73-5034, 73-5035
shredding, 73-4846, 73-4866, 73-4901
wastewater treatment, 73-5035, 73-5040, 73-5049
fertilizer
see also compost, hazardous
derived from waste products, 73-4777, 73-5051
fly ash
analysis, 73-4841
disposal, 73-4838, 73-4906
mine stabilization, 73-4841
soil conditioner, 73-4841
utilization, 73-4906, 73-4930
aggregate, 73-4841, 73-4966, 73-4996, 73-5017
food processing wastes
see also specific methods
brewery, 73-5027
dairy, 73-4969
fungi
see microorganisms
garbage grinding, 73-4866
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-5024
utilization, 73-4988
hazardous wastes
see also radioactive wastes
73-4847
disposal, 73-4791, 73-4884, 73-4940
health and safety, 73-4792, 73-4885
heat recovery
see incineration
hospitals
collection, 73-4852, 73-4855, 73-4856, 73-4857, 73-4858
73-4861
disposable items, 73-4853, 73-4855, 73-4856, 73-4861
disposal of wastes, 73-4852, 73-4853, 73-4854, 73-4855
73-4856, 73-4857, 73-4859, 73-4860, 73-4861
health aspects, 73-4853, 73-4854, 73-4855, 73-4856
73-4858
incineration, 73-4852, 73-4856, 73-4860
incineration
see also specific wastes
73-4780, 73-4799, 73-4815, 73-4934
air pollution control, 73-4805, 73-4811, 73-4813, 73-4820
73-4822, 73-4826, 73-4827
combined with reclamation, 73-4880
commercial wastes, 73-4819, 73-4820, 73-4822, 73-4825
73-4826, 73-4830
costs, 73-4793, 73-4795, 73-4797, 73-4798, 73-4805
73-4813, 73-4820, 73-4825
design of plant, 73-4795, 73-4800, 73-4801, 73-4802
73-4803, 73-4805, 73-4813, 73-4816, 73-4817
73-4825, 73-4826, 73-4827, 73-4828, 73-4829
emissions, 73-4798, 73-4811, 73-4812, 73-4813
equipment, 73-4793, 73-4795, 73-4796, 73-4800, 73-4803
73-4804, 73-4805, 73-4813, 73-4819, 73-4820
73-4821, 73-4825, 73-4827, 73-4828, 73-4829
73-4830
industrial wastes, 73-4793, 73-4802, 73-4803, 73-4810
73-4813, 73-4819, 73-4820, 73-4822, 73-4823
73-4825, 73-4826, 73-4829
institutional wastes, 73-4819, 73-4825
laws concerning, 73-4796, 73-4813
management, 73-4796
municipal wastes, 73-4793, 73-4795, 73-4797, 73-4800
73-4806, 73-4808, 73-4809, 73-4819, 73-4825
73-4826, 73-4880
on-site, 73-4800, 73-4802, 73-4805, 73-4809, 73-4813
73-4820, 73-4827, 73-4828, 73-4829, 73-4830
73-4951
operation of plant, 73-4802, 73-4803, 73-4806, 73-4810
73-4811, 73-4813, 73-4814, 73-4820, 73-4827
73-4828
problems, 73-4800, 73-4807, 73-4825
waste heat utilization, 73-4797, 73-4801, 73-4802, 73-4806
73-4807, 73-4808, 73-4810, 73-4812, 73-4818
73-4822, 73-4826, 73-4830
incinerator
fluidized bed, 73-4802, 73-4805, 73-4821, 73-4824
rotary kiln, 73-4805, 73-4825, 73-4827
sludge, 73-4799, 73-4821, 73-4825
special purpose, 73-4814, 73-4829
industrial wastes
see also specific industry, specific treatment methods
73-4837, 73-4838, 73-4889
analysis, 73-4757, 73-4832, 73-4833
centralized disposal plant, 73-4791, 73-4803
combined with municipal wastes, 73-4831
costs, 73-4757, 73-4831, 73-4833
laws concerning, 73-4833
utilization, 73-4831, 73-4843, 73-4968, 73-4971, 73-4985
73-4991, 73-5002, 73-5020
land reclamation
see also mines, sanitary landfill
73-4835, 73-4962, 73-4995
laws, 73-4792
collection of wastes, 73-4772, 73-4773, 73-4778, 73-4789
73-4868,73-5011
disposal of wastes, 73-4772, 73-4773, 73-4778, 73-4787
73-4840, 73-4852, 73-4856, 73-4859, 73-4862
73-4863, 73-4864, 73-4866, 73-4867, 73-4868
73-4870, 73-4871, 73-4877, 73-4882, 73-4910
73-4916, 73-4924, 73-5011
enforcement, 73-4865, 73-4869, 73-5011
federal, 73-4847, 73-4859, 73-4863, 73-4865, 73-4870
73-4871, 73-4877, 73-4882, 73-4910, 73-4916
73-4924, 73-5053
international, 73-4867
municipality, 73-4772, 73-4773, 73-4787
state, 73-4787, 73-4862, 73-4865, 73-4866, 73-4868
73-4877, 73-5053
leachate
see also sanitary landfill, water pollution
73-5032
-------
81
lumber, 73-4970
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-4953, 73-5001, 73-5009, 73-5026
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-4987, 73-5001, 73-5022, 73-5023
management and planning, 73-4780, 73-4789, 73-4876, 73-4879
73-5028
municipal, 73-4778, 73-4880
regional, 73-4778, 73-4787, 73-4840, 73-4875, 73-4881
state, 73-4840
techniques, 73-4939
manure
cattle, 73-4754
health aspects, 73-4756
poultry, 73-4754
sheep, 73-4754
swine, 73-4754
treatment methods, 73-4755, 73-4756, 73-5035
utilization, 73-4755, 73-5009
markets
see economics
metal, ferrous, 73-4967, 73-4990, 73-4992
economics, 73-4978, 73-4999, 73-5000, 73-5004, 73-5005
73-5007, 73-5013
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4949
processing, 73-4949, 73-4979
utilization, 73-4765, 73-4790, 73-4846, 73-4848
73-4849, 73-4913, 73-4935, 73-4952, 73-4959
73-4976, 73-4978, 73-4979, 73-4984, 73-4986
73-4997, 73-4999, 73-5000, 73-5004, 73-5005
73-5006, 73-5007, 73-5008, 73-5011, 73-5012
73-5013, 73-5015, 73-5025, 73-5038
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-4949
utilization, 73-4849, 73-4935, 73-4952, 73-5013
73-5038
scrap, 73-4765, 73-4790, 73-4846, 73-4848, 73-4849
73-4907, 73-4935, 73-4939, 73-4945, 73-4949
73-4952, 73-4959, 73-4979, 73-4984, 73-4997
73-4999, 73-5000, 73-5004, 73-5005, 73-5006
73-5007, 73-5008, 73-5012, 73-5013, 73-5025
73-5038
swarf, 73-4976
metal, non-ferrous, 73-4939, 73-4990, 73-4992, 73-5011
73-5038
aluminum, 73-4843, 73-4913, 73-4944, 73-4961, 73-5012
73-5024
copper, 73-4790, 73-4843, 73-4945, 73-4977
lead, 73-4843, 73-4985
nickel, 73-4834, 73-4844
precious metals, 73-5020
tin, 73-4790, 73-4843, 73-4945, 73-5020
zinc, 73-4843, 73-4948
microorganisms, 73-5009
mineral, 73-4974
mines
see also land reclamation
73-4847, 73-4974, 73-4995
mining industry
waste disposal, 73-4836, 73-4847
waste utilization, 73-4904, 73-4939, 73-4974
municipal wastes
see also refuse
disposal, 73-4873
transport, 73-4873
utilization, 73-4818, 73-4873, 73-4972, 73-4981, 73-5009
ocean disposal
see also specific methods
73-4886, 73-4887
commercial, 73-4889
industrial, 73-4884, 73-4885, 73-4889
international control, 73-4863
sludge, 73-4889
oil
see petrochemicals
packaging wastes
see also specific materials
disposal, 73-4892, 73-4893
processing, 73-4775
utilization, 73-4775, 73-5025
paper and pulp, 73-4987
industrial wastes
processing, 73-4774, 73-4775, 73-4785, 73-4839
73-4883, 73-4894, 73-4895, 73-4896, 73-4898
73-4902, 73-4905, 73-4973, 73-4980, 73-5014
utilization, 73-4775, 73-4784, 73-4786, 73-4788
73-4839, 73-4850, 73-4879, 73-4883, 73-4897
73-4905, 73-4953, 73-4968
newspaper, 73-4897, 73-4901, 73-4908, 73-4953, 73-4975
73-5021
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-4774, 73-4775, 73-4785, 73-4883
73-4894, 73-4895, 73-4896, 73-4898, 73-4901
73-4902, 73-4905, 73-4973, 73-4980, 73-4983
73-5014
utilization, 73-4775, 73-4784, 73-4786, 73-4879
73-4883, 73-4897, 73-4901, 73-4905, 73-4908
73-4943, 73-4953, 73-4956, 73-4965, 73-4968
73-4975, 73-4983, 73-5021
pathogenic wastes
see hazardous wastes
personnel, 73-4847
pesticides
see hazardous wastes
petrochemicals, 73-4845
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-4946
planning
see management and planning
plastics
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4822, 73-4829, 73-4903, 73-4917, 73-4918
73-4919, 73-4922, 73-4927, 73-4929
processing, 73-4822, 73-4894, 73-4898, 73-4902
73-4909, 73-4912, 73-4914, 73-4917, 73-4922
73-4923, 73-4925, 73-4926, 73-4927, 73-4928
utilization, 73-4822, 73-4909, 73-4910, 73-4911
73-4912, 73-4913, 73-4914, 73-4915, 73-4916
73-4917, 73-4918, 73-4919, 73-4920, 73-4921
73-4922, 73-4923, 73-4924, 73-4925, 73-4926
73-4928, 73-4929, 73-4931, 73-4953, 73-4958
73-4964, 73-4994, 73-5018
-------
82
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-4782, 73-4811, 73-4891, 73-4893, 73-4903
73-4929
processing, 73-4894, 734898, 73-4902
utilization, 734913, 734921, 734924, 73-4929
734958, 734964, 734994, 73-5022, 73-5024
public relations
see education
pyrolysis
see also incineration
734794, 734798, 734807, 73-4815, 73-4822
734826
radioactive wastes, 734884, 734889
reclamation
see salvage and reclamation
recreational areas
see land reclamation
refuse
see also specific types
734781, 734814, 734815, 734950, 73-5028
composition, 734893
quantity, 73-4818, 734881, 73-4893
research
see specific topics, grant
734847
rubber
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4829
utilization, 734998
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-4955
utilization, 734794, 734947, 734957, 73-4998
73-5019
tires, 734829, 73-4947, 73-4955, 73-4957, 734998
73-5019
safety
see health and safety
salvage and reclamation
see also specific wastes
734784, 73-4785, 734786, 73-4788, 734837
734843, 734849, 734879, 734883, 734897
734901, 734903, 734905, 734906, 73-4907
734908, 734930, 734931, 73-4934, 73-4937
73-4938, 73-4939, 734940, 734942, 734943
734944, 73-4945, 734946, 734947, 734948
734949, 73-4950, 734951, 73-4952, 73-4954
734956, 73-4958, 73-4961, 734962, 734963
73-4964, 73-4965, 734967, 734969, 73-4970
73-4972, 734973, 73-4975, 734977, 734980
73-4982, 734984, 73-4986, 734987, 734988
73-4989, 734990, 734991, 73-4992, 73-4993
73-5001, 73-5003, 73-5009, 73-5011, 73-5019
73-5021, 73-5022, 73-5023, 73-5026, 73-5027
73-5034
sand, 73-5015
sanitary landfills
see also land reclamation, specific wastes
73-4780, 73-4782, 73-5028
costs, 73-5029
decomposition of refuse, 73-5029, 73-5032
design, 73-5031
equipment, 73-5029
management, 73-5031
regulation, 73-4862, 73-5031
water pollution, 73-4862, 73-4870
separation
liquid-solid, 73-5036, 73-5039, 73-5047
mechanical, 73-5034
metal, 73-5038
methods, 73-5034, 73-5037, 73-5047
sewage
see also sludge
analysis, 73-5041
biological treatment, 73-4828, 73-5041
chemical treatment, 734828, 73-4890, 73-5044, 73-5050
health aspects, 73-5044, 73-5050
irradiation treatment, 73-5050
mechanical treatment, 73-4890, 73-5042, 73-5044, 73-5051
slag
see metal, ferrous
slaughterhouse
see food processing wastes
sludge
see also industrial wastes
73-4802, 734809
analysis, 73-5039, 73-5041, 73-5043
biological treatment, 73-5039, 73-5041
chemical treatment, 73-5039, 73-5040, 73-5046, 73-5047
73-5048, 73-5050
costs, 73-5016, 73-5039, 73-5043, 73-5044
disposal, 734828, 73-5039, 73-5044, 73-5047
equipment, 73-5041
health aspects, 73-5050
heat treatment, 734799, 734814, 73-4828, 734890
73-5050
irradiation treatment, 73-5045, 73-5050
mechanical treatment, 73-5016, 73-5035, 73-5036, 73-5042
utilization, 734930, 73-4971, 73-5008, 73-5009, 73-5016
73-5043, 73-5048, 73-5051
snow removal, 73-4936, 734941
storage of wastes
methods, 734775
street cleaning, 73-4781, 73-4880, 73-5052
surveys, 73-4798, 73-4881
systems analysis
see management techniques
textiles
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4820
processing, 73-4820
toxk materials
see hazardous wastes
transfer stations
see also specific wastes
73-4769
transportation of wastes
see also specific wastes
734769
costs, 73-5006
-------
83
pneumatic, 73-4771
railroad, 73-5006
trees
see bulky wastes
vector control
see animals, insects
volume reduction, 73-4769, 73-5030
water pollution, 73-4886, 73-4963
analysis of pollutants, 73-4888
control equipment, 73-4.834, 73-5049
economics, 73-4834
health aspects, 73-4828
industrial wastes, 73-5002
wood
see lumber
73-4987, 73-5001
-------
84
AUTHOR INDEX
Adams, L.M., 73-4904
Affholder, M., 73-4905
Ainsworth, G., 73-5039
Anderson, S.J., 73-4885
Arnaud, J., 73-4908
Avrashkov, L.Y., 73-4961
Babcock, A., 73-4930
Ball, B., 73-4931
Baud, E., 73-4778
Beach, J.S., Jr., 73-4757
Beach, M.I., 73-4757
Beckman, J.A., 73-4794
Bennett, K.W., 73-4978
Berbee, J.G., 73-4970
Berry, R.E., 73-4932
Bissett, O.W., 73-4932
Blum, S.L., 73-4934
Bond, R.G., 73-4754, 73-4755, 73-4758
73-4759, 73-4760, 73-4761, 73-4762
73-4763, 73-4764, 73-4767, 73-4768
73-4776, 73-4793, 73-4795, 73-4796
73-4797, 73-4798, 73-4831, 73-4832
73-4863, 73-4873, 73-4884, 73-4892
73-4935, 73-5029, 73-5033, 73-5041
Bowers, D., 73-4833
Brandt, G.H., 73-4936
Briggs, R.C., 73-4937
Buck, A.D., 73-4938
Burgess, J.V., 73-4799
Caporali, G., 73-4940
Capp, J.P., 73-4904
Carpenter, E.J., 73-4885
Carrier, B., 73-4895
Cech, R.E., 73-4977
Chandler, P.L., 73-4941
Chaussee, P., 73-5014
Church, F.L., 73-4944
Cole, H.A.; 73-4886
Cousins, A.E., 73-4874
Crawford, G., 73-4800
Cross, F.L., Jr., 73-4852, 73-4853
'73-4854, 73-4855, 73-4856, 73-4857
' 73-4858, 73-4859, 73-4860, 73-4861
Crowle, V., 73-4834
Crowle, V.A., 73-5020
Davies, W.E., 73-4835
Devassy, U.P., 73-4888
Dobashi, S., 73-5032
Dotreppe-Grisard, N., 73-4811
Duckstein, L., 73-5043
Dunton, R., 73-4837
Dwivedi, S.N., 73-4888
Eisenegger, E.B., 73-5035
Ewing, R.C., 73-4802, 73-4803
Fabry, F.A.M., 73-4804
Fan, L.T., 73-4953
Feibusch, H., 73-4875
Ferrel, J.F., 73-4805
Ficker, S., 73-4955
Field, A.A., 73-4806
Fife, J.A., 73-4807
Foster, C.H.W., 73-4877
Fourment, P., 73-4782
Fricke, H., 73-5038
Futami, H., 73-5032
Geldof, H., 73-4957
Gillmore, D.W., 73-4904
Grad, F.P., 73-4864
Grant, C., 73-4794
Gratsershtein, I.M., 73-4961
Gropp, R.F., 73-4839
Grossman, L., 73-4982
Gunner, H.B., 73-4840
Gustafson, J.F., 73-4887
Harris, W.B., 73-4962
Harvey, G.R., 73-4885
Haseler, A.E., 73-4808
Hefermehl, H.P., 73-5035
Herod, B.C., 73-4963
Higgins, J., 73-4865
Holmes, R.L.W., 73-4986
Howard, R.D., 73-4787
Hustinx, W., 73-4957
James, R.W., 73-4765, 73-4790
73-4846, 73-4848, 73-4999, 73-5000
73-5004* 73-5005, 73-5006, 73-5007
Jeffers, P.E., 73-4966
Kalina, J.F., 73-4968
Karnovsky, F., 73-5042
Kay, E.L., 73-4794
Kirby, J.J., 73-4878
Knaak, R., 73-4814
Ko, S.C., 73-5043
Korodi, J., 73-4971
Kreplick, R., 73-4840
Kuhl, H., 73-4814
Kumar, S., 73-4969
Laman, J.R., 73-4794
Lamort, P., 73-4896
Laundrie, J.F., 73-4970
Lazar, F., 73-4971
Le Menestrel, B., 73-4897
Leibfried, T., 73-5052
Leschber, R., 73-5044
Lesher, R.L., 73-4972
Litsky, W., 73-4840
Lovell, L.B., 73-4982
Lubto, D.S., 73-4941
Maly, V., 73-4841
Marcovitch, S., 73-4973
Marusinova, S., 73-4974
Massiis, M., 73-4975
Maugh, T.H., 73-4815
Maurer, T., 73-4976
Maybank, J.-C., 73-4879
McFarland, C.M., 73-4977
McKinney, R.E., 73-4842
McLeer, T.J., 73-4765, 73-4790
73-4846, 73-4848, 73-4999, 73-5000
73-5004, 73-5005, 73-5006, 73-5007
McManus, G.J., 73-4978
Meyer, J.C., Jr., 73-4869
Michaelis, H., 73-4843
Migno, M., 73-4788
Miklas, H.P., 73-4885
Montgomery, R.E., 73-4839
Moricet, H., 73-4898
Motts, W.S., 73-4779
Murphy, J.P., 73-4982
Musselmann, W., 73-4980
Nair, S.A., 73-4888
Nawata, H., 73-4867
Neff, N.T., 73-4981
Nemeth, B., 73-4971
Netherton, R.D., 73-4982
Nishi, Y., 73-4891
Noble, G., 73-4852, 73-4853, 73-4854
73-4855, 73-4856, 73-4857, 73-4858
73-4859, 73-4860, 73-4861
Onuscheck, J.W., 73-4986
Oppermann, H., 73-4880
Osborn, E.E., 73-4847
Otto, F., 73-4789, 73-4792
Panton, J.E., 73-4869
Panush, B., 73-4772
Pariel, J.M., 73-4821
Peck, B.B., 73-4885
Ploos van Amstel, J.J.A., 73-5046
Prisco, H.A., 73-4993
Raoux, M., 73-4901
Regan, W.J., 73-4765, 73-4790, 73-4846
73-4848, 73-4999, 73-5000, 73-5004
. 73-5005, 73-5006, 73-5007
Rellage, J.M., 73-4957
Retzloff, D.G., 73-4953
Richter, H.G., 73-4976
Riemann, U., 73-4756
Robic, G., 73-4821
Rougier, J., 73-4771
Ryrberg, G., 73-4902
Savery, C.W., 73-5009
Schaan, J.L., 73-4903
Schley, J.R., 73-5010
Schrieke, O.B., 73-4957
Selvakumar, R.A., 73-4888
Senf, H., 73-4881
Shanley, R.A., 73-4882
Shaw, J.M., 73-5015
Sierig, G., 73-4780
Soucha, A., 73-5017
Speth, S., 73-5018
Spitzer, E.F., 73-4781
Stonka, F., 73-4850
Straub, C.P., 73-4754, 73-4755, 73-4758
73-4759, 73-4760, 73-4761, 73-4762
73-4763, 73-4764, 73-4767, 73-4768
73-4776, 73-4793, 73-4795, 73-4796
73-4797, 73-4798, 73-4831, 73-4832
73-4863, 73-4873, 73-4884, 73-4892
73-4935, 73-5029, 73-5033, 73-5041
Strauch, D., 73-5050
Stribling, J.B., 73-4825, 73-4827
Strumanne, J., 73-4775, 73-4782
Surfleet, B., 73-5020
Sutin, G.L., 73-4783
Sutton, G.F., 73-5053
Tate, R.C., 73-5021
Thillaimuthu, J., 73-5023
Tucker, H.L., 73-4773
-------
85
Van Der Pool, W.O., 73-4953
Von der Crone, G., 73-5038
Whiting, P.-L., 73-4883
Wiedermann, F., 73-4830
Wilson, CM., 73-5014
Wilson, C.W. III, 73-4932
Wysockl, G., 73-5027
Yagome, K., 73-5032
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
June 1973
vol.1 no.6, abstract nos. 73-5054 to 73-5349
contents
Subjects Abstract Numbers
Agricultural waste 73-5054 to 5059
(crop residues, manure, timber slash/other vegetation)
Analysis of solid waste 73-5060 to 5063
(data, methods)
Automobile 73-5064 to 5065
Bulky wastes 73-5066 to 5067
Collection 73-5068 to 5080
Compost/Composting 73-5081 to 5091
Disposal 73-5092 to 5105
Economics 73-5106 to 5116
(disposal costs, financing of facilities, pollution control costs,
marketing information, taxes and incentives)
Hazardous wastes 73-5117 to 5123
Incineration 73-5124 to 5150
Industrial wastes 73-5151 to 5172
Law/Regulations 73-5173 to 5185
Management 73-5186 to 5221
(municipal, regional, rural, State)
Ocean disposal 73-5222
Packaging wastes 73-5223 to 5228
Processing/Reduction 73-5229 to 5239
Recycling 73-5240 to 5313
(incinerator residues, industrial wastes, mining wastes,
municipal refuse, scrap metal)
Research 73-5314 to 5315
Sanitary landfill 73-5316 to 5321
Sludge 73-5322 to 5332
Street cleaning 73-5333 to 5335
Transport 73-5336 to 5349
Subject index
Author index
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
June 1973 vol.1 no.6, abstract nos. 73-5054 to 73-5349
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
73-5054
BATES, D. W. Dairy waste management
systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 56(4):495-
499, Apr. 1973.
Odor control and waste disposal are the two in-
terrelated major problems facing the dairy in-
dustry. There is no practical solution at present
for odor control other than proper manure han-
dling and disposal. Manure handling systems
may range from a gutter cleaner and daily haul-
ing with a manure spreader to extended storage
in concrete tanks under slat floors. Daily hauling
requires less investment but more labor. It is a
practical method for a small farm. Warm or cold
free-stall slat housing requires greater invest-
ment in construction of the barn and ventilation
that must be provided to control odor due to
manure storage. Variations of these two waste
handling systems are discussed by the author.
Waste heat produced in the barn or storage tank
prevents the manure from freezing in cold cli-
mates.
[24306]
73-5055
CROSS, 0. E., A. P. MAZURAK, AND L. CHESIN.
Animal waste utilization for pollution abatement.
Transactions of the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 15(1):160-163, Jan.-Feb.
1973.
The objectives of this research were: 1) to deter-
mine the maximum allowable rate of applying
livestock manure to cultivate crops without sur-
face or underground water pollution; 2) to deter-
mine the magnitude of this pollution; 3) to deter-
mine the changes in the physical and chemical
properties of the soil resulting from high rates of
manure application; and 4) to determine the ef-
fects of very high application of manure on crop
production. In conducting this experiment four
rates of manure per acre were applied, and the
farm was irrigated after the manure was plowed
under. Pollution potential was measured in
terms of nitrate nitrogen, sodium, electrical con-
ductivity, and potassium. The result indicates
that electrical conductivity and potassium levels
were high enough to exclude potable use of the
runoff water, while the underground water was
considered safe for irrigation as well as for pota-
ble use. The physical condition of the soil may
deteriorate if heavy application is done year
after year. Heavy application of manure reduces
crop yield compared to moderate application (e.g.
260 tons per acre decreased yield compared to 40
and 120 tons per acre.)
[24307]
73-5056
DALE, A. C. Solids-liquid separation: an impor-
tant step in the recycling of dairy cow wastes.
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 36(5):289-
295, May 1973.
Use of a solids-liquid separator in the manage-
ment of dairy cattle wastes may reduce labor
requirements, make mechanical handling more
feasible, improve automation, produce solids
with economic value, and produce a liquid that
may be handled by ordinary equipment and
-------
treated to produce potable water and fertilizer.
In aoMaiquid separation of dairy cattle wastes&
macro-colloidal, that is, larger than 5 microns,
and larger solid particles are partially removed
from the liquid portion by screens, sieves, and
compressors. The two products produced are
wet solids and a dilute liquid. The solids contain
about 45 to 80 percent water depending on the
systems used and are stable in nature. The solids
have little or no odor and may be dried and used
for bedding, refeeding, or mulch, thus having
economic value. The liquid is dark brown in color
and contains about 85 to 90 percent of the BOD
and only about 1 to 3 percent suspended and dis-
solved solids. It may be handled by ordinary
pumps and tractors and spread directly on crops
and soils. There is included in the article a list of
separators on the market with a brief descrip-
tion of each unit and suggestions for how to in-
corporate such equipment into existing manure
handling systems.
[24308]
73-5057
SAVERY, C. W., AND D. C. CRUZON. Methane
recovery from chicken manure digestion. Jour-
nal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,
44(12):2349-2354, Dec. 1972.
Due to the serious environment problems as-
sociated with the large concentrations of manure
produced by poultry raised in confinement, the
idea of being able to use chicken manure to
produce methane and use it as a source of fuel is
attractive. This paper discusses the design of an
anaerobic chicken manure digestor and the ex-
perimental method used to produce methane
from chicken manure. The result indicates that
130 liters of gas, 69 percent of which was
methane, was produced per kg of wet manure.
The authors conclude that due to strict pollution
controls on poultry farms, it is economically
feasible for a poultry farm to invest in an anaero-
bic digestor to produce methane to provide ener-
gy for the farm and to control pollution.
[24313]
73-5058
SHINKAWA, K., H. HOSODA, S. MITSUI, K.
ISHIBASHI, Y. NODA, AND U. YAMOTO. Tonfun
no ryudo tanka ni kansuru keakyu. [Converting
hog manure into carbon by distillation.] Sangyo
Kogai, 9(5):473-475, May 1973.
Hogs excrement from a feedlot was dried in a
kiln so that its water content was reduced to ap-
proximately 9.3 percent; then distillation took
place at over 300 C, and mixing took place at 80
rpm. The waste gas was discharged after going
through a dust collection chamber. Using a
heater, the kiln was heated so that inside tem-
perature was around 200 C; then the manureO 5
to 6 kg-was charged. When it responded to the
heat, the heater was turned off (at about 260 C),
keeping the inside temperature with constant
temperature air and controlling the temperature
by adjusting the feeding of manure. Volatile
matter is quickly lost. The maximum yield of car-
bon was more than 30 percent. Hog excrement
thus carbonized in the kiln was good material for
activated carbon. There is one kiln at an agricul-
tural cooperative in Ibaragi Prefecture operat-
ing full scale. (Text in Japanese)
[24314]
73-5059
TAYLOR, J. Protein without pollution. En-
gineering, 212(11):1081-1083, Nov. 1972.
The author describes a method of drying poultry
manure developed by Douglas-Rowson, Ltd. The
dried manure, which is 27 percent by weight of
the wet manure, is 38 percent protein, and can be
used both as fertilizer and feed additive. The
author claims that a new profit of 8 pounds
sterling per ton can be achieved by processing
the poultry manure and utilizing it by this
method.
[24312]
ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
73-5060
BEITZ, L., AND U. JECHT. Einsatz-
moeglichkeiten der Roentgenfluoreszenzanalyse
fuer den Umweltschutz. [Application of X-ray
fluorescence analysis for environmental protec-
tion.] Siemens-Zeitschrift, 46(5):369-373,1972.
X-ray fluorescence analysis is purely physical
method. Liquid pasty or solid samples are ir-
radiated with a high-capacity X-ray tube.
-------
Through interaction with the atoms of the sam-
ple the primary spectrum is converted into a
characteristic fluorescent line spectrum. The
wave length of the spectral lines are charac-
teristic of the various elements in the sample;
the intensity of the lines yields information on
the concentration. Concentrations from 100 per-
cent to the ppm range can be determined. The
detection limit for most elements is between 0.1
and 10 ppm. Through preceding enrichment
trace elements in concentrations as low as about
0.1 microgram can be measured. This is a suffi-
ciently low concentration for analyzing trace ele-
ments in air and water. The reproducibility of
the method is plus or minus 0.1 percent (relative)
and the accuracy is plus or minus 2 to 5 percent.
Detection limit, reproducibility and accuracy de-
pend considerably on the sampling time, which
differs from element to element. On the average
sampling lasts 40 seconds each time. X-ray
fluorescence analysis is very suitable for the
analysis of sodium, magnesium, potassium,
phosphorus, calcium, copper, iron, lead, and ar-
senic in plant material, for sulfur, phosphorus,
lead or arsenic in air samples and in waste water
samples. (Text in German)
[24315]
73-5061
IWAI, S., K. HARUYAMA, H. TAKATSUKI, AND T.
IRIE. Seihin seisan tokei kara mita toshi gomi
sosei. [The composition of city wastes from
standpoint of production statistics.] Kankyo
Gijutsu, 2(3):162-173, Mar. 1973.
The estimation of the composition of general
household wastes in Japan from the standpoint
of production statistics was attempted in this
study. The results were compared with actually
measured waste composition in various cities. As
a result, by close investigation and examination
of the production statistics, the data which are
useful in knowing the qualitative and quantita-
tive tendency of wastes in Japan were obtained.
Particularly in cases where the future of the
changes in the amount and composition of wastes
is predictable and the analytical values of the
composition of wastes in each city are verified,
this method is effective as a method by which ap-
proximate values are obtained. The results
showed that for the whole country the percent of
paper waste was 33.2, plastic waste 12.0, glass
10.7, and animal and vegetable trash 9.6. For the
city of Tokyo percent of paper waste was 32.1,
plastic waste 13.8, glass 11.9; and animal and
vegetable trash 15.5. Although only household
wastes were treated, it is believed that this
method is also applicable to the estimation of the
amount and the quality of industrial wastes. To
more precisely make a comparison of the analyti-
cal values of wastes in each city it is necessary
that the classification of the wastes disposed of
by Public Cleansing Bureaus in each city be
made clear. (Text in Japanese)
[24316]
73-5062
KURIHARA, S. Seikatsukei kotai haikibutsu no
dejo to sono shori no kosatsu (12). [Composition
of domestic refuse and its treatment (12).] Yosui
to Haisui, 15(5):569-572, May 1973.
The result of survey on composition of city
wastes made in eight big cities, nine medium-size
cities and sixteen small cities is shown, as well as
comparison between Hokkaido Prefecture,
Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama City and
Okayama Prefecture. There is no significant dif-
ference between big and medium cities, but in
small cities, kitchen garbage increases slightly.
The comparison among three prefectures and
one city showed industrial area had the most
combustible wastes (43.2 percent), followed by
commercial area (37.6 percent). Fisheries area
had the most putrescible wastes (58.2 percent),
followed by agricultural area (50.0 percent). Re-
sidential areas were responsible for more plastic
wastes (8.9 percent), followed by fisheries (8.3
percent), and commercial area (7.7 percent). In-
dustry was responsible for most non-combusti-
ble wastes (22.0 percent), residential area (20.0
percent). Future forecast anticipates combusti-
ble wastes and plastic wastes to increase year
after year, but kitchen garbage and non-com-
bustible wastes would decrease. The trend in
composition of wastes in Britain and West Ger-
many is introduced. (Text in Japanese)
[24317]
73-5063
Protein concentrate from rape-seed. Chemical
Processing, :15, Sept. 1972.
-------
Alfa-Laval A.B. working in collaboration with
A.B. Karlshamner Oljefabriker have developed a
pilot plant in Sweden which manufactures oil and
high protein concentrate from rape-seed. Rape-
seed, up until now, has been grown for the ex-
traction of nonedible oil with the result that
valuable protein was being lost. The concentrate
produced in the pilot plant from rape-seed con-
tains approximately 60 percent protein. Rape-
seed is a better source of protein than soya. The
use of rape-seed protein could reduce the in-
cidence of many deficiency diseases. The use of
rape-seed protein is intended as an addition to
the ordinary diet, not as a 'meat substitute'.
Further development of the process plant and
extensive testing of the protein on rats and dogs
is necessary before marketing the product.
[24311]
AUTOMOBILE
73-5064
Shredder gegen autowracks. [Shredder for old
cars.] Daa Technische Umweltmagazin, (3):36-
37, June 1973.
More than a million cars will have to be disposed
of this year in West Germany. By 1975 the
number will have risen to 1.3 million, by 1980 to
1.6 million. Bavaria possesses a larger shredder
plant in Ebenhausen near Ingolstadt. Its con-
struction was supported by state means. Bavari-
an authorities are aware of the fact that more
shredders are required. They have asked the
Battelle Institute in Frankfurt to furnish a re-
port concerning future car junk accumulation
and to pinpoint suitable erection sites for
shredders. Shredder scrap consists of fist size
pieces which are cleaned of all contaminants such
as plastics and paint. All metal has been
separated as well. The scrap can go to a furnace
for melting. (Text in German)
[24318]
73-5065
TEIKOKU SANSO, K. K., AND TEZUKA KOSAN K.
K. The inch scrap method-the low tempera-
ture crushing method for junk cars.] Tokyo, Jan.
12,1973.7p.
The 'Inch Scrap' crusher, which was developed
by George (Belgium), Klockner (West Germany),
and L'Air Liquide (France) Companies and
which is being promoted in Japan by Teikoku
Sanso K.K. and Tezuka Kosan K.K. is introduced.
The method improves the manual, press, or
crushing method of junk car treatment; the con-
sumption of electricity is relatively small, and
the separation of metals and waste material is
easy. The system is composed of the press, the
cooling tunnel, the crusher, the selector, the
eliminator, and the Tezuka waste treatment
system. The capacity is 20 ton per hr (20 to 25
cars per hr); the liquid nitrogen consumption is
400 liters per ton of iron scrap; electricity con-
sumption is 830 kw per hr; the space require-
ment is 5,000 sq m; and the total system installa-
tion cost estimate is 440,000,000 yen. Scrap
products are 720 kg of iron per 1 ton of junk car
material, separated into groups by size. The
copper content is less than 0.05 percent and paint
or oil residue is almost none. Copper, aluminum
and alloy products are 90 kg per ton of crude
material, copper is approximately 5 kg. Waste
produced is approximately 180 kg per crude
material, and consists of rubber, plastic, glass,
oil, paint, and sand. (The treatment process is not
given.) Text in Japanese) (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24319]
BULKY WASTES
73-5066
GLOVER, D. E. What to do with old docks. In-
stitution of Civil Engineers Proceedings,
54(Part I. Design and Construction), 221-222,
Feb. 1973.
Land values might vary by a factor of 15 if the
land could be used for commercial rather than
residential development. The relative balance of
water and land areas can influence land value or
usage. The problem of how to dispose of old
docks was discussed in the article. They could be
converted into yacht marinas or, if a develop-
ment planned for old docks demanded more land
than was naturally provided, old buildings could
be demolished or water areas reclaimed. If old
docks are filled in, using filling directly on silt
-------
layers which are always found at the bottom of
docks, the problem of settlement occurs. Demoli-
tion of old stone or brick buildings on abandoned
docks was approached from the standpoint of ex-
plosives, but much planning in the area of safety
is required. In the United Kingdom, as well as in
many other areas, docks are often woefully ob-
solete, and yet plans for their conversion are
painfully slow to execute. Perhaps the sites could
be used for exhibitions or other events requiring
open space, until their conversion is accom-
plished. It was pointed out that with the current
use of bulk handling and containerization, it is
very difficult to reconstruct old docks for
modern.cargo handling methods.
[24320]
73-5067
Specially designed vehicle will take your dead
yak. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 16(2):46,73, Feb. 1973.
In New York a specially designed van for haul-
ing dead animals is part of the regular sanitation
fleet. The truck, designated the 'offal' truck, can
handle large carcasses of such animals as horses,
small whales, yaks, llamas, and other zoo, circus,
draught, and pet animals that die in the city
every year. The vehicle, which looks something
like a moving van, is provided with a winch and
steel cable. The cable is drawn around the hind
quarters of the carcass, and the winch hauls the
body into the truck. It is then disposed of at the
Spring Creek Park landfill. Any call for the truck
is checked out ahead of time to avoid answering
crank calls. The only animal that cannot be han-
dled in the truck without pretreatment is a full-
grown elephant; it must be sawn in half. Most ci-
ties rely on private contractors to remove such
large carcasses from streets and private proper-
ties.
[24321]
COLLECTION
73-5068
Concrete trash cans make debut in New York
City. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 16(2):50, Feb. 1973.
Times Square in Manhattan is now adorned with
25 new concrete trash receptacles warning the
populace not to write on or steal them. The local
Environmental Protection Agency plans to place
60,000 of these containers throughout the city.
The containers are hexagonal with a hard plastic
cover which can be opened to remove a plastic
bag liner. These bins are the result of a 2-year
study to find a way to replace the old wire
baskets, in use for 25 years. The old baskets
frequently were stolen and held trash in-
adequately. Whereas the purchase and main-
tenance of the new receptacles would have cost
an estimated $11.5 million over the next 5 years,
the local Environmental Protection Administra-
tion expects minimal expense, because a contract
has been negotiated which will provide the con-
tainers free from a Florida firm in exchange for
the right to sell advertising on the sides of the
containers. The city expects to receive some of
the profits from this advertising, which could
amount to $3.7 million in 5 years.
[24322]
73-5069
CRITES, R. R. Private collector. Waste Age,
4(1):67,73, Jan./Feb. 1973.
The author contends that the basic elements of a
solid waste management system are storage in-
cluding prehandling, collection, interim
processing, and final disposal. He directs his
analysis to the effect of collection on the building
system in high-rises or, inversely, the system on
collection. Although the interface between the
building and available utilities is a standard con-
sideration in building design, this interface is
frequently not considered in designs. Methods
by which users pay for collection service varies
from no direct charge regardless of the type or
volume of waste produced to a direct charge
based upon time and equipment required. Since
there is no relationship between what is paid and
the actual cost of collection, there is no economic
incentive to provide processing and storage
facilities to reduce collection costs. Higher
charges in a given community may be the result
of lower efficiency or greater profits, but the
more relevant factors are labor rates, amount of
franchise fees, disposal charges, and the collec-
tion effort required for particular customers.
-------
Cost of collection is basically a function of the
equipment cost, time expended, and the volume
and weight of the waste collected. Reduction in
volume will reduce collector costs and user
charges.
[24323]
73-5070
DAVIS, P. L. Garbage grinders. Waste Age,
4(1):54,56,58, Jan./Feb. 1973.
The author contends that the household garbage
grinder will be included in nearly all new con-
struction. It is estimated that community-wide
installation of grinders may reduce the amount
of refuse collected by less than 10 percent.
Savings in collection costs will be slight, if at all,
unless removal of putrescible food wastes from
refuse enables a community to discontinue the
separate collection of garbage or to reduce the
number of collections of combined refuse. Fly
and rodent problems will be reduced with
grinder installation. Garbage grinders will in-
crease water usage by 1 or 2 percent. BOD and
suspended solids in wastewater will increase by
30 percent, however. As for sewers and building
drain loads, a 30 percent increase in solids will
not cause difficulties in lines that are fairly trou-
ble-free before ground garbage addition. This
prediction is based on the fact that normal
sewage is very dilute. Garbage solids can be han-
dled at wastewater treatment plants as easily as
sewage solids. While it is debatable whether use
of garbage grinders will result in savings to the
householder, it is indisputable that the grinder
has resulted in better sanitation.
[24324]
73-5071
EPA study shows one-man crew more efficient
than multi-man team. Solid Wastes Manage-
ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 15(12):22-23, 26,
40,44,62, Dec. 1972.
This article summarizes current research into
the relative functional and cost efficiencies of a
one-man crew compared with two- or three-man
crews for collection of refuse. It is based on an
analytical study conducted by Ralph Stone and
Co., of Los Angeles, and prepared for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. One-man
pickup is probably more efficient for collecting
refuse placed at the curb than larger crews.
Although equipment costs for one-man crews
are higher, overall costs are found to be 25 to 45
percent less than for two-man crews and 35 to 50
percent less than for three-man crews. However,
for backyard pickup, larger crews are more effi-
cient. Field studies were done to compare four
municipal collection methods, and time-and-mo-
tion studies corroborated the findings. The sin-
gle most important factor determining relative
efficiency of different size crews is the time
required to pick up wastes at each stop. Relative
efficiency decreases as crew size increases. Hav-
ing a man act solely or primarily as driver does
not significantly reduce travel time between
stops. Another way to reduce costs is to require
that refuse be placed on the curb in sacks rather
than returnable cans. This modification could
reduce pickup time per stop by 15 to 50 percent.
An experimental collection vehicle called TRAC
(truck rear-actuated control) was tried in one
community and requires about 26 percent fewer
man-minutes per route. One-man crews are
fairly popular with private contractors, but most
cities do not use them. It is apparent that many
municipalities have never attempted or do not
know how to measure the productivity of their
collection systems.
[24325]
73-5072
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Collection In
Solid waste management: opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 30-
43.
This paper describes the many different specific
collection vehicles which have been designed and
manufactured to increase collection efficiency
and reduce associated costs. The following are
described in detail: compaction vehicles (rear-
loading, side-loading, container, front-loading,
packers, nonpackers, and special collection vehi-
cles); satellite collection vehicles; one-man collec-
tion systems; and collection network routing (the
routing of solid waste collection vehicles to pro-
vide the most efficient resource allocation and its
role in determining total collection costs). (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24326]
-------
73-5073
JEWELL, R. L. One-man collection crews reduce
costs in Ohio town. Solid Wastes Manage-
ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 16(2):42-44, Feb.
1973.
