vxEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA-600/7-79-064
February 1979
Research and Development
Gamma Radiation
Treatment of
Waters from
Lignite Mines
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program
Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-79-064
February 1979
GAMMA RADIATION TREATMENT OF
WATERS FROM LIGNITE MINES
by
Henryk Janiak
Central Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining
Wroclaw, Poland
Grant No. 05-534-3
Project Officer
Ronald D. Hill
Resource Extraction and Handling Division
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Re-
search Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect, the views and polices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, processed, converted,
and used, the related pollutional impacts on our environment and even on
our health often require that new and increasingly more efficient pollution
control methods "be used. The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-
Cincinnati (IERL-CI) assists in developing and demonstrating new and improved
methodologies that will meet these needs "both efficiently and economically.
The effort reported here was conducted as part of the Environmental
Protection Agency's Scientific Activities Overseas Program. The research
was conducted by Poltegor, Central Research and Design Institute for
Opencast Mining, Wroclaw, Poland.
In this report laboratory studies on the use of gamma radiation treat-
ment to improve the removal of suspended solids and color from lignite mine
drainage are discussed. Although gamma radiation was found to be effective
for this use, the technique did not appear to be applicable to United States
conditions. Results of this work will be of interest to investigators con-
cerned with gamma radiation treatment of industrial waste.
For further information contact the Extraction Technology Branch,
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
m
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SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS
(Special Foreign Currency Program)
Scientific Activities Overseas, Developed and implemented under the Special Foreign Curren-
cy Program, are funded from excess foreign currencies accruing to the United States under various
U.S. programs. All of the overseas activities are designed to assist in the implementation of the
broad spectrum of EPA programs and to relate to the world-wide concern for environmental
problems. These problems are not limited by national boundaries, nor is their impact altered by
ideological and regional differences. The results of overseas activities contribute directly to the
fund of environmental knowledge of the U.S., of the host countries and of the world community.
Scientific activities carried out under the Program therefore offer unique opportunities for coope-
ration between the U.S. and the excess foreign currency countries. Further, the Program enables
EPA to develop productive relationships between U.S. environmental scientist and their coun-
terparts abroad, merging scientific capabilities and resources of various nations in concerted
efforts toward U.S. objectives as well as their own.
Scientific Activities Overseas not only supplement and complement the domestic mission
of EPA, but also serve to carry out the mandate of Section 102/2(E) of the National Environ-
mental policy Act to "recognize the world-wide and long-range character of environmental prob-
lems, and where consistent with the foreign policy of the United States, lend appropriate support
to initiatives, resolutions, and programs designed to maximize international cooperation in anti-
cipating and preventing a decline in the quality of mankind' s world environment".
This study of purification of water from open pit lignite mines has been funded from Public
Law 480. Excess foreign currency money is available to the United States in local currency in
a number of countries, including Poland, as a result of a trade for U.S. commodities. Poland has
been known for its extensive mining interests, environmental concern, and its trained and exper-
ienced engineers and scientists in this important energy area.
IV
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ABSTRACT
Discussed in this report are results of laboratory investigations
carried out with the application of gamma radiation for the purification
of waters drained from surface lignite mines. These waters are pollu-
ted to a considerable extent with suspended matter of various sizes,
a large quantity of which is colloidal particles, mainly clay, that create
turbidity and colour. Moreover there is ofter a high oxygen demand
ocassionally a high content of iron. The remaining chemical physcial
parameters of the mine water do not diverage from the levels required
for waters discharged to surface flows and reservoirs.
The current method of purification of mine waters is limited to
the reduction of excessive quantities of suspension and turbidity by
large field sedimentation basins. Por some waters containing high quan-
tities of colloidal suspensions of high zeta potential and also during
periods of adverse weather conditions the current technology was not
producing satisfactory results. This finding established the weed for a
search for new more effective methods of water purification.
One of such methods evaluated was the use of gamma radiation.
Investigations were carried out under laboratory conditions in a special
radiation chamber. Samples of water characterized with different con-
tents of suspensions and turbidity were subjected to the action of gamma
radiation, employing doses within the limits of 100-2000 kRad with slow
dosing of 200 kRad/hour and fast dosing of 800 kRad/hour rates.
The investigations have shown a positive influence of Co-60
gamma radiation on the speed of suspended matter sedimentation, star-
ting with an absorbed dose of 500 kRad. As optimal dose was found
to be 1000 kRad. Above this dose the acceleration of velocity of
settling particles was not proportional to the applied energy value.
The investigations found relationship between the absorbed dose
and the reduction in turbidity, oxygen demand and iron content. Also
charige in electrokinetic potential, and other relationships illustrating
tne effects of water irradiation were determined.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 05-534-3
by the Central Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining,
Poltegor, Poland by the subcontractor POLON Poznan under the partial
sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report
covers a period from September 1, 1974 to August 31, 1976, and work
was completed as of 31 March 1978.
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CONTENTS
Paee
Foreword Ill
Scientific Activities Overseas IV
Abstract V
Figures Vl'ii
Tables XI
Acknowledgments xii
1. Summary and conclusions 1
2. Review of World Literature 3
3. The Theoretical Assumptions 13
4. Test Procedures 17
5. Results 26
References ...««, 30
Appendix 32
Vll
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FIGURES
Number
1 Scheme of Plant for Sewage Sludge Irradiation at
Geiselbullach . , .................... 8
2 Gamma Radiation Process with Carbon ......... 10
3 Radiation Chamber Type RHM-Gamma 20 ....... 18
4 Radiation Chamber ..................... 20
5 Relationship Between Suspended Matter and Light
Transmittance ..„. ...... . ....... .... 21
6 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample III, pH-7.45 ...... 33
7 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample III, pH-7.72 ...... 34
8 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample III, pH-8.13 ...... 35
9 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Konin mine water. Sample II, pH-7.43 ........ 36
10 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Konin mine water. Sample II, pH-7.86 ..... ... 37
11 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Konin mine water. Sample II, pH-8.11 ........ 38
12 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Turow mine water. Sample II, pH-7.78 ........ 39
13 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Turow mine water. Sample II, pH-7.94 ........ 40
14 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Turow mine water. Sample II, pH-8.24 ........
15 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Turow mine water. Sample II, pH-7.4 ........ 42
16 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Turow mine water. Sample II, pH-9.5 ........ 43
17 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Turow mine water. Sample II, pH-5.5 ........ 44
vm
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Number
Figures (Continued)
18 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample III, pH-7.75 ....... 45
19 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample III, pH-9.0 ....... 46
20 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample III, pH-7.0 ....... 47
21 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample III, pH-6.0 ....... 48
22 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample IV, pH-7.45 ..... . . 49
23 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample IV, pH-7.85 . . ..... 50
24 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Adamow mine water. Sample IV, pH-8.1 ........ 51
25 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Konin mine water. Sample V, pH-7.83 ........ ^2
26 Radiation application effect on light transmission.
Konin mine water. Sample V, pH-7.55
27 Radiation application effect on COD. Adamow mine
water. Sample III, pH-7.45 ............... 54
28 Radiation application effect on COD. Adamow mine
water. Sample III, pH-7.72 ............... 55
29 Radiation application effect on COD. Adamow mine
water. Sample III, pH-8.13 ............... 56
30 Radiation application effect on COD. Konin mine water.
Sample II, pH-7.43 ................... 57
31 Radiation application effect on COD. Konin mine water.
Sample II, pH-7.86 ................... 58
32 Radiation application effect on COD. Konin mine water.
Sample II, pH-8.11 ................... 59
33 Radiation application effect on COD. Turow mine water.
Sample II, pH-7.78 ................... 60
34 Radiation application effect on COD. Turow mine water.
Sample II, pH-7.94 ................... 61
35 Radiation application effect on COD. Turow mine water.
Sample II, pH-8.24 ................... 62
36 Radiation application effect on zeta potential. Adamow
mine water. Sample III . ................ 63
37 Radiation application effect on zeta potential. Turow
mine water. Sample II. .....
IX
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Number Figures (Continued) Page
38 Radiation application effect on zeta potential. Konin
mine water. Sample II 65
39 Radiation application effect. Konin mine water.
Sample V 66
40 Radiation application effect. Konin mine water.
Sample V 67
41 Radiation application effect. Adamow mine water.
Sample IV 68
42 Radiation application effect. Turow mine water.
Sample II 69
43 Radiation application effect. Adamow mine water.
Sample III 70
44 Relation between the suspended matter quantity and
the transmittance measured with specord with
a wave lenght 400 nm 71
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TABLES
Number
1 Chemical Analysis and Compositions of the Mine Waters 25
2 Results of test. Adamow-mine water. Sample III 72
3 Results of test. Adamow-mine water. Sample III 73
4 Results of test. Adamow-mine water. Sample III 74
5 Results of test. Konin mine water. Sample II 75
6 Results of test. Konin mine water. Sample II 76
7 Results of test. Konin mine water. Sample II 77
8 Results of test. Turow mine water. Sample II 78
9 Results of test. Turow mine water. Sample II 79
10 Results of test. Turow mine water. Sample II 80
11 Results of test. Turow mine water. Sample II ....... 81
12 Results of test. Turow mine water. Sample II ....... 82
13 Results of test. Turow mine water. Sample II 83
14 Results of test. Adamow mine water. Sample III 84
15 Results of test. Adamow mine water. Sample III 85
16 Results of test. Adamow mine water. Sample III 86
17 Results of test. Adamow mine water. Sample III 87
18 Results of test. Adamow mine water. Sample IV 88
19 Results of test. Adamow mine water. Sample IV 89
20 Results of test. Adamow mine water. Sample IV 90
21 Results of test. Konin mine water. Sample V 91
22 Results of test. Konin mine water. Sample V 92
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research work was carried out by Poltegor, the Central
Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining. The irradiation
studies were conducted in the laboratories of the Polon Company in
Poznari, Poland under the direction of Marian Reger, M.Sc.
Dr. H.P. Turaia, G-eneral Director of Foltegor and dr. Jacek
L/ibicki, coordinated the research with the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. The research work was directed by Henryk Janiak, M.Sc.
The project was supervised by the Project Officer, Mr. Ronald
Hill, Director, Resource Extraction and Handling Division, Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory - Cincinnati, Ohio. We appreciate
the Project Officer for his assistance and consultations in research
during the project realisation. I am grateful also to Mr. David S.Ballan-
tine from the Dept. of Energy,and Mr. Charles E. Stoops from the Toledo
University for the final review of the report and for their editorial re-
marks.
For the assistance given in the financial-organizational problems
we are obliged to Mr. Thomas J. Lepine from the E.P.A. Office of
International Activities in Washington D.C.
XII
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SECTION
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Seven series of tests were conducted to determine the effect of
Co-60 gamma radiation treatment on waters discharged from Polish
surface lignite mines. Waters from three Polish mines, Turow, Konin
and Ada.m6w were utilized. The major emphasis of the research was
on the removal of suspended matter from the water by increasing the
sedimentation rates. In addition changes in pH, COD and zeta poten-
tial were monitored. The effect of radiation intensity and dose were
also determined.
Conclusions drawn from this research were:
l) In all waters investigated a. beneficial effect of radiation by
Co-60 gamma on the rate of colloidal suspension sedimentation
was observed.
