EPA-600/2-76-127
July 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
                                                                 OIL IN
                               THE  UPPER  INTERTIDAL  ZONE

                                          Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                                                Office of Research and Development
                                               U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                                         Cincinnati, Ohio  45268

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                RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency,  have been grouped into five series. These five  broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:

     1.    Environmental Health Effects Research
     2.    Environmental Protection Technology
     3.    Ecological Research
     4.    Environmental Monitoring
     5.    Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

This report  has been  assigned  to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This
work provides  the new  or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

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                                       EPA-600/2-76-127
                                       July 1976
           TEMPERATURE EFFECTS OF

   CRUDE OIL IN THE UPPER INTERTIDAL ZONE
                     by
               Dale Straughan
          Allan Hancock Foundation
      University of Southern California
       Los Angeles, California  90007
            Project No.  15080 HGX
               Project Officer

               Royal J. Nadeau
           Region II, S&A Division
          Edison, New Jersey  08817
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
     OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           CINCINNATI, OHIO  45268

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                                DISCLAIMER


     This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publica-
tion.  Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
                                     ii

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                                FOREWORD
     When energy and material resources are extracted, processed,  and
used, these operations usually pollute our environment.   The resultant
air, land, solid waste and other pollutants may adversely impact our
aesthetic and physical well-being.   Protection of our environment
requires that we recognize and understand the complex environmental
impacts of these operations and that corrective approaches be applied.

     The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - Cincinnati
assesses the environmental, social and economic impacts of industrial
and energy-related activities and identifies, evaluates, develops  and
demonstrates alternatives for the protection of the environment.

     This report describes work undertaken to determine the effect of
black asphatic crude oil on species of barnacles in the intertidal zone
of the Santa Barbara Channel.  It was found that after an initial  lag
following exposure to the oil, barnacles reestablished themselves  on
the oil covered surfaces.  This result suggests that in spill areas
serious consideration should be given to leaving the oil in situ instead
of using cleaning methods such as steam.

     The results of this study should be of interest to biologists
concerned with the effect of oil spills on aquatic life.  Control
agencies evaluating alternate cleanup methods should find the results
useful.
                                          David G. Stephan
                                              Director
                            Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                                             Cincinnati
                                   111

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                                 ABSTRACT
Experiments were conducted in the field and laboratory in Southern
California to determine the effects of heavy black asphaltic Santa Barbara
crude oil on the intertidal barnacle Chthamalus fissus.  Observations were
also made on surfaces in the Santa Barbara Channel oiled following the
1969 Santa Barbara oil spill.

The data presented support the original hypothesis that this type of oil
acts as a black body.  It is this "black body" effect which has a long
term influence on Chthamalus fissus distribution after the oil has
developed a hard surface crust.  This is based on the following obser-
vations:

          1.   larvae can settle, survive, and grow on the
               dry oil (tar)

          2.   larvae prefer a black surface to a light surface

          3.   temperature stresses are greater on a black
               surface than on a light surface.
                                    xv

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                                CONTENTS









SELECTION                                                        PAGE






I      Conclusions 	    1




II     Recommendations 	    2




III    Introduction  	    3




IV     Materials and Methods 	    5




V      Results	14




VI     Discussion	43




VII    References	47




VIII   Appendices	49

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                                 FIGURES
NO.                                                              PAGE

1    Experimental site at Santa Catalina Island.  The chains
     are in position for attachment of asbestos fouling plates
     at three intertidal levels.  Three sets of wooden stakes
     are in position.  The oiled surface is the darker outer
     surface in each pair.  The pair closest to the shore were
     exposed the longest and the middle pair the shortest
     period	   6

2    Young barnacle ( £. fissus ) settled on a pitted
     fouling plate.  Scale (x 11)   	   7
     Series A and B asbestos fouling plates.  On each plate
     the oiled half is the darker half  	
     Fouling plate (a) and frame  (b,c) design used at Goleta
     Point,  b is front view of fouling plate frame and c is a
     cross section of the fouling plate frame.  Size is shown
     in cm	10

     Surface temperatures recorded at 15 minute intervals on
     unoiled rock (0); freshly oiled rock  (•); asphalt (A);
     and sticky tar  (X) (October, 1970.  An infra-red light
     source was used	17

     Surface temperatures recorded at 15 minute intervals on
     unoiled rock (0); freshly oiled rock  (•); rock oiled
     1 year previously (•); asphalt (A); fresh oil (^)
     (June, 1971).  An infra-red  light source was used	17

     Surface temperatures recorded at 30 minute-intervals on
     wooden stakes after they were exposed in the intertidal
     zone for 1 day.  - oiled surface; - - - unoiled surface.
     0 indicates that the surface faced the shore; Q indicates
     that the surface faced offshore.  Symbols are open when
     the surface is  in the sun and black when the surface is
     in the shade	21
                                 VI

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                            FIGURES (Cont'd.)
NO.                                                              PAGE

8    Surface temperatures recorded at 30 minute-intervals on
     wooden stakes after they were exposed in the intertidal
     zone for 7 months. - oiled surface; - - - unoiled surface.
     0 indicates that the surface faced the shore; A indicates
     that the surface faced offshore.  Symbols are open when
     the surface is in the sun and black when the surface is
     in the shade	21

9    Surface temperatures recorded at 30 minute-intervals on
     wooden stakes after they were exposed in the intertidal
     zone for 22 months.  - oiled surface; - - - unoiled surface.
     0 indicates that the surface faced the shore; A indicates
     that the surface faced offshore.  Symbols are open when
     the surface is in the sun and black when the surface is
     in the shade	22

10   Surface temperatures of a stake at upper level  (thick
     lines) of intertidal species and bottom (thin lines) of
     the stake. Oindicates surface faces offshore;  A indicates
     surface faces onshore.  Open symbols indicate the surface
     was in the sun;  black symbols indicate the surface was
     in the shade. - indicates an oiled surface; - - -
     indicates an unoiled surface	24
                                 VII

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                                 TABLES
NO.                                                              PAGE

1    COMPARISON OF PETROLEUM EXTRACTION BY DIFFERENT
     SOLVENTS	   12

2    ANALYSIS OF DOS CUADRAS CRUDE OIL, OILED AND UNOILED
     FOULING PLATES  (C10 - C35+)  	   15

3    SURFACE TEMPERATURE INCREASE (°C) AFTER EXPOSURE TO
     A CONSTANT HEAT SOURCE FOR 2 HOURS	   18

4    THE MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND MEAN TEMPERATURE RECORDED ON
     FOULING PLATE SERIES C AT SANTA CATALINA ISLAND  	   19

5    THE MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, AND MEAN TEMPERATURE RECORDED
     ON PAIRED OILED AND UNOILED WOODEN STAKE SURFACES AT
     SANTA CATALINA  ISLAND, AUGUST 19, 1971	   23

6    TEMPERATURES (°C) RECORDED AT THE TOP LEVEL OF INTERTIDAL
     ORGANISMS AND THE BOTTOM OF OILED AND UNOILED WOODEN
     STAKES	   25

7    THE MEAN TEMPERATURES RECORDED ON NATURAL SURFACES
     AT GOLETA POINT	   26

8    MAXIMUM HEIGHT  (CM) OF DISTRIBUTION MEASURED FROM THE
     BOTTOM OF THE WOODEN STAKE	   29
                           UNOILED
9    NUMBER OF C. fissus ON OILED ASBESTOS FOULING PLATES
     AT LEVELS A,B,C,D AT SANTA CATALINA ISLAND 	   31
                           UNOILED
10   NUMBER OF £. fissus ON OILED ASBESTOS FOULING PLATES
     AT SANTA CATALINA ISLAND LEVEL A 	   32

11   NUMBER OF C_. fissus LARVAE SETTLING ON SUNNY FOULING
     PLATES (OILED OCTOBER 1972) AT GOLETA	   34

12   NUMBER OF £. fissus LARVAE SETTLING ON SHADED FOULING
     PLATES (OILED OCTOBER 1972) AT GOLETA	   35

13   NUMBER OF C. fissus LARVAE SETTLING ON SUNNY FOULING
     PLATES (OILED MAY 1972) AT GOLETA  	   36

                                viii

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                             TABLES (Cont'd.)
NO.                                                              PAGE

14   NUMBER OF C. fissus LARVAE SETTLING ON SHADED FOULING
     PLATES (OILED MAY 1972) AT GOLETA.  AS WELL AS TOTAL
     NUMBER SETTLING IS PRESENTED FOR EACH FOULING PLATE ....  37

15   SURVIVAL OF NEWLY SETTLED C.fissus (BARNACLES AND
     CYPRIDS) (  ) INDICATES NUMBER OF DEAD CYPRIDS
     COUNTED	39

16   DISTRIBUTION OF C. fissus AT GOLETA POINT	40

17   NUMBER OF £. fissus ON NATURALLY OILED AND UNOILED
     AREAS (2.54175 cm x 2.54175 cm) AT GOLETA POINT	41
                                  IX

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                            ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Union Oil Company of California
in obtaining the oil and descriptions of the oil.  Dr. R. Zimmer provided
laboratory space at the Santa Catalina Marine Laboratory and Dr. R. Holmes
provided space at the University of California at Santa Barbara.  I am
grateful to the staff of both Institutions for their assistance.

The following personnel contributed to different phases of the project:
Dr. W. Presch, surface temperature changes; Dr. T. Meyers, chemical
analysis; Dr. R. Thompson, Goleta Point experiments;  S. Christopherson,
M.S., D. Hadley, M.S., S. Mann, B.S., Santa Catalina experiments;
B. Setzer, M.S., algal identification;   T. Licari prepared the figures,
and B. Allen typed the manuscript.  I wish to thank them for their
contributions.  The author is also grateful to Dr. R. Kolpack, University
of Southern California, Dr. J. Connell and T. Tutschulte, B.S., University
of California, Santa Barbara, Mr. E. Mertens, Chevron Research Laboratory,
Richmond, California, and Dr. R. Nadeau, Environmental Protection Agency
Project Officer, for helpful discussions.

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                                SECTION I

                               CONCLUSIONS
Depression of intertidal larval settlement was observed in the upper
intertidal zone among the Teredinae and algae.

Following the oiling of surfaces there was an initial lag phase during
which the Chthamalus fissus larvae settle more abundantly on unoiled
than oiled surfaces.  This lasted approximately 2 months on fouling plates
that were soaked in oil.  Field observations suggest that the "lag" phase
is slightly longer when rocky intertidal areas in Southern California are
oiled following a spill of Santa Barbara crude oil.

After this "lag" phase, (;. fissus larval settlement was more abundant
on oiled than unoiled surfaces within the C_. fissus zone.  This trend
was reversed when populations became very abundant.