Refuse collection costs in Miamisburg, Ohio,
have risen phenomenally since 1970. Most of the
increase can be attributed to the new county in-
cinerator which improved air quality at great ex-
pense to the citizenry. The town found itself pay-
ing more for disposal than for wages. As a way of
controlling the tonnage collected, plastic bags or
tightly-sealed containers were required. It was
reasoned that this would decrease the liquids
content in waste and therefore lower incinera-
tion costs. Results proved satisfactory, but
further efficiencies were sought by the city. In
1971, a report was received concerning use of
one-man crews for collecting refuse. Miamisburg
had always used the typical three-man system. A
demonstration truck was brought in and drivers
expressed enthusiasm for it. The principle of the
truck was simple enough: it was a stand-up,
right-hand-drive vehicle with the loading area
directly behind the cab, thus combining the func-
tions of driver and loader. After a great deal of
indecision and doubt, the city council approved
the purchase of these vehicles. A comparative
analysis had shown that 176 man hr could be
saved each week with the new equipment, or
more than $32,000 a year in salaries. Another
service provided by the city is commercial con-
tainer rentals, which are collected with rear-
loading trucks. This practice was continued after
adopting the new packer trucks. Cost savings
are still being realized by the new system.
[24327]
73-5074
License for commercial pickup and disposal. In
1973 Sanitation Industry Yearbook. 10th ed.
New York, R.R J. Publishing Co., 1973. p. 14, 90,
102.
This is a model license for private contractors in-
volved in collection and disposal of commercial
wastes. Fees, frequency of collection, special ser-
vices such as cleaning out incinerators, and
provision of the containers by the contractor are
spelled out in the license. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24328]
73-5075
PATTERSON, C. Curb service and neighborhood
trash stations enable Dade County, Fla., to hold
the line on refuse-collection costs. American
City, 88(3):84,87, Mar. 1973.
Dade County, Florida, has saved approximately
$1.6 million in 1972 by changing to a new refuse
collection system. Under the old system, crews
collected garbage from the rear of the house
twice a week, with collections limited to two con-
tainers per pickup. Vegetation debris was placed
at front curbs and remained for weeks between
collection times. Under the new system,
homeowners carry garbage and trash by con-
tainer to the curb on collection day and haul yard
trash to neighborhood transfer stations. Con-
tainers may be garbage cans, plastic bags, or
paper bags. Collection now occurs twice a week
but with no limit on the number of containers.
Crews collect yard trash from the neighborhood
transfer station 6 days a week during heavy
growth periods and 4 times a week otherwise. A
significant reduction in crew size has resulted
from the new system. Much of the grass and
trimmings is now put in containers. In seeking to
make it easier for residents to haul their con-
tainers to curbside, the Dade County Waste
Division was attracted to an 82-gal plastic con-
tainer mounted on wheels. The apparatus is
designed for easy tilting. Test areas for the
device were set up, in which people were asked
to try the units for 1 year at an $8.50 lease price.
Response was very favorable, resulting in a Roll-
a-Waste system costing $30.50 per unit with a
guaranteed life of 5 years. Public relations work
was extensive in convincing people to try the
system.
[24329]
73-5076
Personal communication. A. E. Kroger, City of
Houston, Department of Solid Waste Manage-
ment, to Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System, May 21.1973.
-------
This letter, written in answer to a request for in-
formation for a SWIRS user briefly details the
collection system in Houston, Texas. The City
operates a municipal garbage collection system.
It is funded by the real estate tax. Commercial
establishments do receive collection service, but
they are limited to three 30 gal refuse containers
per day. All other industrial and business collec-
tion is done by private companies. The average
disposal cost is $3.75 per day and the average
haul distance is 12 miles. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24330]
73-5077
PlTE, J. J. Refuse and refuse collection. Build-
ing Services Engineer, 40:156-161, Oct. 1972.
This article draws on two reports made in 1967
and 1971, respectively, by working parties ap-
pointed by the Minister and Housing and Local
Government-Refuse Storage and Collection,
and Refuse Disposal. First the law concerning
waste collection is reviewed; Britain has laws on
the books governing collection of household
refuse, trade refuse (industrial), other refuse,
frequency of collection, access to premises to col-
lect wastes, salvage storage of refuse paper
sacks, and litter. Next, the various methods of
onsite storage are listed and briefly described;
secured-lid bins; plastic dustbins; dustless load-
ing bins; paper sacks; bulk refuse containers;
chutes with containers; waterborne systems;
pneumatic systems; and metal containers. Onsite
treatment systems are listed as well: incinera-
tion; compaction; and waterborne systems. Vari-
ous types of collection are briefly covered. In
order to design a collection system, the required
types of information are indicated. General esti-
mates of such vital figures as per capita volume
to be expected are given, but it is pointed out
that local statistics should be obtained before
final plans are drawn up. Average composition
by weight, chemical analysis and calorific value
of British household refuse are given in a table.
Calorific values for refuse are expected to rise,
as is volume, while density will continue to
decrease. Tentative projections for weekly out-
put of refuse per household are put forth.
[24331]
73-5078
Pneumatic collection system to handle complex's
trash. Engineering News-Record, :20, Feb. 1,
1973.
A $1.5-million contract has been awarded by
New York State for installation of a pneumatic
waste collection system in the huge $850-million
State office building being built in Albany. The
pneumatic disposal system will be completed in
1974, tentatively. It will include approximately
6,000 ft of pressurized pipe, 68 loading stations
located in the various buildings of the complex,
six shredders, and four compactors. The complex
will be capable of housing 12,000 people who,
predictably enough, will generate 50,000 Ib of
waste paper and other trash daily. Called the
South Mall, the complex will consist of eight of-
fice buildings, an auditorium, and a library
clustered on and about a five-story platform. All
of the buildings will be connected to the waste
disposal system, although only the 44-story main
office tower will have pressurized vertical
chutes.
[24332]
73-5079
POLLOCK, K. M. Snow, ice and high mountain
roads present no challenge for Colorado hauler.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal
Journal, 16(2):10-11, Feb. 1973.
Aspen, Colorado, has built a refuse collection and
disposal system which is for the most part con-
tainerized. The Aspen Trash Service collects and
disposes of all home and commercial refuse in
the city and performs a similar service for the
ski mountains in the area. From the mountains,
trash is transported down to the ground either
by chair lifts or by vehicles normally used to
groom ski runs. Restaurant refuse is likewise
picked up in 1-yd detachable containers leased
from the company. The company fleet consists of
five Leach packers. A more recent development
has been the banding together of several
neighbors to lease a lidded container in order to
prevent scavenging by the local German
shepherds. This remedy also reduces the number
of pickups required for the company. The collec-
tion rate under city franchise is $4 a month for
once-a-week pickup. All establishments, includ-
-------
ing restaurants, use clusters of containers when
necessary, instead of larger single containers,
because of the collection problems in snowy
weather.
[24333]
73-5080
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE. Sanitation: Bu-
reau of Cleaning and Collection New York, New
York, Environmental Protection Administration,
Feb. 1973.4 p.
This pamphlet is distributed by the Public Infor-
mation Office of the New York City Environ-
mental Protection Administration, 125 Worth
St., New York, 10013, to describe the activities
and organization of its Bureau of Cleaning and
Collection. This division of the Sanitation De-
partment comprises 85 percent of its uniformed
personnel and is administered through 11
boroughs. Collection schedules, bulky wastes
pickup, leaf collection, street and lot cleaning,
flushing of streets to prevent litter and dust, and
cleaning up after parades are all discussed in
terms of the size of the job (for example, bulky
wastes alone account for 143,000 tons of collected
refuse per year) equipment, schedules, and spe-
cial problems. There is an auxiliary field force
that serves as a special snow removal battalion,
removes dead animals, and tests new equipment.
Costs for the operations are not given. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24334]
COMPOST / COMPOSTING
73-5081
BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. S. FBEANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TRIDGE, A. SURAFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Com-
posting municipal refuse. In The treatment and
management of urban solid waste. Westport,
Connecticut, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.,
1972. p. 182-210.
This paper discusses the composting of mu-
nicipal refuse in terms of the past, present, and
future. The topics covered and expanded upon
by the use of data and illustrations include:
recent trends; economies of scale; European
leadership; the biology, chemistry, and
mechanics of composting (chemical composition
of municipal refuse and compost products,
economics of enrichment, particle size, moisture
content and pH of the feed material, reaction
temperature, and rate of air circulation); com-
post reclamation processes; the products of com-
post reclamation plantsO their uses and markets;
and the future of composting reclamation
processes. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24335]
73-5082
Federal report pinpoints composting as
economically weak and unreliable. Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 15(5):8-
9,118,120,124, May 1972.
This paper considers the monetary aspects of
composting. The information provided is based
on surveys of composting in the United States
and Europe and on composting investigations
and demonstrations supported by the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency's Office of Solid
Wastes Management Programs. Elements of the
cost of disposal by composting, expressed as a
gross cost per ton for processing raw refuse, and
the credits that may accrue from salvage, the
sale of compost, and other considerations are
discussed and extensive data are provided. It is
concluded that composting urban wastes is
technically possible, but costs more than sanitary
landfilling and can be more expensive than in-
cineration.
[24336]
73-5083
FOURIE, J. M. Composting of municipal solid
refuse. Water Pollution Control 1978, 72(2):205-
208.
The article discusses the possibility of compost-
ing solid household refuse to produce an
economically useful product from wastes in Cape
Town, South Africa. In the Western Cape, four
composting plants with different designs are
being operated by municipalities. All of them are
designed to accelerate the aerobic processes in-
herent in composting to such a point that sta-
bilization occurs. Provision is made for pre-sort-
ing in order to remove non-compostable matter,
-------
10
such as glass, metals, paper, and plastics. Four
different installations with a common purpose of
stabilization are located at Worcester, Parow,
Athlone, and Bellville. Stabilization is supple-
mented by windrowing for periods varying from
6 weeks to 6 months. In rural areas, based on
successful windrowing, solid household waste
may be treated by windrowing alone, combined
with sorting and disintegration processes. Addi-
tion of sewage sludge to garbage prior to com-
posting initiates heat development which inac-
tivates organisms present in the sludge. Addi-
tion of sewage sludge improves the quality of the
compost with the addition of such elements as
nitrogen and phosphorus. The high moisture con-
tent of sewage sludge has created a problem
when mixing with garbage. One possible solution
is to filter sludge through a filter-bed of fresh
compost. The municipalities involved in compost-
ing have found a great demand for compost.
[24337]
73-5084
GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. Composting. In The problem of solid
waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of Engineer-
ing, University of Michigan, 1972. p. 85-95.
This article discusses the processes of compost-
ing, as well as its advantages and limitations.
Composting attracts a great deal of emotional
support, because it is so natural, but it is difficult
to make it economically viable. Sophisticated
processes for composting usually require three
stagesO grinding, conditioning, and aerobic
digestion. Grinding the material to be composted
creates a high ratio of surface area to weight and
homogenizes the waste, thus making the
digestion process easier and more complete, and
the finished product uniform. Conditioning the
material includes moisturizing it and improving
the carbon/nitrogen ratio. The latter should be at
least 40 to 50. Sewage sludge is usually the
chosen additive for both of these purposes. The
third stage is aerobic digestion. The digestion
process takes place over a period of 3 to 5 days
(longer in some cases). This microbial action
takes place best when the mixture is kept well
mixed and thoroughly aerated. Temperatures
usually reach 170 F. After digestion the compost
is aged or cured for several weeks. The ad-
vantages and disadvantages of composting as
compared to other disposal or volume reduction
processes are presented. There are charts and
diagrams showing: the composting process; a
mechanized municipal composting plant; typical
output of a composting and separation process;
agricultural consumption of soil nutrients in
MichiganO including sewage sludge, manure,
compost, and mineral soil conditioners; compost-
ing plants in the United States; economics of
composting, based on 50 tons per day and 300
tons per day plants. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24338]
73-5085
HOLZINGER, L. Edel-Kompost, Fabrikmaessig
hergestellt. [Highest-quality, factory-produced
compost.] Staedtehygiene, 24(6):148-151,1973.
Humus produced from waste is of untold im-
portance for animals of all species. Consequently
it is superfluous to describe factory-produced
humus as refuse compost; it is of far greater im-
portance to produce it always and everywhere of
the same high quality with the help of a simple
testing method and as a result to make possible
purely biological cultivation without the employ-
ment of noxious substances at a lower cost than
employing mineral fertilizers. Carefully selected
special bacteria (Eokomit) are employed for the
composting process which produce fully ripe,
highest quality compost in 8 to 10 weeks. Th
waste is crushed, sorted, sifted, and mixed with
dehydrated sewage sludge. Through addition of
a cheap acid a pH between 6.2 and 6.8 must be
obtained. Slowly 1 liter of Eokomit is added per
cu m waste. Hydrochloric acid can be used for
acidification of which about 0.3 to 0.5 liters are
needed per cu m. The bacteria plus the acid cost
1.50 deutsche marks per cu m compost. The ad-
vantage of this compost is that it contains an an-
tibioticum', Phytocillin, which helps the plant to
combat its pests without requiring spraying with
a pesticide. (Text in German)
[24339]
73-5086
JERIS, J. S., AND R. W. REGAN. Controlling en-
vironmental parameters for optimum compost-
-------
11
ing. Part III. Compost Science, 14(3):16-22,
May/June 1973.
This article presents findings on the effect of
various factors relative to composting. Based on
4 years of controlled composting experiments, a
compilation of the environmental conditions
recommended for optimum composting of typical
municipal refuse, newsprint, and stabilized
refuse is given. A summary of the more signifi-
cant parameters involved in composting in-
cluded: temperature; moisture content and free
air space; seed recycle; pH; nutrients (nitrogen
and phosphorus); storage conditions; and paper
content. Extensive data are provided in the form
of tables and graphs.
[24341]
73-5087
JERIS, J. S., AND R. W. REGAN. Controlling en-
vironmental parameters for optimum compost-
ing: Part I. Compost Science, 14(1):10-15,
Jan./Feb. 1973.
The paper deals with the results of experiments
conducted over a 4-year period relating to the
most important factors in composting. Experi-
mental procedures and temperature effects are
described. The three major experimental
systems used include bench scale composters,
shake flasks, and a Warburg respirometer. A
summary of the findings is presented with the
following observations. Proper temperature is
needed if high rate continuous composting is to
occur. Little use of continuous high temperature
composting has been made heretofore. Only
limited information has been obtainable concern-
ing composting rates of refuse and solid wastes
containing high concentrations of paper at a con-
tinuously maintained thermophilic temperature.
Since paper resists biological degradation and is
a major component of municipal refuse, the in-
vestigation herein described attempted to deter-
mine optimum conditions for composting solid
wastes with a high paper content. Temperature
analysis reveals that newsprint and stabilized
municipal refuse have similar and low rates of
degradation. For mixed refuse, very high com-
posting rates were obtained which were much
greater than previously reported rates. Part of
the reason for more efficient composting rates
obtained in these tests is the result of continuous
closely controlled temperature. Illustrations and
data showing the relationship of temperature to
composting rates are included with the text.
[24340]
73-5088
KNOESEL, D., AND A. RESZ. Enzymatischer
Abbau von Pekt'n und Zellulose durch waer-
meliebende spezies. [Pectolytic and cellulolytic
activity of thermophilic fungi isolated from com-
post of waste material.] Staedtehygiene,
24(6):143-147,1973.
Thermophilic and thermotolerant strains of
fungi representing different genera and species
taken from fresh compost were investigated for
pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes under
defined conditions. The fungi were separated by
spreading suspensions of fresh compost on vari-
ous nutrient substances such as yeast extract-
starch-agar, yeast extract-glucose-agar, barley
flower extract-agar, and mineral salt-
saccharose-agar. For incubation temperatures
between 40 and 50 C were used. Most of the or-
ganisms decomposed native cellulose. Soluble
cellulose was degraded within a wide range of
pH. Cellobiose and glucose were the final
products. Breakdown of pectin substances was
obtained under acid conditions only. In the rela-
tive enzyme activities of the culture filtrates,
certain differences were obtained. The enzymes
exhibit a marked temperature stability. The con-
clusion is that in the composed material, enzy-
matic conversions will continue after microbial
development is terminated by extreme tempera-
tures. (Text in German)
[24342]
73-5089
LANGER, W. Aktuelle Probleme der Kom-
posberung. [Present composting problems.]
Schriftenreihe des Vereinsfuer Wasser-, Boden-
und Lufthygiene, (38):227-233,1972.
Composting of garbage for recycling is used in
Germany only little, 16 composting plants
producing a total of 60,000 tons from the garbage
from 2 percent of population annually. The un-
desirable consequences of lack of natural organic
fertilizing matter in the soil are pointed out and
the ways of composting garbage, together with
-------
12
sewage sludge, are discussed from the technical,
economic, and planning angle. The existing com-
posting methods are briefly listed: the DANO
biostabilisation process - holding uncrushed gar-
bage in a slowly rotating drum of 3.5 m and 28 m
length under controlled aeration for 6 days, then
screening and, if needed, letting rot further in
stacks; Pratt process - holding uncrushed gar-
bage in cells made of wire mesh to rot, with ox-
ygen fed into through spear pipes if desired,
then crushing and screening, and subsequently
letting rot in stacks; Multibacto process - passing
pre-crushed garbage through 8-9 stories
downward during 1 to 3 days under aeration,
then disinfecting the rotten matter, and mostly
letting rot in stacks afterwards; Brikolare
process - first crushing the garbage with sewage
sludge added, with 50 percent humidity, then
pressing into small blocks and leaving to rot and
mold until dried, when the dry blocks can be
stored; 'breathing' process - developed in Blau-
beuren, consisting of crushed raw garbage mixed
with dried sewage sludge, then homogenizing in
a kneading machine and subjecting to rotting in
concrete cells under controlled aeration and
moisture for 6 to 8 days controlling the tempera-
ture at 80 C, finally seasoning in stacks. This
compost can be fed to piglets. Besides, experi-
ments are being conducted with pressing ripe
compost into boards for utilization for construc-
tion purposes. Manuals on composting are men-
tioned, issued by the central garbage disposal
agency. (Text in German)
[24343]
73-5090
SCANLON, D. H., C. DUGGAN, AND S. D. BEAN.
Evaluation of municipal compost for strip mine
reclamation. Compost Science, 14(3):4-8, May-
June 1973.
This article describes 4 years of tests of the Ten-
nessee Valley Authority which have proven the
effectiveness of composted municipal wastes in
producing vegetative cover on coal strip mine
sites. This study tested the effects of both heavy
and light applications of municipal compost on
coal strip mine sites. The heavy rates were
designed to evaluate long-term effects on
growth and possible toxicity responses of
vegetation where unscreened compost was ap-
plied at disposal-type rates. The evaluation of
light rates was to determine the minimum levels
of effective compost application. The experi-
ments are described and extensive data on pH
values and density are provided.
[24344] •-'••
!
73-5091
TIETJEN, C. the utilization of composted
domestic refuse. In Waste disposal;
Proceedings; 4th International Congress of the
International Research Group on Refuse
Disposal (IRGRDJ, Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,
1969. Basel, Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer
Hydrologie. p. 543-557.
The article presented the results of testing
Dano-processed refuse compost on rye, oats, and
potato crops. The nine year trials revealed that
the increase occasioned by the addition of com-
post ranged from 5 to 23 percent. Figures are
provided showing the yields over the years on
both control and composted plots of land. Car-
bon, nutrients, and pH of the soil are shown as
well. A literature review is given concerning the
use of refuse compost on farm crops, vineyards,
truck gardens, orchards, forests, and desert,
mined or otherwise damaged lands. An extensive
bibliography is appended. (This dpcument is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24345]
DISPOSAL
73-5092
[The present condition of waste treatment and
the measures for the future, including the educa- •
tional measures for waste treatment business
operators.] 1st. ed. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of
Health and Welfare, Bureau of Environmental
Health, Sept. 1972.19p.
As of 1975, the total population of Japan is esti-
mated to be 109,930,000; the per capita waste
production will be 1,200 g; the total waste requir-
ing treatment will be 125,316 tons per day. The
total combustibles in the waste will be 83 percent
(90 percent up to 1966; approximately 85 percent
at present), and the total amount requiring in-
cineration will be 104,012 tons. In addition,
3,259,100 tons per day of industrial waste will
-------
13
require some form of treatment and disposal by
1975. The total number of sanitation business
operators in Japan as of August 1972 is 5,595 for
the treatment of night waste, domestic refuse,
and waste from small businesses; the number of
operators of sewage purification and sanitation
business is 2,840 while those engaged in industri-
al waste treatment number only 154; 174 applica-
tions are pending because they have not met the
strict requirements for the means of collection,
transportation, treatment, or securing of long-
term, low-interest loans for terminal disposal.
The average number of sanitation workers per
business is between 5.1 and 5.8 for sewage treat-
ment, and the number of trucks per business is
2.3 to 2.9. For domestic waste treatment, the
number of workers per business is 2.8 to 12. and
the number of trucks, 2.8 to 5.5. As these
statistics indicate, qualified business operators
and workers for treatment of waste are very
much in demand. The improvement of qualifica-
tions of operators by education, appropriate dis-
tribution of operators and facilities, cooperation
between local government, public organizations,
and sanitation business operators, securing of
long-term, low-interest funds for the installation
of cooperative treatment facilities, and preven-
tion of accidents by appropriate inspections,
guidance, and maintenance are some of the ad-
ministrative guidelines for the future. (Text in
Japanese) (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24356]
73-5093
Campground plant serves Gateshead, Felling
and Washington. Public Cleansing, 63(5):238-
241, May 1973.
This article describes Great Britain's Camp-
ground Refuse Disposal works which serve
three communities-Gateshead, Felling, and
Washington. This is one of five such plants to be
built. The Gateshead group recognized that
there could be substantial savings in construc-
tion and running costs if it were possible to adopt
common plants and appoint the same consulting
engineer. Investigation showed that the amount
and type of refuse was similar for all three
groups of authorities and this would allow for
the same size and type of plant to be used. The
whole project was a joint effort from conception
to completion. It is anticipated that initially 170
tons of refuse a day will be dealt with, rising to
220 tons over the next few years.
[24346]
73-5094
Focus on pollution control and the Department
of Defense. Water and Sewage Works, 120(2):42-
45, Feb. 1973.
The Department of Defense has set up programs
which will reduce the current pollution of sea,
land, and air by defense installations and opera-
tions. These programs will incorporate environ-
mental considerations into weapons and material
design. They include consideration of possible
environmental impacts in planning training exer-
cises, compliance with Federal and State pollu-
tion control standards, and cooperation with local
and regional authorities. Priorities will be
established to control pollution by reducing
those problems which constitute a direct hazard
to the health of man, those having economic im-
plications, and those which affect the recrea-
tional and aesthetic value of the nation's
resources. The Defense Department's pollution
control expenditures have grown from less than
$19 million in fiscal year 1969 to $171 million
being requested for fiscal 1973.
[24347]
73-5095
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Disposal. In
Solid waste management: opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p.
109-121.
This paper discusses land and ocean disposal of
residue from solid waste management opera-
tions. Land disposal equipment and the following
land disposal methods are discussed in detail:
sanitary landfill; open dumping; trenching; and
composting. Very little technological develop-
ment has gone into ocean disposal of solid or
liquid wastes. The primary interest has been on
transportation methods. Ocean disposal
represents a small portion of today's solid waste
management operations. However, with the in-
creasing difficulties in finding suitable land
-------
14
disposal sites, more emphasis will be devoted to
determining appropriate and safe methods to im-
plement ocean disposal. Data are provided on
landfill equipment needs. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24348]
73-5096
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Processing. In
Solid waste management: opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 68-
108.
This paper discusses solid waste processingO the
activities that alter the waste characteristics
between collection and final disposal. The follow-
ing procedures are discussed in detail: size
reduction; separation; incineration (conventional,
high temperature, pyrolysis, fluidized bed); com-
posting; and compaction. Diagrams are provided
of crushers, rasp mills, drum pulverizers, inertial
separators, a rectangular furnace, a vertical cir-
cular furnace, a rotary kiln furnace, traveling
grates, reciprocating grates, and rocking grates.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24349]
73-5097
GREENLEAF, J. W. Manual-pneumatic-pul-
verization. Waste Age, 4(1):8, 10, 12, Jan.-Feb.
1973.
This article discusses a study completed for the
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment and the Environmental Protection Agency
entitled 'Solid Waste Management in Residential
Complexes'. This report studies and reviews
solid waste handling methods and equipment as
they might be applied to housing projectsO from
single family detached low rise to high-rise mul-
tifamily units. The four principal functions of a
solid waste system which are discussed include
waste handling, storage, processing, and
disposal. The system's basic disposal components
include: the unit system; the interunit system;
the interbuilding system; and the off-site
system. Disposal equipment is also discussed in
detail.
[24350]
73-5098
H IRA YAM A, N. Daitoshi ni okeru gomi shori
keikaku. [Waste disposal plans in the
Metropolitan area.] Kankyo Gijutsu, 2(l):56-62,
Jan. 1973.
It is very important to establish a future plan
concerning waste disposal in the metropob'tan
area and to perform it exactly. In November,
1971, the Metropolitan Governor entrusted us
with making a plan for the waste disposal of
Tokyo, mainly a plan for the construction of
cleaning factories. The work was recently
completely with the cooperation of the Bureau of
Public Cleansing. In this work, new data
processing methods were used, such as the in-
troduction of peak coefficient and scope coeffi-
cient. The peak coefficient is used in represent-
ing the increase in the amount of wastes during
the period July through August and the value is
1.085. For the scope coefficient, if three factories
of a capacity of 200 tons per day are always un-
derutilized, the coefficient will become about
1.05. Thus, the estimation of the necessary burn-
ing capacity, N, of the incinerator can be calcu-
lated by the equation: N equals average collected
quantity per day times 1.085 times 306/292 times
1.05, where 306/292 is the ratio of the working
day of an incinerator to that of a waste collecting
vehicle. With such an equation, the amount of
wastes to be discharged, the necessary burning
capacity of the incinerator, the number of facto-
ries, and the capacity of factories to be newly
built were calculated up to 1980. (Text in
Japanese)
[24351]
73-5099
JAAG, 0. International cooperation in the field
of waste disposal. In Waste Disposal;
Proceedings; 4th International Congress of the
International Research Group on Refuse
Disposal (IRGRD), Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,
1969. Basel, Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer
Hydrologie. p. 235-245.
This article traces the development of national
then international bodies to deal with the
problems of sob'd waste and water pollution
problems. First the responsible federal authori-
ties in each of the major European countries are
-------
15
identified. The national associations from Great
Britain, Holland and Germany were the first to
cooperate on an international level. This alliance
took the form of the International Committee on
Public Cleansing, begun in 1928. This group, the
name of which was later changed to the Interna-
tional Association of Public Cleansing
(INTAPUC) held conferences every 3 or 4 years
and publishes the widely circulated journal
Public Cleansing. In 1955 experts in the solid
waste field convened in Switzerland to discuss
the formation of a new group dedicated to
research; the outcome of this meeting was the
International Research Group on Refuse
Disposal (IRGRD) and the body began to issue
bulletins of its research activities. To avoid
duplication of efforts, INTAPUC and IRGRD
merged to form ISWA, (the International Solid
Waste and Public Cleansing Association). Their
bulletin was first published in French and Ger-
man, but later also in English and Italian with
the cooperation of the U.S. and Italian govern-
ments. The World Health Organization is
another international group active in the water
and solid waste pollution control area. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24352]
73-5100
KOJETINSKY, R. Duties of the state and local
authorities in maintaining the cleanliness of our
habitat. In Waste Disposal; Proceedings; 4th
International Congress of the International
Research Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD),
Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,1969. Basel, Schwe-
izerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 271-279.
The author outlines the major areas of public
cleansing that require governmental actionO
solid and liquid waste disposal, street sweeping,
air and water pollution control, and noise abate-
ment. He makes a list of the ways in which
government, either national or local, or both in
concert, can function to alleviate the problems of
public health and aesthetics. First the problems
must be identifiedO and all the factors contribut-
ing to a given situation recognized. For instance,
air pollution in a city is the result of many activi-
ties and conditions, all of which must be located
before any meaningful action can be taken. The
regulations to deal with each offender or circum-
stance can be drawn up. Land use planning is a
public responsibility that can help greatly to
make regulation and control of pollution easier.
Where financing pollution control is a problem,
government must be willing to aid communities
or industry in complying with the law. Perhaps
research into ways and means of pollution con-
trol needs to be done before regulations can be
enforced; both the research itself and the dis-
semination of the findings are public duties.
Finally, the population at large must be apprised
of the value of clean air, water, and land. Ulti-
mately only public concern for health and ameni-
ties will create an atmosphere in which govern-
ment, industry, and the citizen can control pollu-
tion. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24353]
73-5101
OKI, Y. Ecological consideration of plastics
waste and municipal refuse in Japan. Japan
Plastics, 7(2):36-43, Apr. 1973.
This paper estimates the generation rates and
amounts of plastics wastes in Japan now and
makes projections for the future. From the
figures derived the plastics waste content ratio
in municipal refuse is predicted for the future.
Since municipal refuse generation has a direct
relationship with human living, it is necessary to
understand human beings ecologically and demo-
graphically and to take into account regional geo-
graphical conditions, climate, living customs, in-
come, and various human desires when making
these projections. Graphs and extensive data are
provided. The topics which are discussed in
detail follow: the background of plastics waste
generation (population and habitable area,
change of income and consumption, change with
year of waste compostion, and compositional
change in foodstuff demand); estimate of plastics
waste generation (relationship of product life
and total demand and estimate of plastics waste
generation); prediction of quantity of municipal
refuse (mathematical model given); and the
prospects of plastics waste in municipal refuse.
[24354]
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16
73-5102
SEBASTIAN, F. P. Modern technology battles
ancient traditions. Water and Wastes Engineer-
ing, 10(2):20-24,81, Feb. 1973.
This article describes China's efforts to protect
her environment while building an increasingly
industrialized country. The Government is
revamping its ancient nightsoil (human wastes)
disposal practices for municipal wastes and ap-
plying modern techniques for industrial treat-
ment. In rural areas, however, the peasants are
still collecting and using human wastes. Doctors
in Peking have reported that schistosmiasis, a
parasitic disease associated with the use of
human waste for fertilizer, is China's most seri-
ous health problem today. Sludge incineration is
considered the practice with the brightest fu-
ture. A Chinese waste water treatment plant, a
process for recovering chemicals, and a method
for producing cement from waste carbide lime
sludge and ferrous sulfide sludge are outlined.
The quality and treatment of water in Vienna
are also discussed briefly.
[24357]
73-5103
The positive approach pays off. Site Selection
Handbook, 2:206-208,1972.
This article presents a national round-up of con-
structive efforts in environmental planning.
Union Electric Co. has a prototype project un-
derway to produce power from the city's refuse.
The process recovers thermal energy by burning
shredded solid wastes as supplementary fuel in
boiler furnaces for direct production of electric
power. Bunyon Enterprise is taking waste bark,
pulverizing and aging it, and transforming it into
a soil conditioner. Inexpensive processes to turn
inorganic solid wastes into quality building
bricks, and sewage sludge into molasses for
animal feed are also discussed. The following en-
vironmentally helpful tasks performed by bull-
dozers are outlined: forest fire control; sanitary
landfilling; the construction of reservoirs, dams,
and channels; and reclaiming strip mines.
[24366]
73-5104
VAUGHAN, R. D. Solid waste management in
the USA. In Waste Disposal; Proceedings; 4th
International Congress of the International
Research Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD),
Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,1969. Basel, Schwe-
izerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 309-321.
This paper is a review of the solid waste manage-
ment situation in the United States and what is
being done by the Federal government to al-
leviate the present problem. Figures are
presented on the amount and composition of the
major categories of wastes-municipal, agricul-
tural, mineral, and fossil fuel wastes and total
wastes. The role of the Federal government is
outlined, along with the enabling legislation that
has permitted the formation of new authorities
such as the Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs of the Environmental Protection
Agency to deal with the solid waste problem.
The preliminary results of the national survey of
solid waste practices are summarized; these deal
with the current methods of collecting,
processing, and disposing of the wastes in 33
States and the District of Columbia. Federal ac-
tivity in planning, research, demonstrations, and
training is reviewed, and some examples of the
work being done at some of our large universi-
ties provided. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24358]
73-5105
Waste Disposal; Proceedings; 4th International
Congress of the International Research Group
on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Basel, Switzer-
land, June 2-5, 1969. Basel, Schweizerische
Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. 782 p.
This volume contains the papers presented at
this conference in three languages-French, Ger-
man, and English. Included in the volume are the
welcoming and opening speeches, three main
papers, and the activities of six working groups.
The main papers are on the following topics: in-
ternational cooperation in the field of waste
disposal; duties of national and local authorities
in maintaining the cleanliness of our habitat, and
solid waste management in the United States.
The working groups dealt with these subjects:
-------
17
controlled tipping of solid urban refuse and in-
dustrial waste; disposal of industrial sludges; in-
cinerator corrosion; utilization of refuse com-
post; pretreatment of sewage sludge; and ther-
mal treatment of sludge. At the end of the
volume there is a survey of solid waste handling
practices in Switzerland and descriptions, opera-
tional data, and cost figures on refuse disposal
plants in 14 Swiss cities or areas. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24359]
ECONOMICS
73-5106
ASHCROFT, J. Value added tax. In Materials
Reclamation Weekly Handbook & Buyers Guide.
Croyden, England, Maclaren and Sons, Ltd.,
[1973].
This article summarizes the essentials of the
Value Added Tax (VAT) in Great Britain and in-
dicates aspects that are of special concern. VAT
went into force on April 1, 1973. Anyone with a
business turnover of more than 5,000 pounds
sterling a year must register with the Customs
and Excise. All sales will include the 10 percent
VAT except for the reclamation industry. The
following categories are also presented: buying
regulations; tax invoices; imports and exports;
accounting for VAT; the quarterly return; cost
accounting; cash flow; bad debts; and implica-
tions for production.
[24360]
73-5107
Economics and resource recovery. Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 122(l):22-23, Jan. 6,1973.
Only 5 percent of the solid waste produced in the
United States is actually collected, let alone
recovered. If cost were no object almost all
waste could be recycled using existing technolo-
gy and separation and grading techniques. One
of the factors influencing overall U.S. recovery
rates has been the price of iron and steel scrapO
which declined in 1971 as domestic steel produc-
tion demanded less ferrous material than in 1970.
Data are provided on U.S. recycling percentages
for various materials. The National Commission
on Materials Policy is studying the recycling in-
dustry in relation to the needs of the United
States in terms of an adequate supply of materi-
als, and in terms of a better environment.
[24361]
73-5108
ENVIROGENICS co. Appendix C-cost model. In
Systems evaluation of refuse as a low sulfur fuel,
a final report to the Environmental Protection
Agency, v. 2. Appendices. Report No. F-1295.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. C(l-54).
This appendix provides a cost model on the
utilization of refuse as a fuel as part of a study
sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration. Capital costs for a combined firing
plant model are presented for: land and land
rights; structures and improvements; boiler
plant equipment; auxiliary boiler equipment;
turbine-generator equipment; accessory electri-
cal equipment; air pollution control equipment;
waste handling equipment; and engineering and
construction supervision. The following annual
capital costs are outlined: amortization; Federal
taxes; insurance; and State and local taxes. The
operation and maintenance expenses include:
basic costs; shredding costs; air pollution control
costs; and residue disposal costs. Power genera-
tion credit, net solid waste disposal charges, and
a transportation cost model are also provided,
along with extensive data, charts, and biblio-
graphic material. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24362]
73-5109
FORSBERG, F. J. Concerns of State program
due to Federal cutbacks. Waste Age, 4(3):56, 58,
60, May/June 1973.
This article describes what effects the program
cutback of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs will have on Minnesota's solid waste
management program. The effects will not be
felt as adversely as in other States because Min-
nesota has been receiving technical and financial
assistance since 1967 from EPA in order to
establish sound State solid waste management
-------
18
programs. Local public and private concerns
have received instruction in the proper methods
of collecting, transporting, and disposing of solid
wastes; an abandoned automobile recycling pro-
gram was initiated; an agricultural waste pro-
gram was undertaken; and toxic and hazardous
waste studies were performed. All these pro-
grams necessitated the coordinative guidance of
the EPA. Although the reduction of Federal
financial assistance and grant programs will be
of immediate concern, of greater concern is the
reduction and possible loss of the technical
assistance.
[24363]
73-5110
GESCHKA, H., AND L. LICHTWER. Estimates of
expenditure on environmental protection in the
Federal Republic of Germany for the period
1971 to 1975. Batelle-Institut Information,
(14):4-6, Aug. 1972.
This article estimates expenditures on environ-
mental planning and protection in the Federal
Republic of Germany for the period 1971 to 1975.
A summary of the existing environmental
nuisances, listed according to type of nuisance
and sector causing it, served as the basis for the
individual estimates. The quantities of pollution
were calculated for the year 1970 and forecast
for 1975. Individual estimates were made for
each type of pollution in the different economic
sectors. The environmental sectors discussed in-
clude: clean air; waste water disposal; fungicides,
pesticides, and environmental chemicals; noise
abatement; and nature conservation and preser-
vation of the countryside. The economic sectors
covered are: coal and steel industry; power
production; stone, clay, glass, ceramics; chemical
industry; building industry; private transport;
and public authorities.
[24364]
73-5111
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Economic
potential. In Solid waste management: opportu-
nities and markets for equipment products and
processes, v. 2. Development needs and poten-
tial. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 127-161.
This paper illustrates what overall economics are
associated with various solid waste treatment
systems. The examples presented portray the
order of magnitude of projected costs for imple-
menting solid waste management technology.
The topics covered are collection, integrated
resource recovery processing plant, 'Fibreclaim'
applications, incinerator residue reclamation,
hydrolysis and fermentation, wet oxidation, and
biological processes. Based on the economic indi-
cations presented in this report, organizations
can undertake to refine process design and
operation to apply basic technology to a specific
waste source or to optimize recovery of a specific
valuable material. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24365]
73-5112
Government ups environmental funds. En-
vironmental Science and Technology, 7(3):197,
Mar. 1973.
Despite cutbacks in other programs, Federal
spending for environmental protection is con-
tinuing to grow. Within the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, the largest share of the
budget goes for the construction of municipal
waste treatment facilities. Funds for the water
activities program increased; air activity
decreased a small amount; but the major
decrease was in the area of solid waste. Within
the nearly $25 million decrease in the solid waste
effort is a $9 million reduction in the resource
recovery effort. Other increases in EPA's
budget request for fiscal 1974 include $4.4 mil-
lion for its pesticides program, a $1.6 million in-
crease for its noise program, and a $4 million
entry for the development of a toxic substances
office to handle that area as it evolves and
legislation is introduced.
[24366]
73-5113
HIRST, E., AND T. J. HEALY. Electric energy
requirements for environmental protection.
Public Utilities Fortnightly, 91(10):52-58, May
10,1973.
This article examines electric energy require-
ments for operation of several environmental
-------
19
protection strategies and compares these with
present electricity consumption. Various conser-
vation measures which reduce adverse environ-
mental effects are then discussed to determine
levels of potential electricity savings. The strate-
gies include: electric mass transit; waste water
treatment; solid waste disposal; air pollution con-
trol; waste heat dissipation; and electricity con-
servation. Two conclusions are drawn from this
work: the quantities of electricity required to
achieve various environmental quality goals are
not large; and environmental needs for electrici-
ty can be largely offset through electricity con-
servation measures. Such energy conservation
measures would reduce pollution from power
generation, conserve scarce energy resources,
and save money for consumers.
[24367]
73-5114
JORDAN, G. E. Experiences in contracting for
solid waste management. Public Works,
104(1):59-60, Jan. 1973.
This article describes how contracting for solid
waste management services has saved tax dol-
lars for Omaha, Nebraska, and avoided resident
complaints. The Public Works Department has
found that the key to success is the selection of a
company that has experienced management,
good equipment, and trained personnel. Having
multiple bidders assures low budgets; however,
the low bid must be supported not only by a per-
formance bond but by a successful record of ex-
perience in municipal operations. To comply with
Omaha's contract, daily collections of about 400
tons were made for 24,000 households and com-
mercial establishments. Sanitary landfilling
remained the most economical and technically
acceptable means of final disposal. The landfills
were located close to the city limits. The final
disposal cost at the landfill was less than $2 per
ton.
[24368]
73-5115
KELLER, J. B. Let's have a recovery allowance.
Industrial Finishing, 49(1):12-14, Jan. 1973.
This article points out that the cost of recovery
in most cases exceeds the cost of using freshly
mined and processed material because of the
depletion allowance. A depletion allowance com-
pensates an individual or corporation for deple-
tion of an irreplacable resource. This tax benefit
encourages resource extraction and discourages
resource recovery. It is recommended that a
recovery allowance equivalent to the allowance
for depletion be granted to the recoverer. In-
tangible allowances and accelerated depreciation
advantages could also be applied. This kind of
program would mean that a large part of the pol-
lution control equipment installed in the future
would be recovery equipment.
[24369]
73-5116
U.S. statistics show annual salaries of crewmen.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal
Journal, 16(11):34,52, Jan. 1973.
Statistics are presented in several tables which
relate to municipal refuse collector salaries.
These tables show the average minimum and
maximum annual salaries of refuse collectors by
city size and region, the percent distribution of
refuse collectors by minimum and maximum
salaries, and the percent distribution of cities by
minimum and maximum salaries of refuse collec-
tors. Average first-year salary of municipal
refuse collectors in cities of 100,000 or more in-
habitants was $7,428 in 1972. Maximum salaries
averaged $8,411 in a study of swampers' wages
conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Communities of 100,000 but less than 250,000 re-
sidents have the lowest average minimum and
maximum wages, while cities of a million or more
have the highest. Thus, mean salary scales vary
in direct proportion to city population. Wages
are generally highest in the Northeast, averag-
ing $8,765 and having a $10,016 maximum. Two
major factors account for some of the inter-area
discrepancies: regional cost-of-living variations
and unequal distribution in larger cities. In the
Northeast, 90 percent of the refuse collectors
earn starting salaries of $7,000 or more com-
pared with less than 10 percent in the South.
[24370]
HAZARDOUS WASTES
-------
20
73-5117
Industrial notes. Nuclear Engineering Interna-
tional, 18(205):499-502, June 1973.
The following topics connected with hazardous
wastes are discussed: Westinghouse recycle
fuels plant (the manufacturing process, environ-
mental protection, and plutonium protection);
positioning system for insulating plates; con-
struction of a heavy engineering plant in Fin-
land; a computerized equipment quality as-
surance reporting system; fully automatic turbo-
generator run-up; uses of epoxy resins in a
nuclear power plant; detecting ocean resources;
and the removal of iodine from nuclear power
reactors. Some of the plants and equipment are
illustrated.
[24371]
73-5118
MATHIEU, G. I. The FLPC process for cyanide
destruction. Canadian Mining Journal,
94(6):32-33, June 1973.