2) An explicit influence of radiation on the rate of sedimentation
occurs beginning with an absorbed dose of SOOkRad.
3) The rate of sedimentation of irradiated waters incree.ses with an
increase of the absorbed dose. The optimum in the relationship
of time of irradiation to effect of purification occurs at an absor-
bed dose of 1000 kRad.
4) The greatest effect in increased clarification occurs with waters
having an appreciable natural COD. The suspended solids con-
tained in these waters precipitate much faster after irradiation
than is the case of control samples.
1
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5) No decisive beneficial influence on the speed of water purification
after irradiation was found due to the change in the waters'pH
value.
6) The changes in the pH and the COD of the treated waters and
the simultaneously small changes in the zeta potential suggest
thai by a chemical and not a. physical process the radiation
influences the colloidal suspension removal from waters of lignite
mines.
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SECTION 2
REVIEW OP WORLD LITERATURE.
SOUR.CES
Sources of radiation became available for industrial use during
the 1950 "s. Prom that time on an interest in the use of radiation for
the removal of the pollutants has occurred. The first studies concerned
disinfection and sterilization of waste waters, but it soon became obvious
that radiation application had far greater possibilities. The main effects
were with radiation treatment to remove oxygen demand, with modifica-
tion of organic particles, with changes in colloidal systems and with a
(l)
destruction of micro-organisms and parasites . These processes
lead to a reduction in the chemical and biological oxygen demand, and
to an improvement in the sedimentation of suspended matter, and to the
dewatering of sediment.
In radiation practice two types of radiation are considered:
(l) the highly active gamma and the beta radiation for which the iso-
topes Co-60 and the Cs-137 are employed as sources, and (2) the
low activity, low yield, and short half-life emitters, which have not
(2 )
proven effective on an industrial scale. Ballantinev ' has discussed
the prospects of various radiation sources in their purification proce-
sses, application.
The Co-60 isotope is produced in reactors from a stable Co-59
during a neutron activation. In contrast to cobalt, the Cs-137 is obtained
from processing spent reactor fuel, which contains a mixture of many
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isotopes, Co-60 radiation used for practical purposes involves gamma
rays of energy 1.17 and 1.33 MeV (megaelectrovolts).
Cesium emits gamma radiation of 0.66 MeV. Therefore, the energy of
Co-60 required for a one kW power source amounts of 67 KCi, whe-
reas the energy of cesium for this same power would be 300 KCi.
The sources of the Co-60 are only about 10 % self-absorptive, whereas
the Cs-137 is as much as 50 % self-absorptive. For this reason the
useable energy from cobalt sources is less limiting in terms of source
geometry, while for the cessium sources the useable activity is highly
dependent on the geometry of the capsule. Por similar reasons cobalt
uses a few times less space than cessium for sources of the same
activity. Cesium-137 has one great advantage, its long half-life of up
to 30.2 years, whereas Co-60 is 5.26 years, therefore in order to maintain
the intensity of the sources one has to supplement annually the cobalt
activity by 12.5 %, and cesium only by about 2.3 %.
Attention has also been given to Cs-134, which is also found in
spent fuel from power reactors. If the two cessium isotopes are not
separated, then a source of 3-times greater specific activity than
Cs-137 can be obtained. The cesium-134 has a half-life equal to 2.1
years and for the attainment of 1 kW rating 150 KCi of the isotope is
needed. A natural mixture of Cs-137 + 134 possesses a power density
equal to 11.7 W/KCi, as opposed to 3.35 for pure Cs-137 and 15 W/KCi
for the Co-60. A negative characteristic of this mixture is the relatively
short half-life of the Cs-134, which makes necessary frequent repleni-
shment.
An accelerator of electrons can be employed in place of an iso-
tope gamma radiation source. An accelerator produces a stream of
high energy electrons, possessing the ability to initiate physiochemical
changes similar to the gamma radiation. The energy of emitted elec-
trons depends on the rating of the given accelerator, but the suitability
(3)
of high energy electrons is limited to about 10 MeV . The electrons
with higher energy may induce radioactivity in the irradiated material.
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(2)
Although Ballantine^ ' proposes a higher limit of 15 MeV, such high
energy radiation would have only limited use, i.e., where no elements
with a low threshold of activation are present.
Por practical considerations accelerator producing electrons ener-
gies 0.5-3.0 MeV are used. The power rating of accelerators producing
such energies ranges from few to 50 kilowatts. The main disadvantage
of the electron radiation is its small depth penetration, which for wa.ter
is about 0.5 cm per 1 MeV, while the useful penetration of gamma ra-
diation in water is 1-2 m depth.
Advantage of the accelerators is that they are electrical installa-
tions, and therefore their production is not limited, whereas the sour-
ces of gamma radiation are limited by the development of the nuclear
power industry. Moreover, in comparison with the gamma, emitters the
capital cost for the same acquired energy from the accelerators is
(2)
6-10 times less, and the operating costs are 2 times lower .
It is significant that the effects of the irradiation are independent
of the kind of radiation but only on the absorbed dose quantity by the
(4)
irradiated water . Therefore despite the limited range of the fast
electrons, there has been increasing interest in accelerators for the
removal of pollutants.
Consideration has been made of the possibilities of using the
mixtures of fission products, the spent fuel elements from the nuclear
power plants and even the entire nuclear reactors as sources ionizing
radiation^ ' ' . However, technical problems are such that their use
in the near future for industrial scale application is small.
Mechanism of Radiative Sedimentation of Colloids
The effect of ionizing radiation on the stability of colloids was
studied even before the development of the radiation chemistry as part
of a nuclear industry. Before World War n a group of Crowther's
-------
coworkers had indicated that the charges of colloidal particles change
under the influence of radiation. These efforts were concerned with
small doses not exceeding 10 Krad. However, the effect was most
apparent for a dose of 1 Krad and smaller. In actual use of radiation
to destabilize colloidal suspension doses as high as a few Mrad are
employed. With high doses the changes in electrostatic charge of the
colloidal particles are less important, because the major impact is the
effect on the radiochemical prosesses, either on the direct effect of
radiation on the colloidal particle, or on the secondary reactions taking
place between the suspended fractions and the products of aqueous
radiolysis. Both processes lead to the degradation of high molecular
colloids, and to their complete oxidation. Where a colloidal particle is
suspended in water ionization, due to electron or gamma interaction
causes a process of water radiolysis. This leads to the formation of
short - lived particles and H and OH radicals, which are discussed
later (2,4).
In the presence of oxygen in water additional radicals and 0 are
o
formed, both species being highly oxidizing agents. Por effective remo-
val of suspended solids the process reacts best in the presence of
high concentrations of dissolved oxygen (s). A degradation of the
colloidal particle results and a precipitation occurs, or in extreme cases
a complete oxidation of organic matter into carbon dioxidide and water
can take place.
As far as an inorganic suspension such as the Si02 is concerned,
an increase in sedimentation even by a relatively low doses of 1 Krad
(9)
can be obtained .
Installations Utilizing Gamma Radiation
The equipment for fluid irradiation and for the treatment of suspen-
ded matter can be divided into two types: static and dynamic. Static
equipment is primarily used for laboratory investigations, since conti-
nuous flow operation is required in industrial use. Thus, the discussion
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here will be primarily on the dynamic type.
Two processes for the removal and disintegration of suspended
matter have been described. Both processes have been studied on a
large scale. One process reported by a group of scientists from West
Germany, Lessel, Motsch, and Menning concerned the modification
of sewage sludge for agricultural use. The scheme of this process is
shown in Pigure 1. The plant, which was constructed in 1972/73, was
3
designed to treat 30 m of sewage a day with an absorption dose of
3
the 300 KCi. The design capacity provided for an increase in 150 m
without change in dose, or additional equipment. The installation con-
sisted of two underground shafts, one contained the irradiation source
in a centrally built-in tube, in which the sewage was circulated, and
a second containing pumps, pipelines and valves. The above ground
portion contained storage silos, a lift, control equipment and a small
laboratory. The lift was required to raise the heavy cover of the radia-
tion shaft. The radiation source was Co-60, with an activity of 100 KCi.
Sewage was pumped to the storage silos before treatment. The sewage
was circulated on both sides of the radiation source and recirculated
until it had absorbed the required dose. Batch capacity of the irradia-
3
ted system was 5.6 m . After radiation treatment the sewage was pum-
ped to a drying area. The system was very simple. The radiation shaft
did not contain moving parts. All pumps, equipment, valves and indica-
tors were placed either in the accessible pumping shaft or in the above
ground building, thus maintenance and control was always possible
without exposure to the dangers of radiation.
Disadvantages of this system was the cyclic operation and emplo-
yment of pumps. It would appear that in the case of sewage, in which
the suspended matter is not intended for further use, the installations
could work on a. continuous basis. The irradiated sewage could be
directed to a sedimentation basin. A system of valves and pumps would
ensure the desired dose to the sewage.
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COOLING
AND
CONTROL-
CIRCUIT
ROM DIGEST
TOWER
RADIATION SOURCES
TO DRYING
BEDS
IRRADIATION SHAFT
PUMP SHAFT
Fig. 1. Scheme of Plant for Sewage Sludge Irradiation at
Geiselbullach
Reference 10
8
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The second operating installation was an experimental treatment
plant constructed in 1973 in the United States. The results were pre-
(ll)
sented by Hay at a symposium in Munich in 1975. The results of
an 18-month study seemed to be sensational. The process is based on
(12)
a phenomenon, which was first described by Mr. Ketchen and Case x
in which activation of an in situ carbon filter occurs in the presence
of oxygen with the help of a strong source of ionizing radiation. The
filters of activated carbon have been used for some time in conventio-
nal water treatment. Their major drawba.ck has been the rapid clogging
of the carbon by absorbed material, and the periodical removal and
thermal regeneration of carbon. There is a loss of carbon due to re-
generation and hydraulic transport. These disadvantages result in carbon
filtration being rather expensive.
In the process described by Hay, the charcoal did not undergo
changes and showed no losses for the 18 months of the investigations.
The suspended matter adsorbed on the carbon surface was completely
oxidized by the gamma radiation in the presence of oxygen dissolved
in the water. Products of oxidation were water and carbon dioxide.
A diagram of the installation- is shown in Figure 2.
The installation had a. rating of 5000 gallons per day, with a
sewage containing 100 ppm of suspended matter, or 500 gallons per
day with 500 ppm suspended matter. The flow through the system was
by gravity. The dose of 1 Mrad was generated by a Co-60 source.
The activity of the source was not presented. Test was initiated with
poultry waste and, later on municipal and industrial waste. The results
of this treatment was that color was reduced in 90-99 %, the chemical
oxygen demand (C.O.D.) 90 %, more than 99 % of coliform type bac-
teria were killed, and 95 % and more of other bacteria were destroyed.
Oxygen was supplied to the waste before radiation treatment in a.
special container fitted with stirrers. A concentration of 11.5 mg/1 was
sufficient to carry out the process.
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CONCRETE
SHIELDING
LOADING TANK
- .»•&, :.•„.-
P?^''- • V- C-.
IRRADIATION TANK
SOURCE
CONC.
BASE
CABLE
LOADING TUBE
Pig. 2. Gamma Radiation Process with Carbon
Reference 11
10
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Due to the installation of the radiation source on the filter a very
good efficiency of the dose utilization was achieved. The irradiation
does not effect the water (which is 99 % of the flow) but only the
adsorbed matter on the filter.