In the upper regions of the _C. fissus zone, £. fissus was more abundant
on unoiled than on oiled surfaces.  Oiled surfaces subject organisms to
greater temperature stresses than unoiled surfaces through faster
temperature changes at low tide and greater temperature fluctuations.  As
the larvae settle and survive abundantly on intertidal surfaces within the
C^. fissus zone, it is concluded that that temperature stress caused by the
black surface of the oil at low tide caused high mortalities in newly
settled C.. f issus larvae resulting in reduced populations on oiled
surfaces.

Lower in the C^. f issus zone where temperature stresses were not as great,
C^. fissus populations recolonized oiled surfaces faster than unoiled
surfaces.

Hence, within months of a surface being oiled by this type of oil, the
oiled surface apparently acts like any other black surface in that it
increases substrate temperatures at low tide and at high tide is more
attractive to settling larvae that prefer a dark to a light surface.

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                               SECTION II

                             RECOMMENDATIONS
The data presented in the report show that the presence of black asphaltic
crude oils will change the distribution and abundance of species in the
upper intertidal zone.  Most of the changes studied can be attributed to
a black body effect produced by the oil.  However, all species studied
were able to settle and survive on the oil and, in fact, in some instances
the oil actually enhanced larval settlement.  The greatest negative
effects could be described as an initial lag phase after oiling when
organisms did not settle on the oil and a lowering of the intertidal
height of distribution of some species.

Most oil that strands intertidally, strands in the upper intertidal zone.
Based on the data presented in this report, when oil of this type is
stranded on rocks in the upper intertidal zone, serious consideration
should be given to leaving the oil in situ rather than using methods such
as steam cleaning which would produce greater environmental stresses than
those demonstrated in this report.

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                               SECTION IV

                          MATERIALS AND METHODS
Santa Barbara crude oil from the Dos Cuadras offshore basin was used in
all experiments.  Field observations were conducted in areas where oil
was present from the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill and from natural oil
seepage.  These oils are all heavy black crude oils with an API Specific
Gravity between 18 and 25 and a density between 0.90 and 0.95.

Periodic (monthly, when possible) surveys were conducted of temperatures
on oiled and non-oiled surfaces at Goleta Point in the Santa Barbara
Channel.  These were on the top of a flat rock platform at an intertidal
level equivalent to one between the two higher experimental levels at
Santa Catalina.  Other physical data such as surface composition and slope,
as well as meterological data and the presence of other organisms were
also recorded.  These measurements were made at 50 points chosen from a
random numbers table on the top of the flat rock platform at Goleta Point.
The top of the platform approximates to mean high neap tide level.
Temperatures were recorded using a Tele-thermometer Model 43TD (Yellow-
spring Instrument Co.) and probes with a round flat surface that record on
one side only.  Actual substrate temperatures rather than an average of
air and substrate temperatures were recorded by applying the recording
surface to the substrate.

In the laboratory, rock surfaces were coated with Santa Barbara crude oil
and exposed to a constant heat source.  The temperature change was then
recorded on the freshly oiled rocks, rocks oiled approximately 1 and 2
years previously, unoiled rocks, and pieces of tar and asphalt from Santa
Barbara beaches.  A 250-watt heat lamp, 70 cm above the measured surface,
was used as a heat source.

Most field experiments were conducted at Santa Catalina Island to reduce
complications caused by floating tar fouling experimental surfaces.  At
Santa Catalina Island, experiments wert conducted on the south side
(sunny side) of the Fishermans Cove pier.  Wooden and asbestos surfaces
were chosen for these experiments because, unlike many of the regularly
used fouling surfaces (e.g., glass, plastics), these would absorb and
retain the oil.

Series of paired smooth wooden stakes each 4 to 5 feet (1.22 to 1.525 m)
long and 2x4 inches (5.1 x 10.2 cm) were used to study effects of Santa
Barbara crude oil on the intertidal distribution of species.  One of each

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pair of stakes was coated with Santa Barbara crude oil and allowed to
dry.  The two stakes were then nailed together on the broad face.
Stakes were positioned so that the broad face  (10.2 cm wide) was against
the pylon and an area 5.1 cm wide coated with  oil adjacent to an area
5.1 cm wide not coated with oil, faced onshore.  The stakes were in
position in the intertidal zone within 4 hours of being coated with oil.
Two such sets of stakes were used in each experiment in this series.  One
set was positioned so that the broad oiled side faced the pylon, and the
other set was positioned so that the broad unoiled side faced the pylon
(Figure 1).   Each experiment commenced at a different time of the year so
that settlement after different periods of leaching and at different
seasons could be studied.

     Figure 1.  Experimental site at Santa Catalina Island.  The
                chains are in position for attachment of asbestos
                fouling plates at three intertidal levels.  Three
                sets of wooden stakes are in position.  The oiled
                surface is the darker outer surface in each pair.
                The pair closest to the shore were exposed the
                longest and the middle pair the shortest period.

                Photo - S. Christopherson.
The effects of Santa Barbara crude oil on C_. fissus larval settlement
was studied in the field using fouling plates.  Fouling plates were
made from 1/8 inch (2.5 mm) asbestos sheeting with perpendicular rows

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of elongated depressions.  The rows running in one direction are
slightly larger and deeper than those in the other direction (2.2 x
0.8 mm versus 1.80 x 0.7 mm, respectively (Figure 2).  These depressions
were only present on one side of the fouling plate - the "pitted" side.
The pitted side was used in all fouling plate experiments.
     Figure 2.  Young barnacle (C. fissus) settled on a pitted
                fouling plate.  Scale (x 11)

                Photo - R, Cimberg.
Asbestos fouling plates with pitted surfaces were placed in position at
three different intertidal levels (Figure 1).  Each plate was divided in
half lengthwise and half coated with oil and half unoiled.  Oiled surfaces
were dried before being placed in the field.  Plates were renewed at
different time intervals so that the effects of leaching of both oil and
substrate on larval settlement could be determined.  Larval settlement as
well as mortality and/or loss rates were studied through the daily mapping
of the position of barnacles on fouling plates at low tide during periods
of larval settlement and less frequent mapping between periods of larval
settlement.

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Each fouling plate  (7.8 x 10.2 cm) had a hole drilled in the top.  Ten
fouling plates were then suspended from a plastic rack by placing a
wire through the rack and hole in the top of the plate.  The exposed
area of the fouling plates was approximately 7.8 x 7.8 cm.  Fouling
plates (Figure 3) were placed so that the pitted side faced the same
direction in all cases.  This was outward from the pier and had a south-
westerly aspect.
                         •
     Figure 3.  Series A and B asbestos  fouling plates.  On each
                plate the oiled half  is  the darker half.

                Photo - S. Christopherson.
Logistically it was not possible  to  suspend plates at all three levels
between the same set of pylons.   Twenty plates were placed at each of
the two most inshore levels  (series  D and C respectively).  Series B
(20 fouling plates), which is  the  same level as Series C, and Series
A  (20 fouling plates), which is the  lowest level, were placed seaward
of Series C and D  (see Figure  1).

Examination of the pylons suggested  that larval settlement may be
influenced by distance offshore.   Hence, Series B and C were placed
at the same level  to account for  this factor.  Settlement on the

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fouling plates was analyzed using a Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient
[9].

Series D extended slightly above and within the upper area of CI. fissus
on pylons, Series B and C are lower and well within the C^. f issus zone on
pylons, while Series A is below the C^. f issus zone on the pylons.  The
sag in the chain between pylons was negligible so that the vertical
distance between fouling plates in each level was approximately 30 cms.

During spring tides (periods of C_. f issus larval settlement) fouling
plates were examined daily.  This examination was made in the field
using a hand lens as soon as the fouling plates were exposed by the
following tide.  If larvae were visible, the fouling plates were taken
to the laboratory and the settling larvae counted and mapped under a
binocular dissecting microscope.  Fouling plates were returned to the
field prior to their normal submergence by the rising tide.  During
periods where no settlement occurred, drift kelp was removed from the
fouling plates when necessary (daily, during and after storms) because
it would retard larval settlement.

Surface temperatures using the equipment listed previously were
recorded on oiled and unoiled fouling plates at the three different
levels and at different levels and sides of the wooden stakes.

Additional data on the relative abundance of larval settlement on oiled
and unoiled surfaces, as well as the influence of intersite environ-
mental variables on larval settlement, was obtained through a third
series of field experiments in the Santa Barbara Channel.

These were conducted on the west side of the public fishing pier in
Goleta County Park.  The pier faces south so that the west side is
in the sun in the afternoon.  A 3/8-inch (0.95 mm) galvanized chain
was fastened between two pilings near the end of the west side of the
pier.  It was placed just above the mussel band (predominately
Mytilus californianus) on the pilings, at approximately the +1.0 foot
tide level.  Many Chthamalus were observed on the pilings at this
level.  This approximates to level A in the experiments at Santa
Catalina Island.

Two series of fouling plates were used - one series of small plates
which were identical to those used at Santa Catalina Island, and a
second series of larger plates (10.2 x 15.4 cm).  These large plates
were cut from a second asbestos sheet with the same "pitted" con-
figuration as that used at Santa Catalina Island.  Half of each large
fouling plate was dipped in crude oil (Figure 4) and allowed to dry
24 days.  Plexiglass racks held 8 of these plates, 4 on each side
(Figure 4, b and c).  These were attached to the chain with # 12 gal-
vanized wire in three places per rack.  The plates slide into the
grooves from the end of the rack and were held in place by cords tied
around the ends of the rack.

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                  15.4cm
                           1O.2 cm  A

                           *         Holes for attachment wire
 is.4 cm
                                                                    B
                                  71.4 cm
     Figure 4.  Fouling plate (a) and frame (b,c) design used
                at Goleta Point.  b is front view of fouling
                plate frame and c is a cross section of the
                fouling plate frame.  Size is shown in cm.
Four large or eight small plates were put into each rack using random
numbers to determine which side, right or left, was oiled for each
plate.  The pitted side of the plate faced out on both sides of the
rack.
On 11 November, 1972, five racks (Aj - A$) were hung on the chain.
Rack A]_ was all small fouling plates, rack A2 had 2 small and 3 large
fouling plates per side, and the remaining 3 racks (A3,'A4, k$) con-
tained all large fouling plates.  This made a total of 20 small
fouling plates and 30 large fouling plates, half of which were on the
sunny side of the rack and half on the shaded side of the rack.  Each
fouling plate was labeled with red epoxy paint along the upper edge
with a number and the letter of the rack.  The racks were also marked
front and back - the front was exposed to the sun during low tides
while the back was shaded by the front.

A maximum-minimum thermometer was attached to each side of rack A3
and checked daily during larval settlements.  The actual temperature of
individual plates was measured during the low tide on 19 November,
1972 using a tele-thermometer.
                                   10

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Initially the same techniques were used at Goleta for recording larval
settlement and clearing the fouling plates of debris as were used at
Santa Catalina Island.  On the large fouling plates, a strip 13 mm wide
on either side of the oiled - unoiled interface was not examined for
larval settlement.

Larval settlement was more abundant at Goleta than at Santa Catalina
Island making it impossible to count all settling larvae on a single low
tide.  A photographic technique was developed to overcome this problem.

