United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Corvallis Environmental
Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT
March 31, 1983
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QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT
March 31, 1983
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CONTENTS
Acid Rain 1
Air Pollution Effects 17
Terrestrial Toxics/Pesticides 19
Superfund/Hazardous Wastes 31
Water Quality — Marine 36
Water Quality — Freshwater 39
Stratospheric Modification/UV-B Effects 47
Cold Climate 51
Appendix A -- Publications List 53
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Quantification of the Extent of Acidification and Sensitivity
(Acid Rain) (CVN1A/51)
Project Objectives:
To compile relevant water quality data for use in assessing the extent of
surface water acidification. Specific objectives are:
0 Identify, quantify, and map the extent and degree of acidification and
sensitivity to acidification of lakes and streams in the United States.
0 Determine past and future trends in the acidification of surface waters.
0 Provide a verified, quality-assured data base from results of national
survey to:
Apply available methodology to predict surface water acidification
based on given deposition rates.
Correlate geographic patterns of surface water sensitivity and
acidification with spatial patterns of climatic, geologic, physio-
graphic, edaphic, and land-use factors.
Output Status:
1. Output: Maps relating to sensitivity and acidification of surface waters
in the United States:
(a) National surface water sensitivity map based on total alkalinity
measurements (09/82).
Status: Published and distributed.
(b) Working and photographic drafts of five detailed regional sensi-
tivity maps based on total alkalinity (09/83).
Status: Working and photographic draft of New York-New England map
completed. Drafts of remaining four in various stages of comple-
tion; next available will be Appalachian-Piedmont region. All maps
will be completed on time.
(c) Working and photographic draft of national map showing areas
actually covered by lakes for quantitative assessment of waters at
risk.
Status: Completed.
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2. Output: Protocol manual on the appropriate parameters, procedures, and
field sampling methodology for assessing the acidification of surface
waters (01/83).
Status: Final draft completed and distributed to participants in survey
and monitoring programs and to numerous peer reviewers.
3. Output: Annual program report to identify sensitive and affected surface
and groundwaters (09/83).
Status: On schedule.
4. Output: Inventory of acidified surface waters and groundwaters; investi-
gate historical trends in water chemistry data indicative of acidifica-
tion (09/83).
Status: On schedule.
5. Output: Interim report on monitoring long-term effects of acidic
deposition on lakes and streams (09/83).
Status: On schedule.
Findings:
Sensitivity maps show that, nationally, sensitive lakes and streams occur
predominantly in New England, the Adirondacks, the Catskills, the Appalachians
(particularly in Pennsylvania and the Southern Blue Ridge Province), in the
Piedmont of the Carolinas and Georgia, and in some of the mountainous regions
of the West. Low alkalinity waters shown for the Gulf states are receiving
further investigation; they appear to be highly organic and are perhaps less
sensitive than initially thought.
Publications:
Total Alkalinity of Surface Waters (color map and text). J. M. Omernik and C.
F. Powers. EPA-600/D-82-333. September 1982.
Project Manager: Charles F. Powers, FTS 420-4684
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Predictive Modeling of Surface Water Acidification (Acid Rain)
(CNV1A/52)
Project Objectives:
To identify and quantify the factors that control the sensitivity of lakes,
streams, and groundwaters to acidic deposition and determine how to predict
aquatic acidification as a function of atmospheric loading rates.
The specific objectives are:
0 Develop empirical time trend models capable of predicting regional
responses to changes in acidic deposition rates;
0 Trace the transport of aluminum and fate in dilute acidified lakes;
0 Clarify aluminum biogeochemistry in forested watersheds exposed to acidic
deposition;
0 Quantify the effects of soil infiltration characteristics on the
chemistry of throughflow to aquatic systems;
0 Develop and apply process models for predicting effects of acidic
deposition on surface water chemistry.
Output Status:
1. Output: Progress report on regression modeling of surface water
acidification (06/83).
Status: In peer review; no delay anticipated.
2. Output: Annual report on regression modeling of surface water acidifica-
tion (09/83).
Status: In final peer review; no delay anticipated.
3. Output: Report on current models of surface water acidification (09/83).
Status: On schedule.
Findings:
No definite findings are available from output #1 or #2 at this time. A
preliminary report available for #3 above indicates that further modeling work
is required to meet NAPAP objectives.
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Publications:
No peer reviewed publications. Preliminary unpublished report exists for
current models of surface water acidification.
Project Manager: M. Robbins Church, FTS 420-4350
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Effects of Acid Rain on Aquatic Biota (Acid Rain) (CVN1A/53)
Project Objectives:
To determine the relationships between surface water acidification and
biological processes, biological populations, and aquatic communities and how
these relationships can be used to predict future biological and ecological
effects.
Three approaches (surveys, laboratory experiments, and field experiments) will
be used to identify and quantify the effects of lake and stream acidification
on aquatic biota. Emphasis is on identifying the effect under acidic or
acidifying conditions, and the impacts on species of economic and recreational
uses, particularly fish. Specific research objectives are:
0 Identify the biological effects of episodic vs. chronic acid loading;
0 Quantify individual and population effects of various levels of hydrogen
ion, aluminum, heavy metals, and anthropogenically-produced organics on
fish and other aquatic biota;
0 Determine the sensitivity of key aquatic species at various life stages,
particularly the early life history stages;
0 Survey the response of aquatic populations, particulary fish, to
sublethal effects of low pH. Geographic emphasis will be in areas
currently receiving acidic precipitation or areas with surface waters
highly sensitive to acidification (Northeast, upper Midwest, Appalachian
Mountains, sections of the Rocky Mountains, the Cascades, and Sierra
Nevada Mountains). This research will contribute to assessment of
resources at risk in those areas.
Output Status:
1. Output: Report on biological effects workshop (08/83).
Status: On schedule.
2. Output: Report on sampling protocol for fish (08/83).
Status: On schedule.
3. Output: Report on acidification effects on Atlantic salmon (05/84).
Status: On schedule.
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4. Output: Report on effects of acid precipitation on the aquatic habitat
and ecology of waterfowl and fish (05/84).
Status: On schedule.
5. Output: Report on effects of benthic algal mat on phosphorus cycling
(10/83).
Status: On schedule.
Findings:
These projects have not been operating long enough to be able to draw any
definite findings, however the early life history stages and reproduction
appear to be the most sensitive to acidification. Population effects are
usually the result of sublethal stress rather than acute toxicity.
Project Manager: David F. Brakke, 206/676-3136
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Aquatic Effects on Human Health (Acid Rain) (CVN1A/54)
Project Objectives:
To integrate acid rain human health research into the federal-wide research
program. MERL-Cincinnati has direct responsibility for investigating the
acidification of drinking water sources and associated human health effects.
A cooperative agreement between MERL-Cincinnati and the New England Water
Works Association, initiated in FY81, has undertaken an assessment of New
England surface and groundwater supplies, relying on analysis of historical
records from water treatment facilities (completed in December 1982). Similar
sampling and analysis are being done in New Jersey Pine Barrens area and
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina Appalachian Mountain
areas (to be complete by July 1983).
A cooperative agreement between MERL-Cincinnati and Syracuse University
involves laboratory and field evaluations of limestone contactors for
mitigating the corrosive characteristics of water. These are appropriate for
individual systems and small water utilities that may have source waters
impacted by acidic precipitation. This work emphasizes control of toxic metal
concentrations.
Output Status:
1. Output: Report on New York-New England water supplies (06/83).
Status: Draft in preparation.
2. Output: Interim report on contactors (07/83).
Status: Work on schedule.
Findings:
The majority of the 108 tap water samples from New York and the New England
states do not exceed EPA's Maximum Contaminant Levels as given in the Primary
Drinking Water Regulations. No sample exceeded the 0.010 mg/1 MCL for
cadmium. The 0.05 mg/1 MCL for lead was exceeded for 7% of the samples. The
secondary MCL for copper (1 mg/1) was exceeded by 29% of the samples.
Research at Syracuse University shows that as acidified water remains in a
limestone contactor for longer periods of time, pH and calcium content
increase and the tendency to dissolve copper piping increases.
Project Manager: Robert T. Lackey, FTS 420-4806
[Gary S. Logsdon — MERL-Cincinnati, FTS 684-7345]
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Development of Mitigation Strategies for Acidified Lakes and
Streams (Acid Rain) (CVN1A/55)
Project Objectives:
To test management procedures and strategies by which lakes and streams can be
temporarily protected from the harmful effects of acidic deposition, acidifi-
cation, and associated metal-ion toxicity. These tests will also evaluate the
potential for rehabilitation of aquatic systems already damaged by acidic
input and will be conducted both where fish populations have been reduced by
acidification and where fish populations are still nearly normal, but under
stress. North American field and laboratory research will focus on a number
of general research objectives:
0 Qualify the impacts of episodic events on fish and fish populations;
0 Quantify the impacts of metal toxicity on fish and fish populations;
0 Determine the optimal time and placement of base additions to restore
aquatic systems;
0 Trace energy flows and nutrient cycles undergoing base addition;
0 Identify short- and long-term effects on chemical and biological para-
meters;
0 Evaluate fish restocking strategies to accompany liming programs.
Specific objectives are:
0 Summarize current practices and techniques for mitigation of acidifica-
tion in surface waters.
0 Analyze existing information and determine priority research in mitiga-
tion techniques.
0 Develop mitigation strategies for preventing or modifying biological
impacts associated with acidification.
0 Conduct field and laboratory tests of strategies in representative
aquatic systems.
0 Develop management documents for interim protection/rehabilitation of
sensitive stream, lake, and wetland habitats.
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Output Status:
1. Output: Technical report on mitigation techniques, applications, and
relationships to biological resources.
Status: Technical report at printer (05/83).
