United States
             Environmental Protection
             Agency
Office of Research and Development
Office of Water and Waste Management
Washington, DC 20460
&EPA      Municipal Wastewater

            Research Strategy Supplement
            1981-1985

            July 1981


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 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RESEARCH STRATEGY

              SUPPLEMENT
              1981 - 1985
              July,  1981
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RESEARCH COMMITTEE
              CO-CHAIRMEN:
           James V. Basilico
  Office  of Research  and Development

            Richard Thomas
 Office of Water  and  Waste  Management
  U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency

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              MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RESEARCH STRATEGY SUPPLEMENT


                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter                                                                 Page

1           INTRODUCTION 	  1-1

2           RESEARCH STRATEGY:   1981-1985 	  2-1

   2.1      Background 	  2-1
   2.2      Legislative and Judicial  Requirements	  2-2
   2.3      Agency Direction and Priorities	  2-3
   2.4      Overview of the Research Strategy	  2-4
   2.4.1    Process Development 	•	  2-4
   2.4.2    Toxic Pollutants Control  	  2-5
   2.4.3    Municipal Sludge Management 	  2-6
   2.4.4    Plant Operations and Design 	  2-6
   2.4.5    Wastewater Land Applications and Aquaculture 	  2-7
   2.4.6    Urban Runoff 	  2-7
   2.4.7    Small Wastewater Flows 	  2-8
   2.4.8    Innovative and Alternative Technology 	  2-8
   2.4.9    Health Effects	  2-9
   2.4.10   Exploratory Research 	  2-9
   2.5      Research Committee Interfaces 	  2-10
   2.5.1    Water Quality Research Committee	2-10
   2.5.2    Drinking Water	  2-11
   2.5.3    Industrial Wastewater 	  2-12
 .  2.5.4    Toxic Testing and Assessment	  2-12
   2.6      Resource Requirements 	  2-13

3           AGENCY RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS 	  3-1

   3.1      General Requirements 	  3-1
   3.2      Office of Water Program Operations Research Requirements ..  3-4
   3.2.1    Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Management 	  3-4
   3.2.2    Other Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Management 	  3-7
   3.2.3    Land Treatment and Other Natural Treatment Systems 	  3-7
   3.2.4    Innovative and Alternative Technology Program Support 	  3-8
   3.2.5    Sludge Management 	  3-8
   3.2.6    Small Wastewater Systems 	  3-10
   3.2.7    National Urban Runoff Program 	  3-11
   3.3      Office of Water Regulations and Standards Research
              Requirements	  3-15
   3.3.1    Process Development	  3-15
   3.3.2    Toxic Pollutants Control  	  3-15
   3.3.3    Municipal Sludge Management	  3-16
   3.3.4    Plant Operations and Design 	  3-17
   3.3.5    Land Application of Wastewater and Aquaculture 	  3-17
   3.3.6    Urban Runoff 	  3-17
   3.3.7    Innovative and Alternative Technology 	  3-18
                                      ill

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               MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER  RESEARCH STRATEGY SUPPLEMENT


                               TABLE OF  CONTENTS

Chapter                                                                 Pagg


   3.4      Office of Solid Waste Research Requirements 	  3-21
   3.4.1    Pathogens in Sludge	  3-21
   3.4.2    Fate and Persistence of PCBs	  3-22
   3.4.3    Sludge Adherence to Crops 	  3-23
   3.4.4    Fate and Effects of Lead in Sludge 	  3-23
   2.4.5    Land Application to Non-Food-Chain Croplands 	  3-24
   2.4.6    Plant Uptake of Toxic Organics and Heavy Metals 	  3-24
   2.4.7    Epidemiological Studies	  3-24
   3.4.8    Dietary Cadmium Uptake	  3-25
   3.4.9    Disposal of Septic Tank Pumpings 	  3-25
   3.5      Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Research
              Requirements	3-28
   3.5.1    Toxic Pollutants Control 	  3-28
   3.5.2    Municipal Sludge Management 	  3-28
   3.5.3    Urban Runoff	  3-29
   3.6      Office of Water Enforcement Research Requirements 	  3-31
   3.7      Regional Offices Research Requirements 	  3-34
   3.7.1    Region I	  3-34
   3.7.2    Region II	  3-36
   3.7.3    Region III  	  3-37
   3.7.4    Region IV 	  3-38
   3.7.5    Region V 	  3-38
   3.7.6    Region VI	  3-40
   3.7.7    Region VII  	  3-41
   3.7.8    Region VIII  	  3-41
   3.7.9    Region IX 	  3-42
   3.7.10   Region X 	  3-43

4           RESEARCH PLANS 	....4-1

   4.1      Research Plan Overview	  4-1
   4.2      Process Development Research 	  4-3
   4.2.1    Research Program Description and Objectives	  4-3
   4.2.2    Recent Research Accomplishments 	  4-4
   4.2.3    Current Research Plan 	  4-8
   4.2.4    ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-8
   4.3      Toxic Pollutants Control Research 	  4-16
   4.3.1    Research Program Description and Objectives 	  4-16
   4.3.2    Recent Research Accomplishments 	  4-17
   4.3.3    Current Research Plan	  4-19
   4.3.4    ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-19
                                      iv

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              MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RESEARCH STRATEGY SUPPLEMENT


                              TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
   4.4      Municipal Sludge Management Research 	  4-27
   4.4.1    Research Program Description and Objectives 	  4-27
   4.4.2    Recent Research Accomplishments	  4-28
   4.4.3    Current Research Plan 	  4-31
   4.4.4    ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-32
   4.5      Plant Operations and Design Research 	  4-44
   4.5.1    Research Program Description and Objectives 	  4-44
   4.5.2    Recent Research Accomplishments 	  4-45
   4.5.3    Current Research Plan 	  4-47
   4.5.4    ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-49
   4.6      Land Application of Wastewater and Aquaculture Research ...  4-63
   4.6.1    Research Program Description and Objectives of Land
              Appli cation of Wastewater 	  4-63
   4.6.2    Recent Research Accomplishments 	  4-63
   4.6.3    Current Research Plan ._.	_.	  4-65
   4.6.4    ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-66
   4.6.5    Research Program Description and Objectives of
              Aquaculture 	  4-72
   4.6.6    Recent Research Accomplishments 	  4-73
   4.6.7    Current Research Plan 	  4-74
   4.6.8    ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-74
   4.7      Urban Runoff Research	  4-77
   4.7.1    Research Program Description and Objectives 	  4-77
   4.7.2    Recent Research Accomplishments 	  4-78
   4.7.3    Current Research Plan 	  4-80
   4.7.4    ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-82
   4.8      Energy Research 	  4-89
   4.8.1    Research Program Description and Objectives 	  4-89
   4.8.2    Recent Research Accomplishments 	  4-90
   4.8.3    Current Research Plan 	  4-91
   4.8.4    ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-92
   4.9      Small Wastewater Flows Research 	  4-96
   4.9.1    Research Program Description and Objectives 	  4-96
   4.9.2    Recent Research Accomplishments 	  4-96
   4.9.3    Current Research Plan	  4-97
   4.9.4    ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-98
   4.10     Innovative and Alternative Technology Research 	  4-104
   4.10.1   Research Program Description and Objectives 	  4r-104
   4.10.2   Recent Research Accomplishments	  4-106
   4.10.3   Current Research Plan 	  4-107
   4.10.4   ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements 	  4-107
   4.11     Health Effects Research	  4-112
   4.11.1   Research Program Description and Objectives 	  4-112
   4.11.2   Recent Research Accomplishments 	  4-112
   4.11.3   Current Research Plan 	  4-112
   4.11.4   ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements	  4-113

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               MUNICIPAL  WASTEWATER RESEARCH STRATEGY SUPPLEMENT


                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter                                                                 Page

   4.12     Exploratory Research 	  4-125
   4.12.1   Program Objectives 	  4-125
   4.12.2   Current and Proposed Exploratory Research Projects 	  4-125
   4.13     Technology Transfer 	  4-127
   4.13.1   Objectives 	  4-127
   4.13.2   Small Wastewater Flows 	  4-127
   4.13.3   Innovative and Alternative Technology 	  4-128
                                      vi

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               MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RESEARCH STRATEGY SUPPLEMENT


                                  APPENDICES

Appendix                                                                Page


   A        Research or Related Activities of the EPA Operating
            Programs, Regions and Other Federal Agencies 	 A-l

   B        ORD Technical  Information Outputs for the Municipal
            Wastewater Research Committee 	 B-l

   C        Municipal Wastewater Research Committee and Subcommittee
            Members 	 C-l

   D        Headquarters and Laboratory Staff Contacts for Municipal
            Wastewater Research Program Outputs 	 D-l
                                     vii

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               MUNICIPAL  WASTEWATER  RESEARCH STRATEGY SUPPLEMENT


                                LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                                  Page

            CHAPTER 2:  RESEARCH STRATEGY

2.1         Research Program Resources	 2-14
2.2         New Initiatives 	 2-15

            CHAPTER 3:  SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS

3.1         Office of Water Program Operations 	 3-12
3.2         Office of Water Regulations and Standards 	 3-19
3.3         Office of Solid Waste 	 3-26
3.4         Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances 	 3-30
3.5         Office of Water Enforcement 	 3-32
3.6         Regional Offices 	 3-44

            CHAPTER 4:  SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS

4.1         Process Development 	 4-12
4.2         Toxic Pollutants Control 	 4-25
4.3a        Municipal Sludge Management:  Processing and
              Stabi1ization 	 4-38
4.3b        Municipal Sludge Management:  Conversion and
              Energy Recovery	 4-40
4.3c        Municipal Sludge Management:  Land Application
              Management and Disposal 	 4-42
4.4a        Plant Operations and Design 	 4-54
4.4b        Plant Operations and Design:  Collective Rankings of
              Factors Limiting Plant Performance 	 4-59
4.4c        Plant Operations and Design:  National  Survey, EPA
              Program and Other Identified Needs Addressed by
              POD Program 	 4-61
4.5a        Land Application of Wastewater	4-70
4.5b        Aquaculture and Wetlands	 4-76
4.6         Urban Runoff	 4-87
4.7         Energy 	 4-95
4.8         Small Wastewater Flows  	 4-103
4.9         Innovative/Alternative Technology 	 4-110
4.10        Health Effects	t		 4-122
                                     viii

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                           CHAPTER 1:  INTRODUCTION
The Municipal Wastewater Research Program is designed to provide the tech-
nology and science support to the Environmental Protection Agency offices that
implement the regulatory aspects of the applicable legislative acts.  The
Agency offices with the primary responsibility for implementing various por-
tions of the legislative acts are referred to in this document as the "Program
Offices" and are the users or "clients" for ORD outputs.  Every attempt has
been made to relate ORD activities to the appropriate client office(s).

While many legislative acts have some relationship to municipal wastewater
research and development (R&D), the most significant in terms of research
authorization and requirements for support from the Office of Research and
Development (ORD) are the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (PL 92-500), as
amended by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 (PL 95-217) and the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (PL 94-580).

The purpose of this document is to identify the requirements for R&D support
of Program Office activities and to present how ORD is responding or intends
to respond to the identified requirements.  Both short-term requirements and
research responses and long-range research planning are presented.  These
plans are based on current perceptions of research necessary to address
anticipated problems or technology needs. YThis document resulted from the
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efforts of the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee.  It represents a con-
                        it £ D
sensus view of the pe-se-ar-eh  and development relating to municipal wastewater
needs over the next five  years. "~i
The establishment of  the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee is an out-
growth of a FY 1978 pilot effort  involving five research committees.  The
success of that effort  in improving  communication and understanding between
the Program Offices and ORD  led to an expansion of that activity that now
involves the following  14 research areas  and their respective research com-
mittees.

      •   Water Quality
      •   Municipal Wastewater
      •   Drinking Water
      •   Industrial  Wastewater
      •   Solid Waste
      0   Toxics Testing and Assessment
      •   Superfund
      •   Mobile Source
      •   Oxidants
      •   Gaseous, Inhalable particulates
      •   Hazardous Air Pollutants
      •   Pesticides
      •   Energy
      •   Non-Ionizing  Radiation

The Municipal Wastewater Research Committee  has working relationships with the
Water Quality, Industrial Wastewater, Drinking Water, and Toxics Testing and
Assessment Research Committees.   Coordination with the Solid Waste, Energy and
Air Pollutant Research  Committees occurs  on  an "as needed" basis.  The munici-
pal wastewater research strategy  for 1981 through 1985 is presented in
Chapter 2.  The strategy discusses Agency direction, priorities and resource
requirements along with the  appropriate research committee relationships.
Chapter 3 describes the research  requirements of the Program Offices and the
Regions.  These Offices were solicited to identify and prioritize research
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needs.  About 200 requirements, categorized in accordance with the research
areas in the R&D program, were listed by the Program and Regional Offices.
Chapter 4 is a comprehensive description of the current and planned research
program developed in response to the stated needs of the Agency clients.  It
also presents a listing of recent accomplishments and a listing of reports
that can be used to satisfy information requirements.
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                   CHAPTER 2:  RESEARCH STRATEGY: 1981-1985
2.1    BACKGROUND

This research strategy has been developed to coordinate research activities
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to carry out its responsibilities
in the area of municipal wastewater pollution control.  It considers a time
period of five years (1981 - 1985) and thus includes both immediate objectives
and longer range planning in several evolving areas of research.  The Regional
Offices and five Headquarters Offices with program implementation responsi-
bilities have identified 219 individual research requirements in 10 areas of
municipal wastewater research.  Approximately one-third of these individual
research requirements are common across several Program Offices, each having a
different rationale for such research.  The following sections summarize the
legislative requirements directing Agency activities, the direction adopted by
the Agency and the supporting Office of Research and Development's (ORD)
research effort.
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2.2    LEGISLATIVE  AND JUDICIAL  REQUIREMENTS

The Federal Water Pollution  Control  Act Amendments of  1972  (PL 92 - 500), as
amended by  the  Clean  Water Act  (CWA) of 1977  (PL  95  -  217),  constitutes the
primary force behind  the Agency's  efforts  in  municipal wastewater pollution
control.  Basic to  the Act is the  imposition  of technology-based controls on
municipal discharges.   This  provides the fundamental  impetus to ORD's efforts
in control  technology development.   The specific  requirements of the Act
foster a variety of program  and  research activities  on specific areas of con-
cern such as toxic  pollutants control, sludge management, land treatment of
wastewater  and  aquaculture,  small  wastewater  flows,  urban runoff and the use
of innovative and alternative technology.

Additional  legislation under the Resource  Conservation and  Recovery Act (RCRA)
defines sludges from  wastewater  treatment  plants  as  solid waste and identi-
fies, as a  health or  environmental problem, inadequate and  environmentally
unsound practices for  the disposal or use  of  solid waste  (including sludge and
other pollution treatment residues).  Further, the Marine Protection, Research
and Sanctuaries Act of 1972  (often known as the "Ocean Dumping Act"), as
amended in  1977, directs EPA to  end  the dumping of harmfulsewage sludge into
the oceans  by December 31, 1981.  EPA presently carries out research to
develop alternatives  to ocean dumping as a sludge disposal  option.
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2.3    AGENCY DIRECTION AND PRIORITIES


The research program will be guided by the new direction and policies for

implementing the nation's future water quality programs.  The Agency's new
direction will emphasize the following:


       •   Re-orient Agency construction grants program to support state
           delegated programs through increased technical support
       •   Integrate the construction grants, water quality and the permits
           and enforcement programs to increase the rate of compliance and
           improve the operation and management of existing facilities
       •   Aid states in developing improved water quality impact and waste
           load analysis techniques to make better informed construction grant
           decisions

       t   Base construction of treatment plants on an assurance that the
           beneficial impacts on water quality improvement justify the
           expenditure of public funds


The priority research areas identified for technology development by the
Program Offices and the Regions are:


       •   High:             Implementation of innovative and alternative
                             technology program; sludge management; and
                             improved plant operations including energy
                             conservation

       •   Medium:           On-site treatment systems; advanced novel bio-
                             logical processes; aquaculture systems; land
                             application of wastewater; control of toxic pol-
                             lutants; and combined sewer overflows

       •   Low:              Best management practices for stormwater runoff;
                             wastewater disinfection; nutrient control; and
                             water conservation and reuse
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2.4    OVERVIEW  OF  THE  RESEARCH  STRATEGY

The Municipal Wastewater  Research  program  will  focus on supporting the Regions
and especially the  states in carrying out  their water  pollution control pro-
grams.  Focus will  be on  the development of  efficient  and cost-effective
treatment  technology to assure that  the municipalities will have the tools to
carry out  their  environmental  programs economically.   Concentration will also
be on those  technical areas that have the  broadest  application.

Because of the escalating costs  of constructing conventional treatment works,
one of the main  thrusts of technology development will be in the area of com-
bating the effects  of inflation.   Resources  will be directed toward novel pro-
cess development with breakthrough potential in the areas of cost reduction
(construction'cost, energy requirements, manpower), reduced space require-
ments, reduced sludge production,  improved efficiency, dual-use facilities and
conservation of  natural resources.

Technology and abatement/control  program alternatives  will be  evaluated for
their abilities  to  remove "toxicity"  and other  characteristics impacting
stream quality and  beneficial  use, and for determining least cost approaches.

The health effects  research program  will be  closely coordinated and will
generally follow the above technology development priorities.

The research effort is  organized into 10 areas  described below.  Within each
area, an individual plan  has been  formulated.   Each plan attempts to utilize
available resources in  the best  way  to address  Agency  needs.

2.4.1  Process Development

This program area has four elements:   novel  biological processes, specific
pollutant control,  microbial control  and water  reuse/conservation.  Antici-
pated emphasis in the immediate  future will  be  primarily on developing novel
biological processes which will  support the  Agency's innovative and alterna-
tive program.  This element is directed toward  improved cost effectiveness and
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reliability of municipal wastewater treatment projects,  and should have the
greatest pay-off on a national basis in the construction and modification of
wastewater treatment plants.  The specific pollutant  control activities in the
past have included work on the biodegradation of toxic compounds and nutrient
(nitrogen and phosphorus) control.  Because of  limited resources, future
specific pollutant control activities will be confined to the highest Agency
priority work which can be accomplished in-house.  The microbial control
efforts will focus on the completion of the Disinfection Design Manual, which
will detail current state-of-the-art on design  and operational practices for
chlorination/dechlorination, ultraviolet  and ozone disinfection.  This Design
Manual should meet the needs of the Regional Offices  and the states for infor-
mation on disinfection practices.  The water reuse/conservation element is
being phased out and will consist primarily of  monitoring the city of Denver's
Potable Reuse project.  Other areas where work  is planned and is also contin-
gent on the availablity of resources include guidelines  for dual distribution
system for nonpotable reuse, and a summary report on  water conservation prac-
tices in the eastern part of the United States.

2.4.2  Toxic Pollutants Control

The objectives of the research plan are to define the sources, pathways and
concentrations of priority pollutants as  well as to assess and improve the
treatability of such compounds.  The lack of appropriate or practical monitor-
ing and analytical techniques for toxic compounds is  currently the most criti-
cal deficiency in the area of municipal wastewater control.  The gap  impedes
the resolution of important health-related issues as  well as the application
of several alternative approaches to treatment  and disposal. Program  and
Regional Offices have expressed additional needs to define the sources, occur-
rence and removal of toxic compounds in treatment plants; the development of
improved treatment processess or alternatives such as source control; and the
evaluation of the effects of toxic compounds released by Publicly Owned Treat-
ment Works (POTWs).  Significant planned  outputs include detailed source data
of toxic compounds in treatment facilities from a 25-city survey; the examina-
tion of several treatment processes for removing toxic compounds; and the
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development of toxic  control  options/strategies through various modelling and
systems analysis  approaches.

2.4.3  Municipal  Sludge Management

This research focuses on  three  elements:  processing and treatment; conversion
and energy recovery;  and  land application, management and disposal.  High
priority needs identified for each of  these elements include:  pathogen con-
trol; thermal conversion  of  sludge;  and the effect of toxic organic compounds
contained in sludge that  is  applied  to the land.  Research on heavy metal
effects, especially cadmium,  on food-chain crops will be de-emphasized. In
cooperation with  USDA, focus  will be on higher rate land application processes
and acceleration  of the development  of good management practices for applying
sludge on farmlands.   Processing outputs  are planned for technologies  involved
with dewatering,  disinfection,  digester energy recovery and toxicants  removal.
Conversion outputs will include improved  processes on incineration, pyrolysis,
composting and resource recovery.  Land application and disposal outputs are
planned for toxicants, the fate and  effects of pathogens, and the  use  of
sludge for energy crop cultivation.

2.4.4  Plant Operations and  Design

Research in this  area is  aimed  at improving POTW reliability and compliance
with effluent regulations as  well as reducing costs of construction, operation
and maintenance of such facilities.  The  need for the former goal  is particu-
larly emphasized  by a 300-plant, 3 1/2 year Agency study which identified over
70 specific problems  with non-complying treatment facilities.  Other high-
priority needs identified by Agency  Offices include the need for developing
improved design information  for unit processes and energy conservation.
Significant future research  outputs  are planned for improving plant operation
and design, methods for problem assessment of non-complying POTWs, POTW opera-
tion and maintenance  costs,  and producing a series of unit process design
information documents.  An important part of this program with high potential
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pay-off is the application of automation and process control systems.  A mini-
mum but viable effort will be maintained in the development of new applica-
tions for automation systems and the establishment of quality assurance for
measurements made from on-line monitoring and control systems.

2.4.5  Wastewater Land Application and Aquaculture

Research in this area has the objective of developing three types of systems:
slow rate (irrigation); rapid infiltration; and overland flow.  Another area
of natural treatment systems under study is the use of aquaculture for waste-
water treatment and resource recovery.  To instill confidence in the use of
land application, the Agency Offices have given a medium priority to the
assessment of the movement of toxics and pathogens in such systems along with
the definition of any possible health effects.  The refinement of design and
operating practices is also a medium priority.  Research in this area  involves
demonstrations of the three major land-treatment techniques with a design
manual as a major output goal.  The use of water hyacinths, other aquatic
species and wetlands for wastewater treatment are undergoing evaluation.

2.4.6  Urban Runoff

Urban Runoff, especially stormwater runoff control, is no longer an Agency
research priority.  The Agency's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) and
Clean Lakes program will be phased out in FY 82.  Research funds for urban
runoff have steadily declined in recent years and only the highest priority
Agency needs will be addressed.  Major needs include the development of a new
procedure for evaluating and correcting infiltration/inflow (I/I) problems and
the development of cost-effective techniques for rehabilitating service con-
nection lines.  Other priorities in the combined sewer overflow (CSO)  area
will be addressed over a longer period at greatly reduced funding.  These
include the assessment of various combined sewer overflow control technolo-
gies, culminating in a CSO design manual and a compendium of best management
practices for urban runoff control.  Priority needs relating to the impacts of
CSO and runoff on receiving water and indigenous biota should be addressed
jointly with the Water Quality Research Committee.
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2.4.7  Small Wastewater Flows

This program area  is  oriented  to  be  responsive to the needs of the Agency and
the states with  state-of-the-art  design  and operating information.  Planned
activities include: the Small  Wastewater Flows Clearinghouse for the dissemi-
nation and exchange of information located at West Virginia University; the
Cincinnati Center  for the  controlled study of viable alternative technologies;
initiation of a  contract to  develop  the  handbook for alternative wastewater
collection systems; and continuation of  a level-of-effort contract designed to
respond to the needs  of the  Regional  Offices and the states for assistance
primarily in the areas of  alternative on-site technology and small collection
systems.  With these  activities,  it  is anticipated that technical assistance
by the Small Wastewater Flows  (SWF)  staff will remain at the present level
even as demand for more assistance occurs.  The Clearinghouse should be
particularly helpful  in reducing  the need for technical assistance directly
from the lab as  new materials  are developed and new personnel at the Clearing-
house are trained  in  the small  wastewater flows program.

2.4.8  Innovative  and Alternative Technology

Innovative and alternative technology (I/A) is one of the highest priority
areas for municipal wastewater research.  Research is divided into four
elements: technical support  which provides review of I/A facility designs;
information dissemination; the active I/A program, which identifies and pro-
motes emerging technologies;  and  the I/A research program.  Highest priority
should go to an  expansion  of the  active  I/A program and post-construction
evaluations of I/A projects.  Additional  resources and travel funds are needed,
however.  Demonstrations of  new technologies and the Clearinghouse functions
must continue.   Planned major  outputs include the support of several new I/A
research projects  and emerging technology assessments.  Initiation of a post-
construction evaluation program and  continuance of the  I/A program in FY82
will depend upon provisions  in the upcoming amendments  to the Clean Water Act.
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2.4.9  Health Effects

Health effects research pervades most aspects of municipal wastewater  control,
but the current plan focuses on determining the impact on human health and the
development of criteria in three areas:  wastewater and sludge management;
wastewater reuse; and urban runoff.  The top priority needs in this area,
identified by the Program and Regional Offices, are to provide health  assess-
ments in these three areas.  Major outputs relating to pathogens and toxic
compounds are planned for each area.

2.4.10 Exploratory Research

To achieve a reasonable balance between the immediate needs of the Agency  and
the general advancement of science through longer term activities, 15  percent
of the resources in the extramural research program have been and will con-
tinue to be set aside for long-term exploratory research.  The objective of
the grant program is to supplement ORD activities by stimulating scientific
and technical research fundamental to pollution control advances.  Specific
program guidance will be given by the Research Committee for solicitation  for
grant proposals on an annual basis.

Another supplement to the ORD program is the recent establishment of a number
of innovative research centers at competitively selected universities.  One  of
these centers, relative to municipal wastewater, is the Advanced Control Tech-
nology Research Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana.  This  program
should provide a better link between basic and applied research as related to
the Municipal Wastewater Research Program.
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2.5    RESEARCH COMMITTEE  INTERFACES

The legislative mandates and  the  efforts  to develop cohesive Agency policy in
the water resources area create the need  for  interactive research planning
across several research committees.   In order  to  insure that the research
effort is both responsive  and efficient,  water pollution issues involving
inter-committee consideration must be identified  and the responsibility for
their resolution must be allocated.   In various places in this document,
research efforts requiring the cognizance of  other committees are identified
to facilitate the planning of efficient research.  The discussion below iden-
tifies those research areas which require joint committee review and coordina-
tion as determined by the  Municipal Wastewater Research Committee.

2.5.1  Water Quality Research Committee

Water quality impacts of point sources.   The  Municipal Wastewater and the
Water Quality Research Committees have agreed to  their respective roles in
planning and implementing  research on the ecological efects, including water
quality impacts, of point  source  discharges into  natural water systems.

The Water Quality Research Committee  is to address the informational needs of
the selected Program Offices  (Office  of Water Regulations and Standards; Water
Planning Division of the Office of Water  Program  Operations; Office of Water
Enforcement; and the Office of Federal Activities) concerning impacts on water
quality.  This will be accomplished through the established ranking process of
the Committee and the Agency  within the given budget constraints for FY83.
When joint participation is desirable, research will be planned by the Water
Quality and Municipal Wastewater  Research Committees for ecological effects
and control technology, respectively. Mutual  research needs expressed by the
Program Offices include:

       •   Water quality criteria development and validation
       •   Fate and effects of toxic  pollutants in aquatic systems from point
           source discharges
       •   Evaluation of urban runoff impacts (including combined sewer over-
           flow) on sediment  and  water quality and aquatic biota
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       t   Retrospective assessment of ambient water quality improvements from
           both point and non-point source water pollution control projects
           versus predicted improvements, as necessary to evaluate the effec-
           tiveness of predictive techniques used
       t   Investigations concerning the impacts of human activities on
           natural wetlands

Urban runoff  (non-point source and watershed management).  Research in the
area of effects and control of pollution from urban runoff is to be coordi-
nated by the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee and the Water Quality
Research Committee.  The Water Quality Research Committee will have the
responsibility for planning the research required to establish the impacts of
urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows on receiving waters and the
indigenous biota.  This research will provide the technical backup for estab-
lishing wet-weather water quality criteria and will be utilized to assist in
determining remedial facility performance requirements for design purposes.
The Municipal Wastewater Research Committee will be responsible for planning
control technology development and the development of the supporting health
effects data base for both urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows.
Further development and/or improvement of mathematical models in the urban
runoff impact/prediction area will be the primary responsibility of the Water
Quality Research Committee.

Wetlands for wastewater management.  The Municipal Wastewater Quality Research
Committees have agreed that all research relating to the use of wetlands for
wastewater treatment, including control technology and ecological effects,
will be planned by the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee.  Implementa-
tion of the control technology research is planned by the Office of Environ-
mental Engineering and Technology and ecological effects by the Office of
Environmental Processes and Effects Research.  Control technology addresses
the abatement needs for both urban point and non-point source generated waste-
water.

2.5.2  Drinking Water Research Committee

Both the Drinking Water Research Committee and the Municipal Wastewater
Research Committee have similar and direct interests in the research related
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to production and feasibility  of using renovated municipal wastewater for
potable purposes.  Both committees coordinate closely with the Office of
Drinking Water which  also  has  an interest  in non-potable reuse.  The committee
interface is primarily one of  information  exchange and, when needed, advice
from the other Committee.

2.5.3  Industrial Wastewater Research Committee

Because of the requirement for industrial  pretreatment prior to discharge of
effluent to a POTW, a strong interactive arrangement is required between this
Committee and the Industrial Wastewater Research Committee.  The primary focus
of the cooperative effort  is to be on determining the proper balance of indus-
trial pretreatment of toxics versus pass-through of toxics for treatment at
POTWs.  Active discussions are on-going between the two committees.

2.5.4  Toxics Testing and  Assessment Research Committee

In order to focus on  the proper analytical  procedures and methods of testing
for toxic pollutants, discussion has been  initiated between the Municipal
Wastewater Research Committee  and the Toxics Testing and Assessment Research
Committee.  Major points will  be quality assurance and control methods for
technology performance evaluations.  In addition, the results of the sludge-
related research on toxic  contaminants carried out by the Municipal Wastewater
Research Committee of interest to the Toxics Research Committee will be made
available as they are developed.
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2.6    RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS

Based on the demands of the Agency for research in this area, the annual
resources that are anticipated for municipal wastewater research in the upcom-
ing years will probably be inadequate.  The current FY81 budget of $18.4 mil-
lion has been decreased by $1.7 million in the FY82 budget request.  At
present, the current research budget continues to represent only a small
fraction (0.7%) of the municipal facilities construction grants program ($2.4
billion) and other agency programs which it is designed to support.  Table 2.1
shows the current operating budget for FY 82 and the changes in resources from
FY81.

Significant new research requirements which have important budgetary implica-
tions for ORD have been identified.  The reprogramming of existing and already
limited funds to address this additional work is not advisable.  The Committee
recommends, therefore, that these research requirements be addressed by adopt-
ing specific new initiatives described in Table 2.2 and elsewhere in this
document.
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ro
-.1
                                                          TABLE 2.1


                                       MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCES



                                                   Current FY  81
FY 82 Request
Technical Areas
Sludge Management
I /A Technology
Toxic Pollutants Control
Small Flows
New Process Development
Plant Operations & Design
Urban Runoff
MERL-Cinn Subtotal
Ada Lab (Land Application)
Headquarters
Subtotal
Health Effects
Technical Information
GRAND TOTAL
Total ($K)
3,558.3
828.0
1,307.0
750.0
2,456.4
1,459.0
1,255.0
11,583.7
1,292.0
1,536.8
14,412.5
3,393.8
608.0
18,414.3
IH($K)
855.3
317.0
654.0
215.0
1,045.1
402.0
330.0
3,818.4
763.0
230.0
4,811.4
1,160.6
360.0
6,332.0
Extra($K)
2,703.0
511.0
653.0
535.0
1,411.3
1,057.0
895.0
7,765.3
529.0
1,306.8*
9,601.1
2,233.2
248.0
12,082.3
Total ($K)
3,439.5
971.0
973.0
600.0
2,341.3
1,058.1
660.0
10,042.9
1,033.0
1,988.9
13,064.8
3,037.8
625.0
16,727.6
IH($K)
1,261.5
400.0
640.0
250.0
1,050.0
400.0
250.0
4,251.5
730.0
364.2
5,345.7
859.6
377.0
6,582.3
Pos.
24.0
8.0
12.8
5.0
21.0
8.0
5.0
81.8
17.0
5.6
109.4
17.3
5.0
131.7
Extra($K)
2,178.0
571.0
333.0
350.0
1,291.3
658.1
410.0
5,791.4
303.0
1,624.7*
7,719.1
2,178.2
248.0
10,145.3
      *Includes  15%  setaside for Exploratory Research Program

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                                   Table 2.2

               NEW INITIATIVES  FOR  MUNICIPAL  WASTEWATER RESEARCH
                                            Required    Duration      New
                                             Funds      (years)    Positions
            NEW INITIATIVE                 ($ million)
1.
2.
Post construction evaluations of
I/A projects 2, 4, 8 3
Natural treatment systems -
6
          Wetlands, Land Application,
          Aquaculture                           1*3

3.    Sludge management

      a.  Thermal conversion technology
          demonstrations                      0.8           3           0
      b.  Accelerate land reclamation
          with USDA participation             0.2           3           0

4.    Health aspects of Small Wastewater
      Flow Systems, Aquaculture, Urban
      Runoff                                  0.6           *           0

5.    Evaluation of Small Flows 201
      Projects                                1.0           *           1

6.    Improve O&M for small community
      wastewater systems                      0.5           2           1

7.    Wastewater Process Development

      a.  Accelerate development of cost-
          reducing energy-saving novel
          biological processes                1.5           *           1
      b.  Increase research in small
          flow research center                0.5           *           0
*Recommended ongoing effort, funds are required on a per year basis
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                   CHAPTER  3:    AGENCY  RESEARCH  REQUIREMENTS
3.1    GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

This chapter describes the research requirements identified by the groups con-
cerned with muncipal wastewater control technology within the headquarters and
Regional Offices.  The six users of ORD research in municipal wastewater
technology are:

     •    Office of Water Program Operations (OWPO)
     •    Office of Water Regulations and Standards (OWRS)
     •    Office of Solid Waste (OSW)
     •    Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPTS)
     •    Office of Water Enforcement (OWE)
     •    Regional Offices

The priorities for the research needs of the Program and Regional Offices are
identified in Tables 3.1 to 3.6.

There are research needs common to more than one Program Office.  Although
each office may require the research output for different reasons, it is use-
ful to be aware of these overlapping needs since they represent areas where
research programs would most effectively address Agency needs.  These common
needs are concerned mainly with toxic compounds, pathogens and sludge.  A
description of these items follows.
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Most  of the Program Offices and Regions I,  II,  VI,  and VIII  are  concerned with
the development of environmentally acceptable land  spreading methods for the
use and disposal of sludges.  The fate and  effects  of toxic  compounds  and
pathogens on land used for sludge disposal  is of interest to OWPO,  OWRS, OSW
and the Regions.  Both agricultural and non-agricultural  lands  (forestry,
energy farms etc.) and lands in need of extensive reclamation are  of interest.
OWPO,  OWE, OSW and the Regions have a major interest in the  transport  of
toxics up through the food-chain to the point where products are used  for
human  consumption.  OWRS is also interested in  this from the viewpoint of
using  any criteria developed on toxics in sludge used for beneficial purposes.

The need for improved analytical techniques for toxics and pathogens has been
emphasized by OWRS, OWE, OWPO and OSW.  Because of  the large number of toxic
compounds and organisms, the often small  concentrations in which they  occur,
and the sophisticated instrumentation required  for  their measurement,  the
monitoring of toxics and pathogens often results in a very expensive and some-
what  incomplete effort.  Moreover, the techniques used in the assessment of
the fate and impact of these contaminents in the environment are often inade-
quate.  Hence the development of less expensive analytical and  compliance
monitoring procedures, is needed.  Along with  this, the development of indi-
cator  parameters and surrogate techniques which would parallel  the presence
and dangers of these materials, is also needed.  Monitoring  data for material
balances of toxic compounds in POTWs are needed by OWPO,  OWRS,  and OPTS.  More
emphasis on toxic compound removal would assist OWPO and OWRS by providing
state-of-the-art information removal capabilities for toxic  compounds. More-
over,  the continuous discharge of toxic compounds from POTWs necessitates the
evaluation of the effects and impacts of these materials on  the environment,
and both OWRS and OWE have indicated the need for a valid methodology  to do
this.   Detailed information on the fate and effects of these materials from
land-applied wastewater is also needed by OWPO and  OWRS.

Jhe construction grants program has identified the  improvement  of  POTW reli-
ability and compliance with effluent requirements as a major problem area.
Other  high priority needs include the development of a design information
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series of documents for new and improved treatment processes, information on
energy conservation and increasing technical assistance for correcting opera-
tional problems.

Small wastewater flows have been cited as a major problem by a number of the
Regions.  Research needs which Regions I, V, VII and IX share with OWPO
include the improvement of cost, design, performance and reliability informa-
tion for on-site systems.  Urban runoff controls relate to the interests of
OWPO, OWRS, and the Regional Offices.  All three groups need the development
of methods to produce information relating to the impact of urban runoff (both
with and without control technology) upon receiving water quality and biologi-
cal integrity.  Both OWRS and Region V have expressed an interest in urban
runoff data for wet-weather flow criteria.  In addition, OWPO and Regions I
and X are jointly interested in methods for dealing with infiltration/inflow
problems and in ways to optimize the size and efficiency of combined sewer
overflow (CSO) facilities.

A need for detailed evaluations of selected innovative and alternative  (I/A)
systems has been expressed by both OWPO and Region V.  In addition, OWPO and
Regions III, V, VII and VIII await the finalization and publication of  a dis-
infection design manual.

Finally, several offices (OWPO, OWE, and OPTS) expressed an interest in main-
taining an up-to-date intelligence on ORD activities and output content.  The
development of a matrix of research projects and the responsible individuals
within ORD would expedite the acquisition of research updates.  Several
efforts presently under way by ORD to address this need for information will
be discussed in Chapter 4.
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3.2    OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM  OPERATIONS RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS

The Office of Water Program Operations  is concerned primarily with water pol-
lution control facilities  associated with municipalities.  Facility planning,
design requirements, municipal  construction, runoff-related pollution, spills,
and emergency responses  fall  under  the  jurisdiction of this Office.  The chief
branch of OWPO dealing with technology  for municipal wastewater treatment is
the Municipal Technology Branch of  the  Municipal Construction Division.  This
branch is concerned with directing  technically-related construction grant
activities at the  national level.   The  main  goal is to promote the planning,
design and construction  of municipal wastewater treatment plants in a manner
which is cost-effective  and technologically  and environmentally sound.

An additional point of contact  between  the Municipal Wastewater Reasearch Com-
mittee and OWPO  is the National Urban Runoff Program (NURP) under the Water
Planning Division.  Ultimately, the program's  aim  is to fill information
deficiencies regarding pollutant sources, areal accumulation patterns, washoff
and transport mechanisms,  instream  behavior  of pollutants, and the effective-
ness of control  measures.  In addition,  the  practical  implications of the
resulting impacts  on water quality  and  aquatic ecosystems are to be addressed.
Projects currently underway involve sampling for the presence of various pol-
lutants in receiving waters ranging from small streams to oceans.  The sam-
pling programs will be augmented in some cases by  an evaluation of best
management practices  (BMPs) for the control  of pollutants in runoff.

Both NURP and the  Municipal Technology  Branch  require  support over the next
five years from  ORD.  The  research  needs outlined  by these offices are pre-
sented below and summarized in  Table  3.1.

3.2.1  Wastewater  Treatment and Sludge  Management

Toxic compounds.   There  is a  need to  develop in-plant  treatment processes for
toxic compound removal.  Rather than  focusing  on high  technology processes,
research should  be directed toward  adequately  satisfying  practical constraints
such as cost effectiveness, energy  requirements and the fate of the removed
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compounds.  Current work needs to be published on the binding of toxic com-
pounds to the sludge and on their extraction from the sludge.  This should
include the feasibility of metal recovery for reuse.  There is also a need to
identify the flow of toxic compounds through all the process streams in a
treatment plant.  For example, what is the optimum distribution of these com-
pounds in conventional or newly-designed process streams that would facilitate
their most satisfactory final disposition?  Hence, a comparative assessment is
needed of the capabilities of the various wastewater treatment and sludge
management technologies for removing or destroying toxic compounds.  This will
allow for rational decisions in managing the fate of toxic compounds by iden-
tifying their levels in the plant's influent, aerosols, sludge and effluents.
Such information is needed so that it can be incorporated into design and
operation and maintenance (O&M) guidance documents.

Energy.  The two main areas of concern are conservation in energy-intensive
treatment processes and energy recovery.  Research on energy consumption and
conservation possibilities is needed for such processes as aeration, pumping,
thermal drying, reduction of sludge volumes and sludge conveyance.  Non-
process components such as chemicals (lime and disinfectants) and heat pumps
also contain inherent energy demands which need to be characterized.  Energy-
producing sludge management processes (e.g., co-disposal, digestion, auto-
thermal processes, refuse-derived fuels) need to be compared to alternative
sludge disposal procedures in terms of cost, performance, reliability and
environmental considerations.  The use of natural systems as an energy effec-
tive treatment process and the production of biomass for energy by recycling
wastewaters and sludges should be investigated.  It must be determined whether
energy recovery technologies are feasible and cost-effective for municipal
treatment plants.  Results of the energy-related research should be incor-
porated into an energy manual for municipal treatment plants.  The manual
should identify the balance between conservation in conventional systems and
the use of inherently low energy processes that still can achieve satisfactory
levels of wastewater treatment.  At a minimum, energy conservation and
recovery should be considered in facility design and O&M guidance documents.
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Disinfection.  This technology  has probably matured to the point that, barring
any major breakthroughs,  research activity can be decreased to a minimal
level.  Information on  currently available conventional chlorination and
alternative disinfectants should be  published.  A disinfection design manual
should be produced, concentrating on cost and energy requirements as well as
improved effectiveness  for conventional treatment of effluents.

Non-point sources.  Included  in this category are urban runoff, infiltration/
inflow, and combined  sewer overflows.  Research needs for the National Urban
Runoff Program (NURP) are given at the end of this section.  In deference to
more pressing research  needs, ongoing work on somewhat matured control techno-
logies such as swirl  and  dissolved air flotation devices should be minimized
and the results consolidated, evaluated and published as a design manual on
these combined sewer  and  wastewater  overflow controls.  Moreover, work in sup-
port of using the  stormwater  management model (SWMM) should be minimized.  Of
higher priority is the  need to  evaluate the impact of combined sewer overflow
controls on water  quality and benthic communities.  Also, there is a need to
evaluate the impact of  urban  runoff  and combined sewer overflows on water
quality, public health, recreation and shellfish resources.  Data from the
NURP should be used in  such studies.  Similarly, urban runoff controls such as
street sweeping, detention and  the use of wetlands need to be assessed using
NURP data.  Research  on infiltration/inflow (I/I) is needed to develop a stan-
dardized methodology  for  I/I  problem evaluation along with improved methods
for sewer rehabilitation  and  maintenance.

Design information and  guidelines.   Existing design documents should be
updated to include advancements in wastewater treatment and sludge management
technologies and practices.  Research and design information on newer pro-
cesses such as deep shaft and U-tube treatment  should be developed.  It may be
beneficial to include peer review of design guidelines by professional socie-
ties or to stimulate  these groups to develop updated design documents.
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3.2.2  Other Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Management

Most design manuals assume average values for plant influent characteristics.
A methodology is needed to better evaluate and design for variabilities in
flow and concentration resulting from storm loadings and varying practices of
sewer system users.  Such variabilities can result in dilute discharges as
well as increased plant loadings and resulting sludges.  These extremes should
be addressed.  Improved analytical techniques are needed for the measurement
of compounds such as toxics and pathogens in wastewaters, effluents, sludge,
soil and crops.  Overcoming major operational problems occurring as a result
of design deficiencies or a lack of technical expertise in municipal waste-
water treatment plants might be effectively aided by a group of in-house EPA
technical experts.  The establishment of such a group should be considered.
Finally, the dissemination of successful research results  on all of the above
topics to interested parties, both inside and outside of the Agency, is of
utmost importance.