A Pentax camera with a short extension tube was mounted on a ring
stand 8-10 inches (20.4 - 25.5 cm) above the plates so that one small
or half a large plate almost filled the field of view.  Lighting was
with a Vivitar Speedlight 32 strobe attached to the camera and hand
held beside it.  The film used was Kodak Kodachrome II.  The slides
were projected on a smooth surface and barnacles counted.

The settling barnacles were counted with the aide of a microscope
during the first two periods of larval settlement (November 20-22,
1972, and December 5-8, 1972).  Several fouling plates were photo-
graphed on November 21 and 22, 1972, to test this technique.  All the
counting on 19 December, 1972, and 15 January, 1973, was with the aid
of photography.  Barnacles were counted by eye marking each with a
felt pen on 13 February, 1973, because they were no longer partially
hidden in pits.

Chemical analyses were conducted to determine the initial composition
of the petroleum used in the experiments and the changes that occurred
prior to Chthamalus settlement.  The following- gas chromatographic
conditions, similar to ones recommended by R.K. Kreider  [6] were
employed:

          columns       2, stainless steel, 10 feet x 1/8 inch,
                        packed with 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W
                        (AW-DMCS), coated with 10% OV-101.

          instrument    Hewlett Packard Model 700 Gas Chromatograph

          injector      250°C

          detector      dual flame ionization at 370°C

          flow          Helium, 30-40 ml per minute

          attenuation   10-8 to 10-10 AFS

          chart speed   1/4 inch per minute

          integration   disc

          temperature   120° to 320° at 5°C/min
                                    11

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All samples were injected into the instrument without prior column
chromatography either neat or as solution in carbon disulfide.  Before
each day's run, the resolution was checked by observing splitting
between n-Cjj and pristane in reference standards and columns were
balanced to eliminate baseline drift.  An end temperature of 320°C
allowed components of 35 or less equivalent carbon numbers to be
eluted from the column.

Various solvents and combinations of solvents were used for the
initial extraction of fouling plates which had been coated with crude
oil.  The results obtained using these solvents and solvent combina-
tions, and extraction times employed with a Soxhlet apparatus are
shown in Table 1.
                                TABLE 1.
        COMPARISON OF PETROLEUM EXTRACTION BY DIFFERENT SOLVENTS
Extraction
Time
                        Comments
Methanol
Pentane
Pentane, Methanol,
Chloroform  (1:1:1)
Carbon disulfide
Carbon disulfide*
24 hr
12 hr
 8 hr
 8 hr
 8 hr
          greatly increased concentrations of
          n-paraffins above
          greatly reduced concentrations of
          n-paraffins below 023;  colored band
          left on plate

          identical to gas chromatographic
          finger-print of A-21 except for
          evaporation losses below
          identical to gas chromatographic
          finger-print of A-21 except for
          evaporation losses below C^g

          loss of volaitles up to C^2; skewing
          of base envelope Cj^-C-j^;  Cl4"Ci6
          isoprenoid visible and abundant;
          pristane height greater than phytane
          height
*This sample was concentrated by rotary evaporation under reduced
 pressure.
                                   12

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All other fouling plates were extracted for 8 hours with carbon disul-
phide which was subsequently concentrated by rotary evaporation under
reduced pressure.

To determine if there was any leaching of components from oiled to
unoiled areas of fouling plates, plates were cut into six vertical
sections, 3 oiled and 3 unoiled.  If there was any leaching of com-
ponents, one would expect a gradation across these sections with the
clean section adjacent to the oil containing a higher concentration
of oil than the clean section furthest from the oil.

The effects of temperature on newly settled larvae were tested in the
laboratory.  Fouling plates were aged in laboratory aquaria for a
minimum of 2 weeks and then placed in the field for one high tide during
periods when C^. fissus were settling.  The positions of larvae were
plotted and the larvae placed in a constant environment chamber at a
predetermined temperature for four hours.  The fouling plates were then
placed in running seawater for 12 hours and the larvae mapped again
to determine survival.  This was conducted in May 1972 and November
1972 and the temperatures used (25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 41°C) in May
and (27°C, 31°C, 44°C) in November were chosen based on substrate
temperatures observed in the field.  The time taken for the initial
census plus the exposure time in the constant environment chamber
approximated to the period when the plates would have been exposed at
low tide.  Hence, the only stress should have been that imposed in the
constant environment chamber.

Field observations on intertidal areas at Campus Point, Goleta
(approximating to levels B,C at Santa Catalina) determined the influence
of asphaltic deposits on settlement and survival of £. fissus in the
intertidal zone.  The asphaltic deposits were up to 2.5 cm thick on a
mesozoic monterey silicified shale formation.

On 11 November, 1972, 6 areas (1 inch square =• 2.55 sq. cms) on the
rocks at Campus Point, Goleta, at different intertidal heights and
substrate angles in the upper intertidal area were selected.  A 1x3
inch glass microscope slide was divided into thirds and the center
third used for the experimental area.  The locations on the rocks
were marked by hammering stainless steel screws into the rocks so that
the slot in the head touched the corner of the slide - two diagonal
corners were marked for each location.  Three of the areas had a hard
dry asphaltic substrate and 3 plain rocks.  All were in the sun during
the afternoon.  Four additional areas (2 with a hard dry asphaltic sub-
strate, 2 with a rock substrate) were added on 21 November 1972.
Barnacles were mapped by placing a labeled slide between the screws
and marking on the glass with a diamond pencil.  A hand lens was used
to see small barnacles.  The temperatures of the experimental areas
as well as nearby rocks were measured using a Yellow Springs Tele-Ther-
mometer.  The areas were mapped on 12 November, 1972, 21 November,
1972, 2 December, 1972, 16 January, 1973 and 15 February, 1973, while
temperatures were measured on 17 November, 1972, 20 December, 1972
and 15 February, 1973.
                                   13

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                               SECTION V

                                RESULTS
Experimental crude oil

The oil used in the experiments came from the Dos Cuadras field.
Analysis by gas chromatography over the range CIQ - C35+ showed it to
be low in n-paraffins  (  5% of the oil) with only n-Ci3 - n-C£7 being
resolved.  It is high in isoprenoids (almost 5%).  The most dominant
feature is the isoprenoid peaks Ci4, 0^5 (farnesane), Ci6, CIQ, Cig
(pristane), and €20 (phytane).  This is essentially the same gas chro-
matogram as that obtained from A-21 oil spilled  in 1969 in the Santa
Barbara Channel (see Kanter [4] Figure 2).

The oil used in these particular experiments was obtained at the
Mobil Tank Farm north of Ventura.  This means that it could have
been a mixture of oil from several producing platforms on the Dos
Cuadras field.  Oil from this field has a high asphaltic content.
For example the general production from the upper zone which has an
API Specific Gravity of 23 and 1.5% sulphur content has an asphaltic
residue of 26.7% at 1025°F.  This asphaltic residue (distillation
bottoms) contains other components as well as asphaltenes.

The most typical oil, that is representative of  the largest production
in this field, has an API specific gravity of 26.7.  The asphaltic
fraction defined as the fraction remaining at 1025°F and above, was
21.45%.  The asphaltenes amounted to 28.5% of the asphaltic material.
Analysis of Test Surfaces

The results of the analysis of oil and asbestos fouling plates by gas
chromatography are presented in Table 2.  Unoiled fouling plates con-
tained some impurities suspected of being of petroleum origin.  These
obscured the low molecular regions so that small amounts of material
migrating from the oiled surfaces would be undetected.  These im-
purities probably came from production or cutting equipment used in
asbestos manufacture.  Analysis of the unoiled section of two fouling
plates - one of which had been in the field for two months and one
which had been in the field one month, showed no evidence of migration
of large amounts of components of oil from the oiled section onto the
unoiled section of the fouling plate.
                                   14

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                                 TABLE 2

          ANALYSIS OF DOS CUADRAS CRUDE OIL, OILED AND UNOILED
                       FOULING PLATES (C1Q - C35+)
      Sample
               Analysis
Dos Cuadras crude
oil
Freshly oiled fouling
plate.
Fouling plate in field
2+ weeks.  Oiled section,
outer edge of plate.
Fouling plate in field
2+ weeks.  Oiled section,
inner edge of plate.
Fouling plate in field
9 weeks.  Oiled section,
outer edge of plate

Fouling plate in field
9 weeks.  Oiled section,
inner part of plate.

Fouling plate in field
2+ weeks.  Unoiled
sections, outer and
inner parts of plate.

Fouling plate in field
9 weeks.  Unoiled
sections from outer and
inner parts of plate.

Clean fouling plate.
Low in n-paraffins, only n-C^3 - n-C27 re-
solved, less than 5% of the oil; high in
isoprenoids, almost 5%, the most dominant
feature, C^, C15 (f arnesane) , C16, C1g» C19
(pristane) , and C2Q (phytane) same chro-
matogram as A-21 spilled in 1969.
Loss of volatiles upto C^i skewing of base
envelope C^3 - C^g; C^4 - C-^g isoprenoid
visible and abundant pristane height greater
than phytane height.
Loss of volatiles upto C]^; skewing of base
envelope C^ - C-^g; C-^ - C-,,- isoprenoid
visible and abundant pristane height greater
than phytane height.
Loss of volatiles upto C^; skewing of base
envelope C^3 - C^g; C^4 - C^g isoprenoid
visible and abundant pristane height greater
than phytane height.
Loss of volatiles upto C]^; skewing of base
envelope C^2 - £20 > pristane height less
than phytane height.
Loss of volatiles upto C^2 5 skewing of base
envelope C^ - C2Q; pristane height less
than phytane height.

Pattern and characteristics not of A-21;
but some petroleum like impurity in the
asbestos.
Pattern and characteristics not of A-21;
but some petroleum like impurity in the
asbestos.
Pattern and characteristics not of A-21;
but some petroleum like impurity in the
asbestos.
                                    15

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The oiled sections of three fouling plates were analyzed.  All violatiles
up to Ci2 were lost on all fouling plates.  The freshly oiled fouling
plate had been oiled and air dried for 1 week.  This and the other
oiled fouling plates were maintained at -20°C from the time of prepara-
tion or collection in the field until analysis by gas chromatography.
Some degradation had commenced on the freshly oiled fouling plate as
indicated by the skewing of base envelope €^3 - C^g but this had not
advanced significantly after (2+) weeks in the field as indicated by
analysis of a fouling plate that was exposed from (March 30 to April 17,
1972).  However, when a plate that was exposed (February 14 to April 17,
1972) for 9 weeks was analyzed there was an increase in skewing of the
base envelope C^2 ~ ^20 an<* t'ie P^istane height was now less than the
phytane height - the reverse of the analysis of fresher oil.

