EPA-600/2-77-179b
August 1977
Environmental Protection Technology Series
PREDICTION OF MINERAL QUALITY OF
IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW
Volume II. Vernal Field Study
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laborat
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, Oklahoma 7482Q
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1 Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7 Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-
August 1977
77-179b
PREDICTION OF MINERAL QUALITY
OF IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW
VOLUME II
VERNAL FIELD STUDY
by
Bureau of Reclamation
Engineering and Research Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
EPA-IAG-D4-0371
Project Officer
Arthur G. Hornsby
Source Management Branch
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
The Environmental Protection Agency was established to coordinate
administration of the major Federal programs designed to protect the
quality of our environment.
An important part of the Agency's effort involves the search for
information about environmental problems, management techniques and
new technologies through which optimum use of the Nation's land and
water resources can be assured and the threat pollution poses to the
welfare of the American people can be minimized.
EPA's Office of Research and Development conducts this search
through a nationwide network of research facilities.
As one of these facilities, the Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory is responsible for the management of programs to:
(a) investigate the nature, transport, fate and management of pollutants
in groundwater; (b) develop and demonstrate methods for treating waste-
waters with soil and other natural systems; (c) develop and demonstrate
pollution control technologies for irrigation return flows; (d) develop
and demonstrate pollution control technologies for animal production
wastes; (e) develop and demonstrate technologies to prevent, control
or abate pollution from the petroleum refining and petrochemical
industries; and (f) develop and demonstrate technologies to manage
pollution resulting from combinations of industrial wastewaters or
industrial/municipal wastewaters.
This report contributes to the knowledge essential if the EPA is
to meet the requirements of environmental laws that it establish and
enforce pollution control standards which are reasonable, cost effective
and provide adequate protection for the American public.
William C. Galegar
Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
ill
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PREFACE
This report is one of a set which documents the development
and verification of a digital computer modeling effort to predict
the mineral quality changes in return flows occurring as a result
of irrigating agricultural lands. The set consists of five separate
volumes under one general title as follows:
"Prediction of Mineral Quality of Irrigation Return Flow"
Volume I. Summary Report and Verification
Volume II. Vernal Field Study
Volume III. Simulation Model of Conjunctive Use and Water
Quality for a River Basin System
Volume IV. Data Analysis Utility Programs
Volume V. Detailed Return Flow Salinity and Nutrient
Simulation Model
This set of reports represents the culmination of an effort
started in May 1969 by an interagency agreement between the U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation and the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration on a joint research proposal on the "Prediction
of Mineral Quality of Return Flow Water from Irrigated Land."
This research project has had three different project identifica-
tion numbers during the project period. These numbers (13030 EII,
EPA-IAG-048-(D), and EPA-IAG-D4-0371) are given to avoid confusion
on the part of individuals who have previously tried to acquire
project reports for the earlier project numbers.
IV
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ABSTRACT
This volume of the report details the field investigations
conducted to develop and validate the "Simulation Model of Conjunc-
tive Use and Water Quality for a River System or Basin" as given
in Volume III of this report. The studies were conducted in Ashley
Valley, near Vernal, Utah. The investigations included: the
quantity and quality of ground water, irrigation water, and return
flows; crop inventory and consumptive use; soil chemistry; and
hydrological units to define nodes.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of EPA-IAG-D4-0371
by the Bureau of Reclamation Engineering and Research Center, under
the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency.
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Preface iv
Abstract v
Figures viii
Tables xii
Introduction 2
Histori c Data 3
Land Classification 3
Drainage 6
Water Supply 14
Quality of Water 14
Water Requirements 26
Irrigation Methods 27
New Data 28
Ground Water 28
Permeability 29
Amount in Storage 29
Chemical Data on Soils 37
Deep Percolation 37
Hydrology 39
Surface Water Measurements 39
Ashley Creek 42
Canals 43
Drains 50
Lysimeters 68
Consumptive Use 87
Canal Losses 88
Land Use 89
Appendix 94
VII
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FIGURES
Number
1 Groundwater profiles, transect A-A, Vernal area,
Utah, water quality investigations 8
2 Water table hydrograph, observation hole No. 45,
transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah 9
3 Water table hydrograph, observation hole No. 33,
transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah 10
4 Water table hydrograph, observation hole No. 59,
transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah 11
5 Water table hydrograph, observation hole No._ 57,
transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah 12
6 Water table hydrograph, observation hole No. 55,
transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah 13
7 Electrical conductivity vs time in natural drains,
historical data, Vernal area, Utah (1955-1966) 17
8 Electrical conductivity vs time, natural drains,
historical data, Vernal area, Utah (1955-1966) 20
9 Electrical conductivity vs time, Ashley Creek,
historical data, Vernal area, Utah (1955-1968) 23
10 Groundwater quality, TH-27, transect A-A, node 1 30
11 Groundwater quality, TH-19, transect A-A, node 2 .... 31
12 Groundwater quality, OH-509, transect A-A, node 3.... 32
13 Comparison of streamflows, Ashley Creek, USGS
gages, 1971 40
14 Comparison of streamflows, Ashley Creek, USGS
gages, 1972 41
15 Ashley Creek EC X 10 vs time, Vernal EPA study,
1971 44
vin
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FIGURES
Number Page
16 Electrical conductivity vs time, Ashley Creek,
1972 45
17 Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids,
Ashley Creek at Highline Canal, salinity recorder
S-1, node 1 boundary 46
18 Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids,
Ashley Creek at golf course, gage no, 11, salinity
recorder S-2, nodes 1 and 2 boundary 47
19 Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids,
Ashley Creek, gage no. 8, nodes 2 and 3 boundary.... 48
20 Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, Ashley
Creek near Jensen, USGS gage, salinity recorder
S-3, node 3 boundary 49
21 Electrical conductivity vs time, North Vernal
drain, gage no. 7, node 1, 1971 56
22 Electrical conductivity vs time, North Vernal
drain, gage no. 7, 1972 57
23 Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, North
Vernal drain, gage no. 7, node 1 58
24 Electrical conductivity vs time, South Vernal drain,
gage no. 16, node 2, 1971 „ 59
25 Electrical conductivity vs time, South Vernal drain/
gage no. 16, node 2, 1972 60
26 Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, South
Vernal drain, gage no. 16, node 2 61
27 Electrical conductivity vs time, Naples drain,
gage no. 9, node 2, 1971 62
28 Electrical conductivity vs time, Naples drain,
gage no. 9, 1972 63
29 Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids,
Naples drain, gage no. 9, node 2 64
IX
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FIGURES
Number Page
30 Electrical conductivity vs time, slaugh drain,
gage no. 13, node 3, 1971 65
31 Electrical conductivity vs time, slaugh drain,
gage no. 13, node 3, 1972 66
32 Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, slaugh
drain, gage no. 13, node 3 67
33 Lysimeter installations, general plan and details 69
34 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 1, salt and
broom grass, 1971 . • 75
35 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 1, salt and
broom grass, depth to water 2.5'-2.7l, 1972 76
36 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 2, improved
pasture, 1971 77
37 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 2, smooth
brame, depth to water 2.9'-3.1', 1972 78
38 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 3, improved
pasture, 1971 79
39 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 3, smooth
brame, 1972 80
40 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 4, wire
grass, water depth 0.5'-0.8', 1971 81
41 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 4, wire
grass and meadow fescue, depth to water
0.5'-0.7', 1972 82
42 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 5, wire
grass, water depth 1.9'-2. 3', 1971 83
43 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 5, wire
grass and meadow fescue, depth to water
1.9'-2.1', 1972 84
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FIGURES
Number Page
44 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 6, salt
grass and foxtail, water depth 2.0'-2.3', 1971 85
45 Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 6, salt
and broom grass, depth to water 2.0'-2.2', 1972 86
XI
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Water Quality Prediction Study, Description of Data
Collection Points, Vernal Area 4
2 Quality of Water, Deep Test Holes 34
3 Water Quality Prediction Study, Summary of Soil Test
Data, Transect A-A 38
4 Summary of Canal Flows at Node Boundaries (Acre-Feet) .. 52
5 Summary of Average T.D.S. (ppm) in Canals at Node
Boundaries ." 53
6 Estimated Monthly Acre-Feet and Average Total Dissolved
Solids for Drains, Vernal Area 54
7 Summary of Total Water Use in Lysimeters, Vernal Area ... 74
8 Prediction of Mineral Quality of Return Flow Water
from Irrigated Lands - Vernal Study Area 91
9 Water Quality Prediction, Land Use Investigators
Summary, Vernal Unit 92
XII
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PREDICTION OF MINERAL QUALITY OF RETURN
FLOW WATER FROM IRRIGATED LANC
LOCATION MAP
VERNAL AREA, UTAH
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INTRODUCTION
Selection of the Vernal area for development of a mathematical
model to predict the quality of return flow was based on the
availability of past data and the well-defined boundaries where inflow
and outflow could be measured accurately.
The past data, of course, were collected for another purpose but
proved to be well suited for developing and testing a mathematical
prediction model. The description of the data collection process as
described herein covers requirements for data for a reclamation project.
Nevertheless, these data were necessary to establish water requirements,
node boundaries, consumptive use and many other factors used in
designing the study.
The information on the test holes, observation holes and soil conditions
was valuable in evaluating subsurface conditions and in assigning water
quality values to the ground-water storage. Drainage problems were
anticipated when the Vernal Unit was being investigated and therefore
subsurface conditions were investigated in considerable detail. A large
percentage of any salt derived from an irrigation project comes from
below the soil surface and not from surface return flows. The ability
to predict return flow quality is then a matter of sufficient knowledge
of subsurface conditions combined with accurate knowledge of the
external factors such as consumptive use and the quality and quantity
of the water supply and return flows.
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Collection of field data constitutes the bulk of the work done in
FY 72 since very little work was done on the mathematical model. A
location map of the study area showing node boundaries and data
collection points is included. Table 1 contains a description of the
data collection points including a numerical identification which
corresponds to the numbers shown on the location map.
HISTORIC DATA
Historic data are defined as data collected for development of the
Vernal Unit and any other data collected prior to FY 1970 when the
Prediction of Mineral Quality investigations were begun.
