EPA
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CORVALLIS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CORVALLIS, OREGON 97333
QUARTERLY
RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT
JULY 1, 1989 - SEPTEMBER 30, 1989
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THIS RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT, COVERING THE PERIOD JULY 1 THROUGH
SEPTEMBER 30, 1989, SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT STATUS OF ALL ACTIVE PROJECTS
AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY--CORVALLIS.
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR WOULD LIKE MORE INFORMATION, FEEL FREE TO
CONTACT EITHER THE MANAGER LISTED AT THE END OF EACH PROJECT DESCRIPTION
OR THE LABORATORY DIRECTOR. FOR THOSE WHO USE A COMMERCIAL LINE, DIAL
(503) 757- AND THE 4-DIGIT EXTENSION OF THE PROJECT MANAGER. THE MAIN
TELEPHONE NUMBER OF THE LABORATORY COMPLEX IS (503) 757-4600.
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CONTENTS
Page
Air Pollution Effects
Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops 1
Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forests 3
Water Quality
Wetlands Research on Mitigation and Cumulative Effects of Loss ...... 5
Regional Integration Project 7
Water Quality Criteria for Terrestrial Wildlife 9
Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
Terrestrial Environment Assessments: Evaluation of Cover Crops .... 11
Evaluation of Cover Crops 13
Plant Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Hazardous Chemicals ... 15
Toxic Substances
Terrestrial Toxicology 17
Bioenvironmental Aspects of Biotechnology 19
Comparative Terrestrial Toxicology 23
Risk Assessment Development . 25
Verified Hazard Assessment Using Microcosms and Field Sites 27
Pesticides
Bioassay Development and GEM Studies Crops 29
Field Validation for Hazard Assessment Techniques 31
Methods Development and Effects Measurement 33
Integrated Risk Assessment' 35
Acid Rain Effects
National Surface Water Survey 37
Biologically Relevant Chemistry 39
Effects of Acidic Deposition on Human Health 41
Watershed Manipulation Project 43
Long-Term Monitoring (LTM)/Temporal Integrated Monitoring of
Ecosystems (TIME) 45
Direct/Delayed Response of Watersheds 47
Episodic Response Project 49
Synthesis and Integration of Aquatic Effects Research 51
Extent and Magnitude of Recent. Changes in Forest Condition 53
Evaluation of the Role of Non-Air Pollution Factors 55
Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Responses Project 57
Response of Forest Trees to Air Pollution , 59
Projection Under Alternative Deposition Scenarios 1 61
Contribution to 1990 NAPAP Assessment " 63
Stratospheric Ozone
Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Agroecosystems 65
Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Emissions of Globally
Important Gases 67
Global Climate Change
Regional Methods and Effects of Global Climatic Change 69
Response of Forest Systems to Global Climate Change 71
Regional Energy Balance, Climate Feedbacks and Water Resources Effects . 73
Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change on Agroecosystems 75
Biotic Emissions of Radiatively Important Trace Gases 77
Effects of Global Climate Change on Biodiversity 79
Interdisciplinary
Reducing Uncertainty in Ecological Risk Assessment 81
Publications List (Blue Pages) 83
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Air Pollution Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops (01)
Objective(s):
Develop ozone exposure-crop response data for the major agronomic crops and
use these data to conduct an economic assessment of the effects of air
pollution on agriculture. This project will develop exposure-response data
for crops representing 90 percent of the U.S. acreage and estimate national
economic losses based on these data. The magnitude of bioenvironmental
sources of uncertainty (soil moisture) and the effects of pollutant exposure
dynamics on these estimates will also be evaluated.
Provide a preliminary ecological risk assessment of airborne toxic chemicals
(air toxics/alternative fuels) that would: (1) identify/rank airborne
chemicals of greatest concern, (2) determine the most sensitive ecosystems,
and (3) identify information gaps where additional research is needed to
assist in regulatory decisions.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Presented a paper titled "Long-Range Transport of Toxic Chemicals and Their
Potential Impact on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems" at the 198th National
Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, Florida, September
10-15, 1989.
In support of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program.(EMAP),
assisted in writing drafts of two indicator reports: "Exposure Indicators
for Monitoring Air Quality in the Environment" and "Indicators for Monitoring
Agroecosystems."
Findings:
In support of an alternative motor fuels ecological risk assessment,
Environmental Research Laboratory-Corvallis (ERL-C) scientists developed an
ecosystems research project for the "ORD Alternative Fuels Research Strategy"
program. Releases of alternative fuels (e.g., methanol, ethanol, compressed
natural gas, MTBE) and their combustion products (e.g., methanol, ethanol,
methane, formaldehyde, formic acid, acetaldehyde, MTBE) into the atmosphere
from production, storage, transportation, and vehicle exhaust pose a threat
to the environment. Literature reports for a few plant species show that
alternative fuel pollutants may inhibit germination, root and leaf growth,
and seedling development. The effects of these chemicals on animals may vary
from mucous membrane and respiratory irritation to mortality. A complete
analysis of the impact of these chemicals on the biota cannot be ascertained
from the literature because of limited data and insufficient concentration/
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exposure scenarios. Research results will formulate the ecological risk
assessments for alternative motor fuel reports due to Congress in December
1990 and every 2 years thereafter.
Publications:
Adams, R.M. Global climate change and agriculture: An economic perspective.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics (in press).
Adams, R.M. and T.D. Crocker. 1989. The agricultural economics of environ-
mental change: Some lessons from air pollution. Journal of Environ-
mental Management 28:295-307.
Adams, R.M., J.D. Glyer, B.A. McCarl and S.L. Johnson. 1989. A reassessment
of the economic effects of ozone on U.S. agriculture. Journal Air
Pollution Control Association 39:960-968.
Miller, J.E., A.S. Heagle, S.F. Vozzo, R.B. Philbeck and W.W. Heck. 1989.
Effects of ozone and water stress, separately and combined, on soybean
.yield. Journal of Environmental Quality 18:330-336.
Tingey, D.T., W.E. Hogsett and S. Henderson. 1989. Definition of adverse
effects for the purpose of establishing secondary national ambient air
quality standards. Preprint for 82nd Annual Meeting of Air and Waste
Management Association, June 25-30, Anaheim, California.
Project Manager: David T. Tingey FTS 420-4621
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Air Pollution Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forests (06)
Objective(s):
1. Determine the response of commercially/ecologically important forest
tree species under a range of ozone scenarios for those forest types
most at risk to ozone.
2. Determine the relationship between components of ozone exposure (e.g.
concentration, frequency, duration and respite time) and tree response,
and once quantified, (a) develop realistic exposure-response functions
and (b) examine the biological relevance of alternative air quality
statistics that are meaningful in an air quality standards context.
3. Predict the influence of various ozone air quality scenarios on
productivity and composition of forest trees over time and across
forest types.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period
Activities:
Personnel in the Air Management Division, Office of Air Quality and Planning,
were briefed on changing the form of the National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS) for ozone to a peak-weighted cumulative index (Sum06) from
the current 1-hour maximum in preparation for their briefing of the
Administrator on setting the NAAQS for ozone. This index (Sum06) has been
shown to be the more appropriate index for protecting vegetation (welfare).
Funding of the two extramural projects "Ozone Exposure Response Studies for
Indigenous Forest Tree Species" was finalized following revision of budget
and work plans. A workshop is being planned for January 1990, to plan the
exposure studies beginning in Spring 1990. The proposals funded were
USDA/Forest Service and Michigan State University for the Northeast species
(Jensen, Isebrand, Karnosky), and Appalachia State University and the U.S.
National Park Service, Smoky Mountain National Park (Neufeld) for the
Southeast species.
Research staff have successfully completed the 1989-90 exposure season for
the in-house research projects addressing exposure-response functions for
northwestern tree species, exposure dynamic studies with ponderosa pine and
aspen, and physiological studies for parameterizing process-level tree growth
model regarding gas exchange, carbon budget, and root architecture.
Presentations of research results were given at the American Statistical
Association Annual Meeting, National Research Council Workshop on Biological
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Markers for Air Pollution, and an IUFRO Workshop on Dynamics of Ecophysio-
logical Processes.
Findings:
With the growing interest in the use of bioindicators as monitors of stress
in ecosystems research, a distinction should be drawn between biological
indicators and biological response measures. A bioindicator should (1)
provide a readily detectable response to the pollutant; (2) be easy and
efficient to use; (3) be readily related to the response(s) of interest; and
(4) have a distinctive syndrome not readily confused with other causes.
Bioindicators have value in assessing environmental problems, but, at most,
they are only indications of a problem. Corrective or mitigative actions
require additional data (e.g., air monitoring and exposure response).
Studies of the effects of water stress on gas exchange in red oak indicated
that stomates close asynchronously in response to stress. These findings
will provide a--basis for predicting not only the response of tree leaves to
water stress, but also exposure to ozone during water stress events. If
stomatal closure is patchy, then ozone damage would be expected to be patchy
as well.
Publications:
Turner, D.P., D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. 1989. Acid fog effects on
conifer seedlings. Pages 125-129. In: J.B. Bucher and I. Bucher-
Wallin, eds. Air Pollution and Forest Decline. Proceedings of the
14th International Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects
on Forest Ecosystems, IUFRO, Interlaken, Switzerland, October 2-8,
1988. Birmensdorf.
Tingey, D.T. 1989. Bioindicators in air pollution research - Applications
and constraints. Pages 73-80. In: Biological Markers of Air-
Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests. National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C.
Lee, E.H., D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. Exposure indices consideration for
rural ozone relationships in the United States. In: Proceedings of
the American Statistical Association, Business and Economic Statistics
Section (in press).
Turner, D.T. and D.T. Tingey. Foliar leaching and root uptake of Ca, Mg,
and K in relation to acid fog effects on Douglas fir. Water, Air and
Soil Pollution (submitted).
Project Manager: W.E. Hogsett FTS 420-4632/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Water .Quality
September 30, 1989
Title: Wetlands Research on Mitigation and Cumulative Effects of Loss (14)
Objective(s):
Implement research on cumulative impact assessment and mitigation to (1)
assess the effects of cumulative wetland losses on wetland functions in the
landscape; (2) improve methods of creating, restoring and enhancing wetlands
and wetland functions; (3) provide guidance for the design of effective
mitigation projects; (4) evaluate the feasibility of developing wetland
specific water quality criteria; and (5) provide information through the
publication of "Community Profiles" and other wetlands information.
Output Status:
Water quality trends analysis of selected Illinois rivers (09/90). On
schedule.
Synopsis of methods for biomonitoring of inland wetlands (09/90). On
schedule.
Activities:
Databases of 404 permit information have been compiled to characterize
decisions that have been made regarding mitigation. The quality assurance
checks for the California database were completed. Analysis of the
Mississippi River states were completed and results are being compiled. The
programming for the 404 Permit Data Management System was revised and made
more "user-friendly."
Pilot studies are evaluating the comparability of wetlands created as a
result of Section 404 permitting with natural wetlands. Data entry for the
Florida study is complete. The summer field seasons for the New England,
Iowa, and Seaside, Oregon studies are complete.
Work continues on Louisiana and Washington pilot projects to test the Team's
cumulative effects assessment methods (e.g., the Synoptic Method) for the
development of wetland water quality standards. Interim map products have
been completed for the Louisiana study and will be presented to state and
EPA regional cooperators in Baton Rouge this October. Washington project
plans were discussed last July with state and EPA cooperators in Olympia.
A model of the landscape processes involved in cumulative impacts is under
development. It will be presented and discussed at a "cumulative impacts
integration workshop" in Baton Rouge, Louisiana during early October. After
integrating workshop feedback, a journal article will be prepared and
submitted for publication in May 1990.
In preparation of the Wetlands Biomonitoring Report, a computerized
literature database was assembled. Detailed project schedules were
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negotiated with the cooperator (University of Florida), "found" data sites
were mapped, and letters soliciting a review and additional suggestions were
sent to several government agencies.
The revised draft of the Wetland Evaluation Technique for Bottomland Hardwood
Wetlands was completed and forwarded to the sponsor, the Office of Wetlands
Protection. A training course on Evaluation of Alaskan Wetland Functions
and Values was presented in Anchorage, June 18-22.
Findings:
Acreage of created wetlands determined in the field are being compared with
acreage documented both in the Corps of Engineers permit conditions and the
authorized project design plans. Information on 10 created wetlands in
Oregon has been examined. Preliminary analysis indicates that none were
designed or constructed as permitted. The permit conditions specified the
creation of a total of 12.6 acres of wetland. The cumulative difference
between the areas of the wetlands in the Corps of Engineers permit conditions
and those listed in the authorized construction plans was -1.0 acre or an
8 percent loss. The cumulative difference between the areas of the wetlands
in the Corps of Engineers permit conditions and the actual field measurements
was -3.9 acres or a 29 percent loss. Therefore, in both cases there was a
cumulative loss of wetland area from the amount that was to be mitigated.
Apparently, checks at key points in the permit process were not made. For
example, the permit conditions were not cross-referenced with either the
construction plans in the permit file or the created wetland.
Publications:
Adamus, P.R. 1989. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's inland
wetlands research program. The Coastal Society Bulletin 12(3):9-11.
Kentula, M.E. Wetland creation and restoration: EPA's research program and
an extensive sampling approach to comparing created and natural
wetlands. In: Proceedings of Society of Ecological Restoration Annual
Meeting, Oakland, California (in press).
Project Manager: Eric M. Preston FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Con/allis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
September 30, 1989
Title: Regional Integration Project (15)
Objective(s):
Develop assessment procedures for determining biological integrity in
freshwater systems. Determine regional patterns of stream and lake ecosystem
characteristics. Provide methods and technical assistance for assessing
attainable uses.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Findings:
This report summarizes the benefits of analyzing, reporting, and managing
resource quality based on regional ecosystem characteristics. Included are
descriptions of the step-by-step process used in designi-n a regional
framework, the types of statistical analyses approprial for sorting
environmental data, and the kinds of benefits and problems encountered when
relying on existing environmental databases. Case examples in which regional
frameworks have been applied for managing surface water resources are
recounted. This completes Project 15.
Publ ications:
Gallant, A.L., T.R. Whittier, D.P. Larsen, J. Omernik and R.M. Hughes. 1989.
Regionalization as a Tool for Managing Environmental Resources.
EPA/600/3-89/060. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
Project Manager: David P. Larsen FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
September 30, 1989
Title: Water Quality Criteria for Terrestrial Wildlife (17)
Objective(s):
Provide EPA with information on the adequacy of existing water quality
criteria to protect terrestrial wildlife, and provide information to revise
criteria where these are inadequate.
Output Status:
Effects of selenium on waterfowl (04/90). On schedule.
Activities:
African clawed frog (Xenopus) embryos, tadpoles, and juveniles were exposed
to dieldrin in acute and chronic toxicity tests as a preliminary step in
developing testing procedures for planned tests on native leopard frogs in
the evaluation of the applicability of water quality criteria to wildlife.
Construction is in progress on a new 1,000 ft2 laboratory facility at Western
Fish Toxicology Station to house existing and expanded test systems for
conducting chronic waterfowl exposures to provide data for verification of
model-generated water quality criteria values for wildlife.
A 3-week feeding study on survival, growth, and bioconcentration with
dieldrin-spiked food and newly hatched young mallard ducks was completed to
provide data for input to a new wildlife section of the dieldrin water
quality criteria document.
Findings:
Xenopus tadpoles and juveniles were equally sensitive to dieldrin in 96-hour
acute tests (LC50s of approximately 50 jig/1). This acute sensitivity was
similar to that reported for several native tadpole species (96-hour LC50
of 100-150 /ig/1). Embryo/larval tests of 21 days resulted in LC50s of about
15 Mg/1• Dieldrin was teratogenic in some of the tests.
Data obtained from water-only and feed-contaminated dieldrin tests with
young mallard ducks were used in a screening-level wildlife criteria (SLWC)
predictive model. The no observed effect level (NOEL) in the feeding test
was 0.25 ppm. The SLWC from the model calculations was 0.005 ppm.
Information generated from the exposure of frogs to pesticides will be used
along with information being developed on the impact to waterfowl to
determine the quality of water necessary for the well-being of wildlife.
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Publications:
Nebeker, A.V., G.S. Schuytema, W.L. Griffis, J.A. Barbitta and L.A. Carey.
1989. Effect of sediment organic carbon on survival of Hvalella azteca
exposed to DDT and endrin. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:705-718.
Nebeker, A.V., W.L. Griffis, C.M. Wise, E. Hopkins, and J.A. Barbitta. 1989.
Survival, reproduction, and bioconcentration in invertebrates and fish
exposed to hexachlorobenzene. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:601-611.
Project Manager: Alan Nebeker FTS 420-4875
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
September 30, 1989
Title: Terrestrial Environment Assessments: Evaluation of Cover Crops (22)
Objective(s):
Provide Office of Waste Programs Enforcement, Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, Regional Offices, Department of Justice, and state
governments with rapid technical expertise regarding biological assessment
of sites, and assemble and disseminate information regarding assessment
methods and findings via guidance documents (journal articles), workshops,
and seminars.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Initiated research on interagency agreement with the Department of Army, Ft.
Detrick, Maryland to evaluate three bioassays for in sjtu testing at
hazardous waste sites.
Completed a comprehensive review of the ERL-C bioassay standard operating
procedures (SOPs). Prepared draft of SOPs for distribution to Agency
laboratories.
Continued collaboration with Region 8, Cincinnati, and Colorado School of
Mines on the Big Five Tunnel site, Idaho Springs, Colorado.
Reviewing ERL-Athehs draft on Ecological Exposure Assessment. In process
of drafting case study summaries for inclusion in the publication.
Initiated work on guidelines for stabilization technologies in components
with Region 10 and Cincinnati.
As a result of numerous requests for toxic metal-plant interactions, we are
assembling an annotated bibliography of published literature and tabulating
site and tissue concentration values. Draft report is being prepared for
review.
Finalized field procedures for using honeybee population dynamics to assess
the impact of chemical toxicity at Superfund sites.
Conducted analysis and earthworm bioassay results at the Baird McGuire site.
Demonstrated the use of plant fluorescence measurements to detect stress
caused by xenobiotics at Environmental Response Team.
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Provided details on protocols, health and safety, and selection of assessment
tools to Region 4 to assist them in establishing a toxicity testing
laboratory.
Subjects for journal articles in progress:
Field Procedures -- the use of sonic digitizers and portable computers for
collecting field data on honeybee hive parameters;
Database Management -- a computer system for evaluating chemical toxicity
to honeybees;
Interactive Models -- procedures for simulating the impact of toxic chemicals
to honeybee population dynamics;
In situ Test Methods -- lethal and sublethal earthworm responses are directly
correlated to soil concentration and should be very useful for delineating
the areas of soil contamination at Superfund sites;
In situ Test Methods -- a test protocol has been drafted based on 2 years
of field efforts. This protocol will be written in the ASTM format for
review.