Barnacle settlement was reported on the 9-week fouling plate on the
oiled surface but not on the unoiled surface.  No barnacle settlement
was reported on the  (2+) weeks fouling plate either from the oiled or
from the non-oiled surface.
Effects of Santa Barbara  Crude  Oil  on  Substrate  Surface
Temperature

Both a faster  increase  in temperature  and  a higher  temperature were re-
corded on the  surface of  oil  or rock surfaces  covered with oil  (either
immediately before  or 1 year  before the  experiment), and on asphaltic
surfaces than  on the surface  of unoiled  rocks  (Figures 5,6).  The fastest
and greatest increase in  surface temperature was recorded on the surface
of crude oil (Figure 5) whereas the slowest and  lowest temperatures were
recorded on the surface of a  piece  of  sticky seep tar  (Figure 6).  The
increase in temperature of the  seep tar  was erratic and almost stepwise.
However, while the  surface temperature increase  on  all other substrates
took the form  of a  curve  which  flattened out after  approximately 2
hours' exposure to  the  heat source  (Figure 5,6), the surface temperature
of the seep tar has more  of a straight line form with the temperature
still increasing after  4  1/2  hours'  exposure to  the heat source  (Figure
5).  Note that little rise in temperature  was  recorded on either the
oiled or unoiled rock surfaces  after the first 2 hours (Figure 6).  This
was further confirmed when experiments in  1972 were conducted over 4-hour
periods.  The  maximum temperature increase during the third hour was 1°C
and there was  no increase in  temperature during  the fourth hour of any
experiment Hence, the rise in temperature  over the  first 2 hours is
considered indicative of  the  surface reactions to a heat source.
                                    16

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             30-
Figure 5.    Surface temperatures  recorded  at 15 minute
             intervals on unoiled  rock (0);  freshly oiled rock
             (•); asphalt  (A);  and  sticky  tar (X)  (October,
             1970).  An  infra-red  light source was  used.
                   5O-


                   45-


                   40-


                   35-


                   3O-


                   23
                             1        2
                               Hours
Figure 6.    Surface  temperatures recorded at 15 minute
             intervals  on unoiled rock (0); freshly oiled rock
             (•);  rock  oiled 1 year previously (•); asphalt
             (A);  fresh oil ($) (June,  1971.  An infra-red
             light source was used.
                              17

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These experiments were repeated over a 2-year period and on each
occasion, the greatest increase in temperature over a 2-hour period
occurred on freshly oiled rocks (Table 3).  The magnitude of tempera-
ture increase differs in each series of experiments because the ex-
periments were conducted at room temperature on each occasion.
Therefore, direct comparisons of temperature change may only be made
within each series of experiments.
                                TABLE 3.

           SURFACE TEMPERATURE  INCREASE  (°C) AFTER EXPOSURE
                 TO A CONSTANT  HEAT SOURCE FOR 2 HOURS
          Date
Condition of Rock Surface


October 1970
June 1971
12
31
October, 1972
October, 1972
Unoiled
5.0
15.0
11.0
12.0
Fresh
Oil
6.6
20.6

12.7
1-Year
Oil

16.6
12.1
12.4
2-Year
Oil


10.5
10.9
The rock oiled in 1970 was  exposed  to  the same heat source in 1971
(1 year oiled) and again  in 1972  (2 year oiled); the rock oiled in
1971 was exposed to  the same heat source in 1972 (1 year old).  The
rocks were maintained at  room  temperature for the intervening period.
The temperature increase  on the year-old rock was less .than that re-
corded on the freshly oiled rock  in the same experiment series but
greater than that recorded  on  the 2-year oiled rock and unoiled rock
of the same series.  The  temperature increase on the 2-year oiled rock
was less than that recorded on the  1-year oiled rock and unoiled rock
in the same series.  Hence,  a  thin  layer of black oil initially in-
creases the surface  temperatures recorded on rocks, but as the oil
ages, even though it is still  visible  as a black surface, the surface
temperatures over the first 2  hours of exposure to a heat source are
actually lower than  that  recorded on unoiled surfaces.  Asphalt always
attained a lower temperature than the  freshly oiled rock but a higher
temperature than the unoiled rock in 2 hours of exposure to a constant
heat source (Figures 5,6).
                                   18

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Surface temperatures on oiled and unoiled test surfaces at Santa Catalina
Island and on a partly asphalt covered rock platform at Goleta Point
in the Santa Barbara Channel were also recorded.  Surface temperatures
on oiled and unoiled surfaces of individual asbestos fouling plates
showed that the average surface temperature was always higher on the
oiled than the unoiled surface (Table 4).  The plates present an over-
simplification of normal field situations in that all surfaces measured
were either all in the sun or all in the shade and the moisture content
of the surface was approximately the same for the oiled and unoiled
surface on each plate.
                                TABLE 4.

          THE MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND MEAN TEMPERATURE RECORDED ON
             FOULING PLATE SERIES C AT SANTA CATALINA ISLAND
Date/time
March 28
10.00
April 20
10.30
April 20
13.30
April 21
08.30
April 21
10.15
.April 21
13.00
April 22
08.30
April 22
12.30
May 18
12.00
May 19
13.00
May 27
15.00
May 29
15.00
May 30
15.30
Oil
18.0-21.8;20.0
20.5-25.8;22.65
19.9-22.8;21.6
16.5-19.2;17.76
19.0-22.2;20.9
21.0-24.4;22.8
17.1-20.5;18.35
21.9-25.8;22.9
20.0-25.0;21.8
17.5-20.8;19.2
18.9-20.6;19.8
19.8-22.7;20.9
21.2-22.5;22.05
Nonoil
17.5-20.3;19.1
19.2-24.2;22.07
20.0-22.8;21.2
16.4-19.0;17.2
19.5-22.2;20.8
20.5-24.3;22.5
16.0-19.8;17.7
20.6-25.0;22.7
19.3-24.8;21.5
18.2-20.5;19.1 •
19.0-20.3;19.7
19.8-22.7;20.8
21.0-22.4;19.05
A *
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
N+
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
19
9
20
10
10
  A*  is the difference between the mean temperature on oiled and
      unoiled surfaces.

  N+  is the number of paired readings.
                                    19

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There was a gradual decrease in the difference between oiled and not
oiled surface temperatures as the plates aged (Table 4).  As they aged,
the oiled surfaces became lighter in color being dark black (March 28,
1972) at the commencement of the experiment, and a very pale brown by
May 30, 1972.  At the latter time it was sometimes difficult to
distinguish the older oiled and not oiled surfaces in the field.  The
same was noted in experiments with asbestos fouling plates in the Santa
Barbara Channel.  However, oiled surfaces became darker when wet so that
the differences with age referred to above at low tide, were not as .great
during high tide when the larvae would be settling.

Surface temperatures were recorded on the paired oiled - not oiled
surfaces of wooden stakes over a period of several hours as the tide
fell.  These stakes were placed at different distances from the shore
and had been in position for different periods of time.  Hence, the
oil had weathered to different extents and the oiled surfaces were now
different colors.  The  stakes nearest and furthest from the shore were
in position in the field 24 hours before the experiment and had dark
black oiled surfaces; the stake second from the shore was in position
22 months and the oil was now only just visible on the surface; the
stake third from the shore was in position 7 months and the oiled
surfaces had lost some  color - the color was intermediate between the
oiled surface of the stakes in position 1 day and the stake in position
22 months.

Figures 7,8,9 show the  surface temperatures recorded over a three hour
period from the time the level of the Chthamalus zone was uncovered on
the stakes until low tide.  The paired surfaces are shown as those
facing the shore (o) or those facing offshore (0)•  The symbols are
open when the surface was in the sun and black when the surface was in
the shade.

Higher temperatures were always recorded on the oiled than on the un-
oiled surface of stakes in the sun, in position for 1 day (Figure 7).
The difference was much less on stakes in position for either 7 or 22
months - in the latter  case the temperatures on oiled and unoiled
surfaces were equal (Figure 8).  Surface temperatures were lower in
the shade than in the sun and were the same on oiled and unoiled
surfaces in position 7  and 22 months (Figures (8,9).  However, shaded
oiled surfaces ranged from 0°C to 1°C higher than shaded unoiled
surfaces in position for 1 day.
                                    20

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 30-
 25-
                                   3O
                                   25
 20-4
  12,30
         13.3O
               14.3O
             Time
                      15.3O
                                   20
                                    12.3O
13.3O    14.3O
     Time
                                                        15.3O
Figure 7.     Surface temperatures recorded at  30 minute-intervals
              on  wooden stakes after they were  exposed in the
              intertidal zone for 1 day. - oiled surface; - - -
              unoiled surface.  0 indicates that the  surface
              faced the shore;  A indicates that the  surface faced
              offshore.  Symbols are open when  the  surface is in
              the sun and black when the surface is in the shade
                   25,
                   20
                    12.3O
                           13.3O   14.3O
                               Time
                                        15.30
Figure 8.     Surface temperatures recorded at  30 minute-intervals
              on  wooden stakes after they were  exposed in the
              intertidal zone for 7 months. - oiled surface; - - -
              unoiled surface.  0 indicates that  the surface
              faced the shore;  A indicates that  the surface faced
              offshore.  Symbols are open when  the surface is in
              the sun and black when the surface  is in the shade.
                                 21

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                        3O-i
                          12.30
                                             15.30
     Figure  9.    Surface  temperatures recorded at 30 minute-intervals
                  on wooden stakes  after they were exposed in the
                  intertidal zone for 22 months.   - oiled surface;  - -
                  unoiled  surface.   0 indicates that the surface
                  faced  the shore;   ^indicates that the surface faced
                  offshore.   Symbols are open when the surface is in
                  the  sun  and black when the surface is in the shade.
The wetness of the  surface was  also  an important  factor.   In general
surface temperatures were lower on wet than dry surface (Table 5).   This
is no doubt due to  some  evaporative  cooling on the wet surfaces.   On
surfaces in the sun, both the temperature range and average tempera-
ture were lower on  wet surfaces than dry surfaces.   The relationship is
not clear for shaded surfaces because only five temperatures were  re-
corded on dry surfaces in the shade.
                                    22

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                                TABLE 5.

      THE MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, AND MEAN TEMPERATURE RECORDED ON PAIRED
               OILED AND UNOILED WOODEN STAKE SURFACES AT
                 SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, AUGUST 19, 1971
Condition
Oil / Sun
No Oil / Sun
Oil / Shade
No Oil / Shade
Wet
23.2-26.0
24.4
22.8-25.4
23.9
20.8-26.0
23.2
20.8-25.2
22.9
Dry
24.0-33.0
28.7
24.0-29.8
27.2
22.0-24.0
23
22.0-25.5
23.8
Temperatures were also recorded on the inshore stake at the level of the
top of intertidal species and at the bottom of the stake to determine
temperature differences at different levels of the intertidal zone
at low tide (Figure 10).  The top measurements were 40 cm above the
bottom measurements.  When the first temperatures were recorded the top
level had a dry surface while the bottom level was wet and only exposed
between waves.  Thirty minutes later the waves were no longer reaching
the bottom level.  However, the bottom level remained damp during most
of these observations and was only just dry prior to the last obser-
vation.  Water temperature was 23.4°C.  Bottom surface temperatures
approximated to this (23.2°C-23.5°C) on the first observation.  As the
tide  receded,  temperatures rose over the next half hour by approxi-
mately 1°C in the shade 3°C in the sun at the bottom level.

