EPA-650/2-74-015
January 1974
Environmental Protection Technology Series
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EPA-650/2-74-015
PROGRESS IN INSTRUMENTATION
AND TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT
OF AIR POLLUTANTS
by
A. H. Ellison
Chemistry and Physics Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Program Element 1AA010
National Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
January 1974
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection
Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad categories were established
to facilitate further development and application of environmental technology. Elimination
of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology transfer and a maxi-
mum interface in related fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2 . Environmental Protection technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series.
This series describes research performed to develop and demonstrate instrumentation,
equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and
nonpoint sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved technology required
for the control and treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
Copies of this report are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors
and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27711; or, for a nominal cost, from the National Technical Information Ser-
vice, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
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This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and Development, Environmental
Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
11
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PREFACE
This discussion has been limited to EPA's air pollution measurement technique and
instrumentation research and development program; however, this is not to imply that
research conducted in other government agencies and in the private sector have not con-
tributed to the EPA program. In fact, much of EPA's program has involved the evaluation
and application of technology developed elsewhere. The bibliography given contains only
the key references. These references in turn contain many additional references.
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CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Promulgated and Proposed Standards 3
Measurement Strategies 5
Particulate Matter 6
Sulfur Oxides 7
Nitrogen Oxides 8
Photochemical Oxidants '• 9
Hydrocarbons . , . 10
Carbon Monoxide . • • 11
Hydrogen Sulfide , 11
i
Hazardous Air Pollutants: Mercury, Beryllium, and Asbestos * • • 12
Instrument and Method Calibration 13
Research Techniques • 14
References 15
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PROGRESS IN INSTRUMENTATION
AND TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT
OF AIR POLLUTANTS
INTRODUCTION
The Clean Air Amendments of 1970, which became law in December of that year, di-
rected the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to bring air pollution under control
through the promulgation of numerous national air pollution standards. It authorized
the promulgation of ambient air quality standards, standards for new stationary sources
of air pollution, standards for hazardous air pollutants, standards for mobile source
emissions, and standards for fuels and fuel additives. In anticipation of the 1970 legis-
lation, EPA's predecessor in the air pollution control program, the National Air Pollution
Control Administration (NAPCA) , which was part of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, started work on a plan for the research and development needed to provide
appropriate measurement techniques and instrumentation for developing and supporting
the various standards to be promulgated. The plan was prepared under contract with
Esso Research and Engineering Company and was completed with EPA funding and pub-
lished in December of 1971. -'•
It had been established by NAPCA that the plan should include research for and
development of measurement techniques for the air pollutants listed below:
1. Oxides of sulfur 10. Polychorinated biphenyls
(S02, S03, H2S04) n p0iynuciear organic matter
2. Oxides of nitrogen , _ „ .. . , ,
(NOX, NO, N02, HN03) 12' Reactlve hydrocarbons
-> r> i.- i ± ±1. f • j- ^ -i 13. Hydrogen chloride
3. Particulate matter (size distribution, ' to
chemical composition) 14. Manganese
4. Asbestos 15. Selenium
5. Mercury 16. Arsenic
6. Beryllium 17. Phosphoric acid
7. Carbon monoxide 18. Chlorine
8. Nonmethane hydrocarbons 19. Hydrogen fluoride
9. Certain specific hydrocarbons 20. Hydrogen sulfide
1
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21. Mercaptans 29. Boron
22. Ammonia and amines 30. Tin
23. Organic acids 31. Lithium
24. Aldehydes 32. Chromium
25. Odor 33. Vanadium
26. Photochemical oxidants 34. Cadmium
27. Copper 35. Lead
28. Zinc 36. Aeroallergens
Two determinations were then made for each of those pollutants: the- type of air
pollution standard that probably would be needed and the type of measurement method-
ology that would be required to develop and support an appropriate standard. Of
course, the need for appropriate sampling procedures and supporting measurements such
as those required to calculate mass rates from- measured concentrations of a pollutant in
a source emission had to be addressed in the plan.
For the most part, the air pollution measurement technique and instrumentation
research and development program of EPA is being carried out according to plan.
Because of funding limitations, however, the various tasks will be completed later than
indicated in the original plan. -Also, research and development requirements not en-
visioned at the time the plan was prepared are being added to the program as needed.
