United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Corvallis Environmental
Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
                        QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT

                             March 31,  1983

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QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT




     March 31, 1983

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                                   CONTENTS



Acid Rain	1



Air Pollution Effects 	  17



Terrestrial Toxics/Pesticides 	  19



Superfund/Hazardous Wastes	31



Water Quality — Marine	36



Water Quality — Freshwater	39



Stratospheric Modification/UV-B Effects 	  47



Cold Climate	51



Appendix A -- Publications List	53

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Quantification of  the Extent of Acidification and Sensitivity
                (Acid Rain) (CVN1A/51)

Project Objectives:

To  compile relevant water  quality data  for use  in  assessing the  extent  of
surface water acidification.  Specific objectives are:

0    Identify, quantify,  and map  the extent and  degree  of acidification and
     sensitivity to acidification  of  lakes and streams in  the United States.

0    Determine past and  future  trends in the acidification of surface waters.

0    Provide  a  verified, quality-assured  data  base  from  results  of national
     survey to:

          Apply available  methodology to  predict  surface water acidification
          based on given deposition rates.

          Correlate  geographic  patterns  of  surface water   sensitivity  and
          acidification  with  spatial  patterns  of  climatic, geologic, physio-
          graphic, edaphic, and land-use factors.

Output Status:

1.   Output:  Maps relating to sensitivity and acidification of surface waters
     in the United States:

     (a)  National  surface water  sensitivity  map based on  total  alkalinity
          measurements (09/82).

          Status:   Published and distributed.

     (b)  Working  and  photographic  drafts  of  five  detailed  regional  sensi-
          tivity maps based on total alkalinity (09/83).

          Status:   Working  and  photographic draft of New York-New England map
          completed.   Drafts  of remaining  four in various stages of comple-
          tion; next available  will  be Appalachian-Piedmont region.  All maps
          will be completed on time.

     (c)  Working  and  photographic  draft  of  national   map  showing  areas
          actually  covered  by lakes for  quantitative assessment  of waters at
          risk.

          Status:   Completed.

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2.   Output:   Protocol  manual on the appropriate  parameters,  procedures,  and
     field  sampling methodology  for assessing  the acidification  of surface
     waters (01/83).

     Status:   Final  draft  completed and distributed to participants in survey
     and monitoring programs and to numerous peer reviewers.

3.   Output:  Annual program report to identify sensitive and affected surface
     and groundwaters (09/83).

     Status:  On schedule.

4.   Output:  Inventory of acidified surface waters and groundwaters; investi-
     gate  historical  trends  in water chemistry  data  indicative of acidifica-
     tion (09/83).

     Status:  On schedule.

5.   Output:   Interim  report  on  monitoring  long-term  effects  of  acidic
     deposition on lakes and streams (09/83).

     Status:  On schedule.

Findings:

Sensitivity  maps  show  that,  nationally,  sensitive  lakes  and  streams  occur
predominantly in New England, the Adirondacks, the Catskills, the Appalachians
(particularly  in  Pennsylvania and  the  Southern Blue  Ridge Province),  in the
Piedmont of  the  Carolinas  and Georgia, and  in some of the mountainous regions
of  the  West.  Low  alkalinity waters shown  for  the Gulf  states are receiving
further  investigation;  they  appear to be  highly organic  and are perhaps less
sensitive than initially thought.

Publications:

Total Alkalinity of Surface Waters  (color  map and text).  J. M. Omernik and C.
F. Powers.  EPA-600/D-82-333.  September 1982.

Project Manager:   Charles F.   Powers, FTS 420-4684

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Predictive Modeling of Surface Water Acidification (Acid Rain)
                (CNV1A/52)

Project Objectives:

To  identify  and quantify  the  factors that control the  sensitivity  of lakes,
streams, and  groundwaters to  acidic  deposition and determine  how  to predict
aquatic acidification as a function of atmospheric loading rates.

The specific objectives are:

0    Develop  empirical  time  trend  models  capable  of  predicting  regional
     responses to changes in acidic deposition rates;

0    Trace  the  transport  of  aluminum  and  fate  in  dilute acidified  lakes;

0    Clarify aluminum biogeochemistry in forested watersheds exposed to acidic
     deposition;

0    Quantify  the   effects  of  soil  infiltration  characteristics  on  the
     chemistry of throughflow to aquatic systems;

0    Develop  and  apply  process  models  for  predicting  effects  of  acidic
     deposition on surface water chemistry.

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Progress   report  on  regression  modeling  of  surface  water
     acidification (06/83).

     Status:  In peer review; no delay anticipated.

2.   Output:  Annual report on  regression modeling of surface water acidifica-
     tion (09/83).

     Status:  In final peer review; no delay anticipated.

3.   Output:  Report on current models of surface water acidification (09/83).

     Status:  On schedule.

Findings:

No  definite  findings  are available  from  output #1  or  #2 at this  time.   A
preliminary report available for #3 above indicates that  further modeling work
is required to meet NAPAP objectives.

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Publications:

No  peer  reviewed  publications.   Preliminary unpublished  report exists  for
current models of surface water acidification.

Project Manager:  M. Robbins Church, FTS 420-4350

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Effects  of  Acid Rain on Aquatic Biota  (Acid Rain)  (CVN1A/53)

Project Objectives:

To  determine  the  relationships  between  surface  water  acidification  and
biological processes, biological  populations,  and aquatic communities and how
these  relationships  can be  used to predict future  biological  and  ecological
effects.

Three approaches (surveys, laboratory experiments, and field experiments) will
be used to  identify  and quantify the effects of lake and stream acidification
on  aquatic  biota.   Emphasis  is  on  identifying  the  effect under  acidic  or
acidifying conditions, and the impacts on species of economic and recreational
uses, particularly fish.  Specific research objectives are:

0    Identify  the biological  effects  of episodic  vs.  chronic  acid loading;

0    Quantify  individual  and  population effects of various levels of hydrogen
     ion, aluminum,  heavy metals,  and  anthropogenically-produced organics  on
     fish and other aquatic biota;

0    Determine the sensitivity of key aquatic species at various life stages,
     particularly the early life history stages;

0    Survey  the   response   of  aquatic  populations,  particulary  fish,  to
     sublethal  effects   of  low pH.   Geographic  emphasis  will  be  in  areas
     currently  receiving acidic  precipitation or  areas with  surface  waters
     highly sensitive to acidification (Northeast, upper Midwest, Appalachian
     Mountains,  sections of  the  Rocky Mountains,  the Cascades,  and  Sierra
     Nevada  Mountains).   This  research  will  contribute   to  assessment  of
     resources at risk in those areas.

Output Status:

1.   Output:  Report on biological effects workshop (08/83).

     Status:  On schedule.

2.   Output:  Report on sampling protocol for fish (08/83).

     Status:  On schedule.

3.   Output:   Report on acidification  effects on  Atlantic salmon (05/84).

     Status:  On schedule.

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4.   Output:  Report on  effects  of acid precipitation on  the aquatic habitat
     and ecology of waterfowl and fish (05/84).

     Status:  On schedule.

5.   Output:  Report  on effects  of benthic algal  mat on  phosphorus cycling
     (10/83).

     Status:  On schedule.

Findings:

These projects  have not  been operating long  enough to  be able  to  draw any
definite  findings,  however  the  early  life  history stages  and reproduction
appear  to  be  the  most  sensitive  to  acidification.  Population  effects are
usually the result of sublethal stress rather than acute toxicity.

Project Manager:  David F. Brakke, 206/676-3136

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Aquatic Effects on Human Health (Acid Rain) (CVN1A/54)

Project Objectives:

To  integrate  acid rain  human  health research  into  the  federal-wide research
program.   MERL-Cincinnati  has  direct  responsibility  for  investigating  the
acidification of  drinking water sources and  associated  human  health effects.
A  cooperative agreement  between MERL-Cincinnati  and the New  England  Water
Works  Association, initiated  in FY81,  has  undertaken  an assessment of  New
England  surface  and groundwater  supplies,  relying  on analysis  of historical
records from water treatment facilities (completed in December 1982).  Similar
sampling  and  analysis  are being  done  in  New Jersey  Pine Barrens  area  and
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina Appalachian Mountain
areas (to be complete by July 1983).

A  cooperative  agreement  between  MERL-Cincinnati  and  Syracuse  University
involves  laboratory   and  field   evaluations  of  limestone  contactors  for
mitigating the corrosive  characteristics  of water.  These are appropriate for
individual  systems and  small   water  utilities  that may  have  source  waters
impacted by acidic precipitation.   This work emphasizes control of toxic metal
concentrations.

Output Status:

1.   Output:  Report on New York-New England water supplies (06/83).

     Status:  Draft in preparation.

2.   Output:  Interim report on contactors (07/83).

     Status:  Work on schedule.

Findings:

The  majority  of  the 108  tap water  samples  from New York  and  the New England
states  do  not exceed  EPA's Maximum Contaminant Levels as  given  in the Primary
Drinking  Water  Regulations.    No   sample  exceeded  the  0.010  mg/1 MCL  for
cadmium.  The 0.05 mg/1  MCL for lead was exceeded for 7%  of the  samples.  The
secondary MCL for copper  (1 mg/1) was exceeded by 29% of the samples.

Research  at Syracuse  University  shows that  as acidified  water remains in a
limestone  contactor  for  longer  periods  of  time,  pH  and  calcium content
increase and the tendency to dissolve copper piping  increases.

Project Manager:    Robert  T. Lackey, FTS 420-4806
                   [Gary S. Logsdon  — MERL-Cincinnati, FTS 684-7345]

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:   Development  of Mitigation Strategies for Acidified  Lakes  and
                Streams (Acid Rain) (CVN1A/55)

Project Objectives:

To test management procedures and strategies by which lakes  and streams can be
temporarily protected  from  the harmful effects of acidic deposition, acidifi-
cation, and associated metal-ion toxicity.  These tests will also evaluate the
potential  for rehabilitation  of  aquatic  systems  already  damaged  by acidic
input and  will be conducted both where  fish  populations  have been reduced by
acidification and where fish  populations are still nearly  normal,  but under
stress.  North American  field  and laboratory research will  focus  on a number
of general research objectives:

0    Qualify  the impacts  of  episodic events on  fish and  fish  populations;

0    Quantify the impacts  of   metal  toxicity on  fish and  fish  populations;

0    Determine the  optimal  time  and  placement  of  base additions to  restore
     aquatic systems;

0    Trace energy flows and nutrient cycles undergoing base addition;

0    Identify short-  and long-term effects  on  chemical  and biological para-
     meters;

0    Evaluate fish restocking strategies to accompany liming programs.

Specific objectives are:

0    Summarize current practices and  techniques  for mitigation of acidifica-
     tion  in surface waters.

0    Analyze  existing  information and determine  priority research in mitiga-
     tion  techniques.

0    Develop  mitigation  strategies   for preventing  or  modifying biological
     impacts associated with acidification.

0    Conduct  field  and  laboratory  tests  of  strategies   in  representative
     aquatic systems.

0    Develop  management  documents for  interim  protection/rehabilitation of
     sensitive stream, lake, and wetland habitats.
                                       8

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Output Status:

1.   Output:   Technical  report  on mitigation  techniques,  applications,  and
     relationships to biological resources.

     Status:   Technical report at printer (05/83).

2.   Output:  Report  from  an  International Workshop on the research issues of
     liming.

     Status:  Final report in press (05/83).

3.   Output:  Preliminary  report  on  the emplacement of  limestone  gravel  as a
     mitigative measure in acidic brook trout lakes.