Several factors as well as intertidal height must be considered in
analyzing the data in Figure 10.  They are sun versus shade; oil
versus non-oiled surfaces.  Surfaces in the sun consistently had a
higher temperature than those in the shade.  Oiled surfaces in the sun
were always hotter than those in the shade.
                                   23

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                      32-i
                      30-
                      28-
                       26-
                       24-
                        13.00
                               14.OO
                                        15.OO
                                                16.OO
                                    Time
     Figure 10.      Surface temperatures of a stake at upper level
                     (thick lines)  of intertidal species and bottom
                     (thin lines)  of the stake.   Qindicates surface
                     faces offshore;  Qindicates surface faces on-
                     shore.   Open  symbols indicate the surface was in
                     the  sun;   black symbols indicate the surface was
                     in the shade.   - indicates an oiled surface; 	
                     indicates an  unoiled surface.
The temperature was  higher  at the top level than the bottom level
with the exception of  two readings on the oiled surface in the sun.
This is thought to be  due to a temperature increase as a result of
reflected heat from  the near-by rocks after the surface had dried.
The top level was further from the rocks and so less affected by them.
Both temperature range (with the exception of the readings just dis-
cussed) and average  temperature were higher at the top level than the
bottom level (Table  6).
                                  24

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                                TABLE 6.

        TEMPERATURES (°C) RECORDED AT THE TOP LEVEL OF INTERTIDAL
                  ORGANISMS AND THE BOTTOM OF OILED AND
                          UNOILED WOODEN STAKES
                                  Range                  Mean
     	Top	Bottom	Top	Bottom

     Facing Shore

     Oil                 23.5-25.2    23.5-24.4    24.317   24.17

     Non oil             23.2-24.8    23.8-24.4    24.2     24.117


     Facing Offshore
Non oil
Oil
24.8-30.0
24.8-31.3
23.2-30.0
23.2-32.0
27.35
28.16
27.06
27.9
Data for field temperatures on natural substrates is presented in
Table 7 and Appendix 1.  Table 7 shows that the highest temperatures
were recorded on dry oiled surfaces in the sun and the lowest tempera-
tures on wet oiled surfaces in the shade.  This indicates that the
presence of oil acting as a black body not only increases the maximum
surface temperatures as shown by the laboratory as well as the field
data, but it can increase the range of temperature to which organisms
are exposed at low tide.  It should be stressed that the difference
in temperature between oiled and unoiled surfaces in the shade is
seldom higher than 1°C, while in the sun it may be as high as 5°C.
Also there is usually less than 1°C difference in temperature between
wet oiled and wet unoiled surfaces in the sun.  The exceptions occur
when very shallow rock pools reach exceptionally high temperatures
(Table 7).
                                  25

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N>
                                                      TABLE  7




                         THE MEAN TEMPERATURES RECORDED ON NATURAL  SURFACES AT  GOLETA POINT.
rH
•H 
-------
Effects of Santa Barbara Crude Oil on Substrate Color
Substrate color has frequently been demonstrated to influence larval
settlement.  Hence, some description of the color of test fouling
surfaces is important.  The freshly oiled wooden and asbestos
surfaces were black.  The colors are as defined in Ridgeway (1912).
It should also be noted that there was some variability in surface
substrate color due to factors such as slight differences in weather-
ing which may be the result of exposure to different amounts of sand
abrasion and/or the presence of a thin film of micro-algae.  However,
unoiled asbestos plates can best be defined as tilleul buff to pale
olive buff in color.  After 4 months' weathering oiled asbestos surfaces
approached this color and indeed were often visually indistinguishable
from unoiled surfaces when dry.  These oiled surfaces sometimes had
small patches of black residue left on parts of the fouling plates,
sheltered by the frame.  Asbestos fouling plates in the field for 1
month were generally dark-cinnamon drab, while those in the field for
2 months were characterized as light gull grey.

Oiled wooden stakes were weathered from black to vinaceous-cinnamon
sometimes with streaks of black in 7 months, whereas in 10 months,
they had weathered to pale pinkish cinnamon.  Unoiled wooden surfaces
approximated to this color also after 10 months.  New unoiled wooden
surfaces approximate to ochraceous-buff in color.

The colors were defined at low tide when the surfaces were dry.  When
the surfaces were wet, the oiled surfaces were darker so that fouling
plates which had oiled and unoiled surfaces of a similar color at low
tide, had an oiled surface darker than the unoiled surface when
submerged.

The relationship between substrate color and temperature was examined
on fouling plates at low tide in October 1972.  The plates were vis-
ually divided into those with a dark oiled surface, those in which
the oiled surface was only slightly darker than the unoiled surface,
those on which the two surfaces appeared the same color.  In the
darkest category the oiled surface was hotest by 2.3-4.2°C > 7^'o
if r\\                                                      \ 4^.O
^°-w» in the slightly darker category, the oiled surfaces were warmer
by'an average of 1'C < g# j£f $$ while in the category where
the colors were similar the temperature was the same £ AO'QN'  The
fouling plates with surface temperatures in the 30°C range were damp
while all other fouling plates were dry.
                                   27

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Larval Settlement

Four foot (1.22m) wooden stakes  (oiled versus unoiled) were placed
in the field to determine differences in the intertidal distribution
of species due to the presence of oil.  It was essential that all
stakes remain upright to ensure  that differences observed at a par-
ticular height were only influenced by environmental variables at
that height.  However, during storms both the force of waves and
accumulating kelp often knocked  stakes out of position making it
impossible to relate the resulting populations to specific intertidal
levels.  While a total of 8 pairs of stakes were placed in the inter-
tidal zone at different times to provide data to show any differences
in seasonal and leaching effects, reliable data on species distribution
are only available for 4 pairs of stakes.  All stakes did provide data
on surface temperature difference.

On the four pairs of stakes that had remained in position, the upper
intertidal distribution of the dominant organisms was recorded in
increments of 10 cm from the bottom of the stakes (Table 8).  There-
fore, heights are only comparable within paired stake surfaces and
not between paired stake surfaces.  Data for onshore and offshore
paired surfaces is presented separately.  While the data may differ
between the offshore and onshore surfaces, there was essentially no
difference in the upper intertidal distribution of Spirorbis sp.,
_C_. fissus, Balanus glandula, and Tetraclita squamosa on oiled and un-
oiled surfaces, while for the green algal film and the Teredinae the
upper level of distribution was  higher on the unoiled than on the oiled
surface.  It should be pointed out that the barnacle settlement was very
sparse only 2 animals being present on many of the surfaces so that this
data on barnacle settlement should be viewed as inconclusive.

In contrast the green algal film was abundant and being grazed by
limpets  (Collisella scabra and C^. limulata) .  The Teredinae were also
thriving having completely destroyed part of the 16 month unoiled stake.
Hence, the data for these two groups is thought to provide an accurate
description of this influence of the test crude oil on their intertidal
distribution.

More definitive experiments were conducted using fouling plates.  This
data also records settlement and survival over long periods rather
than settlement and survival immediately after settlement.

The fouling plates were placed in rows lengthwise along the outside
of the pier in an attempt to equate physical factors effecting all
the fouling plates.  For example, they should all receive the same
                                    28

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to
                                                         TABLE  8.




                   MAXIMUM HEIGHT  (CM) OF DISTRIBUTION MEASURED FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE WOODEN  STAKE
Date and
Exposure time
2/8/72
16 month
6 month
8/22/72
8 month
11/20/72
3 month
Green
0*
110
120
110
100
60
50
60
60
*0 - oiled
4-U * unoiled
** 75 T. squamosa
Algae Spirorbis C. fissus B. glandula T. squamosa
U+ OU OU OU OU
110 10 70 40
130 40 60 70 60 50 50 60** 60**
120 60 70 30 30
120 20
70 10 10 10 10
60 20 20 20 20 20
100 40 40***
70 20
on oiled surface and 10 T. squamosa on unoiled surface.
Teredinae
0 U
20 40
10 40
10 40

135

         ***  At edge of unoiled stake next to oiled stake.

-------
amount of exposure to the sun.  If they had been placed in rows across
underneath the pier they would have received exposure to varying
amounts of sunlight and at different times of the day.

However, the arrangement used does mean that there is a gradation in
the height of the fouling plates above the sand and rocks; those plates
at the inshore end are closer to the sand and rocks than those at the
offshore end.  This could effect the larval settlement due to differences
in exposure of the fouling plates to different amounts of abrasion.

To test this, a series of 32 asbestos fouling plates were suspended in
a wooden frame along the side of the jetty.  The number of C^. fissus
settling on the fouling plates in 5 months was counted.  A Spearman
Rank Correlation Coefficient  [9] was calculated to determine if there
was a correlation between the number of C_. fissus settling and the
order of the fouling plates in the frame (Appendix 2 for detail).
                                    N
                         rs - 1 - 6 £dx
                                    N3 - N
The Spearmen Rank Correlation Coefficient was 0.28, which was not
significant.  Therefore, it was concluded that this ordered arrangement
of fouling plates did not bias the  larval settlement.

Larval settlement was not abundant  for most of the experimental period
during 1972.  Unpublished data showed that Q. fissus settled most
abundantly on spring tides usally in May and October at Santa Catalina
Island.  In 1972, settlement occurred in low numbers on spring tides
from early April through early June and in early October and early
December (See Tables 9,10).  However, while in most instances, the total
number of barnacles remains low, the trends of greater or less settle-
ment on oiled and unoiled surfaces  remain constant.  As with the
wooden stakes, fouling plates were  sometimes lost.  Hen.ce, in all data
comparisons the number of plates in each category is indicated.  If one
or two fouling plates were lost from a particular category it meant a
reduction in the number of fouling  plates considered in all categories
to make the data comparable.