3.2.3  Land Treatment and Other Natural Treatment Systems

Efforts should emphasize providing data to optimize the design and cost-effec-
tiveness of land treatment and other natural treatment systems.  Long-term
water quality and ecological impacts need to be assessed for slow rate, rapid
infiltration, overland flow, wetlands and other aquaculture treatment technol-
ogies.  Monitoring data and evaluations are needed on the design and perform-
ance of raw wastewater applications to wetlands, water hyacinth, and polycul-
ture systems.  The state-of-the-art health assessment of land treatment sys-
tems should be completed and published as an Agency report.  The following
health-related issues need to be addressed: microbiological evaluation of
slow-rate land treatment runoff; virus and fecal coliform die-off rates in
ponds, particularly those used for preapplication treatment; required slope/
residence time and dilution effects after rainfall regarding fecal coliforms
in overland flow treatment, particularly with raw wastewater application;
microbiological and other limitations on the reuse potential of water
recovered from land treatment; human health risks due to pathogen or toxic
compound accumulation through the food chain; and source identification and
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health risks of pathogens  in  natural systems from non-sewage sources (e.g.,
from domestic or wild  animals).  In  addition to the health-related aspects of
such treatment systems, ecological impacts must be determined.  An ecological
assessment of natural  and  artificial wetlands  involved in wastewater treatment
should be performed  along  with  additional studies to evaluate the impact on
wildlife which feed  in  and around  land  treatment and other natural treatment
systems.

3.2.4  Innovative  and Alternative  Technology Program Support

An active innovative and alternative technology (I/A) program is important to
long-range improvements in the  economic and technological areas of the waste-
water treatment field.  Expansion  of this program is needed.  It is  imperative
to remain informed of  operating projects  in the I/A program in order to follow
up on promising technologies  with  any required complementary research activi-
ties.  Detailed evaluations of  selected systems constructed through  the I/A
program need to be performed  (in response to Section 105(j) of the Clean Water
Act) in order to transfer  new technology to the municipal sector.  Assessments
of newer, emerging technologies should  be continued.  Also, the continued  high
level of responsiveness in reviewing I/A proposals from  the Regional Offices
is recommended.

3.2.5  Sludge Management

Processing and treatment.   Operators of many existing sludge processing sys-
tems are in need of  information that would  improve system performance and
reliability, and decrease  O&M problems, energy requirements and costs.  The
operation of new de-watering  units,  such as filter presses  and belts, require
information on the solution of  operating problems as well as on the  use of
conditioning chemicals  and chemical  feed systems.

Conversion processes.   Rather than studying expensive extraction methods to
remove lead, cadmium and other  trace metals from municipal  sludge, more empha-
sis  should be placed on making  these elements  less available  for 'uptake by
                                      3-8

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vegetation when sludge is applied to the land.  Several areas of thermal con-
version require emphasis.  The development and evaluation of emission control
systems is needed to provide reliable, efficient and less expensive thermal
conversion of sludge in areas with major air quality problems.  The best
available techniques need to be identified for energy recovery from new and
retrofitted thermal processing and co-disposal systems.  This should include a
comprehensive economic study of the co-disposal options, including the cost of
adding sludge-handling capabilities to existing incinerators and accepting
sludge in solid waste resource recovery projects.  Detailed evaluations are
needed of full-scale conversion systems such as incineration with energy
recovery, pyrolysis, co-disposal and composting.

Disposal and utilization.  The state-of-the-art health assessment of land
application of municipal sludge should be completed and published as an Agency
report.  The fate and effects of toxic organic compounds in sludges, particu-
larly when applied to agricultural land, must be more clearly defined.  Good
management practices and improved designs must be developed for "contaminated"
sludges.  To achieve this, possible beneficial approaches to non-agricultural
uses (e.g., production of biomass for energy conversion, reclamation of
drastically-disturbed land and use in silviculture) and disposal practices
such as high-rate surface application to dedicated sites and landfills should
be studied.  Data are needed on total and available levels of pathogens and
toxic compounds in soil, runoff, groundwater and crops from sites receiving
sludge treated at various levels of stabilization (including no stabilization)
and using various land application techniques.  Microbiological or other
health risks associated with grazing animals on land application sites need to
be addressed.  A simple technique for identifying pathogens in runoff which do
not originate from the land-applied sludge (e.g., from domestic or wild
animals) should be developed along with an assessment of any related health
risks.  An ecological assessment of land application of sludge is also needed.
Finally, specific places (e.g., Ohio Farm Bureau Project sites for cropland
application, Penn State University/Penn DER Project sites for land applica-
tion) should be identified where detailed sludge reuse studies have been per-
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formed.  This  information  should be provided to others in a manner that can
help to establish full-scale  or pilot projects, using 201 funds or in joint
funding with DOE, TVA, DOI/Office of Surface Mining, USDA, etc.

3.2.6  Small Wastewater Systems

Monitoring and evaluation  of  carefully  selected small wastewater system 201
projects are needed.  The  present on-site  system research program appears to
be very responsive to OWPO needs.  Emphasis should be placed on gathering data
pertaining to  the cost, design, performance, management and reliability of on-
site systems.  These data  will be used  to  assist with future updates of the
on-site design manual.  The establishment  of a capability to respond to
requests for technical assistance should be considered.  Existing on-site oro-
jects that have used current  design information should be evaluated.  The
monitoring of  new on-site  systems, particularly community drainage fields,
should be performed to evaluate the impact of these  sytems on groundwater.  In
this regard, a predictive  tool for on-site system  impact on groundwater is
needed, particularly for toxic compounds and pathogens.

A study is needed of the low  pressure,  subsurface  soil distribution system
developed at North Carolina State University by Dr.  Robert Carlile.  Appro-
priate applications, effectiveness, and costs should be included.  Also,
existing subsurface aerobic systems need to be evaluated for performance,
effectiveness  and costs.

A study of decentralized approaches to  wastewater  management is needed,
particularly for the extension and upgrading of sytems built with construction
grants funding but now requiring additional capacity due to new development.
Cost effectiveness and institutional considerations  should be examined for
alternatives to a second round of construction grants.  A comparison of alter-
native wastewater systems  and conventional gravity sewers is needed.  This
should be done on a present worth/annual equivalent  basis for construction,
operation and  maintenance  costs.  Completed small  community sewering projects
should be compared to  step or grinder pump pressure  systems and/or small
diameter gravity sewers  as appropriate  to  each project.  Also, a comparison of
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actual costs, new construction and O&M from completed projects is needed for
alternative conveyance systems.

Finally, a feasibilty study and possibly the preparation of a concept design
manual are needed for alternative systems.  This manual should consider a
range of situations requiring pollution control with possible solutions and
designs.

3.2.7  National Urban Runoff Program

Two major research needs have been cited for this program. The first  is
research on bacterial indicators that correlate urban runoff with human health
effects.  This in turn would allow the development of microbial treatment
criteria for stormwater discharges. These criteria should be health-related
and based on risk assessments.

The second requirement is the development of exposure-response curves for
toxic pollutants entering the receiving water  in storm runoff.  These curves
should show the LC5Q versus the duration of the runoff event for each toxic
pollutant or indicator organism.  As opposed to commonly used toxicity tests
which employ a standard exposure time, this research should address the fact
that storm events result in significant temporal variations in pollutant
exposure.  Currently, the greatest interest lies in assessments for lead,
cadmium and mercury.

Additional research which is needed includes studies on the long-term impacts
of stormwater runoff, comparisons of loadings  from urban runoff with  those
from other sources and determinations of the ultimate fate of these pollu-
tants.  The testing of new control technologies should be completed as quickly
as possible and the results published and disseminated.
                                     3-11

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                                                                                                                                               Table 3.1

                                                                                                         SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                                   Office of Water Program Operations
           RESEARCH AREA
         HIGH PRIORITY
       MEDIUM PRIORITY
         LOW PRIORITY
         1. Process Development
a) Finalize disinfection manual
b) Technology transfer  of alternative
   disinfection information

c) Improved toxics and  pathogen
   analytical techniques**
         2.  Toxic Pollutants Control
a) Assess and compare all technologies
   for toxics removal/destruction

b) Re-examine criteria for Salmonella

c) Effect of toxics on stream quality
   and use*
d) In-plant toxics removal processes

e) Publish sludge toxics fixation and
   extraction information
u>
NJ
         3.  Municipal Sludge
            Management
a) Finalize state of  the art health
   assessment for land application and
   start followup studies

b) Finalize land application design
   manual

c) Evaluate full scale conversion sys-
   tems including special studies of
   thermal conversion

d) Technical backup for 405 regulations

e) New project applications of available
   sludge reuse information
f) EP toxicity testing

g) Air emission controls for thermal
   conversion

h) Economics of co-disposal

i) Composting guide for small
   communities
j) Good management practices for
   contaminated sludges

k) Improved processing information

1) Multi media relative risk
   evaluations

m) Ecological assessment of land
   application*

n) Bulking agents for composting

o) Pathogen die-off and risks of land
   application
            Plant Operations  And
            Design
a)  Design information  series for
   professional society impact
b) Develop design guidelines for new
   and  improved processes

c) Update design information guidelines
d) Atypical wastewater treatment

e) Form  technical assistance groups
   for POTWs
         *Related  to Water Quality Research Committee
                                                           **Related  to EMSL Committee

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                                                                                                                                                Table 3.1

                                                                                                          SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                                    Office of Water Program Operations
           RESEARCH AREA
         HIGH PRIORITY
       MEDIUM PRIORITY
         LOW PRIORITY
         5. Land Application Of
            Wastewater And
            Aquaculture
a) Finalize  and publish state of the
   art health assessment and undertake
   followup  studies

b) Ecological assessment of wetlands*
c) Pathogen die-off rates  in ponds

d) Update design, performance and
   long-term effects information

e) Determine slope/residence time for
   overland flow

f) Ecological studies of land applica-
   tion and other natural  treatment
   systems
g) Effect of rainfall on pathogens

h) Pathogen and other constraints on
   water reuse after  land treatment

i) Health risks due to food chain
   transfer of toxics or pathogens
         6. Urban Runoff
U>
a) I/I evaluation and sewer rehabili-
   tation

b) Develop methodology for evaluating
   CSO control impacts*

c) Design manual on available CSO
   controls

d) Develop separate storm sewer wet
   weather pathogen criteria

e) Fate and effects of toxics in CSOs,
   urban runoff and recycled waste-
   waters and sludges*
f) Technology transfer for I/I nrogram

g) Evaluate CSO control impacts*

h) Evaluate urban runoff  impacts and
   assess level of problem

i) Toxics exposure/response curves for
   time-variant systems
j)  Assess available  urban runoff
   controls

k)  Stormwater control  technologies
   report
         7. Energy
a) Energy reduction techniques for high
   energy components of  treatment

b) Energy conservation,  recovery and
   production studies
c) Thermal conversion, digestion, and
   methane recovery/cleanup and other
   hardware technology links

d) Natural systems for energy use
   reduction
e)  Benefical reuse/recycle of sludge
   and wastewater for biomass
   production
         *Related to Water Quality Research Committee
                                                            **Related to EMSL Committee

-------
                                                                                                                                         Table 3.1

                                                                                                    SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                              Office of Water Program Operations
          RESEARCH AREA
        HIGH PRIORITY
       MEDIUM PRIORITY
         LOW PRIORITY
         8.  Small Wastewater Flows
a)  Provide increased technical assis-
   tance

b)  Evaluate projects using current de-
   sign information

c)  Complete septage manual
d)  State of the art summary of  large
   subsurface drainfields

e)  Improve cost, design, performance
   and reliability information

f)  Develop facility maintenance and
   and impact monitoring methods
g)  Evaluate low pressure subsurface
   soil distribution and small
   subsurface aerobic systems

h)  Compare costs of gravity sewers
   vs. alternative systems
         9. Innovative And
           Alternative Technology
a) Expand active I/A effort

b) Technology transfer and conduct
   national symposia
c)  Identify and support 'promising
   technologies
d)  Emerging technology assessments
e)  Regional and state project reviews

f)  Detailed evaluation of selected
   I/A Systems
U>
         *Related to Water Quality Research Committee
                                                         **Related to EMSL Committee

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3.3    OFFICE OF WATER REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS

The Office of Water Regulations and Standards (OWRS) is responsible for the
development of water quality criteria and standards, and for the issuance and
defense of industrial water pollution control regulations in the form of
effluent guidelines and limitations for a variety of industrial categories.
This office is also responsible for determining water quality trends, pollu-
tant problem areas and causes, and for making control recommendations.  It
also provides guidance on the implementation of water quality standards, waste
load allocations and the use of water quality criteria.  Thus, the interface
between OWRS and the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee lies in several
areas including pretreatment of industrial effluents, the determination of the
presence and effects of toxic pollutants and pathogens in POTW discharges,
urban runoff and combined sewer overflows, and the effects of toxic pollutants
on municipal treatment processes and in municipal sludges.  The research
requirements of OWRS in support of its objectives are described below under
the general research categories, and outlined in Table 3.2.

3.3.1  Process Development

As new processes to treat wastewater are developed, the removal capabilities
for toxic compounds must be defined and identified.  This knowledge of techno-
logical capabilities will assist in the formulation of effluent guidelines and
waste load allocations.

3.3.2  Toxic Pollutants Control

Of primary importance is the need to determine, in quantitative terms, the
source, fate and effects of toxic compounds discharged from POTWs to the
aquatic environment, and the development of techniques for determining the
human health effects.  Source information on priority pollutants in the urban
environment needs to include, for each compound, the amount discharged to and
from the treatment plant and from other points in the system such as combined
sewer overflows.  The development of methodologies to determine the reintro-
duction of toxic compounds from the sediment phase to the water column is
                                     3-15

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needed  to  quantify  the  fate  of these  substances.  This capability is needed in
order to discern  whether  long-term buildups  of  toxic compounds in aquatic
environments will create  negative  impacts  in the  future despite the lack of
observable effects  at present.  Also,  a  quantitative methodology to determine
the effects of  discharged toxic compounds  on aquatic life  is needed to provide
a basis for setting water quality  criteria and  standards and for establishing
waste load allocations.   In  addition  to  these efforts, better and less costly
test indicators and measurement methods  for  toxic compounds need to be
developed.

Research is also  needed on the control of  toxic compounds  as they relate to
municipal  wastewater treatment plants.   Studies of  toxic compounds inhibiting
plant performance are necessary to make  decisions on pretreatment levels and
credits.   Basic incompatibilities  of  given compounds with  municipal treatment
processes  should  be identified. Organics  and metals in addition to cadmium
should be  studied,  with emphasis on those  with  known inhibitory and toxic
characteristics followed  by  those  known  to occur  in the largest quantities.
In terms of removal  and cost,  the  relative effectiveness of secondary treat-
ment, BAT, and  source control  should  be  compared.  Best management practices
should be  identified and  evaluated.  Institutional  impediments to pretreatment
must also  be analyzed.  Influent loadings  to POTWs  and treatability need to be
determined for  toxic compounds. Also, toxic compound material balances around
a POTW are needed.   This  should include  all  air,  liquid and solid streams.
Finally, a comparison is  needed of toxic compound input to the environment as
a function of point versus non-point  sources.

3.3.3  Municipal  Sludge Management

The development of  toxicity  and health effect criteria for metals, toxic
organic compounds and pathogens in sludge  is of prime importance in order to
determine  their impact  on the  beneficial use of sludge.  A summary document of
all available literature  on  the short-term and  chronic toxic effects of sludge
use and disposal  would  be helpful.  Also,  the effect of pretreatment for toxic
                                      3-16

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compounds on sludge quality should be determined.  This is needed for  indus-
trial environmental assessments and will be used in POTW material balances and
in regulatory impact analyses.

3.3.4  Plant Operations and Design

The possibility of creating toxic compounds as a result of municipal waste-
water treatment (e.g., super-chlorination) must be identified along with
remedial approaches.  This is needed to help establish priority of pollutants
for additional inhibition studies and to complete material balances.

3.3.5  Land Application of Wastewater and Aquaculture

The groundwater impact of toxic compounds from the land application of waste-
waters and plant effluents must be determined as a component to determining
pretreatement requirements.  Such technical information is also needed for the
development of criteria, guidance and regulations on application practices.

3.3.6  Urban Runoff

A study identifying and relating toxic compounds in urban runoff to the bio-
logical integrity of receiving waters and effects on human health is of
highest priority.  To do this, a methodology is needed to study storm  event-
related toxicant input, biological response and how this is related to human
health.  Basically this amounts to an ecological measure of storm events.  In
order to resolve wet weather flow criteria, toxic pollutant loadings from com-
bined sewer overflows must be determined along with the impact of storm event
loadings on POTWs.  The effectiveness of toxic compound removal in some of the
more conventional runoff pollution control methods should be evaluated.  A
cooperative effort between the Program Offices and ORD is needed to quantify
the sources and impacts of these pollutants in urban runoff and sewer  over-
flows.  The effect of atmospheric deposition should be included in this
effort.  Such effects would result from direct deposition of toxic compounds
to receiving waters as well as from direct inputs via land deposition  and sub-
sequent transport (in proportion to acidity) to surface and groundwaters.
                                     3-17

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From an area-wide  perspective,  methodologies need to be identified which are
capable of assessing  runoff-related  problems and solutions for an entire urban
complex.  Toxic  compound material balances are needed for this.

Quantitatively,  the effects  of  urban runoff on water quality must be defined,
and evaluation methodology is needed to  do this.  Once urban runoff problems
are identified,  it will be necessary to  know what control approaches, particu-
larly BMPs,  are  available.   The effectiveness of runoff controls and the
economic  impacts of BMPs should be evaluated on a continual basis.

3.3.7  Innovative  and Alternative Technology

The performance  of treatment systems on  toxic compound removal needs to be
evaluated as new technologies emerge and are tested in operating facilities.
                                      3-18

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                                                                                                                                 Table 3.2

                                                                                             SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                 Office of Water Regulation and Standards
  RESEARCH AREA
         HIGH PRIORITY
MEDIUM PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
1.  Process Development
a) Removal capabilities and effects
   associated with new processes
2.  Toxic Pollutants Control
a) Effects of POTW discharges on aquatic
   life'

b) Fate in receiving waters of POTW
   discharges (e.g., sediment buildup
   and release)

c) Determine sources of priority
   pollutants

d) Test indicators and measurement
   methods

e) Inhibition studies of toxics on POTWi

f) Toxics material balances on all POTW
   streams
                                                                 g) Treatability studies and influent
                                                                    determination

                                                                 h) BAT  impact of receiving streams

                                                                 i) Evaluate BMPs

                                                                 j) Protocols for sampling and testing

                                                                 k) Compare 2  treatment to source
                                                                    control

                                                                 1) Compare point vs. nonpoint sources
                               m)  Analyze institutional impediments
                                  to pretreatment
3.  Municipal Sludge
   Management
a) Development of sludge criteria for
   metals and organics

b) Effect of pretreatment on sludge
   quality
A.  Plant Operations And
   Design
a)  Determine toxics formed  as a result
   of POTW processes (e.g., super-
   chlorination)
5.  Land Application Of
   Wastewater and
   Aquaculture
a)  Determine groundwater impacts of
   toxics

-------
                                                                                                                                  Table 3.2

                                                                                                SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                   Office of Water Regulation and Standards
          RESEARCH AREA
        HIGH PRIORITY
MEDIUM PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
U!
I
NJ
O
        6. Urban Runoff
a) Effects of toxics in urban runoff on
   stream biology

b) Data for wet weather flow criteria
   and standards - impact on POTWs and
   CSOs

c) Evaluate effectiveness of conven-
   tional controls

d) Cooperative effort to quantify and
   compare pollutant sources and
   Impacts

e) Effect of atmospheric deposition

f) Areawide evaluation of urban complex
   for problems and solutions
        7. Energy
        8. Small Wastewater Flows
        9. Innovative And
           Alternative Technology
a) Performance on toxics (concentration
  and effects)

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3.4    OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS

The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) is involved chiefly in the implementation of
programs under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) and
the Clean Water Act of 1977 (CWA).  In an effort to protect health and the
environment, while promoting the conservation of valuable materials and
resources, RCRA requires the establishment of a Federal hazardous waste con-
trol program, issuance of criteria to define acceptable solid waste disposal
practices and a phase-out of unacceptable facilities such as "open dumps".
The Clean Water Act addresses the fate of toxics in POTWs and the establish-
ment of guidelines on the proper use and disposal of municipal sludges by
POTWs (Sections 307 and 405).  As part of the comprehensive sludge management
effort (CWA Section 405), the main focus of attention for OSW has been the
finalization of land application criteria under RCRA Section 4004 and CWA Sec-
tion 405 and regulations for the "Distribution and Marketing of Sludge Pro-
ducts Regulations."

ORD support under the category of muncipal sludge management will be required
by OSW over the next few years in the areas described below and outlined in
Table 3.3.  Required dates for output of results are given in parentheses.

3.4.1  Pathogens in Sludge

EPA's Office of Research and Development must determine the feasibility of
using a mixed microbe culture or soil inoculum to prevent the re-growth of
pathogenic bacteria in sludge products after treatment by composting, heat
drying, pasteurization, irradiation or other techniques (December 1981).
Correlations between the rate of disease infection and sludge use must also be
identified.  This study should include 20 or more communities where sludge use
is an established practice and should entail a review of local medical facil-
ity records and consultation with local physicians on incidence of various
related infections.  Analyses of the pathogens present in the sludges used and
in the soils at application sites and an evaluation of the sludge treatment
processes should also be included (December 1981).  Work must also be done to
determine whether organisms such as parasitic ova and cysts and salmonella are
                                     3-21

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present in sludge-derived  fertilizers  and  soil  conditioner products that are
currently available  to  the public  (March 1982).   In  addition, soil and vegeta-
tion analyses must be made for  the presence  of  pathogens  in areas where sludge
and/or slurries  (including those from  meat-packing and dairy plants) are being
used to irrigate food cropland, animal  fodder cropland and pastureland.  This
study should include at least 20 sites of  varying geographic and climatic
characteristics  (March  1982).  These projects are high priority needs.
Requirements in  this area  which are not quite as  critical include an evalua-
tion of the effectiveness  of various sludge  treatment processes in reducing
pathogens (June  1982).   Suggestions for improvements in processing techniques
are needed as well.  In addition,  home garden produce and soils must be ana-
lyzed for the presence  of  parasitic ova and  cysts and salmonella in areas
where sludge products are  sold  or  given to individual gardeners (June 1982).
Areas studied should be of varying geographic and climatic character.
Finally, more reliable  and less costly techniques for detecting viruses and
parasites in sludge  must be developed  (June  1982).

3.4.2  Fate and  Persistence of  PCBs

High priority research  requirements in this  area  include  field studies of
degradation rates  and half-life of PCBs as a component of sludge and soil.
The ability of this  compound to volatilize from soil or sludge to the surface
of crops and the degree of a sludge's  PCB  adherence  to typical pasture and
forage crops should  be  studied.  Uptake of PCBs by all types of root crops
(particularly potatoes, turnips, radishes  and beets), and retention and con-
centration of PCBs  in the  beef  and milk fat  of  animals grazing on sludge-
amended soils are  other areas of high  priority  (December  1981).  A mass
balance study for  animals  raised for food  should  be  one element of this
effort.  Actual  PCB  ingestion over the life  of  the animal as  it relates to
accumulation in  edible  portions should be  considered.

A study on additions of PCB to  field and  garden soils, and the development of
better techniques  for  analyzing sludge samples  for the presence of this and
other organic compounds (March  1982) have  been  specified  as medium priority
needs.
                                      3-22

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3.4.3  Sludge Adherence to Crops

The adherence of sludge to crops is another area which requires research.  A
project should be initiated to evaluate the degree to which sludge, and its
chemical or pathogenic constituents, adheres to various types of forage and
vegetable crops, under various types of sludge land application.  A medium
priority has been assigned to this work.

3.4.4  Fate and Effects of Lead in Sludge

Lead is another compound of major concern to OSW.  A project should be under-
taken to determine the sensitivity of typical home fruit and vegetable garden
crops to lead (December 1981).  Topics to be explored include the types of
crops which tend to accumulate lead, the effects of soil characteristics  such
as pH, CEC, P content, etc., on uptake levels, and the degree to which uptake
is affected by the chemical form of lead in the soil.  In addition, the con-
centration and availability of lead in soils as a result of sludge application
to land must be determined (March 1982).  Typical background concentrations
for various residential areas are: rural 0-100 mg/kg; urban 100-1000 mg/kg,
and urban/central city 1000-3000 mg/kg.  The degree to which dilution occurs
in high-lead soils when low-lead sludge is applied, duration of this effect
and the rate of horizontal or vertical migration of lead in soils should  be
components of this study.  All of these are high-priority projects.

One medium-priority need exists in this area and that is a quality assurance
comparison of various analytical techniques for heavy metals (lead, cadmium,
copper, nickel, zinc, etc.) in sludges, soils and plant tissues.  Some tech-
niques which should be studied include nitric acid digestion and AA analysis,
X-ray fluorescence, dithizone extraction and colorimetry, and nitric-
perchloric acid digestion and tantalum boat technique using standard additions
and others (no requested date).
                                     3-23

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3.4.5  Land Application  to  Non-Food-Chain  Croplands

Data are needed  on  the  use  of non-food-chain  croplands of sludge with concen-
trations of toxic elements  which  would  preclude  them from food chain land-
spreading, but would  not necessarily define them as hazardous wastes.  Non-
food-chain lands would  include woodlots, energy  and ornamental crop sites, and
reclamation projects.   Specific requirements  of  immediate concern are for
studies which address the effect  of  sludge application on the growth of such
crops under various soil and site conditions  and the level of phytotoxic
metals which can be tolerated, particularly by ornamentals.  Also needed is a
literature review for work  which  identifies site characteristics necessary for
preventing degradation  of ground  and surface  water  (March 1982).

3.4.6  Plant Uptake of  Toxic Organics and  Heavy  Metals

Plant uptake of  toxic organics (other than PCBs) and heavy metals (other than
cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc, chromium and lead) in sludge, as well as basic
research on the  mechanisms  (such  as  soil chemistry and metal interactions)
which affect uptake of  heavy metals  must also be studied  (no requested date).
This research is of medium  priority.  A low-priority requirement is for the
investigation of cadmium uptake by tobacco, peanuts, citrus fruits, and leafy
vegetables (no requested date).

3.4.7  Epidemiological  Studies

An epidemiological  study designed to detect the  potential human health
effects, both immediate and chronic, resulting from exposure to toxic metals
(especially cadmium and lead) and toxic organics (particularly PCBs) in sludge
must be initiated.  The subjects  would  be  residents of an area where sludge
distribution and marketing  practices have  been  in existence.  The study should
focus on current problem areas where high  soil concentrations of the contami-
nants mentioned  above have  been detected,  and sludge use may be the source of
contamination (no requested date).  This  is of medium priority.
                                      3-24

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3.4.8  Dietary Cadmium Uptake

A comparison should be made of the two methods presently used for estimating
current dietary cadmium (and other metals) exposure.  The two methods, fecal
excretion studies and market basket surveys, should be evaluated for relative
strengths, weaknesses and reliability.  A medium level of priority is assigned
to this effort.

3.4.9  Disposal of Septic Tank Pumpings

Current methods of disposal for septic tank pumpings should be investigated as
a medium-priority project.  Pathogen, heavy metal and persistent organics con-
centrations must be characterized.  Research related to the potential for
groundwater contamination through land application, direct injection and
trenching of septic tank pumpings must be reviewed  (no requested date).
                                     3-25

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                                                                                    Table 3.3
                                                              SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                             Office of Solid Waste
RESEARCH AREA
1. Process Development
2. Toxic Pollutants Control
3. Municipal Sludge
Management









4. Plant Operations And
Design
HIGH PRIORITY


Pathogens in sludge:
a) Regrowth prevention
b) Land application and disease
correlation
c) Analyze sludge derived fertilizers
d) Study areas where sludge is applied
to land
PCBs in sludge:
e) Adherence to crops
f) Uptake by root crops
g) Accumulation in beef and milk fat
Lead in sludge:
h) Accumulation in soils
i) Land application on non food chain
crop lands



MEDIUM PRIORITY


Pathogens in sludge:
j) Evaluate POTW processes for pathogen
reduction
k) Home garden studies
1) Improve virus and parasite detection
techniques
PCBs in sludge:
m) Home garden studies
n) Better analytical techniques
o) Plant uptake of additional organics
and trace metals
p) Evaluate analytical techniques for
trace metals in sludge, soils and
plant tissues
q) Sludge adherence to crops
r) Plant uptake mechanisms for trace
metals
s) Epidemiological studies in areas of
sludge-amended soils
t) Compare current methods for dietary
Cd exposure evaluations

LOW PRIORITY


u) Cd uptake by leafy plants, fruits
and peanuts
v) Plant uptake studies










U)


1X3

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                                                                                                                      Table 3.3

                                                                                       SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                            Office of Solid Waste
         RESEARCH AREA
HIGH PRIORITY
MEDIUM PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
        5. Land Application Of
          Wastewater And
          Aquaculture
        6. Urban Runoff
       7. Energy
       8. Small Wastewater Flows
                         a) Characterize contaminants in septic
                           tank pumpings

                         b) Effect of septage disposal practices
Ni
       9. Innovative And
          Alternative Technology

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3.5    OFFICE OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS

Although much of the effort of the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
(OPTS) is concerned with  the  testing and regulation of chemicals produced by
industry, some of  its work addresses the presence of toxic compounds in muni-
cipal wastewater treatment facilities.  This work is the responsibility of the
Exposure Evaluation Division  and the Exposure Assessment Branch and is con-
cerned primarily with determining material  balances for toxic compounds in
municipal treatment plants.   The objective  is to be in a position to decide
whether or not there is  a sufficient quantity of toxic compounds leaving a
POTW, and by what  route,  to constitute  a problem in the environment.  The
research needs of  this Office are presented below and outlined  in Table 3.4.

3.5.1  Toxic Pollutants  Control

All process streams  (liquid,  solid and  air) are routes for transport of toxic
compounds through  treatment facilities.  Basically, monitoring  data on
priority pollutants from all  inlet and  outlet points in POTWs are needed to
determine the quantities  leaving a plant and what route they take.  Such data
are necessary to determine the amount of toxic compounds which  are discharged
into the environment and  their routes of exposure.  Monitoring  of receiving
water is also needed to  determine this.  Moreover, the formation of any toxic
compounds within a POTW,  perhaps as a result of treatment processes, must be
determined to complete a material balance.

3.5.2  Municipal Sludge  Management

In addition to data on treated effluents, baseline data are needed to deter-
mine the presence  and quantity of toxic compounds in sludge and, in particu-
lar, the fate of toxics  from  land-applied sludge and incinerator emissions.
                                      3-28

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3.5.3  Urban Runoff

Another objective of this office is to determine material balances for  urban
runoff.  To do this, data on the presence and quantity of toxic compounds  are
needed.
                                     3-29

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                        Table 3.4
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
   Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
RESEARCH AREA
1. Process Development
2. Toxic Pollutants Control
3. Municipal Sludge
Management
4. Plant Operations And
Design
5. Land Application Of
Wastewater And
Aquaculture
6. Urban Runoff
7. Energy
f. Small Wastewater Flows
9. Innovative and
Alternative Technology

HIGH PRIORITY

a) Monitor all inlet/outlet process
streams for toxics
b) Monitor receiving waters below POTW
outfalls



a) Data for toxics material balances




MEDIUM PRIORITY

c) Formation of toxics as a result
of POTW operations
a) Presence and quantity of toxics in
sludge '
b) Fate of toxics from land-applied
sludge
c) Fate of toxics from incineration







LOW PRIORITY











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3.6    OFFICE OF WATER ENFORCEMENT RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS

The major municipal area of concern for this office is compliance with pre-
treatment regulations.  The 1977 Clean Water Act mandated that POTWs develop
programs to enforce the EPA's National Pretreatment Requirements.  Since then,
these programs have been shifting toward the local level.  Enforcement's
efforts will therefore be directed toward helping to rework state and local
programs, considering requests for modification of pretreatment standards  and
modifying municipal permits to incorporate pretreatment requirements.  In
addition, the Office of Water Enforcement (OWE) is involved in updating,
rewriting and/or producing manuals for use by the POTW operators and Regional
Offices on such topics as residuals and removal credits.

Chief among the research needs for OWE (Table 3.5) is the development of
methodologies to monitor for compliance with pretreatment regulations.
Several approaches to this objective should be pursued.  The development of
surrogate techniques and indicator parameters is one area which could reduce
the costs of effluent monitoring.  As an alternative to effluent monitoring,
the possibility for routine plant visits and process performance checks should
be studied.  Remote sensing and better flow measurement methodologies would
also aid OWE functions.  In addition, data from monitoring studies must be
collected and verified.  In the case of OWRS's 40 POTW study, OWE would like
to see verification of the approach used with regard to combined sewer over-
flows as well as other sources.  Monitoring data is needed to fill gaps in
current knowledge with regard to the sources of specific toxics (i.e., are
they of industrial, residential or commercial origin?).  The possible need for
regulating non-industrial and non-residential sources of toxic pollutants
(e.g., commercial laboratories) must also be addressed.  This, again, would
require monitoring data.

Regarding toxic compound controls, assessment criteria are needed for Best
Management Practices both for industries using pretreatment and for urban
runoff controls.  Also data analysis and tools for evaluation of wet weather
problems are needed.  Finally, cost effective technologies for the control of
combined sewer overflows must be developed.
                                     3-31

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                      Table 3.5
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
           Office of Water Enforcement
RESEARCH AREA
1. Process Development
2. Toxic Pollutants Control
3. Municipal Sludge
Management
4. Plant Operations And
Design
5. Land Application Of
Wastewater And
Aquaculture
6. Urban Runoff
7. Energy

HIGH PRIORITY

a) Assessment criteria for pretreatment
BMP s
b) Better effluent monitoring methods
c) Alternatives to effluent monitoring
for assessing compliance
d) Identify and monitor source of
specific toxics



a) Assessment criteria for BMPs
b) Cooperative effort to quantify
sources and impacts
c) Data analysis and tools for wet
weather problems


MEDIUM PRIORITY





d) Verification of CSO approach and
results for 40 city study
e) Develop cost effective CSO control
technologies


LOW PRIORITY



a) Develop improved flow measurement
methods
b) Provide technical support on
demand for instrumentation





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                                                                                                                        Table 3.5
                                                                                        SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                       Office of Water Enforcement
         RESEARCH AREA
       HIGH PRIORITY
MEDIUM PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
        8.  Small Wastewater Flows
        9.  Innovative And

           Alternative Technology
       10. General
a) Provide technical support, on demand, for instrumentation


b) Develop improved flow measurement methods


c) Develop remote sensing methods (discharges, collection systems, impacts, etc.)
OJ
OJ

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3.7    REGIONAL OFFICE RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS

The 10 Regional Offices provide decentralized  implementation and oversight of
Agency programs.  Functions  include  local permitting and enforcement activi-
ties as well as the  administration of  construction grants.  These offices
interface directly with state, regional  and  local groups.  As each Region
differs demographically,  geologically  and climatologically, their research
needs are quite diverse and  often very specific  in that they reflect the
particular problems  arising  in each  Region.  In  a number of areas, however,
common needs exist which  reflect national trends and interests.  For example,
the development of a wastewater disinfection manual, safe  landspreading tech-
niques, less energy-intensive wastewater treatment and sludge disposal prac-
tices, and information on the treatment  of small wastewater flows were
expressed as prominent needs in a number of  regions.  Specific needs are
described by Region  and research area  in the narrative which follows and  in
Table 3.6.

3.7.1  Region  I

Process development. Three  requirements have  been specified in  this area,
both of which  are high priority items.  The  first is a field investigation of
operating "Phostrip" wastewater treatment facilities.  The Phostrip process
uses microorganisms  already  present  in wastewater to concentrate phosphorus
into a substream which can be removed  by precipitation techniques.  The  second
project involves the evaluation of  high-energy electron  irradiation of
wastewater.

Another high-priority  research  requirement  is  an assessment  of the  impact of
conservation on the  design and  operation of  both POTWs and sewers.

Toxic pollutants control.  Information on POTW and on-site non-industrial
toxics must be developed. This  is  a high-priority research  requirement.

Municipal  sludge management. The  predominant  research needs in  this  area
include developing  environmentally  acceptable  land spreading and land filling
                                      3-34

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methods.  Demonstrations and case studies must be conducted and technology
transfer to the state and local level should be initiated.

In addition, further information is required on by-products formed during the
Purifax process.  Data on high-energy electron irradiation of sludge is
needed, as are improved methods of sludge processing and disposal for small
POTWs.  The latter project must address the issues of:  chemical conditioning
of sludge prior to discharge to drying beds; labor saving methods to remove
dried sludge with a minimum of damage to the bed; use of non-mechanical
dewatering systems and experimentation in the disposal of semi-dried sludge
through continuous application to a controlled area followed by mixing with
soil.

A less critical area is the production of energy from sludge.  Since both
large urban areas and rural areas with an extensive wood industry are located
in this Region (Region I), energy recovery from sludge, solid waste and/or
wood waste might prove to be worthy ventures.

Plant operations and design.  All research projects specified for this area
are high priority needs.  The first is the development of methods to reduce
energy consumption at POTWs.  In addition, methods for improving operational
efficiency and for identifying design deficiencies in treatment plants must be
developed.  A useful tool requested by this Region is a set of computer  models
of biological wastewater treatment processes.  Adequate simulation of these
processes is needed to test the effects of proposed control alternatives for:
training operators, implementing open-loop process control and providing input
data for continuously-responsive controls so that plant operating efficiency
could be maximized.

Land application of wastewater and aquaculture.  The ultimate fate of
nitrates, sodium and heavy metals, and the lateral and vertical transport of
pollutants must be studied.  This will help determine safe distances from
application sites to water supplies.  In addition, methods of sampling at
aquifer interfaces should be developed.  It is also required that design
criteria and cost data for eyapotranspiration systems be compiled.  These are
                                     3-35

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high-priority areas which  require  immediate  attention.  A specified medium
priority is the study  of nutrient  retention  in fast percolation lake soils.

Urban runoff.  Three research  requirements were  specified as being of primary
importance in this category.   The  first  is a demonstration of sewer flushing
on large sewers.  Such a field study  is  required in order to ascertain the
feasibility of using this  method to mitigate the effects of combined sewer
overflows  (CSO).  A demonstration  should also be conducted of micro-screening
with high-rate disinfection.   In addition, innovative ways to optimize the
size and operation of  CSO  facilities  are needed.

Technical  support on 201 projects  for CSO control  is currently being offered
by ORD.  Provisions should be  made for continuation of  this support.  A medium
priority is assigned to this need.

Small wastewater flows. Septage treatment and disposal technology is an  area
of great concern in Region I.   Demonstration and case studies providing actual
field data on capital  and  operating costs and performance experience for  an
appropriate range of alternatives  should be  conducted.  Once this information
is available, it should be disseminated  to design engineers and state and
local officials.  Two  other high-priority needs  are the development of a
methodology for predicting the life of a leaching field, and the study of con-
trols for  the acid  lime sidestream from  septage  pretreatment.

Innovative and alternative technology.  All  research needs specified under
this topic have been assigned  a high  priority by the Regional Office.  The
projects required  are: the creation  of  procedures for  post-construction  veri-
fication of energy  savings; the formulation  of criteria for justification of
100 percent replacement;  and,  support for the I/A clearinghouse.

3.7.2  Region II

Process development.   Although this  is a low priority,  Region II would like to
see work done on minimizing the impact of re-use for cooling on the biota.
                                      3-36

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Municipal sludge management.  Since ocean dumping of sludge (which is prac-
ticed in this Region) must be phased out by 1981, the development and testing
of cost-effective, environmentally and aesthetically acceptable disposal
methods are of grave concern.  Of particular interest are new European tech-
nologies.  Information to document their efficiency, however, is not available
and should be developed.  Other technologies which should be investigated
include land spreading and thermal destruction.  An evaluation should be made
of their applicability to urban area sludges.

Land application of wastewater and aquaculture.  One medium-priority need was
specified in this area:  a study of the effect of wastewater injection on
groundwater quality.

Urban runoff.  On a medium level of priority is the development of documenta-
tion on the short- and long-term impacts of runoff.

Small wastewater flows.  Of uppermost importance is the need for information
on the treatment and disposal of septage.  In particular, the organics loading
from the average household, the loading which is acceptable for septic tank
treatment in a given soil and methods for treating organic wastes to bring the
organics loading to an acceptable level must be ascertained.

3.7.3  Region III

Process development.  Although ch1 orination is a common practice, excessive
use of the chemical can disturb water quality.  Region III is, therefore,
interested in a set of we11-documented guidelines which will show the impact
on public health of lowered chlorine levels in effluents.  The guidelines
should also address seasonal chlorination, for in some areas, chlorination may
only be needed during the summer months.
                                     3-37

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3.7.4  Region  IV

Process development.  One  need  was  noted  in this  area and has been assigned a
high priority:  the  development of  methods to  correct nitrate accumulation in
groundwater.

Plant operations  and  design.  The chief concerns  in this area include the
organization of refresher  courses for  plant operators, the evaluation (for
cost-effectiveness and  efficiency)  of  different types of clarifiers, and the
development of guidelines  that  can  be  used to  assist design engineers in
selecting unit processes which  are  best suited to particular wastewaters.

More specific POTW design  criteria  are required,  but are less critical than
the three needs specified  above.

Land application  of  wastewater  and  aquaculture.   A high priority need in this
area is to determine  the health implications of land treatment of wastewater
and wastewater sludges.

Urban runoff.  Data  sollection  for  storm  events is of prime importance in this
area.

Small wastewater  flows.  The  relationships of  septic drainfields and lagoon
leachates to various  soil  types in  the coastal zone must be characterized.
Groundwater gradients and  movement  of  leachates through soils to surface
waters should be  determined  in  the  coastal plain.  Changes in leachate con-
centrations with  time and  distance  in  coastal  plain soils must be addressed.
In addition, predictive models  for  contaminant movements in such soils should
be developed.  This  work  is  high priority.  Studying the effect of small flows
on wetland water  quality  (a medium-priority need) was also specified.

3.7.5  Region V

Technology transfer.  The  continuation of the  technology transfer program was
designated as  a high-priority need.  The  program  would fulfill needs in a
                                      3-38

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number of different research areas.  Specific outputs requested by Region V
include seminars on the following topics:

      t   Bioassays:  Biomonitoring of Wastewater Effluents.
      t   Agricultural BMP Alternative to AWT.
      •   Conducting Hazardous Waste Inspections Safely.
      •   Treatment of Industrial Wastes to Allow Non-hazardous Disposal.
      0   Sludge Treatment and Disposal.
      •   The Latest Concepts in Innovative and Alternative Technology.
      •   Atmospheric Hydrocarbons.
      •   Analytical Methods for Trace Organic Detection in Water and Fish.
      0   Automated Wastewater Monitoring & Management Systems.
      •   Advanced Methods and Approaches for Monitoring Water Quality.
      •   Advanced Methods and Approaches for Monitoring Air Quality.
      •   Aerial Monitoring of Hazardous Waste Sites and Hazardous Spills.
      «   The Impact of Fuel Switching, Can We Do It Without Harming the
          Environment.
      •   Control of Trihalomethane Formation in Drinking Water Treatment.

Process development.  Chlorination and alternative disinfection methods must
be studied on a high-priority basis.  Specific outputs should include:  iden-
tification of suitable criteria for deciding whether or not disinfection
should be required for a given effluent; evaluation of chlorine and other
agents with regard to the criteria for disinfection and investigation of
alternatives to chlorine for potential toxic substance contamination and
formation of toxic byproducts.

Toxic pollutants control.  Of prime importance is the need for models which
predict the partitioning of toxic compounds between effluents and sludges  in
municipal treatment plants.

Municipal sludge management.  The monitoring of cadmium in sludge-amended
soils is the chief concern in this area.

Plant operations and design.  Guidelines are needed which define the sensitive
factor determining whether or not advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) is

                                     3-39

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justified.  In addition,  accurate, realistic simulation techniques are
required to make  an AWT determination.  Many such techniques are available
although each has  its  drawbacks.  A  literature search is needed to find those
key parameters which will  determine  the best choice among alternative water
quality simulation techniques.  This work  is high priority.

The reliability of sand,  multimedia  and other final filters should be eval-
uated.  Such studies have been  given a medium-priority rating.

Land application  of wastewater  and aquaculture.  Design data for overland flow
in northern climates is a high-priority need.

Urban runoff.  Of  primary importance in this area is an assessment of avail-
able data for the  development of wet weather flow criteria.

Small wastewater  flows.   The  cost-effectiveness  and benefits of BMPs, as well
as the efficacy of dual septic  tanks in series,  must be determined and are of
high priority.