Land Classification
A detailed land classification survey of the study area was made in
1955 and 1956 as part of the definite plan studies for the Vernal
Unit. This survey included all irrigated lands that would receive
supplemental water from the Vernal Unit. Because of their rural
character, lands in the towns of Maeser and Naples were surveyed and
classified in the same manner as other farm lands. Lands in the Vernal
townsite and airport were not designated by land class but were merely
segregated into either "townsite" or "rights-of-way."
A total of 41,967 acres were classified in the detailed survey. The
results are tabulated on page 5.
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TABLE 1
WATER QUALITY PREDICTION STUDY
DESCRIPTION OF DATA COLLECTION POINTS
VERNAL AREA
No,
Name
Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
7
9
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
11
20
21
22
23
24
S-l
S-2
S-3
Ashley Central Canal
Ashley Upper Canal
Highline Canal
Highline Canal
Steinaker Service Canal
Ashley Central Canal
Ashley Upper Canal
CANAL STAFF GAGES
Node 1-2 boundary
Node 1-2 boundary
Node 1-2 boundary
Node 2-3 boundary
Node 2-3 boundary
Node 2-3 boundary
Node 2-3 boundary
NATURAL DRAIN STAFF GAGES
North Vernal Drain at Mouth Node 1
Naples Drain Node 2
Spring Creek Node 3
Slaugh Drain Node 3
Slaugh Drain Node 3
Slaugh Drain Node 3
South Vernal Drain at Mouth Node 2
South Naples Drain Node 3
Mantle Gulch at Mouth Node 3
STREAMFLOW RECORDERS
(USER)
Ashley Cr. below Naples Drain Node 2-3 boundary
Ashley Creek near Golf Course Node 1-2 boundary
Sec. 22, T4S, R21E
Sec. 19, T4S, R21E
Sec. 19, T4S, R21E
Sec. 4, T5S, R21E
Sec. 2, T5S, R21E
Sec. 6, T5S, R22E
Sec. 3, T5S, R21E
Sec.
Sec.
Sec,
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
19,
32,
20,
4,
10,
10,
30,
4,
15,
T4S,
T4S,
T4S,
T5S,
T5S,
T5S,
T4S,
T5S,
T5S,
R22E
R22E
R22E
R22E
R22E
R22E
R22E
R22E
R22E
Ashley Creek above Dry Fork
Dry Fork at Mouth
Highline Canal below
Mantle Gulch
Ashley Creek near Jensen
River Irrigation Co. Canal
near Jensen
(USGS)
Abt. 2 mi. No.
Abt. 1 mi. No.
Node 3 boundary
Node 3 boundary
Node 3 boundary
of Node
of Node
SALINITY RECORDERS
Ashley Creek at Highline
Diversion
Ashley Creek near Golf
Course
Ashley Creek near Jensen
Node 1 boundary
Node 1-2 boundary
Node 3 boundary
Sec. 33, T4S, R22E
Sec. 20, T4S, R22E
1 Sec. 19, T3S, R21E
1 Sec. 30, T3S, R21E
Sec. 24, T5S, R21E
Sec. 23, T5S, R22E
Sec. 13, T5S, R22E
Sec. 32, T3S, R21E
Sec. 20, T4S, R22E
Sec. 23, T5S, R22E
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Land Classification Summary
Type of land and
land class Acres
Farm land !_/
Class 1 3,554
Class 2 5,843
Class 3 6,226
Class 6W 8,658
Class 6 , 15,653
Subtotal 39,934
Rights-of-way 918
Townsite 845
Total 41,697
I/ All farm lands except the class 6 lands
are presently irrigated but experience late-
season water shortages.
Of the total area classified, 14,781 acres were found irrigable or suit-
able to receive supplemental water from the Vernal Unit, This acreage
includes 14,444 acres of class 1, 2 and 3 land except 238 acres under
Steinaker and Pitt ditches which are above Steinaker Feeder Canal, 241
acres required for unit features right-of-way, and 700 acres in Lower
Ashley Creek which are irrigated by return flow water. Also in the
irrigable area are lands in the Vernal townsite which are utilized for
yards and gardens, estimated to be 337 acres.
A productive acreage of 14,041 acres was estimated to be 95 percent of
the irrigable acreage to account for farmsteads, farm roads, ditches
and other non-productive areas.
Land use studies were not made for the Vernal Unit in 1955. Therefore,
the location and types of crops and vegetation cannot be identified
from historical data.
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Drainage
The floor of Ashley Valley within the study area is covered by alluvial
material, including a soil mantle and an underlying layer of cobble.
Below the soil and cobble layers is a stratum of shale from the mancos
formation which is impermeable and limits downward percolation of ground
water.
The soil mantle which varies from 2 to 20 feet in dep£h is composed of
clays, silts, sands and loams. The cobble layer which varies from 4 to 45
feet in thickness consists of water-worn cobble and gravel in a matrix of
sand transported principally from the upper Ashley Creek drainage.
About 20 percent of the Vernal Unit lands were found to need drainage.
The high water "table is caused in part by excessive application of
irrigation water, canal seepage, and diversions for stock water during
the nonirrigation season.
Also contributing to the high water table are two geologic conditions.
First, an overloading of the cobble aquifer due to a decrease in slope and
thickness of the aquifer generally from west to east. Second, a cemented
barrier has been formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate in the
gravel and boulders along the escarpment adjacent to the entrenched river
bottoms. This barrier has the effect of a dike thus restricting the
natural outlet for removing surplus ground water from the area.
-------
Seventy-one ground water observation holes with an average depth of about
9 feet were established for the Vernal Unit on a 1-mile grid through most
of the area as a basis for determining the depth to, and the fluctuation
of, the ground-water surface under pre-project and post-project conditions.
The depth to ground water as determined by these wells varied from 0.6 to
10.9 feet.
In addition to the observation wells, 53 deep exploration holes were
drilled for the study of subsurface conditions. Data from the deep
exploration holes were supplemented by data from 56 seismic exploration
holes obtained from private companies.
Depth to water was observed for the period 1956 to 1960 for all observation
holes. Observation holes within the drainage deficient area have been
observed since 1956.
Figure 1 is a plot of average ground water profiles for summer and winter
along transect A-A. Also shown is the approximate cobble layer and shale
surface. All depths are referenced to the ground surface.
Figures 2 through 6 are water table hydrographs of the observation holes
shown in Figure 1 for the period 1956 through 1968. The hydrographs and
average profiles show a consistent increase in ground water storage during
the irrigation season and a decrease during the winter period.
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oo
10'
20'
30'
40'
NODE
0.H. 45
O.K. 33
SUMMER WATER TABLE
NODE 2
O.H. 59 O.H. 55
1 1
/
NODE 3
O.H. 57
, i.
O.H. - Observation Hole
Figure 1. Groundwater profiles, transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah, water quality investigations.
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H
W
W
Pi
W
I
§
o
o
H
PL:
W
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Figure 2. Water table hydrograph, observation hole No. 45, transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah.
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H
W
W
w
I
1
o
o
H
W
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Figure 3. Water table hydrograph, observation hole No. 33, transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah.
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H
W
w
W
I
i
o
o
H
EC
W
Q
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
I
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Figure 4. Water table hydrograph, observation hole No. 59, transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah.
-------
H
W
w
I
s
o
o
H
1
2
3
4
5 ,
6
10
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Figure 5. Water table hydrograph, observation hole No.'57, transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah.
-------
H
W
W
I
§
o
o
E-i
ffi
H
CM
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Figure 6. Water table hydrograph, observation hole No. 55, transect A-A, Vernal area, Utah.
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Drawing No. 325-418-658 is an isometric drawing of the logs of test holes
1 through 24 which illustrates subsurface conditions in the drainage
deficient area.
Final design and construction of the drainage system was deferred until
the effects of project operation could be determined. In 1964, 24 deep
test holes were drilled as part of the current drainage program.
Water Supply
The sources of irrigation water for the Vernal Unit are Ashley Greek and
Brush Creek to the northeast of Ashley Valley from which water is obtained
by a transmountain diversion through Oaks Park Canal.
The streamflow available at the head of the unit area was determined from
the USGS record at the "Ashley Creek at the Sign of the Maine" gage for
the period June 1939 to 1956. For the study period of 1930 to May 1939
flows at the location of the "Sign of the Maine" gage were estimated by
correlation with the "Ashley Creek near Vernal" gage which is about 5 miles
upstream. The average annual runoff for 1930 to 1956 at the "Sign of the
Maine" gage (exclusive of diversions from Oaks Park Reservoir) was 82,400
acre-feet. Existing downstream uses were deducted from the Ashley Creek
runoff to determine the flow available for Vernal Unit development.
Quality of Water
Streamflows at the head of the study area were found suitable for irrigation
use. Prior to the Vernal Unit the water had been used for irrigation for
about 100 years without harmful effects.
14
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DRAWING NO. 325-418-658 IS CONTAINED
IN THE POCKET ON THE INSIDE OF THE
BACK COVER.
15
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Water below the unit lands in lower Ashley Valley consists primarily of
return flow and was found to be generally unsuitable for crop production.
The major natural drains in Ashley Valley and several locations on Ashley
Creek have been sampled for water quality, for a minimum of 3 years
(1955-1957). Several of the drains were sampled for periods up to 6
years, and Ashley Greek at the head of the study area and "near Jensen"
have been sampled continuously since 1955.
Figures 7 and 8 and plots of conductivity versus time for the period
1955-1966 for the natural drains listed below. The numbers in parenthesis
refer to corresponding locations on the drains as listed in Table 1, which
are currently being sampled.
Drain Maximum EC Minimum EC
North Vernal (7) 2000 475
South Vernal (16) 1925 1060
Naples (9) 4175 1560
Slaugh (13) 4500 1740
Figure 9 is a plot comparing conductivity versus time for three locations
on Ashley Creek for the period 1955-1967. These locations are listed
below with the number of the corresponding location currently being sampled.
Drain Maximum EC Minimum EG
Ashley Creek at Sign of
Maine (S-l) 450 60
Ashley Creek above
Naples Drain (8) 3025 250
Ashley Creek near
Jensen (S-3) 7250 360
16
-------
o
r-l
XI
O
pa
O
o
3
H
O
w
Figure la. Electrical conductivity vs time in natural drains, historical data, Vernal
area, Utah.