C. fissus was most abundant at the  mid-level (B,C), least abundant at
I) with an intermediate abundance at A.  This is demonstrated in Table 9
which shows total numbers of £. fissus on fouling plates at levels
A,B,C,D for the period October 1972 to February 1973.  There is also a
general decrease in £. fissus throughout this period at all levels.
                                   30

-------
                            TABLE 9.
                       UNOILEP
 NUMBER OF £. Fissus ON OILED ASBESTOS FOULING PLATES AT LEVELS
                A,B,C,D AT SANTA CATALINA ISLAND
Plate Series
Date
6 October 1972

15 October 1972

22 October 1972

1 November 1972

17 November 1972

20 November 1972

2 December 1972

15 December 1972

2 February 1973

A
15
72
21
82
20
74
22
67
6
49
6
41
7
46
4
38
9
17
B
27 16
245 98
21 12
235-H4- 117
25 15
246+ 102
26 13
217++ 99
9
83
10
76
9
99
10
77
7
54
C
61
374
66
216+
62
235+
54
207
22
132
24
108
19
116
25
90
16
73
D
18
6
19
7
12
3
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
No plates per
level
19
19
10
19
                                                            10
+ indicates, number of areas recorded as having 50+>  These were
  very tiny £. fissus difficult to count in large numbers in
  the field.
                              31

-------
At  the beginning  of  October 1972 all fouling plates had been in the
field a minimum of 5 months.   In all cases at levels A,B,C,  _C.  fissus
was more  abundant on the oiled than the unoiled surface.   At~~level D
the reverse  was the  case from October 6 through November 1.   However,
all £. fissus  were dead by November 15 at level D and there  was no
recolonization prior to February 2, 1973.

Larval settlement occurred first at level A (April 10,  1972) and did
not average  even  one larva per fouling plate per level at levels B,C,
and D until  May 19,  1972.   Hence,  studies on the minimal "lag"  period
between oiling and larval settlement were conducted at level A.   Three
ages of fouling plates  were used - plate series 0 which was  submerged
17  February  1972; plate series1 N which was submerged 30 March 1972;
plate series F which was submerged 6 May 1972.   All fouling  surfaces
submerged 6  weeks or less had more £.  fissus on the unoiled  than the
oiled surfaces while those fouling plates submerged 8 weeks  or  more had
more £. fissus on the oiled than the unoiled surface (Table  10).
While these  figures  are in each case a composite of numbers  on  several
fouling plates, this trend was also demonstrated on individual  fouling
plates.
                                  TABLE 10.
                                UNOILED
          NUMBER OF £.  fissus  ON  OILED ASBESTOS  FOULING PLATES AT
                         SANTA  CATALINA ISLAND LEVEL A
     Date
             Plate series   Week exposure

No. plates*    F   N   0      F: N: 0
11 April 1972
21 April 1972
18 May 1972
29 May 1972
6 October 1972
2 December 1972
2 February 1972
7
7
3
5
5
5
5


23
6
21
10
13
28
10
12
8
9
14
3
7
3
4
1
6
9
4
19
3
12
1
8
27
34
18
26
6
21
5
23
3
13
1
9
0
5
-
—
2:
4:
22:
30:
38:
1:
3:
6:
8:
26:
34:
42:
8
10
13
15
33
41
49
*No. plates refers to number examined in each plate series  (F,N, or 0)
                                   32

-------
T\ squamosa first settled on asbestos fouling plates at level A in April
1972.  They exhibit only two annual periods of larval settlement at
Santa -Catalina Island (spring and fall).  The population was observed in
detail between October 1972 and February 1973.  T?. squamosa was more
abundant on the oiled than the unoiled  surfaces throughout this period.
There was little overall fluctuation in numbers and the ratio of T^
squamosa on oiled to unoiled surfaces approximated 2:1 throughout  (5363
oiled : 2836 unoiled).

J5. glandula also settled on asbestos fouling plates at level A only. In
October 1972 only four remained on oiled surfaces and three on unoiled
surfaces while by February 1973 there were only two survivors on oiled
surfaces and none on unoiled surfaces.

Fouling plates used at Goleta Point were of two categories.  The first
was the same series of fouling plates that were suspended at Santa
Catalina in May of 1972.  That is, these fouling plates were air dried
for 6 months prior to exposure at Goleta Point.  The other series were
of a larger size and were oiled and air dried 3 weeks before exposure in
the field.

£. fissus settled abundantly on the fouling plates at Goleta.  They were
more abundant on the surfaces oiled in  May 1972 than the surfaces oiled
in October 1972 (Tables 11,12,13,14).   In most cases larval settlement
was more abundant on the oiled than the unoiled surface.  The exceptions
were on the fouling plates oiled in May 1972.  Larval settlement was
most abundant on this surface (at times 1,400 C_. f issus per fouling
plate).

Calculation of the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient shows that rs
= 0.718 when N » 14 (See Appendix 4 for details).  This is significant
at the 1% level.  Hence, in very dense  populations C^. f issus is more
abundant on unoiled than oiled surfaces.  Settlement was less dense on
the fouling plates oiled in October 1972 and was always more abundant on
the oiled than the nonoiled surfaces.

A similar calculation of a Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient on the
data from Santa Catalina presented in Table 10, shows no correlation
between total number of larvae settling and the distribution of larvae
on oiled and unoiled surfaces (Appendix 5).

While data in Tables 11,12,13,14 are presented for surfaces in the sun
and shade, it must be pointed out that  the surfaces faced opposite di-
rections and so were probably subjected to different water currents at
high tide and different drying effects  of winds at low tide.  Hence,
comparison of settlement on the two surfaces would provide little  in-
sight into the causal factors influencing larval settlement.

There was no significant larval settlement of other barnacle species at
Goleta, but occasional balanoid cyprids and newly settled barnacles were
observed on fouling plates.  There was  an initial abundant
                                    33

-------
                                  TABLE 11
           NUMBER OF £. fissus LARVAE SETTLING ON SUNNY FOULING PLATES
                          (OILED OCTOBER 1972) AT GOLETA
Date                                      Plate Numbers
                   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14

20 November       10         	4 	2
1972             281         309 282
21 November                  	2 	5                        16  	4  	1
1972                         368 327                       291  213  213
22 November                  	3 	3 	4  13 	4 	8  	6  	2  	1       	6
1972                         370 335 358 320 316 412  354  218  214       216
5 December                    28  31  31 105  25 	8        96   88       31
1972                          722  611 572 600 660 409       922  801      788
6 December        26  88  182
1972             788 873  841
19 December       25   97  173   33   49   39  138   45       82  116   97       61
1972             819 857  830  700  655  627  665  660      742  863  843      800


15-January       151. 174  138.  _92_  127  114  182               219  229       286
1973             734 868  908  774  673  632  666               949  920       813
13 February        9l_ 170  211
1973              788 820  792
* Number on nonoiled/number  on  oiled  surface
                                      34

-------
                                   TABLE 12
         NUMBER OF C. fissus LARVAE SETTLING ON SHADED FOULING PLATES
                       (OILED OCTOBER 1972) AT GOLETA
Date                                      Plate Numbers
	15   16   17   18  19   20   21  22   23   24  25  26   27  28

20 November                  	1 	6
1972                         183 166
21 November    20            	4 	6            18           	3  10
1972          162            156 179           360           315 269
22 November                  	5 	3  	4  	4  10  	5   24 	2 	6  	1  35
1972                         193 192  175  328 294  191  224 257 289  256 290
5 December                                      30            45  45   75 217
1972                                           410           561 555  609 825
6 December     38   18   76   24 	8   28  	9  46   29
1972          428  322  513  314 315  328  542 396  313
19 December         30   75   41  19   17   19 103  109       59  55   79 224
1972               357  518  366 391  377  553 479  389      641 601  599 789
15 January         161  216  122                             198 188  218 325
1973               450  578  366                             607 662  671 921
13 February        268  344
1973               559  606
* Number on nonoiled/number on oiled surface
                                      35

-------
                                    TABLE 13
          NUMBER OF_C. fissus LARVAE SETTLING ON SUNNY FOULING PLATES
(OILED MAY
Date
20 November
1972
Total
21 November
1972
Total
22 November
1972
Total
8 December
1972
Total
19 December
1972
Total
5 January
1973
Total
13 February
1973
Total
1
77
256
333
93
273
366
85
218
303
363
600
963
380
595
975
391
574
965
337
495
832
2
70
243
313
88
276
364
50
200
250
380
736
1116
384
737
1121
402
724
1126
417
631
1048
3
19
142
161
12
312
324
0
169
169
197
672
869
221
665
886
273
732
1005
251
638
889
1972) AT
Plate
4


27
295
322
210
661
871
232
684
912
323
677
1003
283
613
896
GOLETA
Numbers
5


35
273
308
229
787
1016
250
804
1054
280
Ilk
1054
279
758
1037

6


18
216
234
127
596
723
143
619
752
213
635
848
216
599
815

7

27
170
197
30
160
190
155
528
683
191
522
723
248
571
819
254
546
800

8

416
414
830
644
426
1070
783
678
1461
770
651
1421
757
570
1327
677
615
1292

9

157
289
346
455
471
926
611
699
1310
585
642
1227
640
554
1194
546
590
1136
* Number on nonoiled/number on oiled
                                      36

-------
                                  TABLE 14




        NUMBER OF C. fissus LARVAE SETTLING ON SHADED FOULING PLATES
(OILED MAY 1972) AT GOLETA. AS WELL AS TOTAL NUMBER SETTLING IS
FOR EACH FOULING PLATE
Date
20 November
1972
Total
21 November
1972 ,
Total
22 November
1972
Total
8 December
1972
Total
19 December
1972
Total
5 January
1973
Total
13 February
1973
Total
10


75
418
493
225
345
570
221
357
578
275
453
728
338
545
883
11


45
251
296
167
521
688
169
535
704
240
563
803
252
573
825
12


34
137
171
165
386
551
161
419
580
203
484
687
214
485
699
Plate
13


43
85
128
106
222
328
105
249
354
149
307
456
145
385
530
Numbers
14

29
190
219
36
149
185
211
395
606
217
427
644
263
443
706
256
442
698
15
533
490
1023
638
619
1258
354
383
757
714
709
1423
684
714
1398
648
663
1311
618
651
1269
16

123
265
388
222
266
488
336
456
792
349
568
917
352
581
933
323
532
855
PRESENTED
17 18

325 236
363 255
688 491
410 412
414 324
828 736
835 562
648 481
1484 1043



* Number on nonoiled/number on oiled surface
                                      37

-------
settlement of £. fissus on the fouling plates at Goleta followed by a
stabilization in numbers with loss of a relatively low percentage
(maximum loss estimated at 10%) of barnacles (November 1972 through
February 1973) in contrast to the observation on fouling plates at
Santa Catalina over the same period.  At Santa Catalina, 50-60% £. fissus
were lost at level A.  All £. fissus were lost at level D prior to November
17, 1972.

The apparently low numbers of C^. fissus settlement and survival at Santa
Catalina, compared to that reported at Goleta Point, were largely due to
a higher sand abrasion of fouling plates at Santa Catalina Island.  The
fouling plates at Santa Catalina were in shallower water and during
storms were heavily abraded by sand.  This was evidenced by the gradual
rounding of exposed corners of the fouling plates and some loss of surface
textures at Santa Catalina.  £. fissus also settled and survived in much
higher numbers in sheltered crevices and sheltered fouling plates used
in other experiments being conducted simultaneous at Santa Catalina, than
on the fouling plates used in these experiments.

An algal film developed on the unoiled surfaces prior to oiled surfaces.
The algal film became abundant on the oiled surfaces in January and
February 1973, but it should be rioted that the algal were generally
attached to C. fissus which by that stage formed a thick mat on the oiled
surface, rather than the oiled surface itself.

