United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Corvallis Environmental
Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon 97333
QUARTERLY
RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT
April 1, 1989 - June 30, 1989
-------
QUARTERLY
RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT
April 1, 1989 - June 30, 1989
THIS RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT, COVERING THE PERIOD APRIL 1 THROUGH
JUNE 30, 1989, SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT STATUS or ALL ACTIVE PROJECTS
AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY--CORVALLIS.
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR WOULD LIKE MORE INFORMATION, FEEL FREE TO
CONTACT EITHER THE MANAGER LISTED AT THE END OF EACH PROJECT DESCRIP-
TION OR THE LABORATORY DIRECTOR. FOR THOSE WHO USE A COMMERCIAL
LINE, DIAL (503) 757- AND THE 4-DIGIT EXTENSION OF THE PROJECT
MANAGER. THE MAIN TELEPHONE NUMBER OF THE LABORATORY COMPLEX IS
(503) 757-4600.
-------
CONTENTS
Page
Air Pollution Effects
Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops 1
Assessment of Ozone Impacts on Forests 3
Water Quality
Wetlands Research on Mitigation and Cumulative Effects of Loss 5
Regional Integration Project (Ecoregions) 7
Water Quality Criteria for Terrestrial Wildlife 9
Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
Enforcement and Other Technical Support 11
Evaluation of Cover Crops 13
Plant Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Hazardous Chemicals ... 15
Toxic Substances
Terrestrial Toxicology 17
Bioenvironmental Aspects of Biotechnology 19
Comparative Terrestrial Toxicology 21
Risk Assessment Development 23
Verified Hazard Assessment Using Microcosms and Field Sites 25
Pesticides
Bioassay Development and GEM Studies Crops 27
Field Validation for Hazard Assessment Techniques 29
Methods Development and Effects Measurement 31
Integrated Risk Assessment 33
Acid Rain Effects
National Surface Water Survey 35
Biologically Relevant Chemistry 37
Effects of Acidic Deposition on Human Health 39
Watershed Manipulation Project 41
Long-Term Monitoring (LTM)/Temporal Integrated Monitoring of
Ecosystems (TIME) 45
Direct/Delayed Response of Watersheds 47
Episodic Response Project 49
Synthesis and Integration of Aquatic Effects Research 53
Extent and Magnitude of Recent Changes in Forest Condition 55
Evaluation of the Role of Non-Air Pollution Factors 57
Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Responses Project 59
Evaluation of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Associated Pollutants in
Forest Decline 61
Projection Under Alternative Deposition Scenarios 63
Contribution to 1990 NAPAP Assessment 65
Stratospheric Ozone
Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Agroecosystems 67
Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Emissions of Globally
Important Gases 69
Global Climate Change
Regional Methods and Effects of Global Climatic Change 71
Effects of Global Climate Change on Vegetation and Wildlife 73
Water Resource Effects of Global Climate Change 75
Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change on Agroecosystems 77
Biotic Emissions of Radiatively Important Trace Gases 79
Effects of Global Climate Change on Biodiversity 81
Interdisciplinary
Reducing Uncertainty in Ecological Risk Assessment 83
Publications List (Blue Pages) 85
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Air Pollution Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Economic Assessment of Ozone Impact on Crops (01)
Objective(s):
Develop ozone exposure-crop response data for the major agronomic crops and
use these data to conduct an economic assessment of the effects of air
pollution on agriculture. This project will develop exposure-response data
for crops representing 90 percent of the U.S. acreage and estimate national
economic losses based on these data. The magnitude of bioenvironmental
sources of uncertainty (soil moisture) and the effects of pollutant exposure
dynamics on these estimates will also be evaluated.
Provide a preliminary ecological risk assessment of airborne toxic chemicals
(air toxics/alternative fuels) that would: 1) identify/rank airborne
chemicals of greatest concern, 2) determine the most sensitive ecosystems.
and 3) identify information gaps where additional research is needed to
assist in regulatory decisions.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Effects on the structure and function of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
from airborne toxic chemicals are unknown. Hundreds of airborne toxic
chemicals exist, but there is no information regarding the identifica-
tion/ranking of the most critical air toxic chemicals or sensitive
ecosystems. In support of the development of an Air Toxics Effects Project,
Tom Moser organized and chaired a session titled, "Air Toxics: Fate and
Effects in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems" at the 82nd Annual Meeting
of the Air and Waste Management Association, June 25-30, 1989, in Anaheim.
California. Papers addressing the significant role of the atmosphere in the
long-range transport and deposition of toxic chemicals in areas distant from
their emission sources were presented. Data concerning the atmospheric
transport, deposition and fate of organochlorines and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) were discussed for terrestrial and marine environs of the
North American Arctic. An overview of the fate and effects of PAHs in the
terrestrial environment was presented with experimental data discussing the
uptake, metabolism and translocation of PAHs in vegetation. Measuring the
qualitative pattern and quantitative response of several biomarkers in
animals and plants was also discussed as an approach to determine the extent
of exposure and the magnitude of effects from airborne chemicals.
Dave Tingey presented a paper titled "Definition of Adverse Effects for the
Purpose of Establishing Secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards"
at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, June
25-30, 1989, in Anaheim, California.
-1-
-------
Dave Tingey presented a paper titled "The Physiological Basis of Differential
Plant Sensitivity to Changes' in Atmospheric Quality" at the Ecological
Genetics, Terrestrial Vegetation and Anthropogenic Changes in the Atmosphere
Meeting, April 24-27, 1989, Phoenix, Arizona.
In support of the development of an Air Toxics Effects Project, ERL-C
scientists have organized a symposium titled, "Effects of Airborne Chemicals
on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems" at the Annual Meeting of the Society
of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, October 28-November 2, 1989,
Toronto, Canada.
Findings:
Air Toxics and Forest Decline—Although air toxics are considered an urban
health problem, a recent review of the literature by ERL-C scientists
suggests that deposition and effects of airborne chemicals are not restricted
to urban areas. U.S. industries alone emitted over 2.3 billion pounds of
toxic chemicals into the atmosphere during 1987. Several of the chemicals
emitted are phytotoxic at relatively low concentrations and have been
detected in remote areas, including forests. Atmospheric deposition in
eastern U.S. forests has been reported as a significant source of lead,
cadmium and zinc. Several hypotheses, including airborne toxic chemicals,
have been suggested as possible causes of recent forest decline. Chloroethe-
nes have been implicated in photoactivated destruction of photosynthetic
pigments and the characteristic visual symptoms associated with recent forest
decline. The loading of toxic chemicals in forest soils may result in
adverse effects on soil flora, fauna and mycorrhizae, resulting in reduced
tree vigor. Heavy metal concentrations in forest soils have been reported
to reduce the density and diversity of soil invertebrates, subsequently
reducing decomposition processes. Despite atmospheric emissions of hundreds
of toxic chemicals in quantities measured in billions of pounds, most current
research is directed toward the impacts of acid rain and ozone on forests.
The effects from the chronic deposition of toxic chemicals on forests and
their potential interaction with other stressors need to be investigated.
Pub!ications:
Lee, H.E., D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1989. Interrelation of
experimental exposure and ambient air quality data for comparison of
ozone exposure indices and estimating agricultural losses. EPA/600/3--
89/047. PB89 195 036/AS (ERL-COR-546). U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
Lee, E.H., D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1989. Confidence intervals for
the Weibull predications of agricultural yield losses from ozone
exposure. Communication In Statistics. Series B (submitted).
Tingey, D.T., and C.P. Andersen. 1989. The Physiological Basis of
Differential Plant Sensitivity to Changes in Atmospheric Quality. In:
M.T. Clegg, L.F. Pitelka and G.E. Taylor, Jr., eds. Ecological
Genetics, Terrestrial Vegetation, and Anthropogenic Changes in the
Atmosphere. Springer-Verlag Publishers, New York.
Project Manager: David T. Tingey FTS 420-4621
-2-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvanis
Project Status Report—Air Pollution Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forests (06)
Objective(s):
(1) Determine the response of commercially/ecologically important forest tree
species under a range of ozone scenarios for those forest types most at risk
to ozone. (2) Determine the relationship between components of ozone
exposure (e.g. concentration, frequency, duration and respite time) and tree
response, and once quantified, (a) develop realistic exposure-response
functions and (b) examine the biological relevance of alternative air quality
statistics that are meaningful in an air quality standards context. (3)
Predict the influence of various ozone air quality scenarios on productivity
and composition of forest trees over time and across forest types.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Nine research proposals were received in response to the Request for
Proposals titled "Ozone Exposure Response Studies for Forest Tree Species"
and were reviewed by five extramural scientists and two in-house scientists.
The reviewers ranked the proposals within each of three regions of the United
States (West, North/Northwest, Southeast). Proposals could compete only
within the region of the applicant. The proposals selected for funding were
from the top-ranked applicants in the Northeast (Jensen, Isebrand, USDA/
Forest Service) and in the Southeast (Neufeld, Appalachia State University,
and the U.S. National Park Service, Smoky Mountain National Park). Negotia-
tions are in progress regarding revisions of proposals based on the peer-
panel's comments and revision of the budget based on funds available.
Research staff have initiated the 1989-90 exposure studies for the in-house
research projects addressing exposure-response functions for northwestern
tree species, exposure dynamic studies with ponderosa pine and aspen, and
physiological studies for parameterizing a process-level tree growth model
for gas exchange, carbon budget, and root architecture.
A research facility has been developed at Environmental Research Laboratory-
Corvallis (ERL-C) to study size-related aspects of tree response to ozone,
with particular emphasis on below-ground growth and physiology. Results frorr,
this research will be used to link seedling and large tree responses, and
will be essential for model development and parameterization. Twenty trees
representing five different species have been planted in fiberglass chambers
(5x6x4 feet), which were buried in the ground to control root tempera-
ture. Each chamber contains approximately 4.4 cubic yards of soil, a
sufficient volume for three to four years of uninhibited root growth for
sapling-sized trees currently 5 to 10 feet tall. These chambers will make
full recovery of each root system possible at the end of the four year
-3-
-------
period. Four acrylic observation tubes were buried in each chamber at 30-
45 degree angles to permit repeated, non-destructive measurements of root
growth. This will be accomplished using either a fiber optics system or an
optical root periscope. Each system permits root observation along the
length of the 5 foot tube, and permanent etchings on the tubes allow repeated
measures at the same point over several growing seasons.
Three invited presentations to the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association were given June 25-29 in Anaheim, California. These
included (1) Definition of adverse effects for the purposes of establishing
secondary national air quality standards; (2) Adequacy of crop loss data in
assessing the impact of ozone: A national perspective; and (3) Sensitivity
of western conifers to S02 and seasonal interaction of acid fog and ozone.
Findings of the presentations were given in the March 31, 1989 Project Status
Report.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Pub!ications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: W.E. Hogsett FTS 420-4632/4600
-4-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
June 30, 1989
Title: Wetlands Research on Mitigation and Cumulative Effects of Loss (14)
Objective(s):
Implement research on cumulative impact assessment and mitigation to (1)
assess the effects of cumulative wetland losses on wetland functions in the
landscape; (2) improve methods of creating, restoring and enhancing wetlands
and wetland functions; (3) provide guidance for the design of effective
mitigation projects; (4) evaluate the feasibility of developing wetland
specific water quality criteria; and (5) provide information through the
publication of "Community Profiles" and other wetlands information.
Output Status:
Water quality trends analysis of selected Illinois rivers (9/90). On
schedule.
Synopsis of methods for biomonitoring of inland wetlands (9/90). On
schedule.
Provisional handbook on wetlands mitigation (2/90) deleted June 1989 and
replaced by accelerated production of the Final Handbook on Wetlands
Mitigation (3/91). On schedule.
Activities:
Databases of 404 permit information have been compiled to characterize
decisions that have been made regarding mitigation. The California database
is undergoing quality assurance checks for analysis in August. Analysis of
the Mississippi River states databases is nearly complete.
Pilot studies are evaluating the comparability of wetlands created as a
result of Section 404 permitting with natural wetlands. The primary analysis
of the data from the Oregon and Washington studies has been completed. Data
entry for the Florida and New England studies is nearly complete. Prepara-
tions for the summer field season are complete for the New England, Iowa.
and Oregon studies.
A Synoptic Assessment Method for evaluating landscape sensitivity to cumula-
tive impacts of wetlands loss was presented at a briefing of personnel frorr,
Region 6 and the state of Louisiana. The Method is being applied in studies
in Louisiana and Washington.
A cooperative agreement and work plan for a Cumulative Impacts pilot study
in Illinois was prepared. The study will evaluate the effects of wetlands
on landscape function in 60 Illinois watersheds.
The primary activity for the Regional Liaison involved drafting and coordi-
nating workplans for pilot projects in Louisiana, Illinois, and Washington.
-5-
-------
The studies focus on building a technical foundation for wetland water
quality standards. The Synoptic Assessment Method is the approach being
used. The scope and purpose of each pilot was presented in an informal
seminar to the appropriate EPA Regional and State wetlands managers.
Findings:
Analysis of the data from the Oregon field study indicates that the differ-
ences between created and natural wetlands can generally be explained by
their relative ages, e.g., the natural (and older) sites have greater soil
organic matter and plant cover. However, since the created wetlands were
all less than eight years of age, how they develop and if they become more
like natural wetlands over time is yet to be determined.
Publications:
Kusler, J.A., and M.E. Kentula, eds. Wetland creation and restoration: the
status of the science. Volume I: Regional reviews. Volume II:
Perspectives. EPA/600/3-89/038a,b. Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon (in press).
Project Manager: Eric M. Preston FTS 420-4666/4600
-6-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report — Ecoregions
June 30, 1989
Title: Regional Integration Project (15)
Objective(s):
Develop assessment procedures for determining biological integrity in fresh-
water systems. Determine regional patterns of stream and lake ecosystem
characteristics. Provide methods and technical assistance for assessing
attainable uses.
Output Status:
Final Report: "Demonstration of an Ecologically Based Method for Inter-
preting Regional Patterns in Statewide Surface Water Monitoring Data"
(06/89). Completed.
Activities:
Submitted the final report listed above as part of EPA Ecological Research
Series, titled: Regionalization as a Tool for Managing Environmental
Resources. This completes Project 15.
Findings:
This report summarizes the benefits of analyzing, reporting, and managing
resource quality based on regional ecosystem characteristics. Included are
descriptions of the step-by-step process used in designing a regional frame-
work, the types of statistical analyses appropriate for sorting environmental
data, and the kinds of benefits and problems encountered when relying on
existing environmental databases. Case examples in which regional frameworks
have been applied for managing surface water resources are recounted.
Publications:
Gallant, A.L., T.R. Whittier, D.P. Larsen, J.M. Omernik, and R.M. Hughes.
Regionalization as a Tool for Managing Environmental Resources. EPA
Ecological Research Series Report. EPA/600/3-89/060 (ERL-COR 557).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
Project Manager: David P. Larsen FTS 420-4666
-7-
-------
-8-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Water Quality
June 30, 1989
Title: Water Quality Criteria for Terrestrial Wildlife (17)
Objective(s):
Provide EPA with information on the adequacy of existing water quality
criteria to protect terrestrial wildlife, and provide information to revise
criteria where these are inadequate.
Output Status:
Report on pollutants considered to pose the greatest threat to wildlife when
existing water quality criteria are met (06/89). Completed.
Activities:
The summary report from the November 1988 workshop to evaluate water quality
criteria (WQC) applicable to wildlife was completed and submitted on
schedule.
Planning is underway to complete a new 1,000 ft2 laboratory facility at
Western Fish Toxicology Station by December 1989 to house existing and
expanded test systems for conducting chronic waterfowl exposures to provide
data for verification of model-generated water quality criteria values for
wild!ife.
A five-week survival, growth, and bioconcentration test with dieldrin and
newly hatched young mallard ducks was completed to provide data for input
to a new wildlife section of the dieldrin water quality criteria document.
A project on the exposure of various life stages of two species of amphibians
(frogs) to pesticides and metals in water has been started as a result of
the November 1988 workshop on the evaluation of water quality criteria and
their applicability to wildlife. A breeding colony of one frog species has
been established and testing procedures are being developed.
Findings:
Concensus agreement was reached among staff from USEPA/Fish and Wildlife
Service, private contractors, and state agencies on procedures to follow in
establishing water quality criteria for wildlife. Models will be used to
generate criteria values with a few selected chronic test exposures conducted
with mammalian, avian, amphibian/reptile wildlife species to verify model
generated numbers.
Concentrations of dieldrin in water at and below water solubility (ca. 200
ug/1) caused no detectable effects on duck behavior or growth, but dieldrin
rapidly bioconcentrated in duck tissue, reaching levels in excess of those
concentrations found to be lethal to ducks in animal foods (200 mg/kg in duck
1ipid tissues).
-9-
-------
Information generated from the exposure of frogs to pesticides will be used
along with information being developed on the impact to waterfowl to
determine the quality of water necessary for the well-being of wildlife.
Publications:
Workshop Summary Report: Water Quality Criteria to Protect Wildlife
Resources. E671-5/16/89-FD.
Project Manager: Alan Nebeker FTS 420-4875
-10-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
June 30, 1989
Title: Enforcement and Other Technical Support (22)
Objective(s):
Provide Office of Waste Programs Enforcement, Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, Regional Offices, Department of Justice, and state
governments with rapid technical expertise regarding biological assessment
of sites, and assemble and disseminate information regarding assessment
methods and findings via guidance documents (journal articles), workshops,
and seminars.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Completed preliminary studies on storage effects on the toxicity of soils
and eluates.
Continued retrospective data analyses intended to define objective perform-
ance/acceptance criteria for in-house bioassay procedure.
Developed a research plan for an interagency agreement with the Department
of Army, Ft. Detrick, Maryland to evaluate three bioassays for in situ
testing.
Participated in annual Regional Risk Assessment Conference in Seattle;
participated in a Superfund Acid Rain Drainage Conference in Ward, Colorado.
Conducted a comprehensive review of the ERL-C bioassay standard operating
procedures.
Continued collaboration with Region VIII, Cincinnati, and Colorado School
of Mines on the Big Five Tunnel site, Idaho Springs, Colorado.
Responded to requests from Headquarters and Regions regarding PCBs and other
site-specific problems at Superfund sites.
Completed analysis of 1988 field data of bee populations in minihives at
Montana Pole; continued development of organic analysis procedures for use
on bee tissues; converted mainframe BEEPOP population model from mainframe
to PC computer.
Conducted and demonstrated earthworm bioassay at the Baird McGuire site.
Completed final draft of the Drake Chemical report.
Completed revised draft of United Chrome report.
-11-
-------
Completed a draft outline and distribution package for a workshop on site-
specific ecological assessment available for Regional Superfund personnel.
As a result of numerous requests for toxic metal-plant interactions, we are
assembling an annotated bibliography of published literature and tabulating
site and tissue concentration values.
Findings:
Analyses of storage effects of site samples and eluates reveal only modest
changes in toxicity as reported by the algal assay. However, toxic metal
concentrations shift significantly with storage.
The on-site earthworm test at Baird-McGuire shows promise of becoming a rapid
and sensitive toxicity assay.
Bee population patterns, both empirical data and model output, are exhibiting
responses that subjectively reflect levels of site contamination, particular-
ly vapor or dust contaminants. Contaminated but stabilized surface soils
are not detected by the bees.
Bioassay data analysis by bootstrapping and the generation of time-dose
surface responses is showing promise of being a powerful tool to improve
interpretation of toxicity responses.
Initial tests of a modified seed germination protocol for in situ testing
were successful. Additional work to insure QA performance standards are
progressing.
Similarly, efforts to develop a short life-cycle bioassay plant (Brassica)
have progressed to the QA performance standards level.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
-12-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
June 30, 1989
Title: Terrestrial Environment Assessments: Evaluation of Cover Crops (24)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the phytotoxicity, uptake, translocation, and metabolism properties
of selected cover crop species.
Output Status:
Report on evaluation of selected plants as cover crops for Hazardous
Waste/Superfund Sites (6/90). On schedule.
Activities:
Two species, thickspike wheatgrass (Aqropyron dasvstachyum) and white proso
millet (Panicum mileaceum). were selected from the grasses and legumes that
were previously evaluated for use in the root elongation toxicity test.
These species are being used to evaluate the test method using various metals
(copper, zinc, magnesium, and barium) as test chemicals. Test factors, such
as type of paper substrate, use of buffered solutions, measuring techniques,
variability in root length as dose increases, and experimental design are
being evaluated.
The following organic chemicals were selected for testing based on: (1)
presence on a priority pollutant list; (2) commonly found at hazardous waste
sites; and (3) having known phytotoxic effects based on PHYTOTOX database
search: nitrobenzene; 1,3-dinitrobenzene; 1,2-dichlorobenzene; 3,4-dichlor-
oaniline; p-nitrotoluene; m-chlorophenol; 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,4,6-tri-
chlophenol; 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol; dichlorobenzonitrile; 2-methyl-3; 6-
dichlorobenzoic acid; thiourea; tributylphosphate; 2,4-dinitrotoluene; and
4-nitrophenol.
A health and safety protocol was prepared for use of these chemicals in the
greenhouse and laboratory.
Began evaluation of a second level of testing (tox-screen) in which seedlings
are grown in an aerated hydroponic solution, dosed with a chemical, and
measurements of growth and transpiration rate are made five days after
dosing. Preliminary experiments were conducted with millet and 1,3-
dinitrobenzene.
