United States Corvallis Environmental
Environmental Protection Research Laboratory
Agency Corvallis, Oregon 97333
QUARTERLY
RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT
January 1, 1989 - March 31, 1989
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QUARTERLY
RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT
January 1, 1989 - March 31, 1989
THIS RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT, COVERING THE PERIOD JANUARY 1 THROUGH
MARCH 31, 1989, SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT STATUS OF ALL ACTIVE PROJECTS
AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY--CORVALLIS.
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR WOULD LIKE MORE INFORMATION, FEEL FREE TO
CONTACT EITHER THE MANAGER LISTED AT THE END OF EACH PROJECT DESCRIP-
TION OR THE LABORATORY DIRECTOR. FOR THOSE WHO USE A COMMERCIAL
LINE, DIAL (503) 757- AND THE 4-DIGIT EXTENSION OF THE PROJECT
MANAGER. THE MAIN TELEPHONE NUMBER OF THE LABORATORY COMPLEX IS
(503) 757-4600.
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CONTENTS
Air Pollution Effects
Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops 1
Assessment of Ozone Impacts on Forests 5
Water Quality
Wetlands Research on Mitigation and Cumulative Effects of Loss 7
Regional Integration Project (Ecoregions) 9
Water Quality Criteria for Terrestrial Wildlife 11
Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
Enforcement and Other Technical Support 13
Evaluation of Cover Crops 15
Plant Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Hazardous Chemicals ... 17
Toxic Substances
Terrestrial Toxicology 19
Bioenvironmental Aspects of Biotechnology 21
Comparative Terrestrial Toxicology 25
Risk Assessment Development 27
Verified Hazard Assessment Using Microcosms and Field Sites 29
Pesticides
Bioassay Development and GEM Studies Crops 31
Field Validation for Hazard Assessment Techniques 33
Methods Development and Effects Measurement 35
Integrated Risk Assessment 37
Acid Rain Effects
National Surface Water Survey 39
Biologically Relevant Chemistry 41
Effects of Acidic Deposition on Human Health 43
Watershed Manipulation Project 45
Long-Term Monitoring (LTM)/Temporal Integrated Monitoring of
Ecosystems (TIME) 49
Direct/Delayed Response of Watersheds 51
Episodic Response Project 53
Synthesis and Integration of Aquatic Effects Research 57
Extent and Magnitude of Recent Changes in Forest Condition 59
Evaluation of the Role of Non-Air Pollution Factors 61
Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Responses Project 63
Evaluation of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Associated Pollutants in
Forest Decline 65
Projection Under Alternative Deposition Scenarios 67
Contribution to 1990 NAPAP Assessment 69
Stratospheric Ozone
Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Agroecosystems 71
Biogenic Effects 73
Global Climate Change
Regional Methods and Effects of Global Climatic Change 75
Effects of Global Climate Change on Vegetation and Wildlife 77
Hydrological and Related Aquatic Effects of Global Climate Change ... 79
Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change on Agroecosystems 81
Biotic Emissions of Radiatively Important Trace Gases 83
Effects of Global Climate Change on Biodiversity 85
Publications List (Blue Pages) 87
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Air Pollution Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops (01)
Objective(s):
Develop ozone exposure-crop response data for the major agronomic crops and
use these data to conduct an economic assessment of the effects of air
pollution on agriculture. This project will develop exposure-response data
for crops representing 90 percent of the U.S. acreage and estimate national
economic losses based on these data. The magnitude of bioenvironmental
sources of uncertainty (soil moisture) and the effects of pollutant exposure
dynamics on these estimates will also be evaluated.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
In support of the development of an Air Toxics Effects Project, ERL-C
scientists have organized a session entitled "Air Toxics — Effects on
Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems" at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association (Anaheim, California, June 25-30, 1989).
ERL-C scientists interacted with staff from the Office of Technology,
Transfer and Regulatory Support (OTTRS) in preparing a memorandum strongly
urging the inclusion of public welfare effects in the Congressional H.R. 4
Air Toxics Bill which is targeted as an amendment to the Clean Air Act.
In support of the Agroecosystem component of the Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment Program (EMAP), ERL-C scientists attended the Agroeco-system-
EMAP Workshop (Raleigh, NC; February 24-25, 1989) and assisted in the
preparation of an annotated outline for this EMAP component.
At the invitation of the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office (ECAO),
ERL-C scientists attended the Alternative Motor Fuels Workshop (RTP, NC;
February 15, 1989) and have prepared an annotated outline and subsequent
narrative for the ecological effects research component of the Alternative
Motor Fuels Program Research Plan.
NCLAN COMPLETED--The Corvallis Laboratory's National Crop Loss Assessment
Network (NCLAN) was brought to a successful conclusion with an international
symposium which focused on the results of the research, and on the current
state of knowledge of air pollutant impact on vegetative resources in the
U.S., Canada, and Europe. The conference proceedings and invited presenta-
tions have been published as a book by Elsevier Science Publications,
Assessment of Crop Loss From Air Pollutants. Corvallis scientists partici-
pated as authors of invited presentations, authors of contributed papers,
and as one of the editors of the volume. The book contains papers addressing
the needs of crop loss assessment, current approaches to assessment, progress
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in the development of predictive models, the use of information for economic
predictions, and the application of data in policy decisions. This publica-
tion offers a thorough examination of the state of knowledge in assessment
of risk to resources by air pollutants, and a point of reference for develop-
ment of new research approaches.
Publications:
Adams, R.M., J.G. Glyer and B.A. McCarl. (1988). The NCLAN economic
assessment: approach, findings and implications. J_n: Assessment Of
Crop Loss From Air Pollutants. W.W. Heck, O.C. Taylor and D.T. Tingey
(eds.) Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, NY. pp. 73-504.
Dassel, K.A. and J.O. Rawlings. (1989). Effect of experimental design on
measures of nonlinearity and estimation of variances for the Weibull
model. Technometrics (submitted).
Heagle, A.S., L.W. Kress, P.O. Temple, R.J. Kohut, J.E. Miller and H.E.
Heggestad. (1988). Factors influencing ozone dose-yield response
relationships in open-top field chamber studies. In: Assessment Of
Crop Loss From Air Pollutants. W.W. Heck, O.C. Taylor and D.T. Tingey
(eds.) Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, NY. pp. 141-179.
Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey and E.H. Lee. (1988). Ozone exposure indices:
concepts for development and evaluation of their use. In: Assessment
Of Crop Loss From Air Pollutants. W.W. Heck, O.C. Taylor and D.T.
Tingey (eds.) Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, NY. pp.
107-138.
Lee, E.H., D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. (1989). Confidence intervals for
the Weibull predications of agricultural yield losses from ozone
exposure. Technometrics (submitted).
Lesser, V.M., J.O. Rawlings, S.E. Spruill and M.C. Somerville. (1989).
Effects of ozone on agricultural crops: Statistical methodologies and
estimated dose- response relationships. Crop Science (submitted).
Miller, J.E. (1988). Effects on photosynthesis, carbon allocation and
plant growth associated with air pollutant stress. In: Assessment of
Crop Loss From Air Pollutants. W.W. Heck, O.C. Taylor and D.T. Tingey
(eds.) Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, NY. pp. 287-314.
Miller, J.E., R.P. Patterson, W.A. Pursley, A.S. Heagle and W.W. Heck.
(1989). Response of soluble sugars and starch in field-grown cotton
to ozone, water stress and their combination. Environmental and
Experimental Botany (in press).
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Moser, T.J., D.T. Tingey, K.D. Rodecap, D.J. Rossi and C.S. Clark. (1988).
Drought stress applied during the reproductive phase reduced
ozone-induced effects in bush bean, in: Assessment Of Crop Loss From
Air Pollutants. W.W,. Heck, O.C. Taylor and D.T. Tingey (eds.) Elsevier
Science Publishing Co., New York, NY. pp. 345-364.
Preston, E.M. and D.T. Tingey. (1988). The NCLAN program for crop loss
assessment. In: Assessment Of Crop Loss From Air Pollutants. W.W.
Heck, O.C. Taylor and D.T. Tingey (eds.) Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., New York, NY. pp. 45-62.
Rawlings, J.O., V.M. Lesser and K.A. Dassel. (1988). Statistical approaches
to assessing crop losses. In: Assessment Of Crop Loss From Air
Pollutants. W.W. Heck, O.C. Taylor and D.T. Tingey (eds.) Elsevier
Science Publishing Co., New York, NY. pp. 389-416.
Somerville, M.C., K.A. Dassel and J.O. Rawlings. (1989). Confidence
interval estimation related to parameter-effects curvature for the
weibull nonlinear model. Crop Science (submitted).
Temple, P.J. (1989). Water relations of differentially-irrigated cotton
exposed to ozone. Agronomy Journal (submitted).
Tingey, D.T., W.E. Hogsett and E.H. Lee. (1989). Analysis of crop loss
for alternative ozone exposure indices. |n: Atmospheric Ozone Research
and its Policy Implications. T. Schneider, S.D. Lee, G.J.R. Wolters
and L.D. Grant (eds.) Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam pp.
219-227.
Project Manager: Thomas J. Moser FTS 420-4852/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Con/allis
Project Status Report—Air Pollution Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forests (06)
Objective(s):
(1) Determine the response of commercially/ecologically important forest
tree species under a range of ozone scenarios for those forest types most
at risk to ozone. (2) Determine the relationship between components of ozone
exposure (e.g. concentration, frequency, duration and respite time) and tree
response, and once quantified, (a) develop realistic exposure-response
functions and (b) examine the biological relevance of alternative air quality
statistics that are meaningful in an air quality standards context. (3)
Predict the influence of various ozone air quality scenarios on productivity
and composition of forest trees over time and across forest types.
Output Status:
Comprehensive Research Plan to determine the effects of tropospheric ozone
on forest species (03/89). Completed.
Activities:
The Research Plan, "Effects of Tropospheric Ozone on Forest Tree Species"
was presented to the Forest Research Subcommittee of the Clean Air Scientific
Advisory Committee (CASAC) for review. The Subcommittee unanimously endorsed
the Research Plan as being a scientifically sound and defensible research
program that is responsive'to the needs of the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards.
A Request For Proposals titled "Ozone Exposure Response Studies for Forest
Tree Species" was mailed to interested researchers in early March. Proposals
which are due in early April will be peer reviewed, with three or four
regional projects selected for award by June.
Research staff are preparing experimental design and work plans for in-house
research projects addressing the impact of ozone on forest species. In
concert with this planning, the staff have been preparing the experimental
facilities and planting various tree species for the upcoming spring exposure
season.
Three invited presentations to the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association in June have been prepared and submitted to appropriate
session chairmen and external peer reviewers. These include (1) Definition
of adverse effects for the purposes of establishing secondary national air
quality standards; (2) Adequacy of crop loss data in assessing the impact
of ozone: A national perspective; and (3) Sensitivity of western conifers
to S02 and seasonal interaction of acid fog and ozone.
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Findings:
Five species of conifers in the western U.S., Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,
lodgepole pine, western hemlock and western redcedar were exposed to 3
separate pollutant exposure scenarios likely to occur in the western U.S.:
(1) acid fog (fall-winter)/ozone (summer) in a seasonal interaction of each
pollutant over the year; (2) acid fog only in fall- winter exposure; (3) S02
during the fall-winter. The exposures were conducted in open-top chambers
with simulated ambient exposure regimes. The regimes were developed from
regional ambient air quality data, and reflect the seasonality deposition,
duration, frequency of event and chemistry of fog; and the seasonality of
the frequency and distribution parameters of 03 and S02. All 5 species were
effected to varying degrees in one or more growth variables. Ponderosa pine
and western hemlock were more sensitive to ozone/acid fog scenario than the
other 3 species, with western redcedar the least susceptible. Lodgepole
pine and Douglas fir appeared to be intermediate in their response, at least
as pertains to changes in biomass and stem diameters. Only hemlock and
western redcedar appeared to be susceptible to acid fog exposures, at both
pH 2.1 and 3.1, and only these two species exhibited any foliar injury.
Winter exposures to S02 caused increases in several growth parameters in all
5 of the species. In all species, except western redcedar, the bud
elongation rate and final length the following spring was reduced by exposure
to ozone/acid fog, and increased with acid fog only exposure or winter S02
exposure. This measure of spring bud elongation is reflective of the
exposure impact on carbohydrate reserves of the bud following exposure and
its potential for growth the next season. Most growth effects did not occur
during the period of exposure, but rather the following spring/summer. These
exposure were over only one year, rather than multiyear, and this is a
relatively short time in the life-history of long-lived woody perennials such
as tree species. The confidence in the assessment of relative sensitivities
of the species however is enhanced by having repeated these exposure scen-
arios a second year on a separate population of seedling and observed the
same overall similar response and the same conclusions as to degree of
response in growth variables measured.
Publications:
Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey, C.A. Hendricks, and D.J. Rossi. 1989. Sensi-
tivity of western conifers to seasonal exposures of S02, acidic fogs
and ozone. In: Proceedings of Western Conifers and Air Pollutants
Symposium, (submitted).
Project Manager: W.E. Hogsett FTS 420-4632/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
March 31, 1989
Title: Wetlands Research on Mitigation and Cumulative Effects of Loss (14)
Objective(s):
Implement research on cumulative impact assessment and mitigation to (1)
assess the effects of cumulative wetland losses on wetland functions in the
landscape; (2) improve methods of creating, restoring, and enhancing wetlands
and wetland functions; (3) provide guidance for the design of effective
mitigation projects; (4) evaluate the feasibility of developing wetland
specific water quality criteria; (5) develop a research plan for design and
implementation of a wetlands component to the Ecological Status and Trends
Program; and (6) provide information through the publication of "Community
Profiles" and other wetlands information.
Output Status:
Provisional guidance document based on literature synthesis (02/89).
Completed.
Research/monitoring plan to support development of wetland specific Water
Quality Criteria and to evaluate Water Quality improvement of wetlands
(03/89). Completed.
Provisional handbook on wetlands mitigation (02/90). On schedule.
Activities:
Compiled databases of 404 permit information to characterize decisions that
have been made regarding mitigation. Final quality assurance checks of the
database from California are under way. The database should be ready for
analysis by summer.
Pilot studies are under way comparing created wetlands with natural wetlands
to evaluate whether or not comparable wetlands are being created as a result
of Section 404 permitting. Analysis of the data from the Oregon and
Washington studies is nearly complete. Data entry for the Florida and New
England studies is also nearly complete. After data verification, analysis
will begin. A draft report summarizing QA/QC aspects of the field studies
was completed and is being reviewed by the team. A new study funded by
Region X was initiated. It will examine the largest created wetland in
Oregon and will test methods to monitor hydrology, fisheries potential, and
water quality.
A state-of-the-science literature synthesis summarizes material on the design
and performance of wetland creation and restoration projects. It has been
finalized and is being prepared for printing.
Presented a Synoptic Assessment Method for evaluating landscape sensitivity
to cumulative impacts of wetlands loss at a briefing of personnel from the
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Office of Wetlands Protection. The Method is being applied in a study of
cumulative impacts in the state of Louisiana.
Conducted a solicitation and peer review of proposals for a quantitative
study of cumulative impacts. A cooperative agreement and work plan for a
study in Illinois is being prepared.
Finalized a research plan to define water quality criteria in wetlands.
Produced an annotated outline of an Ecological Status and Trends Research
Plan for wetlands. A report on indicators of wetland integrity was
commissioned to support the planning process.
Findings:
Analysis of data comparing created wetlands with naturally occurring wetland
in Oregon show that the naturally occurring wetlands had significantly (alpha
= 0.10) greater amounts of organic matter in their soils than the created
sites. Comparisons were also made at depths of 0-5, 10-15 and 15-20 cm.
For all depths the naturally occurring wetlands had a higher percentage of
organic matter than the created sites. However, the difference between the
two was less significant with depth. These results are as expected since
all but one of the created sites are less than 5 years old and would not have
had time for much accumulation of soil organic matter. This difference is
significant since amount of soil organic matter has been linked to wetland
water quality functions.
Analysis of data comparing created wetlands with naturally occurring wetlands
in Oregon indicates that the created wetlands were significantly "wetter"
(alpha = 0.10). Other data supports this conclusion. Percent of the site
in open water was greater in created sites (p - 0.03). Soil pits dug at each
site showed water saturation to the surface more often in created sites (p
= 0.05). These factors indicate that the hydrology of the created sites is
different from that of the naturally occurring wetlands. In the Willamette
Valley, Oregon, marshes that do not have a source of water in the summer
dry up. The created marshes were typically associated with ponds, a
situation rare in the region. The potential ecological effects of this
difference are not known.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Eric M. Preston FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Ecoregions
March 31, 1989
Title: Regional Integration Project (15)
Objective(s):
Develop assessment procedures for determining biological integrity in fresh-
water systems. Determine regional patterns of stream and lake ecosystem
characteristics. Provide methods and technical assistance for assessing
attainable uses.
Output Status:
Final Report: "Demonstration of an Ecologically-Based Method for Inter-
preting Regional Patterns in Statewide Surface Water Monitoring Data"
(06/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Completed draft of the final report listed above.
Participated in Arizona Department of Environmental Quality workshop on role
of ecoregions in State Water Quality Standards.
Participated in Office of Water symposium on Water Quality Standards in the
year 2000.
Participated in EPA Region IV Biocriteria Workshop.
Participated in Office of Water Biocriteria program guidance committee.
Briefed Region VIII staff on status of Ecoregions Project and final report.
Attended USGS Midcontinent Herbicide Initiative planning workshop.
Briefed Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) staff on status of
phosphorus regions in Wisconsin.
Submitted a decision memo to Office of Environmental Processes and Effects
Research terminating this project upon completion of above deliverable.
Findings:
No major findings this reporting period.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: David P. Larsen FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
March 31, 1989
Title: Water Quality Criteria for Terrestrial Wildlife (17)
Objective(s):
Provide EPA with information on the adequacy of existing water quality
criteria to protect terrestrial wildlife, and provide information to revise
criteria where these are inadequate.
Output Status:
Report on pollutants considered to pose the greatest threat to wildlife when
existing water quality criteria are met (04/89). Delayed to 06/89 due to
revision required based on reviewer comments.
Activities:
A preliminary report was drafted from the November 1988 workshop to evaluate
water quality criteria (WQC) applicability to wildlife. The preliminary
workshop report was completed and submitted for review. The report addresses
the adequacy of existing WQC for the protection of wildlife and provides
recommendations for future research efforts that the Agency should undertake
to complete its database for appropriate future WQC.
As a result of discussion and suggestions at the WQC workshop, a test
facility has been constructed for exposure of young birds (ducks) to
pesticides in water, and the experiments will be conducted during the next
reporting period.
Findings:
Results of the WQC workshop verified the necessity to study the effect of
pesticide exposure in water. The initial studies will concentrate on the
effects on young ducks but will eventually be expanded to include the
potential impact on raptors, small mammals, and shore birds. This project
will provide information about the levels of chemicals in water, and the
information generated from this task will be used to determine the quality
(criteria for chemical levels) of water necessary to assure the well-being
of wildlife.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Anne Fairbrother FTS 420-4716
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
March 31, 1989
Title: Enforcement and Other Technical Support (22)
Objective(s):
Provide Office of Waste Programs Enforcement, Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, Regional Offices, Department of Justice, and state
governments with rapid technical expertise regarding biological assessment
of sites and assemble and disseminate information regarding assessment
methods and findings via guidance documents (journal articles), workshops,
and seminars.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Completed the report, "Ecological Assessment of Hazardous Waste Sites," and
began distribution to Headquarters and Regional offices.
Initiated studies on storage effects on the toxicity of soils and elements.
Initiated retrospective data analyses and new tests intended to define
objective performance/acceptance criteria for in-house bioassay procedure.
Exchanged study plans and responded to draft qualitiy assurance plan (QAP)
from the Environmental Response Team relative to the Henkle site.
Exchanged draft research plans for a potential interagency agreement with
the Department of Army, Ft. Detrick, Maryland.
Participated in Region II and III Superfund Environmental Evaluation
Workshop, Cherry Hill, New Jersey, and presented a talk on "Method Develop-
ment, A Starting Point".
Presented paper at the Region V Midwest States Pollution Control Biologist
and Instream Biological Monitoring and Criteria Workshop, Chicago, Illinois.
Findings:
Our initial retrospective analyses of storage effects on toxicity suggest
that metal contaminated samples exhibit modest increase in toxicity during
storage, whereas organic contaminated soils exhibit modest decreases in
toxicity. These results are encouraging in that a pattern appears to be
emerging, but the magnitude of change with storage may be less than expected.
Further analysis is planned.
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No new findings (i.e., different from what was reported in the last two
quarters) have developed in the projects on Drake Chemical, Baird-McGuire,
Bunker Hill, and Montana Pole.
Publications:
Warren-Hicks, W., B.R. Parkhurst, and S.S. Baker, Jr. 1989. Ecological
Assessment of Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA/600/3-89/013. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon (ERL-COR-539).
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Superfimd/Hazardous Wastes
March 31, 1989
Title: Terrestrial Environment Assessments: Evaluation of Cover Crops (24)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the phytotoxicity, uptake, translocation, and metabolism properties
of selected cover crop species.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Thirty-two species of native grasses and legumes were planted in soil in
large pots in the greenhouse. These species will be evaluated as suitable
test organisms for phytotoxicity testing in terms of germination rates,
growth rates, flowering, and seed production under greenhouse conditions.