     Status:  Laboratory work  in  progress; field work will begin this summer.
     Work was summarized at the annual program review (02/83).

4.   Output:  Development  of  proposal for field projects  on selected mitiga-
     tion strategies, including whole lake liming.

     Status:  A preproposal  for a liming  project in  the Adirondacks has been
     received and  reviewed.   The  project will be  coordinated  with EPRI work
     and a final proposal is expected by the end of April (05/83).

Findings:

It  is  possible to  neutralize  acidified  lakes,  but the  effects on long-term
chemistry and short- and  long-term  biota are not  known.   The  feasibility of
neutralizing  streams is  less  certain as  is  the effect of  stream liming on
chemical or biological parameters.

Publications:

Liming  of  Acidified Waters:   A  Review   of  Methods  and  Effects  on  Aquatic
Ecosystems.    FWS/OBS-80/40.13.   1983  (April).

The  Liming  of Acidifed  Waters:   Issues and Research —  Report of the Inter-
national Liming Workshop.  FWS/OBS-80/40/14?  1983  (April).

Project Manager:  Robert T. Lackey, FTS 420-4806
                  [R. Kent Schreiber, FTS  925-5354]

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:   Acid Precipitation/Watersheds  -- Effects  on  Watershed-Level
                Integration of Nutrient  and Toxic Element Releases (CVN1A/56)

Project Objectives:

0    To  determine  principal  flux rates  and pool  sizes for  sulfur  movement
     through and effects on forested watersheds.

0    To  develop  a  watershed model  of  input/output  relations for acid  rain
     effects on forested watersheds.

0    To document pathways  and reaction rates for acid rain effects on release
     and movement of aluminum through forested watersheds.

0    To  qantify  long-term changes  in  nutrient distribution  and availability
     for forest growth in selected regional watersheds.

Output Status:

     Output:  Synthesize five years of data on emission of S02, meteorological
     factors  important  to  S02 transport and deposition,  and  air quality data
     for  two forested  watersheds and  evaluate modeling  approaches  (11/83).

     Status:  Preliminary  evaluation of  capabilities of  sector-box  and one-
     dimensional flux models  for predicting fluxes  of  airborne  sulfur have
     been completed.

Findings:

Best  estimates   of   flux of  sulfur to  the  landscape  were  provided by  the
sector-box  approach, but  agreement with  observed values  was only  within  a
factor  of  ten.   Improved accuracy  is  needed  and  will be  achieved through
further testing and modification.

Project Manager:   S. B.  McLaughlin, FTS 624-7358
                                       10

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:   Acid  Precipitation:    Soil  Chemical  and  Biological  Processes
                (CVN1A/57)

Project Objectives:

0    To define  soil  characteristics which  determine the  sensitivity (vulner-
     ability) to  acidic deposition  based  on pH change,  nutrient  losses,  and
     transport of toxic metals.

0    To determine the  significance of mineral weathering  on  supplying essen-
     tial  and/or toxic nutrients as affected by acidic deposition.

0    To quantify the fate of aluminum and nutrient losses from soils.

0    To determine  the  contribution of  internal  hydrogen ion  production  to
     leaching and metal transport.

0    To  define   the  mechanisms   of  Al  transport  and  the factors  affecting
     mobility.

0    To  determine the  rate  of  water movement to  aquatic  systems  and  the
     importance   of  water  contact  time,  in  the  soil,  to  water  quality  in
     aquatic ecosystems.

Output Status:

1.   Output:  Chemical  and  biological  analyses and  data interpretation  of
     selected Florida,  New  Hampshire,  and New York soils  have  been completed
     and  the  extent  of  nutrient losses as affected by  acidic  deposition  has
     been evaluated.

     Status:  Several  manuscripts are currently in review.   An assessment of
     the extent of nutrient losses is due (11/83).

2.   Output:  An evaluation  of aluminum mobility and the  relationship between
     Al and pH has been made in New Jersey soils (11/82).

     Status:  A manuscript is  in  review.

3.   Output:  Comparative  study  of  soil  sensitivity,  classification systems
     (10/83).

     Status:  Literature survey is ongoing.

4.   Output:  Preliminary  report defining the "key" factors  identifying soils
     sensitive to acidic deposition (11/83).
                                       11

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     Status:   A proposal  to evaluate  the  soil  sensitivity  issue  has  been
     submitted and sent for review.  Based on favorable comments, this project
     has been selected for funding and will be initiated 05/83.

5.   Output:   Evaluation  of  the  forms  of  aluminum mobilized  which may  be
     discharged from soil  to aquatic system (11/85).

     Status:  Projects to complete this output were initiated in 02/83.

Findings:

0    In  a  Typic Quartzisamment  soil,  divalent cations were found  to be more
     readily leached by acidic deposition than monovalent cations.

0    Nitrification was reduced  by acidic deposition (pH 3.0 and 3.7) but soil
     respiration and enzyme activity was not for select soils.

0    Leaching  by  acid  rain  or  natural  acidification will  have  less  of  an
     effect on nutrient export than harvesting.

Publications:

Effects  of Acid  Precipiation on  Microbiological  and Chemical  Parameters  in
Soils.   The Florida Experience.   The Second Int. Conf. on Ecology and Environ-
mental  Quality.  Jerusalem, May 24-26, 1983.

Effects  of  Acid  Precipitation  on  Soil  Microbial Activity:   I.   Soil  Core
Studies.  1983.  J.  of Environ.  Quality (submitted  for review).

Effect  of  Acid Precipitation on Soil Microbial Activity:   II.  Field Studies.
1983.  J. of Environ. Quality (submitted for Review).

Project Manager:  S. B. Mclaughlin, FTS 624-7358
                  R. A. Linthurst, 919-737-3520
                                       12

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Terrestrial Effects of Acid Precipitation -- Forest
                Productivity (CVN1A/58)

Project Objectives:

0    To  quantify and  evaluate temporal  and spatial  patterns of decline  in
     growth of eastern forest trees.

0    To  determine  association  of  increased  mortality  of  red  spruce  and
     decreased growth of spruce  and other species with  present  and  projected
     last levels of deposition of acid rain and gaseous air pollutants.

0    To perform preliminary assessment of the economic significance of produc-
     tivity changes of forests of the eastern U.S.

0    To determine  age  distribution and site influences on forests affected by
     air pollution stress.

0    To determine  mechanisms  of  effects of acid  rain  and gaseous air pollut-
     ants on growth and development processes of forest trees.

0    To  perform  secondary assessment  of the economic  and ecological  signif-
     icance  of  acid  rain on  present  and  future  forests  using field  and
     laboratory data and forest growth models.
1.   Output:  Complete field sampling of tree increment cores and forest soils
     from regional study of forest growth in the eastern U.S. (09/83).

     Status:   Approximately  75%  of  the  field sampling  is completed.   The
     remainder will be completed this summer.

2.   Output:   Complete data  analysis  of  relationship between  regional  tree
     growth  rate,  climate,  soils,  and  air  pollution   for  eastern  forest
     species.

     Status:   Approximately 30% of the core  measurements  have  been completed
     and  tapes of  regional  air quality  and climatology have  been ordered.

3.   Output:   Complete analysis  of growth and  dieback  of  red spruce over its
     entire range in the eastern U.S. (12/83).

     Status:   All  1500 cores from this study have been cross-dated, measured,
     and growth indices have been calculated.
                                       13

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4.   Output:   Evaluate  multielemental  analysis  of tree  rings  as a  tool  for
     documenting historical patterns of  exposure of trees to multiple anthro-
     pogenic pollutants (12/83).

     Status:  A comparison of sites on acid and basic soil has been completed.
     A  manuscript  summarizing  results  is  in  preparation.   A  comparison  of
     spruce  cores  from three  sites  in  the  Northeast with  varying  stages  of
     decline has been initiated.

Findings:

Trace  element  analysis of  tree rings shows  that several  toxic elements  are
being  concentrated in  the phloem and cambium with levels being approximately
10X those in recent xylem wood.  Two elements, iron and titanium, appear to be
immobile  in tree tissues  and may serve as good  indicators of anthropogenic
exposure.

Publications:

Johnson, A.  H.,  R.  H.  Zanes, D. C.  Lord,  and T.  G.  Siccama.   Decline of  red
spruce  in  high-elevation  forests of the eastern United States.   Environmental
Science and Technology.  01/83.

Project Manager:  S.  B. Mclaughlin, FTS  624-7358
                                       14

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:   Economic  Assessment  of  Ozone  Impact  on Crops  (ADWA1A/01)

Project Objectives:

To develop ozone  dose-crop response data for the major agronomic crops and to
use  these data  to  conduct  an economic  assessment  of the  effects of  air
pollution on  agriculture.   This project will develop  dose-response  data for
crops representing 75%  of  U.S.  acreage and estimate  national  economic losses
based on  these data  (06/84).   The  magnitude  of bioenvironmental  sources  of
uncertainty (soil  moisture)  and the effects of pollutant exposure dynamics in
these estimates will  also be evaluated.

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Assessment of  the economic losses due  to  ozone  exposure in the
     Midwest and California (09/83).

     Status:   Cooperative  agreements are in place and work  is on schedule at
     the University of  Illinois and the University of California, Davis.   Air
     quality data  for  these  efforts are to be provided by EPA's Environmental
     Research  Laboratory  (ESRL).   ESRL is several  weeks behind  schedule  in
     providing these data.   This may delay the assessment efforts.

2.   Output:    Evaluation  of soybean   losses  due  to ozone  exposure in  the
     Midwest using simulation modeling  (01/83).

     Status:   Completed 11/82.

3.   Output:   Evaluation of  the suitability of the NCLAN biological data base
     for  use  in  economic  assessments  and  setting  air quality  standards
     (09/83).

     Status:   This is  a new output  requested by OAQPS and agreed to by OEPER.
     The  journal  manuscript   is  being  prepared  by  North  Carolina  State
     University and is on  schedule.

4.   Output:    Sensitivity  analyses  of economic  assessment  models   (06/83).

     Status:   This is  a new output  recommended  by  peer review of NCLAN.   The
     sensitivity  of  economic  response  to  biological  sources of uncertainty
     will  be  determined.    The  work  is  being  conducted by  Oregon  State
     University and is on  schedule.

Findings:

Preliminary  results  of  the  1982  field  season  became  available during  this
quarter.

                                        15

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0    Biological Findings:    Dose-response   experiments   on  wheat   indicate
     intermediate sensitivity, therefore wheat losses from ozone exposure must
     be evaluated in economic assessments.   The effect of soil moisture stress
     on the  response of  soybean  to  03 differed from the  response  of cotton.
     Soil  moisture appears  to have a complex interaction with 03 in affecting
     crop  yield.   More   experiments  will   be required  to characterize  this
     interaction.

0    Economics Findings:    Preliminary analyses  suggest that economic  losses
     will  be split about equally between producers and consumers and that loss
     estimates  are  not  highly sensitive to  yield loss  (dose-response)  pre-
     cision.   This suggests  that  the uncertainties remaining in extrapolating
     the  biological  data  base should not  adversely influence  the  technical
     credibility of NCLAN economic assessments.

Publications:

Impact  of Ozone on  Soybean Yield.  Journal  of  Environmental  Quality (3/83).

Effects of  Chronic  Doses  of 03  and  S02 on  Yield of  Soybeans.   Crop Science
(submitted December 1982).

The Influence  of  Light  on Ozone-Induced 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic Acid
and  Ethylene   Production  from   Intact  Plants   (accepted  for  publication
Zeitschrift Pflanzenphysiologie).