Findings:
The growth rate of millet and wheatgrass, in the growth pouch, varied with
the type of paper towel, the number of plies of toweling, and with the use
of buffered solutions. ECBOs were determined for copper and zinc using
millet as the test species, and the results were comparable to those values
published in the literature for other species. The evaluation of millet in
the tox-screen test showed that, in testing several seedlings per treatment
-13-
-------
level, the transpiration rate over a five-day test exceeded the nutrient
supply. Now tests will be conducted with individual seedlings.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
-14-
-------
Environmental Research laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Superfund/Hazardous Wastes
June 30, 1989
Title: Plant Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Hazardous Chemicals (25)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the biological hazard associated with contaminated soils, water,
and sediments; and determine the bioavailability (uptake, translocation, and
metabolism) of hazardous chemicals in terrestrial plants.
Output Status:
Report on the uptake and distribution of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by plants. Delayed to
3/90 to allow time for additional research and analyses.
Activities:
Exploratory experiments have been completed to determine the problems
associated with conducting foliar uptake studies.
Dioxin uptake experiments have continued.
Findings:
Results of the last experiment (dual labeled with tritiated 2,3,7,8-TCDD and
14C-labeled 2-chlorobiphenyl) are still being determined, but a preliminary
look at the available data indicates that uptake and distribution patterns
are clearly discernable and previous literature estimates of the root
contamination route have been too high.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
-15-
-------
-16-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
June 30, 1989
Title: Terrestrial Toxicology (30)
Objective(s):
Evaluate, improve, and validate bioassay methods to assess the effects of
toxic chemicals on plants and animals.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Discussions were held with Office of Pesticide Programs staff on recommenda-
tions for improving the avian reproduction test.
A manuscript on the relationship between food and chemical consumption and
effects on bobwhite reproduction is in preparation.
Continued work on evaluating short life-cycle Brassica spp. as a potential
laboratory and field bioassay system. Results will be reported next quarter.
A manuscript on factors affecting dietary chemical exposure and effects in
laboratory avian species is in preparation.
A phytotoxicity testing scheme has been devised which satisfies several of
the objections of some previous tests, i.e., seed germination and root
elongation tests depend on seed reserves for energy and therefore do not
include some of the plant responses (photosynthesis and transpiration)
subject to toxic chemical insult. The new test is based on three-week-old
soybean plants and tests their toxic response when in a log growth phase.
Continued development of the short life-cycle toxicity tests using Brassica
as the test organism.
Findings:
Bobwhite reproduction tests with dicrotophos found no evidence for a chemical
effect on egg production beyond that caused by insecticide-induced reductions
in food consumption. Birds on treated diets were compared with birds on
restricted control diets (pair-fed) with no difference in egg production.
Additionally, treated birds that were given free access to control diets for
short periods each day did not increase their total food consumption and thus
did not ameliorate the effects of reduced consumption on egg production.
During the five-day test of soybean plants, control plants more than doubled
their size and treated plants responded to different chemicals in different
manners. This phytotoxicity test appears to be very sensitive to many
chemicals, allowing us to rank relative toxicity, and is easy and inexpen-
-17-
-------
sive. Additional testing is underway and a report will be issued after
another species is tested with a select group of chemicals.
Preliminary work with Brassica has identified sensitive sublethal endpoints
including plant height, plant mass, flower formation, and seed set.
Tentatively, the herbicide Dalapon is being examined as a positive control
chemical. Whereas percentage seed germination is not reduced at 200 ppm
Dalapon, abnormal flowers and aborted seeds were detected at 3 ppm Dalapon.
Publications:
Bussiere, J.L., R.J. Kendall, I.E. Lacher, and R.S. Bennett. Effect of
methyl parathion on food discrimination in bobwhite quail. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. (in press).
Project Manager: Anne Fairbrother FTS 420-4716
-18-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvall is
Project Status Report--Toxic Substances
June 30, 1989
Title: Bioenvironmental Aspects of Biotechnology (31)
Objective(s):
Develop databases and a series of research-based protocols to provide methods
for evaluating risks from the release of genetically engineered microbes
(GEMs) into terrestrial environments.
Output Status:
Report on evaluation of selected biochemical and ecological methods to assess
effects of recombinant bacteria in terrestrial ecosystems (6/90). On
schedule.
Activities:
We are now genetically engineering the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
var. aeschenomene (Cga), the active agent in an EPA-approved biocontrol
product College. We have successfully produced protoplasts from Cga spores.
We are transforming the organism with two plasmids which encode resistance
to the fungicide hygromycin B. The addition of this resistance characteris-
tic in Cga will permit us to selectively culture it in the presence of other
soil fungi which are sensitive to hygromycin B. Microcosm experiments are
planned.
Working with ERL-C through cooperative agreement, scientists at the
University of Louisville have constructed a suicide plasmid for evaluating
containment of bacteria with recombinant DNA.
ERL-C and NSI scientists contributed five posters and two invited seminar
presentations at the national American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
meetings, May 14-19, at New Orleans, Louisiana.
Presentation was given on the Effect of Pseudomonas putida PP0301(pR0103),
genetically engineered to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, on microbe-
mediated ecological processes, in soil, at proceedings of the 89th Annual
Meeting ASM, May 14-19, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Presentation was given on the Plasmic maintenance and fitness of a
Pseudomonas putida mutant complete, vs parental incomplete degrader of 2,4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, in proceedings of the 89th Annual Meeting ASM,
May 14-19, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Findings:
Several years of research have been done to optimize use of microcosms to
assess survival of GEMs and non-recombinant bacteria. However, we do not
yet know if our microcosms can be used as valid predictors of bacterial
survival in the field. Therefore, we have begun to compare persistence of
-19-
-------
non-recombinant Pseudomonas svrinqae and Klebsiella planticola on bean and
oat plants in microcosms and in a field plot. Results from microcosm
experiments indicate that both organisms have greater survival on oats
compared to beans. E. herbicola will be studied soon. The field component
of this project is also in progress with the planting of beans and oats.
We have successfully developed a method for the extraction of bulk DNA
directly from soil. The method is unique in that it permits extraction of
20-40 ug DNA from 1 g of soil. This means volumes are minimized and all work
can be done in 30 ml centrifuge tubes. The method also results in high
yields of plasmid DNA.
In pure culture, the induction of the lethal hok gene product caused
cessation of cell growth and induced death in most cells. However, after
two hours, a few remaining viable cells began to regrow, thus escaping death.
More research is needed that may lead to an effective fool-proof biologically
contained system to overcome natural selective pressures which cause cells
to escape death.
Pub!ications:
Bej, A.K., M.H. Perlin, and R.N. Atlas. 1988. Model suicide vector for
containment of genetically engineered microorganisms. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 54: 2472-2477.
Armstrong, J.L., L.A. Porteous, and M.D. Wood. 1989. The cutworm Peridron-.a
saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) supports growth and transport of
pBR322-bearing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbial (in press).
Project Manager: Ramon 0. Seidler FTS 420-4661
-20-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvall is
Project Status Report--Toxic Substances
June 30, 1989
Title: Comparative Terrestrial Toxicology (34)
Objective(s):
Determine when data from surrogate species can be used to extrapolate
toxicologic effects to other species.
Output Status:
Immune function assays for laboratory avians (06/89). Completed.
Activities:
Work continues on developing a battery of immune function tests for wild and
laboratory birds. A method is being developed to determine natural killer
(NK) cell activity in avian species. This and several other immune function
tests, along with growth rate data, are being performed on avocets, stilts,
and killdeer collected from Kesterson Reservoir, California, an area with
extremely high concentrations of arsenic, boron, and selenium.
An experiment has been initiated to determine a method of maintaining j_n
vitro overnight circulating lymphocytes without loss of viability or
activity. This will allow field samples to be shipped to a lab for
immunological evaluation. Another project has been started to delineate
which serum enzymes in the mallard are elevated following acute hepatic or
renal insult.
Preparations have been completed for conducting an interlaboratory comparison
of brain cholinesterase activity measurements. Several review papers are
being prepared to clarify sources of variability in the assay. A manuscript
is being prepared on differential responses of mallard plasma cholinesterases
following organophoshate (OP) exposures.
Findings:
The NK cell activity of mallards to a chicken tumor target cell is higher
than that of chickens; circulating NK cell activity is comparable to splenic
NK cells. There appears to be a differential growth rate of some skeletal
abnormalities of shorebirds collected from Kesterson Reservoir area. Immune
function data is not yet available.
Appropriate doses of CC1, and HgCl2 have been determined in the mallard for
generating acute organ damage to assess serum enzyme responses. A livet-
function test using indocyanine green has been adapted for the mallard.
Circulating lymphocytes are best preserved for 24 hours in all culture media
at room temperature (25C C).
-21-
-------
Publications:
Fairbrother, A., M.A. Craig, K. Walker, and D. O'Loughlin. Changes in
mallard serum chemistries due to age, sex, and reproductive condition.
J. Wildl. Pis, (submitted).
Fairbrother, A., and D. O'Loughlin. Hematological values of the mallard
during different reproductive states. J. Wildl. Pis, (submitted).
Project Manager: Anne Fairbrother FTS 420-4679
-22-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
June 30, 1989
Title: Risk Assessment Development (41)
Objective(s):
Improve risk methods for evaluating toxic chemicals in soil/plant communities
and provide a mathematical model that allows prediction of effects, uptake,
and fate of xenobiotic chemicals in terrestrial plants.
Construct and maintain databases pertaining to the uptake and toxicity of
chemicals for terrestrial plants.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
A cooperative agreement proposal was submitted by Dr. John Fletcher to
continue development and utilization of the database, UTAB. In this project.
the database will be greatly expanded and it will be made available on a
personal computer. Peer review of this proposal has been completed, and the
funding package is being assembled. The intended project will start at the
time the funding is approved and will continue for three years.
Attended an EPA Regional Risk Assessment Conference in Seattle. The
conference is an annual meeting of persons, mostly from Region offices,
involved in developing human health risk assessments. The focus of our
participation was to identify ways we may help with information about plant
and ecological processes. We also learned more specifically what information
is needed in this process.
Presented a talk on plant contamination by toxic organic chemicals to the
EPA/ORNL workshop on Risk Assessment for Municipal Waste Combustion:
Deposition, Food Chain Impacts, Uncertainty, and Research Needs, June 8-9
in Cincinnati.
Continued the efforts to integrate findings of database research, UTAB model,
and pi ant-microbial interactions in order to assist scientists from the
Athens Ecorisk group to work toward the objective of improving the realism
of the exposure scenarios for the Athens model Terrestrial Ecological
Exposure Assessment Model (TEEAM).
Three full proposals for continued research on plant metabolism of
xenobiotics, specifically "Plant Metabolism of PCBs," have been received and
are in review.
The cooperative agreement with Dr. Boersma, Oregon State University professor
of soil science, has been extended for an additional six months to allow
-23-
-------
additional testing of the plant uptake model and the development of front
end users utilities and the completion of a user's manual.
Findings:
The combination of uptake and metabolism studies in various media (tissue
culture, hydroponics, and soil) on different species of plants are revealing
patterns of responses that should be valuable in defining aspects of
ecological risk. It appears that the passive nature of plant uptake of many
chemicals permits reasonably good estimates of uptake and translocation of
chemicals into various plant compartments. The uptake and translocation
patterns do not seem to vary greatly among species. However, metabolism and
phytotoxicity are dramatically different among species and the response is
modulated by mycorrhizal condition.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Larry Kapustka FTS 420-4606
-24-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Toxic Substances
June 30, 1989
Title: Verified Hazard Assessment Using Microcosms and Field Sites (42)
Objective(s):
Determine the ability of toxicological testing methods to predict an effect
on field populations.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
A computerized system to measure the impact of chemicals on the metabolic
rate of captive bobwhite quail has been completed, and collection of baseline
data on untreated quail has begun.
Completed the data analysis for an investigation of the effects of body
weight and age on the results of dietary testing. A manuscript is in
preparation.
Findings:
The measured metabolic rate of caged bobwhite is within the values estimated
for adult bobwhite.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Anne Fairbrother FTS 420-4679
-25-
-------
-26-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report — Pesticides
June 30, 1989
Title: Bioassay Development and Genetically Engineered Microbes (GEMs) Studies
Crops (36)
Objective(s):
Develop rationales and procedures for evaluating survival, reproduction,
potential for genetic exchange, fate, effects, and risks associated with
release of genetically engineered biological control agents (BCAs).
Output Status:
Report on dispersal of BCAs released to the atmosphere (09/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Work was initiated at Battelle Pacific Northwest labs on the field
calibration of soil core microcosms for studying survival of GEMs. Growth
chamber temperatures were programmed to alter average daily minimum and
maximum temperatures to approximate field conditions.
The relationship between temperature/relative humidity, droplet size, and
prior preparative spray treatment on survival of aerosolized bacteria is
being investigated.
Reentrainment of Pseudomonas syrinqae and Erwinia herbicola from beans under
conditions of high and low relative humidity was investigated.
Field plots for mitigation, microcosm validation, and aerobiology experiments
were established at Western Fish Toxicology Station (WFTS). Approximately
0.6 acres of oats and beans have been planted.
Findings:
After 150 days of incubation, investigators found that inoculated Pseudomonas
survived better in field soil plots compared to the soil in growth chambers
and ambient microcosms in the lab. Populations of Pseudomonas on wheat
roots were not significantly different at all experimental locations when
plants were sampled at the three leaf seedling stage of growth.
Conditions of low temperature and high humidity were found to be conducive
to P. svrinaae survival in aerosols. Comparing release of cells washed in
phosphate buffer prior to spray and those not washed prior to spray showed
that unwashed cells were protected when released with a large droplet size
nozzle (450 urn). Release of cells treated the same way but using a smaller
droplet size (130 urn) demonstrated reduced survival compared with the larger
droplet size.
Post-aerosol survival, as with aerosol survival, was found to be species-
specific. Survival of £. herbicola was found to be significantly higher than
-27-
-------
that of P. svrinqae when released under the same conditions. The effects
of high temperature/low relative humidity and distance traveled as an aerosol
were found to have additive negative effects on post-aerosol survival of P.
svrinqae.
Reentrainment of £. herbicola appears to occur in higher numbers over a more
prolonged period than P. svrinaae. In general, all glass impingers failed
to detect reentrainment of both organisms. However, populations as high as
3 x 10? have been detected using 150 mm petri dishes as gravity settling
plates.
Comparisons between bulk and single leaf samples have been made on beans and
oats at three levels of inoculum. On seven assessment dates in each of three
experiments, means of 24 single leaf samples were compared with bulk samples
consisting of three to four leaves. Bulk samples overestimated the true
population mean 65 percent of the time. Bulk sample means could be adjusted
within the 95 percent confidence interval of the true mean by adjusting the
bulk mean by the factor (s2 x 1.15).
Spatial analysis (calculation and plotting of variance to mean ratios) of
sampling data indicated that microorganisms existed in a systematic or
regular pattern when experiments were first initiated, and the population
approached a random pattern after 35 days.
Publications:
Marthi, B., V. Prince, M. Walter, and R. Seidler. 1989. Dilution vs. loss
of viable counts in aerosolized bacteria. Abstract. In:
Proceedings of the 89th annual meeting of the American Society for
Microbiology, May 14-19, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Prince, V., M. Walter, B. Marthi, and R. Seidler. 1989. Effects of aerosol
stress on post-aerosol survival of bacteria. Abstract. In:
Proceedings of the 89th annual meeting of the American Society for
Microbiology, May 14-19, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Walter, M.V., L.A. Porteous, and R.J. Seidler. Evaluation of a method to
measure conjugal transfer of recombinant DNA in soil slurries. Current
Microbiol. (in press).
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
-28-
-------
Environmental Research laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report — Pesticides
June 30, 1989
Title: Field Validation for Hazard Assessment Techniques (37)
Objective(s):
Conduct field validation of an Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) assessment
of pesticide hazard to terrestrial nontarget organisms and provide toxicity
information on nontarget terrestrial organisms in response to requests from
OPP and the Regions.
Output Status:
Field censusing techniques for large-scale avian field tests (10/89). On
schedule.
Activities:
A provisional guidance document and a technical support document for the use
of starling nest boxes for evaluation of chemical effects on reproduction
were completed last reporting period. Additional manuscripts on starling
reproduction are being prepared.
A field study investigating the growth and survivability of red-wing
blackbird and starling nestlings exposed to organophosphorus insecticides
(chlorpyrifos and dimethoate) currently is underway.
Findings:
Preliminary results from the comparative red-wing blackbird and starling
study indicate that: (1) adult LD50 values are not accurate predictors of
nestling sensitivity; (2) red-wing blackbird and starling nestlings'
responses differ greatly between chemicals; and (3) both pesticides used in
the study caused substantial impacts on either or both of the species.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Rick Bennett FTS 420-4582
-29-
-------
-30-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report — Pesticides
June 30, 1989
Title: Methods Development and Effects Measurement (38)
Objective(s):
Develop guidelines and test, methods for evaluation of the effects of
microbiological pest control agents on nontarget, beneficial terrestrial
species.
Output Status:
Lab validation and test methods for exposure by oral and intravenous routes
to nontarget avian species. Delayed to 5/90 to allow time for additional
research.
Activities:
Evaluations have continued on the effects of the fungal entomopathogen
Beauveria bassiana on the adult and juvenile life stages of the egg parasite
Trichoqramma pretiosum and on the egg stage of the host insect, the cabbage
looper. Investigations have focused on three aspects of the nontarget
effects. First, will conidia placed on the outside of a host egg prior to
parasitization infect the parasitized host egg? Second, can B. bassiana
conidia infect a non-parasitized host insect egg? Third, will B. bassiana
conidia residues on host eggs contacted by parasitizing adult female I.
pretiosum affect the adult parasite longevity?
Work at Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) on methods of respiratory
exposure of quail to microbiological pest control agents (MPCAs) has been
proceeding on schedule. The inhalation" exposure chamber was completed and
tested for microbial recovery and contamination control (using Escherichia
coli). heat and humidity consistency, and aerodynamics.
Work is continuing with Salmonella pullorum, a known avian pathogen, for
verification of the protocols for intravenous and oral exposure of birds to
bacteria. A mallard LD50 with S. pullorum has been completed.
Work has continued on developing methods for determining the pathogenicity
of microbial pesticides on the beneficial beetle Hippodamia converqens (the
convergent lady beetle).
Laboratory experiments were conducted to find an exposure method where the
actual dose (i.e., number of bacteria) administered could be determined.
Previously, exposure to concentrations of the pathogen was used.
Laboratory experiments have been conducted to test whether the age of H.
converqens at the time they are exposed to a pathogenic bacterium affects
their susceptibility to that pathogen.
-31-
-------
Findings:
Initial results indicate that host eggs treated with B. bassiana conidia
prior to parasitization by T. pretiosum wasps became infected at a rate
inversely proportional to fhe ratio of host eggs to parasites, e.g.,
increasing numbers of parasites per host egg result in an increased number
of parasitized eggs becoming infected with the fungus. When host eggs were
treated with |. bassiana conidia, but not exposed to parasites, no eggs were
observed to develop infection symptoms. These results suggest that the host
egg is resistant to infection by the fungus and that as eggs are stung more
frequently they become infected with the fungus at an increasing rate.
The Battelle PNL quail aerosol exposure chamber performed satisfactorily in
all respects. The face temperature needs to be kept at about 5° F cooler
than ambient to keep the quail chicks from falling asleep (sleeping chicks
have a much shallower breathing pattern than when awake). Initial
observations of lung tissues from brass- or graphite-exposed chicks caused
concern over the appearance of lymphoid aggregates and presence of
heterophils. Subsequent reading of the slides by an avian pathologist
confirmed that these were normal lymphoid patterns for quail.
Salmonella pullorum is pathogenic in mallard ducks but less so than in quail
(LC50 is at least 3 logs different). All ducks survived the two-week
experiment, and developed a measurable antibody response during this time,
with peak antibody production at two weeks and gradually decreasing by three
weeks. A method has been identified for isolation of S. pullorum from fecal
material.
The opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens is not virulent enough to act
as a positive control for MPCA pathogenicity tests. Pseudomonas florescens
(a bacterium isolated from dead lady beetles) seems to be adequate.
Injecting aphids or topically applying aphids with bacterial solutions and
then offering them to hungry lady beetles for consumption is not a
satisfactory method for exposure because the bacterial populations do not
remain stable in or on the aphid long enough for a known dose to be consumed
by the beetle.
Publications:
James, R. 1989. The relative impact of single vs. multiple agents on the
biological control of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). M.S. Thesis.
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
Project Manager: Ramon J. Seidler FTS 420-4661
-32-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Pesticides
June 30, 1989
Title: Integrated Risk Assessment (40)
Objective(s):
Develop environmental risk assessment methodology using modified, existing
or newly developed fate, transport, and effects models to express risk as
a probability statement with estimates of associated uncertainty.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Investigators at Colorado State University, through cooperative agreement
with ERL-C, continued data analysis and model development to assess the
direct and indirect effects of xenobiotic chemicals to small mammal
populations.
A database titled "TERRE-TOX Toxicological System" supporting modelling was
completed. The database includes data from the Registry of Toxic Effects
of Chemical Substances (RTECS) and the Denver Wildlife Research Center
(DWRC). The database manual and software are currently being reviewed in-
house and extramurally.
The second year's field study is underway by investigators at Oregon State
University to determine the effects of methyl parathion on nest attentiveness
of incubating valley quail. Thirty-seven quail (21 females) were trapped
and 17 hens were fitted with radiotelemetry transmitters to monitor movements
and activity. Thirteen radioed hens are being successfully tracked. These
activities will continue until September 1989. In a supporting study, 14-
day-old valley quail raised from field-collected eggs are being tested to
provide a needed LD50 for this species.
Work is continuing on development of a computer simulation model of relative
contributions of various exposure routes for birds exposed to aerially
applied insecticides. Laboratory generated data is being used to parameter-
ize the model.