Installations Utilizing the Accelerators of Electrons
As already mentioned the employment of electron accelerators is
limited by a small range of the electron in water. Nonetheless, it
appeajrs from the analysis of costs and from technical facilities, that
the use of accelerators in place of gamma radiation sources seems to
be justified and a number of tests have been made utilizing these
systems to treat sewage. Published reports indicate that all of the work
has taken place on a laboratory scale, although attempts are being
made to go to a. larger scale. In 1974 the Massachusetts Institute of
(l3)
Technology began work on an accelerator installation with a ca-
pacity of 100.000 gallons per day, for the removal of pollutions from
waters.
Another planned arrangement on an industrial scale is a treatment
plant intended to purify wastes at a. factory for antibiotics in the Soviet
(l4} 3
Union . The planned capacity of this treatment plant is 15.000 m
per day. The irradiation is to serve as an initial- treatment.
The Soviet Union installation is to consist of two accelerators of
the transformer type having a beam of electron radiation with an energy
of 0.7 MeV and the power rating of 40 K watts. The flow will pass
gravitation ally through an underground radiation chamber, which is lined
with porous panels. Under the panels will be air blowers. The air will
penetrate through the porous panels and mix and aerate the flowing
fluid, and prevent sedimentation in the irradiation chamber. Dosage will
be in the 2 Mrad range. The above installation was to be completed
by the end of 1975. So far there is no information regarding the results
of these studies.
11
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Costs
(2)
In the Ballantine work an evaluation of costs connected with
a radiatior treatment was made. It appears that the most expensive
installations would be those employing Co-60 as source of radiation,
while the cheapest is the electron accelerator. Of course the costs will
depend not only on the employed source of ra diation, but also on the
(5 )
kind of suspension. Ballantine's earlier workv ' reported that the costs,
increased proportionally as the amount of suspended matter contained
in sewages increased and on the wastes amenability to radiation disin-
tegration. He considers tha.t the cost limit for radiative purification is
1-2 dollars per 1.000 gallons. This value is probably correct, because
the price of a conventional treatment of sewage, with the same efficiency
of purification, is similar.
The cost of sewage purification by radiation oxidation on activated
(ll)
carbon, as described by Hay , amounts to 28-30 cents for 1000
gallons with the content of organic substance 200-250 ppm. This cost
has been calculated for a. 20-year depreciation investment period.
A similar period of depreciation was taken as the basis of cost calcu-
(14)
lations in the employment of the electron accelerators .In the calcu-
3
lations of the authors the cost of conventional treatment of 2 m amounts
to 0.56 Russian roubles. With a radiation treatment this cost would be
lowered to 0..45 roubles. In the work of German researchers , the
cost of conventional treatment was about 10 % lower than the radiation
3
treatment (4 D.M. as against 4.42 D.M. for m ).
Summary
The radiation removal of pollutants from water, is slowly but syste-
matically gaining in development. It is a part of the research programs
of most progressive countries. A system competitive to conventional
treatment is the major goal. The advantages of radiation treatment is
the simplification of the process, and the increase in purification effi-
ciency. Costs of production as reported here are comparable to conven-
tional methods.
12
-------
SECTION 3
THE THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Influence of Radiation Ionizing the IVJatter
Ionizing radiation, or simply radiation is the name given to short-
wave electromagnetic radiation the x - Rays and gamma,31 high energy
charged particles - electrons, protons, deuterons, alpha particles, recoil
nuclei and also fast neutrons. If the energy radiation exceeds the
energy necessary for the ionization of atmos or of particles of some
substance, then in passing through the substance ions are generated.
The activation energy for most substances is usually between 5
( 16 ^
and 25 eV . This energy brings the medium into a chemically active
state, which can be compared to the rising of temperature in a system
of slow reacting substances. For example a beam of x - rays with an
intensity of about 50 rad/sec and maximum energy quantum 1 McV, is
equivalent to a short duration temperature jump by 10 K.
The formation of ions under these conditions do not occur at a regular
rate as would be the case with thermal activation, but occurs in inde-
—15
pendent pulses, at 10 sec, or less during which 100 ions are for-
med.
In radiation chemistry two types of activation are distinquished,
electronic excitation and ionization; in electronic excitation either the
direct dissociation of particles into free radicals or the transition of
energy of electronic excitation into the energy of oscillatory movement
of atoms forming the particles takes place. Such an activated particle
13
-------
can be compared with a molecule with a raised temperature. Chemical
reactions of such particle can proceed either in interaction with other
particles, or the excited particle can split itself into constituents, i.e.,
smaller stable fragments, or free radicals.
During the ionization of particles a "knocking-off" of an electron
from the shell of a particle (or atom) takes place. Since the "knocking-
-off" of an electron from an external orbit requires the minimum outlay
in energy, (i.e., from the so called optical orbit or valency orbit), the
ionization occurs in the majority of cases in the "knocking off" of the
electron precisely from this orbit. Ions can recombine with free elec-
tron leaving again an excited molecule capable of frequency to form
radicals.
Radiation Processes Occurring in Water
Activation of transmitted radiation initiates numerous processes,
leading to a dissipation of energy and to chemical transformations.
These processes occur at rates determined by the nature of the par-
ticle, its energy and the state of the system under study e.g. tempera-
ture, pressure, etc.
The chemical reactions that occurred are varied and including a
synthesis and a decomposition, polymerization and depolymerization,
oxidation and reduction, hydrogenization and isomerization and any
possible combinations of these.
In some cases little chemical transformation is observed. This is
due to the specific characteristic of the system, which allows its
energy to be dissipated by internal resonance processes rather than
end in rupture. In such case the effectiveness of the radiation energy
transformation into a chemical energy is small. Or the system may
have little ability to change, because of its simplicity and or the stai-
bility of the original material.
14
-------
A case of this type is the absence of chemical changes in pure
water under the influence of radiation. The situation changes radically
when water contains small quantity of pollutants, especially of organic
nature. A radiolysis takes place in such water with an evolution of
a number of ions and radicals, subject to numerous reactions, which
are not well defined.
A thorough analysis of water radiolysis process goes beyond the
scope of this report, therefore this report will only consider those areas
necessary to eludicate that part of radiolysis which plays a role in the
pollutant removal from water. Radiation penetrating through water activa-
tes the particles, which can be written as follows:
These exicted particles react with the neighboring nonactivated
water particles and form hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide:
(H20)X + H20 -^ H2 + H2 02
Excited particles are generated also when the ionization of water
occurs, i.e., when the radiation knocks off electron from the outer
electron shell:
In this instance the "knocked off" electron possesses sufficient energy,
to activate a few more particles of we.ter where apart from the excite.tion
it can also induce a. decomposition of the water particle:
e" (5,6 eV) + H20 -^ H~ + OH*
e~ (7.5 eV) + HO -* 0~ + 2 H*
15
-------
Ignoring intermediate reactions the final result is:
H20 -* H- , OH' (H2, H202)
The H° and OH" have the character of radicals and in the pre-
sence of organic substances and oxygen are the initiators of a chain
rea.ction according to the following:
RH + OH* -»• R° + H20 the start of chain reaction
R + 0 -»•
RC2 + RH — *• ROCH + R° continuation of chain reaction
and in the presence of ions (metals as a. rule):
i O t Q
ROOH + M — »- RG" + OH~ + M ) acceleration of chain
ROOH + M -»• ROO* + H+ + M+2 ) reaction.
These and similar reactions lead to a polymerization or polycon-
densation of water solutions containing organic compounds, forming
insoluble particles that precipitate from the water sediment. The mecha-
nisms of this process is not fully understood. Pirst of all is not clear
whether in the process of precipitation is dominantly a physical process,
e.g., change of zeta potential of colloidal particle, or chemical proce-
sses, removing the substances stabilizing the colloidal system. It has
not been established, whether the colloidal particle charge has any
part of the process of radiative water purification, and if the change
ha.s an effect on the beha.vior of micelle in the field of radiation, i.e.,
which one of the micelles is more amenable to radiation, the positively
or the negatively charged ones?
16
-------
SECTION 4
TEST PROCEDURES
Irradiation of Water Samples
The irradiation of water was carried out in a radiation cha.mber of
a Russian production, RHM-Gramma-20 (Figures 3 and 4). The system
was comprised of a central chamber in a form of a cylinder of following
dimensions:
- diameter 150 mm
- height 240 mm
and also six cylindrical side chambers of dimensions:
- diameter 60 mm
- height 220 mm
Source of radiation was cobalt, Co-60, with energy of gamma quanta
1.33; 1.17 McV.
A radioactive isotope is distributed around the central chamber in a
special cassette containing 36 small tubes of 13 mm diameter. Each
of these tubes contains 3 elements of Co-60 of dimensions:
- diameter 11 mm
- height 8O.5 mm
Each tube contains about 341.5 Ci isotope.
17
-------
Designations
1. Casing
2. Cover
3. Filling with lead
4. Central chamber
5. Bronze cylinder
sleeve around
central chamber
6. Bronze cylinder
sleeve around
side chamber
7. Channel to load
the chamber with
a radiation source
8. Graded cylinder
sleeve of the
central chamber
9. Side chamber
10. Graded cylinder
sleeve of side
chamber
11. Pipe with Co60
isotope
12. Basis.
3. Radiation chamber type RHM - Gamma 20
18
-------
The total activity of the installed source is about 12.300 Ci. A general
picture of the chamber of radiations is shown in Figure 4.
The cha.mber allows the irradiation of the samples with the following
exposure dose rates
- in the central chamber 800 kRad/hr.
- in a side chamber 200 kRad/hr.
The samples were irradiated in vessels made of soda glass with capa-
cities:
- in central chamber 1000 ml
- in side chamber 300 ml.
Measurement of the Speed of Sedimentation
The basic parameter used to measure the effectiveness of radiation
treatment was turbidity. Turbidity was measured in the samples at diffe-
rent time intervals starting from the time the sample was poured into a
sedimentation cylinder. Changes in turbidity were measured with a spec-
trophotometric instrument, manufactured by Zeiss, type Specord UV VIS
with a beam of light having a wavelength of 400 nm.
A relationship between light transmission (turbidity) and suspended
matter was developed (Figure 5). The good agreement of this relastion-
ship made it possible to make turbidity measurements instead of the
more time consuming suspended matter in this study.
The Effect of pH
It was decided to study the rate of sedimentation as related to
small changes in the pH of the initial solution.
The pH adjustment was made with 0.1 n HC1 and 0.1 n NaOH.
The pH values before and after the irra.diation were measured with a
pH meter of the Mining Electronics Works manufacture, type 7-A, with
a range ensuring the accuracy of survey to - 0.05 pH.
19
-------
Pig. 4. Radiation chamber
20
-------
o
cc
100
90
80
70
60
50
20
10
"I T
- 6
V>
\°
o\
\o
\
\°
\
\
WAVE LENGHTH 400 nm
\
\
I
I
100 200 300 400 SOO
SUSPENDED MATTER ,ppm
600 700 800
Pig. 5. Relationship Between Suspended Matter and Light
Transmittance
21
-------
Measurement of the "Zeta" Potential
Prom a theoretical basis one can expect the radiation to have an
influence on the zeta potential of a colloidal particle, because ol the
ionization of particles. The generated ions should discharge electric
fields connected with the colloidal particle, and thus the particle depri-
ved of the charge should precipitate easier from the solution.