Innovative and alternative technology.  The chief need in this area  is for
data on the cost, performance and reliability of various I&A technologies.

3.7.6  Region VI

Municipal sludge  management.  The development of environmentally acceptable
sludge management  and  disposal  options  is  of primary importance.  Of particu-
lar interest is the vermicomposting  of  raw sludge.  One project site with a
controlled and managed program  is currently operating.  Additional testing and
documentation is  required.

Small wastewater  flows.   A medium- priority requirement is  the study of
effects of small  flows on wetland productivity.  Other options for disposal
should also be studied.
                                      3-40

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3.7.7  Region VII

Process development.  Two prominent research needs were identified in this
area.  The first is the evaluation of design criteria relative to performance
and specific site ambient conditions for rotating biological contactors (RBCs)
and activated biofilters (ABF).  The second is the evaluation of disinfection
processes.  Chlorine, chlorine compounds, chlorine in combination with other
agents and ozone must be analyzed for their relative disinfection efficiencies
and potential for effluent toxicity.

Municipal sludge management.  An evaluation of sludge heat treatment processes
should be made.  This work should be a high-priority item.

Plant operations and design.  A demonstration should be conducted illustrating
the applicability of automation to small POTWs.

Urban runoff.  Although it is a low priority, data on urban storm events would
be useful to Region VII.

Small wastewater flows.  The development of alternative onsite treatment
options for small flows is needed, particularly for those areas where septic
tanks are unsuitable.  New processes should be developed and existing ones
evaluated.  Design guides, operating procedures manuals and cost-effectiveness
information should be published and distributed.  These are high-priority
needs.

Land application of wastewater and aquaculture.  A high-priority need in this
area is to determine the fate of viruses and pathogens in sewage sludge during
land application.

3.7.8  Region VIII

Process development.  Two principal needs have been noted in this area.  There
is some concern in this Region over residual chlorine levels.  Disinfection
design criteria are needed which assure adequate control of pathogens while
                                     3-41

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not substantially  affecting  water  quality.  Along the same lines, decay/
persistence rates  for  chlorine  in  streams must be estimated.

Municipal sludge management.  Acceptable practices for land application of
sludges and land treatment of wastewater must be developed for the varying
climates, geomorphology,  geohydrology,  soils and biological systems in the
western United States.  Quantitative descriptions of pretreatment and disin-
fection criteria are needed, as  are guidelines for wastes which can be safely
disposed through land  application.  These have been given a high priority.

Plant operations and design.  Three projects of prime concern have been
identified under this  research  topic.   These are the formulation of design
parameters for optimum clarifier performance, the improvement of supernatant
quality in anaerobic digestion  and an assessment of the reliability of NH^-N
reduction in cold  climates.

Land application of wastewater  and aquaculture.  Both of the projects
described under "Municipal Sludge  Management" have also been listed under this
category.

Innovative and alternative technology.  The primary needs in this area are for
the demonstration  of vertical tube reactor systems and the wet oxidation of
sludge.  Also of high  priority  is  an evaluation of the potential for reducing
the amount of energy used in the treatment process or for recovering energy as
part of the treatment  process.

3.7.9  Region IX

Process development.   The principal concern here is that an assessment be made
of measures designed to implement  conservation and reuse.  A low-priority
interest is the use of salt  water  for toilets and for groundwater protection.

Municipal sludge management.  The  evaluation of trade-offs between various
sludge disposal systems was  specified as a medium-priority need.
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Small wastewater flows.  Data on small-scaTe treatment technology is urgently
needed.  Specific requirements include:  feasibility studies for the use of
salt water oxidation ponds; cost-effectiveness analyses and health/
environmental (e.g., water quality) evaluation of various small wastewater
treatment systems (e.g., aquaculture, pressure sewers, septic tanks,
composting toilets); the evaluation of social and economic effects on small
communities of meeting treatment standards; and the study of public health
acceptability, performance reliability and cost-effectiveness of on-site and
alternative wastewater management systems.

3.7.10 Region X

Municipal sludge management.  For small coastal communities in Region X,
sludge and solid waste disposal is quite difficult.  Land application cannot
be used because of climatic conditions and the lack of top soil.  Landfilling
is costly and, because of the high rainfall rate, could lead to leachate and
nuisance problems, while the use of incinerators is precluded by high fuel
costs.  Thus, alternative sludge disposal methods must be developed which
would be cost-effective and environmentally acceptable.  This work is of para-
mount importance to Region X.  (Subsequent to the submission of these needs,
Region X has requested Agency support for ecological studies of forest  land
application of sludge.)

Urban runoff.  An urgent concern is that of excessive infiltration/inflow
(I/I).  Massive quantities of I/I are causing difficulty in meeting NPDES
requirements.  As a result, methods must be developed for alleviating these
problems.
                                     3-43

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                                                                                                                               Table 3.6

                                                                                           SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                                        Regional Offices
  RESEARCH AREA
         HIGH PRIORITY
MEDIUM PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
Region I

1.  Process Development
a) Field investigation of "phosphostrip"
   installations

b) High energy electron irradiation of
   wastewater
2.  Toxic Pollutants Control
a) Information on POTW and on-site
   non-industrial toxics
3.  Municipal Sludge
   Management
a) Environmentally acceptable land
   spreading/land filling methods

b) More information on Purifax process
   byproducts

c) High energy electron irradiation of
   sludge

d) Sludge application on corn croplands
   (assist U. of Conn.)

e) Small POTW sludge handling -
   Improved methods
4.  Plant Operations And
   Design
a) Impact of conservation on POTW and
   sewer design and operation

b) Methods to improve operational
   efficiency

c) Methods to identify design
   deficiencies

d) Computer models for biological
   wastewater treatment processes

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                                                                                                                                Table 3.6

                                                                                            SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                                          Regional Offices
  RESEARCH AREA
         HIGH PRIORITY
       MEDIUM PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
Region I (Cont.)

5.  Land Application Of
   Wastewater And
   Aquaculture
a) Fate of nitrates, sodium and  trace
   metals

b) Lateral/vertical transport of pollu-
   tants

c) Safe distances from water supplies

d) Sampling methods of aquifer inter-
   faces

e) Evapotranspiration systems -  design
   criteria and costs
f)  Nutrient retention in fast percola-
   tion lake soils
6.  Urban Runoff
a)  Demonstrate sewer flushing on large
   sewers

b)  Demonstrate microscreening with high
   rate disinfection

c)  Innovative ways to optimize size and
   operation of CSO facilities
d)  Technical support on 201 CSO projects
7.  Energy
a)  Develop energy production from
   sludge

b)  Methods to reduce energy consumption
   at POTWs
8.  Small Wastewater Flows
a)  Septage treatment and disposal
   technology

b)  Methods to predict life of leaching
   fields

c)  Control of acid/lime sidestreams from
   septage pretreatment

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                                                                                                                                Table 3.6

                                                                                            SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                                          Regional Offices
  RESEARCH AREA
         HIGH PRIORITY
MEDIUM PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
Region  I (Cont.)

9. Innovative And
   Alternative Technology
a) Procedures for post construction
   evaluations of energy  savings

b) Criteria for justifying 100%
   replacement

c) Support I and A clearinghouse
Region II

1.  Process Development
                                                                           a) Minimize impact on biota of  reuse
                                                                             for cooling
3.  Municipal Sludge
   Management
a) Evaluate new European technologies

b) Urban area sludges - land spreading
   and thermal destruction acceptability
5.  Land Application Of
   Wastewater And
   Aquaculture
                                      a) Effect of wastewater injection on
                                        groundwater
6.  Urban Runoff
                                      a) Short and long term impact of runoff
8.  Small Wastewater Flows
a) Information on treatment and
   disposal of sludge
Region III

1.  Process Development
a)  Develop wastewater disinfection
   guidelines
Region IV

1.  Process Development
a)  Methods to  correct nitrate accumu-
   lation in groundwaters

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                      Table 3.6
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                  Regional Offices
RESEARCH AREA
Region IV (Cont.)
4. Plant Operations And
Design
5. Land Application Of
Wastewater And
Aquaculture
6. Urban Runoff
8. Small Wastewater Flows
Region V
1. Process Development
2. Toxic Pollutants Control
3. Municipal Sludge
Management
4. Plant Operations And
Design
HIGH PRIORITY
a) Refresher courses for operators
b) Evaluate types of clarifiers
c) Guidelines to select specific unit
processes
.a) Health implications of land treat-
ment of wastewater and wastewater
sludges
a) Data collection on storm events
a) Evaluate lagoon septic tank seepage
for coastal soils
a) Comparison of chlorine and other
disinfectants
a) Predictive model for fate of chemi-
cals in effluents and sludge
b) Continue Technology Transfer
program
a) Monitor Cd in sludge- amended soils
b) Continue Technology Transfer
a) Guidelines to justify AWT Projects
b) Continue Technology Transfer
MEDIUM PRIORITY
d) More specific POTW design criteria


b) Effects on wetland water quality



c) Reliability of sand, multimedia and
other final filters
LOW PRIORITY





•



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                      Table 3.6
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                  Regional Offices
RESEARCH AREA
Region V (Cont.)
5. Land Application Of
Wastewater And
Aquaculture
6. Urban Runoff
8. Small Wastewater Flows
9. Innovative And
Alternative Technology
Region VI
3. Municipal Sludge
Management
8. Small Wastewater Flows
Region VII
1 . Process Development
3. Municipal Sludge
Management
4. Plant Operations And
Design
HIGH PRIORITY
a) Design data for overland flow in
northern climates
a) Assessment of wet weather flow
criteria
a) Cost effectiveness and benefits of
BMPs
a) Cost, performance and reliability
data for I/A processes
b) Continue Technology Transfer
a) Environmentally acceptable sludge
management and disposal practices
b) Evaluate vennicompost ing

a) Evaluate Biodisc and ABF processes
b) Evaluate disinfection processes
a) Evaluate sludge heat treatment
process
a) Demonstrate small POTW automation
MEDIUM PRIORITY


b) Determine efficacy of dual septic
tanks in series


a) Effects on wetland productivity,
other options



LOW PRIORITY










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                                                                                                                                Table 3.6

                                                                                            SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                                         Regional Offices
 RESEARCH AREA
        HIGH PRIORITY
MEDIUM PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
Region VII (Cont.)

5.  Land Application Of
   Wastewater And
   Aquaculture
a) Fate of viruses and  pathogans  in
   sewage sludge application
6.  Urban Runoff
                                                                                                      a)  Data on urban storm events
8.  Small Wastewater Flows
                           a)  Develop alternative control
                              technologies
Region VIII

1.  Process Development
a)  Design criteria for safe chlorina-
   tion
                           b)  Decay/persistence rates of Cl. in
                              streams
3.  Municipal Sludge
   Management
a) Land application practices for  the
   western U.S.

b) Pretreatment and disinfection guides
   for land application
4.  Plant Operations And
   Design
a)  Design parameters for optimum clari-
   fier performance

b)  Improved supernatant quality in
   anaerobic digestion

c)  Reliability of NH..-N reduction in
   cold climates
5.  Land Application Of
   Wasteuater And
   Aquaculture
a)  Safe application practices for  the
   western U.S.

b)  Pretreatment and disinfection guides
   for land application

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                                                                                                                            Table 3.6

                                                                                         SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS
                                                                                                                     Regional Offices
  RESEARCH AREA
        HIGH PRIORITY
MEDIUM PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
Region VIII (Cont.)

7.  Energy
a) Evaluate potential for energy
   reduction, recovery and use
9.  Innovative And
   Alternative Technology
a)  Demonstration of vertical tube
   reactor

b)  Demonstration of wet oxidation of
   sludge
Region IX

1.  Process Development
a)  Assess conservation and reuse
   Implementation measures
                              b) Use of salt water for toilets and
                                groundwater protection
3.  Municipal Sludge
   Management
                                    a) Evaluate systems  tradeoffs
8.  Small Uastewater Flows
a)  Data on small scale treatment
   technology
Region X

3.  Municipal Sludge
   Management
a)  Develop small scale sludge disposal
   processes
7.  Urban Runoff
a)  Develop method  for correcting I/I
   problems

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                          CHAPTER 4.  RESEARCH PLANS
4.1    RESEARCH PLAN OVERVIEW

This chapter describes the research effort for each of ten areas of concern to
municipal wastewater control:

     •   Process development
     •   Toxic pollutants control
     0   Municipal sludge management
     •   Plant operations and design
     •   Land application of wastewater and aquaculture
     •   Urban runoff
     •   Energy
     •   Small wastewater flows
     •   Innovative and alternative technology
     •   Health effects

Although some conceptual and technical overlap may exist, each of the  above
areas is treated as an individual research effort and is presented under a
separate section herein.  For each research area, a description  is given of
the objectives, recent accomplishments, the planned research outputs and the
response of these research projects to Agency requirements.  To  facilitate the
discussion of the responsiveness of the research projects, the Agency  require-
ments described in the previous chapter are reiterated here as they pertain to
each research area. Specific needs are listed in the "ORD Response to  Agency

                                      4-1

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Research Requirements"  section  of each research area write-up.  Following each
need listed, the Program Office(s)  and Region(s) requesting the work are noted
with their  stated  priorities  in parentheses  ("H" for high priority, "M" for
medium and  "L" for low).
                                      4-2

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4.2    PROCESS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH

4.2.1  Research Program Description and Objectives

Applied research activity in this area evaluates new technology for municipal
liquid waste treatment using bench-scale, pilot-scale and full-scale
approaches.  Technology development is directed toward enhancing the ability
of municipalities to meet discharge limitations in the most cost effective
manner.  These limitations may be concerned with oxygen demand, suspended
solids, specific pollutants, harmful microbes or wastewater reuse.

Four national program areas are managed by EPA to conduct in-house and extra-
mural studies as directed by the research and demonstration provisions of the
Clean Water Act.  These programs, which interface directly with the innovative
and alternative technology program, are briefly described below.

Novel biological process program.  Evaluates concepts and processes that
depart significantly from conventional secondary treatment practice.  Emphasis
is placed on cost effectiveness achieved by:

     •   Decreased land requirements, decreased tankage and space savings
     •   Lower energy requirements
     t   Reduced sludge production
     •   Conservation of resources
     t   Alternative primary energy sources

Specific pollutant control program.  Addresses the manipulation or combination
of biological and/or chemical-physical processes to achieve defined effluent
residuals.  Recent examples include chelating agents, hazardous organics,
phosphorus and nitrogenous compounds and priority pollutants as defined by the
Natural Resources Defense Council Consent Decree (see Section 4.2).

Microbial control program.  Evaluates approaches for disinfection of municipal
effluents, survival of microorganisms in various sludges and genetic enhance-
ment of microbial reactions.  Current work has been devoted to demonstrating
                                      4-3

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ultraviolet light  and  ozone for  effluent disinfection, however, a major effort
is planned to address  wet weather flows and improved control of residual
toxics by disinfectants.

Reuse program.  The major goal of this program is the implementation of
research and field evaluations that determine the feasibility and practicabil-
ity of implementing water conservation alternatives.  Particular emphasis will
be on reusing municipal wastewater for both potable and nonpotable purposes.

These four programs furnish information for the research requirements of EPA
Headquarters, Regional Offices,  individual states, International Joint Commis-
sion, Consent Decree agreements, engineering design firms and municipal treat-
ment facilities.

The Wastewater Process Development Group interfaces with the engineering and
scientific communities, universities, MERL's Test and Evaluation Facility,
cooperative grants program and Federally supported Centers of Excellence to
guide new technology for environmental control.

4.2.2  Recent Research Accomplishments

Novel biological process program.  Results from this program have been used at
many locations.  For example, 125 installations using high purity oxygen have
resulted from the  program's developmental work on this technology.  Low cost
lagoon treatment for small municipalities has been evaluated and techniques
for upgrading effluent quality have been documented and put into practice.
Studies on attached growth secondary processes, such as rotating biological
discs and the activated biofilter, have provided key design information for
these cost-effective processes.  Work is now in progress to reduce the energy
demand associated  with secondary treatment by evaluating more efficient aera-
tion devices.
                                      4-4

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The publications listed below describe the results  of work  conducted  in  the

novel biological processes area.


     •   "Upgrading Primary Tanks with Rotating Biological  Contactors".
         EPA 600/2-80-003.  A novel application for converting a primary
         treatment plant into a secondary treatment facility,  March 1980.

     t   "Field Study of Nutrient Control in a Multicell  Lagoon," EPA 600/2-
         80-155.  Developed a reliable technique for reducing  phosphors  from
         lagoon effluents, August 1980.

     •   "First National Symposium/Workshop on Rotating Biological  Contactor
         Technology," Volumes I & II.   Proceedings  of the RBC  Symposium  pro-
         vide the latest state-of-the-art on RBC technology, February 1980.
     •   "Fine Solids Removal Followed by Combined  Chemical-Trickling Filter
         Treatment," EPA 600/2-80-099.  A comparison of granular media filters
         and short detention settling  ponds for upgrading alum coagulated
         trickling filter effluent, July 1980.

     •   "Converting Rock Trickling Filters to Plastic Media," EPA 600/2-80-
         120.  Successful conversion and loading expansion  of  three existing
         rock trickling filters to world's largest  plastic  media trickling
         filters, August 1980.

     •   "A study of Nitrate Respiration in the Activated Sludge Process," EPA
         600/2-80-154.  A novel modification of the activated  sludge process
         to remove organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in a single-sludge
         application, August 1980.

     •   "Wastewater Stabilization Lagoon-Intermittent Sand Filter Systems,"
         EPA 600/2-80-032.  Operating'results of three full-scale lagoon-
         intermittent sand filter installations in  three different climates,
         March 1980.

     •   "Performance Evaluation of the Aerated Lagoon System  at North Gulf-
         port, Mississippi," EPA 600/80-006.  Comprehensive evaluation of  a
         two-cell lagoon equipped with mechanical surface aerators, March
         1980.

     •   "Performance Evaluation of Existing Aeration Lagoon System at Consol-
         idated Koshkonong Sanitary District, Edgerton, Wisconsin," EPA  600/2-
         79-182.  Comprehensive evaluation of a three-cell  lagoon equiped  with
         submerged hinde tubing diffusers, December 1979.

     •   "An Evaluation of Submerged Aeration Equipment."  A summary of  EPA
         Contract 14-12-150 on clean water test studies presented at 53rd
         Annual Water Pollution Control Federation  Conference, October 1980.

     •   "Status of Deep Shaft Wastewater Treatment Technology in North
         America."  A status report on deep shaft research  and development
         efforts in North America presented to Seventh United  States/Japan
         conference on Sewage Treatment Technology, Tokyo,  Japan, May 1980.
                                     4-5

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The following reports have  also been completed and are ready to be printed:


     0   "Feasibility Study of Open Tank Oxygen-Activated Sludge Wastewater
         Treatment."  Pilot plant precursor study of commercialized FMC open
         tank oxygen system.  December 1980.

     0   "Simplified Injection of Oxygen Gas  into an Activated Sludge Pro-
         cess."  Evaluation of inflated dome  covered pure oxygen activated
         sludge process using existing air diffusion equipment.  December
         1980.

     0   "Parallel Evaluation of Air- and Oxygen-Activated Sludge."  Compre-
         hensive pilot-scale comparison of a  Unox covered oxygen system and a
         submerged turbine  air system.  December 1980.

     0   "Survey and Evaluation of Fine Bubble Dome Diffuser Aeration Equip-
         ment."  Two-continent survey of 19 dome diffuser activated sludge
         plants summarizing field oxygen transfer efficiency, power consump-
         tion and O&M requirements.  December 1980.


Specific pollutant control  program.  About one thousand facilities are using
technology developed in this program to meet  water quality standards set for

posphorus or nitrogen.  The fate of hazardous organics, such as benzidine, in

biological processes has been determined and  all the Consent Decree organics

have been evaluated for biodegradability.  Organic substitutes for phosphate
in detergent formulations,  such as carboxymethyltartronate and nitrilotri-

acetic acid, have been studied in aerobic and anaerobic processes.  Results
from this program allow Regulatory and Program Offices to make decisions on

the ability of municipal facilities to control defined pollutants and conse-
quent costs associated with this control technology.  Recent outputs from this

program include the following:


     0   Phosphorus Removal in Lower Great Lakes Municipal Treatment Plants."
         A survey and documentation of phosphorus removal efficiency of munic-
         ipal facilities discharging to Lake  Erie and Lake Ontario, August
         1980.

     0   "International Seminar on Control of Nutrients in Municipal Waste-
         water Effluents."  A worldwide review of the state-of-the-art for
         controlling nitrogen and phosphorus, September 1980.

     0   "Proceedings of the Workshop on Decentralized Systems for Management
         of Water, Solid and Liquid Wastes."  A- workshop investigation of the
         future utility of  periodic treatment processes for municipal and
         industrial wastes, June 1980.
                                      4-6

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     t   "New Secondary Treatment Processes for the 1980"s."  A presentation
         for the 54th Annual Conference of the Ohio Water Pollution Control
         Association, describing new approaches to municipal wastewater treat-
         ment, June 1980.

     •   "Wastewater Nitrification:  Alternate Systems and Experiences."  A
         presentation for the 44th Annual Conference of the Indiana Water
         Pollution Control Association, describing the many options for
         achieving nitrification and denitrification, November 1980.

     t   "Developments in Hazardous Wastes:  Biodegradation of Priority Pollu-
         tants."  Five reports presented at the 74th Annual AICHE Conference,
         dealing with laboratory, full-scale and consultant activities for
         controlling residuals of hazardous compounds, November 1980.

     §   "Steroid Hormones as Water Pollutants."  Studies on the persistence
         of natural urinary and synthetic ovulation-inhibiting hormones in
         wastewater and effluents, August 1980.

     •   "Biodegradability Studies with Organic Priority Pollutants."  April
         1980.
Microbial control program.  Since chlorine and its associated side-products
have been shown to have negative environmental effects, work in this area has

been concentrated on evaluating alternative disinfectants for municipal efflu-

ents.  Demonstration of optimized chlorination procedures and subsequent

dech1 orination has shown that aquatic toxicity can be eliminated.  A full-

scale study of ultraviolet light disinfection has revealed this technique to

be efficient and cost effective. Several demonstrations of ozone disinfection

show this technology to be efficient, but more costly than either dechlorina-

tion or ultraviolet light.  Both ozone and ultraviolet light technology are

being designated in Step 1 facility plans.  Ultraviolet light disinfection has

been a major innovative technology approved for I&A funding in 14 wastewater
treatment facilities.  A number of reports has resulted from this work.  They

are listed below:


     •   "Proceedings of Wastewater Disinfection Alternatives - State-of-the-
         Art Workshop" - WPCF Disinfection Committee Pre-Conference Workshop,
         1979 WPCF Conference.  Five papers were presented:
         - Venosa, A.D., and E.J. Opatken.  "Ozone Disinfection:  State-of-
           the-Art."
         - Hubly, D.W., "Evaluation of Risks, Energy Costs, and Associated
           Economic Factors of Wastewater Disinfection Alternatives."
         - Rakness, K.L., B.A. Hegg, L.M. Boehme, and B.B. Fairchild.  "Case
           History:  Ozone Disinfection of Wastewater with an Air/Ozone
           system."
         - Roberts, P.V.  "Chlorine Dioxide:  State-of-the-Art."


                                      4-7

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         - Scheible, O.K., and C.D. Bassell.  "Ultraviolet Disinfection of a
           Secondary Wastewater Teatment Plant Effluent."
     •   "Disinfection of filtered and Unfiltered Secondary Effluent in Two
         Ozone Contactores" - Article submitted to Peer Review Journal,
         Environment International, November 1980.
     •   "Physical Chemistry of Virus Adsorption and Degradation on Inorganic
         Surfaces" - EPA 600/2-80-136, August 1980.
     •   "Design Optimization of the Chiorination Process, Volume II:  Compar-
         ison of Acute Toxicity of Chlorinated Effluents from Optimized and
         Existing Facilities"  EPA 700/2-80-133, August 1980.
     •   "Studies of Methanogenic Bacteria in Sludge."  EPA 600/2-80-093.
         August 1980.

Reuse program.  Under this program, guidelines have been developed to assist
water managers in deciding the feasibility of wastewater reuse.  A study has
been completed that measures, for the first time, the direct effects of indoor
water conservation on wastewater collection and treatment systems with regard
to positive and negative impacts.  Technical and financial assistance was pro-
vided to Denver, Colorado, for the construction of a 3,785 m3 per day reuse
demonstration facility which should advance the technology needed for produc-
tion of potable product water.  Reclaimed wastewater is also being used for
groundwater recharge in southern California.

4.2.3  Current Research Plan

The project milestones (Table 4.1) show the individual outputs planned for the
four programs that comprise process development.

4.2.4  ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements

Headquarters operating programs and EPA Regional Offices have identified areas
of research needs in process development.  Common needs concern energy conser-
vation, impacts of combined sewer overflow  (CSO), alternative disinfectants
and modification of process to more effectively control specific pollutants
                                      4-8

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such as toxics.  Regional interest in reuse was limited to conservation prac-
tices.   All needs expressed in the process development area are listed below:

     a.  Finalize disinfection manual - OWPO(H), Region V(H), Region VII(H),
         Region VIII (H)
     b.  Technology transfer of alternative disinfection information - OWPO(M)
     c.  Improved toxics and pathogen analytical techniques - OWPO(M)
     d.  Removal capabilities and effects associated with new processes -
         OWRS(H)
     e.  Field investigation of "phostrip" installations - Region I(H)
     f.  High energy electron irradiation of wastewater - Regionl(H)
     g.  Minimize impact on biota of reuse for cooling - Region II(L)
     h.  Develop wastewater disinfection guidelines - Region III(H)
     i.  Methods to correct nitrate accumulation in groundwaters - Region
         IV(H)
     j.  Evaluate Biodisc and ABF processes - Region VII(H)
     k.  Decay/persistence rates of C12 in strearns - Region VIII(H)
     1.  Assess conservation and reuse implementation measures - Region IX(H)
     m.  Use of salt water for toilets and groundwater protection - Region
         IX(L)

Novel biological processes.  Research for energy reduction for secondary
treatment is being conducted by the program in three areas.  More energy effi-
cient aeration devices are being evaluated.  Processes that operate at high
organic and volumetric loadings are under investigation.  Low energy anaerobic
treatment of mainstream wastewater is in the feasibility stage.  The highly
loaded systems are also coincidentally being monitored for ability to handle
peak loadings caused by combined sewer overflows (CSO).

This type of novel process development must be supported by Federal funding,
since the main thrust is frontier development, and consultants, municipalities
and manufacturers are hesitant to try non-proven technology.  A broad range of
options is being investigated, such as vertical shafts, combined reactor and
clarifier, fluidized beds, batch reactors and downflow attached growth pro-
cesses.  The potential pay-off from this program in terms of national savings
of energy and reduction of special requirements warrants high research
investment.
                                      4-9

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Specific pollutant  control.   Control  of  specific  pollutants usually leads to
process development that  is  classified as  advanced  secondary treatment (AST)
or advanced waste treatment  (AWT).  To date,  research results  indicate that
control of specific organics to low residuals requires that POTWs operate with
long sludge retention  times  and low effluent  suspended solids  levels.  Conven-
tional technology will  not provide  low residuals  of toxics.  In view of the
AST and AWT funding policy,  toxics  control  investigations will be limited to
low cost operational modifications  to achieve better toxics control in a prac-
tical and feasible  manner.

Microbial control program.   In response  to  Headquarters directives and
Regional needs, the program  is shifting  research  objectives and resources away
from effluent  disinfection objectives to microbial  hazards in  sludges and CSO.
A great deal of effort  will  be made to transfer presently accumulated data on
alternative disinfectants by preparation of design  manuals and seminars.  Work
on sludge pathogens will  be  coordinated  with  the  municipal sludge management
program.

The work on CSO will be coordinated with the  CSO  group, which  will make recom-
mendations for requirements  and project  selection for demonstrating pathogen
control.

The RCRA regulations have a  substantial  impact on waste treatment facilities
that do not employ  either incineration or  anaerobic digestion.  The microbial
control program will re-program funds to study pathogen levels in extended
aeration facilities, aerobic digesters and  oxidation ditches.  Whether these
treatments sufficiently reduce pathogens to allow land disposal of sludges
must be demonstrated.

Reuse program.  Due to  the health effects  issues  in this program, immediate
work will focus on  non-potable reuse  and water conservation impacts.

To continue the three  areas  of study  in  the novel biological process program,
an infusion of funds will be required.   If  the needs expressed by Region VII
for rotating biological discs design  data,  and the  needs of Region IV and VIII
                                      4-10

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for clarifier design data are to be met, additional resources will be
required.  To encompass the need of Region I for biological phosphorus con-
trol, Region IV for preventing nitrate accumulation in groundwater, the needs
of several Regions to know the fate and effects of toxics in POTWs* and the
Region VIII desire for cold temperature nitrification data*, additional fund-
ing for specific pollutant control would be necessary.

Major reprogramming of funds will be necessary for technology transfer of
alternative disinfectant data, to publish a disinfection manual and to address
the needs of Regions I, III, V, VII, and VIII regarding disinfection, sludge
pathogens and CSO pathogen studies.

Specific needs which are not addressed by the current program are f, g, h, k,
i and m in the above list.

No major funding in the reuse area is planned for the near future.
*Needs listed under Plant Operation and Design

                                     4-11

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 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.1
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                Process Development
R&D OBJECTIVE
NEW BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
1. Upgrade lagoons by low cost methods
.a. Slow rock and intermediate sand filters
b. Lagoon design manual
2. Efficient 0. transfer in biological systems
and new process development
a. European survey of fine bubble diffusers
b. ABF evaluation
c. Clean water evaluation submerged aeration
equipment
d. Standard 0- transfer test recommendations
e. Deep shaft evaluation
f. Reactor clarifier
g. Dirty water testing high efficiency
aeration devices
h. Optimization of fine bubble aeration
power economy - England
i. Anaerobic retrofit to existing* aeration
tank
j. Aerated biological filter (ODA)*
evaluation
k. Verify 0. transfer standards
3. Rotating Biological Contactors
a. Survey to develop interim RBC design
guidelines
b. National symposium RBC
FY80
O D F A J A


A











A

FY81
0 D F A J A


A

A
A A
A A
A A









A
FY82
O D F A J|A


f\




A

t







FY83
O[D F A J A







A
i
A
A
A
A



FY84
^ D F A J A
















FY85
^ D F A J A

















0 D
















sfc Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:

 A  Completed Project Outputs

 A  Proposed Project Outputs

— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.1

SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                 Process Development
R&D OBJECTIVE
c. Field study to develop RBC design criteria
d. RBC reaction kinetics (in-house)
4. Evaluation of batch reactors and fluidized
bed reactors
a. Full-scale sequencing batch reactors
b. Full-scale fluidized bed reactors for
carbon removal
BIODEGRADATION AND SPECIFIC POLLUTANT REMOVAL
5. Biodegradation
a. Interim report biodegradation PP
(Specific comp) protocols
b. Static biodegradation of PP
c. Continuous flow biodegradation of PP
6. Nutrient removal
a. Analysis of P removal in Great Lakes
b. International nutrient control seminar
c. Design manual (N) and (P)*
d. Feasibility of low cost, low residual*
P control (Region V)
e. Evaluate Bardenpho*
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL
7. Chlorination
a. Report chlorination and dechlorination
optimization
FY80
OD F A J|A





A



A
J





A
FY81
O D F A J A


A




A
A


i






FY82
0 D F|A J A

A
A















FY83
O D F A J A
A











A
A



FY84
O D F|A J A


A








A





FY85
o D]F A J A


















O|D

















# Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.1
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                Process Development
R&D OBJECTIVE
8. Ozone
a. Ozone for stringent disinfectant
requirement
b. Ozone measurement
c. Ozone disinfection and trace organic
control (in-house)
9. Ultraviolet light
a. Full-scale UV light demonstration
b. Evaluate UV for disinfectant and trace
organic removal (in-house)
c. UV light dosage control
d. UV disinfection of 30/30 and CSO
effluents
10. Chlorine dioxide (C102)
a. Chlorine vs chlorine dioxide comparison
11. Disinfection of antibiotic-resistant
organisms
a. Occurrence of antibiotic-resistant
coliforms
b. Effectiveness of disinfection on after
growth
c. Genetic engineering for enhanced*
phosphorus removal
12. Disinfection SOA technology transfer
a. Risk-benefit-cost of alternative
disinfectants
b. Disinfection evaluation manual*
FY80
0 D F A J A







A







FY81
o D[F A j A

A
A


A



fa





A

FY82
O D F A J A

A







A





FY83
0 D F A JJA





A
A


i




FY84
0 D F A J A









\
A


A
FY85
O D F A J|A

A


A










0 D














* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 ±  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
—— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.1
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                 Process Development
R&D OBJECTIVE
•i)--Carlifornla Mancal on Chlorine
c. Disinfection seminar-HERL-MERL-CERI
REUSE AND WATER CONSERVATION
13. Denver potable water reuse demonstration
a. Completed design
b. Construction complete
c. Trial operation completed
14. Potable reuse demonstration at existing sites
a. Orange County WF 21*
b. Santa Clara/NASA*
c. Long Island*
15. Water conservation practices
a. California experience
b. East and midwest experience*
c. Guidelines*
16. Non-potable reuse criteria and systems
evaluations.
a. Reuse guidelines
b. System evaluation reports*
c. Water quality criteria report*
FY80
O D F A J A




i








A i


FY81
O D F A J A
A



, A



A
t
i


k


FY82
O D F A J|A

A







k
^





FY83
O D F A J A





A






A A




FY84
O D F A JJA






A





A A


A

FY85
O|D F A J A"















A

o|o
















* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
4.3    TOXIC POLLUTANTS  CONTROL RESEARCH

4.3.1  Research Program  Description  and Objectives

While the Agency  has  had a long-standing  concern  about nonconventional pollu-
tants in POTW  treatment,  research  was  limited  to  selected metals and occa-
sional organic pollutants.   Following  the Natural Resources Defense Council
(NRDC) Consent Decree with  EPA in  1979, attention, and most importantly,
resources were focused on  specific toxic  compounds.  Based on the Consent
Decree, a list of 65  compounds and classes of  compounds was established which
subsequently evolved  into  a list of  129 individual compounds which have become
known as the priority pollutants.  Three  organic  compounds have since been
removed from the  list.   The Decree directed EPA to establish effluent guide-
lines for the  discharge  of  toxic substances employing Best Available Tech-
nology Economically Achievable (BATEA) for 21  primary industries by December
31, 1979.  This date  has since been  extended to 1987.  It is estimated that
87,000 industrial  plants,  classified under the 21 primary industries, dis-
.charge their wastewaters directly  to publicly  owned treatment works (POTW).
The Clean Water Act of 1977 further  requires that industry pretreat their
wastewaters to meet effluent standards established by the Effluent Guidelines
Division.  Major  considerations in these  standards are the ability of the POTW
to treat these compounds with minimum  concentrations in the effluents and
without adverse effects  on  the treatment  processes and that sludges shall not
be contaminated to levels  which limit  their disposal on land.  Section 307
further allows consideration of credits for the removal of toxics at POTWs in
the setting of pretreatment standards  for industrial discharges to POTWs.

Some toxic chemicals  are unique in that they are  highly persistent (non-
degradable) under natural  conditions and  are highly mobile (bioaccumulative)
in the environment.   Thus,  air, land and  water (surface and groundwater) and
most biological tissues  can be contaminated with  detectable concentrations.
Toxic chemicals pose  various degrees of threat to human health and aquatic
life.  These degrees  range from the  acutely toxic, where exposures to high
concentrations over a short period of  time can result in immediate effects
(i.e., fish kills or  treatment plant upsets),  to  the chronically toxic, where
                                      4-16

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long-term exposures to low concentrations can result in delayed effects.  As  a
consequence of these toxic characteristics and the widespread nature of these
chemicals, virtually all segments of EPA have become involved in some aspect
of toxic pollutants control.

The Wastewater Research Division, through the toxic pollutants control pro-
gram, has been assigned the responsibility to conduct research on toxic com-
pounds in POTWs.  Broadly, the aims of the program are to eatablish the extent
of the problem in POTWs and to develop treatment options and technology to
control the discharge of toxic substances into the environment.

Specifically the objectives are:

     •   Development of data bases on priority pollutants in terms of sources
         contributing to POTWs, occurrence and concentration in POTWs
         influents, effluents and sludges, and removals obtainable by unit
         processes.
     t   Assessment of treatability and removability of priority pollutants by
         a variety of conventional and AWT processes.  Processes receiving
         initial attention are carbon adsorption (sorption  in general), bio-
         degradability and desorption by "stripping."
     •   Development of treatment processes which enhance the removal of
         priority pollutants from wastewater.  The degree of research effort
         on treatment processes will be tailored to the problem as revealed in
         the first objective.
     •   The final objective is data-base development and area-wide analysis
         of toxics control by various modeling approaches.

4.3.2  Recent Research Accomplishments

In spite of limited resources, it seemed prudent to address all of the above
objectives concurrently rather than sequentially, although major emphasis has
been placed upon assembling a data base on the occurrence of priority pollu-
tants in POTW influents and evaluating the removals across  treatment pro-
cesses.  Data have been obtained on effluent and sludge concentrations.  The
data base assembly included both the organic compounds and metals on the
priority pollutant list.  With the completion of ongoing studies, a sufficient
data base will have been accumulated to define, at least in a preliminary way,
                                     4-17

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the extent of the problem  of  priority  pollutants  in POTWs.  Preliminary find-
ings (EPA 440/1-80-301  and other final  reports  in  preparation) show that, in
terms of sources, industry is the major contributor of  priority  pollutants to
the POTW.  Some 70-90 of the  priority  pollutants  have been  identified in one
or more plant influents  (Arthur D.  Little,  Inc.,  1979).  With the exception of
certain metals, the  concentrations  in  the  plant influents range  from a few
hundred parts per billion  to  barely detectable.   Certain classes of compounds,
for example, the chlorinated  alkanes,  phthalates,  substituted aromatics and
metals tend to be found more  consistently  and  at  generally  higher concentra-
tions.

Removal of toxics by secondary treatment has been  shown to  be highly variable.
However, 50% of the  plants examined achieved 70-85% removal of organics from
the liquid flow (Petrasek  et  al., 1980, WPCF 53rd  Conference).   While some of
this removal was achieved  by  volatilization and biodegradation,  a significant
proportion of certain compounds was found  in the  sludge.  In fact, analysis of
the sludge sometimes revealed compounds that were  below detectability in the
influent.

Using available data, a model has been developed  (TOXFLO) which  can charac-
terize loadings of toxic compounds  to  a sewerage  system and the  ability of a
POTW and a given pretreatment technology to remove them.

Concurrent with the  data-base accumulation, studies were undertaken to assess
the treatability and removability of all of the priority pollutants.  Many of
the preliminary studies  on carbon adsorption,  biodegradability and volatility
have been completed  (final reports  in  review).   The more complex problem of
evaluating removal by treatment processes  has  been started, but  work will need
to be continued.  The indications are  that most compounds can be removed from
aqueous solution via either biodegradability and/or by  carbon adsorption.

A study of the sewerage  works of Kokomo, Indiana,  was performed  to determine
the concentrations and  sources of trace metals  and cyanide  in the local waste-
water and sludge (report in press). The results  showed that the activated
sludge treatment removes 80-98% of  the metals,  except nickel, from the aqueous
                                      4-18

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into the sludge phase.  In another study, the effect of hot acid treatment  on
removing toxic compounds from sludge was examined (EPA 600/2-80-96).

Carbon adsorption and volatility of toxic compounds have also been examined.
Work on adsorption isotherms for organic priority pollutants was recently
published  (EPA 600/8-80-023).  The volatility of 40 organic priority pollu-
tants was  examined by determining Henry's Law constants for these compounds
and by measuring airborne emissions from aeration basins.  Several compounds
have been  identified which are particularly troublesome in terms of emissions
to the atmosphere.

At this point, it is important to state again that toxic compounds permeate
the entire environment and thus become major objectives of research programs
of practically all segments of the Agency.  The program described above  for
POTWs represents only a fragment of the total effort and resources devoted  to
the control of toxic pollutants.  Strategies for handling toxics in other
media and  for toxicity to man and other life forms will be addressed by  the
research programs responsible for these areas.  All of the programs for  toxics
should be  considered as complementing each other.

4.3.3  Current Research Plan

Current and planned projects fall under four general categories:  toxics data
base; toxics removal processes; toxics treatability; and new initiatives.
These projects are listed in Table 4.2 along with a schedule of major
milestones.

4.3.4  ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements

In the area of toxic pollutants control, 28 research requirements have been
identified by the Program and Regional Offices.  Of this total, about one-
third overlap.  Most of these research needs are addressed by recently com-
pleted or  new research activities.  The completed work was discussed pre-
viously and ongoing or planned research is described below.
                                     4-19

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Data base on occurrence  and  removal  of  toxics  by  process  and treatment
systems.  Three Program  Offices  and  one Regional  Office have requested the
following information  in this  area:

     a.  Determine  sources of  priority  pollutants - OWRS(H), OWE(H), Region
         V(H)
     b.  Compare  secondary treatment to source control -  OWRS(H)
     c.  Formation  of  toxics within  POTW  processes -OWRS(H), OPTS(M)
     d.  Evaluation  of BMPs  -  OWE(H), OWRS(M)
     e.  Compare  point vs. nonpoint  sources  of toxics - OWRS(H)
     f.  Data for toxics material  balances -OWRS(H), OPTS(H)
     g.  Analyze  institutional  impediments to  pretreatment - OWRS(H)

Completion of the 25-city survey,  the Kokomo POTW study and the University of
Tennessee data-base  evaluation will  provide  information for many of the above
needs.  Work is continuing on  recording the  results of these surveys in a com-
puterized storage and  retrieval  system.   Projects that will contribute data to
the system are:   25-city survey  by MERL;  40-city  survey b.y the Effluent Guide-
lines Division  (E6D);  4-city collection system survey by  MDSD; and special
treatability studies by  MERL's T&E facility.   Information on toxics occurrence
from non-point  sources will  be provided by studies conducted by the NURP pro-
gram.

Certain areas of  the data base need  to  be expanded, such  as emissions, and
most importantly, an assessment  of toxic  compounds not considered as priority
pollutants.  The  latter  will be  addressed by analyzing the computer tapes
obtained from the 25-city survey.  Other  approaches, such as analysis of
extracts using  alternative analytical methods, may need to be taken.  From the
list above, needs that will  not  be specifically addressed by current and
planned research  include b,  c  and  d.

Treatability of toxics by unit processes.  Two Program Offices have requested
research in this  area:

    a.   Toxics treatability studies -  OWPO(H), OWRS(M)
    b.   Inhibition  studies  on POTWs -  OWRS(H)

                                      4-20

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    c.   Technologies for toxics removal/destruction;  in-plant processes;
         treatability studies - OWPO(H,M), OWRS(M)
    d.   Publish sludge toxics fixation and extraction  information - OWPO(M)
    e.   Data for toxics material balances - OWRS(H),  OPTS(H)

Several projects are under way to address these needs.  A major effort  on
assessing the removal capabilities of unit processes  is being conducted on  a
pilot plant scale at the Test and Evaluation Facility.  The studies  include
emissions due to volatility and removal by unit processes of non-volatile com-
pounds.  Mass balances, mentioned in several needs, will be attempted across
the treatment processes.  Experimentally, mass balances, while very  desirable,
are extremely difficult to obtain for a variety of reasons:  the very low con-
centrations being handled; the inherent substantial analytical uncertainty;
errors in flow measurement; and loss of compound by biodegradability.   An
important additional area of work is to determine the  partitioning of toxic
compounds between the aqueous solution and sludge.  Because of the importance
of the latter, a study on sludge partition coefficients of toxics is under  way
in-house.  The biodegradability of priority pollutants  is also being studied.