2. Output: Report from an International Workshop on the research issues of
liming.
Status: Final report in press (05/83).
3. Output: Preliminary report on the emplacement of limestone gravel as a
mitigative measure in acidic brook trout lakes.
Status: Laboratory work in progress; field work will begin this summer.
Work was summarized at the annual program review (02/83).
4. Output: Development of proposal for field projects on selected mitiga-
tion strategies, including whole lake liming.
Status: A preproposal for a liming project in the Adirondacks has been
received and reviewed. The project will be coordinated with EPRI work
and a final proposal is expected by the end of April (05/83).
Findings:
It is possible to neutralize acidified lakes, but the effects on long-term
chemistry and short- and long-term biota are not known. The feasibility of
neutralizing streams is less certain as is the effect of stream liming on
chemical or biological parameters.
Publications:
Liming of Acidified Waters: A Review of Methods and Effects on Aquatic
Ecosystems. FWS/OBS-80/40.13. 1983 (April).
The Liming of Acidifed Waters: Issues and Research — Report of the Inter-
national Liming Workshop. FWS/OBS-80/40/14? 1983 (April).
Project Manager: Robert T. Lackey, FTS 420-4806
[R. Kent Schreiber, FTS 925-5354]
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Acid Precipitation/Watersheds -- Effects on Watershed-Level
Integration of Nutrient and Toxic Element Releases (CVN1A/56)
Project Objectives:
0 To determine principal flux rates and pool sizes for sulfur movement
through and effects on forested watersheds.
0 To develop a watershed model of input/output relations for acid rain
effects on forested watersheds.
0 To document pathways and reaction rates for acid rain effects on release
and movement of aluminum through forested watersheds.
0 To qantify long-term changes in nutrient distribution and availability
for forest growth in selected regional watersheds.
Output Status:
Output: Synthesize five years of data on emission of S02, meteorological
factors important to S02 transport and deposition, and air quality data
for two forested watersheds and evaluate modeling approaches (11/83).
Status: Preliminary evaluation of capabilities of sector-box and one-
dimensional flux models for predicting fluxes of airborne sulfur have
been completed.
Findings:
Best estimates of flux of sulfur to the landscape were provided by the
sector-box approach, but agreement with observed values was only within a
factor of ten. Improved accuracy is needed and will be achieved through
further testing and modification.
Project Manager: S. B. McLaughlin, FTS 624-7358
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Acid Precipitation: Soil Chemical and Biological Processes
(CVN1A/57)
Project Objectives:
0 To define soil characteristics which determine the sensitivity (vulner-
ability) to acidic deposition based on pH change, nutrient losses, and
transport of toxic metals.
0 To determine the significance of mineral weathering on supplying essen-
tial and/or toxic nutrients as affected by acidic deposition.
0 To quantify the fate of aluminum and nutrient losses from soils.
0 To determine the contribution of internal hydrogen ion production to
leaching and metal transport.
0 To define the mechanisms of Al transport and the factors affecting
mobility.
0 To determine the rate of water movement to aquatic systems and the
importance of water contact time, in the soil, to water quality in
aquatic ecosystems.
Output Status:
1. Output: Chemical and biological analyses and data interpretation of
selected Florida, New Hampshire, and New York soils have been completed
and the extent of nutrient losses as affected by acidic deposition has
been evaluated.
Status: Several manuscripts are currently in review. An assessment of
the extent of nutrient losses is due (11/83).
2. Output: An evaluation of aluminum mobility and the relationship between
Al and pH has been made in New Jersey soils (11/82).
Status: A manuscript is in review.
3. Output: Comparative study of soil sensitivity, classification systems
(10/83).
Status: Literature survey is ongoing.
4. Output: Preliminary report defining the "key" factors identifying soils
sensitive to acidic deposition (11/83).
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Status: A proposal to evaluate the soil sensitivity issue has been
submitted and sent for review. Based on favorable comments, this project
has been selected for funding and will be initiated 05/83.
5. Output: Evaluation of the forms of aluminum mobilized which may be
discharged from soil to aquatic system (11/85).
Status: Projects to complete this output were initiated in 02/83.
Findings:
0 In a Typic Quartzisamment soil, divalent cations were found to be more
readily leached by acidic deposition than monovalent cations.
0 Nitrification was reduced by acidic deposition (pH 3.0 and 3.7) but soil
respiration and enzyme activity was not for select soils.
0 Leaching by acid rain or natural acidification will have less of an
effect on nutrient export than harvesting.
Publications:
Effects of Acid Precipiation on Microbiological and Chemical Parameters in
Soils. The Florida Experience. The Second Int. Conf. on Ecology and Environ-
mental Quality. Jerusalem, May 24-26, 1983.
Effects of Acid Precipitation on Soil Microbial Activity: I. Soil Core
Studies. 1983. J. of Environ. Quality (submitted for review).
Effect of Acid Precipitation on Soil Microbial Activity: II. Field Studies.
1983. J. of Environ. Quality (submitted for Review).
Project Manager: S. B. Mclaughlin, FTS 624-7358
R. A. Linthurst, 919-737-3520
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Terrestrial Effects of Acid Precipitation -- Forest
Productivity (CVN1A/58)
Project Objectives:
0 To quantify and evaluate temporal and spatial patterns of decline in
growth of eastern forest trees.
0 To determine association of increased mortality of red spruce and
decreased growth of spruce and other species with present and projected
last levels of deposition of acid rain and gaseous air pollutants.
0 To perform preliminary assessment of the economic significance of produc-
tivity changes of forests of the eastern U.S.
0 To determine age distribution and site influences on forests affected by
air pollution stress.
0 To determine mechanisms of effects of acid rain and gaseous air pollut-
ants on growth and development processes of forest trees.
0 To perform secondary assessment of the economic and ecological signif-
icance of acid rain on present and future forests using field and
laboratory data and forest growth models.
1. Output: Complete field sampling of tree increment cores and forest soils
from regional study of forest growth in the eastern U.S. (09/83).
Status: Approximately 75% of the field sampling is completed. The
remainder will be completed this summer.
2. Output: Complete data analysis of relationship between regional tree
growth rate, climate, soils, and air pollution for eastern forest
species.
Status: Approximately 30% of the core measurements have been completed
and tapes of regional air quality and climatology have been ordered.
3. Output: Complete analysis of growth and dieback of red spruce over its
entire range in the eastern U.S. (12/83).
Status: All 1500 cores from this study have been cross-dated, measured,
and growth indices have been calculated.
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4. Output: Evaluate multielemental analysis of tree rings as a tool for
documenting historical patterns of exposure of trees to multiple anthro-
pogenic pollutants (12/83).
Status: A comparison of sites on acid and basic soil has been completed.
A manuscript summarizing results is in preparation. A comparison of
spruce cores from three sites in the Northeast with varying stages of
decline has been initiated.
Findings:
Trace element analysis of tree rings shows that several toxic elements are
being concentrated in the phloem and cambium with levels being approximately
10X those in recent xylem wood. Two elements, iron and titanium, appear to be
immobile in tree tissues and may serve as good indicators of anthropogenic
exposure.
Publications:
Johnson, A. H., R. H. Zanes, D. C. Lord, and T. G. Siccama. Decline of red
spruce in high-elevation forests of the eastern United States. Environmental
Science and Technology. 01/83.
Project Manager: S. B. Mclaughlin, FTS 624-7358
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops (ADWA1A/01)
Project Objectives:
To develop ozone dose-crop response data for the major agronomic crops and to
use these data to conduct an economic assessment of the effects of air
pollution on agriculture. This project will develop dose-response data for
crops representing 75% of U.S. acreage and estimate national economic losses
based on these data (06/84). The magnitude of bioenvironmental sources of
uncertainty (soil moisture) and the effects of pollutant exposure dynamics in
these estimates will also be evaluated.
Output Status:
1. Output: Assessment of the economic losses due to ozone exposure in the
Midwest and California (09/83).
Status: Cooperative agreements are in place and work is on schedule at
the University of Illinois and the University of California, Davis. Air
quality data for these efforts are to be provided by EPA's Environmental
Research Laboratory (ESRL). ESRL is several weeks behind schedule in
providing these data. This may delay the assessment efforts.
2. Output: Evaluation of soybean losses due to ozone exposure in the
Midwest using simulation modeling (01/83).
Status: Completed 11/82.
3. Output: Evaluation of the suitability of the NCLAN biological data base
for use in economic assessments and setting air quality standards
(09/83).
Status: This is a new output requested by OAQPS and agreed to by OEPER.
The journal manuscript is being prepared by North Carolina State
University and is on schedule.
4. Output: Sensitivity analyses of economic assessment models (06/83).
Status: This is a new output recommended by peer review of NCLAN. The
sensitivity of economic response to biological sources of uncertainty
will be determined. The work is being conducted by Oregon State
University and is on schedule.
Findings:
Preliminary results of the 1982 field season became available during this
quarter.
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0 Biological Findings: Dose-response experiments on wheat indicate
intermediate sensitivity, therefore wheat losses from ozone exposure must
be evaluated in economic assessments. The effect of soil moisture stress
on the response of soybean to 03 differed from the response of cotton.
Soil moisture appears to have a complex interaction with 03 in affecting
crop yield. More experiments will be required to characterize this
interaction.
0 Economics Findings: Preliminary analyses suggest that economic losses
will be split about equally between producers and consumers and that loss
estimates are not highly sensitive to yield loss (dose-response) pre-
cision. This suggests that the uncertainties remaining in extrapolating
the biological data base should not adversely influence the technical
credibility of NCLAN economic assessments.
Publications:
Impact of Ozone on Soybean Yield. Journal of Environmental Quality (3/83).
Effects of Chronic Doses of 03 and S02 on Yield of Soybeans. Crop Science
(submitted December 1982).