Por this reason the "zeta" potential was measured on particles of
colloidal coal in the water before and after radiation. The measurements
were effected by means of a "Zetameter" of U.S. production operating
on a principle of the electrophoretic mobility determination.
Changes in Oxygen Consumption and in Iron Content
In supplementing the measurements of turbidity and zeta potential,
the changes in oxygen consumption or COD (permanganate) and iron
content were evaluated using standard methods.
The Performed Operations
The tests were carried out on 7 samples of mine waters:
2 from the Turow and from Konin Mines, and 3 from Adamow Mine.
These waters were collected on the following dates:
Adamow - I sample on March 17, 1975
II sample on July 4, 1975
III sample on August 25, 1975
Konin - I sample on April 21, 1975
II sample on September 22, 1975
Turow - I sample on March 3, 1975
II sample on April 7, 1975
An analysis of the samples is shown in Table 1. All the water samples
were subjected to the gamma radiation treatment in the radiation cham-
ber with a higher intensity dose, 800 kRad/hr. The applied absorbed
doses and the time of irradiation were;
22
-------
Dose KRad I/ow Intensity High Intensity
100 30.0 min. 7.5 min.
500 150.0 min. 37.5 min.
1000 300.0 min. 75.0 min.
1500 450.0 min. 112.5 min.
2000 150.0 min.
In the irradiated waters the light transmission and the related sus-
pended matter was evaluated as a function of time of sedimentation;
the pH value (in some samples) before and after the radiation; the
oxygen consumption after 4 hours of sedimentation in the Adamow
water - sample I and II, and in Turow - sample I, and in the remaining
samples at the end of sedimentation; on the iron content (in part of
samples) - after 4 hours of sedimentation.
All the above measurements were carried out also in samples in
which the pH was changed before the irradiation.
23
-------
TABLE 1. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OP COMPOSITIONS
OP THE MINE WATERS
Determination
Turbidity
Colour
Smell
Oxygen De mand
Iron
Manganese
Sulphates
Basicity
Total Hardness
Calcium
Magnesium
Ammonia Nitrogen
Nitrite Nitrogen
Nitrate Nitrogen
Unit
mg/1 Si02
mg/1 Pt
mg/1 02
mg/1 Pe
mg/1 Mn
mg/1 S04
mval/1
°n
mg/1 Ca
mg/1 Mg
mg/1 N
mg/1 N
mg/1 N
General Dry Residue mg/1
Ada.mow
Sample III
400
20
Z2R
74.0
7.3
0.11
107.8
4.0
17.4
79.3
39.0
0.47
0.015
0.48
793
Klonin
Sample II
18
30
Z1R
5.6
2.0
0.22
43.2
7.0
20.2
96.1
32.2
2.8
0.015
0.48
416
Turow
Sample II
600
75
Z1R
45.0
4.6
not confirmed
348.6
4.8
13.7
61.6
23.9
not confirmed
0.075
0.64
2275
General Dry Residue
of Volatile Parti-
cles
Dry Residue of
Stable Particles
Total Dissolved
Matter
Dissolved Volatile
Matter
Total Dissolved
Solids
Total Suspended
Matter
Total Suspended
Volatile Matter
Total Suspended
Solid Praction
Carbonate Hardness
N on- carb on at e
Hardness
Acidity
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
o
n
o
n
mval/1
298
495
526
229
297
267
69
198
11.2
6.2
6.05
46
370
387
41
346
29
5
24
19.6
0.6
0.1
392
1883
1490
214
1276
785
178
607
13.4
0.3
0.15
24
-------
SECTION 5
RESULTS
Results acquired from the tests are shown in Tables 2-14 and
shown graphically in Pigures 6-39 in the Appendix.
An analysis of the results showed that sedimentation of the sus-
pended solids for the tested waters was increased by Co-60 gamma
radiation treatment. The effect from a practical point of view is obser-
ved starting from the absorbed dose of 500 kRad.
A change in the rate of sedimentation also occurred with an
adjustment in pH before the irradiation. In some cases in improvement
in the effect of radiational sedimentation wa.s noted. This improvement
took place in samples with only a small decrease in pH.
Samples, in, which the pH value was measured before and after
the irradiation indicate that the radiation caused a decrease in the pH
of the tested waters. The change in pH is subject to the quantity of
the absorbed dose, and the decrease in pH is greatest v/ithin the
300-1.000 kRad range. Por the same absorbed doses an equal decre-
ase in pH is achieved independent of whether the sample was irradia-
ted with a 200 or an 800 kRad intensity.
The effect of the sedimentation rate increase is to the related
absorbed dose amount. This condition as a rule is directly proportional.
The greatest changes in the rate of sedimentation occurred under the
influence of ra.diation in waters with a naturally large COD (Turow:
samples I and II; Adamow; sample III).
25
-------
The dependence of the increased sedimentation effect on the
absorbed dose amount is in agreement with theory since the water
radiolysis should be similar and the radiochemical processes should
intensify with the increased doses.
The radiation affected only slightly the zeta potential of the sus-
pended colloidal particle. The observed changes are difficult to explain
and depend probably on the absorbed dose on the intensity of dosing
and on the chemical composition of the water. In no case was a decisive
change in zeta potential observed, especially one that would lead to
an increase in the sedimentation of colloidal suspensions.
The COD of the tested waters, as opposed to the zeta potential,
was decreased appreciably after a radiation treatment. This change
increased with increase in absorbed dose amount. It is apparent in
waters with a high natural COD that the fastest removal of suspended
solids under radiation effect was observed.
Summing up, from the results obtained from the research it can
be stated thai a, radiative treatment of waters drained from lignite open
pit mines gave positive results beginning with a dose about 500 kRad.
One could adopt a 1.000 to 2.000 kRad, dose but the increase in the
rate of purification is not efficient in terms of the additional energy
input.
No definite influence was seen regarding the quantity of pollutants
on the rate of suspended matter removal under an exerted influence of
radiation. It was characteristic that the tested waters differed in this
respect considerably (see results for Turow I and Adamovw II or Konin
II). In one case it was found that the kind of poliutants may have an
influence on the rate of the precipitation. Comparing the contents of
suspended matter and dissolved substances in the Turow water tests
with the rate of radiation purification, it can be seen that it was not
the quantity of the suspended matter but the dissolved substances that
26
-------
influenced the rate. This finding is tentative and would require further
research to verify. Further work would also be necessary to determine
which of the dissolved elements has such an influence.
The sensitivity of a radiation purification efficiency on the chemi-
cal properties of water is confirmed by the data showing the influence
of COD. The greatest impact of radiative purification is achieved in
waters with a high COD.
The mechanism of radiative purification is based probably on che-
mical transformations. A reduction in pH and COD is obtained, however
no significant changes are observed in the "zeta" potential.
In this project no detailed analysis was performed on the technical
feasibility or cost to take the technology to pilot or full scale. The dis-
cussion not to carry the studies further was based on the results from
four tests and after consultations with American specialists who felt the
economics of the system under United States conditions were not feasible
and the acceptance of such a system by American industry was not
likely. In addition research in other purification methods held greater
potential for application in the United States.
If the process is to advance to full scale, then consideration sho-
uld be made whether it is best to irradiate with sedimentation or sepa-
rately.
To answer this question, the costs, efficiency and advisability of
each method must be considered. An optimum dose could be supplied
in an installation that operated cyclic or continuous flow. A cyclic
system could be relatively small and therefore cheap, but has techni-
cal inconveniences (halting of flow, required attendance, sediment re-
moval, small output), thus this system would probably only be useful
in an experimental installation. Por an industrial installation the conti-
nuous flow made would be best. A larger source of radiation would be
needed and the investment costs would be greater. A partial reduction
of costs is achieved through the elimination of labor requirements. In
designing a continuous flow system combined irrariation and sedimenta-
27
-------
tion in one reservoir should be avoided. This method would create a
difficult problem of sediment removal in the field of radiation. Instead
a separate chamber should have hydraulic flow conditions that limit the
settling of suspended solids.
Finally a significant reduction in the source activity could be achie-
ved performing the process of radiative purification in combination with
a chemical one. This method would be perhaps less successful than the
pure radiative purification, but from the mechanism of the process stand-
point, it would lead to a significant augmentation in output of purification
through the synergy of both processes.
28
-------
REFERENCES
1. Feates. P.S., Radiation Treatment of Wastes - A. Review,
Proceedings Conf. IAEA-SM-194/405, Munich, 1975.
2. Ballantine, D.S., Alternative Kigh Level Radiation Sources and
Wastewater Treatment, Proceedings Conf. IAEA-SM-194/501,
Munich, 1975.
3. Dolin, P.I., Szubin, N.N., and Brusiencewa, C.A., Radiacjonnaja
Oczistka Wody, "Nauka", Moskwa, 1973.
4. Apelcyn, I.E., et. al. Radiacjonnaja Oczistka Prirodnych Wod ot
Organiczeskich Zagraznienij, Wodosnabzenie i Sanitarnaja Techn.
5, 8-12, 1973.
5. Ballantine, D.S., Miller, L.A. Bishop, D.P. and Rohrman, P.A.,
The Practicality of Using Atomic Radiation for Wastewater
Treatment, J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 445, 1969.
6. Pleischman, M., and Price, R.M. Environmental Science and
Technology, 1, 573, 1967.
7. Makaroczkina, L. M. i in. Chim. Prom. 12, 905, 1969.
8. Unedynamics, Investigation of the Effects of Ionizing Radiation
on Synth. Detergent, Sewage, Colloidal Characteristics and
Sewage Sedimentation, Doc. No. D63-341, 1963.
9. Case, P.N., Kau, D.L., Smiley, D.E., and G-arsisen, A.W.
Radiation Induced High-Pressure Oxidation of Process Effluents,
Proceedings Symp., IAEA 755-67, Salzburg, 1971.
29
-------
10. Lessel, T., Motsch, H. and Menning, T., Experience with a Pilot
Plant for the Irradiation of Sewage Sludge, Proceedings Symp.
IAEA, SM-194/604, Munich, 1975.
11. Hay, W.C., Pilot Plant Experience in the Treatment of Industrial
and Municipal Wastewater by Means of Radiation-Induced
Oxidation, Proc. Symp. IAEA, SM-194/601, Munich, 1975.
12. Ketchen, E.E., Case, P.N. and Alspaugh, T.A., Study of Gamma-
Induced Low Temperature Oxidation of Textile Effluents,3 Symp.
Textile Industry and the Environment, 1-16, 1973.
13. Anonim., Environmental Science and Technology, 8,8, 691, 1974.
14. Konkow, N. G-., Buslajewa, S.P., Osipow, W.B., Isledowanije
Radiacjonnych Processow Oczistki Stocznych wod i Razrabotka
Opytno-promyszlennych Ustanowok, Proc. Symp. IAEA,1 SM-194/
611, Munich,3 1975.
15. Lowe, H.N., Lacy, W.J., Surkiewicz, R.P., and Jaeger, R.F.,
JAWWA 43, 1363-72, 1956.
16. Zagorski, Z.P. and Zagorska, I. Doswiadczalna Chemia Radia-
cyjna T.I. Dodatek PTJ 18/127, 1963.