Project Manager:   Eric  M.   Preston/David   Tingey,  FTS  420-4636/FTS 420-4621
                                       16

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Biological Monitoring (ADWA1A/01)

Project Objectives:

To develop an organized approach to applying biological monitoring to environ-
mental  problem  solving  and  to  develop biological  techniques  that  clearly
identify  pollutant exposure and  their effects  upon  the structure  and  func-
tional status of terrestrial biological systems.

Specific project objectives are:

0    To  deploy  honey  bees  in  a large-area  biomonitoring  network (09/83).

0    To  evaluate  the  cost-effectiveness  of  such  deployment  for  tracking
     spatial  and  temporal  trends  in  biological  exposure  to  the airborne
     pollutants fluoride and arsenic (09/83).

Output Status:

     Output:   Report  oti  the  cost-effectiveness of honey  bees deployed  as a
     regional biomonitor  (09/83).

     Status:   In  the FY81  pilot project, emphasis was  given to  selection of
     promising  bioexposure monitors   with   secondary consideration given to
     their  potential   as  bioeffects  monitors.   In  FY82,   the  research was
     extended  to  evaluate  usefulness  of honey bees   as  network  biomonitors.

     The  report  on honeybees  as biomonitors  is  in  draft and will be final by
     09/83.  The late start date, due to funding delays, cancelled 1982 Spring
     sampling.   An attempt will  be  made to conduct  this  sampling in Spring
     1983.   These  data  will   be  analyzed  and  incorporated into  the   final
     project report.

Findings:

Arsenic  samples  from  bees  are  showing  a  strong  spatial  correlation   with
expected  dispersion from known sources.  These  preliminary data  suggest  that
biomonitoring networks  using honeybees are feasible.

Project Manager:  Eric  M. Preston, FTS 420-4636
                                       17

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:   Air Pollution  Impacts  on  Major Agronomic  Crops (ADTA1A/02)

Project Objectives:

To determine the influence of air pollutant mixtures on major agronomic crops.
Ozone and  its  mixtures with other gases are estimated to cause 90% of the air
pollution  damage to agriculture,  thus the Office of  Air Quality Planning and
Standards  has  assigned  a  high priority to  the evaluation  of ozone effects.
However, since other gases may modify plant response to ozone, it is necessary
to  maintain current  awareness of  effects  of pollutant  mixtures  and  their
implications for crop production.

Output Status:

     Output:  Report on Workshop to Develop a Research Strategy for Evaluating
     the Impact of  Pollutant Mixutes (09/83).

     Status:  The workshop to develop a research strategy has been planned and
     the participants  contracted  to prepare position papers.  First drafts of
     the position papers are completed and submitted to the review panel.  The
     workshop will  be held April 21 and 22, 1983.

2.   Output:  Complete previously funded work on pollutant mixtures.

     Status:   Complete  except  for  one  remaining manuscript  in preparation.
     See publications.

Findings:

Simultaneous  exposures of S02  and N02 reduced spinach  and  radish growth and
photosynthate  partitioning.   Sequential  and  individual  exposures  to  the
pollutant  gases at  the same level had no detrimental effects.

Publications:

Growth Response  in Radish to Sequential and  Simultaneous  Exposure to N02 and
S02.  Environmental Pollution (Accepted for publication).

Growth Response  in Spinach to Sequential and Simultaneous Exposure  to N02 and
.S02.   Journal  American  Society  for  Horticultural   Science  (Submitted  for
publication).

Intraspecific Variability in Metabolic Responses to S02  (Submitted to Stanford
Press, book chapter).

Project Manager:  Eric Preston/David Tingey, 420-2636/420-4621


                                       18

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Terrestrial Toxicology (CUL1A/30)

Project Objectives:

To develop a  testing array for chemicals of unknown environmental fate.   This
array is  to  include plant and animal  tests  and be ready for full implementa-
tion in FY85.

Output Status:

1.   Output:    Report on plant uptake and translocation  of  selected chemicals
     (06/84).

     Status:   This work is on schedule.

2.   Output:    Report on isolated root uptake of bromacil describing a screen-
     ing procedure for  studying root uptake (04/83).

     Status:   Completed journal manuscript.

3.   Output:    Report on development and validation of  Arabidopsis plant life
     cycle test (10/83).

     Status:   This work is on schedule.

4.   Output:    Report  on  variations  in  toxicity of  chemicals  to  different
     strains and sources of test birds (09/83).

     Status:   This work is on schedule.

5.   Output:   Report to evaluate the effects of feeding chemicals to live prey
     on carnivore feeding tests (09/84).

     Status:   This work is on schedule.

Findings:

0    The  isolated  root  uptake  procedure has  been  tested and demonstrated to
     yield  valuable  information  for  a  SAR  data set  as well  as  a possible
     screening test  for potential plant uptake.

0    The  plant exposure  laboratory  is  partially  complete and  is  ready for
     plant studies.

0    A root elongation test has been  evaluated.   Draft report to OTS,  recom-
     mending  modifications for better plant  toxicity  testing currently  under
     review.

                                       19

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0    The first  group  of bobwhite quail eggs (64) were hatched March 21, 1983,
     and are  housed  in the brooders.  All birds are healthy and growing well.

Publications:

Uptake  of  Bromacil   by Isolated  Barley  Roots,  submitted to  Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment.

Project Manager:  Bill Williams and Craig McFarlane, FTS 420-4670
                                        20

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Terrestrial Exposure Assessment (CUL1A/31)

Project Objectives:

To  develop  a  mathematical  model  to  predict  chemical  concentrations  in
terrestrial environments.

To  determine  the  correlation  between  soil  moisture,  organic content,  and
partitioning in soils.

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Complete  environmental  concentration  model  (TEA) documentation
     and handbook (12/84).

     Status:   The  product is  on schedule.  The first  version of the model is
     available  for  use  by Agency  personnel.    This  version  of  the  model
     partitions the chemical between the duff, upper root zone, and lower root
     zone, and in one of the following compartments within each layer:  water;
     air;  dead organic  matter;  soil.   This year's work will  add plant uptake
     to the model.

2.   Output:   Report on  Sorption and  Volatility of  Chemicals  in  Soils  of
     Varying Moisture and Organic Content (01/84).

     Status:   The  principal  investigator, Cary Chiou,  is leaving Oregon State
     University to  accept a position within the USGS in Denver.  In addition,
     Dr.  Ian  Tinsley  is  leaving for  a  sabbatical in  New  Zealand.   These
     departures may delay the  final  report.   However, OSU  has not yet asked
     for a no-cost extension  and have indicated  that  they expect to complete
     the project on time.

Findings:

Dr.  Chiou  has demonstrated  a  strong  correlation  between  the  sorption  of
chemical to soils and the moisture and organic content  of the  soil.

Publications:

Chiou, C. T.,  and D. W.  Schmeddling.   1982.  Partitioning of Organic Compounds
     in Octanol-Water Systems.  Env.  Science and Tech.  4-10.

Chiou,  C.   T., et al_.   1982.   Substituent  Contribution  to  the  Partition
     Coefficients  of  Substituted  Benzenes  in Solvent-Water  Mixtures.   J. of
     Pharm. Sci.  1307-1309.

Chiou,  C.  T. , et  aj.   1981.    Correlation of Water Solubility with Octanol-
     Water Partition Coefficients.  J. Pharm. 70:1176-1177.

Project Manager:   Hal Kibby, FTS 420-4625

                                       21

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Technical Assistance (CUL1A/32)

Project Objectives:

To  provide  technical  assistance  to  EPA's  Office  of Toxic  Substances  on
problems of environmental fate, exposure, effects of hazard, and risk of toxic
chemicals on an as-needed basis.

Findings:

An assessment  scheme which uses three simple and readily available parameters
— Henry's law constant, octanol water partition coefficient, and the chemical
half-life--  provides  a  usefully  accurate  prediction  of  the  potential  eco-
toxicity of  a  chemical,  hence provide an indication  of the amount of testing
that is needed for a new chemical.

Publications:

A Pre-biological Screen for Ecotoxicological Concerns, in review.

Project Manager:  Hal Kibby, FTS 420-4625
                                       22

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:   Structure-Activity  Relations   in  Terrestrial   Environments
                (CUL1A/33)

Project Objectives:

To develop computerized  data  bases of published information which can be used
to  identify  relationships  between  chemical   structure  and  plant  response
(toxicity, uptake, transport,  accumulation, and biodegradation).

Output Status:

1.   Output:    Status  report:   SAR  Knowledge  for  Plant  Uptake  of  Toxic
     Chemicals (12/83).

     Status:   Progress on  plant uptake data base  has  been  delayed because of
     the  intensive review  and changes  needed  in the  format.    Reading  and
     cataloging  efforts   are   focusing  on  PHYTOTOX  while  these  details  are
     worked  out.    This  will  probably  delay  the search  readiness  and  the
     planned  output.   Negotiation  for an  alternate  report on  SAR  knowledge
     regarding phytotoxicity is underway.

2.   Output:   Operational  data base for plant uptake and effects to determine
     species and chemical differences (SPHERE) (06/84).

     Status:   Incorporation of these data bases into SPHERE will not occur on
     schedule  due  to  restrictions in  spending  within OTS  Headquarters (for
     further  information,  contact  Charles  Auer,  SPHERE project  leader,  FTS
     382-3476).

Findings:

0    PHYTOTOX data base is usable; over 40,500 records are available.

0    The search and coding strategy for UTAB have been formalized.

Publications:

Christopher  L. Royce  and John S.   Fletcher,  PHYTOTOX  USERS  MANUAL (for Agency
use only).

Project Manager:   Craig McFarlane, FTS 420-4670
                                       23

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  System Level Effects (CUL1A/34)

Project Objectives:

To determine  the  changes in key ecosystem  variables  of both agricultural and
wildland systems that could be effected by chemicals.

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Report  on critically  sensitive  terrestrial/agricultural  eco-
     systems which are vulnerable to toxic chemicals (04/83).

     Status:   Journal   article   submitted   to  Evironmental  Toxicology  and
     Chemistry.

2.   Output:  Report on characteristics of terrestrial agricultural ecosystems
     needed for field verification (09/83).

     Status:   On  schedule.   The  manuscript is  in  preparation.   Most  of the
     needed data have been collected.

Findings:

A large variety of crop production system characteristics in many agricultural
models  are very sensitive  to both external environmental  properties such as
day length which chemicals do not affect, and to biological process parameters
such as photosynthetic rate which chemicals do affect directly.

Publications:

Kickert, R.   In  Review.   Sensitivity of Agricultural Ecological System Models
and Implications  for Vulnerability to Toxic Chemicals.  J. £f Env. Tox. Chem.

Project Manager:  Ron Kickert, FTS 420-4582; Hal Kibby, FTS 420-4625
                                       24

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Methodology  to Generate  Data for Risk  Assessment (CBE1A/36)

Project Objectives:

To test the applicability of the Pesticide Orchard Ecosystem Model (POEM) in a
Northwest apple orchard.  The mathematical model will be used to simulate fate
and transport  from the application of wettable  powder  formulation of methyl-
parathion.   Guthion will  be  applied  in accordance  with label  and  commonly
recognized practices.  Over time, field studies will  be conducted to determine
quantities of  Guthion  in/on  canopy, understory, litter,  and  soil.   Losses to
the air  from  drift and volatilization as well  as  losses to runoff water will
be monitored.   Washoff from  canopy to the  soil and  understory  will  be moni-
tored  as  an  additional  parameter because  of  its  importance  in  exposure
assessment.   Comparisons  between model  predictions  and  planned actual field
data will be made.

Outputs/Status:

1.   Output:   Interim  Report  on Site Selection and Field Description (10/83).

     Status:  On schedule.