A manuscript describing the radio tracking and automated data collection
techniques developed for the valley quail experiments has been submitted to
the Wildlife Society Bulletin.
Findings:
The TERRE-TOX database manual needs extensive work to increase its "user
friendliness." It currently is undergoing revisions.
-33-
-------
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Bill A. Williams FTS 420-4625
•34-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: National Surface Water Survey (51)
Objective(s):
Characterize the chemistry of acidic and low alkalinity lakes and streams
in sensitive regions of the U.S. and determine their extent, geographic
distribution, and probable sources of acidity. Determine normal seasonal
variability in surface water chemistry. Determine the relationship between
key biological resources and the chemical characteristics of lakes and
streams. Classify lakes and streams in order to identify representative
systems for more in-depth study.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
External review draft Database Users' Guide for the National Stream Survey
(NSS) has been completed and revisions based on reviewer's comments are
underway. Geographic and chemical classification of lakes and streams
sampled by the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) and identification of
high interest regional sub-populations sensitive to acid deposition impacts
is nearly completed.
Analysis of a database of geology, soils and land use for NSWS streams in
the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain is underway. Two workshops with Maryland
Department of Natural Resources and EPA have been conducted to interpret
these analyses and assess the feasibility of applying geochemical models for
this region. Analyses are underway for a similar database of geology for
ridgetop streams in Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia that were sampled
by the NSWS and the Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Survey.
Two presentations were made at the Fairbanks meeting of the American Society
of Limnology and Oceanography on (1) comparison of lake and stream chemistry
in areas of overlap in the stream and lake surveys and (2) analysis from the
Kenai Lakes (Alaska) Investigation Project.
Quality assessment of the Phase II Lake Survey data is underway.
A draft report has been prepared entitled "Mercury Levels in Fish from
Subregion 2B (Upper Peninsula of Michigan) in Relation to Lake Acidity."
This is currently undergoing review.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
-35-
-------
Pub!ications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Robert T. Lackey FTS 420-4666/4600.
-36-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvall is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Biologically Relevant Chemistry (53)
Objective(s):
Identify the chemical parameters and characteristics that determine the
effects of surface water acidification (caused by acid deposition) on aquatic
biota.
Develop predictive models of the effects of surface water acidity on fish.
Output Status:
Report on biological ramifications of the National Stream Survey (12/89).
On schedule.
Activities:
Measurements of biologically relevant chemistry (pH, calcium, and aluminum)
have been collected for a set of streams in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain
that are potentially used for anadromous fish spawning. Similar chemical
measurements have been made for a set of streams in western Maryland where
comprehensive fish community status data exist. In the Mid-Atlantic Coastal
streams, the acidity-related stress on anadromous fish will be assessed
using available toxicity tests with larval blueback herring. Survey data
for western Maryland streams, together with toxicity data for selected
species, will be used to develop habitat evaluation and acidification stress
models. Preliminary toxicity models have been applied to the National Stream
Survey (NSS) chemistry data to assess regional patterns of acidity-related
stress on fish.
Intensive studies of the response of fish populations to acidic episodes were
conducted during acidic episodes were conducted during spring snowmelt, 1989,
in the three regions included in the Episodic Response Project (ERP)
(Adirondacks, Catskills, and northern Appalachian region of Pennsylvania).
Activities include in situ bioassays, tracking of individual fish movements
using telemetry, fish transplant experiments, and monitoring of changes in
the abundance of fish following episodes. The project investigators
presented a summary of the research status and results at the June project
meeting.
Findings:
Results are not yet available on the analysis of biological implications of
the National Stream Survey. An interim project report will be submitted in
August as part of the State-of-Science Report on the Biological Effects of
Changes in Acid-Base Chemistry. Complete results from the spring intensive
biological ERP studies are also not yet available. Acidic episodes in
streams in Pennsylvania resulted in a marked reduction in the total numbers
of fish per unit stream area, although even the most acidic stream was able
-37-
-------
to maintain a resident population of transplanted fish. As in the fall of
1988, the telemetry results for Pennsylvania streams indicated a net
downstream movement of fish in streams experiencing acidic episodes. Fish
in reference streams, with less severe changes in stream chemistry during
episodes, generally had no net migration. Several fish being tracked by
telemetry had confirmed exposures to high aluminum and subsequently died,
while other fish that avoided these high levels of aluminum (and low pH)
generally survived. Studies in the Catskills and Adirondacks were conducted
at a later date and thus have not yet been fully analyzed. In both areas,
however, jn situ bioassays indicated toxic conditions during storm events
in some streams.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Parker J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666
-38-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report-Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Effects of Acidic Deposition on Human Health (54)
Objective(s):
Estimate the potential human health effects attributed to toxic metal
mobilization/bioaccumulation due to acid deposition.
Output Status:
Review draft report on levels of mercury in fish in the Upper Peninsula of
Michigan in relation to lake acidity. Delayed to 7/89 due to the fact that
the draft report was received from extramural investigator on June 27.
Activities:
Data analyses examining relationships between fish mercury content and lake
characteristics (e.g., lake acidity) have been completed. Regional estimates
of the numbers of lakes with fish mercury levels exceeding guidelines for
human consumption have been calculated. A draft report on these results has
been prepared and is under review.
Presentation was given on fish assemblages and tissue concentrations of
mercury in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, at the Annual Conference of the
International Association of Great Lakes Research, June 2, 1989, Madison.
Wisconsin.
Findings:
Mercury levels were measured in seven species of fish collected in 1987 from
lakes in the Eastern Lake Survey Subregion 2B (Upper Peninsula of Michigan).
Fifteen percent (128 fish) of the fish analyzed (854 fish) had total mercury
levels > 0.5 ppm, which is the state public health advisory criterion.
Three of the fish had total mercury levels > 1.0 ppm. The U.S. Food and
Drug Administration standard for human consumption is 1.0 ppm of methyl
mercury. Analysis of methyl mercury for a subset of 30 fish indicated a
high correlation between total and methyl mercury levels (r = -0.92), with
methyl mercury accounting for 99 percent, on average, of the total mercury
concentration. Of the lakes in the target population for the ELS Phase II
in Subregion 2B, an estimated 53.9 percent (81.7 percent of the lake area)
have one or more fish with > 0.5 ppm total mercury; 18.3 percent (13.7
percent of the lake area) have one or more fish with total mercury > 1.0
ppm. Concentrations of mercury in yellow perch aged two to four years in
Subregion 2B (Upper Peninsula of Michigan) were significantly correlated
with a number of lake characteristics, including lake pH. Lakes with lower
pH tended to have higher fish mercury content, although high fish mercury
levels also occurred in some high pH lakes. Given the diversity of lake
characteristics associated with fish mercury content, it is difficult to
determine specific factors responsible for increased mercury bioaccumula-
tion.
-39-
-------
Pub!ications:
Grieb, T.M., C.T. DriscoTI, S.P. Gloss, C.L. Schofield, G.L. Bowie, and D.B.
Porcella. Factors affecting mercury bioaccumulation in fish in the
Upper Michigan Peninsula, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (submitted).
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666
-40-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Watershed Manipulation Project (WMP) (55)
Objective(s):
Investigate and quantify the relationships between the watershed proc-
esses influencing the acidity of surface waters, and the impact that
acidic deposition has on them. Critically evaluate the models used
in the Direct/Delayed Response Project and the predictions/classifi-
cations derived from the project. Provide mechanistic data to refine/
revise those models as necessary.
Output Status:
Review draft on findings and implications of the Watershed Manipula-
tion Project (09/89). On schedule.
Final draft on findings and implications of the Watershed Manipulation
Project (12/89). On schedule.
Activities:
Experimental additions of sulfuric and nitric acids to the external plots
at Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) began during the week of May 15th.
Modifications to the irrigation system, including redesigned flushing tanks
and new sighting tubes for reading volumes, have greatly improved the overall
functioning of the system. Based on evidence from the 1988 external plot
treatments, treatment levels were reduced to levels more commensurate with
those planned for the catchments, also yielding a more balanced design. The
high nitrogen and high sulfur treatments have been reduced to 4000 eq/ha/yr
(as N03 and S04), low nitrogen and low sulfur treatments to 2000 eq/hq/yr and
the combined sulfur and nitrogen treatment to 2000 eq each of sulfur and
nitrogen. Application of acids to the mineral weathering plots was also
initiated at the same time as the external plots.
Several storm-induced episodes occurred at BBWM during the quarter. Sampling
intensities were increased to capture the events. Baseline sampling fre-
quency of all field solutions was switched over to the summer schedule during
mid-May.
Three proposals have been submitted to ERL-C for continued work at the BBWM
and are currently in review. The Watershed Manipulation Project (WMP) con-
solidated task proposal includes future activities for the following task
areas: organic acids, sulfate mobility, aluminum cycling, and base cation
resupply. The nitrogen task group and the University of Maine site group
each submitted separate proposals.
EPA-verified stream, precipitation and external plot chemistry files from
BBWM have been released to WMP cooperators for internal use.
-41-
-------
An internal report was produced for WMP cooperators participating in the
quarterly audit sample program ("Quarterly Interlaboratory Comparison Study:
Annual Synthesis Report - 1988 Evaluations"). Laboratory performance over
time was evaluated using a non-parametric rank test. Results are being used
by EPA quality assurance staff and by laboratory personnel to focus on
analyses needing improvement.
Findings:
In a paper by Aber et. al. (1989), a scenario of changes in a forested
ecosystem due to chronic, low-level excess nitrogen is detailed. Responses
in the nitrogen cycle to excess nitrogen may eventually lead to the develop-
ment of a nitrogen-saturated system, whereby nitrate leaching in stream water
may be accelerated and forest productivity may be reduced. The authors
describe field experiments in the northeastern United States (including the
BBWM) that are currently testing the nitrogen saturation hypothesis.
In a series of soil column leaching experiments designed to test a conceptual
model on mechanisms controlling acidification and recovery, Dahlgren et.
al. (1989b) found that sulfate adsorption was the dominant process neutral-
izing strong acid inputs. Base cation release played a relatively minor role
due to the low base saturation of the Spodosol from BBWM. Following reduc-
tions in acid loading, recovery was rapid and resulted in retention of base
cations and a reversible release of sulfate. Data on the relative contribu-
tion of individual processes to soil buffering after acid leaching will
provide input for computer models used to predict the response of watersheds
to changes in acid precipitation.
Publications:
Aber, J., K. Nadelhoffer, P. Steudler, and J. M. Melillo. 1989. Nitrogen
saturation in northern forest ecosystems - hypotheses and implications.
Bioscience 39(6): 378.
Dahlgren, R.A., C.T. Driscoll, and D.C. McAvoy. 1989a. Aluminum precipi-
tation and dissolution rates in the Bs horizons of Spodosols in the
northeastern USA. Soil Science Society of America Journal (in press).
Dahlgren, R.A., D.C. McAvoy, and C.T. Driscoll. 1989b. Acidification and
recovery of a Spodosol Bs horizon from acidic deposition. Environ.
Sci. Techno!. (submitted).
Drever, J.I., and N. Swoboda-Colberg. 1989. Predicting the effect of acid
deposition on mineral weathering rates. Abstract for symposium
entitled "Acid Rain: the Geologist's Perspective." In: Proceedings
of the 28th International Geological Congress, June 9-19, Washington
D.C. (in press).
-42-
-------
Drever, J.I., and N. Swoboda-Colberg. 1989. Mineral weathering rates in
acid-sensitive catchments: Extrapolation of laboratory experiments to
the field. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on
Water-Rock Interaction, August 3-12, Malvern, UK (in press).
Erickson, H.E., and D.S. Coffey. 1989. The Watershed Manipulation Project:
Case study of an interlaboratory comparisons program. Journal of
Environmetrics (submitted).
Project Manager: Jeffrey J. Lee FTS 420-4666
-43-
-------
-44-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Long-Term Monitoring (LTM)/Temporal Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems
(TIME) (56)
Objective(s):
Determine future trends in surface water quality relative to the effects of
current or changing levels of acidic deposition at regional or national
scales to provide information necessary for regulatory decisions and to
verify predictive models of acidification or recovery.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Developed a Statistical Analysis System (SAS) program that prints cluster
dendrograms, which have been used extensively in the project.
Created and validated SAS programs to estimate Chi-square significance when
autocorrelation exists in data and to estimate the effect of autocorrelation
on Z values.
Tabulated state examples of long-term biological databases that have been
used to demonstrate improvement or degradation in aquatic ecosystems.
Developed an ambient chemical classification system based on ion ratios to
identify National Surface Water Survey lakes that are pH sensitive and
responsive to recent deposition.
Produced a review draft of the long-term monitoring (LTM) data dictionary.
Completed review draft of biological methods for long-term monitoring of
surface water quality in relationship to acid deposition.
Tabulated results of Long Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants (LRTAP)
Interlaboratory Comparison Studies for each LTM laboratory. Most LTM labora-
tories have participated in three studies. Applied LRTAP error estimation
technique to LTM performance evaluation data from 1984 to 1985. Tabulated
results of aluminum performance evaluation samples for May, August, and
December 1988.
Presented seven papers in the special Temporal Integrated Monitoring of
Ecosystems (TIME) session at the International Symposium on the Design of
Water Quality Information Systems in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Presented poster at a conference on Applications of Geographic Information
Systems to Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife in Wenatchee, Washington.
-45-
-------
Presented two papers at the annual meeting of the International Association
for Great Lakes Research in Madison, Wisconsin.
Presented four papers at the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
annual meeting in Fairbanks, Alaska.
Submitted abstract for an invited presentation on biological community
monitoring to the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Findings:
Sensitivity-response indices were developed and verified through use of
databases from the National Surface Water Survey, the Paleoecological
Investigation of Recent Lake Acidification (PIRLA), and the Long-Term
Monitoring Project (LTMP). Lakes most likely to provide early warning of
change in acid-base chemistry can now be easily identified for study.
Results from three Long Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants (LRTAP)
Interlaboratory Comparison Studies generally indicate improved laboratory
performance for most LTM laboratories; however, the results also indicate
several variables which have consistently shown a low (e.g., conductivity)
or high (e.g., alkalinity) bias for several laboratories. Each laboratory
performs their own investigation to determine the cause of a consistent
bias. All but three of the aluminum performance evaluation samples for 1988
were within the 10 percent accuracy objective for aluminum for LTM.
Publications:
DePinto, J.V., R.D. Scheffe, W.G. Booty, and T.C. Young. 1989. Predicting
reacidification of calcite treated acid lakes. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 323.
Hughes, R.M. Ecoregional biological criteria. Water Quality Standards for
the 21st Century. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (in press).
Hughes, R.M. The IBI: a quantitative, easily communicated assessment of
the health and complexity of entire fish communities. Biological
Report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (in press).
Loftis, J.C., and C.H. Taylor. Detecting acid precipitation impacts on lake
water quality. Environmental Management (in press).
Stevens, D. 1989. Field sampling design. In: W. Warren-Hicks, B.R.
Parkhurst, and S.S. Baker, eds. Ecological Assessment of Hazardous
Waste Sites: A Field and Laboratory Reference. EPA/600/3-89/013.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, pp. 4.1-4.13
Young, T.C., J.V. DePinto, J.R. Rhea, and R.D. Scheffe. 1989. Calcite
treatment efficiency and sediment response to whole lake neutraliza-
tion. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 315.
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666
-46-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corval1is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Direct/Delayed Response of Watersheds (57)
Objective(s):
Predict the long-term response of watersheds and surface waters to acidic
deposition. The Environmental Protection Agency and Congress require
information concerning rate of acidification and its reversibility. It is
not known whether aquatic resources will deteriorate if emissions are held
constant or decreased, or whether aquatic resources will improve. This work
is necessary for informed decision making concerning the timing and
necessity for additional emission controls.
A three-tiered approach is employed to classify watersheds. Level I entails
statistical analysis of watershed characteristics and water chemistry and
evaluated watershed and regional input-output elemental budgets. Level II
estimates single factor response times for watersheds emphasizing key
properties (e.g., sulfate adsorption capacity, base saturation, and indices
of soil-water contact). Level III uses dynamic system models to integrate
important processes and predicts changes in watershed properties and surface
water chemistry. A soil survey is an important aspect of the approach in
that it provides data for Level I, II, and III analyses.
Output Status:
Final report on regional rates of surface water acidification (06/89).
Completed.
Activities:
Analytical laboratories activities for the Mid-Appalachian Soil Survey were
completed. This is an important step toward completion of DDRP Mid-
Appalachian tasks on schedule. The next steps will be verification and
validation of the database, followed by statistical analysis and use in
modelling.
The Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP) Review Draft Report for the
Northeast (NE) and Southern Blue Ridge Province (SBRP) was peer reviewed,
revised and completed as a Final Draft Report.
Findings:
As reported in the third quarter, the NE is currently at sulfur steady state
and sulfate concentrations in surface waters would respond relatively
rapidly to decreases in sulfur deposition. Associated with these decreases
would be increases in surface water acid neutralizing capacity (ANC).
Continued sulfur deposition at current levels is gradually deleting the
cation exchange pool in northeastern soils with consequent decreases in ANC.
Such changes are relatively slow and minor, however, relative to direct
effects of sulfur deposition.
-47-
-------
Watersheds in the SBRP are currently retaining nearly three-quarters of the
atmospherically deposited sulfur on the average but soils are projected as
becoming more saturated with regard to sulfur. Sulfate concentrations are
projected to be increasing in the surface waters of the region. This
response is projected to be marked over the next 50 years at either current
or increased levels of sulfur deposition, as are decreases in streamwater
ANC. Superimposed upon this effect is a relatively minor acidification
effect of base cation depletion.
Publications:
Campbell, W.G., M.R. Church, G.D. Bishop, D.C. Mortenson, and S.M. Pierson.
The Role for a Geographic Information System in a large environmental
project. International Journal fif GIS (in press).
Church, M.R., P.W. Shaffer, K.N. Eshleman, and B.P. Rochelle. Potential
effects of sulphur deposition on stream chemistry in the Southern Blue
Ridge Mountains. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution (submitted).
Wolock, D. M., G. M. Hornberger, K. J. Beven, and W. G. Campbell. 1989.
Topographic and edaphic control of residence times and flow paths:
A regional analysis of hydrochemical catchment response. Water
Resources Research 25: 829-837.
Project Manager: M. Robbins Church FTS 420-4666/4600
-48-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvall is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Episodic Response Project (ERP) (58)
Objective(s):
Phase I:
Determine the magnitude, duration, frequency and characteristics of episodic
chemical changes that accompany hydrologic events (both snowmelt and
rainstorms) in streams.
Evaluate the effects of episodic acidification on fish populations in
streams.
Define key characteristics of episodes that determine the severity of
effects on fish populations.
Develop and calibrate regional models of episodic chemistry that link
atmospheric deposition to biologically relevant chemistry during episodes.
Phase II:
Evaluate and test the assumptions and predictive capability of regional
models of biologically relevant episodic chemistry.
Estimate the number and proportion of surface waters in specific regions
that are likely to experience biologically relevant acidic episodes.
Improve regional estimates of the effects of acidic deposition on fish
populations through consideration of episodic chemical changes.
Regional Episodic and Acidic Manipulations Project (REAM): Provide data on
the effects of increased acidic deposition on surface water quality
following whole catchment manipulation. The response of waters to acidifi-
cation is being monitored on both chronic and episodic time scales at the
USDA Forest Service, Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West Virginia.
Output Status:
Interim Report on Episodic Response Project (ERP) Phase I (magnitude,
duration, and frequency, and biological effects of episodes) (6/90). On
schedule.
Activities:
The semi-annual ERP Meeting was hosted by the Adirondack Lake Survey Corp.,
June 13-16, in Lake Placid, New York. The cooperators presented some of
their findings, discussed and resolved many project issues and began
designing a publication strategy.
-49-
-------
ERL-CorvaTHs and EMSL-Las Vegas personnel met in Las Vegas, April 20-21.
and in Corvallis, May 15-19, to plan data management activities for the
project and to discuss quality assurance issues.
Jim Wigington, Trevor Davies, Martyn Tranter, and Keith Eshleman met June
10-12 in Lake Placid, New York to work on the Episodes State of Science/
Technology (SOS/T) document.
Jim Wigington and Joan Baker attended an AERP SOS/T and Integrated Assess-
ment workshop, June 5-8, in San Francisco.
Keith Eshleman and George Hornberger of the University of Virginia will be
joining the ERP to work on episodic modelling through a cooperative
agreement.
The spring intensive period for biological work occurred in March in the
Penn State region. Three to four major rain or rain-on-snow events were
monitored during this time, resulting in some of the highest flows ever
recorded on the study streams. Severe effects on bioassay trout were
observed; experiments on three streams had to be restarted when >90 percent
mortality occurred. There was also some mortality among trout being radio-
tracked.
The spring intensive period for biological work for the Catskills was begun
in mid-April, however the spring episode season was very late this year and
did not begin until early-May. At that time, over a foot of rain deluged
the ERP study streams. Severe effects on bioassay trout were observed
during these episodes.
The Adirondack group is conducting their spring intensive work at this time.
Some bioassay mortality has been observed, but an event did not occur during
the time the radio-telemetry work was being performed and so no biologically
significant behavior during events could be observed.
The quality assurance program implemented by EMSL-Las Vegas has performed
very well. QA/QC checks at Penn State show that data quality has steadily
improved over the course of the project.
The field and laboratory audit program has revealed a few QA/QC problems in
each region. These have been rapidly corrected and there appear to be no
recurring problems.
The U.S. Forest Service has provided additional funding to examine the
effects of acidification on ecosystem biology in Fernow. Cooperators
predict that it will be possible to detect shifts in population numbers,
niche distribution, and prey capture rates in three species of salamanders
as affected by acidification.