30
-------
APPENDIX
100
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
o ---- O 0
A ----- A 500
1000
D - D 1500
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAO /
O o 0
A A 500
. _« 1000
D o 1500
X -K 2000
i I i I i i
8
TIME, HOURS
TIME HOURS
.Figure 6. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Adamow mine water. Sample III,
pH-7.45
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
CO
ro
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
O o 0
A A 500
1000
O 0 1500
ABSORPTION DOSE
O O
A A
/K RAD/
0"
500
1000
1500
2000
till
TIME, HOURS
TIME, HOURS
Figure 7. Padiation application effect on light transmission. Adamow mine water. Sample III,
pH-7.72
-------
CO
CO
100
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAO/
O O 0
A A 500
• • 1000
n n 1500
i i I i
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
O O 0
A A 500
• • 1000
D D 1500
X X. 2000
I I I I I I
8
TIME, HOURS
TIME. HOURS
Figure 8. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Adamow mine water. Sample III,
pH-8.13
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
CO
I\J\J
90
80
<
*»
z
Q 60
(Si
(S>
Z. 50
00
z
1 —
£ 30
O
—l 2O
10
o
I i I i I i ii i -n-* i
•P*^^
W^b^^ •<.
?r" __£._. — -° —
,__ — O - t»~"
-.
_ _
-
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD / .
0 0 0
A— • —A 'ifin
- ii ^ii OWL/ -
• • 1OOO
D., ,,n iror*
LJ 1 JUU
| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1
2 <» 8 2
TIME, HOURS
IUW
90
80
<
a? 70
0 60
t/1
i^
2 50
00
z
1—
tp30
O
— i 9n
tU
10
o
k
i i ' _i i^ "-- 4
j^^^F^^
$f*?&'^ _(
A" _^__ .. — -O —
)— — -O "~*J
-
_ _
-
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/ _
O o 0
A_ A 5f)O
^ A innn
n . . i— i ic,c\o
l_l • — LJ IDL/VJ
X x 2000
i I 1 i 1 1 i 1 i i i
248 2k
TIME, HOURS
Figure 9. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Konin mine water. Sample II,
pH-7.43
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
CO
en
KJU
90
80
3-°70'
g 60
i/o
1 50
< MD
i—
t- 30
X
_J 20
10
IVJ
n
I ' I I I i I '_—•'- " ' '
y^-rrrrrSrr^p^-^i UlTl;
- J^^-"""*"
£"
_ _
- -
-
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
o o 0
& A 500
A ^ 1OOO
_ n n ^ ^OO
I I I I I I I I I I I
IVJU
90
80
5^70'
060
oo
1/1
Z50
00
or
x30
o
-•20
10
O
I I I 1 I I j^ 1 * I 1 _(
S^^E^^-----' ^
- ^^-^~
L
_ ^
— —
-
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
o o 0
A A 500
*~ ~* 1??^
X X 2000
I I I I I I I I I I I
TIME, HOURS
TIME HOURS
Figure 10. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Konin mine water. Sample II,
pH-7.86
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
CO
CTl
l\J\J
90
80
0 (
NSMISSION
tn O<
O O
cc
i- 30
O
-i 20
1O
n
i i i i i i i i i i i
> — — o
- —
-
-
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/ _
o o 0
A A 500
m a 1000
_ y ...V OOOfi
I I I I I I I I I I I
i\j\j
>
80
/
S-? 70
NSMISSION
0 S
<40
^30
O
-J 20
O
II I I I I I
- ^^^—'
—
"™*
—
ABSORPTION
0
A
n
ii i i i i i
^i^^^rMl
-
-
-
DOSE /K RAD/ -
o 0
A 500
- 1OOO
• "• D 1 5OO
X 2000
I I I I
TIME, HOURS
TIME, HOURS
Figure 11. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Konin mine water. Sample II,
pH-8.11
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
00
100
90
80
Z
Q 60
I/)
i/o
<
cc
50
30
20
10
(
0
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
o o 0
A A 500
• • 1000
D D 1500
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
o o 0
A A 500
• • 1000
0 D 1SOO
X -x 2000
TIME, HOURS
TIME/HOURS
Figure 12. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Turow mine water. Sample II,
pH-7.78
-------
LOW INTENSITY
CO
00
100
HIGH INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
o o 0
A A 500
• . 1000
0 Q 1500
n i i i i i
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
o o 0
A. A. 500
• • 1000
D D 1500
X
—-X 2000
TIME, HOURS
8 .
TIME, HOURS
Pigure 13. Ra.diation application effect on light transmission. Turow mine water. Sample II,
pH-7.94
-------
CO
LOW INTENSITY
r
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD /
o o 0
• • 1000
n D 1500
100
9O
80
i/o
en
:30
TIME, HOURS
HIGH INTENSITY
\ I
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD /
o o 0
A A SOO
• -• 1000
D D 1500
X -X 2000
J I
I I
I I
TIMEX HOURS
Figure 14. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Turow mine water. Sample II,
pH-8.24
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
I I I
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
o o 0
* A 100
• 1000
ABSORPTION DOSE
/K RAD/
100
& & 500
• • 1000
D D 1500
# .x 2000
i i i I i
i i i i i i i
TIME, HOURS
TIME, HOURS
Figure 15. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Turow mine water. Sample II,
pH-7.4
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD /
& & 500
, _, 1000
0 o 1500
ABSORPTION DOSE /KRAD/
Q
A £ 500
, •1000
o Q1500
x x 2000
i i i i i i i i i
TIME, HOURS
TIME, HOURS
Figure 16. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Turow mine water. Sample II,
pH-9.5
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
ro
ABSORPTION DOSE /K
_ 0
A £ 500
• 1000
a a 1500
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD / -
A ----- A 500
• ------ • 1000
D - o 1500
i i i i i i i i
TIME, HOURS
TIME, HOURS
BMgure 17. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Turow mine water. Sample II,
pH-5.5
-------
CO
^70
O 60
^0
^O
f 50
O
30
20
10
0
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD /
o o 0
ts & 500
« « 1000
D Q 1500
TIME, HOURS
060
CO
S 5°
< 40
t—
30
20
10
0
o
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
o o 0
ts A 500
, .01000
D D 1500
x—
--X 2000
TIME, HOURS
Figure 18. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Adamowmine water. Sample III,
pH-7.75
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
Q 60
oo
oo
Z 50
oo
o
30
20
10
0
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD /
/"\__ «JS O
* A 500
._ . 1000
D D 1500
8
O 60
00
00
Z 50
00
30
20
10
0
ABSORPTION DOSE /KRAD/
^ ^ 500
« , 1000
D D 1500
x x 2000
i i l i i i
TIME, HOURS
TIME, HOURS
Figure 19. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Adamow mine water. Sample III,
pH-9.0
-------
-pa
en
O
30
20
10
0
LOW INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
Q
& 500
. 1000
a 1500
e
TIME HOURS
o
30
20
10
0
24
HIGH INTENSITY
i i i i i
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
/-\
a & 500
• • 1000
a D 1500
—x 2000
8
TIME, HOURS
Figure 20. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Adamow mine water. Sample III,
pH-7.0
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
O
30
20
19
0
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
o o 0 "
& A 500
9. , 1000
o n 1500
30
20
10
0
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
o o 0
£s & 500
, , 1000
o D 1500
x -x 2000
TIME, HOURS
'TIME, HOURS
Figure 21. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Adamow mine water. Sample III,
pH-,6.0
-------
100
90
S60
t/2
Z 50
| *°
£ 30
^ 20
10
0
LOW INTENSITY
i i i i i ___ '— r-
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
0
& A 500
• .1000
n D
TIME, HOURS
100
Q 60
^O
\f)
Z 50
Q
30
20
10
0
HIGH INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
& A 500
• -• 1000
X --------- x 2000
I I I I I I
8
TIME, HOURS
Figure 22. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Adamow mine water. Sample IV,
pH-7.45
-------
00
100
90
80
(
^° 70
O 60
8
S 50
<40
LOW INTENSITY
O
30
20
10
0
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
A & 500
• • 1000
o a 1500
8
i/o
I/O
I/O
O
100
90
80
i
°70
r
I 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
HIGH INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
*«x
A A 500
• -• 1000
a o 1500
x -x 2DOO
TIME, HOURS
TIME, HOURS
24
Figure 23. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Adamow mine water. Sample IV,
pH-7.85
-------
100
90
o
40
30
20
10
0
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
Q
t, A 500
• »1000
D o 1500
TIME, HOURS
O
30
20
10
0
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
A ----- <\ 500
. ------ ^ 1000
D - a 1500
X --------- * 2000
l
l
I
TIME, HOURS
Figure 24. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Adamow mine water. Sample IV,
pH-8.1
-------
ui
o
100
LDW INTENSITY
T
100
HIGH INTENSITY
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
—o 0
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
0
500
1000
o 01500
& A 500
-• 1000
a a 1500
x2000
TIME, HOURS
TIME, HOURS
Figure 25. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Konin mine water. Sample V,
pH-7.83
-------
en
100
LOW INTENSITY
100
HIGH INTENSITY
.««-
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
0
6 500
»1000
n 01500
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD/
0
A A 500
• • 1000
a a 1500
* *2000
TIME, HOURS
TIME, HOURS
Figure 26. Radiation application effect on light transmission. Konin mine water. Sample V,
pH-7.55
-------
LOW INTENSITY
en
ro
CM
O
O
8
IQ I 1 T
ABSORPTION DOSE
h O oO /KRAD/
& A 500
• »1000
D 01500
I I I I
10
0
246
TIME, HOURS
60
50
HIGH INTENSITY
UO
CM
O
30
o
8
20
10
1 'ABSORPTION DO^E /K1 RAD/
O 00
\ A A 500
\ • »1000
\ D D1500
\ x x2000
I I
J I
TIME, HOURS
10
Pigure 27. Radiation application effect on COD. Adamow mine water. Sample in,
pH-7.45
-------
en
CO
60
50
LOW INTENSITY
CM,
O
o
8
40
30
20
10
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
)0
6 & 500
• 1000
a Q1500
N>
I I I I
I I
246
TIME, HOURS
10
60
HIGH INTENSITY
50-
40-
O
e
Q
8
30
20
10
\ ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD/
\ O O 0
I I I I I
246
TIME, HOURS
10
Figure 28. Radiation application effect on COD. Adamow mine water. Sample III
pH-7.72
-------
in
60
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
50
CM
O
4
d.
d
Q
O
O
30-
20
10
i I 1 I 1 I I
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
o O 0
& A 500
\ • .« 1000
Q1500
J I
I I
J I
10
TIME, HOURS
2^6
TIME, HOURS
Figure 29. Radiation application effect on COD. Adamow mine water. Sample III,
pH-&13
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
en
en
-------
LOW INTENSITY
en
en
O
6
cL
d.
O
8
ABSORPTION DOSE /KRAD/
O 0
b A 500
, » 1000
n D1500
30
TIME, HOURS
60
HIGH INTENSITY
50
CM
O
E
CL
d.
O
8
30
I I I 7 I
O
X
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
o o 0
^ A 500
• • 1000
D nISOO
x X 2000
246
TIME, HOURS
10
Figure 31. Radiation application effect on COD. Konin mine water. Sample II,
pH-7.86
-------
01
60
CM
o
£
6.