2.   Output:   Report on  Applicability  of POEM for 1 Chemical  in One Orchard
     (10/84).

     Status:  On schedule.

Publications:
1.
2.
Jenkins, J.  J.,  M.  J.  Zabik,  R.  Kon, and  E.  D.  Goodman.   A Model for
Azinphosmethyl Attenuation  and  Movement in a Michigan Orchard Ecosystem:
Development  and  Presentation  of  the  Experimental   Data  Base.   Arch.
Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 11, 1982 (forthcoming).

Goodman, E.  D.,  J. J.  Jenkins,  and M. J. Zabik.   A  Model  for Azinphos-
methyl  Attenuation and  Movement in  a Michigan  Orchard  Ecosystem:   II.
Parameterization  of  a  Field-Based   Model.    Arch.   Environm.  Contam.
Toxicol. 11, 1982 (forthcoming).
3.
Goodman, E.  D.   1982.   Modeling Effects of  Pesticides  on
Soil/Litter  Invertebrates  in an Orchard  Ecosystem.   Env.
1, 45-60.
Populations of
Toxicol. Chem.
     Snider,  R.   M.   1979.   The Effects
     Population   of  Trachelipus  rathkei
     Pedobiol. 19, 99-105.
                                      of Zainphosmethyl  (Guthion )  on a
                                      (Isopoda)  in  a Michigan  Orchard.
                                       25

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5.   Snider,  R.  M., and  J.  W.  Shaddy.   1980.   The Ecobilogy of  Trachelipus
     rathkel (Isopoda).  Pedobi'ol. 20, 394-410.

Project Manager:  Jay Gile, FTS 420-4649
                                        26

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                            iPROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Field Validation  of Terrestrial Pesticide Exposure (CBE1A/37)

Project Objectives:

To determine the acute toxicity of 14 granular pesticide formulations to avian
species;  to determine  the effects  of waterfowl  and  upland game  species  in
grain  fields;  to determine  the effects of  endrin and  diphacionone  (used  as
rodenticides) on terrestrial species associated with orchards; to evaluate the
effectiveness  of  the   EPA  reproductive  test  for avian  species  to  predict
reproductive  effects  in the  field;  and  to  determine  the  effect on  avian
species of methyl parathion.

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Final  Report  on Acute  Toxicity  of 14 Granular  Pesticides  to
     Avian Species (09/83).

     Status:  On schedule.

Project Manager:  Bill Williams, FTS 420-4679
                                       27

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Cofvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Microbial Control Agents (CBE1A/38)

Project Objectives:

To develop  and evaluate  a  series of test  protocols  for microbiological  pest
control agents (MPCA) in terrestrial environments.

Output Status:

1.   Output:  Evaluate test procedures for MPCA on birds, mammals, and insects
     (10/83).

     Status:   A  computerized  bibliography  of relevant  literature  has  been
     developed and  is being  put on  CERL's  POP  11/70.   This  literature  base
     should  be available  to OPP by September 1983.  We have received external
     reviews from seven outside consultants and are consolidating their views.
     We expect  more reviews  on mammals.   In addition  to birds,  mammals, and
     insects, our review of  the guidelines will  include the  relevant  plant
     sections.

2.   Output:   Recommend  changes  in  test procedures,  if necessary  (12/83).

     Status:   This  output   should  be  combined  with  Number  1  and will  be
     complete October 1983.

Findings:

A  preliminary evaluation of  the  reports that we  have  received  to date would
indicate  significant problems with the guidelines.   Some MPCA guidelines are
an adaptation of  the chemical test protocols,  and in many cases this may not
be appropriate.

Project Manager:  Bruce Lighthart/Martin Knittel,  FTS 420-4832
                                       28

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Synfuels — Effects (CYN1A/40)

Project Objectives:

To determine the uptake by agricultural plants of selected synfuels toxicants.
Determine  the  applicability of  laboratory  uptake methods for  plants  to soil
found  in  vicinity  of  anticipated synfuel  producing  facilities.   Determine
exposure and effects of synfuel toxicants to wildlife (FY85).

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Completion  of   data sets  for  chemicals from  (2)  RAUs  (Risk
     Assessment Units) using isolated root uptake (07/83).

     Status:  Work in progress; report will be on schedule.

2.   Output:  Completion of data sets for three additional  RAU (12/83).

     Status:  Work on schedule.

3.   Output:  Completion of exposure chamber (09/83).

     Status:  Work in progress; chamber will be completed on schedule.

4.   Output:   Literature  review  on  wildlife  toxicology  for  selected RAUs
     (12/83).

     Status:   First draft  report  sent  to  Headquarters  for review,  and the
     second report is in preparation.

Findings:

0    The procedures for isolated root uptake have been  judged satisfactory for
     studies of water-soluble chemicals.

0    Whole-plant  exposure  chambers  have  been  constructed  and  a computer-
     operated  support  laboratory  organized  to conduct plant uptake  studies.
     This  laboratory is now ready  for limited numbers of studies.

Project Manager:  Craig McFarlane, FTS 420-4670
                                       29

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Methods Validation (Animal Toxicology) (CBE1A/42)

Project Objectives:

To  develop  a  capability to  conduct  inhouse  research  in the  effects  of
chemicals on  wildlife.   In  order to achieve this objective, several  areas are
being considered:   (1)  evaluation of animal toxicology data base;  (2) evalua-
tion of  current single  species  tests; (3) development  of  new  single species
tests;  (4) development  of field test protocols; and  (5) technical  assistance
for immediate Agency problems.   The following projects have been undertaken to
address  these  areas  of animal  toxicology:    develop  a  terrestrial  animal
toxicology  data base   for  SPHERE;  evaluate  the   ability   of  avian  species
(Bobwhite  quail  and  Mallard duck)  to  avoid contaminatd  food and/or  water
sources; evaluate the  effects  of endrin on wild avian species associated with
orchards and  grain  fields;  determine the toxicity (LD50) of granular insecti-
cides to Bobwhite quail; develop an inhouse capability to conduct acute avian
toxicity  tests  (including   LD50  and  LC50  tests)  on  selected  chemicals
(ongoing).

Output Status:

     Output:    Report  on  the  Effects of  Cold Stress  on Avian  LD50  and  LC50
     Tests (10/84).

     Status:    Development of the inhouse testing  capability is proceeding on
     schedule.

Project Manager:  Bill Williams, FTS 420-4625
                                       30

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Biological Assessment of Hazardous Wastes (BWD1A/20)

Project Objectives:

To  develop  rapid  response  bioassay/biomonitoring tools  to help  site/spill
investigation  teams  determine   environmental   hazard  potentials  of  waste
materials  under  a variety  of  field conditions.   This project  is  designed to
determine  the  utility   of  laboratory  bioassessment  protocols (initially  a
"Level I Biological Screening Protocol") for defining environmental effects of
single  substance  or  complex  hazardous  waste  at  sites  with  varying  soil
characteristics; waste   types,  climatic conditions,  and  management  control.
Such a protocol  could  be used to predict  effects  (prospective) and to assess
reduced  effects (retrospective)  following  remedial  or  cleanup  actions.   A
comprehensive  set  of  laboratory  tests will be  conducted to determine  which
ones are  most appropriate  for different conditions, which  ones produce high
degrees of  correlation  with  field  data, and which ones  provide the  broadest
spectrum of environmental information.

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Comparison of the response of endemic  and  laboratory organisms
     to selected hazardous materials (05/83).

     Status:   This  work originally  was planned to  compare the  results from
     laboratory bioassays using Selenastrum with those using endemic organisms
     from Rocky  Mountain Arsenal.   Toxicity in RMA surface water proved to be
     insignificant, thus shifting emphasis to terrestrial tests.

     A paper (see Publications) describing the nerve transmission waveforms of
     twelve earthworm taxa  has established a basis for comparing the response
     of  laboratory  reared  and  endemic  earthworms  (part of the  bioassay
     protocol)  to  various  hazardous  wastes, which will  be reported  upon in
     07/83.

2.   Output:   Report   comparing  the   responses  of  three  microbial  bioassay
     procedures to the presence of endrin, dieldrin, and 2,4-D (09/83).

     Status:   Oxygen   depletion  and  microtox  testing of  the  three  organic
     compounds have been completed.   Some runs will  need  to  be repeated to
     verify preliminary  results.   Resazurin tests are being set up.   Labora-
     tory work and data  analysis are progressing on schedule.

3.   Output:   Report comparing the  response to metals of the  Level I Biolog-
     ical Screening Protocol with microtox test results (07/83).
                                       31

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     Status:   Biological  Protocol screening  tests have  been  conducted using
     Cu, Cd,  and  Zn.   Microtox tests have been completed for the same metals.
     A  few  of the protocol tests must be repeated due to mixed results.  Work
     is on schedule.
Findings:

0    Earthworm  soil  contact  tests  appear  to  be  much  more  sensitive  and
     relevant to field conditions than do the leachate contact tests described
     in the Level I Biological Screening Protocol.

0    Several of  the Screening Protocol test methods seem to be more useful in
     determining metal toxicity than does the microtox test.

0    Microbial screening  techniques  generally appear to be relatively insens-
     itive to the presence of hazardous materials.


Publications:

Papers submitted to two journals:

1.   Drews,  C.  D., and  C.  A.  Callahan.   Species Specificity  of Giant Nerve
     Fiber  Conduction  Parameters  in  Oligochaetes  (submitted  to  Canadian
     Journal of Zoology).

2.   Shirazi, S.   Hazardous Waste Sites Selected Within Regionally Representa-
     tive  Land  Types  (submitted  to  Journal  of  Environmental  Management).

Project Manager:   Spencer Peterson, FTS 420-4794
                                        32

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Environmental  Processes  and  Effects  Technical  Information
                Resource Manuals (TEKY1A/21)

Project Objectives:

To  develop  technical   information  resource  documents  to  aid  in  Superfund
Program decisions.  These documents evaluate and present available information
to  assist Regional  and State  officials concerned  with decisions  about  the
listing, permitting, containment, and cleanup of hazardous materials.
     Output:  A  field manual  describing effectiveness  of  biological  cleanup
     methodology  and natural  biodegradation  of hazardous  materials  (05/83).

     Status:  In peer review.

2.   Output:  A manual on environmental assessment of remedial action (06/83).

     Status:  In first draft.

3.   Output:  A manual  to classify chemicals according  to  their behavior and
     ecological effects (09/83).

     Status:  Completed draft, but needs significant revision.

4.   Output:  A manual  on methods of  assessing  environmental  risks of spills
     and cleanup of hazardous wastes (10/83).

     Status:  In preparation and on schedule.

5.   Output:  A  state prioritized listing of new  technical resource informa-
     tion documents needed to address  Superfund problems (04/83).

     Status:   Workshops  held  in  Philadelphia,  March  24-25,  Atlanta,  March
     28-29,  and  in Denver,  April  4-5.   Individual  reports  in  draft.   Final
     report combining priorities to be completed 07/83.

Findings:

0    The  relative  effectiveness  of  different  biotreatment  procedures  at
     locations with  hazardous  wastes is largely site-specific.  However, some
     techniques  are  significantly  more useful  than others,  and  methods for
     selection can be specified.
                                       33

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0    Various  remedial   action  alternatives  must   consider  the  potential
     secondary environmental  effects of  the  planned remedial  action itself.
     Many  adverse  effects of  remedial  actions can  be  minimized  with  proper
     equipment and timing.