A long-term fundamental study has been ongoing to evaluate the mechanisms and
the effectiveness of adding powdered activated carbon  to conventional acti-
vated sludge systems.  While the concept  is not new,  the ability of  the pro-
cess to remove specific toxic organics has not previously been studied. The
current approach is to investigate the enhancement of  removals by adding pow-
dered activated carbon to aeration basins.  The waste  activated sludge  con-
taining up to 50% of exhausted carbon is  processed by  wet-air oxidation which
simultaneously incinerates the biomass and regenerates  the carbon for recycle
to the system.  Thus, in a single operation the disposal problems associated
with waste activated sludge and the destruction of absorbed organics are
eliminated.  The process also achieves nitrification.   Both a laboratory-scale
study and a field evaluation are ongoing  or planned.   Activated carbon  is also
a useful approach for additional removal  of organics  from secondary  effluents.
A process involving the addition of ozone to the carbon contactors is being
conducted at pilot-plant scale.  A longer term goal of this type of  research
is the development of a sufficient understanding of how organic compounds
                                     4-21

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behave with respect  to  the  above  processes.   Structure/activity analysis or
mathematical modeling will  become useful  in  predicting the behavior of
untested compounds.

Several hundred POTWs currently add  chemicals -  lime, alum or  iron salts - to
the biological process  to remove  phosphorus.   Geographically,  the plants are
predominantly  located near  the  Great Lakes and other  large lakes.  These loca-
tions also coincide  with high population  and industrial  densities.  While the
phosphorus removal capability of  these  additives has  been well documented in
laboratory and full-scale operations, virtually  no  information is available on
the enhanced removal of metals.  Some 13  metals  are on the list of priority
pollutants.  Typically, biological plants are capable of removing metals from
the influent,  but the removals  are erratic,  unpredictable and, in some
instances, incapable of meeting the  stringent water quality  standards.  A
study is planned to  evaluate  the  removal  of  metals  when  phosphorus reducing
chemicals are  added  to  biological  aeration systems.  The known ability of
chemicals to precipitate and  adsorb  metals suggests that these plants, in
addition to removing phosphorus,  are also obtaining enhanced removal of
metals.  The effect  of  increasing the metals content  of  the  chemical sludges
remains to be  considered.

Several studies continue to address  toxics stripping  from aeration basins.
Henry's Law constants continue  to be studied and an effort is  being made to
model the mechanisms of organics  emissions from  unit  processes.

One need that  has been  expressed,  and is  being addressed, is to determine the
inhibition of  biological processes by toxic  compounds.   Much literature is
available on the concentrations of metals that are  toxic to  aerobic processes.
More recently, the Test and Evaluation  Facility  conducted an in-depth study of
cadmium and concluded that  inhibition (monitored by COD  in the effluent) did
not occur until the  influent  cadmium concentration  reached 4.1 mg/1.  A report
entitled "Inhibition of the Activated Sludge Process  by  Cadmium" and authored
by A.C. Petrasek will be issued shortly.  Work on other  metals is being con-
sidered.  Plant survey  results  suggest  that  the  concentration  of organics cur-
rently being observed in plant  influents  is  too  low to likely  cause problems
                                      4-22

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with treatment.  One aspect of this which should be investigated is the sensi-
tivity of anaerobic processes to interference by organics.

Measurement, fate and effects.  Four Program Offices and Region V have stated
needs in the area of measuring toxic compounds and tracing them after their
discharge to the environment.

     a.  Fate and effect of toxics in CSOs and recycled wastewaters and sludge
         - OWPO(H)
     b.  Effect of toxics on stream quality and uses:  aquatic life, sediment
         buildup, predictive models - OWPO(H), OWRS(H), Region V(H)
     c.  BAT impact on receiving waters - OWRS(M)
     d.  Monitoring effluents and receiving waters below POTW outfalls -
         OPTS(H), OWE(H)
     e.  Alternatives to chemical monitoring - OWE(H)
     f.  Sampling and testing protocols - OWRS(M)
     g.  Develop and test indicators and measurement methods - OWRS(H,M),
         OWE(H)

Less expensive analytical techniques and the development of indicator para-
meters for toxic compounds have been widely requested.  Present analytical
methods for priority pollutants are extremely burdensome in that sophisticated
and expensive instrumentation is required, and highly skilled analysts are
necessary.  In addition, the entire procedure is slow.  The consensus is  that
few industrial or POTW plants could afford to have the expertise to monitor
their treatment operations.  There is, therefore, a clear need for a less
expensive and less demanding parameter or series of tests which would indicate
the presence of priority pollutants.  While the need is obvious, the discovery
and development of an indicator parameter(s) is an extremely difficult goal  to
achieve.  The great diversity of chemical species and the large differences  in
degrees of toxicities contribute to the difficulty of the indicator approach.
The obvious need and the advantages to be gained from this approach demand
that serious attempts be made to accomplish this difficult goal.  In addition
to efforts by others, this program is also pursuing the objective by the  RFP
route to solicit the best ideas available in the country.
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In addition  to  the  sampling and analytical  problems,  several  other  needs  (a,
b, c and e in the above list)  have not been addressed.   This  does not mean
that these needs are  not important, but resource limitations  have required  a
priority system in  which some  work must be  deferred to  later  years.

To conclude, there  would seem  to be a need  for a compendium and  assessment
document which  brings together, into one source, all  of the research informa-
tion on toxic compounds in POTWs that has been accumulated by that  time.  At
present, the information is dispersed in many reports and  is  too voluminous to
be useful to the practitioner  in the field.  An example of this  type of com-
pendium is the  five-volume Treatability Manual which  was produced by the
Treatability Coordination Committee.
                                      4-24

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 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A.  Proposed Project Outputs
•^— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.2
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                Toxic Pollutants Control
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. Toxics Data Base: Generation Management,
and Indicator Development
a. Data generation by 25-city survey
b. Computerized cost optimization model for
urban toxic control strategies
c. Interim reports on toxics at POTWs
(survey), -analysis of influents, effluents,
and sludges
d. Compendium and assessment reports
e. Test of alternative indicator approaches
f. Risk assessment model for meeting
regulations under various control
strategies
2. Toxics Removal Process Evaluation and
Developments.
a. T&E Facility toxics works
b. Toxics stripping from aeration basin
c. Improved analytical techniques for
organics extraction from wastewater
and sludges
d. Cadmium and metals removal by lime
e. Biological Modification studies
f. Improved clean-up techniques for
increased sensitivity & precision
g. Biological treatment modification by
adding adsorbents
h. Evaluation of ozone/carbon absorption
toxics removal
FY80
o D F A|J|A
A
A A
A
A




A


A


FY81
O D F A J A
A
\

A

A

A i
A

A




FY82
O D F A J A
(\





i A
A


A

A
t
FY83
O D F A| J A
A
A
A
A

A
A


A

A
i
FY84
O D F A J A
A
A











FY85
O D FJAJJ A














O D













* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.2
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                Toxic Pollutants Control
R&D OBJECTIVE
3. Toxics Treatability
a. Progress reports on biodegradation lit-
erature survey
b. Carbon adsorption structure-activity
analysis organics stripping model
c. Biodegradability of priority pollutants
4. New Initiatives
a. Treatability of non-priority pollutants
b. Treatability under anaerobic conditions
c. Design Manuals for Toxics
d. Assessment of cost and energy for toxics
removal
FY80
0 D F A J A





A






FY81
O D F A J A

A










FY82
O D F A J A



A



A
A
A
j

FY83
O D F A J A







A
A
A
^

FY84
iO D F A J A










A

FY85
O D F A J A













0 D












* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

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4.4    MUNICIPAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

4.4.1  Research Program Description and Objectives

Since its inception, the sludge management program has addressed the develop-
ment and demonstration of processes for the treatment, conversion, and use of
sewage sludge, and the scientific, engineering, and environmental aspects of
sludge management.

In the early years of the program, emphasis was on technology development and
demonstration.  Environmental concerns in recent years have required increased
concentration on scientific objectives related to toxic metals and pathogens
in sludge.  Currently, nearly half of the program resources address these
objectives.  The program has moved to increase the effort  in establishing
relationships among levels of toxicants in sludge, effects on soil, uptake in
plants and effects of processing on pathogens, and effects on consumers  of
crops; to determine levels of pathogens in sludge, effects of processing on
pathogens, and effects on exposed populations; and to design and evaluate
management systems to minimize adverse effects.  The redirection of effort has
produced information that has provided the scientific background for regula-
tions issued under the requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act and the Clean Water Act for control of sludge application to the land.

The escalating cost of energy has had an exceptionally heavy impact on sludge
management practices.  Anaerobic digestion, which was steadily losing  ground
to aerobic digestion, is now a highly favored process.  Incineration has
remained viable only because new dewatering devices produce higher solids
cake.  When such upgrading has proved impractical, many municipalities have
turned to lime stabilization.  Our program has anticipated the needs imposed
by high cost energy and has concentrated on technology and processing  that
minimize power and fuel costs.
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4.4.2  Recent Research Accomlishments

The sludge management program has made  significant advances in technology both
in process development and  in resolving scientific issues.  Some of the more
significant advances are  summarized  below.

Lime stabilization.  This process has advanced from bench- to full-scale.
Pathogen reduction  and stabilization effects  have been verified, technology
transfer has been completed  and the  process has been installed in several
dozen treatment plants.  A  report entitled "Review of Techniques for Stabili-
zation of Municipal Wastewater Sludges  with Lime and Their Ultimate Disposal"
(Camp, Dresser and  McKee) is  currently  in press.

Composting.  Cooperative research with  USDA has advanced the static pile pro-
cess from pilot- to full-scale, major scientific issues have been resolved,
and adoption by communities  has been extensive.  The magnitude of the impact
of the process requires a continuing development program.  Within-vessel pro-
cesses are being developed  for situations, such as close proximity to resi-
dences where unconfined composting has  some drawbacks.  The USDA project
resulted in the publication  of a manual  for composting sewage sludge by the
Beltsville Aerated-Pile Method (EPA  600/8-9-80-022).  Other reports on this
topic have recently been completed.  "Biostabilization of Wastewater Sludge
Via Composting on a Barge"  (Resource Conversion Systems, Inc.) and "A Survey
of BAV Composting Plants in  Germany" (Camp, Dresser and McKee) are in press,
while "Evaluation of 'Within-Vessel1 Sewage Sludge Composting Systems in
Europe" was published in January 1980 (NTIS No. PB 80-180847).

Pathogen reduction.  Awareness of potential hazards related to the presence of
pathogens in sludge and the  method of sludge  disposal have led the program to
scientific and development  efforts that have  established the pathogen reduc-
tion capabilities of conventional sludge stabilization processes.  The tech-
nology has been defined for  producing almost  any level of pathogen reduction
at increased but not prohibitive cost.   The background of scientific informa-
tion has been of great value in providing both direction and support to recent
RCRA regulations pertaining  to the land application of sludge.  The partial
                                      4-28

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and total disinfection processes provide process designers with the flexi-
bility to meet requirements of virtually any disposal situation at reasonable
cost.  Recently completed reports on this subject include three Sandia Labora-
tory publications.  Two deal with the irradiation of sewage sludge and dried
sewage solids (SAND 80-7097 and SAND 79-2240), while the third addresses the
risk to animal health from pathogens in municipal sludge (SAND 80-7088).

Heavy metal discharges from incineration.  Investigations of sludge incinera-
tion quantify the losses of heavy metals from sludge incinerators, provide
suggestions for reducing emission levels by operating controls and suggest new
control technology for reducing emissions.  One publication on this topic,
entitled "Emissions of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge Incinerators"  (H. Wall
and J. Parrel 1) is now in press.

New thermal processes.  Modifications of incineration (e.g., starved-air com-
bustion) that allow control of hydrocarbon emissions from multiple hearth
furnaces without the need for expensive afterburning have been developed.
This avoids the need for large quantities of high-grade fuel.  A recent accom-
plishment in this area is the presentation of a paper on thermal conversion of
sludge in a multiple-hearth furnace, using a substoichiometric supply of
oxygen.  The paper was given at the 7th U.S.-Japan Conference on Sewage Treat-
ment Technology (May 1980).

Use of sludge on farms.  Demonstrations in Ohio have produced a successful
model plan for use of sludge on private lands that can meet the needs of small
cities.  The plan requires that a measure of control be freely given  by the
communities to fanner advisory groups.  The results of this work are  presented
in "Information Programs Affect Attitudes Toward Sewage Sludge Use in Agricul-
ture" (EPA 600/2-80-103), published in July 1980.  In addition, two videotapes
of the Ohio Farm Bureau demonstration (for technical and non-technical
audiences) have been prepared and made available through the CERI film
library.

Sludge in land reclamation.  The ability of sludge to reclaim soil disturbed
by mining activities has been demonstrated successfully in Pennsylvania.
                                     4-29

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Results have been dramatic  and have changed the whole climate of acceptability

in Pennsylvania and  adjoining  states.  Major cities, such as Philadelphia,

have solved their sludge  disposal  problems by using sludge for rejuvenating

strip-mined land.  A recently  completed report on this topic is "Revegetating

Strip-Mined Land with Municipal Sewage Sludge" (Pennsylvania Department of

Environmental Resources - in press).


Metals in sludge used in  agriculture.  A research program, studying the
impacts of metals in sludge on crop uptake and soil fertility, has established

conservatively safe  limits  for sludge utilization that protect both the food

consumer and soil productivity.  This research provided the scientific basis

for recently issued RCRA  regulations for the use of sludge on agricultural
land.  A report entitled  "Effects  of Sewage Sludge on the Cadmium and Zinc

Content of Crops" (Council  for Agricultural Science and Technology, Report No.

83) resulted from this work.


In addition, the following  reports have been completed:


     •   Treatment
         - "Parallel Evaluation of Low Speed Scroll Centrifuges and Belt
           Filter Presses for  Dewatering Municipal Sewage Sludges," LA County,
           in press.
         - "Removal  and Recovery of Metals and Phosphates from Municipal
           Sewage Sludge,"  University of Waterloo, EPA 60/2-80-037, June 1980.
         - "Integrated Energy  Systems and Monitoring Municipal Wastewater
           Treatment Plant, Wilton, Maine," Wright-Pierce, Interim Report,
           over 100  requests for copies mailed out.
         - "Chemical Primary sludge Thickening and Dewatering," Eimco, EPA
           600/2-79-055,  July  1979 (actually released in 1980).
         - "Sludge Dewatering  and  Drying in Sand Beds," University of
           Massachusetts, EPA  600/2-78-141, August 1978 (actually released in
           1980).
         - "Evaluating of Hot-Acid Treatment for Municipal Sludge Condition-
           ing," Wai den Research,  EPA 600/2-80-096, August 1980.
         - "Engineering Assessment of Vermicomposting Municipal Wastewater
           Sludges," Camp,  Dresser and McKee, in press.
         - "Engineering Assessment of Hot-Acid Treatment of Municiplal Sludge
           for Heavy Metals Removal," Camp, Dresser, and McKee, in press.
         - Pilot Scale Anaerobic Filter Treatment of High Strength Heat Treat-
           ment Liquor,"  Hydroscience, in press.
         - "Pilot Scale Anaerobic  Filter Treatment of High Strength Heat
           Treatment Liquor,"  Hydroscience, in press.
         - "Auto Heated Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion with Air Aeration,"
           Cornell University, in  press.


                                     4-30

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         - "Evaluation and Optimization of the Anaerobic Digestion of Munici-
           pal Sludges," Kenosha, Wisconsin, in press.
     •   Conversion
         - "Coincineration of Sewage Sludge with Coal or Wood Chips,"
           Minneapolis-ST. Paul, in press.
     •   Utilization
         - "Wastewater Solids Utilization on Land Demonstration Project,"
           Ocean County, New Jersey, EPA 600/2-80-090, August 1980.
         - "Soils Temperature and Sewage Sludge Effects on Plant and Soil
           Properties," USDA, SEA, in press.
         - "Effects of Sludge Irrigation on Three Pacific Northwest Forest
           Soils," METRO-SEATTLE, Seattle, EPA 600/2-80-002, March 1980.
         - "Production of Non-Food Chain Crops with Sewage Sludge," Peer Con-
           sultants, Inc., in press.
         - "Helminth and Heavy Metals Transmission from Anaerobically Digested
           Sewage Sludge," University of Illinois, in press.

4.4.3  Current Research Plan

The research plan is outlined in the milestone charts Tables 4.3a, 4.3b and
4.3c.  Some changes in direction are indicated.  Conversion technology, for
example, is receiving more emphasis and a new program has been started in
treatment to determine pathogen reduction in extended aeration, oxidation
ditch and similar sludge treatments.  Under utilization on land, a task has
been introduced to form a farmer advisory service on sludge, to be operated
through the Cooperative Extension Services (Federal and/or state).  Initia-
tives are suggested in the following areas.

Conversion technology.  Conversion processes require major funding if they are
to be demonstrated adequately.  Progress will be slow unless sufficient funds
are infused to allow test and evaluation programs to be carried out for con-
version processes constructed under other programs (e.g., Construction Grants
Program) and to allow construction as well as evaluation of processes with
outstanding potential.  An initiative of $700,000 for three years would allow
the initiation of two important conversion projects.

Land utilization.  Negative outlooks on sludge utilization have been generated
by real or proposed restrictions, such as proposed regulations for sludge
give-away programs.  Despite the climate of uncertainty, sludge utilization on
                                     4-31

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land is growing, and  there  are  remarkable success stories that are being over-
looked.  The success  of  low application rate use in Ohio (Ohio Farm Bureau)
and reclamation  in Pennsylvania shows that the restrictions may in fact have
served a purpose—dubious practices  are yielding to practices that unquestion-
ably satisfy regulations and still produce substantial benefits.  It will be a
major shortcoming of  the program if  negative attitudes undermine the will to
do exactly what  should be done  to find the best approaches and vigorously sup-
port them.  Consequently, an initiative is suggested with another state to
support a land reclamation  program patterned after efforts in Pennsylvania.
Such a program would  cost $190,000/yr for three years.

4.4.4  ORD Response to Agency Rresearch Requirements

Activities in sludge  management are  divided into three generic areas:  treat-
ment of sludge to prepare it for land use, disposal or conversion to another
form; conversion of sludge  to a form not recognized as sludge  (e.g., compost-
ing, incineration); and  utilization  and disposal of sludge (utilization is
primarily for soil-amending purposes).  In each area, processes and procedures
are developed and demonstrated  to provide scientific and engineering informa-
tion of importance to the Agency.

Treatment.  Needs expressed by  the Program and Regional Offices under  this
subheading are listed below:

     a.  Presence and quantity  of toxics  in sludge - OPTS(M)
     b.  Evaluate POTW processes for pathogen reduction - OSW(M)
     c.  Regrowth prevention for pathogens in sludge - OSW(H)
     d.  Good management practices for contaminated sludges -  OWPO(L)
     e.  Improved processing information - OWPO(L), OWRS(H)
     f.  Further information of by-product formation by Purifax process -
         Region  I(H)
     g.  High-energy  electron irradiation of sludge - Region  I(H)
     h.  Improved methods of sludge  processing and disposal for small  POTWs -
          Region I(H)
     i.  Develop energy  sources from sludge - Region I(M)
                                      4-32

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The major technological subdivisions under treatment are dewatering and condi-

tioning, disinfection and stabilization, energy technology, and toxicants
removal.


     •   Dewatering and conditioning.  An important influence on progress  in
         this area, particularly in recent years, has been aggressive competi-
         tion among manufacturers of equipment and among producers of
         polymeric conditioning agents.  Encouragement of development of new
         devices and conditioning agents is not ordinarily needed rather,
         unbiased assessment of the best areas for utilization, comparative
         economics, design procedures, and performance histories are appropri-
         ate.  Recent efforts have been dissemination of information, such as
         the process design manual, "Sludge Treatment and Disposal," and a
         strategy manual for sludge dewatering, which is in preparation.  This
         latter effort responds to a direct need of the Office of Water Pro-
         gram Operations.
         It is proposed to regularly prepare reviews of rapidly advancing
         areas of treatment technology and to disseminate this information to
         EPA, state staffs and practicing engineers.

     •   Disinfection and stabilization.  The advances needed in this area are
         for basic information on effects and new processes.  For the most
         part, the private sector has shown little activity in this area,  so
         initiative has had to come from EPA's program.  Primary emphasis  has
         been on adequately reducing putrefaction potential of sludge while at
         the same time achieving suitable pathogen destruction.  Considerable
         effort has gone into establishing pathogen reduction levels of anaer-
         obic digestion and into newer processes that produce greater reduc-
         tions.  This information has provided important support for RCRA
         regulations.

         The requirement of RCRA regulations that all sludge be treated at
         least by a process that "significantly reduces pathogens" before  it
         can be applied to 'land makes it appear likely that sludges from pro-
         cesses such as aerobic digestion, extended aeration and oxidation
         ditches will require additional treatment before they can be used on
         land.  It is important to find out as soon as possible whether or not
         these processes are adequate, and if not, what are the least costly
         ways to bring them into conformance with requirements.  This effort
         will be conducted by the Process Development Program.  It responds to
         needs informally communicated by staff from Regions V, VI, VII and
         VIII.

     •   Energy technology.  Energy technology in "treatment" of sludge pri-
         marily considers energy in pumping, dewatering and stabilizing
         sludge.  There is great interest in maximizing methane generation and
         maximizing the energy return from the methane.  A modular turbine is
         scheduled for evaluation at a California sewage treatment plant in
         1981.  A report on the use of solar energy in sludge treatment also
         is expected in 1981.  Review of advances in energy conservation in
                                     4-33

-------
         sludge treatment  are  planned  on  a  regular  basis.  These efforts will
         be coordinated with the Energy Conservation Research Program and sup-
         port the needs of Region  1  and OWPO.
     •   Toxicants removal.  Many  sludges have  levels of toxic metals high
         enough to cause concern in  land  application.  Others have toxic
         organic contaminants  that are of concern in ocean disposal  and, in  a
         few cases, could  be of concern if  sludge is utilized on land.  Oppor-
         tunities for disposal or  use  could be  greatly expanded if these sub-
         stances could be  economically removed  from sludge.  Unfortunately,
         agents that remove metals and organic  toxicants are radically dif-
         ferent.  Consequently, efforts have been concentrated on the goal
         most likely to be achieved—removal of metals.  Techniques, such as
         extraction with hot acid, have proved  successful but are not cost-
         effective under most  circumstances.
         Current efforts are concentrating  on improving the economics by con-
         ducting the metal removal in  an  electrochemical cell and depositing
         the metals on an  electrode.   Acid  requirement is reduced and costs  of
         re-precipitating  the  metals are  avoided.   No new approaches are
         planned until the present approach has been evaluated.  The possi-
         bility of immobilizing toxics by some  kind of treatment rather than
         removing them will continue to be  considered, although this approach
         has not been fruitful.  One research requirement (d) is not addressed
         by the current research program.


Conversion.  The following nine needs  have  been expressed in the areas of
thermal and non-thermal conversion:


     a.  Bulking agents for composting -  OWPO(L)
     b.  Air emission controls for thermal  conversion - OWPO(M)

     c.  Economics of co-disposal  - OWPO(M)

     d.  Composting guide  for  small  communities - OWPO(M)

     e.  Evaluating full-scale conversion systems,  including special studies
         of thermal conversion - OWPO(H), Region II, Region VII

     f.  Improved methods  of sludge  processing  and  disposal at small POTWs -
         Region I(H), Region X(H)

     g.  Evaluating new European technology - Region II(H)
     h.  Evaluating vermicomposting  -  Region VI(H)
     i.  Fate of toxics from incineration - OPTS(M)


     •   Thermal processes.  The primary  need for conventional incineration  of
         sludge has been to satisfy  informational needs on air pollution dis-
         charges.  These needs have  been  reasonably well satisfied by recent
         work.  As other thermal processes  are  developed, this kind  of infor-
         mation will have  to be obtained  for each new process.  Some of the
                                      4-34

-------
         new thermal processes that have been developed  are:   starved-air  com-
         bustion of sludge or sludge-solid waste mixtures; oxygen or  air-blown
         gas producers that use sludge cake  in  conjunction with  solid fuels
         such as coal; refuse-derived fuel or solid waste; and pyrolytic pro-
         cesses that convert sludge to oil and  char or to a  synthesis gas  that
         can be converted to a gasoline-range fuel.
         For starved-air combustion and gas  producer  processes,  the major
         remaining need is to prove that they work on a  large  scale.   For  the
         pyrolytic processes, there is a need to not  only prove  the tech-
         nology, but also to determine compatibility  with wastewater  treatment

         Efforts to date have brought several processes  to the brink  of demon-
         stration, but funds have not permitted proceeding beyond this point.
         Demonstration and evaluation will proceed as far as funds will per-
         mit.  Current efforts will center on funding an operating period  for
         the Eco-Rock pilot plant at Philadelphia  (conversion  of solid waste
         and sludge to aggregate), completing an evaluation  of co-incineration
         at Duluth and air pollution studies at a number of  co-incineration
         sites.  Developments in thermal conversions  are a high  priority need
         of the Office of Water Program Operations and Region  VII.

     t   Non-thermal conversion processes.  The most  outstanding non-thermal
         conversion process is composting.   Success of unconfined composting
         has been outstanding although some  development  problems will  inevita-
         bly arise as the process finds more application.  Within-vessel com-
         posting is being developed to solve some of  the problems of  uncon-
         fined composting.
         Pilot-scale demonstration of a new  approach  to  unconfined composting
         will be completed in 1981 (temperature control  by air modulation).
         Within-vessel composting is being explored by Ohio  State University
         and a report should be available in 1982.  Needs defined in  a and f
         above not met by ORD's present sludge management program.


Utilization on land.  The research needs expressed by the Program and Regional

Offices can be summarized as follows:


     a.  Fate of toxics from land-applied sludge - OPTS(M),  OSW(H)

     b.  Adherence of sludge to crops - OSW(M)
     c.  Plant uptake mechanisms for trace metals - OSW(M)
     d.  Compare current methods for dietary cadmium exposure  evaluation -
         OSW(M)

     e.  Cadmium uptake by leafy plants, peanuts and  fruits  -  OSW(L)

     f.  Home garden studies of pathogens in sludge - OSW(M)

     g.  Home garden studies of PCBs in sludge - OSW(M)

     h.  Plant uptake of organics and trace metals (other than PCB, Cd, Pb) -
         OSW(M)
                                     4-35

-------
     1.  Regrowth prevention for pathogens  in sludge - OSW(H)
     j.  Analyze sludge-derived fertilizers for pathogens - OSW(H)
     k.  Adherence of PCBs  in  sludge to crops - OSW(H)
     1.  Uptake of PCBs by  root crops - OSW(H)
     m.  Accumulation of PCBs  in beef and milkfat - OSW(H)
     n.  Plant uptake of lead  - OSW(H)
     o.  Load application of sludge on non-food chain croplands - OSW(H)
     p.  Good management practices for contaminated sludges - OWPO(L)
     q.  Improved sludge processing information - OWPO(L)
     r.  Multi-media relative  risk evaluations for sludge management - OWPO(L)
     s.  Ecological assessment of land application of sludge management -
         OWPO(L)
     t.  State-of-the-art health assessment for land application and followup
         studies - OWPO(H), OSW(H,M), Region IV(H)
     u.  Design manual for  land application - OWPO(H), Region I(H), Region
         II(H), Region VIII(H)
     v.  Assist University  of  Connecticut study of sludge application to corn
         crops - Region I(H)
     w.  Improved methods of sludge processing and disposal at small POTWs -
         Region I(H)
     x.  Acceptability of landspreading of  urban area sludges - Region II(H)
     y.  Monitoring of cadmium in sludge amended soils - Region V(H)

Categories for land-use projects are somewhat general, since virtually all
projects are multipurpose.  They are used below primarly for organizational
purposes.

     •   Use on agricultural and disturbed  land.  Studies and demonstrations
         indicate that acceptability of sludge by farmers is vastly improved
         when the program is placed in the  hands of people they trust (Ohio
         Farm Bureau Coopertive Agreement).  Sludge offers unusual advantages
         in renovation of strip mines (State of Pennsylvania), sludge can be
         used on sandy soil with minimal impact (Rutgers University), and
         carefully controlled  projects produce no environmental hazards (USDA
         at Minneapolis).
         Future needs call  for the transfer of information to potential users
         of sludge rather than for more demonstrations.  Plans are being made
         to involve farmer  advisory organizations in a program to communicate
         the advantages of  sludge use to farmers and to establish advisory
         centers for sludge users, staffed  by people whose primary loyalty is
         to the sludge producer.
                                      4-36

-------
•   Toxic substances.  The toxic substances of concern are heavy metals
    and certain organic compounds.  For the heavy metals, knowledge of
    concentration levels and effects is adequate for design of environ-
    mentally safe systems.  Although our knowledge is far from complete,
    guidelines have been developed that permit sludge to be used on agri-
    cultural land within certain limits.  Continuing research is needed
    to determine whether these guidelines are excessively conservative.
    Parallel studies are needed in the health field to determine whether
    the limitations for human ingestion of cadmium (the element of prin-
    cipal concern) are realistic.

    For toxic organic compounds, our knowledge of all aspects of the
    problem—analytical techniques, concentrations in sludges, effects on
    soil and groundwater, plant uptake, effects on food consumers—is
    rudimentary.  The beginning steps are being made.  Analytical tech-
    niques are being developed by others and the sludge management pro-
    gram is investigating uptake by plants and toxicity to plants of cer-
    tain organic compounds.  With information just now becoming available
    on the nature and concentration of toxic organic compounds in sludge,
    plans can be made for determining the impact of the toxicant on soil-
    plant systems and, equally important, the ability of the soil-sludge
    system to decompose the toxicant.

•   Pathogens.  The sludge management program has done much important
    work in establishing the density levels of pathogens in sludges and
    the reductions caused by treatment processes.  Investigations are
    proceeding to solve the much more difficult problem of establishing
    the pathogen densities that are safe for certain kinds of disposal
    and utilization practices.  An important phase of the land utiliza-
    tion project with the Ohio Farm Bureau (see above) is to determine
    whether there are any negative health effects on animals or humans
    from the use of sludge on agricultural land.  Needs of the Office of
    Solid Waste reflect its keen interest in epidemiological studies to
    quantify illness risk caused by sludge utilization.  Properly con-
    ducted epidemiological studies are extremely expensive and frequently
    inconclusive unless the effects are large.  Epidemiological studies,
    carefully selected to maximize the likelihood of significant informa-
    tion, are being planned jointly with EPA's Health Effects Laboratory.

    The needs which are not being addressed by current research are f, i,
    j, k, 1, m, p, r, and w.
                                4-37

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                                              Table 4.3a
                    SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
Municipal Sludge Management—Processing and Stabilization
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. Dewatering and Conditioning
a. Biennial report on cost, performance and
design data on thickening and dewaterlng
b. SOA report on chemical sludge handling
c. Technology assessment for dewatering to
high-cake solids
d. Data on to-feed rotary vacuum filter
e. Full-scale evaluation of dewatering
devices
2. Disinfection and Stabilization
a. Purifax Evaluation Report
b. SOA report on lime stabilization
c. SOA report on Vermicomposting
d. Report on pathogen survival in aerobic
digestion
e. Evaluation of new and innovative methods
f. Report on gamma ray irradiation for
stabilization
g. Procedure for characterizing sludge
stability
h. Determine pathogen reductions in sludge
from extended aeration and oxidation
ditch plants
3. Energy-Related Sludge Technology
a. Report on improved anaerobic digester
and energy production
b. Solar energy and digester gas use
demonstration
FY80
0 DJF A J A

A
A

A
A
A






A
FY81
O D F A| J A



A A

A A




A



A A
A
FY82
O D F A J A

A

A
A


A
A

A



FY83
0 D F A J A









A
A


FY84
O D F A J A

A

A



A


A


FY85
0 D F A J A














0 D

A

A



A





# Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
^— Estimated Project Period
                                              Table 4.3a
                    SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
Municipal Sludge Management—Processing and Stabilization
R&D OBJECTIVE
c. Demonstration of modular gas turbine for
POTW energy
4. Toxicants Removal
a. Report on heat and acid treatment for
conditioning heavy metals removal
b. Assessment of present technologies for
heavy metals removal
c. Heavy metals removal by centritugal
classification
d. Bench-scale evaluation of heavy metals
removal process (U. Carbide), followed
by pilot-scale evaluation
FY80
O D[ F A J A



A








FY81
O D FJA J A





A

A




FY82
0 D F A J A
A









A

FY83
OJD F A J A
f\











FY84
O D F A J A










A

FY85
O D F A J A













0 D












+ Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                                                  Table 4.3b
                         SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
Municipal Sludge Management—Conversion and Energy Recovery
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. Evaluate Thermal Processes and Energy Recovery
a. Evaluation of co-Incineration project
b. Evaluation of 2nd co-incineration process
(Eco-Rock process)
c. Evaluation of pyrolysis with RDF
addition and high solids cake
2. Characterize Emissions from Sludge Disposal
Facilities
a. Reports on sludge incinerator emissions i
b. Evaluation of incinerators with best
SOA pollution control devices
c. Summary report on incinerator emissions
and evaluation of advanced control
technologies
d. Determine 'emissions from co- incineration
3. Evaluate Composting and Other Conversion
Processes
a. Report on European technology and t
leading within-vessel process
b. Additional evaluations of within-vessel
processes
c. Report on composting on a barge
d. Demonstration of unique U.S. composting
process
e. Optimization of composting
4. Study Emerging Resource Recovery Processes
a. Evaluation of wet oxidation in a deep-well
reactor
FY80
0 D F A J A
>
A















k








A

FY81
O D F A J A

A






A
(\ A







A

A

& 	 6.




A

FY82
O D F A J A






















i

A



FY83
0 D F A J A














A







k





FY84
O 0 F A J A


A

/



















A



FY85
0 D F A J A




i






A

















O D




























+ Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 ^  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                                                  Table 4.3b
                        SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
Municipal Sludge Management—Conversion and Energy Recovery
R&D OBJECTIVE
b. Contractor evaluation of deep-well wet
oxidation
c. Feasibility study of liquefaction of
sludge to produce synthetic fuel
d. NATO-CCMS study, sludge disposal with
energy recovery
e. Review of novel sludge conversion
technologies
f. Evaluation of sludge gasification systems
g. Evaluation of novel sludge and solid
waste co-disposal process
FY80
IOD F A J A











FY81
O D F A J A











FY82
O D F A J A






A

A
A

FY83
lO D F A J A
A

A

A






FY84
i£ D F A J A








A
A

FY85
O D F A J A
A











O D











* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:

 A  Completed Project Outputs

 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                                                  Table 4.3c

                        SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
Sludge Management—Land Application Management and Disposal
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. Impacts of Toxicants on Crop Response and
Site Life
a. Chemistry of metals in sludge-amended
soils
b. Effects of long-term use
c. Impacts of prolonged application of
various rates
d. Cumulative loadings of metals vs. annual
sludge application
e. Soil factors affecting metal absorption
f. Fate & effects of toxic organics in
sludge applied to agricultural land
g. Crop uptake of metals under various soil
properties
2. Sludge Management Practices for Soil Systems
a. Sludge use in sandy coastal plain soils
b. Demonstration of sludge use to reclaim
acidic mine spoils
c. Proper site management on agricultural
soils
d. Fate/effects from various land applica-
tion management schemes
e. Prepare a design manual
f. Develop a Farmer Advisory Service on
sludge use (milestone is starting date)
3. Assess Fate and Effects of Pathogenic
Organisms
a. Static pile composting
FY80
O|D F A

A

J|A


A
A
A
A

FY81
O D F A J A

A

A
A





A




A

FY82
o D|F A j A

A
A

A




A

A
A
A

FY83
0 D F A J A



A








FY84
0 D F A JJA




A



A



FY85
0 D F A J A













O D












* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                                                           Table 4.3c
                                 SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
Municipal Sludge Management—Land Application Management and Disposal
R&D OBJECTIVE
b. Helminth transmission from sludge use
c. Pathogen requirements for RCRA
d. Demonstration of beneficial use of sludge
on farms (including epidemiological
study)
e. Effectiveness of sludge storage in
diminishing parasitic ova
f. Parasites in sludge
A. Assess the Use of Sludge for Energy & Other
Non-Food Chain Crops
a. Sludge use in western forest
b. Feasibility of energy crop production
with sludge
c. Non-food chain crops from sludge '
d. Sludge use to grow trees in Eastern U.S.
5. Assess Long-Term Impact of High Rate
Application on Soil
a. Assessment of high rate application
b. Evaluation of sludge landfilling
c. Management document for sludge use in
mine reclamation
FY80
O D F A J A
A
A








A
A

A







FY81
0 D F A|J A
A










A

A







FY82
O D F A J A

















A



FY83
0 D F A J A



A

A A

A






A




A

FY84
0 D F A J A





















FY85
O D F A J]A


















A



O D





















* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
4.5    PLANT OPERATIONS AND  DESIGN RESEARCH

4.5.1  Research Program Description and Objectives

The ORD plant operations  and design program,  including the automation and
instrumentation subsection,  supports Titles I through IV of the Clean Water
Act of 1977  (PL 95-217).   Specifically, the program develops  information lead-
ing to improved training,  as required  under Sections 104(g) and 109(b) of
Title I of the Act.   Principal  program responsibility is for  supporting the
cost effective facility planning, design  and  construction of  publicly owned
municipal treatment facilities,  including the planning, management and conduct
of plant start-up  activities.   A second major program responsibility is the
investigation and  development of technologies,  procedures and techniques to
improve the  compliance of POTWs as required by  Titles III and IV of the Act.

Overall program goals and objectives are  to develop, demonstrate and dissemi-
nate information leading  to:

     •   Improved  compliance of new and existing POTWs
     •   Improved  unit process  and total  plant  reliability
     •   Reduced construction cost for municipal treatment plants and collec-
         tion systems
     •   Improved  fiscal  management of municipal treatment works
     •   Improved  automation and instrumentation technology which will achieve
         better performance  of  water pollution  control systems  and/or cost
         reduction

Activities of the  program have  broadened  during the past few  years as a result
of a 3-1/2 year, 30-plant comprehensive survey  to  identify and  prioritize the
causes of municipal non-compliance.  As a result of this study, the plant    ;
operations and design program also provides technical assistance on a high
priority request basis to EPA's Office of Enforcement, Office of Water Program
Operations and the ten Regional  administrators. The program  also reviews and
comments on  Agency policy, PRMs and guidance  materials and participates in  the
development  of national  compliance and construction grants strategies.
                                      4-44

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4.5.2  Recent Research Accomplishments


Since completion of the National Survey that identified and ranked over 70

specific problems with non-complying plants, the plant operations and design

program has undertaken a number of projects to satisfy identified needs.  Com-

pleted outputs are shown as darkened triangles in the milestone matrix.


Program accomplishments.  High impact accomplishments of the plant operations

and design program are summarized below.


     •   As a result of the large number of noted design deficiencies, a study
         was completed that identified and developed specific remedial mea-
         sures for 3,260 separate design deficiencies for both existing and
         new plant construction.  (Report in press.)
     •   Because of the impact of sidestreams on plant performance noted dur-
         ing the National Survey and because of needs identified by EPA
         Regions and operating programs, a study which outlines specific
         design modifications and operational techniques that can be used to
         ameliorate or eliminate the adverse impact of sidestreams on new or
         existing plants was completed (Report in press).  Sidestreams from
         sludge dewatering and heat treatment processes were identified as the
         most troublesome.

     •   Based on the severe non-compliance problems noted during the National
         Survey, a comprehensive plant evaluation program was developed to
         address the major factors causing non-compliance.  The  developed
         procedure, called the Composite Correction Program (CCP), was tested
         at 12 separate facilities and, in each case, resulted in bringing
         non-complying plants into compliance.  This technique was endorsed by
         EPA's Office of Enforcement and has been incorporated into the
         Agency's National Compliance Strategy.  ORD has further developed a
         CCP protocol to provide guidance to the private sector to employ this
         technique.  It is estimated that 70% of all non-complying plants can
         be brought into compliance using this approach.  It is currently
         being demonstrated statewide in Colorado under a recent grant awarded
         by the plant operation and design program.

     •   When problems with POTW mechanical components were identified as a
         major factor in non-compliance, a study was undertaken to quantify
         the reliability of well maintained mechanical components throughout
         the United States (Report in press).  This study is the first of its
         kind to document actual mean time between failures for mechanical
         plant components.  As a follow-up to this effort, a feasibility study
         was completed to determine if a construction grants hotline for
         mechanical component problems would be useful to the operations and
         engineering community.  This concept is now in operation for belt-
         filter presses and is co-sponsored by OWPO.
                                     4-45

-------
     •   As  it  became  apparent that  private sector expertise  would  be required
         to  solve  the  municipal  compliance problem, an  in-house  study was  con-
         ducted  to determine private sector expertise in  plant operations.   In
         analyzing the 107  responses to a request for qualifications, it was
         found  that 25% of  the firms provide full operational  services, while
         60% of  the firms provide technical assistance  related to compliance
         problems.  This study further concluded that private sector expertise
         would  improve technical  assistance related to  compliance problems.
         This study concluded that private sector expertise would improve  as
         more incentives were provided to the municipalities  through tougher
         EPA enforcement.   (Unpublished report.)

     •   Within  the area of automation and instrumentation, preliminary
         studies indicated  that basic technology development  in  the area of
         sensor  reliability and process control  of treatment  processes was
         necessary as  a foundation upon which automation  systems could be  con-
         structed.  Consequently, major efforts  have been made to devise
         instrumentation specifications and certification standards for com-
         monly  applied on-line sensors.  This effort is resulting in produc-
         tion of model instrument specifications which  can be used  by munici-
         pal officials, consulting engineers and construction grant officials
         to  make judgments  on the purchase and application of instruments  for
         monitoring and control  applications.  Evaluations of process control
         strategies for liquid treatment unit operations  in treatment plants
         were conducted and those found acceptable were incorporated into  a
         recently  published design manual (EPA 600/8-80-028).  A major effort
         is  currently  under way in the area of developing sludge conditioning
         and dewatering strategies.


The following represents a  summary of major program output documents completed

during the last  fiscal year and those programmed during FY 81.


    Program  Area*      Reports Completed in FY 80     To Be Completed in FY 81

         1                             3                            1
         2                             1                            1
         342
         444
         522
         602
         713
                                      IB"  total                   T5"  total
*Numbers  refer  to  major  program areas shown on milestone chart (Table 4.4a)
                                      4-46

-------
Publications completed in 1980 which deal with plant operations and design are
listed below:
    Crosby, R.M., and Bender J.H., "Hydraulic Considerations that Affect
    Secondary Clarifier Performance," Technology Transfer, March 1980.
    "Performance of Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants, Effects of Toxic
    Pollutants," Draft Report, September 1980.
    "Hourly Diurnal Variations in Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Facili-
    ties," Draft Report, April 1980.
    "Operation and Maintenance Considerations of Land Treatment Systems,"
    Draft Report, December 1980.
    "Review of RBC Design Procedures, and Process, O&M, Equipment and Power
    Performance," Draft Report, September 1980
    Chesner, W.H., and lannone, J.J., "Current Status of Municipal Wastewater
    Treatment with RBC Technology in the U.S.,"  Proceedings;  First National
    Symposium/Workshop on Rotating Biological Contactor Technology, February
    -
    "Evaluation of Design, Operation, Maintenance and Administrative Factors
    Limiting Treatment Plant Performance - Phase II," EPA 600/2-80-129, August
    1980.
    "Model Protocol for the Comprehensive Evaluation of Publicly Owned Treat-
    ment Works Performance and Operation," Final Report.

4.5.3  Current Research Plan

The major program outputs milestone chart for fiscal years 1980-1985 (Table
4.4a) contains details on specific program outputs.  Entries for which no
milestone appears are tasks which will, at some future time, contribute to a
major research output.

New program directions and initiatives.  From FY81 through FY85 the plant
operations and design program will continue to support the legislatively man-
dated national construction grants program and will respond to changes in that
program as dictated by changing national needs.

Emphasis will be placed on early identification and examination of critical
operating parameters for emerging and alternative technologies before charac-
teristic O&M problems develop.  This is considered critical because of the
large impetus given to new technologies as a part of the I/A technology pro-
gram mandated under the Clean Water Act.  Many of these technologies are
                                     4-47

-------
heavily mechanically  oriented,  involve  new  unit  operations  and  are completely
new to present day plant  operating  personnel.  Emphasis will also be placed on
reduction of plant operating  costs  to meet  current  requirements for secondary
treatment or less stringent future  ones.

For newly constructed plants,  program efforts  will  continue to  improve design
criteria and to examine new concepts such as fail-safe design practices, as
well as the use of new planning and implementation  concepts such as generic
facility plans and certain turn-key design  and construction practices.

The program will also continue  to develop and  maintain the  computerized plant
operation and performance data  base.  The effort will be  extended to include
plant operating costs and will  concentrate  on  improving methods for reporting
data on the management of sewer collector systems.