Findings:
Initial analysis of earthworm responses (i.e., stiffening, coiling,
shortening, swelling, lesions, and death) suggest that the rapid on-site
assays will be a valuable tool to correlate soil and tissue concentrations
for assessing the toxicity of contaminants found on the Baird McGuire site.
Analyzed results of a modified seed germination protocol for in situ testing
showed that central features of laboratory tasks were retained in the field
version.
Publ ications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
September 30, 1989
Title: Terrestrial Environment Assessments: Evaluation of Cover Crops (24)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the phytotoxicity, uptake, translocation, and metabolism properties
of selected cover crop species.
Output Status:
Report on evaluation of selected plants as cover crops for hazardous
waste/Superfund sites (06/90). On schedule.
Activities:
Two additional test species under evaluation as potential cover crops were
added to the test regime. In addition to thickspike wheatgrass (Agropyron
dasvstachyum) and white proso millet (Panicum mileaceum), "Blando" brome
(Bromus moll is) and blue wildrye (Elvmus qlaucus Buckl.) are being evaluated.
A new test method is being developed using seeds in a "ziplock" bag
containing test solutions. After 6 days, the root lengths are measured to
determine the mean root length for each treatment solution.
From the list of selected organic chemicals, the following test chemicals
have been screened with the four test species: trichloroacetic acid,
pentachlorophenol, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4-dichloro-
phenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, and 4-nitrophenol.
A second level of toxicity screening, in which seedlings are grown in an
aerated hydroponic solution, dosed with a chemical, and measurements of
growth and transpiration rate made 5 days after dosing, continued with millet
and thickspike wheatgrass using pentachlorophenol and trichlorophenol as test
chemicals.
Findings:
ECSOs were determined for copper, zinc, and the eight organic chemicals
listed above for each of the four test species. Test results for the metals
were comparable to those values published in the literature for other
species. The phytotoxicity of phenols increased as the number of chlorines
in the chlorophenols increased, for each of the test species. For example,
the phytotoxicity of tetrachlorophenol > trichlorophenol > dichlorophenol.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
September 30, 1989
Title: Plant Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Hazardous Chemicals
(25)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the biological hazard associated with contaminated soils, water,
and sediments; and determine the bioavailability (uptake, translocation, and
metabolism) of hazardous chemicals in terrestrial plants.
Output Status:
Report on the uptake and distribution of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by plants (03/90).
On schedule.-
Activities;
Data analysis of the latest experiment using tritiated TCDD and 14C labeled
2-chlorobiphenyl (dual label experiment) has been completed. The results
of this experiment will be used in the report on the uptake and distribution
of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in plant hydroponic systems.. Presently, a similar experiment
is being conducted with TCDD and corn. This latest experiment should
complete the experimental work for this report.
Findings:
The uptake and translocation of TCDD to the shoot tissue of soybean plants
(via the root uptake and xylem transport mechanism) is much lower than
previously thought. The small amount of tritiated radioisotope being
transported to the shoot tissue has been shown to be a polar material (not
a dioxin). Our data suggests that the transpirational stream transport
mechanism is overestimated in the literature.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1989
Title: Terrestrial Toxicology (30)
Objective(s):
Evaluate, improve, and validate bioassay methods to assess the effects of
toxic chemicals on plants and animals.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
A phytotoxicity testing scheme has been devised that satisfies several of
the objections of some previous tests, i.e., seed germination and root
elongation tests depend on seed reserves for energy and therefore do not
include some of the plant responses (photosynthesis and transpiration)
subject to toxic chemical insult. The new test is based on 3-week-old
soybean plants and tests their toxic response when in a log growth phase.
A manuscript titled "Factors affecting egg production in northern bobwhite
fed dicrotophos" was completed.
A manuscript on the influence of temporal feed availability on dietary
discrimination in quail exposed to organophosphate insecticides is in
preparation.
Continued refinement and testing of Brassica bioassay. Preliminary com-
parison is being made between Brassica bioassay and seed germination tests.
Research involving sublethal exposure over multiple generations has
commenced.
Tests with soybean have been completed with 18 toxic chemicals and we are
currently working through the same chemicals with barley plants. The results
of this study will allow us to categorize the relative toxicity of this
series of substituted benzene compounds and compare their effects between
two species. We are also taking solution samples and roots at harvest.
After the analysis is complete, we will calculate the root concentration
factors (RCF) and chemical loss rate from solution. These values will be
used in our evaluation of plant uptake kinetics.
Findings:
Bobwhite reproduction tests with dicrotophos found no evidence for a chemical
effect on egg production beyond that caused by insecticide-induced reductions
in food consumption. Birds on treated diets were compared with birds on
restricted control diets (pair-fed) with no difference in egg production.
Additionally, treated birds that were given free access to control diets for
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short periods each day did not increase their total food consumption and thus
did not ameliorate the effects of reduced consumption on egg production.
During the 5-day test of soybean plants, control plants more than doubled
their size and treated plants responded to different chemicals in different
manners. This phytotoxicity test appears to be very sensitive to many chem-
icals, allowing us to rank relative toxicity, and is easy and inexpensive.
Additional testing is underway and a report will be issued after barley
testing with the same group of chemicals.
The amount of time available to birds for foraging each day significantly
affects their discrimination between treated and untreated foods. At dietary
concentrations tested, birds on ad libitum diets showed a strong preference
for untreated food with no reduction in total food consumption, while birds
on restricted feeding schedules discriminated poorly and had significantly
reduced food consumption.
The test of development of a new plant life cycle bioassay with the herbi-
cide Dalapon serving as the positive control shows promise of revealing
ecologically important sublethal impacts. The organism (Brassica) exhibited
a broad range of response and had a marked impact on flower and fruit
development. Manuscript is in preparation.
Publications:
Bennett, R.S. 1989. Factors influencing discrimination between insecticide-
treated and untreated foods by northern bobwhite. Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 18:967-705.
Project Manager: Anne Fairbrother FTS 420-4716
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1989
Title: Bioenvironmental Aspects of Biotechnology (31)
Objective(s):
Develop databases and a series of research-based protocols to provide methods
for evaluating risks from the release of genetically engineered microbes
(GEMs) into terrestrial environments.
Output Status:
Report on evaluation of selected biochemical and ecological processes to
assess effects of recombinant bacteria in terrestrial ecosystems (06/90).
On schedule.
Activities:
Scientists at the University of Idaho, supported by ERL-C, are studying how
recombinant Streptomvces significantly increase rates of lignin mineraliza-
tion in soil. Before work could proceed, the construction of stable
recombinant strains expressing a cloned lignin peroxidase gene had to be
accomplished.
Working with ERL-C through a cooperative agreement, scientists at Oregon
State University have completed a study on the long-term survival and plasmid
persistence in recombinant bacteria.
Research has been completed for a series of experiments to evaluate the
effects of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP on soil fungal populations in the presence of
GEM Pseudomonas outida PP0301(pR0103). This organism is a partial degrader
of 2,4-D. Data analysis for these studies is underway.
We have been successful in genetically engineering the fungus Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides with the gene for resistance to hygromycin B, an antifungal
antibiotic. This gene will serve as a marker and permit us to retrieve the
fungus from microcosms in the presence of other soil fungi that are sensitive
to hygromycin B. Microcosm studies have been initiated with the host plant
crimson clover, which will be sprayed and subsequently sampled for per-
sistence of the recombinant fungus.
We have engineered the plant growth stimulatory fluorescent bacterium,
Pseudomonas fluorescens, with plasmids that encode for genes involved in the
degradation of xenobiotics, mercury resistance, and tetracycline resistance.
The plasmid appears to be stably maintained and should allow for specific
enrichment, in situ, of the beneficial bacterium. The resistance factors
will aid in isolation and enumeration of the bacterium from soil. Microcosm
experiments are currently being conducted.
A presentation was given on the application of the genetically engineered
Pseudomonas putida PP0301(pR0103) to degrade and relieve phytotoxicity of
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phenoxyacetic acid in soil, in proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of
the Pacific Northwest Association of Toxicologists, Vancouver B.C., Canada.
Scientists at Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories are validating survival
of Pseudomonas in laboratory microorganisms as compared to the field.
We are trying to identify the types of soil DNAs that are extracted using
an extraction method that yields restrictable 20-25 kb DNA from one gram of
soil. We are using rRNA genes from fungi and bacteria as probes to determine
if there are qualitative differences in the DNAs from different soils. The
procedures will be used to characterize soils by their DNA content and to
determine if the addition of GEMs can affect the species present in the soil.
Findings:
University of Idaho scientists have constructed two clones in Streptomyces
lividans that express enhanced lignin mineralization in soil. The gene
encoding the enhanced activity of the lignin peroxidase gene is stably
expressed and has been physically isolated and characterized. These
accomplishments will allow investigators to proceed to evaluate mechanisms
of enhanced lignin biodegradation.
The genetically engineered Ps. outida PP0301(pR0103), a partial degrader of
2,4-D, was shown to affect C0? respiration, dehydrogenase activity, and total
bacterial and fungal populations in the presence of 2,4-D in some soil types.
The presence of the secondary metabolite 2,4-DCP may be responsible for some
of these effects.
Bulk soil populations of a model GEM declined more rapidly over time in
ambient and growth chamber microcosms than in the field. However, at the
same stage of wheat growth, bulk soil populations were similar at three
locations: microcosm, growth chamber and field. Wheat rhizoplane coloni-
zation by the model GEM at the three-leaf stage was the same at the three
locations. Wheat rhizoplane populations with depth at the final boot stage
sampling were similar at the three locations for the surface and bottom root
segments, but were higher on the middle root segments for the growth chamber
microcosm. In general, both laboratory and growth chamber microcosms
mimicked field survival and rhizoplane colonization by the model GEM quite
well.
Publications:
Armstrong, J.L., L.A. Porteous and M.D. Wood. The cutworm Peridroma saucia
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) supports growth and transport of pBR322-
bearing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (in press).
Doyle, J., K. Short, R. King, R. Seidler, R. Olsen and G. Stotzky. 1989.
Pseudomonas putida PP0301(pR0103), genetically engineered to degrade
2,4-D, affected microbe mediated processes in soil. Abstr. Northwest
Branch Mtg. Am. Soc. Microbiol., Seattle, Washington.
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Short, K.A., R.J. Seidler and R.H. Olsen. Competitive fitness of Pseudomonas
putida in induced or constitutively expressing piasmid-mediated
degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in soil. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. (submitted).
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1989
Title: Comparative Terrestrial Toxicology (34)
Objective(s):
Determine when data from surrogate species can be used to extrapolate
toxicologic effects to other species.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Growth rate data (weight and beak, wing, and leg length) and immune function
assessments were conducted on avocets, stilts, and killdeer collected from
Kesterson Reservoir, California, an area with extremely high concentrations
of arsenic, boron, and selenium. Chemical analysis of sibling eggs and
tissues from the experimental birds is being conducted to verify contaminant
concentrations.
Experiments are continuing to determine a method of maintaining in vitro
overnight circulating lymphocytes without loss of viability or activity.
This will allow field samples to be shipped to a lab for immunological
evaluation. Another project is in progress to delineate which serum enzymes
in the mallard are elevated following acute hepatic or renal insult.
Experiments are being conducted for an interlaboratory comparison of brain
cholinesterase activity measurements. Several review papers are being
prepared to clarify sources of variability in the assay. A manuscript is
being prepared on differential responses of mallard plasma cholinesterases
following organophosphate (OP) exposures.
The effect of increased glucocorticoid concentrations on natural killer cell
activity in the mallard is being investigated. Adult male mallards are
inoculated daily with one of three concentrations of dexamethasone (a
synthetic corticosteroid) and NK cell activity is measured weekly. Hemato-
crit determinations and total and differential white cell counts also are
performed.
Findings:
Shorebirds collected from highly contaminated areas of the Kesterson
Reservoir exhibited significantly slower growth rates than birds collected
from a reference site. NK cell activity could be measured in the avocets
using the technique developed for the mallard, but killdeer and stilts
exhibited no NK activity with this method. There appeared to be no differ-
ence in NK cell activity of birds from contaminated and reference areas, but
sample sizes were extremely small (N<5), so data is inconclusive. The
remainder of the immune function data remains to be analyzed.
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Appropriate doses of CC1, and HgCl2 have been determined in the mallard for
generating acute organ damage to assess serum enzyme responses. A liver
function test using indocyanine green has been adapted for the mallard.
Serum chemistry measures following CC14 treatment have been completed, but
the data have not yet been analyzed. Sample collection following HgCl2
inoculation has begun and will continue for 1 month.
Circulating lymphocytes are best preserved for 24 hours in all culture media
at room temperature (25°C). Activity measurements are being planned.
Publications:
Fairbrother, A., M.A. Craig, K. Walker and D. O'Loughlin. Changes in mallard
serum chemistry due to age, sex, and reproductive condition. J. Wild!.
Pis, (in press).
Fairbrother, A. and D. O'Loughlin. White cell differential values of the
mallard during different ages and reproductive states. J. Wildl. Pis.
(in press).
Project Manager: Anne Fairbrother FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1989
Title: Risk Assessment Development (41)
Objective(s):
Improve risk methods for evaluating toxic chemicals in soil/plant communities
and provide a mathematical model that allows prediction of effects, uptake,
and fate of xenobiotic chemicals in terrestrial plants.
Construct and maintain databases pertaining to the uptake and toxicity of
chemicals for terrestrial plants.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Continued the efforts to integrate findings of database research, UTAB model,
and plant-microbial interactions to assist scientists from the Athens Ecorisk
group to work toward the objective of improving the realism of the exposure
scenarios for the Athens model Terrestrial Ecological Exposure Assessment
Model (TEEAM).
The cooperative agreement with Dr. John Fletcher of the University of
Oklahoma has been awarded and work will start on the UTAB database during
October. This cooperative agreement will expand the files in the plant
Uptake, Translocation, Accumulation, and Biodegradation database and
transpose it into a format that is used on a PC with dBASE III+. When
complete, it will become a companion to the database PHYTOTOX.
A series of plant tests are being conducted to screen a selection of
chemicals for toxicity and yield important information needed in the uptake
modeling project. Two species, soybeans and barley, are being exposed to
about 20 substituted benzene compounds at concentrations ranging from 0.1
to 100 jig/ml. The root concentration faptor (RCF) and the transpiration
stream concentration factors (TSCF), the rate of chemical depletion from the
dosing solution, and the transpiration rates are also being determined.
This is a follow-up from the species study that was mentioned before.
Findings:
The combination of uptake and metabolism studies in various media (tissue
culture, hydroponics, and soil) on different species of plants are revealing
patterns of responses that should be valuable in defining aspects of
ecological risk. It appears that the passive nature of plant uptake of many
chemicals permits reasonably good estimates of uptake and translocation of
chemicals into various plant compartments. The uptake and translocation
patterns do not seem to vary greatly among species. However, metabolism and
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phytotoxicity are dramatically different among species and the response is
modulated by mycorrhizal condition.
Publications:
Me Farlane, C., T. Pfleeger and J. Fletcher. The effect, uptake, and
disposition of nitrobenzene in several terrestrial plants. Journal
of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (in press).
*
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvall is
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
September 30, 1989
Title: Verified Hazard Assessment Using Microcosms and Field Sites (42)
Objective(s):
Determine the ability of toxicological testing methods to predict an effect
on field populations.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Completed a computerized system to measure the impact of chemicals on the
metabolic rate of captive bobwhite quail. Collection of baseline data on
untreated quail is continuing.
Completed the data analysis for an investigation of the effects of body
weight and age on the results of dietary testing. A manuscript is in
preparation.
Findings:
The measured metabolic rate of caged bobwhite is within the values estimated
for adult bobwhite. Birds acclimate to the test chambers in 4 days.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Anne Fairbrother FTS 420-4679
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
September 30, 1989
Title: Bioassay Development and Genetically Engineered Microbes (GEMs) Studies
Crops (36)
Objective(s):
Develop rationales and procedures for evaluating survival, reproduction,
potential for genetic exchange, fate, effects, and risks associated with
release of genetically engineered biological control agents (BCAs).
Output Status:
Report on dispersal of BCAs released to the atmosphere (09/89). Completed.
Activities:
Incorporated the osmoprotectant Glycine-Betaine into several culture media
used to quantitatively collect airborne bacteria. Collected air samples to
statistically compare the colony outgrowth from an activated sludge sewage
treatment plant, and urban and rural outdoor stations, using media with and
without added Betaine.
Used a sprayout in the greenhouse of Erwinia herbicola to evaluate the most
effective concentration of Betaine to use in the culture medium.
Completed a research investigating post aerosol survival. Post aerosol
survival was compared under the following conditions: release temperature,
relative humidity, droplet size, and incubation temperature following
release. Results are currently under statistical analysis.
Conducted experiments comparing the magnitude of entrainment of bacteria
from the phyllosphere over an 8-day period. Reentrainment from wet and dry
leaf surfaces following inoculation by direct spray and downwind drift were
compared.
Findings:
Betaine at a 2 ^m concentration in the culture medium was found to sig-
nificantly increase the airborne bacterial colony counts downwind from a
sewage treatment plant, and urban and rural outdoor stations. The increases
varied from 20 percent to close to 200 percent depending upon location, time
of day and environmental conditions. For unknown reasons pigmented colonies
increased most significantly.
Pseudomonas populations applied directly to plants declined slowly from
3 x 10b colony forming units (cfu)/g to 5 x 104 cfu/g over the 8-day
experimental period. Populations of bacteria applied by indirect (drift)
inoculation declined rapidly from 1 x 102 cfu/g to undetectable levels within
24 hours following inoculation.
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Reentrained bacteria (Pseudomonas svrinqae) were detected on all 8 days of
the experiment from both wet and dry leaves and from plants directly and
indirectly inoculated. The number of reentrained bacteria ranged between
600-2,000 cfu/0.106 m2 (area of six 150 mm petri dishes) from wet leaves, and
100-300 cfu/0.106 m2 from dry leaves. Reentrained bacteria from drift inocu-
lated plants averaged from 25-300 cfu/0.106 m2 from wet leaves and 25-75
cfu/0.106 m2 from dry leaves over the first 6 .days of the experiment. On
day 8, all leaves were moistened prior to reentrainment being induced.
Reentrainment from normally dry leaves increased from 200 cfu on day 6 to
800 cfu on day 8 from directly inoculated plants, and from 25 cfu to 50 cfu
from drift inoculated plants.
Publications:
Lighthart, B. and J. Kim. 1989. Simulation of airborne microbial droplet
transport. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55(9):2349-2355.
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
September 30, 1989
Title: Field Validation for Hazard Assessment Techniques (37)
Objective(s):
Conduct field validation of an Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) assessment
of pesticide hazard to terrestrial nontarget organisms and provide toxicity
information on nontarget terrestrial organisms in response to requests from
OPP and the EPA Regions.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
A field study investigating the growth and survivability of red-wing
blackbird and starling nestlings exposed to organophosphorus insecticides
(chlorpyrifos and dimethoate) was completed.