Findings:
Stream chemistry sampling at Fernow indicates that water chemistry does not
differ significantly with elevation along the stream.
-50-
-------
Significant mortality was again observed in brook trout during bioasse:,
experiments in each of the ERP regions, adding to the evidence that acidic
episodes can have serious biological effects.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Parker J. Wigington, Jr. FTS 420-4666/4600
-51-
-------
-52-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory- -Corvall is
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Synthesis and Integration of Aquatic Effects Research (59)
Objective(s):
Provide comprehensive and integrated information germane to understanding
the current and future effects of acidic deposition on surface waters.
Output Status:
Regional Case Studies Book (12/89). On schedule.
Review draft of National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) 1990
aquatics State-of-Science documents (12/89). On schedule.
Review draft of NAPAP 1990 aquatics assessment (3/90). On schedule.
Activities:
Internal and external reviews have been completed for all but one chapter
of the Regional Case Studies (RCS) project book. Final versions of 13 of
the chapters have been completed. Final production of maps and standard
figures for the book is complete.
AERP and support staff prepared first drafts of NAPAP 1990 State-of-Science
chapters.
AERP and support staff worked with the NAPAP Office Director and staff
other NAPAP agencies to plan preparation of the NAPAP Integrated Assessment.
AERP staff participated in an Adirondack "mini-assessment" exercise in San
Francisco in June. This meeting was an important first step in preparing
the NAPAP 1990 Integrated Assessment.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Dixon H. Landers FTS 420-4666/4600
-53-
-------
-54-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report-Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Extent and Magnitude of Recent Changes in Forest Condition (63)
Objective(s):
Identify and evaluate the extent and magnitude of recent changes in forest
condition (MPO #1).
Output Status:
Final report on evaluation of the extent and magnitude of recent changes in
forest condition and the role of non-air pollution factors in growth
reductions (9/89). On schedule.
Interim draft of report on evaluation of the extent and magnitude of recent
changes in forest condition and the role of non-air pollution factors
(6/89). Completed.
Activities:
Continued participation in development of State-of-Science/Technology 16
(Interpreting Changes in U.S. Forest Health and Productivity) for National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Assessment.
Completed analysis of spatial interpolation of wet deposition for Pennsyl-
vania. Writing research article for submission to scientific journal.
Findings:
One of the major findings of the interim draft report is that inter-annual
variation of radial increment of red spruce is correlated to regional
climate. Climate variables based on temperature in the latter part of the
previous growing season and temperature in the winter were important,
whereas variables based on current growing season were not significant. The
analysis of spatial interpolation of wet deposition for Pennsylvania showed
that statistical models using supplemental precipitation data can improve
estimation of wet deposition at unmonitored sites by approximately 20
percent.
Publications:
Federer, C.A., L.M. Tritton, J.W. Hornbeck, and R.B. Smith. 1989.
Physiologically based dendroclimate models for effects of weather on
red spruce basal-area growth. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
46: 159-172.
Johnson, A.M., E.R. Cook, and T.G. Siccama. 1988. Climate and red spruce
growth and decline in the northern Appalachians. Proc. Nat!. Acad.
Sci. USA 85: 5369-5373.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
-55-
-------
-56-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Evaluation of the Role of Non-Air Pollution Factors (64)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the roles of non-air pollution factors in causing growth reduction
or visible decline in northeastern spruce-fir, southern commercial forests.
eastern hardwoods, and western conifers (MPO #2).
Output Status:
Final report on evaluation of the extent and magnitude of recent changes in
forest condition and the role of non-air pollution factors in growth
reductions (9/89). On schedule.
Interim draft of report on evaluation of the extent and magnitude of recent
changes in forest condition and the role of non-air pollution factors
(6/89). Completed.
Activities:
Continued participation in development of State-of-Science/Technology 16
(Interpreting Changes in U.S. Forest Health and Productivity) for National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Assessment.
Findings:
Previous mid summer and early winter temperatures are key climatic variables
used to quantify regional growth-climate relationships for red spruce in the
northeastern United States.
Pub!ications:
Federer, C.A., L.M. Tritton, J.W. Hornbeck, and R.B. Smith. 1989.
Physiologically based dendroclimate models for effects of weather on
red spruce basal-area growth. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
46: 159-172.
Johnson, A.H., E.R. Cook, and T.G. Siccama. 1988. Climate and red spruce
growth and decline in the northern Appalachians. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 85: 5369-5373.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
-57-
-------
-58-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Responses Project (65)
Objective(s):
Determine the quantitative responses of seedlings to controlled experimen-
tal exposures of acidic deposition and associated air pollutants.
Output Status:
MPO #3 Report: Quantitative Estimates of Seedling Response to Sulfur,
Nitrogen, and Associated Pollutants Under Ambient Conditions (04/89).
Completed.
Activities:
MPO #3 final review comments were incorporated. Copies of MPO #3 were
distributed to Forest Response Program (FRP) scientists and managers,
the Federal Management Group (FMG), and the outside peer reviewers.
Findings:
Although acid fog treatments increased foliar leaching of nutrients such as
potassium, calcium, and magnesium from Douglas fir seedlings, the amounts
were small compared to uptake.
Exposure to acid mist between July and December 1987 delayed the hardening
process of two-year old red spruce seedlings. The risk of frost damage
during autumn is consequently greater for shoots exposed to acid mist.
Publications:
Turner, D.P., D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1989. Acid fog effects on
conifer seedlings. In: Proceedings of 14th International meeting
for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems, IUFRO
Project Group P2.05, October 2-8, 1988, Interlaken, Switzerland, pp.
125-129.
Cape, J.N., L.J. Sheppard, I.D. Leith, M.B. Murray, J.D. Deans, and D.
Fowler. 1988. The effect of acid mist on the frost hardiness of red
spruce seedlings. Aspects of Applied Biology. 17: 141-149.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
-59-
-------
-60-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Evaluation of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Associated Pollutants in Forest
Decline (66)
Objective(s):
Summarize the work of the Forest Response Program (FRP) (with the exception
of projection of response under alternative deposition scenarios), and
support an assessment of the effects of current levels of depositions of
sulfur, nitrogen, and associated pollutants on forest ecosystems.
Output Status:
Evaluation of atmospheric depositions of sulfur, nitrogen, and associated
pollutants on forest decline. Delayed to 12/89 to allow time for additional
review.
Activities:
A majority of the 100 reports expected from the Forest Response Program
(FRP) research cooperatives to be used as the scientific basis for the
evaluation have been received; some are coming in next quarter. Review
comments from cooperative managers on a draft of the evaluation based on
the "Accomplishments Report of January 10-12, 1989," have been received.
A second draft is being prepared for discussion at the FRP Managers Meeting,
July 10-14, in Marion, Virginia.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
'—7
-61-
-------
-62-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Projection Under Alternative Deposition Scenarios (67)
Objective(s):
Produce scenarios of the response of trees and forests to policy relevant
atmospheric deposition scenarios. These deposition scenarios include
changes from current ambient conditions in the deposition of sulfur and
nitrogen compounds, pH, and ozone. Responses estimated include physio-
logical processes, growth patterns of individual trees and their parts, and
the growth and development of stands of trees. Species to be investigated
include loblolly pine, red spruce and ponderosa pine. The methods of
projection include statistically based projections and computer simulation
models. The simulation models include portions of whole tree physiology
(e.g., branch export of photosynthate, whole tree models providing diameter
increment, and stand models).
Output Status:
Water Transport and Dynamics Model. Delayed to 12/89 to allow time for
additional review.
Carbohydrate Transport Model. Delayed to 12/89 to allow time for additional
review.
Model for Branch Growth and Development. Delayed to 12/89 to allow time
for additional review.
Activities:
Conducted a review of the branch/foliage and whole tree modeling efforts of
the project. The following modules were presented: foliage, branch, water
transport, carbohydrate transport, roots/soil, and canopy. Discussions were
held on aggregating these modules into BRANCH/FOLIAGES and SIMPLE WHOLE
TREE. These modules and their aggregations are being applied to red spruce
and loblolly pine.
Presented a paper titled "The future of air pollution and forest ecosystem
research in the West" at the 87th Annual Air Pollution Control Association
Meeting, June 25-29, Anaheim, California.
The current version of the branch model for loblolly pine was successfully
transferred to a Supercomputer at the National Science Foundation Supercom-
puter Center in Illinois.
The contributions of this project to the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) Assessment were outlined in a new Appendix to
the revised NAPAP Assessment Plan.
-63-
-------
Findings:
Branch autonomy is a function of the height of the tree. This result has
implications for the interpretation of the branch fumigation experiments
being conducted within the Forest Response Program (FRP). It also has
implications for the interpretation of seedling experiments as they might
apply to mature trees.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
-64-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report--Acid Rain Effects
June 30, 1989
Title: Contribution to 1990 NAPAP Assessment (68)
Objective(s):
Promote information in support of an assessment of the roles of sulfur,
nitrogen, and associated pollutants in changes in forest condition, and
project forest responses under alternative pollution deposition scenarios.
Output Status:
Internal report: Forest Effects Assessment (6/90). On schedule.
Activities:
Coordinated Case Study efforts in Forest Response Program (FRP) research
cooperatives. The Case Studies summarize research carried out in the
cooperatives and address the issue of how the forest resource of interest
to the cooperative might change under different deposition situations.
Produced report on models to be used in the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) Integrated Assessment of effects of acidic
deposition on trees and forests. The report was developed to inform the
Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, and the other
agencies in NAPAP about which models would be used, their input variables.
and major assumptions, and to provide base of information for developing
process for the Integrated Assessment.
Coordinated with principle authors to produce first review drafts of NAPAP
State-of-Science documents on effects of acidic deposition on forest
resources, plant physiological processes, and on deposition of pollutants
in cloud, water.
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Roger Blair FTS 420-4662
-65-
-------
-66-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corva11is
Project Status Report — Stratospheric Ozone
June 30, 1989
Title: Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Agroecosystems (71)
Objective(s):
Provide a risk characterization of the global consequences of stratospheric
ozone depletion and resultant increases in ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation
on agroecosystems.
Output Status:
Internal Report: Synthesis of biological effects of UV-B radiation on
plants and animals for use in scientific assessment (8/89). Completed.
Internal Report: Report on selected UV-B effects on wetland rice. Delayed
to 6/90 to allow time for additional research.
Activities:
Eleven proposals for extramural research to examine elevated CO- and
temperature effects on rice, methane emissions from rice paddies and* UV-B
exposure methodology were received from several research groups. Proposals
were reviewed by a peer-review group and five proposals were selected for
funding.
Greenhouse UV-B exposure facilities were constructed at ERL-C and will be
used to experimentally evaluate the range of sensitivity to UV-B irradiation
in a variety of rice cultivars.
A Trilateral Meeting between U.S., German and Dutch scientists was organized
by ERL-C staff in cooperation with Robert Worrest (OEPER). These meetings
will address the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on humans and
ecological systems and will be held in Oregon in Fall 1989.
Field experiments to examine the influence of enhanced UV-B radiation on
plant secondary chemistry (e.g., chlorogenic acid) were begun using the
common sunflower (Helianthus annuus).
Paul Barnes presented a paper entitled, "Ecosystem responses to increases
in solar ultraviolet-B radiation," at the annual meeting of the Air and
Waste Management Association, June 25-30, 1989, in Anaheim, California.
Findings:
Exposure of crop/weed mixtures to enhanced UV-B can alter the vertical
distribution of leaf area for competing species. To investigate whether
UV-B-induced changes in canopy structure could alter light interception and
canopy photosynthesis, a multispecies canopy simulation model was developed
and then validated under field conditions. Results from model simulations
indicate that subtle changes in the overtopping of one species by another
-67-
-------
under UV-B enhancement could result in significant changes in light
interception and canopy photosynthesis. These changes could potentially
lead to shifts in the competitive balance of crops and weeds under enhanced
UV-B conditions.
Publications:
Caldwell, M.M., A.M. Teramura and M. Tevini. 1989. The changing solar
ultraviolet climate and the ecological consequences for higher plants.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution (submitted).
Project Manager: David Tingey FTS 420-4621
-68-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report — Stratospheric Ozone
June 30, 1989
Title: Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Emissions of Globally Important
Gases (74).
Objective(s):
Develop scientific information and a database sufficient for understanding
the effects of enhanced ultraviolet (UV) radiation from stratospheric ozone
depletion on biologically produced "greenhouse" gases and gases that
interact with stratospheric ozone.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Continued the data reduction and analysis from ERL-C personnel participation
in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Pacific Marine
Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL) oceanographic cruise measuring
Radiatively Important Trace Gases (RITS) emissions from marine organisms.
Analysis and reporting of solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation effects on
primary productivity over wide latitudinal gradients is nearing completion,
as are the contracted analyses of phytoplankton and neuston samples frorr,
the cruise.
Findings from solar UV-B radiation measurements made during the cruise were
presented at an EPA UV-B monitoring workshop held June 21-23, 1989 under
the title: "UV-B Monitoring Consideration in Oceanic Ecosystems," while
analysis results of exposure experiments of enhanced solar UV-B radiation
on dimethylsulfide (DMS) production are progressing and will be reported in
an EPA/ONR (Office of Naval Research) workshop on biogeochemical cycles in
Woods Hole, Massachusetts in October 1989.
Presented seminar, "Preliminary results of biogenic emissions experiments
during RITS-89" at Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, April 17,
1989.
Findings:
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is produced by some, but not all phytoplankters, and
reacts photochemically in the atmosphere to produce the major fraction of
marine cloud condensation nuclei, and a significant fraction of cloud
condensation nuclei globally. Shipboard analysis of DMS showed gas
concentrations in the upper 80 m to be directly proportional to productivity
in equatorial, "La Nina," and waters just north of the Antarctic conver-
gence. An inverse proportion was observed in the low productivity waters
of the central gyre, where anomalously high levels of DMS were observed.
For our experimental conditions, a distinct suppression of DMS concentration
was observed for samples exposed to ambient and UV enhanced light over that
-69-
-------
of the samples kept in dark bottles, but no significant difference between
the two treatments receiving ambient and enhanced UV light emerged.
Consistent decreases in productivity under enhanced UV-B were observed
compared to water exposed to ambient sunlight in all biotic regimes, and
for presumably quite heterogeneous populations. Surprisingly, the waters
taken from deeper layers, where UV levels were near zero, showed a lesser
impact due to enhanced UV.
Publications:
Worrest, R.C., H. Gucinski, and J.T. Hardy. Potential Impact of Strato-
spheric Ozone Depletion on Marine Ecosystems. In: Proceedings of
the 2nd North American Global Climate Change Conference, Washington,
D.C., December 1988.
Project Manager: David Tingey FTS 420-4621
-70-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Ccrvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
June 30, 1989
Title: Regional Methods and Effects of Global Climatic Change (81)
Objective(s):
Determine how climate controls the distribution of vegetation in the United
States, and the relative sensitivity of regions of the U.S. to climatic
change.
Further develop our understanding of climate-biosphere interactions.
Develop the capability to make continental-scale predictions of the impacts
of trace-gas induced climatic change on vegetation.
Output Status:
Internal Report: Sensitivities of Ecological Landscapes (09/89). On
schedule.
Activities:
Research continues in the "Biotic Regions" task. This task is designed to
determine the causal relations between regional climate and the distribution
of indicator species of the major biotic regions in the conterminous United
States. Work continues on relating seasonal patterns of climate with the
distribution of indicator species in the western U.S. A draft manuscript is
being prepared that describes the results from the western analyses. In
addition, a theoretical and synthetic paper is being prepared on climatic
constraints and issues of scale controlling regional biome distribution.
General Circulation Models (GCMs) of the earth's climate are used to project
the magnitude of global climatic change that can be expected as the
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases. Work
continues on determining how well these models simulate the current climate
of the U.S. A draft manuscript has been prepared which compares GCM
simulations of seasonal precipitation patterns across the U.S. with the
actual patterns.
A Scope of Work document describing the planned research in this project
over the next five years was completed, including peer review and recon-
ciliation of reviewer's comments.
Findings:
Differences in the seasonality of precipitation and temperature across the
western United States correlate with most of the range limits of indicator
species of western vegetation types. For instance, increases in mean
monthly minimum temperature (especially winter temperatures) correlate with
the southern range limit of Douglas fir along the West Coast, while
decreases in total annual precipitation correlate with its southern range
limit in the interior. Information is being gathered from literature
-71-
-------
studies in order to suggest hypotheses for the biological mechanisms through
which climate controls the range limits of the indicator species. For
instance, Douglas fir seeds require a certain amount of winter chilling in
order to germinate. Consequently, warm winter temperatures may limit the
southern range of Douglas fir by decreasing the success of seed germination.
Understanding the specific mechanisms through which climate influences the
distribution of plant species will enable more accurate projections of the
effects of global climate change on vegetation.
The ability of General Circulation Models to simulate climate is being
evaluated by comparing their simulations of seasonal precipitation patterns
across the U.S. with the actual patterns. The major conclusion so far from
these comparisons is that GCMs generally simulate precipitation patterns
moderately well in the northern half of the country, and poorly in the
southern half. In addition, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
(GFDL) model tends to simulate precipitation patterns better than the other
two models that were used in this analysis (the Oregon State University
model and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies model). These results
suggest that a fruitful line of research for atmospheric modellers will be
to try and ascertain why the GFDL model performs better than the other
models.
Publications:
None this reporting period
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
-72-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
June 30, 1989
Title: Effects of Global Climate Change on Vegetation and Wildlife (82)
Objective(s):
Provide projections of potential ecological effects of climate change on
forests, grasslands, deserts, and wildlife to support the requirements of
the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Preliminary implementation plans for all four task areas (forests, grass-
lands, deserts, and wildlife) were completed during this quarter.
The Project Leader actively participated in dialogue with internationally
regarded authorities in ecological and meteorological research during this
quarter. Insights gained from these interactions have been incorporated in
the implementation plans.
Work continues on cooperative research between the USDA Forest Service and
the EPA on developing predictive capability of the effects of global climate
change on forests in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains. The Forest
Service and Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) are jointly
funding this research.
Findings:
This project is still undergoing conceptual development and has not yet
generated results. However, included in the implementation plan is a
comprehensive conceptual model for devising a national strategy of research
implementation. The framework for the conceptual model provides a common
working structure for the development of a statistically robust monitoring
strategy, a field research program and integrated predictive modeling
exercises linking global climate models to regional and local vegetation
responses. Specific studies are being proposed for possible implementation
in the forest effects and marginal lands (deserts and grasslands) tasks.
These proposed studies focus on temperate and montane forests in the U.S.,
boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, and tropical forests at dispersed
locations worldwide. Marginal lands are being considered from the
perspectives of dryland agriculture, desertification and as a potential
early warning system of global change.
These studies fall into the categories of (I) land-use classification and
remote sensing, (2) planning and implementation of field studies, (3)
planning and implementation of controlled chamber studies, and (4) planning
and implementation of integrated forested landscape predictive models.
-73-
-------
The long-term goal is the development of the capability to predict climate
change impacts on forest occurrence and function at stand, landscape, and
regional scales. Forest resources (including wildlife) that are par-
ticularly at risk will be identified. The magnitude and mechanisms of
changes in composition, productivity, and species ranges will be examined
and potential management strategies for minimizing significant losses will
be assessed. Close integration with research efforts involving other
sources of stress on forest ecosystems will be essential since stresses
associated with climatic change, increased ultraviolet radiation, tropos-
pheric ozone, and acidic precipitation will likely occur simultaneously and
may be cumulative. Parallel considerations are being developed in the
marginal lands task. Interactions and cooperation with other researchers,
agencies, and institutions, both nationally and internationally, will be
actively pursued.
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
-74-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report — Global Climate Change
June 30, 1989
Title: Water Resource Effects of Global Climate Change (83)
Objective(s):
Investigate the most probable hydrologic and water resource effects of
global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems in support of the require-
ments of the Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Continued development of the Scope of Work (SOW) (formally called Research
Implementation Plan). Draft SOW was reviewed by ERL-C Global Team staff,
by Office of Regional Development (ORD) Global Program Staff, and by staff
from Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (OPPE) and Office of Air
and Radiation (OAR). The basic goals of Project 83, and the substance of
the SOW were presented to OEPER management when they visited ERL-C. The
SOW will be sent out for external review in late July 1989.
Work on development of national and global water resource databases
continues. Most of the historical US database has now been formatted, and
the U.S. climate database will soon follow. Data checking and correcting
is underway. A report on North American water resources, based on these
databases, will be prepared for review by late August. Digital elevation
data for North America and most of the world was acquired, and is being
included in the water resources database.
Plans for the computer network for the Global Team were approved. All FV89
hardware and software have been ordered, and most of it has arrived. The
on-site availability of dedicated computers, mass storage, and Geographic
Information System software will greatly enhance Project 83 productivity.
Cooperative agreements with Oregon State University, University of
Washington, and University of Iowa were initiated. All have been sent out
for external review, and most have been returned with positive findings.
These agreements will be finalized by the end of July, 1989.
A joint effort between EPA (ERL-C Global Team, and OPPE), DOE (Pacific
Northwest Laboratory) and Battelle, and several state and federal agencies
in the region, has been initiated to develop a Pacific Northwest Case Study
to evaluate the potential effects of global climate change. This effort is
focused on resources - water, forests, and agriculture - but includes all
aspects of the ERL-C global program. It will determine the effects of
global climate change on resources across the region.
-75-
-------
Findings:
No major findings to report.
Publications:
McGurk, B., N. Berg, and D. Marks. Monitoring pollutant loading in the
California snow zone. In: Proceedings of the 1989 International
Association for Hydrological Sciences/American Geophysical Union
Meeting, May 8-18, Baltimore, Maryland (in press).