As a new initiative,  the  program proposes to undertake a  comprehensive invest-
igation of design and operational deficiencies of sludge  handling processes
with emphasis on identification of  capacity-limiting  problems,  equipment
incompatability and lack  of process control.   An initial  assessment study  will
be completed in FY81. Results  from this  study will provide future program
direction and an estimate of  budget needs.   It is anticipated that $300-500K
will be needed above  base program requirements over a 2-3 year  period.

Another new initiative will be  the  establishment,'within  the program, of a
group of experts knowledgeable  in performance  problems at POTWs.  This group
will consist of three engineers who will  direct  the efforts of  a number of
contractors.  A municipality  will contact this group  who, traveling at the
municipality's expense, will  visit  the  site and  assess the  types of problems
limiting the plant's  performance.   After  the problems have  been assessed,  EPA
contractors, under different  level  of effort contracts, will provide solutions
to the problems.  The contractor, paid  by EPA, will deal  directly with the
municipality.  This new  initiative  will require  three new positions and from
$500-1000K per year to implement.
                                      4-48

-------
A  long-term goal  in the  automation  and  instrumentation  area  is to  develop  pro-
cedures to optimize a series of unit operations  and/or  processes to  achieve  a
specific discharge goal.   In such a situation, not  all  of the processes  need
be optimized in order to achieve the most cost-effective solution.   A modest
amount of technology transfer  activity  is also planned  to ensure that these
developments are  transmitted to the user community.  Most important  is the
effort starting next year  to provide training seminars  in procedures of
selecting, specifying, installing and maintaining instrumentation.

A new initiative  is planned in the  area of  system automation which deals
primarily with the use of  computers to  aid  in the operation  of single treat-
ment plants, pump stations and networks of  treatment plants.  This area  of
activity will explore and  develop potential  cost advantages  of the use of
modern computer technology.  A start in this direction  was made  in the past
year with studies of the computer assisted  operation, maintenance  and remote
monitoring of a treatment  plant.  These studies  have indicated significant
reductions in the cost of  treatment plant operation and maintenance, in  con-
junction with improved plant performance.   New inexpensive yet very  powerful
microprocessors and minicomputers will  also be examined.  These  units are
capable of taking over all of  the process control operations at  a  modest sized
1-5 mgd treatment plant.  The  concept of local process  control by  micropro-
cessors reporting to a supervisory  control  minicomputer at a large treatment
plant will also be explored.  Finally,  areawide  management of a  network  of
plants will be tested.  The latter  will include  flow routing and sewer storage
of storm flows.

4.5.4  ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements

The plant operations and design program is  responsive to several groups.  The
most recent needs formally submitted to the plant operations and design  pro-
gram by these groups are summarized below.

     a.  Design information series  for professional society  impact - OWPO(H)
     b.  Develop design guidelines  for new  and improved processes  -  OWPO(M)
     c.  Update design information  of guidelines - OWPO(M)
                                     4-49

-------
     d.  Atypical wastewater treatment - OWPO(L)
     e   Formation of technical assistance group for POTWs- OWPO(L)
     f.  Toxics formation in POTWs due to design processes, e.g., super
         chlorination - OWRS(H)
     g.  Methods to reduce energy consumption at POTWs - Region I(H)
     h.  Methods to improve operational efficiency - Region I(H)
     i.  Methods to identify design deficiencies - Region I(H)
     j.  Development of computer models of biological wastewater treatment
         processes - Region I(H)
     k.  Refresher courses for operators - Region IV(H)
     1.  Evaluate types of clarifiers - Region IV(H)
     m.  Guidelines to select specific unit processes - Region IV(H)
     n.  More specific POTW design criteria - Region IV(M)
     o.  Guidelines to justify AWT treatment processes - Region V(H)
     p.  Continuation of technology transfer - Region V(H)
     q.  Reliability of sand, multi-media and other final filters - Region
         V(H)
     r.  Demonstration of automation of small POTWs - Region VII(H)
     s.  Design parameters for optimum clarifier performance - Region VIII(H)
     t.  Improved supernatant quality in anaerobic digestion - Region VIII(H)
     u.  Reliability of NH3 - N reduction in cold climes - Region VIII(H)

In addition to the above list of needs, the program has developed a comprehen-
sive set of research needs based on the results of the 3-1/2 year National
Survey.  Listed in Table 4.4b is a priority ranking of 70 factors that were
shown to limit POTW compliance.

Elimination or reduction of the impact of the major factors listed  in Table
4.4b were considered priority needs in the development of the plant operation
and design strategy and the formulation of the sub-program area goals.

The research program/problem  area matrix (Table 4.4c) describes eight program
areas of the plant operations and design program and the specific needs that
each area and area project satisfies.  The milestone matrix (Table  4.4a)
indicates major program outputs for FY80 through 85.
                                      4-50

-------
Several groups  indicated high priority needs related  to  improved design  infor-
mation for municipal wastewater treatment processes.  The plant operations  and
design program  is addressing these needs through  research to  improve  treatment
process operation and design.  These results as well  as  relevant research
results from other  sources are being assembled  into a usable  format that will
be disseminated through the Design Information Series.   Design Information
Series (DIS) documents are designed to supplement the existing body of  infor-
mation used for the design of POTWs.  These information  documents, prepared in
conjunction with OWPO, ASCE and WPCF, will be based on the  latest results from
EPA-sponsored and other full-scale research studies.  They  will contain  full-
scale performance data and other state-of-the-art technical information  and
will provide, in a  condensed format, a synopsis of both  the methods and
scientific basis for the rational design of municipal treatment works unit
processes, systems  and system components.  Improved guidance  and design  infor-
mation will be disseminated for both conventional  and newer technologies
through the publication of four to six documents  per  year for the next five
years.  The documents will undergo an intensive two-step peer review  process
to insure the highest possible technical quality  before  final publication.
The overall development of the information documents  is  under the direction of
an executive committee including membership from  EPA, ASCE  and WPCF.  The
first five documents, to be finished in 1981, cover the  subjects of hydraulic
peaking, rotating biological contactor design,  land application, effects of
sidestreams on biological treatment plants and  aeration  devices.

Needs have been identified relative to the performance of various unit pro-
cesses.  Research is proceeding and new efforts are planned that will improve
the hydraulics and  performance of secondary clarifiers.  Design deficiencies
limiting performance have been identified and potential  correction procedures
developed.  Control of sidestreams, including those from anaerobic digesters,
have been investigated from both a design and operational viewpoint.

Research will continue on the development of methods  and procedures for
improved systems reliability.  Completed studies  have investigated the
inherent stability/reliability of biological processes and  the reliability  of
                                     4-51

-------
conventional mechanical  components.   Future  efforts will  include investiga-
tions of the reliability of  various  physical  tertiary treatment processes com-
paring improved  reliability  with  increased costs.  Overall  eliability guide-
lines will be  developed  that will  allow the  engineer to consider reliability
concepts in his  designs.

With the Agency  stressing use of  innovative  technologies, the plant operations
and design program  perceives a need  to  evaluate  the O&M of these non-
conventional technologies.   The program has  observed a close inter-
relationship between  process design  and process  operability.  Inabilities to
operate the process can  be related to design deficiencies.  In the development
of new technologies,  operability  may not be  considered until after the tech-
nology is in use.   By this time,  design deficiencies limiting operability and
reliability may  be  prevalent throughout the  installation.  Evaluations per-
formed earlier in the development of the process could identify such deficien-
cies and eliminate  them.

With the continuing compliance problem  in municipal wastewater treatment
facilities, the  program  perceives a  need to  continue to assess selected
problem areas  related to municipal facility  compliance.   This will assist in
the solution of  problems and in the  assessment of needs for further research.

The major research  requirements identified  in the latest  compilation of Agency
needs which are  addressed by the  automation  and  instrumentation (A/I)  activity
are:  the general requirement to  improve plant operation, maintenance  and
reliability; the development of computer-based process control strategies;  and
the application  of  automation technology to  small  treatment plants.  In addi-
tion, Table 4.4b presents some specific factors  limiting  plant performance
which are now  and will  in the future be addressed by automation research.

The A/I activity consists of four areas:  instrument development;  process con-
trol strategy  development;  system automation; and technology transfer.  The
activities in  these areas respond both  in broad-based  and specific ways to  the
needs referred to above.   The instrumentation work is  broad-based  in that it
will ensure the  availability of good quality instruments  for all types of
                                      4-52

-------
monitoring, especially that associated with process control efforts.  The work
on control stategies is more specifically focused, concentrating first on con-
ventional sludge handling and later on novel biological treatment  processes.

A number of needs specified by the Program and Regional Offices are  not
addressed by the current research plan.  The gathering of  information on
toxics formation in POTWs as a result of design processes  is not currently
planned.  In addition, Region V's request for guidelines to justify  advanced
waste treatment processes is not met by any scheduled projects.  Other unad-
dressed needs include a study on the reliability of sand,  multi-media and
other final filters (Region V), work on improving supernatant quality in
anaerobic digestion and an assessment of the reliability of NH3-N  reduction in
cold climes (Region VIII).
                                     4-53

-------
 LEGEND:

 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                          Table 4.4a

SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
         Plant Operations and Design
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. Problem Assessment Studies Related to POTW
Compliance Problems
a. National O&M cause and effect survey
b. Assessment of sludge handling problems
c. Evaluation of on-site training programs
d. Evaluation of peak flows at POTWs
e. Evaluation of RBC operation and
performance
2. O&M Evaluations of Non-Conventional
Technologies
a. O&M of land treatment systems
b. Evaluation of bio-fouling fine bubble
dif fusers
c. O&M of ozone disinfection systems
d. O&M considerations of emerging
technologies
3. Improved Plant Operations and Design
a. POTW design deficiencies
b. Improved secondary clarifier performance
c. Impact of flow variations on secondary
clarifier
d. Evaluation of improved inlet design
e. Evaluation of in-channel clarifier
f. Impact of sldestreams on POTW performance
g. Computerized data base
h. Improved O&M of land treatment systems
FY80
O|D F A J|A

A


















FY81
0 D F A j|A




A
A

A




A
A



A


FY82
OD F A J 7


A






A










FY83
OJD F A J A










A









FY84
O D F A J A




















FY85
O D F A J A





















0 D




















# Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                          Table 4.4a
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
         Plant Operations and Design
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. CCP protocol
j. CCP demonstration
k. Develop approach for evaluating water
quality management strategies
1. Evaluation of methods for evaluating
standards & monitoring for water quality
management
A. Design Information Series (DIS)
a. DIS #1 Impact of peak flows on primary
b. DIS 112 impact of peak flows on suspended
growth
c. DIS #3 impact of peak flows on attached
growth
d. DIS H RBC
e. Other DIS documents
5. Improved Systems Reliability
a. Reliability of biological systems
including toxics
b. Reliability of mechanical components
c. Reliability guidelines
d. Application of fail-safe design to POTWs
6. Cost of Operation, Maintenance and Management
a. Development of O&M cost data collection
procedures
b. Collection of historical O&M cost data
c. Methods for reduction of O&M costs
FY80
O D F A|j A
A
A

















FY81
O|D F|A|J|A





A
A
A
A


A
A



A


FY82
o D F|A J|A









A



A





FY83
O D F A J A









A A




A


A

FY84
O DJF A J A









A








A
FY85
o D F|A|J|A









A










0 D



















+ Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                          Table 4.4a
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
         Plant Operations and Design
R&D OBJECTIVE
7. Utilities Management
a. Develop of model management systems
(MARS)
b. Demonstration of centralized management
(CCWDA)
c. Evaluation of remote monitoring
d. Circuit rider optimization model
8. Information Dissemination and Technical
Assistance
a. National conference on compliance
problems
b. Provide technical assistance on request
basis to 10% of program resources
9. Automation and Instrumentation -
Certification and Development
a. Specification for flowmeters
b. Specifications for dissolved oxygen
meters
c. Specifications for chlorine analyzers
d. Specifications for organic analyzers
e. Specifications for suspended solids
f. *Specif ications for N&P measurement
g. Start-up of certification laboratory
h. *Toxanalyzer specifications
i. Other specific pollutants
FY80
o D|F|A j A


















FY81
0 D F A J A



A



A

A
A
A






FY82
0 D F A J A




A


A




A
A




FY83
0 D F A| J A

i





A






A
A


FY84
0 D F A J A







A








A

FY85
O D F A J A







A









A

0 D







A










# Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                           Table 4.4a
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
         Plant Operations and Design
R&D OBJECTIVE
10. Automation and Instrumentation -
Technology Transfer
a. Preparation of technology transfer
symposium
b. Presentation of technology transfer
symposium
c. *Preparation of operator training course
d. Energy savings design manual
e. *Conputer system selection and use manual
f. Preparation second generation technology
transfer manual
11. Automation and Instrumentation -
Process Control
a. Control strategy anaerobic digestion
b. Control strategy vacuum filtration
c. Control strategy incineration
d. Control strategy centrifuge
e. Control strategy conventional activated
sludge
f. Control strategy filter press
g. Control strategy expanded bed biological
contactor
h. Control strategy RBC units
i. *Control strategy novel biological
treatment
j. *Control strategy sludge treatment
system
FY80
O D F A





















J





















A




















FY81
0 D F AJJ A


A







A
A








FY82
O D F A J A



A
A







A
A
A





FY83
O D F A J A





A









A
A



FY84
0 D F A J A






A










A
A

FY85
O D F A J A







A











A

O D




















* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 ±  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                          Table 4.4a
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
         Plant Operations and Design
R&D OBJECTIVE
k. Optimization procedure series of
treatment processes
12. Automation and Instrumentation -
System Automation
a. Computer assisted O&M (man in loop)
b. Remote monitoring of T.P. by alarms
c. *Marketing study of use of new computer
concepts
d. Pilot plant use of microprocessor control
for activated sludge plant
e. *Demonstration of use of microprocessor
control for activated sludge plant
f. Demonstrate use of remote sensors for
enforcement, and treatment plant
protection
g. *Demonstrate use of "smart computer to
run simple treatment plant"
h. Start demostration of areawide management
FY80
0 D F A J A


















FY81
O D F A J A




A
A












FY82
0 D F|A J A






A

A









FY83
0 D F A J A










A


A




FY84
OOF A|J|A















A


FY85
0 D F A J A
A
















A

0 D


















% Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
                                                              Table 4.4b
                                   COLLECTIVE RANKING OF FACTORS
                                       LIMITING PLANT PERFORMANCE
LIMITING FACTOR
Factor
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Area
0

0
D
0
0
D
D
D
0
D
D
D
0
D
0
D
A
D
A
D
A
M
D
D
0
M
D
D
M
M
A
A
A
M
D
A
A
D
M
D
0
D
A
D
M
Description
Operator Application of Concepts & Testing
to Process Control
Process Control Testing
Infiltration/Inflow
Sewage Treatment Understanding
Technical Guidance
Sludge Wasting & Return Capability
Secondary Process Controllability
Secondary Process Flexibility
O&M Manual Inadequacy
Aerator
Sludge Treatment
Industrial Loading
Staff Training
Secondary Clarifier
Performance Monitoring
Ultimate Sludge Disposal
Plant Administration, Familiarity with Needs
Disinfection
Plant Staff - Number
Plant Hydraulic Loading
Plant Staff - Plant Coverage
Spare Parts Inventory
Laboratory Space & Equipment
Return Process Stream
Equipment Malfunction
Lack of Preventive Maintenance Program
Alternative Power Source
Organic Loading
General Housekeeping
Maintenance Scheduling & Recording
Administration Policies
Plant Staff Productivity
Insufficient Funding
Manpower
Preliminary Unit Design
Staff Motivation
Working Conditions
Alarm Systems
Critical Parts Procurement
Flow Proportioning to Units
Staff Aptitude
Inoperability Due to Weather
Staff Supervision
Primary Units
Equipment Age
NO. OF TIMES
FACTOR WAS
Ranked #1
24

0
9
9
7
9
3
3
0
6
3
4
0
3
0
1
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
7
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1-
0
Noted
39

67
56
50
47
43
55
37
40
27
36
27
31
26
31
30
21
20
22
18
26
23
30
18
17
20
24
13
17
19
15
17
16
14
20
19
18
19
14
12
13
12
13
9
14
O = Operation; D = Design; A = Administration; M = Maintenance

                                4-59

-------
                                                             Table 4.4b
                                   COLLECTIVE RANKING OF FACTORS
                                       LIMITING PLANT PERFORMANCE
LIMITING FACTOR
Factor
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Area
0
A
D
D
M
M
D
0
D
D
D
0
0
M
D
A
D
A
0
D
D
D
D
A
D
Description
O&M Manual - Use by Operators
Salary
Lack of Standby Units for Key Equipment
Lack of Unit By-Pass
Technical Guidance — Emergencies
Availability of Preventive Maintenance Ref .
Flow Backup
Staff - Level of Education
Toxic Loading
Submerged Weirs
Plant Location
Staff Level or Certification
Staff - Insufficient Time on Job
Staff Expertise - Emergencies
Seasonal Variation Loading
Unnecessary Expenditures
Process Automation for Control
Personnel Turnover
Shift Staff Adequacy
Unit Accessibility
Process Accessibility for Sampling
Process Automation for Monitoring
Equipment Accessibility for Maintenance
Bond Indebtedness
AWT Units
NO. OF TIMES
FACTOR WAS
Ranked #1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Noted
12
12
9
12
10
10
7
9
8
6
6
8
7
9
7
7
6
4
3
3
4
2
2
0
0
O = Operation; D = Design; A = Administration; M = Maintenance

                                4-60

-------
                                                                                                     Table 4.4c
                                                          NATIONAL SURVEY, EPA PROGRAM AND OTHER
                                                      IDENTIFIED NEEDS ADDRESSED BY POD PROGRAM
PLANT OPERATIONS AND DESIGN
RESEARCH PROGRAM AREA
1. PROBLEM ASSESSMENT STUDIES RELATED TO POTW
COMPLIANCE PROBLEMS
a. National O&M Cause and Effect Survey
b. Assessment of Sludge Handling Problems
c. Evaluation of On-Site Training Programs
d. Evaluation of Peak Flows at POTWs
e. Evaluation of RBC Operation and Performance
2. O&M EVALUATIONS OF NON-CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
a. O&M of Land Treatment Systems
b. Evaluation of Bio-Fouling Fine Bubble
Diffusers
c. O&M of Ozone Disinfection Systems
d. O&M Considerations of Emerging Technologies
3. IMPROVED PLANT OPERATION AND DESIGN
a. POTW Design Deficiencies
b. Improved Secondary Clarifier Performance
c. Impact of .Flow Variations on Secondary
Clarifier
d. Evaluation of Improved Inlet Design
e. Evaluation of In-Channel Clarifier
f. Impact of Sidestreams on POTW Performance
g. Computerized Data Base
h. Improved O&M of Land Treatment Systems
i. CCP Protocol
j. CCP Demonstration
k. Develop Approach for Evaluating Water Quality
• Management Strategies
1. Evaluation of Methods for Evaluating Standards
& Monitoring for Water Quality Management
National Survey
Problem Area In*
A


•

•















•


•

•

•
D


•
•

•
•

•




•
•

•
•

•



•




O


•
•


•

•





•

•
•

•

•

•




M


•



•

•




•
•

•
•

•

•

•




Operating
Program
Needs



•
•
•







•











•

•
Regional
Office
Needs



•

•
•

•



•
•
•

•
•

•
•







Other
Identified
Needs"



•
•



•

•
•
•












•

•
OBJECTIVES AND GOALS


Conduct field studies to identify and quantify
administration, design, operational, and
maintenance problems with POTWs.


Conduct detailed investigations of operation,
maintenance, and management factors that affect the
overall performance of non-conventional and emerging
technologies. Objectives are to identify principle
O&M factors affecting performance before they
become problem areas.
Objectives are to identify all major design and
operational deficiencies of new and existing plants,
and develop improved design, operational, and
management techniques to improve overall plant
performance on both a single plant and basin-wide
or state-wide basis.









A —Administration Needs
D —Design Needs
O—Operation Needs
M—Maintenance Needs
•Indicates research program, addresses one or more specific
 needs identified by National Survey or EPA program offices.
"Includes needs input from State, ORD staff and other sources.

-------
                                                                                                   Table 4.4c
                                                         NATIONAL SURVEY, EPA PROGRAM AND OTHER
                                                     IDENTIFIED NEEDS ADDRESSED BY POD PROGRAM
PLANT OPERATIONS AND DESIGN
RESEARCH PROGRAM AREA
it. DESIGN INFORMATION SERIES (DIS)
a. DIS #1 Impact of Peak Flows on Primary
b. DIS #2 Impact of Peak Flows on Suspended
Growth
c. DIS #3 Impact of Peak Flows on Attached
Growth
d. DIS #4 RBC
e. Other DIS Documents
5. IMPROVED SYSTEMS RELIABILITY
a. Reliability of. Biological Systems Including
Toxics
b. Reliability of Mechanical Components
c. Reliability Guidelines
d. Application of Fail-Safe Design to POTWs
6. COST OF OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT
a. Development of O&M Cost Data Collection
Procedures
b. Collection of Historical O&M Cost Data
c. Methods for Reduction of O&M Costs
7. UTILITIES MANAGEMENT
a. Development of Model Management Systems (MAMS)
b. Demonstration of Centralized Management
(CCWDA)
c. Evaluation of Remote Monitoring
d. Circuit Rider Optimization Model
8. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE
a. National Conference on Compliance Problems
National Survey
Problem Area In*
A

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
D
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•


0


•
•
•


M


•
•
•


Operating
Program
Needs
•
•
•
•
•
•



Regional
Office
Needs

•
•
•


•
Other
Identified
Needs"
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
OBJECTIVES AND GOALS
The DIS is a newly established set of publications
that represent the best available state of the art
design information for the most commonly used
municipal treatment technologies. The documents
summarize critical design/performance relationships
as documented by pilot and full-scale experience.
DIS will be prepared by EPA, undergo peer review,
and be jointly published by EPA/ASCE/WPCF.
This program includes investigation and documenta-
tion of the physical, chemical, and biological
reliability of unit processes and mechanical com-
ponents, as well as defining the total system
reliability as a function of component design and
capital cost, influent variations, and operation.
Area objectives are to develop improved O&M cost
data for existing wastewater treatment plants and
collector sewers and to develop and demonstrate
Improved cost accounting and management approaches.
Develop and demonstrate improved utilities' manage-
ment techniques including use of computers and
microprocessors for collection of data from remote
facilities, use of centralized management and
fiscal management techniques.
Disseminate program results of high Impact and
interest to EPA, states, consultants, local govern-
ments and other interested parties. Provide
technical assistance to EPA Regional Offices and
Headquarters. Provide policy and program guidance
to EPA Headquarters offices.
A —Administration Needs
D—Design Needs
O —Operation Needs
M—Maintenance Needs
* Indicates research program, addresses one or more specific
 needs identified by National Survey or EPA program offices.
"Includes needs input from State, ORD staff and other sources.

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4.6    LAND APPLICATION OF WASTEWATER AND AQUACULTURE RESEARCH

4.6.1  Research Program Description and Objectives of Land Application of
       Wastewater

The overall objective of research in the area of land application is to fully
develop design and operating parameters for the three types of systems, slow
rate (irrigation), rapid infiltration and overland flow.  To achieve this
goal, projects are directed to understanding mechanisms involved in the
natural processes, studies of treatment effectiveness for various pollutants
and environmental effects related to groundwater, soil, vegetation and other
media and ecosystems.  Close coordination and cooperation are maintained with
HERL to evaluate potential health effects related to land application of muni-
cipal wastewater.

The five major objectives of this area of research are:

     0   Development of reliable design and operating criteria for nationwide
         application of the three land treatment processes (slow rate, rapid
         infiltration and overland flow)
     •   Clarification of fundamental mechanisms involved in plant-soil-water
         relationships so that more efficient operation can be achieved
     •   Development of operating and management practices to minimize or  pre-
         vent any adverse effects of system operations
     •   Transfer and dissemination of information to regulatory agencies,
         municipalities, engineers and other potential users
     t   Cooperative liaison with ongoing research in health effects, land
         application of sludge and groundwater quality

4.6.2  Recent Research Accomplishments

Several major accomplishments were achieved during the past year.  Some were
the culmination of long-term projects, while others were outputs resulting
from specific requests of relatively short duration.  The following are the
most significant:

     •   Studies of ten existing systems, including both slow rate and rapid
         infiltration, have been completed.  These systems were located to

                                     4-63

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         represent a variety  of climatic conditions and operating practices.
         Effects on soils, groundwater, crops  and  surface waters were evalu-
         ated.  Reports have  been published for  all ten studies.  (EPA 600/2-
         79-144, Dickenson, N.D.; EPA 600/2-78-084, Hollister, CA; EPA 600/2-
         79-145, Milton, WI;  EPA 600/2-79-047, Rosell, NM; EPA 600/2-79-
         171a,b, Tooele, VT;  EPA 600/2-79-072, Vineland, NO; EPA 600/2-79-068,
         Lake George, NY; EPA 600/2-78-131a,b, San Angelo, TX; EPA 600/2-80-
         061, Mesa, AZ; EPA 600/2-80-080, Camarillo, CA).  The results of
         these various studies indicate that the environmental effects ranged.
         from minimal to nonexistent.  No serious  problems were identified.
         Limited studies by other groups have  added to our current knowledge
         and generally indicated the same results.
     •   Significant information has been developed regarding the fate and
         transport of various compounds.  Results  of the studies of ten exist-
         ing systems, referenced above, indicate that the soil had a very
         large capacity for retaining most metals  and for preventing their
         migration to groundwater.  The transport  of neutral organic compounds
         to groundwater has also been studied  and  a model has been developed
         and verified for their behavior in land application systems.
         (C. Enfield, submitted to  the Water Resources Bulletin.)  This inter-
         active computerized  model  is being used by OPTS to evaluate the
         relative hazard to groundwater contamination by chemical (pesticide)
         application to the land.   The model is  being frequently used on the
         Office of Pesticide  Program's chemical  registration and recall pro-
         cess.
     •   Models have been developed for predicting the movement and retention
         of nitrogen and phosphorus.  To describe  pollutant transport, knowl-
         edge of water flow is required.  A numerical simulation model has
         been developed and verified with laboratory and field data under
         transient conditions for both water and chemical transport.  The
         model has the advantage over previous models in stability and
         accuracy of the projection.  The solution is obtained in one step
         rather than the more conventional approach separating the saturated
         and unsaturated flow aspects.  The model  addresses drainage require-
         ments for slow-rate  and rapid-infiltration wastewater treatment
         sytems which are currently needed by  design engineers.


Several papers describing these modeling efforts have been submitted for pub-

lication:


     •   Enfield, Carl,  "Methods of Approximating Transport of Organic Pollu-
         tants to Groundwater,"  submitted to  Water Resources Bulletin.

     •   Enfield, Carl, and John Wilson,  "Transport and Fate of Selected
         Organic Pollutants in a Sandy Soil,"   submitted to Journal of Envi-
         ronmental Quality.

     •   Enfield, Carl,  "Comparison of a 1-Dimensional, Steady State
         Hydraulic Model with a 2-Dimensional  Transient Hydraulic Model for
         Aldicarb Transport through Soil,"  Proceedings, Groundwater Quality
         International Symposium, Amsterdam.


                                     4-64

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A "Summary of Long-Term Rapid Infiltration System Studies" (EPA 600/2-80-165)
condensed and made the results of studies of four operating rapid infiltration
systems readily available.  A major contribution of this report was the pre-
sentation of a new design rationale for rapid  infiltration systems based on
water quality requirements.

The first National Seminar on Overland Flow Technology for Municipal Waste-
water, sponsored by EPA, presented the current  state-of-the-art for design and
operation of overland flow systems.  Due to the growing interest in the use of
overland flow systems and the meager published  information for their design,
this seminar was very timely and beneficial.   Proceedings are being published.

4.6.3  Current Research Plan

The research plan for land application of wastewater, represented by Table
4.5a, is relatively unchanged from the 1980 strategy.  Several milestones have
been completed, as indicated, and some future  milestones have been extended.
Milestone completion dates which have been extended include the Lubbock demon-
stration project, assessment of long-term effects from six slow-rate systems
and development of the nitrogen management model.  No new sub-objectives have
been added; however, some have been expanded and additional milestones added.

In order to respond to increased Agency emphasis on the use of natural treat-
ment systems, the Municipal Wastewater Research Committee recommends the adop-
tion of a new initiative in the area of land application of wastewater and
aquaculture.  The new research effort would focus on the development of
natural systems for wastewater treatment including land application, the use
of wetlands and aquaculture.  Cost of the effort is expected to be about $1
million per year beginning in 1982 with three  additional positions.

The Committee also recommends that the Land Treatment Task Force at RSKERL be
continued after September 30, 1981, and serve  on a national basis rather than
serving only Regions VI and VII.  If continued  and expanded, the Task Force
responsibilities should encompass all natural  systems including land treat-
ment, aquaculture and wetlands.
                                     4-65

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4.6.4  ORD Response  to Agency Research Requirements

Research needs of the operating  programs,  as presented by the Program and the
Regional Offices, fall into  four categories: an  understanding of the fate and
transport of pollutants,  particularly nitrate, sodium, heavy metals and
organics, through soils;  the development  and refinement of design and operat-
ing criteria for all types of land  treatment systems, especially overland flow
in northern climates; the establishment of the long-term environmental effects
of land treatment systems; and the  development of preapplication treatment
criteria, including  the  need for disinfection.   Two Program Offices and four
Regional Offices have requested  research  in the  area of land application of
wastewater.  Additionally, there are many needs  in the area of  land applica-
tion of sludge.  A  list  of 19 needs grouped into four categories is shown
below:

Fate and Transport  of Pollutants through-Soils

     a.  Ecological  studies  of land application  - OWPO(M)
     b.  Water reuse after land  treatment:  pathogen and other constraints -
         OWPO(L)
     c.  Groundwater impacts of  toxics -  OWRS(H)
     d.  Fate of nitrates, sodium and trace metals - Region I(H)
     e.  Lateral and vertical transport of pollutants - Region  I(H)
     f.  Safe distances  from water  supplies - Region I(H)
     g.  Nutrient retention  in fast percolation  lake soils - Region I(M)
     h.  Effect of  wastewater injection on groundwater - Region II(M)

Design and Operating Criteria

     1.  Update design,  performances and  long-term effects information -
         OWPO(M)
     j.  Determine  slope/residence  time for overland flow - OWPO(M)
     k.  Evapotranspiration  systems: design criteria and costs  - Region I(H)
     1.  Design data from overland  flow  in northern climates -  Region V(H)
     m.  Safe land  application practices  for the western U.S. - Region VIII(H)
     n.  Effect of  rainfall  on pathogens  - OWPO(L)
                                      4-66

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Long Term Environmental Effects

     o.  Finalize and publish state-of-the-art health assessment and undertake
         followup studies - OWPO(H)
     p.  Health risks due to food chain transfer of toxics or pathogens -
         OWPO(L)
     q.  Sampling methods at aquifer interfaces - Region I(H)

Preapplication Treatment Criteria

     r.  Pathogen die-off rates jn holding ponds - OWPO(M)
     s.  Pretreatment and disinfection guides for land  application - Region
         VIII(H)

Much has been learned about the design and operating requirements of the three
types of land application systems.  Criteria for slow rate systems are well
established, but will require refinement as experience  is accumulated.  The
design of rapid infiltration systems is fairly well developed but management
practices need to be devised to maximize the treatment  capability of the soil
while protecting the groundwater.  Design criteria for  overland flow systems
in southern climates are generally reliable, but information on specific oper-
ating conditions and effectivness of treatment of certain pollutants is lack-
ing.  There is a high degree of interest within the construction grants
program for utilizing overland flow.  Thus far, the use of the overland flow
process is confined to the milder southern tier of states.  This past year,
the first EPA project to develop the overland flow process in severe northern
climates was initiated.

Work is well under way to develop a management system for protecting ground-
water from nitrate buildup under land application systems.  A study of the
behavior of organics was initiated last year and a model, being used currently
by the OPP, has been developed and verified for selected organics.

Considering available resources, the Committee believes that the present
effort in the area of fate and transport is adequate and is addressing many of
                                     4-67

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the needs.  Additional  resources  however would  allow  a desirable acceleration
of the effort relative  to  studies of  toxics  and organics.

New projects related  to the  development and  refinement of design and operating
criteria are restricted to the  overland flow process.  With existing and pro-
jected resources, funds are  not available  for demonstration projects or addi-
tional evaluation studies.   Therefore, this  information will have to come from
other sources and the few  existing projects  that have not yet been completed.

Limited work has been done regarding  preapplication treatment requirements for
land treatment.  The  ten existing systems  studies referred to above repre-
sented systems using  different  preapplication treatment processes.  The
effects of the preapplication treatment, however, were given limited analysis.
Results of several  studies on various preapplication  treatments for overland
flow systems show that  in  general, treatment efficiency decreased with higher
degrees of pretreatment.  Primary treatment  appears to be the optimum.  Pre-
application treatment by lagoon results in low  suspended solids removal.
Overland flow is evidently not  too effective in removing suspended solids in
the form of algae.  No  work  has been  done  on requirements or effects of dis-
infection prior to  land application.

Because of limited  resources, very limited data will  be produced relative to
preapplication treatment criteria. Under  current plans, existing and future
projects will provide some data but without  funds to  initiate projects specif-
ically for this purpose, development  in this area will be extremely slow.
Studies of disinfection requirements  are not currently planned.

Because of limited  resources, no  additional  new work  is planned to evaluate
long-term environmental effects of preapplication treatment.

The growing interest  in land application systems and  their funding through the
construction grants program  is  a  clear indication that research in this area
should keep pace with the  operating program's needs.  Current and projected
funding levels for  land application research are inadequate.  There is little
                                      4-68

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prospect of significant new starts in this research area without substantial
increases in the base budget or the funding of new initiatives.

Several needs (f, g, h, k, n, q and r) are not being addressed specifically by
this land application research group, while others (n and r) are being
addressed to some degree by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at Vicksburg, MS
or Hanover, NH.
                                     4-69

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 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                          Table 4.5a
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
        Land Application of Wastewater
R&D OBJECTIVE
LAND TREATMENT
1. Land treatment task force report
a. Interim progress report
b. Final evaluation report
2. Summary report on existing slow-rate systems
3. Lubbock demonstration of slow-rate
irrigation
a. Complete construction
b. Research reports
c. Final project report
it. Summary report rapid infiltration systems
5. Overland flow design and operating criteria
a. Effects of pretreatment
b. Effect of retention time on treatment
performance
c. Performance when receiving lagoon
effluent
d. Final criteria including northern
climates
6. Rapid infiltration design and operating
criteria
a. Revised design criteria
b. Design criteria for environmentally
controlled systems
7. Develop design and operation criteria of
slow rate systems
FY80
0 D F A J A


A


ft
A






A


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0 D F A J A



A
A 	 &
A
A.

A
A






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0 0 F A J A





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i


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i


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* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

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 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                           Table 4.5a
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
        Land Application of Wastewater
R&D OBJECTIVE
a. Evaluate crop selection for nitrogen
uptake
8. Develop model for P-soil reactions and
kinetics
a. Calcareous soils
b. Acid soils
9. Nitrogen management model for rapid
infiltration
a. Interim report
b. Final model
10. Soil transport and transformation of toxic
substances
a. Reports on toxic substance/soil
interaction
b. Predictive models
11. Case studies of ten land treatment systems
12. Land treatment design manual
FY80
O D F A]J A














A

FY81
O D F A J A




A







A
A A


FY82
O D FJA J A








A



A


A
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O D F A J A
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t




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* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

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4.6.5  Research Program Description and Objectives of Aquaculture

The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act (PL 92-500) and the 1977 amendments
clearly give impetus to the  development and use of aquaculture treatment of
municipal wastewater.  Due to  treatment effectiveness and the potential for
cost and energy savings, aquacultural processes are being considered as
favored alternatives to conventional wastewater treatment facilities by at
least 40 municipalities in the United States.

Because of the growing interest  in using aquaculture processes for wastewater
treatment and management, wastewater aquaculture is a viable research  area
having large potential for application.  Wastewater aquaculture  is very broad
in scope, involving a variety  of organisms, both freshwater and  marine envi-
ronments, organized treatment  processes and wastewater recycling by inputs
into natural aquatic habitats.   The technology is in its infancy and there-
fore, in order to develop processes for wastewater treatment or  reuse, it is
necessary to evaluate a variety  of parameters to establish reliable design and
operating criteria.

Two factors must be considered in assessing the value of these processes:  the
role of aquaculture in the overall management of municipal wastewater; and
progress toward developing design criteria for operational systems.

A recent engineering assessment  of aquacultural wastewater treatment concludes
that aquatic plant systems using water hyacinth and wetlands systems have a
potential for pollutant removal  that can equal or may exceed that of mechani-
cal treatment systems.  It is  expected that developed aquacultural processes
will be preceded by conventional secondary treatment with current emphasis
being nutrient removal and polishing treated effluents.  In some instances,
consideration is being given to  treatment of conventional primary effluents.
Additional research is needed  for development of new aquacultural processes to
treat municipal wastewater as  well as for refinement of existing processes.
As new processes are developed,  pretreatment requirements will need to be
established in order to effectively position the aquacultural component within
the overall treatment or management system.
                                      4-72

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Aquaculture research is directed toward the development of natural systems for
the treatment and management of wastewaters.  Aquatic organisms or habitats of

interest include natural and man-made wetlands, vascular plants, invertebrates

finfish, shell fish and various combinations thereof.  Emphasis has been

placed on development of these biological/ecological systems as polishing

units following primary or secondary treatment, for use in upgrading lagoons

and, in some cases, as complete treatment systems.  The research approach  is

two fold:  exploratory research to identify promising systems; and develop-

mental research for those systems having the most potential for early utiliza-
tion and payoff.  Consideration is given to economic factors, potential
resource recovery and reuse, potential for valuable product production  and

possible energy conservation.


4.6.6  Recent Research Accomplishments


The aquaculture research program is in its infancy and budgeted resources  have

been relatively small.  Nevertheless, several significant accomplishments  have
been achieved.  The most noteworthy are the following:


     •   Experiments involving silver carp and bighead carp (exotic filter
         feeding finfish) have been highly successful.  Results indicate that
         aquaculture has good potential for application in the treatment of
         municipal wastewater.  At present, several communities are consider-
         ing application of this type of process as an innovative technology
         system under the construction grants program.  Under experimental
         conditions, an annual fish production rate of 6,000 pounds per acre
         was achieved.  During FY80, health effects studies were initiated to
         determine the feasibility of a variety of uses for the large amounts
         of fish produced.  These studies are being conducted cooperatively
         with HERL and are concentrating on enteroviruses and pathogenic
         bacteria.

     t   Preliminary evaluation of a water hyacinth system receiving conven-
         tional primary treated municipal wastewater indicates that 80  to  90
         percent removals of BODg and total suspended solids were achieved at
         a hydraulic loading rate of 1 mgd per 14 acres.
     •   EPA co-sponsored a seminar on Aquaculture Systems for Wastewater
         Treatment at Davis, CA.  An engineering assessment prepared as a
         result of the seminar concluded that aquatic plant processes as well
         as wetlands processes have good potential for municipal wastewater
         treatment applications.  Proceedings of the seminar and the engineer-
         ing assessment have been published  (EPA 400/9-80-006).
                                     4-73

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4.6.7  Current Research Plan

The research plan for wastewater  aquaculture  is  presented  in Table 4.5b.
Several  limitations of the  present  plan,  due  largely to resource constraints,
can be noted.  Among these  are  the  fact  that  little data will be obtained on
removal  of priority pollutants  by aquaculture treatment nor will macrophytes
other than water hyacinths  be extensively investigated.  Finally,  it  appears
that research will concentrate  on artificial  wetlands  as opposed to natural
wetlands.  It is anticipated  that the  maturing of  the  research  effort will
allow its extension into  these  key  areas.  The aquaculture research effort
would be broadened significantly  by the  natural  systems' initiative described
earlier  in this section.

4.6.8  ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements

Few research requirements directed  explicitly at wastewater aquaculture were
listed in Chapter III although  it should be noted  that most of  the general
land treatment requirements also  apply to aquaculture  systems as well.  The
shortage of expressed research  needs is  understandable inasmuch as the concept
of wastewater aquaculture is  of very recent origin.

The specific aquaculture  needs  listed  relate  to  long-term  environmental
effects, and the development  of design and operating criteria for  various
natural  systems including wetlands,  water hyacinths and polyculture systems.

Studies  of long-term environmental  effects cannot  be approached by studying
existing systems as was done  in land application studies,  for there are no
existing systems with long  operating histories.  Data  on these  effects must be
accumulated over time as  new  systems are put  into  operation and mature.  By
using modeling techniques,  it is  possible that predictions of future  effects
can be made.  This possibility  will  be investigated as systems  for study
become available.

Practically all of th.e current  efforts in the program  are  directed to develop-
ing design and operating  criteria for  various aquatic  systems.   Projects are
                                      4-74

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active in the development of water hyacinth systems, wetlands processes and
finflate systems.  Preliminary results from some projects, as indicated above,
look very promising.  None of the projects, however, have, been completed.
Projects for developing design and operating data for the most promising
systems will be given high priority.
                                     4-75

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 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                          Table 4.5b
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
             Aquaculture and Wetlands
R&D OBJECTIVE
AQUACULTURE AND WETLANDS
1. Evaluate use of fish species in wastewater
treatment
a. Assessment of indigenous species
b. Assessment of exotic species
2. Evaluate water hyacinths for treating
primary and secondary effluent
a. Preliminary design criteria
b. Evaluation of environmental control units
c. Evaluation of hyacinth harvesting and
utilization
d. Full-scale demonstration (9/86)
3. Evaluate artificial and natural wetlands
a. Annual interim reports
b. Wetland assessments
4. Evaluation of other higher plants
a. Report on nutrient film technique
b. Report on exploratory studies of
several aquatic species
c. Interim reports on process development
d. Establish preliminary design criteria
(9/86)
5. Technology transfer
FY80
o D|F A j A


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O D F A J A


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* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

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4.7    URBAN RUNOFF RESEARCH


4.7.1  Research Program Description and Objectives


The control of urban stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows (CSO) is
an important element for the attainment of the goals of water quality legisla-

tion.  Sections 201 and 212 of the Water Pollution Control Act for example,

placed remedial facilities for control of pollution from combined sewer over-

flows and urban stormwater runoff on an equal footing with sewage treatment

works in the authorization of grants for, and definitions of, treatment works.

Section 211 of the Clean Water Act Amendments, however, disallows any grants

through FY82 for treatment works specifically for the control of pollutant
discharges from separate storm sewer systems.  Also, construction grant fund-
ing policy emphasizes the secondary treatment of dry weather flows more than
combined sewer overflows.  Nevertheless, urban wet weather discharges continue

to be important to R&D planning because of the strong national need.  The 1978

Needs Survey indicated needs for CSO control at $26 billion; tentative figures

from the 1980 Needs Survey show a sizeable increase over that figure.  How-

ever, the R&D funds for stormwater runoff have steadily declined in recent

years due to higher Agency priorities and the overall reduction of research

funds.


In response to legislation and Agency needs, the urban runoff research effort

presently has three major objectives:


     •   Pollution Problem Assessment.  Part of this objective is to charac-
         terize urban wet weather discharges and to develop correlations
         between effects found in receiving waters, type of receiving water
         and quantity of discharges.  A recently added concern is the consid-
         eration of toxics.  The development of management and user assistance
         tools such as residuals handling methods; guidelines and user manuals
         for wet weather measuring and sampling; statistical methods for
         quality and quantity predictions; and cost-effectiveness determina-
         tions are also included in this objective.

     •   CSO Pollution Management.  The principal activity under this objec-
         tive has been the development of cost effective technology for CSO
         pollution control.  Approaches have included storage/sedimentation,
         dual use (wet/dry weather) facilities and high rate single use facil-
         ities.  Emphasis is presently in dual use technology which can
         sustain short periods of high flow.  Efforts related to control of


                                     4-77

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         infiltration  and  inflow (I/I)  into  sanitary  sewers  is  included under
         this objective.   Because of  the magnitude  of this problem and high
         Agency priority,  a substantial part of  program resources is presently
         devoted to  I/I  control.
     t   Stormwater  Pollution  Control.  Although construction grants are not
         presently given for control  of discharges  from storm sewers, there is
         still Agency  concern  over stormwater pollution control.  Work in this
         area is directed  toward the  development and  evaluation of best man-
         agement practices (BMP's) and  other remedial measures  including the
         use of wetlands from runoff  control. The  results support the Nation-
         wide Urban  Runoff Program (NURP)  and the Clean Lakes Program.