0    Superfund "user  need" workshops  reveal  that states and EPA  regions are
     far apart in their thinking about needs.   At present the States have very
     little  technical  information avaiable for site  response.   Their initial
     needs  are   for  very  fundamental  information  on  response  alternatives.
     States  welcomed  opportunity  to  have  input  toward   identifying  high
     priority need areas,  but were sceptical  that EPA would  follow through on
     the needs the states identified.

Project Manager:   Lawrence Raniere, FTS 420-4852
                                        34

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Users Guide  to Effectiveness of Selected Chemical Dispersants
                (TEKY1A/22)

Project Objectives:

To develop  a guide  to  aid in the selection  of  effective and environmentally
safe  hazardous  materials  dispersing  agents  for  use  in cold  marine  waters.

Output Status:

1.   Output:  Users'  Guide  on effectiveness, fate,  and effects  of selected
     dispersants.

     Status:   The  implementing  interagency  agreement was  forwarded   to  the
     Battelle Marine  Research Laboratory by  GAD.   The principal  investigator
     indicates  it will  be  signed  and  project  work will  begin  immediately.
     Output completion is still targeted for 09/83.

Project Manager:  Spencer A. Peterson, FTS 420-4794
                                       35

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Assess Impacts of Ocean Outfall Discharges (ARB1A/15)

Project Objectives:

To develop a  model  of the bioaccumulation of pollutants from water, food, and
sediment.  Laboratory studies are being conducted to supply the required input
parameters and  to  verify the model.  The modeling and laboratory results will
be  used to  predict the  sewage-derived pollutants  in  marine food  webs,  the
potential for trophic transfer, and concentrations of toxicants in edible fish
tissue.

To  improve  sediment toxicity  bioassay methods developed earlier  at CERL and
currently used by EPA/COE to regulate dredged material disposal.   Research has
addressed species  selection,  facilities,  scale, duration, control conditions,
response criteria, and statistical analyses.  The sediment bioassay method has
been  applied  to examine  the interactions between cadmium  and sewage sludge.
This research is concerned with the contribution of specific pollutants to the
gross toxicity of complex waste mixtures.

Output Status:

1.   Output:    Journal  article  describing  bioenergetic model  of  pollutant
     uptake from water, food, and sediment near ocean outfalls (09/83).

     Status:    Output  delayed from  06/83  so  that  it   can  be  presented  and
     published  in  Proceedings  of 56th Annual Conf. of Water Poll. Contr. Fed.
     in October 1983.

2.   Output:    Methods manual  for  conducting  sediment   toxicity  surveys near
     ocean outfalls (06/83).

     Status:    A report  describing  research on  the design  of  the sediment
     bioassay  method  and  a detailed  description  of   the  method  has  been
     accepted  for  presentation at  the ASTM 7th  Symp.   on  Aquatic Toxicology
     (04/83) and will be published in the symposium proceedings.

Findings:

Research on  interactions  between cadmium and sewage sludge has been  completed
and  results  show that the  toxicity of cadmium in sediment  is reduced in the
presence of sludge.

Publications:

Phoxocephalid  Amphipod  Bioassay  for  Marine  Sediment  (submitted  to ASTM).

Project Manager:  D. J. Baumgartner,  (503) 867-4040

                                        36

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Field Verification of Outfall Impacts (ARB1A/17)

Project Objectives:

Phase I  is  to review the literature on  benthic-pelagic coupling and transfer
of pollutants  in  sewage-impacted  food  webs.  Phase II is a field study of the
trophic  transfer  of pollutants  in  sewage-impacted  food  webs in  southern
California.   This study will utilize both toxicant concentrations in predators
and  prey and  stable isotope  ratios  to determine  the potential for  trophic
transfer.

Outputs Status:

     Output:   Journal  article  on  benthic-pelagic  transfer   of  energy  and
     pollutants near ocean outfalls (04/84).

     Status:  Phase I completed.  Journal article on literature review will be
     submitted  in  06/83.  Plan for Phase  II  has been  received and  is being
     peer reviewed.  On schedule.

Project Manager:  D. J.  Baumgartner, (503) 867-4040
                                       37

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Ocean Discharge Impact Assessment (ARB1A/16)

Project Objectives:

Provide technical assistance to Office of Water, Regions, and others concerned
with 301(h) waivers  to the mandatory secondary  treatment  requirement  for the
discharge of municipal wastes through ocean outfalls.

Output Status:

Reviewed Boston  decision and  submitted recommendations for  review by Region
and Office of General Counsel.

Project Manager:   D.  J. Baumgartner, (503) 867-4040
                                       38

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Site-Specific Criteria — Metals and DO (ARB1A/10)

Project Objectives:

To provide  methods to  establish  site-specific criteria for  heavy  metals  and
dissolved  oxygen.   The effort  is  a  combination  of  original   research  and
technical  assistance  to  provide  the  techniques and  data  necessary to  set
criteria  for  metals  and  dissolved  oxygen  which   fit  specific  conditions,
emphasizing  those  factors  such as  intermittent exposures,  acclimation,  and
water quality  characteristics  which  are known to affect criteria.  Techniques
will  be  developed  in  the laboratory and tested  for applicability at specific
sites.    The primary  focus will be  to  complete  ongoing metals  projects  (by
08/84)  and  initiate  a  major  new  program  in  dissolved  oxygen  research.
Technical  assistance  will  be  provided  to  the  Headquarters  Criteria  and
Standards  Division and  to Regions  and States  to help  them apply  the  best
technology to set site-specific criteria.

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Assist  State,  Regions,  and  Program  Offices  with  site-specific
     criteria for metals and DO (continuing).

     Status:  A final  revision of  the DO  criteria  document will  be submitted
     to the Office of Water Regulations and Standards in 04/83.

2.   Output:   Report  defining  the  effects  of  intermittent  exposure  and
     acclimation on metals criteria (09/83).

     Status:   Zinc  acclimation studies  are  completed;  compiling  and analysis
     of literature has begun preparatory to writing the 09/83 report.

3.   Output:  Reports on Montana field and laboratory studies relating monthly
     metal  concentrations  to  biological  effects in Prickly Pear Creek (09/83)
     and effects of mining and habitat alteration on fish populations (02/83).

     Status:  The fish population manuscript has been submitted to the Journal
     of Freshwater Ecology and the Prickly  Pear  Creek  report is  on schedule.

Findings:

Acclimating  trout  to zinc  results  in  a 3- to 5-fold  increase  in acute zinc
tolerance  as measured  by the 96-hr  LC50.   Acclimation is  essentially com-
pletely acquired during one  week of zinc exposure and is.lost within one week
if the zinc exposure ends.  Liver metallothionien levels were always higher in
acclimated  fish  than  in  controls  at  each  test.   However,  metallothionien
levels were not quantitatively related to 96-hr LC50 values.  Zinc acclimation
also  produced about  a  4-fold increase in  tolerance  to copper  and cadmium.

                                       39

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Publications:

1.   Copies  of  the water  quality  criterion  for  dissolved oxygen  may  be
     requested from the Office of Water Regulations and Standards.

Project Manager:   Gary A. Chapman, FTS 420-4876
                                       40

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:   Freshwater  Sediment   Quality  Criteria  for Toxic  Pollutants
                (ARB1A/11)

Project Objectives:

To  determine  the  biological  significance  of  sediment  toxicants  and  to
recommend methods for assessing their biological effects.

Output Status:

1.   Output:  Critical  analysis of contaminated  sediment  effects  on aquatic
     ecosystems and assessment methods (04/83).

     Status:  An  oral  presentation was prepared for the  April  ASTM Symposium
     on Aquatic Toxicology.   The  presentation included an introduction to the
     general  biological  significance  of  sediment  toxicants,  methods  for
     screening sediments  for  acute toxicity,  and the bioavailability of heavy
     metals  in  sediments as  determined  by spiking  with cadmium  and copper.
     Written  material  will  be  incorporated into outputs  2, 3,  and 4 rather
     than published separately.

2.   Output:   A  project  report  recommending  acute  toxicity  methods  for
     assessing the effects of contaminated sediments (09/83).

     Status:   On  schedule,  including  an  extramural  project  report  from
     University of California, Davis (due 06/83), evaluating sediment bioassay
     methods using a different set of test animals than CERL.

3.   Output:  Journal  articles addressing  the  biological  effects  of contam-
     inated  sediments  in the  laboratory and field  and  also whether sediment
     criteria are warranted (09/83).

     Status:  On schedule.  Three draft journal articles have been prepared to
     date.

4.   Output:   Procedures for spiking  sediments  with  known contaminants  to
     determine toxic levels (09/83).

     Status:  On schedule.  Two papers prepared and under review.

Findings:

A local sediment  containing 5% organic matter and consisting of 15% sand, 29%
silt,  and 56% clay  was spiked with  different concentrations  of cadmium and
then  tested  with Daphnia  rnagna  to  determine  LC50  concentrations  in  the
sediment.   In two separate tests, LC50 values (48-h tests)  ranged from 430-540
mg  Cd/kg  sediment  (dry  weight).   Natural  background  levels  of  cadmium  in

                                       41

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sediment  are  usually much  less  than  5 mg/kg.   The results  suggest  that,  for
this  sediment  type, the  sediment-bound  cadmium was not  available  to Daphm'a
magna.  Similar tests  are being conducted with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus
tentans,  both  benthic  organisms,  to  compare  their sensitivities to Daphnia
magna.
Publications:
Two draft journal  articles in review:
Toxicity of Copper-Spiked Sediments to Freshwater Invertebrates
The Toxic Effect  of Cadmium-Contaminated Sediment Slurries Upon Daphnia magna
Project Manager:   Jack H.  Gakstatter,  FTS 420-4611
                                       42

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:   Methods  for   Evaluating  Biointegrity  and Use  Attainability
                (ARB1A/12)

Project Objectives:

To develop and evaluate new methods for assessing use attainability in aquatic
ecosystems.   Current  research  focuses on:   (1)  developing  methods  for deter-
mining  potential  attainability  using an  approach which  identifies  regional
patterns  in  aquatic  ecosystems  in  selected  states  (Ohio  and Oregon);  (2)
examining  the  utility  of fish  communities to measure the integrity of aquatic
ecosystems;  (3)  developing a computerized  system  for estimating  expected
aquatic  communities  given environmental  characteristics;  (4) developing  a
research  plan  for physical  habitat  assessment and  characterizing   uses  in
biological terms.

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Provide  technical  backup  and  amplification  for  guidelines
     supporting new Water Quality Regulations (continuing).

     Status:  At the request of the Criteria and Standards Division (CSD), two
     draft  chapters  were written  to be included  in CSD's  guidance  document
     written  to support the proposed Water Quality Regulations.  The chapters
     CERL  submitted were (a) Riparian Zone Characterization and (b) Approaches
     for Establishing Reference Sites.

2.   Output:   Reports  on regional  use attainability approaches  for  Ohio and
     Oregon (09/83, 09/84, 09/85).

     Status:   110  final  stream sites have been  selected in Ohio:   55 will be
     sampled in 1983, 55 in 1984.  For Oregon, the Willamette Valley 1982 fish
     and  macroinvertebrate data  have  been  computerized.    A computer  data
     screen has  been developed  for computer entry of  Oregon fish collection
     records  (Oregon  State University  cooperative agreement).   09/83 report
     will evaluate, in a preliminary way, the results obbtained to that point.

3.   Output:   Report   on   biomonitoring  methods  for  assessing  biological
     integrity of freshwater systems (09/84).