-------
00
X
u
BJ
>-
H
Q
§
U
OS
H
U
04
OJ
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
V
1960
.NAPLES D1AIN AT MOUTH
1961
NORTH VEIHAL DRAIH AT MOUTI
i i I i i i i i
1962
1963
Figure 7b. Electrical conductivity vs time in natural drains, historical data, Vernal
area, Utah.
-------
5,000
4 son
4,000
3
O
3,500
X
w
~ 3 , 000
M
H 2,500
0 '
o 2,000
o
M 1,500
H
U
W
w 1,000
500
0
NA
-^
NORTH
~ ^
PLES DRA:
^/
VERNAL I
V^
1 1 1 1 1
1965
N AT MOU:
X
y
RAIN AT *
^
i i i i i
H
OUTH
i i i i i
1966
J^ L 1 1 1
1967
19
I 1 1 I 1
i I i i I
19
Figure 7c. Electrical conductivity (EC' % 10 ) vs time in natural drains, historical
data, Vernal area, Utah.
-------
5,000
4,500
X—N
°o 4,000
w 3,500
K
M
H
O
M
an
H
CJ
w
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1955
SOUTH VK
1956
WAL DRAI
-------
X
o
w
M
H
O
o
o
H
O
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1960
SOUTH VERNAL
1961
DRAIN AT
MOUTH
1962
SLA'
1963
1964
Figure 8b. Electrical conductivity vs time, natural drains, historical data,
Vernal area, Utah.
-------
tsJ
NJ
J, UUU
4,500
4,000
3
O
X 3,500
w
N — '
£ 3,000
M
M
S 2,500
8 2,000
S 1,500
H
O
w 1,000
500
0
SLAUGH
y A
V
.
^ \
GULCH m
W"
VV
A^
1965
«LR MOUTH
^
SOUTH VE
~~~~^
INAL DRAI
1966
fl AT MOU1
H
1967
19
19
Figure 8c. Electrical conductivity vs time, natural drains, historical data,
Vernal area, Utah.
-------
X
u
g
§
a
u
M
Cd
H
O
W
CREEK NEMl JENSEN
2,000
1,000
Figure 9a. Electrical conductivity vs time, Ashley Creek, historical data,
Vernal area, Utah.
-------
ts)
o
-------
tn
X!
a
w
B
H
H
H
O
O
3
O
3
H
U
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1965
ASHLEY
1966
CREEK
JENSEN
1967
1968
1969
Figure 9c. Electrical conductivity vs time, Ashley Creek, historical data,
Vernal area, Utah.
-------
Water Requirements
An average annual irrigation diversion requirement of 3.7 acre-feet per
acre was estimated for Vernal Unit lands at the heads of major canals.
This estimate was determined by the Blaney-Criddle method which was compared
with the results of a 1948-1950 study as summarized in Special Report No. 8,
Utah Agricultural Experimental Station, entitled "Consumptive Water Use
and Requirements in the Colorado River Area of Utah."
The computations used in determining the diversion requirement and the
monthly distribution of the requirement are shown below:
Computation of Annual Diversion Requirement
Acre-feet
per acre
Annually
Growing season consumptive use 1.92
Less effective precipitation .25
Net consumptive use 1.67
Plus farm losses (45 percent of delivery) 1.36
Farm delivery requirement 3.03
Plus canal losses (18 percent of diversion) .67
Diversion requirement 3.70
Estimated monthly distribution of diversion requirement
April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Total
Percent 4.8 17.0 20.2 23.0 18.0 12.0 5.0 100.0
Acre-feet per acre .18 .63 .75 .85 .67 .44 .18 3.70
The over-all annual diversion requirement was estimated to be 51,700 acre-
feet. This requirement is based on the productive acreage of 14,041 acres
which is distributed as follows:
990 acres under Highline Canal
4124 acres above Steinaker Canal excluding land under Highline Canal
8571 acres below Steinaker Canal
356 acres for the river bottom area. This 356 acres receives about
300 acre-feet in supplemental supply.
26
-------
Irrigation Methods
Prior to development of the Vernal Unit, irrigated lands in the unit area
were served by six major canals and ditches diverting from Ashley Creek.
These include the Ashley Upper, Ashley Central, Highline and Rock Point
Canals and the Island and Dodds ditches. The Colton ditch is combined in
the Ashley Upper Canal and the Hardy ditch in the Ashley Central Canal.
There are also some small diversions made by individuals or small groups.
The majority of farms are irrigated by furrow or flooding methods. There
is a small amount of sprinkler use. Since the development of the Vernal
Unit late irrigation season water is available through storage releases
from Steinaker Reservoir in the Steinaker Service Canal.
27
-------
NEW DATA
The data described in this section of the report have been collected in
the Vernal study area since 1969 to aid in the development of the mathe-
matical model for the EPA investigations. Data collected during 1971 and
1972 as used to test the model is summarized in the Appendix. Locations
of data collection points are shown on the map of Ashley Valley.
Ground Water
Depth to ground water was observed at 122 holes in the study area. Twenty-
nine observation holes and 24 deep test holes were drilled prior to 1969.
Fifty-five observation holes and 14 deep test holes were installed in 1969
to complete a grid network and provide additional information for this
study. All but one of the deep test holes reached the shale or sandstone
surface.
Water depths were measured monthly during the irrigation season and every
2 or 3 months during the non-irrigation season in both the observation
and deep test holes. Water quality samples were taken monthly during the
irrigation season and every 2 or 3 months during the non-irrigation season
in 25 selected deep test holes and observation holes which reach the shale
surface. These samples were taken so as to define the changes in water
quality with changes in depth. An analysis of these samples indicates an
increase of total dissolved solids with an increase in depth toward the
shale surface.
28
-------
Figures 10, 11 and 12 are plots of EC X 106 vs. depth for TH-27 in Node 1,
TH-19 in Node 2 and OH 509 in Node 3, all located along transect A-A.
Permeab ili ty
Pumping tests were conducted in the 24 deep test holes drilled in 1969.
Based on the results of these tests, average permeability rates of 6 inches
per hour for the fine alluvium and 100 inches per hour for the gravel
aquifer were estimated. Complete quality analysis was made on samples
taken prior to the pumping tests. The results of these chemical analysis
are summarized in Table 2. These 24 holes are located primarily in the
drainage deficient area which is in the southern portion of Node 1 and the
northern half of Node 2. Additional permeability tests are not needed for
the remainder of the study area.
Amount in Storage
Storage coefficients for each nodal area were estimated from pumping tests
and soil test data. The coefficients used to determine ground water storage
are as follows: 10 percent for Node 1, 10 percent for the north half of
Node 2, 5 percent for the south half of Node 2, 5 percent for Node 3, and
10 percent for Node 4. Node 4, which was located along the river bottoms
below Node 1, has since been absorbed into Nodes 2 and 3. The storage
coefficients for Nodes 1, 2 and 3 are the same with or without Node 4.
To determine the saturated thickness for the historic data, one or more
transects were plotted across each node area and the depth to shale and
average depth to water estimated for each section. The amount of water
29
-------
UJ
UJ
u.
UJ
o
£
cc
ID
cn
=3
O
or
o
UJ
m
a.
UJ
o
500
1000
1500
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC X 10°)
Figure 10. Groundwater Quality, TH-27, Transect A-A, Node 1.
30
-------
500
1000
1500
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC X 10 )
Figure 11. Groundwater Quality, TH-19, Transect A-A, Node 2.
31
-------
1000
2000
3000
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC X 10 )
Figure 12. Groundwater Quality, OH-509, Transect A-A, Node 3.
32
-------
in storage for each node was estimated by multiplying the saturated
volume times the storage coefficient.
The maximum ground water in storage as estimated from the historical
monthly data (1958-1962) is 31,700 acre-feet for Node 1, 24,400 acre-
feet for Node 2, 9,000 acre-feet for Node 3, and 2,500 acre-feet for
Node 4. An estimated 900 acre-feet from Node 4 should be included in
Node 2 and 1600 acre-feet included in Node 3 for maximum historical
ground water storage.
Saturated volumes by node for February 1971 and September 1972 were
determined from saturated thickness contour maps of the study area.
These maps are based on depth to water measurements and depth to shale
information taken from selected observation and test holes. The estimated
ground water in storage for these two months is listed below.
Storage Ground water
Saturated Volume Coefficient Storage
Node Month (Acre-feet % (Acre-feet)
1
2
(North)
2
(South)
3
Totals
Feb. 1971
Sept. 1972
Feb. 1971
Sept. 1972
Feb. 1971
Sept. 1972
Feb. 1971
Sept. 1972
Feb. 1971
Sept. 1972
243,944
244,782
183,538
176,756
35,900
60,508
120,407
9-4,109
10 24,400
24,500
10 18,400
17,700
5 1,800
3,030
5 6,020
4,700
50,620
49,930
33
-------
QUALITY OF WATER
DEEP TEST HOLES
TABLE 2
Page I of 3
T.H.
No.
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
Field
No.
3800
1540
1100
1650
1350
1500
1670
1200
1400
1580
1750
960
1070
Sampling
Date
10-29-6
10-31-6
10-29-6
10-29-6
10-30-6
10-30-6
10-30-6
10-30-6
10-30-6
10-30-6
10-31-6
10-30-6
10-29-6
ECx 10*
§>25°C.
9 390C
9 155C
9 111C
9 165C
9 126C
9 1490
9 169Q
8 1020
9 139G
9 158Q
9 172C
9 972
9 133C
pH
7.5
7.6
8.1
7.9
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.8
7.6
7.7
7.6
Total
dis-
solved
salts
p.p.n\
4130
1370
841
1340
1030
1300
1480
785
1150
1340
1630
702
992
Boron
p. p.m.