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
-76-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
June 30, 1989
Title: Ecological Effects of Global Climate Change on Agroecosystems (84)
Objective(s):
Provide scientifically sound estimates of the most probable and most likely
ecological effects of global climate changes on agroecosystems resulting
from tropospheric greenhouse gases, and support the requirements of the
Global Climate Protection Act of 1987.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
U.S. Department of Agriculture databases on crop production, yield, and
acreage by county were acquired from the National Agricultural Statistics
Service for use in analyses of the impact of global climate change on
agricultural production.
U.S. Department of Agriculture databases on soil erosion and land use by
county and Major Land Resource Area were acquired from the Soil Conservation
Service for use in analyses of the impact of global climate change on soil
erosion.
Discussions were held with scientists from the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA), and various universities concerning plans
for global climate change research on agroecosystems at ERL-C, coordination
with efforts of other agencies, and appropriate databases and remote sensing
applications.
Continued literature review and development of research implementation
plans.
Reviewed and suggested revisions for EPA Global Climate Change Program
prospectus for presentation to Air and Radiation Research Committee,
incorporating comments from the Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) and the
Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (OPPE).
Reviewed and suggested revisions for Committee on Earth Sciences, U.S.
Global Change Research Program Plan.
Attended EPA/ORD Global Climate Change Program management retreat.
Attended symposium "Impact of Weather on Agricultural Production in Pacific
Rim Countries."
-77-
-------
Initiated work on analyzing effects of global climate change on soil erosion
on U.S. croplands using future climate scenarios from General Circulation
Models of the atmosphere and the National Resources Inventory data base on
current soil erosion estimates.
Findings:
Development of research implementation plans is proceeding on schedule.
Research areas for this project are being developed to respond to OPPE
client office needs and to coordinate with existing and planned research
activities in EPA and other agencies, especially the U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
Publications:
Phillips, D.L., A.B. Smith, V.W. Burse, G.K. Steele, L.L. Needham, W.H.
Hannon. Half-life of polychlorinated biphenyls in occupationally
exposed workers. Archives of Environmental Health (submitted).
Project Manager: Donald L. Phillips FTS 420-4355
-78-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report — Global Climate Change
June 30, 1989
Title: Biotic Emissions of Radiatively Important Trace Gases (85)
Objective(s):
To develop the scientific understanding of the effects of climate change on
the emissions of biogenic gases, and to quantify the contribution from the
earth's biota of radiatively important trace gases.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Activities involved literature review, attendance at scientific meetings
concerning global climate change, and discussions with other researchers in
preparation for writing detailed research implementation plans for this
project.
A paper is in preparation to be presented at an EPA/ONR (Office of Naval
Research) workshop on marine biogenic emissions, October 1989, in Woods
Hole, Massachusetts. The paper will include results from EPA participation
on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Radiatively Important
Trace Species (NOAA RITS-89) cruise earlier this year.
A second paper on nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils for climate
change scenarios is being prepared for presentation at the "Soils and the
Greenhouse Effect Conference" in Wagenringen, Netherlands, August 1989.
Findings:
The extent to which biogenic emissions affect the total inventory of radia-
tively important trace gases in the earth's atmosphere bears directly on
our ability to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic emissions on the
earth's climate. It is essential that we be able to quantify the contribu-
tions of biogenic gases from all sources under current and predicted
climates.
Specific areas of high priority research include: (1) quantifying the
methane emissions from livestock, rice paddies, and wetlands; (2) assessing
the effect of climate warming in tundra and boreal areas on the emissions
of radiatively important gases, especially methane; (3) delineating the
contribution of dimethylsulfide from the ocean's upper waters; (4) inves-
tigating the relationship of forest canopy fluxes of non-methane hydrocar-
bons to climate change.
-79-
-------
Publications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
-80-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis
Project Status Report—Global Climate Change
June 30, 1989
Title: Effects of Global Climate Change on Biodiversity (86)
Objective(s):
Evaluate the threats that climate change and other stresses pose to
biodiversity (with an emphasis on forested ecosystems), and evaluate options
for maintaining biodiversity to support the requirements of the Global
Climate Protection Act of 1987, and potential mandates specific to
biodiversity.
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
A workshop on biodiversity and Environmental Protection Agency policy was
held in May 1989 at the Airlie House in Warrenton, Virginia to explore EPA
involvement in the emerging biodiversity issue. Workshop participants
included scientists and policy analysts from various offices of EPA, plus
a small number of outside experts. It was the consensus of the group that
EPA should develop a strong research program to further our understanding
of biodiversity and what possible regulatory/policy options are available
to lessen threats to losses of biodiversity. Key questions from the
workshop to be incorporated in the research plan are:
What is the resource at risk (what is biodiversity and how can it be
measured),
What are the stressors impacting biodiversity, and
What are the policy/regulatory options available to maintain or
restore biodiversity?
Findings:
This project is still undergoing conceptual development and has not yet
generated results. However, specific studies are being proposed for
possible implementation to support EPA's regulatory role in biodiversity.
Policy-relevant research issues include: (1) the importance of biodiversity
for an ecosystem's ability to maintain structure and function, and (2)
anticipation and mitigation of negative impacts. The research will provide
policy guidance to other agencies and the public concerning actions that
can be taken to restore and protect biodiversity.
Tentatively, the research approach proposed for the initial period of study
includes the following steps:
-81-
-------
1. Review existing databases and evaluate their usefulness for char-
acterizing biodiversity. This survey would integrate existing
databases on biodiversity, identify gaps in coverage, and close those
gaps where possible.
2. Contour maps of species richness patterns within specific groups of
organisms such as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, trees, and plants
will be produced or assembled on a continental scale.
3. Within each group, relationships to large-scale climatic and landscape
patterns will be addressed.
4. Criteria will be established for determining sensitivities to climate
change including dispersal capabilities within general groups of
organisms, barriers to dispersal (both natural and anthropogenic) and
general habitat requirements and habitat availability.
As a result of the above approach, it may be possible to identify "hot
spots" of biodiversity that are particularly sensitive to climate change.
Publications:
None this reporting period
Project Manager: Peter A. Beedlow FTS 420-4791
-82-
-------
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Project Status Report — Interdisciplinary
June 30, 1989
Title: Reducing Uncertainty in Ecological Risk Assessment (90)
Objective(s):
Develop a research approach for statistical design, landscape characteriza-
tion, and wetlands bioindicators of health for the Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment Program (EMAP).
Output Status:
None scheduled this reporting period.
Activities:
Activities of EMAP for Inland Wetlands have centered on (1) identifying the
best indicators of wetland health, (2) defining both national and regional
lists of morphological/geobotanical wetland classes to monitor, (3)
determining the best aerial resources for executing a .landscape charac-
terization of wetlands, and (4) determining the best frequency, size and
geographic spacing of sampling points for wetlands.
A short list of wetland ecological indicators was developed and prioritized.
A bioindicator literature review is in progress to help set priorities,
specify metrics, estimate sampling costs, and select final protocols. A
geographic database of existing wetland biomonitoring sites is also being
assembled.
To determine the best "sampling frame," assumptions and procedures used by
National Wetland Inventory (NWI) for their wetland trends analyses were
closely examined, and several limitations were identified. These concerns,
as well as issues related to a "strawman sampling frame" developed by Dr.
Scott Overton, were discussed in an EMAP Wetlands Team meeting at ERL-C.
Findings:
The EMAP sampling design and landscape characterization strategies were well
received by participants at a recent EMAP meeting in Warrenton, Virginia.
Many of the previously cited limitations of the design and characterization
were addressed. It was acknowledged that landscape level information was
important for both delineating subpopulations of interest and later
diagnostics. (Interpretation of aerial photos and use of satellite imagery
were endorsed.) An ad hoc landscape committee was formed to resolve issues
and make recommendations.
Publ ications:
None this reporting period.
Project Manager: Eric M. Preston FTS 420-4666/4600
-83-
-------
-84-
-------
1986--CURRENT PUBLICATIONS
Environmental Research Laboratory--Corvallis
Abbruzzese, Brooke, Anastasia Allen, Sandra Henderson, and Mary E. Kentula. 1987.
Selecting sites for comparison with related wetlands. In Proceedings
Symposium 87 Wetlands/Peatlands. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 23-27,
1987. EPA/600/D-87/337. PB 88 132 204/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-837D).
Adamus, Paul. 1989. Wetlands and Water Quality: EPA's Research and Monitoring
Implementation Plan for the Year 1989-1994. Research Report EPA/600/3-
89/039. PB89 190 300/AS. (Eric Preston, project officer). (ERL-COR-551).
Anderson, J.W., J.M. Neff, and P.O. Boehm. 1986. Sources, fates, and effects of
aromatic hydrocarbons in the Alaskan marine environment with recommendations
for monitoring strategies. EPA/600/3-86/018. U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB
86 168 291/AS (All). (ERL-COR-302).
Angermeier, Paul L. 1986. Assessing biotic integrity in the fish community of
a small Illinois stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management.
(D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-COR-717J).
Armstrong, John L., Guy R. Knudson, and Ramon J. Seidler. 1987. Microcosm method
to assess survival of recombinant bacteria associated with plants and
herbivorous insects. Current Microbiology 15: 229-232. (ERL-COR-658J).
Athey, L.A., J.M. Thomas, J.R. Skalski, and W.E. Miller. 1987. Role of acute
toxicity bioassays in the remedial action process at hazardous waste sites.
User's Manual. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. EPA/600/8-87/044.
PB 88 125 430/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-423).
Baker, Joan P., and Todd B. Harvey. 1986. Critique of acid lakes and fish
population status in the Adirondack Region of New York State. EPA/600/3-
86/046. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
(R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 238 318/AS (All). (ERL-COR-343AP).
Baker, L.A., C.D. Pollman, and J.M. Eilers. 1988. Alkalinity regulation in
softwater Florida Lakes. Water Resources Research 24(7): 1069-1082). (ERL-
COR-833JAP).
Banwart, W.L., P.M. Porter, E.L. Ziegler, and J.J. Hassett. 1987. Simulated acid
rain effects on growth parameters and yield components of two corn
cultivars. Agronomy Journal 79(3); 497-501. (ERL-COR-664JAP).
Banwart, W.L., P.M. Porter, J.J. Hassett, and W.M. Walker. 1987. Simulated acid
rain effects on yield response of two corn cultivars. Agronomy Journal
79(3): 497-501. (ERL-COR-663JAP).
-85-
-------
Barnes, P.M., P.M. Jordan, W.G. Gold, S.D. Flint, M.M. Caldwell. 1988.
Competition, morphology, and canopy structure in wheat (triticum aestivum
L.) and wild oat (avena fatua L.) exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation.
Functional Ecology 2: 319-330). (R. Lackey, project officer). (ERL-COR-
832J).
Bedford, B.L., and E.M. Preston. 1988. Developing and scientific basis for
assessing cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on landscape
functions: status, perspectives and prospects. Environmental Management
12(5): 751-772. (ERL-COR-875J).
Bedford, B.L., and E.M. Preston, eds. 1988. Cumulative effects of landscape
systems of wetlands: scientific status, prospects and regulatory perspec-
tives. Environmental Management 12(5): 561-773. (14 manuscripts published
as a special issue). (ERL-COR-861J-875J).
Bennett, Jewel K., Robert K. Ringer, Richard S. Bennett, Bill A. Williams, and
Philip E. Humphrey. 1988. Comparison of breaking strength and shell
thickness as evaluators of eggshell quality. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 7: 351-357. (ERL-COR-816J).
Bennett, Richard S., and Daniel W. Schafer. 1988. Procedure for evaluating the
potential ability of birds to avoid chemically contaminated food.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7: 359-362. (ERL-COR-660J).
Bennett, Richard S. AR1989. Factors influencing discrimination between
insecticide-treated and untreated foods by northern bobwhite. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (ERL-COR-789J).
Bentjen, S.A., J.K. Fredrickson, P. Van Voris, and S.W. Li. 1989. Intact soil-
core microcosms for evaluating the fate and ecological impact of the release
of genetically engineered microorganisms. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 55(1): 198-202. (C. Hendricks, Project Officer). (ERL-COR-
881J).
Biggs, R.H., and P.G. Webb. 1987. Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation
on yield, and disease incidence and severity for wheat under field condi-
tions. Pages 303-311 in R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell, eds. Stratospheric
Ozone Reduction. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life. NATO AS I
Series, Vol. G8. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. EPA/600/D-87/060.
(J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 176 905/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-745J).
Binkley, D., C.T. Driscoll, H.L. Allen, P.S. Schoeneberger, and D. McAvoy. 1988.
Impacts of Acidic Deposition: Context & Case Studies of Forest Soils in
the Southeastern U. S.(ERL-COR-516).
Blick, D. James, Jay J. Messer, Dixon H. Landers, and W. Scott Overton. 1987.
Statistical basis for the design and interpretation of the National Surface
Water Survey, Phase I: Lakes and Streams. Lake and Reservoir Management
3: 470-475. (ERL-COR-752DAP).
-86-
-------
Brakke, D.F., J.M. Eilers, and D.H. Landers. 1987. Hydrologic and chemical
characteristics of darkwater, clearwater, and acidic lakes in the United
States. International Symposium on Acidification and Water Pathways,
Bolkesj, Norway. May 4-8, 1987. (ERL-COR-733DAP).
Brakke, David P., Dixon H. Landers, and Joseph M. Eilers. 1988. Chemical and
physical characteristics of lakes in the northeastern United States.
Environmental Science and Technology 22(2): 155-163. (ERL-COR-731JAP).
Brooks, Robert P., and Robert M. Hughes. 1988. Guidelines for monitoring the
biotic communities of mitigated wetlands. EPA/600/D-88/208. In Proceedings
of the National Wetland Symposium: Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. New
Orleans, Louisiana, Oct. 8-10, 1986. PB 89 119 598/AS. (ERL-COR-765D).
Caldwell, M.M., L.B. Camp, C.W. Warner, and S.D. Flint. 1986. Action spectra
and their key role in assessing biological consequences of solar UV-B
radiation change. In R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell, eds. Stratospheric
Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultra-violet Radiation, and Plant Life. Springer-
Verlag. EPA/600/D-87/006. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 147 138/AS
(A03). (ERL-COR-639D).
Caldwell, Martyn M. 1986. Plant architecture and resource competition. In
Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis. EPA/600/D-86/244.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 117 479/AS
(A03). (ERL-COR-685D).
Campbell, William G., Gary D. Bishop, M. Robbins Church, Jeffrey J. Lee, Duane A.
Lammers, and Leon H. Liegel. 1987. The Environmental Protection Agency's
direct/delayed response project: the role of a geographic information
system. Geographic Information Systems and Workshop, October 1987. San
Francisco. EPA/600/D-87/310. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon. PB 88 119 425/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-804DAP).
Carey, Ann, Anthony C. Janetos, and Roger Blair. 1987. Responses of forests to
atmospheric deposition. National Research Plan for the Forest Response
Program. EPA/600/3-86/066. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon. PB 87 140 919/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-376AP).
Carney, C.E., and F. deNoyelles, Jr. 1986. Grass carp as a potential control
agent for cattails. EPA/600/J-86/364. Transactions of the Kansas Academy
of Science 89(3&4): 86-89, July-December. (D. Larsen, project officer).
PB 87 196 531/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-440J).
Chapman, G., M. Cairns, D. Krawczyk, K. Malueg, A. Nebeker, and G. Schuytema.
1986. Report on the toxicity and chemistry of sediments from Toronto and
Toledo harbors. In Evaluation of Sediment Bioassessment Techniques. Report
of the Dredging Subcommittee to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board,
International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario. EPA/600/D-87/061. PB 87
180 014/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-473D).
-87-
-------
Charles, D.G., R.W. Battarbee, I. Renberg, Herman van Dam, and J.F. Smol. 1989
Paleoecological analysis of lake acidification trends in North America and
Europe using diatoms and chrysophytes. IN: Vol. 2 of Acid Precipitation.
Part of "Advances in Environmental Sciences" series. (ERL-COR-977D).
Church, M. Robbins. 1987. Book review of Acid Rain: A Water Resources Issue
for the 80s. In R. Herrmann and A.I. Johnson, eds. American Water
Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 83pp. 1983. EPA/600/M-87/027.
Published in EOS Transactions. American Geophysical Union 68(15): 209. PB
88 101 688/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-769misc.).
Church, M. Robbins, and Robert S. Turner, eds. 1986, Factors affecting the long-
term response of surface waters to acidic deposition: state-of-the-science.
EPA/600/3-86/025. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon. PB 86 178 118/AS (A14). (ERL-COR-318AP).
Coffey, D.S., J.C. Sprenger, D.T. Tingey, G.E. Neely, and J.C. McCarty. 1988.
National crop loss assessment network: quality assurance program.
EPA/600/J-88/250. Environmental Pollution 53: 89-98. PB 89 144 695/AS.
(ERL-COR-892J).
Cozzarelli, Isabelle M., Janet S. Herman, and Roderic A. Parnell, Jr. 1987. The
mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: effects of hydrologic
pathways. EPA/600/J-87/379. Water Resources Research 23(5): 859-874. PB
88 251 806/AS. (ERL-COR-850JAP).
Crawford, J.A., P.J. Cole, K.M. Kilbride, and A. Fairbrother. 1987. Atypical
plumage of a female California quail. Cal. Fish and Game 73(4):244-247.
(ERL-COR-741J).
Cusimano, R.F., D. Brakke, G.A. Chapman. 1986. Effects of pH on the toxicities
of cadmium, copper, and zinc to steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri).
EPA/600/J-86/500. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43(8i:
1497-1503. PB 89 130 413/AS. (ERL-COR-842J).
Cusimano, R.F., J.P. Baker, W.J. Warren-Hicks, V. Lesser, W.W. Taylor, M.C.
Fabrizio, D.B. Hayes, and B.P. Baldigo. 1989. Fish communities in lakes
in subregion 2B (upper peninsula of Michigan) in relation to lake acidity.
Vol.11. EPA/600/3-89/021b. PB 89 161 848/AS. (ERL-COR-537b).
Cusimano, R.F., J.P. Baker, W.J. Warren-Hicks, V. Lesser, W.W. Taylor, M.C.
Fabrizio, D.B. Hayes, and B.P. Baldigo. 1989. Fish communities in lakes
in subregion 2B (upper peninsula of Michigan) in relation to lake acidity.
Vol.1. EPA/600/3-89/021a. PB 89 161 830/AS. (ERL-COR-537a).
Dassel, K.A., and J.O. Rawlings. 1988. Experimental design strategy for the
Weibull dose response model. EPA/600/J-88/248. Environmental Pollution
53: 333-349. PB 89 144 992/AS. (ERL-COR-886J).
-88-
-------
Dawson, Clyde L, and Ronald A. He'llenthal. 1S86. A computerized system for the
evaluation of aquatic habitats based on environmental requirments and
pollution tolerance associations of resident organisms. EPA/600/3-86/019.
U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (D. Larsen,
project officer). PB 86 167 343/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-323). (with project
summary).
DeHaan, M.S. 1988. Cubic spline smoothing: a useful tool for cure estimation.
EPA/600/D-88/082. PB 88 214 796/AS. (ERL-COR-476).
Devanas, M.A., and G. Stotzky. 1988. Survival of genetically engineered microbes
in the environment: effect of host/vector relationship. EPA/600/D-88/109.
Developments in Industrial Microbiology 29: 287-296. PB 88 214 978/AS.
(ERL-COR-492).
Devanas, Monica A., Devorah Rafaeli-Eshkol, and Guenther Stotzky. 1986. Survival
of plasmid-containing strains of Escherichia coli in soil: effect of plasmid
size and nutrients on survival of hosts and maintenance of plasmid.
EPA/600/J-86/495. Current Microbiology 13: 269-277. PB 88 251 822/AS.
(ERL-COR-894J).
Devanas, Monica A., and Guenther Stotzky. 1986. Fate in soil of a recombinant
plasmid carrying a Drosophila gene. Current Microbiology 13: 279-283.
(ERL-COR-895J).
Dewey, Sharon L. 1986. Effects of the herbicide atrazine on aquatic insect
community structure and emergence in experimental ponds. Ecology 67(1):
148-162, February. (D. Larsen, project officer). (ERL-COR-438J).
Drewes, Charles D., Mark J. Zoran, and Clarence Callahan. 1987. Sublethal
neurotoxic effects of the fungicide benomyl on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
EPA/600/J-87/377. Pesticide Science 19: 197-208. PB 88 251 798/AS. (ERL-
COR-626J).
Eilers, J.M., D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A. Linthurst. 1987. Factors
contributing to differences in acid neutralizing capacity among lakes in
the western United States. In 23rd Annual AWRA Conference and Symposium,
November 1-6, 1987, Salt Lake City, Utah. EPA/600/D-87/309. (R. Lackey,
project officer). PB 88 112 156/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-802DAP).
Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers, and P.E. Kellar. 1988. Characteristics
of lakes in mountainous areas of the western United States. EPA/600/J-
88/240. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. Bd. 23: 144-151. PB 89 144 653/AS.
(ERL-COR-732JAP).
Eilers, Joseph M., Dixon H. Landers, and David F. Brakke. 1988. Chemical and
physical characteristics of lakes in the southeastern United States.
Environmental Science and Technology 22: 172-177. (ERL-COR-737JAP).
Eilers, Joseph M., David F. Brakke, and Dixon H. Landers. 1988. Chemical and
physical characteristics of lakes in the upper midwest United States.
EPA/600/J-88/157. Environmental Science and Technology 22: 164-172. PB 89
119 408/AS. (ERL-COR-739JAP).