The Influence of Light on Ozone-Induced 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic Acid
and Ethylene Production from Intact Plants (accepted for publication
Zeitschrift Pflanzenphysiologie).
Project Manager: Eric M. Preston/David Tingey, FTS 420-4636/FTS 420-4621
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Biological Monitoring (ADWA1A/01)
Project Objectives:
To develop an organized approach to applying biological monitoring to environ-
mental problem solving and to develop biological techniques that clearly
identify pollutant exposure and their effects upon the structure and func-
tional status of terrestrial biological systems.
Specific project objectives are:
0 To deploy honey bees in a large-area biomonitoring network (09/83).
0 To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of such deployment for tracking
spatial and temporal trends in biological exposure to the airborne
pollutants fluoride and arsenic (09/83).
Output Status:
Output: Report oti the cost-effectiveness of honey bees deployed as a
regional biomonitor (09/83).
Status: In the FY81 pilot project, emphasis was given to selection of
promising bioexposure monitors with secondary consideration given to
their potential as bioeffects monitors. In FY82, the research was
extended to evaluate usefulness of honey bees as network biomonitors.
The report on honeybees as biomonitors is in draft and will be final by
09/83. The late start date, due to funding delays, cancelled 1982 Spring
sampling. An attempt will be made to conduct this sampling in Spring
1983. These data will be analyzed and incorporated into the final
project report.
Findings:
Arsenic samples from bees are showing a strong spatial correlation with
expected dispersion from known sources. These preliminary data suggest that
biomonitoring networks using honeybees are feasible.
Project Manager: Eric M. Preston, FTS 420-4636
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Air Pollution Impacts on Major Agronomic Crops (ADTA1A/02)
Project Objectives:
To determine the influence of air pollutant mixtures on major agronomic crops.
Ozone and its mixtures with other gases are estimated to cause 90% of the air
pollution damage to agriculture, thus the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards has assigned a high priority to the evaluation of ozone effects.
However, since other gases may modify plant response to ozone, it is necessary
to maintain current awareness of effects of pollutant mixtures and their
implications for crop production.
Output Status:
Output: Report on Workshop to Develop a Research Strategy for Evaluating
the Impact of Pollutant Mixutes (09/83).
Status: The workshop to develop a research strategy has been planned and
the participants contracted to prepare position papers. First drafts of
the position papers are completed and submitted to the review panel. The
workshop will be held April 21 and 22, 1983.
2. Output: Complete previously funded work on pollutant mixtures.
Status: Complete except for one remaining manuscript in preparation.
See publications.
Findings:
Simultaneous exposures of S02 and N02 reduced spinach and radish growth and
photosynthate partitioning. Sequential and individual exposures to the
pollutant gases at the same level had no detrimental effects.
Publications:
Growth Response in Radish to Sequential and Simultaneous Exposure to N02 and
S02. Environmental Pollution (Accepted for publication).
Growth Response in Spinach to Sequential and Simultaneous Exposure to N02 and
.S02. Journal American Society for Horticultural Science (Submitted for
publication).
Intraspecific Variability in Metabolic Responses to S02 (Submitted to Stanford
Press, book chapter).
Project Manager: Eric Preston/David Tingey, 420-2636/420-4621
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Terrestrial Toxicology (CUL1A/30)
Project Objectives:
To develop a testing array for chemicals of unknown environmental fate. This
array is to include plant and animal tests and be ready for full implementa-
tion in FY85.
Output Status:
1. Output: Report on plant uptake and translocation of selected chemicals
(06/84).
Status: This work is on schedule.
2. Output: Report on isolated root uptake of bromacil describing a screen-
ing procedure for studying root uptake (04/83).
Status: Completed journal manuscript.
3. Output: Report on development and validation of Arabidopsis plant life
cycle test (10/83).
Status: This work is on schedule.
4. Output: Report on variations in toxicity of chemicals to different
strains and sources of test birds (09/83).
Status: This work is on schedule.
5. Output: Report to evaluate the effects of feeding chemicals to live prey
on carnivore feeding tests (09/84).
Status: This work is on schedule.
Findings:
0 The isolated root uptake procedure has been tested and demonstrated to
yield valuable information for a SAR data set as well as a possible
screening test for potential plant uptake.
0 The plant exposure laboratory is partially complete and is ready for
plant studies.
0 A root elongation test has been evaluated. Draft report to OTS, recom-
mending modifications for better plant toxicity testing currently under
review.
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0 The first group of bobwhite quail eggs (64) were hatched March 21, 1983,
and are housed in the brooders. All birds are healthy and growing well.
Publications:
Uptake of Bromacil by Isolated Barley Roots, submitted to Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment.
Project Manager: Bill Williams and Craig McFarlane, FTS 420-4670
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Terrestrial Exposure Assessment (CUL1A/31)
Project Objectives:
To develop a mathematical model to predict chemical concentrations in
terrestrial environments.
To determine the correlation between soil moisture, organic content, and
partitioning in soils.
Output Status:
1. Output: Complete environmental concentration model (TEA) documentation
and handbook (12/84).
Status: The product is on schedule. The first version of the model is
available for use by Agency personnel. This version of the model
partitions the chemical between the duff, upper root zone, and lower root
zone, and in one of the following compartments within each layer: water;
air; dead organic matter; soil. This year's work will add plant uptake
to the model.
2. Output: Report on Sorption and Volatility of Chemicals in Soils of
Varying Moisture and Organic Content (01/84).
Status: The principal investigator, Cary Chiou, is leaving Oregon State
University to accept a position within the USGS in Denver. In addition,
Dr. Ian Tinsley is leaving for a sabbatical in New Zealand. These
departures may delay the final report. However, OSU has not yet asked
for a no-cost extension and have indicated that they expect to complete
the project on time.
Findings:
Dr. Chiou has demonstrated a strong correlation between the sorption of
chemical to soils and the moisture and organic content of the soil.
Publications:
Chiou, C. T., and D. W. Schmeddling. 1982. Partitioning of Organic Compounds
in Octanol-Water Systems. Env. Science and Tech. 4-10.
Chiou, C. T., et al_. 1982. Substituent Contribution to the Partition
Coefficients of Substituted Benzenes in Solvent-Water Mixtures. J. of
Pharm. Sci. 1307-1309.
Chiou, C. T. , et aj. 1981. Correlation of Water Solubility with Octanol-
Water Partition Coefficients. J. Pharm. 70:1176-1177.
Project Manager: Hal Kibby, FTS 420-4625
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Technical Assistance (CUL1A/32)
Project Objectives:
To provide technical assistance to EPA's Office of Toxic Substances on
problems of environmental fate, exposure, effects of hazard, and risk of toxic
chemicals on an as-needed basis.
Findings:
An assessment scheme which uses three simple and readily available parameters
— Henry's law constant, octanol water partition coefficient, and the chemical
half-life-- provides a usefully accurate prediction of the potential eco-
toxicity of a chemical, hence provide an indication of the amount of testing
that is needed for a new chemical.
Publications:
A Pre-biological Screen for Ecotoxicological Concerns, in review.
Project Manager: Hal Kibby, FTS 420-4625
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Structure-Activity Relations in Terrestrial Environments
(CUL1A/33)
Project Objectives:
To develop computerized data bases of published information which can be used
to identify relationships between chemical structure and plant response
(toxicity, uptake, transport, accumulation, and biodegradation).
Output Status:
1. Output: Status report: SAR Knowledge for Plant Uptake of Toxic
Chemicals (12/83).
Status: Progress on plant uptake data base has been delayed because of
the intensive review and changes needed in the format. Reading and
cataloging efforts are focusing on PHYTOTOX while these details are
worked out. This will probably delay the search readiness and the
planned output. Negotiation for an alternate report on SAR knowledge
regarding phytotoxicity is underway.
2. Output: Operational data base for plant uptake and effects to determine
species and chemical differences (SPHERE) (06/84).
Status: Incorporation of these data bases into SPHERE will not occur on
schedule due to restrictions in spending within OTS Headquarters (for
further information, contact Charles Auer, SPHERE project leader, FTS
382-3476).
Findings:
0 PHYTOTOX data base is usable; over 40,500 records are available.
0 The search and coding strategy for UTAB have been formalized.
Publications:
Christopher L. Royce and John S. Fletcher, PHYTOTOX USERS MANUAL (for Agency
use only).
Project Manager: Craig McFarlane, FTS 420-4670
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: System Level Effects (CUL1A/34)
Project Objectives:
To determine the changes in key ecosystem variables of both agricultural and
wildland systems that could be effected by chemicals.
Output Status:
1. Output: Report on critically sensitive terrestrial/agricultural eco-
systems which are vulnerable to toxic chemicals (04/83).
Status: Journal article submitted to Evironmental Toxicology and
Chemistry.
2. Output: Report on characteristics of terrestrial agricultural ecosystems
needed for field verification (09/83).
Status: On schedule. The manuscript is in preparation. Most of the
needed data have been collected.
Findings:
A large variety of crop production system characteristics in many agricultural
models are very sensitive to both external environmental properties such as
day length which chemicals do not affect, and to biological process parameters
such as photosynthetic rate which chemicals do affect directly.
Publications:
Kickert, R. In Review. Sensitivity of Agricultural Ecological System Models
and Implications for Vulnerability to Toxic Chemicals. J. £f Env. Tox. Chem.
Project Manager: Ron Kickert, FTS 420-4582; Hal Kibby, FTS 420-4625
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Methodology to Generate Data for Risk Assessment (CBE1A/36)
Project Objectives:
To test the applicability of the Pesticide Orchard Ecosystem Model (POEM) in a
Northwest apple orchard. The mathematical model will be used to simulate fate
and transport from the application of wettable powder formulation of methyl-
parathion. Guthion will be applied in accordance with label and commonly
recognized practices. Over time, field studies will be conducted to determine
quantities of Guthion in/on canopy, understory, litter, and soil. Losses to
the air from drift and volatilization as well as losses to runoff water will
be monitored. Washoff from canopy to the soil and understory will be moni-
tored as an additional parameter because of its importance in exposure
assessment. Comparisons between model predictions and planned actual field
data will be made.