1.5
.05
.66
.76
.38
.38
.38
.02
.16
.29
.03
.04
.18
%
Sodium
10
5.0
15
11
7.0
4.4
4.0
5.3
4.4
4.4
2.5
7.1
12
Sodium
Adsorp-
tion
Ratio
1-.2
.3
.8
.7
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.7
Residual
Car Don-
ates
me/I
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Equivalent Weights
Depth
(FT)
12
10
6.0
1510. (
2o;a.<
15.0
15.0
8.0
32.0
20.0
17.0
15.0
_SvO-
Equivalents per million or milliequivalents per liter
Cations
Co
25.77
11.22
2.84
6.08
8.04
10.98
13.72
6.96
10ul9
11.47
15.63
5.98
5.10
20,0
Mg
27.8:
8.1:
7.84
11.86
6.76
8.13
7.45
5.49
6*76
8.53
7.40
5.49
8.53
12.2
No
6,20
1.04
1.90
2.24
1.03
.88
.89
.70
.70
.93
.60
.88
1.82
..23^0
K
.06
.,09
.37
.28
.02
.04
.08
.13
.4
.09
.03
.04
.24
39.1
Aniont
COS
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
30.0
HCO,
6.37
5.75
4.40
7.16
5.91
5.50
5.73
4.67
5.30
6.66
3.52
6.41
5.48
61.0
Cl
1.03
.32
.67
.81
.24
.30
.30
.24
.38
.67
.24
.25
.85
35.5
S04
52.26
14.41
7.88
12.49
9.70
14.23
16.11
8.37
12.10
13.69
19.90
5.72
9.36
48.0
-------
QUALITY OF WATER
DEEP TEST HOLES
TABLE 2
Page 2 of 3
TH.
Not
11
12
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
20
21
Field
No.
1650
1300
1450
1120
1000
970
1050
740
1030
800
1130
2500
1500
Sampling
Date
10-29-f
10-30-f
10-30-(
10-31-6
10-31-6
10-31-
10-31-
10-30-
10-30-
10-31-
10-30-
10-29-
10-29-
ECx I06
@25°C.
9 165(
9 130(
9 142(
9 HOC
9 98^
9 98C
9 104C
9 714
9 876
9 67C
9 109C
9 242C
9 154C
pH
7.5
7.7
7.8
7.6
8.0
7.7
7.8
8.1
8.6
8.0
7.9
7.3
7.8
Total
dis-
solved
salts
p.p,m.
1390
1050
1240
876
782
772
788
482
632.
489
857
2250
1300
Boron
p. p.m.
.24
.11
None
.11
.06
.33
.09
None
.02
None
.02
.51
.09
%
Sodium
6.8
6.1
5.6
9.6
11
12
10
4.9
4.6
7.9
4.7
18
4.9
Sodium
Adsorp-
tion
Ratio
.5
.3
.4
.5
.5
.6
-6
.2
.2
.3
.2
1.6
.3
Residual
Carbon-
ates
me/I
None
Nnne
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Equivalent Weights
Depth
(FT.)
15.0
12
22
17.0
12.0
10.0
12.0
15.0
41.0
15.0
15.0
10.0
15.0
Equivalents per million or milliequivalents per liter
Cations
Co
10.00
9.31
11.07
:.6.08
4.76
4.84
5.74
4.28
5.85
3.94
6.96
13.13
10.49
20.0
Mg
10.00
6.27
7.06
6.76
6.13
5.86
5.82
3.40
4.08
3.39
5.59
13.43
8.92
12.2
No
1.48
1.03
1.09
1.36
1.28
1.47
1.3?
.40
.48
.64
..62
5.84
1.00
23.0
K
.16
.14
.11
.03
.02
.04
.0?
.04
.06
.08
.03
.11
.08
39.1
An ions
CO 3
None
None
None
None
None
None
Non p
None
None
None
None
None
None
30.0
HC03
6.99
6.44
6.08
6.79
5.41
4.89
6.80
5. 54
5.55
5.10
4.54
3.57
6.00
61.0
a
.49
.26
.34
.34
.38
.49
.41
.14
,18
.32
.20
.93
.26
35.5
S04
14.16
10.05
12.91
7.10
6.40
6.83
S 69
?.44
4.74
2.63
8.46
28.01
14.23
48.0
Ul
-------
QUALITY OF WATER
DEEP TEST HOLES
TABLE 2
Page 3 of 3
TH.
No.
22
23
24
Field
No.
L120
900
L050
Sampling
Date
10-30-6
10-30-6
10-29-6
ECxIO6
@ 25°C.
9 1120
3 920
9 1010
pH
7.8
7.8
7.6
Totol
dis-
solved
salts
P.P.m
631
665
722
Boron
p.p.m.
None
None
None
%
Sodium
6.4
6,4
11
Sodium
Adsorp-
tion
Ratio
.4
.3
.6
Residual
Carbon-
ates
me/I
None
None
None
Equivalent Weights
Depth
(FT.)
15,0
18.0
12.0
Equivalents per million or milliequivalents per liter
Cations
Co
6.66
5.91
4.90
20.0
Mg
6.8(
4.21
5.92
12.2
Na
.93
.70
,1.29
23.0
K
.03
.06
.03
39.1
Anions
CO,
None
None
None
30.0
HC03
6.98
5.35
5.40
61.0
Cl.
.26
.20
.61
35.5
S04
7^26
5.33
6.14
48.0
-------
The amount of ground water storage is possibly the most difficult item to
evaluate in this type of study. A small variation in the storage coeffic-
ient can result in a large change in the estimated amount of ground water.
Also, the saturated thickness is difficult to determine even with holes
spaced 1 mile apart because of the possible variation in depth between
each hole,
Chemical Data on Soils
A complete chemical and mechanical analysis was made on soil samples
from 34 test holes, the majority of which were located on two north - south
transects about 3 miles apart. A few test holes were dug in the river
bottoms and in the northwest corner of the study area.
Table 3 contains a summary of soil test data at nine locations on transect
A-A (three test holes in each node). Generally the salinity of the soil
increases from north to south with the highest values found in the shallow soils
in Node 3. The irrigated lands have a lower salinity regardless of location.
Deep Percolation
No tests have been made to determine the amount of deep percolation and
recharge. Based on soil textures in the study area, an estimated 15 to 20
percent of the surface application goes to deep percolation. This estimate
is based on the values listed below which were taken from Table 4 of the
October 1967 Report, "The Transient Flow Theory and Its Use in Subsurface
Drainage of Irrigated Land" by Lee D. Dumm.
37
-------
TABLE 3
WATER QUALITY PREDICTION STUDY
SUMMARY OF SOIL TEST DATA
TRANSECT A-A
Node No. Test
Hole No.
1 4
1
7
2 15
16
9
3 10
12
14
1 4
1
7
2 15
16
9
3 10
12
14
1 4
1
7
2 15
16
9
3 10
12
14
Depth
Inches
0-12
0-12
0-14
0-10
0-14
0-6
0-12
0-11
0-11
12-36
12-36
14-48
10-24
14-42
6-12
12-28
11-25
11-22
36-66
24-50
42-68
12-30
28-36
25-43
22-52
Soil PH
7.5
8.2
7.9
7.7
7.8
8.2
8.0
7.7
8.3
7.6
8.3
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.3
8,0
7.8
8.5
7.7
7.9
7.9
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.2
T.D.S.
3190
2210
1360
1620
1170
15,600
1080
5280
49,100
3050
554
984
712
602
15,100
598
3030
28,600
3460
518
660
9700
510
1270
8280
S.A.R.
2.1
2.1
0.7
0.4
0.4
9.3
0.7
1.9
11.0
1.8
0.6
0.9
0.4
0.4
8.5
0.4
1.5
5.9
2.2
0.4
0.8
4.9
0.4
1.1
8.9
Texture
Silty Clay
Sandy Loam
Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Silty Clay
Sandy Loam
Clay Loam
Sandy Loam
Loam
Loam
Loam
Sn. Cl. Loam
Sn. Cl. Loam
Silty Clay
Sn. Cl. Loam
Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
Sn. Cl. Loam
Sn . Cl . Loam
38
-------
Approximate DeepPercolation Loss
(Percent of Application)
Loamy Sand - 30% Silt Loam - 18%
Sandy Loam - 26% Sandy Clay Loam - 14%
Loam - 22% Clay Loam - 10%
Silty Clay Loam, Sandy Clay, Clay - 6%
The estimated deep percolation should be adequate for the purposes of
this study due to the difficulty of determining other variables which
affect ground water storage such as saturated thickness or storage coef-
ficients. For instance, a relatively small change in storage coefficients
causes a significant change in the resulting volume of ground water, as
previously stated.
Hydrology
Surface Water Measurements
Total inflow and outflow in the study area was measured at five
USGS gaging stations. Subsurface flow studies made in Ashley Valley
indicate an inflow of from 1.5 to 0.4 cfs and an outflow of from 0.3
to 0.1 cfs which are not significant. Figures 13 and 14 are hydrographs
of Ashley Creek which compare inflow and outflow for the study area
for 1971 and 1972.
Surface water quality and quantity measurements were made at the node
boundaries for the period mid-summer 1970 through September 1972. The
data collection points are discussed below and are referenced by number
to a location description contained in Table 1.
39
-------
o
w
o
CJ
C/3
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
CREEK AB(
VE DRY
'ORK
600
FORK Ar
MOUTH
500
V
400
ASHLEY CREEK NR,
JENSEN
300
200
100
JAN.
FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 13. Comparison of streamflows, Ashley Creek, USGS Gages, 1971.
-------
1200
1100
1000
900
en
PK
o
w
o
o
H
O
800
700
600
as-
500
PLUS DR'r FORK A
r MOUTH
400
300
200
ASKLEL.
1REEK
inn
JAN.
FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 14. Comparison of streamflows, Ashley Creek, USGS Gages, 1972.
-------
Ashley Creek
The gage "Ashley Creek at Sign of the Maine" was discontinued in
September 1965. Since June 1969 the USGS has maintained the gage "Ashley
Creek above Dry Fork" (20) and the gage "Dry Fork at Mouth" (21) since
July 1954. These gages measure the inflow to the study area.
The outflow from the study area was measured at three USGS gages:
1. "Ashley Creek near Jensen" (23) - operated since October 1946;
2. "River Irrigation Company Canal" (24) - operated since June 1969; and
3. "Highline Canal below Mantle Gulch" (22) - operated since June 1969.
Two continuous recording stream gages were operated at gages 11 and 8 for
the period May 1971 through September 1972. These gages were needed to
better define flow in Ashley Creek at the boundaries between Nodes 1 and 2
and 2 and 3 respectively. Frequent current meter measurements were made
in an attempt to define the stage-discharge relationships at gages 11 and 8.