-89-
-------
Eilers, Joseph M., D.F. Brakke, D.H. Landers, and W.S. Overton. 1987. Chemistry
of wilderness lakes in the western United States. In Proceedings World
Wilderness Congress, September 14-18, 1987. Estes Park, Colorado.
EPA/600/D-87/338. PB 88 132 105/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-838DAP).
Eshleman, K.N. 1988. Predicting regional episodic acidification of surface
waters using empirical techniques. Accepted Water Resources Research.
(ERL-COR-784JAP).
Eshleman, Keith N., and Philip R. Kaufmann. 1988. Assessing the regional effects
of sulfur deposition on surface water chemistry: the Southern Blue Ridge.
EPA/600/J-88/245. Environmental Science and Technology 22(6): 685-690. PB
89 145 064/AS. (ERL-COR-801JAP).
Evans, L.S., K.F. Lewin, E.M. Owen, and K.A. Santucci. 1986. Comparison of
yields of several cultivars of field-grown soybeans exposed to simulated
acidic rainfalls. New Phvtologist 102: 409-417, April. (J. Lee, project
officer). (ERL-COR-671JAP).
Fairbrother, A., S.M. Meyers, R.S. Bennett. AR1988. Changes in mallard hen
behaviors in response to methyl parathion-induced illness of ducklings.
Environ. Tox. and Chemistry 7:499-503. Accepted Dec. 1987. (ERL-COR-803J).
Fairbrother, A., and J.K. Bennett. AR1987. The usefulness of cholinesterase
measurements. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24(3):587-590. ERL-COR-
889Misc).
Fairbrother, Anne, Richard S. Bennett, and Jewel K. Bennett. 1989. Sequential
sampling of plasma cholinesterase in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) as an
indicator of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 8: 117-122. (ERL-COR-888J).
Fairbrother, Anne. 1988. Control of Baculoviruses. IN: Classical and Molecular
Methods to Assess Environmental Applications of Microorganisms. Stotzky
and Vidaver (eds). (ERL-COR-907D).
Fernandez, I.J., and P.A. Kosian. 1987. Soil air carbon dioxide concentrations
in a New England spruce-fir forest. EPA/600/J-87/043. Soil Science Society
of America Journal 51: 261-263. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 87 203
162/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-676JAP).
Flagler, R.B., R.P. Patterson, A.S. Heagle, and W.W. Heck. 1987. Ozone and soil
moisture deficit effects on nitrogen metabolism of soybean. EPA/600/J-
87/464. Crop Science 27: 1177-1184. PB 89 144 398/AS. (ERL-COR-678J).
Fletcher, John S., Alan W. Groeger, and James C. McFarlane. 1987. Metabolism of
2-chlorobiphenyl by suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet Rose. EPA/600/J-
87/439. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39: 960-965.
PB 88 251 439. (ERL-COR-755J).
Fletcher, John, Alan Groeger, Joel McCrady, and James Me Farlane. 1987. Poly-
chlorbophenyl (PCB) metabolism by plant cells. EPA/600/J-87/425. Biotech-
nology Letters 9(11): 817-820. (ERL-COR-830J).
-90-
-------
Flexner, J.L., B. Lighthart, and B.A. Croft. 1986. The effects of microbial
pesticides on non-target, beneficial arthropods. EPA/600/J-86/409.
Agriculture. Ecosystems, and Environment 16: 203-254, August. PB 88 113
212/AS (A04). (ERL-COR-579J).
Flint, S.D., and M.M. Caldwell. 1986. Comparative sensitivity of binucleate and
trinucleate pollen to ultraviolet radiation: a theoretical perspective. In
R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell, eds. Stratospheric Ozone Reduction. Solar
Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant Life. Springer-Verlag. (J. McCarty,
project officer). PB 87 147 120/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-694D).
Floyd, R.A., M.S. West, K.L. Eneff, W.E. Hogsett, and D.T. Tingey. 1988.
Hydroxyl free radical mediated formation of 8-hydroxyguanine in isolated
DNA. EPA/600/J-88/225. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 262(1):
266-272. PB 89 144 562/AS. (ERL-COR-815J).
Ford, D.E. K.W. Thornton, J.F. Nix, J.T. Malcom, and F.E. Payne. 1986. Acidic
episodes and surface water chemistry: a comparison of northeast and
southeast study sites. October. EPA/600/3-87/018. U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (M. Robbins, project officer). PB
88 154 299/AS. (ERL-COR-371AP).
Freda, Joseph, and William A. Dunson. 1986. The effect of prior exposure on
sodium uptake in tadpoles exposed to low pH water. EPA/600/J-86/368.
Journal of Comparative Physiology B 156: 649-654, December. (R. Lackey,
project officer). PB 87 198 826/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-714JAP).
Gaston, L.A., R.S. Mansell, and R.D. Rhue. 1986. Sulfate mobility in acid soils
and implications with respect to cation leaching: a review. In Proceedings
of the 43rd annual meeting of the Soil Crop Science Society of Florida,
October 25-27, 1983. (R. Wilhour, project officer). EPA/600/D-86/094. PB
86 194 230/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-628DAP).
Germann, P.F. 1988. Macropores and Hydrologic Hillslope Processes. Chapter 9
in M.G. Anderson and T.P. Buit, eds. Process Studies in Hillslope
Hydrology. John Wiley, Publishers. (ERL-COR-125J).
Gile, Jay D., and S. Mark Meyers. 1986. Effect of adult mallard age on avian
reproductive tests. EPA/600/J-86/399. Archives of Environmental Contamina-
tion and Toxicology 15: 751-756, October. PB 88 101 639/AS (A02). (ERL-
COR-587J).
Greene, J.C., W.J. Warren, B.R. Parkhurst, G.L. Linder, C.L. Bartels, S.A.
Peterson, and W.E. Miller. 1988. Protocols for Short-Term Toxicity
Screening of Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA 600/3-88/029. PB 88 235 510/AS.
(ERL-COR-496).
Greene, Joseph C., W.E. Miller, and Ellen Merwin. 1986. The effect of secondary
effluents on eutrophication in Las Vegas Bay, Lake Mead, Nevada. EPA/600/J-
86/406. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 29: 391-402, January. PB 88 107
057/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-558J).
-91-
-------
Griffith, Glenn E., James M. Omernik, and Andrew J. Kinney. 1986. Interpreting
patterns of lake alkalinity in the upper midwest region of the United
States. Presentation at Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of
Nonpoint Scource Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake
Management Society Symposium. November 5-8, 1986, Portland, Oregon.
EPA/600/D-87/009. PB 87 145 769/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-698D).
Groeger, A., and J.S. Fletcher. 1988. The influence of increasing chlorine
content on the accumulation and metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) by Paul's Scarlet Rose cells. Plant Cell Reports 7: 329-332. (ERL-
COR-924J).
Haines, Terry A., Stanislas J. Pauwels, and Charles H. Jagoe. 1986. Predicting
and evaluating the effects of acidic precipitation on water chemistry and
endemic fish populations in the northeastern United States. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Biological Report 80(40.23), Air Pollution and Acid Rain
Report No. 23. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 188 703. (ERL-COR-
349AP).
Heagle, A.S., J.E. Miller, M.W. Heck, and R.P. Patterson. 1988. Injury and yield
response of cotton to chronic doses of ozone and soil moisture deficit.
Journal of Environmental Quality 17(4): 627-635. (ERL-COR-835J).
Heagle, A.S., B. Flagler, R.P. Patterson, V.M. Lesser, S.R. Shafer, and W.W. Heck.
1987. Injury and yield response of soybean to chronic doses of ozone and
soil moisture deficit. EPA/600/J-87/467. Crop Science 27: 1016-1024. PB
89 144 422. (ERL-COR-711J).
Heagle, Allen S., W.W. Heck, V.M. Lesser, and J.O. Rawlings. 1987. Effects of
daily ozone exposure duration and concentration fluctuation on yield of
tobacco. Phytopathology 77(6): 856-862. (D. Tingey, project officer).
(ERL-COR-610J).
Heagle, Allen S., W.W. Heck, V.M. Lesser, J.O. Rawlings, and F.L. Mowry. 1986.
Injury and yield response of cotton to chronic doses of ozone and sulfur
dioxide. EPA/600/J-86/366. Journal of Environmental Quality 15(4): 375-
382, October-December. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 196 085/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-507J).
Heck, W.W., O.C. Taylor, and D.T. Tingey, eds. 1988. Assessment of crop loss
from air pollutants. In Proceedings International Conference, Raleigh,
North Carolina, October 25-29, 1987. (ERL-COR-515).
Heck, Walter W., O.C. Taylor, R.M. Adams, J.E. Miller, D.T. Tingey, and L.H.
Weinstein. 1986. National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) 1984 Annual
Report. EPA/600/3-86/041. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 86 232 949/AS (All).
(ERL-COR-352).
Heggestad, H.E., J.H. Bennett, and E.H. Lee. 1986. Effects of increasing doses
of sulfur dioxide and ambient ozone on tomatoes: plant growth, leaf injury,
elemental composition, fruit yields, and quality. Phytopathology 76(12):
1338-1344, December. (D. Tingey, project officer). (ERL-COR-510J).
-92-
-------
Heggestad, H.E., E.L. Anderson, T.J. Gish, and E.H. Lee. 1988. Effects of ozone
and soil water deficit on roots and shoots of field grown soybeans.
Environmental Pollution 50: 259-278. (ERL-COR-817J).
Heiskary, Steven A., and David P. Larsen. 1986. Analysis of regional lake water
quality patterns: implications for resource management in Minnesota.
Proceedings Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source
Pollutants and Acid Precipitation. North American Lake Management Society
Symposium, November 5-8, 1986, Portland, Oregon. EPA/600/D-87/010. PB 87
188 157/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-699D).
Henderson, S., A.B. Allen, B. Abbruzzese, M.E. Kentula, and R.M. Hughes. 1988.
A method for the selection of reference wetlands. EPA/600/D-88/254. In
Proceedings of the Society of Wetland Scientists' Eighth Annual Meeting.
"Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems of the American West," pg. 289-291. May
26-29,1987. Seattle, Washington. PB 89 129 043/AS. (ERL-COR-823D).
Hendricks, Charles W. and Nanci Pascoe. 1988. Soil microbial biomass estimates
using 2450 MHz microwave irradiation. Plant and Soil 110: 39-47. (ERL-COR-
773J).
Hendricks, Charles W., Eldor A. Paul, and Paul D. Brooks. 1987. Growth
measurements of terrestrial microbial species by a continuous-flow
technique. Plant and Soil 101: 189-195. (ERL-COR-649J).
Herdendorf, Charles E. 1987. The ecology of the coastal marshes of western Lake
Erie: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department
of the Interior; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of the Army; and U.S.
EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. FWS
Biological Report 85(7.9). (E. Preston, EPA project officer; W. Duffy, FWS
project officer). PB 87 186 805/AS. (ERL-COR-416).
Hodges, Steven C. 1987. Aluminum speciation: a comparison of five methods.
(EPA/600/J-87/057). Soil Science Society of American Journal 51: 57-64.
(R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 87 213 252/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-584JAP).
Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey, G.E. Taylor, O.M. Olszyk, and D.P. Ormond. 1987.
Air Pollution exposure systems and experimental protocols, Vol. 1: a review
and evaluation of performance. EPA/600/3-87/037a. PB 88 181 680. 137 pp.
(ERL-COR-437a).
Hogsett, W.E., D.T. Tingey, G.E. Taylor, O.M. Olszyk, and D.P. Ormond. 1987.
Air pollution exposure systems and experimental protocols, Vol. 2:
description of facilities. EPA/600/3-87/037b. PB 88 181 698. 347 pp.
(ERL-COR-437b).
Hughes, R.M., Eric Rexstad, and Carl E. Bond. 1987. The relationship of aquatic
ecoregions, river basins and physiographic provinces to ichthyogeographic
regions of Oregon. EPA/600/J-87/375. Cofieja 2: 423-432. (ERL-COR-556).
Hughes, R.M., and D.P. Larsen. 1988. Ecoregions: an approach to surface water
protection. EPA/600/J-88/224. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation
60(4): 486-493. PB 89 144 554/AS. (ERL-COR-819J).
-93-
-------
Hughes, Robert M. and James R. Gammon. 1987. Longitudinal changes in fish
assemblages and water quality in the Willamette River, Oregon. Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society 116(2): 196-209. (ERL-COR-638J).
Hughes, Robert M., David P. Larsen, and James M. Omernik. 1986. Regional
reference sites: a method for assessing stream potentials. EPA/600/J-
86/218. Environmental Management 10(5): 629-635. PB 87 170 767/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-477J).
Jacobs, L.W., G.A. O'Connor, M.A. Oyercash, M.J. Zabek, and P.T. Rygiewicz. 1987.
Effects of trace organics in sewage sludges on soil-plant systems and
assessing their risk to humans. In T.J. Logan and J.A. Ryan, eds. Land
Applications of Municipal Sewage Sludges: Food Chain Implications. Lewis
Publications, Chelsea, Michigan. EPA/600/D-87/306. PB 88 113 469/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-778D).
Jacobson, J., P. Irving, Al Kuja, D. Shriner, S. Perrigan and V. Cullinan. 1988.
A collaborative effort to model plant response to acidic rain. Accepted in
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. (ERL-COR-922J).
James, Bruce R., and Susan J. Riha. 1986. pH buffering in forest soil organic
horizons: relevance to acid precipitaton. EPA/600/J-86/404. Journal of
Environmental Quality 15(3): 229-234, July-September. (R. Wilhour, project
officer). PB 88 103 627/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-515JAP).
James, Bruce R., and Susan J. Riha. 1987. Forest soil organic horizon acidifica-
tion: effects of temperature, time, and solution/soil ratio. Soil Science
Society of America Journal 51(2): 458-462. (ERL-COR-641JAP).
Jenne, E.A., L.E. Eary, L.W. Vail, D.C. Girvin, A.M. Liebetrau, L.F. Hibler, T.B.
Miley, and M.J. Monsour. 1989. An evaluation and analysis of three dynamic
watershed acidification codes (MAGIC, ETD, and ILWAS). (ERL-COR-538).
Kanciruk, P., J.M. Eilers, R.A. McCord, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A.
Linthurst. 1986. Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States.
Volume III. Data compendium of site characteristics and chemical variables.
EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-COR-337c). See Linthurst et al. 1986 for
Volume I and Overton et al. 1986 for Volume II.
Karr, James R. 1986. Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: a
conceptual framework. Environmental Management. (D. Larsen, project
officer). (ERL-COR-718J).
Kaufmann, P., A. Herlihy, M. Mitch, A. Kinney, S. Christie, D. Brown, J. Elwood,
M. Sale, H. Jager, K. Cougan, D. Peck, C. Hagley, S. Overton, J. Messer and
K. Reckhow. 1988. Chemical characteristics of streams in the mid-Atlantic
and southeastern United States. Vol. I: Population descriptions & physico-
chemical relationships. EPA/600/3-88/021a. PB 89 119 606/AS. (ERL-COR-
482). Vol. II: Streams sampled, descriptive statistics, & compendium of
physical & chemical data. EPA/600/3-88/021b. PB 89 119 614/AS. (ERL-COR-
482b).
-94-
-------
Kentula, Mary E. 1986. Wetland rehabilitation and creation in the Pacific
Northwest. Presentation to the Washington State Department of Ecology
Wetlands Conference on "Wetland Functions, Rehabilitation, and Creation in
the Pacific Northwest: The State of Our Understanding." Port Townsend,
Washington, April 30-May 2, 1986. EPA/600/D-86/183. (D. Larsen, project
officer). PB 86 241 023/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-667D).
Kentula, Mary E. 1988. Wetland mitigation: research opportunities and needs.
In "Country in the City": Managing natural resources in the urban
environment, February 1988, Portland, Oregon. (ERL-COR-940D).
Kentula, Mary E. 1987. Does mitigation work? EPA's wetland research program is
checking. In Proceedings of the Hillsborough Community College 14th Annual
Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation. May. Tampa, PL.
EPA/600/D-87/308. (E. Preston, project officer). PB 88 112 149/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-800D).
Kentula, Mary E. 1986. EPA adapts wetland research plan. EPA/600/M-87/016.
National Wetlands Research Newsletter 8(4): 14-15. (E. Preston, project
officer). PB 87 187 076/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-657misc).
Kettle, W.D., F. deNoyelles, Jr., B.D. Heacock, and A.M. Kadoum. 1986. Diet and
reproductive success of bluegill recovered from experimental ponds treated
with atrazine. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (D.
Larsen, project officer). (ERL-COR-7160).
Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. Background for the synthesis and integration of forest
response to atmospheric deposition. Presented at the California Forest
Response Program Planning Conference, Asilomar, California, February 22-25.
(R. Blair, project officer). (ERL-COR-775DAP).
Kiester, A. Ross. 1987. The role of models in the forest response program. In
Proceedings 1987 IUFRO Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference,
Minneapolis, Minnesota. August 24-28, 1986. EPA/600/D-87/334. PB 88 130
281/AS (A03). (ERL-COR-828DAP).
King, D.A., A.S. Heagle, and R.B. Flagler. 1988. Evaluation of an ozone x
moisture stress interaction model for soybean. EPA/600/J-88/257.
Ecological Modelling 41: 269-279. PB 89 143 754/AS. (ERL-COR-704J).
King, David A. 1987. A model for predicting the influence of moisture stress on
crop losses caused by ozone. EPA/600/J-87/077. Ecological Modelling 35:
29-44, January. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 88 102 983/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-467J).
King, David A. 1988. Modeling the impact of ozone and drought interactions on
regional crop yields. EPA/600/J-88/221. Environmental Pollution 53: 351-
364. PB 89 144 505/AS. (ERL-COR-836J).
King, David A., and William L. Nelson. 1987. Assessing the impacts of soil
moisture stress on regional soybean yield and its sensitivity to ozone.
EPA/600/J-87/469. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 20: 23-35. PB
89 144 430/AS. (ERL-COR-580J).
-95-
-------
Klein, Theodore M., and Martin Alexander. 1986. Effect of the quantity and
duration of application of simulated acid precipitation on nitrogen
mineralizatino and nitrification in a forest soil. EPA/600/J-86/370.
Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 28: 309-318, April. (R. Wilhour, project
officer). PB 87 198 842/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-736JAP).
Knittel, M.D., and Anne Fairbrother. 1987. Effects of temperature and pH on
survival of free nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(12): 2771-2773. (ERL-COR-728J).
Kohut, R.J., J.A. Laurence, and L.J. Colavito. 1988. The influence of ozone
exposure dynamics on the growth and yield of kidney bean. EPA/600/J-88/247.
Environmental Pollution 53: 79-88. PB 89 145 015/AS. (ERL-COR-884J).
Kohut, R.J., R.G. Amundson, and J.A. Laurence. 1988. Effects of ozone and sulfur
dioxide on yield of red clover and timothy. Journal of Environmental
Quality 17(4): 580-585. (ERL-COR-688J).
Krasovsky, Vera N. and G. Stotzky. 1987. Conjugation and genetic recombination
in Escherichia coli in sterile and nonsterile soil. Soil Biol. Biochem.
19(5): 631-638. (ERL-COR-896J).
Kress, L.W., J.E. Miller, H.J. Smith, and J.O. Rawlings. 1986. Impact of ozone
and sulphur dioxide on soybean yield. EPA/600/J-86/157. Environmental
Pollution (Series A) 41: 105-123. PB 87 118 519/AS (A02). (D. Tingey,
project officer). (ERL-COR-512J).
Krug, W.R., W.A. Gebert, D.J. Graczyk, D. Stevens, B.P. Rochelle, and M.R. Church.
1988. Runoff map for the northeastern southeastern and mid-Atlantic United
States for water years 1951-80. (ERL-COR-472).
Kusler, Jon A. Millicent Quammen, and Gail Brooks, eds. 1988. In Proceedings of
the National Wetland Symposium, Mitigation of Impacts and Losses.
EPA/600/9-88/014. PB 88 223 797/AS. (ERL-COR-457).
Lammers, D.A., D.L. Cassell, J.J. Lee, D.L. Stevens, R.S. Turner, W.G. Campbell,
and M.G. Johnson. 1987. Field operations and quality assurance/quality
control for direct/delayed response project soil mapping activities in the
northeast region. 140 pgs. EPA/600/3-87/017. PB 88 171 301. (ERL-COR-
406AP).
Lammers, D.A., D.L. Cassell, J.J. Lee, D.L. Stevens, W.G. Campbell, and M.G.
Johnson. 1987. Field operations and quality assurance/quality control for
direct/delayed response project soil mapping activities in the Southern Blue
Ridge Region. EPA/600/3-88/106. PB 88 195 722/AS. (ERL-COR-454AP).
Landers, D.H., J.M. Eilers, D.F. Brakke, and P.E. Kellar. 1988. Characteristics
of acidic lakes in the eastern United States. EPA/600/J-88/232. Verh.
Internat. Verein. Limnol. Bd. 23: 152-162. PB 89 144 646/AS. (ERL-COR-
734JAP).
-96-
-------
Landers, Dixon H., W. Scott Overton, Rick A. Linthurst, and David F. Brakke.
1988. Eastern lake survey: regional estimates of lake chemistry.
EPA/600/J-88/241. Environmental Science and Technology 22: 128-135. PB 89
144 661. (ERL-COR-730JAP).
Larsen, David P., Robert M. Hughes, James M. Omernik, Daniel R. Dudley, Christina
H. Rohm, Thomas R. Whittier, Andrew J. Kinney, and Alisa L. Gallant. 1986.
The correspondence between spatial patterns in fish assemblages in Ohio
streams and aquatic ecoregions. EPA/600/J-86/365. Environmental Management
10(6): 815-828, December. (0. Larsen, project officer). PB 87 196 077/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-480J).