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PROMULGATED AND PROPOSED STANDARDS
As of the summer of 1973, National Ambient Air Quality Standards had been promul-
gated for SOo, particulate matter, photochemical oxidants, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide,
and carbon monoxide. ^ Standards of performance for new stationary sources had been
promulgated for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from fossil-fuel-
fired steam generators; particulate matter from large incinerators; particulate matter from
Portland cement plants; nitrogen oxides from nitric acid plants; and sulfur dioxide and
acid mist from sulfuric acid plants.3 New-source performance standards had been pro-
posed for particulate matter from asphalt concrete plants; particulate matter, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide from petroleum refineries; hydrocarbons
from storage vessels for petroleum liquids; particulate matter from secondary lead smelt-
ers; particulate matter from secondary brass and bronze ingot production plants; and par-
ticulate matter from sewage treatment plants. 4
By this same time, hazardous air pollutant standards had been promulgated for
asbestos from asbestos mines, .asbestos mills, manufacturing operations, the repair or
demolition of buildings or structures, spraying operations, and roadway surfacing opera-
tions; for beryllium from machine shops, ceramic plants, propellant plants, foundries,
extraction plants, and incinerators for disposal of toxic substances; and mercury from
ore processing plants and chloralkali plants. 5
Also by the summer of 1973, emission standards for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
and nitrogen oxides from light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles had been promulgated.
A standard for smoke from new heavy-duty diesel engines had been promulgated." Regu-
lations had also been promulgated, and others proposed," for lead and phosphorus
additives in gasoline but measurement techniques for these additives had not yet been
specified. Emission standards had been promulgated for certain types of aircraft engines"
and proposed for other types. ^
Although not proposed or promulgated to date, appropriate standards are being
considered for other pollutants among the 36 listed above. Detailed measurement proce-
dures are usually included as part of the standards, but some standards rely on the
estimated effectiveness of required control measures-e .g., floating roofs for storage
vessels for petroleum liquids-rather than on monitoring of emissions by means of
specified techniques.
Air pollution control legislation prior to 1970 provided for the achievement of ade-
quate air quality by state and local agencies on the basis of Federal criteria. H~l° It
also contained authority for establishing emission standards for light-duty vehicles. Thus
the research program for development of measurement techniques and instrumentation
in support of pre-1970 legislation was concerned mostly with air quality and light-duty
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vehicle emissions. This program has borne fruit and it will be apparent in the discussion
below that great progress has already been made in these areas. !7,18 The 1970 legislation
called for the control of emissions from stationary sources as rapidly as possible and author-
ized EPA to set standards based on the best control technology available. A major effort had
to be mounted to provide stationary source emission measurement techniques in support of
the additional control activities called for by the 1970 legislation. ^
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MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES
At present, various measurement strategies are being considered for use in the air
pollution control program. For example, air pollutant levels in an urban area or a
small locality may be measured by means of one or several monitoring stations or, if
current research is successful, it may be possible to measure pollutant levels through
the use of long-path spectroscopic techniques. Stack emissions from stationary sources
may be measured by extraction of a sample of the effluent gas followed by conventional
analysis, or by the use of an across-the-stack optical technique, or by remote measure-
ment of the stack plume. Not only do control activities require pollutant measurements,
but studies on the effects of air pollutants on human subjects in an urban area require
them as well. Data on health-related pollution may be obtained through multistation
monitoring of pollutant levels in the locality where the subjects live and work or by
providing the individuals with miniaturized portable instruments that can record and
integrate their exposure to pollution. There are needs for the continuous measurement
of air pollutant levels in the air or in a source emission that would require appropriate
instrumentation, and there are needs that require the periodic collection of samples
(in a bubbler, on a solid absorbent, on a filter, in an evacuated cyclinder, or in an
expandable plastic bag) , followed by analysis in a central laboratory.
'5
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PARTICULATE MATTER
2
Particulate matter in ambient air is measured by means of the high-volume sampler.
Results of relatively high precision are obtainable by this method, as a collaborative
test has shown. 20 Jt is generally agreed, however, that improved measurement method-
ology is needed for ambient air participate matter. Methods that provide particle size
fractionation, at least into two size fractions, are the objects of much of the research.