Seventeen of the 32 species have also been evaluated for a root elongation
technique (filter paper substrate in a growth pouch) for suitability for
root elongation testing.
Abstract on "Toxicity Evaluation for Hazardous Waste Sites: An Ecological
Assessment Perspective" was submitted for the Fifth Annual Waste Testing
and Quality Assurance Symposium (EPA sponsored; American Chemical Society
managed).
Findings:
Fourteen species (of 32 tested) had less than 50 percent germination rates
and under greenhouse conditions were considered unsuitable for toxicity
testing. Remaining species had a mean germination rate of 79 percent and
are suitable for testing. Eleven of the seventeen species evaluated for
the root elongation technique had adequate germination rates and rate of
root growth to be suitable for phytotoxicity testing.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
March 31, 1989
Title: Plant Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Hazardous Chemicals (25)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the biological hazard associated with contaminated soils, water,
and sediments; and determine the bioavailability (uptake, translocation,
and metabolism) of hazardous chemicals in terrestrial plants.
Output Status:
Report on the uptake and distribution of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by plants (10/89).
On schedule.
Activities:
Hydroponic experiments are in progress to determine the magnitude of
incorporation of dioxin into soybean tissues. Tritiated dioxin is used to
track "trace" levels of dioxin, as well as search for potential metabolic
products. Experiments are under way using different carrier compounds
including surfactants. Dual label experiments with other chemicals (e.g.,
1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2-chlorobiphenyl, and nitrobenzene) are planned.
Earlier experiments with tissue culture cells have been analyzed and
additional tissue culture experiments are being developed.
Findings:
Physiological variability in whole plants seems to be contributing to
relatively high variance in plant uptake values. Yet there appears to be
a trace level of dioxin transported to the shoots probably via the transpi-
ration stream. Evidence of limited metabolism as indicated by the bound
residue remains difficult to prove. However, tissue culture approaches and
sterile plantlets are showing promise as experimental tools to address the
metabolism questions.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
March 31, 1989
Title: Terrestrial Toxicology (30)
Objective(s):
Evaluate, improve, and validate bioassay methods to assess the effects of
toxic chemicals on plants and animals.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Prepared a manuscript on the relationship between food and chemical
consumption and effects on bobwhite reproduction.
Completed a journal article on effects of dietary methyl parathion on
northern bobwhite egg production and shell quality was completed.
Continued work on evaluating short life cycle Brassica spp. as a potential
laboratory and field bioassay system. Results will be reported next quarter.
Findings:
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are commonly used as pesticides but have
not been associated with major avian reproduction hazards. An experiment
using short-term exposure (<8 days) to realistic levels of an OP in bobwhite
diets produced a significant reduction in egg production and eggshell quality
that was also correlated with a reduction in food consumption.
Publications:
Bennett, R.S. Role of dietary choices on the ability of bobwhite to
discriminate between insecticide-treated and untreated food. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. (in press).
Project Manager: Anne Fairbrother FTS 420-4716
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
March 31, 1989
Title: Bioenvironmental Aspects of Biotechnology (31)
Objective(s):
Develop databases and a series of research-based protocols to provide methods
for evaluating risks from the release of genetically engineered microbes
(GEMs) into terrestrial environments.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Microcosm studies have continued in 2,4-D amended and unamended soil with
parental Pseudomonas putida PP0301, and plasmid-bearing partial 2,4-D
degrader PP0301(pR0101) and PP0301(pR0103). These studies have been extended
with the isolation and inclusion of a complete degrader of 2,4-D,
PP0301KS(pR0101), which has provided an excellent comparison with studies
of partial degraders of 2,4-D.
Studies have continued on the survival of bacteria in microcosms under
varying conditions of relative humidity and soil moisture. A study comparing
the survival of Enterobacter cloacae containing pBR322 when sprayed on bean
plants from a low titer spray and high titer spray was completed.
Standard procedures for detecting recombinant bacteria from soil have
primarily used sample plating techniques using selective culturing media.
An alternative method, recently referred to in literature, looks for the
DNA present in the sample as an indicator of both the indigenous microbial
community and the introduced recombinant bacteria. Current published methods
for detecting DNA from soil were unsuccessful at detecting both chromosomal
and plasmid DNA.
Findings:
Studies with native Oregon Willamette Valley soil amended with 500 ppm
phenoxyacetic acid (PAA) demonstrated that the indigenous microbial flora
did not degrade this xenobiotic. The addition of parental P. putida to this
soil did not stimulate PAA degradation; however, the addition of
PP0301(pR0103) (known to degrade PAA in liquid culture) resulted in the
disappearance of the xenobiotic. PAA was found to exert toxicity to plants
(as determined by inhibition of radish seed germination). This toxicity was
only alleviated by the addition of PP0301(pR0103). PP0301(pR0101) and
PP0301(pR0103) increased the rate of 2,4-D degradation over that of the
native soil inoculated with parental PP0301. This observation was
corroborated biologically by testing radish seed germination in the presence
of 2,4-D. No seed germinated in 2,4-D supplemented soils either with or
without the non-recombinant Pseudomonas. When the inducible strain was
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added, 53% of seed germinated; with the constitutive strain, 80% germination
was observed.
In the mitigation studies in the greenhouse, immediate effects of the
antibacterial agent and burning of plant residue were observed. Populations
dropped from 4.0 log units to undetectable levels. However, populations were
recovered after 1 week and were then stable at pretreatment levels for the
duration of the experiment. Other treatments showed no effect or results
were variable among sample dates or among hosts. Rototilling had no effect
in control plots but did show decreased populations for 20-25 days in
combination with burning and herbicide applications.
Microcosm research has indicated that populations of £. cloacae containing
pBR322 decreased to about 105 cfu/g leaf material in seven days, after an
initial population of about 106 cfu/g leaf on the day of spray. In com-
parison, a low titer spray, determined to be at 104 cfu/g leaf material at
the time of spray, increased slightly over a seven-day period to about 5 x
104 cfu/g leaf material. These results confirmed our original theory of a
certain "carrying capacity" for microbial colonization of leaf surfaces.
DNA extraction studies have shown that pBR322 can be directly extracted and
detected along with chromosomal DNA when 1 x 109 cells of E. cloacae
containing the plasmid are added to 1-gram sample weights of agricultural
soil from Oregon. Several methods have been incorporated to develop a crude
extraction procedure. Eliminating the humic material is critical, and
protecting/preserving the released plasmid DNA as soon as it is released from
the lysed cells is imperative. Our results suggest that this will be an
improved method to detect total DNA from soil.
Publications:
Armstrong, J.L., L.A. Porteous, and M.D. Wood. 1989. The cutworm Peridroma
saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) supports growth and transport of
pBR322-bearing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbial (submitted).
Doyle, J., K. Short, and G. Stotzky. 1989. Effect of Pseudomonas outida
PP0301(pR0103), genetically engineered to degrade 2,4-dichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid, on microbe-mediated ecological processes in soil.
89th Annual Meeting ASM. New Orleans, LA (in press).
Short, K.A., R.H. Olsen, and R.J. Seidler. 1989. Plasmic maintenance and
fitness of a Pseudomonas putida mutant complete, vs parental incom-
plete degrader of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. 89th Annual Meeting
ASM. New Orleans, LA. (in press).
Short, K.A., R.H. Olsen, and R.J. Seidler. 1988. Inducible vs constitutive
expression of plasmid functions on survival, competitiveness, and
maintenance of GEMs. Proceedings: EPA Biotechnology Risk Assessment
All Investigators Research Review. Baltimore, MD. (in press).
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Short, K.A., R.H. Olsen, and R.J. Seidler. 1988. Degradation of 2,4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in native soils by cells of Pseudomonas
putida PP0301(pR0101) and P. outida PP0301(pR0103). 88th Annual
Meeting ASM, Miami Beach, FL.
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
March 31, 1989
Title: Comparative Terrestrial Toxicology (34)
Objective(s):
Determine when data from surrogate species can be used to extrapolate
toxicologic effects to other species.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Work continues on developing a battery of immune function tests for mallards.
Methods are being developed to measure macrophage function and to determine
natural killer cell activity. Both of these are part of the nonspecific
immune response; that is, they require no prior antigen stimulation to become
fully activated. Data analysis has been completed and a manuscript is in
preparation reporting the results of exposing mallards to environmentally
relevant doses of selenium in their drinking water.
Work has been completed in collaboration with Oregon State University College
of Veterinary Medicine to determine isozyme patterns of selected mallard
serum enzymes. A manuscript describing effects of sex, age, and reproductive
state on mallard serum chemistries currently is in review. A similar
manuscript concerning mallard hematologic parameters is being prepared,
although extensive statistical consultations have been necessary to correctly
interpret the data.
Methods development is continuing to refine the techniques needed for
measuring cholinesterase in lipemic serum samples and separating free,
unbound chemical from the enzyme once the sample has been collected. An
investigation into the effects of storage conditions on serum cholinesterase
activity has been initiated.
Findings:
A method for activating peritoneal macrophages via intraperitoneal (IP)
inoculation of Sephadex (a long-stranded dextran) has been successfully
adapted for mallards. Sufficient numbers of macrophages have been harvested
following activation by a nonlethal, peritoneal lavage. We have also
developed appropriate protocols for measuring macrophage activity using a
flow cytometer to measure their ability to ingest fluorescent plastic
spheres. A working protocol is being developed for measuring natural killer
(NK) cell activity of mallards by quantitating release of Chromium from a
chicken tumor target cell. More work is required to adjust the test
parameters in order to maximize the NK response.
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The collaborative study of mallard serum isozymes has shown that the bird
species has different isozyme patterns for some chemistries than do humans.
At this point, the biological relevance of these differences is not known.
Gamma glutamyl transferase could not be analyzed since the appropriate bands
on an electrophoretic gel could not be produced in spite of trying several
different techniques that normally increase the sensitivity of the procedure.
Analysis of the data from the study of normal mallard serum chemistry values
showed that reproductive state, particularly egg-laying, significantly
affects most serum chemistries. Analysis of the hematologic data has been
difficult due to the nonindependence of several values. Work continues on
adapting a chi-square method using maximum likelihood of estimates for the
data.
Methods have been developed (for methyl parathion) for ether extraction of
plasma samples to remove lipids and to partition unbound chemical to make
the samples suitable for colorimetric assay of cholinesterase activity.
Analysis of plasma samples from birds gavaged with methyl parathion to
determine cholinesterase activity and chemical residues is nearly complete
and preliminary data analysis has begun.
Publications:
Fairbrother, A., S. L. Wagner, S. Welch, and B. B. Smith. 1989. Influence
of menstrual cycles on serum chemistry. Environmental Research (in
press).
Project Manager: Anne Fairbrother FTS 420-4716
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
March 31, 1989
Title: Risk Assessment Development (41)
Objective(s):
Identify ecosystems and their components and processes that have critical
social and/or ecological value.
Improve risk methods for evaluating toxic chemicals in soil/plant communities
and provide a mathematical model that allows prediction of effects, uptake,
and fate of xenobiotic chemicals in terrestrial plants.
Construct and maintain databases pertaining to the uptake and toxicity of
chemicals for terrestrial plants.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
PHYTOTOX development and use of the prototype PC version within Headquarters
and regional offices continued. Parallel efforts are under way to improve
the capabilities of the UTAB database.
The critical ecosystems evaluation has focused on the dryland wheat
agroecosystem. Literature values for selected species and ecological
processes for this ecosystem are being tabulated to fit the conceptual
hierarchical model. Scientists from the Athens Ecorisk group plan to work
closely on this project toward the objective of improving the realism of
the exposure scenarios for the Athens model Terrestrial Ecological Exposure
Assessment Model (TEEAM).
A request for preproposals to explore "Plant Metabolism of PCBs" generated
10 responses. Three applicants have been contacted to submit full proposals
for this cooperative project.
Abstract on the "Changes in Plant Community Structure in Response to Three
Agricultural Chemicals" was submitted for the 1989 Ecological Society of
America meeting to be held in Toronto this summer.
Data analysis was finalized and draft manuscripts on the plant uptake-trans-
location model were prepared.
Findings:
The activities this quarter, writing manuscripts, delivering talks, and
planning future studies did not produce scientific findings substantively
different than reported the last two quarters.
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Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
March 31, 1989
Title: Verified Hazard Assessment Using Microcosms and Field Sites (42)
Objective(s):
Determine the ability of toxicological testing methods to predict an effect
on field populations.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
A computerized system to measure the impact of chemicals on the metabolic
rate of captive bobwhite quail has undergone further development, and is
now almost complete. Testing of quail with the completed system will proceed
this spring.
Completed the data analysis for an investigation of the effects of body
weight and age on the results of dietary testing.
Findings:
The measured metabolic rate of caged bobwhite is within the values estimated
for adult bobwhite.
For all chemicals tested,, age of the bobwhites was a bigger factor in
influencing the LC50 than was starting weight. Starting weight significantly
influenced bobwhite LC50 values for only some of the chemicals tested and
had no effect on the LC50 of other chemicals. There were no significant age
by weight interactions for any chemicals.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4625
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
March 31, 1989
Title: Bioassay Development and GEM Studies Crops (36)
Objective(s):
Develop rationales and procedures for evaluating survival, reproduction,
potential for genetic exchange, fate, effects, and risks associated with
release of genetically engineered biological control agents.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
The extent of stress on aerosolized bacteria is being measured by releasing
a suspension of vegetative target bacterial cells, and endospores of Bacillus
subtilis. The endospores serve as an internal control to measure dilution
in the air. Therefore, losses in population of the target vegetative
bacterial cells beyond loss of endospores is due to death or injury of the
target population. Experiments carried out thus far have: (1) compared
survival of four different genera of bacteria in aerosols (Entobacter
cloacae. Erwinia herbicola. Klebsiella planticola. and Pseudomonas syrinqae;
(2) measured the effect of decreasing droplet size; (3) investigated the
effect of growing target microorganisms in minimal media as opposed to a
complex media; (4) compared aerosol survival of washed and unwashed target
cells.
In other studies, bean plants (approximately 3 weeks old) were inoculated
with populations of P. syrinqae. Reentrainment was measured by placing
petri dishes (all-glass impinger air samplers) downwind of the inoculated
plants. Turbulence was measured using a sonic anemometer placed directly
over the plants.
To better understand the behavior of aerosolized bacteria, a crude Pasquel
model that included the beginning of a droplet dispersion model was expanded
into a more detailed model framework. The model now consists of a modified
random walk droplet model where each of many droplets is dispersed in space
as a function of measured meteorological factors of wind direction and speed
at many small time increments. The death rate function of a surrogate for
£. syrinqae. Escherichia col_i, has been incorporated into the dispersion
model.
Mitigation treatments were applied to plots of bean and oat plants grown in
the greenhouse and inoculated with Erwinia herbicola. Treatments consisted
of: (1) removal of plant material by burning (a form of sanitation); (2)
burning plus rototill; (3) Kocide (a bactericide); (4) Kocide plus rototill;
(5) herbicide (kills host but leaves residue); (6) herbicide plus rototill;
(7) control (demonstration of the survival capability of the populations in
an undisturbed setting); and (8) control plus rototill. Field plot
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experiments are planned to evaluate the greenhouse studies at the end of the
growing season to test control methods.
Findings:
Reentrainment of bacteria applied has been confirmed and can be induced in
a greenhouse setting. Target bacteria were found up to 350 mm from the
inoculated plants from both dried and wet plants. Reentrainment was observed
on days one and two subsequent to inoculation of plants as well.
A larger number of reentrained bacteria were observed from plants kept in
high relative humidity than in plants kept in a drier environment. The
numbers of reentrained bacteria from 50-200 mm from inoculated plants ranged
from 0-13 from low moisture plants and 3-79 in high moisture plants; between
200 and 350 mm from the plants, a range of 0-11 target bacteria were observed
from dry plants and 0-21 target bacteria were observed in high moisture
plants.
Trends from preliminary temperature comparisons indicate that post-aerosol
survival is related to temperature. Survival at 22°C is better than at
30°C. Control experiments indicate no effect on survival of either
population size or passage through the sprayer. Thus, differences in
survival of aerosolized bacteria appear to be due to aerosolization and not
population or passage through the sprayer.
The preliminary viable droplet dispersion model is performing well. Trials
using the model suggest that containment of spray droplets of a microbial
aerosol may be increased if the spray-out occurs under relatively dry
atmospheric conditions. At low relative humidity, there is a differential
evaporation rate (and consequent death of contained microorganisms) in which
small droplets evaporate much faster than large droplets, resulting in much
die-off of the microbes in the small droplets and relatively little die-off
in the large droplets. Further, if the sprayer is adjusted, the larger
droplets will impact the target surface before appreciable evaporation and
death of contained microbes can occur, and the small droplet drift will
evaporate and cause death of the contained microbes before long distance
transport downwind. There are some discrepancies between observed and
predicted values for dispersion of particles, but work is continuing to
resolve these differences.
Publications:
Lighthart, B., and A.J. Mohr. 1987. Estimating downwind concentrations of
viable airborne microorganisms in dynamic atmospheric conditions.
ADD!. Environ. Microbiol. 53(7):1580-1583.
Lighthart, B. 1988. The aerobiological pathway of microorganisms. A book
review. ASM News 53(10):583.
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
March 31, 1989
Title: Field Validation for Hazard Assessment Techniques (37)
Objective(s):
Conduct field validation of an Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) assessment
of pesticide hazard to terrestrial nontarget organisms and provide toxicity
information on nontarget terrestrial organisms in response to requests from
OPP and the regions.
Output Status:
Field censusing techniques for large scale avian field tests (10/89). On
schedule.
Use of avian nest boxes for reproductive tests in the field (02/89).
Completed.
Activities:
A journal article on the effect of a commercial formulation of dicofol
(Kelthane(R)) on mallard eggshell quality was completed.
A journal article was completed that compared techniques to identify environ-
mental contaminant impacts on avian reproduction using eggs from a population
of wild white-faced ibis.
A provisional guidance document and a technical support document for the
use of starling nest boxes for evaluation of chemical effects on reproduction
have been completed. Additional manuscripts on starling reproduction are
being prepared.
A manuscript entitled "Effects of the Duration and Timing of Dietary Methyl
Parathion Exposure on Bobwhite Reproduction" was completed.
Principal investigators at Oregon State University will begin another field
study during the next reporting quarter to continue developing radiotelemetry
techniques for monitoring pesticide exposure and effects using incubating
California quail in the field.
Findings:
Results of a good laboratory practices (GLP) experiment demonstrated that
a formulation of dicofol containing <0.1% DDT-related impurities caused
significant reductions in mallard eggshell quality at <10 ppm. Dose-effect
models were calculated for dicofol's effect on mallard shell thickness,
strength, and weight. The effect of dicofol on mallard eggs was similar to
that produced by similar exposure to DDE.
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Estimates of shell thickness and strength were used to identify abnormal
white-faced ibis eggs from a wild, DDE-contaminated population. Shell
strength identified more abnormal eggshells than thickness, providing field
validation of previous laboratory findings.
Methyl parathion (4.21 mg/kg, oral dose) altered female redwing blackbird
incubation behavior for the first two hours after dosing. Females recovered
and returned to successfully hatch and rear their young. There were no
significant differences among treated birds (0, 2.37, and 4.21 mg/kg) in
percent of eggs hatched or number of young fledged. There is evidence from
other research suggesting that females affected by organophosphorus
pesticides may rear young that fledge with reduced body weights. Reduced
body weight at fledging may be related to decreased post-fledging survival.
The red-winged blackbird has proven an excellent species to study. They are
tolerant of human disturbance, and much data already exists on their
behavior, reproduction, physiology, and sensitivity to pesticides.
In a comparison of effects of long-term and short-term dietary exposures of
methyl parathion on bobwhite reproduction, there were no significant
differences between slopes of dose-response relationships for any measured
reproduction parameter. The short-term test has two advantages that reduce
variability in the test: infertile and incompatible birds can be removed
prior to testing, and pretreatment values can be used as covariates.
Publications:
Kendall, R.J., L.W. Brewer, T.E. Lacher, Jr., M.L. Whitten, B.T. Harden.
The use of starling nest boxes for field reproductive studies:
Provisional guidance document and technical support document (in
press).
Meyers, S.M., R.J. Cummings, and R.S. Bennett. Effects of methyl parathion
on red-winged blackbird (Aqelaius phoeniceus) reproduction on
experimental ponds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (sub-
mitted) .
Project Manager: Rick Bennett FTS 420-4582
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Environmental Research Laboratory--CorvaTlis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
March 31, 1989
Title: Methods Development and Effects Measurement (38)
Objective(s):
Develop guidelines and test methods for evaluation of the effects of
microbiological pest control agents on nontarget, beneficial terrestrial
species.
Output Status:
Lab validation and test methods for exposure by oral and intravenous routes
to nontarget avian species (08/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Work is continuing with Salmonella pullorum, a known avian pathogen, for
verification of the protocols for intravenous and oral exposure of birds to
bacteria. A definitive experiment to determine methods of oral and
intravenous inoculation of S. pullorum into 10-day-old mallards and
observation for pathogenicity has been completed. Laboratory tests for
isolating the pathogen in feces and tissues of both quail and mallards are
continuing. Antibody response and serum chemistry assays have been
completed. Preparations are being made for conducting a mallard LD50 with
S. pullorum.
Battelle PNL has begun work on verification of protocols for respiratory
exposure of birds to MPCAs. A prototype respiratory chamber has been built
and initial experiments are in progress to select appropriate methods for
determining respiratory deposition of inert particles.