Continuous conductivity recorders were operated during the irrigation
seasons of 1970 through 1972 at three locations on Ashley Creek. The inflow
quality was measured at the Highline Canal diversion dam (S-l), quality
was recorded at gage 11 (S-2), and the outflow quality was recorded at the
"Ashley Creek near Jensen" gage (S-3).
The conductivity recorders would not operate during freezing weather;
therefore, portable bridge readings were made during the balance of each
year. When possible, bi-weekly portable readings were made at gage 8
during the irrigation seasons.
42
-------
Maintenance problems with the conductivity recorders caused some
inaccuracies in the data. These recorders should be checked frequently to
insure that the conductivity cells are free of sediment and mineral deposits
and that the recorder E.G. compares favorably with the portable bridge. Two
of the recorder installations were modified for 1972 with the expectation
that these changes would improve the accuracy of the measurements. The
recorder at gage 11 was moved farther down-stream to a point where Ashley
Creek and Spring Creek mix more completely than at the previous location.
The pipe containing the conductivity cell at "Ashley Creek near Jensen"
was extended about 20 feet to a point in the creek where more representative
conductivities could be measured. The conductivity data measured at these two
locations was more representative of actual conditions due to these modifica-
tions .
Quality samples were taken monthly during the irrigation season for lab
analysis. A comparison of conductivities on Ashley Creek are shown in
Figures 15 and 16 for 1971 and 1972. Figures 17, 18, 19 and 20 are
correlations of total dissolved solids with EC X 10 for the four locations
on Ashley Creek shown in Figures 15 and 16.
Canals
Staff gages were installed in the canals at the node boundaries and an
attempt made to rate these sections with current meter measurements.
Development of a stage-discharge relationship in most of the canals was
not possible due to checks which cause a change in stage for the same flow.
43
-------
X
u
w
3200
2800
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 15. Ashley Creek EC X 10 vs time, Vernal EPA study, 1971.
-------
X
w
£
M
>
M
H
U.
Q
§
1-1
prf
H
O
w
hJ
w
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT.
NOV. DEC.
Fdgure 16. Electrical Conductivity vs time, Ashley Creek, 1972.
-------
400
X 300
u
w
B
H
H
O
200
O
O
IOO
50
100
150
200
250
300
DISSOLVED SOLIDS
PPM
Figure 17. Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, Ashley Creek at
Highline Canal, salinity recorder S-l, node 1 boundary.
-------
vO
o
X
u
w
H
B
&
Q
!S
O
O
2000
1600
1200
800
400
O'r-
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600 1800
DISSOLVED SOLIDS PPM
Figure 18. Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, Ashley Creek at golf
course, gage no. 11, salinity recorder S-2, nodes 1 and 2 boundary.
-------
-fi.
00
O
,—t
X
w
M
H
2000
1600
1200
8OO
400
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
'DISSOLVED SOLIDS PPM
Figure 19. Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, Ashley Creek, gage
no. 8, nodes 2 and 3 boundary.
-------
<£>
O
I—<
X
w
4000
3000
M
£ 2000
1000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000 4500
'DISSOLVED SOLIDS
PPM
Figure 20. Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, Ashley Creek near
Jensen, U.S.G.S. gage, Salinity recorder S-3, node 3 boundary.
-------
Due to lack of accurate stage - discharge relationships, flows in the
canals at the node boundaries were computed from the watermasters records
for the Highline, Upper and Central Canals and from the Uinta Water
Conservancy District records for the Steinaker Service Canal. The flow
at the canal head, the amount of turnouts before the node boundary, and
assumed losses or gains were used in the computations. These computed
flows, as summarized in Table 4, compare favorably in most instances with
current meter measurements.
A weekly record was kept of the canal gage heights and portable bridge con-
ductivities and monthly samples were taken for lab analysis. The only
significant change in total dissolved solids between node boundaries
occurs in Central Canal. An increase occurs from gage 1 to gage 6 due
primarily to irrigation return flows entering the canal. (Refer to Table 5.)
Drains
Eight major natural drains traverse the study area from west to east and
terminate at Ashley Creek along the eastern edge of the study area. The
drain channels have cut into the soil mantle and in some areas have pene-
trated through the cobble layer and into the underlying shale formation.
The table below summarizes locations of the eight drains and the approx-
imate depths of cut through the escarpment adjacent to Ashley Creek:
50
-------
Approx. Depth of Cut
Drain
North Vernal
South Vernal
Naples
South Naples
S laugh
S laugh
S laugh
Mantle Gulch
(7)
(16)
(9)
(17)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(18)
Location
Node 1
Node 2
Node 2
Node 3
Node 3
Node 3
Node 3
Node 3
(feet)
20
80
80
25
25
25
40
15
Drains 7, 16 and 9 cut into the shale formation near the Ashley Creek
escarpment. The remainder of the natural drains encounter the shale
formation throughout most of the valley.
Staff gages were installed on each of these drains during the summer of
1970 with the exception of South Naples Drain No. 17, which was installed
in March 1971.
Staff gages on the drains were read weekly during the irrigation season
and monthly during the non-irrigation season until July 1971 when the
decision was made to eliminate Node 4. For the period July 1971 through
September 1971 staff gage readings were made monthly during the irrigation
season. Quality samples were taken on a monthly interval during the irriga-
tion season and every two or three months during the non-irrigation season.
Periodic current meter measurements were made in an attempt to rate the gages.
Table 6 contains a monthly summary of estimated average flows and average
total dissolved solids in each of the drains for the period September 1970
through September 1972. Figures 21, 24, 27 and 30 are plots of conduc-
tivities versus time for drains 7, 16, 9 and 13 for 1971. Figures 22, 25,
51
-------
Table 4
SUMMARY OF CANAL FLOWS AT NODE BOUNDARIES
(Acre-feet)
VERNAL AREA
Month
April (1971)
April (1972)
May (1970
May (1972)
June (1970
June (1972)
July (1971)
July (1972)
Aug. (1970
Aug. (1972)
Sept. (1970
Sept. (1972)
Oct. (1970
Oct. (1972)
Totals
(1970
(1972)
H
Gage 3
-
1508
2493
3063
2490
' 1581
667
418
449
788
-
9285
8343
ighl i ne
Gage 4
-
645
1457
2621
1685
1392
715
288
230
135
379
-
5081
4466
Upper
USGS
1.5
332
519
696
545
493
86
89
338
128
168
36
1776
1656
Gage 2
460
1139
4264
6687
7609
6018
2858
2027
1664
1622
1674
1462
752
900
19,281
19,855
Gage 10
307
776
2624
4284
4504
3789
1057
661
700
851
875
913
482
745
10,549
12,019
Cent ra 1
Gage 1
156
325
2014
2859
4268
2954
434
312
142
16
120
23
218
324
7352
6813
Gage 6
160
168
452
698
632
488
352
439
212
304
214
194
109
218
2131
2509
Steinaker
Service 1
HWY 245
440
964
984
2112
0
160
6224
4665
4558
3414
1269
1551
373
13,475
13,239
Gage 5
117
411
416
1004
0
0
4564
2400
2194
1583
61
516
0
7352
5914
R i ver
1 r r i gat ion
USGS
298
204
365
212
167
257
160
365
297
104
100
47
1189
1387
-------
Table 5
SUMMARY OF AVERAGE T.U.S. (ppm) IN CANALS AT NODE BOUNDARIES
Cn
Highline
VERNAL AREA
Upper
Central
Steinaker River
Service Irrigation
Month
April (1971)
April (1972
May (1971)
May (1972)
June (1971)
June (1972)
July (1971)
July (1972)
Aug. (1971)
Aug. (1972)
Sept. (1971)
Sept. (1972)
Oct. (1971)
Oct. (1972)
AVERAGES
(1971)
(1972)
Gage 3
-
85
65
55
75
130
128
155
155
132
150
-
112
115
Gage 4 USGS
_
78
68 92
63
80 103
112
118 190
136
127* 198
151 195
190
97
109 161
Gage 2
162
150
85
70
58
78
125
133
138
138
132
143
185
180
126
127
Gage 10
160
157
101
80
81
100
127
138
143
146
137
150
177
172
132
135
Gage 1
320
248
102
82
80
108
239
292
329
365*
321
280
358
239
242
Gage 6
1000
712
638
363
713
477
550
482
588
491
638
538
847
725
711
541
Hwy 245 Gage 5
225
183 306
260
186 200
181
230
184
196
184 220
165
176 215
180
215
182 235
USGS
1750
1675
1250
1805
2125
1760
2075
1950
1855*
1780
* Based on incomplete data.
-------
c/i
TABLE 6
ESTIMATED MONTHLY ACRE-FEET AND AVERAGE TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS FOR DRAINS
VERNAL AREA
Drain
North Vernal
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
Naples #9
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
Slaugh Drain
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
AC. FT.
T.D. S(ppm)
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
Slaugh Drain
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
AC. FT.
T.D.S. (ppm)
#7
1970
1970
1971
1971
1972
1972
1970
1970
1971
1971
1972
1972
#13
1970
1970
1971
1971
1972
1972
#14
1970
1970
1971
1971
1972
1972
Jan.
46
520
42
570
267
2490
2960
2960
125
2570
28
2490
171
2970
143
2830
Feb.
48
530
29
590
355
2090
2840
2990
98
2280
20
2500
136
2500
63
2860
Mar.
35
530
31
570
235
2280
2700
3020
65
2420
36
2530
122
2860
48
2870
Apr .
50
680
30
570
224
2630
196
2570
3050
50
2750
61
2660
70
2720
0
2810
May
55
650
61
590
317
2720
281
2470
2310
97
4210
74
2730
14
4200
0
2740
June
88
440
52
530
477
2400
411
2470
1490
74
3750
111
2440
50
3060
80
2660
July
36
550
22
512
2520
391
2640
1970
87
2080
34
3450
107
2550
111
4050
Aug.
66
54
530
0
442
423
2830
325
2700
3230
80
2450
36
3090
122
2820
52
4980
Sept.
84
640
53
610
0
456
2390
408
2980
303
2520
26
3530
67
2660
43
2720
62
3270
150
3220
74
5470
Oct.
315
590
86
610
379
2610
283
3300
222
3040
40
3250
269
3020
143
3130
Nov.
153
610
101
610
359
2690
3210
221
2680
38
2810
267
3070
179
2750
Dec.