Particulate matter in emissions from stationary sources is measured gravimetrically
after collection with the EPA sampling train. It is known that under certain conditions
particulate matter can form in this sampling system . Particulate matter can also remain
within the sampling probe; thus a procedure for removing and weighing this portion of
the collected sample is needed. There is much interest in the development of method-
ology for the continuous measurement of particulate matter in ambient air and source
emissions; one program is aimed at developing suitable instrumentation based on the
attenuation of beta radiation by particulate matter collected on a filter.21
The chemical characterization of particulate matter is important not only as a means
of identifying sources of atmospheric particulate matter but also for identifying specific
chemical elements or compounds for which standards might be promulgated. Of the
several techniques for chemical analysis of particulate matter that are possible, x-ray
fluorescence appears especially promising.22 This technique may supplement or replace
previously used techniques such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry, emission spec-
troscopy, and neutron activation analysis.
Numerous problems have been encountered in the use of filters for collecting parti-
culate matter. No one filter material is suited to all tasks. Chemical analysis of parti-
culate matter by X-ray fluorescence requires very low background levels of impurities..
Mass measurement by beta attenuation requires low mass per unit area for maximum
sensitivity; however, the strength necessary for use and handling must be maintained.
Adsorption or absorption by filters of materials in the gas phase (i.e., water and
organics) has been a major unresolved problem. Several active programs are addressed
at solving these problems.
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SULFUR OXIDES
Sulfur dioxide in ambient air is measured by the pararosaniline method. ^ A col-
laborative test of this method has shown that satisfactory precision is obtained. ^3 Sulfur
dioxide (803) in ambient air can be measured continuously by means of a flame photo-
metric detection system. The detector measures total sulfur and therefore can be used
only when it is known that SC>2 is the major (<95%) sulfur-containing species present24
or after sulfur compounds are separated by gas-liquid chromatography." SC>2 in fossil-
fuel-fired power plants is measured by collection of SO£ in 3% hydrogen peroxide and
subsequent titration using barium perchlorate with a thorin indicator. 3 A sampling train
is used in which SCH and t^SO^ are removed by collection in 80% isopropanol. For the
measurement of SO2> SC>3, and H2SO4 mist from sulfuric acid plants, a filter is added
between the 80% isopropanol collection solution and the 3% hydrogen peroxide collection
solutions. Sample probe washings, 80% isopropanol collection, and filter washings are
considered to be sulfuric acid mist; the fraction collected in 3% hydrogen peroxide is
SO2- Both fractions are analyzed for sulfur oxide content by the barium perchlorate
titration using thorin as an indicator. 3 Sulfur dioxide in power plant stack emissions
may be measured continuously by nondispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR) with
suitable sample conditioning to remove particulate matter and water vapor and to reduce
gas temperature to near ambient. 26
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NITROGEN OXIDES
Nitrogen dioxide (NC^) in ambient air has been measured by a 24-hour method that
involves collection in a sodium hydroxide solution to form a stable solution of sodium
nitrite that is then determined colorimetrically by a diazotization reaction; however, this
method has been found to be inadequate because of variable collection efficiency and the
interference of NO. Intensive work is being done to develop and evaluate improved
oo
collection techniques. These efforts involve the evaluation of several collection solutions
such as those described by Christie,29 Saltzman.^O and Mulik et al.'l To be adequate, a
method must have a high degree of specificity and a constant collection efficiency. Con-
tinuous measurement of NC>2 in ambient air is accomplished by a procedure based on the
28
chemiluminescent reaction between NO and ozone. -NO2 is converted to NO in a suitable
sampling system. The sample is alternately passed directly to the chemiluminescence
detection chamber and indirectly to the detection chamber via the converter so that the
technique measures first NO and then NO plus NO2> permitting, by difference, a
determination of NO2 • The nitrogen oxides stationary source and mobile source emission
standards are for NOX, that is, NO2 plus NO. Mobile source emissions of NOX are
measured by the chemiluminescence procedure described for ambient air. -^ The sampling
system uses a thermal reactor for the conversion of NO to N©2 • Nitrogen oxides in power
plant emissions are collected in a dilute sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide solu-
tion and measured colorimetrically using phenol disulfonic acid.^ An electrochemical
technique and nondispersive ultraviolet and NDIR spectroscopy have been proposed
as methods for the continuous measurement of NOX in power plant emissions. ^3
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PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
It has been shown that after correction for NO2 ozone comprises virtually all of
photochemical oxidant. Consequently, the ambient air standard for photochemical oxidants
is based on a measurement technique for ozone. The measurement technique uses the
chemiluminescent reaction that occurs between ozone and ethylene. This technique per-
mits the continuous measurement of ozone,2 as well as the 1-hour measurement on which
the air quality standard for ozone is based. A collaborative test of this chemiluminescence
method showed that satisfactory precision can be obtained. ^ Since oxidant is formed in
the atmosphere by photochemical reactions involving hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides,
there is no need for source measurements of ozone. Rather, photochemical oxidants are
controlled by limiting the emission of hydrocarbons.