Techniques for mitigating the damaging effect of MPCAs on nontarget,
beneficial insects are being considered. There is a need to know the factors
causing the loss of beneficial insects and how to mitigate any further
effects of the MPCA.
Laboratory experiments are continuing to develop methods that could be used
to expose Hippodamia converqens. the Convergent Ladybeetle, and Trichoqramma
pretiosum. a parasitic wasp, larvae and/or adults, to pathogenic
microorganisms (MPCAs) in an environment sensitizing bioassay (LC50 or LD50).
Interim protocols for testing the effects of MPCAs on honey bees, forest
litter microarthropods, and beneficial lepidopterans are being prepared.
Interim protocols for testing the effect of microbial pathogens on the Common
Green Lacewing, predatory Hemipterans, predaceous Coccinellids, aphidophagous
Syrphids, parasitoid insects, and predatory mites have been completed.
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Findings:
Salmonella pullorum is pathogenic in mallard ducks but less so than in quail
(LC50 is at least 3 logs different). Quail inoculated with S. pullorum did
not develop antibodies during the two weeks postinoculation, probably because
they died too rapidly. All ducks survived the 2-week experiment, and
developed a measurable antibody response during this time.
For both the beetle and wasp, further refinements of the MPCA exposure
methods are being pursued. Upon successful completion of the exposure
methods, tests will be performed to determine the best set of test conditions
to maximize the susceptibility of the test insects in the bioassay.
Tests have shown that longevity of the adult female wasps is dependent upon
the size of the host egg parasitized by the wasp (3 days with the Indian Meal
Moth vs 6 days with the Cabbage Looper), storage temperature of the
developing wasps lowered to 10 C dramatically reduces longevity, and
immersing wasps in water, the carrier of the MPCA, significantly reduces
longevity.
Because of the problems associated with the adult wasps bioassay mentioned
above, our focus must be to develop a bioassay evaluating the mortality of
developing wasps in host eggs exposed to a pathogen. This eliminates
problems associated with the short life span of the adult wasp, and exposing
the wasp to the agent.
Publications:
Donegan, K., and B. Lighthart. 1988. Bioassay protocol for lethal and
sublethal effect of fungal pathogens on Chrvsoperla carnea (Neuropter:
Chrysopidae). Internal EPA report.
Lighthart, B. 1988. Some changes in gut bacterial flora of field-grown
Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) when brought into the
laboratory. ADD!. Environ. Microbiol. 54(7):1896-1898.
Lighthart, B., D. Sewall, K. Donegan, and R. James. 1988. A brief overview
of the strategies used to develop some insect susceptibility-sensitized
MPCA bioassay protocols. Proceedings of USEPA Biotechnology Risk
Assessment Research Review held in Baltimore, MD. October 11-14, 1988.
Sewall, O.K., and B. Lighthart. 1988. Standard practice for conducting
bacterial pathogenicity tests on the predatory mite Metaseiulus
occidental is (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Internal EPA report.
Sewall, O.K., and B. Lighthart. 1988. Standard practice for conducting
fungal pathogenicity tests on the predatory mite Metaseiulus
occidentals (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Internal EPA report.
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
March 31, 1989
Title: Integrated Risk Assessment (40)
Objective(s):
Develop environmental risk assessment methodology using modified, existing
or newly developed fate, transport, and effects models to express risk as
a probability statement with estimates of associated uncertainty.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Investigators at Colorado State University continued data analysis and model
development to assess the direct and indirect effects of xenobiotic chemicals
to small mammal populations.
A database titled "TERRE-TOX Toxicological System" supporting modeling was
completed. The database includes data from the Registry of Toxic Effects
of Chemical Substances (RTECS) and the Denver Wildlife Research Center
(DWRC). The database manual and software are currently being reviewed in-
house and extramurally.
Parameterization of an avian exposure model was initiated. Toxicologic
response of bobwhites exposed to an aerial application of methyl parathion
in a cotton field was estimated and compared to reported responses in the
literature.
Findings:
Significant numbers of scientific articles were adapted from several existing
databases: terrestrial animal toxicity database, registry of toxic effect
of chemical substances, Denver Wildlife Research Center. Criteria considered
when evaluating each database were availability, usefulness, appropriate test
species, ease of conversion to dBASE format, and Agency direction and
priorities. The database currently contains 12,470 individual toxicity tests
on wildlife (mostly birds).
The avian exposure model predicted a 65 percent brain cholinesterase (ChE)
inhibition 24 hours post-spray in bobwhites exposed to a 1 Ib/acre A.I.
aerial application of methyl parathion in a cotton field. Brain ChE
inhibition of 60 to 65 percent was reported for bobwhites collected 24 hours
after application from a cotton field sprayed with 1 Ib/acre A.I. methyl
parathion. Environmental variables affect the ChE response of bobwhites
exposed to methyl parathion sprays. Greater impact was seen at temperature
extremes, whereas increased variability of response was observed under
different canopy conditions.
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Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4625
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: National Surface Water Survey (51)
Objective(s):
Characterize the chemistry of acidic and low alkalinity lakes and streams
in sensitive regions of the U.S. and determine their extent, geographic
distribution, and probable sources of acidity. Determine normal seasonal
variability in surface water chemistry. Determine the relationship between
key biological resources and the chemical characteristics of lakes and
streams. Classify lakes and streams in order to identify representative
systems for more in-depth study.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Completion of external review draft Database Users' Guide for the National
Stream Survey (NSS). Preparation of journal article manuscript describing
regional distribution of acid mine drainage impacts in the Mid-Atlantic and
Southeastern U.S. Refinement of geographic and chemical classification of
lakes and streams sampled by the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) and
identification of high interest regional sub-populations sensitive to acid
deposition impacts.
Completion of database of geology, soils and land use for NSWS streams in
the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. Completion of database of geology for
ridgetop streams in Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia whose chemistry
was sampled by the NSWS and the Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Survey.
These databases are being used to examine potential controls on stream
chemistry in the respective regions and to assess the feasibility of applying
geochemical models for estimating future change.
Findings:
The National Stream Survey data were used to make unbiased estimates of the
regional extent, location, and chemical characteristics of acidic and low
acid neutralizing capacity streams in areas of the Mid-Atlantic and
Southeastern United States sensitive to acidic deposition. In the survey
area, an estimated 4,590 km of streams were to acid mine drainage and
another 5,780 km of streams were strongly influenced, but not acidic, due
to mine drainage. Acid mine effects were most common in the NSS Northern
Appalachian Subregion (parts of Pennsylvania and West Virginia). These
figures compare with an estimated 4,460 km of streams in the NSS regions
that are likely to be acidic due to atmospheric acid deposition.
Preliminary analyses of watershed and chemical data in the Mid Atlantic
Coastal Plain suggest that wetlands, agricultural and urban land uses overide
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the influences of geology and soils in controlling acid-base status in these
streams.
Preliminary analysis aimed at comparisons between National Stream Survey
and Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Survey (VTSSS) results show that
approximately one-third of VTSSS sample streams are not depicted on USGS
1:250,000 scale maps (the statistical frame used for NSS sampling). The
chemistry of these streams, however, is not substantially different from
the other two-thirds of the VTSSS streams that are depicted on 1:250,000
maps.
Publications:
Herlily, A.T., P.R. Kaufmann, M.E. Mitch, and D.D. Brown. Regional estimates
of acid mine drainage impact on streams in the Mid-Atlantic and
Southeastern U.S. Mater. Air. Soil Pollution (submitted).
Kaufmann, P.R., A.T. Herlihy, J.J. Messer, W.S. Overton, M.E. Mitch, M.J.
Sale, and J.W. Elwood. 1988. Regional acidification of streams in
the Eastern United States. Nature (submitted).
Project Manager: Philip R. Kaufmann FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Biologically Relevant Chemistry (53)
Objective(s):
Identify the chemical parameters and characteristics that determine the
effects of surface water acidification (caused by acid deposition) on aquatic
biota.
Develop predictive models of the effects of surface water acidity on fish.
Output Status:
Report on biological ramifications of the National Stream Survey (12/89).
On schedule.
Activities:
Efforts related to assessment of fish communities in the upper peninsula of
Michigan in relation to lake acidity are winding down. A manuscript will
be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal in July 1989.
Visited with fishery biologists and state agencies in Maryland, Virginia,
West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee in order to identify several
useful datasets on fish communities in regions surveyed for the National
Stream Survey (NSS). Submitted requests for relevant data files. The
available information on laboratory and field bioassays is under review.
Procedures are being developed for estimating the acidification-related
stress on fish communities in NSS streams.
Presented preliminary results from the Episodic Response Project (ERP) for
fall 1988 at the January project meeting. Based on these initial results,
specific plans were developed for the spring (1989) biological field season.
All investigators will be conducting fish transplant experiments, fish
population monitoring, field bioassays, and tracking of fish movement using
radiotelemetry. Field work was initiated at ERP sites in Pennsylvania in
late February. Field work is expected to begin in the Catskills in late
March/early April and in the Adirondacks in late April/early May. In
addition, revisions were made to the Field Training and Operations Manual
to address issues identified during the fall monitoring and sampling
activities.
Findings:
During the fall ERP field season, field bioassays indicated high mortalities
of brook trout and the forage species tested in Adirondack streams and
moderate mortality in Pennsylvania streams. The period of study in the
Catskills region included no major episodes, and few fish died in field
bioassays. Preliminary results from tracking fish movement in two
Pennsylvania streams indicated a net downstream movement (of about 300 m)
of brook trout in the stream subject to acidic episodes. No net movement
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was seen in the reference stream, which had similar physical characteristics,
but no acidic episodes.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Parker J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Effects of Acidic Deposition on Human Health (54)
Objective(s):
Estimate the potential human health effects attributed to toxic metal
mobilization/bioaccumulation due to acid deposition.
Output Status:
Review draft report on levels of mercury in fish in the upper peninsula of
Michigan in relation to lake acidity (06/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Completed the re-analysis of samples for fish age estimates 15 March. Data
analyses incorporating these final age estimates for fish analyzed for
mercury content are ongoing. A draft manuscript on the project results will
be submitted to Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology the end of March.
All data analyses for the project are scheduled for completion by the end
of April, with the draft project report to be submitted June 1989.
Findings:
Extrapolation of results from the 49-lake sample to the population of lakes
in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan region (Eastern Lake Survey Subregion 2B)
indicates that an estimated 344.9 lakes (standard error 134.2 lakes), or
53.9% of the lakes in the region in the target population, contain one or
more fish of four fish species (yellow perch, northern pike, largemouth bass,
and white sucker) with mercury levels in muscle tissue exceeding the state
public health criterion (0.5 ppm). This estimate was calculated using the
direct estimation routine developed for Phase II of the Eastern Lake Survey.
A more precise estimate may be possible using a model-based approach to
population estimation. These analyses are ongoing.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Watershed Manipulation Project (55)
Objective(s):
Investigate and quantify the relationships between watershed processes
influencing the acidity of surface waters, and the impact that acidic
deposition has on them. Critically evaluate the models used in the
Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP) and the predictions and classifica-
tions derived from that project. Provide mechanistic data to refine/ revise
those models as necessary.
Output Status:
Final Report on DDRP model sensitivity and uncertainty analysis (01/89).
Completed.
Review draft on findings and implications of the Watershed Manipulation
Project (09/89). On schedule.
Final draft on findings and implications of the Watershed Manipulation
Project (12/89). On schedule.
Activities:
A Watershed Manipulation Project (WMP) coordination meeting was held March
15-17, 1989, at the Marine Biological Lab in Woods Hole, MA. Cooperating
scientists presented research findings, planned for the upcoming field
season, and discussed approaches for publishing results of WMP progress in
peer review literature as series papers. Soil maps and external plot soils
datasets were distributed by Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
(ERL-C).
WMP task leaders completed the first draft of a consolidated task proposal
for continued work at the Bear Brook Watersheds in Maine (BBWM) during FY90-
FY92. Incorporated into the proposal are future activities designed to
determine catchment response to acidic manipulation with ammonium sulfate.
Proposed research will provide an integrated assessment of response which
will include: organic acids, sulfate mobility, aluminum, and base cation
resupply. Nitrogen task arid site teams are drafting separate proposals, with
all proposals being circulated to insure integration.
Routine winter sampling continued at the BBWM. A major rain event occurred
the week of February 20-24, 1989, during which ISCO and gravity lysimeter
collections were made. Tension lysimeter collections were not successful
due to persistent below-freezing conditions at the site.
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Four additional snow lysimeters have been installed under softwood canopies
in the Bear Brook catchments, yielding a total of eight snow lysimeters
equipped with tipping bucket gauges and dataloggers for continuous recording
of snow melt events.
Benchmark soil samples were distributed to all cooperators for analyses.
Cooperators are using a chemically characterized soil check sample obtained
from the DDRP to monitor data quality on a real-time basis. Analyses are
expected to be completed by June of 1989.
Precipitation and stream data from the BBWM were made available to the
Modeling task group (Pacific Northwest Labs (PNL)) through ERL-C for
calibration activities. Future modeling efforts by PNL have been eliminated
from the Project due to recent funding decisions made as a consequence of
the RADM over-expenditure.
Findings:
In a recent study examining the kinetics of aluminum precipitation and
dissolution reactions in a spodosol from Bear Brook, Dahlgren et al. (1989)
found that aqueous aluminum concentrations in soil solutions may be regulated
by certain soil minerals, termed expandable layer silicates. Retention of
aluminum occurs by displacement of base cations on the exchange sites and
by precipitation into the interlayer space of the minerals. Rates of both
precipitation and dissolution of aluminum were found to be rapid, implying
that if water percolating to lower mineral horizons contacts soil surfaces,
equilibrium will be readily attained. However, water moving laterally through
upper horizons during periods of rapid hydrologic input may remain
undersaturated and depart from conditions of equilibrium. The research
suggests that models simulating aluminum geochemical response in surface
waters may need to consider non-equilibrium conditions.
Publications:
Schecher, W.D., C.T. Driscoll, D.C. McAvoy and R.A. Dahlgren. 1988.
ALCHEMI: A computer software program for the calculation of the
speciation of aluminum. Agronomy Abstracts. Soil Science Society of
America Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 27 Nov.-2 Dec, 1988.
Aber, J., K. Nadelhoffer, P. Steudler and J. M. Melillo. 1988. Nitrogen
saturation in northern forest ecosystems—hypotheses and implications.
Bioscience (in press).
Dahlgren, R.A., C.T. Driscoll and D.C. McAvoy. 1989. Aluminum precipita-
tion and dissolution rates in the Bs horizons of Spodosols in the
northeastern USA. Soil Science Society of America Journal (submitted).
David, M.B., M.J. Mitchell, D. Aldcorn, and R. B. Harrison. 1989. Analysis
of sulfur in soil, plant, and sediment materials: sample handling and
use of an automated analyzer. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 21: 119-
123.
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David, Mark. B., George F. Vance, Joseph M. Rissing and Frank J. Stevenson.
1989. Organic carbon fractions in 0 and B horizons from a New England
Spodosol: effect of acid treatment. Journal of Environmental Quality
(in press).
Eary, I.E., E.A. Jenne, L.W. Vail, and D.C. Girvin. 1989. Numerical models
for predicting watershed acidification. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 18: 29-53.
Vance, George F. and Mark B. David. 1988. Effect of acid treatment on the
leachate chemistry of a New England spodosol: Importance of the B
horizon on dissolved organic carbon retention. Soil Science Society
of America Journal (in press).
Project Manager: Parker J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Long-Term Monitoring (LTM)/Temporal Integrated Monitoring of
Ecosystems (TIME) (56)
Objective(s):
Determine future trends in surface water quality relative to the effects
of current or changing levels of acidic deposition at regional or national
scales to provide information necessary for regulatory decisions and to
verify predictive models of acidification or recovery.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Staff members attended a National Park Service sponsored workshop on
inventory and monitoring and four EPA sponsored workshops on biological
criteria.
An LTM cooperators meeting was held in Corvallis on 9-10 February. All
cooperators presented their results, and a draft summary report and QA issues
were discussed.
Several team members attended the EMAP meetings in Corvallis on 28 February-3
March. Alternate design frameworks and regionalization approaches were
discussed.
Completed funding packages for the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Forest
Service, Syracuse University, the State of Vermont, and Robert Singer. The
first four were for LTM cooperators and the latter was for a draft biology
research chapter for the TIME research plan.
Initiated a TIME seminar series. Topics have included aspects of site
selection, trends detected in the LTM network, and sample size determina-
tion.
Created a mailing list of approximately 2000 addressees for soliciting
candidate sites for the TIME project. Mailings will be coordinated with
publication of an ad in a major scientific journal.
Submitted four abstracts for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the
American Society of Limnology & Oceanography.
Received progress reports from six long-term monitoring cooperators and one
TIME contractor.
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Findings:
Preliminary analysis of LTM data indicates that statistically significant
trends in data are detectable over a five to six year observation period.
Diagnosis of causes requires examination of data on deposition, hydrology,
and local landscape factors.
Publications:
Hughes, R.M. The IBI: a quantitative, easily communicated assessment of
the health and complexity of entire fish communities. Biological
Report (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) (submitted).
Hughes, R.M., C.M. Rohm, T.R. Whittier, and D.P. Larsen. Ecoregional
biocriteria to assess recovery. Environmental Management (submitted).
Loftis, J.C., R.D. Phillips, R.C. Ward, and E.H. Taylor. WQ STAT II: a
water quality statistics package. Journal of Groundwater (submitted).
Loftis, J.C., and C.H. Taylor. Detecting acid precipitation impacts on lake
water quality. Environmental Management (submitted).
Loftis, J.C., R.C. Ward, R.D. Phillips, and C.H. Taylor. Detecting trends
in TIME data series. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Final Report
(in press).
Taylor, C.H., and J.C. Loftis. Testing for trends in lake and groundwater
quality time series. Water Resources Bulletin (in press).
Project Manager: Jesse Ford FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Direct/Delayed Response of Watersheds (57)
Objective(s):
Predict the long-term response of watersheds and surface waters to acidic
deposition. The Agency and Congress require information concerning rate of
acidification and its reversibility. It is not known whether aquatic
resources will deteriorate if emissions are held constant or decreased, or
whether aquatic resources will improve. This work is necessary for informed
decision making concerning the timing and necessity for additional emission
controls.
A three-tiered approach is employed to classify watersheds. Level I entails
statistical analysis of watershed characteristics and water chemistry and
evaluated watershed and regional input-output elemental budgets. Level II
estimates single factor response times for watersheds emphasizing key
properties (e.g., sulfate adsorption capacity, base saturation, and indices
of soil-water contact). Level III uses dynamic system models to integrate
important processes and predicts changes in watershed properties and surface
water chemistry. A soil survey is an important aspect of the approach in
that it provides data for Level I, II, and III analyses.
Output Status:
Review Draft Report on regional rates of surface water acidification (02/89).
Completed.
Final report on regional rates of surface water acidification (06/89). On
schedule.
Activities:
Completed the review draft report on Northeast (NE) and Southern Blue Ridge
Province (SBRP) regional rates of surface water acidification.
Project staff attended the "Exit Meeting" for the Mid-Appalachian Soil Survey
(MASS) held in Las Vegas, NV. Attendees included state soil scientists from
PA, WVA and VA.
Sample preparation laboratory activities are almost complete for the MASS.
Analytical laboratory operations are over fifty percent complete. Both of
these activities are on schedule.
Findings:
The NE is currently at sulfur steady state and sulfate concentrations in
surface waters would respond relatively rapidly to decreases in sulfur
deposition. Associated with these changes would be increases in surface
water acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). Continued sulfur deposition at
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current levels is gradually deleting the cation exchange pool in northeastern
soils with consequent decreases in ANC. Such changes are relatively slow
and minor, however, relative to direct effects of sulfur deposition.
Watersheds in the SBRP are currently retaining nearly three-quarters of the
atmospherically deposited sulfur on the average but soils are projected as
becoming more saturated with regard to sulfur. Sulfate concentrations are
projected to be increasing in the surface waters of the region. This
response is projected to be marked over the next 50 years at either current
or increased levels of sulfur deposition, as are decreases in streamwater
ANC. Superimposed upon this effect is a relatively minor acidification
effect of base cation depletion.
Publications:
Wolock, D.M., G.M. Hornberger, K.J. Beven, and W.G. Campbell. Topographic
and edaphic control of residence times and flow paths: A regional
analysis of hydrochemical catchment response. Water Resources Research
(in press).
Project Manager: M. Robbins Church FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Episodic Response Project (58)
Objective(s):
Phase I:
Determine the magnitude, duration, frequency and characteristics of episodic
chemical changes that accompany hydrologic events (both snowmelt and
rainstorms) in streams.
Evaluate the effects of episodic acidification on fish populations in
streams.
Define key characteristics of episodes that determine the severity of effects
on fish populations.
Develop and calibrate regional models of episodic chemistry that link
atmospheric deposition to biologically relevant chemistry during episodes.
Phase II:
Evaluate and test the assumptions and predictive capability of regional
models of biologically relevant episodic chemistry.