O.
O
O
O
50
30
LOW INTENSITY
i i l r
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
O 00
& & 500
. -»1000
A D D 1500
\\
J L
I I L
TIME, HOURS
10
60
50
CM
O
e
CL
Q.
0
O
O
30
HIGH INTENSITY
\ r
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
^^
A & 500
, « 1000
D 01500
X -X2000
246
TIME, HOURS
10
Figure 32. Radiation application effect on COD. Konin mine water. Sample II,
pH-8.11
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
en
oo
3U
40
CM
q
d.
d.
Q
O
O
30
20
i i i i i i i i i
f\ ^
^x ^^^— • — ^— - ' ' • "™ "^^
A A-^
flt""~~~ ~~~^—- —
^^""^^^ "~™ "~~ — . ^^^^
"" ' in r \ """^'^•— »^ ^_
• -^5
" ABSORPTION DOSE /KRAD/
0 o 0
& A 500
• »1000
i i i I i i i i l
24681
DU
40
CM
o
E
QL.
Q.
O
O
U
30
o 20
I I I 1 I I 1 1 I
^J" '• ' ~~ ~~ ' ' • ' " • ~ • • ' " ~ *^J
^^*^*v^^ X. ^*^**>.
X- ,B ^*^v XN» "^^A
"*""""*"--- ^S\ ^v.
* " "Xv^ ^\. ^
^^^V ^^^Ni ^
»s \. "X
*^w ^^^S. *^^
^s. ^v 49
X\v
\N.
**\^n
^s^c
- ABSORPTION DOSE /KRAD/
0 00
A A 500
• »1000
n n 1500
x .x 2000
1 I I I 1 1 I 1 I
2 46 8 1C
TIME, HOURS TIME, HOURS
Figure 33. Radiation application effect on COD. Turow mine water. Sample II,
pH- 7.78
-------
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
en
40
o
E
d.
d.
O
8
30
20
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD/
O o 0
& A 500
• • 1000
D a
4 6
TIME, HOURS
10
°
246
TIME, HOURS
Figure 34. Radiation application effect on COD. Turow mine water. Sample II,
pH-7.94
-------
45
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
40-
o
E
d.
Q.30
8
o
20
15
i i i i i i i ii
ABSORPTION DOSE / K RAD /
O O 0
• • 1000
D o 1500
i i i
4 6
TIME, HOURS
i i
8 10
O
£
O
8
30
20
15
i ii
^6
ABSORPTION DOSE /K RAD\
^-»
A A 500
_ « »1000
D D 1500
x x 2000
i i i i i i i
246
TIME/HOURS
8 10
Figure 35. Radiation application effect on COD. Turow mine water. Sample II,
pH-8.24
-------
pH-7.45
cr>
pH-7.72
pH-8.13
4
z
UJ
o
a.
<
UJ
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10,
-11
-12
DOSE k RAD
SOO 1000 1500
2000
DOSE k RAD
SOO 1000 1500
2000
DOSE k RAO
500 1000 1500
2000
O LOW INTENSITY
• HIGH INTENSITY
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
Figure 36. Radiation application effect on zeta, potential. Adamow mine water. Sample III.
-------
pH-7.94
DOSE k RAD
500 1000 1500
pH-8.24
DOSE k RAD
500 1000 1500
2000
ro
• HIGH INTENSITY
Figure 37. Radiation application effect on zeta potential. Turow mine water. Sample II.
-------
CTI
CO
pH-7.43
•DOSE k RAD
500 1000 1500
pH-7.86
2000
DOSE k RAD
500 1000 1500
pH-8.11
2000
DOSE k RAD
500 1000 1500
2000
Figure 38. Radiation application effect on zeta potential. Konin mine water. Sample II.
-------
COD
pH-7.55
^ 2h
500
1000
DOSE k
1500
RAD
2000
COD
pH-7.83
o- - o
A A i- HIGH INTENSITY
500
1000
DOSE k RAD
1500
2000
Figure 39. Radiation application effect. Konin mine water. Sample V.
64
-------
pH-7.55
IE
Q.
2
1
8.0
9
8
7
s'
i,
3
2
1
7.0
-O LOW INTENSITY
-» HIGH INTENSITY
500
1000
DOSE k RAD
1500
2000
X
Q.
2
1
8.0
9
8'
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
7.0
pH-7.83
-O LOW INTENSITY
--• HIGH INTENSITY
500
1000
DOSE k RAD
1500
2000
Figure 40. Radiation application effect. Konin mine water. Sample V.
65
-------
COD
0
F
cL
Q.
o
O
O
12
11
10
9
8l
7
ft
6s
S
u
2
I • • 1
o
A
A
^===r==— — — _ __ n
, •• ~~~~-~— —
p""-fi^r=.^i_-^i •!_-- --A: ' '_:—-*•— — •-
" ^t-^^r-^-^ ^ — »
"^ --::^: — "^A_i^.^^
i i
500 1000
DOSE
_ LOW
- ^» HIGH
pLOW
—•HIGH
-ALOW
—A HIGH
""T^r^i--
INTENSITY1
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
c%r=f-j::^ki
-Q-
i
1500
.
-
-
-
^
I
200
CONTENT OF IRON Fe
o
_o LOW INTENSITY
^ HIGH INTENSITY
_ LOW INTENSITY
~« HIGH INTENSITY
, LOW INTENSITY
i HIGH INTENSITY
2000
ZETA POTENTIAL
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
BHIGH INTENSITY
2000
Figure 41. Radiation application effect. Adamow mine water. Sample IV.
66
-------
COD
o
e
<±
Q.
O
8
13
7O
65
60C
C
Sb
SO
1.5
i<0
35*
30
25
20
1S
. •
^. A —
'%> *-"
; TN^r;-.—_. _
':^.— -^
<"C.""~ ^>^_ \
~ ---^^ """ -:->K ~*
*•&?*'
o
3
i
A
,
r*-*
LOW
uinu
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
— — .
**
INTENSITY
IMTCWCITY
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
~*
/'^
*—-—_
A
_
-
~ ~"i
II l I '
100
500
1000
1SOO
2000
DOSE
CONTENT OF IRON Fe
)
E 3«
Q.
A ^
0.
1
o
1 1 1
0_ oLOW INTENSITY
£t ^ LOW INTENSITY
^•^ ..A^ ^ A HIGH INTENSITY
~"*"*'*».,L ^~--^"~~ r^.- -^^— -
i i i
500 1000 1500
DOSE
_^
4
200
ZETA POTENTIAL
£ -•)!*.
— t1*
-? -23
<
i= -22
Lu -21 e
g-20^
_19T
J3 -18
O- -o LOW INTENSITY
-
**s: — __
^s^^5C'""^>--->--
- \. "•"- Y~^ rn
LU ""
rvi -17^
-16 1
-icl. 1 1
u nlOVJ INTFNSITY
i • HIGH INTENSITY
& ALOW INTENSITY
A -A HIGH INTENSITY
--0^
*~-"" ^~~~~~~ ^--b-
*^" *^"'^*-^. - *XX*^
^r^; ° ^' ~~~~~0
~~~*~~^^-m-_~^l • — "* — ~~*-*=^L. ~ ~~ ~
-^ •*" — —
I 1
100
500
1000
DOSE
1500
2000
Figure 42. Radiation application effect. Turow mine water. Sample II.
67
-------
COD
13
cv12
0 11
e 10
0- 9!
i
O ?'
8 s
' s
•J
0 o LOW
-an LOW
• "HIGH
b"— — ~~~-
: '\
*^
INTENSITY
iMTcwCiTY
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
^""•---...^
i
i i
J, A LOW INTENSITY
A f inru IMTCKKITY
* » HIGH IN ItNiU i
^ ^ LOW INTENSITY
#— i 1— ^firGH iNtENSitY
^S^^^^^
-•-X
1 1
5
500
DOSE
CONTENT OF IRON Fe
o
_oLOW INTENSITY
--• HIGH INTENSITY
_o LOW INTENSITY
-• HIGH INTENSITY
#— i - 1
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
LOW INTENSITY
HIGH INTENSITY
500
1000
1500
2000
DOSE
Figure 43. Radiation application effect. Adamow mine water. Sample III.
68
-------
100
90
80
70
uo
£ SO
o
30
20
10
0
1 i
I I I
• • TURdW
O o ADAM0W
* * KONIN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
20 ^0 60 80 100 120 1W> 160 180 200 220 2^0 260 280 300 320
SUSPENDED MATTER p.pm
Figure 44. Relation between the suspended matter quantity and the
transmittance measured with specord with a wave lenght
400 nm.
69
-------
TABLE 2. RESULTS OP TEST. ADAMOW-MINE WATER. SAMPLE III pH-7.45
Low intensity
Absorption
(KRad) Oh
0 11.5
500
1000
1500
Light transmitance
2h
16.0
30.0
35.0
36.0
4h
20.5
52.5
57.0
57.5
8h
35.5/10/
74.5/9/
79.0/9/
79.0/9/
pH
24h
62
93
91
91
.5
.0
,5/22/
.0/22/
7
7
7
7
.45
.28
.17
.15
Poten-
tial
mv.
-8.7
-8.0
-7.7
-8.0
Chem.
2h
59.0
45.5
44.5
43.5
oxygen, d. (p.p.m.)
4h
45.0
18.2
16.5
16.0
8h
34.5/10/
0.4/9/
8.0/9/
7.S/9/
>vl
o
High intensity
0 11.5
500
1000
1500
2000
16.0
32.0
36.0
36.0
39.0
20.5
53.0
59.0
'60.0
66.0
35.5/19/
78.0/10/
81.0/9/
78.0
7S.5/7/
62
92
94
.5
.0
.0
94.0
94
.5
7
7
7
7
7
.45
.23
.18
.15
.11
-8.7
-8.1
-8.2
-7.9
-7.7
59.0
46.0
43.5
42.0
40.0
45.0
18.0
15.7
15.2
14.0
34.5/1O/
10.2/10/
S.4/9/
8.5
9.0/7/
Notice; Values given in brackets signify an actual time of sample taking
from the moment of finished irradiation process
-------
TABLE 3. RESULTS OP TEST. ADAMOW-MINE WATER. SAMPLE III
pH-7.72
Low intensity
Absorption
dose Oh
(KRad)
0 11.5
500
1000
1500
Light trans mi tan ce
2h
17.0
33.5
34.5
36.0
4h
23.0
54.0
57.5
60.0
8h
51.0
74.0
78.0
78.0
24 h
69.5/25/
92.0
89.5/2 1/
89.0/20/
PH
7.72
7.40
7.30
7.26
Poten-
tial
mv.
-8.45
-6.9
8.05
8.50
Chem.
2h
58.0
46.0
45.0
42.5
oxygen.
4h
43.0
19.0
18.4
16.8
d. (p. p.m.)