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HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons in the ambient air are measured by a flame ionization detector.
Since methane does not participate in photochemical reactions that form oxidants, values
for methane are subtracted from the total hydrocarbon measurement. This is done by
means of a stripper column and an analytical column that remove interfering substances
and allow only methane to pass through. Thus, the sample is alternately passed directly
to the detector and indirectly to the detector through the stripper and analytical columns,
which retain all hydrocarbons except methane.
Hydrocarbons in mobile source emissions are measured by a flame ionization detector
or by NDIR. Flame ionization detection is used for aircraft and all vehicles; however,
NDIR can be used for heavy-duty vehicles. The measurement is for total hydrocarbons.
Methane has been a minor constituent of mobile source hydrocarbon emissions, so that
no correction for methane is presently made. However, the catalytic devices that •will be
used in future vehicles tend to result in less effective oxidation of methane. Methane may
then constitute a larger fraction of the hydrocarbons emitted from vehicles. Further, it
is now believed that other hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, acetylene, and benzene
may be relatively unreactive in the formation of photochemical oxidant. Thus, work to
develop measurement techniques for these hydrocarbons is under way should it be deemed
advisable to subtract them along with methane from total hydrocarbon measurements.
No stationary source emission standards for hydrocarbons have been promulgated or pro-
posed by EPA that require hydrocarbon measurement.
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CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon monoxide in ambient air^ and in mobile" and stationary^ source emissions is
measured by nondispersive infrared spectroscopy. A collaborative test of the method
for ambient air analysis showed satisfactory precision of the method. 35
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Hydrogen sulfide emissions from petroleum refineries are measured by collection in
alkaline cadmium hydroxide solution to form cadmium sulfide. The precipitated cadmium
sulfide is then dissolved in a known volume of HC1- acidified iodine solution. The iodine
consumed is a measure of the H2S present. ^
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HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS:
MERCURY, BERYLLIUM, AND ASBESTOS
Mercury, beryllium, and asbestos have been designated hazardous air pollutants and,
as stated above, emission standards for them have been promulgated.
Stationary source mercury emissions, both particulate and gaseous, are measured
after appropriate sampling by collection in an iodine monochloride solution. The mercury
collected is reduced to elemental mercury in basic solution by dihydroxylamine sulfate.
Mercury is purged from the solution using a zero-grade air stream and analyzed using '
an atomic absorption spectrophotometer in the flameless mode.-*
i
Beryllium is measured after appropriate sampling by digestion in an acid solution
and subsequent analysis by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
An appropriate method for measuring asbestos emissions is not available. An electron
microscope technique is used to determine asbestos in filtered ambient air samples36 but
this technique is not rapid enough to support an emission standard. Current work is
under way to provide an adequate technique for measuring source emissions of asbestos.
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INSTRUMENT AND METHOD CALIBRATION
Calibration of air pollution measurement techniques is exceedingly important and
in many cases requires close attention to experimental details. Various types of air
pollutant reference samples are in use. Permeation tubes for SO2 are available as
standard reference materials from the National Bureau of Standards; a similar device
for NC>2 is being perfected. ^° Calibrated ozone generators are being used. ° Small
gas cylinders containing known amounts of carbon monoxide"*^ or hydrocarbons^! are
being evaluated as reference standards. A large batch of atmospheric particulate matter
is being collected so that it can be completely characterized physically and chemically
:and then used as a reference for particulate matter measurement techniques. ^ A gas-
1 phase titration of NO and ozone to produce NC>2 has been developed so that the calibra-
tion of techniques for NO, NO2, and ozone can be accomplished with a reference sample
TO
of any one of the three constituents-^0
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RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
In addition to the measurement techniques that have been developed for the purpose
of determining compliance with an air pollution standard, measurement techniques are
needed for the research program that must be conducted to develop the information needed
in the setting of a standard. Virtually the entire spectrum of analytical techniques is used,
including spectroscopy-particularly infrared spectroscopy^^-gas chromatography ,44
electron microscopy, x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, mass spectroscopy, emission
spectroscopy, and neutron activation analysis. For the most part, these methods employ
laboratory instruments, so that techniques must be used that will permit samples to be
collected in the field but brought to the laboratory for analysis. In some instances,
however, it is possible to install equipment of this type in mobile laboratories so that
measurements can be made in the field.