It is notable that a retardation in growth of the green film in the upper
intertidal zone (mainly Blidingia minima (Nageli ex Kutzing) var. minima,
diatoms and blue green algae (Lyngbya spp.) by oil was recorded on wooden
stakes at Santa Catalina.  Similar observations were made in the lower
intertidal zone at Goleta where the algal mat was composed of species of
Ulva, Entermorpha, Bangia, Blidingia, and Porphyra.

To determine if temperatures to which the newly settled barnacles and/or
cyprids were exposed at low tide had a significant effect on survival,
fouling plates with newly settled JS. fissus barnacles and cyprids were
exposed to different temperatures for four hours during low tide.

There was no mortality recorded at 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40?C while a
significant mortality (approximately 50%) was recorded at 41°C (Table 15).
At lower temperatures there was actually an increase in numbers which
could have been due to inaccuracy in counting (it is often difficult to
see newly settled barnacles and cyprids when a fouling plate is wet as
these often were) or may be due to increased settlement and/or metamor-
phosis of settled cyprids during the period after exposure in the constant
environment chambers.  The mortality recorded at 41°C was "real" in that
50 empty cyprids remained on the fouling plates.  Hence, exposure at a
single low tide to temperatures of 41°C for four hours will kill a high
percentage of newly settled £. fissus, barnacles and cyprids.  Repeated
exposure on alternate low tides to lower temperatures may or may not
cause similar mortalities.
                                     38

-------
                                    TABLE 15

          SURVIVAL OF NEWLY SETTLED C_. fissus (BARNACLES AND CYPRIDS)
                  (  ) INDICATES NUMBER OF DEAD CYPRIDS COUNTED
Exposure
Temperature
25°C
30 May 1972
30°C
25 May 1972
35°C
25 May 1972
40°C
29 May 1972
41°C
31 May 1972
C. fissus
Census
Before Exposure
After "
Before "
After "
Before "
After
Before "
After "
Before "
After
barnacles
2
2
55
60
0
6
1
2
0
0
cyprids
220
235
31
34
36
31
15
19
120
62(50)
Difference
+35
+8
+1
+5
-58
The distribution of £. fissus within its intertidal range was determined
at random points in conjunction with surface substrate temperatures
between January 1972 and February 1973  (Table 16).  Whether the points
were wet or dry, or in the sun or shade, was recorded at the time of
observation, as well as surface temperature.  The points may exhibit
other characteristics as regards wetness or shading at other times.

Most (0.927) of the unoiled points that were wet and shaded, bore £. fissus.
Slightly more than half (0.529-0.599) of all other unoiled points irre-
spective of shading or wetness, bore £. fissus.  Only one type of oiled
surface (wet and in the sun) had half of the random points populated by
£. fissus (0.524).  The other types of  oiled surfaces only had (0.1 to 0.2)
of the points populated by £. fissus with the least fraction (0.116) being
recorded on the dry oiled surface in the sun.

The £. fissus population fluctuations were recorded on selected areas at
Gole"ta Point between November 1972 and  February 1973 (Table 17).  These
                                      39

-------
                                               TABLE 16

                               DISTRIBUTION OF C. fissus AT GOLETA POINT

Conditions
OIL
Sun-dry

Sun-wet

Shade-dry

Shade-wet

NONOIL
Sun-dry

Sun-wet

Shade-dry

Shade-wet

Jan-72
Q1+Q2

2*
32
13
19
2
19
2
5



11
12


2
2
Feb-72
Ql

1
7
7
15


0
1

2
2
6
12

-
3
3
Mar-72
Ql

0
10
5
7





0
3
14
24


1
2
Mar-72
Q2

0
4
0
3
0
4



2
5
15
30
0
3
1
1
Apr-72
Ql

0
4
2
7


0
4

1
1
9
30
0
1
0
2
Apr-72
Q2

1
1
3
5





5
7
28
35




June-72
Ql

2
16
3
7





7
9
7
18




Dec-72
Ql

1
21


4
12
0
2

1
12


2
3


Dec-72
Q2

1
6


0
2
1
3

0
6
10
14
1
2
16
16
Feb-73
Ql

0
1







12
L 25
10
12
3
5
7
7
Feb-73
Q2

5
10







18
19
8
10
3
3
8
8

Total

13
112 - 0.116
33
63 =• 0.524
6
37 - 0.162
3
15 =• 0.2

48
L 89 - 0.539
118
197 - 0.599
9
17 - 0.529
38
41 - 0.927
* Number of C^. fissus/number of random points
Q - Quadrat

-------
                                 SECTION V
                                DISCUSSION
The experiments and field observations in this study were designed to
determine the physical effects of a heavy asphaltic oil after it had
dried on intertidal substrates.  Analysis of Santa Barbara crude oils
collected from the intertidal zone show that weathering and degradation
is more rapid on the outside of a piece of tar than on the inside [12].
In other words an outside skin of highly degraded oil frequently covers
a center of less weathered petroleum compounds. Therefore organisms on
the outside of a layer of solid tar are not in contact with any un-
degraded light toxic components beneath the outer degraded tar layer.

Most of the effort in this study was directed at dry weathered tar but
some observations were made on tar that was sticky.  No larval settle-
ment was ever observed on sticky tar in the field.  This is partly
because it provides an unstable substrate as it melts at low tide.  This
is evidenced by the almost stepwise rise in temperatures of sticky tar.
The sticky tar probably contains some water in addition to lighter
hydrocarbon compounds not found in weathered tar.  As the temperature
rises and the tar gradually melt's some of the water would be released
and the rise in temperature slowed by evaporative cooling. Hence, the
almost stepwise rise in temperature superimposed on the straight-line
temperature increase.

Other field and laboratory temperature changes are directly comparable
to the normal black body effects.  The shiny fresh oil surfaces (both
liquid and on rocks) undergo the most rapid rise in temperature and the
dull weathered surfaces a slower rise in temperature.  After 2 years
weathering in the laboratory, the oiled surfaces often did not exhibit
as great an increase in temperature as the unoiled surface. However, the
initial rate of temperature increase was always faster on the surface
oiled with a thin layer of oil than the unoiled surfaces. Hence, the old
oiled surfaces are exposed to elevated temperatures for longer periods
than the unoiled surfaces.  (These laboratory weathering periods are not
related to field weathering periods).

Data obtained on fouling plates, wooden stakes, and natural substrates
where other factors such as surface wetness, shading, and reflection
from surrounding objects influence temperature, support the laboratory
observations.  All experimental observations on oiled surfaces were on
oiled surfaces with only a thin layer of oil.  The observations on
natural surfaces were on surfaces with from 0.5 to 2.5 cm dry oil.
                                   43

-------
As fouling plate and wooden stake surfaces aged there was a loss of
black oil from the surface so that after about 5 months in the field it
was often difficult to visually determine oiled from unoiled surfaces by
their colors when dry.  The oiled surfaces still became darker when wet
and were readily distinguished from unoiled surfaces.  This is important
because the larvae of many invertebrates are attracted to settle on
either light or dark surfaces depending on the species.  The field
asphaltic deposits remained dull black when wet or dry and were darker
in color than the silicified shale.  The shale was dark brown when wet
and a mid brown when dry.

Four patterns of C^. fissus larval settlement emerged.

     1.   Larval settlement was more abundant on unoiled than
          oiled fouling plates when the plates were oiled for
          6 weeks or less.

     2.   Larval settlement was more abundant on unoiled than
          oiled fouling plates at the extreme upper level of
          the settlement  zone.

     3.   Larval settlement was more abundant on oiled than
          unoiled fouling plates after the fouling plates were
          oiled 8 weeks or longer.

     4.   Larval settlement was more abundant on unoiled than
          oiled fouling plates at very high densities.

The initial preference for unoiled surfaces suggest that the larvae
preferred not settle on the oiled surface until certain components
and/or change in surface  texture of the oil.  Analysis of oiled fouling
plates showed that there  was indeed some weathering of fouling plates by
9 weeks exposure.  Barnacle larvae actively search substrates prior to
settlement, and they react both to chemical compounds and to surface
texture [3,5].

Field observations after  the Santa Barbara oil spill indicated that (3.
fissus was not observed settling on oil until about 10 months after the
oil spill [7] while in previous field experiments the present author
reported C_. fissus settling on oiled rocks within 6 months of a January
1970 contamination and on oiled fouling plates within 9 weeks [10].  The
long lag phase recorded in 1969 may have been due to several factors;
the seasonal settlement pattern of this species in the area; poor field
observations; longer drying period for the thicker layer of oil; low
recruitment in the Santa  Barbara Channel in spring 1969; substrate
temperatures. £. fissus does not settle during warm summer months, so
that while substrates may have been suitable for settlement after the
May-June settlement period but prior to the September-October larval
settlement, there was no  settling larvae available during this period.
In 1969 there was also reoiling of surfaces and oil layers were frequently
                                    44

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thicker than those studied in 1970.  Hence, a longer drying and weather-
ing period may have been necessary.  Substrate temperature may have been
most important because the surfaces studied in 1970 were shaded by a
pier while those observed by Nicholson and Cimberg [7] were on exposed
rocky surfaces.

Some of the tar was stable enough to support larval settlement as early
as March 1969 when ]}. glandula was collected from oiled substrates.
However, balanoid barnacles have basal calcareous plates which separate
the animal from the substrate after settlement and metamorphosis. C^
fissus is lacking in these basal plates.  Hence, the young C^. fissus
barnacles are directly exposed to an oiled substrate while the young
balanoid barnacles are protected by a calcareous layer.

The preference of larvae for unoiled over oiled surfaces at upper-
intertidal levels reflects temperature stress caused by the black sur-
faces.  Laboratory experiments indicated high mortalities at temperatures
above 40°C for four hours.  Temperatures over 40°C are recorded on these
fouling plates.  Temperatures are higher on dry oiled than dry unoiled
surfaces and high intertidal areas are exposed to these high temperatures
for longer periods than lower intertidal areas.  If temperature stress
at low tide is the only factor causing this trend at high intertidal
levels, after the initial 8-week lag phase on the fouling plates, one
would expect more numerous settlement on oiled than unoiled surfaces
followed by a higher mortality on the oiled than unoiled surfaces shortly
after larval settlement.  Barnacles in general, and C^. fissus in par-
ticular (author, unpublished data) settle more abundantly on dark
surfaces than light surfaces.  Unfortunately larval settlement was so
sparce at upper levels that the error involved in making accurate field
counts on wet fouling plates as soon as they were exposed at low tide
made it impossible to determine the pattern of larval settlement prior
to intertidal exposure and survival pattern after intertidal exposure.