     Status:   Scheduled report delayed  to 02/85 because  it  has  taken longer
     than  anticipated  to  develop  cooperative  agreement  with University of
     Illinois  and  to  obtain review of that  proposal.   Funding package should
     be  ready for submission  to  ORD and GAD by 04/30..  A second cooperative
     agreement  (2-year) to develop a computerized method to evaluate habitat
     requirements  of  freshwater  fish  (Univeristy of Notre Dame),  which will
     partially  satisfy this output,  will  also  be ready  for ORD and GAD by
     04/30.

Project Manager:  Phil  Larsen,  FTS 420-4877

                                       43

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  System Level Effects (CUL1A/34)

Project Objectives:

To determine  the  processes  which influence productivity and stability of eco-
systems that  are  most likely to be affected by toxic chemicals and design and
evaluate  tests which  could be  used  to  incorporate ecosystem  processes  and
functions in hazard evaluation schemes.

Output Status:

1.   Output:  Criteria for judging the usefulness and validity of test results
     in freshwater system level effects (12/84).

     Status:   Rescheduled to  12/85.   Work will not begin on this output until
     FY84  because we  reprogrammed funds  to complete  the  third year  of  the
     atrazine experimental pond study.

2.   Output:   Improved  system  level  process  tests  to   indicate  potential
     effects of chemicals in freshwaters at the systems level (12/85).

     Status:  Rescheduled to 12/86.  Work will not begin until FY84 because we
     programmed funds  to complete the third year of the atrazine experimental
     pond study.

Project Manager:  Phil Larsen, FTS 420-4877
                                       44

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:   Validation:   Aquatic  Hazard Assessment  Methods  (CUL1A/35)

Project Objectives:

To compare  laboratory and  field  responses  to the same chemicals  in  order to
assess the accuracy  of  laboratory assays.   This is being accomplished through
two  lab-to-field comparisons  using  single species  assays, microcosms,  and
experimental   ponds.   Most of  the single species and microcosm work  is  being
conducted at CERL; the experimental ponds are located in Kansas (University of
Kansas) and Missouri (U.S. Department of Fish and Wildlife).

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Report on comparison of single species and microcosm tests  using
     atrazine (04/83).

     Status:   The  output date  was changed  last  quarter to  07/83 because of
     delays  in  data  processing.   Results  will  be  presented   at  an  AIBS
     symposium  in August which  will  address  lab-to-field   comparisons;  the
     proceedings of this symposium will be published.

2.   Output:   Report  comparing atrazine perturbed microcosms  and  field  ponds
     (04/84).

     Status:   The third year continuation proposal for the pond study has been
     submitted;  review  and paper  work will  probably  require 2-3  months  for
     funding.   The  lab  work  is  mainly  complete and  being written  up (see
     output #1).  Funds  were  reprogrammed from the  PD  "System Level  Effects"
     because  of  CERL  and OTS interest  in funding completion of this project.

3.   Output:    Report  describing  freshwater  pond  ecosystems  response  to
     fluorene (10/83).

     Status:   Field  work is complete;  data  processing  is  progressing reason-
     ably well.   Results will  be presented at the AIBS lab to field symposium
     in August; the proceedings of this symposium will be published.

4.   Output:    Report  comparing  single  species  and  microcosm   tests  using
     fluorene (04/84).

     Status:    Rescheduled  from 10/83.   Laboratory work  has  been initiated
     slower  than anticipated.   Single  species  range  finding  bioassays have
     been conducted, but microcosm experiments have  not begun.

5.   Output:   Report  comparing laboratory test results and pond results using
     fluorene (10/84).


                                       45

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     Status:  See items (3) and (4) for status.   At present it does not appear
     that this date will slip.

Project Manager:  Phil Larsen, FTS 420-4877
                                       46

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Environmental Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation (Photobiology)
                (CML1A/44)

Project Objectives:

To develop information and data base sufficient for understanding the possible
environmental effects of enhanced solar UV-B radiation resulting from strato-
spheric ozone depletion due to chlorofluorocarbon emissions to the atmosphere.

Output Status:

1.   Output:   Report  on UV-B  effects  on natural plant  communities,  young of
     marine species, and maize (06/83).

     Status:    This  report  will  be  based  on  three progress  reports  from
     cooperative agreements.   The progress  reports  are due 05/83.   The report
     on maize has arrived.   The  other  two  are in final  draft  form,  and the
     Project Managers promise them by the end of 05/83.

2.   Output:   Report  on  UV-B effects on yield of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans,
     and citrus (02/83).

     Status:   Completed 11/82.
         ""'                               *»

3.   Output:   Report on UV-B effects on soybeans (11/83).

     Status:   Cooperative  agreements  are in place and work  is on schedule at
     the University of Maryland and at the University of Florida.

4.   Output:   Report on UV-B effects on photosynthetic inhibition and acclima-
     tion (03/83).

     Status:   Completed 02/83.

5.   Output:   Report on UV-B effects on zooplankton (10/82).

     Status:   Completed 10/82.

Findings:

Preliminary  results  of  the  1982 field  season became  available  during this
quarter.

0    Biological Findings:  Dose-response experiments  on  soybeans indicate that
     a  16% decrease  in  stratospheric ozone  may lead  to an 8%  decrease in
     soybean  yield (a  pool  of five  different  cultivars).   Determination of


                                       47

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     broad-band action spectra of photoinhibition in soybeans shows them to be
     sensitive  to  enhanced levels  of UV-B radiation which  might result from
     stratospheric ozone depletion.

0    Economic Findings:  Not to be determined in current objectives.

Publications:

Robberecht,  R., and  M.  M.  Caldwell.  Protective Mechanisms and Acclimation to
Solar Ultraviolet-B  Radiation in  Oenothera stricta.   Accepted  by Plant Cell
and Environment (01/83).

Teramura, A. H., M. Tevini, and W.  Iwanzik.  Effects of Ultraviolet-B Irradia-
tion  on Plants  During Mild  Water Stress.  II.  Effects on  Diurnal  Stomatal
Resistance.  Accepted by Physiologia Plantarum (01/83).

Worrest,  R.  C.   Impact of  Solar  Ultraviolet-B  Radiation  (290-320  nm) Upon
Marine Miccroalgae.  Accepted by Physiologia Plantarum  (01/83).

Gold, W.  G., and  M.  M.  Caldwell.   The Effects of  Ultraviolet-B Radiation on
Plant   Competition  in  Terrestrial   Ecosystems.    Accepted  by  Physiologia
Plantarum (01/83).

Teramura,  A. H.   The  Effects  of  Ultraviolet-B  Radiation  on the  Growth and
Yield of Crops.   Accepted by Physiologia Plantarum (02/83).

Worrest,  R.  C.   Ecological   and  Nonhuman  Effects   of  Solar  UV-B Radiation.
Accepted by  Proceedings of Indo-US Workshop on Global  Ozone Problems (ed. , A.
P. Mitra) (02/83).

Caldwell, M. M.  , R. Robberecht, and S. D.  Flint.  Internal Filters:  Prospects
for  UV-Acclimation  in  Higher  Plants.    Accepted   by   Physiologia  Plantarum
(03/83).

Warner,  C.  W. ,  and M.  M.  Caldwell.   Influence of Photon  Flux Density in the
400-700  nm  Waveband  on Inhibition of  Photosynthesis   by  UV-B  (280-320 nm)
Irradiation  in  Soybean Leaves:   Separation of Indirect and  Immediate Effects.
Accepted by  Photochemistry and Photobiology (03/83).

Project Manager:   Norman R. Glass, FTS 420-4671
                                       48

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Wetland  Boundary  Delineation (Carryover from FY82) (ARB1A/11)

Project Objectives:

To evaluate wetland physical, chemical, and biological data to determine which
characteristics best define  a  wetland and the transition boundary between the
upland and wetland.  This  information is needed  for  decisions  in issuing 404
Dredge and Fill Permits.

Output Status:

1.   Output:    Final  report  (draft)  for  EPA  Contract  CI 79-0503,  "Role and
     Function  of  Small  Isolated  Wetlands  and  Intermittent Streams,"  Keith
     MacDonald, Woodward-Clyde  Consultants, San  Diego,  California.   March 7,
     1983.

     Status:    The  final  documentation of peer reviewed  publications has been
     received from Woodward-Clyde.  See publications.

2.   Output:    Project  summary  for  EPA  project  R806079,  "The  Role  of Black
     Mangrove  Forests  in the Productivity  of  Coastal  Ecosystems  in Southwest
     Florida."  February 4, 1983.

     Status:   The  project  summary to be processed  in  the EPA Project Summary
     format (08/83).

3.   Output:    Inhouse  manuscript  describing  vegetation  and  environmental
     factor  relationships  in  freshwater wetlands.   It  will be  submitted to
     Journal  of Environmental Management (09/83).

     Status:   Rough draft completed.

Findings:

The  inhouse  manuscript is entitled  "Vegetative  and Environmental Analysis of
Two  Oregon  Freshwater Wetlands."   It is currently undergoing  revision.  The
results  indicate   environmental  data  clump and  change  seasonally  suggesting
their use  in  wetland definition and boundary delineation.  The data, however,
appear more difficult to interpret than vegetative  information.   A correlation
between the two  data sets found minimal relationship.   It may be necessary to
consider the  environmental  and vegetation data sets independently when making
the boundary and wetland determinations.
                                       49

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Publications:

1.   "Behavior Adaptations to  Spatially Intermittent Streams by Longfin Dace,
     Agosia  chrysogaster  (Cyprinidae)" by  Michael  Busdosh.  To  be published
     mid-May 1983  in  Proceedings,  1981 Vernal Pools Symposium (Peter B. Moyle
     and S. Jain, editors), University of California, Davis.

2.   "Small Mammal Utilization  of  Vernal  Pools, San Diego County, California"
     by Ted  Winfield,  Tim Cass, and Keith MacDonald.  To be published mid-May
     1983  in Proceedings,  1981  Vernal  Pools Symposium  (Peter B.  Moyle and S.
     Jain, editors),  University of California, Davis.

3.   "Macroinvertebrate  Distribution  Among Some  Southern  California  Vernal
     Pools" by Betty Dehoney and Donald LaVigne.  To be published mid-May 1983
     in Proceedings,  1981  Vernal  Pools Symposium (Peter B. Moyle and S. Jain,
     editors),  University of California, Davis.

Project Manager:   Bill Sanville, FTS 420-4764
                                       50

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                            PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
                  Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
                      Office of Research and Development
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                March 31, 1983

Project Title:  Cold Climate Research

Project Objectives:

In past years,  the  Cold Climate program has been concerned with air pollution
(primarily CO) in Anchorage and Fairbanks.   Because of this past interest,  and
the projects  which  were funded to investigate various aspects of air quality,
meteorology, and automobile emissions, air pollution research is no longer  the
only  high  priority  concern  in Alaska —  water quality,  air pollution, con-
struction  (gravel   removal,  habitat  disruption),  and  other consequences  of
natural  resource  development,  have become  of  major  concern  in the  region.
Since  many  projects dealing with air quality (high CO  problems)  were  funded
and completed,  new  priority concerns  have emerged and  will  be covered by  the
research program.

In FY83, the Cold Climate program has as its major objectives:

0    The  understanding  of the   fate,  transport,  and  effect   of  pollutants
     associated with petroleum development  in cold environments, particularly
     in the  North   Slope  area  and  in  pipeline, pumping,  and transfer  facil-
     ities.

0    The  understanding  of the   fate,  transport,  and  effect   of  pollutants
     associated  with  various  mining  activities  such as  placer mining  for
     previous metals and other minerals, and strip mining.