A manuscript en the differential response of plasma cholinesterases to
dietary exposure to organophosphorus insecticides is in preparation.
A manuscript on age-dependent changes in activity of mallard cholinesterases
is in preparation.
Findings:
Preliminary results from the comparative red-wing blackbird and starling
study indicate that (1) adult LD50 values are not accurate predictors of
nestling sensitivity; (2) red-wing blackbird and starling nestlings'
responses differ greatly between chemicals; and (3) both pesticides used in
the study caused substantial impacts on either or both of the species.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Rick Bennett FTS 420-4582
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
September 30, 1989
Title: Methods Development and Effects Measurement (38)
Objective(s):
Develop guidelines and test methods for evaluation of the effects of
microbiological pest control agents (MPCAs) on nontarget, beneficial
terrestrial species.
Output Status:
Lab validation and test methods for exposure by oral and intravenous routes
to nontarget avian species (05/90). On schedule.
Internal Report: Interim protocol for testing the effects of microbial
pathogens on the honeybee, Apis mi Hi form L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae).
Completed.
Activities:
Work is continuing with Salmonella pullorum, a known avian pathogen, for
verification of the protocols for intravenous and oral exposure routes of
birds to bacteria. Tissue samples collected from quail and mallard ducks
during LD50 tests and from the quail definitive experiment have been
cultured. Mallard tissue samples from the definitive experiment are
currently being cultured. Microagglutination and microantiglobulin tests
with mallard sera are being conducted and evaluated for sensitivity. Insect
cell line Trichopulsia JTJ. is being maintained for the future harvesting of
virus Autographa californica which will be used in respiratory exposure
research.
Aerosol and inhalation exposures have been completed and histopathological
examinations are being performed to determine the location of particle
distribution in the respiratory tract. A krypton source has been placed on
top of the inhalation tower to remove electrostatic charge from inert
particles. Researchers are also measuring variations in size of respiratory
tracts and volume of blood present in 9-day to 40-day-old quail.
Work is continuing in developing a sensitive lab test for determining the
effect of MPCAs on the nontarget, beneficial beetle Hippodamia converqens
(the convergent ladybeetle). Laboratory experiments have been conducted to
determine what nutritional and climatic conditions affect the susceptibility
of beetles to bacterial infections. Work is continuing with the opportunis-
tic entomopathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens for verification of the protocol
conditions.
Investigations on the effects of the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana
on the egg parasite Trichogramma pretiosum have been concentrated on
developing a dose response by immersing wasps in aqueous suspensions of
conidia.
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Findings:
Salmonella pullorum has successfully been isolated from tissue samples of
quail and mallards inoculated with live bacteria. Presently, the micro-
antiglobulin test appears to be a more sensitive immune function test than
the microagglutination test when evaluating mallard sera. liters at the
1:1,280 dilution (serum:antigen) have been observed with samples collected
2 weeks post-inoculation.
At Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, the exposure methods were evaluated
for safety to personnel. Nasal instillation: one-third of inoculum was
observed to back flush or drain out of the mouths of quail chicks causing
exposure to the workers. Tracheal instillation: birds often coughed
producing an aerosol to workers. Therefore, it has been concluded that the
aerosol chamber is much safer for the worker in terms of exposure risk.
Initial, results show that the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens
causes a higher mortality in beetle larvae previously exposed to either high
or low temperatures (any temperature above or below the optimum for larval
development) than it causes in larvae not subjected to the high or low
temperatures. The more extreme the temperatures, the higher the mortality.
Methods that do not generate aerosols were established to expose wasps to
aqueous suspensions of B. bassiana conidia. A dose response was obtained
for concentrations 105-108 for days 2-4 post-exposure. Because 100 percent
mortality was observed on day 5, evaluations will continue to identify the
concentrations necessary to cause 20-80 percent mortality over a time frame
of 4-6 days post-exposure.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
September 30, 1989
Title: Integrated Risk Assessment (40)
Objective(s):
Develop environmental risk assessment methodology using modified, existing
or newly developed fate, transport, and effects models to express risk as
a probability statement with estimates of associated uncertainty.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Investigators at Colorado State University, through cooperative agreement
with ERL-C, continue to analyze field data on small mammals for model
development to assess the direct and indirect effects of xenobiotic chemicals
to wildlife populations.
The database manual and software for the report titled "TERRE-TOX Toxi-
cological System" are currently being reviewed in-house and extramurally.
The database includes data from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances (RTECS) and the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC).
The second year's field study has been completed by investigators at Oregon
State University to determine the effects of methyl parathion on foraging
behaviors and nest attentiveness of incubating valley quail. Thirty-seven
quail (21 females) were trapped and 17 hens were fitted with radiotelemetry
transmitters to monitor movements and activity. Thirteen radioed hens were
successfully tracked until September 1989. In an additional supporting
study, 14-day-old valley quail raised from field-collected eggs were tested
to provide needed LD50 and AChE depression data for this species.
Work is continuing on development of a computer simulation model of relative
contributions of various exposure routes for birds exposed to aerially
applied insecticides. Laboratory generated data is being used to parameter-
ize the model.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4625
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: National Surface Water Survey (51)
Objective(s):
Characterize the chemistry of acidic and low alkalinity lakes and streams
in sensitive regions of the U.S. and determine their extent, geographic
distribution, and probable sources of acidity. Determine normal seasonal
variability in surface water chemistry. Determine the relationship between
key biological resources and the chemical characteristics of lakes and
streams. Classify lakes and streams to identify representative systems for
more in-depth study.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
A database on soils and geologic formations present in ridgetops watersheds
in Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia sampled by the Virginia Trout Stream
Sensitivity Study (VTSSS) and the National Stream Survey (NSS) was finalized.
A report analyzing this data was received from Rick Webb and Elizabeth Tandy
at the University of Virginia.
Stream chemistry data was received from synoptic surveys in the Maryland
Coastal Plain and Western Maryland. In conjunction with the 1987 Maryland
Synoptic Stream Chemistry Survey (MSSCS), this data will be used to assess
the temporal variability in stream chemistry and sources of acidity in
Maryland streams.
Two presentations were made in September on (1) acid-base status of streams
in Pennsylvania at a conference on "Atmospheric Deposition in Pennsylvania:
A Critical Approach" and (2) sources of acidity and controls on stream
acidification in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain at the AGU Chapman Confer-
ence on "Hydrogeochemical Responses of Forested Catchments."
t
Validation and data quality assessment of,the Phase II Eastern Lake Survey
(ELS) data is near completion. The ELS-Phase II Quality Assurance Report
has been completed (EPA/600/4-89/029).
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
Herlihy, A.T., P.R. Kaufman, M.E. Mitch and D.D. Brown. Regional estimates
of acid mine drainage impact on streams in the Mid-Atlantic and
Southeastern United States. Water, Air and Soil Pollution (in press).
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Biologically Relevant Chemistry (53)
Objective(s):
Identify the chemical parameters and characteristics that determine the
effects of surface water acidification (caused by acid deposition) on aquatic
biota.
Develop predictive models of the effects of surface water acidity on fish.
Output Status:
Report on biological ramifications of the National Stream Survey (12/89).
On schec ~'e.
Activities:
Measurements of biologically relevant chemistry (pH, calcium, and aluminum)
have been collected for a set of streams in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal plain
that are potentially used for anadromous fish spawning. Similar chemical
measurements have been made for a set of streams in western Maryland where
comprehensive fish community status data exist. In the Mid-Atlantic Coastal
streams, the acidity-related stress on anadromous fish will be assessed using
available toxicity tests with larval blueback herring. Survey data for
western Maryland streams, together with toxicity data for selected species,
will be used to develop habitat evaluation and acidification stress models.
Preliminary toxicity models have been applied to the National Stream Survey
(NSS) chemistry data to assess regional patterns of acidity-related stress
on fish.
Intensive studies of the response of fish populations to acidic episodes were
conducted during spring snowmelt, 1989, in the three regions included in the
Episodic Response Project (ERP) (Adirondacks, Catskills, and northern
Appalachian region of Pennsylvania). Activities include in situ bioassays,
tracking of individual fish movements using telemetry, fish transplant
experiment, and monitoring of changes in the abundance of fish following
episodes. The project investigators presented a summary of the research
status and results at the June project meeting.
C. Gagen, R. Carline and W. Sharpe presented "Response of fish to acid
episodes" at the conference "Atmospheric Deposition in Pennsylvania: A
Critical Assessment Conference" at Pennsylvania State University, September
11-14, 1989.
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Findings:
Results are not yet available on the analysis of biological implications of
the National Stream Survey. Complete results from the spring intensive
biological ERP studies are also not yet available. Acidic episodes in
streams in Pennsylvania resulted in a marked reduction in the total numbers
of fish per unit stream area, although even the most acidic stream was able
to maintain a resident population of transplanted fish. As in the fall of
1988, the telemetry results for Pennsylvania streams indicated a net down-
stream movement of fish in streams experiencing acidic episodes. Fish in
reference streams, with less severe changes in stream chemistry during
episodes, generally had no net migration. Several fish being tracked by
telemetry had confirmed exposures to high aluminum and subsequently died,
while other fish that avoided these high levels of aluminum (and low pH)
generally survived. Studies in the Catskills and Adirondacks were conducted
at a later date and thus have not yet been fully analyzed. In both areas,
however, jjn sftu bioassays indicated toxic conditions during storm events
in some- stream's.
In FY90, this project will no longer exist. The biology work associated with
episodes will become a part of Project 58. The Stream Survey work will
become a part of Project 59.
Publications:
DeWalle, D.R. and W.E. Sharpe. Assessing biological relevance of episodic
stream chemistry on the Northern Appalachian Plateau (abstract). Amer.
Geophys. Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, December 4-8,
1989 (submitted).
Project Manager: Parker J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Con/allis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Effects of Acidic Deposition on Human Health (54)
Objective(s):
Estimate the potential human health effects attributed to toxic metal
mobilization/bioaccumulation due to acid deposition.
Output Status:
Report on levels of mercury in fish in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in
relation to lake acidity (10/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Production of the draft final report was completed and the document dis-
tributed for peer review. Two out of three sets of review comments have
been received, with the final set expected within the week. The project
report will then be revised as needed in response to comments.
Findings:
Mercury levels were measured in seven species of fish collected in 1987 from
lakes in the Eastern Lake Survey Subregion 2B (Upper Peninsula of Michigan).
15 percent (128 fish) of the fish analyzed (854 fish) had total mercury
levels > 0.5 ppm, which is the state public health advisory criterion.
Three of the fish had total mercury levels > 1.0 ppm. The U.S. Food and
Drug Administration standard for human consumption is 1.0 ppm of methyl
mercury. Analysis of methyl mercury for a subset of 30 fish indicated a
high correlation between total and methyl mercury levels (r = -0.92), with
methyl mercury accounting for 99 percent, on average, of the total mercury
concentration. Of the lakes in the target population for the ELS Phase II
in Subregion 2B, an estimated 53.9 percent (81.7 percent of the lake area)
have one or more fish with > 0.5 ppm total mercury; 18.3 percent (13.7
percent of the lake area) have one or more fish with total mercury > 1.0
ppm. Concentrations of mercury in yellow perch aged two to four years in
Subregion 2B (Upper Peninsula of Michigan) were significantly correlated
with a number of lake characteristics, including lake pH. Lakes with lower
pH tended to have higher fish mercury content, although high fish mercury
levels also occurred in some high pH lakes. Given the diversity of lake
characteristics associated with fish mercury content, it is difficult to
determine specific factors responsible for increased mercury bioaccumula-
tion.
Publications:
Grieb, T.M., C.T. Driscoll, S.P. Gloss, C.L. Schofield, 6.L. Bowie and D.B.
Porcells. Factors affecting mercury bioaccumulation in fish in the
Upper Michigan Peninsula. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (in press).
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Watershed Manipulation Project (WMP) (55)
Objective(s):
Investigate and quantify the relationships between the watershed processes
influencing the acidity of surface waters, and the impact that acidic
deposition has on them. Critically evaluate the models used in the
Direct/Delayed Response Project and the predictions/ classifications derived
from the project. Provide mechanistic data to refine/revise those models
as necessary.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Experimental additions of sulfuric and nitric acids to the external plots
at Bear Brook Watershed in Maine continued throughout the summer. Lysimeter,
throughfall, and stemflow samples from the external and internal plots have
been collected and submitted to the analytical laboratories, as have precipi-
tation and stream samples. A test of the coverage attained by helicopter
application to the paired catchments was conducted. Results indicate that
the proposed application of ammonium sulfate will be adequately uniform.
A SAS program for preliminary screening and validation of data has been
written. This program identifies improbable data by performing range checks
and various statistical outlier tests.
Precipitation data for third and fourth quarters, 1988; piezometer data for
fourth quarter, 1988 and first quarter, 1989; and lysimeter data for fourth
quarter, 1988 and first quarter, 1989, have been received from Maine. Except
for throughfall data, all data for 1988 have been received.
t
The second application of ammonium sulfate was made at Fernow in July.
Findings:
David et al. (1989) used 0 and B horizon samples of a Spodosol collected
from Bear Brook Watershed to investigate how sulfuric and nitric acids affect
the quantity and speciation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and to compare
the ability of these horizons to neutralize acidic inputs. They found that
the more acidic extractants caused lower DOC for the 0 horizon, but caused
higher DOC for the B horizon. The 0 horizon neutralized 18 to 99 percent
of the added acidity for acid treatments ranging from pH 1 to 4, respec-
tively, regardless of acid type. For the B horizon, the neutralization
percents ranged from 16 to 85 percent for sulfuric acid and from 2 to 70
percent for nitric acid; the different responses to the two acids was
attributed to sulfate absorption. For both horizons, there was a decrease
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in hydrophobia acids and an increase in hydrophilic acids as acidity
increased. The ratios of hydrophobic to hydrophilic acids were lower for
the B horizon than for the 0 horizon. These results indicate that the way
in which water is routed through 0 and B horizons can be an important factor
in determining DOC concentration and the acid-base status of surface waters.
Publications:
David, M.B., R.D. Fuller, I.J. Fernandez, M.J. Mitchell, L.E. Rustad, G.F.
Vance, A.C. Stam and S.C. Nodvin. An intensive plot-scale acidifica-
tion experiment on a northern hardwood forest: Soil variability and
assessment of response. Soil Science Society of America Journal
(submitted).
David, M.B., G.F. Vance and J.M. Rissing. 1989. Organic carbon fractions
in 0 and B horizon solutions from a New England spodosol: Effects of
acid treatment. Journal of Environmental Quality 18:212-217.
Dhamala, B.R., M.J. Mitchell and A.C. Stam. Sulfur dynamics of two northern
hardwood soils: A column study with 35S. Biogeochemistrv (submitted).
Hornberger, G.M., K. Beven and P. Germann. Inferences about solute transport
in macropore forest soils from time series models. Catena (submitted).
McAvoy, D.C., R.C. Santore, J.D. Shosa and C.T. Driscoll. A comparison
between pyrocatechol violet and 8-hydroxyquinoline procedures for the
measurement of monomeric aluminum fractions. Soil Science Society of
America Journal (submitted).
Mitchell, M.J., M.B. David and R.B. Harrison. Sulfur dynamics of forest
ecosystems. Bioqeochemistry (submitted).
Schnoor, J.L. Kinetics of chemical weathering: A comparison of laboratory
and field weathering rates. In: W. Stumm, ed., Aquatic Chemical
Kinetics: Reaction Rates of Processes in Natural Waters. Wiley
Interscience, New York (in press).
Project Manager: Jeffrey J. Lee FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Long-Term Monitoring (LTM)/Temporal Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems
(TIME) (56)
Objective(s):
Determine future trends in surface water quality relative to the effects of
current or changing levels of acidic deposition at regional or national
scales. Provide information necessary for regulatory decisions and
verification of predictive models of acidification or recovery.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:'
Completed draft report and presented seminar on multivariate methods for
trend analysis.
Prepared report on methods for statistical analysis of long-term trends in
biological, relative-abundance data.
Prepared draft paper summarizing the Long Term Monitoring Project for
internal review.
Prepared paper on the issue of temporal resolution in ecosystem monitoring.
Prepared annotated list of indicators and research needs for EMAP surface
waters.
Briefed Aquatic Effects Research Program management in Las Vegas on LTM/TIME
status.
Briefed Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program management and Office
of Air and Radiation on the LTM/TIME project.
Presented seminar comparing chemical trends in softwater lakes in three
regions containing lakes potentially sensitive to acidic deposition.
Presented seminar on characteristics of high interest lakes and streams in
the National Surface Water Survey for the assessment of effects of changes
in acidic deposition on U.S. surface waters.
Presented seminar on the use of fossil diatoms to study recent and long-term
acidification of lakes.
Participated in EMAP workshop to select status, diagnostic and stressor
indicators for surface waters.
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Participated in Office of Water workshop to select diagnostic indicators for
various stressors.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
Daly, C. Estimation of wet deposition to surface water systems for the TIME
project: A geographic approach. In: Proceedings of International
Symposium on Water Quality Information Systems Design, Fort Collins,
Colorado, June 7-9, 1989 (in press).
Ford, J. A 10,000 yr history of ecosystem acidification. Ecological
Monographs (in press).
Hughes, R.M. 1989. Ecoregional biological criteria. Pages 147-151. In:
Water Quality Standards for the 21st Century. Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(published).
Hughes, R.M. What can biological monitoring tell us about the environmental
health of aquatic ecosystems? In: Proceedings of International
Symposium on Water Quality Information Systems Design, Fort Collins,
Colorado, June 7-9, 1989 (in press).
Loftis, J.C. and C.H. Taylor. Testing for trend in water quality data. In:
Proceedings of International Symposium on Water Quality Information
Systems Design, Fort Collins, Colorado, June 7-9, 1989 (in press).
Pollack, A.K. and J. Ford. The TIME project: Overview of the project and
the data analysis plan. In: Proceedings of International Symposium
on Water Quality Information Systems Design, Fort Collins, Colorado,
June 7-9, 1989 (in press).
Webster, K., A. Newell, P. Brezonik and L. Baker. Climatically induced rapid
acidification of a softwater seepage lake. Science (submitted).
Young, T.C. and J. Ford. Site selection procedures for temporally integrated
monitoring of ecosystems (TIME). In: Proceedings of International
Symposium on Water Quality Information' Systems Design, Fort Collins,
Colorado, June 7-9, 1989 (in press).
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Direct/Delayed Response of Watersheds (57)
Objective(s):
Predict the long-term response of watersheds and surface waters to acidic
deposition. The Environmental Protection Agency and Congress require
information concerning rate of acidification and its reversibility. It is
not known whether aquatic resources will deteriorate if emissions are held
constant or decreased, or whether aquatic resources will improve. This work
is necessary for informed decision making concerning the timing and necessity
for additional emission controls.