Larsen, David P., Frank deNoyelles, Jr., Frank Stay, and Tamotsu Shiroyama. 1986.
Comparisons of single species, microcosm, and experimental pond responses
to atrazine exposure. EPA/600/J-86/050. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 5: 179-190, February. PB 86 199 379/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-414J).
Larsen, David P., Daniel R. Dudley, and Robert M. Hughes. 1988. An approach for
assessing attainable water quality: Ohio as a case study. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation. (ERL-COR-681J).
Lee, E. Henry, D.T. Tingey, and W.I:. Hogsett. 1988. Evaluation of ozone exposure
indices for relating exposure to plant production and for estimating
agricultural losses. EPA/600/3-88/039. PB 89 118 350/AS. (ERL-COR-518).
Lee, E. Henry, David T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1988. Evaluation of ozone
exposure indices in exposure-response modeling. EPA/600/J-88/244. Journal
of Environmental Pollution 53: 43-62. PB 89 145 049/AS. (ERL-COR-798J).
Lefohn, A.S., H.P. Knudsen, and L.R. McEvoy. 1988. The use of kriging to
estimate monthly ozone exposure parameters for the southeastern United
States. EPA/600/J-88/249. Environmental Pollution 53: 27-42. PB 89 145
007/AS. (ERL-COR-887J).
Lefohn, A.S., C.E. Davis, C.K. Jones, D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1987. Reply
to B.A. Marie and D.P. Ormrod comments about the article "Co-occurrence
patterns of gaseous air pollutant pairs at different minimum concentrations
in the United States. Atmospheric Environment 22: 1243. (ERL-COR-849J).
Lefohn, A.S., C.E. Davis, C.K. Jones, D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett. 1987. Co-
occurrence patterns of gaseous air pollutant pairs at different minimum
concentrations in the United States. EPA/600/J-87/466. Atmospheric
Environment 21(11): 2435-2444. PB 89 144 414/AS. (ERL-COR-707J).
Lefohn, A.S., H.P. Knudsen, J.A. Logan, J. Simpson, and C. Bhumralkar. 1987. An
evaluation of the Kriging Method to predict 7-h seasonal mean ozone
concentrations for estimating crop losses. EPA/600/J-87/465. JAPCA 37(5):
595-602. pb 89 144 406/as. (ERL-COR-687J).
Lefohn, Allen S., W.E. Hogsett, and David T. Tingey. 1986. A method for
developing ozone exposures that mimic ambient conditions in agricultural
areas. EPA/600/J-86/046. Atmospheric Environment 20(2): 361-366. February.
PB 86 195 948/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-451J).
-97-
-------
Lefohn, Allen S., W.E. Hogsett, and David T. Tingey. 1987. The development of
sulfur dioxide and ozone rural exposure profiles that mimic ambient
conditions in the southeastern United States. EPA/600/J-87/376.
Atmospheric Environment 21(3): 659-669. PB 88 251 848/AS. (ERL-COR-613J).
Levin, Morris A., Ramon Seidler, Al W. Borquin, John R. Fowle III, and Tamar
Barkay. 1987. EPA developing methods to assess environmental release.
Biotechnology 5: 38-45, January.
Lighthart, Bruce, David Sewall, and David R. Thomas. 1988. Effect of several
stress factors on the susceptibility of the predatory mite, Metaseiulus
occidental is (Acari: Phytoseiidae), to the weak bacterial pathogen Serratia
marcescens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 52: 33-42. (ERL-COR-818J).
Lighthart, Bruce, David Sewall, and David R. Thomas. 1988. Effect of several
stress factors on the susceptibility of the predatory mite, Metaseiulus
occidentalis. Journal of Invertebrate Phathology 52: 33-42. (ERL-COR-
826J).
Lighthart, Bruce, and A.J. Mohr. 1987. Estimating downwind concentrations of
viable airborne microorganisms in dynamic atmospheric conditions.
EPA/600/J-87/458. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(7): 1580-1583.
PB 89 134 639/AS. ERL-COR-643J).
Lighthart, Bruce. 1988. Some changes in gut bacterial flora of field-grown
Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) when brought into the laboratory.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(7): 1896-1898. (ERL-COR-654J).
Lindow, S.E., G.R. Knudsen, R.J. Seidler, M.V. Walter, V.W. Lambou, P.S. Amy, D.
Schmedding, V. Prince, and S. Hern. 1988. Aerial dispersal and epiphytic
survival of Pseudomonas syringae during a pretest for the release of
genetically engineered strains into the environment. Applied and Environ-
mental Microbiology 54(6): 1557-1563. (ERL-COR-846J).
Lindstrom, F.T., D.E. Cawlfield, and L. Boersma. 1988. CTSPAC: mathematical
model for coupled transport of water, solutes, and heat in the soil-plant-
atmosphere continuum: Vol. 1. Mathematical theory and transport concepts.
EPA/600/3-88/030. PB 88 238 316/AS. (ERL-COR-505).
Link, S.O., R.J. Fellows, D.A. Cataldo, J.G. Droppo, and P. Van Voris. 1987.
Estimation of an aerial depositin and foliar uptake of xenobiotics:
assessment of current models. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories, PNL-6173. EPA/300/3-87/050. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (J. Me Farlane, project officer). (ERL-COR-
439).
Linthurst, R.A., D.H. Landers, J.M. Eilers, D.F. Brakke, U.S. Overton, E.P. Meier,
and R.E. Crowe. 1986. Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United
States. Volume I. Population descriptions and physiochemical relationships.
EPA/600/4-86/007a. ERL-COR-337a).
-98-
-------
Overton, W.S., P. Kanciruk, L.A. Hook, J.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, D.F.
Brakke, D.J. Blick, Jr., R.A. Linthurst, M.D. DeHaan, and J.M. Omernik,
1986. Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States. Volume II.
Lakes samples and descriptive statistics for physical and chemical
variables. EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. 374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-COR-337b).
Kanciruk, P., J.M. Eilers, R.A. McCord, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke, and R.A.
Linthurst, 1986. Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States.
Volume III. Data compendium of site characteristics and chemical variables.
EPA/600/4-86/007c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
439 pp. PB 87 110 409c. (ERL-COR-337c).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(SAS data tape). PB 87 193 298 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/024; EPA/600/4-86/007g.
(ERL-COR-387g).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(SAS export data tape). PB 87 193 298 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/023; EPA/600/4-
86/007d. (ERL-COR-387d).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(EBCDIC tape). PB 87 193 314 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/025; EPA/600/4-86/007f.
(ERL-COR-387f).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(ASCII tape). PB 87 193 322 (T03). EPA/DF/MT-87/026; EPA/600/4-86/007c.
(ERL-COR-387c).
National Surface Water Survey: Eastern lake survey, phase I (ELS-I), 1984
(for microcomputers). PB 87 193 330 (DOS). EPA/DF/DK-87/029; EPA/60C/4-
86/007i. (ERL-COR-387i).
Maguire, Christine Chitko, and Bill A. Williams. 1987. Response of thermal
stressed bobwhite to organophosphorus exposure. Environmental Pollution
47: 25-39. (ERL-COR-974J).
Maguire, Christine Chitko, and Bill A. Williams. 1987. Cold stress and acute
organophosphorus exposure: interaction effects on juvenile northern
bobwhite. EPA/600/J-87/378, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16: 477-481.
PB 88 251 814/AS. (ERL-COR-627J).
Malueg, K.W., G.S. Schuytema, and D.F. Krawczyk. 1986. Effects of sample storage
on a copper-spiked freshwater sediment. EPA/600/J-86/276. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 245-253, April. PB 87 166 815/AS (A02). (ERL-
COR-432J).
Mansell, R.S., S.A. Bloom, H.M. Selim, and R.D. Rhue. 1986. Multispecies cation
leaching during continuous displacement of electrolyte solutions through
soil columns. EPA/600/J-86/369. Geoderma 38: 61-75, November. (R.
Wilhour, project officer). PB 87 198 834/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-735JAP).
-99-
-------
Marmorek, David R., D.P. Bernard, M.L. Jones, L.P. Rattle, and T.J. Sullivan.
1988. The effects of mineral acid deposition on concentrations of dissolved
organic acids in surface waters. EPA/600/3-88/022. PB 88 235 528/AS.
(ERL-COR-500AP).
Marx, Donald, et al. 1988. Southern forest atlas project—atmospheric deposi-
tion, weather, soils, tree distribution, and pest-fire. Printed and
distributed by USDA FS. (ERL-COR-920Atlas).
Mast, M. Alisa, and James I. Drever. 1987. The effects of oxalate on the
dissolution rates of oligoclase and tremolite. EPA/600/J-87/462.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51: 2559-2568, Pergamon Journals Ltd. PB
89 134 787/AS. (ERL-COR-897J).
Me Farlane, Craig, and Thomas Pfleeger. 1986. Plant exposure laboratory and
chambers. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
EPA/600/3-86/007a,b. Volume I, PB 86 155 777/AS (A03); Volume II
(Appendices 1-6), PB 86 155 785/AS (A13). (ERL-COR-301a,b).
Me Farlane, J. Craig, Thomas Pfleeger, and John Fletcher. 1987. Transpiration
effect on the uptake and distribution of bromacil, nitrobenzene and phenol
in soybean plants. Journal of Environmental Quality 16(4): 372-376. (ERL-
COR-727J).
Me Farlane, J. Craig, and Thomas Pfleeger. 1987. Plant exposure chambers for
study of toxic chemical-plant interactions. EPA/600/J-87/459. Journal of
Environmental Quality 16(4): 361-371. PB 89 134 753/AS. (ERL-COR-725J).
Me Farlane, Craig, Cynthia Nolt, Carlos Wickliff, Tom Pfleeger, Ray Shimabuku,
and Mike McDowell. 1987. The uptake, distribution, and metabolism of four
organic chemicals by soybean plants and barlet roots. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 6: 847-856. (ERL-COR-669J).
McCrady, Joel K., Craig Me Farlane, and F.T. Lindstrom. 1987. The transport and
affinity of substituted benzenes in soybean stems. Journal of Experimental
Botany 38(196): 1875-1890. (ERL-COR-710J).
McLaughlin, D.J. Dowing, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvick, L.K.
Mann and T.W. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATABASE DOCUMENTATION. (Computer Tape)
EPA/DF/MT-88/054. EPA/600/3-87/029b. PB 88 223 63I/AS. (ERL-COR-380APb).
McLaughlin, D.J. Dowing, T.J. Biasing, B.L. Jackson, D.J. Pack, D.N. Dirvick, L.K.
Mann, and T.W. Doyle. 1988. FORAST DATABASE DOCUMENTATION. EPA/DF/MT-
88/054a. EPA/600/3-87/029a. PB 88 223 649/AS. (ERL-COR-380APa).
Meehan, Rosa, and Jon R. Nickles. 1988. Oil development in northern Alaska — a
guide to the effects of gravel placement on wetlands and waterbirds.
EPA/600/3-88/024. PB 88 224 407/AS. (ERL-COR-501).
Messer, J.J., C.W. Ariss, J.R. Baker, S.E. Drouse, K.N. Eshleman, A.J. Kinney,
U.S. Overton, M.J. Sale, R.D. Schonbrod. 1988. Stream chemistry in the
southern Blue Ridge: feasibility of a regional synpotic sampling approach.
Mater Resources Bulletin 24(4h 821-829. (ERL-COR-776JAP).
-100-
-------
Meyers, S. Mark, and Susan M. Schiller. 1986. TCRRE-TOX: a database for effects
of anthropogenic substances on terrestrial animals. EPA/600/J-86/051.
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 26: 33-36, February.
PB 86 199 361/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-506J).
Meyers, S. Mark, and Jay D. Gile. 1986. Mallard reproductive testing in a pond
environment: a preliminary study. EPA/600/J-86/400. Archives of Environ-
mental Contamination and Toxicology 15: 757-761, December. PB 88 101 621/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-600J).
Meyers, S.M., and S.M. Schiller. 1986. TERRE-TOX terrestrial toxicity database.
EPA/600/M-86/008. U.S. EPA,, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon. (H. Kibby, project officer). PB 86 178 043/AS (T03). (ERL-COR-
327). Two magnetic tapes. No project report or summary.
Miller, D.L., P.M. Leonard, R.M. Hughes, J.R. Karr, P.B. Moyle, L.H. Schrader,
B.A. Thompson, R.A. Daniels, K.D. Fausch, G.A. Fitzhugh, J.R. Gammon, D.B.
Halliwell, P.L. Angermeier, and D.J. Orth. 1988. Regional applications of
an index of biotic integrity for use in water resource management.
Fisheries 13(5): 12-20. (ERL-COR-827J).
Miller, J.E., R.P. Patterson, A.S. Heagle, W.A. Pursley, and W.W. Heck. 1988.
Growth of cotton under chronic ozone stress at two levels of soil moisture.
Journal of Environmental Quality 17(4): 635-643. (ERL-COR-903J).
Mortenson, D.C. 1989. Geographic Information System Documentation of Watershed
Data for Direct/Delayed Response Project -- Southern Blue Ridge Province
Database. EPA/600/3-89/002. (M.R. Church, project officer). (ERL-COR-
535).
Mortenson, D.C. 1989. Geographic Information System Documentation of Watershed
Data for Direct/Delayed Response Project -- Southern Blue Ridge Province
Database. EPA/600/S-89/002. Project Summary. (M.R. Church, project
officer). (ERL-COR-535S).
Mortenson, D.C. 1989 Geographic Information System Documentation of Watershed
Data for Direct/Delayed Response Project. Project Summary. EPA/600/S-
89/001. (M.R. Church, project officer). (ERL-COR-519S).
Mortenson, D.C. 1989 Geographic Information System Documentation of Watershed
Data for Direct/Delayed Response Project. EPA/600/3-89/001. (M.R. Church,
project officer). (ERL-COR-519).
Moser, Thomas J., David T. Tingey, and Kent D. Rodecap. 1986. Direct and
residual effects of cadmium on the growth and elemental composition of
Arabidopsis thaliana. Anaewandte Botanik 60: 391-405. (ERL-COR-656J).
Murali, N.S., and Alan S. Teramura. 1986. Effects of supplemental ultraviolet-
s' radiation on the growth and physiology of field-grown soybean. EPA/600/J-
86/378. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26(3): 233-242. PB 87 212
866/AS (A02). J. McCarty, project officer). (ERL-COR-574J).
-101-
-------
Murphy, Thomas A. 1987. Design and management of research projects. In
Proceedings of U.S./Malayasian Seminar on R&D Management. EPA/600/D-87/263.
PB 88 106 380/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-721D).
NAPAP Forest Response Program. 1988. Ecological quality assurance workshop.
EPA/600/9-88/020. PB 89 118 699/AS. (ERL-COR-512).
Nebeker, A.V., M.A. Cairns, S.T. Onjukka, and R.H, Titus. 1986. Effect of age
on sensitivity of Daphnia magna to cadmium, copper, and cyanazine.
EPA/600/J-86/131. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 527-530, June.
PB 87 100 590/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-468J).
Nebeker, A.V., A. Stinchfield, C. Savonen, and G. Chapman. 1986. Effects of
copper, nickel, and zinc on three species of Oregon freshwater snails.
EPA/600/J-86/407. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 807-811, May.
PB 88 107 198/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-569J).
Nebeker, Alan V., and Clifford E. Miller. 1988. Use of the amphipod crustacean
hyalella azteca in freshwater and estuarine sediment toxicity tests.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7: 1027-1033. (ERL-COR-799J).
Nebeker, Alan V., Samual T. Onjukka, and Michael A. Cairns. 1988. Chronic
effects of contaminated sediment on Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans.
EPA/600/J-88/242. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
41: 574-581. PB 89 145 023/AS. (ERL-COR-582J).
Nebeker, Alan V., Samual T. Onjukka, Michael A. Cairns, Daniel F. Krawczyk. 1986.
Survival of Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca in cadmium-spiked water and
sediment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 933-938, October.
(ERL-COR-581J).
Neuhauser, E.F., R.C. Loehr, and Michael R. Malecki. 1986. Contact and
artificial soil tests using earthworms to evaluate the impact of wastes in
soil. Pages 192-203 in J.K. Petros, Jr., W.J. Lacy, and R.A. Conway, eds.
Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing: Fourth Symposium. ASTM STP
886. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. EPA/600/D-
84/298S. (C. Callahan, project officer). PB 86 195 237/AS (A02). (ERL-
COR-426D).
Neuhauser, E.F., P.F. Durkin, M.R. Malecki, and M. Anatra. 1986. Comparative
Toxicity of ten organic chemicals to four earthworm species. EPA/600/J-
86/397. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 83C(1): 197-200. PB 88
107 115/AS (A02). (C. Callahan, project officer). (ERL-COR-550J).
Newell, Avis D. 1987. Predicting spring lake chemistry from fall samples.
EPA/600/D-87/265. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acid
Rain, 1-3 September 1987, Lisbon. PB 88 106 356/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-
771DAP).
Nix, Joe F., K.W. Thornton, D.E. Ford and J. Malcolm. 1988. Storm event sampling
of two low alkalinity southwestern Arkansas streams. EPA/600/3-88/023).
PB 88 225 107/AS. (ERL-COR-499D).
-102-
-------
Olson, Richard, project manager. 1987. Western conifers research cooperative.
1987 Research Plan. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon. PB 87 227 641 AS (A05). (ERL-COR-408AP).
Olszyk, David M., and David T. Tingey. 1986. Joint action of 03 and S02 in
modifying plant gas exchange. EPA/600/J-86/394. Plant Physiology 82: 401-
405. PB 88 104 278/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-625J).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the south central
states. Map. EPA/600/D-87/315. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-792M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa N. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the southwest
states. Map. EPA/600/D-87/316. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-795M).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the west central
states. Map. EPA/600/D-87/317. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-793M).
Omernik, James J. 1987. Ecoregions of the northeast states. Map. EPA/600/D-
87/313. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
(ERL-COR-794M).
Omernik, James M., and Glenn E. Griffith. 1986. Total alkalinity of surface
waters: a map of the upper midwest region. Map and text. EPA/600/D-85/043.
U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-
269D). Not sold by NTIS. Also published in Environmental Management 10(6):
829-839, 1986.
Omernik, James M., Christina M. Rohm, Sharon E. Clarke, and David P. Larsen.
1988. Summer total phosphorus in lakes: a map of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and
Michigan. Environmental Management 12(6): 815-825. (ERL-COR-851J).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa M. Gallant. 1988. Ecoregions of the upper midwest
states. EPA/600/3-88/037. (ERL-COR-943MAP).
Omernik, James M., and Alisa L. Gallant. 1986. Ecoregions of the Pacific
Northwest. EPA/600/3-86/033., U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon, w/map. (ERL-COR-341).
Omernik, James M. 1987. Ecoregions of the southeast states. Map. EPA/600/D-
87/314. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
(ERL-COR-796M).
Omernik, James M., and Glenn E. Griffith. 1986. Total alkalinity of surface
waters: a map of the western region. EPA/600/J-86/410. Journal of Soil
and Water Conversation 41(6): 374-378, November-December. PB 88 104 302/AS.
(ERL-COR-639J).
Omernik, James. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Annals of
the Association of American Geographers 77(1): 118-125, March. (ERL-COR-
578J).
-103-
-------
Overton, W.S., P. Kanciruk, L.A. Hook, J.M. Eilers, D.H. Landers, D.F. Brakke,
D.J. Blick, Jr., R.A. Linthurst, M.D. DeHaan, and J.M. Omernik. 1986.
Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States. Volume II. Lakes
samples and descriptive statistics for physical and chemical variables.
EPA/600/4-86/007b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
374 pp. PB 87 110 391b. (ERL-COR-337b). See Linthurst et al. 1986 for
Volume I and Kanciruk et al. 1986 for Volume III.
Peterson, S.A., J.C. Greene, W.E. Miller, and D.C. Wilborn. 1987. Bio-activity
differences of water and sodium acetate eluate from municipal and industrial
wastes. Third Annual EPA Solid Waste Testing and Quality Assurance
Symposium, July 13-17. (ERL-COR-777D). Not sold by NTIS.
Peterson, Spencer A. 1986. Sediment removal. Chapter 8 in Lake and Reservoir
Restoration. (G.D. Cooke, E.B. Welch, S.A. Peterson, and P.R. Newroth).
Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Massachusetts. EPA/600/D-84/207. PB 84
236 397/AS A08). (ERL-COR-167D).
Porter, P.M., W.L. Banwart, J.J. Hassett, R.L. Finke. 1987. Effects of simulated
acid rain on yield response of two soybean cultivars. Journal of Environ-
mental Quality 16(4): 433-437. (ERL-COR-746JAP).
Preston, E.M., and B.L. Bedford. 1988. Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland
functions: a conceptual overview and generic framework. Environmental
Management 12(5): 565-584. (ERL-COR-861J).
Preston, Eric M., and David T. Tingey. 1988. The NCLAN program for crop loss
assessment. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants. (ERL-COR-
855J).
Quinn, S.O., and N. Bloomfield, eds. 1986. Acidic deposition, trace cor-
taminants, and their indirect human health effects: research needs. In
Proceedings of a workshop held at Topridge Conference Center, Paul Smith's,
New York, June 19-22, 1984. EPA/600/9-86/002. U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (R. Lackey, project officer). PE
86 177 581/AS (A05). (ERL-COR-276AP).
Rafii, Fatemeh, and Don L. Crawford. 1988. Transfer of conjugative plasmids and
mobilization of a nonconjugative plasmid between streptomyces strains on
agar and in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(6): 1334-1340.
(ERL-COR-882J).
Rappaport, L. 1988. Rapid assays of plant responses to herbicide treatment. 36
pp. EPA 600/3-88/005. PB 88 158 050. (ERL-COR-257).