4.7.2  Recent Research Accomplishments

For the past several years, an increased emphasis has been placed on pollution
problem assessment.  A number of receiving water impact studies were conducted
in an attempt to determine more clearly what detrimental  effects can result
from urban runoff discharges.

Most of the information  on receiving  water impacts  has been  summarized in
"Urban Stormwater and  Combined Sewer  Overflow Impact  on Receiving Water
Bodies:  Proceedings of  National Conference" (EPA-600/9-80-056).  Studies of
dissolved oxygen (DO)  and  sediment/benthic effects  dominated recent problem
assessment activities.  A  study in Milwaukee (EPA-600/2-79-155) identified
sediment oxygen demand from CSO contaminated sediments as the principle mecha-
nism for DO depletion, particularly during disturbed  hydraulic  conditions.
This same mechanism  is now considered to be  operative in  many locations where
water velocities are usually low and  are only increased  significantly  during
storms.  An analysis of  continuous water quality monitoring  sites in and down-
stream of urban areas  suggests that direct DO depletion  due  to  urban wet
weather sources is not as  severe as previously thought  (EPA-600/2-79-156).  In
urban wet weather discharges, pathogens (indicator  organisms) can often be
shown to interfere with  recreational  use of  receiving waters.   It is likely
that this impact is  more widespread than realized because of the failure of
many communities to  measure indicator organism levels after  storms.  The two
DO studies mentioned above, indicate  an important departure  from traditional
DO considerations, relating to urban  wet weather sources, sediment transport,
deposition and oxygen  demand, particularly for CSO  which  have high volatile
                                      4-78

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settleable solids. Biological and sediment/benthic effects were investigated
for separate stormwater systems in Coyote Creek (EPA-600/2-80-111).  Both
studies showed a decline in the quality of receiving water, but the decline
was difficult to interpret clearly with respect to the decline in beneficial
use of the waters.  A model for determining the movement of CSO sediments has
been developed (EPA-600/2-80-126) and a users guide (EPA-600/8-80-048) was
developed for evaluating the impact and abatement of CSO on receiving waters
based on studies of Onondaga Lake.

Much information on CSO control methods and studies is available in convenient
form in the documents "Urban Stormwater Management and Technology, An Assess-
ment"  (EPA-670/2-74-040) and "Urban Stormwater Management and Technology,
Update and User's Guide"  (EPA-600/8-77-014).  A recent significant accomp-
lishment was the demonstration of the effectiveness of sewer flushing of dry
weather deposits (EPA-600/2-79-133 and EPA-600/2-80-118).  Sewer flushing was
shown to be effective for reducing solids and associated contaminants and,  if
combined with in-line storage, to reduce the cost of CSO control facilities.
However, the perception that sewer flushing technology is not fully proven
will be held by the engineering community until full-scale prototype systems
are demonstrated.

The most significant recent accomplishment, with regard to pollution from
separate storm sewers, was the completion of an evaluation of street cleaning
under real world conditions in San Jose (EPA-600/2-79-161).  This study has
become the prototype for the various NURP projects that are evaluating street
cleaning under other climatic, geographic and urban conditions.  In San Jose,
a tenfold cost increase over typical street cleaning would be necessary for
substantial improvements in urban runoff water quality.  With intensive street
cleaning (once per day), total solids and heavy metal yields were reduced up
to 50 percent; organics and nutrient yields reduction, however, was less than
10 percent.  These results clearly caution against assigning any significance
to street cleaning for urban runoff pollution control.  In a Boston study of
runoff pollutant removal via catch basins (report in preparation), COD, BOD
and solids reduction was quite effective if these units were cleaned fre-
quently.  The first phase of a study of the use of porous pavement and similar
                                     4-79

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alternatives for runoff control  in Austin, Texas has been completed (EPA-

600/2-80-135). Existing design,  instructional and operational data on existing
porous pavement areas were  summarized.


A general summary of the  research accomplishments for FY80 in the area of

Urban Runoff is given below:


     •   Final Reports
         -New Materials (Concrete Pipe Impregnation)
         -Porous Pavement (Design & Operational Criteria)
         -Case Histories
         -Receiving Water Impacts (University of Central Florida Proceedings;
          Sutron; Atlanta;  University of Florida; Lake Washington)
         -CSO Treatment Technology  (Screening/Flotation)
         -BMP Evaluations (Woodlands, TX; Street Cleaning; Sewer Flushing)
         -Biological Effects  of  Urban Runoff (Coyote Creek)
         -Planning Model  for  Urban Runoff Control (QQS; Stormwater Management
          Rec Water Level  III)
         -Stormwater Runoff Management for New Residential Developments
         -Methodology for Evaluation Impact/Abatement of CSO's

     •   Pollution Problem Assessment
         -Toxicity Data Gathering (in conjunction with Region II & OWRS)

     •   CSO/Stormwater Pollution Control
         -Infiltration/Inflow (Coordination with OWPO)

     •   Technical Assistance and Technology Transfer (Approximately 1 man-
          year)
         -Consultation to Federal, State, Local Governments and Quasi-
          government agencies
         -Public Information  Request
         -Consultation to Foreign Governments
         -In-House Seminars
         -Stormwater Management  Model (SWMM)
         -Higher Education
         -Planning/Design/SOTA/Assessment/Manuals/Extramural Publications
         -Extramural Journal  and Magazine Publications


4.7.3  Current Research Plan


Pollution problem assessment. Ongoing problem assessment projects include

development of matrices of causes and effects -leading to logical control

requirements and characterization of toxics.  Ongoing and planned areas of

study are shown in Table  4.6. Substantial increase in support or toxics
evaluation occurred  in FY81 through cooperative funding with OWRS.  Detailed
                                      4-80

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evaluation of the oxygen demand rate of CSO sediments also began in FY81.  The
sediment oxygen demand work will receive additional support in FY82.

Needs relating to both problem assessment and the effectiveness of combined
sewer control approaches could be met by obtaining data from full-scale
plants.  This would provide more dependable information than could be obtained
in any other way.  A survey of possible sites has been undertaken and evalua-
tion of an appropriate facility is planned for FY82.  Support of this type of
project is seen as a continuing function of the program for several years.

CSO pollution management.  Recently, emphasis on research for CSO control
technology has been placed on the evaluation of methods having the potential
for dual use application.  These studies are being conducted in conjunction
with the process development program.  Existing studies involve ultraviolet
disinfection, magnetic separation and fluidized bed reactors.  Resource
requirements for I/I control will limit additional studies, but some provision
will be made to evaluate promising new dual use technology, e.g., anaerobic
treatment or inlake storage, which improves the cost effectiveness for storing
and treating CSO at existing plants.  Results will become available from the
feasibility evaluation of Insituform, a new technology for I/I control.
Development of an improved I/I evaluation methodology and an improved method
for rehabilitating service laterals, begun in FY81, will continue in FY82.
Additional technical studies and consideration of institutional problems are
expected to follow but will not begin until preliminary results become avail-
able from ongoing work.  As indicated under research for pollution problem
assessment above, initiation of a study of a full-scale CSO facility is
planned for FY82.  A CSO design manual is also planned for FY82.

Stormwater pollution control.  Projects dealing with a number of BMPs, includ-
ing porous pavement and wetlands, are ongoing.  No new studies of Stormwater
control measures at Lake Eola in Florida are planned for FY82.  The evaluation
would take advantage of remedial measures constructed by the Clean Lakes Pro-
gram.  To be of maximum value, the compendium of BMPs shown in Table 4.6 item
                                     4-81

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3.d., should  include  results  from  projects  funded  by the NURP program.  Fund-
ing reductions will extend  beyond  the  FY82  completion date for this
compendium.

Since separate storm  sewer  discharges  are generally viewed as less polluting
than CSO, and are being  investigated extensively by NURP, research priorities
must logically favor  CSO control.   Within the  current resource levels, only
very limited  support  of  stormwater-related  work appears possible  in the fore-
seeable future.

4.7.4  ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements

In the area of urban  runoff,  a total of 35  research requirements  have been
stated by the Program and Regional  Offices;  about  two-thirds of these are not
duplicative.  Organized  under several  separable categories, these needs and
the related research  activities are described  below.

Pollution problem assessment.  Three Program Offices and four Regional Offices
have expressed needs  dealing  with  pollution sources, impacts and  the special
nature of storm  events:

     a.  Data analysis  and  tools for wet weather problems - OWE (H)
     b.  Areawide evaluation  of urban  complexes for runoff problems and solu-
         tion; short- and long-term impacts of runoff - OWRS (H), OWPO  (M),
         Region  II  (M)
     c.  Cooperative  effort to quantify and compare pollutant sources and
         impacts - OWRS  (H),  OWE (H)
     d.  Effect  of toxics in  urban runoff on stream biology - OWRS  (H)
     e.  Data collection on storm  events -  Region  IV (H), Region  VII (L)
     f.  Effect  of atmospheric deposition - OWRS  (H)
     g.  Data for wet weather flow criteria and standards - OWRS  (H), Region  I
         (H)
     h.  Effect  of runoff on  water quality  - OWRS  (L)

The initial series of impact  projects  recently completed  (Table 4.6) have
provided useful  information and pointed out the need for  certain  additional
studies.  To  date, results  on various  aspects  of dissolved oxygen and pathogen

                                     4-82

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Impacts have been obtained.  An ongoing evaluation of DO effects on the Scioto
River, a project to develop matrices of receiving waters and types of impacts,
and a small inhouse effort to define criteria for the degree of CSO control
constitute the last effort in the foreseeable future dealing with the general
area of problem assessment.  A significant cooperative effort with OWRS,
funded in FY81, along with limited earlier work, is expected to provide data
for the characterization of toxics in urban runoff.  A project to be funded in
FY81 and FY82 will respond to the need for data on sediment oxygen demand and
whether sediment oxygen demand is of sufficient magnitude to limit the attain-
ment of water quality goals with or without CSO controls.

Atmospheric deposition has been considered only as it relates to street sweep-
ing.  A few NURP projects do include collection of wet and dry fallout.  Other
needs (a and g) are not being addressed by the projects discussed above or
listed in Table 4.6; these fall under the auspices of the Water Quality Com-
mittee.

CSO pollution management.  Because of the confusion that arises with the use
of the term urban runoff, it is difficult, in some cases, to determine whether
specific needs relate to CSO or stormwater.  In the category of combined sewer
overflows, three Program Offices and Region I have expressed needs dealing
with hardware-oriented and management-oriented control technologies, along
with their impacts on water quality and economics.  These needs include:

     a.  CSO controls, evaluations, and methods of evaluating their  impact  -
         OWPO (H, M)
     b.  Design manual on available CSO control - OWPO (H)
     c.  Verification of approach and results for CSOs in 40-city study
          - OWE (M)
     d.  Evaluate effectiveness of conventional controls - OWRS (H)
     e.  Demonstrate sewer flushing on large sewers - Region I  (H)
     f.  Demonstrate microscreening with high-rate disinfection - Region I  (H)
     g.  Innovative ways to optimize the size and operations of CSO  facili-
         ties; cost effective CSO controls - Region I (H), OWE  (M)
     h.  Technical support on 201 CSO projects - Region I (M)
     i.  I/I evaluation, remediation and technology transfer - OWPO  (H, M),
         Region X (H)

                                     4-83

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In addition to the  stormwater  management  users' guides and reports on sewer
flushing, screening and  disinfection, manuals  on  swirl technology and storage/
settling are being  completed.   Evaluations of  several other technologies are
listed in Table 4.6  It  appears,  however, that a  single volume CSO technology
design manual would be useful.  Preparation  of a  concise design manual will be
given high priority for  funding in  FY82.

The program has maintained  a continuing low  to moderate effort in the area of
I/I control and has produced a number of  user-oriented reports.  Discussion
with OWPO during FY80 led  to the  outlining of  an  expanded I/I program.  Begin-
ning in FY81, a significantly  increased effort was begun to find ways of over-
coming I/I problems,  especially those from service laterals.  A project was
also started to develop  a  better  methodology for  use by municipalities in
estimating the cost of remediation.  These projects will require up to one-
half of the total FY82 program resources  for completion.  Although transfer of
I/I technology would be  of  some value now, desired developments would greatly
increase the usefulness  in  about  two years.

Toxic materials in  a small  number of CSO  samples  have been characterized and
more will be included in the previously mentioned cooperative toxics project
with OWRS.  Some data on removal  of toxics from CSOs entering existing biolog-
ical treatment plants will  be  obtained from  a  25-city survey being conducted
under the toxics program.   In  addition, there  will be results from the 40-city
survey being conducted by OWRS for  CSO sampling occurring during periods of
rain.  Assuming no  significant hydraulic  loading  increase over design condi-
tions, CSO removals should  be  essentially the  same as those for dry weather
conditions.  Extrapolating  from results observed  during treatment for dry
weather flows, it is very  unlikely  that the  operation of biological treatment
processes would be  affected to a  significant degree by CSO.  Some heavy metals
removal data are available  for most CSO control technologies.  No specific
additional toxic studies to determine removals for other than biological CSO
control methods are being  considered because of budget limitations.
                                      4-84

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With regard to regional technical assistance, the program has always attempted
to fulfill all requests; the staff will continue to provide this technical
assistance, as time permits.

The needs not specifically met by the CSO research program include c, e  and f
in the above list.

Stormwater pollution control and other needs.  Wet weather criteria, Best
Management Practices (BMP), toxic impacts and material balances are needs
stated for this category:
     a.  Develop separate storm sewer wet weather pathogen criteria - OWPO
         (H), OWRS (H), Region V (H)
     b.  BMPs:  assessment criteria, economic impacts, effectiveness - OWE
         (H), OWRS (M)
     c.  Re-examine wet weather criteria for salmonella - OWPO/NURP (H)
     d.  Toxic exposure/response curves for time variant systems
          - OWPO/NURP (H)
     e.  Data for material balances of toxic and other compounds - OWRS  (H),
         OPTS (H)

Program resource limitations and current agency priorities prevent extensive
new work on stormwater pollution control.  Completed  and ongoing projects pro-
vide performance and cost data on a range of BMPs including street sweeping,
use of catch basins for pollutant removal, wetlands,  porous pavement, flow
attenuation and upstream storage.  No new toxic related work  is planned,
although some stormwaters previously have been characterized  for metals.

Although no program effort is planned with regard to  indicator organisms, HERL
has completed a very lengthy evaluation of the relationship of indicator
organisms in ocean waters to the incidence of disease at beaches (EPA-600/1-
80-031).  Specific pollution sources were not evaluated, only the mixture
resulting in the ocean from these sources.  Recognizing this  limitation, the
HERL results still constitute the best available information.  Similar inform-
ation is presently being gathered for freshwater beaches.

Some of the Agency needs are not specifically related to the  above categories.
Several mention storm data collection, but give no detail.  One deals with

                                     4-85

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health risk assessment.   None  of  these  are  being  addressed  and will  not  be
addressed because of  a  lack  of resources.   There  is  an  existing  rainfall-
runoff data base that might  be helpful  to those needing stormwater data  (EPA-
600/8-79-004).

Specific needs not  addressed include  c  and  d  in the  above  list.  These two
needs are related to  the  Water Quality  Research Committee  activities.
                                      4-86

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 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.6
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                         Urban Runoff
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. Pollution Problem Assessment
a. Studies of sediment impacts and benthic
effects including sediment oxygen demand
b. Symposium on receiving water impacts from i
urban stormwater
c. Nationwide assessment of receiving water i
Impacts
d. Matrices of causes and effects of urban
runoff
e. Movement and effects of CSO sediments in
receiving waters
f. Impacts of full-scale facilities
g. CSO control requirements based on water
quality impacts
h. Assessment of toxic effect of urban runoff
2. CSO Pollution Management
a. Planning and design principles for urban
runoff control facilities
b. Storage/sedimentation design manual
c. Stormwater evaluation methodology and
flow monitoring manual
d. Assessment of ultraviolet disinfection
e. Demonstration of high gradient magnetic
separation
f. Demonstration of fluidized bed reactors
g. Demonstration of new dual use technology
h. Evaluate new I /I control technology
FY80
O D F A J

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-------
 LEGEND:
 ±  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
—- Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.6
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                        Urban Runoff
R&D OBJECTIVE
i. Develop standardized methodology to
evaluate I/I problems
j. Develop improved methods for service
lateral rehabilitation
k. Great Lakes Program cooperative projects
(various outputs)
1. CSO design manual
3. Stormwater Pollution Control
a. Evaluation of eutrophic lake restoration
b. Compendium of urban wetland utilization
c. Document on secondary considerations in
urban runoff pollution abatement
d. Compendium of BMPs for urban runoff
pollution control
e. Demonstration of swirl, helical bend and
teacup concentrator/regulators
f. Needs survey support (various outputs)
g. Section 208 (NURP) support (various
outputs)
FY80
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+ Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

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4.8    ENERGY RESEARCH

4.8.1  Research Program Description and Objectives

The Clean Water Act of 1977  (PL 95-217) requires EPA to emphasize energy  con-
servation and recovery in the treatment of municipal wastes.  Section  201 of
the Act encourages the adoption of waste treatment management methods,  pro-
cesses and techniques that reduce total energy requirements.  It also
encourages facilities to use waste heat and thermal discharges.  Section  202
provides financial incentives to municipalities receiving construction  grant
funds to use treatment processes and techniques which  use energy conservation.
These financial incentives are provided to municipalities which adopt  tech-
nologies that achieve a 20 percent net primary energy  reduction over conven-
tional alternatives.  Financial incentives are also provided to municipalities
which design and construct facilities to help achieve  the national  goal of
increased energy recovery, conservation, reuse, and recycling.

The energy conservation research program was developed by the Wastewater
Research Division and serves as a useful planning guide for  initiating energy-
related research, however, there are no current funds  budgeted for  a separate
energy research program.  Most of the accomplishments  and energy-related
activities were carried out  as integrated study components of ongoing  research
programs such as innovative  and alternative technology, sludge management and
improved plant operations.  This program could serve as the focal point for
several Agency-wide efforts.  It could also provide technical assistance  to
other research laboratories  and to the Regional and Program Offices and could
assist and undertake joint projects of mutual interest with  other Federal
agencies.  A Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. Department of
Energy's Office of Conservation and Solar Energy and EPA's Office of Water and
Waste Management has been proposed for a cooperative effort  in the  areas  of
energy conservation and resource recovery in municipal wastewater treatment.
Unfortunately, funds are no  longer available for this  joint  effort.
The national energy requirements  in the year 2000  have  been  estimated  to
                                     4-89

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exceed 100 x  10*5  Btu/year.   Although  the  fraction  of  national  demand attribu-
ted to municipal wastewater  treatment  is rather  small  (0.3%), efforts are
being made to  realize  energy savings  in this  sector because,  locally, such
savings will  be  significant.  Perhaps  two-thirds of energy use  for municipal
treatment could  be eliminated via conservation efforts.  Such savings would
exceed the total energy requirements for a city  of  one-half million.

The overall program objective is  directed  towards energy savings derived
through more  efficient design and operation of municipal wastewater treatment
facilities.   It  is not directed  at energy  production from non-municipal waste-
water sources  (i.e., anaerobic digestion of agricultural biomass).

The near-term  objectives are to  identify,  optimize  and encourage the accep-
tance and implementation of  low or no-cost energy processes and systems for
mainstream wastewater  and sludge  treatment and disposal.

The long-term  objectives are to develop, demonstrate and encourage the imple-
mentation of  new technologies, modifications  of  existing processes, and the
integration of innovative concepts into municipal wastewater  collection and
treatment systems, including the  use  of alternative energy sources.

4.8.2  Recent  Research Accomplishments

As FY80 was the  first  year in which an energy conservation research and devel-
opment program was implemented for municipal  wastewater, accomplishments  and
outputs reflect  the division's long-standing  interest  in the  area.  These
accomplishments  have been documented  in other program  areas,  notably the pro-
grams involving  Innovative and Alternative Technology, Plant  Operation and
Design and Municipal Sludge  Management.

Most of the past information related  to engineering assessments and field
evaluations on plant operations  has been conducted  to  establish baseline
energy performance data by the Plant  Operation  and  Design  and Municipal Sludge
Management Programs.   Emphasis in these  studies  is  directed towards evalua-
tions of energy  efficiencies in conventional  unit process  systems for waste-
                                      4-90

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water treatment and sludge handling and disposal operations.  For example,  a
summary of the energy consumption characteristics in treatment facilities was
reported in August 1978 - "Total Energy Consumption in Municipal Wastewater
Treatment," (EPA 600/2-78-149).  This comprehensive study provides a baseline
to gauge the areas where improved efficiencies  in operations and equipment
should be directed.  Another important study, "Computer-Aided Synthesis of
Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Disposal Systems" (EPA 600/2-79-158), December
1979, allows the design engineer to rapidly select, through interactive
modeling techniques, equipment and treatment systems as a function of opera-
tional energy requirements.  Focus has also been placed on developing informa-
tion documents to assist planners, designers and managers in making energy
comparisons and to provide guidance in the identification and quantification
of energy recovery and reuse opportunities.  An output of this area is repre-
sented by the March 1978 report entitled, "Energy Conservation in Municipal
Wastewater Treatment" (EPA 430/9-77-011).  Outputs also include a series of
technology assessment manuals that provide energy information for a wide range
of state-of-the-art processes including solar applications, vertical tube
chemical reactor and anaerobic treatment.

Other research accomplishments specific to plant operation and design and to
municipal sludge management are described in previous sections.

4.8.3  Current Research Plan

ORD energy conservation research activities and planned outputs are categor-
ized by three general objectives:  to identify  and develop energy-effective
mainstream processes and systems; to develop and optimize energy conservation
and generation in municipal sludge treatment and disposal systems; and to
evaluate, develop and optimize the use of alternative energy sources for
wastewater collection and treatment systems.  The scope of activities includes
on-site engineering and systems analysis, pilot plant development, and con-
struction and operation of full-scale waste treatment facilit-
ies.  As this R&D program serves as the Agency's focal point for energy con-
servation activities, it will overlap or provide plan implementation input  for
other organizational divisions with joint participation, including other
                                     4-91

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agencies, state  and  local  governments  and  industry.
To meet near-term objectives,  current  activities  in the energy conservation
R&D program  (Table 4.7)  include  the  following:

     0   Design, construction  and  field  evaluation of a vertical tube reactor
         system  for  municipal  sludge treatment
     •   Engineering and field evaluation  studies to review and analyze energy
         conservation measures in  wastewater  treatment technologies with a
         focus on recommendations  to improve  energy-effective design
     •   Engineering and cost-analysis studies  to identify and assess electric
         power generation  opportunities  at municipal wastewater treatment
         facilities

4.8.4  ORD Response  to Agency  Research Requirements

In the area  of energy conservation,  a  total of  eight research requirements
have been identified by  the  Program  and  Regional  Offices.  Of this total,
about five are non-duplicative.  Organized under  several separable categories,
these needs  are  discussed  below.

Energy conservation  (EC) requirements.  Energy  conservation requirements focus
on the need  to identify  effective  operating procedures and equipment that
reduce energy consumption  in mainstream  processing.  The requirements listed
are:

     a.  Methods to  reduce energy  consumption at  POTWs - Region I(H)
     b.  Energy  reduction  techniques for high energy components of treatment  -
         OWPO(H)
     c.  Energy  conservation,  recovery and production studies - OWPO(H),
         Region  VIII(H)
     d.  Natural systems for energy  use  reduction - OWPO(M)

Energy production  (EP) requirements.  Because sludge represents a source of
organic material which can provide a net energy gain at treatment facilities,
production studies focusing on sludge  are required by the Program and Regional
Offices.  The requirements are:

     a.  Evaluation  of the potential for energy production, recovery and use-

                                     4-92

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         Region VIII(H), OWPO(H)
     b.  Thermal conversion, digestion, and methane recovery/cleanup from
         sludge and hardware development - OWPO(M)

Energy-related innovative  (El) application.  Because energy recovery, whether
from sludge or waste heat, will require advancements in the state-of-the-art,
certain requirements focus on these  innovative developments.  These  include:

     a.  Beneficial reuse/recycle of sludge and wastewater for biomass
         production - OWPO(H)
     b.  Methane recovery  from sludge through hardware development for  thermal
         conversion and anaerobic digestion - OWPO(M)

Table 4.7 presents the energy conservation R&D objectives and outputs.  All  of
these objectives are expected to meet the needs discussed above.

Some of the previously described accomplishments have provided baseline data
for energy requirements of selected wastewater treatment processes and  sludge
disposal.  Similar information for both conventional processes and newer
technologies has been published in the Innovative and Alternative Technology
Assessment Manual.  This work partially satisfies some of the objectives for
EC requirements a, b, c and EP requirement a above.  Some of the energy-
related for sludge (EP, requirement  a) are concerned with the process only,
and are considered in the Municipal Sludge Management Program.  EC requirement
a, is concerned with the overall energy efficiency of POTWs.  This concern
will be addressed in the plant operation and design program by a study  of POTW
energy conservation.  The  results of this study will be reported in  a manual
as part of the Design Information Series.

Because there is a continuing need in all areas for information on recent
technological advances in wastewater treatment, four 40-60 page draft reports
have been completed.  The  documents  contain the status of development,  a
detailed technical evaluation, cost  and energy benefits, technology  limit-
ations and an assessment of the potential national impact.  The four completed
assessments are solar applications in wastewater treatment, Vertical Tube
Chemical Reactor (VTCR), fine bubble diffusers and anaerobic treatment  of
                                     4-93

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wastewater.  Additional  technology reports  are  to  be  initiated  in  the  near
future and will  include  alternative energy  sources and  all  on-site energy
generation prospects  including heat pumps and windmills,  deep  shaft, anaerobic
digestion of combined wastes,  aquaculture and wetlands.   Future research needs
which include  energy  conservation  and  recovery  systems, will be updated
annually.

In order to satisfy stated  needs of the  Program and Regional Offices,  the
following integrated  studies will  be performed  in  conjunction  with ongoing
research programs:

     •   Engineering  and field evaluation studies  of  the  energy conservation
         effectiveness of wastewater treatment  technologies and equipment and
         recommendations to improve the  design  of  systems and  equipment
     •   Evaluation of total building  and treatment systems energy require-
         ments and  the identification  and qualification of all  energy  recovery
         and reuse  opportunities
     •   Engineering  and cost  analysis of electric power  generation from all
         sources  in wastewater collection and treatment systems including
         residuals  management
     •   Field evaluation and  process  performance  monitoring of the vertical
         tube  reactor system for the treatment  of  municipal sludge
     •   Evaluation of conventional and  new sludge treatment and disposal
         technologies with  respect to  energy effectiveness, and the identifi-
         cation  of  potential high  risk,  second  generation energy reducing con-
         cepts and  equipment
                                      4-94

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 LEGEND:
 ^  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.7
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                              Energy
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. Conduct energy conservation analysis studies
to Identify and develop most energy effective
mainstream processing
a. Complete energy conservation and recovery
sensitivity analysis
b. Begin engineering and field studies to
demonstrate 3 most energy effective
technologies
c. Finish all work and disseminate results
2. Conduct studies to identify, develop and
optimize energy conservation and generation
for municipal sludge treatment and disposal
processes
a. Award grant to design and construct
major energy conservation facility
b. Complete energy conservation project
c. Identify additional energy conservation
recovery projects
3. Conduct studies to identify, develop and
optimize the use of alternative energy
sources for wastewater treatment and
collection. Includes solar, heat pumps.
hydro biogas and on-site electric generation
a. Complete on-site electric power generation
survey report
b. Complete on-site alternative energy
generation summary report
FY80
OJD F A J A



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* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

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4.9    SMALL WASTEWATER FLOWS  RESEARCH

4.9.1  Research Program Description  and Objectives

The research efforts  for  small  wastewater  flows  (SWF) have historically dealt
with evaluation of alternative wastewater  technologies, concentrating on on-
site treatment and disposal,  alternative wastewater collection systems and
septic tank pumpings  (septage)  treatment and disposal.  In order to maintain
advances made in each of  these areas,  it became  evident within the past few
years that significant efforts were  necessary  in related areas such as manage-
ment arrangements, improved  technology  impact,  implementation programs and
other complementary areas.   The outputs of the program have been geared to the
needs of Federal, state,  and  local regulatory  agencies, consulting engineers,
planners and private  sector  individuals dealing  with these technologies.

In light of the above, the present program can be divided into the following
categories:
        \
     0   Implementation of SWF technology
     •   Treatment technology evaluation
     0   Appropriate  21st Century technology development
     0   Non-residential  and  specialized rural wastewater system development

The level of activity in  each  of these  categories has varied over the past few
years.  As noted above, the  technology  evaluation work has been equalled or
surpassed by the implementation efforts, as measured by resources expended.
The 21st Century and  specialized wastewater work has been modest.

4.9.2  Recent Research Accomplishments

During FY80, major accomplishments included the  publication of the OWPO/-
MERL/CERI Onsite Systems  Design Manual  and six  other final reports on the
topics of septage management,  alternative  on-site systems evaluation, sources
of toxic compounds in household wastewater and  comprehensive facility planning
for small communities. Additional accomplishments  included major technical
                                      4-96

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assistance efforts, initiation of the Cincinnati Center for^Small Community
Wastewater Systems Studies, and the takeover of responsibility for the EPA
Small Wastewater Flows Clearinghouse.

The above accomplishments and other program activities have provided further
insight into future program direction.  Clearly, the justification for 21st
Century technology development has been weakened through the rather negative
findings of nearly completed research and lack of support from program client
communities.  Conversely, the need to provide additional efforts toward SWF
technology implementaton goals has been clearly noted, both through the enor-
mous demand for the Onsite Manual and by other more direct inputs from client
communities.  The type of effort demanded appears to be one balanced between
direct implementation efforts and indirectly through alternative technology
information production.

4.9.3  Current Research Plan

In order to implement the SWF research program necessary to satisfy the needs
submitted by OSW, OWPO and.the Regional Offices, it has become necessary to
develop arrangements to maximize the limited resources available to the pro-
gram.  The three arrangements developed to accomplish this are the SWF Clear-
inghouse, the Cincinnati Center, and a Level of Effort (LOE) contract.  The
Clearinghouse provides literature searching and communications with the user
community and assumes some of the technical assistance burden.  The Cincinnati
Center will provide a more directly controlled study of viable alternative
technologies and a showcase of alternative systems in one area.  Both entities
will directly affect environmental engineering education by incorporating
small flow technology into their associated universities' curricula.  The LOE
contract will permit the performance of the necessary research studies to
                                                                            i
satisfy the needs of the Agency and the user community which would otherwise
be delayed by several years due to the limitations on resources  and
flexibility.

The SWF research-program planned outputs are described in Table 4.8.
                                     4-97

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In order to  answer  the  specific OWPO  research  requirements pertaining to
evaluation of  data  obtainable from  existing  201  projects, there are certain
factors which  must  be considered.   In the  base program outlined above, the
approach is  designed to deal  with technologies,  e.g., SD6 sewers,  large SASs,
pressure distribution systems, etc.,  with  collection of easily obtainable
information  from  201 projects which have incorporated them for each technology
studied.  Although  this approach will  accomplish the goals of OWPO more
slowly, it takes  advantage  of the fact that  little  data would be  available
from ongoing 201  projects at  this time.  As  these projects are completed,
field evaluation  teams  can  evaluate them to  determine detailed information on
design, construction and O&M  or management aspects  of the technologies.  Since
insufficient resources  are  available  in the  base SWF Program to accomplish
these in-depth studies, a new initiative which requires $1,000,000 and one
additional staff  position starting  in FY83 is  proposed.  Such an  effort would
maximize the data obtainable  from the current  201 projects in time for incor-
poration into  the Advanced  Collection Handbook and  the updated Onsite Systems
Manual.

In order to  satisfy the research requirements  for improved design and manage-
ment approaches for onsite  and small  community wastewater systems, a second
initiative is  proposed  which  would  anticipate  and seek to obviate major O&M
problems with  these systems through the use  of remote sensing, satellite plant
circuit-riding concepts, design improvements to  minimize labor costs and a
variety of other  techniques uniquely  applicable  to  decentralized  operations.
This effort  would be carried  out in cooperation  with the Plant Operation and
Design staff in Cincinnati  and would  seek  to identify the most critical O&M
problems, analyze their functional  roles with  respect to design and operation,
and develop  and test alternative systems and components which might minimize
or eliminate these  problems.   In order to  accomplish this, an above-baseline
initiative of  $400  to 500 K for two years  and  one additional staff position
would be required.

4.9.4  ORD Response to  Agency Research Requirements

The following  is  a  list of  research needs  expressed by the Program and
                                      4-98

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Regional Offices in the area of small wastewater flows:

     a.  Characterize contaminants in septic tank pumpings and effect of
         disposal practices - OSW(M)
     b.  Provide increased technical assistance - OWPO(H)
     c.  Evaluate projects using current design information - OWPO(H)
     d.  Complete septage manual - OWPO(H), Region I(H), Region II(H)
     e.  Compile state-of-the-art summary of large subsurface drainfields -
         OWPO(M)
     f.  Improve cost, design, performance and reliability information -
         OWPO(M)
     g.  Develop facility maintenance and impact monitoring methods - OWPO(M)
     h.  Evaluate low-pressure subsurface soil distribution and small sub-
         surface aerobic systems - OWPO(L)
     i.  Compare costs of gravity sewers vs. alternative systems - OWPO(L)
     j.  Develop methods to predict life of leaching fields - Region I(H)
     k.  Develop control options for acid-lime side-streams from septage
         pretreatment - Region I(H)
     1.  Evaluate lagoon, septic tank seepage for coastal soils - Region IV(H)
     m.  Determine effects on wetland water quality - Region IV(M)
     n.  Determine cost-effectiveness and benefits of BMPs - Region V(H)
     o.  Determine efficacy of dual septic tanks in series - Region V(M)
     p.  Effects on wetland productivity; other options - Region VI(M)
     q.  Develop alternative control technologies - Region VII(H)
     r.  Develop data on small-scale treatment technology - Region IX(H)

These research requirements reflect the discussion under accomplishments,
i.e., the major demands are for technology evaluation and implementation
efforts by the SWF research program.  In subdividing these categories, a more
illustrative pattern can be determined.

Facility planning.  Research requirements on this topic, which include site
characterization, physical data assembly, and cost-effective analyses, were
provided by OWPO and Regions I, V, and IX.  A FY80 research report (EPA 600/8-
80-030) and draft Environmental Impact Statments from Region V indicate that,
although present methodologies are useful, the cost of a thorough facility
plan could be prohibitive to a small community.  Consequently, several field
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and modelling techniques  show  potential for  reducing the cost  and  improving
the equity of problem  determination.  A definitive  study of these  techniques
and a review and  analysis  of total  (capital  and O&M) costs began in FY81 and
will provide the  necessary information to partially satisfy the above research
requirements.  More  complete satisfaction will result when projects addressing
technology evaluation  and  management  issues  have  been completed and analyzed
(approximately FY84  at present funding levels).   Complete satisfaction within
this time will require a  special  initiative,  as discussed previously.

Management.  Research  requirements  on this topic, which include management
arrangements, septage/residuals handling  and O&M  requirements, were provided
by OWPO and Region I.   The Septage  Handbook  will  partially satisfy these needs
which were primarily directed  toward more useful  information on this subject.
Additionally, the completion of the ongoing  User's  Guide on Management of SAWS
(Small and alternative wastewater systems) and the  OWPO and other  208 manage-
ment initiatives  will  provide  a sound basis  for evaluation of  actual manage-
ment needs in FY83.  Resulting management research  requirements are antici-
pated to be satisfied  by  the special  initiative referenced above and another
dealing with O&M  of  SAWS,  both of which have been described previously.

Health and environmental  impacts.   Research  requirements on this topic were
submitted by OSW  and Region IV.  Completion  of ongoing studies on  pollutant
transport through soils below  absorption  beds will-provide partial satis-
faction to those  needs with regard  to nutrients and toxic organics.  Health
impacts have been initially addressed for certain onsite alternatives and will
be pursued, pending  the result of the upcoming conference on microbial health
risks.  These projects should  satisfy the above requirements by early FY85.
All work is being conducted in cooperation with RSKERL and HERL.

Technology implementation  documents.  Research requirements for specific
program output documents  have  been  provided  by OWPO and Regions I  and II.  In
order to provide  useful outputs SWF has cooperated  with OWPO and CERI.  The
most recent result has been the Onsite Manual.  Present efforts are directed
toward the Septage Handbook and a User's  Guide for  Management  of SAWS.  In
FY82, an Advanced Collection Systems Handbook will  be initiated, to be
                                     4-100

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followed by a revision of the Onsite Manual.  These outputs should satisfy the
expressed research needs, although the specific OWPO requirements for an
Onsite Alternatives Manual will be incorporated into the revised Onsite Manual
due to limited resource availability.  The SWF Clearinghouse will be a useful
entity in communicating with the user community and fostering interest in the
program products.

Technical assistance.  OWPO was the only office to submit a research require-
ment for technical assistance (TA).  Since this area has heretofore drained
significant manpower from the SWF staff, appropriate cutbacks in TA are antic-
ipated.  Therefore, TA will be limited to 75 person-days per year with
priority given to OWPO requests.

Treatment technology evaluation.  Under the major topic of technology evalu-
ation, subtopics include a variety of onsite and centralized collection and
treatment system study areas.  However, since the majority of the submitted
research requirements were generally addressed to the development of perform-
ance, design, cost and reliability of alternative and conventional rural
wastewater systems, this major research topic will not be subdivided in the
same manner as technology implementation.

Research requirements promoting the continued evaluation of alternative tech-
nologies, both onsite and community-wide, were submitted by OWPO and Regions V
and VII.  A series of field studies spanning FY81-83 and data gathered by the
Cincinnati Center for Small Community Wastewater Systems Research will provide
needed data to partially satisfy these requirements.  Available data from
these and other sources will be incorporated into the updated Onsite Manual  in
FY85 and the Advanced Collection Systems Handbook in FY84.

Specific research requirements were submitted for the following topics:

     •   Evaluation of pressure distribution systems (OWPO)
     •   Evaluation of large soil absorption systems (OWPO)
     •   Evaluation of dual septic tanks in series (OWPO)
                                     4-101

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A field study project  initiated  in FY81 will  satisfy the pressure distribution
system requirement by  obtaining  and  analyzing data from North Carolina
(Carlisle system), Wisconsin  (SSWMP  system)  and other locations.  Similarly, a
FY81 project will gather  analytical  data on  large SASs from Washington,
Wisconsin and New England.

Needs expressed by the Regional  Offices which are not met by the current
research plan are 1, m, o and p  in the above  list of requirements.
                                     4-102

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 LEGEND:
 ^  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                           Table 4.8
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
             Small Wastewater Flows
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. Implementation of SF technology
a. Improved facility planning
b. Optimum management strategies
c. Health and other environmental impacts
d. Technology transfer documents
e. Technical assistance, up to 75 md of staff
time
2. On-site technology evaluations
a. Land insufficiencies
b. Groundwater vulnerability
c. Severe water and climate with above also
3. Collection and treatment technology
evaluations '
a. Low-cost collection systems
4. Appropriate technology for 21st century
5. Non-residential and specialized rural wastes
a. Commercial establishments
FY80
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4.10   INNOVATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH

4.10.1 Research Program Description  and Objectives

Enactment of the Clean Water Act  (CWA) of  1977 provided major reorientation in
EPA Programs to meet national water  quality goals by the increased use of
innovative and alternative  (I/A)  technologies.  The I/A technology provisions
of the CWA clearly establish intent  to encourage the development and implemen-
tation of I/A technologies  for  the treatment of the nation's municipal waste-
waters while advancing the  state-of-the-art in wastewater treatment technology
across a broad front.  Taken together, Sections 201, 202 and 205 encourage the
use of technologies which reclaim and reuse water, recycle wastewater constit-
uents productively, conserve or recover energy, reduce capital and operating
costs, improve operational  reliability, improve toxics management, improve
environmental benefits or provide for improved potential for joint municipal/
industrial treatment.  Special  financial incentives are provided to munici-
palities to adopt use of I/A technologies  including 10% grant increases 15%
cost effectiveness preferences, fund reserves for grant increases, and 100%
modification grants for failed  facilities.  Finally, Section 105(j) authorizes
post-construction performance evaluations  of I/A technology.

To carry out the mandates of the  CWA, a high visibility I/A Technology Program
was established at MERL.  The I/A Technology program is a seven man-year
effort and is divided into  four areas of activity:  the Technical Support
Group (TSG); Information Dissemination; the I/A Technology Program; and the
I/A Research Program.

The Technical Support Group reviews  I/A facility plans and I/A designs submit-
ted by the EPA regional offices,  provides  technical assistance to the regions
and states, operates the I/A Clearinghouse, keeps track of progress of the I/A
Program, evaluates results  and  provides policy review support to Washington.

Information dissemination includes activities such as preparation of manuals,
articles, brochures, flyers and other similar documents intended to reach a
                                     4-104

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wide range of audiences and conducting technical seminars and workshops for
consultants, grantees and federal/state officials.

The Agency has initiated an Active I/A Technology Program in order to
encourage greater use of I/A technologies and to generate more I/A projects.
Efforts included in this area are intended to identify recently developed
emerging I/A technologies and assist local communities and their consulting
engineers with assessment and analysis of emerging technologies that may be
applicable to their specific wastewater treatment control or management prob-
lems.

The I/A Research Program is a relatively new initiative  including study of
technologies which have high potential for cost and energy savings and other
benefits.  In order to avoid duplication of efforts, the I/A Research Program
is conducted in partnership with other Wastewater Research Division entities:
the Process Development Branch, Small Flows Program, and Energy Program in the
Systems and Engineering Evaluation branch.  As such, the I/A Program is a
vital element of R&D, acting as a focal point or bridge  between pure research
and development activities and implementation of technology in the field.  One
purpose of the I/A Research Program is to identify and evaluate wastewater
treatment technologies which show promise for reducing capital and operating
costs and energy requirements.  Evaluations include conduct of preliminary
research engineering assessments of the potential of these promising tech-
nologies and of their stage of development.  Feedback is provided to those
responsible for process development and includes an identification of those
technologies which have high potential for achieving cost and energy savings
applicable to the Construction Grants Program.  For a limited number of
selected high potential technologies, the I/A Research Program provides the
necessary funds to conduct research and demonstration studies in coordination
with other programs in order to accelerate the design and development of
emerging technologies.

Another purpose of the I/A Research Program is to ensure that these and
related technologies are implemented as soon as possible through the Construc-
tion Grants Program.
                                     4-105

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In addition to  the  current  I/A Technology Program, a new initiative has been
conceptualized  and  will  be  initiated  in FY82 to perform post-construction
evaluations of  I/A  projects.

4.10.2 Recent Research Accomplishments

During FY80, the  I/A  program  conducted over 100 technical reviews, developed
over 20 active  I/A  projects completed four assessments on emerging technolo-
gies, and produced  several  manuals, brochures and workshops.  I/A Clearing-
house Reports have  been  published quarterly since June 1979.  The status of
the I/A program described in  these quarterly reports indicates that, in FY79
and FY80, 550 I/A projects  have been  funded.  In addition, several presenta-
tions were made during the  past year.  "An Overview of EPA's I/A Technology
Program" was presented at the 7th U.S./Japan Conference on Sewage Treatment
Technology.  "Progress in EPA's I/A Technology Program" was presented at the
7th National Conference  on  Individual On-Site Wastewater Systems and a presen-
tation entitled "Innovative Municipal Energy Alternatives" was given to the
Rocky Mountain  sections  of  the American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the
Water Pollution Control  Federation (WPCF).  The final version of the "I/A
Technology Assessment Manual" was also published.

The Technical Support Group reviews covered 34 states and included risk/
benefit analyses, costs  and energy savings for the following technologies:

     •   VTR Chemical Oxidation
     •   Anaerobic  Treatment
     •   Low Head Hydroelectric Power Generation
     •   Windmill Power  Generation
     t   Improved Aeration  Devices
     •   Dual Series  Aerobic/Anaerobic Sludge Digestion
     •   Sequencing Batch Reactors
     •   Use of Small Individual  and  On-site Systems
     •   Ultraviolet  Disinfection
     t   Aquaculture
     •   Land Treatment  Systems
                                     4-106

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     •   Mechanical Composting
     •   Active/Passive Solar

Several draft reports dealing with emerging technology assessment have been
completed and include solar applications vertical tube reactors and anaerobic
treatment of wastewater.  The active I/A Program provided assistance to 23
projects in seven Regions.  Projects using particularly promising technologies
are located in Montrose, Colorado and Hanover, New Hampshire.