8h
28.5
11.4
11.0
10.0
High intensity
0 11.5
500
1000
1500
2000
17.0
37.5
40.5
42.5
39.0
23.0
65.0
70.0
67.5
57.0
51.0
75.0
80.0
84.5/11
74.S/7/
69.5/25/
92.0/25/
92.5
94.0
92.0/23/
7.72
7.40
7.29
7.27
7.25
-8.45
-7.2
-7.6
-7.8
-7.2
58.0
45.0
42.0
41.5
40.0
43.0
29.0
26.0
20.0
19.2
28.5
11.8
11.5
11.0
H.5/7/
-------
TABLE 4. RESULTS OP TEST. ADAMOW-MINE WATER. SAMPLE III
pH-8.13
Low intensity
ro
Absorption
dose Oh
(KRad)
0 11.0
500
1000
1500
Light transmitance
2h
14.0
25.0
32.5
35.5
4h
19.
,0
48.5
53.5
60.0
8h
31.0/9/
70.5
73.0
75.0
24h
47.5
81.5
86.5/20/
90. 0/20 /
PH
8.13
7.51
7.50
7.47
Poten-
tial
mv.
-10
-10
-10
- 7
.2
.r
.6
.5
Chem oxygen,
2h
61.0
46.5
45.0
44.5
4h
46.0
19.5
16.6
14.5
, d.(p.p.m.)
8h
35.0/9/
10.*2
9.4
9.0
High intensity
0 11.0
500 * -
1000
1500
2000
14.0
27.5
35.0
34.0
42.5
19.
47.
61.
59.
61.
0
0
0
0
0
31.0/9/
70.5/9/
72.0
80.0/9/
81.0
47.5
89.0/25
87.5
90.0
93.0
8.13
7.57
7.50
7.39
7.40
-10
- 8
- 7
9
7
.2
.6
.8
.2
.5
61.0
45.5
44.0
45.5
45.0
46.0
17.5
17.4
17.0
17.0
35.0/9/
12.4/9/
9.6
9.5/9/
8.7
-------
CO
TABLE 5. RESULTS OP TEST. KONIN MINE WATER. SAMPLE II pH-7.43
Low intensity
Absorption
(KRad) Oh
0 77.0
500
1000
1500
Light transmitance
2h
78.0
80.5
83.0
83.5
4h
79.0
84.0
89.0
88.5
8h
81.5
92.5
93.0
93.5
24h
84.0
95.5
99.0/20/
99.0/19/
PH
7.43
7.19
7.10
7.10
Poten-
tial
mv.
-9.7
-9.0
-8.4
-8.6
Chetn.
2h
5.6
5.2
4.9
4.8
oxygen.
4h
5.6
5.0
4.5
4.3
d. (p.p.m.)
8h
5.5
4.8
4.0
3.7
High intensity
0 77.0
500
1000
1500
2000
78.0
81.5
83.0
83.0
84.0
79.0
86.0
89.0
90.0
89.5
81.5
93.0
96.0
93.0
94.0
84.0
95.5
99.0
98.0/20/
99.0/19/
7.43
7.19
7.19
7.11
7.02
-9.7
-8.5
-8.0
-9.2
-8.4
5.6
5.3
5.2
4.6
4.5
5.6
5.2
5.0
3.6
3.4
5.5
5.1
4.5
3.0
3.0
-------
-•J
•£»
TABLE 6. RESULTS OP TEST. KONIN MINE WATER. SAMPLE II pH-7.86
Low intensity
Absorption
dose
(KRad) Oh
0 72.5
500
1000
1500
Light
2h
76.0
78.5
79.0
80.0
trans mi tance
4h
79.5
84.5
86.0
88.5
8h
82.0
86.0
88.0
90.5
24h
87.5
95.0
95.0/18/
99.0/18/
PH
7.86
7.42
7.38
7.37
Poten-
tial
tnv.
-8.9
-8.4
-7.6
-9.6
Chem.
2h
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.2
oxygen. d.(p.p.m.)
4h
5.6
5.4
5.1
5.1
8h
5.6
5.1
4.7/9/
4.5/1/
High intensity
0 72.5
500
*
1000
1500
2000
76.0
79.5
80.5
81.0
81.5
79.5
87.0
87.0
88.5
91.0
82.0
S8.5/9/
90.5
91.5
94.0
87.5
95.0
96.0
95.5/18/
98.0/18/
7.86
7.42
7.38
7.37
7.33
-8.9
*
-8.1
-7.7
-8.1
-8.3
5.7
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.1
5.6
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.0
5.6
5.1
4.9/10/
4.S/9/
4.6/9/
-------
01
TABLE 7. RESULTS OP TEST. KONIN MINE WATER. SAMPLE II. pH-8.11
Low intensity
Absorption
dose _.
/ Oh
(KRad)
0 73.0
500
1000
2000
Light transmitance
2h
74.0
79.0
78.5
78.0
4h
75.0
86.0
84.0
82.0
8h
79.0
89.0
88.0/6/
84.0/6/
24h
84.0
93.0
95.5/20/
93.0/20/
pH
8.11
7.70
7.67
7.63
Poten-
tial
mv.
-8.2
-6.3
-5.4
-4.7
Chem.oxygen.d. (p.p.m. )
2h
5.5
4.7
4.6
4.5
4h
5.4
3.9
3.8
3.6
8h
5.4/9/
3.5
3.5
3.5
High intensity
0 73.0
500
1000
1500
2000
74.0
75.0
88.0
86.0
87.0
75.0
78.0
89.0
89.0
89.5
79.0
86.0
90.0
91.0
93.0/9/
84.0
96.0
98.0
97.5
9S.5/23/
8.11
7.67
7.56
7.64
7.59
-8.2
-7.2
-6.0
-5.7
-5.4
5.5
4.6
4.5
4.3
4.0
5.4
4.0
3.6
3.4
3.1
S.4/9/
3.0/9/
3.3
3.3
3.0
-------
CT»
TABLE 8. RESULTS OP TEST, TUROW MINE WATER. SAMPLE II. pH-7.78
**•«.
Low intensity
Absorption
(KRad) Oh
0 7.0
500
1000
1500
Light transmitance
2h
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
4h
7.0
5.5
7.5
7.5
8h
8.0
13.0
10.5
12.5
24h
11.0
35.0
25.5/20/
2 6.5/20 /
pH
7.78
7.07
7.00
6.94
Poten-
tial
mv.
-17.8
-15.0
-14.1
-13.9
Chem. oxygen.d. (
2h
45.0
44.0
36.0/1/
36.0/1/
4h
45.0
44.0
36.0/3/
35.0/3/
p.p.m. )
8h
45.0
42.0/6/
34.5
34.0
High intensity
0 7.0
500 « -
1000
1500
2000
7.0
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.5
8.5
9.0
9.5
8.0
13.0
16.5
15.5
17.0
11.0
37.5
48.5
44.0
50.0/23/
7.78
7.03
7.04
6.98
6.94
-17.8 ,
-16.3
-16.5
-13.2
-14.0
45.0
43.0
42.5
41.0
39.0
45.0
42.0
41.0
39.0
37.0
45.0
38.0
36.0/7/
32.0
31.5
-------
TABLE 9. RESULTS OP TEST. TUROW MINE WATER. SAMPLE II.
pH-7.94
Low intensity
Absorption
(KRad) Oh
0 6.0
500
1000
1500
Light transmitance
2h
6.0
8.0
11.0
12.5
4h
7.0
10.5
14.0
19.0
8h
8.0
18.0/10/
18.0/7/
30.5/7/
24h
21.0
28.0
32.0/20/
46.0
PH
7.94
7.36
7.23
7.22
Poten-
tial
mv.
-13.3
-17.0
-17.0
-19.3
Che m. oxygen, d.
2h
45.
41.
40.
38.
0
0
0
0
4h
43.0
38.
35.
34.
0
0
0
(p.p.m. )
8h
41.0/7/
34.0/7/
33.0/7/
31.0/7/
High intensity
0 6.0
500
1000
1500
2000
6.0
10.0
10.5
14.0
19.5
7.0
13.5
14.5
23.0
29.5
8.0
21.0/9/
21.5/9/
38.0/11/
42.0/10/
21.0
32.5
34.0
55.5
66.0/23/
7.94
7.29
7.24
7.20
7.14
-13.3
-19.8
-18.7
-18.4
-18.1
45.
42,
-
34.
33.
0
,0
0
0
43.0
40.
39.
32.
30.
0
0/3/
0
0
41.0/7/
36.0/7/
35.0/6/
22.5/11/
19.6/10/
-------
TABLE 10. RESULTS OP TEST. TUROW MINE WATER. SAMPLE II.
pH-8.24
Low intensity
oo
Absorption
(KRad) Oh
0 7.0
500
1000
1500
Light trans mitance
2h
7.0
7.0
7.5
4h
7.0
7.5
8.0
8h
7.0
16.5/9/
20.0/9/
24h
11.5
40.5/18/
43.5/18/
PH
8.24
7.54
7.43
Poten-
tial
mv.
-13.1
-15.4
-12.3
Ch e m . oxygen .
2h
44.0
43.0
39.0
4h
42.0
38.0
35.0
d.(p.p.m.)
8h
39.0/9/
25.0/9/
20.0
High intensity
0 7.0
500
1000
1500
2000
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
12.5
7.0
8.0
8.0
10.5
21.0
7.0
15.0/9/
30.5
35.0
43.0
11.5
49.0
63.5
69.5/22/
67. 5/2 1/
8.24
7.50
7.45
7.37
7.35
-13.1-
-14.1
-13.4
-13.9
-13.9
44.0
40.0
34.0
33.5
33.0
42.0
36.0
32.0
30.0
27.5
39.0/9/
32.0/9/
19.0
18.0
14.4
-------
TABLE 11. RESULTS OP TEST. TUROW MINE WATER. SAMPLE II
pH-7.4
Low intensity
vo
Absorption
dose ' • " • •• • •
( K Rad) Oh
0 6.0
100
1000
Light
Ih
6.0
7.0
8.0
t rans mi tan ce
2h
7.0
7.0
22.0
4h
7.5
7.5
33.5
24h
49.0
60.0
88.0
Potential
(mV)
-19.6
-17.7
-18.6
C.O.D. Content of
iron Pe
(p. p.m.) (p.p.m.)
60.5
48.0
-
High intensity
0 6.0
100
500
1000
1500
2000
6.0
7.0
7.5
9.5
29.5
49.0
7.0
7.0
8.5
28.0
46.0
63.0
7.5
7.5
20.5
40.0
61.5
76.0
49.0
60.0
84.0
88.5
91.5
96.0
-19.6
-19.2
-18.7
-17.0
-17.5
-16.3
60.5
49.5
47.0
47.0
43.0
43.5
-------
TABLE 12. RESULTS OF TEST. TUROW MINE WATER. SAMPLE II
pH-5.5
Low intensity
oo
o
Absorption
fc RacO °h
0 0.5
500
1000
1500
Light
Ih
0.5
1.0
3.5
3.0
t rans mi tan ce
2h
3.0
5.0
9.0
10.0
4h
16.0
18.5
25.0
27.0
24h
91.0
87.5
93.0
91.5
Potential
(mV)
-21.2
-18.4
-20.8
-18.4
C.O.D.
(p.p.m.)
58.0
30.0
22.0
23.0
Content of
iron Pe
(p.p.m.)