Estimate the number and proportion of surface waters in specific regions
that are likely to experience biologically relevant acidic episodes.
Improve regional estimates of the effects of acidic deposition on fish
populations through consideration of episodic chemical changes.
Regional Episodic and Acidic Manipulations Project (REAM):
Provide data on the effects of increased acidic deposition on surface water
quality following whole catchment manipulation. The response of waters to
acidification is being monitored on both chronic and episodic time scales
at the USDA Forest Service, Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, WV.
Output Status:
Interim Report on Episodic Response Project (ERP) Phase I (magnitude,
duration, and frequency, and biological effects of episodes) (12/89). Delayed
to 6/90 to allow data analyses performed as late as 3/90 to be included in
the NAPAP Integrated Assessment.
Activities:
All stream chemistry and deposition monitoring equipment has been installed
and is operational. Some equipment had to be shut down because of ice and
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snow, but should be operational as soon as spring arrives. In the meantime,
some sampling will have to be done by hand.
Biological experiments continued in all three ERP study regions until the
onset of freezing winter conditions. These experiments included bioassay
experiments, fish transplant experiments, and radio-telemetry work.
Biological experiments have resumed in the Pennsylvania regions and some
severe episodes have been monitored.
ERL-Corvallis and EMSL-Las Vegas personnel met to plan data management
activities for the project and to discuss quality assurance issues.
Sample audits of each cooperator's laboratory revealed a few problems in
sample analysis and data reporting; these have been corrected.
The Winter ERP Meeting was held January 4-6, 1989 at Pennsylvania State
University. The cooperators reviewed research activities and planned for
spring snowmelt season. Many other issues were discussed and resolved.
Jim Wigington, Keith Eshleman, Trevor Davies, and Martyn Tranter met in
Charlottesville, VA in March to prepare plans for the NAPAP Episodes State
of Science/Technology document, to coordinate writing activities, and to
discuss work-in-progress.
Full proposals for episodic acidification modeling cooperative agreement
have been received. The cooperative agreement will be awarded soon.
Plans for manipulation of Fernow watershed 3 are on schedule. The first
catchment manipulation was completed in January via helicopter additions of
dry ammonium sulfate to watershed 3. The next addition is slated for May.
The "Episodic" component of the research at Fernow is making itself very
prominent of late, and heavy rains have pushed the Fernow preparation and
analytical labs to near peak capacity. Although the heavy sample loads
prevented timely participation in the last interlab audit sample comparison
round robin, project data collection has not been compromised.
Analyses of soil samples collected from Fernow watershed 3 benchmark pits
have been completed, and data will be incorporated into the ERL-C soils data
base upon completion of the data base design by ERL-C staff.
The work plan for isotope stormflow separation on the Fernow catchments has
been finalized, and the Forest Service has authorized Environmental Isotope
Consultants to begin activities.
Findings:
Some severe episodes in Pennsylvania streams have caused mortality among
fish in bioassay cages and among fish which were being monitored via
radio-telemetry. Death in fish in bioassay cages has also been observed
during episodes in the Adirondacks.
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Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Parker J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Synthesis and Integration of Aquatic Effects Research (59)
Objective(s):
Provide comprehensive and integrated information germane to understanding
the current and future effects of acidic deposition on surface waters.
Output Status:
Regional Case Studies Book (12/89). On schedule.
Review draft of NAPAP 1990 aquatics state of science documents (12/89). On
schedule.
Review draft of NAPAP 1990 aquatics assessment (3/90). On schedule.
Activities:
Internal and external reviews have been completed for nearly all chapters
of the Regional Case Studies (RCS) project book. Final versions of two of
the chapters have been completed. Final production of maps and standard
figures for the book are nearly completed.
The RCS Project Coordinator briefed Courtney Riordan and other Headquarters
staff on the status and findings of the RCS project book.
Aquatic Effects Research Program (AERP) staff continued implementation of
the decisions made at the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
(NAPAP) author's workshop and further developed the state-of-science outl ines
and schedule for preparation of materials for the 1990 report.
AERP and support staff worked with NAPAP Office of the Director (OD) staff
to respond to public comments on the NAPAP Draft Plan.
AERP and support staff worked with the NAPAP Office Director and staff from
other NAPAP agencies to plan prepration of the NAPAP Integrated Assessment
and to develop alternative deposition scenarios.
AERP staff participated in a Federal-State-Private Sector meeting in Herndon,
VA, during February.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Donald F. Charles FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Extent and Magnitude of Recent Changes in Forest Condition (63)
Objective(s):
Identify and evaluate the extent and magnitude of recent changes in forest
condition (MPO #1).
Output Status:
Report on extent and magnitude of recent changes in forest condition (9/89).
On schedule.
Activities:
Continued participation in development of State of Science/Technology 16
(Interpreting Changes in U.S. Forest Health and Productivity) for National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Assessment.
Completed and submitted research article on "Regional growth trends of three
western conifers as related to ozone" for publication and oral presentation
at Air Pollution Control Association (APCA) annual meeting.
Findings:
Significant portions of Cal ifornia forests show foliar damage. Foliar injury
is a good indicator of relative ozone exposure. In the southern Sierra
Nevada ponderosa pine on high ozone exposure sites have shown growth
decreases since the 1960's.
Publications:
Peterson, D.L. and M.J. Arbaugh. 1988. An evaluation of the effects of
ozone on radial growth of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the
Southern Sierra Nevada. Journal of Air Pollution Control Association.
38: 921.
Peterson, D.L., M.J. Arbaugh, and L.J. Robinson. 1988. The effects of
ozone stress on tree growth and vigor in the Sierra Nevada of
California, USA. In Proceedings of IUFRO Symposium on Air Pollution
and Forest Decline, Interlaken, Switzerland, October, 2-7, 1988 (in
press).
Reams, G.A. and R.K. Olson. 1989. Regional growth trends of three western
conifers as related to ozone, in Proceedings of 82nd Annual Meeting
of the Air and Water Management Association, Anaheim, California, June
26-30, 1989 (in press).
Project Managers: Richard Olson FTS 420-4666
Gregory Reams FTS 420-4517
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Evaluation of the Role of Non-Air Pollution Factors (64)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the roles of non-air pollution factors in causing growth reduction
or visible decline in northeastern spruce-fir, southern commercial forests,
eastern hardwoods, and western conifers (MPO #2).
Output Status:
Report on evaluation of the extent and magnitude of recent changes in forest
condition and the role of non-air pollution factors (9/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Continued participation in development of State of Science/Technology 16
(Interpreting Changes in U.S. Forest Health and Productivity) for National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Assessment.
Completed and submitted research article on "Regional growth trends of three
western conifers as related to ozone" for publication and oral presentation
at Air Pollution Control Association (APCA) Annual Meeting.
Findings:
Winter precipitation is a key climatic variable used to predict the growth
of Jeffrey and ponderosa pines in the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino
Mountains of California.
Publications:
Peterson, D.L. and M.J. Arbaugh. 1988. An evaluation of the effects of
ozone on radial growth of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the
Southern Sierra Nevada. Journal of Air Pollution Control Association.
38: 921.
Peterson, D.L., Arbaugh, M..J., and L.J. Robinson. 1988. The effects of
ozone stress on tree growth and vigor in the Sierra Nevada of
California, USA. in Proceedings of IUFRO Symposium on Air Pollution
and Forest Decline, Interlaken, Switzerland, October 2-7, 1988 (in
press).
Reams, G.A. and R.K. Olson. 1989. Regional growth trends of three western
conifers as related to ozone. IT\ Proceedings of 82nd Annual Meeting
of the Air and Water Management Association, Anaheim, California, June
26-30, 1989 (in press).
Project Managers: Richard Olson FTS 420-4666
Gregory Reams FTS 420-4517
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Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Responses Project (65)
Objective(s):
Determine the quantitative responses of seedlings to controlled experimental
exposures of acidic deposition and associated air pollutants.
Output Status:
MPO #3 Report: Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Response to Sulfur,
Nitrogen, and Associated Pollutants Under Ambient Conditions (04/89). On
schedule.
Activities:
Distributed second and third drafts of MPO #3 within Forest Response Program
(FRP) for internal review and to outside peer reviewers.
Findings:
Net C02 exchange rates (CERs) were measured in seedlings of two loblolly
pine families, following 13-week exposures to ozone and acid rain treatments.
Enhanced CERs due to acid rain were of the same magnitude as ozone-induced
CER reductions. No differences in dark respiration were detected between
treatments. Although ozone and acid rain treatments altered seedling CER,
the differences were not translated into altered final plant dry weights over
the 13-week exposure period.
Publications:
Hanson, P.O., S.B. Mclaughlin, and N.T. Edwards. 1988. Net C02 exchange
of pinus taeda shoots exposed to variable ozone levels and rain
chemistries in field and laboratory settings. Physiologia Plantarum.
Copenhagen. 74:635-642.
Project Managers: C. Jeffrey Brandt FTS 420-4307
Charley E. Peterson FTS 420-4536
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1989
Title: Evaluation of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Associated Pollutants in Forest
Decline (66)
Objective(s):
Summarize the work of the Forest Response Program (FRP) (with the exception
of projection of response under alternative deposition scenarios), and
support an assessment of the effects of current levels of depositions of
sulfur, nitrogen, and associated pollutants on forest ecosystems.
Output Status:
Evaluation of atmospheric depositions of sulfur, nitrogen, and associated
pollutants on forest decline (09/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Initiated a review of specific inputs to the project from the Forest Response
Program (FRP) research cooperatives; met with cooperative managers and agreed
that inputs will be received at Corvallis by April 1, 1989. About 100
reports are expected; these will be the scientific basis for the evaluation.
Prepared a draft of the evaluation based on the "Accomplishments Report of
January 10-12, 1989," a report prepared by the National Program Management
of the FRP for the Federal Management Group. This early draft was sent to
the cooperative managers for their review.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Managers: C. Jeffrey Brandt FTS 420-4307
Kim Mattson FTS 420-4371
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1988
Title: Projection Under Alternative Deposition Scenarios (67)
Objective(s):
Produce scenarios of the response of trees and forests to policy relevant
to atmospheric deposition scenarios. These deposition scenarios include
changes from current ambient, conditions in the deposition of sulfur and
nitrogen compounds, pH, and ozone. Responses estimated include physiological
processes, growth patterns of individual trees and their parts, and the
growth and development of stands of trees. Species to be investigated
include loblolly pine, red spruce and ponderosa pine. The methods of
projection include statistically based projections and computer simulation
models. The simulation models include portions of whole tree physiology
(e.g., branch export of photosynthate, whole tree models providing diameter
increment, and stand models).
Output Status:
Water Transport and Dynamics Model (09/89). On schedule.
Carbohydrate Transport Model (09/89). On schedule.
Model for Branch Growth and Development (09/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Attended the Electric Power Research Institute's meeting on modeling the
effects of acid deposition on trees and forests. The meeting reviewed models
in the Response of Plants to Stress project. This project contains many
parallels with Project 67. A synopsis of Project 67 modeling efforts was
presented at this meeting.
Sponsored a workshop on soil and root processes modeling. This workshop was
attended by ten scientists from government and universities. Participants
reviewed the factors that must be included in such a modeling effort and
proposed an overall modeling structure.
Completed a first working version of the carbohydrate translocation module
of the Simple Whole Tree model.
Findings:
A root/soil interface model can be developed which grows roots in a
three-dimensional soil matrix. This model structure can be adapted to
include most of the important processes by which acid deposition may affect
trees through the soil. It can also interface with experiments now being
carried out by other scientists using root ingrowth cores to study the effect
of altered pH, and Al and Ca mobility on root growth.
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Publications:
Ford, E.D. and A.R. Kiester. 1989. Modeling the effects of pollutants on
the processes of tree growth. R. Dixon et al., eds. Forest Growth:
Process Modeling of Responses to Environmental Stress. Timber Press,
Portland, Oregon (in press).
Kiester, A.R. 1989. Process modeling of tree and forest growth: Current
perspective and future needs. R. Dixon et al., eds. Forest Growth:
Process Modeling of Responses to Environmental Stress. Timber Press,
Portland, Oregon (in press).
Project Manager: A. Ross Kiester FTS 420-4636
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
March 31, 1988
Title: Contribution to 1990 NAPAP Assessment (68)
Objective(s):
Promote information in support of an assessment of the roles of sulfur,
nitrogen, and associated pollutants in changes in forest condition, and
project forest responses under alternative pollution deposition scenarios.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Developed plan for Case Studies in Forest Response Program (FRP) research
cooperatives. The Case Studies will summarize research carried out in the
cooperatives and address the issue of how the forest resource of interest
to the cooperative might change under different deposition situations.
Produced report on models to be used in National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) Integrated Assessment of effects of acidic
deposition on trees and forests. The report was developed to inform EPA,
DOE and the other agencies in NAPAP about which models would be used, their
input variables, and major assumptions.
Coordinated with NAPAP to produce roster of program scientists who would be
best suited to participate in a seminar series for Congressional staff.
The seminar would provide information on the effects of acidic deposition
and air pollutants on trees and forests.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: C. Jeffrey Brandt FTS 420-4307
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Stratospheric Ozone
March 31, 1989
Title: Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Agroecosystems (71)
Objective(s):
Provide a risk characterization of the global consequences of stratospheric
ozone depletion and resultant increases in UV-B radiation on agroecosystems.
Output Status:
Internal Report: Synthesis of biological effects of UV-B radiation on plants
and animals for use in Montreal Risk Assessment (8/89). Delayed to 9/89.
Internal Report: Report on selected UV-B effects on wetland rice (9/89).
On schedule.
Activities:
A workshop was held in February to review the research proposal submitted
by Dr. Alan Teramura to examine the impact of global climate/UV-B change on
wetland rice ecosystems. Upon review of the proposal and discussions with
Dr. Teramura and other associated scientists, the peer-review panel advised
the EPA not to fund the proposed research at this time.
An alternate research plan, incorporating advice from the review panel, was
prepared by the Corvallis Laboratory and submitted to Robert Worrest,
Stratospheric Ozone Project Manager, Office of Environmental Processes and
Effects Research (OEPER) for approval. David Tingey and Steve Holman
traveled to Washington, D.C., to brief OEPER staff on the proposal.
Rice, soybean and wheat were grown in a phytotron under either ambient (350
ppm) or elevated (650 ppm) carbon dioxide concentrations and either ambient
UV-B radiation fluences or those equivalent to a 40% ozone reduction. Data
from incremental harvests and leaf gas exchange, measurements collected during
the experiment are currently being analyzed.
Findings:
Exposure of crop/weed mixtures to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B)
can often change the balance of competition between species. Greenhouse
experiments were conducted on a variety of crop and weed species to determine
if UV-B alters growth and morphology differently in crops and weeds. Species
differed in their morphological responses to a UV-B dose simulating a 20%
ozone depletion. Enhanced UV-B was found to reduce plant height, internode
lengths, leaf sizes, and increase tiller production (in grasses), without
causing significant reduction in dry matter production in any species. The
results indicate that growth form may be more sensitive to UV-B than total
plant biomass production in many species, but that no consistent patterns
exist between crops and weeds. Species differences in morphological response
to UV-B could be an important mechanism by which UV-B changes the competitive
balance between plants.
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Publications:
Beyschlag, W., P.W. Barnes, S.D. Flint, and M.M. Caldwell. 1988. Enhanced
UV-B irradiation has no effect on photosynthetic characteristics of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Ayena fatua L.) under
greenhouse and field conditions. Photosvnthetica 22:516-525.
Teramura, A.H. and J.H. Sullivan. 1988. Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation
on soybean yield and seed quality: a six-year field study. Environ.
Pollution 53:466-468.
Teramura, A.H. and J.H. Sullivan. 1989. Potential impacts of increased
solar UV on global plant productivity. Photochem. Photobiol. (in
press).
Sullivan, J.H. and A.H. Teramura. 1989. The effects of ultraviolet-B
radiation on loblolly pine. 1. Growth, photosynthesis and pigment
production in greenhouse-grown saplings. Can. vL For. Res.
(submitted).
Sullivan, J.H. and A.H. Teramura. 1989. A field study of the interactions
between supplemental UV-B radiation and drought in soybean. Plant
Phvsiol. (submitted).
Teramura, A.H. and J.H. Sullivan. 1989. How increased solar ultraviolet
radiation may impact agricultural productivity. Proceedings of the
Second North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change.
(submitted).
Barnes, P.W., H. Gucinski and D. Turner. 1989. Ecosystem responses to
increases in solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Proceedings of annual
meetings of the Air and Waste Management Association, (submitted).
Project Manager: Paul Barnes FTS 420-4725
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Stratospheric Ozone
March 31, 1989
Title: Biogenic Effects (74)
Objective(s):
Develop scientific information and a database for understanding the effects
of enhanced UV radiation from stratospheric ozone depletion on biologically
produced "greenhouse" gases that interact with stratospheric ozone.
Output Status:
Internal Report: Synthesis of biological effects of UV-B radiation on plants
and animals for use in scientific assessment (9/89). On schedule.
Activities:
We are currently participating in the cooperative cruise with the National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration/Pacific Marine Environmental
Lab in the southeast Pacific (NOAA/PMEL). Information is being gathered on
exposure of plankton communities to UV-B, and effects of increased UV-B on
primary productivity and gas (DMS) emissions. The cruise and data-gathering
phase will be completed in April.
Preliminary draft implementation plans were prepared in support of the Global
Climate program for assessing the effects of global climate change on: 1)
biogenic emissions, and 2) marine resources. As part of this effort, hosted
Gary Sharp from NOAA to present a seminar February 17 on Global Change and
Fisheries, and a mini-workshop was held the same day which was attended by
scientists from EPA and OSU. Another workshop on marine resources was held
on March 15.
Cooperated with Project 72 on a draft article which has been completed and
is in review on "Ecosystem responses to increases in solar ultraviolet-B
radiation" to be presented at the Air and Waste Management Association
meeting in Anaheim, California June 25-30, 1989.
Preliminary information from the oceanic research cruise on penetration of
UV-B in ocean waters and the effects of UV-B on primary productivity will
be analyzed during the next quarter.
Findings:
The consensus of the participants in the workshops on marine resources was
that EPA should support research to focus on a region of high latitude, with
important marine resources and a good existing resources database—salmon
and pollock fisheries in the North East Pacific were suggested.
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Publications:
Worrest, R.C., G. Gucinski, and J.T. Hardy. Potential impact of stratospheric
ozone depletion on marine ecosystems. IN: Proceedings: Second North
American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change: A Cooperative
Approach. December 6-8, 1988, Climate Institute, Washington, D.C.
20036 (in press).
Project Manager: Hermann Gucinski FTS 420-4794
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
March 31, 1989
Title: Regional Methods and Effects of Global Climatic Change (81)
Objective(s):
Determine how climate controls the distribution of natural resources in the
United States and the relative sensitivity of resources and regions of the
U.S. to climatic change. Further develop our understanding of climate-
biosphere interactions. Develop the capability to make continental-scale
predictions of the impacts of trace-gas induced climatic change.
Output Status:
Internal Report: Sensitivities of Ecological Landscapes (09/89). Delayed
to 10/89 due to the new requirements of the matrix-managed program on global
climate research.
Activities:
Research continues in the "Biotic Regions" task. This task is designed to
determine the causal relations between regional climate and the distribution
of indicator species of the major biotic regions in the conterminous United
States. Work continues on relating seasonal patterns of precipitation across
the United States with atmospheric circulation patterns. A draft manuscript
has been prepared describing the results from the task.
Presentations of the results from the biotic regions task were made at the
6th annual Pacific Climate meeting in Pacific Grove, CA and at the 4th annual
Landscape Ecology meeting at Ft. Collins, CO.
General Circulation Models (GCMs) of the earth's climate are used to project
the magnitude of global climatic change that can be expected as the
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases. Work
continues on determining how well these models simulate the current climate
of the United States.
Contributions were made to the peer review draft of the conceptual research
plan that ORD is preparing on its global climate change program.
Work began on a draft implementation plan for research in this project over
the next five years.
Findings:
Differences in the seasonality of precipitation and temperature across the
United States have been identified using transects of monthly data for each
variable. Most of the major boundaries (ecotones) between vegetation zones
in the United States are correlated with changes in the seasonality of
precipitation or temperature. For instance, ecotones oriented generally
north to south are correlated with changes in seasonal precipitation.
Information gathered from literature studies is being used to develop
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hypotheses of the biological mechanisms through which climate controls
ecotones. To date, all of the hypotheses proposed to explain how precipi-
tation controls the north-south ecotones involve the relative efficiency of
morphological and physiological adaptations of plants to drought.
Understanding the specific mechanisms through which climate influences the
positions of ecotones will enable more accurate projections of the effects
of global climate change on vegetation.
One way to assess how well General Circulation Models (GCMs) simulate climate
is to compare their simulations of seasonal precipitation patterns across
the country with the actual patterns. This comparison has been made along
several transects and the results are mixed. Along a transect across the
northern states that passes south of the Great Lakes, the three GCMs tested
(GFDL, GISS, and OSU) reproduce the seasonal pattern moderately well to poor.
Along a transect through the southern tier of states, all the models do a
poor job. Because seasonality of precipitation appears to be a critical
variable influencing ecotone position, the fact that GCMs do not simulate
it well in some parts of the country raises concerns about using the models
to create regional scenarios of future climate.