4.10.3  Current Research Plan

The schedule of outputs planned for the I/A Technology Program is presented in
Table 4.9; the Technical Support Group activities are listed under Tasks 2,
5a, b, and e.  The resources presently allocated to this effort are sufficient
to meet the key outputs listed.  Also in Table 4.9: Information Dissemination
is covered by Tasks 1, 4a, b, c, and d:  the Active I/A Technology Program
includes Tasks 4a, 5c, and d; and the I/A Research Program has outputs under
Tasks 3a and 3b.  Resource needs for these areas are discussed in the follow-
ing section.

4.10.4 ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements

Two Program Offices and three regions have stated a total of 13 requirements:

     a.  Expand Active I/A effort for long-range improvements in technology
         efforts - OWPO (H)
     b.  Expand technology program transfer and conduct national symposia -
         OWPO (H), Region V (H)
     c.  Performance of I/A technologies on toxics (concentration and effects
         - OWRS (H)
     d.  Procedures for post-construction evaluations of energy savings -
         Region I (H)
     e.  Criteria for justifying 100% replacement - Region I (H)
     f.  Support I/A Clearinghouse - Region I (H)
     g.  Cost, performance and reliability data for I/A technologies - Region
         V (H)
     h.  Demonstration of vertical tube reactor - Region VIII (H)

                                     4-107

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     i.  Demonstration  of wet oxidation  of  sludge  - Region VIII  (H)
     J.  Identify  and support promising  technologies - OWPO  (M)
     k.  Emerging  technology assessments -  OWPO  (M)
     1.  Regional  and state project  reviews -  OWPO (M)
     m.  Detailed  evaluations of  selected I/A  systems - OWPO  (M)

All of the above requirements, except  c  and i, are being  addressed directly by
the research plan.   Requirement c is addressed indirectly as  part of Tasks 3a
and 6 (Table 4.9)

In order to meet research requirement  a, expansion of the Active I/A Program,
an increase in  resource commitment to  R&D objective 5 (Table  4.9) is required.
However, one limit  to further success  of the current Active  I/A  Program  is a
lack of adequate travel  funds. In addition, a prerequisite of the current
Active I/A Program  was  full-time  regional EPA  I/A  coordinator support.

Requirements d  and  m are addressed by  outputs  6a and 6d  (Table 4.9) and
outline a need  to  perform detailed post-construction evaluations of completed
I/A projects which  are  in operation  and  which  can  be accomplished through
Section 105(j)  of  the Clean Water Act  and/or an  independent ORD  initiative.
Section 105(j)  addresses 100% grants to  I/A grantees for  evaluation of opera-
tion, training  of  personnel not employed by the  grantee  and  information  dis-
semination.  Strict interpretation of  105(j) would require initiation of a
small-scale grants  program sponsored by  ORD and  coordinated with OWPO.   How-
ever, 105(j) is ambiguous in several areas: I/A grantees may not desire
grants to perform  detailed evaluations of operations unless  a problem already
existed; EPA interest in training is during start-up and  not  during operation;
training during start-up is already  an eligible  item under the Construction
Grants Program; and, I/A grantees may  not desire grants for  information  on
successful I/A  projects.

In order to pursue  post-construction evaluations on the  basis of 105(j),
ambiguities need to be  resolved.   The  best  way to  accomplish  this is through a
legislative initiative.   An appropriation would  also be  required.  Pursuit of
I/A technology  post-construction  evaluations as  part of  an independent ORD
                                     4-108

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initiative has several potential advantages.  These include the ability to
study selected projects in addition to those funded through the Construction
Grants Program and the freedom to initiate action to perform evaluations
rather than react to grant applications from I/A grantees.  This new indepen-
dent ORD initiative would require a new resource commitment.  Preliminary
estimated resources for'this program are as follows:  1982, $2M, 2 positions;
1983, $4M, 4 positions; and 1984, $8M, 6 positions.  Emerging technology
assessments currently under development include the following technologies:
deepshaft treatment, anaerobic digestion of combined wastes, aquaculture and
wetlands.  Future assessments are planned in the areas of:

     t   Co-Incineration
     •   Co-Pyrolysis
     •   Co-Starved Air Combustion
     •   Toxics Control Technology
     •   Carver Greenfield and Related Processes
     •   Sequencing Batch Reactors
     •   Thermophilic (Air + 02) Sludge Digestion
     •   Mechanical Composting
     •   Energy Conservation and Recovery Systems
     •   Biological Nutrient Removal Processes

Requirement j (Identify and support promising technologies) is broad-based  in
nature and will be met by continuation of the I/A Research Program and the  I/A
Clearinghouse.  However, in order to continue partial funding of projects
initiated in FY81 and to fund new efforts in FY82, a significant increase in
extramural funds will be necessary.
                                     4-109

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 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.9
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
      Innovative/Alternative Technology
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. I/A assessment manual
2. Operate I/A clearinghouse. Prepare 4
quarterly reports per year
3. Conduct I /A research to accelerate develop-
ment of high potential technology
a. For FY81 develop (award grant) a minimum
of 3 long-term I /A research project in
the area(s) of wastewater treatment,
sludge management, toxics management
b. Identify second generation innovative
projects to be funded in FY82 and 83
4. Conduct of I/A information dissemination
program to educate and effect exchange
between federal, state, local officials,
consultants, equipment manufacturers, public
interest groups
a. For FY81 develop a series of at least 4
emerging technology assessments
b. Develop a series of quasi technical
articles for public officials
c. Develop seminars, workshops as
appropriate
d. Make presentations at conferences/
professional meetings in at least
5 states
5. Provide technical/administrative assistance
to regions, states, Washington
a. For FY81 review all I/A applications as
requested by regions within 15 working
days
b. Provide technical assistance as requested.
Provide detailed planning, design,
construction
FY80
O D F A J
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 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                            Table 4.9
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
      Innovative/Alternative Technology
R&D OBJECTIVE
c. Assistance on at least 15 identified
active I/A projects
d. Identify a minimum of 3 high visibility
active I/A projects
e. Provide OWPO, OWPS, OSW assistance in
legislative initiatives, regulations
policy guidance, technical assistance.
Identify innovative wastewater treatment
toxics and sludge management options
6. Post construction evaluations
a. For FY81 develop plan, schedule and
estimated budget
b. Develop a protocol for individual plant
evaluations
c. Develop and describe test case study in
FY82
d. Implement full program FY83
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4.11   HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH

4.11.1 Research Program  Description  and Objectives

ORD's health effects research responds to  requirements  of  the Clean Water Act
calling for the safe treatment,  disposal and possible reuse of municipal
wastewater and sludge and  for the  development  of  a  health  effects  data base
for setting water quality  standards  and effluent  guidelines.

The health effects  research  program  offers support  to the  Program  Offices in
three areas:  wastewater and sludge  management, reuse and  recycling of waste-
water and urban runoff.  The major objectives  of  the program are:

     t   To determine the  health implications  of  existing  and innovative tech-
         nology for the  treatment  and disposal of wastewater and sludge
     t   To develop a health effects data  base to be used  to formulate cri-
         teria for  the  safe  reuse  of wastewater for industrial, agricultural,
         and potentially potable purposes, and to assess the possible health
         impacts associated  with reuse of  renovated wastewater
     •   To determine the  potential  impact of  combined  sewer overflows and
         stormwater discharges  on  human health

4.11.2 Recent Research Accomplishments

Within the past two years  a  number of reports  and papers relevant  to the
health effects of municipal  wastewater treatment  and reuse have been published
and/or presented.   Topics  covered  include  wastewater aerosols,  land treatment,
land application of sludge,  composting and renovated water.  A  list of these
reports and papers  is included  at  the end  of this chapter.

4.11.3 Current Research  Plan

The major program outputs  planned  for FY80-85  are shown in Table 4.10.  Beyond
these planned research  efforts,  four new research initiatives are  suggested:
health effects of the high-rate  and  application of  sludge; health  aspects of
on-site wastewater  treatment systems; health effects associated with waste-
water aquaculture;  and  health significance of  urban runoff.
                                     4-112

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Health effects of the high-rate land application of sludge*  The disposal or
use of municipal wastewater sludges through landfilling, land reclamation or
high-rate application to agricultural land poses a potential threat to the
underlying groundwater.  This initiative will evaluate that threat with
respect to pathogens (especially viruses), toxic organics and trace elements,
and develop management methods to ensure goundwater protection.  (FY83 funds -
$300 K,  0 Positions)

Health aspects of on-site wastewater treatment systems*  A considerable por-
tion of the rural and suburban American population is served by on-site waste-
water treatment systems, septic tanks with drain fields being of particular
importance.  This initiative will significantly increase resources to address
the risk to public health posed by enteric pathogens contaminating the immedi-
ate area, surface water and groundwater.  (FY83 funds - $300 K,  1 Position)

Health effects associated with wastewater aquaculture.  The use of pretreated
wastewater in commercial aquaculture is being considered as a means of using
contained nutrients and decreasing pollutant discharges.  This initiative will
significantly increase resources to address the problem of ensuring that the
products of wastewater aquaculture, i.e., fish and animal feed, do not create
public health problems.  (FYR3 funds - $200 K,  0 Positions)

Health significance of urban runoff.  Research efforts in the urban runoff
area aim at relating the degree of treatment of point and non-point source
discharges to health effects.  Evaluation of the need for higher degrees of
wastewater treatment to obtain reduced toxic organics or a virus-free effluent
to prevent negative health effects in recreational waters of drinking water
supplies is a focus, as is the development of better indicators of microbio-
logical treatment efficiency.  (FY83 funds - $500 K,  1 Position)

4.11.4  ORD Response to Agency Research Requirements

The majority of the needs expressed by Program and Regional Offices relate to
the areas of land treatment, land application of sludge and urban runoff.  All
                                     4-113

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needs expressed are  grouped  by the  major  objectives of  the wastewater health
effects research program.

Land treatment of municipal  wastewater.   Epidemiological  studies  at  land
treatment  sites in Texas  and Israel  are ongoing.   The appraisal of the health
effects of  land treatment  is near completion  and  will be  revised  as  new infor-
mation is  available.  Research on the  fate  of enteric pathogens during pre-
application treatment,  particularly in wastewater stabilization ponds (holding
ponds, lagoons), has begun  and will  be expanded  in the  future.  The  fate of
pathogens,  especially viruses and parasites,  in  the soil  matrix under various
environmental conditions  and the  consequent entry into  groundwater and the
food chain  continues to be  studied.  Since  the health response of any parti-
cular dose  of virus  depends  upon  the minimum infective  dose,  research in this
area continues.  Research needs in  this category include:

     a.  Finalize state-of-the-art  health assessment for  land application and
         start follow-up  study -  OWPO  (H)
     b.  Pathogen die-off  rates in  land application holding  ponds -  OWPO (L)
     c.  Pathogen and other  constraints to  water  reuse  after  land treatment -
         OWPO (L)
     d.  Health risks due  to food chain transfer  of pathogen  or toxics during
         land treatment - OWPO (L)
     e.  Pretreatment and  disinfection guides for land  application - Region
         VIII (H)

Wastewater  aquaculture.  Although no specific research  requirements  were
expressed  in this area, the  technical  development of aquaculture  systems is a
medium-priority research  area.  The use of  pretreated wastewater  in  commercial
aquaculture is being considered as  a means  of using contained nutrients  and
decreasing  pollutant discharges.  The  potential  health  hazards related to the
practice and to the  use of  aquaculture products  must be appraised.

Small wastewater flows.  The technological  development  of on-site treatment
systems  is  a medium-priority research  area.  Since a considerable portion of
the rural  and suburban  American population  is served by on-site wastewater
treatment  systems,  particularly septic tanks with drain fields, the  health
effects  resulting from  these small  systems  will  be evaluated in the  future.

                                     4-114

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One high priority research need identified by Region IX is the requirement for
treatment data on small-scale technology.
                                                ''•it-
Land application of sludge.  All the research requirements are addressed  in
the ongoing or planned sludge research program.  Areas in this program
include:

     0   Measurement and evaluation of the pathogen and chemical contamination
         hazards associated with land application of sludge
     •   Support studies on possible transmission of contaminants,  including
         cadmium, microbiological agents and persistant organics, through the
         food chain
     t   Epidemiological studies on populations with exposure to sludge

Research needs in the area of land application of sludge include:

     a.  Fate and effects of toxics in CSOs and recycled wastewater and
         sludges - OWPO (H)
     b.  Pathogen die-off and risks in land application of sludge - OWPO  (L)
     c.  Health risks due to food chain transfer of pathogens or toxics during
         land treatment - OWPO (L)
     d.  Pathogens in sludge:  land application and disease correlation,
         studies of areas where sludge is applied to land - OSW (H)
     e.  PCB's in sludge: uptake by root crops, accumulation in livestock and
         milk-fat - OSW (H)
     f.  Lead in sludge:  plant uptake studies, accumulation in soils - OSW
         (H)
     g.  Plant uptake of organics and trace metals (other than PCB, Cd, Pb) -
         OSW (M)
     h.  Epidemiological studies in sludge land application areas - OSW (M)
     i.  Compare current methods for dietary Cd exposure evaluation - OSW (M)
     j.  Effect of disposal practices - OSW (M)
     k.  Cd uptake by leafy plants, peanuts and fruits - OSW (L)
     1.  Fate of toxics from land-applied sludge - OPTS (M)
     m.  Environmentally acceptable sludge land spreading and landfilling
         methods - Region I (H)
     n.  Acceptability of landspreading and thermal destruction of  urban  area
         sludges - Region II (H)
                                     4-115

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     o.  Health  implications  of  land  treatment  of  wastewater sludges - Region
     '    IV  (H)
     p.  Fate of viruses  and  pathogens  in  sewage sludge  application - Region
         VII  (H)

Other Sludge Treatment, Disposal  and  Utilization Practices.  Sludge management
is a high-priority  research  area.   Most of the  health effects research on
sl.udge management is  in land  application,  but other  forms  of sludge manage-
ment, i.e.,  composting, drying and  incineration, have considerable potential
utility, particularly in  urban areas.   The health  effects  of these practices
will be evaluated.  A research need identified  by  Region II is:

     •   Acceptability of landspreading and thermal  destruction  of urban area
         sludges  -  Region II  (H)

Reuse of municipal  wastewater.  ORD activities  in  the area of reuse and recy-
cling of wastewater relate to a  perceived  future requirement to  make the most
efficient use of water resources  and  treatment  capacity.  This  is to be accom-
plished by developing a data  base for use  in establishing  criteria for the
safe reuse of wastewater  for  industrial, agricultural and  possibly potable
purposes.  Along with support data  for  criteria development are  research
activities in the areas of:

     0   Potential  carcinogenic,  organic constituents in effluents from
         advanced waste treatment systems
     •   Effects of treatment systems on the nature  and  toxicity of organic
         substances
     0   Toxicity testing procedures  which may  be  applied  to reuse situations
     0   Health  risks of  viruses  occurring in the  effluents
     0   Potential  human  health  effects of groundwater  aquifers  recharged with
         treated effluents
     0   Health  implications  of  non-potable reuse

Urban runoff  and wastewater  treatment.   In the  urban runoff area, there is a
need to better understand and relate  the treatment of point and  non-point
source discharges to  health  effects.   Evaluation  of  the  need for advanced
wastewater treatment  to obtain a relatively safe  effluent  to prevent adverse
                                     4-116

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health effects in recreational waters is necessary, as well as better indica-
tors of microbiological treatment efficiency.  Research needs are:

     a.  Fate and effects of toxics in CSOs and recycled wastewater and
         sludges - OWPO (H)
     b.  Separate sewer wet weather discharge pathogen criteria - OWPO (M)
     c.  Urban runoff impacts and problem assessment - OWPO (M)
     d.  Effects of toxics in urban runoff-effect on biological integrity of
         stream - OWRS (H)
     e.  Data for wet weather flow criteria and standards-impact on POTW's  and
         CSO's - OWRS (H)
     f.  Data for toxics material balances in urban runoff - OWRS (L)
     g.  Data for toxics material balances - OPTS (H)
     h.  Wet weather flow criteria assessment - Region V (H)
                                     4-117

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                  HEALTH  EFFECTS RESEARCH REPORTS AND PAPERS
Wastewater Aerosols
         Majeti, V.A.,  and  C.S.  Clark,   "Potential Health Effects from Viable
         Emissions  and  Toxins Associated with Wastewater Treatment Plants and
         Land Application Sites."   EPA-600/1-81-006, 1980.

         Pahren, H.R.,   "Wastewater Aerosols Dnd disease."  53rd Annual Con-
         ference Water  Pollution Control Federation, Las Vegas, 28 September-
         October 1980.

         Pahren, H.R.,  and  W. Jakubowski, ed.,  "Wastewater Aerosols and
         Disease."  EPA-600/9-80-028, 1980.
         Pahren, H.R.,  and  W. Jakubowski, "Health Aspects of Wastewater
         Aerosols."  Proceedings, Tenth  International Conference, Inter-
         national Association on Water Pollution Research, Toronto, 23-27 June
         1980.
         Carnow, B., et al.,  "Health Effects of Aerosols Emitted from an
         Activated  Sludge Plant."   EPA-600/1-79-019.  (Skokie, Illinois),
         1979.

         Johnson, D.E.,  et  al.   "Environmental  Monitoring of a Wastewater
         Treatment  Plant."   EPA-600/1-79-027.   (Tigard, Oregon), 1979.
Land Treatment
         Johnson, D.E.,  et  al.,   "The  Evaluation of Microbiological Aerosols
         Associated with the  Application of Wastewater to Land."  EPA-600/1-
         80-015, 1980.
         Kowal, N.E.  and H.R.  Pahren.  Health Effects Associated with Waste-
         water Treatment and  Disposal."  Journal Water Pollution Control Fed.
         52:1312-1325,  1980.

         Kowal, N.E., et al.,  "Microbiological Health Effects Associated with
         the use of Municipal  Wastewater for Irrigation."  International Con-
         ference on Cooperative Research Needs for the Renovation and Reuse of
         Municipal Wastewater in  Agriculture, Mexico City, 15-19 December
         1980.

         Sagik, B.P., "Human  Enteric Virus Survival in Soil Following Irriga-
         tion with Sewage Plant Effluents."  EPA-600/1-80-004, 1980.
         Clark, C.S., et al.,  "Evaluation of the Health Risks Associated with
         the Treatment  and  Disposal of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge."  EPA-
         600/1-81-030,  1980.
                                     4-118

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Land Application of Sludge


         Pahren, H.R., et al., "Health Risks Associated with Land Application
         of Municipal Sludge."  Journal Water Pollution Control  Federation,
         51:2588-2601, 1979.
         Bitton, G., et al. ed., "Sludge - Health Risks of Land  Application."
         Ann Arbor Science Pub., Ann Arbor, Mich.,1980.
         Yeager, J.6., "Risk to Animal Health from Pathogens in  Municipal
         Sludge."  In:  "Sludge - Health Risks of Land Application" (6.  Bitton
         et al., ed.), 173-199.  Ann Arbor Science Pub., Ann Arbor, Mich.,
         1980.

         Little, M.D., "Agents of Health Significance:  Parasites."  Ibid.,
         47-58.

         Edds, 6.T., et al., "Health Effects of Sewage Sludge for Plant  Pro-
         duction or Direct Feeding to Cattle, Swine, Poultry or  Animal Tissue
         to Mice."  Ibid., 311-323. 1980.
         Harding, H.J., et al., "Aerosols Generated by Liquid Sludge Applica-
         tion to Land."  EPA-600/1-81-028, 1980.
         Majeti, V.A., and C.S. Clark, "Potential Health Effects from Persis-
         tant Organics in Wastewater and Sludges Used for Land Application."
         EPA-600/1-80-025, 1980.

         Kello, D., et al., "On the Role of Metallothionein in Cadmium Absorp-
         tion by Rat Jejum in Situ."  Toxicology 14:199-208, 1979.

         Kowal, N.E., et al., "Normal Levels of Cadmium in Diet, Urine,  Blood,
         and Tissues of Inhabitants of the United States."  Journal Toxicology
         Environ.  Health 5:995-1014, 1979.

         Foulkes, E.C. 1980., "Some Determinants of Intestinal Cadmium Trans-
         port in the Rat."  J. Environ.  Path.  Toxicol.  3:471-481, 1980.

         Kowal, N.E., "Normal levels of Urinary Cadmium and Beta?-Micro-
         globulin in the United States."  Third International Cadmium Con-
         ference, Miami, 3-5 February 1981.
         Edds, G.T., and J.M. Davidson, "Sewage Sludge Viral and Pathogenic
         Agents in Soil-PIant-Animal Systems."  EPA-600/1-81-026, 1981.

         Beaudouin, J., et al., "Effects of Sewage Sludge Diets  Fed Swine on
         Nutrient, Digestibility, Reproduction, Growth and Minerals in
         Tissues."  J. Animal Science 50:572-580, 1980.

         Bertrand, J.E., et al., "Effects of Dried Digested Sludge and Corn
         Grown on Soil Treated with Liquid Digested Sludge on Performance,
         Carcass Quality, and Tissue Residues in Beef Steers."  J. Animal
         Science 50:35-40, 1980.

         Bitton, G., et al., "On the Value of Soil Columns for Assessing the
         Transport Pattern of Viruses Through Soils:  A Critical Outlook."
         Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 12:449-457, 1979.
                                     4-119

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         Bitton, G.,et  al.,  "Virus  Detection  in Soils: a Comparison of Four
         Recovery Methods."   Can. Journal Microbiology 25:874-880, 1979.
         Damron, B.L.,  et  al.,  "Feeding Corn  Fertilized with Municipal Sludge
         to Broiler Chicks  and  Laying Hens."  Poultry Science 59:1561, 1980.

         Johnson, W.L.,  and  B.L.  Damron,  "Performance of White Leghorn Hens
         Fed Various Levels  of  Municipal  Sludge or Selected Minerals."
         Poultry Science 59:1565, 1980.

         Osuna, 0., et  al.,  "Feeding Trials of Dried Urban Sludge and the
         Equivalent Cadmium  Level in Swine."  Proc. 8th Natl. Conf. on Munici-
         pal Sludge Management, 201-213,  1979.
Composting
         Clark C.S., et  al.,  "Occupational Hazards Associated with Sludge
         Handling."  In:   "Sludge  - Health Risks of Land Application" (G.
         Bitton et  al.,  ed.),  215-244.  Ann Arbor Science Pub., Ann Arbor,
         Mich., 1980.

         Clark, C.S.,  et al.,  "Evaluation of  the Health Risks Associated with
         the Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge."  EPA-
         600/1-81-030, 1981.
Renovated Water
         Chappell, W.R.,  et  al.,  "Health Effects  of Consumption of Renovated
         Water:  Chemistry  and  Cytotoxicity."   EPA-600/1-79-014, 1979.
         Reynolds, T.D.,  and S.J.  Hawkins,  "Water Treatment Project:  Observa-
         tions  on the Use of GAC  in  Practice."  EPA-600/1-80-023, 1980.

         Chappell, W.R.,  et  al.,  "The  Effect of Ozonation of Organics in
         Wastewater."   EPA-600/1-81-005, 1981.
         Neal,  M.W., et al., "Assessment of Mutagenic Potential of Mixtures of
         Organic Substances  in  Renovated Water."  EPA-600/1-81-016, 1981.

         McCarty, P.L., et  al.,  "Mutagenic  Activity and Chemical Characteriza-
         tion for the Palo Alto Wastewater  Reclamation and Groundwater Injec-
         tion Facility."  EPA-600/1-81-029, 1981.
         Saxena, J., and D.J. Schwartz,  "Mutagens in Wastewater Renovated by
         Advanced Wastewater Treatment."  Bull. Env. Contam.  Toxicol.
         22:319, 1979.

         Wolf,  H.W., et al., "Pyrogenic Activity  of Carbon-Filtered Waters."
         EPA-600/1-79-009,  1979.
         Jorgensen,  J..,  et  al.,  "Comparison of Limulus Assay, Standard Plate
         Count  and Total  Coliform Count  for Microbiological Assessment of
         Renovated Wastewater."  Appl.   Env. Microbiol.  37:928, 1979.
                                     4-120

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Pahren, H.R., and R.G. Melton, "Mutagenic Activity and Trace Organics
in Concentrates from Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent."
In: "Water Reuse Symposium, AWWA Research Foundation," Denver,
Colorado, 1979.
                            4-121

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 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                           Table 4.10
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                        Health Effects
R&D OBJECTIVE
1. Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
a. Appraisal of irrigation of agricultural
land using treated wastewater.
b. Fate of enteric pathogens during pre-
application treatment of wastewater and
sludge on land.
c. Fate of enteric pathogens in the soil
matrix under various environmental
conditions, especially parasites and
viruses.
d. Minimum infectious dose of viruses.
2. Wastewater Aquaculture
a. Potential health effects of aquaculture
and natural wastewater treatment systems.
3. Small Wastewater Flows
a. Health effects resulting from small
wastewater treatment systems.
4. Land Application of Sludge
a. Appraisal of land application of
municipal sludge.
b. Pathogen hazard to farm families.
c. Sludge effects via animal pathways.
d. Potential of animals grazing on waste-
water or sludge amended lands to transmit
human disease, especially viral disease.
e. Effects of environmental conditions on
the fates of enteric pathogens at the
soil surface, especially parasites and
viruses.
FY80
0 D FJA











*

















J





























A





























FY81
0 D F A J A

A


A






^
A








A







FY82
0 D F A J A

A





A










A

A





A


FY83
O D F A J A

\





A










A

A





i


FY84
O D F A J A

A A





A


A

A


A













FY85
0 D F A J A




A


A




A





A











0 D

A





A


^

A










A


(\


* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 A  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                           Table 4.10
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                        Health Effects
R&D OBJECTIVE
f. Fate and health effects of organic com-
pounds in the human food— chain from sludge-
amended soils.
g. Levels of cadmium-exposure indicators in
the U.S.
h. Dietary cadmium uptake and toxicity.
i. In conjunction with other agencies.
determine the levels of metals in the
soils and plants of food growing areas.
5. Other Sludge Treatment, Disposal, and
Utilization Practices
a. Composting processes.
6. Reuse of Municipal Uastewater
a. Technology for microblal measurements of
aerosols.
b. Provide a data base and potential health
effects on microbial aerosols from cool-
ing towers utilizing municipal wastewater.
c. Develop a. data base to be used in writing
criteria for the reuse of wastewater.
d. Data base on virus spectrum in AWT plants.
e. Evaluation of organics in wastewater
processed for reuse.
f. Develop bioassay methods for evaluation
of health risks of wastewater processed
for reuse.
g. Conduct a pilot toxicological verification
study for making decisions on the poten-
tial risks of consuming renovated water.
FY80
O D] F A J A










A

















FY81
o D F|A|J A
A

A

















A







FY82
O D F A J A


A

A A







ft




A










FY83
O DJF A J A










A




A



A


A





FY84
o D F|A|J|A
A





A





A,


A












FY85
o|p F A j A
A



A
























o|o
A,



















f\

h



A

* Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

-------
 LEGEND:
 ±  Completed Project Outputs
 A  Proposed Project Outputs
— Estimated Project Period
                           Table 4.10
SCHEDULE OF R&D OUTPUTS
                        Health Effects
R&D OBJECTIVE
h. Evaluate the potential of the endotoxin
assay as a rapid quantitative microbio-
logical procedure to monitor the efficacy
of renovated water treatment processes
for potable use.
7. Urban Runoff and Wastewater Treatment
a. Epidemiologlcal studies relating illness
to degree of treatment.
b. Assessment of toxic and carcinogenic
potential of urban runoff and combined
sewer overflows.
c. Develop a health data base supporting
the development of microbial treatment
criteria for stormwaters.
d. Improved indicator of treatment
efficiencies and/or potential health
studies.
FY80
O D F A J A

















FY81
O D F A J A

















FY82
O D F A J A

















FY83
o D[F A J A

















FY84
0 D F|A J A















A

FY85
o D|F A J|A






A











OJD


A






A


A




+ Projects that could be completed with funding above FY81 level.

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4.12 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

4.12.1 Program Objectives

To achieve a reasonable balance between the immediate needs of the Agency and
the general advancement of science through long-term activities, approximately
15 percent of the resources in the extramural research program have been set
aside for long-term exploratory research.  The objective of the grant program
is to supplement ORD activities by stimulating scientific and technical
research fundamental to pollution control advances.  Specific program guidance
will be given by the Research Committee for the solicitation of grant
proposals on an annual basis.

Another supplement to the ORD program is the recent establishment of a number
of innovative research centers at competitively selected universities.  One of
these centers is the Advanced Control Technology Research Center at the Uni-
versity of Illinois at Urbana.  This program should provide a better link
between basic and applied research within the Municipal Wastewater Research
Program

4.12.2 Current and Proposed Exploratory Research Projects

The following subjects have been identified as having program interest for
FY82:

     •   Assessment of the significance of bacterial regrowth in secondary
         effluent following disinfection with chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet
         light and the identification of the organism responsible for the
         regrowth
     •   Development of microorganisms with high phosphorus uptake capabili-
         ties by means of manipulating bacterial recombinant deoxyribonucleic
         acid (DMA)
     •   Development of an anerobic biodegradation test for organic compounds
         to screen for treatability of priority pollutants
     •   Development of means for measuring limits to composting through an
         evaluation of fundamental sludge constituents to aid in establishing
         valid design parameters
                                     4-125

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     •   Soil metal  interaction  -  determine the  interaction of,  and the equi-
         librium  state  between,  soil properties  and the  soluble/insoluble
         phases of metals
     0   Bioavailablity of  cadmium - determine,  through  a fundamental  study of
         cadmium  chemistry  and  interactions with soils and crops,  how  to  limit
         crop uptake of cadmium
     •   Development of an  indicator-surrogate to simplify monitoring  for  the
         presence of toxic compounds
     •   Investigation  of sorption and  concentration of  toxic  organic  com-
         pounds by municipal  sludge

     0   Exploring the  possibilities of genetically engineering  microorganisms
         to increase their  capacities to absorb  nitrated and chlorinated
         organic  compounes  which have shown resistance to biodegradation

     •   Determining organic  pollutants adsorption isotherms

     •   Developing  a rapid screening test for determining the biograd-
         ability  of  priority  pollutants in various soil  types.


Current and continuing  efforts  at  the Advanced Environment Control Technology

Research Center are  focused on  the development of an understanding of  the

chemical, physical,  and biological factors which limit the ability to  apply
control technologies.   Current  studies  involve:


     t   Removal  of  trace quantities of organic  matter from water  by either
         biological  or  chemical  means

     •   Analysis of the thermodynamic  behavior  of the supercritical extrac-
         tion process

     •   Studies  of  the kinetics associated with the detoxification of fossil
         fuel combustion products

     •   Examination of surface properties and charge  on the collection effi-
         ciency of aerosols

     •   Assessment  of  the  research needs associated with physical and biolog-
         ical separation technology, chemical detoxification and thermal
         destruction of contaminants, transformation of  sludge-borne heavy
         metals in soil, and  genetic engineering as applied to environmental
         control
                                     4-126

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4.13   TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

4.13.1 Objectives

The ultimate goal of the Municipal Watewater Research Program is to develop
and provide up-to-date information on improved and new treatment processes and
systems for the user community.  For this reason, an essential part of the
success of any research program is the effective transfer of information to
the widest possible user audience.

Although this requirement is evident throughout the entire Municipal Waste-
water Research Program, it is currently targeted as high priority in two Pro-
gram research areas — small wastewater flows and innovative and alternative
technology.  Technology transfer and information dissemination will also be
greatly expanded in the areas of sludge management and plant operations and
design.

A comprehensive list of planned technical information outputs is presented in
Appendix B.

4.13.2 Small Wastewater Flows

This research area is designed to be responsive to the needs of the Regions,
states and municipalities with state-of-the-art design and operating informa-
tion.  The bulk of this activity will be accomplished by two centers special-
izing in small wastewater flows information.

The first of these centers is the Small Wastewater Flows Clearinghouse at West
Virginia University.  The Clearinghouse provides the user community with
literature searching services.  It also disseminates and exchanges  information
and assumes the burden of technical assistance to those requesting such infor-
mation.

The second of these centers is the Cincinnati Center for Small Community
Wastewater Systems Research at the University of Cincinnati.  The main purpose
                                     4-127

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of the Cincinnati  Center  is  to provide  for  field  studies  of  viable  alternative
small wastewater flows  technologies  and to  provide full documentation of the
most successful alternative  systems.  The Center  will  also provide  technical
information  and assistance to the  Regions,  states and  municipalities.

4.13.3 Innovative  and Alternative  Technology

The objective of technology  transfer  in this research  area is  to  address
critical data gaps.  Specifically, its  aim  is to  accelerate  the transfer of
information  on new cost-effective  municipal  treatment  technology  through the
post-construction  evaluation of I/A  projects.

This is accomplished through EPA's I/A  Technical  Support  Group which reviews
facility plans and designs submitted  by EPA Regional Offices;  provides  techni-
cal assistance to  the states, Regions,  municipalities,  consultants  and  equip-
ment manufacturers; operates the I/A  Clearinghouse; tracks program  progress
and evaluates results;  and provides  policy  review support to the  Agency.

More specific planned technology transfer activities include the  publication
of manuals,  new technology assessments, post-construction evaluations and
other similar documents intended to  reach the widest possible  segment of the
user community.  In addition, a number  of technical seminars and  workshops are
planned for  I/A information  transfer  with consultants  and Federal,  state and
municipal officials.
                                     4-128

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                                  APPENDIX A


              RESEARCH  OR  RELATED ACTIVITIES  OF THE  EPA  OPERATING

                 PROGRAMS, REGIONS AND OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES


Several of the EPA offices outside of ORD conduct activities that are not con-

sidered to be research but do provide new problem-solving information.  The

National Urban Runoff Program (NURP), operated out of the Office of Water Pro-

gram Operations (OWPO), is collecting data on urban non-point pollution in 25

cities throughout the nation.  The objective of the study is to characterize

the sources, pathways and amounts of priority pollutants entering receiving

waters via runoff at various defined urban sites.  The  amount and significance

of atmospheric deposition of priority pollutants is also being assessed from

wet and dry weather monitoring data.  Additionally, OWRS is conducting a Com-

bined Sewer Toxic Study which will include sampling of  combined sewers systems

for priority pollutants during wet weather conditions.


OWPO and Region V are involved in some innovative approaches in the area of

Small Wastewater Flows.  New facility planning and management techniques are

being tried in the field, including:
      •  OWPO
            Co-sponsor National Sanitation Foundation Conference on Onsite
            Wastewater Systems
            Field testing of management arrangements
            Generic facility plan for small communities
            Production of Onsite Wastewater Systems Management Guidance
            208 programs on management district development for onsite systems
            and financing arrangements for management programs
      •  Region V
            208 studies to develop and implement onsite and septage management
            programs at several locations
            201 projects incorporating new facility planning techniques of
            aerial photography, leachate detection, etc.
            EIS projects assessing new facility planning techniques
            108 projects on water conservation effect on SASs, soil mapping
            through soil potential techniques and demonstration of several
            alternate onsite systems
                                      A-l

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Other Federal agencies  also  conduct research  and related activities in the
area of municipal wastewater control.  These  are described briefly below.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Major groups concerned with  wastewater research  are:

Army

     a   Civil Engineering Research Laboratory  (CERL), Champaign, IL
     t   Corps of Engineers  (COE) Water Pollution Abatement Program (WPA)
         Office, Huntsville,  AL
     •   The COE Cold Regions Research Laboratory in New Hampshire
     •   The COE Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, MS
     •   Army Medical Research Group, Fort  Dietrich, MD
     •   Army Hazardous Material Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD

Navy

     •   Navy Engineering Research Laboratory (NERL), Pt. Hueneme, CA

Air Force

     •   Air Force Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Tyndall AFB, FL

The above-named entities within DOD are interested  in EPA's wastewater
research strategy, and expressed interest  in reviewing the draft document.  In
general, they look to EPA for much of their basic information in providing
guidance to their "clients,"  e.g., the military operating offices and individ-
ual bases.  Their goals are  as follows:

     a   Bring all military  installations  in conformance with Federal, state,
         and local environmental regulations, both  existing and proposed.
     •   Characterize and quantify wastewater emissions from military activi-
         ties with emphasis  on wastes unique to the military, e.g., shell cas-
         ing cleaning, jet engine testing,  etc.

                                      A-2

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     •   Conduct research into the analysis, monitoring, treatability,
         recycle/reuse,  etc.   of military wastewaters, again with emphasis on
         wastes unique to the military.
     t   Provide guidance to  base personnel, design engineers, regulatory
         agencies,  etc.,  in the implementation of cost-effective wastewater
         treatment  and sludge management.  Guidance is in the form of manuals,
         directives,  plan review, etc.


In summary, the military has  a limited wastewater research budget.  They

attempt to make maximum use of published EPA research information in the

implementation of their wastewater planning.  Their perceived research needs

are as follows:


     •   Identification and quantification of toxic/hazardous constituents in
         military wastewaters.  At present, except for the Aberdeen group, DOD
         has little information about the presence of priority pollutants in
         wastewaters.
     •   Treatability of military wastewaters to remove priority pollutants in
         the most cost-effective manner from both domestic and industrial
         sources.  They are also interested in unit treatment processes,
         treatment  systems, and land treatment alternatives.  Work carried out
         under the  purview of the Industrial Wastewater R&D Strategy would
         also be of interest  here.

     t   Management of residuals, e.g., sludge from wastewater treatment.

     •   Development  of inexpensive analysis and monitoring methods for criti-
         cal constituents in  military wastewaters.  DOD hopes that EPA
         research will identify surrogate chemicals so that DOD will not be
         faced with monitoring a wide spectrum of organic and inorganic pollu-
         tants.

     •   Because most of its  bases are located on the coast, the Navy is par-
         ticularly interested in marine discharge of priority pollutants,
         regarding  a  need for control when the receiving water is not potable.

     •   Because most of their bases contain large land areas, the Army and
         Air Force  are particularly interested in land treatment of wastes
         containing priority pollutants.  Areas of major interest include the
         impact of  landspreading, rapid infiltration or overland flow in miti-
         gating potential adverse environmental effects.

     •   Wastewater recycle/reuse for both non-potable and potable purposes.
                                     A-3

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HOUSING AND URBAN  DEVELOPMENT  (HUD)


HUD is interested  in  EPA  research  which  will  ease  the  development of new hous-

ing through solution  of wastewater management problems.  HUD's perceived

research needs  are as follows:


     •   Small  flows  management  with  emphasis on rapid information transfer of
         new technology developments  to  the  local  level where builders and
         regulatory agencies operate.  Specific  areas  include:

         - Design  of  on-site systems,  e.g.,  septic tanks,  individual home
           biological units, etc.,  including use of such units for clusters of
           dwelling units.

         - Management programs for maintenance of  on-site  systems, e.g.,
           public  septic  tank maintenance  districts, etc.

         - In-house water conservation and water reuse, tied into building
           code modifications  and, where possible, energy  conservation.
     •   Increased acceptance  and  reliability of alternate collection systems,
         e.g.,  pressure sewer  and  vacuum sewer systems.
     t   Elimination,  of inadequacies  in  POTW's which result in building
         moratoriums. HUD  is  interested in  research which leads to increased
         capacity  and reliability  of  existing POTW's,  e.g.,  flow equalization,
         upstream  retention, chemical  treatment  enhancement and improved O&M.
         HUD is also  interested  in means for speeding  up new POTW construction
         through streamlining  of the  construction  grant, permit, review, etc.,
         process.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY  (USGS)


USGS's primary  interest in  EPA wastewater  research  is  in  tying  together EPA

and USGS activities  pertinent  to  systematizing the  interrelationships  between
stream flows, water  quality and wastewater discharges.  USGS  perceives no  need
for EPA research  per se to  satisfy its  own objectives,  but  sees itself as  pro-

viding important  input  to EPA  research  efforts in such  areas  as:


     0   Development of wasteload allocations  in receiving  waters

     •   Eventual  development  of  a surface water data management system which
         ties together  all  wastewater discharges (by location,  quantity, and
         quality), receiving water identification by a  nationally  indexed  sys-
         tem for  each reach of river, stream,  etc.,  surface water  flow and
                                      A-4

-------
         quality of each reach, and effect of present and proposed discharges
         upon each surface waste's reach
     •   A similar system for non-point source data management

Research of the character indicated above does not directly influence the
nature of R&D discussed in this document.  Rather, these research areas fall
under the purview of the Water Quality Research Committee.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA)

USDA is interested in research into wastewater and sludge land treatment  as  it
may affect food crops and/or livestock which are affected presently or may be
affected in the future by contact with the waste-amended soil.  It perceives
the following research needs in municipal wastewater:

     t   Long-term effects upon soil which receives municipal wastewater  or
         sludges, in terms of suitability for various crops, productivity and
         physical and chemical changes.  USDA is also interested  in mitigating
         management practices.
     •   Uptake, by various edible crops, of toxics harmful to human health
     t   Bio-concentration of toxics in livestock which feed upon crops grown
         in soil amended with wastewater or sludge
     t   Potential health effects upon agricultural workers from  bacteria,
         viruses, parasites, etc.
     •   Changes in irrigation and fertilization practices necessary when
         using wastewater or sludges vs. use of freshwater and commercial
         fertilizers

EPA has several cooperative efforts with USDA in non-point source control,
e.g., USDA's controlled watersheds and small watersheds programs.  In addi-
tion, EPA is conducting cooperative investigations with USDA in the pesticide .
area and in a study of metals in soils and food crops in the U.S.  Finally,
USDA is beginning an internal aquaculture program which will complement
related EPA programs.  USDA also cooperated with EPA and the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers in preparing and distributing the "Process Design Manual for Land
Treatment of Municipal Wastewater."
                                      A-5

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U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION  (FDA)

The EPA coordinates  its  research efforts  in several areas with FDA, including
shellfish pollution  studies  and studies of crop uptake of pollutants from
wastewater or sludge-amended  soils.  FDA  is also conducting similar uptake
studies on lands treated with commercial  fertilizers.  Perceived research
needs by FDA include:

     •   Continued investigation of plant uptake of wastewater and/or sludge
         contaminants
     •   Investigation of livestock bio-concentration of these contaminants
         (particularly in liver, kidney and other vital organs) when fed
         fodder grown in wastewater or sludge-amended soils
     •   Continued investigation of shellfish contamination from municipal
         wastewater

While not noted as a need by  FDA,  consideration might be given to transfer of
information in the priority  pollutant area.  Many canned and preserved foods
and beverages contain water  added  in processing.  As EPA learns more about the
prevalence, toxicity, etc.,  of these pollutants in water supplies, this infor-
mation should be used by FDA. As  in the  case of the USDA, FDA research
requirements are more properly the responsibility of the Water Quality
Research Committee.
THE COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL  QUALITY  (CEQ)

In the past, CEQ  has  placed major  emphasis  on  control of toxic  pollutants,
preservation of water resources  and pollution  control.in balance with economic
costs.  The Council's interest  in  EPA's  water  pollution program has focused
around the Construction  Grants Program and,  in particular, on the  implementa-
tion of the Innovative and Alternative (I&A) Technology effort  initiated by
EPA.  The Council  has had  a high level of  interest  in the construction grants
program and in implementing the  "Innovative and Alternative" technology sec-
tions of the Clean Water Act. However,  the current  reorganization of CEQ
leaves doubt about its future activities.
                                      A-6

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DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR/OFFICE OF WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY (DOI/OWRT)

OWRT conducts a broad-based water resources research program focusing primar-
ily on the following topics:

     •   Water Reuse.  Emphasis here is on industrial reuse and irrigation
         using recycled wastewater.  Potable reuse is not considered a major
         end use for renovated wastewater due to high costs and the potential
         risks to public health.
     •   Water Conservation.  Potential for water conservation is large and
         several projects are under way to demonstrate  its applicability.
     •   Water Problems of Urban Areas.  While no organized stormwater control
         program has been established, several university research programs
         funded by OWRT are addressing the problem in specific locales.
     •   Saline Water Conversion Technology.  Reverse osmosis, electrodialysis
         and other advanced processes are under development.  Funds for five
         desalting demonstrations have been authorized  (but not appropriated).
         OWRT also provides support for California's Water Factory 21.