3.06
1.32
1.47
1.47
High intensity
0 0.5
500
1000
1500
2000
0.5
0.5
1.0
3.5
7.0
3.0
2.5
4.0
4.5
20.0
16.0
11.5
17.0
21.0
35.5
91.0
88.0
91.0
92.0
100.0
-21.2
-19.8
-17.1
-16.9
-18.0
58.0
32.0
28.5
24.5
17.5
3.06
1.32
1.32
1.40
1.03
-------
TABLE 13. RESULTS OP TEST. TUROW MINE WATER. SAMPLE II
pH-9.5
Low intensity
oo
Absorption
(K Rad) °h
0 2.0
500
1000
1500
Light
Ih
2.5
3.0
5.5
2.5
transmitance
2h
8.5
8.5
13.0
10.0
4h
23.0
24.0
26.0
18.0
24h
78.0
79.0
82.5
77.0
Potential
(mV)
-19.7
-20.5
-16.9
-20.1
C.O.D.
36.0
42.0
20.5
34.0
Content of
iron Pe
(p.p.m.)
2.20
1.98
1.98
1.47
High intensity
0 2.0
500
1000
1500
2000
2.5
3.5
12.0
18.0
21.0
8.5
8.0
16.0
26.0
33.5
23.0
18.0
38.0
47.0
45.5
78.0
78.5
86.0
79.0
91.0
-19.7
-18.2
-17.6
-17.9
-17.9
36.0
23.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
2.20
2.92
1.47
1.52
1.32
-------
TABLE 14. RESULTS OP TEST; ADAMOW MINE WATER. SAMPLE III
pH-7.75
Low intensity
00
ro
Absorption
(K Rad) °h
0 78
500
1000
1500
Light trans mitance
Ih
81
81
81
81
2h
82
84
88
85.5
4h
88
91
99
93
24h
100
100
100
100
C.O.D.
(p.p.m.)
7.6
7.4
7.4
8.0
Content of
iron Pe
(p.p.m.)
3.73
2.63
2.93
2.63
High intensity
0 78
500
1000
1500
2000
81
83.5
83
80.5
_
82
91
89.5
82
85
88
97
99
97
91
100
100
100
100
100
. 7.6
7.4
5.3
5.4
7.4
3.73
2.50
2.63
2.50
3.07
-------
TABLE 15. RESULTS OP TEST. ADAMOW MINE WATER. SAMPLE III
pH- 6.0
Low intensity
oo
CO
Absorption
(K Rad) °h
0 68
500.
1000
1500
Light trans mitance
lh
69
69
68.5
69
2h
70.5
72
-
71.5
4h
72
77
82
85.5
24h
90.5
96.5
90.0
98.0
C.O.D.
(p.p.m.)
9.2
9.0
8.8
7.2
Content of
iron Pe
(p.p.m.)
5.70
3.80
3.73
3.00
High intensity
0 68
500
1000
1500
2000
69
69
69
69.5
70
70.5
74
70
72
73
72
78.5
86
78
82
90.5
96
96
95
95
9.2
10.6
9.2
7.2
7.8
5.70
4.10
4.16
3.65
3.22
-------
00
TABLE 16. RESULTS OP TEST. ADAMOW MINE WATER. SAMPLE III pH-7.0
Low intensity
Absorption
dose
(K Rad) °h
0
500
1000
1500
Light
Ih
68
67
69
71
trains mitance
2h
74
76
-
-
4h
75
80
78.5
79.5
24h
100(25h)
100
100
100
C.O.D.
(p.p.m.)
8.4
8.4
7.8
8.2
Content of
iron Pe
(p. p.m.)
3.87
3.37
3.66
3.58
High intensity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
68
69.5
69
69
69.5
74
79
73.5
71.5
71.5
75
85
84
81
85
100(25h)
100
100
100
100(23h)
8.4
8.0
8.2
7.8
-
3.87
2.50
3.48
3.31
-
-------
TABLE 17. RESULTS OP TEST. ADAMOW MINE WATER. SAMPLE III
pH-9.0
Low intensity
oo
en
Absorption
(K Rad) Oh
0 67.5
500
1000
1500
Light transmitance
Ih
70
70
68.5
71
2h
74.5
78
79
82.5
4h
79
90
88
91.5
24h
90
97
97
97
C.O.D. Content of
- iron Pe
(p.p.m. ) (p.p.m.)
8.0 3.80
4.5 2.27
4.7 2.50
4.0 2.27
High intensity
0 67.5
500
1000
1500
2000
70
80
79
72
68
74.5
81.5
83
82.5
80
79
90
89
98.5
89.5
90
98
97
97
98
8.0 3.80
4.5
4.0
4.0 2.27
4.8
-------
TABLE 18. RESUL-TS OP TEST. ADAMOW MINE WATER. SAMPLE IV
pH-7.85
Low intensity
oo
Absorption Light transmitance (400
(K Rad) Oh
0 77
500
nooo
1500
Ih
78
8ii
80
80
2h
78
83.5
84
82
nm)
4h
80
84.5
86
84.5
24h
97
98
98.5
98
Potential'!
(mV)
-16.2
-14.8
-13.8
-13.1
s C.C.D.
(p.p.m.)
8.2
7.6
7.8
7.6
Content of
iron Pe
(p.p.m.)
2.01
1.61
1.46
1.69
Higjh intensity
0 77
500
1000
1500
2000
78
80
80.5
80.5
81
78
84
81
82
86
80
88.5
85.5
86
89.5
97
98
98
97
99.5
-16.2
-15.0
-13.2
-15.1
-15.0
8.2
7.4
5.7
6.5
7.0
2.01
1.40
-
1.84
1.46
-------
TABLE 19. RESULTS OP TEST. ADAMOW MINE WATER. SAMPLE IV
pH-7.45
Low intensity
00
Absorption
(K Rad) °h
0 78
500
1000
1500
Light
Ih
83.0
87.5
87.5
87.5
trans mitance
2h
86
88
88
88
(400 nm)
4h
86
88
88.5
89
24h
94.5
98
98.5
97.5
Potential's
(mV)
-18.7
-15.9
-16.4
-17.7
C.O.D.
(p. p.m.)
6.0
5.7
4.8
4.5
Content of
iron Pe
(p.p.m.)
2.09
1.54
1.35
1.40
High intensity
0 78
500
1000
1500
2000
83
89
87
87.5
87.5
86
90
89.5
88
88
86
90
88.5
89
88.5
94.5
96
98
97
98
-18.7
-
-
-
-17.4
6.0
6.3
5.6
4.8
4.6
2.09
1.56
3.54
2.75
2.00
-------
TABLE 20. RESULTS OP TEST. ADAMOW MTNE WATER. SAMPLE IV
pH-8.1
Low intensity
Absorption
(K Ra,d) Oh
0 81
500
1000
00
oo 1500
Light
Ih
82
84.5
84
83.5
t rans mitanc e
2h
84
86
85
84.5
(400 nm)
4h
85
86.5
87
87
24h
95
94.5
96.5
97.5
Potential's C.C.D.
(mV) (p. p.m. )
6.0
(\ ^ ^
8-10) °'°
4.7
5.0
Content of
iron Pe
(p.p.m.)
2.00
2.07
1.34
1.80
High intensity
0 81
500
1000
1500
2000
82
84
84
85
84.5
84
86.5
85
86
85.5
85
87.5
87
87
87
93
95.5
96.5
96.5
95
6.0
5.9
(8-10) 4.8
4.7
4.8
2.00
1.75
1.97
1.85
1.48
-------
oo
10
TABLE 21. RESULTS OF TEST; KONIN MINE WATER. SAMPLE V. pH-7.55
Low intensity
Absorption
(K Ra.d) °h
0 54
500
1000
1500
Light trans mi tan ce (
Ih 2h
56 61
57 62
57.5 70
58 75.5
4h
63
76
79.5
(3h) -
400 nm)
8h
69
84.5(7h)
87 (9h)
86.7
I
(
(
24h
86.5
94(21h)
96(l9h)
96(l8h)
)ose pi
p.p.m. )
7
7
7
7,
.55
.38
.30
,26
:* C.C.D.
2h
10.2
8.8
8.4
8.2
(p.p.m.)
4h
8.6
6
5
5
.0
.7
.4
6
5
4
4
8h
.6
.2
.9
.5
High intensity
0 54
500
1000
1500
2000
61
74
61
61
67
66
81.5
75
79
84.5
69
89.5
89
84.5 (l2h)
88(7h)
88
94(22h)
96(23h)
95.5 (22h)
96(21h)
7
7
7
7
7
.55
.32
.33
.29
.29
10.2
8.6
7.5
8.4
8.4
8
6
5
6
5
.6
.4
.8
.8
.7
6
4
5
5.5
4.9
.6
.7
.0
(7h)
(7h)
-------
TABLE 22. RESULTS OF TEST. KONIN MINE WATER. SAMPLE V. pH-7.83
Low intensity
Absorption
dose
(K Rad) Oh
0 54.5
500
1000
1500
Light trans mitance (400 nm)
Ih 2h
57.0 62.0
69.5
65.5
64.0
4h
68.
75,
77,
0
,0
,5
77.5
8h
80.0
79.5
86(6h)
83(6h)
D<
(l
24h
91
95
.5
.0
97(20h)
96.5(20h)
Dse pH
p. p.m. )
7.83
7.68
7.60
7.68
C.O.D. (p. p.m.)
2h
10.2
10.4
10.2
9.6
4h
8.8
8.3
7.8
8.8
8h
8
6
7
7.2
.2
.9
.2
(7h)
High intensity
0 54.5
500
1000
1500
2000
56.0 62.0
59.5 69.5
72.5
73.0
58.5 72.0
68.
74.
79.
82.
85.
0
5
0
0
0
80.0
84.0
88(7h)
90(7h)
91.0
86
93
95
95
97
,5(21h)
.0
.0
(23h)
,5(21h)
7.83
7.67
7.63
7.63
7.68
10.2
9.6
9.4
9.4
8.2
8.8
7.7
7.1
7.0
7.4
8
6
5.6
5.6
6.2
.2
.0
(7h)
(7h)
(6h)
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing!
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/T-T9-06U
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
February 1979 issuing date
Gamma Radiation Treatment of Waters from Lignite Mines
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Henryk Janiak
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Central Research and Design Institute for
Opencast Mining
Rosentergow 25
Wroclaw, Poland
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE 623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant 05-53^-3
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati. Ohio U5268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Q/7U-8/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPV 600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Discussed in this report are results of laboratory investigations carried out
with the application of gamma radiation for the purification of vaters drained from
surface lignite mines. These waters are polluted to a considerable extent with sus-
pended matter of various sizes, a large quantity of which is colloidal particles,
mainly clay, that create turbidity and colour. Moreover there is often a high oxygen
demand occasionally a high content of iron. The remaining chemical physical
parameters of the mine water do not diverge from the levels required for waters dis-
charged to surface flows and reservoirs.
The investigations have shown a positive influence of Co-60 gamma radiation on
the speed of suspended matter sedimentation, starting with an absorbed dose of 500
kRad. An optimal dose was found to be 1000 kRad. Above this dose the acceleration
of velocity of settling particles was not proportional to the applied energy value.
The investigations found relationship between the absorbed dose and the reduction
in turbidity, oxygen demand and iron content. Also change in electrokinetic potential
and other relationships illustrating the effects of water irradiation were determined.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Coal Mines
Lignite
Water Treatment
Radiation
Turbidity
Poland
Gamma Radiation
Pollution Control
Suspended Matter
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to the Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport!
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
103
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
91
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979 — 657-060/1623
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