This article describes a process termed the film
layer purification chamber (FLPC) system
which has been developed for the purification of
cyanide waste as well as oils, organic matter, and
some base metals. It uses the oxidizing power of
ozone in a mechanical device for obtaining effi-
cient contact of the short-lived gas with the im-
purities to be oxidized. Features of the process
are: rapid and complete oxidation of simple cya-
nides; concomitant destruction of cyanates and
cyanide complexes at a somehwat slower rate;
and control of oxidation so that excess produc-
tion of ozone is avoided. This process features
the use of the spray-chamber technique. The
pilot-plant system has a capacity of 2 to 7 gal per
min. The installed cost of the portable field unit
is $9,500. It may be rented for $1,800 per month
including technical assistance.
[24372]
73-5119
SAKATA, S. [Development of waste disposal
methods.] Genshiryoku Kogyo, 19(4):23-25, Apr.
1973.
According to the regulations for atomic reactors
and other legal bases for atomic power manage-
ment, the responsibility for the disposal of
radioactive waste material lies with the manu-
facturers and operators of atomic plants. Special
private disposal business operators may be en-
gaged, but the responsibility of management is
still with the manufacturers and operators. In
contrast, in Europe, the responsibility is trans-
ferred from the manufacturers and operators to
the state or the government, or semi-govern-
ment agencies. The limit of responsibility de-
pends on the type of waste and on the social and
natural conditions of the concerned country, but
usually the operator is responsible for packing
radioactive waste safely, ready for transporta-
tion. In France, the Commissariat a 1'Energie
Atomique is responsible for the transportation
and storage of waste at the storage center in La
Hague. In England, the Minister of Housing and
Local Governments is responsible for the control
of radioactive waste, and the Minister of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food shares responsi-
bility for burial treatment of waste. British
Nuclear Fuels treats the waste and the United
Kingdom Atomic Energy Association stores and
manages it. The administrative responsibilities
of radioactive waste in Germany, Belguim,
Czechoslovakia, Holland, and Italy are briefly
discussed. (Text in Japanese)
[24373]
73-5120
SICCAMA, E. H. The environmental risk arising
from the bulk storage of dangerous chemicals.
/Wflreniettr, 85(24):502-505, June 14,1973.
In this article consideration is given to the na-
ture and scope of the danger for residential
areas arising from the bulk storage of dangerous
chemicals. In the first section a theoretical analy-
sis of the danger and the factors involved is
given. This analysis is then applied to the bulk
storage of dangerous chemicals. A method for an
approach to work on the problems of storage of
dangerous liquids and distance from residential
areas is also discussed. As sufficient information
for statistical calculations was lacking, only the
order of magnitude was indicated. It is concluded
that since dangerous chemicals are shipped from
one country to another, agreement on criteria for
these hazards is needed. Tables and graphs are
included.
[24374]
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21
73-5121
Spectrum. Environment, 15(3):21, Apr. 1973.
This article discusses the relationship between
lead and infectious disease in human beings.
That small amounts of lead in human beings may
interfere with their ability to resist infectious
disease is the conclusion of the comments sub-
mitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency by the Environmental Defense Fund on
proposed lead-in-gasoline standards. Studies of
mice, rats, and baboons show that animals with
body burdens of lead similar to those found in
the average adult human reduced the animals'
resistance to infectious disease and reduced
their lifespan. Salt mine storage of low and medi-
um radioactive wastes in West Germany is also
discussed. The Germans are postponing storage
of high level radioactive wastes until further
testing is done on whether water is likely to
enter the salt formations. The U.S. Atomic Ener-
gy Commission had planned to use a salt forma-
tion in Lyons, Kansas, as the national radioactive
waste repository but abandoned the plan when
questions of water penetration into the salt
arose.
[24375]
73-5122
WELTY, R. K. Scrap nuclear fuel material
recovery process. Canadian Patent 888,105
owned by General Electric Co., Inc., New York,
New York. Issued Dec. 14,1971.
Nuclear fuel material such as uranium dioxide or
mixtures or uranium dioxide with thorium diox-
ide, and plutonium dioxide, scrapped during
manufacture is recovered by passage through a
fluidized bed reactor as a continuous flow of
scrap. Particles of scrap are fed into a fluidized
bed reactor into which air with a 400 to 600 F
temperature is admitted at a superficial velocity
of about 1.33 ft per second. The reactor is heated
to a temperature of about 800 to 1,300 F for the
continuous, simultaneous oxidation and com-
minution of the scrap particles. The air flow is
controlled so that the largest particles are not
fluidized, medium sized particles are fluidized,
and the smallest particles are carried out at the
top of the reactor. The smallest particles
separated from the gas after the reactor are con-
tacted with a hydrogen containing gas with a
temperature of about 1,150 to 1,350 F to reduce
the oxide back to the original oxide state,
whereby finely divided, millable, sinterable par-
ticles are produced.
[24376]
73-5123
WEST, P. J. Management of radioactive wastes
from nuclear fuel processing. Atom Energy
Review, 11(1):179-184,1973.
This article outlines some of the presentations
made at a symposium on the management of
radioactive wastes from fuel reprocessing which
was held in Paris from Nov. 27 to Dec. 1, 1972.
One paper describes the main elements of the
slightly enriched water-cooled reactor fuel cycle,
such as mining and milling, chemical conversion,
isotopic enrichment, fuel fabrication, reactor
operation, and chemical reprocessing. Another
paper reviewed the radiation doses used as
criteria for protecting populations for the effects
of nuclear power programs. The latest available
data on risks of radiation-induced biological ef-
fects were discussed. There was also a group of
papers on local releases of radionuclides and
their regional and global impacts. The group of
papers on solidification techniques indicated a
general preference for borosilicate glasses as the
preferred end product for storage. The waste
problem in the processing of irradiated fuel by
dry methods was also presented.
[24377]
INCINERATION
73-5124
ANDERSON, J. E. Solid refuse disposal process
and apparatus. U.S. Patent 3,729,298 owned by
Union Carbide Corp., New York, New York. Is-
sued Apr. 24,1973.
This patent covers a process for disposing of
refuse by thermally decomposing it in a shaft
furnace and simultaneously producing a fuel or
synthesis gas containing over 50 percent carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. A gas containing at
least 40 percent oxygen is fed into the furnace at
a rate of 0.15 to 0.28 tons of oxygen per ton of
refuse to create a sufficiently high thermal driv-
-------
22
ing force in the hearth to melt and fluidize the
non-combustible inorganic matter and to permit
molten metal and slag to be tapped from the base
of the furnace without causing overoxidation of
the refuse. The metal and slag will solidify to an
inert compact residue. The relatively small
volume of gas produced from the combustible or-
ganic portion of the refuse renders it easy to
clean of pollutants prior to further treatment or
utilization. The process may be used in combina-
tion with an oxygen plant in an integrated
system which leaves a major portion of the gas
produced available for use.
[24378]
73-5125
BODMAN, S. W., J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HARRING-
TON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TRIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Mu-
nicipal incineration. In The treatment and
management of urban solid waste. Westport,
Connecticut, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.,
1972. p 99-144.
In this paper some of the factors of design,
operation, and financing which influence the
overall performance of municipal incinerators
are discussed. The following topics are discussed
in detail: the role of incineration; refuse as a fuel;
design criteria for incinerators; incinerator com-
ponents; heat recovery and energy generation;
air pollution control; the economics of contempo-
rary incineration systems; and new concepts,
such as slagging incinerators, fluidized bed in-
cineration, refuse incineration by fluidized bed,
pyrolysis, the current status of refuse pyrolysis
technology, pyrolysis products, and an evalua-
tion of the refuse-pyrolysis process. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24379]
73-5126
BODMAN, S. W., J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HARRING-
TON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TRIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Quan-
titative estimates for solid waste management in
Boston. In The treatment and management of
urban solid waste. Westport, Connecticut,
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 29-68.
This discussion provides a quantitative analysis
of waste management in densely populated
urban areas by means of a case study of the
economics and performance of a specific solid
waste management system, that of Boston. The
types of solid waste generated in Boston are
discussed under domestic refuse, bulky material,
construction and demolition debris, and street
sweepings. The following topics are also covered:
refuse collection; street sweeping; lot and alley
cleaning; the city incinerator and landfill; alter-
native disposal possibilities; and onsite treat-
ment. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24380]
73-5127
DANIELS, L. E. A report on the Dekalb County
incinerator study. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Bureau of
Solid Waste Management, 1970.72 p.
This report is an exhaustive study of the opera-
tion and pollution potential of the Dekalb County
incinerator, a rotary kiln incinerator that handles
some of the wastes generated by the City of At-
lanta, Georgia. The purpose of the study was to
determine the various parameters of the in-
cinerator operation such as composition and
quantity of the waste, its density and other
characteristics, the analysis and moisture con-
tent of the residue, the efficiency of the plant,
and the composition, temperature, chemical com-
position, and pathogen content of the scrubber
and quenching waters. Findings are also
presented on the burning rate of the plant, the
particulate emissions, and economic analyses.
Bacteriological studies were carried out on the
residue, stack gas, fly ash, and tapwater samples.
In addition to the many charts presenting this in-
formation, there is a bibliography. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24381]
73-5128
DAVIDS, P. Die Luftbelastung durch die Schad-
stoffemission aus Muellverbrennungsanlagen.
[Air pollution through pollutant emission from
incinerators.] Muell und Afball, 5(3):61-68, Mar.
1973.
-------
This article was also presented as a paper at the
Muelltechnische Kolloquim, Universitaet Stutt-
gart, Mar. 8,1973. The incinerators in operation
in the Federal Republic of Germany today are all
similar in their design with the exception of in-
dividual components. For dust cleaning of the
emissions, electrostatic precipitators are mostly
used. A removal of gaseous pollutants is
generally not undertaken. In six incinerators a 1-
week measurement program was launched to
determine the type and quantity of the com-
ponents of trash and their distribution in the
gaseous and solid combustion residues which are
important for air pollution. Dust measurements
were taken behind the electrostatic precipitator
to determine the dust composition in the cleaned
gas. Silica, aluminum, iron, alkali, and alkaline
earth metals were analyzed. The measured lead
concentrations were below 1 percent; the zinc
concentrations were below 5.3 percent. In two
samples neither of these two components could
be determined. Measurements of chlorine, am-
monia, hydrogen sulfide, and other pollutants
showed that the concentration of these was
about 1 mg per cu m (detection limit) or they
were not detectable at all. Correlation of the
measurement results yielded a significant rela-
tionship between hydrogen chloride and
hydrogen fluoride emission. For determination
of long-term changes of the pollutant emission,
because of the changes of the trash composition,
500 measurement values for hydrogen chloride
and sulfur dioxide were available taken in one in-
cinerator since 1966. For the period 1966 to 1972
a steady decline of the sulfur dioxide emission by
about one third was discernible. The hydrogen
chloride emission rose between 1967 and the
beginning of 1970 by about 100 percent. Since
then it has remained about constant. (Text in
German)
[24382]
73-5129
DAVIDS, P., AND W. BROCKE. Technische
Moeglichkeiten zur Verminderung der Schad-
stoffemission aus Muellverbrennungsanlagen.
[Technical possibilities for reduction of pollutant
emissions from incinerators.] Muell und Abfall.
5(3):72-75, Mar. 1973.
This article was originally a paper presented at
the Muelltechnische {Colloquium, Universitaet
Stuttgart, Mar. 8, 1973. Incinerators emit
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur
dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Since hydrogen
chloride is water soluble its separation is rela-
tively easy compared to sulfur dioxide. Through
scrubbing with water, cleaned gas concentra-
tions of less than 10 mg of hydrogen chloride per
cu m can be reached. Hydrogen fluoride too is
water soluble. In aluminum plants scrubbers for
hydrogen fluoride which clean several million cu
m per hr are in operation. The cleaned gas con-
centrations are in the vicinity of 1 mg hydrogen
fluoride per cu m. For sulfur dioxide, alkaline ab-
sorbents must be used. For desulfurization a
number of processes exist. In incinerators of the
Federal Republic of Germany scrubbers for
waste gas cleaning are rarely used. Extensive
measurements were carried out with a scrubber
in an incinerator with a throughput of 2.5 tons
per hr and an emission quantity of 18,000 cu m
per hr. The gas was first cooled to 70 C. Using
several parallel venturi nozzles the dust was
separated and the watersoluble gaseous com-
ponents absorbed. After passing through a
droplet separator the off-gas was heated again
and blown out through the stack. An average col-
lection efficiency for hydrogen chloride of 95
percent and for hydrogen fluoride of 96 percent
was obtained. The average concentrations in the
cleaned gas were 27 mg of hydrogen chloride per
cu m and 0.3 mg hydrogen fluoride per cu m. The
collection efficiency for sulfur dioxide was 7 per-
cent and for the nitrous oxides 12 percent. Ther-
mogravimetric and laboratory experiments con-
cerning the sorption properties of comminuted
slag from incinerators for hydrogen chloride and
sulfur dioxide under simulated conditions
revealed that at temperatures between 500 and
700 C the slag has a large binding potential for
these substances. (Text in German)
[24383]
73-5130
DEFECHE, J. Corrosions produced by the in-
cineration of domestic refuse. In Waste
Disposal; 4th International Congress of the In-
ternational Research Group on Refuse Disposal
(IRGRD), Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5, 1969.
-------
24
Basel, Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer
Hydrologie. p. 488-508.
This section is the proceedings of the working
group of the conference concerned with incinera-
tion of refuse and corrosion. Particular attention
is directed at the Issy-les-Moulineaux refuse in-
cineration installation outside Paris, which is a
large facility with steam generating capability.
Pictures of corroded tubes and figures giving the
thickness of tubes in various stages of corrosion
are provided. There is a tentative explanation of-
fered for the corrosion. Three main theories are
discussed in some detail. The first is the theory
that corrosion is a result of a reductive at-
mosphere in some zones of the furnace. Carbon
monoxide is generated by the uneven com-
bustion of refuse; this reductive gas increases
corrosion, especially in counter-flow incinera-
tors. The carbon oxide reacts with iron very
rapidly above 400 C. Corrosion by chlorine com-
pounds is another theory. These compounds
result largely from the combustion of plastics in
refuse, although there are also other sources of
chlorine in wastes. Sulfur-bearing wastes are
also possible sources of corrosive compounds.
Suggestions are made as to how to control corro-
sion in plants with or without waste heat utiliza-
tion equipment. Both design and operation of the
plant must be considered if corrosion is to be
minimized. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24384]
73-5131
DEMARCO, J. Advanced techniques for incinera-
tion of municipal solid wastes. A Division of
Processing and Disposal Open File Report (SW-
38d.of). Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 1972.15 p.
This paper is a discussion of two demonstration
projects currently funded by the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency's Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs. One is the pyrol-
ysis project in New York State, the Torrax
system, designed to convert mixed municipal
refuseO including metal, glass, and garbageO into
an inert residue by completely consuming com-
bustible material and melting noncombustible
material at temperatures up to 3,000 F. The
refuse is processed without any sorting or
pretreatment. The major components and opera-
tion of the Torrax system are described. The
second system discussed is the St. Louis in-
cineration project, in which refuse is used as aux-
iliary fuel in a power generation facility. The
final cost data are not in yet on either of these
projects, much operational and emission data has
yet to be gathered. However, it seems that these
two types of plants hold promise for the near fu-
ture in terms of simultaneously solving the solid
waste and air pollution problems, and the
shortage of energy fuels. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24385]
73-5132
ENVIROGENICS Co. Refuse as a fuel-com-
bustion and interactions. In Systems evaluation
of refuse as a low sulfur fuel, a final report to the
Environmental Protection Agency, v. 1. Report
No. F-1295. Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(22-43).
The combustion and interactions involved in
using refuse as a fuel are discussed in this study
sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration. The following topics are discussed
in detail: gaseous combustion products (major
products and pollutants); and solid combustion
products (residue, fly ash and suspended parti-
cles, ash deposits and corrosion, and ash fouling
tendencies). The following data are included:
refuse combustion products; combustion con-
stants for refuse and coal; nitrogen oxide emis-
sions from various types of furnaces; fly ash
from refuse and coal combustion; and chloride
contents of refuse and coal. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24386]
73-5133
ENVIROGENICS Co. Refuse as a fuel-handling
and processing. In Systems evaluation of refuse
as a low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, v. 1. Report No. F-
1295. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(55-68).
The physical handling and processing of refuse
prior to and after combustion are discussed in
-------
this study sponsored by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration. The following topics are
discussed in detail: size reduction (equipment
characteristics, test work, and the effect of parti-
cle size on combustion); refuse transport
(pipeline transfer of refuse); and separation
processes (ferrous metals, nonferrous metals,
and air classification). The following data are
also provided: size reductionO total capital and
operating costs; particle size distributions of out-
puts from two different types of hammermills;
and calculated burning times for various frac-
tions of milled refuse. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24387]
73-5134
ENVIROGENICS Co. Refuse as a fuel-potential
pollutant reductions. In Systems evaluation of
refuse as a low sulfur fuel, a final report to the
Environmental Protection Agency, v. 1. Report
No. F-1295. Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(44-54).
Ways of reducing pollution while utilizing refuse
as a fuel are discussed in this study sponsored by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Na-
tional Air Pollution Control Administration. The
following topics are discussed in detail: current
incinerator and power plant emissions; projected
reductions through use of refuse as a fuel; and
the effect of refuse firing on sulfur and particu-
late emissions. The following data are provided:
fusion temperatures of 90 percent coal ashO 10
percent refuse ash mixtures; projected power
plant coal displacement by urban refuse energy;
raw energy consumption for the generation of
electricity in the United States; potential reduc-
tions in current sulfur and particulate emissions;
and projected emissions reduction by coal dis-
placement with refuse. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24388]
73-5135
GARNER, F. View from abroad, night soil. En-
vironment, 15(5):26-27, June 1973.
This article discusses 'night soil' which is the
euphemism for human wastes in the Orient. In
rural China the farmers still collect and use
human and animal feces as nutrient in fish ponds
and to fertilize fields. This direct recycling is un-
sanitary; however, the Japanese have begun to
combine combustion technology and shrewd
marketing techniques in recycling urban wastes.
Tokyo and Osaka have started to convert sewage
sludge to a sterile ash in multiple hearth fur-
naces. The burning process depends mostly on
fuel energy in the sludge itself. Tokyo and
Nagoya have sold over 50,000 tons of this ash to
commercial fertilizer firms at $2.42 per ton. A
more advanced waste treatment installation at
South Lake Tahoe, California, is producing ash
with twice as much phosphate plus 30 percent of
lime.
[24389]
73-5136
GERHARDS, K. Kunstoffabfaelle im Muell und
ihre Emissionen aus Muellverbrennungsanlagen.
Untersuchungen und Entwicklungstendenzen.
[Synthetic waste in trash and its emissions from
incinerators. 'Studies and development trends.]
Muell und Abfall, 5(3):68-71, Mar. 1973.
This article was also presented as a paper at the
Muelltechnische {Colloquium, Universitaet Stutt-
gart, Mar. 8,1973. In the year 1971 six one-week
measurement series were conducted with the
aim of determining, weight, type, and amount of
synthetics in domestic refuse. Each resident was
found to throw away 4.1 kg of synthetic wastes
per year. A number of synthetics, primarily
polyamides and polyurethanes contain up to 19
percent nitrogen. In domestic refuse polyamide
was found to constitute 4.9 percent of the
synthetic waste. Between 0.1 and 0.2 g of
nitrogen per ton of refuse are added through
polyamides. The contribution of synthetics to the
emission of nitrous oxides is, therefore, rather
insignificant. None of the more important
synthetics contain sulfur. The most important
fluorine containing synthetic is
polytetrafluoroethylene but its fraction among
the synthetics is so small that no fluorine could
be detected in any case. Chlorine is an essential
component of chlorinated polyethylene, polyvi-
nyl chloride, and polyvinylidene chloride. In
domestic refuse from Bochum a chlorine fraction
of 5.0 percent of the synthetics was found. The
-------
26
total chlorine fraction in the Bochum domestic
refuse amounted to 3.45 kg per ton refuse; the
fraction constituted by the synthetics alone was
0.95 kg per ton refuse. Based on this data the
synthetic's share of the hydrogen chloride emis-
sion from incineration of domestic refuse is 32
percent. Based on an estimated specific domestic
refuse accumulation of 256 kg per person per
year by 1980, an industrial refuse quantity of 116
kg per person per year, and a bulky and commu-
nal refuse quantity of 34 kg per person per year
and a synthetics quantity of 5.9 percent, the
average chlorine emission will be 5.7 kg per ton
waste. This is 50 percent more than in 1971.
(Text in German)
[24390]
73-5137
GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. Incineration. In The problem of solid
waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of Engineer-
ing, The University of Michigan, 1972. p. 65-85.
This chapter provides a basic introduction to the
principles and methods of incineration. It
stresses, first, that technically incineration is not
a method of disposal, but rather is volume reduc-
tion. A brief history of incineration is given. A
number of charts and diagrams with commenta-
ry make up the major part of the chapter. These
include: a flow chart for incineration with ex-
planations of the various stages; the incineration
process; alternative charging methods; typical
heating values of refuse components; tempera-
tures of combustion air at various stages in the
combustion process; standards for desirable in-
cineration operations; types of grates; incinera-
tor emissions for municipal and onsite incinera-
tors; particle classification and particulate
removal; diagrams of an electrostatic precipita-
tor, a cyclonic dust collector, and a direct-contact
scrubber; water-wall construction; and costs of
municipal incinerators. Waste heat recovery is
briefly discussed. There is explanation and
discussion of each of the elements that is illus-
trated by these charts. The advantages and dis-
advantages of incineration compared to other
disposal and reduction methods is discussed.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24391]
73-5138
GOLDSTERN, W. Muellverbrennungsanlage mit
Dampfspeicher. [Incinerator with steam storer.]
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 25(5):203, May 1973.
The urban community in Quebec, Canada, is con-
structing an incinerator for 24 municipalities at a
cost of 20 million Canadian dollars. An agree-
ment has been reached with the neighboring
Anglo-Canadian Paper Mills to supply them with
steam. For compensating the fluctuating steam
generation a steam storer holding 12 tons of
steam is being built. With the aid of this storer
the steam supply will not fluctuate by more than
plus or minus 75 percent of the daily average
quantity. The storer has a diameter of 3 m and a
height of 12 m. (Text in German)
[24392]
73-5139
JACOBI, P., AND H. THIEME. Muellverbrennen -
eine Gefahr? Zusammenstellung von Argumen-
ten, die fuer Muellverbrennunsanlagen
sprechen. [Incineration - A danger? Compilation
of arguments in favor of incineration.] VDI-
Nachrichten, 27(18):15,1973.
According to statistics included in the environ-
mental program of the Federal government 45
million tons of waste accumulated in 1970 in the
Federal Republic of Germany. Incineration of
this amount of waste would produce 30,000 to
35,000 tons of dust which would be emitted into
the atmosphere. It would take 150 years of dust
emissions of these proportions to deposit one
mm of dust over the entire country. In urban
areas the dust concentration of the air is already
higher than the dust concentration in waste
gases from incinerators. Apart from dust 60,000
tons of sulfur oxides, about 200,000 tons of
hydrogen chloride, and about 1,000 tons of
hydrogen fluoride would be emitted. These gases
can be washed out and neutralized. The heat
liberated at the combustion of 45 million tons
would suffice to heat about 15 percent of the
private households. Dumping 45 million tons of
waste would require 1,000 to 1,500 hectares of
land, while the slag residues from incineration
would require only 100 to 150 hectares. (Text in
German)
[24394]
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27
73-5140
JOACHIM, H. Muellverbrennungsanlage
Deurne-Betrachtungen zum Stand der Technik
der Muellverbrennungsanlagen. Refuse in-
cineration plant Deurne-considerations regard-
ing the state of the art of the refuse incineration
plants.] Aufbereitungs-Technik, 14(3):166-172,
1973.
A detailed report is given on the refuse incinera-
tion plant Deurne, Antwerp, started up in April
1972. With a population of 80,000 inhabitants, the
amount of refuse is approximately 25,000 tons
per year. With continuous 24-hr operation, the
continuous grate capacity is higher than 3.6 tons
per hr; there are two self-contained incineration
grates available. For the daily starting operation
and in the case of short-term throughput of
refuse featuring a low calorific value, the fuel oil
consumption determined is 6 liters per ton of
refuse. The loss of weight involved in refuse in-
cineration is 30 percent, the refuse volume is
reduced by 90 percent. The The waste material is
charged through water cooled shafts. Hydrauli-
cally operated multi-zone forward stoking grates
are installed in the 50 cu m combustion cham-
bers. The flue gases are cooled to the operating
temperature of the dust collector by fresh air.
Centrifugal collectors are used for dust removal.
The maximum allowable dust concentration in
the cleaned gas is 0.4 g per cu m. These values
are based on saturated flue gas with a carbon
dioxide concentration of 7 percent. The stack
rises to a height of 35 m. Incineration is a solid
waste disposal method which will gain further
importance in the future. (Text in German)
[24393]
73-5141
KlMURA, M. Ryudoso shokaku sisutemu ni yoru
toshi gomi no shori ni tsuite. [City waste treat-
ment by circulating layer combustion system.]
Presented at the 1972 National Environmental
Sanitation Meeting, 16th, Niigata, Japan, Oct. 19-
20, 1972. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Health and
Welfare, Japan Environmental Sanitation
Center, 1972.2 p.
The type of incinerator used for the petroleum
industry and metallurgy was adopted by Matsu-
do City to dispose of its wastes and to recover
some usable materials. The whole system is di-
vided into pre-treatment the process and the
combustion system. Pretreatment consists of
crushing and pulverizing. Between the crushing
and pulverizing processes, scrap iron is
recovered by magnetic separator. After pul-
verization, wastes are crushed to smaller than 25
mm pieces. The wastes are fed into incinerator
by conveyer. Inside the incinerator, a slurry of
sand is in boiling condition. Wastes are continu-
ously fed and get in contact with sand slurry at
600 C. Most of the ash formed is taken out from
the top duct, together with exhaust gas, and led
to the cyclone. Non-flammables such as metal,
glass, and porcelain pieces are automatically
ejected, and ash is stored in an ash bunker.
Waste gas goes into heat exchanger, is heated to
200 to 250 C, and is sent back to incinerator.
Finally, waste gas is cooled in the cooling tower,
and hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, and dust
are absorbed in adsorption tower, and cleaned
gas is emitted by blower into the atmosphere
from a stack. Water absorbed by hydrogen
chloride, sulfur dioxide, and dust is neutralized
by alkali, and sent to a thickener, where floating
substances are separated, and reutilized. The in-
cinerator has been in operation since Aug. 1972.
Data was obtained concerning wastes of summer
time only. (Text in Japanese) (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24395]
73-5142
KRAMER, R. J. Method and apparatus for waste
incineration. U.S. Patent 3,722,433. Issued Mar.
27,1973.
A waste incineration apparatus and method are
provided having two serially connected com-
bustion chambers for incineration of solid, semi-
solid, and liquid waste material, each of which
comprises combustible components. The com-
bustion chambers are relatively positioned so
that heated gaseous fluids produced by com-
bustion of substantially solid and semi-solid
waste are passed on to enhance combustion of
liquids introduced into the second chamber.
These gaseous fluids which are at a relatively
high temperature include those that enable or
support combustion of liquid waste and may also
include those that are combustible when com-
-------
28
bined with additional combustion air. These
gaseous fluids intermix with liquid waste enter-
ing the second chamber thereby enhancing the
combustion characteristics of the liquid waste.
Preferably, combustion in the first chamber is
carried out in the presence of a substantial
amount of excess air resulting in complete com-
bustion and preheating of the remaining com-
bustion air prior to its entry into the second com-
bustion chamber. Alternatively, combustion in
the first chamber is controlled by limiting the
amount of combustion air admitted to that neces-
sary to effect burning of the solids or semi-
solids, but not sufficient for combustion of the
gaseous fluids evolved as a result of the com-
bustion process thereby forming a combustible
gaseous fluid.
[24396]
73-5143
ODA, T. Kobunshikei haikibutsu nenshoro no
mondaiten. [Problems of incinerators for
polymer wastes.] Kobunshi, 22(253):201-205,
Apr. 1973.
Of the several disposal methods for high
polymers, the burning system would consitute
the main procedure for the present because it
may be said that the burning system is the most
safe and exact method. However, there are many
problems with incinerator for high polymers:
that is, the high exothermic amount of plastic
wastes requires a great amount of air when
burned. The decomposition of plastics other than
vinyl chloride ends at 400 to 500 C, but the vinyl
chloride produces hydrochloric acid above 300 C
and begins to redecompose above 500 C. The
evolution of hydrochloric acid seriously corrodes
metals. The high temperatures produced when
plastic wastes are burned greatly damages in-
cinerators and black smoke due to incomplete
combustion may be emitted which makes smoke
a nuisance, and most thermal plastic wastes are
melted or softened by heat, which often stops up
or damages the fire grate of the incinerator. For
these reasons, concerning the ideal conditions to
solve the problems of the incinerator for high
polymers, the feeding system should be an auto-
matic and continuous one to improve the contact
of air with gases. To keep the combustion condi-
tion inside the incinerator constant, the incinera-
tor should be of the flat bed type and should
have a main combustion room, secondary com-
bustion room, and third combustion room in
order to complete combustion. (Text in
Japanese)
[24397]
73-5144
OSHITA, S., T. FUJITA, AND K. MURAYAMA. San-
gyo haikibutsu shokyakuro ni tsuite.
[Incinerators for industrial wastes.] Niaseki
Rebyu, 15(1):24-31, Mar. 1973.
The classification of various incinerators and the
comparison of their characteristics were made,
and a test on an incinerator manufactured for ex-
periment was reported. The test incinerator con-
sists of about one sq m of fixed stage fire grate,
primary and secondary combustion rooms, main
and auxiliary burners, and 15 m high chimney
stack. As a result of four experiments, in order
to raise the efficiency of burning the wastes in
powder, granular, and sludge forms the ejection
and stirring of burning wastes by force ventila-
tion and pushers and the dropping of ashes are
found to be very effective means. The noncom-
bustible sluge of the wastes from oil refinery is
mixed with waste terra alba and tank sludge.
The temperature of refinery wastes is low
(about 250 to 460 C) because the waste is self-
combustible and so no firing arch is required.
The dust in exhaust gas is completely burned if
an excess of air is supplied with force ventilation,
and the addition of a dust-collecting cyclone
reduces the amount of dust. The behavior of ex-
haust gas was very good, but about 100 or more
ppm of sulfur dioxide were discharged. And the
test incinerator could burn various kinds of
wastes such as terra alba, sludges, tank sludge,
waste diatomaceous earth, polymer mats, and
general trash. (Text in Japanese)
[24398]
73-5145
RASCH, R. Bericht ueber die Diskussion zum 1.
Teil des 24. Muelltechnischen Kolloquiums der
Universitaet Stuttgart am 8.3. 1973. [Report on
the discussion of Part I of the 24th Muell-
technische Kolloquium [(colloquium on waste
technology)] at the University of Stuttgart,
-------
29
March 8,1973. Muell und Abfall, 5(3):76-77, Mar.
1973.
For the densely populated Ruhr Area incinera-
tion is the most adequate method of solid waste
disposal. Doubts were expressed whether a
reduction of hydrogen chloride from a maximum
of 2000mg per cu m to lOmg per cu m is either
feasible in practice or really necessary. With
natural precipitation 50 to 60 kg per hectare per
year of chlorine ions are carried into the soil;
from incinerators it is only about 2 kg per hec-
tare per year. A reduction of the maximum al-
lowable emission concentrations for hydrogen
chloride from 0.7 mg per cu m to 0.15 mg per cu
m is intended. It is important to be warned
against overemphasis on hydrogen chloride
emissions. There was disagreement on the
benefit of scrubbers for incinerators. The cold
water vapor saturated flue gases leaving the
scrubber are also a burden for the neighborhood.
Most gaseous components in the emissions from
incinerators are so low that a reduction can be
achieved only by enormous expenditures.
Moreover, the use of scrubbers turns the air pol-
lution problem into a water pollution problem.
(Text in German)
[24399]
73-5146
SCHENKEL, W. Grundsaetze fuer Muellver-
brennungsanlagen in Ballungsgebieten.
[Fundamentals for incinerators in industrial cen-
ters.] Muell und abfall, 5(3):59-61, Mar. 1973.
Annually, in the Ruhr area 12 million cu m of
chemically and biologically nondecomposable
waste accumulates. There is also 6 million cu m
of putrescible waste. Incinerators are in ex-
istence in Essen-Karnap, Oberhausen, and
Hagen with a joint annual capacity of 800,000
tons per year. The waste volume is reduced
through incineration to between 10 and 20 per-
cent of its original volume. Combustion of one
ton of trash with a residence time of 30 minutes
produces 3,000 to 5,000 cu m of flue gas. Each cu
m of this contains 150 mg of dust, 103,000 mg of
carbon dioxide, 43 mg of sulfur dioxide, 1 mg of
sulfur trioxide, 40 mg of organic acids, and 43 mg
of chlorine. Apart from this 300 to 400 kg of slag
and 100 to 200 kg of fly ash are produced. The
heat liberated from one ton of trash amounts
presently to 1,800 kcal per kg and will further in-
crease. This heat could be used for preventing
future power shortages. The air pollution
problem, however, will certainly increase
through this. The best method of trash disposal
would be conversion into a form which makes it
feasible to localize and to monitor it. This would
mean that only the sanitary landfill is an accepta-
ble method. But it would require large areas of
land which are just not available. Thus the con-
struction of large incinerators will be unavoida-
ble. They should be operated in as nonpolluting a
manner as possible. The aim here is to achieve a
maximum of cost reduction, the utilization of
heat, and a reduction of emissions. (Text in Ger-
man)
[24400]
73-5147
SCHOPPE, F. Apparatus for the burning of
solids. U.S. Patent 3,727,565. Issued Apr. 17,
1973.
The patent concerns a system to burn waste
materials with essentially complete combustion
including a verticle preheating chamber with
upper waste inlet and lower outlet, the outlet
conducting preheated material into a furnace
having a rotating frusto-conical grate with a ver-
tix angle of between 90 degrees and 120 degrees
arranged somewhat horizontal so a lowermost
surface line is slightly inclined down toward the
large inlet end of the grate relative to a horizon-
tal reference. The furnace has an air inlet system
which directs a controlled amount of combustion
air to a specific limited zone of the grate. The
grate, its disposition, and the air supply provide
a waste material movement and burning to max-
imize effective use of combustion heat. The
system also has apparatus for removing waste
solids and gases from the furnace, with com-
ponents to cool, wash and separate small solids
from the waste gas and to utilize controlled
quantities of the waste gas for introduction back
into the inlet end of the preheating chamber.
[24401]
73-5148
SOUDA, R., AND H. ARITOU. Teflon netsubunkai
seiseibutsu. Kanetsu joken ni yoru seiseibutsu no
-------
30
henka. [Pyrolysis products of Teflon. Variations
of pyrolysis products by heating conditions.] In
Proceedings; 28th Spring Meeting of the Japan
Chemical Society, Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1-5,1973. p.
753.
It is well known that teflon is thermally decom-
posed by heating and toxic compounds are
formed as a result. To elucidate the effect of
pyrolysis on the kind of pyrolysis products,
polyfluoroethylenepropylene (PFEP) was
pyrolyzed both in air and nitrogen streams.
Resulting products were analyzed by alizanine
complexon method for water soluble fluoride
compounds, and by infrared spectra analysis for
gaseous products respectively. At several tem-
perature levels below 430 C, water soluble
fluoride compounds were absorbed in air stream.
In nitrogen stream, weight loss by pyrolysis was
little and no water soluble fluoride compound
was detected in contrast with the decomposition
in air stream. Infrared spectra show that the
main pyrolysis products are the same in both
cases. Absorption bands of difluoro formal-
dehyde and tetrafluoro acetaldehyde were ob-
served clearly in air stream decomposition, while
tetrafluoro ethane and hexafluoro propene were
seen in nitrogen stream decomposition. The for-
mation of silicon fluoride (SiF) was also observed
in air stream decomposition which suggests the
reaction with ceramic of thermocouple occurs.
On the contrary, SiF was not detected in
nitrogen stream decomposition. A trace of car-
bon dioxide was also observed in air stream
decomposition. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24402]
73-5149
TAKAHASHI, Y., AND T. ISHIKAWA. Purasuchik-
ku kanryu shokyaku shisutemu. [Plastic waste
incineration system.] Hitashi Hyoron, 55(3):95-
98, Mar. 1973.
A bench scale model of a dry distillation incinera-
tion system for plastic waste was designed. The
system has a pretreatment process for plastic
containing hydro/en chloride. Using the thermal
property of polyolefin in the absence of oxygen,
polyvinyl chloride is distilled at 280 to 400 C and
dehydrochlorinated. The pretreatment compart-
ment is heated indirectly from the outside of the
wall and directly by steam. Experiments with
the dry distillation temperature showed that at
300 C, only 54.2 percent dehydrochlorination was
achieved, and at 350 C, 98.5 percent of polyvinyl
chloride was dehydrochlorinated. The gas is
heat-exchanged in the boiler and part of it is
recirculated by a circulation blower to the outer
channel of the pretreatment kiln. The rest of the
gas is cooled in the scrub tower and the dust in
the gas is eliminated. The traceable amounts of
hydrogen chloride and other toxic gases are ab-
sorbed in alkaline liquid. Only hydrogen chloride
is absorbed in water and recovered as chlorine.
Most of hydrogen chloride gas from the distilla-
tion process is sent to an incinerator and com-
bustibles in the gas are burned. The residue
plastic is incinerated by supplying combustion
air in several sections until it is completely
burned. The ashes contain lead, cadmium, and
other heavy metals, and require an appropriate
solids treatment system. (Text in Japanese)
[24403]
73-5150
TAZAKA, H. Sky-view tokushu shokyaku puran-
to. [Sky-view special combustion plant.] Kagaku
Kojo, 16(7):48-52, July 1972.
The newly designed Sky-view incineration plant
has a capacity for burning various plastic wastes,
solid waste, highly viscous waste, waste oil and
liquid, and slurry. It is a grid-type incinerator
with the capacity of burning 6,000 kcal per kg,
500 kg per hr of solid containing up to 15 percent
of polyvinyl chloride, or 10,000 kcal per kg, 300
kg per hr of waste liquid, or 8,000 kcal per kg, 300
kg per hr of slurry. The exhaust gas is 11,730 N
cu m per hr. The basic flow chart shows a solid
waste storage, a skip hoist, a double hopper, a
preliminary combustion room, and a recom-
bustion room, where waste liquid is set by a
pump from another tank, and where viscous
waste is also sent from still another tank. There
is a supplementary burner, and a compresser at-
tached to this unit. The combustion gas goes to a
boiler where the temperature is dropped by
water. The steam formed is sent to the main
steam header, and the combustion gas moves
onto the dust eliminator. The cleaned air is sent
to the exhaust pipe by a suction fan. When the
gas contains hydrogen chloride or sulfur oxide,
-------
31
still another unit (scrubber) is added for detoxifi-
cation. Each apparatus has an automatic control
system, and when a water jet cooling system is
used, an automatic temperature control and an
automatic pH adjuster are installed. (Text in
Japanese)
[24404]
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
73-5151
Don't get stuck with costly mud handling.
World Construction, 26(5):52,54,56, May 1973.
This paper describes a new recycling system,
built in part by a sand and gravel firm, which
requires less than 10 percent of the space for-
merly needed for this operation. Most of the
work is done automatically. This new vacuum fil-
tration process eliminates the need for large set-
tling ponds as well. Diagrams are included of the
redesigned recycling system and of the sump
and thickening pond. The theory has worked out
quite well and has quickly paid dividends in sav-
ing crane costs, manpower, time, and money. The
system is reusable and satisfies the pollution and
zoning statutes of the area.
[24451]
73-5152
Ferro-Tech 'Demo-Disc' solves asbestos dust
problems. Asbestos, 54(12):4,6, June 1973.
This article discusses the application of ag-
glomeration processes to fine dusty waste
materials for the purpose of recycling and for
disposal as plant waste or landfill. The fine dust
from asbestos milling or a brake lining or insulat-
ing waste, could be pelletized on a Ferr-Tech
Demo-Disc, which is described in this article. The
operating costs of the pelletizing system are low
since the additive is normally plain water. Should
a more durable pellet be required for a lengthy
storage life or for recycling, an additive such as
cement will produce a pellet crushing resistance
of up to 50 Ib.
[24452]
73-5153
Generates sodium hypochlorite on-site. Food
Engineering, 45(6):79, June 1973.
This article describes how sodium hypochlorite
can be made as needed on site with an elec-
trolytic system which is easily installed, main-
tained, and operated. The raw materials for the
process are salt, electric power, and water. No
special maintenance attention is required other
than routine pump inspection, supervision dur-
ing salt deliveries, and occasional replacement of
electrode packages. Economic data are provided.
[24453]
73-5154
HAUGHEY, D. P. Chemical engineering in the
meat industry. Chemical Engineer, (268):472-
475, Dec. 1972.
In this article, a description is given of the na-
ture of meat processing, byproduct processing,
and works' services in terms of their dependence
on unit operations, transport, reaction kinetics,
and thermodynamics. The topics which are
discussed in detail include: meat processing
(product preparation, transformation, and
storage and transportation); byproduct
processing (offals, rendering, tallow, blood, cas-
ings, and fell-mongery); refrigeration and air
conditioning; and cold water and effluent
disposal.
[24454]
73-5155
HONDA, A, S. INOUE, AND K. YAMADA. Pu-
rasuchikku haikibutsu no nensho tokusei to sono
shokyaku hoho. [Combustion characteristics of
plastic wastes and its incineration.] Yosui to
Haisui, 15(6):691-705, June 1973.
According to an investigation of the industrial
wastes in the city of Osaka, the amount of ther-
mal plastic wastes comes to 349 tons a day, ther-
mal setting plastic wastes 839 tons a day, and
rubber 641 tons a day. An investigation con-
ducted by Osaka City showed that about 1,200
tons a day of plastic wastes are discharged from
the manufacturing industry. In this work, the ex-
othermic amount and differential thermal
characteristic of these plastic wastes were mea-
sured. For the exothermic amount, 11 typical
thermal plastic resins and 10 thermal setting
resins were measured. In general, thermal
setting resins, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinyl
-------
32
acetate showed a high exothermic amount of
3,000 to 6,000 kcal per kg, and thermal plastic
wastes showed 9,500 to 11,400 kcal per kg. The
average exothermic amount of 20 plastic wastes
was 7,336 kcal per kg. As regards the differential
thermal characteristic, plastic wastes can be
classified into vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and
the other plastic group. For the vinyl series
resin, the change in weight showed a three-stage
alternation. In vinyl chloride, for example,
dechlorination takes place at 260 to 305 C; en-
dothermic change takes place at 276 C. After this
the heat decomposition of vinyl occurs, and a re-
markable exothermic reaction occurs at 560 C.
(Text in Japanese)
[24455]
73-5156
HONMA, T., M. YAMAMOTO, H. IWATA, AND K.
MASUDA. Purasuchikku haikibutsu no funsai
shori ni kansuru kenkyu (dai 2 ho)~Karyu fun-
saiho no tekiyosei ni tsuite. A study of the
crushing of plastic wastes. 2—on the applicability
of the swirl type crusher.] Presented at the
Study Meeting on Mining Technology, Spring
Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, Mar. 29-Apr. 1, 1973.