A three-tiered approach is employed to classify watersheds. Level I entails
statistical analysis of watershed characteristics and water chemistry and
evaluated watershed and regional input-output elemental budgets. Level II
estimates single factor response times for watersheds emphasizing key
properties (e.g., sulfate adsorption capacity, base saturation, and indices
of soil-water contact). Level III uses dynamic system models to integrate
important processes and predicts changes in watershed properties and surface
water chemistry. A soil survey is an important aspect of the approach in
that it provides data for Level I, II, and III analyses.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Watershed and soils data for the Mid-Appalachian Soil Survey were verified
and validated with only a bare minimum of data rejected as unacceptable.
This is an important step toward completion of DDRP Mid-Appalachian tasks
on schedule.
A Press Release for the DDRP Final Report for the NE and Southern Blue Ridge
Province was prepared and issued in cooperation with the EPA'Press Office.
The Project Technical Director M. Robblns Church convened a Chapman
Conference (American Geophysical Union) on "Hydrogeochemical Responses of
Forested Catchments" in Bar Harbor, Maine.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
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Publications:
Church, M.R., K.W Thornton, P.M. Shaffer, D.L. Stevens, B.P. Rochelle, G.R.
Holdren, M.G. Johnson, J.J. Lee, R.S. Turner, D.L. Cassell, D.A.
Lammers, W.G. Campbell, C.I. Liff, C.C. Brandt, L.H. Liegel, G.D.
Bishop, D.C. Mortenson, S.M. Pierson and D.D. Schmoyer. Future effects
of long-term sulfur deposition on surface water chemistry in the
Northeast and Southern Blue Ridge Province (Results of the Direct/
Delayed Response Project). EPA/600/3-89/061. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (in press).
Church, M.R. 1989. Direct/Delayed Response Project: Predicting future
long-term effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry.
EOS. Transactions. American Geophysical Union 70:801-813.
Church, M.R., P.M. Shaffer, K.N. Eshleman and B.P. Rochelle. Potential
effects of sulphur deposition on stream chemistry in the Southern Blue
Ridge Mountains. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution (in press).
Holdren, G.R. and M.R. Church. Discussion of Driscoll, C.T., G.E. Likens,
L.O. Hedlin, J.S. Eaton and F.H. Bormann. 1989. Changes in the
chemistry of surface waters. Environ. Sci. and Tech. 23:137-143.
Holdren, Jr., G.R., C.I. Liff and D.L. Cassell. Cation exchange models and
the prediction of soil buffering capacity. In: R. Bassett and D.
Melchoir, eds., Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems II. ACS Symposium
Series, Washington, D.C. (in press).
Lee, J.J., D.A. Lammers, D.L. Stevens, K.W. Thornton and K.A. Wheeler. A
scheme for classifying soils in the Northeast U.S. for acidic deposi-
tion aquatic effects. Soil Science Society of America Journal (in
press).
Rochelle, B.P., D.L. Stevens, Jr. and M.R. Church. Uncertainty analysis of
runoff estimates from a runoff contour map. Water Resources Bulletin
25:491-498.
Shaffer, P.W., R.P. Hooper, K.N. Eshleman and M.R. Church. Reply to D.W.
Schindler. Different interpretations of the importance of internal
alkalinity generation in the alkalinity budgets of lakes and water-
sheds: A response to Shaffer et al. Water. Air, and Soil Pollut. (in
press).
Project Manager: M. Robbins Church FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Episodic Response Project (ERP) (58)
Objective(s):
Determine the magnitude, duration, frequency and characteristics of episodic
chemical changes that accompany hydrologic events (both snowmelt and
rainstorms) in streams.
Evaluate the effects of episodic acidification on fish populations in
streams.
Define key characteristics of episodes that determine the severity of effects
on fish populations.
Develop and calibrate regional models of episodic chemistry that link
atmospheric deposition to biologically relevant chemistry during episodes.
Regional Episodic and Acidic Manipulations Project (REAM):
Provide data on the effects of increased acidic deposition on surface water
quality following whole catchment manipulation, the response of waters to
acidification is being monitored on both chronic and episodic time scales
at the USDA Forest Service, Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West
Virginia.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
The first formal data transfer from the cooperators to Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory-Las Vegas took place during the first week of
September. The data is being verified and the biology and chemistry data
should be delivered to Corvallis by mid-September for validation.
Experiments were performed during the summer to determine the change in
chemistry of water samples when they are retained in ISCO bottles for a
period of time. Differences were noted in the Pennsylvania region, some
differences were seen in the Adirondacks and none in the Catskills. The
differences are being quantified at this time.
Experiments were performed in the Catskills to evaluate the performance of
new radio tags to be used during the radio telemetry experiments. A
combination of surgical implant tags and swallow-type tags will be used.
The tags are rated for 90 days which is three times longer than the tags used
during the spring.
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Problems observed last spring with automatic ISCO sampling during storms have
been corrected. The samplers worked well during recent storm activity.
An ERP publication protocol has been developed and agreed to by all of the
cooperators. The protocol ensures that there will be no conflicts between
authors and that there will be plenty of opportunity for each region to
publish their research, as well as providing for the EPA's requirements.
Each of the cooperators is developing a first year interim report for the
ERP which is due in December. The report will present preliminary analyses
of the data gathered between fall 1988 and spring 1989.
The second application of ammonium sulfate was made to watershed 3 at Fernow
on July 15 (21 kg/S/Ha).
Findings:
Analysis in the Pennsylvania region from data collected in the spring on
radio-tagged fish showed a net downstream movement of fish during the
intensive (episodic) period. Some dead fish were found in the most acidic
stream—those that survived were able to locate water which was either more
alkaline or had a lower aluminum concentration. In the meantime, fish
subjected, to the full force of acidic episodes in bioassay experiments did
not survive.
Analysis of data from rain collectors at Fernow show that the isotopic
composition of the rain varies almost identically on the two watersheds.
In addition, analysis of water from groundwater sources show that these are
also similar. However, no significant differences with respect to 018 have
been observed as yet—possibly because the isotopic composition of input
stormflow has not been different than that of the groundwater. Based on
rainfall data from very small events, it is expected that differences of this
type will be observed in the future.
Publications:
DeWalle, D.R. and W.E. Sharpe. Assessing biological relevance of episodic
stream chemistry on the northern Appalachian plateau. Abstract to be
presented at the 1989 fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union,
San Francisco, California, December 4-8 (submitted).
Murdoch, P.S. 1988. Chemical budgets and .stream-chemistry dynamics of a
headwater stream in the Catskill Mountains, New York, October 1, 1983
through September 30, 1985. USGS Water Resource Invest. Reo. 88-4035.
Sharpe, W.E. and D.R. DeWalle. Assessing the role of edaphic and geologic
controls on episodic stream acidification. Abstract to be presented
at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco,
California, December 4-8, 1989 (submitted).
Wigington, P.O. Episodic acidification of freshwaters in the United States.
Abstract presented at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical
Union, San Francisco, California, December 4-8, 1989 (submitted).
Project Manager: Parker J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Synthesis and Integration of Aquatic Effects Research (59)
Objective(s):
Provide comprehensive and integrated information germane to understanding
the current and future effects of acidic deposition on surface waters.
Output Status:
Regional Case Studies Book (12/89). On schedule.
Review draft of National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) 1990
aquatics State-of-Science documents (12/89). On schedule.
Review draft of NAPAP 1990 aquatics assessment (03/90). On schedule.
Activities: •
Internal and external reviews have been completed for all chapters of the
Regional Case Studies (RCS) project book. Final versions of 13 of the
chapters have been completed. Final production of maps and standard figures
for the book is complete.
AERP and support staff prepared first drafts of NAPAP 1990 State-of-Science
chapters.
AERP and support staff worked with the NAPAP Office Director and staff from
other NAPAP agencies to plan preparation of the NAPAP Integrated Assessment.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666/4600
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Extent and Magnitude of Recent Changes in Forest Condition (63)
Objective(s):
Identify and evaluate the extent and magnitude of recent changes in forest
condition (MPO #1).
Output Status:
Internal Report: Report on evaluation of the extent and magnitude of recent
changes in forest condition and the role of non-air pollution factors in
growth reductions (09/89). Completed.
Activities:
Continued participation in development of State of Science/Technology 16
(Interpreting Changes in U.S. Forest Health and Productivity) for National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Assessment.
Completed analysis of northeastern red spruce radial growth data.
Findings:
The listed Internal Report summarizes and integrates the results of many
studies investigating spatial and temporal trends in forest growth, soils,
woody tissue sulfur increment, and pollutant deposition. Results from the
study investigating recent changes in forests over a pollutant gradient that
runs from Minnesota to Michigan suggest a possible impairment of decomposi-
tion processes in the forest litter, an increase in woody tissue sulfur
concentration, and reduced tree increment for several conifer species.
Other studies based on dendrochronology (tree-ring) research indicate some
declines in high-elevation red spruce cannot be explained by natural factors
(insect and disease, climate) alone. Similarly reports of low-elevation red
spruce declines cannot be solely attributed to stand maturation. These
results indicate that pollutants cannot be ruled out as possible contributors
to these declines. Pollutant-forest interactions are not just an Eastern
problem. There also is some evidence of reduced tree growth in Southern
California and Arizona, of which air pollution cannot be ruled out.
Publications:
Arbaugh, M.L. and D.L. Peterson. 1989. Variable selection in dendro-
climatology: An example using simulated tree-ring series. For. Sci.
35:294-302.
Reams, G. and M.P. Huso. Stand history and red spruce radial growth reduc-
tion: An alternative hypothesis. Can. J. Forest Research (submitted).
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Evaluation of the Role of Non-Air Pollution Factors (64)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the roles of non-air pollution factors in causing growth reduction
or visible decline in northeastern spruce fir, southern commercial forests,
eastern hardwoods, and western conifers (MPO #2).
Output Status:
Internal Report: Report on evaluation of the extent and magnitude of recent
changes in forest condition and the role of non-air pollution factors in
growth reductions (09/89). Completed.
Activities:
Continued participation in development of State of Science/Technology 16
(Interpreting Changes in U.S. Forest Health and Productivity) for National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Assessment.
Completed analysis and interpretation of red spruce radial growth data.
Findings:
Declines in red spruce radial growth since 1960 are associated with large
increases in growth from 1935 to 1955. Allocation of growing space to red
spruce trees from 1935 to 1955 and subsequent competition and aging of forest
are a significant factor in reduction of red spruce increment since 1960.
Declines in southern pines may be a result of increased competition,
specifically increasing hardwood competition.
Pub!ications:
Reams, G. and M.P. Huso. Stand history and red spruce radial growth reduc-
tion: An alternative hypothesis. Can. J. Forest Research (submitted).
Warren, W.G. Some novel statistical analyses relevant to the reported growth
decline of pine species in the Southeast. For. Sci. (in press).
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Responses Project (65)
Objective(s):
Determine the quantitative responses of seedlings to controlled experimental
exposures of acidic deposition and associated air pollutants.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
As of.September 1989, the MPO #3 Report, "Quantitative Estimates of Seedling
Response to Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Associated Pollutants Under Ambient
Conditions", is being upgraded from an Internal Report to a Published Report.
This will complete Project 65.
Findings:
Although acid fog treatments increased foliar leaching of nutrients such as
potassium, calcium, and magnesium from Douglas fir seedlings, the amounts
were small compared to uptake.
Exposure to acid mist between July and December 1987 delayed the hardening
process of 2-year old red spruce seedlings. The risk of frost damage during
autumn is consequently greater for shoots exposed to acid mist.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Response of Forest Trees to Air Pollution (66)
Objective(s):
Summarize the work of the Forest Response Program (FRP) (with the exception
of projection of response under alternative deposition scenariosjand support
an assessment of the effects of current levels of depositions of sulfur,
nitrogen, and associated pollutants on forest ecosystems.
Output Status:
Evaluation of atmospheric depositions of sulfur, nitrogen, and associated
pollutants on forest decline (12/89)'. On schedule.
Activities:
Approximately 100 reports from the Forest Response Program (FRP) research
cooperatives are being used as the scientific basis for the evaluation. A
first draft was mailed to over 90 scientists and managers. Review comments
and further synthesis are being incorporated into a peer-review draft to be
mailed October 16.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Projection Under Alternative Deposition Scenarios (67)
Objective(s):
Produce scenarios of the response of trees and forests to policy relevant
atmospheric deposition scenarios. These deposition scenarios include changes
from current ambient conditions in the deposition of sulfur and nitrogen
compounds, pH, and ozone. Responses estimated include physiological
processes, growth patterns of individual trees and their parts, and the
growth and development of stands of trees. Species to be investigated
include loblolly pine, red spruce and ponderosa pine. The methods of
projection include statistically based projections and computer simulation
models. The simulation models include portions of whole tree physiology
(e.g., branch export of photosynthate, whole tree models providing diameter
increment, and stand models).
Output Status:
Stand Simulator Model (12/90). On schedule.
Internal Report: The potential effects of acid deposition on trees: Results
from the Branch/Foliage and Simple Whole Tree Models (12/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Developed the Outline and Introduction for the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) State of Science Chapter 28. This review will
cover a series of models of the effects of acid deposition on trees and
forests for the NAPAP Assessment.
Participated in a review of Carl Chen's Plant Growth Stress Model. This
model is one of the components of the State of Science review being prepared
for NAPAP by this project.
Adapted the branch model to red spruce. The new version successfully
predicts the changes in morphology of the branching structure under the
effects of injury to the ends of the branches.
Participated in the development of the FY90 Plan for the Forest Response
Program (FRP) and its input to the NAPAP Assessment.
Findings:
The morphological form of branch growth in red spruce is affected by damage
to the tips of the branches as might occur due to the influence of winter
injury. Acid deposition has been hypothesized to increase the incidence of
winter injury.
Publications:
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None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
September 30, 1989
Title: Contribution to 1990 NAPAP Assessment (68)
Objective(s):
Promote information in support of an assessment of the roles of sulfur,
nitrogen, and associated pollutants in changes in forest condition, and
project forest responses under alternative pollution deposition scenarios.
Output Status:
Internal Report: Forest Effects Assessment (06/90). On schedule.
Activities:
Continued to coordinate Case Study efforts in Forest Response Program (FRP)
research cooperatives. The Case Studies summarize research carried out in
the cooperatives and address the issue of how the forest resource of interest
to the cooperative might change under different deposition situations.
Continued to coordinate with principle authors to reconcile reviews and
produce second drafts of NAPAP State-of-Science documents on effects of
acidic deposition on forest resources, plant physiological processes, and
on deposition of pollutants in cloud water.
Wrote major sections of NAPAP Assessment Plan Update, August 1989.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Stratospheric Ozone
September 30, 1989
Title: Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Agroecosystems (71)
Objective(s):
Provide a risk characterization of the global consequences of stratospheric
ozone depletion and resultant increases in ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation
on agroecosystems.
Output Status:
Internal Report: Synthesis of biological effects of UV-B radiation on plants
and animals for use in scientific assessment (08/89). Completed.
Internal Report: Report on selected UV-B effects on wetland rice (06/90).
On schedule.
Activities:
Funding was approved for four extramural research projects on the effects
of UV-B, CO, and temperature on rice growth and rice paddy methanogenesis.
The research is now being conducted at: Utah State University (B. Bugbee,
P. I.); the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado
(P. Zimmerman, P.I.); the University of Illinois (S. Knight, P.I.); and
USDA/University of Florida (L.H. Allen, P.I.).
A Trilateral Meeting between U.S., German and Dutch scientists was held by
ERL-C staff at Black Butte, Oregon on September 11-14, 1989. The meeting
addressed the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on humans and
ecological systems.
Greenhouse experiments were initiated to examine the influence of enhanced
UV-B radiation on two cultivars of rice (Lemont and IR-36). These
experiments will evaluate morphological, physiological, and growth responses
to three levels of UV-B.
Field experiments to examine the effects of UV-B radiation on plant secondary
chemistry have been completed. Experimental plant tissue is now being
analyzed for flavonoid content and other plant secondary compounds.
The third loblolly pine UV-B field exposure season will be 'completed in
October. Gas exchange data, needle pigmentation data, and morphological
measurements have been collected throughout the growing season. A related
drought stress/UV-B interaction field experiment on loblolly pine seedings
is also nearing completion.
Scientists from ERL-C recently held a workshop on the effects of global
climate change on rice at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
in the Philippines. The workshop exchanged information on the effects of
stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate changes on rice ecosystems,
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reviewed current UV-B research and planned cooperative research to be con-
ducted by ERL-C and IRRI. Specific research tasks were identified and
include the studies of the effects of UV-B on rice, the effects of C02 and
temperature interactions on rice, methane emissions from rice paddies, and
plant and ecosystem modelling, and the development of a GIS database. The
research plan is scheduled for completion in early FY90.
Findings:
In order to examine the potential sensitivity of rice to stratospheric ozone
depletion, 30 different cultivars have been exposed to elevated levels of
UV-B radiation during the seedling growth stage. Preliminary results
indicate that the primary effect of UV-B radiation is to reduce both root
and shoot biomass production, and to increase silica and flavonoid content
in leaf tissue. Of the varieties tested, several appear to be quite
sensitive to the stress, other cultivars exhibited small or highly variable
response, and a few exhibited small increases in growth under the UV-B
treatment. This information suggests that in rice, as in many other plants,
inherent cultivar differences exist. Identifying resistant and sensitive
cultivars will aid in assessing the risks to the current rice production,
and also in designing rice breeding programs to select for UV-B resistance
as a possible mitigation option.
Publications:
Barnes, P.M., W. Beyschlag, R. Ryel, S.D. Flint, and M.M. Caldwell. Plant
competition for light analyzed with a multispecies canopy model.
III. Influence of canopy structure in mixtures and monocultures of
wheat and wild oat. Oecoloqia (submitted).
Beyschlag, W., P.W. Barnes, R. Ryel, M.M. Caldwell and S.D. Flint. Plant
competition for light analyzed with a multispecies canopy model.
II. Influence of photosynthetic characteristics on mixtures of wheat
and wild oat. Oecoloqia (submitted).
Ryel, R., P.W. Barnes, W. Beyschlag, M.M. Caldwell and S.D. Flint. Plant
competition for light analyzed with a multispecies canopy model.
I. Model development and influence of enhanced UV-B conditions on
photosynthesis in mixed wheat and wild oat canopies. Oecoloqia
(submitted).
Sullivan, J.H. and A.M. Teramura. The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation
on loblolly pine. 1. Growth, photosynthesis and pigment production
in greenhouse-grown seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum (in press).
Project Manager: David Olszyk FTS 420-4640.
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Stratospheric Ozone
September 30, 1989
Title: Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Emissions of Globally Important
Gases (74).