Publications:
DeVelice, R.L., G.A. King, D. Marks, R.P. Neilson, J.M. Lenihan, and J.E.
Dolph. Climatic control of biotic and hydrologic regionalization in
the U.S. Abstract for poster presentation at the 1989 Annual Meeting
of the Ecological Society of America, The University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, August 6-10, 1989 (in press).
Project Manager: George A. King FTS 420-4310
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
March 31, 1989
Title: Effects of Global Climate Change on Vegetation and Wildlife (82)
Objective(s):
Provide projections of potential ecological effects of climate change on
forests, grasslands, deserts,, and wildlife to support the requirements of
the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
New project. None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
During this quarter, a new project leader joined Project 82 and has been
developing an implementation plan for research in the forest task area.
Preliminary implementation plans for all four task areas (forests,
grasslands, deserts, and wildlife) will be completed during the next
quarter.
The project leader actively participated in dialogue with internationally
regarded authorities in ecological and meteorological research during this
quarter. Insights gained from these interactions will be incorporated in
the implementation plans as they are developed.
During this quarter, initiatives for cooperative research between the USDA
Forest Service and the US-EPA were completed. This research proposes to
develop predictive capability of the effects of global climate change on
forests in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains. The Forest Service
and Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) plan to jointly fund
this research.
Findings:
This project is still undergoing conceptual development and has not yet
generated results. However, included in the implementation plan is a
comprehensive conceptual model for devising a national strategy of research
implementation. The framework for the conceptual model provides a common
working structure for the development of a statistically robust monitoring
strategy, a field research program and integrated predictive modeling
exercises linking global climate models to regional and local vegetation
responses. Specific studies are being proposed for possible implementation
in the forest effects task. These proposed studies focus on temperate and
montane forests in the U.S., boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, and
tropical forests at dispersed locations worldwide.
These studies fall into the categories of 1) land-use classification and
remote sensing, 2) planning and implementation of field studies, 3) planning
and implementation of controlled chamber studies, and 4) planning and
implementation of integrated forested landscape predictive modeling.
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The long-term goal is the development of capability to predict climate
change impacts on forest occurrence and function at stand, landscape, and
regional scales. Forest resources (including wildlife) that are par-
ticularly at risk will be identified. The magnitude and mechanisms of
changes in composition, productivity, and species ranges will be examined
and potential management strategies for minimizing significant losses will
be assessed. Close integration with research efforts involving other
sources of stress on forest ecosystems will be essential since stresses
associated with climatic change, increased ultraviolet radiation, tropo-
spheric ozone, and acidic precipitation will likely occur simultaneously
and may be cumulative. Interactions and cooperation with other researchers,
agencies, and institutions both nationally and internationally will be
actively pursued.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Ronald P. Neil son FTS 420-4754
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
March 31, 1989
Title: Hydrological and Related Aquatic Effects of Global Climate Change (83)
Objective(s):
Investigate the most probable hydrologic effects of global climate change
on terrestrial ecosystems in support of the requirements of the Global
Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
New project. None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
The review and modification of the draft Global Climate Change Research Plan
was completed for Science Advisory Board (SAB) review, and an outline of a
project research implementation plan prepared for presentation to the
program manager, Tony Janetos.
Project leader participated in the SAB review of the program Research Plan.
Research plan was down-graded to a Research Prospective, for the SAB review
processes, and a more detailed implementation plan scheduled for development
later in FY89. Relevant parts of a "position paper" were prepared for
briefing the Agency administrator.
A draft project research implementation plan was developed, and the internal
review process (within the team) initiated.
Project leader attended the American Association for the Advancement of
Science (AAAS) meetings in San Francisco, to participate in the special
sessions on Global Climate Change. Spatial modeling and GIS/GIA analysis
sessions were also attended, and discussions were held with the co-director
of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) about
the application of spatial modeling for addressing the Global Climate Change
Project (GCCP) effects research at ERL-C.
Project leader participated in the Front Range Meeting of the American
Geophysical Union (AGU), special sessions on Hydrology and Climate Change.
Discussions were held with the atmospheric modeling group at Atmospheric
Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park
(AREAL/RTP) to initiate cooperative efforts in the area of scale transforms
to bring General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations and ecosystem effects
together. The staff at AREAL was very cooperative, and a productive
relationship will be established between ERL-C and AREAL.
Project leader visited the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
GCM modeling group for discussions on GCM scaling and meso-scale components
of GCM modeling more relevant to the needs of ecosystem and regional
researchers.
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Discussions were also held with scientists from U. Washington and Princeton
U. about regional or large scale hydrologic modeling. The ideas developed
during these discussions will be developed in the project research
implementation plan.
A draft plan for computing, data management, and information processing for
the ERL-C global climate team was prepared, internally reviewed, and
submitted for Agency approval.
Reviewed a proposal from the U. of New Hampshire (UNH) to provide the GCCP
general GIS support. As part of this review, the project leader visited
the UNH facility for discussions with the staff.
The project leader participated in the joint EMAP/GCCP GIS and Remote
Sensing working group to develop a position paper addressing how Agency
programs can benefit from application of these technologies.
Analysis of the hydro-climate data was continued, and a plan for a detailed
statistical analysis of the database was initiated for Projects 81, 82, and
83.
Discussions on development of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOD) between
the National Center for Geographic Information Analysis (NCGIA) and the ERL-
C global team were initiated, and the director of the NCGIA invited to ERL-
C for discussions with the staff and to give a seminar about NCGIA roles and
activities.
The project leader, team leader (P. Beedlow) and program leader (T.
Janetos), met at the DOE Pacific Northwest Lab in Richland Wash, to discuss
global climate effects research and the potential for applications of
spatial modeling. Separate discussions were held with DOE/PNL staff and
Dennis Lettenmeier (U. Wash.) on the approach to hydrologic modeling
required for analysis of the hydrologic effects of climate change.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Danny Marks FTS 420-4658
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
March 31, 1989
Title: Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change on Agroecosystems (84)
Objective(s):
Provide scientifically sound estimates of the most probable and most likely
ecological effects of global climate changes on agroecosystems resulting
from tropospheric greenhouse gases, and support the requirements of the
Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
New project. None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
This project is one of six created from Project 46, Ecological Effects of
Global Climate Change, at the beginning of FY89.
Several climate-driven process-based crop growth and yield models were
acquired. These models are up and running on the computer and will be used
for projecting impacts of climate change on agricultural production.
Several USDA data bases on crop production, yield, and acreage are in the
process of being acquired for examination of the historical effects of
interannual climatic variability. Weather data from the Historical
Climatology Network are already available on-site.
Discussions were held with scientists from EPA, United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA),
and various universities concerning plans for global climate change research
on agroecosystems at ERL-C, coordination with efforts of other agencies, and
appropriate data bases and remote sensing applications.
Monitoring needs for detecting effects of climate change on agroecosystems
were coordinated with the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP)
Agroecosystem Task Group. These activities included proposing ecological
indicators for monitoring, writing sections of the annotated outline for the
Task Group, and attendance at EMAP workshops in Raleigh and Corvallis.
Continued literature review and development of research implementation plans.
Findings:
Data bases for historical analysis of crop production as a function of
climatic variability are readily available.
Suitable process-based crop growth models are readily available and can be
adapted to use in projecting effects of climate change.
Development of research implementation plans is proceeding on schedule.
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Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Donald L. Phillips FTS 420-4355
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
March 31, 1989
Title: Biotic Emissions of Radiatively Important Trace Gases (85)
Objective(s):
Develop the scientific understanding to identify the effects of climate
change on the emissions of biogenic gases, and to quantify the contribution
of radiatively important trace gases from the earth's biota in support of
the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
New project. None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
This project is one of six created from Project 46, Ecological Effects of
Global Climate Change, at the beginning of FY89. We are in the process of
identifying a project leader, and identifying the project team.
Bioemissions portions of the Ecological Effects chapter of the Global Climate
Change Research Plan were prepared for review by the Science Advisory Board.
Other activities involved literature review, attendance at scientific
meetings concerning global climate change, and discussions with other
researchers in preparation for writing detailed research implementation plans
for this project.
Findings:
The extent to which biogenic emissions affect the total inventory of
radiatively-important trace gases in the earth's atmosphere bears directly
on our ability to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic emissions on the
earth's climate. It is essential that we be able to quantify the con-
tributions of biogenic gases from all sources under current and predicted
climates.
Specific areas of research demanding immediate attention include: 1)
quantifying the emissions from livestock, rice paddies, and wetlands; 2)
the effect of climate warming in tundra areas on the emissions of radia-
tively-important gases, especially methane; and 3) the contribution of
methane and dimethylsulfide from the ocean's upper waters.
Publications: None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow (acting) FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
March 31, 1989
Title: Effects of Global Climate Change on Biodiversity (86)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the threats climate change and other stresses pose to biodiversity
and evaluate options for maintaining biodiversity to support the requirements
of the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987 and potential mandates specific
to biodiversity.
Output Status:
New project. None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
This project is one of six created from Project 46 at the beginning of FY89.
A research initiative concerning potential impacts of climate change on
biodiversity was completed and submitted to Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation (OPPE). It has been approved for funding and the initial period
of study is expected to begin without further delay.
The Biodiversity Seminar Series sponsored by Environmental Research
Laboratory--Corva11is was held during the months of February and March.
Presenters included recognized experts in the field: Paul Ehrlich, Elliott
Norse, Jerry Franklin, Rob Peters, and Robert Goodland. The original goals
of the series were realized through this highly publicized and well attended
lecture series.
A draft research implementation plan for biodiversity has been completed
and is being sent out for review.
A workshop on biodiversity and EPA policy is scheduled for May 1989. The
purpose of the workshop is to explore the role of the Agency in maintaining
biological diversity. Workshop participants will be from various offices
of EPA plus a small number of outside experts. Workshop objectives are to:
• refine tentative policy questions about biodiversity by examining
existing legislative directives
• determine the research needs of the EPA Offices with regard to
biodiversity, and how the Biodiversity Project could meet those needs
• provide a forum for the exchange of information on biodiversity between
Agency policy analysts and ecological scientists
• develop a framework for a comprehensive research strategy.
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Findings:
This project is still undergoing conceptual development and has not yet
generated results. However, specific studies are being proposed for possible
implementation to support EPA's regulatory role in biodiversity. Policy-
relevant research issues include: 1) the importance of biodiversity for an
ecosystem's ability to maintain structure and function; and 2) anticipation
and mitigation of negative impacts. The research will provide policy
guidance to other agencies and the public concerning actions that can be
taken to restore and protect biodiversity.
Tentatively, the research approach proposed for the initial period of study
includes the following steps:
1. Review existing databases and evaluate their usefulness for charac-
terizing biodiversity. This survey would integrate existing databases
on biodiversity, identify gaps in coverage, and close those gaps where
possible.
2. Contour maps of species richness patterns within specific groups of
organisms such as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, trees, and plants
will be produced or assembled on a continental scale.
3. Within each group, relationships to large-scale climatic and landscape
patterns will be addressed.
4. Criteria will be established for determining sensitivities to climate
change including dispersal capabilities within general groups of
organisms, barriers to dispersal (both natural and anthropogenic) and
general habitat requirements and habitat availability.
As a result of the above approach, it may be possible to identify "hot spots"
of biodiversity that are particularly sensitive to climate change.
Publications:
Henderson, S. 1989. How it might be: Species. EPA Journal 15(1): 21-22.
Noss, R.F. 1989. Who will speak for biodiversity? Conservation Biology
(in press).
Project Manager: Reed F. Noss FTS 420-4318
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1986-.-CURRENT PUBLICATIONS
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Abbruzzese, Brooke, Anastasia Allen, Sandra Henderson, and Mary E. Kentula. 1987.
Selecting sites for comparison with related wetlands. In Proceedings
Symposium 87 Wetlands/Peat!ands. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 23-27,
1987. EPA/600/D-87/337. PB 88 132 204/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-837D).
Anderson, J.W., J.M. Neff, and P.O. Boehm. 1986. Sources, fates, and effects of
aromatic hydrocarbons in the Alaskan marine environment with recommendations
for monitoring strategies. EPA/600/3-86/018. U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB
86 168 291/AS (All). (ERL-COR-302).
Angermeier, Paul L. 1986. Assessing biotic integrity in the fish community of a
small Illinois stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. (D.
Larsen, project officer). (ERL-COR-717J).
Armstrong, John L., Guy R. Knudson, and Ramon J. Seidler. 1987. Microcosm method
to assess survival of recombinant bacteria associated with plants and
herbivorous insects. Current Microbiology 15: 229-232. (ERL-COR-658J).
Athey, L.A., J.M. Thomas, J.R. Skalski, and W.E. Miller. 1987. Role of acute
toxicity bioassays in the remedial action process at hazardous waste sites.
User's Manual. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. EPA/600/8-87/044.
PB 88 125 430/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-423).
Baker, Joan P., and Todd B. Harvey. 1986. Critique of acid lakes and fish
population status in the Adirondack Region of New York State. EPA/600/3-
86/046. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
(R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 238 318/AS (All). (ERL-COR-343AP).
Baker, L.A., C.D. Pollman, and J.M. Eilers. 1988. Alkalinity regulation in
softwater Florida Lakes. Water Resources Research 24(7): 1069-1082). (ERL-
COR-833JAP).
Banwart, W.L., P.M. Porter, E.L. Ziegler, and J.J. Hassett. 1987. Simulated acid
rain effects on growth parameters and yield components of two corn cultivars.
Agronomy Journal 79(3): 497-501. (ERL-COR-664JAP).
Banwart, W.L., P.M. Porter, J.J. Hassett, and W.M. Walker. 1987. Simulated acid
rain effects on yield response of two corn cultivars. Agronomy Journal 79(3):
497-501. (ERL-COR-663JAP).
Barnes, P.W., P.W. Jordan, W.G. Gold, S.D. Flint, M.M. Caldwell. 1988. Competi-
tion, morphology, and canopy structure in wheat (triticum aestivum L.) and
wild oat (avena fatua L.) exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation. Functional
Ecology 2: 319-330). (R. Lackey, project officer). (ERL-COR-832J).
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Bedford, B.L., and E.M. Preston, eds. 1988. Cumulative effects of landscape
systems of wetlands: scientific status, prospects and regulatory perspectives.
Environmental Management 12(5): 561-773. (14 manuscripts published as a
special issue). (ERL-COR-861J-875J).
•
Bedford, B.L., and E.M. Preston. 1988. Developing and scientific basis for
assessing cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on landscape
functions: status, perspectives and prospects. Environmental Management
12(5): 751-772. (ERL-COR-875J).
Bennett, Jewel K., Robert K. Ringer, Richard S. Bennett, Bill A. Williams, and
Philip E. Humphrey. 1988. Comparison of breaking strength and shell
thickness as evaluators of eggshell quality. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 7: 351-357. (ERL-COR-816J).
Bennett, Richard S., and Daniel W. Schafer. 1988. Procedure for evaluating the
potential ability of birds to avoid chemically contaminated food. Environ-
mental Toxicology and Chemistry 7: 359-362. (ERL-COR-660J).
Bentjen, S.A., J.K. Fredrickson, P. Van Voris, and S.W. Li. 1989. Intact soil-
core microcosms for evaluating the fate and ecological impact of the release
of genetically engineered microorganisms. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 55(1): 198-202. (ERL-COR-881J).
Biggs, R.H., and P.G. Webb. 1987. Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on
yield, and disease incidence and severity for wheat under field conditions.
Pages 303-311 in R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell, eds. Stratospheric Ozone
Reduction. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life. NATO AS I Series, Vol.
G8. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. EPA/600/D-87/060. (J. McCarty,
project officer). PB 87 176 905/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-745J).
Blick, D. James, Jay J. Messer, Dixon H. Landers, and W. Scott Overton. 1987.
Statistical basis for the design and interpretation of the National Surface
Water Survey, Phase I: Lakes and Streams. Lake and Reservoir Management 3:
470-475. (ERL-COR-752DAP).
Brakke, D.F., J.M. Eilers, and D.H. Landers. 1987. Hydrologic and chemical
characteristics of darkwater, clearwater, and acidic lakes in the United
States. International Symposium on Acidification and Water Pathways, Bolkesj,
Norway. May 4-8, 1987. (ERL-COR-733DAP).
Brakke, David F., Dixon H. Landers, and Joseph M. Eilers. 1988. Chemical and
physical characteristics of lakes in the northeastern United States.
Environmental Science and Technology 22(21: 155-163. (ERL-COR-731JAP).
Brooks, Robert P., and Robert M. Hughes. 1988. Guidelines for monitoring the
biotic communities of mitigated wetlands. EPA/600/D-88/208. In Proceedings
of the National Wetland Symposium: Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. New
Orleans, Louisiana, Oct. 8-10, 1986. PB 89 119 598/AS. (ERL-COR-765D).
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Caldwell, M.M., L.B. Camp, C.W. Warner, and S.D. Flint. 1986. Action spectra and
their key role in assessing biological consequences of solar UV-B radiation
change. In R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell, eds. Stratospheric Ozone
Reduction, Solar Ultra-violet Radiation, and Plant Life. Springer-Verlag.
EPA/600/D-87/006. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 147 138/AS (A03).
(ERL-COR-639D).
Caldwell, Martyn M. 1986. Plant architecture and resource competition. In
Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis. EPA/600/D-86/244.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 117 479/AS
(A03). (ERL-COR-685D).
Campbell, William G., Gary D. Bishop, M. Robbins Church, Jeffrey J. Lee, Duane A.
Lammers, and Leon H. Liegel. 1987. The Environmental Protection Agency's
direct/delayed response project: the role of a geographic information system.
Geographic Information Systems and Workshop, October 1987. San Francisco.
EPA/600/D-87/310. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon. PB 88 119 425/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-804DAP).
Carey, Ann, Anthony C. Janetos, and Roger Blair. 1987. Responses of forests to
atmospheric deposition. National Research Plan for the Forest Response
Program. EPA/600/3-86/066. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon. PB 87 140 919/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-376AP).
Carney, C.E., and F. deNoyelles, Jr. 1986. Grass carp as a potential control
agent for cattails. EPA/600/J-86/364. Transactions of the Kansas Academy
of Science 89(3&4): 86-89, July-December. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB
87 196 531/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-440J).
Chapman, G., M. Cairns, D. Krawczyk, K. Malueg, A. Nebeker, and G. Schuytema.
1986. Report on the toxicity and chemistry of sediments from Toronto and
Toledo harbors. In Evaluation of Sediment Bioassessment Techniques. Report
of the Dredging Subcommittee to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board,
International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario. EPA/600/D-87/061. PB 87
180 014/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-473D).
Church, M. Robbins, and Robert S. Turner, eds. 1986. Factors affecting the long-
term response of surface waters to acidic deposition: state-of-the-science.
EPA/600/3-86/025. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon. PB 86 178 118/AS (A14). (ERL-COR-318AP).
Church, M. Robbins. 1987. Book review of Acid Rain: A Water Resources Issue for
the 80s. In R. Herrmann and A.I. Johnson, eds. American Water Resources
Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 83 pp. 1983. EPA/600/M-87/027. Published
in EOS Transactions. American Geophysical Union 68(15): 209. PB 88 101 688/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-769misc.).
Coffey, D.S., J.C.'Sprenger, D.T. Tingey, G.E. Neely, and J.C. McCarty. 1988.
National crop loss assessment network: quality assurance program. EPA/600/J-
88/250. Environmental Pollution 53: 89-98. PB 89 144 695/AS. (ERL-COR-
892J).
-89-
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Cozzarelli, Isabella M., Janet S. Herman, and Roderic A. Parnell, Jr. 1987. The
mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: effects of hydrologic
pathways. EPA/600/J-87/379. Water Resources Research 23(5): 859-874. PB
88 251 806/AS. (ERL-COR-850JAP).
Cusimano, R.F., D. Brakke, G.A. Chapman. 1986. Effects of pH on the toxicities
of cadmium, copper, and zinc to steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). EPA/600/J-
86/500. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43(8): 1497-1503.
PB 89 130 413/AS. (ERL-COR-842J).
Cusimano, R.F., J.P. Baker, W.J. Warren-Hicks, V. Lesser, W.W. Taylor, M.C.
Fabrizio, D.B. Hayes, and B.P. Baldigo. 1989. Fish communities in lakes in
subregion 2B (upper peninsula of Michigan) in relation to lake acidity. Vol.
II. EPA/600/3-89/021b. PB 89 161 848/AS. (ERL-COR-537b).
Cusimano, R.F., J.P. Baker, W.J. Warren-Hicks, V. Lesser, W.W. Taylor, M.C.
Fabrizio, D.B. Hayes, and B.P. Baldigo. 1989. Fish communities in lakes in
subregion 2B (upper peninsula of Michigan) in relation to lake acidity. Vol.
I. EPA/600/3-89/021 a. PB 89 161 830/AS. (ERL-COR-537a).
Dassel, K.A., and J.O. Rawlings. 1988. Experimental design strategy for the
Weibull dose response model. EPA/600/J-88/248. Environmental Pollution 53;
333-349. PB 89 144 992/AS. (ERL-COR-886J).
Dawson, Clyde L., and Ronald A. Hellenthal. 1986. A computerized system for the
evaluation of aquatic habitats based on environmental requirments and
pollution tolerance associations of resident organisms. EPA/600/3-86/019.