Outputs/Status:
1. Output: Interim Report on Site Selection and Field Description (10/83).
Status: On schedule.
2. Output: Report on Applicability of POEM for 1 Chemical in One Orchard
(10/84).
Status: On schedule.
Publications:
1.
2.
Jenkins, J. J., M. J. Zabik, R. Kon, and E. D. Goodman. A Model for
Azinphosmethyl Attenuation and Movement in a Michigan Orchard Ecosystem:
Development and Presentation of the Experimental Data Base. Arch.
Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 11, 1982 (forthcoming).
Goodman, E. D., J. J. Jenkins, and M. J. Zabik. A Model for Azinphos-
methyl Attenuation and Movement in a Michigan Orchard Ecosystem: II.
Parameterization of a Field-Based Model. Arch. Environm. Contam.
Toxicol. 11, 1982 (forthcoming).
3.
Goodman, E. D. 1982. Modeling Effects of Pesticides on
Soil/Litter Invertebrates in an Orchard Ecosystem. Env.
1, 45-60.
Populations of
Toxicol. Chem.
Snider, R. M. 1979. The Effects
Population of Trachelipus rathkei
Pedobiol. 19, 99-105.
of Zainphosmethyl (Guthion ) on a
(Isopoda) in a Michigan Orchard.
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5. Snider, R. M., and J. W. Shaddy. 1980. The Ecobilogy of Trachelipus
rathkel (Isopoda). Pedobi'ol. 20, 394-410.
Project Manager: Jay Gile, FTS 420-4649
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iPROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Field Validation of Terrestrial Pesticide Exposure (CBE1A/37)
Project Objectives:
To determine the acute toxicity of 14 granular pesticide formulations to avian
species; to determine the effects of waterfowl and upland game species in
grain fields; to determine the effects of endrin and diphacionone (used as
rodenticides) on terrestrial species associated with orchards; to evaluate the
effectiveness of the EPA reproductive test for avian species to predict
reproductive effects in the field; and to determine the effect on avian
species of methyl parathion.
Output Status:
1. Output: Final Report on Acute Toxicity of 14 Granular Pesticides to
Avian Species (09/83).
Status: On schedule.
Project Manager: Bill Williams, FTS 420-4679
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Cofvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Microbial Control Agents (CBE1A/38)
Project Objectives:
To develop and evaluate a series of test protocols for microbiological pest
control agents (MPCA) in terrestrial environments.
Output Status:
1. Output: Evaluate test procedures for MPCA on birds, mammals, and insects
(10/83).
Status: A computerized bibliography of relevant literature has been
developed and is being put on CERL's POP 11/70. This literature base
should be available to OPP by September 1983. We have received external
reviews from seven outside consultants and are consolidating their views.
We expect more reviews on mammals. In addition to birds, mammals, and
insects, our review of the guidelines will include the relevant plant
sections.
2. Output: Recommend changes in test procedures, if necessary (12/83).
Status: This output should be combined with Number 1 and will be
complete October 1983.
Findings:
A preliminary evaluation of the reports that we have received to date would
indicate significant problems with the guidelines. Some MPCA guidelines are
an adaptation of the chemical test protocols, and in many cases this may not
be appropriate.
Project Manager: Bruce Lighthart/Martin Knittel, FTS 420-4832
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Synfuels — Effects (CYN1A/40)
Project Objectives:
To determine the uptake by agricultural plants of selected synfuels toxicants.
Determine the applicability of laboratory uptake methods for plants to soil
found in vicinity of anticipated synfuel producing facilities. Determine
exposure and effects of synfuel toxicants to wildlife (FY85).
Output Status:
1. Output: Completion of data sets for chemicals from (2) RAUs (Risk
Assessment Units) using isolated root uptake (07/83).
Status: Work in progress; report will be on schedule.
2. Output: Completion of data sets for three additional RAU (12/83).
Status: Work on schedule.
3. Output: Completion of exposure chamber (09/83).
Status: Work in progress; chamber will be completed on schedule.
4. Output: Literature review on wildlife toxicology for selected RAUs
(12/83).
Status: First draft report sent to Headquarters for review, and the
second report is in preparation.
Findings:
0 The procedures for isolated root uptake have been judged satisfactory for
studies of water-soluble chemicals.
0 Whole-plant exposure chambers have been constructed and a computer-
operated support laboratory organized to conduct plant uptake studies.
This laboratory is now ready for limited numbers of studies.
Project Manager: Craig McFarlane, FTS 420-4670
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Methods Validation (Animal Toxicology) (CBE1A/42)
Project Objectives:
To develop a capability to conduct inhouse research in the effects of
chemicals on wildlife. In order to achieve this objective, several areas are
being considered: (1) evaluation of animal toxicology data base; (2) evalua-
tion of current single species tests; (3) development of new single species
tests; (4) development of field test protocols; and (5) technical assistance
for immediate Agency problems. The following projects have been undertaken to
address these areas of animal toxicology: develop a terrestrial animal
toxicology data base for SPHERE; evaluate the ability of avian species
(Bobwhite quail and Mallard duck) to avoid contaminatd food and/or water
sources; evaluate the effects of endrin on wild avian species associated with
orchards and grain fields; determine the toxicity (LD50) of granular insecti-
cides to Bobwhite quail; develop an inhouse capability to conduct acute avian
toxicity tests (including LD50 and LC50 tests) on selected chemicals
(ongoing).
Output Status:
Output: Report on the Effects of Cold Stress on Avian LD50 and LC50
Tests (10/84).
Status: Development of the inhouse testing capability is proceeding on
schedule.
Project Manager: Bill Williams, FTS 420-4625
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Biological Assessment of Hazardous Wastes (BWD1A/20)
Project Objectives:
To develop rapid response bioassay/biomonitoring tools to help site/spill
investigation teams determine environmental hazard potentials of waste
materials under a variety of field conditions. This project is designed to
determine the utility of laboratory bioassessment protocols (initially a
"Level I Biological Screening Protocol") for defining environmental effects of
single substance or complex hazardous waste at sites with varying soil
characteristics; waste types, climatic conditions, and management control.
Such a protocol could be used to predict effects (prospective) and to assess
reduced effects (retrospective) following remedial or cleanup actions. A
comprehensive set of laboratory tests will be conducted to determine which
ones are most appropriate for different conditions, which ones produce high
degrees of correlation with field data, and which ones provide the broadest
spectrum of environmental information.
Output Status:
1. Output: Comparison of the response of endemic and laboratory organisms
to selected hazardous materials (05/83).
Status: This work originally was planned to compare the results from
laboratory bioassays using Selenastrum with those using endemic organisms
from Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Toxicity in RMA surface water proved to be
insignificant, thus shifting emphasis to terrestrial tests.
A paper (see Publications) describing the nerve transmission waveforms of
twelve earthworm taxa has established a basis for comparing the response
of laboratory reared and endemic earthworms (part of the bioassay
protocol) to various hazardous wastes, which will be reported upon in
07/83.
2. Output: Report comparing the responses of three microbial bioassay
procedures to the presence of endrin, dieldrin, and 2,4-D (09/83).
Status: Oxygen depletion and microtox testing of the three organic
compounds have been completed. Some runs will need to be repeated to
verify preliminary results. Resazurin tests are being set up. Labora-
tory work and data analysis are progressing on schedule.
3. Output: Report comparing the response to metals of the Level I Biolog-
ical Screening Protocol with microtox test results (07/83).
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Status: Biological Protocol screening tests have been conducted using
Cu, Cd, and Zn. Microtox tests have been completed for the same metals.
A few of the protocol tests must be repeated due to mixed results. Work
is on schedule.
Findings:
0 Earthworm soil contact tests appear to be much more sensitive and
relevant to field conditions than do the leachate contact tests described
in the Level I Biological Screening Protocol.
0 Several of the Screening Protocol test methods seem to be more useful in
determining metal toxicity than does the microtox test.
0 Microbial screening techniques generally appear to be relatively insens-
itive to the presence of hazardous materials.
Publications:
Papers submitted to two journals:
1. Drews, C. D., and C. A. Callahan. Species Specificity of Giant Nerve
Fiber Conduction Parameters in Oligochaetes (submitted to Canadian
Journal of Zoology).
2. Shirazi, S. Hazardous Waste Sites Selected Within Regionally Representa-
tive Land Types (submitted to Journal of Environmental Management).
Project Manager: Spencer Peterson, FTS 420-4794
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Environmental Processes and Effects Technical Information
Resource Manuals (TEKY1A/21)
Project Objectives:
To develop technical information resource documents to aid in Superfund
Program decisions. These documents evaluate and present available information
to assist Regional and State officials concerned with decisions about the
listing, permitting, containment, and cleanup of hazardous materials.
Output: A field manual describing effectiveness of biological cleanup
methodology and natural biodegradation of hazardous materials (05/83).
Status: In peer review.
2. Output: A manual on environmental assessment of remedial action (06/83).
Status: In first draft.
3. Output: A manual to classify chemicals according to their behavior and
ecological effects (09/83).
Status: Completed draft, but needs significant revision.
4. Output: A manual on methods of assessing environmental risks of spills
and cleanup of hazardous wastes (10/83).
Status: In preparation and on schedule.
5. Output: A state prioritized listing of new technical resource informa-
tion documents needed to address Superfund problems (04/83).