0    The  understanding  of the   fate,  transport,  and  effect   of  pollutants
     associated with human population growth, development,  and construction in
     population  centers,   particularly  Anchorage,   Fairbanks,  and  Juneau.
     Because  of rapid  population  growth  from  resource development and  the
     unique  climatic  and  meteorological  conditions,  we  are  interested  in
     criteria and  other air pollutants, hydrocarbons  in  water, and  how  the
     behavior of these other pollutants is affected in cold regions.

These general objectives are being addressed (when subcontracts are issued  and
implemented) by three individual projects:

0    Impact of oil  development upon coastal tundra wetlands.

0    Ecosystem impacts of placer mining.

0    Literature review,  assessment of  the  state of the art and knowledge of
     the  toxicology,  fate and  effects  of petroleum  hydrocarbons  in  oiled
     waters.  This  assessment will  be  followed  by  a determination  of  what
     detailed research  still  needs  to  be  completed  in order  to adequately
     permit applications.


                                       51

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Output Status:

1.   Output:   Research  planning study  to  determine  cold climate  research
     priority  needs.   Battelle  PNL  completed  the study in  09/82.   The study
     was performed because of EPA need to change the focus of the Cold Climate
     program  from  one  dedicated  to  looking  at  CO  and  auto emissions  in
     Anchorage  and  Fairbanks  to  encompass  a  more  broadly  based  program
     oriented  toward  the effects  of pollutants which  result from  natural
     resource development.

     Status:  Final report available 07/83.

2.   Output:   Mobile  Emissions Testing Facility  (METFAC) report on  the types
     and  amount of  auto emissions  of CO and  other criteria  air  pollutants
     which result from Alaskan driving conditions and auto use patterns.  This
     study,  along  with the  development  of  a  meteorology model suitable  for
     Anchorage and  Fairbanks,,  provides the inputs for an air quality modeling
     effort  aimed  at  simulating air quality in cold, stable air masses in the
     two  major urban  centers of Alaska in order  to  evaluate  different  air
     quality management strategies.

     Status:   Final  report  due  from  Alaska  Department  of  Environmental
     Conservation 06/83.

3.   Output:   Final  report  on solid waste disposal practices in rural Alaska,
     including recommendations  for  improving waste management and disposal in
     remote  locations  and   villages   for  which  conventional   waste  disposal
     methods  are  not workable.   This report covers work done  under the Cold
     Climate  program  prior  to  the  completion of  the  research  planning study
     mentioned  in  #1  but which  has been delayed.   The  report lists 10 recom-
     mendations for improving solid waste management in rural areas of Alaska.

     Status:  Final report due from University of Alaska 07/83.

Publications:

A list of 12 journal articles and 71 Official Working Papers developed in past
years is available.

Project Manager:  Norman R.  Glass, FTS 420-4671
                                       52

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           APPENDIX A

        PUBLICATION LIST
October 1, 1982 - March 31, 1983
                53

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                      Manuscripts In Press (CERL Authors)

Baker,  R.  J.,  M.   D.  Knittel,  and J.  L.  Fryer.   Susceptibility  of Chinook
     Salmon  (Oncorhynchus  tshawytscha  Walbaum)  and  Rainbow  Trout  (Salmo
     gairdneri  Richardson) "to  Infection  with  Vibrio Anguillarum following
     Sublethal Copper Exposure.  Journal of Fish Diseases.

Burns,  Walter  F.,   and  David T.  Tingey.  GC/MS  Analysis  of Biogenic Volatile
     Hydrocarbons  on a  Chemically  Bonded  Fused  Silica  Column.   Journal  of
     Chromatographic Science.

Davis,  Michael  W.,  and Henry  Lee,  II.   Recolonization of Sediment-Associated
     Microalgae  and Effects  of  Estuarine  Infauna on  Microalgal  Production.
     Marine Ecology Progress Series.

Dutka,  B.  J. ,  N.  Nyholm, and J.  Peterson.   Comparison of Several Microbiolog-
     ical Toxicity Screening Tests.  Water Research.

Gile, Jay D.   Relative Airborne Losses of Commercial 2,4-D Formulations From a
     Simulated  Wheat  Field.   Archives  of  Environmental   Contamination  and
     Toxicology.

Gile, Jay  D.   2,4-D -- Its  Distribution and  Effects  in a Ryegrass Ecosystem.
     Journal  of Environmental Quality.

Gillett, James  W. ,  Loren  K.  Russell, and Jay  D.  Gile.   Predator-Prey (Vole-
     Cricket)  Interactions:   The Effects  of  Wood  Preservatives.   Journal  of
     Environmental  Toxicology and Chemistry.

Gillett, James  W. ,  Martin D. Knittel,  Eva  Jolma,  and Roger Colombe.  Applic-
     ability of Microbial  Toxicity Assays to Assessment Problems.  Journal of
     Environmental  Toxicology and Chemistry.

Hogsett, W.  E. ,  S. R.  Holrnan,  M.  L.  Gumpertz,  and D. T.  Tingey.   Growth
     Response  in  Radish to  Sequential and Simultaneous  Exposures  of N02 and
     S02.  Environmental Pollution.

Johnson, Steven C., Gary  A.  Chapman, and  Donald  G.  Stevens.   Sensitivity of
     Steel head  Trout Embryos  to  Handling.   The  Progressive Fish-Culturist.

Lighthart,  B. ,  John Bahm,  and V. V.  Volk.   Effects of Chemical Speciation of
     Toxic Metals on Microbial Respiration in Metal-Amended  Soils.  Journal of
     Environmental  Quality.

Male, Larry M., Eric Preston, and Grady Neely.   Yield  Response Curves of Crops
     Exposed to S02 Time Series.  Atmospheric Environment.

Malueg,  K.  W. , G.  S.  Schuytema,  J.  H. Gakstatter,  and  D.  F.  Krawczyk.   The
     Effect  of  Hexagenia  on  Daphm'a  Response  in  Sediment  Toxicity Tests.
     Journal  of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.

Nebeker, Alan  V.,  Chris  K.  McAuliffe, Roger  Mshar, and  Donald  G. Stevens.
     Toxicity of Silver to Steelhead  and  Rainbow  Trout,  Fathead Minnows, and
     Daphm'a magna.  Journal of Environmental Toxicology  and Chemistry.
                                       54

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Nebeker,  Alan  V.,  Joel  K.   McCrady,  Roger  Mshar,  and  Chris  K.  McAuliffe.
     Relative Sensitivity of Daphnia magna, Rainbow Trout, and Fathead Minnows
     to Endosulfan.   Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.

Nebeker, Alan V., Phillip McKinney, and Michael A. Cairns.  Acute and Chronic
     Effects of  Dimilin  (Diflubenzuron)  on Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates.
     Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.

Omernik, James M., and Andrew J. Kinney.   An Improved Technique for Estimating
     Mean Depth of Lakes.  Water Research.

Ozretich, R. J., R.  C. Randall, B. L. Boese, W. P. Schroeder, and J. R. Smith.
     Acute  Toxicity  of  Butylbenzyl Phthalate to Shiner  Perch (Cymatogaster
     aggregata).   Archives  of  Environmental   Contamination  and  Toxicology.

Peterson,  Spencer A.    Sediment  Removal.   IN Lake  Restoration.   Ann  Arbor
     Press.

Rodecap,  Kent D.,  and  David T.  Tingey.   The Influence  of Light  on Ozone-
     Induced  1-Aminocyclopropane-l-Carboxylic  Acid  and   Ethylene  Production
     From Intact Plants.   Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie.

Taylor,  G.  E.,  Jr.,  and D.  T.  Tingey.   Sulfur  Dioxide   Flux  into Leaves of
     Geranium  carolinianum  L.:   Evidence  for  a  Non-Stomatal  or  Residual
     Resistance.  Plant Physiology.

Wickliff, Carlos, V.  V.  Volk, David T.  Tingey, William L. Griffis, Marita Y.
     Trunk,  and  Jack  L.  Witherow.   Response  of  Tall   Fescue,  Bush Bean, and
     Corn to Chrome Tannery Sludge in Soils.   Environmental Pollution.

Worrest,  R.  C.   Impact  of  Solar  Ultraviolet-B  Radiation (290-320  nm) upon
     Marine Microalgae.  Physiologia Plantarum.
                                       55

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                      Journal Reprints Received (Inhouse)

Burns, Walter  F.,  David T.  Tingey, and Rosemary C. Evans.  Effect of Water on
     Retention  Time on  a  Fused  Silica Column.   Journal of  High Resolution
     Chromatography and Chromatography Communications 5:504-505, 1982.

Bauer,  H.,  M.  M.  Caldwell, M. Tevini,  and  R.  C. Worrest,  eds.   Biological
     Effects  of UV-B Radiation.   Proceedings of  a  Workshop  held  in Munich-
     Neuherberg,  May  25-27,  1982.   Sponsored  by  the German  Ministry  of
     Research  and  Technology  and  the  U.S.   Environmental  Protection Agency.

Cairns,  Michael A.,  and  Alan  V.  Nebeker.    Toxicity  of  Acenaphthene  and
     Isophorone to Early Life Stages of Fathead Minnows.  Archives o_f Environ-
     mental Contamination and Toxicology 11:703-707, 1982.

Callaway, Richard  J., and  David T. Specht.   Dissolved  Silicon in the Yaquina
     Estuary, Oregon.  Estuarine.  Coastal. and Shelf Science 15:561-567, 1982.

Evans, Rosemary C.,  David  T. Tingey, Marcia  L. Gumpertz, and Walter F. Burns.
     Estimates   of  Isoprene  and  Monoterpene   Emission  Rates   in  Plants.
     Botanical Gazette 143(3):304-310, 1982.

Giattina,  J.  D.,  and  R.  R.  Garton.   A  Review  of  the Preference-Avoidance
     Responses  of  Fishes to Aquatic  Contaminants.   Residue Reviews 87:44-90,
     1983.

Hughes,  R.  M.,  and  J.  M.  Omernik.  An  Alternative  for Characterizing Stream
     Size.   pp.  807-101 IN Dynamics of  Lotic Ecosystems. Thomas  D.  Fontaine,
     III, and Steven M.  Bartell, eds.  Ann Arbor Science, 1983.

Hughes,  Robert  M., and  James  M.   Omernik.   A  Proposed  Approach  to Determine
     Regional  Patterns  in  Aquatic Ecosystems,  pp.  98-102  IN Acquisition and
     Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information (Neil B. Armantrout,
     ed.).    Proceedings of  a  Symposium  held 28-30 October,  1981,  Portland,
     Oregon.  Western Division, American Fisheries Society.

McFarlane,   Craig.    Measurement  and  Reporting Guidelines  for  Plant Growth
     Chamber  Environment.   Letter to the  Editor  with  table specifying guide-
     lines.  Journal of Environmental Quality 11(4):719-720, 1982.

Male,  Larry M.   An Experimental Method  for Predicting  Plant Yield Respone to
     Pollution  Time Series.   Atmospheric Environment  16(9):2247-2252, 1982.

Omernik, James  M., and  Charles F. Powers.  Total  Alkalinity of Surface Waters
     —  A  National Map.   Annals  of  the Association of American Geographers
     73(1):133-136, 1983.

Peterson, Spencer  A., and  R. J. Johnson.  Lake Restoration in the U.S.A.  p.
     172-184  IH Role  of Water iji Urban Ecology. H. Hengeveld  and C. De Vocht,
     eds.   Elsevier  Scientific  Publishing   Company,  The  Netherlands, 1982.

Rogers,  Robert  D., and  James C. McFarlane.   Hydrogen  Oxidation in Soils as  a
     Possible   Toxic-Effects  Indicator.   Journal  of   Environmental   Quality
     11(3):364-368, 1982.