U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (D. Larsen,
project officer). PB 86 167 343/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-323). (with project
summary).
DeHaan, M.S. 1988. Cubic spline smoothing: a useful tool for cure estimation.
EPA/600/D-88/082. PB 88 214 796/AS. (ERL-COR-476).
Devanas, M.A., and G. Stotzky. 1988. Survival of genetically engineered microbes
in the environment: effect of host/vector relationship. EPA/600/D-88/109.
Developments in Industrial Microbiology 29: 287-296. PB 88 214 978/AS. (ERL-
COR-492).
Devanas, Monica A., and Guenther Stotzky. 1986. Fate in soil of a recombinant
plasmid carrying a Drosophila gene. Current Microbiology 13: 279-283. (ERL-
COR-895J).
Devanas, Monica A., Devorah Rafaeli-Eshkol, and Guenther Stotzky. 1986. Survival
of plasmid-containing strains of Escherichia coli in soil: effect of plasmid
size and nutrients on survival of hosts and maintenance of plasmid.
EPA/600/J-86/495. Current Microbiology 13: 269-277. PB 88 251 822/AS. (ERL-
COR-894J).
Dewey, Sharon L. 1986. Effects of the herbicide atrazine on aquatic insect
community structure and emergence in experimental ponds. Ecology 67(1): 148-
162, February. (D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-COR-438J).
-90-
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Drewes, Charles D., Mark J. Zoran, and Clarence Callahan. 1987. Sublethal
neurotoxic effects of the fungicide benomyl on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
EPA/600/J-87/377. Pesticide Science 19: 197-208. PB 88 251 798/AS. (ERL-
COR-626J).
Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers, and P.E. Kellar. 1988. Characteristics
of lakes in mountainous areas of the western United States. EPA/600/J-88/240.
Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. Bd. 23: 144-151. PB 89 144 653/AS. (ERL-
COR-732JAP).
Eilers, J.M., D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A. Linthurst. 1988. Factors
contributing to differences in acid neutralizing capacity among lakes in the
western United States. In 23rd Annual AWRA Conference and Symposium, November
1-6, 1987, Salt Lake City, Utah. EPA/600/D-87/309. (R. Lackey, project
officer). PB 88 112 156/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-802DAP).
Eilers, Joseph M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers, and W.S. Overton. 1987. Chemistry
of wilderness lakes in the western United States. In Proceedings World
Wilderness Congress, September 14-18, 1987. Estes Park, Colorado. EPA/600/D-
87/338. PB 88 132 105/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-838DAP).
Eilers, Joseph M., Dixon H. Landers, and David F. Brakke. 1988. Chemical and
physical characteristics of lakes in the southeastern United States.
Environmental Science and Technology 22: 172-177. (ERL-COR-737JAP).
Eilers, Joseph M., David F. Brakke, and Dixon H. Landers. 1988. Chemical and
physical characteristics of lakes in the upper midwest United States.
EPA/600/J-88/157. Environmental Science and Technology 22: 164-172. PB 89
119 408/AS. (ERL-COR-739JAP).
Eshleman, K.N. 1988. Predicting regional episodic acidification of surface waters
using empirical techniques. Accepted Water Resources Research. (ERL-COR-
784JAP).
Eshleman, Keith N., and Philip R. Kaufmann. 1988. Assessing the regional effects
of sulfur deposition on surface water chemistry: the Southern Blue Ridge.
EPA/600/J-88/245. Environmental Science and Technology 22(6): 685-690. PB
89 145 064/AS. (ERL-COR-801JAP).
Evans, L.S., K.F. Lewin, E.M. Owen, and K.A. Santucci. 1986. Comparison of yields
of several cultivars of field-grown soybeans exposed to simulated acidic
rainfalls. New Phvtologist 102: 409-417, April. (J. Lee, project officer).
(ERL-COR-671JAP).
Fairbrother, Anne, Richard S. Bennett, and Jewel K. Bennett. 1989. Sequential
sampling of plasma cholinesterase in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) as an
indicator of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 8: 117-122. (ERL-COR-888J).
Fernandez, I.J., and P.A. Kosian. 1987. Soil air carbon dioxide concentrations
in a New England spruce-fir forest. EPA/600/J-87/043. Soil Science Society
of America Journal 51: 261-263. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 87 203
162/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-676JAP).
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Flagler, R.B., R.P. Patterson, A.S. Heagle, and W.W. Heck. 1987. Ozone and soil
moisture deficit effects on nitrogen metabolism of soybean. EPA/600/J-87/464.
Crop Science 27: 1177-1184. PB 89 144 398/AS. (ERL-COR-678J).
Fletcher, John S., Alan W. Groeger, and James C. McFarlane. 1987. Metabolism of
2-chlorobiphenyl by suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet Rose. EPA/600/J-
87/439. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39: 960-965.
PB 88 251 439. (ERL-COR-755J).
Fletcher, John, Alan Groeger, Joel McCrady, and James Me Farlane. 1987. Poly-
chlorbophenyl (PCB) metabolism by plant cells. EPA/600/J-87/425. Biotech-
nology Letters 9(11): 817-820. (ERL-COR-830J).
Flexner, J.L., B. Lighthart, and B.A. Croft. 1986. The effects of microbial
pesticides on non-target, beneficial arthropods. EPA/600/J-86/409.
Agriculture. Ecosystems, and Environment 16: 203-254, August. PB 88 113
212/AS (A04). (ERL-COR-579J).
Flint, S.D., and M.M. Caldwell. 1986. Comparative sensitivity of binucleate and
trinucleate pollen to ultraviolet radiation: a theoretical perspective. In
R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell, eds. Stratospheric Ozone Reduction. Solar
Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life. Springer-Verlag. (J. McCarty, project
officer). PB 87 147 120/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-694D).
Floyd, R.A., M.S. West, K.L. Eneff, W.E. Hogsett, and D.T. Tingey. 1988. Hydroxyl
free radical mediated formation of 8-hydroxyguanine in isolated DNA.
EPA/600/J-88/225. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 262(1): 266-272.
PB 89 144 562/AS. (ERL-COR-815J).
Ford, D.E. K.W. Thornton, J.F. Nix, J.T. Malcom, and F.E. Payne. 1986. Acidic
episodes and surface water chemistry: a comparison of northeast and southeast
study sites. October. EPA/600/3-87/018. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (M. Robbins, project officer). PB 88 154
299/AS. (ERL-COR-371AP).
Freda, Joseph, and William A. Dunson. 1986. The effect of prior exposure on sodium
uptake in tadpoles exposed to low pH water. EPA/600/J-86/368. Journal of
Comparative Physiology B 156: 649-654, December. (R. Lackey, project
officer). PB 87 198 826/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-714JAP).
Gaston, L.A., R.S. Hansel 1, and R.D. Rhue. 1986. Sulfate mobility in acid soils
and implications with respect to cation leaching: a review. In Proceedings
of the 43rd annual meeting of the Soil Crop Science Society of Florida,
October 25-27, 1983. (R. Wilhour, project officer). EPA/600/D-86/094. PB
86 194 230/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-628DAP).
Germann, P.F. 1988. Macropores and Hydrologic Hi 11 si ope Processes. Chapter 9 in
M.G. Anderson and T.P. Buit, eds. Process Studies in Hillslope Hydrology.
John Wiley, Publishers. (ERL-COR-125J).
Gile, Jay D., and S. Mark Meyers. 1986. Effect of adult mallard age on avian
reproductive tests. EPA/600/J-86/399. Archives of Environmental Con-
tamination and Toxicology 15: 751-756, October. PB 88 101 639/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-587J).
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Greene, J.C., W.J. Warren, B.R. Parkhurst, G.L. Linder, C.L. Bartels, S.A. Peterson,
and W.E. Miller. 1988. Protocols for Short-Term Toxicity Screening of
Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA 600/3-88/029. PB 88 235 510/AS. (ERL-COR-496).
Greene, Joseph C., W.E. Miller, and Ellen Merwin. 1986. The effect of secondary
effluents on eutrophication in Las Vegas Bay, Lake Mead, Nevada. EPA/600/J-
86/406. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 29: 391-402, January. PB 88 107
057/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-558J).
Griffith, Glenn E., James M. Omernik, and Andrew J. Kinney. 1986. Interpreting
patterns of lake alkalinity in the upper midwest region of the United States.
Presentation at Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Scource
Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake Management Society
Symposium. November 5-8, 1986, Portland, Oregon. EPA/600/D-87/009. PB 87
145 769/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-698D).
Groeger, A., and J.S. Fletcher. 1988. The influence of increasing chlorine content
on the accumulation and metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by
Paul's Scarlet Rose cells. Plant Cell Reports 7: 329-332. (ERL-COR-924J).
Haines, Terry A., Stanislas J. Pauwels, and Charles H. Jagoe. 1986. Predicting
and evaluating the effects of acidic precipitation on water chemistry and
endemic fish populations in the northeastern United States. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Biological Report 80(40.23), Air Pollution and Acid Rain
Report No. 23. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 188 703. (ERL-COR-
349AP).
Heagle, A.S., B. Flagler, R.P. Patterson, V.M. Lesser, S.R. Shafer, and W.W. Heck.
1987. Injury and yield response of soybean to chronic doses of ozone and soil
moisture deficit. EPA/600/J-87/467. Crop Science 27: 1016-1024. PB 89 144
422. (ERL-COR-711J).
Heagle, A.S., J.E. Miller, M.W. Heck, and R.P. Patterson. 1988. Injury and yield
response of cotton to chronic doses of ozone and soil moisture deficit.
Journal of Environmental Quality 17(4): 627-635. (ERL-COR-835J).
Heagle, Allen S., W.W. Heck, V.M. Lesser, J.O. Rawlings, and F.L. Mowry. 1986.
Injury and yield response of cotton to chronic doses of ozone and sulfur
dioxide. EPA/600/J-86/366. Journal of Environmental Quality 15(4): 375-382.
October-December. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 196 085/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-507J).
Heagle, Allen S., W.W. Heck, V.M. Lesser, and J.O. Rawlings. 1987. Effects of
daily ozone exposure duration and concentration fluctuation on yield of
tobacco. Phytopathology 77(6): 856-862. (D. Tingey, project officer).
(ERL-COR-610J).
Heck, W.W., O.C. Taylor, and D.T. Tingey, eds. 1988. Assessment of crop loss from
air pollutants. In Proceedings International Conference, Raleigh, North
Carolina, October 25-29, 1987. (ERL-COR-515).
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Heck, Walter W., O.C. Taylor, R.M. Adams, J.E. Miller, D.T. Tingey, and L.H.
Weinstein. 1986. National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) 1984 Annual
Report. EPA/600/3-86/041. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 86 232 949/AS (All).
(ERL-COR-352).
Heggestad, H.E., J.H. Bennett, and E.H. Lee. 1986. Effects of increasing doses
of sulfur dioxide and ambient ozone on tomatoes: plant growth, leaf injury,
elemental composition, fruit yields, and quality. Phytopathology 76(12):
1338-1344, December. (D. Tingey, project officer). (ERL-COR-510J).
Heggestad, H.E., E.L. Anderson, T.J. Gish, and E.H. Lee. 1988. Effects of ozone
and soil water deficit on roots and shoots of field grown soybeans.
Environmental Pollution 50: 259-278. (ERL-COR-817J).
Heiskary, Steven A., and David P. Larsen. 1986. Analysis of regional lake water
quality patterns: implications for resource management in Minnesota.
Proceedings Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source
Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake Management Society
Symposium, November 5-8, 1986, Portland, Oregon. EPA/600/D-87/010. PB 87
188 157/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-699D).
Henderson, S., A.B. Allen, B. Abbruzzese, M.E. Kentula, and R.M. Hughes. 1988.
A method for the selection of reference wetlands. EPA/600/D-88/254. In
Proceedings of the Society of Wetland Scientists' Eighth Annual Meeting.
"Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems of the American West," May 26-29, 1987.
Seattle, Washington. PB 89 129 043/AS. (ERL-COR-823D).
Hendricks, Charles W., Eldor A. Paul, and Paul D. Brooks. 1987. Growth measure-
ments of terrestrial microbial species by a continuous-flow technique. Plant
and Soil 101: 189-195. (ERL-COR-649J).
Hendricks, Charles W. and Nanci Pascoe. 1988. Soil microbial biomass estimates
using 2450 MHz microwave irradiation. Plant and Soil 110: 39-47. (ERL-COR-
773J).
Herdendorf, Charles E. 1987. The ecology of the coastal marshes of western Lake
Erie: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department
of the Interior; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of the Army; and U.S.
EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. FWS
Biological Report 85(7.9). (E. Preston, EPA project officer; W. Duffy, FWS
project officer). PB 87 186 805/AS. (ERL-COR-416).
Hodges, Steven C. 1987. Aluminum speciation: a comparison of five methods.
(EPA/600/J-87/057). Soil Science Society of American Journal 51: 57-64.
(R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 87 213 252/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-584JAP).
Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey, G.E. Taylor, O.M. Olszyk, and D.P. Ormond. 1987. Air
Pollution exposure systems and experimental protocols, Vol. 1: a review and
evaluation of performance. EPA/600/3-87/037a. PB 88 181 680. 137 pp.
(ERL-COR-437a).
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Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey, 6.E. Taylor, O.M. Olszyk, and D.P. Ormond. 1987. Air
pollution exposure systems and experimental protocols, Vol. 2: description
of facilities. EPA/600/3-87/037b. PB 88 181 698. 347 pp. (ERL-COR-437b).
Hughes, R.M., Eric Rexstad, and Carl E. Bond. 1987. The relationship of aquatic
ecoregions, river basins and physiographic provinces to ichthyogeographic
regions of Oregon. EPA/600/J-87/375. Cooeia 2: 423--432. (ERL-COR-556).
Hughes, R.M., and D.P. Larsen. 1988. Ecoregions: an approach to surface water
protection. EPA/600/J-88/224. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation
60(4): 486-493. PB 89 144 554/AS. (ERL-COR-819J).
Hughes, Robert M., David P. Larsen, and James M. Omernik. 1986. Regional reference
sites: a method for assessing stream potentials. EPA/600/J-86/218.
Environmental Management 10(5): 629-635. PB 87 170 767/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-
477J).
Hughes, Robert M. and James R. Gammon. 1987. Longitudinal changes in fish
assemblages and water quality in the Willamette River, Oregon. Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society 116(2): 196-209. (ERL-COR-638J).
Jacobs, L.W., G.A. O'Connor, M.A. Overcash, M.J. Zabek, and P.T. Rygiewicz. 1987.
Effects of trace organics in sewage sludges on soil-plant systems and
assessing their risk to humans. In T.J. Logan and J.A. Ryan, eds. Land
Applications of Municipal Sewage Sludges: Food Chain Implications. Lewis
Publications, Chelsea, Michigan. EPA/600/D-87/306. PB 88 113 469/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-778D).
Jacobson, J., P. Irving, Al Kuja, D. Shriner, S. Perrigan and V. Cullinan. 1988.
A collaborative effort to model plant response to acidic rain. Accepted in
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. (ERL-COR-922J).
James, Bruce R., and Susan J. Riha. 1986. pH buffering in forest soil organic
horizons: relevance to acid precipitaton. EPA/600/J-86/404. Journal of
Environmental Quality 15(3): 229-234, July-September. (R. Wilhour, project
officer). PB 88 103 627/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-515JAP).
James, Bruce R., and Susan J. Riha. 1987. Forest soil organic horizon acidifi-
cation: effects of temperature, time, and solution/soil ratio. Soil Science
Society of America Journal 51(2): 458-462. (ERL-COR-JAP).
Jenne, E.A., L.E. Eary, L.W. Vail, D.C. Girvin, A.M. Liebetrau, L.F. Hibler, T.B.
Miley, and M.J. Monsour. 1989. An evaluation and analysis of three dynamic
watershed acidification codes (MAGIC, ETD, and ILWAS). (ERL-COR-538).
Kanciruk, P., J.M. Eilers, R.A. McCord, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A.
Linthurst. 1986. Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States.
Volume III. Data compendium of site characteristics and chemical variables.
EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-COR-337c). See Linthurst et al. 1986 for
Volume I and Overton et al. 1986 for Volume II.
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Karr, James R. 1986. Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: a
conceptual framework. Environmental Management. (D. Larsen, project
officer). (ERL-COR-718J).
Kaufmann, P., A. Herlihy, M. Mitch, A. Kinney, S. Christie, D. Brown, J. Elwood,
M. Sale, H. Jager, K. Cougan, D. Peck, C. Hagley, S. Overton, J. Messer and
K. Reckhow. 1988. Chemical characteristics of streams in the mid-Atlantic
and southeastern United States. Vol. I: Population descriptions & physico-
chemical relationships. EPA/600/3-88/021a. PB 89 119 606/AS. (ERL-COR-
482). Vol. II: Streams sampled, descriptive statistics, & compendium of
physical & chemical data. EPA/600/3-88/021b. PB 89 119 614/AS. (ERL-COR-
482b).
Kentula, Mary E. 1986. Wetland rehabilitation and creation in the Pacific
Northwest. Presentation to the Washington State Department of Ecology
Wetlands Conference on "Wetland Functions, Rehabilitation, and Creation in
the Pacific Northwest: The State of Our Understanding." Port Townsend,
Washington, April 30-May 2, 1986. EPA/600/D-86/183. (D. Larsen, project
officer). PB 86 241 023/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-667D).
Kentula, Mary E. 1986. EPA adapts wetland research plan. EPA/600/M-87/016.
National Wetlands Research Newsletter 8(4): 14-15. (E. Preston, project
officer). PB 87 187 076/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-657misc).
Kentula, Mary E. 1987. Does mitigation work? EPA's wetland research program is
checking. In Proceedings of the Hillsborough Community College 14th Annual
Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation. May. Tampa, FL. EPA/600/D-
87/308. (E. Preston, project officer). PB 88 112 149/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-
800D).
Kentula, Mary E. 1988. Wetland mitigation: research opportunities and needs. In
"Country in the City": Managing natural resources in the urban environment,
February 1988, Portland, Oregon. (ERL-COR-940D).
Kettle, W.D., F. deNoyelles, Jr., B.D. Heacock, and A.M. Kadpum. 1986. Diet and
reproductive success of bluegill recovered from experimental ponds treated
with atrazine. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (D.
Larsen, project officer). (ERL-COR-716J).
Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. Background for the synthesis and integration of forest
response to atmospheric deposition. Presented at the California Forest
Response Program Planning Conference, Asilomar, California, February 22-25.
(R. Blair, project officer). (ERL-COR-775DAP).
Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. The role of models in the forest response program. In
Proceedings 1987 IUFRO Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference,
Minneapolis, Minnesota. August 24-28, 1986. EPA/600/D-87/334. PB 88 130
281/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-828DAP).
King, D.A., A.S. Heagle, and R.B. Flagler. 1988. Evaluation of an ozone x moisture
stress interaction model for soybean. EPA/600/J-88/257. Ecological Modelling
41: 269-279. PB 89 143 754/AS. (ERL-COR-704J).
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King, David A. 1987. A model for predicting the influence of moisture stress on
crop losses caused by ozone. EPA/600/J-87/077. Ecological Modelling 35:
29-44, January. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 88 102 983/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-467J).
King, David A., and William L. Nelson. 1987. Assessing the impacts of soil
moisture stress on regional soybean yield and its sensitivity to ozone.
EPA/600/J-87/469. Agriculture. Ecosystems, and Environment 20: 23-35. PB
89 144 430/AS. (ERL-COR-580J).
King, David A. 1988. Modeling the impact of ozone and drought interactions on
regional crop yields. EPA/600/J-88/221. Environmental Pollution 53: 351-
364. PB 89 144 505/AS. (ERL-COR-836J).
Klein, Theodore M., and Martin Alexander. 1986. Effect of the quantity and
duration of application of simulated acid precipitation on nitrogen
mineralizatino and nitrification in a forest soil. EPA/600/J-86/370. Water,
Air, and Soil Pollution 28: 309-318, April. (R. Wilhour, project officer).
PB 87 198 842/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-736JAP).
Knittel, M.D., and Anne Fairbrother. 1987. Effects of temperature and pH on
survival of free nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(12): 2771-2773. (ERL-COR-728J).
Kohut, R.J., J.A. Laurence, and L.J. Colavito. 1988. The influence of ozone
exposure dynamics on the growth and yield of kidney bean. EPA/600/J-88/247.
Environmental Pollution 53: 79-88. PB 89 145 015/AS. (ERL-COR-884J).
Kohut, R.J., R.G. Amundson, and J.A. Laurence. 1988. Effects of ozone and sulfur
dioxide on yield of red clover and timothy. Journal of Environmental Quality
17(4): 580-585. (ERL-COR-688J).
Krasovsky, Vera N. and G. Stotzky. 1987. Conjugation and genetic recombination
in Escherichia coli in sterile and nonsterile soil. Soil Biol. Biochem.
19(5): 631-638. (ERL-COR-896J).
Kress, L.W., J.E. Miller, H.J. Smith., and J.O. Rawlings. 1986. Impact of ozone
and sulphur dioxide on soybean yield. EPA/600/J-86/157. Environmental
Pollution (Series A) 41: 105-123. PB 87 118 519/AS (A02). (D. Tingey,
project officer). (ERL-COR-512J).