Remote and long-path optical techniques for measurement of pollutants in ambient air
or in stationary source effluents are being developed. 45 in some instances, the instruments
utilized in these techniques use broad-band artificial light sources; in other cases, the
sun's radiation is used; and, in others, laser sources are used. Research and develop-
ment costs for this type of instrumentation are high, and significant technical problems
exist in certain applications. However, the potential effectiveness of air pollution
measurement and monitoring by means of these techniques justifies a reasonable effort
to investigate their usefulness.
The resolution of the problem of preventing environmental degradation in nonurban
areas46 will require more sensitive measurement techniques than presently are available.
Also, it will be necessary to use these techniques to establish a base of data against
which degradation can be assessed.
14
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REFERENCES
1. A Working Document for Air Pollution Measurement Techniques Development Fiscal
Years 1972-1977. Prepared for EPA under Contract number CPA 22-69-154 by ESSO
Research and Engineering Company. Publication number EPA-R4-73-015.
Research Triangle Park, N.C. December 1971.
2. Federal Register. 36(84): 8186-8201, April 30, 1971.
3. Federal Register. 3_6(247): 24876-24895, December 23, 1971.
4. Federal Register. 3JK111): 15406-15415, June 11, 1973.
5. Federal Register. 38_(66): 8820-8846, April 6, 1973.
6. Federal Register. 37(221): 24250-24320, November 15, 1972. .
7. Federal Register. 38_(6): 1254, January 10, 1973.
8. Federal Register. 38(6): 1258, January 10, 1973.
9. Federal Register. 38_(136): 19087, July 17, 1973.
10. Federal Register. 38(136): 19050, July 17, 1973. .
11. Air Quality Criteria for Sulfur Oxides. DHEW, PHS, National Air Pollution Control
Administration. Publication number AP-50. Washington, D .C. April 1970.
12. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter. DHEW, PHS, National Air Pollution Control
Administration. Publication number AP-49. Washington, D.C. January 1969.
13. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide. DHEW, PHS, National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration. Publication number AP-63. Washington, D.C. March 1970.
14. Air Quality Criteria for Photochemical Oxidants. DHEW, PHS, National Air Pollution
Control Administration. Publication number AP-63. Washington, D .C. March 1970.
15. Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons. DHEW, PHS, National Air Pollution Control
Administration. Publication number AP-64. Washington, D.C. March 1970.
16. Air Quality Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Air Pollution Control Office. Publication number AP-84. Durham, N.C. January 1971.
17. Stevens, R.K. and A. E. O'Keeffee. Modern Aspects of Air Pollution Monitoring.
Anal. Chem. 42^(2): 143A-149A, February 1970.
18. Stevens, R. K. and J. A. Hodgeson. Applications of Chemiluminescent Reactions
to the Measurement of Air Pollutants. Anal. Chem. 4^(4): 443A-449A, April 1973.
19- Nader, J.S. Developments in Sampling and Analysis Instrumentation for Stationary
Sources. JAPCA. 2_3(7): 587-591, 1973.
20. McKee, H.C., R.E. Childers, and O. Saenz, Jr. Collaborative Study of Reference
Method for the Determination of Suspended Participates in the Atmosphere (High
Volume Method) . Prepared for EPA by Southwest Research Institute under Contract
number CPA 70-40. NTIS Publication number PB 205-892. Springfield, Va. June 1971.
15
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21. Development of a Nucleonic Particulate Emission Gauge. Final Report. Prepared for
EPA by Industrial Nucleonics under Contract number 68-02-0210. NTIS Publication
number PB 209-954. Springfield, Va. 1972.
22. Development of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Elemental Analysis of Particulate
Matter in the Atmosphere and in Source Emissions. Prepared by the Naval Research
Laboratory under an Interagency Agreement with EPA. Publication number EPA-R2-72-063.
Research Triangle Park, N. C. October 1972.
23. Collaborative Study of Reference Method for Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmos-
phere (Pararosaniline Method) . Prepared for EPA by Southwest Research Institute under
Contract number CPA 70-40. NTIS Publication number PB 205-893. Springfield, Va.
September 1971.
24. O'Keeffe, A.E. and G.C. Ortman. Absolute Calibration of a Flame Photometric Detector
to Volatile Sulfur Compounds at Sub-Part-Per-Million Levels. Envir. Sci. and Tech.