Objective(s):
Develop scientific information and a database sufficient for understanding
the effects of enhanced ultraviolet radiation from stratospheric ozone
depletion on biologically produced "greenhouse" gases and gases that interact
with stratospheric ozone.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
This project, moved from the Stratospheric Ozone Team to the Global
Biogeochemistry Team as the result of the lab reorganization effective
October 1, 1989 has been retained at a zero funding, zero FTE base to allow
for future initiatives in this area. Deliverables in the old organizational
form were transferred to Project 71. There will be brief reports on the
project status until such time as a project plan with new initiatives,
clients and funding is developed.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4634
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
September 30, 1989
Title: Regional Methods and Effects of Global Climatic Change (81)
Objective(s):
Determine how climate controls the distribution of vegetation in the U.S.
and the relative sensitivity of regions of the U.S. to climatic change.
Further develop our understanding of climate-biosphere interactions. Develop
the capability to make continental-scale predictions of the impacts of trace-
gas induced climatic change on vegetation.
Output Status:
Internal Report: Sensitivities of Ecological Landscapes (09/89). Completed.
Activities:
Completed the A-level deliverable, "Sensitivities of Ecological Landscapes
and Regions to Global Climatic Change." This report scientifically ranks
the potential sensitivity of regions of the U.S., ecological systems, and
attributes of these systems to future climatic change.
Completed the first phase of the Biotic Regions Task. This task is designed
to determine the causal relations between regional climate and the distribu-
tion of major biotic regions. The first phase involved analyses in the
conterminous U.S. Future work will expand the analyses into Canada and
Mexico. Three manuscripts have been prepared from this research during the
reporting period: (1) an overall summary of the results as incorporated into
the A-level deliverable, (2) a draft journal article relating seasonal
patterns of climate with the distribution of biotic regions in the western
U.S., and (3) a draft symposium chapter that discusses in theory the climatic
constraints on regional biome distribution.
Staff from this project helped organize two major symposia at the 40th Annual
Meeting of the American Institute for Biological Sciences (AIBS) in Toronto,
Canada. The symposia were titled "The Past as a Key to Understanding Future
Global Change" and the "Environmental Impact of Global Climate Change."
Oral and poster presentations by the staff also were made at this meeting.
A staff member also participated in the Climate Scenarios Advisory Panel
meeting sponsored by the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation and
presented a paper entitled "Can Climate Scenarios for a Warmer World be
Constructed from Paleoclimatic'Data?"
Findings:
The major findings reported in the A-level deliverable are as follows. Some
natural resources in all regions of the U.S. could be substantially affected
by global warming, as climate change forces dominant ecosystems to change
in structure and function (e.g., forests to savanna). Overall however, the
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Northwest and Southeast could experience among the greatest impacts across
all the disciplines studied, including water resources, forests, biodiver-
sity, and agriculture. In terms of ecosystem attributes, water resources
could be most severely affected in the West, while forests throughout the
country could be greatly impacted. These results are reasonably robust,
being based on new, physiologically oriented, conceptual models of the
climatic control of regional vegetation patterns. However, major uncertain-
ties still exist in quantifying the potential effects of climatic change,
including the magnitude of the direct effects of carbon dioxide on vegeta-
tion and the magnitude of biospheric feedbacks to regional and global
climate. Suggested research priorities include (1) two integrated regional
studies in the Northwest and Southeast, (2) continental scale transect
analyses to place the regional studies in a national context, and (3) the
continued development of quantitative tools with which to make regional
projections of the effects of global climate change.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
September 30, 1989
Title: Response of Forest Systems to Global Climate Change (82)
Objective(s):
Provide projections of the ecological response of forests to global climate
change as called for in the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Completed a Scope of Work (SOW) during this quarter that describes a program
of research for GCC/Forest Systems from FY90 through FY94. The SOW is one
of six completed at ERL-C to cover "effects" research on forests, agroeco-
systems, biodiversity, water resources, biogenic emissions, and biosphere-
climate interactions.
The SOW underwent extensive discussion and review. The science needs of EPA
policy/client offices such as OPPE and OAR were carefully considered and
covered in the SOW. Within ERL-C, several mini-workshops were held to help
clarify key research issues. A seminar presented for all ERL-C personnel,
as well as interested outside people, provided additional input.
A formal peer review also was conducted. Six outside and two ERL-C peer
reviewers responded with written comments. The reviewers were qualified
scientists or science managers from several ecological disciplines repre-
senting research programs in other federal, state, university, and private
organizations. While generally supportive of the SOW review draft, the
reviewers gave useful suggestions that were incorporated into the SOW as
described in a reconciliation memo.
Findings:
•»
The long-term goal is to develop the capability to predict the response of
forests to global climate change at stand,' ecosystem, and regional scales.
The SOW calls for research addressing the boreal, hardwood temperate, conifer
temperate, and tropical forests of the Western Hemisphere.
The research is designed to address three policy questions (PQs):
PQ1 - Forest Response. How will the distribution and productivity of forests
of the world respond to climate change?
PQ2 - Carbon Dioxide Feedbacks. How will climate change affect the net
exchange of C02 between forests and the atmosphere?
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PQ3 - Mitigation/Adaptation. What role can forests practices such as
reforestation and afforestation play in mitigating increased atmospheric C02
or adapting forests to the adverse impacts of projected climate change?
The research approach contains a mix of activities designed to produce early
assessments followed by long-term studies to reduce key uncertainties. Early
work draws on existing knowledge and available models that can immediately
be brought to bear on the PQs. Long-term studies focus on physiological and
ecological processes such as photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, forest
regeneration, and natural disturbance regimes. Knowledge of these funda-
mental processes is essential to having effective predictive models, which
is the ultimate goal.
Coordination with other research programs is planned. For example, forest-
related research will be conducted under several of the other effects SOWs
mentioned above. Other federal agencies with research programs relevant to
forest systems included the USDA/Forest Service, Department of Energy, NOAA,
and NASA. Many universities, as well as some states such as California, are
also planning research on GCC with a forest-related element. Similarly
within the private sector, groups such as Electric Power Research Institute
and National Counsel of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
are becoming active.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
September 30, 1989
Title: Regional Energy Balance, Climate Feedbacks and Water Resources Effects
(83)
Objective(s):
Investigate the most probable energy balance and water resource effects of
global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems in support of the require-
ments of the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Completed a final draft of the Scope of Work (SOW) and sent out for external
and internal review. Comments have been requested by September 30. A final
draft incorporating reviewers' comments will be completed by the end of
October.
Maps depicting long-term precipitation and runoff for the continental U.S.
were produced using yearly and seasonal data. The maps have been incor-
porated into the A-level deliverable titled "Sensitivity of ecological
landscapes and regions to global climatic change" in Project 81. These maps
will also be used for a preliminary assessment of the sensitivity of
hydrologic regions of the U.S. to climatic change.
Reviewers' comments on a cooperative agreement, "Identification of Long-Term
Water Resources Effects of Global Climate Changes," with the University of
Washington were received. In general, the reviews were favorable. All
reviewers recommended fully funding the cooperative agreement. A decision
memo addressing the reviewers' comments is being circulated for signatures.
Three workstations have been received and configured as part of the network
computer system for the Global Team. An ARC/INFO Geographic Information
System (GIS) has been installed on one workstation and GRASS GIS has been
installed on two workstations. Files have been successfully transferred
between ARC/INFO and GRASS.
Work on development of national and global water resources databases
continues. Current databases existing on the workstations include 5 minute
elevation data for the U.S. and Canada, USGS gauging station locations and
summary information, USGS 30-year runoff, USGS hydrologic units, and
coastline and political boundary information for the U.S. This data is in
ARC/INFO format, although preliminary work has been done using GRASS.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
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Publications:
Campbell, W.G. and D.C. Mortenson. Ensuring the quality of Geographic
Information System data: A practical application of quality control.
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (in press).
Campbell, W.G., D. Marks and J. Dolph. Analysis of the representativeness
of USGS gauging stations relative to topographic zones and geographic
regions (abstract). Transactions of the American Geophysical Union
(submitted).
Dolph, J., W.G. Campbell and D. Marks. Geographic analysis of historical
rainfall/runoff data for the continental United States (abstract).
Transactions of the American Geophysical Union (submitted).
Marks, D. An energy balance snowmelt model for application in alpine
watersheds (abstract). Transactions of the American Geophysical Union
(submitted).
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
September 30, 1989
Title: Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change on Agroecosystems (84)
Objective(s):
Provide scientifically sound estimates of the most probable and most likely
ecological effects of global climate changes on agroecosystems resulting
from tropospheric greenhouse gases, and support the requirements of the
Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
»
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Completed Project implementation plan as scheduled.
Project Scope of Work was externally peer reviewed and completed ORD
Clearance processes.
Discussions were held with scientists from EPA, U.S. Department of Agri-
culture, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and various
universities concerning plans for global climate change research on
agroecosystems at ERL-C, coordination with efforts of other agencies, and
appropriate databases and remote sensing applications.
Met with Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory personnel
to discuss construction of future climate scenarios for assessment of effects
of climate change on agroecosystems.
Worked on analyzing effects of global climate change on soil erosion on U.S.
croplands using future climate scenarios from General Circulation Models of
the atmosphere and the National Resources Inventory database on current soil
erosion estimates.
Attended 2-day training course on GIS Technology in Land and Resource
Management.
Participated in planning activities for the EMAP Agroecosystems Task group.
Attended a planning meeting in Las Vegas to discuss sampling designs and
ecological indicators of agroecosystem health.
Reviewed extramural cooperative agreement proposals for experiments on
effects of elevated C02 and temperature for the Stratospheric Ozone program.
Findings:
The Scope of Work for this project has been completed, peer reviewed, and
completed ORD clearance. Implementation of tasks for FY90 on soil erosion,
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crop productivity, and land use is beginning. Research areas for this
project are being developed to respond to OPPE client office needs and to
coordinate with existing and planned research activities in EPA and other
agencies, especially the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Pub!ications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Donald L. Phillips FTS 420-4355
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
September 30, 1989
Title: Biotic Emissions of Radiatively Important Trace Gases (85)
Objective(s):
To quantify the contribution from the earth's biota of radiatively important
trace gases and to develop the scientific understanding of the effects of
climate change on the emissions of biogenic gases.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Prepared a Statement of Work for the Project and submitted it for peer
review. Now in process of reconciling reviewers' comments. Other activities
involved literature review, attendance at scientific meetings concerning
global climate change, and discussions with other EPA laboratories and
researchers to coordinate the components of our programs that require close
interaction.
A paper is in preparation to be presented at an EPA/ONR (Office of Naval
Research) workshop on marine biogenic emissions, October 1989, in Woods
Hole, Massachusetts. The paper will include results from EPA participation
on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Radiatively Important
Trace Species (NOAA RITS-89) cruise earlier this year.
H. Gucinski presented "Summary of policy relevant aspects of climate change
effects on fisheries" at the American Fisheries Society Symposium, Anchorage,
Alaska, Sept 4-8, 1989.
Findings:
The extent to which biogenic emissions affect the total inventory of radi-
atively important trace gases in the earth's atmosphere bears directly on
our ability to mitigate the influence of, anthropogenic emissions on the
earth's climate. It is essential that we be able to quantify the contribu-
tions of biogenic gases from all sources under current and predicted
climates, and in turn learn to predict the influence of these processes on
the degree and severity of climate change.
Specific areas of high priority research include: (1) investigating the
relationship of forest canopy fluxes of non-methane hydrocarbons to climate
change, (2) assessing the effect of climate change on the pools and exchange
of carbon and nitrogen in forests, especially those components that produce
radiatively important gases, and (3) delineating the contribution of forest
soils to biogenic gas fluxes, including C02 and nitrous oxide.
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In the study, "Climate change and patterns of denitrification in the
Willamette Basin of Western Oregon," we investigated the possible influence
of doubled C02 climate on rates of denitrification and associated N20
production in soils of the Willamette Basin (2.9 x 106 ha) in Western Oregon.
The main influence of the climate change was on winter emissions which
approximately doubled due to warmer soil temperatures. Earlier summer drying
under the 2XC02 climate caused slightly decreased emissions in June and July.
The predicted annual increases in N20 flux were small relative to the pools
of total nitrogen in these soils and thus could probably be sustained for
decades to centuries even in the absence of nitrogen fixation.
In the study, "Dimethylsulfide (DMS) production—effects of ultraviolet-B
(UV-B) and photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR) on heterogenous
phytoplankton populations," exposure of heterogenous plankton populations
to both ambient solar radiation and radiation enhanced with UV-B reduces
DMS concentration in closed systems. Exposure to enhanced levels of UV-B
appears to have little additional effect over exposure to ambient solar
radiation. No clear relationship between loss of DMS and dose of either
PAR or UV-B enhanced radiation emerged to initial concentration suggests
the absence of a photo-oxidizing threshold or a saturation effect over the
range of exposures chosen. Observations over broad latitudes show positive
correlation of DMS near surface concentrations with primary production only
in waters between the equator and northern edge of the central gyre (20°S
Lat.). No clear correlation with chlorophyll concentrations were noted,
which was also true for phaeophytin.
Publications:
Turner, D.P., D. Myrold and J.D. Bailey. Climate change and patterns of
denitrification in the Willamette Basin in western Oregon, USA. In:
L. Bouwman, ed., Soils and the Greenhouse Effects. Proceedings
International Soil Reference and Information Centre Conference,
Wageningen, Netherlands, August 14-18, 1989 (in press).
Gucinski, H., T.S. Bates, A.G. Wones and M. Behrenfeld. Dimethylsulfide
production--Effects of UV-B and PAR on heterogenous phytoplankton
populations. In: Workshop on Effects of Solar UV on Geochemistry
Dynamics in Aquatic Environments. Woods Hole, Massachusetts, October
23-26, 1989 (in press).
Hardy, J.T. and H. Gucinski. Stratospheric ozone depletion: Implications
for marine environments. Oceanography (in press).
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Global Climate Change
September 30, 1989
Title: Effects of Global Climate Change on Biodiversity (86)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the threats that climate change and other stresses pose to bio-
diversity (with an emphasis on forested ecosystems), and evaluate options
for maintaining biodiversity to support the requirements of the Global
Climate Protection Act of 1987, and potential mandates specific to
biodiversity.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Completed draft Agency white paper on biodiversity.
Completed scheduled symposium on biodiversity titled "Species composition
and ecological integrity in a changing world" sponsored by the Society for
Conservation Biology. This will result in a special edition of the Journal
of Conservation Biology with Reed Noss writing the lead article at the
Editor's request.
A workshop on the Northwest Regional Pilot Project was held in July at the
ERL-C. In attendance were scientists and resource managers from pertinent
Northwest agencies and institutions. A general approach for the upcoming
study was discussed and the need to cooperate and share information was the
consensus of the group. A meeting was held in Seattle with EPA Region 10
staff to discuss participation and cooperation in the pilot project. Region
10 staff were enthusiastic and considered the pilot project as having useful
outputs and products for their work. Continued contact and cooperation is
anticipated.
F.indings:
A major effort at this stage has been to develop program objectives. A
pragmatic biodiversity research program must focus on measurable elements
and properties of biodiversity, with special attention devoted to ecosystems
identified to be at high risk. It must also focus on those stressors that
can be measured, managed, and regulated by a regulatory agency. In the
language of ecological risk assessment, the Biodiversity Project will provide
EPA decision-makers with a methodology to:
1. Assess the magnitude, extent, and causes of biotic impoverish-
ment, and identify geographical areas, ecosystem types, and
species groups at greatest risk,
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2. Assess the potential future effects of known pollutants and
actions, to determine whether, how, and at what levels to allow
release of toxic materials, greenhouse gases and other substances
into the environment, and what modifications need to be made in
land-use practices,
3. Determine whether regulatory programs and policies are having
the desired result with respect to protecting biodiversity.
Publications:
Noss, R. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach.
Conservation Biology (submitted).
Noss, R. and S. Henderson. 1989. Biodiversity: A new focus for environ-
mental protection. Habitat Futures. USDA/FS Summer issue.
Noss, R.F. 1989. Who will speak for biodiversity? Conservation Biology
3:102-103.
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
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Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Interdisciplinary
September 30, 1989
Title: Reducing Uncertainty in Ecological Risk Assessment (90)
Objective(s):
Develop a research approach for statistical design, landscape characteriza-
tion, and wetlands bioindicators of health for the Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment Program (EMAP).
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Prepared a draft document on the EMAP-In!and Wetlands: Indicators of
Ecological Condition. The report summarizes the state-of-science and
recommends six wetland bioindicators of health to be included in EMAP
monitoring for the near term.
Prepared a draft Inland Wetlands Design document. An overview of this
document was presented at an Inland EMAP Design Workshop in Salt Lake City,
Utah.
Prepared a two page EMAP Wetlands Indicator testing proposal and submitted
it to the EMAP steering committee. The proposal involves the joint collab-
oration of ERL-C and ERL-Duluth and entails indicator testing of three
wetland classes in three regions of the country.
Findings:
The proposed national EMAP wetlands morphological categorization scheme was
well received by both representatives from the Office of Wetlands Protection
and various wetland experts nationwide. Many of the previously cited limita-
tions of the categorization were addressed. The proposed categorization has
achieved EMAP objectives of (1) assuring that the classification included
classes that were functionally distinct, (2) limiting the number of wetland
classes to less than 20 classes nationally, and (3) including only those
wetland classes that would be detectable on 1:40,000 aerial imagery.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Eric M. Preston FTS 420-4666/4600
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1987-1989 PUBLICATIONS
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Abbruzzese, B., A. Allen, S. Henderson and M. Kentula. "Selecting sites for
comparison with related wetlands." In: Proceedings of Symposium 87
Wetlands/Peatlands. August 23-27, 1987, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
EPA/600/D-87/337. PB 88 132 204/AS (A03). ERL-COR-837D.
Adams, R.M., J.D. Glyer, B.A. McCarl and S.L. Johnson. "A reassessment of the
economic effects of ozone on U.S. agriculture." Journal of Air Pollution
Control Association 39:960-968. ERL-COR-945J.
Adamus, P. "Wetlands and Water Quality: EPA's Research and Monitoring Implementa-
tion Report for the Years 1989-1994." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvall is, OR. 1989. Eric Preston, project
officer. EPA/600/3-89/039. PB89 190 300/AS. ERL-COR-551.
Armstrong, J.L., G.R. Knudson and .R.J. Seidler. "Microcosm method to assess
survival of recombinant bacteria associated with plants and herbivorous
insects." Current Microbiology 15:229-232. 1987. ERL-COR-658J.
Athey, L.A., J.M. Thomas, J.R. Skalski and W.E. Miller. "Role of Acute Toxicity
Bioassays in the Remedial Action Process at Hazardous Waste Sites; User's
Manual." Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA. 1987.
EPA/600/8-87/044. PB 88 125 430/AS (A06). ERL-Cor-423.