Status: Workshops held in Philadelphia, March 24-25, Atlanta, March
28-29, and in Denver, April 4-5. Individual reports in draft. Final
report combining priorities to be completed 07/83.
Findings:
0 The relative effectiveness of different biotreatment procedures at
locations with hazardous wastes is largely site-specific. However, some
techniques are significantly more useful than others, and methods for
selection can be specified.
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0 Various remedial action alternatives must consider the potential
secondary environmental effects of the planned remedial action itself.
Many adverse effects of remedial actions can be minimized with proper
equipment and timing.
0 Superfund "user need" workshops reveal that states and EPA regions are
far apart in their thinking about needs. At present the States have very
little technical information avaiable for site response. Their initial
needs are for very fundamental information on response alternatives.
States welcomed opportunity to have input toward identifying high
priority need areas, but were sceptical that EPA would follow through on
the needs the states identified.
Project Manager: Lawrence Raniere, FTS 420-4852
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Users Guide to Effectiveness of Selected Chemical Dispersants
(TEKY1A/22)
Project Objectives:
To develop a guide to aid in the selection of effective and environmentally
safe hazardous materials dispersing agents for use in cold marine waters.
Output Status:
1. Output: Users' Guide on effectiveness, fate, and effects of selected
dispersants.
Status: The implementing interagency agreement was forwarded to the
Battelle Marine Research Laboratory by GAD. The principal investigator
indicates it will be signed and project work will begin immediately.
Output completion is still targeted for 09/83.
Project Manager: Spencer A. Peterson, FTS 420-4794
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Assess Impacts of Ocean Outfall Discharges (ARB1A/15)
Project Objectives:
To develop a model of the bioaccumulation of pollutants from water, food, and
sediment. Laboratory studies are being conducted to supply the required input
parameters and to verify the model. The modeling and laboratory results will
be used to predict the sewage-derived pollutants in marine food webs, the
potential for trophic transfer, and concentrations of toxicants in edible fish
tissue.
To improve sediment toxicity bioassay methods developed earlier at CERL and
currently used by EPA/COE to regulate dredged material disposal. Research has
addressed species selection, facilities, scale, duration, control conditions,
response criteria, and statistical analyses. The sediment bioassay method has
been applied to examine the interactions between cadmium and sewage sludge.
This research is concerned with the contribution of specific pollutants to the
gross toxicity of complex waste mixtures.
Output Status:
1. Output: Journal article describing bioenergetic model of pollutant
uptake from water, food, and sediment near ocean outfalls (09/83).
Status: Output delayed from 06/83 so that it can be presented and
published in Proceedings of 56th Annual Conf. of Water Poll. Contr. Fed.
in October 1983.
2. Output: Methods manual for conducting sediment toxicity surveys near
ocean outfalls (06/83).
Status: A report describing research on the design of the sediment
bioassay method and a detailed description of the method has been
accepted for presentation at the ASTM 7th Symp. on Aquatic Toxicology
(04/83) and will be published in the symposium proceedings.
Findings:
Research on interactions between cadmium and sewage sludge has been completed
and results show that the toxicity of cadmium in sediment is reduced in the
presence of sludge.
Publications:
Phoxocephalid Amphipod Bioassay for Marine Sediment (submitted to ASTM).
Project Manager: D. J. Baumgartner, (503) 867-4040
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Field Verification of Outfall Impacts (ARB1A/17)
Project Objectives:
Phase I is to review the literature on benthic-pelagic coupling and transfer
of pollutants in sewage-impacted food webs. Phase II is a field study of the
trophic transfer of pollutants in sewage-impacted food webs in southern
California. This study will utilize both toxicant concentrations in predators
and prey and stable isotope ratios to determine the potential for trophic
transfer.
Outputs Status:
Output: Journal article on benthic-pelagic transfer of energy and
pollutants near ocean outfalls (04/84).
Status: Phase I completed. Journal article on literature review will be
submitted in 06/83. Plan for Phase II has been received and is being
peer reviewed. On schedule.
Project Manager: D. J. Baumgartner, (503) 867-4040
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Ocean Discharge Impact Assessment (ARB1A/16)
Project Objectives:
Provide technical assistance to Office of Water, Regions, and others concerned
with 301(h) waivers to the mandatory secondary treatment requirement for the
discharge of municipal wastes through ocean outfalls.
Output Status:
Reviewed Boston decision and submitted recommendations for review by Region
and Office of General Counsel.
Project Manager: D. J. Baumgartner, (503) 867-4040
38
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Site-Specific Criteria — Metals and DO (ARB1A/10)
Project Objectives:
To provide methods to establish site-specific criteria for heavy metals and
dissolved oxygen. The effort is a combination of original research and
technical assistance to provide the techniques and data necessary to set
criteria for metals and dissolved oxygen which fit specific conditions,
emphasizing those factors such as intermittent exposures, acclimation, and
water quality characteristics which are known to affect criteria. Techniques
will be developed in the laboratory and tested for applicability at specific
sites. The primary focus will be to complete ongoing metals projects (by
08/84) and initiate a major new program in dissolved oxygen research.
Technical assistance will be provided to the Headquarters Criteria and
Standards Division and to Regions and States to help them apply the best
technology to set site-specific criteria.
Output Status:
1. Output: Assist State, Regions, and Program Offices with site-specific
criteria for metals and DO (continuing).
Status: A final revision of the DO criteria document will be submitted
to the Office of Water Regulations and Standards in 04/83.
2. Output: Report defining the effects of intermittent exposure and
acclimation on metals criteria (09/83).
Status: Zinc acclimation studies are completed; compiling and analysis
of literature has begun preparatory to writing the 09/83 report.
3. Output: Reports on Montana field and laboratory studies relating monthly
metal concentrations to biological effects in Prickly Pear Creek (09/83)
and effects of mining and habitat alteration on fish populations (02/83).
Status: The fish population manuscript has been submitted to the Journal
of Freshwater Ecology and the Prickly Pear Creek report is on schedule.
Findings:
Acclimating trout to zinc results in a 3- to 5-fold increase in acute zinc
tolerance as measured by the 96-hr LC50. Acclimation is essentially com-
pletely acquired during one week of zinc exposure and is.lost within one week
if the zinc exposure ends. Liver metallothionien levels were always higher in
acclimated fish than in controls at each test. However, metallothionien
levels were not quantitatively related to 96-hr LC50 values. Zinc acclimation
also produced about a 4-fold increase in tolerance to copper and cadmium.
39
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Publications:
1. Copies of the water quality criterion for dissolved oxygen may be
requested from the Office of Water Regulations and Standards.
Project Manager: Gary A. Chapman, FTS 420-4876
40
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Freshwater Sediment Quality Criteria for Toxic Pollutants
(ARB1A/11)
Project Objectives:
To determine the biological significance of sediment toxicants and to
recommend methods for assessing their biological effects.
Output Status:
1. Output: Critical analysis of contaminated sediment effects on aquatic
ecosystems and assessment methods (04/83).
Status: An oral presentation was prepared for the April ASTM Symposium
on Aquatic Toxicology. The presentation included an introduction to the
general biological significance of sediment toxicants, methods for
screening sediments for acute toxicity, and the bioavailability of heavy
metals in sediments as determined by spiking with cadmium and copper.
Written material will be incorporated into outputs 2, 3, and 4 rather
than published separately.
2. Output: A project report recommending acute toxicity methods for
assessing the effects of contaminated sediments (09/83).
Status: On schedule, including an extramural project report from
University of California, Davis (due 06/83), evaluating sediment bioassay
methods using a different set of test animals than CERL.
3. Output: Journal articles addressing the biological effects of contam-
inated sediments in the laboratory and field and also whether sediment
criteria are warranted (09/83).
Status: On schedule. Three draft journal articles have been prepared to
date.
4. Output: Procedures for spiking sediments with known contaminants to
determine toxic levels (09/83).
Status: On schedule. Two papers prepared and under review.
Findings:
A local sediment containing 5% organic matter and consisting of 15% sand, 29%
silt, and 56% clay was spiked with different concentrations of cadmium and
then tested with Daphnia rnagna to determine LC50 concentrations in the
sediment. In two separate tests, LC50 values (48-h tests) ranged from 430-540
mg Cd/kg sediment (dry weight). Natural background levels of cadmium in
41
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sediment are usually much less than 5 mg/kg. The results suggest that, for
this sediment type, the sediment-bound cadmium was not available to Daphm'a
magna. Similar tests are being conducted with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus
tentans, both benthic organisms, to compare their sensitivities to Daphnia
magna.
Publications:
Two draft journal articles in review:
Toxicity of Copper-Spiked Sediments to Freshwater Invertebrates
The Toxic Effect of Cadmium-Contaminated Sediment Slurries Upon Daphnia magna
Project Manager: Jack H. Gakstatter, FTS 420-4611
42
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Methods for Evaluating Biointegrity and Use Attainability
(ARB1A/12)
Project Objectives:
To develop and evaluate new methods for assessing use attainability in aquatic
ecosystems. Current research focuses on: (1) developing methods for deter-
mining potential attainability using an approach which identifies regional
patterns in aquatic ecosystems in selected states (Ohio and Oregon); (2)
examining the utility of fish communities to measure the integrity of aquatic
ecosystems; (3) developing a computerized system for estimating expected
aquatic communities given environmental characteristics; (4) developing a
research plan for physical habitat assessment and characterizing uses in
biological terms.
Output Status:
1. Output: Provide technical backup and amplification for guidelines
supporting new Water Quality Regulations (continuing).
Status: At the request of the Criteria and Standards Division (CSD), two
draft chapters were written to be included in CSD's guidance document
written to support the proposed Water Quality Regulations. The chapters
CERL submitted were (a) Riparian Zone Characterization and (b) Approaches
for Establishing Reference Sites.