Krug, W.R., W.A. Gebert, D.J. Graczyk, D. Stevens, B.P. Rochelle, and M.R. Church.
1988. Runoff map for the northeastern southeastern and mid-Atlantic United
States for water years 1951-80. (ERL-COR-472).
Kusler, Jon A. Millicent Quammen, and Gail Brooks, eds. 1988. In Proceedings of
the National Wetland Symposium, Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. EPA/600/9-
88/014. PB 88 223 797/AS. (ERL-COR-457).
Lammers, D.A., D.L. Cassell, and J.J. Lee. 1987. Field operations and quality
assurance/quality control for direct/delayed response project soil mapping
activities in the northeast region. 140 pgs. EPA/600/3-87/017. PB 88 171
301. (ERL-COR-406AP).
-97-
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Lammers, D.A., D.L. Cassell, J.J. Lee, W.G. Campbell, and M.G. Johnson. 1987.
Field operations and quality assurance/quality control for direct/delayed
response project soil mapping activities in the Southern Blue Ridge Region.
EPA/600/3-88/106. PB 88 195 722/AS. (ERL-COR-454AP).
Landers, D.H., J.M. Eilers, D.F. Brakke, and P.E. Kellar. 1988. Characteristics
of acidic lakes in the eastern United States. EPA/600/J-88/232. Verb.
Internat. Verein. Limnol. Bd. 23: 152-162. PB 89 144 646/AS. (ERL-COR-
734JAP).
Landers, Dixon H., W. Scott Overton, Rick A. Linthurst, and David F. Brakke. 1988.
Eastern lake survey: regional estimates of lake chemistry. EPA/600/J-88/241.
Environmental Science and Technology 22: 128-135. PB 89 144 661. (ERL-COR-
730JAP).
Larsen, DAvid P., Robert M. Hughes, James M. Omernik, Daniel R. Dudley, Christina
H. Rohm, Thomas R. Whittier, Andrew J. Kinney, and Alisa L. Gallant. 1986.
The correspondence between spatial patterns in fish assemblages in Ohio
streams and aquatic ecoregions. EPA/600/J-86/365. Environmental Management
10(6): 815-828, December. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB 87 196 077/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-480J).
Larsen, David P., Frank deNoyelles, Jr., Frank Stay, and Tamotsu Shiroyama. 1986.
Comparisons of single species, microcosm, and experimental pond responses to
atrazine exposure. EPA/600/J-86/050. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
5: 179-190, February. PB 86 199 379/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-414J).
Larsen, David P., Daniel R. Dudley, and Robert M. Hughes. 1988. An approach for
assessing attainable water quality: Ohio as a case study. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation. (ERL-COR-681J).
Lee, E. Henry, D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1988. Evaluation of ozone exposure
indices for relating exposure to plant production and for estimating
agricultural losses. EPA/600/3-88/039. PB 89 118 350/AS. (ERL-COR-518).
Lee, E. Henry, David T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1988. Evaluation of ozone
exposure indices in exposure-response modeling. EPA/600/J-88/244. Journal
of Environmental Pollution 53: 43-62. PB 89 145 049/AS. (ERL-COR-798J).
Lefohn, A.S., H.P. Knudsen, J.A. Logan, J. Simpson, and C. Bhumralkar. 1987. An
evaluation of the Kriging Method to predict 7-h seasonal mean ozone
concentrations for estimating crop losses. EPA/600/J-87/465. JAPCA 37(5):
595-602. pb 89 144 406/as. (ERL-COR-687J).
Lefohn, A.S., C.E. Davis, C.K. Jones, D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1987. Co-
occurrence patterns of gaseous air pollutant pairs at different minimum
concentrations in the United States. EPA/600/J-87/466. Atmospheric
Environment 21(11): 2435-2444. PB 89 144 414/AS. (ERL-COR-707J).
-98-
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Lefohn, A.S., C.E. Davis, C.K. Jones, D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1987. Reply
to B.A. Marie and D.P. Ormrod comments about the article "Co-occurrence
patterns of gaseous air pollutant pairs at different minimum concentrations
in the United States. Atmospheric Environment 22: 1243. (ERL-COR-849J).
Lefohn, A.S., H.P. Knudsen, and L.R. McEvoy. 1988. The use of kriging to estimate
monthly ozone exposure parameters for the southeastern United States.
EPA/600/J-88/249. Environmental Pollution 53: 27-42. PB 89 145 007/AS.
(ERL-COR-887J).
Lefohn, Allen S., W.E. Hogsett, and David T. Tingey. 1986. A method for developing
ozone exposures that mimic ambient conditions in agricultural areas.
EPA/600/J-86/046. Atmospheric Environment 20(2): 361-366, February. PB 86
195 948/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-451J).
Lefohn, Allen S., W.E. Hogsett, and David T. Tingey. 1987. The development of
sulfur dioxide and ozone rural exposure profiles that mimic ambient conditions
in the southeastern United States. EPA/600/J-87/376. Atmospheric Environment
21(3): 659-669. PB 88 251 848/AS. (ERL-COR-613J).
Levin, Morris A., Ramon Seidler, Al W. Borquin, John R. Fowle III, and Tamar Barkay.
1987. EPA developing methods to assess environmental release. Biotechnology
5: 38-45, January.
Lighthart, Bruce, and A.J. Mohr. 1987. Estimating downwind concentrations of
viable airborne microorganisms in dynamic atmospheric conditions. EPA/600/J-
87/458. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(7): 1580-1583. PB 89 134
639/AS. ERL-COR-643J).
Lighthart, Bruce, David Sewall, and David R. Thomas. 1988. Effect of several
stress factors on the susceptibility of the predatory mite, Metaseiulus
occidentalis. Journal of Invertebrate Phatholoav 52; 33-42. (ERL-COR-826J).
Lighthart, Bruce, David Sewall, and David R. Thomas. 1988. Effect of several
stress factors on the susceptibility of the predatory mite, Metaseiulus
occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), to the weak bacterial pathogen Serratia
marcescens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 52: 33-42. (ERL-COR-818J).
Lighthart, Bruce. 1988. Some changes in gut bacterial flora of field-grown
Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) when brought into the laboratory.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(7): 1896-1898. (ERL-COR-654J).
Lindow, S.E., G.R. Knudsen, R.J. Seidler, M.V. Walter, V.W. Lambou, P.S. Amy, D.
Schmedding, V. Prince, and S. Hern. 1988. Aerial dispersal and epiphytic
survival of Pseudomonas syringae during a pretest for the release of
genetically engineered strains into the environment. Applied and Environ-
mental Microbiology 54(6): 1557-1563. (ERL-COR-846J).
Lindstrom, F.T., D.E. Cawlfield, and L. Boersma. 1988. CTSPAC: mathematical model
for coupled transport of water, solutes, and heat in the soil-plant-atmosphere
continuum: Vol. 1. Mathematical theory and transport concepts. EPA/600/3-
88/030. PB 88 238 316/AS. (ERL-COR-505).
-99-
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Link, S.O., R.J. Fellows, D.A. Cataldo, J.G. Droppo, and P. Van Voris. 1987.
Estimation of an aerial depositin and foliar uptake of xenobiotics:
assessment of current models. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories, PNL-6173. EPA/300/3-87/050. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (J. Me Farlane, project officer). (ERL-COR-
439).
Linthurst, R.A., D.H. Landers, J.M. Eilers, D.F. Brakke, W.S. Overton, E.P. Meier,
and R.E. Crowe. 1986. Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States.
Volume I. Population descriptions and physiochemical relationships.
EPA/600/4-86/007a. ERL-COR-337a).
Overton, U.S., P. Kanciruk, L.A. Hook, J.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke,
D.J. Blick, Jr., R.A. Linthurst, M.D. DeHaan, and J.M. Omernik, 1986.
Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States. Volume II. Lakes
samples and descriptive statistics for physical and chemical variables.
EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-COR-337b).
Kanciruk, P., J.M. Eilers, R.A. McCord, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A.
Linthurst, 1986. Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States.
Volume III. Data compendium of site characteristics and chemical variables.
EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-COR-337c).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(SAS data tape). PB 87 193 298 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/024; EPA/600/4-86/007g.
(ERL-COR-387g).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(SAS export data tape). PB 87 193 298 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/023; EPA/600/4-
86/007d. (ERL-COR-387d).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(EBCDIC tape). PB 87 193 314 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/025; EPA/600/4-86/007f.
(ERL-COR-387f).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(ASCII tape). PB 87 193 322 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/026; EPA/600/4-86/007c.
(ERL-COR-387C).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(for microcomputers). PB 87 193 330 (DOS). EPA/DF/DK-87/029; EPA/600/4-
86/007i. (ERL-COR-387i).
Maguire, Christine Chitko, and Bill A. Williams. 1987. Response of thermal
stressed bobwhite to organophosphorus exposure. Environmental Pollution 47:
25-39. (ERL-COR-974J).
Maguire, Christine Chitko, and Bill A. Williams. 1987. Cold stress and acute
organophosphorus exposure: interaction effects on juvenile northern bobwhite.
EPA/600/J-87/378. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16: 477-481. PB 88 251
814/AS. (ERL-COR-627J).
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Malueg, K.W., G.S. Schuytema, and D.F. Krawczyk. 1986. Effects of sample storage
on a copper-spiked freshwater sediment. EPA/600/J-86/276. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 245-253, April. PB 87 166 815/AS (A02). (ERL-
COR-432J).
Mansell, R.S., S.A. Bloom, H.M. Selim, and R.D. Rhue. 1986. Multispecies cation
leaching during continuous displacement of electrolyte solutions through soil
columns. EPA/600/J-86/369. Geoderma 38: 61-75, November. (R. Wilhour,
project officer). PB 87 198 834/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-735JAP).
Marmorek, David R., D.P. Bernard, M.L. Jones, L.P. Rattie, and T.J. Sullivan.
1988. The effects of mineral acid deposition on concentrations of dissolved
organic acids in surface waters. EPA/600/3-88/022. PB 88 235 528/AS. (ERL-
COR-500AP).
Marx, Donald, et al. 1988. Southern forest atlas project—atmospheric deposition,
weather, soils, tree distribution, and pest-fire. Printed and distributed
by USDA FS. (ERL-COR-920Atlas).
Mast, M. Alisa, and James I. Drever. 1987. The effects of oxalate on the
dissolution rates of oligoclase and tremolite. EPA/600/J-87/462. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta 51: 2559-2568, Pergamon Journals Ltd. PB 89 134 787/AS.
(ERL-COR-897J).
Me Farlane, Craig, and Thomas Pfleeger. 1986. Plant exposure laboratory and
chambers. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
EPA/600/3-86/007a,b. Volume I, PB 86 155 777/AS (A03); Volume II (Appendices
1-6), PB 86 155 785/AS (A13). (ERL-COR-301a,b).
Me Farlane, Craig, Cynthia Nolt, Carlos Wickliff, Tom Pfleeger, Ray Shimabuku, and
Mike McDowell. 1987. The uptake, distribution, and metabolism of four
organic chemicals by soybean plants and barlet roots. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 6: 847-856. (ERL-COR-669J).
Me Farlane, J. Craig, Thomas Pfleeger, and John Fletcher. 1987. Transpiration
effect on the uptake and distribution of bromacil, nitrobenzene and phenol
in soybean plants. Journal of Environmental Quality 16(4): 372-376. (ERL-
COR-727J).
Me Farlane, J. Craig, and Thomas Pfleeger. 1987. Plant exposure chambers for
study of toxic chemical-piant interactions. EPA/600/J-87/459. Journal of
Environmental Quality 16(4): 361-371. PB 89 134 753/AS. (ERL-COR-725J).
McCrady, Joel K., Craig Me Farlane, and F.T. Lindstrom. 1987. The transport and
affinity of substituted benzenes in soybean stems. Journal of Experimental
Botany 38(196): 1875-1890. (ERL-COR-710J).
McLaughlin, D.J. Dowing, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvick, L.K.
Mann and T.W. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATABASE DOCUMENTATION. (Computer Tape)
EPA/DF/MT-88/054. EPA/600/3-87/029b. PB 88 223 63I/AS. (ERL-COR-380APb).
-101-
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Mclaughlin, D.J. Dowing, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvick, L.K.
Mann, and T.W. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATABASE DOCUMENTATION. EPA/DF/MT-
88/054a. EPA/600/3-87/029a. PB 88 223 649/AS. (ERL-COR-380APa).
Meehan, Rosa, and Jon R. Nickles. 1988. Oil development in northern Alaska—a
guide to the effects of gravel placement on wetlands and waterbirds.
EPA/600/3-88/024. PB 88 224 407/AS. (ERL-COR-501).
Messer, J.J., C.W. Ariss, J.R. Baker, S.E. Drouse, K.N. Eshleman, A.J. Kinney, W.S.
Overton, M.J. Sale, R.D. Schonbrod. 1988. Stream chemistry in the southern
Blue Ridge: feasibility of a regional synpotic sampling approach. Water
Resources Bulletin 24(4); 821-829. (ERL-COR-776JAP).
Meyers, S. Mark, and Susan M. Schiller. 1986. TERRE-TOX: a database for effects
of anthropogenic substances on terrestrial animals. EPA/600/J-86/051.
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 26: 33-36, February.
PB 86 199 361/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-506J).
Meyers, S. Mark, and Jay D. Gile. 1986. Mallard reproductive testing in a pond
environment: a preliminary study. EPA/600/J-86/400. Archives of Environ-
mental Contamination and Toxicology 15: 757-761, December. PB 88 101 621/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-600J).
Meyers, S.M., and S.M. Schiller. 1986. TERRE-TOX terrestrial toxicity database.
EPA/600/M-86/008. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon. (H. Kibby, project officer). PB 86 178 043/AS (T03). (ERL-COR-
327). Two magnetic tapes. No project report or summary.
Miller, D.L., P.M. Leonard, R.M. Hughes, J.R. Karr, P.B. Moyle, L.H. Schrader, B.A.
Thompson, R.A. Daniels, K.D. Fausch, G.A. Fitzhugh, J.R. Gammon, D.B.
Halliwell, P.L. Angermeier, and D.J. Orth. 1988. Regional applications of
an index of biotic integrity for use in water resource management. Fisheries
13(5): 12-20. (ERL-COR-827J).
Miller, J.E., R.P. Patterson, A.S. Heagle, W.A. Pursley, and W.W. Heck. 1988.
Growth of cotton under chronic ozone stress at two levels of soil moisture.
Journal of Environmental Quality 17(4): 635-643. (ERL-COR-903J).
Mortenson, D.C. 1989. Geographic information system documentation of watershed
data for direct/delayed response project (1988). Project Report and Summary.
(ERL-COR-519).
Mortenson, D.C. 1989. Geographic information system documentation of watershed
data for direct/delayed response project—Southern Blue Ridge Province
database. Project Report and Summary. (ERL-COR-535).
Moser, Thomas J., David T. Tingey, and Kent D. Rodecap. 1986. Direct and residual
effects of cadmium on the growth and elemental composition of Arabidopsis
thaliana. Angewandte Botanik 60; 391-405. (ERL-COR-656J).
Murali, N.S., and Alan S. Teramura. 1986. Effects of supplemental ultraviolet-B
radiation on the growth and physiology of field-grown soybean. EPA/600/J-
86/378. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(3): 233-242. PB 87 212
866/AS (A02). J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-COR-574J).
-102-
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Murphy, Thomas A. 1987. Design and management of research projects. In
Proceedings of U.S./Malayasian Seminar on R&D Management. EPA/600/D-87/263.
PB 88 106 380/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-721D).
NAPAP Forest Response Program. 1988. Ecological quality assurance workshop.
EPA/600/9-88/020. PB 89 118 699/AS. (ERL-COR-512).
Nebeker, A.V., A. Stinchfield, C. Savonen, and G. Chapman. 1986. Effects of
copper, nickel, and zinc on three species of Oregon freshwater snails.
EPA/600/J-86/407. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 807-811, May.
PB 88 107 198/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-569J).
Nebeker, A.V., M.A. Cairns, S.T. Onjukka, and R.H. Titus. 1986. Effect of age on
sensitivity of Daphnia magna to cadmium, copper, and cyanazine. EPA/600/J-
86/131. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 527-530, June. PB 87 100
590/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-468J).
Nebeker, Alan V., Samual T. Onjukka, Michael A. Cairns, Daniel F. Krawczyk. 1986.
Survival of Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca in cadmium-spiked water and
sediment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 933-938, October. (ERL-
COR-581J).
Nebeker, Alan V., Samual T. Onjukka, and Michael A. Cairns. 1988. Chronic effects
of contaminated sediment on Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans. EPA/600/J-
88/242. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41; 574-581.
PB 89 145 023/AS. (ERL-COR-582J).
Nebeker, Alan V., and Clifford E. Miller. 1988. Use of the amphipod crustacean
hyalella azteca in freshwater and estuarine sediment toxicity tests.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7; 1027-1033. (ERL-COR-799J).
Neuhauser, E.F., P.F. Durkin, M.R, 'Malecki, and M. Anatra. 1986. Comparative
Toxicity of ten organic chemicals to four earthworm species. EPA/600/J-
86/397. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83C(lh 197-200. PB 88 107
115/AS (A02). (C. Callahan, project officer). (ERL-COR-550J).
Neuhauser, E.F., R.C. Loehr, and Michael R. Malecki. 1986. Contact and artificial
soil tests using earthworms to evaluate the impact of wastes in soil. Pages
192-203 in J.K. Petros, Jr., W.J. Lacy, and R.A. Conway, eds. Hazardous and
Industrial Solid Waste Testing: Fourth Symposium. ASTM STP 886. American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. EPA/600/D-84/298S. (C.
Callahan, project officer). PB 86 195 237/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-426D).
Newell, Avis D. 1987. Predicting spring lake chemistry from fall samples.
EPA/600/D-87/265. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acid
Rain, 1-3 September 1987, Lisbon. PB 88 106 356/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-771DAP).
Nix, Joe F., K.W. Thornton, D.E. Ford, and J. Malcolm. 1988. Storm event sampling
of two low alkalinity southwestern Arkansas streams. EPA/600/3-88/023). PB
88 225 107/AS. (ERL-COR-499D).
Olson, Richard, project manager. 1987. Western conifers research cooperative.
1987 Research Plan. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon. PB 87 227 641 AS (A05). (ERL-COR-408AP).
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Olszyk, David M., and David T. Tingey. 1986. Joint action of 03 and S02 in
modifying plant gas exchange. EPA/600/J-86/394. Plant Physiology 82: 401-
405. PB 88 104 278/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-625J).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa L. Gallant. 1986. Ecoregions of the Pacific
Northwest. EPA/600/3-86/033. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon, w/map. (ERL-COR-341).
Omernik, James M., and Glenn E. Griffith. 1986. Total alkalinity of surface
waters: a map of the western region. EPA/600/J-86/410. Journal of Soil
and Water Conversation 41(6): 374-378, November-December. PB 88 104 302/AS.
(ERL-COR-639J).
Omernik, James M., and Glenn E. Griffith. 1986. Total alkalinity of surface
waters: a map of the upper midwest region. Map and text. EPA/600/D-85/043.
U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-
269D). Not sold by NTIS. Also published in Environmental Management 10(6):
829-839, 1986.
Omernik, James J. 1987. Ecoregions of the northeast states. Map. EPA/600/D-
87/313. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
(ERL-COR-794M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the southwest states.
Map. EPA/600/D-87/316. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-795M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the south central
states. Map. EPA/600/D-87/315. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Labora-
tory, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-792M).
Omernik, James M. 1987. Ecoregions of the southeast states. Map. EPA/600/D-
87/314. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
(ERL-COR-796M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the west central
states. Map. EPA/600/D-87/317. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laborat-
ory, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-793M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1988. Ecoregions of the upper midwest
states. EPA/600/3-88/037. (ERL-COR-943MAP).
Omernik, James M., Christina M. Rohm, Sharon E. Clarke, and David P. Larsen. 1988.
Summer total phosphorus in lakes: a map of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
Environmental Management 12(6): 815-825. (ERL-COR-851J).
Omernik, James. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Annals of
the Association of American Geographers 77(1): 118-125, March. (ERL-COR-
578J).
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Overton, W.S., P. Kanciruk, L.A. Hook, J.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, D.J.
Blick, Jr., R.A. Linthurst, M.D. DeHaan, and J.M. Omernik. 1986.
Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States. Volume II. Lakes
samples and descriptive statistics for physical and chemical variables.
EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-COR-337b). See Linthurst et al. 1986 for
Volume I and Kanciruk et al. 1986 for Volume III.
Peterson, S.A., J.C. Greene, W.E. Miller, and D.C. Wilborn. 1987. Bio-activity
differences of water and sodium acetate eluate from municipal and industrial
wastes. Third Annual EPA Solid Waste Testing and Quality Assurance Symposium,
July 13-17. (ERL-COR-777D). Not sold by NTIS.
Peterson, Spencer A. 1986. Sediment removal. Chapter 8 in Lake and Reservoir
Restoration. (G.D. Cooke, E.B. Welch, S.A. Peterson, and P.R. Newroth).
Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Massachusetts. EPA/600/D-84/207. PB 84
236 397/AS A08). (ERL-COR-167D).
Porter, P.M., W.L. Banwart, J.J. Hassett, R.L. Finke. 1987. Effects of simulated
acid rain on yield response of two soybean cultivars. Journal of
Environmental Quality 16(4): 433-437. (ERL-COR-746JAP).