Aulerich, R.J., R.K. Ringer and J. Safronoff. "Primary and secondary toxicity of
warfarin, sodium monofluoracetate, and methyl parathion in mink." Archives
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16:357-366. 1987. Jay Gile,
project officer. ERL-COR-563J.
Baker, L.A., C.D. Pollman and J.M. Eilers. "Alkalinity regulation in softwater
Florida lakes." Water Resources Research 24(7):1069-1082. 1988.
ERL-COR-833JAP.
Banwart, W.L., P.M. Porter, E.L. Ziegler and J.J. Hassett. "Growth parameter and
yield component response of field corn to simulated acid rain." Environmen-
tal and Experimental Botany 28(1):43-51. 1988. Jeffrey J. Lee, project
officer. ERL-COR-664JAP.
Banwart, W.L., P.M. Porter, E.L. Ziegler and J.J. Hassett. "Growth parameter and
yield component response of field corn to simulated acid rain." Environmen-
tal and Experimental Botany 28(1):43-51. ERL-COR-664JAP.
Banwart, W.L., P.M. Porter, J.J. Hassett and W.M. Walker. "Simulated acid rain
effects on yield response of two corn cultivars." Agronomy Journal
79(3):497-501. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/486. PB90 103 110. ERL-COR-663JAP.
Barnes, P.W., P.W. Jordan, W.G. Gold, S.D. Flint and M.M. Caldwell. "Competition,
morphology, and canopy structure in wheat (triticum aestivum L.) and wild
oat (avena fatua L.) exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation." Functional Ecology
2:319-330. 1988. R. Lackey, project officer. ERL-COR-832J.
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Bennett, J.K., R.K. Ringer, R.S. Bennett, B.A. Williams and P.E. Humphrey.
"Comparison of breaking strength and shell thickness as evaluators of
eggshell quality." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7:351-357. 1988.
EPA/600/J-88/301. PB89 202 352/AS. ERL-COR-816J.
Bennett, R.S. and D.W. Schafer. "Procedure for evaluating the potential ability
of birds to avoid chemically contaminated food." Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 7:359-362. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/399. PB90 100 603/AS.
ERL-COR-660J.
Bentjen, S.A., J.K. Fredrickson, P. Van Voris and S.W. Li. "Intact soil-core
microcosms for evaluating the fate and ecological impact of the release of
genetically engineered microorganisms." Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 55(1):198-202. 1989. C. Hendricks, project officer.
ERL-COR-881J.
Biggs, R.H. and P.G. Webb. "Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on yield,
and disease incidence and severity for wheat under field conditions." R.C.
Worrest and M.M. Caldwell, (eds). Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar
Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life, pages 303-311. Berlin, Heidelberg,
Springer-Verlag. 1987. NATO ASI Series, G8J. McCarty, project officer.
EPA-600/D-87-060. PB 87 176 905/AS (A02). ERL-Cor-745J.
Blick, D.J., J.J. Messer, D.H. Landers and W.S. Overton. "Statistical basis for
the design and interpretation of the National Surface Water Survey, Phase
I: Lakes and Streams." Lake and Reservoir Management 3:470-475. 1987.
ERL-COR-752DAP.
Bb'hm, M. "A regional characterization of air quality and deposition in the
coniferous forests of the western United States." APCA Annual Meeting, 1989
June, Anaheim, CA. 1989. ERL-COR-1022D.
Brakke, D.F., D.H. Landers and J.M. Eilers. "Chemical and Physical Characteristics
of Lakes in the Northeastern United States." Environmental Science and
Technology 22(2):155-163. 1988. ERL-COR-731JAP.
Burgett, M. "Interim Protocol for Testing the Effects of Microbial Pathogens on
the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989.
B. Lighthart, project officer. EPA/600/3-89/053. PB89 198 261/AS.
ERL-COR-555.
Carey, A., A.C. Janetos and R. Blair. "Responses of forests to atmospheric
deposition." National Research Plan for the Forest Response Program. U.S.
EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1987. EPA/600/
3-86/066. PB 87 140 919/AS (A06). ERL-COR-376AP.
Church, M.R. "Book review of Acid Rain: A Water Resources Issue for the 80s." EOS
Transactions. American Geophysical Union 68(15);209. 1987. EPA/600/M-87/027.
PB 88 101 688/AS (A02). ERL-COR-769misc. Also published in R. Herrmann and
A.I. Johnson, eds. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland.
1983. 83 pp.
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Church, M.R. "Predicting the future long-term effects of acidic deposition on
surface water chemistry: The Direct/Delayed Response Project." EOS.
Transactions. American Geophysical Union 70(35):801,802,812,813. August 29,
1989. ERL-COR-986J.
Coffey, D.S., J.C. Sprenger, D.T. Tingey, G.E. Neely and J.C. McCarty. "National
crop loss assessment network: quality assurance program." Environmental
Pollution 53:89-98. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/250. PB 89 144 695/AS. ERL-COR-892J.
Cozzarelli, I.M., J.S. Herman and R.A. Parnell, Jr. "The mobilization of aluminum
in a natural soil system: effects of hydrologic pathways." Water Resources
Research 23(5):859-874. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/379. PB 88 251 806/AS.
ERL-COR-850JAP.
Crawford, J.A., P.J. Cole, K.M. Kilbride and A. Fairbrother. "Atypical plumage of
a female California quail." California Fish and Game 73(4):244-247. 1987.
ERL-COR-741JT
Cusimano, R.F., J.P. Baker, W.J. Warren-Hicks, V. Lesser, W.W. Taylor, M.C.
Fabrizio, D.B. Hayes and B.P. Baldigo. "Fish communities in lakes in sub-
region 26 (upper peninsula of Michigan) in relation to lake acidity Vol.
I." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989.
EPA/600/3-89/021a. PB 89 16AS. ERL-COR-537a.
Cusimano, R.F., J.P. Baker, W.J. Warren-Hicks, V. Lesser, W.W. Taylor, M.C.
Fabrizio, D.B. Hayes and B.P. Baldigo. "Fish communities in lakes in sub-
region 2B (upper peninsula of Michigan) in relation to lake acidity Vol.
II." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989.
EPA/600/3-89/021b. PB 89 161 848/AS. ERL-COR-537b.
Dassel, K.A. and J.O. Rawlings. "Experimental design strategy for the Weibull dose
response model." Environmental Pollution 53:333-349. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/248.
PB 89 144 992/AS. ERL-COR-8B6J.
David, M.B., M.J. Mitchell, D. Aldcorn and R.B. Harrison. "Analysis of sulfur in
soil, plant and sediment materials: sample handling and use of an automated
analyzer." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 21(1):119-123. 1989. P.J. Wigington,
Jr., project officer. ERL-COR-859JAP.
DeHaan, M.S. "Cubic spline smoothing: a useful tool for cure estimation." U.S. EPA,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1988. EPA/600/D-88/082.
PB 88 214 796/AS. ERL-COR-476.
Devanas, M.A. and G. Stotzky. "Survival of genetically engineered microbes in the
environment: effect of host/vector relationship." Developments in Industrial
Microbiology 29:287-296. 1988. EPA/600/D-88/109. PB 88 214 978/AS.
ERL-COR-492.
Drewes, C.D., M.J. Zoran and C. Callahan. "Sublethal neurotoxic effects of the
fungicide benomyl on earthworms Eisenia fetida." Pesticide Science
19:197-208. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/377. PB 88 251 798/AS. ERL-COR-626J.
-85-
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Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers and P.E. Kellar. "Characteristics of lakes
in mountainous areas of the western United States." Verh. Internat. Verein.
Limnol. fioL 23:144-151. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/240. PB 89 144 653/AS.
ERL-COR-732JAP.
Eilers, J.M., D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke and R.A. Linthurst. "Factors contributing
to differences in acid neutralizing capacity among lakes in the western
United States." 23rd Annual AWRA Conference and Symposium. November 1-6,
1987, Salt Lake City, UT. 1987. R. Lackey, project officer. EPA/600/D-87/309.
PB 88 112 156/AS (A02). ERL-COR-802DAP.
Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke and D.H. Landers. "Chemical and physical characteristics
of lakes in the upper midwest United States." Environmental Science and
Technology 22:164-172. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/157. PB 89 119 408/AS.
ERL-COR-739JAP.
Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers and W.S. Overton. "Chemistry of wilderness
lakes in the western United States." In: Proceedings of World Wilderness
Congress. September 14-18, 1987, Estes Park, CO. 1987. EPA/600/D-87/338. PB
88 132 105/AS A03. ERL-COR-838DAP.
Eilers, J.M., D.H. Landers and D.F. Brakke. "Chemical and physical characteristics
of lakes in the southeastern United States." Environmental Science and
Technology 22:172-177. 1988. ERL-COR-737JAP.
Eshleman, K.N. "Predicting regional episodic acidification of surface waters using
empirical techniques." Water Resources Research. 1988. ERL-COR-784JAP.
Eshleman, K.N. and P.R. Kaufmann. "Assessing the regional effects of sulfur
deposition on surface water chemistry: the Southern Blue Ridge." Environ-
mental Science and Technology 22(6):685-690. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/245. PB 89
145 064/AS. ERL-COR-801JAP.
Fairbrother, A. and J.K. Bennett. "The usefulness of cholinesterase measurements."
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24(3):587-590. 1987. ERL-COR-889misc.
Fairbrother, A., S.M. Meyers and R.S. Bennett. "Changes in mallard hen behaviors
in response to methyl parathion-induced illness of ducklings." Environ. Tox.
and Chemistry 7:499-503. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/300. PB89 '202 345/AS.
ERL-COR-803J.
t
Fairbrother, A. "Control of Baculoviruses." Stotzky and Vidaver, (eds). Classical
and Molecular Methods to Assess Environmental Applications of Microorganisms.
1988. ERL-COR-907D.
Fairbrother, A., R.S. Bennett and J.K. Bennett. "Sequential sampling of plasma
cholinesterase in mallards Anas platyrhynchos as an indicator of exposure
to cholinesterase inhibitors." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
8:117-122. 1989. ERL-COR-888J.
-86-
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Fernandez, I.J. and P.A. Koslan. "Soil air carbon dioxide concentrations in a New
England spruce-fir forest." Soil Science Society of America Journal
51:261-263. 1987. R. Lackey, project officer. EPA/600/J-87/043. PB 87 203
162/AS (A02). ERL-COR-676JAP.
Flagler, R.B., R.P. Patterson, A.S. Heagle and W.VI. Heck. "Ozone and soil moisture
deficit effects on nitrogen metabolism of soybean." Crop Science 27:1177-
1184. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/464. PB 89 144 398/AS. ERL-COR-678J.
Fletcher, J.S., A.M. Groeger and J.C. Me Farlane. "Metabolism of 2-chlorobiphenyl
by suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet Rose." Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 39:960-965. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/439. PB 88 251
439. ERL-COR-755J.
Fletcher, J., A. Groeger, J. McCirady and J. Me Farlane. "Polychlorbophenyl PCB
metabolism by plant cells,." Biotechnology Letters 9(11):817-820. 1987.
EPA/600/J-87/425. ERL-COR-830J.
Floyd, R.A., M.S. West, K.L. Eneff, W.E. Hogsett and D.T. Tingey. "Hydroxyl free
radical mediated formation of 8-hydroxyguanine in isolated DNA." Archives
of Biochemistry and Biophysics 262(1):266-272. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/225. PB
89 144 56: AS. ERL-COR-815J.
Fredrickson, J.K. and R.J. Seidler (eds). "Evaluation of terrestrial microcosms
for detection, fate and survival analysis of genetically engineered
microorganisms and their recombinant genetic material." U.S. EPA,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989. R. Seidler, project
officer. EPA/600/3-89/043. PB89 194 260/AS. ERL-COR-543.
Germann, P.F. "Macropores and Hydrologic Hillslope Processes." Chapter 9, M.G.
Anderson and T.P. Buit, (eds). Process Studies in Hillslope Hydrology. John
Wiley. 1988. ERL-COR-125J.
Greene, J.C., W.J. Warren, B.R. Parkhurst, G.L. Linder, C.L. Bartels, S.A. Peterson
and W.E. Miller. "Protocols for Short-Term Toxicity Screening of Hazardous
Waste Sites." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.
1988. EPA 600/3-88/029. PB 88 235 510/AS. ERL-COR-496.
Griffiths, R.P., C.L. Moyer, B.A. Caldwell, C. Ye and R.Y. Morita\ "Long-term
Starvation-induced Loss of Apparent Antibiotic Resistance in Cells Containing
the Plasmid pSa." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
OR. 1989. R.J. Seidler, project officer. EPA/600/3-89/059. PB89 214 415/AS.
ERL-COR-556.
Groeger, A. and J.S. Fletcher. "The influence of increasing chlorine content on
the accumulation and metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs by Paul's
Scarlet Rose cells." Plant Cell Reports 7:329-332. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/275.
PB89 197 685/AS. ERL-COR-924J.
Harker, A.R., R.H. Olsen and R.J. Seidler. "Phenoxyacetic acid degradation by the
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (TFD) pathway of plasmid pJP4: mapping and
characterization of the TFD regulatory gene, tfdR." Journal of Bacteriology
171(1):314-420. 1989. R.J. Seidler, project officer. ERL-COR-908J.
-87-
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Hazard, J.W. and B.E. Law. "Forest Survey Methods Used in the USDA Forest Service."
U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989. Roger
Blair, project officer. EPA/600/3-89/065. PB89 220 594/AS. ERL-COR-561.
Heagle, A.S., B. Flagler, R.P. Patterson, V.M. Lesser, S.R. Shafer and W.W. Heck.
"Injury and yield response of soybean to chronic doses of ozone and soil
moisture deficit." Crop Science 27:1016-1024. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/467. PB 89
144 422. ERL-COR-711J.
Heagle, A.S., J.E. Miller, M.W. Heck and R.P. Patterson. "Injury and yield response
of cotton to chronic doses of ozone and soil moisture deficit." Journal of
Environmental Quality 17(4):627-635. 1988. EPA/600/0-88/304. PB89 205 124/AS.
ERL-COR-835J.
Heagle, A.S., W.W. Heck, V.M. Lesser and J.O. Rawlings. "Effects of daily ozone
exposure duration and concentration fluctuation on yield of tobacco."
Phytopathology 77(6) ;856-862. 1987. D. Tingey, project officer. ERL-COR-610J.
Heck, W.W., O.C. Taylor and D.T. Tingey (eds). "Assessment of crop loss from air
pollutants." Proceedings International Conference, October 25-29, 1987,
Raleigh, NC. 1988. ERL-COR-515.
Heggestad, H.E., E.L. Anderson, T.J. Gish and E.H. Lee. "Effects of ozone and soil
water deficit on roots and shoots of field grown soybeans." Environmental
Pollution 50:259-278. 1988. ERL-COR-817J.
Henderson, S., A.B. Allen, B. Abbruzzese, M.E. Kentula and R.M. Hughes. "A method
for the selection of reference wetlands." In: Proceedings of the Society
of Wetland Scientists' Eighth Annual Meeting: Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems
of the American West. May 26-29, 1987, Seattle, WA. 1988. EPA/600/D-88/254.
PB 89 129 043/AS. ERL-COR-823D.
Henderson, S., R.K. Olson and R.F. Noss. "Current and potential losses of
biodiversity in forests of the Pacific coast states." 1989. Peter Beedlow,
project officer. ERL-COR-1014D.
Hendricks, C.W. and N. Pascoe. "Soil microbial biomass estimates using 2450 MHz
microwave irradiation." Plant and Soil 110:39-47. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/403.
PB90 103 185/AS. ERL-COR-773J.
Hendricks, C.W., E.A. Paul and P.O. Brooks. "Growth measurements of terrestrial
microbial species by a continuous-flow technique." Plant and Soil
101:189-195. 1987. ERL-COR-649J.
Hendricks, C.W. and A.N. Rhodes. "Effect of Chemicals on Soil Nitrifying
Populations Using a Continuous-flow Culture Technique." USEPA's Waste Testing
and Quality Assurance Symposium. July 24-28, 1989, Washington, DC. 1989.
Larry Kapustka, project officer. ERL-COR-1040D.
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Herdendorf, C.E. "The ecology of the coastal marshes of western Lake Erie: a
community profile." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S. FWS Biological
Report 857.9), U.S. Department of the Interior; Corps of Engineers, U.S.
Department of the Army; and U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory.
1987. E. Preston (EPA) and W. Duffy (FWS), project officer. PB 87 186 805/AS.
ERL-COR-416.
Hodges, S.C. "Aluminum speciation: a comparison of five methods." Soil Science
Society p_f America Journal 51:57-64. 1987. R. Wilhour, project officer.
EPA/600/J-87/057. PB 87 213 252/AS (A02). ERL-COR-584JAP.
Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey, G.E. Taylor, O.M. Olszyk and D.P. Ormond. "Air
Pollution exposure systems and experimental protocols, Vol. 1: A review and
evaluation of performance." 1987. 137 pp. EPA/600/3-87/037a. PB 88 181 680.
ERL-COR-437a.
Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey, G.E. Taylor, O.M. Olszyk and D.P. Ormond. "Air
pollution exposure systems and experimental protocols, Vol. 2: description
of facilities." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.
1987. 347 pp. EPA/600/3-87/037b. PB 88 181 698. ERL-COR-437b.
Hughes, R.M. and D.P. Larsen. "Ecoregions: an approach to surface water protec-
tion." Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 60(4):486-493. 1988.
EPA/600/J-88/224. PB 89 144 554/AS. ERL-COR-819J.
Hughes, R.M., E. Rexstad and C.E. Bond. "The relationship of aquatic ecoregions,
river basins and physiographic provinces to ichthyogeographic regions of
Oregon." Cooeia 2:423-432. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/375. ERL-COR-556.
Hughes, R.M. and J.R. Gammon. "Longitudinal changes in fish assemblages and water
quality in the Willamette River, Oregon." Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society 116(2):196-209. 1987. ERL-COR-638J.
Jacobs, L.W., G.A. O'Connor, M.A. Overcash, M.J. Zabek and P.T. Rygiewicz. "Effects
of trace organics in sewage sludges on soil-plant systems and assessing their
risk to humans." T.J. Logan and J.A. Ryan, (eds). Land Applications of
Municipal Sewage Sludges: Food Chain Implications. Chelsea, MI, Lewis
Publications. 1987. EPA/600/D-87/306. PB 88 113 469/AS (A02). ERL-COR-778D.
Jacobson, J., P. Irving, Al Kuja, D. Shriner, S. Perrigan and V. Cullinan. "A
collaborative effort to model plant response to acidic rain." Accepted in
Journal p_f the Air Pollution Control Association. 1988. ERL-COR-922J.
James, B.R. and S.J. Riha. "Forest soil organic horizon acidification: effects of
temperature, time, and solution/soil ratio." Soil Science Society of America
Journal 51(2):458-462. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/484. PB90 103 094/AS.
ERL-COR-641JAP.