Tokyo, Japan, The Mining and Metallurgical In-
stitute of Japan,1973.2p.
Although various types of mechanical methods
were recently tried, it is said that the mechanical
crushing of plastics to the extent of fine powder
is difficult because the destruction of plastic is
accompanied by a plastic deformation and a large
amount of energy absorption. In this study, the
measurement of the energy absorption by ten-
sion and impact was made to determine the ener-
gy required to destruct plastic, and a swirl type
crusher was manufactured to examine the rela-
tionship between the energy obtained from fun-
damental studies for crushing and the actual
crushing effect and also to test the applicability
of the crusher. The stress-strain curve obtained
from tension test showed the following: ABS
plastic showed the same tendency as that of the
fragile destruction; polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
showed properties peculiar to plastics; the stress
was transformed only into plastic deformation
and it was stored as absorbed energy. The speed
of impact was almost in linear relation to the
thickness of material. ABS and PVC, having a
relatively small absorption energy, were more
easily crushed than the polypropylene and
polyethylene plastics with a larger absorption
energy. For ABS, the crushing is possible to an
extent of producing fine powder. (Text in
Japanese) (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24456]
73-5157
KOBAYASHI, R. PURASUCHIKKU HAIKIBUTSU
SHORI GUUTSU. [The technology of disposing of
waste plastic.] Kogyo Gijutsu, 14(5):24-26, May
1973.
In this report, problems of the disposal of plastic
wastes which have not so far been treated in the
general monthly technical magazines and a
disposal technology for waste tires developed by
the Hokkaido Industrial Development Lab are
described. Most plastic wastes are thermoplastic
and are naturally directed toward reutilization
such as remolding. In the last several years,
many reclaiming processes have been developed
and more than twenty types of equipment are of-
fered for sale. These techniques are mostly
modifications of the conventional method of
molding plastics. Most of the products of such
processes are designed for public works, build-
ing, agriculture, forestry, and fishing. The
problems in this method are the possibility of
marketing and the recovery and disposal when
the products are again discarded. The method by
which plastic wastes are subject to heat decom-
position processes to obtain oils and gases as
chemical raw materials is one of the most impor-
tant methods. This method is incorporated into
the -disposal technology for waste tires
developed by the Hokkaido Industrial Develop-
ment Lab. (Text in Japanese)
[24457]
73-5158
MATSUMOTO, K. Sangyo haikibutsu shori to ku-
rozudu shisutemu. [Industrial waste disposal and
a closed system.] Kankyo Gijutsu. 2(4):236-242,
Apr. 1973.
According to an investigation conducted by the
Ministry of International Trade and Industry in
1970, the total amount per year of industrial
-------
83
wastes in Japan amounts to about 60 million tons,
about 2.5 times that of city wastes. Because the
investigation includes no wastes from trade, ser-
vice, agriculture, the marine industry, or civil en-
gineering and construction, the figure would
become larger. It can be itemized as follows: 1)
non-combustible solid waste is 57 percent of the
total; 2) non-combustible liquid waste and sludge
is 36 percent; 3) combustible but smoke-evolut-
ing wastes is 2 percent; and 4) easily combustible
wastes is 4 percent. The non-combustible solid
wastes can be turned to reclaiming work and the
easily combustible wastes are easy to process.
Waste oil, waste acid, waste alkali, sludge, and
plastic wastes are most troublesome. In general,
the organic sludge tends to burn out after
dehydration and drying. The sulfuric acid sludge
can be disposed of by the circle flow type in-
cinerator and fluidized bed type incinerator, but
a great amount of sulfuric acid gas must be
removed by high power absorption equipment.
For the disposal of waste oil, the use of the
technique by which sulfuric acid and lubricating
oil can be recovered is desirable. The disposal
method of plastic wastes is classified into three
methods: fusion and solidification, heat cracking,
and burning, but this disposal must be connected
to the closed system in which raw materials'
production, consumption, and elimination are
being cycled. (Text in Japanese)
[24459]
73-5159
McCoMBS, W. H. AND K. L. VAN AACKEN.
Overcomes phosphate problem. Food Engineer-
ing, 45(6):72-73, June 1973.
Faced with increased cheese production which
created more waste, and a change in effluent
standards which required better treatment, Bon-
gards Creameries took immediate corrective ac-
tion. This article describes the biological and
chemical treatment processes which have helped
this firm cut BOD by 90 percent and reduce
phosphorus levels by 80 to 90 percent.
Phosphorus is removed from waste water by the
addition of lime and polyelectrolyte. Chlorine is
added to accomplish the bacterial kill. A diagram
of the system and performance data are pro-
vided.
[24458]
73-5160
MINAMI, N. [The treatment of industrial waste
in the paint industry. Toso to Toryo, 2(223):55-60,
1973.
Waste solvent is produced at a rate of approxi-
mately 6,500 tons per year by paint industries in
Japan. Waste solvent is a mixture of various
kinds of solvent, and there is no recovery value.
After distilling scrubbing solvent, residue has to
be burned with waste paint. Waste paint is
produced at a rate of approximately 4,000 tons
per year. Sludge from various processes in the
paint industry is dehydrated and buried. Most of
the metal waste from the industry is empty
petroleum cans and about 200,000 cans must be
burned a month as waste material. In treating
any of these waste materials, measures must be
taken to prevent secondary pollution. The Osaka
Paint Solvent Cooperative Union comprises 45
large and small paint manufacturers. They began
the treatment of waste oil by three distillators
and three incinerators in Sept. 1969. The multi-
chamber incinerators operate at 800 to 1,200 C,
and are specially designed for effective air
supply and air flow. The low-calorie incinerator
for highly viscous waste is a watercooled
cylinder and the air is supplied from the rotating
central axis and burner arms. Viscous material is
scattered over the ashes on the floor by the air
and burned in the ash. Cinders are removed by
the stokers on the burner arms. The Japan As-
sociation of Paint Industries is examining the
possibility of waste paint and sludge incineration
and sludge incineration on the ocean. (Text in
Japanese)
[24460]
73-5161
NAKAMURA, J. [The present state of waste
disposal.] Toso to Toryo, 2(223):61-62,1973.
In 1969, the Osaka Paint and Solvent Coopera-
tive Union installed a paint solvent recovery
system and a paint waste incinerator for the pur-
pose of recovery and recirculation of paint waste
from local manufacturers. When the operation of
these systems began, it was found that the sol-
vent recovery operation did not thrive due to too
many orders, and there was an overflow of or-
ders for paint incineration. For seven months in
-------
1969, the initial orders for solvent reduction
were 571 tons and the orders for waste paint in-
cineration were 295 tons; in 1970, these orders
were 1,881 and 1,605 tons; in 1971, 775 and 2,792
tons; and in six months of 1972, the orders were
259 and 2,428 tons. The ratio of the recovery to
incineration orders which was initially 66.34 per-
cent reversed to 22.78 percent in 1971, and at
present, 90 percent of the total orders are for in-
cineration. In March 1972, an additional large in-
cinerator was constructed. The total incineration
capacity at the present time is over 30 tons a day.
The total orders per month is approximately 500
tons per month, 470 tons of which is for incinera-
tion. (Text in Japanese)
[24461]
73-5162
NEIMITZ, W. Disposal of industrial sludges. In
Waste disposal; Proceedings; 4th International
Congress of the International Research Group
on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Basel, Switzer-
land, June 2-5, 1969. Basel, Schweizerische
Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 425-443.
This article contains the introductory remarks
and the final discussion of a working group on in-
dustrial sludge disposal. The introduction points
out several factors that must be kept in mind
when an industry is attempting to solve a sludge
disposal problem. First, the cost of waste
disposal must be considered from the inception
of process design and various processes for the
production of a product should be compared on
the basis of the difficulty involved in waste
disposal. As much of the waste as possible should
be reused; to this end, as well as to expedite
treatment and disposal, various types of waste
streams should be kept separate. Since dewater-
ing is the most difficult and costly phase of
sludge handling, any step that unnecessarily
raises the water content of waste, such as
hydraulic transport, should be avoided. In addi-
tion to dewatering, sludge disposal should be
preceded by biological stabilization to reduce the
threat of environmental damage after disposal.
Two graphs are presented showing the essential
disposal methods for organic and inorganic
sludges. If possible, it is desirable to treat indus-
trial sludge or waste water along with municipal
sewage. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24462]
73-5163
OFFICE OF THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY, POLLUTION CONTROL SECTION.
[The state of industrial waste (agricultural,
forestry, and marine related industries).] Tokyo,
Japan, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,
July 1972.31 p.
The following statistics are presented in tables:
estimated total industrial waste effluence in
Japan; the total disposal estimate for industrial
waste; the total plastic film consumption for
agricultural and horticulture; the total 1971
agricultural plastic waste; the projected total
amount of cattle exreta; the present state of
animal excreta treatment; a projection for
excreta treatment required in 1977; the economy
of the permanent treatment method for excreta;
the projected total figure for waste from indus-
tries related to agriculture, forestry, and marine
products; treatment methods for major wastes
from the above industries by category; the
present conditions of waste treatment facilities
and installation plans; the ratio of waste produc-
tion by the above industries by categories; and
industrial waste production per unit cost for
main food items. According to these tables, the
food items which produce relatively high
amounts of waste per unit are kanten (seaweed
gelatin), coffee, potato chips, powdered sweet
potatoes, and dried fish. Tofu (bean curd),
mashed potatoes, beat sugar, canned fish and
shellfish, and monosodium glutamine produce
relatively small amounts of waste in the manu-
facturing process. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24463]
73-5164
Pollution control in the NZ meat industry. Food
Technology in Australia, 24(12):642-643, Dec.
1972.
This article outlines a report from the New Zea-
land meat industry's Trade Wastes Committee
to the Water Resources Council. The industry
has spent almost $2 million in its efforts to
reduce or eliminate pollution. This pollution con-
trol is being carried out in three ways: by the in-
-------
35
stallation of effluent disposal and recovery
plants; by experimentation and research at the
Meat Industry Research Institute's research
unit; and by experimentation and research by in-
dividual freezing companies in conjunction with
research organizations and other interested
parties. Six major studies were undertaken: acid
coagulation of effluentO pilot plant; Flocor
plastic-packed biological filter pilot plant;
anaerobic pilot plant; a process akin to compost-
ing; pelt house wastesO methods for the recovery
of chemicals; and a river coliform survey.
[24464]
73-5165
RANDALL, C. W., AND P. H. KING. Treating
finishing waste chemically and biologically.
American Dyestuff Reporter, 62(6):63-66, June
1973.
In this article full-scale plant operating data are
presented that illustrate the efficacy of a com-
bined chemical-biological treatment process for
removal of both color and organic matter from a
concentrated textile dyeing and finishing waste.
Data, graphs, and diagrams are included. The
topics which are discussed in detail include:
waste characterization; description of treatment
facilities; equalization and neutralization lagoon;
chemical treatment and flocculation channel;
sedimentation basin; neutralization tanks;
aerated lagoons; treatment plant performance;
and performance after process change.
[24465]
73-5166
RIDDLE, M. J., AND K. L. MURPHY. Treatability
studies at a fish processing plant. Water and
Pollution Control, lll(6):32-35, June 1973.
This article describes batch biological studies
which were carried out on perch, smelt, and com-
bined perch and smelt waste water. Sampling
and analysis of the contents of the batch reactors
were performed daily. Extensive data are
presented. The characteristics of other fish
processing waste water and any variations can
be accounted for by the type of fish processed,
the processing techniques, plant size, and water
usage. It is concluded that the waste water from
a fresh water fish processing plant can be
characterized as of medium strength with large
day to day variations in the major parameters.
[24466]
73-5167
SAKAI, H., AND M. OZAKI. Sangyo haikibutsu
sogo shori shisutemu. [Total management
system of industrial wastes.] Hitachi Hyoron,
55(3):99-104, Mar. 1973.
The functions of subsystems in a total manage-
ment system of industrial waste are defined
from the viewpoint of materials handling and in-
formation control. The system as conceived now
consists of various subsystems which control col-
lecting, relaying, transporting, treating, and
disposing of all types of waste material. In addi-
tion, there are subsystems collecting and incor-
porating purely informational data such as:
monitoring of emission sources; predicting the
quantity, quality, and frequency of waste emis-
sion; managing the transportation system; con-
trolling traffic; and determining the treatment
and disposal methods. The collection subsystem
will depend heavily on trucks operated by one
man. The waste should be described when the
waste source manager requests the collection.
The data should be registered as digital informa-
tion and the collection truck should follow a
planned collection route. The intermediary or
relaying subsystem should reduce the quantity
of waste by crushing and compacting the waste
and transfering it into a large transportation
vehicle. This is also a point where pipe transpor-
tation can be applied. The transportation
subsystem comprises large packers, large con-
tainers, and removable body vehicles, subter-
ranean, or ground pipe transportation. The
method used is determined by the considerations
of cost, space, manageability, and loading
method. The treatment subsystem comprises
data on optimum treatment methods for various
waste classifications and the possibility for com-
posite processing. In this process, incineration
for the purpose of energy recovery, materials
recovery by crushing, classifying, and selecting,
thermodegradation processes, and microbiologi-
cal degradation should be considered. (Text in
Japanese)
[24467]
-------
36
73-5168
Sangyo haikibutsu no shori shobun no jittai.
[Actual conditions of treatment and disposal of
industrial wastes.] Kinzoku Ziryo, 13(6):59-61,
June 1973.
Bureau of Public Cleansing, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, conducted a survey of industrial
wastes, the result of which showed that industri-
al wastes would amount to 5,880,000 tons a year
but only less than 20 percent, 1,090,000 tons, is
disposed of by enterprises. There are 3,000 tons
of industrial wastes containing heavy metals
such as cadmium still undisposed, and the figure
may exceed 10,000 tons, including those undis-
closed by the survey of 1971. Of 5,880,000 tons,
3,580,000 tons is attributable to the manufactur-
ing industry and 1,880,000 tons to civil engineer-
ing and construction. Construction waste materi-
al is 1,870,000 tons, followed by metal wastes of
1,260,000 tons, and sludge of 990,000 tons. The
wastes disposed of by enterprises are mostly
sludge (820,000 tons) and wood wastes (170,000
tons). Most of these wastes are burnt, dewatered
and dried, and crushed. The rest of the wastes
are commissioned to private enterprises and
public organizations, except when they can be
salvaged. The enterprises find it difficult to
secure the land necessary for wastes disposal,
but many smaller enterprises failed to even
answer the questionnaires. Most of the enter-
prises thought it was desirable that the waste be
disposed of by public agencies, and only very few
thought it was desirable that the companies
dispose of the wastes themselves. The enter-
prises commissioned with wastes disposal reutil-
ize or sell 29.5 percent of the waste they handle.
The salvagable items are: metal, textile, animal
and vegetable residue, ore residue, paper waste,
and waste oil; 70.5 percent of waste is taken to
public disposal sites, private disposal sites, or
recommissioned to other enterprises. In 1975 the
wastes in Tokyo (excluding that of horticulture
and livestock) will reach 7,200,000 tons. The in-
crease in waste generation would be due to con-
struction and manufacturing industries. (Text in
Japanese)
[24468]
73-5169
SUGISHIMA, W. Sangyo haikibutsu shorikiki to
shori shisutemu ni tsuite. [Industrial waste
treatment apparatus and treatment system.]
Water Treatment Techniques, 12(9):7-20,1971.
Waste is examined in a total picture of the
materials cycle system, and various treatment
facilities are discussed from the standpoint of
the requirements for specific industrial waste
materials. For crushing of solid waste, the Ham-
mermill crushers and Lindemann crushers are
discussed. Incinerators for cellulose waste
material, general miscellaneous wastes, polymer
wastes, sludges, and liquid waste are discussed.
Various types of incinerator, such as multi-
chamber furnaces, rotary kilns, flush-dryers, and
fluidized beds are discussed. The basic flowchart
of a coordinated treatment plant shows three
functions: treatment of exhaust gases, and liquid
waste; landfill with prior compaction, crushing,
and incineration; and recycling using an oil-
water separation system and boilers. (Text in
Japanese)
[24469]
73-5170
TOBIHO, S. Sangyo haikibutsu shori taisaku.
[Industrial wastes disposal policy.] Tsusansho
Koho, (6987):9-12, Mar. 5,1973.
Although studies have been made as to disposal
of city garbage, there has been no adequate
technology established on disposal of industrial
wastes. The ministry's survey on 5,000 factories
employing more than 200 workers in manufac-
turing, electric, and gas industries was con-
ducted from April to May, 1970, by question-
naires, of which 2,443 sent their replies
(representing 67 percent of national manufac-
tured goods shipment). Of 58,470,000 tons of
waste produced, 36,860,000 tons are noncom-
bustibles. Of these wastes, 12,330,000 tons are
disposed of by dewatering, compression, and
combustion; 81 percent being disposed of by the
enterprises themselves; 17 percent commis-
sioned to private operators; and 2 percent en-
trusted to public organizations. More than half is
buried, 27 percent sold for recycling, 11 percent
thrown away. In December, 1970, 'Law Concern-
ing Disposal and Cleaning of Wastes' and
-------
87
'Marine Pollution Control Law' were enacted
and the principle that the person responsible for
creating wastes should dispose of them was
established; and enterprises must conform to the
standards concerning collection, transportation,
and disposal of industrial wastes. In the next
fiscal year, lecture meetings on industrial wastes
are to be held (meetings on the oil refinery and
petrochemical industry were held in 1972) and
the manual on disposal technology is going to be
published. Systematized disposal is to be carried
out at two combined areas in 1972, followed by
one combined area in 1973. At about 20 factories
the survey was conducted on harmful wastes. At
the Agency of Industrial Science and Technolo-
gy, studies are being made on crushing and pul-
verization of plastics, reutilization of plastics,
and combustion treatment of plastics. (Text in
Japanese)
[24470]
73-5171
WEBBER, C. C. B., AND L. S. DIAZ. Automatic
particle size and rod mill tonnage control at
Craigmont. Canadian Mining Journal, 94(6):36-
37, June 1973.
This article discusses the wide variations in
grind which occur due to the changing hardness
of ores. The object of this study was to develop a
control system that would: control the grinding
circuit to hold a preselected particle size dis-
tribution of solids in the cyclone overflow stream
within narrow limits over extended periods of
time; and process rod mill tonnages at maximum
practical rates at all times. A parallel objective
was to establish quantitatively the performance
improvement obtained. Mill tonnage and copper
recovery were measured. Schematic diagrams
are provided of simplified mill operations and of
a grinding circuit control system.
[24471]
73-5172
YAMADA, K., J. FUKUYAMA, AND J. HONDA. Pu-
rasuchikku haikibutsu no netsu bunkai shori.
[Pyrolytic treatment of plastic wastes.] Yosui to
Haisui, 15(6):706-718, June 1973.
In this report, the pyrolytic characteristics of
various plastics, the material balance during
pyrolysis, the pyrolytic condition of polyethylene
and other plastics, and the methods for pyrolysis
are given. For eight kinds of thermal plastic
resins and seven kinds of thermal setting resins,
the change in weight and differential thermal
characteristics were measured with nitrogen
current using a differential thermal analyzer.
The thermal characteristics of thermal plastic
resins in the nitrogen current are classified into
vinyl resins such as vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate,
and the other plastics. The change in weight for
vinyl resins proceeds in two stages and for the
other resin the change ends in one stage. For
vinyl chloride, dechlorination decomposition
takes place at 260 to 280 C and endothermic
change occurs at 276 C. During the temperature
range up to about 410 C, the weight is con-
siderably reduced, and the change in weight due
to the pyrolysis of vinyl compound again occurs
at temperatures between 410 and 478 C. In
general, the change in weight for thermal setting
resins is small, and no change occurs at tempera-
tures up to 235 to 327 C. The endothermic reac-
tion of thermal setting resins is weak, except
that urea resin shows an endothermic reaction at
about 260 C. (Text in Japanese)
[24472]
LAW / REGULATIONS
73-5173
[Regulations and standards for industrial waste
including toxic material and treatment and
disposal techniques.] Tokyo, Japanese Pollution
Research and Control Center, Dec. 1972.118 p.
The general standards for the treatment and
disposal of industrial waste are spelled out in the
Government Ordinance Item No. 6, Article 1.
Sanitary landfill is used to prevent litter from in-
dustrial waste material and to prevent the
leakage of odors; the fill area should be fenced in
and the place should be clearly marked indicat-
ing that it is an industrial waste disposal ground;
necessary measures should be taken to prevent
the percolation and pollution of ground water
from any material. Infestation of rats, mice, flies,
roaches, and other undesirable vectors should be
strictly avoided. General rules applicable to
ocean disposal are the same as the first clause
-------
concerning the burial, and necessary measures
and considerations should be given in the choice
of disposal area to prevent damage to marine
animals and products. Both landfill and ocean
disposal regulations concerning individual types
of solid waste are spelled out separately by
categories in Ordinances 1-12. Categories in-
cluded are: cinder, sludge, glass and ceramics,
mining waste, construction material waste,
animal excreta, animal carcasses, dusts, organic
waste including putrefied material, oil waste,
acid waste, alkaline waste, plastic waste, paper,
wooden chips, fiber and fabric waste, animal of-
fals and plant residues, rubber, and metals.
Regulations concerning the collection and trans-
portation of industrial waste including toxic
matter are designated in Ordinance Item 6, No.
2. (Text in Japanese) (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24482]
73-5174
'EPA' would require licensing of all disposal ac-
tivity. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
RemovalJournal, 16(6):42, June 1973.
This article discusses proposals by Great
Britain's Department of the Environment for
licensing of all disposal programs, public or
private. This plan would enable counties to make
their own refuse removal plans, including both
domestic and industrial waste. The Department
of the Environment stresses that an important
part of the plan should be a statement of the
relationship of landfill activities in the county to
land reclamation activities. The proposed regula-
tions would also require local authorities to col-
lect all domestic refuse and many types of
agricultural waste. Licenses would be required
for all private or public incinerators and landfills
and would be granted only after inspections to
determine safety, pollution control, and working
conditions at the site. Hazardous and other spe-
cial wastes would require a special license.
[24474]
73-5175
BRYSON, D. S. Profound changes coming in pol-
lution enforcement. Food Engineering, 45(6):68-
69, June 1973.
This article describes the far-reaching changes
in the United States' entire system of pollution
control which are being brought about by the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.
Precise, detailed abatement requirements will be
established. They will be enforced through
streamlined legal procedures and heavy penal-
ties for violations. Specific provisions of the law
and their application are outlined as follows:
precise limits for waste; tough penalties
(violations of requirements will be subject to
civil penalities of up to $10,000 per day); and per-
mit requirements (U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency and State cooperation).
[24473]
73-5176
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Legislation. In
Solid waste management: opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p.
134-141.
This paper discusses legislation designed specifi-
cally for solid waste management, which is rela-
tively new at all levels of government. Or-
dinances and statutes governing local storage
and collection procedures plus antilitter laws
represent the majority of solid waste legislation.
Pertinent Federal, State, and local laws are
reviewed. The advantages of establishing a
separate department for solid waste activities
follow: separate budget; increased visibility;
total attention to goals; equipment and personnel
sharing; direct responsibility; and higher priori-
ty status. The disadvantages include: further
government fragmentation; possible lack of
coordination; and duplication of service person-
nel. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24475]
73-5177
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Legislation. In
Solid waste management: opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 2. Development needs and potential. Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 74-83.
This paper outlines solid waste legislation, which
is currently divided into categories with dif-
-------
ferent goals and objectives. The U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency currently is examin-
ing a wide range of issues and problems in order
to make specific recommendations to stimulate
secondary materials usage. Areas included in
these efforts are: tax policy changes (tax on
energy, tax on virgin materials, depletion rate
changes, and tax credits to users of postcon-
sumer waste); transportation rate changes; im-
port-export regulations; virgin resource regula-
tion from federally controlled land; Federal and
State purchasing regulations; and national stan-
dards for waste use. Specific legislative ideas are
presented for tax incentives and subsidies
(recycling), transportation rates, disposal taxes,
and tax exempt industrial development bonds.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24476]
73-5178
HOSCHUETZKY, A. Der umweltbereich abfall in
Umweltprogramm der Bundesregurung und das
abfallbeseitigungsgesetz. [Wastes in the Federal
Government's environment program, and the
waste disposal law.] Schriftenreihe des Vereins
fuer Waaser-, Boden-, und Lufthygiene, 38:201-
206,1972.
The grave situation in Germany is stated - grow-
ing masses of wastes and refuse of all kinds and
of sewage sludge from ever more treatment
plants, 90 percent of the refuse and wastes still
being dumped randomly and without care for hy-
giene, many dumping grounds amid settlements
in densely populated areas, the legal and ad-
ministrative regulations heretofore uncoor-
dinated and inadequate, and the governmental
environment protection program, prepared in
1971, are discussed, with particular view to the
wastes disposal problem. The estimated costs for
the coming 15 years are 2.8 billion deutsche
marks, and the general principle is that he who is
producing the refuse has to bear the costs of the
disposal; thus the charges will be raised.
Deliberations led to the conclusion that the ob-
jectives can only be achieved if large dumping
grounds are provided, with due care for preven-
tion of ground water pollution and so planned as
to become a gain for the environment after
recultivation; if new collection and transporta-
tion systems are found; if composting is im-
proved; if improved elimination and recycling
processes are developed; if incineration facilities
for otherwise not disposable waste are provided;
and if model dumps for particular kinds of
wastes are provided. The organization of a
federal agency for environment protection is en-
visaged. The law on refuse disposal has been in
force since June 7, 1972. Its essential rules,
briefly listed, include punishment by imprison-
ment for up to five years plus fines for offenders
causing danger to life or health, and fines up to
100,000 deutsche marks for other offenses. (Text
in German)
[24477]
73-5179
Joint House-Senate Colloquium to Discuss a Na-
tional Policy for the Environment. Hearing be-
fore the Committee on Interior and Insular Af-
fairs, United States Senate and the Committee
on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of
Representatives. 90th Cong., 2nd. sess., July 17,
1968. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1968.233 p.
This hearing presents the views of a number of
witnesses including cabinet officers, conserva-
tionists, and academic leaders. There is also an
appendix of communications to the colloquium on
the subject of the importance of environmental
protection. A second appendix contains a special
report written for the Senate Committee on In-
terior and Insular Affairs on the subject. The re-
port stresses that it is no longer possible to
ignore the environmental costs of our policies
and actions, and that they must instead be con-
sidered equally if we are to prevent the destruc-
tion of this country's beauty, natural resources,
and productivity. An environmental policy, once
formed, must be implemented with relevant
legislation and must be carried out in coopera-
tion with other nations. Governmental structure
for environmental control is discussed. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24478]
73-5180
KLEE, A. J. Environmental plastics legislation
in the U.S.: an overview. S P E Journal (Society
of Plastics Engineers), 29(5):46-48, May 1973.
-------
40
This article discusses environmental protection
laws enacted in Oregon and New York City
which have affected the plastics industry. These
laws have been challenged in regard to their con-
stitutionality. In New York City an ordinance
was passed which placed a tax solely on plastic
containers on the ground that they were more
harmful to the environment than other types.
The Society of the Plastics Industry challenged
the law on its basic premise as well as on grounds
that it violated the equal protection and due
process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment
and the commerce clause of the Constitution.
The city argued that plastics are harmful to in-
cinerators, that they are not biodegradable and
thus not suitable for landfills, that they cause air
pollution when incinerated, and that the tax on
this nonrecyclable material would be used to pay
for reclamation of other materials, and would
consequently encourage their use. The New
York County Superior Court found that the tax
did not promote recycling and that it was uncon-
stitutional in that it did not observe due process
and equal protection in placing such a burden
only on the plastics industry. There is also
discussion on the Oregon Law which requires a
deposit on all beer and soft drink containers sold
whether reusable or not. The constitutionality of
the this law has been challenged, but has been
upheld and is presently under appeal in the
Oregon Supreme Court. The constitutionality
and desirability of laws affecting the container
industry, and aimed at preventing litter or other-
wise protecting the environment, are discussed
in detail.
[24479]
73-5181
Man, materials and environment. Professional
Engineer, 34(6):32-34, June 1973.
This article is a summary of a National Academy
of Engineering/National Academy of Sciences
report to the National Commission on Materials
Policy. It discusses the importance of such a pol-
icy and the social consequences thereof. It
recommends an amendment to the constitution
that will guarantee to every citizen a safe,
healthful, pleasant, and productive environment.
Such an amendment would force the nation to
enact public policy which would preserve natural
resources and energy. The committee makes a
number of recommendations for the implemen-
tation of a rational materials policy including the
following: the government should use all its
available instruments and power to forward this
policy; economic growth should be oriented in
such a way as to be consistent with environmen-
tal protection; environmental costs should al-
ways be taken into consideration when evaluat-
ing the costs and benefits of a given process; ef-
ficiency is generally highest when costs of en-
vironmental damage are borne by those who
cause it; land use policy is important when creat-
ing a materials policy; and research should be en-
couraged in environmental science. There is also
a list of the present full-scale resource revovery
demonstrations projects sponsored by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
[24480]
73-5182
RANDOLPH, J. Federal solid waste control pol-
icy. Waste Age, 4(3):4-6, May/June 1973.
This article by the senior senator from West Vir-
ginia is a broad overview of Federal policies
relating to solid waste management. It stresses
the important role that legislation can play in
preserving our environment and resources. In
1965 Congress enacted the Solid Waste Disposal
Act aimed at providing assistance to the States
in their disposal plans and initiating a national
research and demonstration program in solid
waste management. Seeing that that law was not
sufficient the Congress passed in 1970 the
Resource Recovery Act. This directed the major
federal emphasis toward reclamation. There is
still a need for more Federal activity in the area
of stimulating recycling through demonstrations,
research, and financial incentives. The author
discusses the dangers inherent in the proposed
Federal plan to cut back on expenditures on solid
waste management, especially aid to the States.
The Environmental Protection Agency's budget
for solid waste programs in Fiscal Year 1972 is
presented.
[24481]
73-5183
Solid waste and related legislation. Waste Age,
4(3):30,33,36-37, May/June 1973.
-------
41
This article lists the bills that have been in-
troduced into the U.S. Congress since January of
1973 that relate directly or indirectly to solid
waste management. Each bill is listed with its
number, sponsor, and a brief description. More
than 100 bills are included covering such topics
as: use of recycled materials in products bought
by the government; establishment of a national
system of solid waste management; revision of
tax laws to make them more favorable to use of
recycled materials; control of ocean dumping;
various controls and taxes aimed at preventing
litter from soft-drink and beer bottles;
hazardous waste programs; and the improve-
ment or alteration of government structures ac-
tive in solid waste management or planning, in-
cluding the question of Federal/State coopera-
tion.
[24483]
73-5184
Waste Management Research and Environmen-
tal Quality Management. Hearings before the
Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the
Committee on Public Works, United States
Senate. 90th Cong., 2nd sess., May 22, June 3,
June 9 and 10, 1968. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1968.451 p.
These hearings were held for the purpose of
discussing those aspects of a national environ-
mental quality policy which relate to waste
management with a minimization of pollution.
Also presented are Federal research activities in
solid waste management and air and water pollu-
tion control. A number of authorities testified on
the importance of waste management in environ-
mental protection and a greater number sub-
mitted statements to the committee. An appen-
dix contains a number of reprints of documents
related to this subject. Of particular interest are:
Athelstan Spilhaus, Waste management and con-
trol; Annual report on government patent policy-
-June 1965; Demonstration project abstractsO
Solid Wastes Program; State/Interstate solid
waste planning grant listing; Summaries of
research and training grants in solid waste; and
National Society of Professional Engineers, The
engineering challenge of pollution control! (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24484]
73-5185
YOKOTA, I. Sangyo haikibutsu shori no mon-
daiten-Kankei horei no kaisei ni atatte.
Problems of industrial wastes disposal~in the
revision of related laws.] Kankyo Gijutsu,
2(4):227-235, Apr. 1973.
It is one and a half years since the waste disposal
law was passed and now that the law is put into
practical use, it is gradually becoming clear that
there is some disagreement between the policy
and the actual conditions when compared with
the start of enforcement. It may be therefore
said that the revision of the law at this time was
made to remove the difficulties in applying the
law in relation to the disposal of industrial
wastes containing harmful substances. Under
the unrevised law, industrial wastes containing
harmful matter, sludge, waste acid, waste alkali,
and mineral slag were specified. In the Prime
Minister's office, mercury and its compound, cad-
mium and its compound, lead and its compound,
organic phosphoric compound, six-valent chromi-
um compound, and arsenic and its compound are
defined as harmful substances, but because
there is no expression like 'containing harmful
substances', they have been treated as harmful
substances regardless of the composition. There-
fore, as the first point that should be revised, a
standard by which the content level of harmful
substances can be judged objectively was
established. Secondly, cyanide compound was
added as a harmful substance. Third, the in-
terpretation of No. 13 of Article I came into
question. The composition of wastes rather than
their name was regarded as much more impor-
tant. (Text in Japanese)
[24485]
MANAGEMENT
73-5186
BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. A. FRKANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Opera-
tions research and solid waste collection. In The
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 69-84.
-------
42
This paper deals with the application of a group
of mathematical tools to the systematic analysis
of the solid waste collection problem, in order to
show its sensitivity to various parameters, and
to predict the outcome of possible policy changes
so that alternative management schemes may be
evaluated. Compromise solutions are presented
for the microscale subproblem as follows: simu-
lation modeling; route-generation models;
traveling-salesman problem; data and assump-
tions used; amount and variability of waste
generated; pickup time; crew size, type of vehi-
cle and work rules; and travel and waiting times.
Macroscale models are also presented. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24486]
73-5187
BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Solid
waste management in homes, apartment and of-
fice buildings. In The treatment and manage-
ment of urban solid waste. Westport, Connec-
ticut, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 7-
22.
This paper discusses the problems and some
promising solutions for the management of solid
wastes in private homes, hotels, apartment
buildings, hospitals, and supermarkets. Some of
the better approaches available at present are
compaction, recycling, and tube-transport
systems. Developments which are either proba-
ble or desirable for the future are discussed. The
principal problems of solid wastes in buildings
are insects, rats and vermin, fire, odor, volume,
and hazardous wastes. The methods of solid
waste management which are discussed include:
pneumatic and hydraulic dust systems; pneu-
matic transport systems; containers; compactors
and balers; shredders; incinerators for buildings;
and salvage and recycling. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24487]
73-5188
BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. The
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972.210 p.
This report provides a technical discussion of the
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Extensive bibliographic material, data, tables,
and figures are provided. The topics which are
discussed in detail follow: the history and
background of solid waste problems; solid waste
management in homes and apartment and office
buildings; urban refuse collection and street
cleaning; quantitative estimates for solid waste
collection; landfill; municipal incineration; recla-
mation for municipal solid waste; and compost-
ing municipal refuse. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24488]
73-5189
BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Urban
refuse collection and street cleaning. In The
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 23-28.
This paper presents a detailed examination of
present practices in refuse collection and street
cleaning in part of Boston and summarizes some
of the particular changes which seem to be
desirable. The possible improvements in urban
refuse collection and street cleaning which are
recommended include: combined collection in
bags; reduction in crew size; quieter collection
vehicles; continuous loaders; integrated vehicles;
integrated street-cleaning and collection vehi-
cles; automated collection vehicles; automatic
loading plus home compactors; and bulky-item
container collection. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24489]
73-5190
Department of Street and Sanitation Services.
[Information bulletin.] Dallas, Texas, Apr. 1973.
19 p.
This booklet, available from the issuing agency
at 2721 Municipal Street, Dallas, Texas, 75215,
describes the facilities, functions, and budget of
-------
43
the Department of Street and Sanitation Ser-
vices. This department is responsible for collec-
tion and disposal of refuse, abandoned autos,
litter cleanup, street cleaning and flushing, snow
removal, and emergency services such as flood
cleanup. The city does not contract out its collec-
tion functions, but allows industry and commer-
cial establishments to hire private contractors to
collect their wastes. The customer pays the de-
partment a fee for sanitation as he pays his
water bill. The service fee ranges from $1.50 to
$5.00 a month for residences, depending on the
type of service. Commercial rates are based on
the amount of trash and the frequency of ser-
vice. The Department's budget for the forthcom-
ing year will be more than $7.3 million. The an-
nual cost per ton of refuse was $10.65 for collec-
tion and $1.39 for disposal. Ten disposal sites are
operated, all of which are on private property.
The owner in these cases wishes to fill an old
gravel pit or raise the level of his land, so that
the city does not have to pay for the use of the
land. At one of the disposal sites, metal recycling
is taking place on a pilot scale. About $600 worth
of metal was recovered in the first month of the
test program. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24490]
73-5191
ENVIROGENICS Co. Power plant design con-
siderations. In Systems evaluation of refuse as
a low sulfur fuel. A final report to the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, v. 1. Report No. F-
1295. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 111(1-159).
The criteria to be used for designing a plant
which would utilize refuse as a fuel are discussed
in this study sponsored by the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency's National Air Pollution
Control Administration. The following topics are
discussed in detail: a survey of fossil fuel and
refuse-fired boilers; fuel value; refuse charging
rate; unit capacity; steam and other operating
conditions; energy requirements; combustion
calculations; fuel requirements; heat rate; steam
flow; design data for candidate systems (design
criteria, weighing stations, truck unloading,
receiving pit, oversize material separation and
reduction, and storage facilities); and an evalua-
tion of selected engineering designs (cost model,
optimization of selected new plant designs, and
retrofit plants). Data, charts, and diagrams are
also provided. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24491]
73-5192
GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. The problem of solid waste disposal.
Ann Arbor, College of Engineering, The Univer-
sity of Michigan, 1972.153 p.
This document discusses the technical and social
problems involved in solid waste disposal
systems. The document is part of the Ingenor se-
ries which deals with issues in which these
aspects cannot be separated. The book attempts
to define the nature and scope of the problem of
devising the best system of solid waste manage-
ment and also discusses the various types of
solid waste disposal systems presently available.
The disposal methods that are presented include:
sanitary landfill; size reduction; incineration;
composting; reclamation; and recycling. A basic
introduction to each of these is given. Each
chapter is accompanied by diagrams, charts, and
graphs which provide a great deal of useful
material. There is an extensive list of references
and additional reading. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24492]
73-5193
GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. What's the problem? In The problem
of solid waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of
Engineering, The University of Michigan, 1972.
p. 1-32.
This chapter serves as a basic introduction to the
problem of solid waste management. The social
and legal aspects of the issue are discussed.
There is also a definition of the terms used in
discussing solid waste. Collection is dealt with
briefly, but it is felt by the authors that
processing and disposal are the important issues.
American attitudes toward solid waste handling
are presented. A number of charts give basic
data on solid waste, including: types of solid
waste; sources of solid waste; on-site handling
-------
44
methods; off-site methods of handling; flow of
solid waste in the community; present disposal
alternatives; wastes acceptable for different
disposal alternatives; composition and amount of
solid waste in the United States, France, and
Sweden; trends in solid waste collected in dif-
ferent cities; seasonal variations; and generation
of municipal solid waste in the United States per
capita over the years. The case of the problem of
Rochester, New York in finding a suitable
disposal alternative is discussed in detail for an
example of the issue involved. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24493]
73-5194
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. [Environment.]
In Solid waste management: opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 2. Development needs and potential. Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 70-73.
The environmental conditions connected with
solid waste management are discussed. Every
solid waste management processing system
must consider the following general environmen-
tal criteria: air pollution control; water quality
(groundwater contamination, effluent treatment,
process water reclamation, and overall water
requirements); aesthetic acceptability; occupa-
tional safety and health (noise, physical dangers,
work environment, and specific contaminants);
thermal pollution; and final process residue
disposal. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24495]
73-5195
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Entry require-
ments and methods for solid waste management
industry. In Solid waste management: opportu-
nities and markets for equipment products and
processes, v. 2. Development needs and poten-
tial. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 170-176.
Entry requirements and methods for the solid
waste management field are outlined. Entry
methods include: internal expansion and hiring
of additional personnel with the specific talents
needed for expansion; organizing a new company
to undertake the new activities; licensing and
franchising; a joint venture between two firms;
and the acquisition of existing firms. Entry
requirements include: developing improved
technology; obtaining the capital necessary to
make large equipment purchases; personnel; and
service. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24494]
73-5196
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Management
systems. In Solid waste management: opportu-
nities and markets for equipment products and
processes, v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct.
1972. p. 122-133.
This paper describes solid waste management
systems which cover the following basic func-
tions: policymaking; public information; budget-
ing; planning and review; drafting, adopting, and
enforcement of standards; and operation of ac-
tual and day-to-day systems, such as contract,
turnkey, utility, municipal operations, and inter-
governmental approaches. The points that are
critical requirements in developing an effective
solid management unit are presented along with
a summary of alternative methods of financing
capital requirements. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[24496]
73-5197
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Marketing. In
Solid waste management: opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. II. Development needs and potential. Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 162-169.
This paper discusses the marketing of solid
waste management equipment and processes.
The purchasing sector includes purchasers of
diverse characteristics and sizes; the purchasing
methods and decisionmaking rationale varies
greatly from purchaser to purchaser; and the
various alternative processes and equipment are
extremely competitive with no overriding ad-
vantages yet proven for many of the developing
systems. Volumes and strategy are presented. A
table includes data on the additional expendi-
tures required to update solid waste manage-
ment facilities for collection, incinerators, in-
-------
45
cinerator air pollution control, land disposal, and
dump closing and conversion. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24497]
73-5198
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. New equip-
ment, product and process opportunities. In
Solid waste management: opportunities and
markets for equipment products and processes.
v. 2. Development needs and potential. Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 84-118.
This paper discusses the areas that have poten-
tial for new technological developments to im-
prove solid waste management systems and effi-
ciency levels. Solid waste management technolo-
gy currently utilizes many techniques borrowed
from other industries. A great need exists for
application of other existing technology as well
as totally new development efforts. The topics
which are discussed in detail follow: collection;
storage; handling and transportation; size reduc-
tion; compaction; incineration (energy recovery);
separation; resource recovery; and ocean and
land disposal. Data are provided on size reduc-
tion-separation systems compatibility. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24498]
73-5199
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Present expen-
ditures. In Solid waste management: opportuni-
ties and markets for equipment products and
processes, v. 1. Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct.
1972. p. 20-29.
This paper discusses the amount of money cur-
rently expended for solid waste management ac-
tivities. Solid waste management costs are dif-
ficult to separate from overall pollution control,
public works, or general expense accounts. How-
ever, by use of standard cost accounting systems
and increased emphasis on solid waste manage-
ment activites, more definitive costs will be
available in the near future. Federal Govern-
ment, State agency, and operating agency expen-
ses are covered. The following data are provided:
Federal solid waste management budget obliga-
tions; Federal solid waste management funding
by agencies; legislative budget authorizations;
and operating agency expenditures. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24499]
73-5200
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Service oppor-
tunities in solid waste management. In Solid
waste management: opportunities and markets
for equipment products and processes, v. 2.
Development needs and potential. Gorham,
Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 119-126.