Preston, E.M., and B.L. Bedford. 1988. Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland
functions: a conceptual overview and generic framework. Environmental
Management 12(5): 565-584. (ERL-COR-861J).
Preston, Eric M., and David T. Tingey. 1988. The NCLAN program for crop loss
assessment. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants. (ERL-COR-855J).
Quinn, S.O., and N. Bloomfield, eds. 1986. Acidic deposition, trace contaminants,
and their indirect human health effects: research needs. In Proceedings of
a workshop held at Topridge Conference Center, Paul Smith's, New York, June
19-22, 1984. EPA/600/9-86/002. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 177 581/AS (A05).
(ERL-COR-276AP).
Rafii, Fatemeh, and Don L. Crawford. 1988. Transfer of conjugative plasmids and
mobilization of a nonconjugative plasmid between streptomyces strains on agar
and in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(6): 1334-1340. (ERL-
COR-882J).
Rappaport, L. 1988. Rapid assays of plant responses to herbicide treatment. 36
pp. EPA 600/3-88/005. PB 88 158 050. (ERL-COR-257).
Ratsch, Hilman C., and Debra Johndro. 1986. Comparative toxicity of six test
chemicals to lettuce using two root elongation test methods. EPA/600/J-
86/499. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 6: 267-276. PB 89 120
133/AS. (ERL-COR-306J).
Ratsch, Hilman C., and Debra Johndro. 1986. Growth inhibition and morphological
effects by several chemicals in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. EPA/600/J-
86/129. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 55-60, January. PB 87 100
707/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-349J).
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Ratsch, Hilman C., and Debra Johndro. 1987. The influence of two culturing
techniques on toxicity of four chemicals in Arabidopsis. EPA/600/J-87/453.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 9: 155-168. PB 89 130 371/AS. (ERL-
COR-618J).
Raw!ings, J.O., V.M. Lesser, A.S. Heagle, and W.W. Heck. 1988. Alternative ozone
dose metrics to characterize ozone impact on crop yield loss. Journal of
Environmental Quality 17(2): 285-291. (ERL-COR-904J).
Reckhow, Kenneth H. 1987. Robust Bayes models of fish response to lake acidifi-
cation. EPA/600/D-88/277. In Proceedings IAWPRC International Symposium
"Systems Analysis in Water Quality Management." PB 89 142 657/AS. (ERL-COR-
761JAP).
Reed, Margaret A., and Richard J. Stolzberg. 1987. Direct determination of
arsenite by differential pulse polarography in the presence of lead(II) and
thallium(I). Analytical Chemistry 59(3). (J. McCarty, project officer).
(ERL-COR-780J).
Riitters, Kurt H. 1987. Process models for monitoring forest health. In
Proceedings of the IUFRO Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 24-28, 1987. EPA/600/D-87/307. (Roger Blair,
project officer). PB 88 113 675/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-797DAP).
Robberecht, R., and M.M. Caldwell. 1986. Leaf UV optical properties of Rumex
patientia L. and Rumex obtusifolius L. in regard to a protective mechanism
against solar UV-B radiation injury. In R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell, eds.
Stratospheric Ozone Reduction. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life.
Springer-Verlag. EPA/600/D-87/008. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87
147 112/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-695D).
Rochelle, Barry P., and Parker J. Wigington, Jr. 1986. Surface runoff from
southeastern Oklahoma forested watersheds. In Proceedings of the Oklahoma
Academy of Science 66: 7-13.
Rochelle, Barry P., and M. Robbins Church. 1987. Regional patterns of sulfur
retention in watershed of the eastern U.S. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution
36: 61-73. (ERL-COR-705JAP).
Rochelle, Barry P., M. Robbins Church, and Mark B. David. 1987. Sulfur retention
at intensively studied sites in the U.S. and Canada. Water. Air, and Soil
Pollution 33: 73-83, March. (ERL-COR-636JAP).
Rodecap, Kent D., and David T. Tingey. 1986. Ozone-induced ethylene release from
leaf surfaces. EPA/600/J-86/398. Plant Science 44: 73-76, March. PB 88 107
107/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-420J).
Rohm, Christina M., John W. Giese, and Charles C. Bennett. 1987. Evaluation of
an aquatic ecoregion classification of streams in Arkansas. EPA/600/J-87/168.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4(1): 127-140. PB 88 158 845/AS. (ERL-COR-
708J).
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Rygiewicz, P.T., S.L. Miller, and D.M. Durall. 1988. A root-mycocosm for growing
ectomycorrhizal hyphae apart from host roots while maintaining symbiotic
integrity. EPA/600/J-88/233. Plant and Soil 109: 281-284. PB 89 142 715/AS.
(ERL-COR-772J).
Sanville, William D., H. Peter Eilers, Theodore R. Boss, and Thomas G. Pfleeger.
1986. Enviornmental gradients in northwest freshwater wetlands. EPA/600/J-
86/413. Environmental Management 10(1): 125-134. PB 88 123 948/AS (A03).
(ERL-COR-397J).
Schuytema, Gerald S., Daniel F. Krawczyk, William L. Griffis, Alan V. Nebeker,
Merline L. Robideaux, Bruce J. Brownawell, and John C. Westall. 1988.
Comparative uptake of hexachlorobenzene by fathead minnows, amphipods and
oligochaete worms from water and sediment. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 7; 1035-1045. (ERL-COR-829J).
Seidler, Ray J., and Stephen Hern. 1988. Special report: release of ice minus
recombinant bacteria. EPA/600/3-88/060. PB 89 138 465/AS. (ERL-COR-473).
Sewall, David K., and Bruce Lighthart. 1988. Standard practice for conducting
fungal pathogenicity tests on the predatory mite, Metaseiulus occidental is
(Arcarina: Phytoseiidae). (ERL-COR-525).
Shaffer, Paul W., Richard P. Hooper, K.N. Eshleman, and M.R. Church. 1988.
Watershed versus in-lake alkalinity generation: a comparison of rates using
input-output studies. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 39: 263-273. (ERL-COR-
760JAP).
Shirazi, M.A., S.A. Peterson, L. Lowrie, and J.W. Hart. 1986. Computer-based land
classification for management of hazardous waste. EPA/600/J-86/405.
Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 3(1): 77-100, March. PB 88 104 195/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-557J).
Shirazi, M.A., R.S. Bennett, and L.C. Lowrie. 1988. An approach to environmental
risk assessment using avian toxicity tests. EPA/600/J-88/258. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26: 263-271. PB 89 143 747/AS.
(ERL-COR-706J).
Shirazi, M.A., L. Boersma, and J.W. Hart. 1988. A unifying quantitative analysis
on soil texture: improvement of precision and extension of scale. EPA/600/J-
88/081. Soil Science Society of America 52(1): 181-190. PB 88 249 875/AS.
(ERL-COR-670J).
Shirazi, M.A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. An approach for integration of
lexicological data. EPA/600/D-88/253. Special Technical Publication 971
1988. American Society for Testing and Materials. PB 89 129 472/AS. (ERL-
COR-635D).
Shirazi, Mostafa A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. Comparative toxicity based on
similar asymptotic endpoints. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 17: 273-280. (ERL-COR-726J).
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Shirazi, Mostafa A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. Comparative toxicity based on
similar asymptotic endpoints. EPA/600/J-88/243. Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 17: 273-280. PB 89 145 031/AS. (ERL-COR-726J).
Siddens, Lisabeth K., Wayne K. Seim, Lawrence R. Curtis, and Gary A. Chapman.
1986. Comparison of continuous and episodic exposure to acidic, aluminum-
contaminated waters of brook trout. EPA/600/J-86/393. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43(10): 2036-2040. (C. Powers, project
officer). PB 88 104 286/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-632JAP).
Sigal, Lorene L., and J. William Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of acidic rain and
ozone on nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria
(L.) Hoffm. EPA/600/J-86/395. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(1):
59-64, January-March. (R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 88 104 294/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-629JAP).
Sigal, Lorene L., and J. William Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of simulated acidic
rain on one species each of Pseudoparmelia, Usnea, and Umbilicaria.
EPA/600/J-86/396. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 27: 315-322, February.
(R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 88 107 099/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-630JAP).
Skelly, John M. et al., eds. 1987. Diagnosing injury to eastern forest trees.
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Forest Response Program,
Vegetaton Survey Research Cooperative. Published under a cooperative
agreement with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and
Pennsylvania State University, College of Agriculture, University Park. (R.
Blair, project officer). (ERL-COR-435AP). Not sold by NTIS.
Spruill, S.E., V.M. Lesser, M.C. Somerville, and J.O. Rawlings. 1988. Methods
used for managing and analyzing the data stored in the NCLAN data library.
Environmental Pollution 53: 462-465. (ERL-COR-947J).
Stotzky, G. and H. Babich. 1986. Survival of, and genetic transfer by, geneti-
cally engineered bacteria in natural environments. EPA/600/D-88/162.
Advances in Applied Microbiology 31: 93-138. PB 88 237 953/AS. (ERL-COR-
900J).
Stotzky, G. 1987. Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes,
growth, adhesion, and ecology of microbes and viruses. EPA/600/D-88/161.
Interactions of Soil Minerals with Natural Organics and Microbes. Soil Science
Society of America Spec. Pub!. #17. PB 88 237 946/AS. (ERL-COR-899J).
Stotzky, G., M.A. Devanas, and L.R. Zeph. 1988. Behavior of genetically engineered
microbes in natural environments and their potential use in IN SITU
reclamation of contaminated sites. EPA/600/D-88/108. PB 88 214 960/AS.
(ERL-COR-493).
Sullivan, T.J., J.M. Eilers, M.R. Church, D.J. Blick, K.N. Eshleman, D.H. Landers,
and M.S. DeHaan. 1988. Atmospheric wet sulphate deposition and lakewater
chemistry. EPA/600/J-88/235. Nature 331 No. 6157: 607-609. PB 89 142
723/AS. (ERL-COR-786JAP).
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Sullivan, Timothy J., Charles T. Driscoll, Joseph M. Eilers, and Dixon H. Landers.
1988. Evaluation of the role of sea salt inputs in the long-term
acidification of coastal New England lakes. EPA/600/J-88/234. Environmen-
tal Science and Technology 22: 185-190. PB 89 144 679/AS. (ERL-COR-726JAP).
Taylor, G.E., Jr., D.T. Tingey, and C.A. Gunderson. 1986. Photosynthesis, carbon
allocation, and growth of sulfur dioxide ecotypes of Geranium carolinianum
L. OecolQQia (Berlin) 68: 350-357. (ERL-COR-555J).
Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox, and K. Rohr. 1988. Injury and yield
responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. EPA/600/J-88/223.
Agronomy Journal 80: 751-755. PB 89 144 521/AS. (ERL-COR-821J).
Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox, and K. Rohr. 1988. Physiological and
growth responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. EPA/600/J-
88/222. Environmental Pollution 53: 255-263. PB 89 144 513/AS. (ERL-COR-
822J).
Temple, P.J., L.F. Benoit, R.W. Lennox, C.A. Reagan, and O.C. Taylor. 1988.
Combined effects of ozone and water stress on alfalfa growth and yield.
EPA/600/J-88/256. Journal of Environmental Quality 17(1): 108-113. PB 89
144 976/AS. (ERL-COR-661J).
Temple, Patrick J., 0. Clifton Taylor, and Larry F. Benoit. 1986. Yield response
of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to ozone. EPA/600/J-86/011.
Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(1): 53-58, January-March. (D.
Tingey, project officer). PB 86 176 773/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-471J).
Temple, Patrick J., and Larry F. Benoit. 1988. Effects of ozone and water stress
on canopy temperature, water use, and water use efficiency of alfalfa.
EPA/600/J-88/122. Agronomy Journal 80: 439-447. PB 88 251 756/AS. (ERL-
COR-738J).
Temple, Patrick. 1986. Stomatal conductance and transpirational responses of
field grown cotton to ozone. EPA/600/J-86/132. Plant. Cell, and Environment
9(4): 315-321, June. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 100 608/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-476J).
Teramura, A.M., J.H. Sullivan. 1988. Mechanisms of plant resistance to increased
solar ultraviolet-B radiation, EPA 600/3-88/019. PB 88-218 987/AS. (ERL-
COR-477).
Teramura, Alan H., and N.S. Murali. 1986. Intraspecific differences in growth
and yield of soybean exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation under greenhouse and
field conditions. EPA/600/J-86/374. Environmental and Experimental Botany
26(1): 89-95. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 203 139/AS (A02). (ERL-
COR-564JAP).
Theiling, K.M., and B.A. Croft. 1988. Pesticide side-effects on arthropod natural
enemies: a data base summary. Agriculture. Ecosystems & Environment 21: 191-
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Thomas, J.M., J.R. Skalski, J.F. Cline, M.C. McShane, W.E. Miller, S.A. Peterson,
C.A. Callahan, and J.C. Greene. 1986. Characterization of chemical waste
site contamination and its extent using bioassays. EPA/600/J-86/130.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 487-510, June. (D. Tingey, project
officer). PB 87 100 582/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-463J).
Thomson, B.E., and R.C. Worrest. 1986. Microcomputer control of an estuarine
research mesocosm facility. EPA/600/J-86/408. Journal of Microcomputer
Applications 9: 167-177, July. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 88 104
229 (A02). (ERL-COR-571J).
Thornton, K., J.P. Baker, D. Marmorek, D. Bernard, M.L. Jones, P.J. McNamee, C.
Wedeles, and K.M. Eshleman. 1988. Episodic Response Project Research Plan.
EPA/600/3-88/059. PB 89 138 86I/AS. (ERL-COR-470).
Tingey, D.T., R. Evans, E.H. Bates, and M.L. Gumpertz. 1987. Isoprene emissions
and photosynthesis in three ferns. The influence of light and temperature.
EPA/600/J-87/463. Phvsoloqia Plantarum 69: 609-616. PB 89 144 380/AS.
(ERL-COR-659J).
Tingey, David T. 1986. Effects of nitrogen oxides on vegetation. In R. Guderian
and D. Tingey, eds. Study on the Need and the Establishing of Air Quality
Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides. Institute fur Angewandte Botanik der
Universitat-GHS Essen, Germany. EPA/600/D-85/265. PB 86 119 542/AS (A03).
(ERL-COR-549D).
Tingey, David T., Thomas J. Moser, and Kent D. Rodecap. 1986. Direct and residual
effects of cadmium on the growth and elemental composition of Arabidopsis
thaliana. Anqewandte Botanik 60: 391-405, July. (ERL-COR-656J).
Tingey, David T. 1986. The impact of ozone on agriculture and its consequences.
Pages 53-63 in T. Schneider, ed. Acidification and Its Policy Implications.
Elsevier Science Publishers b.V., Amsterdam. December. EPA/600/D-86/105.
PB 87 175 055/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-640D).
Tingey, David T., Kent D. Rodecap, Henry Lee, Thomas J. Moser, and William E.
Hogsett. 1986. Ozone alters the concentrations of nutrients in bean tissue.
Anqewandte Botanik 60: 481-493, December. (ERL-COR-692J).
Tingey, David T., Thomas J. Moser, Dave F. Zirkle, and Michael D. Snow. 1987. A
plant cultural system for monitoring evapotranspiration and physiological
responses under field conditions. EPA/600/D-87/264. In Proceedings
International Conference Measurement of Soil and Plant Water Status, July 6-
10, 1987. Logan, UT. PB 88 106 349/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-766D).
Tingey, David, William Hogsett, and E. Henry Lee. 1988. Analysis of crop loss
for alternative ozone exposure indices. EPA/600/D-88/118. PB 88 214 788/AS.
(ERL-COR-494).
Tingey, David. 1988. Bioindicators in air pollution research—applications and
constraints. EPA 600/D-88/116. PB 88 214 770/AS. (ERL-COR-487).
van der Valk, Arnold G., ed. 1989. Northern prairie wetland. Iowa State
University Press. (ERL-COR-471).
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Vozzo, S.F., J.E. Miller, A.S. Heagle, and W.A. Pursley. 1988. Effects of ozone
and water stress on net photosynthetic rate of field grown soybean leaves.
Environmental Pollution 53: 471-473. (ERL-COR-946J).
Walker, D.A., P.O. Webber, E.F. Binnian, K.R. Everett, N.D. Lederer, E.A.
Nordstrand, M.D. Walker. 1987. Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern
Alaskan landscapes. Science 238: 757-761. (ERL-COR-858J).
Walter, M., A. Porteous, R. Seidler. 1987. Measuring genetic stability in bacteria
of potential use in genetic engineering. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 53(1); 105-109, January. (ERL-COR-650J).
Walter, M.V., K. Barbour, M. McDowell, and R.J. Seidler. 1987. A method to
evaluate survival of genetically engineered bacteria in soil extracts.
Current Microbiology 15: 193-197. (ERL-COR-697J).
Watts, R.R., R.J. Drago, R.G. Merrill, R.W. Williams, E. Perry, and J. Lewtas.
1988. Wood smoke impacted air: mutagenicity and chemical analysis of ambient
air in a residential area of Juneau, Alaska. Journal of Air Pollution Control
Association 38(5): 652-660. (ERL-COR-781J).
Weiner, G.S., C.B. Schrech, and H.W.. Li. 1986. Effects of low pH on reproduction
of rainbow trout. EPA/600/J-86/112. Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society 115: 75-82. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 230 117/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-655JAP).
Weiner, J.G., and J.M. Eilers. 1987. Chemical and biological status of lakes and
streams in the upper midwest: assessment of acidic deposition effects.
EPA/600/D-88/271. Lake and Reservoir Management 3: 365-378. PB 89 132
716/AS. (ERL-COR-751DAP).
Westall, John, Bruce Brownawell, Ronald Hilburn, and Gerald Schuytema. 1987. The
design of laboratory systems for controlling the activity of moderately
volatile organic compounds. A design manual. U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. EPA/600/3-87/030. (S. Peterson,
project officer). PB 87 231 759/AS (A04). (ERL-COR-428).
Whittier, Thomas R., and David L. Miller. 1986. Stream fish communities revisited:
a case of mistaken identity. EPA/600/J-86/367. American Naturalist 128(3):
433-437, September. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB 87 198 818/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-559J).
Whittier, Thomas R., and David P. Larsen. 1987. The Ohio stream regionalization
project: a compendium of results. EPA/600/3-87/025. U.S. EPA, Environmen-
tal Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-412).
Whittier, Thomas R., and Wayne Davis. 1988. Report of the national workshop on
instream biological monitoring criteria. EPA/600/9-88/016. Lincolnwood,
Illinois, December 2-4, 1987. PB 88 245 964. (ERL-COR-609J).
Wigington, Parker J., Jr., Clifford W. Randall, and Thomas Grizzard. 1986.
Accumulation of selected trace metals in soils of urban runoff swale drains.
Water Resources Bulletin. American Water Resources Association 22(1),
February. (ERL-COR-683J).
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Woodward, Daniel F., Elaine Snyder-Conn, Robert G. Riley, and Thomas G. Garland.
1988. Drilling fluids and the Arctic tundra of Alaska: assessing con-
tamination of wetlands habitat and the toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and
fish. EPA/600/J-88/246. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 17: 683-697. PB 89 145 056/AS. (ERL-COR-848J).
Worrest, R.C. 1986. Ecological and nonhuman biological effects of solar UV-B
radiation. Pages 165-191 in James G. Titus, ed. Effects of Charges in
Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate. Volume I; Overview. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency and United Nations Environment Programme. (ERL-COR-
703D). Not sold by NTIS.
Worrest, Robert C., and Martyn M. Caldwell, eds. 1986. Stratospheric ozone
reduction, solar ultraviolet radiation, and plant life. In Proceedings of
a workshop held in Bad Windsheim, Federal Republic of Germany, September 27-
30, 1983. (To be published by Springer-Verlag in cooperation with NATO
Scientific Affairs Division.) (ERL-COR-312).
Worrest, Robert C. 1988. What are the effects of UV-B radiation on marine
organisms? EPA/600/D-88/159. PB 88 237 920/AS. (ERL-COR-497).
Zedlar, Paul H. 1987. The ecology of southern California vernal pools: a community
profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report 85(7.11). EPA/600/3-87/036.
(E. Preston, project officer). PB 87 215 497/AS. (ERL-COR-426).
Zedler, Joy B., and Mary E. Kentula. 1986. Wetlands research plan. EPA/600/3-
86/009. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
(H. Kibby, project officer). PB 86 158 656/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-313).
Zeph, L.R., M.A. Onaga, and G. Stotzky. 1988. Transduction of Escherichia coli
by bacteriophase PI in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(7):
1731-1737. (ERL-COR-911J).
Ziminski, Peter K., and Steven R. Holman. 1987. Automated data acquisition and
control system bolsters EPA's air pollution research. EPA/600/M-87/010.
Design and Manufacturing pp. 12-15, March. PB 87 180 030/AS (A02). (ERL-
COR-689J).
Zoran, Mark J., Thomas J. Heppner, and Charles D. Drewes. 1986. Teratogenic
effects of the fungicide benomyl on posterior segmental regeneration in the
earthworm, Eisenia fetida. EPA/600/J-86/411. Pesticide Science 17: 641-652.
November. (C. Callahan, project officer). PB 88 104 310/AS (A02). (ERL-
COR-758J).
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