3(7): 652-655. July 1969.
25. Stevens, R. K., J. D. Mulik, A. E. O'Keefe, and K J. Krost. Gas Chromatography
of Reactive Sulfur Gases in Air at the Parts-Per-Billion Level. Anal. Chem. 4_3: 827-831,
June 1971.
26. Monitoring Instrumentation for the Measurement of Sulfur Dioxide in Stationary Source
Emissions. Prepared for EPA by TRW Inc. , under Contract number EHSD 71-23. NTIS
Publication number PB220-202. Springfield, Va . 1973.
27. Hauser, T. R. and C. M. Shy. Position Paper: Nox Measurement. Env. Sci. Tech.
6:890-894, 1972.
29. Christie, A. A., R. G. Lidzey, andD. W. F. Radford. Analyst. 95:519, 1970.
30. Saltzman, B. E. Colorimetric Microdetermination of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Atmosphere.
Anal. Chem. 26:1949, 1954.
31. Mulik, J. , R. Fuerst, M. Guyer, J. Meeker, and E. Sawicki. New Methods for the
Collection and Analysis of Atmospheric NC>2. Paper presented at 165th National ACS
Meeting, Dallas, Texas, April 8-13, 1973.
32. Sigsby, J. E., F. M. Black, T. A. Bellar, and D. C. Klosterman. Chemiluminescent
Method for Analysis of Nitrogen Compounds in Mobile Source Emissions (NO, NO?, and
NH3). Envir. Sci. Tech. 7:51-54, 1973.
33. Snyder, A. D. et al. Instrumentation for the Determination of Nitrogen Oxides Content
of Stationary Source Emissions. Prepared for EPA by Monsanto Research Corp. under
Contract number EHSD 71-30. NTIS Publication numbers PB 204-877 and 209-190. Spring-
field, Va.
34. Collaborative Study of Reference Method for the Measurement of Photochemical Oxidants
Corrected for Interferences Due to Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur Dioxide. Prepared for
EPA by Southwest Research Institute under Contract number CPA 70-40. July 1973.
35. Collaborative Study of Reference Method for the Continuous Measurement of Carbon Mon-
oxide in the Atmosphere (Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry) . Prepared for EPA by
Southwest Research Institute under Contract number CPA 70-4 . NTIS Publication number
PB 211-265. Springfield, Va. May 1972.
16
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36. Development of a Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Ambient Air. Prepared for
EPA by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract number CPA 22-69-110. August 1971.
37. National Bureau of Standards. Washington, D .C. Technical Note 585 . January 1972.
p. 6-10.
38. National Bureau of Standards. Washington, D. C. Technical Note 585. January 1972 .
p. 26-31.
39. National Bureau of Standards . Washington, D. C. Technical Note 585. January 1972.
p. 11-25.
40. National Bureau of Standards. Washington, D. C. Technical Note 585. January 1972.
p. 32-34.
41. National Bureau of Standards. Washington, D. C. Technical Note 505. October 1969.
p. 11.
42. National Bureau of Standards. Washington, D . C. Technical Note 585 . January 1972.
p. 35-40.
43. Hanst.P.L. Spectroscopic Methods for Air Pollution Measurement. In: Advances in
Environmental Science and Technology, J. N. Pitts and R. L. Metcalf, eds. New York,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1971.
44. Atshuller, A. P. Gas Chromatography in Air Pollution Studies. J. Gas Chromatog.
1: 6-20, 1963
45. Ludwig, C. B. , K. Bartle, and M. Griggs. Study of Air Pollutant Detection by Remote
Sensors. San Diego, California. Prepared for NASA by General Dynamics Corp.
NTIS Publication number N69-31961. Springfield, Va. July 1971.
46. Federal Register. 38(135): 18985-19000, July 16, 1973 .
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Progress in Instrumentation and Techniques For
Measurement of Air Pollution
5. REPORT DATE
January 1Q74
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Dr. A. H. Ellison
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORG \NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This is a brief report on instrumentation and techniques for the measurement of
air pollutants. It covers the techniques and instrumentation that have been
promulgated by EPA along with air pollution standards, those that are in use by
EPA for developing standards, and those that are being developed by EPA to meet
current or future needs. Descriptions of these techniques are brief but reference
to the detailed procedures are given.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Calibration
Particulate Matter
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Photochemical Oxidants
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Measurement
Measurement
Hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogeft Sulfide
Mercury
Beryllium
Asbestos
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
24
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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