2. Output: Reports on regional use attainability approaches for Ohio and
Oregon (09/83, 09/84, 09/85).
Status: 110 final stream sites have been selected in Ohio: 55 will be
sampled in 1983, 55 in 1984. For Oregon, the Willamette Valley 1982 fish
and macroinvertebrate data have been computerized. A computer data
screen has been developed for computer entry of Oregon fish collection
records (Oregon State University cooperative agreement). 09/83 report
will evaluate, in a preliminary way, the results obbtained to that point.
3. Output: Report on biomonitoring methods for assessing biological
integrity of freshwater systems (09/84).
Status: Scheduled report delayed to 02/85 because it has taken longer
than anticipated to develop cooperative agreement with University of
Illinois and to obtain review of that proposal. Funding package should
be ready for submission to ORD and GAD by 04/30.. A second cooperative
agreement (2-year) to develop a computerized method to evaluate habitat
requirements of freshwater fish (Univeristy of Notre Dame), which will
partially satisfy this output, will also be ready for ORD and GAD by
04/30.
Project Manager: Phil Larsen, FTS 420-4877
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: System Level Effects (CUL1A/34)
Project Objectives:
To determine the processes which influence productivity and stability of eco-
systems that are most likely to be affected by toxic chemicals and design and
evaluate tests which could be used to incorporate ecosystem processes and
functions in hazard evaluation schemes.
Output Status:
1. Output: Criteria for judging the usefulness and validity of test results
in freshwater system level effects (12/84).
Status: Rescheduled to 12/85. Work will not begin on this output until
FY84 because we reprogrammed funds to complete the third year of the
atrazine experimental pond study.
2. Output: Improved system level process tests to indicate potential
effects of chemicals in freshwaters at the systems level (12/85).
Status: Rescheduled to 12/86. Work will not begin until FY84 because we
programmed funds to complete the third year of the atrazine experimental
pond study.
Project Manager: Phil Larsen, FTS 420-4877
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Validation: Aquatic Hazard Assessment Methods (CUL1A/35)
Project Objectives:
To compare laboratory and field responses to the same chemicals in order to
assess the accuracy of laboratory assays. This is being accomplished through
two lab-to-field comparisons using single species assays, microcosms, and
experimental ponds. Most of the single species and microcosm work is being
conducted at CERL; the experimental ponds are located in Kansas (University of
Kansas) and Missouri (U.S. Department of Fish and Wildlife).
Output Status:
1. Output: Report on comparison of single species and microcosm tests using
atrazine (04/83).
Status: The output date was changed last quarter to 07/83 because of
delays in data processing. Results will be presented at an AIBS
symposium in August which will address lab-to-field comparisons; the
proceedings of this symposium will be published.
2. Output: Report comparing atrazine perturbed microcosms and field ponds
(04/84).
Status: The third year continuation proposal for the pond study has been
submitted; review and paper work will probably require 2-3 months for
funding. The lab work is mainly complete and being written up (see
output #1). Funds were reprogrammed from the PD "System Level Effects"
because of CERL and OTS interest in funding completion of this project.
3. Output: Report describing freshwater pond ecosystems response to
fluorene (10/83).
Status: Field work is complete; data processing is progressing reason-
ably well. Results will be presented at the AIBS lab to field symposium
in August; the proceedings of this symposium will be published.
4. Output: Report comparing single species and microcosm tests using
fluorene (04/84).
Status: Rescheduled from 10/83. Laboratory work has been initiated
slower than anticipated. Single species range finding bioassays have
been conducted, but microcosm experiments have not begun.
5. Output: Report comparing laboratory test results and pond results using
fluorene (10/84).
45
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Status: See items (3) and (4) for status. At present it does not appear
that this date will slip.
Project Manager: Phil Larsen, FTS 420-4877
46
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Environmental Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation (Photobiology)
(CML1A/44)
Project Objectives:
To develop information and data base sufficient for understanding the possible
environmental effects of enhanced solar UV-B radiation resulting from strato-
spheric ozone depletion due to chlorofluorocarbon emissions to the atmosphere.
Output Status:
1. Output: Report on UV-B effects on natural plant communities, young of
marine species, and maize (06/83).
Status: This report will be based on three progress reports from
cooperative agreements. The progress reports are due 05/83. The report
on maize has arrived. The other two are in final draft form, and the
Project Managers promise them by the end of 05/83.
2. Output: Report on UV-B effects on yield of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans,
and citrus (02/83).
Status: Completed 11/82.
""' *»
3. Output: Report on UV-B effects on soybeans (11/83).
Status: Cooperative agreements are in place and work is on schedule at
the University of Maryland and at the University of Florida.
4. Output: Report on UV-B effects on photosynthetic inhibition and acclima-
tion (03/83).
Status: Completed 02/83.
5. Output: Report on UV-B effects on zooplankton (10/82).
Status: Completed 10/82.
Findings:
Preliminary results of the 1982 field season became available during this
quarter.
0 Biological Findings: Dose-response experiments on soybeans indicate that
a 16% decrease in stratospheric ozone may lead to an 8% decrease in
soybean yield (a pool of five different cultivars). Determination of
47
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broad-band action spectra of photoinhibition in soybeans shows them to be
sensitive to enhanced levels of UV-B radiation which might result from
stratospheric ozone depletion.
0 Economic Findings: Not to be determined in current objectives.
Publications:
Robberecht, R., and M. M. Caldwell. Protective Mechanisms and Acclimation to
Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation in Oenothera stricta. Accepted by Plant Cell
and Environment (01/83).
Teramura, A. H., M. Tevini, and W. Iwanzik. Effects of Ultraviolet-B Irradia-
tion on Plants During Mild Water Stress. II. Effects on Diurnal Stomatal
Resistance. Accepted by Physiologia Plantarum (01/83).
Worrest, R. C. Impact of Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation (290-320 nm) Upon
Marine Miccroalgae. Accepted by Physiologia Plantarum (01/83).
Gold, W. G., and M. M. Caldwell. The Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on
Plant Competition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Accepted by Physiologia
Plantarum (01/83).
Teramura, A. H. The Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on the Growth and
Yield of Crops. Accepted by Physiologia Plantarum (02/83).
Worrest, R. C. Ecological and Nonhuman Effects of Solar UV-B Radiation.
Accepted by Proceedings of Indo-US Workshop on Global Ozone Problems (ed. , A.
P. Mitra) (02/83).
Caldwell, M. M. , R. Robberecht, and S. D. Flint. Internal Filters: Prospects
for UV-Acclimation in Higher Plants. Accepted by Physiologia Plantarum
(03/83).
Warner, C. W. , and M. M. Caldwell. Influence of Photon Flux Density in the
400-700 nm Waveband on Inhibition of Photosynthesis by UV-B (280-320 nm)
Irradiation in Soybean Leaves: Separation of Indirect and Immediate Effects.
Accepted by Photochemistry and Photobiology (03/83).
Project Manager: Norman R. Glass, FTS 420-4671
48
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Wetland Boundary Delineation (Carryover from FY82) (ARB1A/11)
Project Objectives:
To evaluate wetland physical, chemical, and biological data to determine which
characteristics best define a wetland and the transition boundary between the
upland and wetland. This information is needed for decisions in issuing 404
Dredge and Fill Permits.
Output Status:
1. Output: Final report (draft) for EPA Contract CI 79-0503, "Role and
Function of Small Isolated Wetlands and Intermittent Streams," Keith
MacDonald, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Diego, California. March 7,
1983.
Status: The final documentation of peer reviewed publications has been
received from Woodward-Clyde. See publications.
2. Output: Project summary for EPA project R806079, "The Role of Black
Mangrove Forests in the Productivity of Coastal Ecosystems in Southwest
Florida." February 4, 1983.
Status: The project summary to be processed in the EPA Project Summary
format (08/83).
3. Output: Inhouse manuscript describing vegetation and environmental
factor relationships in freshwater wetlands. It will be submitted to
Journal of Environmental Management (09/83).
Status: Rough draft completed.
Findings:
The inhouse manuscript is entitled "Vegetative and Environmental Analysis of
Two Oregon Freshwater Wetlands." It is currently undergoing revision. The
results indicate environmental data clump and change seasonally suggesting
their use in wetland definition and boundary delineation. The data, however,
appear more difficult to interpret than vegetative information. A correlation
between the two data sets found minimal relationship. It may be necessary to
consider the environmental and vegetation data sets independently when making
the boundary and wetland determinations.
49
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Publications:
1. "Behavior Adaptations to Spatially Intermittent Streams by Longfin Dace,
Agosia chrysogaster (Cyprinidae)" by Michael Busdosh. To be published
mid-May 1983 in Proceedings, 1981 Vernal Pools Symposium (Peter B. Moyle
and S. Jain, editors), University of California, Davis.
2. "Small Mammal Utilization of Vernal Pools, San Diego County, California"
by Ted Winfield, Tim Cass, and Keith MacDonald. To be published mid-May
1983 in Proceedings, 1981 Vernal Pools Symposium (Peter B. Moyle and S.
Jain, editors), University of California, Davis.
3. "Macroinvertebrate Distribution Among Some Southern California Vernal
Pools" by Betty Dehoney and Donald LaVigne. To be published mid-May 1983
in Proceedings, 1981 Vernal Pools Symposium (Peter B. Moyle and S. Jain,
editors), University of California, Davis.
Project Manager: Bill Sanville, FTS 420-4764
50
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PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 31, 1983
Project Title: Cold Climate Research
Project Objectives:
In past years, the Cold Climate program has been concerned with air pollution
(primarily CO) in Anchorage and Fairbanks. Because of this past interest, and
the projects which were funded to investigate various aspects of air quality,
meteorology, and automobile emissions, air pollution research is no longer the
only high priority concern in Alaska — water quality, air pollution, con-
struction (gravel removal, habitat disruption), and other consequences of
natural resource development, have become of major concern in the region.