Ratsch, Hilman C., and Debra Johndro. 1986. Comparative toxicity of six test
chemicals to lettuce using two root elongation test methods. EPA/600/J-
86/499. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 6: 267-276. PB 89 120
133/AS. (ERL-COR-306J).
-104-
-------
Ratsch, Hilman C., and Debra Johndro. 1986. Growth inhibition and morphological
effects by several chemicals in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. EPA/600/J-
86/129. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 55-60, January. PB 87
100 707/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-349J).
Ratsch, Hilman C., and Debra Johndro. 1987. The influence of two culturing
techniques on toxicity of four chemicals in Arabidopsis. EPA/600/J-87/453.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 9: 155-168. PB 89 130 371/AS.
(ERL-COR-618J).
Raw!ings, J.O., V.M. Lesser, A.S. Heagle, and W.W. Heck. 1988. Alternative ozone
dose metrics to characterize ozone impact on crop yield loss. Journal of
Environmental Quality 17(2): 285-291. (ERL-COR-904J).
Reckhow, Kenneth H. 1987. Robust Bayes models of fish response to lake
acidification. EPA/600/D-88/277. In Proceedings IAWPRC International
Symposium "Systems Analysis in Water Quality Management." PB 89 142 657/AS.
(ERL-COR-761JAP).
Reed, Margaret A., and Richard J. Stolzberg. 1987. Direct determination of
arsenite by differential pulse polarography in the presence of lead(II) and
thallium(I). Analytical Chemistry 59(3). (J. McCarty, project officer).
(ERL-COR-780J).
Riitters, Kurt H. 1987. Process models for monitoring forest health. In
Proceedings of the IUFRO Forest Growth Modeling and Prediction Conference,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 24-28, 1987. EPA/600/D-87/307. (Roger
Blair, project officer). PB 88 113 675/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-797DAP).
Robberecht, R., and M.M. Caldwell. 1986. Leaf UV optical properties of Rumex
patientia L. and Rumex obtusifolius L. in regard to a protective mechanism
against solar UV-B radiation injury. In R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell,
eds. Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, and Plant
Life. Springer-Verlag. EPA/600/D-87/008. (J. McCarty, project officer).
PB 87 147 112/AS (A02). (ERI.-COR-695D).
Rochelle, Barry P., and Parker J. Wigington, Jr. 1986. Surface runoff from
southeastern Oklahoma forested watersheds. In Proceedings of the Oklahoma
Academy of Science 66: 7-13.
Rochelle, Barry P., M. Robbins Church, and Mark B. David. 1987. Sulfur retention
at intensively studied sites in the U.S. and Canada. Water, Air, and Soil
Pollution 33: 73-83. March. (ERL-COR-636JAP).
Rochelle, Barry P., and M. Robbins Church. 1987. Regional patterns of sulfur
retention in watershed of the eastern U.S. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution
36: 61-73. (ERL-COR-705JAP).
Rodecap, Kent D., and David T. Tingey. 1986. Ozone-induced ethylene release from
leaf surfaces. EPA/600/J-86/398. Plant Science 44: 73-76, March. PB 88
107 107/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-420J).
-105-
-------
Rohm, Christina M., John W. Giese, and Charles C. Bennett. 1987. Evaluation of
an aquatic ecoregion classification of streams in Arkansas. EPA/600/J-
87/168. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4(1): 127-140. PB 88 158 845/AS.
(ERL-COR-708J).
Rygiewicz, P.T., S.L. Miller, and D.M. Durall. 1988. A root-mycocosm for growing
ectomycorrhizal hyphae apart from host roots while maintaining symbiotic
integrity. EPA/600/J-88/233. Plant and Soil 109: 281-284. PB 89 142
715/AS. (ERL-COR-772J).
Sanville, William D., H. Peter Eilers, Theodore R. Boss, and Thomas G. Pfleeger.
1986. Enviornmental gradients in northwest freshwater wetlands. EPA/600/J-
86/413. Environmental Management 10(1): 125-134. PB 88 123 948/AS (A03).
(ERL-COR-397J).
Schuytema, Gerald S., Daniel F. Krawczyk, William L. Griffis, Alan V. Nebeker,
Merline L. Robideaux, Bruce J. Brownawell, and John C. Westall. 1988.
Comparative uptake of hexachlorobenzene by fathead minnows, amphipods and
oligochaete worms from water and sediment. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 7: 1035-1045. (ERL-COR-829J).
Seidler, Ray J., and Stephen Hern. 1988. Special report: release of ice minus
recombinant bacteria. EPA/600/3-88/060. PB 89 138 465/AS. (ERL-COR-473).
Sewall, David K., and Bruce Lighthart. 1988. Standard practice for conducting
fungal pathogenicity tests on the predatory mite, Metaseiulus occidental is
(Arcarina: Phytoseiidae). (ERL-COR-525).
Shaffer, Paul W., and M. Robbins Church. AR1988. Terrestrial and inlake
contributions to alkalinity budgets: An assessment of regional differences.
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. (ERL-COR-788JAP).
Shaffer, Paul W., Richard P. Hooper, K.N. Eshleman, and M.R. Church. 1983.
Watershed versus in-lake alkalinity generation: a comparison of rates using
input-output studies. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 39: 263-273. (ERL-
COR-760JAP).
Shirazi, M.A., L. Boersma, and J.W. Hart. 1988. A unifying quantitative analysis
on soil texture: improvement of precision and extension of scale.
EPA/600/J-88/081. Soil Science Society of America 52(1): 181-190. PB 88
249 875/AS. (ERL-COR-670J).
Shirazi, M.A., S.A. Peterson, L. Lowrie, and J.W. Hart. 1986. Computer-based
land classification for management of hazardous waste. EPA/600/J-86/405.
Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 3(1): 77-100, March. PB 88 104
195/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-557J).
Shirazi, M.A., R.S. Bennett, and L.C. Lowrie. 1988. An approach to environmental
risk assessment using avian toxicity tests. EPA/600/J-88/258. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26: 263-271. PB 89 143 747/AS.
(ERL-COR-706J).
-106-
-------
Shirazi, M.A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. An approach for integration of
toxicological data. EPA/600/D-88/253. Special Technical Publication 971
1988. American Society for Testing and Materials. PB 89 129 472/AS. (ERL-
COR-635D).
Shirazi, Mostafa A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. Comparative toxicity based on
similar asymptotic cndpoints. EPA/600/J-88/243. Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 17: 273-280. PB 89 145 031/AS. (ERL-COR-
726J).
Shirazi, Mostafa A., and LeVaughn Lowrie. 1988. Comparative toxicity based on
similar asymptotic endpoints. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 17: 273-280. (ER.L-COR-726J).
Siddens, Lisabeth K., Wayne K. Seim, Lawrence R. Curtis, and Gary A. Chapman.
1986. Comparison of continuous and episodic exposure to acidic, aluminum-
contaminated waters of brook trout. EPA/600/J-86/393. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aouatic Sciences 43(10): 2036-2040. (C. Powers, project
officer). PB 88 104 286/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-632JAP).
Sigal, Lorene L., and J. William Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of simulated acidic
rain on one species each of Pseudoparmelia, Usnea, and Umbilicaria.
EPA/600/J-86/396. Water. Air, and Soil Pollution 27: 315-322, February.
(R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 88 107 099/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-630JAP).
Sigal, Lorene L., and J. William Johnston, Jr. 1986. Effects of acidic rain and
ozone on nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis in the lichen Lobaria
pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. EPA/600/J-86/395. Environmental and Experimental
Botany 26(1): 59-64, January-March. (R. Wilhour, project officer). PB 88
104 294/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-629JAP).
Skelly, John M. et a!., eds. 1987. Diagnosing injury to eastern forest trees.
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Forest Response Program,
Vegetaton Survey Research Cooperative. Published under a cooperative
agreement with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and
Pennsylvania State University, College of Agriculture, University Park.
(R. Blair, project officer). (ERL-COR-435AP). Not sold by NTIS.
Spruill, S.E., V.M. Lesser, M.C. Somerville, and J.O. Rawlings. 1988. Methods
used for managing and analyzing the data stored in the NCLAN data library.
Environmental Pollution 53: 462-465. (ERL-COR-947J).
Stotzky, G. 1987. Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes,
growth, adhesion, and ecology of microbes and viruses. EPA/600/D-88/161.
Interactions of Soil Minerals with Natural Organics and Microbes. Soil
Science Society of America Spec. Publ. 117. PB 88 237 946/AS. (ERL-COR-
899J).
Stotzky, G., M.A. Devanas, and L..R. Zeph. 1988. Behavior of genetically
engineered microbes in natural environments and their potential use in IN
SITU reclamation of contaminated sites. EPA/600/D-88/108. PB 88 214
960/AS. (ERL-COR-493).
-107-
-------
Stotzky, G. and H. Babich. 1986. Survival of, and genetic transfer by,
genetically engineered bacteria in natural environments. EPA/600/D-88/162.
Advances in Applied Microbiology 31: 93-138. PB 88 237 953/AS. (ERL-COR-
900J).
Sullivan, T.J., J.M. Eilers, M.R. Church, D.J. Blick, K.N. Eshleman, D.H. Landers,
and M.S. DeHaan. 1988. Atmospheric wet sulphate deposition and lakewater
chemistry. EPA/600/J-88/235. Nature 331 No. 6157: 607-609. PB 89 142
723/AS. (ERL-COR-786JAP).
Sullivan, Timothy J., Charles T. Driscoll, Joseph M. Eilers, and Dixon H. Landers.
1988. Evaluation of the role of sea salt inputs in the long-term acidifica-
tion of coastal New England lakes. EPA/600/J-88/234. Environmental Science
and Technology 22: 185-190. Pt 55 144 679/AS. (ERL-COR-726JAP).
Taylor, G.E., Jr., D.T. Tingey, and C.A. Gunderson. 1986. Photosynthesis, carbon
allocation, and growth of sulfur dioxide ecotypes of Geranium carolinianum
L. Oecologia (Berlin) 68: 350-357. (ERL-COR-555J).
Temple, P.J., L.F. Benoit, R.W. Lennox, C.A. Reagan, and O.C. Taylor. 1988.
Combined effects of ozone and water stress on alfalfa growth and yield.
EPA/600/J-88/256. Journal of Environmental Quality 17(1): 108-113. PB 89
144 976/AS. (ERL-COR-661J).
Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox, and K. Rohr. 1988. Physiological and
growth responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. EPA/600/J-
88/222. Environmental Pollution 53: 255-263. PB 89 144 513/AS. (ERL-COR-
822J).
Temple, P.J., R.S. Kupper, R.L. Lennox, and K. Rohr. 1988. Injury and yield
responses of differentially-irrigated cotton to ozone. EPA/600/J-88/223.
Agronomy Journal 80: 751-755. PB 89 144 521/AS. (ERL-COR-821J).
Temple, Patrick J., and Larry F. Benoit. 1988. Effects of ozone and water stress
on canopy temperature, water use, and water use efficiency of alfalfa.
EPA/600/J-88/122. Agronomy Journal 80: 439-447. PB 88 251 756/AS. (ERL-
COR-738J).
Temple, Patrick J., 0. Clifton Taylor, and Larry F. Benoit. 1986. Yield response
of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to ozone. EPA/600/J-86/011. Environ-
mental and Experimental Botany 26(1): 53-58, January-March. (D. Tingey,
project officer). PB 86 176 773/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-471J).
Temple, Patrick. 1986. Stomatal conductance and transpirational responses of
field grown cotton to ozone. EPA/600/J-86/132. Plant. Cell, and Environ-
ment 9(4): 315-321, June. (D. Tingey, project officer). PB 87 100 608/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-476J).
Teramura, A.M., J.H. Sullivan. 1988. Mechanisms of plant resistance to increased
solar ultraviolet-B radiation. EPA 600/3-88/019. PB 88-218 987/AS. (ERL-
COR-477).
-108-
-------
Teramura, Alan H., and N.S. Murali. 1986. Intraspecific differences in growth
and yield of soybean exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation under greenhouse
and field conditions. EPA/600/J-86/374. Environmental and Experimental
Botany 26(1): 89-95. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 87 203 139/AS
(A02). (ERL-COR-564JAP).
Theiling, K.M., and B.A. Croft. 1988. Pesticide side-effects on arthropod
natural enemies: a data base summary. Agriculture. Ecosystems & Environment
21: 191-218. (ERL-COR-958J).
Thomas, J.M., J.R. Skalski, J.F. Cline, M.C. McShane, W.E. Miller, S.A. Peterson,
C.A. Callahan, and J.C. Greene. 1986. Characterization of chemical waste
site contamination and its extent using bioassays. EPA/600/J-86/130.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 487-510, June. (D. Tingey,
project officer). PB 87 100 582/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-463J).
Thomson, B.E., and R.C. Worrest. 1986. Microcomputer control of an estuarine
research mesocosm facility. EPA/600/J-86/408. Journal of Microcomputer
Applications 9: 167-177, July. (J. McCarty, project officer). PB 88 104
229 (A02). (ERL-COR-571J).
Thornton, K., J.P. Baker, D. Marmorek, D. Bernard, M.L. Jones, P.J. McNamee, C.
Wedeles, and K.M. Eshleman. 1988. Episodic Response Project Research Plan.
EPA/600/3-88/059. PB 89 138 861/AS. (ERL-COR-470).
Tingey, D.T., R. Evans, E.H. Bates, and M.L. Gumpertz. 1987. Isoprene emissions
and photosynthesis in three ferns. The influence of light and temperature.
EPA/600/J-87/463. Physologia Plantarum 69: 609-616. PB 89 144 380/AS.
(ERL-COR-659J).
Tingey, David T. 1986. Effects of nitrogen oxides on vegetation. In R. Guderian
and D. Tingey, eds. Study on the Need and the Establishing of Air Quality
Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides. Institute fur Angewandte Botanik der
Universitat-GHS Essen, Germany. EPA/600/D-85/265. PB 86 119 542/AS (A03).
(ERL-COR-549D).
Tingey, David T., Kent D. Rodecap, Henry Lee, Thomas J. Moser, and William E.
Hogsett. 1986. Ozone alters the concentrations of nutrients in bean
tissue. Anaewandte Botanik 60: 481-493, December. (ERL-COR-692J).
Tingey, David T., Thomas J. Moser, and Kent D. Rodecap. 1986. Direct and
residual effects of cadmium on the growth and elemental compositipn of
Arabidopsis thaliana. Anaewandte Botanik 60: 391-405, July. (ERL-COR-
656J).
Tingey, David T. 1986. The impact of ozone on agriculture and its consequences.
Pages 53-63 in T. Schneider, ed. Acidification and Its Policy Implications.
Elsevier Science Publishers b.V., Amsterdam. December. EPA/600/D-86/105.
PB 87 175 055/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-640D).
Tingey, David, William Hogsett, and E. Henry Lee. 1988. Analysis of crop loss
for alternative ozone exposure indices. EPA/600/D-88/118. PB 88 214
788/AS. (ERL-COR-494).
-109-
-------
Tingey, David T., Thomas J. Moser, Dave F. Zirkle, and Michael D. Snow. 1987.
A plant cultural system for monitoring evapotranspiration and physiological
responses under field conditions. EPA/600/D-87/264. In Proceedings
International Conference Measurement of Soil and Plant Water Status, July
6-10,1987. Logan, UT. PB 88 106 349/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-766D).
Tingey, David. 1988. Bioindicators in air pollution research—applications and
constraints. EPA 600/D-88/116. PB 88 214 770/AS. (ERL-COR-487).
van der Valk, Arnold G., ed. 1989. Northern prairie wetland. Iowa State
University Press. (ERL-COR-471).
Vong, Richard J., Steven Cline, and Greg Reams. 1989. Regional Analysis of Wet
Deposition for Effects Research. EPA/600/3-89/030. PB89 181 218/AS Project
Report. (Roger Blair, project officer). (ERL-COR-547).
Vozzo, S.F., J.E. Miller, A.S. Heagle, and W.A. Pursley. 1988. Effects of ozone
and water stress on net photosynthetic rate of field grown soybean leaves.
Environmental Pollution 53: 471-473. (ERL-COR-946J).
Walker, D.A., P.O. Webber, E.F. Binnian, K.R. Everett, N.D. Lederer, E.A.
Nordstrand, M.D. Walker. 1987. Cumulative impacts of oil fields on
northern Alaskan landscapes. Science 238: 757-761. (ERL-COR-858J).
Walter, M., A. Porteous, R. Seidler. 1987. Measuring genetic stability in
bacteria of potential use in genetic engineering. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 53(1): 105-109, January. (ERL-COR-650J).
Walter, M.V., K. Barbour, M. McDowell, and R.J. Seidler. 1987. A method to
evaluate survival of genetically engineered bacteria in soil extracts.
Current Microbiology 15: 193-197. (ERL-COR-697J).
Warren-Hicks, William, Benjamin R. Parkhurst, Samuel S. Baker, Jr. AR1989.
Ecological Assessments of Hazardous Waste Sites: A Field and Laboratory
Reference Document. EPA/600/3-89/013. (ERL-COR-539).
Watts, R.R., R.J. Drago, R.G. Merrill, R.W. Williams, E. Perry, and J. Lewtas.
1988. Wood smoke impacted air: mutagenicity and chemical analysis of
ambient air in a residential area of Juneau, Alaska. Journal of Air
Pollution Control Association 38(5): 652-660. (ERL-COR-781J).
Weiner, G.S., C.B. Schrech, and H.W. Li. 1986. Effects of low pH on reproduction
of rainbow trout. EPA/600/J-86/112. Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society 115: 75-82. (R. Lackey, project officer). PB 86 230 117/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-655JAP).
Weiner, J.G., and J.M. Eilers. 1987. Chemical and biological status of lakes
and streams in the upper midwest: assessment of acidic deposition effects.
EPA/600/D-88/271. Lake and Reservoir Management 3: 365-378. PB 89 132
716/AS. (ERL-COR-751DAP).
-110-
-------
Westall, John, Bruce Brownawell, Ronald Hilburn, and Gerald Schuytema. 1987.
The design of laboratory systems for controlling the activity of moderately
volatile organic compounds. A design manual. U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. EPA/600/3-87/030. (S. Peterson,
project officer). PB 87 231 759/AS (A04). (ERL-COR-428).
Whittier, Thomas R., and Wayne Davis. 1988. Report of the national workshop on
instream biological monitoring criteria. EPA/600/9-88/016. Lincolnwood,
Illinois, December 2-4, 1987. PB 88 245 964. (ERL-COR-609J).
Whittier, Thomas R., and David L. Miller. 1986. Stream fish communities
revisited: a case of mistaken identity. EPA/600/J-86/367. American
Naturalist 128(3): 433-437, September. (D. Larsen, project officer). PB
87 198 818/AS (A02). (ERL-COR-559J).
Whittier, Thomas R., and David P. Larsen. 1987. The Ohio stream regionalization
project: a compendium of results. EPA/600/3-87/025. U.S. EPA, Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. (ERL-COR-412).
Wigington, Parker J., Jr., Clifford W. Randall, and Thomas Grizzard. 1986.
Accumulation of selected trace metals in soils of urban runoff swale drains.
Water Resources Bulletin. American Water Resources Association 22(1),
February. (ERL-COR-683J).
Woodward, Daniel F., Elaine Snyder-Conn, Robert G. Riley, and Thomas G. Garland.
1988. Drilling fluids and the Arctic tundra of Alaska: assessing contamina-
tion of wetlands habitat and the toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and fish.
EPA/600/J-88/246. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
17: 683-697. PB 89 145 056/AS. (ERL-COR-848J).
Worrest, R.C. 1986. Ecological and nonhuman biological effects of solar UV-B
radiation. Pages 165-191 in James G. Titus, ed. Effects of Charges in
Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate. Volume I: Overview. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency and United Nations Environment Programme. (ERL-
COR-703D). Not sold by NTIS.
Worrest, Robert C., and Martyn M. Caldwell, eds. 1986. Stratospheric ozone
reduction, solar ultraviolet radiation, and plant life. In Proceedings of
a workshop held in Bad Windsheim, Federal Republic of Germany, September
27-30, 1983. (To be published by Springer-Verlag in cooperation with NATO
Scientific Affairs Division.) (ERL-COR-312).
Worrest, Robert C. 1988. What are the effects of UV-B radiation on marine
organisms? EPA/600/D-88/159. PB 88 237 920/AS. (ERL-COR-497).
Zedlar, Paul H. 1987. The ecology of southern California vernal pools: a
community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report 85(7.11).
EPA/600/3-87/036. (E. Preston, project officer). PB 87 215 497/AS. (ERL-
COR-426).
Zedler, Joy B., and Mary E. Kentula. 1986. Wetlands research plan. EPA/600/3-
86/009. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
(H. Kibby, project officer). PB 86 158 656/AS (A06). (ERL-COR-313).
-Ill-
-------
Zeph, L.R., M.A. Onaga, and G. Stotzky. 1988. Transduction of Escherichia coli
by bacteriophase PI in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54(7):
1731-1737. (ERL-COR-911J).
Ziminski, Peter K., and Steven R. Holman. 1987. Automated data acquisition and
control system bolsters EPA's air pollution research. EPA/600/M-87/010.
Design and Manufacturing pp. 12-15, March. PB 87 180 030/AS (A02). (ERL-
COR-689J).
Zoran, Mark J., Thomas J. Heppner, and Charles D. Drewes. 1986. Teratogenic
effects of the fungicide benomyl on posterior segmental regeneration in the
earthworm, Eisenia fetida. EPA/600/J-86/411. Pesticide Science 17: 641-
652, November. (C. Callahan, project officer). PB 88 104 310/AS (A02).
(ERL-COR-758J).
-112-
------- |