This paper discusses the provision of both direct
operational services and indirect solid waste
management supplemental services. While
several firms are rapidly expanding to establish
substantial market shares in this service indus-
try, opportunities will expand as improved solid
waste management develops. The topics covered
under collection services are: private disposal
sites; and solid waste collection services com-
bined with processing and disposal operations.
Under management services to the solid waste
generators and to the private and public solid
waste collection, processing, and disposal or-
ganizations there is also a discussion of equip-
ment, maintenance, and service contracts.
Resource recovery services are also reviewed.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24500]
73-5201
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Solid waste
management industry structure. In Solid waste
management: opportunities and markets for
equipment products and processes, v. 1.
Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 7-19.
This description of the structure of the solid
waste management industry is divided into the
public and private sectors. Under the public sec-
tor the following are discussed: the Federal
Government (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency grants); large metropolitan areas; small
cities and villages; rural areas; and regional
agencies. National organizations and the or-
ganizational options and structure of the private
sector are also outlined. The following data are
provided: a 1968 survey of community solid
waste practices; the proportion of cities of dif-
-------
46
ferent sizes using different collection arrange-
ments; and the type of collection agency used by
cities in 1939, 1955, and 1964. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24501]
73-5202
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Solid waste
management: opportunities and markets for
equipment products and processes, v. 1.
Technology. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972.151 p.
This report provides basic information on the
currently available alternatives for solid waste
management operations and presents a com-
prehensive review of today's solid waste
management industry. The discussion of today's
technology is categorized as follows: historical
development; the structure of the solid waste
management industry; present expenditures;
collection; equipment; storage and handling
systems; processing; disposal; management
systems; and legislation. Extensive data and dia-
grams, bibliographic material, and an appendix
containing classifications of wastes and incinera-
tors are provided. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24502]
73-5203
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Solid waste
management: opportunities and markets for
equipment products and processes, v. 2. Develop-
ment needs and potential. Gorham, Maine, Oct.
1972.181 p.
This publication highlights the operational per-
formance and reported costs for typical waste
management installations. The areas that pos-
sess potential for new and improved develop-
ments are presented. A chapter is devoted to
each of the following topics: technology assess-
ment; environmental considerations legislation;
new equipment, product, and process opportuni-
ties; service opportunities in solid waste
management; economic potential; marketing;
and entry requirements and methods for the
solid waste management industry. Conclusions,
extensive data, and bibliographic material are
also included. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24503]
73-5204
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Storage and
handling systems. In Solid waste management: j
opportunities and markets for equipment
products and processes, v. 1. Technology. Gor-
ham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 44-67.
The storage of solid waste is described as the
single aspect that most significantly affects the
individual homeowner, business establishment,
or other refuse generating facility. Storage
techniques and handling systems are discussed
in detail as follows: household storage methods;
commercial and industrial storage systems; com-
bined storage and densification systems;
transfer stations; pneumatic; slurry; conveyor;
and rail haul. To be feasible, the rail haul alterna-
tive must provide the least costly waste disposal
technique based on the following criteria: solid
waste materials; volumes; environment impact;
operational reliability; service; economics; or-
ganization; and implementation. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24504]
73-5205
GORHAM INTERNATIONAL INC. Technology as-
sessment. In Solid waste management: oppor-
tunities and markets for equipment products and
processes, v. 2. Development needs and poten-
tial. Gorham, Maine, Oct. 1972. p. 2-69.
The economics and technology of the solid waste
management industry are outlined. The topics
which are discussed in detail include: collection;
storage and handling; size reduction; separation;
incineration and energy recovery; composting;
compaction; and disposal. The U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency is conducting programs
aimed at providing more efficient solid waste
collection utilizing available equipment and
techniques. Tables providing extensive cost data
are included. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24505]
73-5206
Haikibutsu shori gijutsu. [Solid waste treatment
techniques.] Tokyo, Government of Japan, Jan.
1973.47 p.
-------
47
The collection, transportation, intermediary
treatment, and terminal treatment of solid waste
are discussed. As an example of special waste
treatment, the case of Yokohama city and its
handling of plastics, large appliances, hospital
waste, and waste from high rise office buildings
is discussed. The history and the present condi-
tion of solid waste treatment, the future ad-
ministrative policy, and the direction of research
work on sanitary landfill are discussed. Between
1971 and 1975, sanitary service coverage by the
municipal, township, and village governments of
Japan will be increased from 85.5 percent to 95
percent. Incineration systems should be installed
to treat at least 90 percent of the total combusti-
bles in the collected waste (approximately 83
percent of all total waste). The incinerators
should be able to process large amounts of
plastics without creating air pollution. Crushing
and compaction equipment for large waste
should be installed in all cities with a population
of more than 100,000 as of 1975. The basic budget
for installation and furbishing of all solid waste
treatment between 1971 and 1975 (including con-
struction, land cost, incineration, residue landfill)
will be 269,500 billion yen. The capacity at that
time will be 58,855 tons per day. Large waste
treatment facilities will be installed at 274 loca-
tions, and their installation and furbishing
budget will be 21,500 billion yen. This will in-
crease the total waste incineration capacity to
110,660 tons per day. (Text in Japanese) (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24506]
73-5207
HEIDEN, U. Teil II: Ueberregionale und re-
gionale Planungen entsprechend der modernen
Abfallgesetzgebung des Bundes und der
Laender, part II. [Supra-regional and regional
planning according to the modern refuse laws of
the Federal Republic and the Laender, Part II.]
M uell und Abfall, 5(3):78-79,1973.
According to investigations conducted in Lower
Saxonia in 1971 the refuse of about 86 percent of
the inhabitants is collected regularly. The annual
residential refuse quantity amounts to 7 million
cu m, and the industrial refuse reaches nearly
the same quantity. About 2,680 disposal sites are
working in Lower Saxonia of which, however,
only 40 are sanitary landfills. The most economic
method of refuse removal for Lower Saxonia is
sanitary landfill. The basic refuse disposal plan
set up for Lower Saxonia provides for 1980 the
construction of 144 sanitary landfills, three com-
posting plants and two incineration plants. Each
refuse disposal plant shall be laid out for 20,000
to 25,000 inhabitants and the transportation
distance shall not exceed 20 to 25 km. Four
plants shall provide for the detoxification, in-
cineration and disposal of dangerous industrial
refuse. (Text in German)
[24507]
73-5208
JAPAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. [Various
problems surrounding plastic pollution.] Oct.
1972.104 p.
The present state of total domestic and industri-
al waste production in Japan, the production in
Japan, the general treatment methods, costs, and
the problems in the present treatment method
due to the plastic content in refuse, the adminis-
trative policy in the treatment of plastic waste
and the general trends are reviewed. The ratio of
plastic waste in the total amount of waste has in-
creased from 2.0 percent by weight in 1953 to
10.3 percent of 1970 in Tokyo, from 1.4 percent to
10.1 percent in Kyoto; the ratios now are 8.5 per-
cent in Yokohama, 8.0 percent in Nagoya, 8.0
percent in Osaka, and 9.5 percent in Kobe. These
figures are high compared to large cities in other
countries, which range from 2 percent (London
and Chicago) to 5 to 6 percent (New York). Some
ideas on the solution of the problem range from
taxation of plastic industries and using the fund
for the research and development of special
treatment method to the construction of model
recycling total system plants. The Ministry of
Health and Welfare plans to continue the instal-
lation and construction of sanitary facilities for
the treatment of sewage and waste materials. As
of 1971, 93 percent of sewage and 62 percent of
waste are being treated; by 1975, the treatment
of 100 percent of sewage and 90 percent of
domestic refuse will become possible on the
budget of 402 billion yen. The capacity of waste
incineration will be approximately a double of
that of 1970, at 110,661 tons per day. The budget
for the installation of industrial waste treatment
-------
48
facilities is 50 million yen; this will have a 60 per-
cent treatment capacity for industrial sludge,
waste oil and plastic produced by small and
medium size industries. With regard to plastics,
the Metropolitan Government of Tokyo is to at-
tain facilities for selective collection crushing,
compaction, and landfill by 1975. Although this
will not be the most desirable of the treatment
methods, the metropolitan government will not
be able to reach the point of recycling by that
date. (Text in Japanese.) (This document is
retained in the SWIR'S library.)
[24510]
73-5209
LESSING, L. The salt of the earth joins the war
on pollution. Fortune, 88(1):138-142, 144, 146-
147, July 1973.
Anti-Pollution Systems, Inc., New Jersey, is
developing a new waste-disposal system which is
efficient and small. It employs molten salts to
dispose of sewage and solid waste of up to 1,000
people. The system's major premise is that by
passing most kinds of wastes through a searing-
hot bath of molten salts, in one relatively simple,
self-contained operation, it can reduce these
wastes faster and more completely by catalytic
action than can conventional pollution-control
equipment of much larger size and complexity.
The system is low in capital costs and economical
in fuel consumption. Additional economies may
be realized by recycling materials such as metals
and glass.
[24508]
73-5210
MACKlLLOP, A. Low energy building-why and
how? Building Technology and Management,
ll(l):8-9,11-13, Jan. 1973.
The average building in Great Britain is not
designed to use energy effectively and economi-
cally. If the world is not to run out of fuel within
the next generation's lifetime and/or to continue
to pollute the air, sea, and soil with the products
of coal mining, oil refining, and electrical genera-
tion by conventional or radioactive fuels, some
drastic changes must be made in the way houses
and office buildings use energy. The first area
where energy economies must be made is in the
construction materials themselves. To produce
enough conventional materials for a standard
housing unit is 53,700 kilowatt per hr, whereas a
comparable housing unit built with soil cement
blocks, which can be made by hand on site by un-
skilled labor, would require only 20,450 kilowatt
per hr. Also conventional building materials and
regulation of their use do not always make the
best use of energy. For example, vast glass-and-
steel office buildings which are Used only a por-
tion of the week need much heating and cooling,
much of which is lost through poorly insulated
walls and ceilings. Waste materials available lo-
cally such as fly ash and demolition waste must
be better utilized. Solar energy can be exploited
by private homes for a relatively small invest-
ment of a flat-plate collector. The high cost of
sewage treatment could be lowered by installing
Clivus units in all houses, and composting would
dispose of many wastes and provide soil im-
provement simultaneously.
[24509]
73-5211
O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Develop-
ment of a master plan. In Jefferson County com-
prehensive solid waste planning study, CSWP-
15. Albany, New York, New York State Depart-
ment of Environmental Conservation, June 1972.
In this paper, various collection and disposal al-
ternatives' are presented and a master plan is
outlined for Jefferson County for the period
1970 to 1985. This is part of the Jeff erson County
Comprehensive Solid Waste Planning Study.
The principal objective was'to minimize costs for
each municipality. The Environmental impact of
each system was judged; however, and. con-
venience to residents and aesthetics were con-
sidered as well. The collection alternatives evalu-
ated during the study'were: independent collec-
tion systems for each municipality using packer-
type trucks; rural contairierization for unincor-
porated areas on an intermunicipal basis; and a
centrally controlled collection service for the en-
tire county. The disposal alternatives evaluated
during this study were: .incineration by each
population center in the County; sanitary land-
fills for each of five town service areas; three
sanitary landfills with direct haul to each site;
one sanitary landfill with three transfer stations;
-------
49
incineration followed by landfilling; and
shredding followed by landfilling. (This docu-
ment is retained in the 8WIRS library.)
[24511]
73-5212
O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Disposal
site planning. In Jefferson County comprehen-
sive solid waste planning study, CSWP-15. Al-
bany, New York, New York State Department
of Environmental Conservation, June 1972. p. 71-
77.
This paper investigates the feasibility of a large
number of sites throughout Jefferson County for
use as disposal facilities as part of the Jefferson
County Comprehensive Solid Waste Planning
Study. The criteria used for disposal operations
were: workability of soil; depth to bedrock;
depth to ground water; distance from waste
generation centers; distance from habitations;
and possible contamination of streams. It was as-
sumed in selecting sites that the method of solid
waste disposal to be utilized in the County
throughout the study period was sanitary land-
filling without intermediate treatment. The
method of site selection and 19 detailed site
evaluations are also presented. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24512]
73-5213
O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Imple-
mentation of the master plan. In Jefferson
County comprehensive solid waste planning
study, CSWP-15. Albany, New York, New York
State Department of Environmental Conserva-
tion, June 1972. p. 90-96.
This paper outlines the implementation of a
master plan for Jefferson County, New York, as
part of the Jefferson County Comprehensive
Solid Waste Planning Study. The following alter-
native means of administering solid waste
management activities were investigated during
this study: individual municipal administration;
administration through County districts; Coun-
tywide administration by an agency of County
Government; or administration by an authority.
Financing of capital expenditures for solid waste
management activities could be accomplished by
direct use of general funds or by borrowing. An-
nual costs for debt service, labor, and operation
could be levied on County residents through the
tax structure or the institution of user fees. The
implementation of the master plan which oc-
curred during the study and a 1975 timetable for
further implementation of the master plan are
provided. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24513]
73-5214
O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Physical
characteristics, economy, and population and
land use. In Jefferson County comprehensive
solid waste planning study, CSWP-15. Albany,
New York, New York State Department of En-
vironmental Conservation, June 1972. p. 1-10.
This paper presents the physical, economic, and
population and land use background of Jefferson
County as part of the Jefferson County Com-
prehensive Solid Waste Planning Study. Under
physical characteristics the location, climate,
topography, geology, and water resources are
discussed. The economic development of the
county is a function of its transportation as the
county has a well developed internal highway
network. The industrial output of the county is
diversified and includes paper, food, machinery,
instrument, clothing, and transportation equip-
ment production. Population data and projec-
tions are provided and land use and natural
resources are also discussed. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24516]
73-5215
O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Princi-
ples of solid waste management. In Jefferson
County comprehensive solid waste planning
study, CSWP-15. Albany, New York, New York
State Department of Environmental Conserva-
tion, June 1972. p. 25-42.
This paper outlines the overall management
system for Jefferson County, New York, as part
of the Jefferson County Comprehensive Solid
Waste Planning Study. The elements of an
overall solid wastes management system which
are discussed in detail are: storage of wastes at
-------
60
the source; collection; transportation; treatment;
and ultimate disposal. A well-conceived system
involves recognition of: the interrelationships
between phases; the effects individual phases
have on each other; and the need for a totally in-
tegrated system. Local community problems
which point to the need for an organized, area-
wide approach to management include: a
shortage of properly operated disposal facilities;
escalating costs; increases in per capita refuse
production rates; a shortage of land for sanitary
landfill use; and difficulty in attracting qualified
personnel. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24517]
73-5216
O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Solid
waste quantities. In Jefferson County com-
prehensive solid waste planning study, CSWP-
15. Albany, New York, New York State Depart-
ment of Environmental Conservation, June 1972.
p. 11-15.
This paper estimates the rates at which
domestic, commercial, and industrial solid wastes
will be produced in the municipalities of Jeffer-
son County, New York, from 1970 to 1985. This is
part of the Jefferson County Comprehensive
Solid Waste Planning Study. Population projec-
tions from a previous chapter are used and
present generation rates and projections are
presented in table form for the years 1970,1975,
1980, and 1985. For the purposes of this study,
the solid wastes produced in Jefferson County
were classified into five principal categoriesO
domestic, commercial, institutional, industrial,
and special. The topics which are discussed in
detail follow: classification of solid wastes
(glossary of terms); investigations; domestic and
commercial refuse; industrial refuse; and a sum-
mary of quantities. (This document is retained in
theSWIRS library.)
[24518]
73-5217
O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Special
wastes. In Jefferson County comprehensive
solid waste planning study, CSWP-15. Albany,
New York, New York State Department of En-
vironmental Conservation, June 1972. p. 16-24.
This paper discusses the special wastes problems
of Jefferson County, New York, as part of the
Jefferson County Comprehensive Solid Waste
Planning Study. The normal procedures for col-
lection, transportation, compaction, and cover
are inappropriate for special wastes. Each of the
following special waste categories is discussed in
a section of this paper: abandoned vehicles;
scavenger wastes; residues from water and
waste water treatment; demolition and construc-
tion materials; tires; trees and brush; agricul-
tural wastes; hazardous wastes; and bulky
wastes. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24519]
73-5218
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE. Environmental
protection in New York City. New York, New
York Environmental Protection Administration,
Aug. 1972.8 p.
This booklet is available from the above agency,
the address of which is 125 Worth St, New York,
10013. It describes the organization and activi-
ties of the New York Environmental Protection
Administration, formed in March of 1968 to com-
prise the Sanitation Department, the Depart-
ment of Water Resources, and the Department
of Air Resources, which includes the Bureau of
Noise Abatement. Figures are provided on the
overall budget of each department, the amount
of service they provide and the aims of the de-
partment. In the case of the sanitation depart-
ment, it is responsible for garbage collection,
street cleaning, flushing, snow removal and
pickup of bulky wastes and abandoned cars. This
body is also charged with the disposal of all this
waste. It is the policy of the city of New York to
help to alleviate the solid waste problem in two
waysO to expedite the collection and disposal of
waste and to reduce the amount generated. To
the first end, productivity studies have been
done to improve efficiency of collection opera-
tions; these have been markely bettered in
recent years. To reduce the waste load, the city
council proposed a packaging tax. In the form in
which the bill was finally passed, it was declared
void by the courts, but another bill covering all
packaging and not just plastic will be introduced
in the next session of the council. In its official
-------
51
purchasing the city gives preference to recycled
products, and experimental programs for the col-
lection of newpapers are in progress. Various
disposal methods are being studied to replace
the soon-exhausted landfills now in use. Infor-
mation is also given on plans to expand the water
treatment and sewage treatment capability of
the city. New laws to aid the Department of Air
Resources and Bureau of Noise Abatement to
lower noise and air nuisances in the city are
being developed. Other programs of the New
York EPA are mentioned as well, such as the
campaign to promote rapid public transit at the
expense of the automobile in downtown areas.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24520]
73-5219
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE. Sanitation:
statistical summary. New York, New York, En-
vironmental Protection Administration, Feb.
1973.6 p.
This booklet is simply a collection of tables. They
cover the following topics: personnel of the
sanitation department; area and population den-
sity; refuse collection frequencies in various
parts of the city; cost summary for collection,
street cleaning, and refuse disposal; statistics on
tonnages of solid wastes handled in the city;
figures on abandoned automobiles; households of
various types serviced in the city; numbers of ac-
counts serviced by private cartmen; number of
trucks used for collection and haul per truck;
tonnages of refuse disposed of by different
methodsO incineration, ocean dumping, and sani-
tary landfill; street cleaning data; number of
litter baskets; number of summonses issued by
the sanitation enforcement division; complaint
calls received and what the complaints were
about; data on the facilities under the jurisdic-
tion of the Sanitation Department and their
capacity; and equipment owned by the Depart-
ment. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24521]
73-5220
SHIMIZU, R. Haikibutsu shori taisaku. [Waste
disposal policy.] Kankyo Joho Kangaku, 1(3):14-
20, Dec. 1972.
The present problem of waste disposal is at-
tributed the the fact that aftermaths of produc-
tion and other activities were left with nature or
as some other people's responsibility. If wastes
are to be disposed of by recycling them back to
resources, or through ecosystem and reproduc-
tion mechanism of resources, by individuals, in-
dustry, and local governments, the problem can
be overcome. For this, all the production
processes must be checked, based upon flow
sheet of resources, i.e., they must be made to
produce no pollution. Pollution can be controlled
by a strict system of sorting and classification.
Environmental problems are caused because
both homes and industry are accustomed to
throw out what is of no economic use to them.
Enterprises must realize that throwing out is not
for free any more. If industrial effluent and
sewage from general households are discharged
into joint sewers without pretreatment terminal
treatment can be difficult and costly. New indus-
trial values and evaluations are called for. By
turning wastes back into resources, both con-
sumption and production can be stimulated, and
generation of pollution can be minimized,
preventing environmental pollution and creating
harmony between nature and man. (Text in
Japanese)
[24522]
73-5221
Urban-rural reports; Illinois suburbs join in
solid-waste study. Compost Science, 14(3):3,
May-June 1973.
This article announces that three northern Il-
linois suburbs, Evanston, Niles, and Skokie, have
embarked on a joint solid-waste-management
study funded by a $100,000 federal grant. With
the shutdown of its incinerator, Evanston's gar-
bage disposal costs could rise $100,000 a year,
since refuse must then be hauled to a landfill
site. Skokie trucks its incinerated refuse to a
landfill. This town paid $541,000 for refuse col-
lection and $163,000 for disposal last year. Niles
paid $200,000 in collection costs and $20,000 in
-------
52
disposal fees in 1972. Pollution control standards
and the shortage of space for sanitary landfills
are two of the problems noted.
[24523]
OCEAN DISPOSAL
73-5222
Heavy going ahead for waste discharging at sea.
Chemical Week, 112(6):45,47, June 27,1973.
This article warns that companies planning
major expansions of titanium dioxide production
cannot count on ocean disposal of their wastes.
They now use the ocean dispose of dilute acid
wastes from most of the 800,000 tons per year of
pigment produced in the United States. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency is still issuing
permits for barging such wastes to sea, but the
pressure which is building for plants to switch to
other disposal and waste treatment methods is
outlined. This pressure has come from State
agencies and citizen groups. Without ocean
disposal there are three routes available for the
chemical industry: make something that can be
marketed; make something that can be reused in
its processes; or make something that can be
stored on land.
[24524]
PACKAGING WASTES
73-5223
Abfall wird reduziert. [Refuse is reduced.] Ver-
packungs-Rundschau, 24(4):376,1973.
Two new refuse removal devices have been
developed basing on the shredding and pressing
principle in order to reduce the refuse volume.
Plastic packaging, cartons and glass up to a
diameter of 165 mm are ground to 5 to 10 percent
of the original volume. A hydraulic press has
been developed especially for cans. By means of
a pressure of 4,500 rx and 7,500 kg respectively
tins up to 12 liters are compressed to five per-
cent of the original volume. (Text in German)
[24525]
73-5224
HEISS, R. Abbaybare Kunststoffe-eine
kritische Wertung ihrer Moeglichkeiten.
Degradable plastics—a critical evaluation of their
possibilities.0 Verpackungs-Rundschau,
24(5):669-670, May 1973.
The technical problems of how to decompose
plastic material by means of ultra-violet light has
been solved. After a first phase of chemical
decomposition the plastic material is finally
degraded by microorganisms. However, owing to
various factors like printing and thickness and
type of the plastic material which considerably
influence the velocity of the degradation it is
practically impossible to find a procedure which
is generally applicable for all types of plastic
material. The usefulness of degradable plastic
seems doubtful considering the fact that in sani-
tary landfills the behaviour of degradable
plastics does not differ from that of nondegrada-
ble material. Degradable plastics would only en-
courage people to throw plastic packings on the
ground. Another argument against degradable
plastics is the increasing shortness of fuel so that
in the future it might be necessary to make use
of the high heating value of the plastic material
which would be impossible in the case of
degradable plastics. (Text in German)
[24526]
73-5225
SACHAROW, S. Design for disposal in food
packaging. Food Engineering, 45(6):82-84, June
1973.
This article presents guidelines for the disposal
and reutilization of packaging materials. Certain
materials should be avoided, overpacking
eliminated, and marketing goals directly en-
forced. The following characteristics are
described: weight; volume; combustibility; and
separability. Disposal of plastics, incineration,
nuclear fusion prospects for recycling, industrial
reclaim, degradable plastics, and aluminum and
glass are also discussed. A table on methods of
degrading plastics is provided.
[24527]
-------
63
73-5226
SCHULER, M. Polyvinylchlorid im Dienste des
Umweltschutzes. [Polyvinylchloride serves the
protection of the environment.] Chemische
fl«ndscAoM,25(48):1607,1611, Nov. 1972.
Polyvinyl chloride is not so harmful as it is al-
ways said to be. Its fraction among the trash
presently amounts to 0.25 percent. By 1980 it will
have risen to 1 percent according to a report by
the Battelle Institute. Together with other
chlorine-containing substances in the trash such
as salt-containing food residues, coal, chlorine
bleached paper, it gives off hydrogen chloride
upon incineration. The absorption of gaseous
hydrogen chloride poses no difficulty. Studies
have shown that the larger part of gaseous
hydrogen chloride is bound to coke and ash.
Moreover, the alkaline components of the com-
bustion residues such as the calcium and magne-
sia compounds have the capability of neutraliz-
ing the hydrogen chloride. The chlorine bound in
polyvinyl chloride stems originally from the
production of a number of important substances
such as sodium lye and magnesia where it
develops as an unwanted byproduct. The produc-
tion of polyvinyl chloride is in fact the safest and
most efficient method of chlorine disposal. The
product polyvinyl chloride is, moreover, a very
useful material for lining refuse dumps. (Text in
German)
[24528]
73-5227
SOCIETY OF PLASTICS INDUSTRY, INC.
Polystyrene foam meat trays & egg cartons and
environmental quality. New York, New York,
1972.8 p.
This little booklet, available from the Society of
Plastics Industry, 250 Park Avenue, is an at-
tempt to answer the hew and cry that is raised
about the pollutional potential of polystyrene
foam packaging. It is pointed out that simply
being biodegradable, as paper is alleged to be, is
not definitely an advantage. Firstly, paper has
been found in landfills after sixty years, they
state, showing virtually no sign of deterioration.
Also, the very biodegradation of materials in a
landfill is what causes the greatest environmen-
tal threat—leachate and methane generation. It
is also argued that entirely too much has been
made of the problem of incinerating polystyrene
foam. When burned in modern equipment, with
adequate pollution control equipment, the foam
does not cause either pollution or damage to the
incinerator or air pollution control equipment.
Finally, data is presented, taken from a Public
Health Service publication, that shows the small
fraction of refuse that is composed ' of
polystyrene foamO 0.5 percent. It is not denied
that there is a great solid waste problem in this
country—one which packaging has gone a long
way toward creating. The suggestion of the
plastics industry is to take advantage of the ris-
ing calorific value of refuse by incinerating it and
using the heat for heating or power generation, a
solution reached by many European cities. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24529] .
73-5228
TAKEUCHI, Y. Hikari hokaisei purasuchikku no
kenkyu kaihatsu doko. [Tendency of studies on
light degradable plastics.] Kankyo Sozo, 3(3):45-
55, Mar. 1973.
In Japan, the study and development of the light
degradable plastics has been carried on, but it is
said that the only one which is put into practical
use is the foamed polystyrene product developed
by Sekisui Chemical Co. The other companies
which are wrestling with the development of the
light degradable plastics are Chisso Corp.,
Fibrous High Polymer Material Research
Laboratory, Nippon Synthetic Rubber Co.,
Kyoto University, Asahi Chemical Industrial
Co., Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Mitsubishi
Chemical Industries, Sumitomo Chemical Co.,
Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Mitsui Toatsu
Chemicals, Kuraray Co., and Teyin Ltd. Most of
the light degradable plastics which are now stu-
died are of the self-degradation type, or main-
chain-cutting type. The external force degrada-
ble plastic and the easily crushable type are
being studied only by Nippon Synthetic Rubber
Co. and Kyoto University. The self-degradation
type plastic, except E COL AN introduced by
Chisso Corp. and Fibrous High Polymer Materi-
al Research Lab., is a composition added with a
material which promotes the oxidation of the
polymer chain and the cutting of the molecular
-------
54
chain by the excitation of ultra-violet rays like a
sensitizer. The light degradable plastic
developed by Nippon Synthetic Rubber Co. is a
butadiene resin composed of syndiotactic 1.2-
polybutadiene having a crystallinity of 10 to 30
percent. (Text in Japanese)
[24530]
PROCESSING / REDUCTION
73-5229
ADOLPH, M. Shreddern, die neue Methode of
Schrottaufbereitung. [Shredding process, a new
way of scrap preparation.] Staedtehygiene,
24(4):88-95,1973.
Increasing amounts of scrap, especially car
bodies, have occasioned shredding processes.
Steel works are also demanding high quality
scrap. The shredder is preferably used for bulky
wastes such as car bodies, kitchen ranges,
refrigerators, washing machines, and steel furni-
ture. It is not suitable for steel ropes or steel
bars. The operation of all shredders, with one ex-
ception, is based on the principle of the hammer-
mill. There are three main groups of shredders:
shredders with top grate, shredders with bottom
grate, and special shredders. The most used
charging system is that of continuous charging.
Again there are three main types which all serve
the same purpose of supplying an adequate
amount of waste material to the shredder.
Shredders are equipped with a separating
system for non-ferrous metals and a dust collec-
tion system. The dust which has to be drawn off
poses a particular problem. During the winter
months the drawn off dust is wet and tends to
agglomerate. Sparks from the shredding process
should not damage the dust collection system.
Sudden deflections of the dust flow are to be
avoided because of the eroding effect of the steel
dust particles. For dust collection in this particu-
lar case a combination of a cyclone for prelimina-
ry dust collection followed by a wet collector
proved most suitable. Presently 15 shredders are
in operation in West Germany with a total
throughput of about 390,000 tons per annum.
(Text in German)
[24531]
73-5230
DUNLEA, J. V., JR. Method of disposing bulk
rubbish. U.S. Patent 3,721,183. Issued Mar. 20,
1973.
By the device covered by this patent, bulk refuse
is shredded, saturated with a binding agent, com-
pacted on a continuously extruded or piecemeal
basis, reduced in size, rinsed, and disposed of
either as landfill or at sea. Further steps include
treatment of the rubbish to kill bacteria, drying
prior to compaction and cutting or chipping the
compacted rubbish into small pieces.
[24532]
73-5231
GLADWIN, F. R. Trash compactor. U.S. Patent
3,726,211. Issued Apr. 10,1973.
This invention comprises a trash compactor
formed of a cabinet having a raised support floor
upon which an open trash bag is rested in an
upright position beneath a compacting ram, and
a movable dolly formed of a roller supported
frame arranged beneath the support floor and
locked thereto by a releasable locking means. A
cabinet door is hingedly connected to the frame
and has a bag support means upon which the bag
is mounted. The door is arranged to tilt for-
wardly to the cabinet for raising the bag above
the floor, for thereby removing the bag, door,
and frame as a unit from the cabinet. The door
hinge includes a locking means which releasably
locks the door in tilted position and simultane-
ously causes the frame locking member to un-
lock. A manual control unlocks the door for
swinging upright thereby permitting the frame
locking member to re-engage the cabinet door.
In this compactor a trash bag is arranged within
a cabinet, compacting ram or piston, and is
periodically lowered into the bag compact trash
thrown therein. When the bag is filled it is
removed and replaced. These bags are usually
heavy, so in this invention the bags are mounted
on removable dollys.
[24533]
73-5232
GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. Size reduction. In The problem of
solid waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of En-
-------
65
gineering, The University of Michigan, 1972. p.
54-64.
This chapter discusses the use of volume reduc-
tion in processing and disposing of solid waste.
Two basic processing methods are discussedO
grinding and high-pressure baling. Grinding is
further divided into wet and dry grinding. The
advantages of using one of these methods in ad-
dition to some other disposal method are
presented. The major disadvantages are cost and
the energy requirements for operation of these
enormous pieces of equipment. The applications
of seven basic types of grinders are shown; these
are: hammermills; chippers; wet pulpers; grin-
ders; jaw crushers; shears; and rasp mills. Dia-
grams show the operation of grinders, hammer-
mills, chippers, and hydrapulpers. This last had
its origins in the paper industry; it is a wet-
grinding system which is primarily used in small
scale operations-such as food handling and docu-
ment destruction—but has been applied by
Black-Clawson to a municipal scale operation. A
schematic of large-scale size-reduction units is
provided. The costs of grinding refuse as
established by the Madison, Wisconsin
milling/landfill project are presented. The work-
ing of a three-stage baling process is illustrated.
A chart is given which compares the costs of
handling unprocessed, shredded, and baled
waste for transfer stations, rail haul, and landfill.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24534]
73-5233
INOUE, S., AND J. HONDA. Ekijo oyobi deijo no
kanensei sangyo haikibutsu no nenryo kagaku-
teki seishitsu to sono shoriho. [Liquid and muddy
industrial wastesO fuel chemical properties and
treatment.] Yosui to Haisui, 15(4):442-461, Apr.
1973.
With the premise that liquid and muddy indus-
trial wastes be burnt, their fuel chemical proper-
ties were examined to see whether or not it is
possible to treat them by combustion. How much
gas was generated and composition of such gas
was also determined. The conditions under which
such wastes of low calorific value can burn by
themselves and the best method of self com-
bustion were considered with more than 60 in-
dustrial waste samples, such as waste oil, oily
waste liquid, waste solvent, sulfuric acid pitch,
organic waste liquid, tar chloride, organic sludge
or its cake, paint waste and waste clay.
Generally, it is possible for waste oil, sulfuric
acid pitch, waste clay, and chloride tar, since they
are of high calorific value, to burn by themselves.
However, sulfuric acid pitch and tar chloride
cannot be treated by ordinary combustion
method, as they generate much sulfuric acid gas
and hydrogen chloride. Waste solvents can
mostly burn by themselves, and care must be
taken in storing and handling them. Pretreat-
ment such as dewatering, condensation, or dry-
ing is necessary for treating sludge, sludge cake,
organic waste liquid, or paint waste, with high
water content, as they require much supplemen-
tary fuel. Wastes of high calorific value may be
burnt together with them. It would be necessary
to develop combustion technology to burn such
wastes of high water content. By examining
combustion conditions (air, gas for combustion
required) of wastes and composition of com-
bustion gas, the degree of necessity of waste gas
treatment, such as desulfurization, was clarified.
Relationship between volatile element and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) with generated
heat was analyzed. It was concluded that what is
volatile, caused by oil, can be regarded as 10,000
kcal per kg, such as heavy oil, and that of natural
organic material and chemically synthetized
ones, as 8,000 kcal per kg. Special care must be
taken in case of special organic substances con-
taining chlorine, or low calorific value materials.
(Text in Japanese)
[24535]
73-5234
KOANA, K. Koatsu gasuboube o mochiite
hishoributsu no koketsu jotai ni henka o ataeru
hoho. [A method of crushing inorganic solids
using high pressure bomb.] Japanese Patent Sho
48-2151. Issued Jan. 23,1973.
This invention relates to a method changing the
solid state of a material to be treated, such as
crystallized quartz, granite, glass, diatomaceous
earth, bricks, concrete, rocks, or the refractory
substance adhered to a blast furnace using the
expansion power of a compressed inert gas such
as carbonic acid gas. The operation is as follows:
-------
66
A bomb filled with a compressed inert gas is in-
serted into a hole bored in the material to be
treated, tightly sealed, and then the gas in the
bomb is injected into the hole using an ap-
propriate method. At this time, the expansion
power of the gas makes the solid state of a hard
inorganic object weak. This method is much
safer than the former method which uses the ex-
plosion of gunpowder, and it also has a dynami-
cally efficient destructive power the same as
that of the blasting method. When the object to
be treated is crushed by this method the extent
of scattering of broken pieces is much smaller as
compared with the former blasting method.
(Text in Japanese)
[24536]
73-5235
MOON, J. W. Refuse compactor. U.S. Patent
3,722,404. Issued Mar. 27,1973.
A refuse compactor including a receptacle
removably contained within a cabinet wherein
refuse is compacted by a ram to a fraction of its
normal volume is shown. The refuse is com-
pacted within a specially constructed bag sup-
ported by the receptacle and cabinet, permitting
the compacted refuse to be removed as a
wrapped package for convenient and tidy
disposal. The ram includes a refuse-compressing
platen actuated through a toggle linkage to
which force is applied by a single screw driven
by an electric motor coupled to the screw
through a reduction drive. The screw and its
motor drive train are carried as a unit by the tog-
gle linkage and move bodily therewith to provide
a very compact and high ratio force multiplica-
tion system of reliable and inexpensive construc-
tion. Additional features relating to control cir-
cuitry, a safety lock, and bag, receptacle and
drawer construction are also disclosed.
[24537]
73-5236
NAKAMURA, K., T. YAMADA, AND K. HONDA.
Hikaribunkaisei porisuchiren no kenkyu
(daiyonpo.) [Study on photodegradative
polystyrene, 4.] In Proceedings; 28th Spring
Meeting of the Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo,
Japan, Apr. 1-5,1973. p. 750.
Discussed herein is the photodegradation
mechanism of polystyrene. The degradation of
polystyrene can be pursued quantitatively by in-
frared analysis, following the formed carbonyl
group at the wave length of 1735 cm. As
photosensitizer 5 percent by weight of
chloroanthraquinone was added to polystyrene
and its cast film was irradiated using a 1 KW
xenon-mercury lamp. The formation speeds of
hydroxyl group (-OH) and carbonyl group (-CO)
were sought by adsorption bands at 3450 and
1735 cm respectively. It was clarified that in the
degradation of polystyrene the formation ratio
of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups was constant.
As reported previously, under perfect evacua-
tion, polystyrene film does not show degradation
at all even by photoirradiation, which suggests
the photodegradation of polystyrene is based on
the oxidation reaction. The photodegradation
mechanism of polystyrene when a photosen-
sitizer of quinone family is added is also studied.
Radical catcher is an effective means to examine
whether a degradation proceeds by radical
mechanism or not. The degradation rate
decreases as the dose level of diphenyl picryl
hydrazl (DPPH) increases since the formed radi-
cal is trapped by DPPH. (Text in Japanese) (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24538]
73-5237
Scrap processing machinery. British Steel-
maker, 39(3):17-18,21, Mar. 1973.
Current scrap processing machinery being used
in Great Britain is described. The minishear for
smaller scrapyards, a comparatively small
hydraulic shear, has brought sophisticated scrap
processing within the financial range of many
small scrapyards. A metal reclaimer, the Coreco
metal separator, will automatically recover a
desired metal from unsorted metallic scrap. Also
described are: magnetic lifting, separating, and
handling equipment; a scrap fragmentation plant
near London; briquetting presses; and a metals
separator which sorts and separates ferrous and
nonferrous metals.
[24539]
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67
73-5238
SEIDL, F., AND P. UEBEL. U.S. Patent 3,727,890
owned by Wacker Werke KG, Munich, Germany.
Issued Apr. 17,1973.
A vibrator for and a mtheod for compacting
concrete and like material is presented in which
the vibrator has a housing and an eccentric mass
therein, a fluid supply leads into the chamber in
which the mass is located for actuating the mass
by fluid pressure and an exhaust lead from the
chamber. The rate of supply of fluid to the
chamber is regulated by a control sensitive to
the amplitude of movement of the eccentric mass
so that when the vibrator is engaged with the
material to be compacted there is a maximum
fluid flow to the chamber and when the vibrator
to the chamber is reduced.
[24540]
73-5239
YOSHINAGA, J., M. MATSUMOTO, T. NAGAI, Y.
KARA, AND H. OSADA. Porienkabiniru no
nenshosei ni kansuru kenkyu. 5. Porienkabiniru
to daiichi sankasuzu (II) no hanno. [Study on
combustion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 5. Reac-
tion of PVC with tin monoxide.] In
Proceedings; 28th Spring Meeting of the Japan
Chemical Society, Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1-5,1973. p.
754.
Some information concerning the mechanism of
dehydrochlorination and flame retardance of tin
monoxide added polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is re-
ported. Differential thermal analysis of tin
monoxide added PVC indicates an exothermic
peak at 210 C, which is assigned to the formation
of stannous chloride by the reaction of hydrogen
chloride with tin monoxide. The formation of tin
chloride is also confirmed by X-ray analysis. The
formed tin chloride is considered to have a fire
retardance effect due to an endothermic peak of
fusion near 250 C and that of vaporization near
600 C, thus lowering the ambient temperature.
An excess of hydrogen chloride suppresses the
oxidation of a part of the tin chloride into tin
dioxide. It is observed that as the dose level of
tin monoxide increases, the generated hydrogen
chloride amount decreases and the formed tin
chloride increases. Thermogravity shows the
reverse phenomenon, probably due to the
vaporization of the formed tin chloride. The igni-
tion starting time measurement by the Krupp
method indicates at the elevated temperature
above 700 C, tin monoxide added PVC reveals
flame retardant effect. According to the analysis
of pyrolysis gas chromatography, it is observed
that tin monoxide added PVC gives birth to less
carbon dioxide, benzene, toluene, and
chlorobenzene together with lower hydrocar-
bons such as methane, ethane, and ethylene.
(Text in Japanese) (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24541]
RECYCLING
73-5240
A hew method of reclaiming waste paper.
Svensk Papperstidning, 76(5): 192-194, Mar. 25,
1973.
This article describes and illustrates a system
for the processing of recycled paper which is
now being marketed by Calor-Celsius of
Stockholm. This system, which is characterized
by its great simplicity, centers around the
Frotapulper. Other pieces of equipment are of
the conventional type although carefully
selected or modified to suit their purpose in har-
mony with the process. There is a decided in-
crease in the strength of the paper board
produced from the same raw material as com-
pared to using a previous system with more
beating tackle.
[24408]
73-5241
Abfallglass im Strabenbau und in der Bauindus-
trie Glasphalt aus alten Flaschen. [Waste glass in
road construction and the construction industry.
Glasphalt from old bottles.] Umwelt, 3(3):21r22,
June/July 1973.
Glasphalt may contain up to 17 percent of old
glass waste. Glasphalt was applied to a 300 m
long section of a street leading through the city
of Toledo, Ohio. About 1,500 tons of waste glass
was worked into this road section. One lane
received a glasphalt cover, the other lane
received four supporting layers of glass. An
average of 10,000 vehicles pass daily over this
-------
68
section 20 percent of which are trucks. Over one
year of use no more wear was observed than
with conventional asphalt pavements. The road
roughness was found to be even better.
Glasphalt stores more heat and gives it off more
slowly. Ground glass can also be added to
concrete building blocks, cement, and concrete.
As much as 35 percent by weight of building
blocks can be constituted of waste glass. The
small smooth glass pieces have a decorative ef-
fect. (Text in German)
[24405]
73-5242
Advanced technique costs in reducing bleached
kraft pollution. Paper Trade Journal,
157(26):32-36, June 25,1973.
In this article results are forecast for what may
be achieved by applying various combinations of
new pollution abatement techniques and
processes to a conventional bleached kraft pulp
mill. The hypothetical mill considered here
produces 500 tons of bleached pulp per day from
softwood. This mill uses conventional equipment
of the type prevalent in mills constructed during
the period 1960 to 1965. Extensive data are pro-
vided and the topics covered include: the cost of
external and internal treatment; barking; cook-
ing and washing; screening; bleaching; BOD
reduction by ion exchange; BOD effect of ox-
ygen bleaching; counter-current washing effect
on BOD; and evaporating.
[24406]
73-5243
American materials commission pinpoints scrap
growth. Materials Reclamation Weekly,
122(19):12, May 12,1973.
In this article the U.S. National Commission on
Materials Policy concludes that the increased
scrap supply situation will in turn change the
pattern of steelmaking processes. The trends in-
dicate that increased recycling is likely to alter
the balance of raw materials economics and place
a greater emphasis on the efficient processing of
scrap and reduce the pressure on the need for
ore. The Commission emphasized that the
United States is depending increasingly on
foreign iron ore which raises the average cost of
American pig iron. In an examination of copper
demand and supply, the Commission records
that more than half the copper flowing into the
U.S. economy has come traditionally from secon-
dary sources. The most dramatic aspect of the
Commission's report on zinc concerns the drop in
the U.S. share in world production from 26 per-
cent in 1950 to only 9 percent in 1970.