Jenne, E.A., L.E. Eary, L.W. Vail, D.C. Girvin, A.M. Liebetrau, L.F. Hibler, T.B.
Miley and M.J. Monsour. "An evaluation and analysis of three dynamic water-
shed acidification codes (MAGIC, ETD and ILWAS)." U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989. EPA/600/3-89/045. PB89 006 388.
ERL-COR-538.
-89-
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Johnson, C.B., T.J. Sullivan and D.J. Blick. "Identifying lake populations: The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Eastern Lake Survey." Water Resources
Bulletin 25(3)-.565-572. 1989 June. ERL-COR-949J.
Kapustka, L. and G. Linder. "Hazardous Waste Site Characterization Utilizing in
situ and Laboratory Bioassessment Methods." In: Proceedings of Symposium:
Midwest Pollution Control Biologists Instream Biological Monitoring and
Criteria Workshop. February 14-17, 1989, Chicago, IL. 1989. ERL-COR-1020D.
Kaufmann, P., A. Herlihy, M. Mitch, A. Kinney, S. Christie, D. Brown, J. Elwood,
M. Sale, H. Jager, K. Cougan, 0. Peck, C. Hagley, S. Overton, J. Messer and
K. Reckhow. "Vol. I: Population descriptions & physico-chemical relation-
ships." Chemical characteristics of streams in the mid-Atlantic and
southeastern United States. 1988. EPA/600/3-88/021a. PB 89 119 606/AS.
ERL-COR-482.
Kaufmann, P., A. Herlihy, M. Mitch, A. Kinney, S. Christie, D. Brown, J. Elwood,
M. Sale, H. Jager, K. Cougan, D. Peck, C. Hagley, S. Overton, J. Messer and
K. Reckhow. "Vol. II: Streams sampled, descriptive statistics, & compendium
of physical and chemical data." Chemical Characteristics of Streams in the
Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. 1988. EPA/600/3-88/021b. PB89
119 614/AS. ERL-COR-482b.
Kendall, Ronald J., Larry W. Brewer, Thomas E. Lacher, Brad T. Marden and Michael
L. Whitten. "The Use of Starling Nest Boxes for Field Reproductive Studies:
Provisional Guidance Document and Technical Support Document." U.S. EPA,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989. R.S. Bennett, project
officer. EPA/600/8-89/056. PB89 195 028/AS. ERL-COR-545.
Kentula, M.E. "Does mitigation work? EPA's wetland research program is checking."
In: Proceedings of The Hillsborough Community College 14th Annual Conference
on Wetlands Restoration and Creation. 1987 May, Tampa, FL. 1987. E. Preston,
project officer. EPA/600/D-87/308. PB 88 112 149/AS(A02). ERL-COR-800D.
Kentula, M.E. "Wetland mitigation: research opportunities and needs." Country in
the City: Managing natural resources in the urban environment. 1988 February,
Portland, OR. 1988. ERL-COR-940D.
Kiester, A. R. "Background for the synthesis and integration of forest response
to atmospheric deposition." California Forest Response Program Planning
Conference, February 22-25, 1987, Asilomar,' CA. R. Blair, project officer.
ERL-COR-775DAP.
Kiester, A. R. "Future challenges for air pollution and forest ecosystem research
in the west." 1989. ERL-COR-1026D.
Kiester, A. R. "Process modeling of tree and forest growth: Current perspectives
and future needs." Symposium Vol.: R.K. Dixon et al., Forest Growth: Process
Modeling of Response to Environmental Stress. 1989. Roger Blair, project
officer. ERL-COR-1005D.
-90-
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Kiester, A. R. "The role of models in the forest response program." In: Proceed-
ings of 1987 IUFRO Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference. August
24-28, 1986, Minneapolis, MN. 1987. EPA/600/D-87/334. PB 88 130 281/AS A03.
ERL-COR-828DAP.
Kilkelly Environmental Association. "Workshop Summary Report: Water Quality
Criteria to Protect Wildlife Resources." In: Proceedings of workshop: Water
Quality Criteria to Protect Wildlife Resources. November 1-3, 1988,
Beaverton, OR. 1989. Bill Williams, project officer. EPA/600/3-89/067. PB89
220 016/AS. ERL-COR-560.
King, D.A., A.S. Heagle and R.B. Flagler. "Evaluation of an ozone x moisture stress
interaction model for soybean." Ecological Modelling 41:269-279. 1988.
EPA/600/J-88/257. PB 89 143 754/AS. ERL-COR-704J.
King, D.A. "A model for predicting the Influence of moisture stress on crop losses
caused by ozone." Ecological Modelling 35:29-44. 1987. Jan. D. Tingey,
project officer. EPA/600/J-87/077. PB 88 102 983/AS A02. ERL-COR-467J.
King, D.A. "Modeling the impact of ozone and drought interactions on regional crop
yields." Environmental Pollution 53:351-364. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/221. PB 89
144 505/AS. ERL-COR-836J.
King, D.A. and W.L. Nelson. "Assessing the impacts of soil moisture stress on
regional soybean yield and its sensitivity to ozone." Agriculture,
Ecosystems, and Environment 20:23-35. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/469. PB 89 144
430/AS. ERL-COR-580J.
Knittel, M.D. and A. Fairbrother. "Effects of temperature and pH on survival of
free nuclear polyhidrosis virus of Autographa californica." Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 53(12):2771-2773. 1987. ERL-COR-728J.
Kohut, R.J., R.G. Amundson and J.A. Laurence. "Effects of ozone and sulfur dioxide
on yield of red clover and timothy." Journal of Environmental Quality
17(4):580-585. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/400. PB90 100 611/AS. ERL-COR-688J.
Kohut, R.J., J.A. Laurence and L.J. Colavito. "The influence of ozone exposure
dynamics on the growth and yield of kidney bean." Environmental Pollution
53:79-88. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/247. PB 89 145 015/AS. ERL-COR-884J.
Krasovsky, V.N. and G. Stotzky. "Conjugation and genetic recombination in
Escherichia coli in sterile and nonsterile soil." Soil Biol. Biochem.
19(5):631-638. 1987. ERL-COR-896J.
Krug, W.R., W.A. Gebert, D.J. Graczyk, D. Stevens, B.P. Rochelle and M.R. Church.
"Runoff map for the northeastern southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States
for water years 1951-80." 1988. ERL-COR-472.
Kusler, J.A., M. Quammen and G. Brooks (eds). "Mitigation of Impacts and Losses."
Proceedings of the National Wetland Symposium. 1988. EPA/600/9-88/014. PB
88 223 797/AS. ERL-COR-457..
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Lackey, R.T. "Environmental Research Laboratory- -Corvall is." Laboratories of the
United States. Published by American Fisheries Society. 1989. ERL-COR-1043D.
Lammers, D.A., D.L. Cassell and J.J. Lee. "Field operations and quality
assurance/quality control for direct/delayed response project soil mapping
activities in the northeast region." 1987. 140 pp. EPA/600/3-87/017. PB 88
171 301. ERL-COR-406AP.
Lammers, D.A., D.L. Cassell, J.J. Lee, W.G. Campbell and M.G. Johnson. "Field
operations and quality assurance/quality control for direct/delayed response
project soil mapping activities in the Southern Blue Ridge Region." 1987.
EPA/600/3-88/106. PB 88 195 722/AS. ERL-COR-454AP.
Landers, D.H., J.M. Eilers, D.F. Brakke and P.E. Kellar. "Characteristics of acidic
lakes in the eastern United States." Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. gd-
23:152-162. 1988. EPA/600/ J -88/232. PB 89 144 646/AS. ERL-COR-734JAP.
Landers, D.H., W.S. Overton, R.A. Linthurst and D.F. Brakke. "Eastern lake survey:
regional estimates of lake chemistry." Environmental Science and Technology
22:128-135. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/241. PB 89 144 661. ERL-COR-730JAP.
Larsen, D.P., D.R. Dudley and R.M. Hughes. "An approach for assessing attainable
water quality: Ohio as a case study." Journal p_f Soil and Water Conservation
1988. EPA/600/J-88/401. PB90 100 626/AS. ERL-COR-681J.
Lee, E.H., D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. "Evaluation of ozone exposure indices in
exposure-response modeling." Journal of Environmental Pollution 53:43-62.
1988. EPA/600/J-88/244. PB 89 145 049/AS. ERL-COR-798J.
Lee, E.H., D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. "Evaluation of ozone exposure indices for
relating exposure to plant production and for estimating agricultural
losses." 1988. EPA/600/3-88/039. PB 89 118 350/AS. ERL-COR-518.
Lee, E.H., D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. "Interrelation of Experimental Exposure
and Ambient Air Quality Data for Comparison of Ozone Exposure Indices and
Estimating Agricultural Losses." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvall is, OR. 1989. D. Tingey, project officer. EPA/600/3-89/047. PB89 195
036/AS. ERL-COR-546.
i
Lee, J.J., D.A. Lammers, D. Stevens, K. Thornton and K. Wheeler. "Classifying soils
for acidic deposition aquatic effects: A scheme for the northeast U.S." Soil
Sc_L Soc^ Anu jL 53:1153-1162. 1989. EPA/600/ J-89/. ERL-COR-935J.
Lee, J., D. Lammers, M. Johnson, R. Church, D. Stevens, D. Coffey, R. Turner, Louis
Blume, L. Liegel and R. Holdren. "Watershed surveys to support an assessment
of the regional effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry."
Environmental Management 13(1):95-108. 1989. M.R. Church, project officer.
ERL-COR-854JAP.
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Lee, J., D. Marmorek, K. Thornton, D. Stevens and D. Lammers (compilers).
"Direct/Delayed Response Project: Definition of sampling classes and
selection of sampling sites for the northeast." U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989. M.R. Church, project officer.
EPA/600/3-89/041. PB89 198 246/AS. ERL-COR-357/AP.
Lefohn, A.S., C.E. Davis, C.K. Jones, D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. "Co-occurrence
patterns of gaseous air pollutant pairs at different minimum concentrations
in the United States." Atmospheric Environment 21(11):2435-2444. 1987.
EPA/600/J-87/466. PB 89 144 414/AS. ERL-COR-707J.
Lefohn, A.S., C.E. Davis, C.K. Jones, D.T. Tingey and W.E. Hogsett. "Reply to B.A.
Marie and D.P. Ormrod comments about the article 'Co-occurrence patterns of
gaseous air pollutant pairs at different minimum concentrations in the United
States'". Atmospheric Environment 22;1243. 1987. ERL-COR-849J.
Lefohn, A.S., H.P. Knudsen, J.A. Logan, J. Simpson and C. Bhumralkar. "An
evaluation of. the Kriging Method to predict 7-h seasonal mean ozone
concentrations for estimating crop losses." JAPCA 37(5):595-602. 1987.
EPA/600/J-87/465. PB89 144 406/AS. ERL-COR-687J.
Lefohn, A.S., H.P. Knudsen and L.R. McEvoy. "The use of kriging to estimate monthly
ozone exposure parameters for the southeastern United States." Environmental
Pollution 53:27-42. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/249. PB 89 145 007/AS. ERL-COR-887J.
Lefohn, A.S., W.E. Hogsett and D.T. Tingey. "The development of sulfur dioxide and
ozone rural exposure profiles that mimic ambient conditions in the
southeastern United States." Atmospheric Environment 21(3):659-669. 1987.
EPA/600/J-87/376. PB 88 251 848/AS. ERL-COR-613J.
Levin, M.A., R. Seidler, A.W. Borquin, J.R. Fowle, III and T. Barkay. "EPA
developing methods to assess environmental release." Biotechnology 5:38-45.
1987 Jan.
Lighthart, B. "Some changes in gut bacterial flora of field-grown Peridroma saucia
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae when brought into the laboratory." Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 54(71:1896-1898. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/398. PB90 100
595/AS. ERL-COR-654J.
Lighthart, B. and A.J. Mohr. "Estimating downwind concentrations of viable airborne
microorganisms in dynamic atmospheric conditions." Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 53(7):1580-1583. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/458. PB 89 134 639/AS.
ERL-COR-643J.
Lighthart, B., D. Sewall and D.R. Thomas. "Effect of several stress factors on the
susceptibility of the predatory mite, Metaseiulus occidental is Acari:
Phytoseiidae, to the weak bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens." Journal
of Invertebrate Pathology 52:33-42. 1988. ERL-COR-818J.
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Linder, G., M. Bo11man, W. Baune, K. DeWhitt, J. Miller, J. Nwosu, S. Smith, D.
Wilborn, C. Bartels, J. Green and L.A. Kapustka. "Toxicity Evaluations for
Hazardous Waste Sites: An Ecological Assessment Perspective." Fifth Annual
Waste Testing and Quality Assurance Symposium, July 24-28, 1989, Washington,
DC. 1989. L.A. Kapustka, project officer. ERL-COR-1037D.
Lindow, S.E., G.R. Knudsen, R.J. Seidler, M.V. Walter, V.W. Lambou, P.S. Amy, D.
Schmedding, V. Prince and S. Hern. "Aerial dispersal and epiphytic survival
of Pseudomonas syringae during a pretest for the release of genetically
engineered strains Into the environment." Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 54(6):1557-1563. 1988. ERL-COR-846J.
Lindstrom, F.T., D.E. Cawlfield and L. Boersma. "CTSPAC: mathematical model for
coupled transport of water, solutes and heat in the soil-piant-atmosphere
continuum: Vol. 1." Mathematical theory and transport concepts. 1988.
EPA/600/3-88/030. PB 88 238 316/AS. ERL-COR-505.
Link, S.O., R.J. Fellows, D.A. Cataldo., J.G. Droppo and P. Van Voris. "Estimation
of an aerial deposition and foliar uptake of xenobiotics: assessment of
current models." Corvallis, OR, Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories (PNL-6173) and U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory.
1987. J. Me Farlane, project officer. EPA/300/3-87/050. ERL-COR-439.
Maguire, C.C. and B.A. Williams. "Cold stress and acute organophosphorus exposure:
interaction effects on juvenile northern bobwhite." Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol 16:477-481. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/378. PB 88 251 814/AS. ERL-COR-627J.
Maguire, C.C. and Bill A. Williams. "Response of thermal stressed bobwhite to
organophosphorus exposure." Environmental Pollution 47:25-39. 1987.
EPA/600/J-87/470. PB89 197 750/AS. ERL-COR-974J.
Marmorek, D.R., D.P. Bernard, M.L. Jones, L.P. Rattie and T.J. Sullivan. "The
effects of mineral acid deposition on concentrations of dissolved organic
acids in surface waters." 1988. EPA/600/3-88/022. PB 88 235 528/AS.
ERL-COR-500AP.
Marx, D., et al. "Southern forest atlas project—atmospheric deposition, weather,
soils, tree distribution, and pest-fire." Printed and distributed by USDA
FS. 1988. ERL-COR-920Atlas.
Mast, M.A. and J.I. Drever. "The effects of oxalate on the dissolution rates of
oligoclase and tremolite." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51:2559-2568.
1987. EPA/600/J-87/462. PB 89 134 787/AS. ERL-COR-897J.
Me Farlane, C. "Uptake of organic contaminants by plants." In: Proceedings of
EPA/ORNL Workshop on risk assessment for municipal waste combustion:
Deposition, food chain impacts, uncertainty and research needs. 1989.
ERL-COR-1057D.
Me Farlane, C., C. Nolt, C. Wickliff, T. Pfleeger, R. Shimabuku and M. McDowell.
"The uptake, distribution, and metabolism of four organic chemicals by
soybean plants and barlet roots." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
6:847-856. 1987. ERL-COR-669J.
-94-
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Me Farlane, J.C. and T. Pfleeger. "Plant exposure chambers for study of toxic
chemical-pi ant interactions." Journal of Environmental Quality 16(41:361-371.
1987. EPA/600/J-87/459. PB 89 134 753/AS. ERL-COR-725J.
Me Farlane, J.C., T. Pfleeger and J. Fletcher. "Transpiration effect on the uptake
and distribution of bromaci'l, nitrobenzene and phenol in soybean plants."
Journal of Environmental Quality 16(4):372-376. 1987. ERL-COR-727J.
McCrady, J.K., C. Me Farlane and F.T. Lindstrom. "The transport and affinity of
substituted benzenes in soybean stems." Journal fif Experimental Botany
38(196):1875-1890. 1987. ERL-COR-710J.
Mclaughlin, D.J. Dowing, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvick, L.K.
Mann and T.W. Doyle. "FORAST DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (Computer Tape)." 1988.
EPA/600/3-87/029b. PB 88 223 631/AS. ERL-COR-380APb. EPA/DF/MT-88/054.
Mclaughlin, D.J. Dowing, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvick, L.K.
Mann and T.W. Doyle. "FORAST DATABASE DOCUMENTATION." 1988. EPA/600/
3-87/029a. PB 88 223 649/AS. ERL-COR-380APa. EPA/DF/MT-88/054a.
Meehan, R. and J.R. Nickles. "Oil development in northern Alaska—a guide to the
effects of gravel placement on wetlands and waterbirds." 1988.
EPA/600/3-88/024. PB 88 224 407/AS. ERL-COR-501.
Messer, J.J., C.W. Ariss, J.R. Baker, S.E. Drouse, K.N. Eshleman, A.J. Kinney, W.S.
Overton, M.J. Sale and R.D. Schonbrod. "Stream chemistry in the southern Blue
Ridge: feasibility of a regional synpotic sampling approach." Water Resources
Bulletin 24(4):821-829. 1988. ERL-COR-776JAP.
Miller, D.L., P.M. Leonard, R.M. Hughes, J.R. Karr, P.B. Moyle, L.H. Schrader, B.A.
Thompson, R.A. Daniels, K.D. Fausch, G.A. Fitzhugh, J.R. Gammon, D.B.
Halliwell, P.L. Angermeier and D.J. Orth. "Regional applications of an index
of biotic integrity for use in water resource management." Fisheries
13(5):12-20. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/303. PB89 202 378/AS. ERL-COR-827J.
Miller, J.E., R.P. Patterson, A.S. Heagle, W.A. Pursley and W.W. Heck. "Growth of
cotton under chronic ozone stress at two levels of soil moisture." Journal
of Environmental Quality 17(4):635-643. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/305. PB89 202
386/AS. ERL-COR-903J.
Mortenson, D.C. "Geographic Information System Documentation of Watershed Data for
Direct/Delayed Response Project." 1989. M.R. Church, project officer.
EPA/600/3-89/001. PB89 222 483. ERL-COR-519.
Mortenson, D.C. "Geographic Information System Documentation of Watershed Data for
Direct/Delayed Response Project (Project Summary)." 1989. M.R. Church,
project officer. EPA/600/S-89/001. ERL-COR-519S.
Mortenson, D.C. "Geographic Information System Documentation of Watershed Data for
Direct/Delayed Response Project--Southern Blue Ridge Province Database."
1989. M.R. Church, project officer. EPA/600/3-89/002. PB89 219 539.
ERL-COR-535.