Since many projects dealing with air quality (high CO problems) were funded
and completed, new priority concerns have emerged and will be covered by the
research program.
In FY83, the Cold Climate program has as its major objectives:
0 The understanding of the fate, transport, and effect of pollutants
associated with petroleum development in cold environments, particularly
in the North Slope area and in pipeline, pumping, and transfer facil-
ities.
0 The understanding of the fate, transport, and effect of pollutants
associated with various mining activities such as placer mining for
previous metals and other minerals, and strip mining.
0 The understanding of the fate, transport, and effect of pollutants
associated with human population growth, development, and construction in
population centers, particularly Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau.
Because of rapid population growth from resource development and the
unique climatic and meteorological conditions, we are interested in
criteria and other air pollutants, hydrocarbons in water, and how the
behavior of these other pollutants is affected in cold regions.
These general objectives are being addressed (when subcontracts are issued and
implemented) by three individual projects:
0 Impact of oil development upon coastal tundra wetlands.
0 Ecosystem impacts of placer mining.
0 Literature review, assessment of the state of the art and knowledge of
the toxicology, fate and effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in oiled
waters. This assessment will be followed by a determination of what
detailed research still needs to be completed in order to adequately
permit applications.
51
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Output Status:
1. Output: Research planning study to determine cold climate research
priority needs. Battelle PNL completed the study in 09/82. The study
was performed because of EPA need to change the focus of the Cold Climate
program from one dedicated to looking at CO and auto emissions in
Anchorage and Fairbanks to encompass a more broadly based program
oriented toward the effects of pollutants which result from natural
resource development.
Status: Final report available 07/83.
2. Output: Mobile Emissions Testing Facility (METFAC) report on the types
and amount of auto emissions of CO and other criteria air pollutants
which result from Alaskan driving conditions and auto use patterns. This
study, along with the development of a meteorology model suitable for
Anchorage and Fairbanks,, provides the inputs for an air quality modeling
effort aimed at simulating air quality in cold, stable air masses in the
two major urban centers of Alaska in order to evaluate different air
quality management strategies.
Status: Final report due from Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation 06/83.
3. Output: Final report on solid waste disposal practices in rural Alaska,
including recommendations for improving waste management and disposal in
remote locations and villages for which conventional waste disposal
methods are not workable. This report covers work done under the Cold
Climate program prior to the completion of the research planning study
mentioned in #1 but which has been delayed. The report lists 10 recom-
mendations for improving solid waste management in rural areas of Alaska.
Status: Final report due from University of Alaska 07/83.
Publications:
A list of 12 journal articles and 71 Official Working Papers developed in past
years is available.
Project Manager: Norman R. Glass, FTS 420-4671
52
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APPENDIX A
PUBLICATION LIST
October 1, 1982 - March 31, 1983
53
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Manuscripts In Press (CERL Authors)
Baker, R. J., M. D. Knittel, and J. L. Fryer. Susceptibility of Chinook
Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo
gairdneri Richardson) "to Infection with Vibrio Anguillarum following
Sublethal Copper Exposure. Journal of Fish Diseases.
Burns, Walter F., and David T. Tingey. GC/MS Analysis of Biogenic Volatile
Hydrocarbons on a Chemically Bonded Fused Silica Column. Journal of
Chromatographic Science.
Davis, Michael W., and Henry Lee, II. Recolonization of Sediment-Associated
Microalgae and Effects of Estuarine Infauna on Microalgal Production.
Marine Ecology Progress Series.
Dutka, B. J. , N. Nyholm, and J. Peterson. Comparison of Several Microbiolog-
ical Toxicity Screening Tests. Water Research.
Gile, Jay D. Relative Airborne Losses of Commercial 2,4-D Formulations From a
Simulated Wheat Field. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology.
Gile, Jay D. 2,4-D -- Its Distribution and Effects in a Ryegrass Ecosystem.
Journal of Environmental Quality.
Gillett, James W. , Loren K. Russell, and Jay D. Gile. Predator-Prey (Vole-
Cricket) Interactions: The Effects of Wood Preservatives. Journal of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Gillett, James W. , Martin D. Knittel, Eva Jolma, and Roger Colombe. Applic-
ability of Microbial Toxicity Assays to Assessment Problems. Journal of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Hogsett, W. E. , S. R. Holrnan, M. L. Gumpertz, and D. T. Tingey. Growth
Response in Radish to Sequential and Simultaneous Exposures of N02 and
S02. Environmental Pollution.
Johnson, Steven C., Gary A. Chapman, and Donald G. Stevens. Sensitivity of
Steel head Trout Embryos to Handling. The Progressive Fish-Culturist.
Lighthart, B. , John Bahm, and V. V. Volk. Effects of Chemical Speciation of
Toxic Metals on Microbial Respiration in Metal-Amended Soils. Journal of
Environmental Quality.
Male, Larry M., Eric Preston, and Grady Neely. Yield Response Curves of Crops
Exposed to S02 Time Series. Atmospheric Environment.
Malueg, K. W. , G. S. Schuytema, J. H. Gakstatter, and D. F. Krawczyk. The
Effect of Hexagenia on Daphm'a Response in Sediment Toxicity Tests.
Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Nebeker, Alan V., Chris K. McAuliffe, Roger Mshar, and Donald G. Stevens.
Toxicity of Silver to Steelhead and Rainbow Trout, Fathead Minnows, and
Daphm'a magna. Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
54
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Nebeker, Alan V., Joel K. McCrady, Roger Mshar, and Chris K. McAuliffe.
Relative Sensitivity of Daphnia magna, Rainbow Trout, and Fathead Minnows
to Endosulfan. Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Nebeker, Alan V., Phillip McKinney, and Michael A. Cairns. Acute and Chronic
Effects of Dimilin (Diflubenzuron) on Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates.
Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Omernik, James M., and Andrew J. Kinney. An Improved Technique for Estimating
Mean Depth of Lakes. Water Research.
Ozretich, R. J., R. C. Randall, B. L. Boese, W. P. Schroeder, and J. R. Smith.
Acute Toxicity of Butylbenzyl Phthalate to Shiner Perch (Cymatogaster
aggregata). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.
Peterson, Spencer A. Sediment Removal. IN Lake Restoration. Ann Arbor
Press.
Rodecap, Kent D., and David T. Tingey. The Influence of Light on Ozone-
Induced 1-Aminocyclopropane-l-Carboxylic Acid and Ethylene Production
From Intact Plants. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie.
Taylor, G. E., Jr., and D. T. Tingey. Sulfur Dioxide Flux into Leaves of
Geranium carolinianum L.: Evidence for a Non-Stomatal or Residual
Resistance. Plant Physiology.
Wickliff, Carlos, V. V. Volk, David T. Tingey, William L. Griffis, Marita Y.
Trunk, and Jack L. Witherow. Response of Tall Fescue, Bush Bean, and
Corn to Chrome Tannery Sludge in Soils. Environmental Pollution.
Worrest, R. C. Impact of Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation (290-320 nm) upon
Marine Microalgae. Physiologia Plantarum.
55
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Journal Reprints Received (Inhouse)
Burns, Walter F., David T. Tingey, and Rosemary C. Evans. Effect of Water on
Retention Time on a Fused Silica Column. Journal of High Resolution
Chromatography and Chromatography Communications 5:504-505, 1982.
Bauer, H., M. M. Caldwell, M. Tevini, and R. C. Worrest, eds. Biological
Effects of UV-B Radiation. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Munich-
Neuherberg, May 25-27, 1982. Sponsored by the German Ministry of
Research and Technology and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Cairns, Michael A., and Alan V. Nebeker. Toxicity of Acenaphthene and
Isophorone to Early Life Stages of Fathead Minnows. Archives o_f Environ-
mental Contamination and Toxicology 11:703-707, 1982.
Callaway, Richard J., and David T. Specht. Dissolved Silicon in the Yaquina
Estuary, Oregon. Estuarine. Coastal. and Shelf Science 15:561-567, 1982.
Evans, Rosemary C., David T. Tingey, Marcia L. Gumpertz, and Walter F. Burns.
Estimates of Isoprene and Monoterpene Emission Rates in Plants.
Botanical Gazette 143(3):304-310, 1982.
Giattina, J. D., and R. R. Garton. A Review of the Preference-Avoidance
Responses of Fishes to Aquatic Contaminants. Residue Reviews 87:44-90,
1983.
Hughes, R. M., and J. M. Omernik. An Alternative for Characterizing Stream
Size. pp. 807-101 IN Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems. Thomas D. Fontaine,
III, and Steven M. Bartell, eds. Ann Arbor Science, 1983.
Hughes, Robert M., and James M. Omernik. A Proposed Approach to Determine
Regional Patterns in Aquatic Ecosystems, pp. 98-102 IN Acquisition and
Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information (Neil B. Armantrout,
ed.). Proceedings of a Symposium held 28-30 October, 1981, Portland,
Oregon. Western Division, American Fisheries Society.
McFarlane, Craig. Measurement and Reporting Guidelines for Plant Growth
Chamber Environment. Letter to the Editor with table specifying guide-
lines. Journal of Environmental Quality 11(4):719-720, 1982.
Male, Larry M. An Experimental Method for Predicting Plant Yield Respone to
Pollution Time Series. Atmospheric Environment 16(9):2247-2252, 1982.
Omernik, James M., and Charles F. Powers. Total Alkalinity of Surface Waters
— A National Map. Annals of the Association of American Geographers
73(1):133-136, 1983.
Peterson, Spencer A., and R. J. Johnson. Lake Restoration in the U.S.A. p.
172-184 IH Role of Water iji Urban Ecology. H. Hengeveld and C. De Vocht,
eds. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, The Netherlands, 1982.