OWRT is currently participating with both EPA and DOE in a project to clean up
textile dyeing wastes for reuse, and also rents a mobile treatment unit to EPA
for use at industrial sites.  OWRT and EPA jointly sponsored a wastewater
reuse seminar in the spring of 1979.  In addition, ORD  regularly  assists OWRT
in the annual review of grant applications submitted in the wastewater reuse
area, thus facilitating technical interchanges between  the two organizations
and insuring that duplication of research efforts is avoided.
                                      A-7

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              APPENDIX B
  OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
    TECHNICAL INFORMATION OUTPUTS
               FOR THE
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RESEARCH COMMITTEE
                B-l

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     Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
                                                      Project Title/P.O.
                                                                                Date
CD

ro
H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Longest

H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Bastian
     H  OWPO
        Thomas

     H  OWPO
        Thomas

     H  OWPO
        Bastian

     H  OWPO
        Bastian

     H  OWPO
        Bastian

     H  OWPO
        Bastian
Project Report
HERL-Ci

Journal Article
HERL-Ci

Journal Article
HERL-Ci

Project Report
HERL-Ci

Project Report
HERL-Ci

Project Report
HERL-Ci

Journal Article
HERL-Ci
                       Project Report
                       HERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       HERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       HERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       HERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       HERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       HERL-Ci
Mechanism of Intestinal Cadmium Absorption in Rats //         2/81
(Kowal)

Normal Levels of urinary Cadmium & Beta^-Microglobulin       3/81
in the U.S. # (Kowal)                    *                   d-81-092

Influence of pH and Electrolyte Composition on the             7/81
Adsorption of Poliovirus by Soils and Minerals //(Akin)           J-81-252

Health Risks of Human Exposure to Wastewater //              12/80
(Jakubowski - 210)                                          1-81-002

Health Risks Associated with Wastewater Sprinkler             1/81
Irrigation // (Pahren)

Aerosols Generated by Liquid Sludge Application to             3/81
Land # (Kowal -229)                                        1-81-028

Virus Removal During Groundwater Recharge: Effects of        6/81
Infiltration Rate on Adsorption of  Poliovirus to Soil
# (Akin -207)                                               J-81-208

Reovirus in Water Pollution Testing // (Akin)                   6/81
                      Viruses in Water and Reclaimed Wastewater // (Akin)           6/81
                      Development of Improved Microbial Aerosol Measurement       2/81
                      Methodology # (Jakubowski)

                      Study of Microbial Aerosols Emitted from a Water             4/81
                      Reclammation Plant // (Jakubowski)

                      Assessment of  Health Risks from Microorganisms in Sludge      12/80
                      Applied to Land // (Kowal)

                      Assessment of  Cadmium Exposure and Toxicity Risk in an       9/81
                      American Vegetarian Population // (Kowal)

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     Research Committee    Product Type/Lab
DO
I
CO
     H   OWPO
         Bastian

     H   OWPO
         Bastian

     H   OWPO
         Bastian

     H   OWPO
         Bastian
     H   OWPO
         Longest
H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Bastian

H   OWPO
    Longest
                        Project Report
                        HERL-Ci

                        Journal Article
                        HERL-Ci

                        Project Report
                        HERL-Ci

                        Project Report
                        HERL-Ci
                        Project Report
                        HERL-Ci
Project Report
HERL-Ci

Unpublished Report
HERL-Ci

Project Report
HERL-Ci

Research Report
HERL-Ci

Project Report
HERL-Ci

Project Report
HERL-Ci

Tech Conf & Proc.
HERL-Ci
        Project Title/P.O.                                  Date

Evaluate Contaminant Uptake in Aquaculture Systems //        8/81
(Kowal)

Health Effects Associated with Wastewater Treatment         6/81
and Disposal # (Kowal)                                      3-81-175

Survival of Ascaris Eggs in Sludge Applied to Soils //            7/81
(Schaefer)

Potential Health Effects from Viable Emissions and            8/80
Toxins Associated with Wastewater Treatment Plants
and Land Application Sites it (H. Pahren - 236)

Health Effects of Sewage Aerosols. Additional Serolog-         12/80
ical Surveys and Search for Legionella Pneumophila in
Sewage // (W. Jakubowski - 292)                              1-81-032

Determination of Health Risks Associated with Processing      12/80
and Land Application of Sludge // (Pahren)

Comparison of Extraction  Methods and Storage Conditions      11/80
Enumerating Viruses in Municipal Sewage Sludge //(Pahren)      0-80-049

Model of Virus Treatability in Soils During Land               2/81
Application of Wastewater // (Akin)

Appraisal of Health Aspects of Land Applicationof             2/81
Wastewater // (Kowal)

Sewage Sludge Viral  and Pathogenic  Agents in Soil-            2/81
Plant-Animal Systems // (H. Pahren - 289)                     1-81-026

Virus Soil Interaction // (Akin)                               7/81
                                                   Symposium on Disease Risks of Exposure to Wastewater         10/80
                                                   and Wastewater Aerosols // (Pahren/Jakubowski - 183)

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     Research Committee    Product Type/Lab
00
     H   OWPO
         Longest

     H   OWPO
         Bastian

     H   OWPO
         Bastian

     H   OWPO
         Bastian
     H   OWPO
     H   OWPO
     H   OWPO
     H   OWPO
         A. Hais

     H   OWPO
         A. Hais
     H
OWPO
A. Hais
     H   OWPO
         A. Hais

     H   OWPO
         A. Hais
                   Tech Transfer Report
                   HERL-Ci

                   Project Report
                   HERL-Ci

                   Project Report
                   HERL-Ci

                   Speech
                   HERL-Ci
                    Project Report
                    MERL-Ci
                    Project Report
                    MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Design Manual
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Problem Oriented
 Report
MERL-Ci
        Project Title/P.O.

Evaluation of the Potential Microbiological Exposure
from Wastewater Aerosols from Spray Irrigation //(Pahren)

Development of Methodology for Determining Risk Assess-
ment when Sludge is Applied to Land # (Kowal -219)

Sewage Sludge Pathogen Transport Model Project //
(Kowal - 224)

The Occurrence of Human Enteroviruses in a Long Island
Groundwater Aquif ier Recharged with Tertiary Wastewater
Effluents // (Akin -207)

Identify and Quantify Factors Affecting POTW System,
Subsystem and Process Reliability Including Impact of
Toxics // (3. Bender)

Improved Clarifier Performance and Reliability Through
Demonstrated Improvement in Hydraulic Efficiency //
(3. Bender)

Improved Performance of Rectangular Secondary Clarifiers
Through Improvements in Hydraulic Efficiency  //(3. Bender)

Manual of Septic Tank Practice # (R. Bowker)
Investigation of Settling Rates for Air- and Oxygen-
Activated Sludges // (R. Brenner)

Evaluation of Single-Stage, Covered Reactor Oxygen
Activated Sludge System  // (R. Brenner)

Feasibility Study of Open Tank Oxygen-Activated Sludge
Wastewater Treatment // (R. Brenner - D-l/15)

Development of Design Criteria and Preparation of
Comprehensive "Grass Roots" Cost Est. for Biological
Processes // (R. Brenner)
Date

1/81


2/81


11/80
l-81-049a/b

6/81

d-81-188

2/81



10/80



10/80
                                                                                                    8/80
                                                                                                    1-80-012

                                                                                                    11/80
11/80
                                                                                                    6/81
                                                                                                    2-81-095

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Research Committee    Product Type/Lab
H   OWPO
    A. Hais

H   OWPO
    A. Hais

H   OWPO
    A. Hais

H   OWPO
    A. Hais

H   OWPO
    A. Hais

H   OWPO
    A. Hais

H   OWPO
    A. Hais

H   OWPO
    A. Hais

H   OWPO
    A. Hais

H   OWPO/A. Hais
    Reg 7/Harrington

H   OWPO
    A. Hais
H   OWPO
    A. Hais
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Problem Oriented Rpt
MERL-Ci

Problem-Oriented
 Report
MERL-Ci

Problem Oriented
 Report
MERL-Ci
        Project Title/P.O.                                 Date

Emerging Technology Assessment Reports - Vertical           1/81
Tube Reactor // (R. Bowker)

Emerging Technology Assessment Reports - Fine Bubble        1/81
Diffusers // (R. Bowker)

Emerging Technology Assessment Reports - Anaerobic          1/81
Processes // (R. Bowker)

Emerging Technology Assessment Reports - Solar              1/81
Applications // (R. Bowker)

Emerging Technology Assessment Reports - Deep              1/81
Shaft // (R. Bowker)

Emerging Technology Assessment Reports - Overland          1/81
Flow # (R. Bowker)

Emerging Technology Assessment Reports - Anaerobic          1/81
Digestion of  Combined Wastes It (R. Bowker)

Emerging Technology Assessment Reports - Aquaculture        1/81
// (R. Bowker)

Emerging Technology Assessment Reports - Wetlands          1/81
Treatment // (R. Bowker)

Evaluation of Activated Bio-Filtration System it               2/81
(R. Brenner)

Survey, Documentation and Analysis of Existing European       12/80
and United States Plant Operating and Performance Data
on Fine-Bubble Aeration # (R. Brenner)

Determination of Oxygen Transfer Capabilities Under          5/81
Standardized Test Conditions of New Generation Submerged
Air Aeration Equipment # (R. Brenner/Kugelman)

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     Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
CO

CT>
     H   OWPO
     H   OWPO
     H   OWPS/Athayde
         OWPO/Longest

     H   OWPO
     H   OWPO/Walker
    H  OWPO
    H  OWPO
     H  OWPO
        A. Hais

     H  OWPO
        A. Hais

     H  OWPO
        K. Dearth

     H  OWPO
    H  OWPO
        A. Hais

    H  OWPO/Hais
Journal Article
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Summary
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Journal Article
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Design Manual
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
        Project Title/P.O.                                  Date

Assessment'of Control Strategies for Selected Unit             12/80
Operations by Evaluation of Field Data & Computer
Simulation # (M. Cummins)

Soil Temperature and Sewage Sludge Effects on Plant and       4/81
Soil Properties # (G. Dotson)-                                2-81-069

Nationwide Assessment of Receiving Water Impacts            1/81
from Urban Stormwater Pollution // (J. English)                2-81-025

Demonstrate Within Vessel Composting of Sewage              9/80
Sludge # (A. Eralp)

Analysis and Assessment of Incinerated Sludge //               8/81
(A. Eralp)

Lime Stripper for Toxic Metals Removal  Prior to               5/81
Biological  Treatment // (S. Hannah)

Lime Stripper for Toxic Metals Removal  Prior to               5/81
Biological  Treatment it (S. Hannah)

Vacuum  Sewer Technology/Septage Mgmt it (J. Kreissl)         9/81
Pressure Sewer Technology // (J. Kreissl)                      12/80
Technical Assistance for Upgrading Unacceptable Facility       12/80
Plans for Three Small Communities // (3. Kreissl)

Parallel Evaluation of Air- and Oxygen-Activated              10/80
Sludge // (I. Kugelman - 731)

Process Design Manual for Wastewater Stabilization            9/81
Ponds // (E. Barth)

Feasibility Evaluation of Intermittent Slow-Sand Filter         1/81
Trench System for Treating Raw Wastewater // (R. Lewis)

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     Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
CO
     H   OWPO
         Hurd
H   OWPO


H   OWPO


H   OWPO


H   OWPO/Waiker


H   OWPO/Bastian


H   OWPO/Bastian


H   OWPO


H   OWPO



H   OWPO


H   OWPO/Bastian


H   OWPO/
    Longest
                        User's Guide
                        MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Journal Article
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Journal Article
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
                            Project Report
                            MERL-Ci

                            Project Report
                            MERL-Ci

                            Project Report
                            MERL-Ci
        Project Title/P.O.                                   Date

Community-Wide Management of Onsite Wastewater Systems    7/81
Study, Including Analysis of Existing Systems and
Development of Guidelines for Optimum System -
(3. Kreissl)

Evaluate Private Sector Expertise for Conducting CCP          11/80
Approach Improving Performance of POTWs # (F. Evans)

Survey and Performance Analysis of POTWs Operated           5/81
by Contractural Agreement // (J. Bender - CIO)

High Level Ozone Disinfection of Municipal Wastewater         3/81
Effluents // (E. Opatken - 823)                                2-81-040

Field Study of Factors Determining Metals Uptake by           2/81
Crops Grown on Sludge Treated Soils // (3. Ryan)

Demonstration of Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic            11/80
Digestion with Air // (B. Salotto)

Demonstration of Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic            10/80
Digestion with Air // (B. Salotto)

Evaluation and Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion of          5/81
Municipal Sludge //  (B. Salotto)

Investigation of Effectiveness of Lime Treatment on            6/81
Viability of Parasites in Sludge Combined with Survey of
Parasite Viability in Raw <5c Treated Sludges // (G. Stern)

Determine Effect of Grazing Sludge Treated Pastures, &        8/81
Direct Sludge Ingestion by Cattle // (G. Stern)

Helminth and Heavy Metals Transmission from                  1/81
Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge // (G. Stern)              2-81-024

Demonstrate Periodic Flushing for  First Flush Abatement        5/81
as Low-Cost CSO Pollution Control # (R.Turkeltaub)

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    Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
                               Project Title/P.O.
                                                           Date
00
I
00
     H   OWPO
         A. Hais
     H   OWPO
         A. Hais

     H   OWPO
         A. Hais

     H   Region 3
    H  OWPO
        A. Hais

    H  OWPO
    H  OWPO


    H  OWPO



    H  OWPO



    H  OWPO/Walker


    H  OWPO


    H  OWPO/Hais
Problem-Oriented
 Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Research Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Journal Articles
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Research Report
MERL-Ci

Research Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Reduction of Toxicity Emission Rates from Municipal           5/81
Treatment Plants by Optimization of Chlorination
Process // (A. Venosa)

Ultraviolet Disinfection of Filtered and Unfiltered              1/81
Secondary Effluent // (A. Venosa)

Ultraviolet Disinfection of Secondary Sewage //(A.Venosa)       1/81
Effect of Sulfur Dioxide Dechlorination on Receiving           12/80
Stream // (A. Venosa)
Develop Cost Effective Ozone Contactor for Optimum
Utilization & Disinfection // (A. Venosa)
Plant-Scale Study of Combined Incineration of Sewage          12/80
Sludge with Coal & Solid Waste # (H. Wall)

Study of Modifications Required  to Convert Multiple            12/80
Hearth Incinerator to Pyrolytic Operation // (H. Wall)

Determination of Economics of Solvent Drying of Sludge        3/81
& Evaluation of Fertilizer Value  of Dried Product //
(H. Wall)

Application of Packed Bed Gas Producers to Production         10/80
of Combustible Gases from Municipal Wastewater
Sludges # (H.  Wall)

Determination of Incinerator Discharges by RTP Revised        10/80
Sampling & Analysis Procedure // (H. Wall)

Volatile Organics in Aeration Gases at Municipal                3/81
Treatment Plants // (H.  Warner)

Rotating Disk Evaporation # (R.  Bowker)                      1/81

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Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
H   Region 1
H
H
H   OWPO/Longest
    Athayde/NURP
H   OWPO/Longest
    Athayde/NURP
H   OWPO


H   OWPO


H   OWPO/Hais


H   OWPO/Hais


H   OWPO/Dearth


H   Region 1


H   OWPO/Hais
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Users Manual
MERL-Ci
Users Manual
MERL-Ci
                       Project Report
                       MERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       MERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       MERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       MERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       MERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       MERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       MERL-Ci
        Project Titie/P.O.                                  Date

Demonstration of Composting of Septage // (R. Bowker)         1/81


Interim Treatment Plant Demonstration it (3. Kreissl)           1/81
Fate of Semivolatile Priority Pollutants in a Wastewater        4/81*
Treatment Plant // (R. Williams - 827)                         2-81-056

Develop and Apply a New Cost Effective Methodology for       3/81
Determining the magnitude and Characteristics of Urban
Runoff Loads from Areas with Combined Sewer Systems by
Statistical Analysis // (D. Ammon - 111168)

Develop Users Manual for WWF Sampling/Monitor Based on      9/81
Critical Sensitivities and Analyze the Sensitivity... #
(D. Ammon- 209156)

3oint Dry/Wet Weather Treatment of Municipal Wastewater     3/81
at Clatskanie, Oregon // (D. Ammon - 310152)                  2-81-061

Integrated Control of Combined Sewer  Regulators Using        3/81
Weather Radar /; (D. Ammon - 908)

Evaluation of Cost/Benefit for Various  Phosphorus              11/80
Residuals in Municipal Effluents // (E. Barth)

2001 Study # (R. Bowker - 33)                                1/81
                      Upgrading Facility Plans // (R. Bowker - 38)                   1/81
                      Septage Digestion # (3. Kreissl - 03)                          7/81
                      Assessment of Composting Toilets and Graywater              5/81
                      Systems # (S. Hathaway - 30)

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    Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
    H  OWPO/Hais
    H  OWPO/Hais
    H  OWPO
    H  OWPO
    H  OWPO/Athayde
        NURP/Reg 5/Elson

    H  OWPO/Hais
^   H  OWPO/Hais
o
    H  OWPO/Hais
    H  OWPO/Hais
    H  OWPO
    H
    H
    H
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Journal Article
MERL-Ci

User Group Pub
MERL-Ci

Speech
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Speech
MERL-Ci

Speech
MERL-Ci

Published Paper
MERL-Ci
        Project Title/P.O.                                  Date

Hydrogen Peroxide Study // (3. Hidman - 42)                   10/81


Evaluation of Small Diameter Gravity Sewers // (3.             10/81
Heidman - 44)

Monitoring and Evaluating of 5.5 mgd Cedar Creek Waste-       9/81
water Reclammation-Recharge Facilities # (J. English-19)

Evaluation of the Characteristics and Treatabiiity of            9/81
Urban Runoff Residuals // (3. English -  421230)

Evaluation of BMP in Urban Stormwater in Connection          8/81
with EPA's NURP  // (3. English - 425000)

Soil System Design and Restoration // (3. Kreissl - 16)           5/81


I/A Program - Eight Articles for Publication in Various          6/81
3ournals promoting I/A program  // (G. Lubin)

Progress in EPA's Technology Program  // (R. Bowker)            9/80
Impact of Innovative & Alternative Technology in the           11/80
United States in the 80's # (3. Smith - 905)                     d-81-100

Model Protocol for Comprehensive Evaluation of POTW
Performance and Operation // (F. Evans - D8)

Urban Stormwater Management and Pollution Abatement        1/81
Alternatives # (R. Traver - 876)

Stormwater/Combined Sewage Pollution Abatement Alter-      1/81
natives It (R. Traver - 877)

Urban Stormwater Management and Pollution Abatement        12/80
Alternatives # (R. Traver - 876)

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    Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
                                                      Project Title/P.O.
                                                                                Date
DO
I
    H
    H  OPTS/Conroy
    H  OWPO & OWPS
    H  OWPO & OWPS
        Athayde/Longest/
        Nurp

    H  OWPO/Potter
H   OWPO/Potter



H   OWPO/Walker


H   OWPO/Walker
    H  OWPO & OWPS
        Athayde/Nurp

    H  OWPO/OWPS
        OWRS/O'Farrell

    H  OWPO, EGD
                       Published Paper
                       MERL-Ci

                       Project Report
                       MERL-Ci
                       Project Report
                       MERL-Ci

                       Users Guide
                       MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

User Group (ACS)
MERL-Ci

User's Guide
MERL-Ci

Journal Article
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Storm water/Combined Sewage Pollution Abatement
Alternatives // (R. Traver - 877)

Toxic Chemicals in Household Wastewater, Septic Tank
Effluents and Residuals and Soils Absorbing the Latter it
(3. Kreissl -
Storm and Combined Sewer Storage Treatmentfor
Theory Compared to Computer Simulation # (R. Field)

Update Comprehensive Planning Methods for Urban Storm-
water Management Incorporating Recent SOTA Improvements
and Provide Maintenance/Dissemination Service //(D.Ammon)

Optimization of Operation of a System of Small Treatment
Plants // (3. Bender - D3)

Economic Analysis of Operational and Management Modes
for Groups of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants //
(R. Eilers - D5)

Evaluation of Fixation Incineration Sludge // (A.
Eralp - C24 )

Planning of a Symposium on Thermal Conversion of Solid
Wastes, Residues, and Energy Crops # (A. Eralp - B22)

Demonstrate/Disseminate the SWIRL Concentrator
Principle # (R. Field)

Collection & Analysis of Storm water/CSO and  Sediment
Samples for Priority Pollutants // (R. Turkeltaub)

Survey Treatment Plants which have Suitable Data on
Toxic Metals Content of Influent, Effluent, Sludge &
Information on Industrial Contributions of Metals &
Organics // (S. Hannah)
                                                                                12/80


                                                                                6/81
                                                                                7/81
                                                                                2-81-125

                                                                                6/81
                                                          3/81


                                                          7/81



                                                          6/81


                                                          8/81


                                                          6/81


                                                          3/81


                                                          1/81

-------
    Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
00
I
ro
    H  OWPO, EGD
    H  OWPS/Athayde
        OWPO/M. Tiemens

    H  OWPS/WPD
        D. Athayde

    H  OWPO/Hais
H   OWPO/Potter


H   OWPO/Hais



H   OWPO/Hais


H
    R. Christensen

H   OWPO


H   OWPO


H   OWP/Bastian
    H   OWPS/OWPO
        OWE/OPTS
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Technical Conf & Proc
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

User Group Pubs
MERL-Ci

User Group Pubs
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Speech
MERL-Ci

Unpublished Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
        Project Title/P.O.                                  Date

National Survey of Treatment Plants for Selected Toxic         3/81
Metals and Organics // (S. Hannah)

Conference on Urban Stormwater and CSO Impact on           11/80
Receiving Water Bodies # (R. Turkeltaub)                      9-80-056

Evaluation of Secondary Impacts of Urban Runoff              7/81
Pollution Control // (D. Weisman)

O&M Practices and Problems of Land Treatment               7/81
Processes // (3. Bender)

Impact of Plant Recycle Streams and Return Flows on          4/81
POTWs Failure to Meet NPDES Requirements // (3. McCarthy)

Identification and Correction of Typical Design Defi-           3/81
ciencies in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities //
(3. McCarthy)

Demonstrate Improved Performance at Selected Biological      9/80
Treatment Plants // (F. Evans)

Demonstration for Control & Treatment of Combined Sewer     1/81
Overflows in City of Saginaw # (R. Traver)

Behavior  of Priority Pollutants in Conventional Water           12/80
Pollution Control Systems // (I. Kugelman)

Evaluation of Ozonation System for Wastewater                1/81
Disinfection // (E. Opatken)

Production of Non-Food-Chain Crops with Sewage Sludge //      1/81
(G. Stern - 709)                                             2-80-199

Reduction of Pollutants in Municipal Sewage Sludge to          1/81
Levels Consistent with Land Disposal // (S. Hannah-AE-05)

-------
Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
                               Project Title/P.O.
                                                          Date
H   OWPS/OWPO


H   OWP/Bastian



H   OWP/Bastian


H   OWP/Bastian



H   OPS/Niehus



H   OWPO/Longest
H   OWPO/Longest
    Athayde/NURP
H   OPS/Niehus
H   OWPO
H   OWPO
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Users Guide
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Literature Study of Biodegradability of Chemical Sub-          3/81
stance in Water // (S. Hannah - AE-09)

Determine Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Long-         8/81
Term  Use of Digested Sewage Sludge on Crop Land //
(G. Dotson - CO 5)

Demonstrate feasibility of Renovating Impoverished Land       5/81
with Sewage Sludge // (G. Dotson - C 15)

Determine Safe Beneficial Loading Rates for Various           9/81
Sludge-Soil-Crop Combinations Following Many Years of
Sludge Use // (G. Dotson - C28)

Estimating and Ranking Socioeconomic Effects of Alter-        6/81
native Water Quality Management Strategies // (F. Evans -
C 13)                                                      5-81-001

Document Real Time Data from CSO in an Urban  Lake and      1/81
Develop a Control Methodology for CSO Control Based on
Impact # (R. Field - 205166)

Support Engineering Services for  Evaluation of the SWIRL       8/81
Regulator/Concentrator Facility, City of Lancaster,
Pennsylvania it (R. Field - 317000)

Improved Methods of Defining Ambient Water Quality          6/81
Standards // (3. Heidman - C 14)

Reactivation of Granular Carbon in an Infrared Furnace //       6/81
(I. Kugelman - BE22)

Removal of Toxic Compounds Including Priority Pollutants      6/81
from Secondary Effluent by Activated Carbon // (I.
Kugelman - BE24)

-------
Research Committee    Product Type/Lab
H   Region 8/
    Herrington

H   Region 8/
    Herrington


H   OWPO
H   OWPO/Hais



H   OWPO/Hais


H   OWPO/Hais


H   OWPO/Hais
    Reg 7/Harrington


H   OWPO/Potter


H   OWPO/Hais



H   OWPO/Walker
Design Info Series
MERL-Ci

Design Info Series
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Design Info Series
MERL-Ci

Problem Oriented Rpt
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
User Group (USDA)
MERL-Ci
        Project Title/P.O.                                  Date

Design Guidelines - Impact of Peak Flows on Conven-           3/81
tional Wastewater Treatment Processes // (3. Bender-B6)

Document Operation and Performance of Rotating Biologi-      3/81
cal Contactors (RBC) for Municipal Waste Treatment and
Issue Interim RBC Design Guidelines it (3. Bender - B7)

Area wide Storm water Pollution Analysis with the Macro-       3/81
scopic Planning (MAC) Model. Vol I. Documentation and
Applications; Vol II. User's Manual // (D. Ammon -207299)

Develop and Update a Computer Cost and Performance Data    1/81
Base for Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes //
(3. Bender - B9)

Evaluation and Documentation of Mechanical Reliability        3/81
of Conventional Plant Components // (3. Bender - C2)

Development of Methodology and Guidelines for Systems        6/81
Reliability Analysis // (3. Bender - C7)

Development of a Proposed Consensus Standard for Testing      3/81
and Evaluating Oxygen Transfer Equipment // (R. Brenner -
D-2/13)

Evaluate and Demonstrate Effectiveness of Central            1/81
Management of O&M Programs (Phase I) // (M. Cummins  - D4)

Characterization of Nonvolatile Organics in Wastewater         1/81
Effluents Disinfected with chlorine, Ozone, and Ultra-
Violet Light # (C. Mashni - A/15)

Develop a Feasible Method fo Composting Raw Sewage          12/80
Sludge with Other Carbonaceous Materials and Demonstrate
the Engineering and Economic Feasibility (USDA has
published) # (3. Ryan - CIO)

-------
    Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
                               Project Title/P.O.
                                                          Date
CO
    H   OWPO/Walker
     H   OWPO/Walker
     H   OWPO/Walker
     H   OWPO
     H   OWPO/Bastian
     H   OWPO/Bastian
     H   OSW
     H   Reg 5
         Christensen

     H   OWPO/Longest
     H   OWPO/Longest
         Athayde/NURP

     H   OWPO/Hais
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

3ournal Article
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Research Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Research Report
MERL-Ci
Develop Techniques for Separation and Characterization        4/81
of the Organic Fraction of Metals in Sludge Amended
Soils // (3. Ryan - C20)

Develop Techniques for Separation and Characterization        4/81
of the Inorganic Fraction of Metals in Sludge and Sludge
Amended Soils # (J. Ryan - C21)

The Effect of pH and Phosphorous on Uptake and               6/81
Phytotoxicity of Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd to Plants Grown
in Soil // (3. Ryan - C49)

Engineering Assessment of Hot-Acid Treatment of             4/81
Municipal Sludge for Heavy Metals Removal //
(B. Salotto - A 55)                                          2-81-075

Pilot Scale Anaerobic Filter Treatment of Heat-               6/81
Treatment Liquor  // (B. Salotto - A 33)                        2-81-114

Pilot Scale Anaerobic Filter Treatment of Heat-               4/81
Treatment Liquor  // (B. Salotto - A 33)

Density Levels of  Pathogenic Organisms in Municipal           6/81
Wastewater Sludge # (G.  Stern - 8 -A/54)

Best Management  Practices Implementation for CSO           1/81
Control // (R. Traver - 408159)

Assessment of Sewer Sealant for Infiltration/Inflow            1/81
Control // (R. Traver - 414174)

Evaluate Urban Runoff Mutagenicity // (R. Turkeltaub -         5/81
110211)

Demonstrate/Evaluate the "Insituform" Approach for Sewer     5/81
Infiltration/Inflow Control // (R. Turkeltaub - 416170)

-------
Research Committee    Product Type/Lab
                               Project Title/P.O.
                                                          Date
H   OWPO



H   OWPO/Hais


H   OWPO/Bastian
H   Reg 5/Christensen
    Reg 2/Moriarty

H   OWPO/Athayde/
    NURP

H   OWPO/Longest
    Athayde/NURP

H   OWPO/Athayde
    NURP

H
H
H
H
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Speech
MERL-Ci
Demonstrate/Evaluate/Compare "Instituform" with Other       5/8i
Sewer Rehabilitation Techniques // (R. Turkeltaub -
4 20170)

Indigenous Virus Inactivation at Selected EPA Ozone and        12/80
Ultraviolet Light Projects // (A. Venosa - A/17)                 2-81-088*

Assessment of Contemporary Sludge Management Tech-         9/81
nology... # (R. Villiers •• A/54)

Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Program, Rochester      1/81
NY (Vol 1, Abatement Analysis) # (D. Weisman - 405131)

Disposal of Sludge from CSO Treatment // (D. Weisman -        1/81
409209)

Water Quality and Biological Effects of Urban Runoff           4/81
on Coyote Creek // (D. Weisman - 410223)

Treatment of Stormewater by a Marsh/Flood Basin //            5/81
(D. Weisman - 412226)

Economic/Financial Analysis of Urban Water Quality            11/80
Management Problems (M 817) # (R. Field - )

Engineering and Economic Assessment of Autoheated           1/81
Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion with Air Aeration //
(R. Villiers  - 68-03-2803)

Control Strategies for Automation of Conventional              6/81
Biological Treatment Plants and Associated Solids
Handling System // (I. Kugelman - El)

Control Strategies for Automation of Conventional              6/81
Biological Treatment Plants and Associated Solids
Handling System // (I. Kugelman - El)

-------
    Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
                               Project Titie/P.O.
                                                           Date
    H
    H
    H
    H
    H
D3
i   H
    H


    H


    H
    H
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
ORD Brief
MERL-Ci
Users Guide
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Speech
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Journal Article
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci
Automatic Control Systems for a P/C Biological Waste-         3/81
water Treatment Plant // (I. Kugelman - E5)

Investigation of Phase Isolation Wherein Lagoons                10/80
Effluents are Temporarily Isolated in Holding Ponds
for 10-20 Days... # (R. Lewis  - D-2/06)

Demonstrate and Develop Guidelines for Sediment and          3/81
Erosion Control Techniques for Highway Construction
Sites in Southeast Piedmont Soils // (R.  Field)

Effects of Sewage Sludge on the Cadmium and Zinc Content     11/80
of Crops (This was done by the Council  for Agri. Sci.
& Technol.) //' (3. Ryan - )                                     8-81-003

Heavy Metal Bioavailability in Sludge-Am ended Soils //          5/81
(3. Ryan - 804614)

Feasibility Study of Establishing Instrument Certifica-          6/81
tion Laboratory for Instruments to be Used in POTW's //
(W. Schuk - E 7)

Numerical Simulation of Aerated Sludge Composting #          11/80
(R. Smith -  788)                                             2-80-191

Numerical Simulation of Aerated Sludge Composting //          11/80
(R. Smith -  788)                                             3-80-168

Evaluate the Effectiveness of Treating  CSO in a Very           1/81
Deep Detention Basin Having Aerobic and Anaerobic
Treatment with Chlorine/Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection //
(R. Traver - 202176)

Develop a Decision Optimization Methodology which will        9/80
be Applicable to In-Plant Residuals Management to
Minimize Cost and Energy Consumption for Sludge
Treatment Alternatives // (L. Rossman - B1A)

-------
    Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
                               Project Title/P.O.
                                                          Date
    H



    H




    H



    H



    H


    H

CD
I
oo   H


    H


    H


    H



    H
    H  ORD/Ehreth


    H
Speech
MERL-Ci

User's Guide
MERL-Ci
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Proceedings
MERL-Ci

Problem Oriented Rpt
MERL-Ci

Journal Article/Book
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Speech
MERL-Ci

Speech
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

User's Guide
MERL-Ci
Behavior of Selected Organic Compounds in Wastewater         8/80
Collection and Treatment Systems // (A. Petrasek, Jr.)          S-80-014

Methodology for Evaluating the Impact and Abatement of       8/80
Combined Sewer Overflows;  A Case Study of Onondago Lake,
New York # (R. Field)                                       8-80-048

First National Symposium/Workshop on Rotating Biological
Contractor Technology (Volume I) // (E. Opatken)               9-80-0463

First National Symposium/Workshop on Rotating Biological
Contractor Technology (Volume II) // (E. Opatken)              9-80-046b

Economic/Financial Analysis of Urban Water Quality
Management Problems // (D. Ammon)                         2-80-187

Proceedings for the 7th  United States/Japan Conference
on Sewage Treatment Technology // (J. Convery)               9-80-047

Proceedings for the 7th  United States/Japan Conference        3/81*
on Sewage Treatment Technology // (J. Convery)               8-81-006

Toxics in Municipal and  Industrial Wastewater // (D.             10/80*
Bishop)                                                    J-80-116

GC/MS Methodology for Priority  Organics in Municipal
Wastewater Treatment # (D. Bishop)                          2-80-196

Urban Storm water Management and Pollution Abatement
Alternatives // (R. Traver - 876)                              d-81-004

Storm water/Combined Sewage Pollution Abatement
Alternatives // (R. Traver - 877)                              d-81-007

A Feasibility Analysis // (G. Dotson)                          4/81
Specifications and Testing Protocol for Automatic On-          10/80
Line Measuring Instruments for Use in POTW's # (W.Schuk)

-------
Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
                               Project Title/P.O.
                                                          Date
H   EGD/OWE


H   OWPO/Bastian


H   OWPO/Bastian


H   OWPO


H   OWPO


H


H


H



H


H


H


H


H
Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci
Journal Article
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Speech
MERL-Ci
Biodegradation and Carbon Adsorption of Carcinogenic          1/81
and Hazardous Organic Compounds // (R. Dobbs - 810)           2-81-032

—Engineering Assessment of Vermi Composting Municipal       3/81
Wastewater Sludges // (R. Villiers - 733)

—Lime Stabilization and Ultimate Disposal of Municipal         4/81
Wastewater Sludges # (R. Villiers - 932)                       2-81-076

Full Scale Demonstration of  Waste Sludge Incinerator           3/81
Fuel Reduction // (H. Wall - B 20)

Technical, Environmental and Economic Co-Disposal            6/81
System, Research Evaluation # (H. Wall - B 13)

A Case History for Implementing Land Spreading of            9/81
Lagooned Sewage Sludge on Farmlands # (G. Stern - C 52)

A Technical and Economic Analysis of  Dedicated Land          9/81
Disposal # (G. Stern - C 61)

An Economic Analyses for Reclaiming  Strip Mine Land          9/81
Using Sewage Sludge as Compared to Commercial Methods #
(G. Stern - C 62)

Toxic Pollutant Classification and Removal by Counter-         12/81
current Centrif ugation // (C. Fronk-Leist)

Trace Organic Removal from Activated Carbon Treated         1/81
Municipal Wastewater Effluents // (S. Hannah - 18)

EXEC/OP Reference Manual, Version 1.2 // (L. Rossman)
                                                          2-80-182

Proceedings: Wastewater Alternatives  for Small
Communities # (S. Hathaway - 855)                          9-80-062

Toxics in Municipal and Industrial Wastewater //                11/80
(D. Bishop)

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    Research Committee    Product Type/Lab
                              Project Title/P.O.
                                                                                                           Date
    H


    H


    H


    H


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so
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ro
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Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
MERL-Ci

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada
Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Journal Article
RSKERL-Ada
Seminar/Report
RSKERL-Ada

Workshop/Report
RSKERL-Ada
Integrated Control of Combined Sewer Regulations Using
Weather Radar // (D. Ammon - 908)

Field Evaluation of a SWIRL Degritter at Tamworth, New
South Wales, Australia // (H. Wilder - 31*000)

Nitrogen & Phosphorus Reactions in OF of Wastewater #
(B. Bledsoe)

Infiltration Land Treatment of Stabilization Pond
Effluent // (C. Enfield)

Advanced Biological  Teatment of Municipal Wastewater
Through Aquaculture # (W. Duffer)

Determine Kinetics of Phosphorus Mineralization in
Soils Under Oxidizing Conditions # (C. Enfield)

Reclammation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils //
(W. Dufer)

Soil & Crop Management Systems for Treatment, Utiliza-
tion & Disposal of Municipal Wastewaters & Sludges //
(L. Leach)

Soil Filtration of Sewage Effluent  of a Rural Area #
(L. Leach)

Methods for Approximating Transport of Organic Pollu-
tants to Groundwater (submitted for publication) //
(C. Enfield)

Overland Flow Seminar (to be conducted through EPA/
TT) It (C. Harlin)

Conference/Workshop on Selection & Management of
Vegetation for Land  Application Systems to Treat
Municipal Wastewater in North Central U.S. // (C. Harlin)
                                                                                                           3/81*
                                                                                                           2-81-041

                                                                                                           3/81
                                                                                                           2-81-063

                                                                                                           5/81


                                                                                                           12/80
                                                                                                           7/81
                                                                                                           12/80


                                                                                                           12/80



                                                                                                           3/81


                                                                                                           5/81

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    Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
    H


    H


    H


    H


    H


    H

00
ro   H
H-»


    H


    H


    H


    H


    H


    H
Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Journal Article
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Journal Article
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report
RSKERL-Ada

Journal Article
RSKERL-Ada

Journal Article
RSKERL-Ada
        Project Title/P.O.                                  Date

Rationale for Rapid Infiltration Design (in summary of          9/80
long-term Rapid Infiltration Studies) // (C. Enfield)

Field Testing of Overland Flow for Maximum Nutrient          5/81
Removal Management # (B. Bledsoe)

Evaluation of Four High Rate Infiltration Systems #            6/80
(L. Leach)

South Carolina Overland Flow Project // (B. Bledsoe)            6/81
Effects of travel Time on Treatment Performance //            8/81
Overland Flow - (B. Bledsoe)

Overland Flow Treatment of Lagoon Effluent //                10/81
(B. Bledsoe)

An Evaluation of Filter Feeding Fishes for Removing           9/81
Excessive Nutrients from Wastewater // (W. Duffer)

Wastewater Treatment with Plants in Nutrient Film //          9/81
(W. Duffer)

Design Criteria for Wetland Wastewater Treatment if           10/81
(W. Duffer)

Optimization of Nitrogen Control in Rapid Infiltration          9/81
Land Treatment Systems //  (L. Leach)

Treatment of Primary  Effluent by Rapid Infiltration //          2/81
(L. Leach - 8101)

Four-Step Numerical Scheme for Finite Element Analysis       12/80
of a Saturated-Unsaturated Soil System // (C. Enfield)

Transport of Phosphorus Ions Through Soils Under Two          5/81
Dimensional Transient  Flow Conditions // (C. Enfield)

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DO
I
ro
ro
    Research Committee     Product Type/Lab
    H
    H
    H
Journal Article
RSKERL-Ada

Symposium/Article
RSKERL-Ada

Project Report/PS
EMSL-LV
        Project Title/P.O.                                  Date

Mathematical Prediction of Toxicant Transport Through        2/81
Soil # (C. Enf ield)

Comparison of One and Two Dimensional Models for Organ-     
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                                  APPENDIX C

                   MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RESEARCH COMMITTEE
                           AND SUBCOMMITTEE MEMBERS
Research Committee Members
James Basilico, Co-Chairman
David Kleffman
Doug Lipka
Dick Thomas, Co-Chairman
Denis Athayde
Jim Bachmaier
Rod Frederick
Alan Hais
Margie Pitts
Jeffrey Miller
Steve Natch
John Gustafson
John Convery
Curtis Harlan
Daniel O'Brien
Richard Caspe
Steve Poloncsik
Office of Research and Development
Office of Water and Waste Management
Office of Enforcement
Office of Toxic Substances
Office of the Administrator
MERL-Cincinnati
RSKERL - Ada, OK
Region I
Region II
Region V
                                     C-l

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Residuals, Toxics and Urban Runoff Subcommittee
David Kleffman
Bala Krishnan
Rod Frederick, Chairman
Dennis Athayde
Bob Bastian
Jim Spatarella
Steve Nacht
Jim Bachmaier
Carl Ferrentino
Carl Brunner
Robert Bunch
Herb Pahren
William Dunlap
Steve Poloncsik
Office of Research and  Development
Office of Water and Waste  Management
Office of Toxic Substances
Office of Solid Waste
          n
MERL-Cincinnati
          n
HERL-Cincinnati
RSKERL-Ada, OK
Region V
                                      C-2

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Innovative Technology and Process Development Subcommittee

Tom Pheiffer                 Office of Research and Development
Bob Bastian                  Office of Water and Waste Management
Keith Dearth
Pete Eagan                             "
Lam Lim                                "
Dick Thomas                            "
Jim Wheeler                            "
Dave Rogers                  Office of Enforcement
John Thillman                Office of Planning and Evaluation
John Convery, Chairman       MERL-Cincinnati
Ed Barth
Jim Kreissl
John Smith                             "
Curtis Marian                RSKERL-Ada, OK
Steve Poloncsik              Region V
                                      C-3

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                                     APPENDIX D
                   HEADQUARTERS AND LABORATORY STAFF CONTACTS  FOR
                   MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RESEARCH PROGRAM OUTPUTS
HEADQUARTERS
Office of Environmental Engineering & Technology
  Waste Management Division, Acting Director
  Land Treatment, Small Wastewater Flows
  and Process Development
  Municipal Sludge, Plant Operations and
  Design and Toxic Pollutants Control
  Innovative/Alternative Technology
  and Urban Runoff
  Health Effects
Jim .Basilico
Ray Thacker

Bala Krishnan

Tom Pheiffer

Tom Gleason
202-426-4567
       -4567

       -4567

       -4567

       -4567
Office of Health Research
  Control Technology Health Effects
Dave Kleffman  202-426-2317
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY - CINCINNATI. OH
  Wastewater Research Division, Director      John Convery   513-684-7601
Municipal Sludge Management
  Agricultural Utilization
  Anaerobic Digestion
  Composting
  Dewatering
  Incineration and Pyrolysis
  Land Spreading
  Stabilization
Joe Farrell
Jim Ryan
Vince Salotto
Atal Eralp
Bud Villiers
Howard Wall
Ken Dotson
Jerry Stern
       -7645
       -7653
       -7667
       -7663
       -7664
       -7659
       -7661
       -7654
                                     D-l

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Toxic Pollutants Control
  Carbon Adsorption
  Metals Control
  Physical/Chemical Treatment
New Process Development
  New Biological Processes
  Disinfection
  Specific Pollutants
  Reuse/Conservati on
Plant Operations and Design
Urban Runoff (Edison, NJ)
Small Wastewater Flows
  Clearinghouse
Innovative & Alternative Technology
  Clearinghouse
Health Effects
Other MERL Areas
  Energy
  Instrumentation & Automation
  Testing & Evaluation Facility
  Center for Environmental
  Research Information - CERI
Jesse Cohen
Dick Dobbs
Sid Hannah
Jesse Cohen
Bob Bunch
Dick Brenner
Al Venosa
Ed Barth
John English
John Smith
-7671
-7649
-7651
-7671
-7655
-7657
-7668
-7641
-7613
-7611
Richard Field  201-321-6674
Jim Kreissl    513-684-7614
John Smith
Gary Lubin
Herb Pahren

Frank Evans
Irv Kugelman
Al Petrasek
-7611
-7630
-7217
-7610
-2621
-2628
Denis Lussier  513-684-7394
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY-ADA, OK
Land Application of Wastewater

  Overland Flow
  Rapid Infiltration
  Slow Rate Irrigation
  Aquaculture Treatment Systems
Curtis Harlin  405-332-8800 (CML)
                   743-2212 (FTS)
Bill Duffer
-2243 (FTS)
                                      D-2
                                                   i ua GOVERNMENT PWNTIN1 -757-009/8024

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