-95-
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Mortenson, D.C. "Geographic Information System Documentation of Watershed Data for
Direct/Delayed Response Project-- outhern Blue Ridge Province Database
(Project Summary)." 1989. M.R. Church, project officer. EPA/600/S-89/002.
ERL-COR-535S.
Murali, N.S., A.M. Teramura and S.K. Randall. "Response differences between two
soybean cultivars with contrasting UV-B radiation sensitivities."
Photochemistry and Photobioloav 48(51:653-657. 1988. R. T. Lackey, project
officer. ERL-COR-927J.
Murphy, T.A. "Design and management of research projects." In: Proceedings of
U.S./Malayasian Seminar on R&D Management. 1987. EPA/600/D-87/263. PB 88 106
380/AS (A02). ERL-COR-721D.
NAPAP Forest Response Program Ecological quality assurance workshop, 1988.
EPA/600/9-88/020. PB 89 118 699/AS. ERL-COR-512.
Nebeker, A.V., W.L.~ Griffis, C.M. Wise, E. Hopkins and J.A. Barbitta. "Survival,
reproduction and bioconcentration in invertebrates and fish exposed to
hexachlorobenzene." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8:601-611. 1989.
ERL-COR-839J.
Nebeker, A.V. and C.E. Miller. "Use of the amphipod crustacean hyalella azteca in
freshwater and estuarine sediment toxicity tests." Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 7:1027-1033. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/299. PB89 202 337/AS.
ERL-COR-799J.
Nebeker, A.V., S.T. Onjukka and M.A. Cairns. "Chronic effects of contaminated
sediment on Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans." Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 41:574-581. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/242. PB 89 145
023/AS. ERL-COR-582J.
Neilson, R., G. King, R. DeVelice, J. Lenihan, D. Marks, J. Dolph, B. Campbell and
G. Glick. "Sensitivities of Ecological Landscapes and Regions to Global
Climate Change." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.
1989. Peter A. Beedlow, project officer. ERL-COR-571.
Newell, A.D. "Predicting spring lake chemistry from fall samples." In: Proceedings
of The International Conference on Acid Rain, Sept 1-3, 1987, Lisbon. 1987.
EPA/600/D-87/265. PB 88 106 356/AS (A02). ERL-COR-771DAP.
Nix, J.F., K.W. Thornton, D.E. Ford and J. Malcolm. "Storm event sampling of two
low alkalinity southwestern Arkansas streams." U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1988. EPA/600/3-88/023. PB 88 225 107/AS.
ERL-COR-499D.
Olem, H. and P.M. Berthouex. "Acidic deposition and cistern drinking water
supplies." Environmental Science and Technology 23(3):333-340. 1989. C.
Powers, project officer. ERL-COR-753JAP.
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Olson, R. (project manager). "Western conifers research cooperative 1987 Research
Plan." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1987.
EPA/600/3-87/028. PB 87 227 641 AS (A05). ERL-COR-408AP.
Omernik, J.M. "Ecoregions of the southeast states (Map)." U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1987. EPA/600/D-87/314. ERL-COR-796M.
Omernik, J.J. "Ecoregions of the northeast states (Map)." U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1987. EPA/600/D-87/313. ERL-COR-794M.
Omernik, J. "Ecoregions of the conterminous United States." Annals of the
Association of American Geographers 77(11:118-125. 1987 Mar. ERL-COR-578J.
Omernik, J.M. and A.M. Gallant. "Ecoregions of the south central states (w/Map)."
U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1987.
EPA/600/D-87/315. ERL-COR-792M.
Omernik, J.M. and A.M. Gallant. "Ecoregions of the west central states (w/Map)."
U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1987.
EPA/600/D-87/317. ERL-COR-793M.
Omernik, J.M. and A.M. Gallant. "Ecoregions of the southwest states (w/Map)." U.S.
EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1987.
EPA/600/D-87/316. ERL-COR-795M.
Omernik, J.M. and A.M. Gallant. "Ecoregions of the upper midwest states." U.S. EPA,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1988. EPA/600/3-88/037.
ERL-COR-943MAP.
Omernik, J.M., C.M. Rohm, S.E. Clarke and D.P. Larsen. "Summer total phosphorus
in lakes: a map of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan." Environmental
Management 12(6):815-825. 1988. ERL-COR-851J.
Peterson, S.A., J.C. Greene, W.E. Miller and D.C. Wilborn. "Bio-activity
differences of water and sodium acetate eluate from municipal and industrial
wastes." Third Annual EPA Solid Waste Testing and Quality Assurance
Symposium, July 13-17, 1987. 1987. ERL-COR-777D. Not sold by NTIS.
Porter, P.M., W.L. Banwart, J.J. Hassett and R.L. Finke. "Effects of simulated acid
rain on yield response of two soybean cultivars." Journal of Environmental
Quality 16(4):433-437. 1987. EPA/600/J"-87/485. PB90 103 102/AS.
ERL-COR-746JAP.
Preston, E.M. and B.L. Bedford. "Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland
functions: a conceptual overview and generic framework." Environmental
Management 12(5):565-584. 1988. ERL-COR-861J.
Preston, E.M. and D.T. Tingey. "The NCLAN program for crop loss assessment."
Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants. 1988. ERL-COR-855J.
Rafii, F. and D.L. Crawford. "Transfer of conjugative plasmids and mobilization
of a nonconjugative plasmid between streptomyces strains on agar and in
soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(6):1334-1340. 1988.
ERL-COR-882J.
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Rappaport, L. "Rapid assays of plant responses to herbicide treatment." 1988. 36
pp. EPA 600/3-88/005. PB 88 158 050. ERL-COR-257.
Ratsch, H.C. and D. Johndro. "The influence of two culturing techniques on toxicity
of four chemicals in Arabidopsis." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
9:155-168. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/453. RB 89 130 371/AS. ERL-COR-618J.
Rawlings, J.O., V.M. Lesser, A.S. Heagle and W.W. Heck. "Alternative ozone dose
metrics to characterize ozone impact on crop yield loss." Journal of
Environmental Quality 17(21:285-291. 1988. ERL-COR-904J.
Reams, G.A. and R.K. Olson. "Regional Growth Trends of Three Western Conifers as
Related to Ozone." 1989. ERL-COR-1019D.
Reckhow, K.H. "A comparison of robust Bayes and classical estimators for regional
lake models of fish response to acidification." Water Resources Research
24(7):1061-1068. ERL-COR-791JAP.
Reckhow, K.H. "Robust Bayes models of fish response to lake acidification." In:
Proceedings of IAWPRC International Symposium: Systems Analysis in Water
Quality Management. 1987. EPA/600/D-88/277. PB 89 142 657/AS. ERL-COR-761JAP.
Reed, M.A. and R.J. Stolzberg. "Direct determination of arsenite by differential
pulse polarography in the presence of lead(II) and thallium(I)." Analytical
Chemistry 59(3). 1987. J. McCarty, project officer. ERL-COR-780J.
Riitters, K.H. "Process models for monitoring forest health." In: Proceedings of
IUFRO Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference, August 24-28, 1987,
Minneapolis, MN. 1987. Roger Blair, project officer. EPA/600/D-87/307. PB
88 113 675/AS (A02). ERL-COR-797DAP.
Rochelle, B.P. and M.R. Church. "Regional patterns of sulfur retention in watershed
of the eastern U.S." Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 36:61-73. 1987.
ERL-COR-705JAP.
Rochelle, B.P., M.R. Church and M.B. David. "Sulfur retention at intensively
studied sites in the U.S. and Canada." Water. Air, and Soil Pollution
33:73-83. 1987 Mar. ERL-COR-636JAP.
Rochelle, B.P., D.L. Stevens and M.R. Church. "Uncertainty analysis of runoff
estimates from a runoff contour map." Water Resources Bulletin 25(3):491-498.
1989 Jun. ERL-COR-898J.
Rohm, C.M., J.W. Giese and C.C. Bennett. "Evaluation of an aquatic ecoregion
classification of streams in Arkansas." Journal p_f Freshwater Ecology
4(1):127-140. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/168. PB 88 158 845/AS. ERL-COR-708J.
Rygiewicz, P.T., S.L. Miller and D.M. Durall. "A rpot-mycocosm for growing
ectomycorrhizal hyphae apart from host roots while maintaining symbiotic
integrity." Plant and Soil 109:281-284. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/233. PB 89 142
715/AS. ERL-COR-772J.
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Schuytema, G.S., D.F. Krawczyk, W.L. Grlffis, A.V. Nebeker, M.L. Robideaux, B.J.
Brownawell and J.C. Westall. "Comparative uptake of hexachlorobenzene by
fathead minnows, amphipods and oligochaete worms from water and sediment."
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7:1035-1045. 1988. ERL-COR-829J.
Seidler, R.J. and S. Hern. "Special report: release of ice minus recombinant
bacteria." 1988. EPA/600/3-88/060. PB 89 138 465/AS. ERL-COR-473.
Sewall, O.K. and B. Lighthart. "Standard practice for conducting fungal
pathogenicity tests on the predatory mite, Metaseiulus occidental is
(Arcarina: Phytoseiidae)." Corvallis, OR, U.S. EPA Environmental Research
Laboratory. 1988. EPA/600/3-89/046. PB89 198 295/AS. ERL-COR-525.
Shaffer, P.W., R.P. Hooper, K.N. Eshleman and M.R. Church. "Watershed versus
in-lake alkalinity generation: a comparison of rates using input-output
studies." Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 39:263-273. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/402.
PB90 100 637/AS. ERL-COR-760JAP.
Shirazi, M. A., R.S. Bennett and L.C. Lowrie. "An approach to environmental risk
assessment using avian toxicity tests." Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 26:263-271. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/258. PB 89 143
747/AS. ERL-COR-706J.
Shirazi, M.A., L. Boersma and J.W. Hart. "A unifying quantitative analysis on soil
texture: improvement of precision and extension of scale." Soil Science
Society of America 52(1):181-190. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/081. PB 88 249 875/AS.
ERL-COR-670J.
Shirazi, M.A. and L. Lowrie. "An approach for integration of toxicological data."
Special Technical Publication 971 1988. American Society for Testing and
Materials. 1988. EPA/600/D-88/253. PB 89 129 472/AS. ERL-COR-635D.
Shirazi, M.A. and L. Lowrie. "Comparative toxicity based on similar asymptotic
endpoints." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
17:273-280. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/243. PB 89 145 031/AS. ERL-COR-726J.
Skelly, J.M. and et al. (eds). "Diagnosing injury to eastern forest trees."
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Forest Response Program,
Vegetaton Survey Research Cooperative, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, and Pennsylvania State University, College of 'Agriculture,
University Park. 1987. R. Blair, project officer. ERL-COR-435AP. Not sold
by NTIS.
Spruill, S.E., V.M. Lesser, M.C. Somerville and J.O. Rawlings. "Methods used for
managing and analyzing the data stored in the NCLAN data library." Environ-
mental Pollution 53:462-465. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/274. PB89 197 719/AS.
ERL-COR-947J.
Stotzky, G. "Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes, growth,
adhesion, and ecology of microbes and viruses." Soil Science Society of
America Interactions of Soil Minerals with Natural Organics and Microbes
Spec. Publ. #171987. EPA/600/D-88/161. PB 88 237 946/AS. ERL-COR-899J.
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Stotzky, G., M.A. Devanas and L.R. Zeph. "Behavior of genetically engineered
microbes in natural environments and their potential use in in situ
reclamation of contaminated sites." 1988. EPA/600/D-88/108. PB 88 214 960/AS.
ERL-COR-493.
Stotzky, G., M. Devanas and L. Zeph. "Methods for Studying Bacterial Gene Transfer
in Soil by Conjugation and Transduction." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989. R.J. Seidler, project officer.
EPA/600/3-89/042. PB89 195 044/AS. ERL-COR-552.
Sullivan, T.J., C.T. Driscoll, S.A. Gherini, R.K. Munson, R.B. Cook, D.F. Charles
and C.P. Yatsko. "Influence of aqueous aluminium and organic acids on
measurement of acid neutralizing capacity in surface waters." Nature 338
(6214):408-410. 1989. D.H. Landers, project officer. ERL-COR-936J.
Sullivan, T.J., J.M. Eilers, M.R. Church, D.J. Blick, K.N. Eshleman, D.H. Landers
and M.S. DeHaan. "Atmospheric wet sulphate deposition and lakewater
chemistry." Nature 331(6157):607-609. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/235. PB 89 142
723/AS. ERL-COR-786JAP.
Sullivan, Timothy J., Charles T. Driscoll, Joseph M. Eilers and Dixon H. Landers.
"Evaluation of the role of sea salt inputs in the long-term acidification
of coastal New England lakes." Environmental Science and Technology
22:185-190. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/234. PB 89 144 679/AS. ERL-COR-726JAP.
Temple, P.J., L.F. Benoit, R.W. Lennox, C.A. Reagan and O.C. Taylor. "Combined
effects of ozone and water stress on alfalfa growth and yield." Journal of
Environmental Quality 17(1):108-113. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/256. PB 89 144
976/AS. ERL-COR-661J.
Temple, P.O., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox and K. Rohr. "Injury and yield responses
of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone." Agronomy Journal 80:751-755.
1988. EPA/600/J-88/223. PB 89 144 521/AS. ERL-COR-821J.
Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox and K. Rohr. "Physiological and growth
responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone." Environmental
Pollution 53:255-263. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/222. PB 89 144 513/AS. ERL-COR-822J.
Temple, P.J. and L.F. Benoit. "Effects of ozone and water stress on canopy
temperature, water use, and water use efficiency of alfalfa." Agronomy
Journal 80:439-447. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/122. PB 88 251 756/AS. ERL-COR-738J.
Teramura, A.M. and J.H. Sullivan. "Mechanisms of plant resistance to increased
solar ultraviolet-B radiation." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, OR. 1988. EPA 600/3-88/019. PB 88-218 987/AS. ERL-COR-477.
Theiling, K.M. and B.A. Croft. "Pesticide side-effects on arthropod natural
enemies: a data base summary." Agriculture. Ecosystems & Environment
21:191-218. 1988. ERL-COR-958J.
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Thornton, K., J.P. Baker, D. Marmorek, D. Bernard, M.L. Jones, P.J. McNamee, C.
Wedeles and K.M. Eshleman. "Episodic Response Project Research Plan." 1988.
EPA/600/3-88/059. PB 89 138 861/AS. ERL-COR-470.
Tingey, D.T., R. Evans, E.H. Bates and M.L. Gumpertz. "Isoprene emissions and
photosynthesis in three ferns: The influence of light and temperature."
Phvsoloqia Plantarum 69:609-616. 1987. EPA/600/J-87/463. PB 89 144 380/AS.
ERL-COR-659J.
Tingey, D. "Bioindicators in air pollution research—applications and constraints."
U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1988. EPA
600/D-88/116. PB 88 214 770/AS. ERL-COR-487.
Tingey, D., W. Hogsett and E.H. Lee. "Analysis of crop loss for alternative ozone
exposure indices." 1988. EPA/600/D-88/118. PB 88 214 788/AS. ERL-COR-494.
Tingey, D., W. Hogsett and E.H. Lee. "Analysis of crop loss for alternative ozone
exposure indices." 3rd US-Dutch International Symposium-Atmospheric Ozone
Research and its Policy Implications, May 9-13, 1988, The Netherlands,
Elsevier Science Publ. 1988. EPA/600/D-88/118. PB 88 214 788/AS. ERL-COR-494.
Tingey, D.T., t.J. Moser, D.F. Zirkle and M.D. Snow. "A plant cultural system for
monitoring evapotranspiration and physiological responses under field
conditions." In: Proceedings of International Conference Measurement of Soil
and Plant Water Status, July 6-10, 1987, Logan, UT. 1987. EPA/600/D-87/264.
PB 88 106 349/AS (A02). ERL-COR-766D.
van der Valk, A.G. (ed). Northern prairie wetland. Iowa State University Press.
1989. ERL-COR-471.
Vong, R.J., S. Cline and G. Reams. "Regional Analysis of Wet Deposition for Effects
Research." 1989. Roger Blair, project officer. EPA/600/3-89/030. PB89 181
218/AS. ERL-COR-547.
Vozzo, S.F., J.E. Miller, A.S. Heagle and W.A. Pursley. "Effects of ozone and water
stress on net photosynthetic rate of field grown soybean leaves."
Environmental Pollution 53:471-473. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/273. PB89 197 727/AS.
ERL-COR-946J.
Walker, D.A., P.J. Webber, E.F, Binnian, K.R. Everett, N.D. Lederer, E.A.
Nordstrand and M.D. Walker. "Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern
Alaskan landscapes." Science 238:757-761. 1987. ERL-COR-858J.
Walter, M.V., K. Barbour, M. McDowell and R.J. Seidler. "A method to evaluate
survival of genetically engineered bacteria in soil extracts." Current
Microbiology 15:193-197. 1987. ERL-COR-697J.
Walter, M., A. Porteous and R. Seidler. "Measuring genetic stability in bacteria
of potential use in genetic engineering." Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 53(1):105-109. 1987 Jan. ERL-COR-650J.
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Warren-Hicks, W., B.R. Parkhurst and S.S. Baker, Jr. "Ecological Assessment of
Hazardous Waste Sites: A Field and Laboratory Reference." U.S. EPA,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. 1989. 301 pp. C.W.
Hendricks, project officer. EPA/600/3-89/013. PB89 205 967. ERL-COR-539.
Watts, R.R., R.J. Drago, R.6. Merrill, R.W. Williams, E. Perry and J. Lewtas. "Wood
smoke impacted air: mutagenicity and chemical analysis of ambient air in a
residential area of Juneau, Alaska." Journal fif Air Pollution Control
Association 38(5):652-660. 1988. EPA/600/J-88/298. PB89 110 639.
ERL-COR-781J.
Weiner, J.G. and J.M. Eilers. "Chemical and biological status of lakes and streams
in the upper midwest: assessment of acidic deposition effects." Lake and
Reservoir Management 3:365-378. 1987. EPA/600/D-88/271. PB 89 132 716/AS.
ERL-COR-751DAP.
Westall, J., B. Brownawell, R. Hilburn and G. Schuytema. "The design of laboratory
systems for controlling the activity of moderately volatile organic
compounds: A design manual." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, OR. 1987. S. Peterson, project officer. EPA/600/3-87/030. PB 87
231 759/AS (A04). ERL-COR-428.
Whittier, T.R. and W. Davis. "Report of the national workshop on instream
biological monitoring criteria." December 2-4, 1987, Lincolnwood, IL. 1988.
EPA/600/9-88/016. PB 88 245 964. ERL-COR-609J.
Whittier, T.R. and D.P. Larsen. "The Ohio stream regionalization project: a
compendium of results." U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
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Woodward, D.F., E. Snyder-Conn, R.G. Riley and T.G. Garland. "Drilling fluids and
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