[24407]
73-5244
ARAKIDA, Y., H. TOKUSHIGE, T. SAKAI, AND A.
KOSAKI. Haiki purasuchikku saisei shori puran-
to. [Waste plastics recycling plant.] Nihon
Seikosho Siho, (32):22-32, Nov. 1972.
Prior to designing a waste plastic recycling
plant, the Japan Steel Works conducted
thorough research on the physical and mechani-
cal properties of waste plastics. All the possible
variations and possible property changes caused
by proportions of various different plastics in
waste mixtures were studied. Tensile strength,
impact strength, effects of additives, weathera-
bility, workability, extrusion workability, melt
flow index, and thermal stability were checked.
The plant consists of the following processes:
rough crushing, air separation, shredding, mag-
netic metal separation, scrubbing, drying, pow-
dering, melting, pellet forming (hot-cut), and
final storage for molding of new products. The
characteristics of the plant are: any kind of
plastic waste can be recycled into highly valuable
products; the entire plant is operated below the
temperature of polyvinyl chloride processing or
order to avoid the formation of toxic gases; non-
soluble material and plastic with high melting
points are powderized; and new products have a
smooth surface and excellent quality. Some sam-
ples of recycled products are flower pots, dust
bins and garbage containers, and water and
drain pipes. (Text in Japanese)
[24409]
73-5245
A'SHIDA, S. Gosei kobunshi haikibutsu no yuko
riyo. [Effective use of synthetic polymer waste.]
Tokyo, Japanese Government Ministry of Inter-
national Trade and Industry, 6 p. [1973].
-------
59
The classification of polymer waste, and solidifi-
cation and degradation methods of polymer
waste are briefly discussed. Industrial waste in-
volving polymers can be classified into 1) a
homogeneous type of synthetic polymer which
can be recycled; 2) two or more kinds of reusable
or non-reusable polymers, which cannot be recy-
cled without some treatment; 3) the first two
types plus combustibles other than synthetic
polymers; 4) a mixture of all these. Simple
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can be crushed, rolled,
and mixed, and processed into sheet material.
PVC and thermoset resins can be crushed,
heated, melted, filtered, cooled, cut, and pel-
letized, or further extruded and injected into
mold products or construction board. A variety
of other types of polymers can be crushed,
pressed, heated, and molded into sheet material.
Mixture with other material have also been
tried. These methods are all relatively simple
only when the waste material consistency is
homogeneous. Chemical degradation into gas
and liquid fuel is also being studied. Addition of
catalysis, solvent, hydrogen, or hydrogenation
and oxidation are some other methods of chemi-
cal degradation. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24410]
73-5246
AUCHTER, R. J., AND R. A. HORN. Economics of
kraft pulping of unbarked wood. Paper Trade
Journal, 157(26):38-39, June 25,1973.
Data are presented in this article which show
economic advantages in the production of both
bleached and unbleached pulps from rough wood
chips in addition to conservation of wood
resources. In a recent study covering 12 West
Coast wood species, basic data were established
for the kraft pulping of wood chips with and
without bark. A mill design was set and the
order of magnitude of capital costs was
developed for a 750-ton per day bleached draft
mill, Raw material costs and energy requirement
costs are detailed. Tables provide the following
data: basic data for mill design for southern pine
kraft pulp; pulp costs for bleached southern pine
kraft pulp; and manpower requirements for
bleached kraft pulp mill
[24411]
73-5247
BAYER, G. Gips, Stahl und mauerziegel.
[Gypsum, steel, and bricks.] U-das technische
Umweltmagazin, (l):24-26, Feb. 1973.
A new method has been developed to clean
waste gypsum from impurities. Water is added
to the waste gypsum and the suspension is
pumped into the flotation plant where organic
and mucous inorganic substances as well as solu-
ble impurities are separated. In subsequent au-
toclaves the dehydrate crystallizes and forms a
semihydrate which is then cooled down and
separated from the residue. After drying it can
be processed into powder gypsum or after ad-
ding water it can be cast thus forming
prefabricated gypsum parts. New methods for
the removal of red sludge, a waste product of the
aluminum oxide production, have been recently
developed. The first method is most suitable for
red sludges containing at least 45 percent ferric
oxide in the dry substance and bases on the
smelting of the sludge. The wet red sludge .is
mixed with carbon and fine-grained lime stone
and then pumped into a rotary shaft furnace
where it is dried and forms a granulate with
grain sizes of 2 to 15 mm. The sinter material still
contains a certain percentage of carbon. The
granulate is then heated up to 1,000 C whereby
at least 80 percent of the ironoxide is reduced to
metallic iron particles. Smelting is effected in a
special oil-heated smelting furnace where a
direct incineration of the carbon residue in the
sinter granulate takes place which provides for a
very rapid melting. The iron separates from the
slag and is cast into raw iron pigs. The slag can
be used in road construction. The second process
is recommendable for red sludges with small fer-
ric oxide contents. The sludge is mixed with spe-
cial additives and dried for a determined period.
Then it is fed into a press and formed into bricks
which are hardened at 1,000 C. During this
process the sodium oxide contained in the red
sludge reacts with the additives and provides for
an improved brick stability. (Text in German)
[24412]
73-5248
BODMAN, S. W., Ill, J. A. FREANEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
-------
60
TRIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Recla-
mation from municipal solid waste. In The
treatment and management of urban solid waste.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1972. p. 145-181.
The incentives promoting, and the barriers
restricting, greater reclamation of valuable com-
ponents from mixed municipal refuse are briefly
reviewed in this paper. Existing methods of sort-
ing refuse into its useful and other components
are described, and some of the major com-
ponents of domestic refuse are bright. The topics
which are discussed in detail follow: the
economics of purity; separation and transporta-
tion; the economics of central-station reclama-
tion; a review of separation approaches; machine
separation; the utilization of reclaimed materi-
als; and legislation encouraging reclamation.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24413]
73-5249
British papermakers review status of waste
paper utilization. Paper Trade Journal,
157(19):43-45, May 7,1973.
This article reviews a British technical con-
ference on secondary fiber utilization. It
discussed the situation regarding waste paper
reuse and defines three incentives: economics of
the industry; national economics in regard to
balance of payments, which depends heavily on
trading; and environmental considerations. The
following problems are outlined: collection; mar-
ket influences; contraries; fiber degradation; and
effluent. Waste paper merchants, waste paper
treatment, new equipment designed for
processing various grades of waste paper, and
user experience with waste papers are also
discussed.
[24414]
73-5250
CHIBA, K. Haiyu ni yoru kobunshikei gosei jushi
no shoriho. [A method of treating polymerized
synthetic waste oil.] Japanese Patent Sho 47-
35143 owned by K. Chiba and T. Obara, Nagoya,
Japan. Issued Sept. 4,1972.
This invention relates to a method of treating
various polymerized resins using the waste oil
obtained from the processing stages and the
refining process of crude oil. The polymerized
resins which are applicable to the method under
this invention must be the oil-soluble ones, and
ethylenic synthetic resin, among others, is most
suitable, the polymerized resin wastes are
formed into a solid shape by heating or compres-
sion and then mixed with the waste oil heated to
a temperature of about 180 C. The desirable pro-
portion of the resin is 20 to 50 percent. In this
case, the resin wastes are completely dissolved
in the heated waste oil by stirring, and it is then
added with an adhesive resin such as rosin, ester
gum, terpene resin, and cumarone resin, or tur-
pentine oil, and plasticizer such as diphenyl
chloride by 5 to 20 percent of the weight of the
resin-dissolved oil. The resin-oil solution with a
high viscosity and adhesive property, prepared
in such a manner, is mixed with heated asphalt
and is ground into pieces after cooling. The
ground mixture can be used for the pavement of
road. If the mixture have no asphalt, it can be
used as building materials, after being molded
into a block or floor form. (Text in Japanese)
[24415]
73-5251
COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. Introduction. In
Turbine compatibility test program. Technical
proposal 69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto, California. Aug.
1969. p. 2(1-17).
This paper outlines the development program
for the turbine compatibility test (TCT) for a
system capable of producing electrical power
with a gas turbine cycle directly from the com-
bustion of municipal solid wastes. The TCT
package will culminate in the demonstration of
continuous operation or combined systems test-
ing for a period of 6 hr. It is expected that the
system would subsequently be operated for ex-
tended periods to obtain maintenance and life
data. The advantage of the subscale or pilot plant
approach over initial fullscale prototype equip-
ment is to identify and correct any development
problems at the lowest cost. The TCT package
has been divided into four major areas, as fol-
lows: development support subsystem; solid
waste handling subsystem; hot gas subsystem;
-------
61
and the turboelectric subsystem. Subsystem
schematics and extensive data are provided.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24416]
73-5252
COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. TCT package
program plan. In Turbine compatibility test
program. Technical proposal 69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto,
California, Aug. 1969. p. 4(1-37).
The objectives, criteria, and technical aspects of
developing a pilot plant, designated the turbine
compatibility tests (TCT) are summarized. The
following discussions are provided: program
summary; work statement (including 18 design,
fabrication, integration, installation, and testing
tasks); organization; personnel allocations; pro-
gram controls; status reporting; and data han-
dling and submittals. The following flow charts
are provided: TCT package; TCT development
support subsystem; TCT solid waste handling
subsystem; TCT hot gas subsystem; and the
TCT turboelectric subsystem. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24417]
73-5253
COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. Technical
discussion-TCT turboelectric subsystem. In
Turbine compatibility test program. Technical
proposal 69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto, California, Aug.
1969. p. 3(61-67).
The objective of the tests described in this paper
is to verify normal specification performance of
all components of the turbine compatibility test
(TCT) turboelectric subsystem including the gas
turbine, the electrical generator, and the electri-
cal load absorbing resistance bank. The tests will
demonstrate electrical power generation with a
gas turbine using solid wastes as a fuel. The tur-
boelectric subsystem hardware consists of the
gas turbine, the generator, turbine silencers and
controls, the electrical dissipation system, all the
associated system controls, and instrumentation
and support hardware. Subsystem diagrams and
illustrations are provided. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24423]
73-5254
COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. Technical
discussion-TCT development support
subsystem. In Turbine compatibility test pro-
gram. Technical proposal 69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto,
California, Aug. 1969. p. 3(3-38).
This paper contains a general description of the
turbine compatibility test (TCT) development
support subsystem, along with explanations of
what was accomplished during the key subscale
experiments and what needs to be accomplished
during the TCT package. Detailed descriptions
of the hardware comprising this sytem are also
provided. The following topics are covered in
detail: pressure performance data; slagging con-
dition data; fluid bed combustor hydrochloric
acid suppression; dual fluid bed operation tests;
inertial separator performance; regenerative
mat filter performance; fluid bed start and shut-
down sequence; fluid bed elutriation investiga-
tions; municipal solid wastes combustion corro-
sive effects tests; air pollution control com-
pliance; hardware description; and development
support tests. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24419]
73-5255
COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. Technical
discussion-TCT hot gas subsystem. In Turbine
compatibility test program. Technical proposal
69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto, California, Aug. 1969. p.
3(48-60).
The basic objective of the turbine compatibility
test (TCT) hot gas subsystem tests described in
this paper is to verify proper subsystem opera-
tion prior to integration with a turboelectric
subsystem. Test conditions and instrumentation
will be selected to verify these characteristics of
the hot gas subsystem: combustion efficiency in
excess of 95 percent at nominal solid waste feed
rates; particle collection devices functioning such
that the gases leaving the subsystem contain less
than .01 grain of particulate matter per actual cu
ft; a start-stop sequence for the combustor that
is consistent with gas turbine start-stop require-
ments shall be consistent with continuous runs of
6 hr. The subsystem consists of the fluid bed
combustor, the particle collectors, and support
-------
62
apparatus. Diagrams are provided of the
subsystem and hardware. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24420]
73-5256
COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. Technical
discussion~TCT objectives and criteria. In Tur-
bine compatibility test program. Technical
proposal 69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto, California, Aug.
1969. p. 3(1-3).
The primary objectives of the turbine compati-
bility test (TCT) package is to demonstrate the
successful operation of a gas turbine generating
electric power, using municipal solid wastes as
fuel. The secondary objectives are: to measure
the performance of a fluid bed combustor
operating with a gas turbine; to measure the per-
formance of a particulate collector to clean up
the combustor effluent gases; to investigate
system dynamic response and the
start/shutdown sequences for the design; to in-
vestigate methods of processing, storing, and
handling municipal solid wastes; and to verify
operation of the solid wastes combustor feed
mechanism. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24421]
73-5257
COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. Technical
discussion-TCT solid wastes handling
subsystem. In Turbine compatibility test pro-
gram. Technical proposal 69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto,
California, Aug. 1969. p. 3(39-47).
The primary objective of the turbine compatibili-
ty test (TCT) solid wastes handling subsystem is
to feed shredded solid wastes fuel to a high pres-
sure, high temperature environment. Secondary
objectives are to evaluate specific designs that
have been incorporated in the TCT package and
to obtain additional knowledge concerning the
mechanical processing of typical municipal solid
wastes. The solid waste subsystem description
consists of three basic groups of equipmentO
shredding, transfer, and combustor feed equip-
ment. Testing of the subsystems is also
discussed and diagrams and illustrations of the
systems and equipment are provided. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24422]
73-5258
COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. Technical
discussion-TCT design analysis. In Turbine
compatibility test program. Technical proposal
69-8. v. 1. Palo Alto, California, Aug. 1969. p. 3
(68-81).
This paper presents the preliminary design anal-
ysis which has been accomplished to illustrate
the feasibility and basic sizing of the turbine
compatibility test (TCT) hardware and
procedures for use with a gas turbine to
generate electric power using municipal solid
wastes as fuel. The topics which are discussed in
detail follow: gas turbine selection; fluid bed
design; insulation design; particle collection
design; and analysis for hydrogen chloride in
combustion gases. Graphs, diagrams of the
systems, and data on the composition of mu-
nicipal refuse are provided. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24418]
73-5259
COMBUSTION POWER Co., INC. Turbine com-
patibility test program. Technical proposal 69-8.
v. 1. Palo Alto, California, Aug. 1969.137 p.
This report presents the turbine compatibility
test (TCT) which is a comprehensive package of
development experiments and hardware
designs, culminating in the production and test-
ing of a system capable of producing electrical
power with a gas turbine cycle directly from the
combustion of municipal solid wastes. Technical
discussions are presented of: the solid waste
handling subsystem; hot gas subsystem; tur-
boelectric subsystem; and design analysis. The
TCT package program plan includes: a program
summary; a work statement; organization; per-
sonnel allocations; program controls; data re-
porting; and data handling and submittals. The
corporate facilities are described. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24424]
73-5260
Continental Can's expansion at Hodge a tremen-
dous success. American Paper Industry,
55(5):28-34, May 1973.
-------
This article announces Continental Can's expan-
sion at Hodge, Louisiana. Key installations are
the 390-in. wide Valmet paper machine, the
Kamyr digester capable of handling pin chips
and sawdust, and the centralized power and
recovery plants featuring C-E boilers. The topics
which are covered in detail follow: wood supply;
the woodroom complex; the pulp mill; stock
preparation and flow; the wet end; the dryer sec-
tion, calender, and reel; roll handling; the broke
system; the white water system; process control;
the recovery boiler; the power boiler; water
pretreatment; and turpentine and tall oil.
[24425]
73-5261
ELLERBE, R. W. Why, where, and how U.S.
mills recover tall oil soap. Paper Trade Journal,
157(26):40-43, June 25,1973.
This article reports on methods and practices
utilized at kraft pulp mills for the collection of
tall oil soap. It also discusses why, where, and
how mills recover soap. Pulp mills recover soap
because it produces byproduct income and it of-
fers important operational advantages. Most
mills recover soap continuously in evaporator
soap skimmers. They recover it intermittently
with manifold values on foam towers and storage
tanks, and with specially designed foam concen-
trators.
[24426]
73-5262
ENVIROGENICS Co. Appendix A-wastage and
fouling. In Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 2. Appendices. Report
No. F-1295. Washington, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1971. p. A(l-29).
This appendix on wastage and fouling in connec-
tion with the utilization of refuse as a fuel is part
of a study sponsored by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration. A literature survey is pro-
vided for the following: operating conditions;
laboratory investigations; and corrosion by
reducing atmospheres, chloride compounds, and
sulfur compounds. Corrosion test results and an
extensive bibliography are also included. The fol-
lowing data are provided: chemical analyses of
refuse-fired furnace deposits; summary of
operating conditions of steam-producing in-
cinerator plants; typical ash analyses from dif-
ferent boilers; and comparative analyses of bulk
and inside layers of ash samples. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24428]
73-5263
ENVIROGENICS Co. Appendix B~state of the
art survey. In Systems of refuse as a low sulfur
fuel, a final report to the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, v. 2. Appendices. Report No. F-
1295. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Nov. 1971. p. B(l-163).
This state of the art survey which was conducted
in connection with the utilization of refuse as a
fuel is part of a study sponsored by the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency's National Air
Pollution Control Administration. The following
topics are covered in detail: the history and
technology of steam generators; air pollution
control (the nature of emissions and pollution
control techniques); and a study of refuse-fired
steam generators in selected German plants
(description of the plants, data analysis, per-
formance tests, emission control equipment, and
dust collector tests). Extensive data are pro-
vided in the form of 21 tables and 73 figures.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24429]
73-5264
ENVIROGENICS Co. Conclusions and recommen-
dations. In Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 1. Report No. F-1295.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 1(8-27).
The conclusions and recommendations based on
a study sponsored by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration are presented in this paper.
They are categorized under the following
headings: refuse as a fuel (quantity-quality con-
siderations, reduction in pollutant emissions,
processing technology, and thermal utilization);
-------
64
power plant designs (engineering criteria for
candidate systems, economic model, and detailed
design and cost studies); and recommended
research and development (criteria and two
plans are outlined). The following pertinent data
are included: projected compositional changes in
U.S. urban refuse, 1970 to 2000; summary of
systems characteristics of 10 refuse-firing steam
generator designs; and refuse disposal costs for
retrofit systems. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24430]
73-5265
ENVIROGENICS Go. Appendices D and E--
bibliography and glossary. In Systems evalua-
tion of refuse as a low sulfur fuel, a final report
to the Environmental Protection Agency, v. II.
Appendices. Report No. F-1295. Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Nov.
1971.
This bibliography and glossary on the utilization
of refuse as a fuel are part of a study sponsored
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
National Air Pollution Control Administration.
The bibliography lists reasonably current (none
earlier than 1962) and accessible information
sources that deal with subjects falling within the
basic scope of this study. Only those publications
that clearly relate to refuse-fuel systems have
been cited. This bibliography is divided into the
following topical groupings: steam generation;
corrosion; bottom residues; refuse charac-
teristics; air pollution aspects; related thermal
processes; and related waste handling processes.
An author index is also included and the glossary
contains over 60 technical terms. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24427]
73-5266
ENVIROGENICS Co. Program objectives and ap-
proach. In Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 1. Report No. F-1295.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 1(1-8).
The purpose of the program discussed in this
paper, which was sponsored by the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency's Natioal Air
Pollution Control Administration, was to deter-
mine the characteristics of systems for using
refuse as a low sulfur fuel for power generation,
to determine the overall potential of using such
systems to decrease the total emissions from the
incineration of refuse, and to assist in reducing
sulfur pollution which results from fossil fuel
combustion. These objectives were approached
as follows: assessment of refuse as a fuel by stu-
dying published and solicited data and conduct-
ing chemical and physical property analyses; as-
sessment of power plant designs (survey of wet-
and dry-bottom steam generators fired with con-
ventional and unconventional fuels and prelimi-
nary engineering designs of boilers); and
development of recommendations and formula-
tions of research and development plans. The in-
formation and data sources used and the or-
ganization of the report are also outlined. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24431]
73-5267
ENVIROGENICS Co. Recommendations. In
Systems evaluation of refuse as a low sulfur fuel,
a final report to the Environmental Protection
Agency, v. 1. Report No. F-1295. Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Nov.
Recommendations for the utilization of refuse as
a fuel are presented which are based on a study
sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration. Under Plan A a research facility is
outlined with the following programs: com-
bustion optimization studies; corrosion and foul-
ing; systems analysis of alternative thermal con-
version process for refuse; particulate control;
small refuse-fired boilers; sub-scale component
testing; and flow modeling. The following pro-
grams are recommended under Plan B: com-
bustion optimization studies; evaluation of
refuse pyrolysis and gasification processes in
connection with steam generation; evaluation of
refuse combustion in fluidized beds; an engineer-
ing manual for the conversion of boilers to com-
bined firing; design of a demonstration unit; and
the construction of a demonstration plant. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24432]
-------
66
73-5268
ENVIROGENICS Co. Refuse as a fuel-quantities
available. In Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 2. Report No. F-1295.
Washington, U.8. Environmental Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(1-21).
The quantity of refuse available in the United
States is discussed in this study sponsored by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Na-
tional Air Pollution Control Administration. The
following topics are discussed in detail: refuse
collection rates for the United States and
selected metropolitan areas; and refuse composi-
tion in terms of an analysis of current refuse,
projected composition, seasonal variation, and
heat value. The purpose of establishing these
quantities of refuse is to consider their value as a
fuel. The following data are also included: 1965
survey of collection rates; estimates of future
urban refuse collections in the United States;
large metropolitan areas having severe sulfur
pollution problems; and composition of refuse.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24433]
73-5269
ENVIROGENICS Co. Refuse as fuel-energy
utilization. In Systems evaluation of refuse as a
low sulfur fuel, a final report to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, v. 1. Report No. F-1295.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Nov. 1971. p. 11(68-73).
The utilization of refuse as an energy source is
discussed in this study sponsored by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's National
Air Pollution Control Administration. The fol-
lowing topics are discussed in detail: turboelec-
tric generation; Rankine cycle systems; gas tur-
bine systems; industrial and district heating; and
desalination and miscellaneous applications. The
economic variables affecting a steam generating
system are outlined as follows: regional electri-
cal demand and anticipated growth rate; district
heat demand; distribution of population density;
temporal effects on output demand for both ser-
vices; annual outdoor temperature statistics; fos-
sil fuel costs; refuse hauling and processing
costs; refuse heating value; and capital charges
and labor. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24434]
73-5270
ENVIROGENICS Co. Systems evaluation of
refuse as a low sulfur fuel, a final report to the
Environmental Protection Agency, v. 1. Report
No. F-1295. Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1971.290 p.
This report describes a systematic assessment of
the fuel properties of refuse and of the
mechanics and combustion technology associated
with the utilization of refuse as a fuel in generat-
ing utility grade steam. By estimating the inven-
tories and compositions of refuse that might
occur, the extent of sulfur-abatement that might
be realized in using refuse as a partial coal sub-
stitute was projected through the year 2000. The
fuel's behavior in, and compatibility with, fur-
nace structures were established. Cost and
design specifications were adopted for certain
components examined in the analysis. A cost
model was developed to consider all the major
elements involved in the erection and operation
of the candidate refuse-burning systems. Two
plants were chosen and subjected to detailed en-
gineering analyses and two suggested 5-year
plans are presented. (This document is retained
is the SWIRS library.)
[24435]
73-5271
Gas from garbage. Materials Reclamation
Weekly, 122(19):28-29, May 12,1973.
This article describes a new process that can
turn solid waste into gas which is being tried out
at Orchard Park, near Buffalo, New York. The
demonstration is being supported by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. The process
is being developed by Torrax Systems Inc. The
facility can deal with car body sections, trees,
plastics, refrigerators, and 55-gal steel drums.
The process is a combined combustion-pyrolytic
system. The nonburnable residues are liquefied
into a molten slag which may be made into build-
ing blocks and insulating fiber or may be used as
-------
66
a base material in road construction. The gases
from the gasifier can be burned to make steam
for power generation. Capital costs will probably
be low for this system.
[24436]
73-5272
GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. Reclamation and recycling. I. General
aspects and paper reclamation. In The problem
of solid waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of
Engineering, the University of Michigan, 1972. p.
96-113.
This chapter discusses the advantages of
reclaiming our resources instead of simply
disposing of them. The importance of devising
separation processes to facilitate reclamation is
stressed. Special case studies of paper and
metals are presented. Charts, graphs, diagrams,
and illustrations are used to present the materi-
al. These include: percentage and amounts of
various metals, and paper and textiles presently
being recycled in the United States; pounds of
packaging materials being consumed in the
United States per capita; a flow chart for recla-
mation of residential and industrial waste; a flow
chart for reclamation of paper and metals; paper
stock classifications and prices; percentage of
wood fiber products recycled in various coun-
tries; sources and quantities of fiber consumed
by the U.S. paper industry; the effects of repulp-
ing on paper stock qualities; a comparison for
different areas of the United States of rail
freight rates for waste paper and pulpwood; and
comparison for pulpwood and paper waste in
ocean shipping rates from different port areas;
and a diagram of the Black-Clawson process for
fiber reclamation. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24437]
73-5273
GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. Reclamation and recycling. III.
Economics. In The problem of solid waste
disposal. Ann Arbor, College of Engineering,
The University of Michigan, 1972. p. 125-134.
The economic factors and policies that affect
reclamation are presented in this section. In par-
ticular the role of government in creating
favorable economic situation for reclamation is
presented. The normal profit considerations that
previously determined the choice between virgin
and reclaimed materials can no longer be con-
sidered strictly applicable, because these in-
teractions of supply and demand fail to take into
consideration the dwindling supply of resources.
While there is great disagreement on what steps
the government should take to positively make
the utilization of secondary materials more
profitable, it is generally agreed by those con-
cerned with the preservation of resources that
the government must cease to carry out those
economic policies which discriminate against
reclamation. Governments at various levels are
finally beginning to require recycled materials in
the products that they buy. However, laws like
the Wool Products Labelling Act and various
laws on the re-use of oil inhibit reclamation when
their purposes could be as well served by other
methods. Incentives, transportation rate regula-
tion by the ICC, and Federal tax policies are also
discussed in detail. Another hindrance to recla-
mation is that most of the secondary materials
enterprises are on a fairly small scale and, there-
fore, are not able to utilize the economies of scale
that are available to larger companies involved
in primary materials extraction. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24439]
73-5274
GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. RECLAMATION RECLAMATION AND
RECYCLING. II. IRON AND STEEL. In The
problem of solid waste disposal. Ann Arbor, Col-
lege of Engineering, The University of Michigan,
1972. p. 114-125.
This section discusses the recycling of ferrous
metals. This is chiefly done through graphics.
There is also a brief discussion of non-ferrous
metals reclamation. Only two types of metals are
presently being reclaimed at anything near their
full possibilitiesO stainless steel and precious
metals. This is largely because these two materi-
als are the only ones which are sufficiently valu-
able to be worth the cost of the processes to
reclaim them. Zinc recovery processes are
becoming more common and it may soon be
-------
67
recovered in large quantities. The graphics illus-
trating the information are as follows: iron de-
mand and supply by source presently and pro-
jected into the future; the end uses and quanti-
ties of iron in the United States; scrap iron clas-
sifications; the percentage of pig iron and scrap
used in basic oxygen, open hearth, and electric
furnaces in U.S. Steel production; a comparison
of rail and freight rates for scrap and ore; iron
and steel scrap consumption in the United
States, 1925-1969; average prices of U.S. iron
and steel scrap, 1955-1970; and the Huron Valley
Steel Company's new process for reclamation of
all types of metalsO now used only for scrap au-
tomobiles. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24438]
73-5275
HANNA, R. C. Simplified, economical reclaiming
of insulating oil. Transmission and Distribu-
*iow,25(4):66,68,Apr.l973.
A mobile filter system using an improved
asbestos-cellulose cartridge type medium is less
expensive than the blotter type paper when used
to reclaim oil through filtration. The new mobile
filtering system, developed in the early 1960's,
utilized an asbestos-cellulose fiber cartridge. The
system consisted of a filter, pump, and motor on
a common portable base. Tests showed that the
overall cost per gallon of oil filtered with the
asbestos-cellulose sheets was less than with the
blotter type paper. This lower operating cost is
possible because the unit cartridge construction
reduces the labor required to make a change of
medium. Filtering some 5.8 million gallons of oil
a year resulted in a cost saving of more than
$30,000 a year.
[24440]
73-5276
HARADA, H. Kinsoku haikibutsu no shigenka.
[Reutilization of metal wastes overseas.] Kin-
zoku Zairyo, 13(6):55-58, June 1973.
In Europe and the United States, the Polluter
Pays Principle is in more widespread use than in
Japan and wastes are regarded as important
resources. This fact is symbolized by the boom in
the waste management industry, with about
10,000 enterprises in the United States. The
bigger ones do annual business of 150 billion yen.
Several trillion dollars worth of wastes are being
reutilized, in the United States, and over a tril-
lion in the United Kingdom. More than 120 mil-
lion tons (in terms of money, about 2 trillion yen)
of waste metals is being reutilized in the United
States. It is comparatively easy to reutilize metal
wastes from mechanical processing; they can be
reprocessed into other products or to be turned
into an alloy ingot. However, recovery and reu-
tilization of waste metals from individual con-
sumers in wide areas, mixed with other materi-
als and dirt is very difficult. The fraction of
metal wastes in general city wastes, such as
metal cans varies between 3 percent and 8 per-
cent. Even after manually sorting out large
metal items like prams, bicycles and washers,
and picking up empty cans by magnetic selector,
the incinerator residue still contains much metal,
which may again be sorted by magnetic selector.
The recovered metal waste is pressed by com-
pactor, to make blocks. Bulky wastes like televi-
sions, radios, beds, and refrigerators are col-
lected separately from general city wastes along
with cars, and treated by hammer mills and
shredders. Japan is too preoccupied by pollution
problems and such problems as securing suffi-
cient space for dumping wastes, treating to make
them non-polluting is neglected and such
worthwhile waste as metal waste is not fully util-
ized. (Text in Japanese)
[24441]
73-5277
HARADA, H. Purasuchikku haikibutsu no shori
to sairiyo. [Disposal and reuse of plastic waste.]
#o0afctt,28(2):144-152, Feb. 1973.
When the presorting and collection of city
wastes is put into practical application, the use
and grade of processed products to be reused are
different according to the extent of the presort-
ing collection, which corresponds to the thermal
plastics. In the case of the thermo-setting
plastics, they are ground to fine particles and
then may be reused as fillers for remolding of
the thermal plastics. Fundamentally, the extru-
sion molding of thermal plastics takes a leading
part in the field, but another mold processing
method can of course be applied to the thermal
-------
68
plastics. Since plastics are the highly
polymerized compounds of the low-molecular
monomers, the idea to reuse plastic wastes by
resolving the original monomers has been
presented, but has not been put to practice
because it was not economically feasible. How-
ever, now that plastic wastes are exhausted in
great quantities, the depolymerization method is,
of course, worthy of reexamination as one of the
methods of reuse. As a premise for it, there is a
great problem on whether or not the presorting
collection of plastics from the city wastes is
possible, but if plastic wastes can be collected
easily and in great quantities, its profitability
may be expected. According to existing informa-
tion, for polystyrene, more than 60 percent of
styrene monomer can be recovered by heat
decomposition at about 400 C, whereas
polyethylene is resolved into unsaturated com-
pounds such as carbon-3 or carbon-4, or methane,
not into ethylene. Thus, there is no other way but
using it as a fuel. (Text in Japanese)
[24442]
73-5278
HEDENLAND, L. D. District goes into the recla-
mation business. Water and Wastes Engineer-
ing, 10(3):30-34, Mar. 1973.
The Las Virgenes Municipal Water District was
organized in 1958 to bring imported water into
the semi-arid region in western Los Angeles
County, north of Malibu. Presently, the Tapia
plant is primarily a reclamation facility that fea-
tures primary sedimentation, aerobic sludge
digestion, aeration, secondary sedimentation,
and chlorine contact to achieve an effluent that is
used to irrigate agricultural products in the area.
Technical highlights include: an extremely ver-
satile aeration system; temporary use of one
final sedimentation tank as a chlorine contact
chamber, careful control of nitrification; and the
study of a simplified single stage oxygen contact
system. The first phase of the reclaimed water
system is a five mile six million gal per day
pipeline terminating in a 34 acre ft storage reser-
voir located 350 ft in elevation above the plant.
Use of this water is on irrigated agriculture,
primarily alfalfa and permanent pasture. The
proposed second phase of the reclaimed water
system will be a dual water system throughout
the District, making reclaimed water available
for additional uses such as residential, golf cour-
ses, park and cemetary irrigation.
[24443]
73-5279
Hydrogenation of discarded tires yields reusa-
ble carbon black. Rubber World, 168(3):26, 28,
June 1973.
In this article it is noted that hydrogenation
could prove to be a means of converting
discarded tires into saleable products at a cost
competitive with methods of disposing of used
tires other than by dumping them. Hydrogen
will not react with the carbon in the tires; there-
fore, the carbon can be recovered nearly
unchanged. Products of hydrogenation of ground
discarded tires are fuel gas, naphtha, gas oil, and
carbon black. The carbon black and oil produced
in the pilot-plant-scale tests of the process ap-
pear to be satisfactory for reuse in commercial
rubber compounds. The main factors affecting
the profitability of the plant are the cost of the
ground rubber feed and the value of the carbon
black sold.
[24444]
73-5280
INAGAKI, K. Saisei riyo no jikkenka shiken.
[Reutilization experiments on sludge containing
heavy metals.] Kinsoku Zairyo, 13(6):25-30, June
1973.
Sludge containing heavy metals is generated
from more than 50 kinds of processes such as
waste oil treatment and woolen yarn washing.
By adding clay, sand, or similar materials to such
sludge, and heating it at temperatures above
1150 C, the sludge was successfuly turned into
construction structural material, without dis-
solving of heavy metals which would cause pollu-
tion. The critical temperature is approximately
1200 C. Using a tunnel type kiln, the dust
generated was found to be within the limit con-
trolled by law, and quantities of heavy metals
contained in the dust were extremely small.
Very little metals became gaseous during
processing, so that there was very little danger
of air pollution. The mixture should contain at
least 25 percent clay added to the sludge. The
-------
69
price of clay is 1500 to 2000 yen a ton, so that
there is no difference from the cost of presently
marketed tile. However, the product using
sludge is 5 to 20 percent stronger than those
marketed, which are manufactured without
sludge, since heavy metals in the sludge
strengthen the final product. (Text in Japanese)
[24445]
73-5281
KELLER, E. Recycling Stichwort oder Schlag-
wort? [Recycling - Catchword or keyword?]
t7mwett,3(3):17-20, July 1973.
Efforts of recycling waste products in industries
have been under way in all developed countries
for many years, in some industries such as the
steel or chemical industry, for decades. Much
more complex than the recycling of wastes in in-
dustries is the recycling of domestic and commu-
nal wastes because they are a mixture of many
varieties of waste products. Sorting techniques
are thus gaining increasing importance. Many
recycling processes are in developmental stage.
For example there is a pilot plant in Franklin,
Ohio, for a wet process developed by Black-
Clawson for the developed recovery of fiber
material. For recycling as for any environmental
clean-up measures the cost acceptability is no
longer decided by economists alone but in
cooperation with ecologists. (Text in German)
[24446]
73-5282
KURODA, J. Puraschikku haikibutsu no ybyu
saisei riyoki purachiraiza. [Platilizer, reclamation
equipment for plastic wastes.] Plastics Age,
18(9):43-47, Sept. 1972.
The 'Platilizer' is an efficient and inexpensive
plastic recycling machine which can be adapted
to an existing extruder. The machine has several
special attachments and the manner of operation
and molding can be changed to direct extrusion
molding or flow molding. The equipment
requires only one operator, and recycled pellets
can be produced at the full capacity of the
machine at all times. The machine comprises a
crusher, a blower conveyor, a storage tank with
bridge, a screwfeeder with the speed change
gear, a compactor, an extruder, and a pelletizer.
The special attachments are the screw changer,
supplementary storage tank and feeder, and the
flow mold. The crusher cuts the material into
rather large particles for screens 50 by 60 mm.
The crusher is installed in the ground for noise
abatement; foreign materials are eliminated on
the conveyor. The crushed plastics are trans-
ported by a blower or a screw conveyor into the
storage tank, where they are stored for 10 to 12
minutes and fed into the compactor periodically.
The screwfeeder supplies a given amount of
material into the compactor. The speed change
gear adjusts the difference of apparent weight
and balances the .extrusion quantity and material
charge. The compactor is a conical screw and the
theoretical pressure ratio is larger than 10; in
operation, the effective pressure ratio is smaller
than that, regulated by the supply quantity. The
compactor barrel has a watercooled jacket ex-
truder without melting. The extruder is the Bent
type. The pelletizer is water-cooled. (Text in
Japanese)
[24447]
73-5283
KUROKI, K., T. HONDA, T. TAKESUE, AND T.
IKEMURA. Purasuchiku haikibutsu no yokoriyo
ni kansuru kenkyu. Poriechiren no thermal sand
cracking. [Study on utilization of plastics wastes.
Thermal sand cracking of polyethylene.] In
Proceedings; 28th Spring meeting of the Japan
Chemical Society, Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 1-5, 1973.
1916 p.
Thermal sand cracking was carried out under
normal pressure and at relatively low tempera-
ture, and it was found out that decomposition
and liquefaction is possible at a temperature as
low as about 310 C. The liquid component of the
decomposition product has some selectivity and
it may be useful in the disposal of plastics
wastes. A 100 cu cm stainless steel autoclave was
used as experimental equipment with a stainless
steel pipe connected to it. Sea sand was mainly
used as packing agent, varying in size from 5 to
80 mesh. Ordinary sand was also used after
treating it with acid or alkali. Mixture of
polyethylene with the sand was packed in the
reactor, and the sand was in the pipe. Heat was
applied from the outside to complete thermal
cracking at the prescribed temperature. The
-------
70
reaction product was then expelled from the top
of the pipe and cooled, and underwent analysis
mainly by means of gas chromatography. For
qualititative analysis, dimethyl formamide plus
dioctyl phthalate for gas component, and SE-30
3m, for liquid component were used. Olefins
were quantitatively analyzed as a whole using
silica gel column, and chain molecules by
synthetic zeolite molecular sieve 5 A respective-
ly. Liquefaction rate of liquid components in
decomposition product was 70 to 80 percent by
weight to the packed sample, and its major com-
ponent, olefins, came up to 65 percent by weight.
Paraffins and mixture of isomers were also
identified. Formation of carbon and gas was very
low. Regarding the effect of sea sand on product,
the smaller the size, the less the high boiling
distillate. Acid treated sand produced lower boil-
ing substances, which indicates the increase in
contact space at the reaction zone prevents heat
localization and give effective cracking. In
cracking of plastics wastes at low temperature,
peeling off reaction from chain ends presumably
predominates. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24448]
73-5284
MIYAKE, M. Kemikaru shuzu kosaidan kuzu to
no shigenka no kenkyu. [Study of utilization of
scraps accumulated after making chemical
shoes.] Kogai Boshi Sangyo, 3(3):77-85, March
1973.
Of 1200 tons artificial leather used for making
chemical shoes in and around Kobe City, 15 per-
cent become scraps, which, treated with sulfuric
acid, plastic is recovered. However, since this
method presents problems, a new approach of
utilizationO making soles out of scraps and other
vinyl sheet scraps, etc. has been developed. The
scraps are cut by irregular cutter and crushed
repeatedly by mixers, with fibers and all, and
rolled by a newly developed 'fish-tail die'. There
is no secondary pollution involved, since the ef-
fluent is the industrial water used for cooling of
machinery and does not contain oil, etc. Care
must be taken, however, in abating odor from
polyvinyl chloride and noise and vibration in
crushing process. If the beneficiaries are to bear
the cost of depreciation and interest on the loan
they owe banks, and the cost of wastes disposal
borne by enterprises and local governments is to
be defrayed, with some financial assistance from
the national and local government, this plan is
quite feasible. The rolled out material looks
brownish, so that it must be coated with new
polyvinyl chloride to make soles, or used as inner
sole, etc. The presently used rubber adhesive
with adequate primer is quite satisfactory. (Text
in Japanese)
[24449]
73-5285
More fluting, testliner from waste paper as Jass
Fulda mill reaches full output. Pulp and Paper
International, 15(5):76-78, May 1973.
A new German paper mill, Jass Fulda, started up
in late 1971 and is now producing 200 tons per
day of fluting and testliner grades based almost
entirely on waste paper. This compact, efficient
mill features an Er-We-Pa cylinder machine and
is designed for future expansion. The topics
discussed include: expansion potential; the
recycling concept in operation; two shock linesO a
third planned; machine already exceeds design
output; machine is run on sales orders; full aux-
iliary facilities; and good demand for testliner
and fluting. Illustrations are also provided.
[24450]
73-5286
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Capital and operating costs. In Materials
recovery system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 9(1-
53).
This paper discusses the economic factors in-
volved in the establishment and maintenance of
a municipal materials recovery system. The fol-
lowing topics are presented: calculation of
general contracting and field supervision; calcu-
lation of contingency estimate; operating costs;
and sample calculations and design work. A sum-
mary of the estimated capital costs is given, then
detailed estimates are presented and discussed.
Some sample engineering calculations and
drawings are also included. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24542]
-------
71
73-5287
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Environmental considerations. In Materi-
als recovery system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p.
7(1-8).
This paper discusses environmental protection in
connection with the disposal and reclamation of
municipal refuse. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency regulations, local requirements for con-
trol of air and water effluent quality, and the oc-
cupational health and safety guidelines provided
by the U.S. Department of Labor must all be
considered when establishing a waste manage-
ment system which is to be compatible with a
clean environment. The environmental con-
siderations discussed include: prevention of local
pollution of air, water, and landscape; maintain-
ing quiet operations; avoiding overloads of mu-
nicipal sewage processing facilities; providing
safe and reasonably pleasant working conditions
for employees; and fire prevention. Organic
refuse, process water, and dust are also
discussed in detail. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24543]
73-5288
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Equipment. In Materials recovery system.
Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 4(1-92).
This paper presents in detail the unit processes
utilized in a municipal refuse resource recovery
system. Major current applications, foreseeable
advantages, and drawbacks of selected equip-
ment are presented. Manufacturers are in-
dicated for the sake of information and clarity,
not for endorsement. The critical unit processes
outlined herein are: the air classifier; the rising
current classifier; the heavy media system; and
the electrostatic separator. The basic processes
described follow: a Trommel as a shredding sub-
stitute; dry screening and other dry processes as
a substitution for the rising current classifier
and the wet screen; and the electronic ore sorter
as a possible substitute for the heavy media
system. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24544]
73-5289
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Introduction. In Materials recovery
system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 1(1-13).
This engineering feasibility study conducted by
the National Center for Resource Recovery
discusses the system flow of a resource recovery
facility. Each unit process is described and
preferred pieces of equipment identified by
manufacturer. The topics which are discussed in
detail follow: economic separation of potentially
valuable components in refuse; refuse
shredding; the economic viability of resource
recovery as an adjunct to a landfill system; four
general approaches that could be used for
separating metals and minerals from organicsO
advantages and disadvantages of each process;
and the three modules which compose a recovery
facilityO the basic building, additional buildings
and the equipment, and color sorters of glass.