124
540
51
510
282
2690
3090
111
2570
39
2520
165
3070
158
2770
-------
Table 6 Continued
tn
tn
Drain
Slaugh Drain #15
AC. FT. 1970
T.D.S.(ppm) 1970
AC. FT. 1971
T.D.S.(ppm) 1971
AC. FT. 1972
T.D.S.(ppin) 1972
Slaugh Drain #16
AC. FT. 1970
T.D.S.(ppm) 1970
AC. FT. 1971
T.D.S.(ppm) 1971
AC. FT. 1972
T.D.S.(ppm) 1972
South Naples Drain #17
AC. FT. 1970
T.D.S.(ppm) 1970
AC. FT. 1971
T.D.S.(ppm) 1971
AC. FT. 1972
T.D.S.(ppm) 1972
Mantle Gulch #18
AC. FT. 1970
T.D.S.(ppm) 1970
AC. FT. 1971
T.D.S.(ppm) 1971
AC. FT. 1972
T.D.S.(ppm) 1972
Jan.
81
3680
104
3230
191
1240
1260
2760
0
6990
Feb.
84
3330
17
4020
167
1180
1220
111
1580
2700
0
7100
Mar.
18
5130
22
4070
216
1260
175
1200
65
2000
2640
5
42
7620
Apr.
5
5560
28
2820
154
1280
193
1120
40
2550
6
2420
144
5220
75
8020
May
29
4530
23
3250
187
2260
268
980
43
2420
65
1770
53
7700
69
4530
June
167
4900
19
4700
134
1000
179
1190
68
2150
48
1840
208
1690
39
2420
July
40
3080
71
3840
465
970
198
1170
41
2230
21
2380
47
1040
47
1330
Aug.
48
4630
78
3900
636
1130
369
1130
44
2340
0
2300
53
1940
27
1450
Sept.
19
5010
8
5410
101
4080
143
335
1140
318
1290
44
2820
17
2210
42
2970
11
4230
31
1740
Oct.
228
3230
32
4060
166
1140
295
1180
42
2960
141
2130
46
6240
Nov.
233
2980
54
3630
187
1190
280
1230
279
134
6620
Dec.
55
3490
109
3180
221
1220
1240
9
138
6990
-------
leoo
ON
1400
X! 1200
o
W
M
H
H
R 1000
O
O
800
600
A^-Q-
0= LAB TEST
Er FIELD MEASUREMENT
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
figure 21. Electrical conductivity vs time, North Vernal drain, gage no. 7, node 1, 1971.
-------
X
o
w
H
H
>
M
e
§
25
O
O
1200
1000
80O
600
O = LAB TEST
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 22. Electrical conductivity vs time, North Vernal drain, gage no. 7, 1972.
-------
en
00
H
O
ED
O
O
1000
X! 80O
O
w
600
400
200
100
200
300
400
500
600
70O
800
90O
'DISSOLVED PPM
Figure 23. Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, North Vernal drain,
gage no. 7, node 1.
-------
MAY 21,
EC =
1971
6100
O= LAB TEST
Dz FIELD MEASUREMENT
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 24. Electrical conductivity vs time, South Vernal drain, gage no. 16, node 2, 1971.
-------
ON
O
2000
u
w
I5OO
M
H
g 1000
I
O
50O
O- tAB TEST
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 25. Electrical conductivity vs time, South Vernal drain, gage no. 16, node 2, 1972.
-------
o
! 1
X!
H
U
£>
Q
§
U
25Ot>
2000
1500
1000
500
500
1000
1500
2000
DISSOLVED SOLIDS
PPM
Figure 26. Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, South Vernal drain,
gage no. 16, node 2.
-------
tsj
4000
3000
X!
O
w
H
M
H 2000
O
o
IOOO
O= LAB TEST
Q = 'FIELD MEASUREMENT
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 27. Electrical conductivity vs time, Naples drain, gage no. 9, node 2, 1971.
-------
4000
X 3000
o
w
£
H
2000
Q
55
o
1000
O- LAB TEST
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 28. Electrical conductivity vs time, Naples drain, gage no. 9, 1972.
-------
X
o
w
EH
U
»
Q
£3
O
O
4000
3000
2000
1000
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
DISSOLVED SOLIDS PPM
300O
3500
4000
4500
Figure 29. Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, Naples drain, gage no. 9,
node 2.
-------
6000
X
CJ
Fd
M
H
CJ
Q
5000
400O
3000
2OOO
1000
3- LAB TEST
Q = FIELD MEASUREMENT
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 30. Electrical conductivity vs time, slaugh drain, gage no. 13, node 3, 1971.
-------
ON
4000
3000
X
O
w
M 2000
H
H
I
g
O
1000
O= LAB TEST
JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 31. Electrical conductivity vs time, slaugh drain, gage no. 13, node 3, 1972.
-------
4000
o
,—I
X 3000
o
B
M
H
U
g
O
2000
1000
500
1000 1500
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
DISSOLVED SOLIDS PPM
Figure 32. Electrical conductivity vs dissolved solids, slaugh drain, gage no. 13,
node 3.
-------
28 and 31 are plots of conductivities versus time for the same drains for
1972. Also included is a correlation of conductivity and total dissolved
solids for the same drains.
Lysimeters
Six lysimeters were constructed during F.Y. 1970 for the purpose of
measuring consumptive use of the predominant native grasses found in the
study area. The lysimeters, which are located about one mile east of
the Vernal Airport in Node 2, were built according to the plans shown in
Figure 33a, b, and c.
The water in the lysimeters is maintained at the desired depth by two
electric probes installed in each lysimeter. These probes are connected
through a relay to an automatic control valve in the water supply pipe-
line. When the water level in the lysimeters drops below the lower
electrode, the automatic valve opens and allows water to enter until both
electrodes contact the water at which time the valve closes. The amount
of water used is continuously metered for each lysimeter.
The six lysimeters were operated for the periods April 8 through
October 19, 1971, and May 8 through October 16, 1972. Initially the
depths to water in the lysimeters were determined by the average depths
to water under similar grasses in Ashley Valley, During the operation
several depths to water were decreased in an attempt to improve the growth
of the grasses.
68
-------
Road
Test Well-
recorder shelter
)
Ly
t
c
i — \it Snlnr rn/tintinn
*
simeters-r-.
,J N
/•" H
3
2
1 I
- 4
f Service pole with weatherheod,
\ meter base and underground
\ service to control box.
1 1 / us v /f ou cycle
J fi /
N 1,4 Corner
Sec. 31
~T4S
R22E
i-Approximate meter
location
'* i ^Control shelter
*~T~-Weather station enclosure ^ l"Curb stop with drain
v -^ Combination wire fence
GENERAL PL AN
Figure 33a. Lysimeter installations, general plans and details.
69
-------
B
1
T
i-l
•y' .-.*
t-J~6— 1
«
i t
* 2* pipe for
probes
j
t
kfff ' /*>" tan
PLAN OF LYSI METER
4-
. - -rBockfill with excavated material- «- - _
' 11
rubber lining (1
trench-See -, ---
''
»
J
"o
4" Clean sand
medium to coarse
SECTION A-A
"^-— Excavation line
k ^"
Figure 33b. Lysimeter installations, general plan and details.
70
-------
Probe control
relay cabinet
Probt control wires in
1/2 conduit -
^'perforated pipe
wltlt cop tact end.
Fasten to other pipe-i
f
(3-3/16 Perforations -:
at I2O" at 6" C.to C.J
Ly sinettr
r 2" plpt wltli cap
\\rBurjrl boot
V >
~3j/r»ct burial
control wires
r-Butyl lining
/ "Pipe line '
To wattr mttir and city
main supply lini
fStt Atovtl
SECTION B-B
o
i
2
3
4
5
6
r
8
Log
Ottcrlptioit
O.O'-I.O? Lt. Sandy Clay, Wit flnt Crume, Rtddisn, Brown, Moist,
I.Cf-i.51 Flnt Sandy Clay, Loam, M flnt Crumb, Rtddlsn, Brown, Moslt
1.5"-SO Mtt Clay Loom, W/somt Llmt Laytrs, Wt tint Crumb, Moslt.
2O'—4fJ Fint Sandy Clay, Masaivt, Brown,wtt.
l.tf-SJ? Flnt Sandy Cloy, W/Llmt Nodults, Undtttrmlntd Structure
Polt Brown, wtt
5. tf—80' Sandy Clay, W^.lmt Nodults, No struct art, Ridding Brown, wet.
Figure 33c. Lysimeter installations, general plan and details.
71
-------
Although the lysimeters were filled with Vernal City water (EC X 10 of
about 100), salinity in the lysimeters increased to a level which was
harmful to the two improved pasture plots. The salt and wire grass is
more salt tolerant and was apparently not harmed. The vegetation
originally planted in the lysimeters and the maximum E.G. and total
dissolved solids measured during the 1971 season are summarized below.
Lysimeter
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Original Vegetation
Salt Grass
Improved Pasture (Pm)
Improved Pasture (Pm)
Wire Grass
Wire Grass
Salt Grass
ECX106
5,500
13,900
14,000
16,500
9,600
8,000+
Total Dissolved Solids
(ppm)
6,500
17,900
18,000
22,000
11,500
(no samples)
In June 1971 an attempt was made to back flush the improved pasture
lysimeters; however, most of the water moved upward around the perimeter
of the lysimeter instead of through the soil. The lysimeters were then
flushed from the top beginning in August 1971. After each application
of water the lysimeters were pumped out sufficiently for the next applica-
tion. The method of flushing from the top reduced the dissolved solids
from an average ppm of 17,900 to 2,910 for lysimeter No. 2 and from 18,000
to 3,070 for lysimeter No. 3. At the beginning of operation in May 1972
the ppm had increased to 6,700 for No._ 2 and 5,300 for No. 3.
No attempt was made to flush the lysimeters during the 1972 operation.
The types of grasses originally planted in the lysimeters have changed
72
-------
due to natural seeding and the increase in salinity. The predominate
types of grasses found in the lysimeters during 1972, and the E.G. and
total dissolved solids as measured in September 1972 are listed below:
Lysimeter
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Predominate
1972 Grasses
Salt and Broom
Smooth Brame
Smooth Brame
Wire and Meadow Fescue
Wire and Meadow Fescue
Salt and Broom
ECX106
3,875
9,400
8,690
13,700
12,675
13,900
Total Dissolved Solids
(ppm)
4,200
10,940
10,050
17,150
15,600
17,100
The total water use for the 159 days of operation in 1971 and 161 days in
1972 is summarized in Table 7. Figures 34 through 45 show total water
supplied to each lysimeter for the 1971 and 1972 seasons.