                                       56

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Swartz,  R.  C.,  W.   A.  DeBen,  K.  A.  Sercu,  and  J. 0.  Lamberson.   Sediment
     Toxicity   and   the  Distribution  of   Amphipods   in  Commencement  Bay,
     Washington, USA.  Marine Pollution Bulletin 13(10):359-364, 1982.

Tingey,  David  T.,  Gail L.  Thutt,  Marcia  L.  Gumpertz,  and  William Hogsett.
     Plant Water Status Influences Ozone Sensitivity of Bean Plants.  Agricul-
     ture and Environment 7:243-254, 1982.
                                        57

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                            Extramural Publications

Anonymous.  EPA  Field  Guide for Scientific Support Activities Associated with
     Superfund Emergency Response.  Pacific Northwest Laboratory, operated for
     the  U.S.  Department  of Energy  by  Battelle Memorial  Institute.   Users'
     Guide (L. C. Raniere, Project Officer).

Bouwes,  Nicolaas W.,  and Lowell Klessig.   Socioeconomic  Impact Evaluation of
     Lake  Improvement  Projects  and  Lake  Management Guidelines.   Center for
     Resource Policy Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison.  Final Project
     Report (Ronald Garton, Project Officer).

Brezonik,  Patrick L.,  Charles  D.  Hendry,  Jr.,  Eric  S.  Edgerton,  Randy L.
     Schulze,  and Thomas  L.  Crisman.   Acidity,  Nutrients,   and  Minerals in
     Atmospheric Precipitation Over Florida:  Deposition Patterns, Mechanisms,
     and  Ecological  Effects.   University  of  Florida,  Gainesville.   Final
     Project Report (Charles Powers, Project Officer).

Caldwell, M.  M., W.  G. Gold, G.  Harris,  and C.  W. Ashurst.  A Modulated Lamp
     System for  Solar  UV-B (280-320 nm) Supplementation Studies in the Field.
     Photochemistry  and  Photobiology,   in press  (Norman  R.   Glass,  Project
     Officer).

Caldwell, M. M., R.  Robberecht, and S. D.  Flint.   Internal Filters:  Prospects
     of  UV-Acclimation  in  Higher  Plants.   Physiologia Plantarum,  in press.
     (Norman R.  Glass, Project Officer).

Dinnel,  P.  A.,  Q.  J.  Stober,  S.  C.  Crumley,  and R. E. Makatani.  Development
     of  a Sperm Cell  Toxicity Test for Marine Waters,  pp.  82-98 IN Aquatic
     Toxicology  and  Hazard Assessment:   Fifth Conference.  ASTM STP 776.  J.
     G.  Pearson, R.  B.  Foster,  and W.  E.  Bishop,  eds.,  American Society for
     Testing and Materials, 1982 (Richard  Swartz, Project Officer).

Fink,  Robert.   Evaluation  of  the Effects  of  Chemical  Carriers on Avian LC50
     Toxicity  Tests.   Wildlife  International,  Ltd.   Response  Report to EPA,
     Office of Toxic Substances (Jay Gile,  Project Officer).

Gammon,  R.  James,  Michael  D.  Johnson,  Charles  E.  Mays, David  A.  Schiappa,
     William  L.  Fisher, and  Bradley L.   Pearman.   Effects of Agriculture on
     Stream   Fauna   in  Central   Indiana.   DePauw  University,  Greencastle,
     Indiana.  Final Project Report (Albert Katko, Project Officer).

Garrison, Paul,  and Douglas R. Knauer.  Lake Restoration:  A Five-Year Evalua-
     tion  of  the  Mirror  and  Shadow  Lakes  Project,  Waupaca,  Wisconsin.
     Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison.  Final  Project Report
     (S. A. Peterson, Project Officer).

Gold,  Warren  G.,  and  Martyn  M.  Caldwell.   The  Effects of Ultraviolet-B
     Radiation  on Plant  Competition  in  Terrestrial  Ecosystems.  Physiologia
     Plantarum.  in press (Norman R. Glass,  Project Officer).
                                       58

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Goodman,  Erik D., Matt  Zabik,  Jeffrey  J.  Jenkins, Robert  M.  Kon,  Renate M.
     Snider.  Ecosystem Responses to Alternative Pesticides in the Terrestrial
     Environment:   A  System  Approach.    Michigan  State  University,  East
     Lansing.  Final Project Report (Jay Gile, Project Officer).

Hawkins,  Charles  P.,  Michael  L.  Murphy,  and  N.  H.  Anderson.  Effects  of
     Canopy,  Substrate  Composition,  and  Gradient on  the  Structure  of.Macro-
     invertebrate  Communities  in  Cascade  Range Streams of  Oregon.   Ecology
     63(6):1840-1856, 1982 (Kenneth Malueg, Project Officer).

Hunter, John  E.,  Sandor  E.  Kaupp, and John H.  Taylor.  Assessment of Effects
     of UV  Radiation  on  Marine Fish Larvae,  pp. 459-497 IN The Role of Solar
     Ultraviolet  Radiation  in  Marine Ecosystems.  John Calkins,  ed.   Plenum
     Publishing Corporation,"1982 (Robert Worrest, Project Officer).

James, R.  L. ,  and F.  W.  Cobb, Jr.   Variability  in Virulence of Heterobasidion
     annosum Isolates from Ponderosa and Jeffrey Pine in Areas of High and Low
     Photochemical  Air  Pollution.   Plant  Disease  66(9):835-837, 1982  (Ray
     Wilhour, Project Officer).

James, R.  L.,  F.  W.  Cobb, Jr., and  J.  R.   Parmeter, Jr.   Effects  of  Ozone on
     Sporulation,  Spore   Germination,  and  Growth  of  Fomes  annosus.   Phyto-
     pathology 72(9):1205-1208, 1982 (Ray Wilhour, Project Officer).

James, R.  L.,  F.  W.  Cobb, P.  R.  Miller, and J.  R.  Parmeter,  Jr.   Effects of
     Oxidant Air  Pollution  on Susceptibility of  Pine  Roots  to Fomes  annosus.
     Phytopathology 70(6):560-563, 1982 (Ray Wilhour, Project Officer).

James, R.  L., F.  W.  Cobb,  Jr., W.  W.  Wilcox,  and D.  L.  Rowney.   Effects of
     Photochemical Oxidant  Injury  of Ponderosa  and Jeffrey Pines on Suscepti-
     bility  of  Sapwood and  Freshly  Cut Stumps  to  Fomes annosus.   Phytopath-
     ology 70(8):704-708, 1980  (Ray Wilhour, Project Officer).

Karr, James  R.,  Louis  A.  Toth, and Gayle D. Garman.  Habitat Preservation for
     Midwest  Stream   Fishes,  Principles   and  Guidelines.    University  of
     Illinois, Champaign.   Final  Project Report  (Gerald S. Schuytema, Project
     Officer).

McLaughlin,  John  J.  A.,  M.  P.  Brown,  G.  S.   Kleppel,  R.  J.  Ingram,  W.  B.
     Samuels,  K.   F.  Bel ton,  and  P.  F.  Roscigno.   Primary  Productivity and
     Related  Processes  in New  York  Harbor,  as Reflective  of  Changing Water
     Quality.   Fordham University,  Armonk,  New York.  Final  Project Report
     (Charles F. Powers,  Project Officer).

Mearns, Alan  J.,  and Jack  Q.  Ward.   Forecasting Effects  of Sewage  Solids on
     Marine Benthic Communities,  pp. 405-512 IN  Ecological Stress and the New
     York Bight:   Science and Management, G. F.  Mayer, ed.  Estuarine Research
     Federation,   Columbia,   South  Carolina,  1982  (R.  C.  Swartz,  Project
     Officer).

Porcella, D.  B.   Protocol for  Bioassessment  of  Hazardous  Waste Sites.  Tetra
     Tech,  Inc.   Application  Guide (W. E.  Miller and  S. A.  Peterson,  Project
     Officers).

                                       59

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Robberecht,  Ronald,  and  Martyn  M.  Caldwell.   Protective  Mechanisms  and
     Acclimation to Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation in Oenothera stricta.  Plant
     Cell and Environment, in press (Norman R.  Glass, Project Officer).

Runke, Henry M.,  and Joseph Shapiro.  The Current  Status  of Water Quality in
     Long, Johanna,  and Josephine  Lakes  —  A Summary Report  on  the Detailed
     Evaluation Study  of the  Long Lake  Chain  of Lakes Improvement Project.
     University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis.    Final  Project  Report  (K.  W.
     Malueg, Project Officer).

Schlosser, Isaac J.   Fish Community Structure and  Function  Along Two Habitat
     Gradients  in  a Headwater  Stream.    Ecological  Monographs 54(2):295-414,
     1982 (Gerald Schuytema, Project Officer).

Shapiro,  Joseph,  Bruce Forsberg,  Vincent Lamarra,  Gunilla  Lindmark,  Michael
     Lynch, Eric  Smeltzer,  and  George  Zoto.    Experiments and Experiences in
     Biomanipulation --  Studies  of Biological  Ways  to Reduce  Algal  Abundance
     and Eliminate Blue-Greens.  University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Charles
     Powers, Project Officer).

Sutherland, Ronald J.  A Regional Recreation Demand and Benefits Model.  Final
     Project  Report (Jack  Gakstatter,  Project  Officer;  also issued by Los
     Alamos National Laboratory LA-9699MS).

Sutherland, Ronald  J.   The  Sensitivity of Travel Cost Estimates of Recreation
     Demand to  the Functional  Form and  Definition  of Origin  Zones.  Western
     Journal of Agricultural Economics, pp. 87-98, July 1982 (Jack Gakstatter,
     Project Officer).

Sutherland, Ronald  J.   A Regional Approach to  Estimating  Recreation Benefits
     of  Improved  Water  Quality.   Journal  of  Environmental  Economics  and
     Management 9:229-247, 1982 (Jack Gakstatter, Project Officer).

Sutherland, Ronald  J.   Recreation Benefits and Displaced Facilities.  Journal
     of   Leisure  Research   14(3):248-262,  1982  (Jack  Gakstatter,  Project
     Officer).

Temple, P. J.,  and  0.  C. Taylor.   Worldwide Ambient Measuremennts of Peroxy-
     acetyl  Nitrate (PAN)  and  Implications  for  Plant Injury.   Atmospheric
     Environment, in press (David T. Tingey, Project Officer).

Teramura, Alan H.   The Amelioration of UV-B Effects on Productivity by Visible
     Radiation.    pp.  367-382  IN  The   Role  of  Solar  Radiation  i_n  Marine
     Ecosystems,  John  Calkins,  ed.   Plenum  Publishing  Corporation,   1982
     (Robert Worrest, Project Oficer).

Trabalka,  John  R.,  and  Charles  T.  Garten,  Jr.   Development of Predictive
     Models for Xenobiotic  Bioaccumulation in Terrestrial  Ecosystems.   Oak
     Ridge  National Laboratory,  Oak  Ridge,  Tennessee.   ORNL-5869  (James W.
     Gillett,  Project Officer).

Welch,  E.  B.,  J.  P.  Michaud,  and M. A.  Perkins.   Alum  Control of  Internal
     Phosphorus Loading  in a  Shallow Lake.   Water Resources  Bulletin 18(6):
     929-936,  1982  (Spencer A.  Peterson,  Project Officer).

                                       60

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Williamson, Kenneth J.,  and Peter 0. Nelson.  Bacterial  Bioassay for Level I
     Toxicity  Assessment.   Department  of  Civil  Engineering,  Oregon  State
     University,  Corvallis.   Final  Project  Report (David T.  Tingey, Project
     Officer).
                                        61

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