The analysis presented is based on the ex-
perience of the professional staff in materials
handling and mineral processing, a review of the
literature, visits to sites using applicable
processes, and discussions with equipment
manufacturers and other experts. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24545]
73-5290
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Manpower requirements. In Materials
recovery system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 8(1-
12).
This paper discusses the manpower require-
ments of a municipal waste management and
recovery system. The direct manpower needed is
presented in a table and detailed job descriptions
are provided for the following: superintendent;
shift foreman; quality control; clerk; front end
loader operator; shredder and air classifier
operator; maintenance; and hand pickers. To
determine how many pickers are required, it is
necessary to estimate their production of
recovered material as shown in the equations
provided. The following two measures are pro-
vided for finding the amount of newspaper that
is available to be bundled: computing the weight
of paper delivered within the municipality by
-------
72
weighing samples of each newspaper and mul-
tiplying by the circulation rate of each within the
municipality; or using a percentage base to pro-
ject the amount of total newsprint available.
Equations are also included for determining how
much aluminum could be picked by specified
numbers of pickers. The results are shown in
tabular form. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24546]
73-5291
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Materials recovery system. Washington,
Dec. 1972.381 p.
This document examines the engineering and
economic aspects of a facility designed to
separate municipal refuse into six major com-
ponents. The general intent is to adapt standard
equipment commonly found in the minerals
processing industries to the application of
segregating marketable products from
household waste. The topics which are covered in
detail follow: the systems concept; unit opera-
tions; equipment; output characteristics; site
requirements and plant layout; environmental
considerations; manpower requirements; capital
and operating costs; and process economics. An
extensive bibliography, data, and illustrations
are also included along with appendices on the
laboratory testing program, equipment manufac-
turers, water balance, plant personnel, and plant
costs and returns. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24547]
73-5292
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Output characteristics. In Materials
recovery system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 5(1-
35).
The output characteristics of municipal refuse
are discussed under the following headings: dry
organics; paper specifications; ferrous scrap;
mixed other nonferrous metals; glass; aluminum
scrap; and inorganic fines. The products to be
reclaimed are summarized in tables along with
the standards which must be met in order to
retain markets for these goods. Dry organics are
discussed in terms of landfilling and the practi-
cality and economic viability of burning
shredded refuse in existing incinerators, new in-
cinerators, or utility-grade boilers. The following
tabular material is provided: specifications for
folded news; specifications for old corrugated
boxes, and mixed news and old corrugated con-
tainers; specifications for can bundles, ferrous
scrap, and nonferrous metals; specifications for
recovered glass; chemical composition limits of
aluminum scrap for wrought products; and the
chemical composition limits of aluminum scrap
for secondary metal. Fine organic particles,
passing through a 100-mesh screen, will be
separated and collected. This material could be a
substitute for sand and fine gravel. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24548]
73-5293
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Systems concept. In Materials recovery
system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 2(1-26).
This paper describes the basic systems concept
for a prototype recovery system for a mu-
nicipality. The characteristics of the raw materi-
alO mixed municipal refuseO which the system
processes are also discussed. The proposed
system is an add on to an existing solid waste
management system, to be complemented by fu-
ture additions of processes to take advantage of
the economic potential of the residue of this
sytem. The topics which are discussed in detail
follow: a comparison of various system ap-
proaches; equipment capabilities, advantages,
and disadvantages; energy recovery; compost-
ing; various recovery systems; reasons for
selecting a materials recovery system; reasons
for selecting a dry system; and design inputs.
Data and an extensive bibliography are also pro-
vided. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[24551]
73-5294
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY,
INC. Unit operations. In Materials recovery
system. Washington, Dec. 1972. p. 3(1-34).
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78
This paper discusses unit operations for a mu-
nicipal resource recovery system. There is a
detailed discussion of homogenizing mixed
refuse, and separating the mixed material into
its basic components, particularly the recovera-
ble products the system is designed to extract
from the waste. The following processes and
equipment are described in detail: trucks;
picking conveyer; paper baler; shredder; air clas-
sifier; compactor; magnetic separator; air knife;
rising current classifier; slurry recovery; mag-
netic drum separator; dryer; four-deck shaker
screen; roll crusher; ferrous incinerator; and an
electronic ore sorter. A detailed, four-page sche-
matic is included of a materials recovery system.
The material balance is described in terms of
output and recovery rates which are shown in
tabular form. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[24552]
73-5295
O'BRIEN AND GERE ENGINEERS, INC. Salvage
and re-use. In Jefferson County comprehensive
solid waste planning study, CSWP-15. Albany,
New York, New York State Department of En-
vironmental Conservation, June 1972. p. 64-70.
This paper investigates the feasibility of
recycling in Jefferson County, New York, as
part of the Jefferson County Comprehensive
Solid Waste Planning Study. The quantities of
materials available for recycle were surveyed
and the markets for these materials were evalu-
ated. It was found that for most components of
refuse the cost of collection and shipment ex-
ceeded the market value. This excess cost would
have to be paid by the County's taxpayers in
order to make salvage and refuse a workable
concept. The conservation of resources, the
quantities available, the markets, and future
developments in the area of recycling are
discussed in detail. It is concluded that since
there are no proved processes for the separation
of mixed refuse into saleable component
products, in-home separation and separate col-
lection of components are the recommended
procedures for the present. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24653]
73-5296
Paper reclamation survey: recovery rate of
waste paper needs to be increased. Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 17-18, May 12,1973.
Great Britain's joint waste paper advisory coun-
cil has concluded that the recovery rate of waste
paper now has to be substantially increased
because the traditional source of raw material,
timber, is not keeping pace with the demand.
Preliminary figures for waste paper consump-
tion issued for the first 3 months of 1973 are
presented. Great Britain's newsprint industry
has been returning very low profits in recent
years. This industry is not confident about its
economic future because of Scandinavian com-
petition and pollution controls which are adding
to future cost problems.
[24554]
73-5297
Pavements: environmental composite pavement
report. Highways and Road Construction,
41(1,761):27, May 1973.
This article discusses an experimental composite
pavement which has been used on a 1,500-ft sec-
tion of heavily travelled New Jersey highway. It
has served as designed with minimal main-
tenance since its construction in 1963. The pave-
ment consists of a five-component system in-
volving a 6-in. crushed stone subbase, an 8-in.
plain concrete base, a 3-in. layer of densely
graded crushed stone, a 5-in. layer of dry-bound
macadam, and a 3.5-in. surface of bituminous
concrete. The composite pavement cost was
about 15 percent higher than New Jersey's stan-
dard design of reinforced concrete pavement,
but this is expected to be offset by the estimated
23 percent longer service life.
[24555]
73-5298
PROBERT, S. D., I. E. SMITH, AND R. J. HAN-
SFORD. Casting waste ash should hot up the pace
of building. Engineer, 236(6105):45-46, Mar. 15,
1973.
A casting process produces a continuous ribbon
of ceramic which adheres to foundations and to
itself. By laying a series of such ribbons, a wall
can be formed. The solidified ceramic possesses
-------
74
better physical characteristics for some applica-
tions than conventional brick. The raw material
for the process is pulverized fuel ashO a waste
product from coal fired electricity generating
stations. The process uses it at high tempera-
turesO 1273 K to 1473 K. It sinters within this
temperature range and with the addition of flux,
becomes molten. It is this molten ceramic which,
laid as a series of ribbons, is used to form a wall.
No fixed formwork or shuttering should be
necessary because the ceramic requires from 3
to 10 seconds to set. The ribbon emerges from an
inverted cone of a mobile furnace. Thinner
ceramic walls could replace standard thickness
walls. Further research is necessary to improve
the foamed ceramic to give even better physical
properties and to develop a lightweight and easi-
ly maneuverable furnace with attached shutter-
ing for shaping the continuous ceramic ribbon.
[24556]
73-5299
Rasensport auf Altreifen-Packlage. Sport on
slabs of old tires.O VDI-Nachrickten, 27(24),
June, 1973. 01 The West German Federal De-
partment of the Interior helped to finance the
development of a process for the recycling of old
tires. In the Federal Republic of Germany alone
the annual accumulation of old tires amounts to
between 200,000 and 300,000 tons. The method is
based on comminution of old tires and shaping
them into slabs. Steel and fiber belts in the tires
do not interfere with the process. The tire chips
are bound together by a new resin with an iso-
cyanate base sold under the names Desmodur
and Desmophen. The slabs are particularly suita-
ble as infrastructure for sports grounds and for
paths. They permit the installation of a heating
system to keep the surface snow- and ice-free.
(Text in German)
[24557]
73-5300
Recovering lead from scrap batteries. Materi-
als Reclamation Weekly, 122(19):28-29, May 12,
1973.
This article announces that a lead recovery plant
for processing scrap batteries has been
developed by Hemco and Co., an English en-
gineering firm. The plant handles up to 210 bat-
teries an hour, giving a capacity of 20 tons in 6
hours and only one operator is needed. The
complete recovery of lead and separation of the
bakelite casing is achieved in three stages which
are outlined in this article. The system basically
breaks the batteries and separates them into
three separate containers-battery terminals and
bridges, battery plates and dross, and battery
cases and fragments of bakelite.
[24558]
73-5301
Recycle more? It's up to Washington, study
shows. Chem 26 Paper Processing, 9(5):55-57,
May 1973.
Midwest Research Institute has concluded in a
report on its year-long study of recycling trends
from 1970 through 1985 that the rate at which
waste paper is recycled in the United States
could increase from the 20.6 percent of 1970 to 26
percent by 1985 given Federal Government in-
centives to help overcome recycling barriers.
The report, entitled 'Paper Recycling© the Art of
the Possible, 1970-1985,' was released during the
96th annual American Paper Institute meeting
in New York City. It is suggested that the most
effective Government recycling incentive would
be a tax credit per ton of paper recycled. In addi-
tion to statistical highlights of 1972, the report
includes charts and tables on consumption,
production by major grades of paper, capital ex-
penditures, fuel and energy requirements, ex-
ports, sources of fiber, and capacity increases by
major categories.
[24560]
73-5302
Recycled rubble saves contractors money.
/Beads and Streets, 116(4):80,83, Apr. 1973.
This article discusses the substantial savings in-
curred by onsite recycling of concrete and
asphalt. Other benefits include the saving of
scarce landfill areas and the great reduction in
truck traffic which help control air pollution.
Problems include the scarcity and selection of
quality concrete or asphalt and the relatively
high maintenance costs. Savings on material han-
dling vary but they always depend on site loca-
-------
tion. The flow plan for continuous operation of
the twoestage crushing system is provided and
the equipment used is described.
[24559]
73-5303
Refuse reclamation pilot plant comes on stream.
Materials Reclamation Weekly, 122(10):29, Mar.
10,1973.
The Garrett Research and Development Co. of
La Verne, California, is pilot testing a proprieta-
ry flash pyrolysis a process for municipal solid
wastes designed to recover profitably ferrous
metals, glass, and heating fuels. The system of-
fers what is claimed to be an almost entirely pol-
lution-free means of converting these wastes to
useful products. Based upon present data, it is
estimated that a full scale 2,000 tons a day
processing plant to accommodate the needs of a
community of 500,000 people would cost about
$12 million. Fuel for the plant would be
generated from its own gaseous pyrolysis
products. The operating costs, it is estimated,
would be about $5 a ton, including amortisation
over 25 years at 6 percent interest. Approxi-
mately four acres would be required for a plant
site, but this cost is not included in the capital
estimate. The process offers the potential of
replacing expensive and relatively inefficient
disposal operations with a revenue producing
process which minimizes pollution of the sur-
rounding land, air, and water. Incoming solid
wastes are shredded, dried, and passed through
an air classifier which separates out most of the
metals, glass, and other inorganic materials. The
remaining refuse is shredded a second time and
then pyrolizedO a process in which it is broken
down into smaller molecules through the applica-
tion of heat in the absence of oxygen. Laboratory
reactor runs resulted in the production of good
quality oil at the rate of about one barrel per ton
of refuse received.
[24561]
73-5304
SADLER, T. B. A crushing success: aggregate
from concrete. Public Works, :72-73, Apr. 1973.
The city of Minneapolis has successfully
produced 75,000 tons of aggregate in 90 days by
75
crushing waste sidewalk and paving materials
for reuse. The cost of a ton of aggregate made by
crushing demolition concrete and delivered to
the job site is not substantially less than a ton of
comparable material delivered from a gravel pit.
Yet there is the convenience of having a disposal
site 10 minutes away from the paving site.
Crusher expenses are more than offset by
demolition haul costs, wear and tear on trucks,
and overall construction cost advantages. The
work of crushing concrete proceeded at a rate of
some 200 tons per hr.
[24563]
73-5305
Scrap tires can yield marketable products. En-
vironmental Science and Technology, 7(3): 188-
190, Mar. 1973.
Approximately 11 billion Ib of rubber products
are produced annually in the U.S. Tires con-
stitute the largest segment of these goods.
Waste rubber is 70 percent tires. More than 200
million old tires are discarded each year. One
reclamation answer is to use reclaimed rubber in
asphalt for road surfacing. If 1 to 2 percent
reclaimed rubber in roadbeds became common
practice, 60 percent of the nation's waste tires
would then be utilized each year. Reclaimed
rubber is produced by treating vulcanized waste
rubber with chemical agents, heat, and intensive
mechanical working to produce a uniform con-
sistency. Goodyear is installing a furnace to use
old tires as fuel to generate steam for new tire
production. About 3,000 tires will be used daily
to reduce the disposal problem. Although tires
have 50 percent more Btu value than coal, the
expensive incinerator operation will not save
money for Goodyear. Firestone has developed a
destructive distillation process for reclaiming
hydrocarbons and carbon black from tires. When
oxygen is added to rubber, it becomes useful as a
soil conditioner. Other possible uses are: to clean
up oil spills, as high protein foodstuffs, as water
purification material, as crash barriers, and for
artificial reef programs.
[24564]
-------
76
73-5306
SINGLETON, E. L., AND T. A. SULLIVAN. Elec-
tronic scrap reclamation. Journal of Metals,
25(6):31-34, June 1973.
This article describes how aluminum of 99.9 per-
cent purity plus copper, lead, tin, silver, and gold
can be recovered from obsolete electronic equip-
ment. Aluminum ingots derived from sweated
electronic scrap were processed by electrolytic
methods to recover aluminum and to concentrate
base and precious metals in an enriched anode.
The ingots obtained contained most of the alu-
minum and part of the precious metals and
copper in the original scrap. The copper, lead, tin,
silver, gold, and other precious metals were con-
centrated threefold in an anode product which
was then suitable for treatment by commercial
methods to recover the copper and precious
metals. E xtensive data are provided.
[24562]
73-5307
Some equipment used in fibre recovery and ef-
fluent treatment operations. Paper, 179(6):294,
296,299-300, Mar. 21,1973.
This article describes some equipment designed
specifically for fiber recovery and effluent and
sludge treatments. The destruction of sludge by.
fluid bed incineration is outlined. The fluidized
bed incinerator has the following advantages:
reduction in volume and weight of sludge; suita-
bility for centralizing waste sludge disposal in
densely populated areas; and complete burning
out of flue gasses and then freedom from any or-
ganic reactive matter. The floatwash system is
designed to overcome the combined problems of
the pollution of rivers from paper and pulp mill
effluent, to assist in the reuse of white water
within the mill's system and recover good fiber.
The Brassert Strainer is a pressure type strainer
for mechanical cleaning of water and other types
of fluids. The BeloiWones Polydisk Filter con-
sists of a series of discs mounted on a hollow cen-
tershaft. Each disc consists of individual sectors
covered with filter media.
[24565]
73-5308
SUGIE, G. Ashio haidei no kenchiku tojiki to
shite no riyo. [Reuse of Ashio mine waste (slime)
as ceramic building blocks.] Seramikkusu,
7(12):943-945,1972.
The mine waste (slime) from the Ashio copper
mine contains much ferrous oxide and is not ideal
as far as ceramic material goes; but interesting
tiles and building ceramic blocks with superior
mechanical property can be produced very inex-
pensively. The sizes of Ashio slime particles are
even and large, but the shapes are irregular. The
particle bond is not good, the surfactant is
limited, and plasticity is poor. However, the
bondage between particles and water is also poor
and the slime can be relatively easily dried. The
shrinkage caused by drying is 3 to 4 percent and
is low, but that caused by baking is very largeO
9.2 percent. However, a small difference in bak-
ing temperature causes a large difference in
shrinkage and both sintering and mechanical
properties are superior. Mixing of 30 percent
clay makes extrusion very easy, increases drying
shrinkage to 5.2 percent, and reduces the baking
shrinkage to 7.5 percent. Presently, approxi-
mately 500 tons of attractive red clinker tiles and
black clinker tiles (with manganese mixture) are
produced very inexpensively every month. (Text
in Japanese)
[24566]
73-5309
SULLIVAN, P. M., M. H. STANCZYK, AND M. J.
SPENDLOVE. Resource recovery from raw urban
refuse. Report No. 7760. Washington, U.S. De-
partment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
[1973]. 28 p.
The U.S. Bureau of Mines has installed and is
operating a 5-ton-per-hr pilot plant for continu-
ous mechanical separation of values contained in
raw urban refuse. The process includes
shredding, air classification, screening, gravity
concentration, and electrostatic separation. Com-
pactor trucks deliver raw refuse collected along
typical routes in metropolitan Washington, D.C.,
to the pilot plant. The loads are separated into
light iron, massive metals, glass, waste combusti-
bles, paper, and plastics. The data obtained to
date have indicated favorable economics for
-------
77
commercial-size plants. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24567]
73-5310
SUZUKI, M. Purasutikku no netsu bunkai ni
yoru abura no kaishu. [Recovery of oil by ther-
mal decomposition of waste plastic.] SeisanO
Kenkyu, 25(2):85-88, Feb. 1973.
From the standpoint of a closed system for the
disposal of plastic wastes, the importance of the
recovery method of light oil by thermal decom-
position is pointed out. A fundamental experi-
ment was carried out for the development of the
recovery process of oils by dry distillation and
thermal decomposition of polyolefins, where a
possibility for a process to independently control
the reaction rate and the composition of
produced oils was reviewed. In this study, ther-
mal decomposition was carried out using the out-
side dry distillation process, in which a cooling
section was provided on the upper part of the
dry distilling still and the temperature was regu-
lated independently of the reaction section, with
the intent of obtaining efficiently light oil by a
method to reflux the heavy components of distil-
late. The device consists of a stainless steel
cylinder with a 2 liter decomposition section and
a 1 liter upper distillate section, together with a
90 mm diameter reaction section. As a result,
using the dry distillation process provided with a
cooling section on the upper part of the still, the
light oil seems to be recovered with a good effi-
ciency. But more technical problems such as
enhancing the heat exchange efficiency of the
cooling section, improving the heating method,
and related various problems require further
research. From the standpoint of the plastic
cycle, the method of treating polyvinyl chloride
and the reexamination of laws and specific poli-
cies would become important issues. (Text in
Japanese)
[24568]
73-5311
TAKIHARA, T. Haipurasuchikku no maiku-
rohayoyu to tankasuiso yu kaisyu. [The
microwave fusion of plastic wastes and recovery
of hydrocarbon oil.] Kankyo Sozo, 3(l):18-26, Jan.
1973.
In 1971, Sanyo Electric Co. constructed a test
plant for disposal of plastic industrial wastes
having a capacity of 1 ton per day to obtain vari-
ous experimental data; in 1972, a practical plant
having a capacity of 3 tons per day was con-
structed at the Gifu factory. In the process used,
plastic wastes are first ground to grain sizes
near the bean size and automatically sent to a
fusing furnace through a pneumatic conveyer.
The plastic wastes thus sent are fused by heat-
ing them to 250 to 270 C by the use of a
microwave heating system and sent through a
storage tank to a horizontal, cylindrical reactor
about 3 m long where the molten plastic is heat
decomposed at 500 C. The hydrocarbon gas
produced by thermal decomposition is in-
troduced into a cooling tank and the cooled oil is
stored in a tank. The gas of carbon numbers of
less than four is sent to a combustion cylinder
through a filter. In the case of the microwave fu-
sion, the efficiency of fusion is greatly changed
by load material, its amount, and even by the
shape and structure of furnace, so that im-
pedance matching must be considered. In this
company, by adding an amount of powdered car-
bon into plastic wastes, the effective fusion of
plastic wastes was successfully attained. For
vinyl chloride, which is in question more than 95
percent of the hydrogen chloride were removed
in the test plant. (Text in Japanese)
[24569]
73-5312
Urban rural reports. Compost Science, 14(3):3,
MayJune 1973.
Four articles on reclamation are presented. In
the article on tax reform for recycled materials it
is pointed out that inequitable freight rates for
raw versus recycled materials should be
changed. The House Ways and Means Commit-
tee is holding hearings on a bill, H.R. 1508, which
would alleviate the economic disadvantages to
which recycled materials are now subjected.
Garbage is discussed as a source of animal feed
as well as plant food. Two researchers have
found a way to turn 10 tons of garbage into 3
tons of 20-percent protein meal at a cost to far-
mers of $40 a ton. Peking generates more than
2,700 tons of garbage daily which are removed
from the city every night by sanitation workers.
-------
78
The inhabitants dump their garbage in
designated places for collection. From there it is
taken in garbage-disposal trucks to pits in the
communes on the outskirts and turned into fer-
tilizer. It was announced that trilingual abstracts
covering European efforts on solid waste
disposal and use are available from the Interna-
tional Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Assn.,
Zurich, Switzerland. The abstracts are published
in French, German, and English, and the treat-
ment is scholarly.
[24570]
73-5313
Walmsley's Research Center develops waste
paper processing methods. Paper Trade Jour-
nal, 157(23):32-34, June 4,1973.
Walmsley's Research Center has recently ex-
panded its research facility in England in order
to study the problems involved in waste paper
processing. Its pilot plant has produced new
equipment and processes for fiberizing, removal
of light contaminants, deflaking, screening, and
pressing. The topics which are discussed follow:
the Belcor unit; pressmaster and shredmaster;
experimental board machine; deflaking; high
consistency screening; dewatering and pressing;
asphalt disperson; and high consistency
processing. Economic considerations are of
prime importance in the treatment of secondary
fibers and careful selection of equipment can
result in reduced costs. Illustrations of the
equipment and systems are provided.
[24571]
RESEARCH
73-5314
OHTA, N. Kogai to Kagaku Gijutsu. [Chemical
technology for pollution control.] Yuki Gosei
Kagaku, (353): 17-23, Dec. 15,1972
Methods of recycling waste material are being
studied by the Ministry of International Trade
and Industry. Some of the methods being ex-
amined are selective reuse of iron, aluminum,
copper, lead, zinc, and glass from the refuse. The
refuse is roughly crushed in a mill and classified
into fibers, plastics, iron and metal, nonmetal,
transparent glass, and colored glass by air, mag-
nets, screening, weight, or optically. Steam is
recovered in the combustion process. The
Tulper' which is under development in the
United States is a device in which waste and
water are mixed and shredded by a propeller
cutter. Some other methods in the process of
development are the conversion of organic
refuse into fuel gas, oil, and coal, or synthesizing
petroleum by adding carbon monoxide and
steam. Photolysis of plastics is also being studied
in recent years; photosensitivity reagent or ox-
idation degradation basis is added to the
polymer. The most desirable product will be a
biodegradable plastic which can be reduced to
carbon dioxide and water. (Text in Japanese)
[24572]
73-5315
YAMADA, K. Purasuchikku haikibutsu netsub-
unkai shori no kenkyu no doko. [Tendency of stu-
dies on the thermal cracking treatment of plastic
wastes.] Kankyo Sozo, 3(1):11-17, Jan. 1973.
Since vinyl chloride which contains chlorine, un-
like other olefinic series plastics, gives off
hydrogen chloride at 250 to 300 C prior to the
decomposition of the main chain, considerations
must be taken not to cause air pollution. Strom-
berg and others subjected several kinds of vinyl
chloride to heat cracking process under vacuum
and determined the hydrogen chloride, benzene,
and so forth, produced at a decomposition tem-
perature of about 300 C by means of mass spec-
trometry. They then analyzed hydrocarbons
which are decomposition products at 400 C. The
mechanism of the decomposition reaction was in-
vestigated with a heat balance, which led to the
result that the rate of reaction was on the order
of 3:2, and the rate of reaction was about 30 calo-
ries. P. Dumn and others state that a metal oxide
such as zinc oxide or iron oxide promotes the
thermal cracking of a chlorinated high polymer
such as vinyl chloride. Polystyrene like
polymethyl methacrylate, can be easily decom-
posed by heat cracking to a monomer. F. A. Leh-
mann and others conducted detailed analyses for
the decomposition gases of styrene and other
high polymers. The production of waste
polyacrylonitrile is smaller than in other plastics,
but when the plastic is burned a harmful gas is
emitted; that is, cyanic acid gas is emitted at
-------
79
temperatures exceeding 180 C. (Text in
Japanese)
[24573]
SANITARY LANDFILL
73-5316
BE VAN, R. E. Controlled tipping of solid urban
refuse and suitable industrial waste. In Waste
disposal; Proceedings; 4th International Con-
gress of the International Research Group on
Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Basel, Switzerland,
June 2-5,1969. Basel, Schweizerische Zeitschrift
fuer Hydrologie. p. 364-382.
This section of the proceedings includes both the
opening remarks and the conclusions presented
at a working session of the congress on con-
trolled tipping of refuse and industrial waste.
(Controlled tipping is the British term for sanita-
ry landfill.) Within the article, a definition is
given of what the Ministry of Housing and Local
Government considers to be the minimum
requirements for a controlled tip. Space required
for such tips, with or without pretreatment of
the waste, is discussed, as well as findings from
tips receiving refuse, commercial wastes, bulky
wastes, fly ash from power stations, dust, street
sweepings, and other types of wastes. Estimated
densities of these types of refuse are given, both
at the time of tipping and a few months later,
when they would have presumably increased in
moisture content. Considerations of the effect of
tips on air and water quality, are discussed, and
measures to avoid such damage are briefly out-
lined. Operating costs are also covered, and the
effect of pretreatment by pulverization on costs
is discussed. A short section is devoted to tipping
of industrial sludge mixed with solid waste. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24574]
73-5317
BODMAN, S. W. Ill, J. A. FEARNEY, J. J. HAR-
RINGTON, D. H. MARKS, W. NIESSEN, L. J. PAR-
TRIDGE, A. SAROFIM, AND D. G. WILSON. Land-
fill. In The treatment and management of urban
solid waste. Westport, Connecticut, Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. p. 85-98.
This paper reviews some methods which would
reduce transportation and handling costs and
produce landfills which are tolerable to the local
communities during filling, and which would be
highly beneficial. The sanitary landfill methods
discussed are: basic sanitary landfill; baling and
landfill; landfill with pulverized refuse; and mul-
tiple use of land. The experimental methods con-
sidered were: continuous burial; pulverization in
the land; and rapid stabilization by aeration.
Some of the problems encountered are: water
pollution; gas production; fires; and settling.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24575]
73-5318
GLYSSON, E. A., J. R. PACKARD, AND C. H.
BARNES. Sanitary landfills. In The problem of
solid waste disposal. Ann Arbor, College of En-
gineering, The University of Michigan, 1972. p.
34-53.
This is a basic introduction to sanitary landfill
practices. Landfill is defined, and its advantages
and disadvantages are discussed; the latter are
seen as chiefly economic. Site selection and land-
fill design must be carefully carried out in order
to prevent pollution, secure social acceptance,
achieve efficient operation, and utilize the
completed fill. Basic operations of sanitary land-
fills are described and illustrated with diagrams,
graphs, charts, and pictures. There are four
types of landfill methods in terms of sites: 1)
area, 2) slope or ramp, 3) trench, and 4) canyon,
pit, or quarry. Landfill must be compacted; this
is done daily in individual cells. The density of
refuse in various landfill stages is presented.
Cell construction, fill construction, and daily and
permanent cover are illustrated. Heavy equip-
ment for spreading and compacting solid waste
and cover material includes the crawler dozers,
crawler loaders, rubber-tired dozers, rubber-
tired loaders, compactors, scrapers, and
draglines. Each of these is evaluated for the dif-
ferent tasks that must be performed. Other
graphics portray the following: cost per ton of
sanitary landfill operations, based on different
populations served; leachate and infiltration
movement; leachate composition standards;
groundwater quality near a landfill; gaseous end
-------
80
products of decomposition of municipal refuse;
nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide produc-
tion from a landfill over different periods of
time; cumulative volume of gas from a landfill;
methods of controlling gas movement-including
clay barriers and crushed stone with pipe vents;
and comparative capital and operating costs of
sanitary landfill, incineration, and composting.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[24576]
73-5319
SCHRAMMECK, E. Gewasserbeeintraechtigung
druch Deponien und AbfallagerstaettenO Emp-
fehlungen zue laufenden Ueberwachung. [Water
pollution through dumps and landfills. Recom-
mendations for continuous monitoring.] Wasser
Abwasser GWF Gas- und WasserfachO,
114(5):214-217, May 1973.
According to the results of an inquiry by the
center for waste disposal of the Federal Health
Department in West Geramny, only 16 percent
of the existing dumps are sealed off from
groundwater, and only 11 percent are being
monitored for possible changes in the ground
and surface water composition. The results of
analyses of leachate and groundwater from vari-
ous dump sites as found in the existing literature
are presented in a table along with analyses. Ac-
cording to the author, the water samples taken in
the vicinity of dump sites with mostly domestic
refuse had a biochemical oxygen demand of
15,000 to 46,000 mg per liter. Chloride was mea-
sured in concentrations between 1,700 and 2,250
mg per liter, and ammonium between 600 and
3,000 mg per liter. Traces of nitrate were found
and less than 0.005 mg per liter of nitrite. The
sulfate concentration measured was between 200
and 400 mg per liter, that of phenol between 180
and 230. For sampling of surface water, one sam-
ple before and after dumping suffices. For moni-
toring groundwater, pipes must be driven into
the ground to the water level. The pipes shall
end at least 30 cm above the ground and must be
sealed. One observation pipe is necessary for
every 100 m of dump site length, and further
pipes at 100, 250, and 500 m distances are
required. It is recommended to pump off at least
100 liters of water prior to sampling to gain a
representative sample. In the first 3 to 5 years of
groundwater monitoring, samples should be
taken every 3 months. Later semiannual and an-
nual samples might be enough. (Text in German)
[24577]
73-5320
TOSCH, M. Grundwasserschutz bei geordneter
Deponie von Siedlungsabfaellen. [Ground water
protection through controlled tipping of trash.]
WasserwirtBchaft-Wassertechnik, 23(5):158-161,
May 1973.
After a review of groundwater pollution by un-
controlled tipping and the self-purification
capacity of groundwater, the prevention of
groundwater pollution through controlled
tipping of trash is discussed. Since measures for
the protection of groundwater are expensive,
sites should be selected for controlled tipping
which do not have any useable groundwater or
which have a natural water-impermeable layer.
The layer must have a water permeability coeffi-
cient of 0.00001 cm per sec. Usually clay, clayey
silt, and marl layers have the required im-
permeability. The water impermeability can be
improved by compacting such layers. If no site is
available with natural impermeable layers, the
tipping site must be sealed either with natural
earth material or with synthetic material. An
aerobic, chemical-biological decomposition
process which creates a large water demand
higher than the supply by rainfall can be an effi-
cient means to eliminate the leachate problem.
Entirely sealed tipping sites must have a water
drainage system. The costs for the drainage
system may well absorb 50 percent of the total
investment costs. Controlled tipping with aero-
bic decomposition requires rather light compact-
ing of the 2 m thick trash layer and coverage
with a rather coarse and permeable top layer.
The relatively loose layer promotes the decom-
position of the organic matter. Rainwater
penetrating into the layer is evaporated because
of the high temperature. For the decomposition
process in the 2 m thick trash layer, 4 to 6
months must be allowed. At the end of this
period the layer is tightly compacted and now
serves as the base for a new trash layer. (Text in
German)
[24578]
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81
73-5321
UESHITA, K., T. KUWAYAMA, AND S. SAIDA.
[Sanitary landfill disposal.] Doboku Gakkai-shi,
58(2):39-44, Feb. 1973.
Investigations and tests were conducted on land-
fill areas where various waste materials were
buried. Samplings of rubble and gravel, various
sludges, and various cinders and ashes were
tested for chemical composting, specific weight,
water content, and physical characteristics for
their suitability as landfill material. The areas in-
vestigated mostly showed the signs of insuffi-
cient pretreatment of waste material. It was
evidenct that waste was dumped and covered
with earth without enough crushing, compaction,
and other necessary pretreatment, and land set-
tling and sinking had started. In one area where
four large apartment houses had stood for the
last 7 years, there was no sign of building
damages, but the land had settled in spots as
much as 20 cm. In another residential and school
area which was developed 2 years ago, buildings
show damages, and the land has settled 10 to 15
cm in spots. The covering earth is only 50 cm
thick, and sometimes methane gas leaks from the
waste layer, and newly planted trees do not live
long.
[24579]
SLUDGE
73-5322
ANDERSSON, A., AND K. 0. NILSSON. En-
richment of trace elements from sewage sludge
fertilizer in soils and plants. Ambio, 1(5):176-179,
May 1973.
This article discusses soil as a medium for the
disposal of sewage sludge. Soils are more easily
aerated than water and can receive large
amounts of organic matter per unit volume that
can be decomposed without harmful effects from
the anaerobic and reducing conditions that occur
in water. However, sewage sludge also contains
hazardous components of domestic and industri-
al origin which are toxic even in low concentra-
tions. When municipal waste products are to be
used for agricultural purposes, the application
rates recommended should be based on the con-
tent of potentially harmful components. Analytic
data are provided for trace elements.
[24580]
73-5323
BJOERKMAN, A. Thermal treatment of sewage
sludge. In Waste Disposal; Proceedings; 4th In-
ternational Congress of the International
Research Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD),
Basel, Switzerland, June 2-5,1969. Basel, Schwe-
izerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 670-686.
This article described the functions of heat treat-
ment of sewage sludge—destruction of
pathogens, facilitation of' dehydration, and
preparation for incineration or utilization. It
describes two processes, the Porteous and von
Roll, and gives flow charts and cost figures for
both. Heat can be used for removal of intercellu-
lar water (thickening), removal of adhesion and
capillary water (dehydration) and removal of ad-
sorption or inner water (drying). The amount of
power needed for each type of treatment is
presented. Devices for drying sludge are
described: multiple hearth dryer; drying drum;
flash dryer; and belt drying. Two Swedish plants
involved in drying sludge prior to incineration
are used to demonstrate approximate costs. In-
cineration of sludge, with and without previous
dehydration, is covered, including various
processes and pieces of equipment and their ap-
proximate costs. A graph presents the calorific
value of sewage sludge in relation to its water
content. Cost figures for a Zimmermann process
installation in Kansas City are included. There is
also a short discussion of the technology and
costs of refuse-sludge incineration. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24581]
73-5324
BOEHNKE, B. Pretreatment of sewage sludge.
In Waste Disposal; Proceedings; 4th Interna-
tional Congress of the International Research
Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Basel, Swit-
zerland, June 2-5, 1969. Basel, Schweizerische
Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie. p. 608-631.
Figures show that the amount of raw sewage
sludge in the Federal Republic of Germany is
equal to the amount of domestic refuse, or ap-
proximately 20 million cu m per year. However,
the disposal of this amount of sludge should
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82
present no great problem if two conditions are
met. It must be rendered biologically stable and
it must be reduced to the smallest practical
moisture content, and hence, volume. Then it can
be composted, incinerated, or landfilled without
difficulty. Flow charts are given showing various
systems by which both these objectives can be
achieved. Tables show the characteristics of
sewage sludge in relation to water contents and
disposal volumes in relation to degrees of
dehydration. For example, a sludge with a 4 per-
cent dry matter content will have only 50 per-
cent of its original volume after thickening.
When the volume is reduced to 10 percent of the
original, it will require only 10 percent of the
disposal space. However, past this point, there is
no economy in reducing the water content
further, that is, beyond 60 percent. The results of
the working committee's activities are presented
under the following headings: criteria for the
degree of anaerobic and aerobic sludge stabiliza-
tion required; operational experience in and cost
of anaerobic and aerobic sludge stabilization;
operational experience in and cost of thickening;
operational experience in and cost of centrifuga-
tion while considering preconditioning; opera-
tional experience in and cost of sludge
processing in drying beds and lagoons; operation
experience in and cost of vacuum filtration while
considering preconditioning; operational ex-
perience in and cost of pressure filtration; and
operational experience in and cost of sludge
dehydration through conveyor screen com-
presses. Extensive data and graphs are provided
for each of these topics. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24582]
73-5325
BROUZES, P. H. Considerations in the multi-
stage activated sludge treatment of industrial
wastewater. Water Research, 7:783-791, May
1973.
This article discusses the possibilities of biologi-
cal treatment for industrial wastes. The experi-
ments which we) e carried out show that the rate
of metabolism of activated sludge can be in-
fluenced by pH value, concentration of nutrients,
presence of trace elements, and concentration of
toxic substances. The treatment of sewage and
industrial wastes in the same plant is generally
to be preferred but optimum removal of pollu-
tants is seldom achieved if the two liquors are
simply mixed together. Substances which are
biodegradable but toxic to activated sludge and
nonbiodegradable toxic waste waters require
different forms of treatment. This might be
achieved by subdivision of these plants into vari-
ous more specialized stages.
[24583]
73-5326
FOSTER, W. S. Potato starch—its extra water-
softening benefits. American City, 88(5):83-84,
May 1973.
This article describes how a plant in Ocala,
Florida, conditions water-softening sludge with
potato starch, obtains a sludge that is easy and
economical to handle, and finds a way to use the
sludge in the stabilization and improvement of
roadways. The softening plant is able to receive
and treat 6 million gal of water per day. Lime is
the principal softening agent. The water is fil-
tered and chlorinated before being pumped to a
2-million gal prestressed concrete storage tank,
and ultimately delivered to the city's distribution
system.
[24584]
73-5327
LABERIS, S. Compressed air sub-surface aera-
tion. Pollution Engineering, 5(4):35-37, Apr.
1973.
This article discusses .aeration of sewage and in-
dustrial wastes using compressed air. Extensive
research has been done to improve upon the
basic process of introducing air at some depth
within a tank, and allowing the natural rise of the
air bubbles and entrained water to provide ox-
ygen transfer. Several ways of introducing air
have been developed. Characteristics of the most
common methods are summarized in a table. A
new approach to the problem improves upon the
compressed air method of aeration by using a
maintenance-free, nonporous diffuser, increas-
ing the path length and air-water mixing, and
reducing air bubble size after the introduction of
air in order to increase oxygen transfer. The
system is described in detail after which it is con-
-------
eluded that the degree of mixing is more than
sufficient for waste treatment application.
[24585]
73-5328
LECLERC, H., AND P. BROUZES. Sanitary
aspects of sludge treatment. Water Research,
7(3):355-360, Mar. 1973.
This study compares the efficiency of various
sludge treatmentsO dehydration, stabilization,
and disinfection. The total removal of pathogenic
microorganisms from sludge is not compatible
with technological and economic necessities. This
article sets forth the reasons which would lead to
the codifying of the bacteriological control over
various treatment processes. It seems essential
that information be obtained in salmonella, total
enterobacteria, and on the total count of bac-
teria. The techniques used are described. Graphs
provide the following information: influence of
the duration of stabilization on the elimination of
bacteria and the decrease of mass; influence of
temperature on the elimination of bacteria and
on the sludge density; influence of treatment
time on the elimination of bacteria and on the
sludge density; and the influence of ultrasonic
treatment time on the elimination of bacteria
and on the sludge density.
[24586]
73-5329
RINCKE, G. AND R. BORN. Der Einfluss einer
votbehandlung auf die Rueckloesung or-
ganischer Stoffe bei der thermischen Schlamm-
konditionierung. [Influence of pretreatment on
the release of organic substances in thermal
sludge conditioning.] Staedtehygiene, 24(1):8-12,
1973.
The rapid technological development in the
treatment of sewage sludge led a specialized
group of the University of Darmstadt to survey
the present situation. Studies have been con-
ducted as to the reduction of the rate of released
substances in the thermal conditioning process
through pre-separation, digestion, or both. It
was found that the specific additional load, based
on a sludge quantity of 100 cu m per day for ther-
mally conditioned fresh sludge was 20 g BOD per
day, for thermally conditioned fresh sludge with
previous separation it was 12 g BOD per day, for
thermally conditioned digested sludge it was 10
g BOD per day, and for thermally conditioned
digested sludge with previous separation it was
6 g BOD per day. Consequently a reduction of 70
percent through both separation and digestion
may be achieved. However, the economical point
of view depends on the local situation, available
digestion tanks, sludge quality, and the final
disposal of dewatered sludge. Investigation
results showed that in the case of a digestion
process followed by thermal conditioning treat-
ment, the interpolation of a separating step is
recommended. (Text in German)
[24587]
73-5330
SPEECE, R. E., R. S. ENGELBRECHT, AND D. R.
AUKAMP. Cell replication and biomass in the ac-
tivated sludge process. Water Research,
7(3):361-374, Mar. 1973.
This article is concerned with the increase in
biomass and the replication of microorganisms in
the activated sludge process. Because of the dif-
ficulties in enumerating cell numbers in a floccu-
lent suspension, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
was chosen as an indicator of cell numbers in the
activated sludge process. An increase in DNA
was assumed to be indication of cell replication.
Storage was a function of the loading rate to
which the organisms were acclimated. Higher
loading rates maintained the sludges in a more
active state having shorter time lags before
replication occurred. Increased frequency of
feeding also resulted in less time before replica-
tion occurred. In the contact stabilization
process, cell replication would be expected in the
stabilization tank with only substrate storage
taking place in the contact tank, due to the low
loading rates used. Extensive data and graphs
are included.
[24588]
73-5331
WALKER, C. W. Collection and disposal of ship's
sewage. U. S. Patent 3,721,207 owned by the U.S.
Secretary of the Navy. Issued Mar. 20,1973.
This invention pertains to the collection and
disposal of ship's sewage. It has been customary
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84
for ships to simply flow their waste overboard,
but concern over water pollution has neces-
sitated the development of systems for collect-
ing and storing shipboard wastes, in particular
sewage. This invention provides a system for col-
lecting ship's wastes by running the discharges
by gravity through a floating pipe and discharg-
ing the discharges into a submerged sewage
pumping plant or holding station from whence it
is pumped into the nearest domestic collection
manhole of the onshore sanitary sewer lines. The
invention comprises a series of fiberglass pipes
cast in styrofoam floats and connected by rubber
connectors. The rubber connectors are in turn
connected by flexible rubber hoses to ship out-
lets. The series of pipes is pitched towards the
submerged pumping station so that the ship
discharge will flow by gravity to the pumping
station.
[24589]
73-5332
ZlNTL, G. Auslaugeverhalten metallhaltiger
Faellschlaemme. [Lixivation behaviour of metal-
containing precipitation sludges.] Erzmetall,
26(2):60-65,1973.