Neutron probe measurements of soil moisture were made monthly by personnel
from Utah State University and were supplemented by soil aguer moisture
samples.
73
-------
Table 7
SUMMARY OF TOTAL WATER USE IN LYSIMETERS
VERNAL AREA
1971 WATER USE
(159 Days)
1972 WATER USE
(161 Days)
LYS METER
NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5
6
PREDOMINATE
1971
Salt and Broom
Improved Pasture 2j
Improved Pasture 2/
Wire
Wire
Salt and Foxtail
GRASS TYPES
1972
Salt and Broom
Smooth Brame
Smooth Brame
Wire and Meadow Fescue
Wire and Meadow Fescue
Salt and Broom
12 inches I/ 24 inches I/
(Inches) (Inches)
24.09 23.79
-
-
26.01 3/
26.12
28.32 , 28.32
12 inches I/
(Inches)
21.84
20.77
17.67
33.47
26.74
21.45
24 inches I/
(Inches)
21.48
20.45
17.36
-
26.69
20.75
I/ Depth below surface of lysimeter.
2/ Damaged by increase in salinity.
3/ Computed for 138 days.
-------
GALLONS USED
12,000
11,000
ioannn
9,000
R OOO
7.000
6,000
4,000
i nnn
2,000
1,000
c
p
w
S3
W
O
W
W
p
o
o
w
W
DEPTH
3.5'-
^
3J
[/
2
PS.
E-
p:
m
c/
c/
PL
C
p:
E-
PL
H-
PL
DK?TH ,
3 . 0 T -3.
Ov^
y^
i
i
\
*
4
)
1
1 /
> /
/
I /
) /
] /
/
' ' J
7
DEPl
/
/
]/
:H
2.5'-2.7'
1
/
X
~s~
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV DFC
-ji-iii. rjia. ruux. ATR. MAI JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP.
Figure 34. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 1, salt and broom grass, 1971.
-------
aasn SNOITVD
76
12.000
11,000
in nno
9,000
s,nnn
7rOOO
6,000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2,000
1,000
<*
/
/
/
/
/
f
/
/
^
•^
— -
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 35. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 1, salt and broom grass, depth to water 2.5'-2.7', 1972.
-------
Q
pa
CO
i
o
17,000
16.000
is nnn
'
9,000
8.000
7,000
6rOOO
5,000
4 nnn
3,000
2,000
irooo
/
_,. WATER DEPTH
2.7,'-3.0'
o
!Z
c/:
3
%
o
pa
PC
M
1Z
E-
O
f
CTRODJ
/
/
y
V
J
^/
^
WATER DEPTH
| 2.0'-212I
^
x
e
pi
2
pt
S
c
2
c/
e
t*.
c_
PL
^p.
I
I
£
e
^
BLUSHED FROM TOP
)ATE GALLONS
III 1600
/18 1600
L£?n i finn
^DEPTH 2. 9 '-3.
t
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP.
Figure 36. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 2, improved pasture, 1971.
OCT.
NOV.
DEC.
-------
Q
W
12.000
llrOQO
10,000
9.000
8.000
7 nnn
. nno
5.QQQ
4.000
3.000
2,000
Lnnn
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 37. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 2, smooth brame, depth to water 2.9'-3.1' 1972.
-------
GALLONS USED
17rOOO
T\f
10.000
9.000
8,000
7.000
fi^nnn
5,000
4 000
3,000
?,nnn
1,000
n
o
w
CO
w
Q
O
H
O
W
DEPTH
4.0'-4
*
DEPTH
3.0 '-3.:
H
CD
,USHIN
o
PQ
P
L£3
ft
E-
aa
CO
w
Q
O
H
O
w
hJ
W
1 1
[ORTEN
CO
CO
w
R
.ECTRC
r
X
w||
j
^
DE
— fi
7
y
DEPTH 2.C
PTH 2.5'-
^ ^-
- -
'-2.2'
2.7'
^/
c
!z
K
K
P
O
W
RODES
u
w
w
DEPTH
FLUSHED
DATED
8/17
8/19
8/0/i
2.7'-2.9
FROM TOP
GALLONS
1600
1600
1600
f
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP.
Figure 38. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 3, improved pasture, 1971,
OCT.
NOV.
DEC.
-------
OO
o
GALLONS USED
]? HOG
11.000
10,000
9,000
8,onn
7 nnn
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1.000
HEPTH
x-"
2 7 '-2 c
/
/
i
/
/
DEFT
/
/
[I 2.2'-2.
^
^
4'
^^
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP.
Figure 39. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 3, smooth brame, 1972.
OCT. NOV.
DEC.
-------
CO
00 g
~ 3
12,000
11.000
in nnn
9,000
8.000
7 .000
6.000
H
CJ
CO
CO
4,000
3.000
FLOO
3ED
2,000
1.000
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 40. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 4, wire grass, water depth 0.5'-0.8', 1971.
-------
12.000
11,000
in.nnn
9,000
8. OOP
o
7 nnn
6,000
oo
tsj
5.000
nnn
3.000
2,000
1,000
JAN. FEB.
MAR. APR.
MAY JUN.
JUL.
AUG. SEP. OCT.
NOV.
DEC.
Figure 41. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 4, wire grass and meadow fescue, depth to water 0.5'-
0.7', 1972.
-------
12,000
10,000
9,000
8.000
w
3
o
7.000
»
6,000
nnn
4.000
3.000
2.000
1,000
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 42. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 5, wire grass, water depth 1.9'-2.3', 1971.
-------
00
aasn SNOTIVO
22,000
21,000
20,000
19,000
18.000
17,000
ifi,oon
15,000
Id, 000
13,000
12.000
1 1 nnn
-^
/
/
/
J
/
1
y
/
/
^
/
^
JAN.
FEB.
MAR.
APR.
MAY
JUN.
JUL.
AUG.
SEP.
OCT.
NOV.
DEC.
Figure 43. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 5, wire grass and meadow fescue, depth to water 1.9'-
2.1', 1972.
-------
o
12.000
11.000
10,000
9.000
8,000
7,000
6.000
CO
Ul
5,000
4.000
3,000
2,000
,.QQQ
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 44. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 6, salt grass and foxtail, water depth 2.0'-2.3', 1971
-------
23,000
22.000
21,000
20,000
19,000
W
18.000
00
ON
17,000
16,000
15,000
14,000
13.QQQ
12,000
7
JAN. FEB. MAR.
APR. MAY
JUN. JUL.
AUG.
SEP. OCT.
NOV. DEC.
Figure 45. Consumptive water use, lysimeter no. 6, salt and broom grass, depth to water 2.0'-2.2', 1972.
-------
Consumptive Use
Two class "A!1 weather stations were established in August 1970 and were
operated through October 1970 and throughout the irrigation seasons in
1971 and 1972. One weather station was located in the northwest corner
of the area in Node 1, and the other near the lysimeters. A continuous
record of daily solar radiation was recorded for the period August 1970
through September 1972 at the lysimeter weather station.
The data from these weather stations and solar radiation will be used to
determine consumptive use of crops in the study area. The Jensen and
Haise method will be used for computing evapotranspiration. The following
equations are used in this method:
E,- = K E
t c tp
where Efc = evapotranspiration
K = crop coefficient
E = potential evapotranspiration
Etp = Ct RS
Where E = potential evapotranspiration in inches
T = mean daily air temperature in °F
C = temperature coefficient
T = temperature intercept
Ro = solar radiation in inches of evaporation equivalent
o
87
-------
Canal Losses
Seepage tests were conducted by the Soil Conservation Service during
1967 and 1968 in the Highline and Central Canals.
The Highline Canal tests were made in two reaches. The reach in which
the highest losses was found extended about 7.3 miles north of Highway 40.
Based on field measurements the computed losses for this reach range
from 34 to 10 percent for flows from 10 to 100 second-feet. The losses
measured in a reach south of Highway 40 varied from 3 to 6 percent for
flows of 10 to 14 second-feet. Due to the nature of the soils in the
lower reach these losses should remain fairly constant.
The Central Canal tests were made in a 1.1 mile reach near Highway 40.
The losses in the tested reach varied from 7 to 3 percent for flows from
10 to 7 second-feet.
The canal losses measured by the SCS have been incorporated into the
model studies.
During the SCS tests no canal gains were found due to ground-water inflow;
however, flows in the Upper and Central Canals do increase due to surface
water inflow.
-------
Land Use
In order to assist in the establishment of a water budget in the
Ashley Valley area it was determined that a land use survey of the area
would be required. The field investigations for this land use survey was
accomplished during the 1970 field season. Actual work was started late
enough in the growing season to allow for easy identification of vegetative
types. The survey included the field investigation,of all domestic crops
and native vegetation including the identification of phreatophytes. The
land use categories were delineated onto aerial photographs in the field.
The photographs used had a scale of 1 inch is equal to 660 feet and were
a 1963-64 flight. This flight was the most recent that provided adequate
coverage of the area.
Control for the area consisted of the location of section corners and
establishing the section, township and range lines on the photograph.
This was accomplished prior to the field investigation.
The field work was accomplished by the investigator making sufficient
traverses and on site observations to identify each area of cultivated
crops and native vegetation types and their use and distribution. As
each use was identified delineations were made on the aerial photograph.
All field boundaries and land use area boundaries were laid out according
to the established land use pattern for the area.
A code of designations or categories for land use was developed for
this survey using as a base the code established by the soil conservation
89
-------
service in their phreatophyte study of the Sevier River area. A copy
of this code is presented in Table 8.
In mapping the native vegetation and particularly the phreatophyte areas
it was found that vegetative types often occur in combinations. Where
this was found, and no one type predominated, a system of rating by
density of growth or cover was established. This indicated the types
of vegetation and the cover of each based on a percent of 100 or completed
cover. For example, a symbol of .4-P14 & .6-P24, would indicate an area
covered with 40 percent greasewood and 60 percent ra"bbitbrush. This same
system was used to indicate the density of ground cover in the case of a
single vegetative type. For example, a .2-P4 would show a 20 percent
cover of sagebrush with approximately 80 percent bare ground.