Rogers, Robert D., and James C. McFarlane. Hydrogen Oxidation in Soils as a
Possible Toxic-Effects Indicator. Journal of Environmental Quality
11(3):364-368, 1982.
56
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Swartz, R. C., W. A. DeBen, K. A. Sercu, and J. 0. Lamberson. Sediment
Toxicity and the Distribution of Amphipods in Commencement Bay,
Washington, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13(10):359-364, 1982.
Tingey, David T., Gail L. Thutt, Marcia L. Gumpertz, and William Hogsett.
Plant Water Status Influences Ozone Sensitivity of Bean Plants. Agricul-
ture and Environment 7:243-254, 1982.
57
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Extramural Publications
Anonymous. EPA Field Guide for Scientific Support Activities Associated with
Superfund Emergency Response. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, operated for
the U.S. Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute. Users'
Guide (L. C. Raniere, Project Officer).
Bouwes, Nicolaas W., and Lowell Klessig. Socioeconomic Impact Evaluation of
Lake Improvement Projects and Lake Management Guidelines. Center for
Resource Policy Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Final Project
Report (Ronald Garton, Project Officer).
Brezonik, Patrick L., Charles D. Hendry, Jr., Eric S. Edgerton, Randy L.
Schulze, and Thomas L. Crisman. Acidity, Nutrients, and Minerals in
Atmospheric Precipitation Over Florida: Deposition Patterns, Mechanisms,
and Ecological Effects. University of Florida, Gainesville. Final
Project Report (Charles Powers, Project Officer).
Caldwell, M. M., W. G. Gold, G. Harris, and C. W. Ashurst. A Modulated Lamp
System for Solar UV-B (280-320 nm) Supplementation Studies in the Field.
Photochemistry and Photobiology, in press (Norman R. Glass, Project
Officer).
Caldwell, M. M., R. Robberecht, and S. D. Flint. Internal Filters: Prospects
of UV-Acclimation in Higher Plants. Physiologia Plantarum, in press.
(Norman R. Glass, Project Officer).
Dinnel, P. A., Q. J. Stober, S. C. Crumley, and R. E. Makatani. Development
of a Sperm Cell Toxicity Test for Marine Waters, pp. 82-98 IN Aquatic
Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Fifth Conference. ASTM STP 776. J.
G. Pearson, R. B. Foster, and W. E. Bishop, eds., American Society for
Testing and Materials, 1982 (Richard Swartz, Project Officer).
Fink, Robert. Evaluation of the Effects of Chemical Carriers on Avian LC50
Toxicity Tests. Wildlife International, Ltd. Response Report to EPA,
Office of Toxic Substances (Jay Gile, Project Officer).
Gammon, R. James, Michael D. Johnson, Charles E. Mays, David A. Schiappa,
William L. Fisher, and Bradley L. Pearman. Effects of Agriculture on
Stream Fauna in Central Indiana. DePauw University, Greencastle,
Indiana. Final Project Report (Albert Katko, Project Officer).
Garrison, Paul, and Douglas R. Knauer. Lake Restoration: A Five-Year Evalua-
tion of the Mirror and Shadow Lakes Project, Waupaca, Wisconsin.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison. Final Project Report
(S. A. Peterson, Project Officer).
Gold, Warren G., and Martyn M. Caldwell. The Effects of Ultraviolet-B
Radiation on Plant Competition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Physiologia
Plantarum. in press (Norman R. Glass, Project Officer).
58
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Goodman, Erik D., Matt Zabik, Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Robert M. Kon, Renate M.
Snider. Ecosystem Responses to Alternative Pesticides in the Terrestrial
Environment: A System Approach. Michigan State University, East
Lansing. Final Project Report (Jay Gile, Project Officer).
Hawkins, Charles P., Michael L. Murphy, and N. H. Anderson. Effects of
Canopy, Substrate Composition, and Gradient on the Structure of.Macro-
invertebrate Communities in Cascade Range Streams of Oregon. Ecology
63(6):1840-1856, 1982 (Kenneth Malueg, Project Officer).
Hunter, John E., Sandor E. Kaupp, and John H. Taylor. Assessment of Effects
of UV Radiation on Marine Fish Larvae, pp. 459-497 IN The Role of Solar
Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems. John Calkins, ed. Plenum
Publishing Corporation,"1982 (Robert Worrest, Project Officer).
James, R. L. , and F. W. Cobb, Jr. Variability in Virulence of Heterobasidion
annosum Isolates from Ponderosa and Jeffrey Pine in Areas of High and Low
Photochemical Air Pollution. Plant Disease 66(9):835-837, 1982 (Ray
Wilhour, Project Officer).
James, R. L., F. W. Cobb, Jr., and J. R. Parmeter, Jr. Effects of Ozone on
Sporulation, Spore Germination, and Growth of Fomes annosus. Phyto-
pathology 72(9):1205-1208, 1982 (Ray Wilhour, Project Officer).
James, R. L., F. W. Cobb, P. R. Miller, and J. R. Parmeter, Jr. Effects of
Oxidant Air Pollution on Susceptibility of Pine Roots to Fomes annosus.
Phytopathology 70(6):560-563, 1982 (Ray Wilhour, Project Officer).
James, R. L., F. W. Cobb, Jr., W. W. Wilcox, and D. L. Rowney. Effects of
Photochemical Oxidant Injury of Ponderosa and Jeffrey Pines on Suscepti-
bility of Sapwood and Freshly Cut Stumps to Fomes annosus. Phytopath-
ology 70(8):704-708, 1980 (Ray Wilhour, Project Officer).
Karr, James R., Louis A. Toth, and Gayle D. Garman. Habitat Preservation for
Midwest Stream Fishes, Principles and Guidelines. University of
Illinois, Champaign. Final Project Report (Gerald S. Schuytema, Project
Officer).
McLaughlin, John J. A., M. P. Brown, G. S. Kleppel, R. J. Ingram, W. B.
Samuels, K. F. Bel ton, and P. F. Roscigno. Primary Productivity and
Related Processes in New York Harbor, as Reflective of Changing Water
Quality. Fordham University, Armonk, New York. Final Project Report
(Charles F. Powers, Project Officer).
Mearns, Alan J., and Jack Q. Ward. Forecasting Effects of Sewage Solids on
Marine Benthic Communities, pp. 405-512 IN Ecological Stress and the New
York Bight: Science and Management, G. F. Mayer, ed. Estuarine Research
Federation, Columbia, South Carolina, 1982 (R. C. Swartz, Project
Officer).
Porcella, D. B. Protocol for Bioassessment of Hazardous Waste Sites. Tetra
Tech, Inc. Application Guide (W. E. Miller and S. A. Peterson, Project
Officers).
59
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Robberecht, Ronald, and Martyn M. Caldwell. Protective Mechanisms and
Acclimation to Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation in Oenothera stricta. Plant
Cell and Environment, in press (Norman R. Glass, Project Officer).
Runke, Henry M., and Joseph Shapiro. The Current Status of Water Quality in
Long, Johanna, and Josephine Lakes — A Summary Report on the Detailed
Evaluation Study of the Long Lake Chain of Lakes Improvement Project.
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Final Project Report (K. W.
Malueg, Project Officer).
Schlosser, Isaac J. Fish Community Structure and Function Along Two Habitat
Gradients in a Headwater Stream. Ecological Monographs 54(2):295-414,
1982 (Gerald Schuytema, Project Officer).
Shapiro, Joseph, Bruce Forsberg, Vincent Lamarra, Gunilla Lindmark, Michael
Lynch, Eric Smeltzer, and George Zoto. Experiments and Experiences in
Biomanipulation -- Studies of Biological Ways to Reduce Algal Abundance
and Eliminate Blue-Greens. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Charles
Powers, Project Officer).
Sutherland, Ronald J. A Regional Recreation Demand and Benefits Model. Final
Project Report (Jack Gakstatter, Project Officer; also issued by Los
Alamos National Laboratory LA-9699MS).
Sutherland, Ronald J. The Sensitivity of Travel Cost Estimates of Recreation
Demand to the Functional Form and Definition of Origin Zones. Western
Journal of Agricultural Economics, pp. 87-98, July 1982 (Jack Gakstatter,
Project Officer).
Sutherland, Ronald J. A Regional Approach to Estimating Recreation Benefits
of Improved Water Quality. Journal of Environmental Economics and
Management 9:229-247, 1982 (Jack Gakstatter, Project Officer).
Sutherland, Ronald J. Recreation Benefits and Displaced Facilities. Journal
of Leisure Research 14(3):248-262, 1982 (Jack Gakstatter, Project
Officer).
Temple, P. J., and 0. C. Taylor. Worldwide Ambient Measuremennts of Peroxy-
acetyl Nitrate (PAN) and Implications for Plant Injury. Atmospheric
Environment, in press (David T. Tingey, Project Officer).
Teramura, Alan H. The Amelioration of UV-B Effects on Productivity by Visible
Radiation. pp. 367-382 IN The Role of Solar Radiation i_n Marine
Ecosystems, John Calkins, ed. Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1982
(Robert Worrest, Project Oficer).
Trabalka, John R., and Charles T. Garten, Jr. Development of Predictive
Models for Xenobiotic Bioaccumulation in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ORNL-5869 (James W.
Gillett, Project Officer).
Welch, E. B., J. P. Michaud, and M. A. Perkins. Alum Control of Internal
Phosphorus Loading in a Shallow Lake. Water Resources Bulletin 18(6):
929-936, 1982 (Spencer A. Peterson, Project Officer).
60
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Williamson, Kenneth J., and Peter 0. Nelson. Bacterial Bioassay for Level I
Toxicity Assessment. Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon State
University, Corvallis. Final Project Report (David T. Tingey, Project
Officer).
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