The quantity of wastes in the nonferrous metal
industry is growing. The high metal purity
required makes separation and refining
processes necessary. Leaner ores have to be
mined to maintain raw material supply, and this
in turn increases the quantity of waste. Arsenic
and lead are contained in most nonferrous metal
ores as well as in metal ores. The pollution of
ground water with these noxious elements can
be prevented by turning them into compounds
having a low residual solubility, thus preventing
them from reaching the groundwater by
leaching through dumps. In experiments con-
ducted in laboratory apparatus this is achieved
by precipitation from aqueous solution with lime
in the presence of surplus iron ions. The residual
solubility of precipitation sludge produced in the
process was 1 mg per liter or lower. Of great
economic interest is such processing for copper
cementates containing 35 percent copper, up to
10 percent arsenic, and a small percentage of
lead such as those obtained in lye purification in
zinc electrolysis. In the process developed for
this purpose, copper is transformed with high
yield into the solution, while arsenic and lead are
precipitated by lime into sludge. An experimen-
tal dump is being prepared to verify the labora-
tory results and to determine the permeability of
a precipitation sludge dump. (Text in German)
[24590]
STREET CLEANING
73-5333
ADAMS, F. S. Highway salt: social and environ-
mental concerns. Highway Research Record,
(425):3-13,1973.
This article argues against expanding the use of
highway salt as the, presumably, most effective,
safe, and cheap method of snow removal. The
topics which are covered in detail follow: physi-
cal, chemical, and biological makeup of salt; the
fate of salt in the environment; direct runoff of
dissolved salt; splash and percolate; pickup and
discard; the relationship between salt, safety,
and economics; and recommendations. It is con-
cluded that under many meteorological and en-
vironmental conditions chloride salts are effec-
tive agents for melting ice and snow, but to cal-
culate the true costs and real benefits of an ex-
panding salt-based technology requires that a
great deal of vital research be conducted. In the
meantime, increasing the use of salt for snow
removal is questionable.
[24591]
73-5334
BAIN, J. R. Vacuum sweeping curbs street
cleaning costs. American City, 88(5):100, 170,
May 1973.
This article discusses the introduction of vacuum
street sweeping to the city of Ottawa. A 3-year
study of street sweeping costs shows that opera-
tional hours for sweeping the same number of
curb miles dropped as much as 21 percent using
vacuum sweeping. Maintenance and repair costs
plunged 50 percent and on an overall average the
vacuum sweeper was 25 percent more efficient
than mechanical sweeping. Aside from saving
money and reducing sweeping time, the vacuum
sweeper cuts down on air pollution by controlling
dust efficiently.
[24592]
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86
73-5335
VISSER, S. A. The microflora of a snow deposi-
tory in the city of Quebec. Environmental Let-
ters, 4(4):267-272,1973.
This article describes a study which establishes
that the snow cleared from the roads of Quebec
and dumped at various depositories in and
around the city contains a microflora consisting
mainly of short chain and single cell groupings. It
is well adapted to the rigid conditions of its en-
vironment. The sampling sites, methods, results,
and a discussion of the study are presented. The
following tables are provided: growth tempera-
tures of microorganisms isolated from snow; and
microorganisms present in different types of
snow.
[24593]
TRANSPORT
73-5336
CHOUDHURY, A. Solids pipelines-a reality.
General Engineer, 84(5):122-124, May 1973.
This article discusses pipelines techniques. The
major problems to be ironed out in this area are
the successful transportation of liquefied
petroleum gas and liquefied natural gas through
this medium, and means of combating the effect
of permafrost (Arctic ground conditions) on
pipelines. The topics which are discussed in
detail include: existing pipelines for gases and
solids; existing and projected pipelines for solids;
hydraulics; pumps; receiving terminal; economic
factors (physiography, end use/product, quanti-
ty, and distance); other vehicles; and Marcona
flow (a patented system of pipelines transporta-
tion).
[24594]
73-5337
Copper slurry pipeline. Compressed Air
Magazine, 78(5):10-12, May 1973.
This article discusses the Bougainville Mine in
New Guinea which holds the distinction of being
the site of several outstanding accomplishments
in the field of ore processing. It houses the lar-
gest known copper concentrator, which feeds
one of the only two copper slurry pipelines in the
world. This installation also uses vertical, posi-
tive-displacement pumps instead of the usual
horizontal type for this kind of mineral service.
The slurry is pushed through a 16-mile pipeline'
that snakes up and down mountainous terrain
and ends at a new seaport facility, some 2,000 ft
below the elevation of the mine. Annual produc-
tion is expected to exceed 150,000 tons of copper
concentrate and 500,000 ounces of gold, which
exists in small quantities in the ore body.
[24595]
73-5338
Haulers say, 'Charge it' at Seattle transfer sta-
tion. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
RemovalJournal, 16(1):8, Jan. 1978.
Computers are being used in Seattle, Washing-
ton, to speed up refuse-disposal operations at
two municipal , transfer stations. Each IBM
system controls traffic lights guiding collection
vehicles onto truck scales, calculates the net
weight of each load, and bills contractors
through a credit card system. At peak periods,
3,700 vehicles and 1,500 tons of refuse are han-
dled at both stations. Six years ago Seattle
pioneered the automated transfer station con-
cept of waste disposal. The new system should
enable the city to keep abreast of the increased
number of credit transactions with the area's
rubbish contractors. Each transaction of the
weighing operation now takes less than 10
seconds. As drivers enter the facilities, they in-
sert their credit cards into readers which record
the empty-truck weight and other identifying
characteristics. Transaction details are flashed
on a display board by the computer and a green
light is flashed when the transaction is
completed. The system should be helpful in keep-
ing account of annual disposal costs and in
analyzing future operatioal trends.
[24596]
73-5339
Hauling compacted wastes. Compactor Hand-
book, p. 33-34, [1973].
A substantial amount of commercial refuse is
being compacted into 2-, 4-, and 6-yd containers
and then hauled in front- or rear-loading trucks.
The lack of systematic methods for pricing these
jobs often leads to undercharging. The reason
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86
for this is very often that a substantial amount of
low-revenue producing compacted refuse is
mixed with uncompacted trash. Household
wastes containing quantities of liquid can be
compacted with greater density than commercial
refuse loaded with paper, corrugated, and
similar trash. A schedule for hauling charges is
presented. It is concluded that the only way to
arrive at a proper price rating would be to divide
the number of possible daily trips into the
required revenue.
[24597]
73-5340
Helicopter lifts garbage from park. Wildlife
Review, 6(7):7, Spring 1973.
In Kokanee Glacier Park a helicopter is now used
to haul rubbish from inside the park to the road's
end. The refuse is gathered in bags and piled at
the landing sites. Using cargo nets, the flying
machine then picks up the bags and transports
them in 800-lb lots to waiting trucks. Some cam-
pers bury their tin cans, paper, foil, and packag-
ing, but the danger here is that the subsoil in
high areas is so shallow that it is impossible to
properly dispose of waste materials. Bears and
other animals usually dig up camp rubbish al-
most as soon as the hiker has departed. Park
workers find that people hiking in the back
country leave tons of garbage behind them. This
is the real problem.
[24598]
73-5341
Hydrogen atoms called key to pumping liquid
coal. Machine Design, 45(12):10, May 17,1973.
Researchers at West Virginia University are
studying the possibility of pumping coal out of
the ground as a slurry in order to recover coal
which is now too thin to deep mine and too deep
to strip mine. The biggest obstacle to pumping
coal is finding an economical way of converting it
into a liquid or slurry while it is still un-
derground. Other problems are: choosing the
coal, because every seam is different and reacts
differently to liquefaction; and choosing the sol-
vent. The solvent would have to be recycled for
economic reasons. Laboratory tests have shown
that swelling occurs when sub-bituminous coal is
liquefied and it is accompanied by a transfer of
hydrogen atoms from the solvent to the coal. The
reaction weakens the structure of the coal and
causes it to form fragments. The slurry contain-
ing the fragments, however, can be pumped
much like a liquid.
[24599]
73-5342
Kanto Area Urban Waste Transportation
System Investigation Committee, Ministry of
Construction. [Examination.] In [Report on the
investigation of an urban waste transportation
system.] 1st ed. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Con-
struction, Kanto Region Construction Bureau,
July 1972. p. 79-329.
Chapter II of the report on a comprehensive
study of urban waste transportation system
discusses the direction, object, and method of ex-
amination, the structure of a waste treatment
system (the purpose of a waste treatment
system, components of the system, the hardware
comprising the system), designing of a system,
and case studies. As case studies, the 23 districts
of Metropolitan Tokyo and Chiba New Town
were selected and model systems were designed.
The system flow chart shows: the purpose of
case studies; th«? selection of areas; grasping of
local characteristics; formation of procedural
steps; examinations of each step; evaluation of
each step; organization of the results; and
proposal (chapter III). The six steps of
redeveloping a waste treatment system in Tokyo
involve the first 5 years for the first two steps,
1975 to 1983 for steps 3 and 4, and 1983 to 2002
for steps 5 and 6. In the first steps, the total in-
cineration of all combustibles will not be at-
tained; only by the 3rd and 4th steps will the
total combustibles be burned; by the 5th and 6th
steps, all the reusable waste will be recycled.
From the standpoint of transportation, an addi-
tional circular expressway will be constructed by
1975; by 1983, there will be pollutionless cars;
and between 1983 and 2002, a new traffic system
and network will be completed; a deeper subway
system and the use of underground passages will
alleviate the waste transportation problems.
(Text in Japanese) (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24600]
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87
73-5343
Kanto Area Urban Waste Transportation
System Investigation Committee, Ministry of
Construction. [Introduction.] In [Report on the
investigation of an urban waste transportation
system.] 1st ed. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Con-
struction, Kanto Region Construction Bureau,
July 1972. p. 1-75.
The introduction to this report on a comprehen-
sive study of an urban waste transportation
system discusses the definition of waste materi-
al, classification, historical transition of waste
treatment, civilization and waste, waste in the
urban environment, the problem of waste on the
national scale, local characteristics of waste,
waste in the Tokyo metropolitan area, the policy
and the role of the government in waste treat-
ment, the role of local governments, the state
and the role of private sanitation industries, the
state of industries producing waste, the direction
of waste treatment in the future, and the
direction of reuse and recycling of waste materi-
al in the future. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24601]
73-5344
Kanto Area Urban Waste Transportation
System Investigation Committee, Ministry of
Construction. [Investigation methodology.] In
[Report on the investigation of an urban waste
transportation system.] 1st ed. Tokyo, Japan,
Ministry of Construction, Kanto Region Con-
struction Bureau, July 1972. p. 353-413.
Chapter IV of the report on a comprehensive
study of urban waste transportation analyses ex-
isting studies of similar nature, general methods
for waste treatment problems, and the future
methods for waste problem investigations in
Tokyo. In planning an investigation of the state
of waste production, the clarification of the pur-
pose, collection of sampling, examination of in-
vestigative methods, preliminary examination,
application and investigation, and analyses and
evaluation of results must be followed. Among
various investigative methods, the waste materi-
al production projection method material flow in-
vestigation, the mesh method, and the question-
naire method of citizen attitudes are analyzed.
(Text in Japanese) (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[24602]
73-5345
Kanto Area Urban Waste Transportation
System Investigation Committee, Ministry of
Construction. [Proposal.] In [Report on the in-
vestigation of an urban waste transportation
system.] 1st ed. Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Con-
struction, Kanto Region Construction Bureau,
July 1972. p. 333-349.
Chapter III of the report on a comprehensive
study of urban waste transportation discusses
the proposal made by the committee as a result
of their examination of the present situation and
case studies. The basic proposal is urban
redevelopment, in which specific suggestions are
made for securing public land for waste collec-
tion and storage, redesigning of buildings for
easy collection and sanitary waste storage, relay-
ing points and their effective use, construction
and redevelopment of connecting roads, automa-
tion of transportation, the use of railroad trans-
portation, securing of treatment terminals, and
the use of treatment terminal (landfill) as
playgrounds, botanical gardens, zoos, farms, golf
links, swimming pools, skating rinks, and public
cemeteries. In addition, methods of reducing the
amount of waste by reducing the total produc-
tion or changing the quality of throwaway
material and development of recycling methods
are briefly mentioned. (Text in Japanese) (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24603]
73-5346
Kanto Area Urban Waste Transportation
System Investigation Committee, Ministry of
Construction. [Report on the investigation of an
urban waste transportation system.] 1st ed.
Tokyo, Japan, Ministry of Construction, Kanto
Region Construction Bureau, July 1972.80 p.
In this abridged version of the report on the in-
vestigation of an urban waste transportation
system, the following topics are dicsussed: what
is waste?; waste in human life; problems of
waste; sociological attitude toward waste
disposal problems; the future of waste; the
-------
structure of a waste treatment system; desig-
ning of a waste disposal system; case studies; a
proposal for the reformation of the nation and its
regions; urban redevelopment as a preparation
for the realization of a waste treatment system;
an evaluation of existing investigation methods;
and the future trend for the investigation of con-
ditions in Tokyo. Toward the systematization of
waste disposal and urban redevelopment, the fol-
lowing proposals are made: securing of public
land for waste treatment and disposal; improve-
ments on city buildings and structures; efficient
collection methods and designing of structures
with space for collection vehicles; the use of
relaying points; redevelopment of connecting
roads; automation of transportation; the use of
railroads; and the use of disposal areas (landfill
or burial) for functional and attractive communi-
ty activities. (Text in Japanese) (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[24604]
73-5347
SCHULTZ, G. A. Guidelines for selecting solid
waste handling conveyors. Pollution Engineer-
ing, 5(4):45-46, Apr. 1,1973.
The units summarized in this article are those
most commonly used for the handling of solid
waste materials. Guidelines for the selection of
this equipment include: the type and volume of
solid waste; the amount of accumulation
required; the plant arrangement and size; and
the final method of disposal selected
(compaction, incineration, and/or product
recovery). A system can be broken down into col-
lection and process; and the collection segment
can be subdivided into containerized and con-
veyorized methods. The topics discussed include:
why and when to use conveyors; how to identify
wastes; and an analysis of the conveying job. The
following conveying equipment is described:
belt; hinged metal belt; vibrating; drag chain;
screw; and pneumatic conveyors.
[24605]
73-5348
VOCADLO, J. J., AND M. S. SAGOO. Slurry flow in
pipes and pumps. Journal of Engineering for
Industry, 95(B 1):65-71, Feb. 1973.
In this article a new approach to slurry flow both
in laminar and turbulent regimes is outlined. It
emphasizes an approach for turbulent slurry
flow without deposits which does not rely on
subdivisions of slurries into arbitrary groups and
which is based oh identifiable mechanisms of
energy loss. The following aspects of slurry
systems and pumps are discussed: technology of
hydraulic transport; laminar flow of slurries;
turbulent flow of slurries; the pressure gradient
for the flow of the carrier liquid; the total pres-
sure gradient; critical velocity; the wide range of
particle size distribution; and slurry pipeline
systems (gravity feed systems, solid handling
pump systems, and clear liquid pump systems).
[24606]
73-5349
WILSON, G. The design aspects of centrifugal
pumps for abrasive slurries. The Canadian
Mining and Metallurgical (CIM) Bulletin,
66(733):91-102, May 1973.
This paper is concerned with the design and con-
struction of centrifugal pumps for handling abra-
sive solids. It also outlined the wear phenomena
due to slurry being pumped and the materials
used to combat abrasive wear. The hydraulic
design of the impeller and casing and their rela-
tionship to wear and the hydraulic radial and
axial unbalance are also discussed. The predic-
tion of abrasive wear in pumps cannot be precise
because many factors are involved, but the
researchers are working on this problem. Dia-
grams, equations, and data are included.
[24607]
-------
89
SUBJECT INDEX
accident
see petrochemicals
agricultural wastes
see also animals, manure, food processing
73-5054, 73-5061
utilization, 73-5055. 73-5060, 73-5062, 73-5063, 73-5064
73-5065
air pollution
analysis of pollutants, 73-5059, 73-5132, 73-5140, 73-5149
control equipment, 73-5133, 73-5149, 73-5346
incinerator, 73-5131, 73-5132, 73-5133, 73-5140, 73-5149
73-5150
see microorganisms
analysis, 73-5059, 73-5066, 73-5104, 73-5106, 73-5212
73-5213, 73-5214, 73-5215, 73-5216, 73-5217
73-5218, 73-5219, 73-5226, 73-5231, 73-5347
73-5354, 73-5355
animals
see also manure
73-5055
carcass, 73-5071
feedlots, 73-5056, 73-5103
ash
utilization, 73-5311
automobiles
volume reduction, 73-5068, 73-5069
automotive industry
see automobiles
bacteria
see microorganisms
baling, 73-5195
bulky wastes, 73-5070, 73-5237
collection, 73-5071
disposal, 73-5071
chemicals
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-5185, 73-5258
utilization, 73-5185
collection of wastes
see also containers
chute systems, 73-5081
commercial, 73-5078, 73-5083, 73-5118, 73-5228
containers, 73-5079, 73-5083
contractors, 73-5073, 73-5075, 73-5078, 73-5083
costs, 73-5073. 73-5077, 73-5115. 73-5171. 73-5182
equipment, 73-5071, 73-5072, 73-5074, 73-5075, 73-5076
73-5084, 73-5182
frequency, 73-5078, 73-5182 '
industrial, 73-5080, 73-5228
laws concerning, 73-5081, 73-5275
municipalities, 73-5072, 73-5073, 73-5074, 73-5075
73-5079, 73-5080, 73-5081, 73-5083, 73-5084
73-5108, 73-5118, 73-5172, 73-5176, 73-5181
73-5228, 73-5284, 73-5287, 73-5288
personnel, 73-5075, 73-5084, 73-5106, 73-5120, 73-5182
pneumatic, 73-5081, 73-5082
routes, 73-5076
trucks, 73-5071, 73-5077, 73-5084, 73-5182, 73-5350
compaction
equipment, 73-5194
compost, 73-5088
analysis, 73-5090, 73-5092, 73-5104
health aspects, 73-5092
utilization, 73-5094, 73-5104
composting, 73-5170
cellulose, 73-5092
combined with other disposal methods, 73-5093
costs. 73-5085, 73-5086, 73-5089, 73-5131
equipment, 73-5089, 73-5091, 73-5098
methods, 73-5085, 73-5087, 73-5088, 73-5089, 73-5090
73-5091, 73-5093, 73-5098
paper, 73-5090, 73-5091
problems, 73-5086, 73-5089, 73-5093
separation of non-organics, 73-5087
sludge, 73-5087, 73-5088
computer
see management and planning
construction
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-5266
processing, 73-5197
utilization, 73-5309, 73-5313
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-5197, 73-5208
utilization, 73-5170, 73-5201, 73-5208
containers, 73-5072, 73-5083, 73-5188
dairy industry, 73-5054, 73-5254
demolition wastes
see also construction
73-5070. 73-5170
disposal of wastes
see also individual methods
73-5137, 73-5153, 73-5156
commercial, 73-5118, 73-5286
costs, 73-5182
facilities, 73-5095, 73-5182
industrial, 73-5106, 73-5251, 73-5255, 73-5257, 73-5258
73-5270, 73-5280, 73-5283
institutional, 73-5082, 73-5285
laws concerning, 73-5275, 73-5280
methods, 73-5096, 73-5097, 73-5098, 73-5099, 73-5159
73-5161, 73-5171, 73-5182, 73-5270, 73-5285
73-5286, 73-5341
municipal, 73-5080, 73-5095, 73-5100, 73-5106, 73-5118
73-5172, 73-5173, 73-5181, 73-5285, 73-5286
research, 73-5101, 73-5108, 73-5286, 73-5315, 73-5326
drugs
see pharmaceutical
economics, 73-5235
costs, 73-5055, 73-5073, 73-5095, 73-5096, 73-5111
73-5112, 73-5113, 73-5114, 73-5115, 73-5116
73-5117, 73-5118, 73-5119, 73-5160, 73-5163
-------
90
73-5169, 73-5172, 73-5174, 73-5177, 73-5183
73-5202, 73-5203, 73-5204, 73-5206, 73-5210
73-5232, 73-5240, 73-5246, 73-5249, 73-5260
73-5274, 73-5294, 73-5300, 73-5303, 73-5307
73-5324, 73-5325, 73-5340, 73-5348, 73-5353
markets, 73-5085, 73-5139, 73-5158, 73-5163, 73-5164
73-5178, 73-5188, 73-5204, 73-5210, 73-5246
73-5303, 73-5308
taxes, 73-5110, 73-5112, 73-5113, 73-5116, 73-5118
73-5119, 73-5174, 73-5260, 73-5274, 73-5303
73-5314, 73-5324
education
of the public, 73-5157
professional, 73-5221, 73-5324
energy- 73-5117, 73-5170, 73-5229
environmental protection, 73-5064, 73-5091, 73-5096, 73-5103
73-5105, 73-5107, 73-5111, 73-5114, 73-5116
73-5117, 73-5121, 73-5122, 73-5124, 73-5138
73-5155, 73-5185, 73-5221, 73-5223, 73-5224
73-5227, 73-5243, 73-5260, 73-5271, 73-5276
73-5278, 73-5282, 73-5295, 73-5346
equipment, 73-5215
balers, 73-5306, 73-5329
collection, 73-5159
compaction, 73-5098, 73-5159, 73-5193, 73-5198, 73-5285
73-5292, 73-5306, 73-5319, 73-5351
reclamation, 73-5103, 73-5119, 73-5128, 73-5212, 73-5213
73-5214, 73-5219, 73-5220, 73-5222, 73-5230
73-5243, 73-5247, 73-5285, 73-5289, 73-5291
73-5296, 73-5299, 73-5301, 73-5305, 73-5313
73-5319, 73-5319, 73-5325
separators, 73-5137, 73-5159, 73-5209, 73-5291, 73-5296
73-5299, 73-5301, 73-5306, 73-5319
shearing, 73-5291
shredding, 73-5074, 73-5112, 73-5192, 73-5193, 73-5218
73-5296, 73-5304, 73-5306, 73-5325
transport, 73-5137, 73-5159
wastewater treatment, 73-5337
fertilizer
see also compost, hazardous
derived from waste products, 73-5055, 73-5088, 73-5324
fly ash
utilization
aggregate, 73-5170
food processing wastes
see also specific methods
biological treatment, 73-5260, 73-5264
chemical treatment, 73-5250
dairy, 73-5254
disposal methods, 73-5188, 73-5259
grain and feed crops, 73-5060
mechanical treatment, 73-5264
utilization, 73-5060, 73-5250, 73-5260, 73-5324
fungi
see microorganisms .
glass
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-5315
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-5187
utilization, 73-5201, 73-5315
grants, 73-5099, 73-5112, 73-5116, 73-5184, 73-5221, 73-5223
73-5227, 73-5229
groundwater, 73-5055, 73-5331
hazardous wastes
see also radioactive wastes
disposal, 73-5122, 73-5123, 73-5124, 73-5283, 73-5334
treatment, 73-5126, 73-5127
health and safety, 73-5107, 73-5124, 73-5125, 73-5155
73-5295, 73-5334
heat recovery
see incineration
incineration
see also specific wastes
73-5109, 73-5149, 73-5152
air pollution control, 73-5112, 73-5133, 73-5140, 73-5142
73-5144, 73-5224, 73-5225, 73-5226, 73-5227
combined with reclamation, 73-5115, 73-5135, 73-5145
73-5159, 73-5256
costs, 73-5112, 73-5129, 73-5131, 73-5137, 73-5142
73-5335
design of plant, 73-5100, 73-5131, 73-5134, 73-5135
73-5142, 73-5148, 73-5151, 73-5199, 73-5231
emissions, 73-5131, 73-5137, 73-5138, 73-5142, 73-5144
73-5145, 73-5148, 73-5150
equipment, 73-5098, 73-5131, 73-5136, 73-5137, 73-5142
73-5143, 73-5146, 73-5148, 73-5200, 73-5258
73-5289
industrial wastes, 73-5145, 73-5147, 73-5148, 73-5150
73-5199, 73-5200, 73-5256
management, 73-5142
municipal wastes, 73-5100, 73-5129, 73-5130, 73-5131
73-5135, 73-5140, 73-5142, 73-5315, 73-5354
on-site, 73-5142
operation of plant, 73-5131, 73-5134, 73-5142, 73-5143
73-5199, 73-5315
problems, 73-5134, 73-5140, 73-5147
waste heat utilization, 73-5129, 73-5134, 73-5135, 73-5136
73-5138, 73-5141, 73-5142, 73-5144, 73-5225
73-5227, 73-5228, 73-5229, 73-5315
water pollution, 73-5131
incinerator, 73-5150
fluidized bed, 73-5098, 73-5214, 73-5216, 73-5319, 73-5335
sludge, 73-5148, 73-5335
special purpose, 73-5145, 73-5148, 73-5200, 73-5315
industrial wastes
see also specific industry, specific treatment methods
73-5152, 73-5265, 73-5267
analysis, 73-5259, 73-5269
biological treatment, 73-5254, 73-5257, 73-5261
centralized disposal plant, 73-5256, 73-5268
chemical treatment, 73-5121, 73-5196, 73-5254, 73-5261
73-5290, 73-5344
combined with municipal wastes, 73-5257, 73-5266
costs, 73-5248
effluent charges, 73-5260
laws concerning, 73-5110, 73-5268, 73-5280
mechanical treatment, 73-5197, 73-5251, 73-5252
pyrolysis, 73-5232, 73-5270
utilization, 73-5110, 73-5111, 73-5121, 73-5136, 73-5138
73-5208, 73-5221, 73-5222, 73-5223, 73-5224
73-5225, 73-5226, 73-5227, 73-5229, 73-5231
73-5232, 73-5243, 73-5247, 73-5248, 73-5249
73-5255, 73-5268, 73-5269, 73-5289, 73-5310
-------
91
73-5316
land reclamation
see also mines, sanitary landfill
73-5070, 73-5094
laws, 73-5282
collection of wastes, 73-5081, 73-5108, 73-5181, 73-5183
73-5275
disposal of wastes, 73-5108, 73-5183, 73-5266, 73-5272
73-5273, 73-5274, 73-5275, 73-5280
enforcement, 73-5102, 73-5271
federal, 73-5081, 73-5102, 73-5108, 73-5110, 73-5116
73-5271, 73-5273, 73-5274, 73-5276, 73-5278
73-5279, 73-5280, 73-5281, 73-5283
international, 73-5278
municipality, 73-5081, 73-5181, 73-5273, 73-5277, 73-5286
73-5288
state, 73-5271, 73-5273, 73-5277
leachate
see also sanitary landfill, water pollution
73-5331
litter, 73-5277
management and planning, 73-5150, 73-5153, 73-5156, 73-5167
73-5183, 73-5265
county, 73-5168, 73-5172, 73-5173, 73-5174, 73-5175
73-5176, 73-5177, 73-5178, 73-5179, 73-5180
73-5308
federal, 73-5102, 73-5108, 73-5123, 73-5157, 73-5160
73-5162, 73-5163, 73-5164, 73-5276, 73-5282
international, 73-5101, 73-5109
municipal, 73-5099, 73-5109, 73-5118, 73-5130, 73-5157
73-5162, 73-5163, 73-5166, 73-5172, 73-5173
73-5174, 73-5175, 73-5177, 73-5179, 73-5180
73-5181, 73-5184, 73-5284, 73-5285, 73-5304
73-5305, 73-5308, 73-5350
regional, 73-5157, 73-5162, 73-5163, 73-5168
rural, 73-5162, 73-5163, 73-5164
state, 73-5102, 73-5113, 73-5160, 73-5164
techniques, 73-5076, 73-5118, 73-5154, 73-5158, 73-5161
73-5175, 73-5177, 73-5350
manure
cattle, 73-5054, 73-5055, 73-5056, 73-5061
health aspects, 73-5064, 73-5139
poultry, 73-5061, 73-5063, 73-5064
storage, 73-5054
swine, 73-5061, 73-5065
treatment methods, 73-5056, 73-5259
utilization, 73-5055, 73-5056, 73-5063, 73-5064, 73-5065
73-5139
markets
see economics
metal, ferrous, 73-5234
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-5203
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-5069, 73-5187, 73-5192
utilization, 73-5237, 73-5302, 73-5315
scrap, 73-5069, 73-5111, 73-5145, 73-5192, 73-5203
73-5291, 73-5302
metal, non-ferrous, 73-5192, 73-5237, 73-5241
aluminum, 73-5069, 73-5302, 73-5316
copper, 73-5069, 73-5203, 73-5316, 73-5349
lead, 73-5316, 73-5344
precious metals, 73-5316
tin, 73-5316
zinc, 73-5203
microorganisms, 73-5061, 73-5088, 73-5092
mineral, 73-5301
mines
see also land reclamation
73-5320
mining industry
waste processing, 73-5320, 73-5349
waste utilization, 73-5104, 73-5320, 73-5353
municipal wastes
see also refuse
73-5066
disposal, 73-5091, 73-5105, 73-5108, 73-5118, 73-5169
73-5176, 73-5294, 73-5300
separation, 73-5209, 73-5295, 73-5296, 73-5301, 73-5302
73-5304, 73-5305, 73-5306
transport, 73-5077
utilization, 73-5085, 73-5103, 73-5104, 73-5111, 73-5135
73-5136, 73-5137, 73-5138, 73-5176, 73-5209
73-5212, 73-5213, 73-5214, 73-5216, 73-5217
73-5218, 73-5219, 73-5220, 73-5221, 73-5223
73-5224, 73-5225, 73-5226, 73-5227, 73-5228
73-5229, 73-5231, 73-5243, 73-5289, 73-5294
73-5295, 73-5296, 73-5299, 73-5300, 73-5301
73-5302, 73-5303, 73-5304, 73-5305, 73-5306
73-5308, 73-5319
ocean disposal
see also specific methods
commercial, 73-5097
industrial, 73-5097, 73-5185, 73-5280
municipal, 73-5097
odor control, 73-5054
oil
set1 petrochemicals
packaging wastes
see also specific materials
disposal, 73-5188, 73-5190
processing, 73-5187
utilization, 73-5188, 73-5190
paper and pulp
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-5266
utilization, 73-5202, 73-5204, 73-5206, 73-5210
73-5230, 73-5246, 73-5307, 73-5314, 73-5319
73-5325
newspaper, 73-5090
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-5090
utilization, 73-5204, 73-5210, 73-5233, 73-5307
73-5314
pathogenic wastes
see hazardous wastes
personnel, 73-5077, 73-5106, 73-5120, 73-5213, 73-5300
pesticides
see hazardous wastes
-------
92
petrochemicals, 73-5236
industrial wastes, 73-5145, 73-5211, 73-5255
utilization, 73-5222
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-5211, 73-5315
planning
see management and planning
plastics
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-5105, 73-5147, 73-5199, 73-5238, 73-5244
73-5251, 73-5252, 73-5268, 73-5293, 73-5323
73-5327
processing, 73-5147, 73-5152, 73-5205, 73-5245
73-5251, 73-5252, 73-5270, 73-5290, 73-5293
73-5323, 73-5327
utilization, 73-5205, 73-5207, 73-5242, 73-5244
73-5245, 73-5253, 73-5323
post-consumer wastes, 73-5277
disposal, 73-5105, 73-5140, 73-5166, 73-5186, 73-5189
73-5190, 73-5191, 73-5199, 73-5252, 73-5293
processing, 73-5152, 73-5187, 73-5205, 73-5238
73-5245, 73-5252, 73-5293, 73-5327
utilization, 73-5189, 73-5190, 73-5205, 73-5238
73-5244, 73-5245, 73-5253, 73-5268, 73-5322
public relations
see education
pyrolysls
see aJso incineration
73-5128, 73-5135, 73-5253, 73-5270
radioactive wastes, 73-5121, 73-5125, 73-5126, 73-5127
reclamation
see salvage and reclamation
recreational areas
see also land reclamation
73-5352
refuse
see also specific types
73-5062, 73-5079, 73-5083
composition, 73-5066, 73-5067
quantity, 73-5066, 73-5067
research
see specific topics, grant
73-5215
rubber
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-5312, 73-5318
tires, 73-5240, 73-5312, 73-5318
safety
see health and safety
salvage and reclamation
see also specific wastes
73-5070, 73-5108, 73-5201, 73-5205, 73-5208
73-5215, 73-5233, 73-5234, 73-5235, 73-5236
73-5239, 73-5241, 73-5311, 73-5312, 73-5315
73-5317, 73-5318, 73-5320, 73-5322, 73-5324
73-5326
sanitary landfills
see also land reclamation, specific wastes
73-5330
combined with shredding, 73-5328
costs, 73-5328, 73-5329
decomposition of refuse, 73-5328, 73-5332
design, 73-5329
management, 73-5329, 73-5332
regulation, 73-5280
sites, 73-5288, 73-5328, 73-5332, 73-5333
water pollution, 73-5331, 73-5332
separation
chemical, 73-5344
liquid-solid, 73-5056
metal, 73-5344
methods, 73-5098
sewage
see also sludge
73-5343
analysis, 73-5341
biological treatment, 73-5087, 73-5337, 73-5339
chemical treatment, 73-5169, 73-5341
slag
see metal, ferrous
slaughterhouse
see food processing wastes
sludge
see also industrial wastes
analysis, 73-5342
biological treatment, 73-5336, 73-5337, 73-5338, 73-5342
chemical treatment, 73-5336, 73-5340, 73-5342, 73-5344
costs, 73-5336
disposal, 73-5257, 73-5334, 73-5335, 73-5336, 73-5344
equipment, 73-5319, 73-5338
heat treatment, 73-5107, 73-5319, 73-5335, 73-5336
73-5341
transport, 73-5165
utilization, 73-5107, 73-5139, 73-5338
snow removal, 73-5084, 73-5182, 73-5345
soil, 73-5062
storage of wastes
containers, 73-5081
laws concerning, 73-5081
methods, 73-5081, 73-5124, 73-5165
sites, 73-5124
street cleaning, 73-5084, 73-5130, 73-5182, 73-5287, 73-5345
73-5346, 73-5347
surveys, 73-5066, 73-5067, 73-5108, 73-5113, 73-5182, 73-5224
73-5289
systems analysis
see management techniques
toxic materials
see hazardous wastes
transfer stations
see also specific wastes
73-5079, 73-5165, 73-5350
transportation of wastes
see also specific wastes
costs, 73-5077, 73-5351
methods, 73-5081, 73-5352, 73-5354, 73-5355
pipeline, 73-5348, 73-5349, 73-5353
pneumatic, 73-5165, 73-5353
railroad, 73-5165
-------
93
truck, 73-5077, 73-5351, 73-5352
trees
see bulky wastes
vector control
see animals, insects
volume reduction, 73-5195, 73-5197
water pollution
analysis of pollutants, 73-5059
sewage disposal, 73-5239
wood
see lumber
AUTHOR INDEX
Adams, F.S., 73-5345
Adolph, M., 73-5192
Anderson, J.E., 73-5128
Andersson, A., 73-5334
Arakida, Y., 73-5205
Aritou, H., 73-5152
Ashcroft, J., 73-5110
Ashida, S., 73-5207
Auchter, R.J., 73-5206
Aukamp, D.R., 73-5342
Bain, J.R., 73-5346
Barnes, C.H., 73-5089, 73-5142
73-5153, 73-5156, 73-5195, 73-5233
73-5234, 73-5235, 73-5330
Bates, D.W., 73-5054
Bayer, G., 73-5208
Bean, S.D., 73-5104
Beitz, L., 73-5059
Bevan, R.E., 73-5328
Bjoerkman, A., 73-5335
Bodman, S.W.III, 73-5085, 73-5129
73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
Boehnke, B., 73-5336
Born, R., 73-5341
Brocke, W., 73-5133
Brouzes, P., 73-5340
Brouzes, P.H., 73-5337
Bryson, D.S., 73-5271
Chesniii, L., 73-5055
Chiba, K., 73-5211
Choudhury, A., 73-5348
Crites, R.R., 73-5073
Cross, O.E., 73-5055
Cruzon, D.C., 73-5064
Dale, A.C., 73-5056
Daniels, L.E., 73-5131
Davids, P., 73-5132, 73-5133
Davis, P.L., 73-5074
De Marco, J., 73-5135
Defeche, J., 73-5134
Diaz, L.S., 73-5269
Duggan, C., 73-5104
Dunlea, J.V., Jr., 73-5193
Ellerbe, R.W., 73-5222
Engelbrecht, R.S., 73-5342
Forsberg, F.J., 73-5113
Forstner, M.J., 73-5061
Foster, W.S., 73-5338
Fourie, J.M., 73-5087
Freaney, J.A., 73-5085, 73-5129
73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
Fujita, T., 73-5148
Fukuyama, J., 73-5270
Garner, F., 73-5139
Gerhards, K., 73-5140
Geschka, H., 73-5114
Gladwin, F.R., 73-5194
Glover, D.E., 73-5070
Glysson, E.A., 73-5089, 73-5142
73-5153, 73-5156, 73-5195, 73-5233
73-5234, 73-5235, 73-5330
Goldstern, W., 73-5141
Greenleaf, J.W., 73-5099
Hanna, R.C., 73-5236
Hansford, R.J., 73-5311
Kara, Y., 73-5293
Harada, H., 73-5237
Harada, Y., 73-5238
Harrington, J.J., 73-5085, 73-5129
73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
Haruyama, K., 73-5066
Haughey, D.P., 73-5250
Healy, T.J., 73-5117
Hedenland, L.D., 73-5239
Heiden, U., 73-5168
Heiss, R., 73-5186
Hirayama, N., 73-5100
Hirst, E., 73-5117
Holzinger, L., 73-5088
Honda, A., 73-5251
Honda, J., 73-5196, 73-5270
Honda, K., 73-5290
Honda, T., 73-5244
Honma, T., 73-5252
Horn, R.A., 73-5206
Hoschuetzky, A., 73-5275
Hosoda, H., 73-5065
Ikemura, T., 73-5244
Inagaki, K., 73-5241
Inoue, S., 73-5196, 73-5251
Irie, T., 73-5066
Ishibashi, K., 73-5065
Ishikawa, T., 73-5199
Iwai, S., 73-5066
Iwata, H., 73-5252
Jaag, O., 73-5101
Jacob!, P., 73-5144
Jecht, U., 73-5059
Jeris, J.S., 73-5090, 73-5091
Jewell, R.L., 73-5077
Joachim, H., 73-5143
Jordan, G.E., 73-5118
Keller, E., 73-5243
Keller, J.B., 73-5119
Kimura, M., 73-5145
King, P.H., 73-5261
Klee, A.J., 73-5277
Kleinpeter, D., 73-5062
Knoesel, D., 73-5092
Koana, K, 73-5197
Kobayashi, R., 73-5253
Kojetinsky, R., 73-5102
Kosaki, A., 73-5205
Kramer, R.J., 73-5146
Kroger, A.E., 73-5080
Kurihara, S., 73-5067
Kuroda, J., 73-5242
Kuroki, K., 73-5244
Kuwayama, T., 73-5333
Laberis* S., 73-5339
Langer, W., 73-5093
Leclerc, H., 73-5340
Lessing, L., 73-5169
Lich'twer, L., 73-5114
MacKillop, A., 73-5170
Marks, D.H., 73-5085, 73-5129
73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
Masuda, K., 73-5252
Mathieu, G.I., 73-5122
Matsumoto, K., 73-5255
Matsumoto, M., 73-5293
Mazurak, A.P., 73-5055
McCombs, W.H., 73-5254
Minami, N., 73-5258
Mitsui, S., 73-5065
Miyake, M, 73-5245
Moon, J.W., 73-5198
Murayama, K., 73-5148
Murphy, K.L., 73-5264
Nagai, T., 73-5293
Nakamura, J., 73-5256
Nakamiira, K., 73-5290
Niemitz, W., 73-5257
Niessen, W., 73-5085, 73-5129, 73-5130
73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285, 73-5286
73-5287, 73-5329
-------
94
Nilsson, K.O., 73-5334
Noda, Y., 73-5065
Oda,T., 73-5147
Ohta, N., 73-5326
Okl, Y., 73-5105
Osada, H., 73-5293
Oshita,S., 73-5148
Ozaki, M., 73-5265
Packard, J.R., 73-5089, 73-5142
73-5153, 73-5156, 73-5195, 73-5233
73-5234, 73-5235, 73-5330
Partridge, L.J., 73-5085, 73-5129
73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
Patterson, C., 73-5079
Pite, J.J., 73-5081
Pollock, K.M., 73-5083
Probert, S.D., 73-5311
Randall, C.W., 73-5261
Randolph, J., 73-5279
Rasch, R., 73-5149
Regan, R.W., 73-5090. 73-5091
Resz, A., 73-5092
Riddle, M.J., 73-5264
Rineke, G., 73-5341
Sacharow, S., 73-5188
Sadler, T.B., 73-5317
Saida, S.. 73-5333
Sakal, H., 73-5265
Sakai, T., 73-5205
Sakata, S., 73-5123
Saraflm, A., 73-5085
Saroflm, A., 73-5129, 73-5130, 73-5209
73-5284, 73-5285, 73-5286, 73-5329
Sarofim, H., 73-5287
Savery, C.W., 73-5064
Scanlon, D.H., 73-5104
Schenkel, W., 73-5150
Schoppe, F., 73-5151
Schrammeck, E., 73-5331
Schuler, M., 73-5189
Seidl, F., 73-5292
Shimizu, R., 73-5183
Shinkawa, K., 73-5065
Siccama, E.H., 73-5124
Singleton, E.L., 73-5316
Smith, I.E., 73-5311
Souda, R., 73-5152
Speece, R.E., 73-5342
Spendlove, M.J., 73-5321
Stanczyk, M.H., 73-5321
Sugie, G., 73-5320
Sugtshima, W., 73-5267
Sullivan, P.M., 73-5321
Sullivan, T.A., 73-5316
Suzuki, M., 73-5322
Takahashi, Y., 73-5199
Takatsuki, H., 73-5066
Takesue, T., 73-5244
Takeuchi, Y., 73-5191
Takihara, T., 73-5323
Taylor, J., 73-5063
Tazaka, H., 73-5200 .
Thieme, H., 73-5144
Tietjen, C., 73-5094
Tobiho, S., 73-5268
Tokushige, H., 73-5205
Tosch, M., 73-5332
Uebel, P., 73-5292
Ueshita, K., 73-5333
Van Aacken, K.L., 73-5254
Vaughan, R.D., 73-5108
Visser, S.A., 73-5347
Walker, C.W., 73-5343
Webber, C.C.B., 73-5269
Welty, R.K., 73-5126
West, P.J., 73-5127
Wilson, D.G., 73-5085, 73-5129
73-5130, 73-5209, 73-5284, 73-5285
73-5286, 73-5287, 73-5329
Yamada, K., 73-5251, 73-5270, 73-5327
Yamada, T., 73-5290
Yamamoto, M., 73-5252
Yamoto, U., 73-5065
Yokota, I.. 73-5283
Yoshinaga, J., 73-5293
Zintl, G., 73-5344
pal 180
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