In general, within the C^. fissus zone of larval settlement, C^. fissus
settled more abundantly on oiled than unoiled surfaces.  In other words,
settlement was more abundant on dark than on light surfaces. This is in
agreement with larval settlement patterns reported elsewhere in barnacle
settlement.  However, the reversal of this trend when the settling
populations become dense has only been recorded in serpulid polychaetes
prior to this [11].  Other barnacle species are recorded maintaining a
minimum distance between individuals [5] while Crisp  [2] found a re-
lationship between separation distance and the length of the previously
settled spat and length of cyprid.  This spacing is a result of the
searching activities of the cyprids and allows the barnacles enough
space to grow to maturity. Therefore, as a settling area, in this case
the oiled area, becomes crowded with settling and already settled
barnacles, the settling barnacles find the unoiled area where there are
less settled barnacles, more attractive.

C^. fissus settlement was more abundant at Goleta than at Santa Catalina
Island during experiments with fouling plates in fall 1972.  This is
                                    45

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probably due to the greater sand abrasion of fouling plates at Santa
Catalina Island than at Goleta.  The Santa Catalina Island plates were
closer to the shore, Nin shallower water, and showed more visible evidence
of sand abrasion than the  fouling plates at Goleta.  Fouling plates at
Santa Catalina Island that were sheltered from  sand abrasion in another
project, showed larval settlement comparable to that observed at Goleta.

Another possible explanation  is that C^. fissus  larvae  at Goleta had
evolved a tolerance to seep oil in  the area.  This is  unlikely because
the larvae are pelagic and the larvae settling  in the  area have no doubt
been transported there from other areas on ocean currents.

Field data showed  that while  iC. fissus can settle and  survive on surfaces
with a layer of dry asphalt,  the numbers of barnacles  were lower on the
oiled than the nonoiled surfaces.   However, data over  a three month
period suggested that while survival varied on  oiled and unoiled surfaces
there was no defined trend for greater survival on the oiled or unoiled
surfaces.  Hence,  the field data supports the contention that population
differences on oiled and nonoiled surfaces are  largely determined during
larval settlement  and/or in the period soon after larval settlement.

Data on the intertidal distribution of species  on vertical wooden
stakes showed that in upper intertidal algae and Teredinae, there was a
definite depression in upper  intertidal distribution of these species in
the presence of oil.  This same experiment did  not detect any difference
in C^. fissus distribution. However, as few £.  fissus  settled on the
wood, these data were not  considered meaningful for C^. fissus.
                                     46

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                                SECTION IX
                                REFERENCES
[1]   Chan,  G.L.  1973.   A Study of the effects of the San Francisco
     Oil Spill on Marine Organisms.   In:   Proc.  Joint Conference on
     Prevention and Control of Oil Spills.  API, EPA, USCG.,
     Washington, D.C.,  741-782.

[2]   Crisp, D.J. 1960.   Factors influencing growth-rate in Balanus
     balanoids.   j;. Anim. Ecol.  29,  95-116.

[3]   Crisp, D.J., and  Meadows, P.S.  1963.   Absorbed layers:  the
     stimulus to settlement in barnacles.   Proc. R. Soc. B, 158,
     364-387.

[4]   Kanter, R.  1974.   Susceptibility to crude oil with respect to
     size,  season, and geographic location in Mytilus californianus
     (Bivalvia).  Pub.  University of Southern California, Sea Grant
     Program (USC-SG-4-74) 43 pp.

[5]   Knight-Jones, E.W., and Moyse,  J. 1961.  Intraspecific competition
     in sedentary marine animals.  Symp.  Soc. Exp. Biol.  15, 72-95.

[6]   Kreider, R.E. 1971.  Identification of oil leaks and spills.  In:
     Proc.  Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills.
     API. EPA. USCG.,  Washington, D.C., 119-124.

[7]   Nicholson,  N.L.,  and Cimberg, R.L. 1971.  The Santa Barbara Oil
     Spills of 1969.   A Post-Spill Survey of the Rocky Intertidal In:
     Biological and Oceanographical Survey of the Santa Barbara Channel
     Oil Spill 196970.   Pub. Allan Hancock Foundation, I: 325-400.

[8]   Ridgway, R. 1912.   Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.  Pub.
     Ridgway, Washington, B.C.  43 pp. 53 plates.

[9]   Siegel, S.  1956.   Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral
     Sciences.  Pub. McGraw-Hill, New York, 311 pp.

[10]  Straughan,  D. 1971.  The influence of oil and detergents on
     recolonization in the upper intertidal zone.  In:  Proc. Joint
     Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills.  API, EPA,
     USCG.   Washington, B.C. 437-440.
                                   47

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[11]  Straughan, D. 1972.  Ecological studies of Mercirella enigmatica
     Fauvel (Annelida: Polychaeta) in the Brisbane River.  J. Anim.
     Ecol. 41, 93-136.

[12]  	. 1973.  The influence of the Santa Barbara Oil Spill
     (January-February, 1969) on the Intertidal Distribution of Marine
     Organisms.  Report to Western Oil and Gas Association, June 1973.
     77 pp.
                                  48

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                              SECTION VIII APPENDICES

                                    APPENDIX 1

THE MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, AND MEAN TEMPERATURES (°C) RECORDED ON OILED NATURAL SURFACES
                            AT GOLETA POINT (1972-1973)
January
February
March
April
June
December
February
Sun dry
21.5-28.0;25.0
28-32. 2; 30. 3
25-30;27.7
25.0-29.1;27.3
25-26; 25. 3
23.0
25.3-33.5;30.3
24-29;26.9
23-28;25.8
23.0
Sun wet Shade dry
20-24;22.3 18.0-21.5;19.5
24-28. 8;25. 9
22-27. 5;24. 4
27-3 .0;29.0 18.9-24.8;20.2
18.8-24.6;21.3
22.0-25.8;24.3
24.3-26.9;25.3
20.7-23.0;21.55
20.5-21.5;21

Shade wet
19.0-23.0;20.5
19.6

16.3-19.6;17.25


20-20. 5;20. 3
              22.8-27.5;23.8

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                                                    APPENDIX 2


             THE MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, AND MEAN TEMPERATURES  (°C) RECORDED ON NON-OILED NATURAL SURFACES

                                            AT GOLETA POINT (1972-1973)
Oi
o
January
February
March
April
June
December
Sun dry

29.0-29.5;29.25
24.26.5;24.8
22.9-25.1;24.2
19.8
22.3-23.8;23.1
24.9-27.4;26.8
23.0-29.5;25.4
Sun wet Shade dry
20.0-23.0;21.0
23.5-27.2;25.2
22-27;24.1
24-33;26.6 19.0-22.6;19.8
19.0-25.1;22.3 16.0
22.0-30.1;25.4
23.1-27.8;25.6
20.2-25.5;22.8 21.5-26.5;23
Shade wet
19.0-20;19.5
19.5-22.2;19
20.6-21.0;20
21.4
16.5-19.8;18



.7
.8
.1
                              24-26;25.6           20.5-26.0;23.4     21-25.5;23.2          18.5-23;21.1


          February            19.5-24.0;21.6       19.5-22.5;21.2     18.2-20.8;19.1        16.6-19.0;17.7

                              20.5-25.5;22.9       20.0-22.0;20.9     19.7-20.2;20          18.5-20.4;19.3

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                            APPENDIX 3

           LARVAL SETTLEMENT ON ORDERED FOULING PLATES

                    Plate       Number of C_. fissus

                      1                 167
                      2                 196
                      3                  77
                      4                 138
                      5                  49
                      6                  18
                      7                  65
                      8                  94
                      9                  89
                     10                  82
                     11                  36
                     12                  42
                     13                  80
                     14                  62
                     15                  53
                     16                  70
                     17                  34
                     18                  32
                     19                  22
                     20                  39
                     21                  64
                     22                  55
                     23                  37
                     24                  48
                     25                  34
                     26                  30
                     27                  22
                     28                  12
                     29                   0
                     30                  40
                     31                  28
                     32                   6
                            rs - 0.28

As N is larger than 30, the significance is tested by the  formula.

                            t - rs  N-2
                                    -"-^s2

                              - 1.61

t - 1.695 at the 5% level of significance when df -  (N-2)  -  30.
Hence t is not significant at the 5% level.
                               51

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                            APPENDIX 4

   PERCENTAGE OF FOULING PLATES AT GOLETA WITH MORE BARNACLES ON
                    OILED THAN UNOILED  SEGMENTS
     Number barnacles/fouling plate                    %

               100  -  200                            100

               200  -  300                            100

               300  -  400                            100

               400  -  500                             80

               500  -  600                            100

               600  -  700                             86

               700  -  800                             72

               800  -  900                             86

               900  - 1000                             86

              1000  - 1100                             78

              1100  - 1200                            100

              1200  - 1300                             25

              1300  - 1400                              0

              1400  - 1500                              0

                                rs - -0.718

When N - 14, rs - 0.645 at 1% significance level.   Therefore,  rs
is significant.
                               52

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                            APPENDIX 5

 PERCENTAGE OF FOULING PLATES AT SANTA CATALINA ISLAND WITH MORE
            BARNACLES ON OILED THAN UNOILED SEGMENTS
Number barnacles/fouling plate                         %

          0-10                                       60

         10 - 20                                       60

         20 - 30                                       80

         30-40                                        0

         40 - 50                                      100

         50-60

         60 - 70                                      100

                              rs - 0.053

When N - 7, rs =• 0.893 at 1% level of significant.  Therefore, rs
is not significant.
                               53

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                                    TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
  EPA-600/2-76-127
              3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

  TEMPERATURE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL IN THE UPPER
  INTERTIDAL ZONE
              5. REPORT DATE
                 July 1976 (Issuing Date)
              6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)

  Dale Straughan
              8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

  Allan Hancock Foundation
  University of Southern  California
  Los Angeles, California  90007
               10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                 15080 HGX
 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
  Industrial Environmental  Research Laboratory
  Office  of Research and Development
  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
  Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
               13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                Final
               14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

                EPA-ORD
 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
 16. ABSTRACT

  Experiments were conducted in the field and  laboratory in Southern California to
  determine the effects  of  heavy black asphaltic Santa Barbara crude oil  on the
  intertidal barnacle Chthamalus fissus.  Observations were also made  on  surfaces in
  the  Santa Barbara Channel oiled following  the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill..

  The  data  presented support the original hypothesis that this type of oil  acts as a
  black  body.  It is this "black body" effect  which has a long term influence on
  Chthamalus fissus distribution after the oil has developed a hard surface crust.
  This is based on the following observations:

       1.   larvae can settle,  survive, and grow on the dry oil (tar)

       2.   larvae prefer a  black surface to  a  light surface

       3.   temperature stresses are greater  on a black surface than on a  light surface.
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                               b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                               COSATI Field/Group
  Water pollution
  Crude oil
  Larvae
  Chthamalus  fissus
  Effects
  Black body
  Southern  California
06/S
06/F
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
  RELEASE  TO PUBLIC
  19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)'
  UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                                 64
 20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
  UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                          22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
54
                                                                 PRINTING OFFICE: 1976-657-695/5463

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