In mapping land use in irrigated regions of Utah and other intermountain
states it is found that the agricultural economy is established and
cropping patterns are generally basic, that is, almost the same acreage
of any one crop is grown year after year with some rotation from field
to field. This is especially true in an area of cattle related enter-
prises such as Ashley Valley.
Following the field work the aerial photographs were inked and boundaries
defined as permanent records. Each land use or vegetative type was
planimetered as they were delineated on the photo. The planimeter units
were then converted to acreages using general land office acreages and
tabulated by quarter section and section. Table 9 is a summary of the
land use by node and by vegetative types.
90
-------
Table 8
PREDICTION OF MINERAL QUALITY OF RETURN FLOW WATER
FROM IRRIGATED LANDS - VERNAL STUDY AREA
LAND USE INVESTIGATIONS: LEGEND
Symbol Use Description
Ga or Alf Irrigated Alfalfa—Good, fair, poor
Cg or Sb Irrigated small grains, wheat, barley, oats
Cc or Co Irrigated field corn
Crp Irrigated rotation pasture
Pro Irrigated pasture (meadow), improved grasses
and clovers cut for hay (Brome clover,
redtop, fescue, blue grass, etc.)
P2 Irrigated pasture (meadows) predominantly
native grasses cut for hay (wire grass,
sedges, redtop, fescue, etc.)
P2c: Salt grass pasture, lowlands, seeped or subbed
P2u Wet pasture lands, topographic lows--wire
grass, sedges, salt grass, some cattails, etc.
Pd Dry pasture uplands (idle) poor vegetative
cover, salt grass or blue grass, etc. mixed
with weeds and forbes
P4 Dry upland areas of sagebrush, sparse under-
story of native grass may be present
P5 Willows, usually found on wet areas, but may
be dry. Where not dense may have understory
of native grasses.
P6 Silver buffalo berry, same as P5 usually found
on rocky ground, braided throughout field
P14 Greasewood, usually dry surface areas, water
table is near the surface
P19 Tamarisk, not usually found in dense cover,
scattered along stream channels
P24 Rabbitbrush usually found on higher abandoned
lands
P30 Uplands with vegetative cover consisting pre-
dominantly of shadscale and other desert shrubs
F10 Broadleaf trees - cottonwood etc., usually
found along stream channels
W Wet areas - cattails, sedges, standing water
Iw . Idle lands - predominantly weeds
Homestead, small orchards and garden spots will be delineated as well as
rights-of-way, industrial and residential areas.
Bottomlands with composite vegetative cover will be mapped on a density
cover basis.
91
-------
TABLE 9
WATER QUALITY PREDICTION
LAND USE INVESTIGATIONS SUMMARY
VERNAL UNIT
Land Use
Symbol
Ca
Cg
Cc
Crp
Pm
P2
P25
P20
Pd
P4
P5
P6
P14
P19
P24
P30
F10
Iw
W
H
Totals
Node 1
2,474
580
341
1,051
302
2,410
32
437
518
137
274
368
34
2
2
850
106
1.170
11,088
Node 2
2,751
747
416
778
155
1,854
85
291
200
749
232
130
66
3
6
91
123
3
1,619
10,299
Acres
Node 3
2,444
584
407
591
1
1,335
349
982
544
1,498
295
38
1,548
216
2,064
31
354
3
498
13,782
Total
7,669
1,911
1,164
2,420
458
5,599
466
1,710
1,262
2,384
801
536
1,648
2
221
2,070
972
583
6
3,287
35,169
92
-------
The land use study was also utilized in selection of vegetation or land
use types that were included in the lysimeter studies. These studies
were to determine the consumptive use of a large part of the irrigated
area for which consumptive use data were not available.
93
-------
APPENDIX
VERNAL PROJECT STUDY-BASIC DATA
STARTING AQUIFER CAPACITIES:
NODE 101 = 24,000 acre-feet
NODE 102 = 20,200 acre-feet
NODE 103 = 6,020 acre-feet
VERNAL PROJECT STUDY-BASIC DATA
CANAL LOSSES:
NODE 101 = 20% of diversion to irrigation
NODE 102 = 15% of diversion to irrigation
NODE 103 = 10% of diversion to irrigation
94
-------
VERNAL PROJECT STUHY-BASTC DATA
CONSUMPTIVC USE IN ACRE FFET PER MONTR
YEAR MONTH N00r 101 NODF 10? NODE 103
1971
1°7 1
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1972
1972
197^
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
app
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
STP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FF.8
MAR
A°P
MAY
JUN
JUL
AllG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
0
0
0
2743
525**
fit 99
4849
2532
485
168
15?
1 74
255
372
621
3578
4854
57'53
4659
3130
1434
0
0
0
?388
4 6 3 8
i*87t»
i+236
2?02
^67
210
155
136
290
k 34
577
3186
4288
5030
4074
2701
1251
722
0
0
3268
6116
6^ni
5662
2983
^81
270
217
'T9
406
558
77?-
%245
5648
6687
5440
3690
1672
95
-------
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96
-------
PROJECT STUDY-^ASIC DATA
SOIL COLUMN
NOOF NUMBER
RA-MEQ/L
MG-MFO/L
NA-M^Q/L
= 111
S04-MR3/L
HC03-MFO/L
C03-MEQ/L
N03-MFO/L
SOIL/WATEP RATIO
VOLUME H20-ML
CATION EXCHG-MEQ/IOO GR
GYPSUM-MFQ/100 GO
LIME INDICATOR
BULK TJFNSITY-GR/CK3
LENGTH OF
NODE N»'MBE°
CA-M^O/L
MG-MFn/L
NA-MEQ/L
CL-WFQ/L
= 102
HC03-MFO/L
C03-MEQ/L
NO^-MFQ/L
SOIL/MflTER RATIO
VOLUME H?0-ML
CATION EXCHR-MEn/100 GR
GYPSUM-MEQ/100 G"
LIME TNOICATOR
SULK OENSTTY-GR/Cf3
LENGTH OF
NODE NUMBER = 103
MG-MEQ/L
NA-MEQ/L
CL-MFO/L
C03-MEQ/L
SOIL/NATES RATIO
VOLUME W20-ML
CATION FXCH^-MEO/100 C-R
MFQ/IOO GR
INDICATOR
BULK OFNSITY-GR/CM3
LENGTH OF
SEG*3
SEG*5 SFG#6 SCG*7
6.90
2.06
1.68
.65
3.?8
5.63
1.08
0.00
.?0
6.50
17.06
.10
0.00
1.30
in.no
9.88
6. 82
1.36
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8.58
8.52
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<(.05
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9. no
32.UO
?i,.7Q
16.70
10.75
•^4.25
8.80
0.^0
n.. On
.?0
t».3^
13.9if
1.10
o.no
l.'O
8. "0
6.90
?. 06
1.68
.65
3.23
5.63
1.08
0,00
.?Q
6.^0
I7. 06
.10
n.oo
1.30
10. 00
9.88
6. 8?
1.36
.96
3.58
8.52
0. 00
o.no
.20
«f. 93
3.^3
0.00
0.00
.20
5.31
1^,13
.35
0.00
1.30
10.00
5.29
3.29
.99
.35
5.8^
T.36
0.00
0.00
.20
•^.88
9.38
.^8
0.00
1.30
9.00
15.80
18.52
7.00
2.17
35. 7U
3.M
0.00
0.00
.20
'.76
11.06
.35
0.00
i.3n
8.00
5.30
1.86
1. «»if
.3V
«t. 93
3. 33
0. 00
0. 00
.20
5.31
14.13
.35
0. 00
1.30
15. no
5.29
3.29
.99
* o£>
5. 85
3.36
fl. 00
0. 00
.20
3. 88
9.38
.48
0. 00
1.30
9. 00
1^.80
18.^2
7. 00
2.17
35.74
3.41
0. 00
O.On
.20
3.76
11.06
. 35
0. 00
1. 30
8. no
0.00
0. 00
0.00
0.00
o.no
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
n.oo
O.QO
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.29
3.29
.99
.36
5. 85
3.36
0.00
0.00
.20
3.88
9.38
.48
0.00
1.30
9.00
15.80
18.^2
7.00
2.17
35.74
3.41
fl.«0
0.00
.20
^.76
11.0*1
.35
O.DO
1.30
8.00
0.00
o.on
0.00
0. 00
0. 00
0.00
0.00
0. 00
0. 00
0. 00
0.00
0.00
o.ao
0. 00
0. 00
^.29
3.29
.99
.36
5.85
3.36
O.QO
U.OO
.20
3. 88
9.38
.48
0.00
1.30
9. 00
15.80
18. *2
7. 00
2.17
^5.74
3.41
o. no
0.00
.20
3.76
11.06
. 35
0.00
l.3n
8. on
97
-------
VFRNAL PROJECT STUDY-EASTC "ATA
TN LIMITS OF ACPE FECT AND CONCENTRATIONS IN UNITS OF
ASHLEY CRFEK
HONTH YEAR
APP 1971
MAY 1971
JUN 1971
JUL
AUH
SCP
OCT
<£>
Oo
NOV
DCC
JAN
FCC,
Mfl P
ftPP
MAY
JUN
J"L
AMG
Scp
OCT
1Q71
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1972
1972
19^2
197?
1972
1972
1972
197?
197->
1 972
AT HEAD OF SYSTC*
VOLUMF CA
1379. 1.9'
18160. 1.08
?797Q. .69
107?0.
«*980.
3750 .
2390.
2290.
2000.
1810.
1620.
1650.
2180.
27120.
2"5010.
7«60.
3760.
7350.
ic, 90.
1.39
1.56
1.5^
2.08
2 . 3 n
2.0"
2.08
2 ~* o
1.56
.86
.90
1 . 3"*
1 .5V
1.61
2.08
MG
1. 00
.26
.^9
.75
.63
.98
1.12
.98
.98
1.12
, 75
,?k
.'2
.55
.^
.67
.98
MA
.15
.10
.09
."9
.07
.09
. 09
.09
.10
.09
.09
.10
.07
.06
.0*
.03
. 09
.06
.09
CL
.03
0.00
.05
.U2
.02
. 02
. m
.08
. 0<+
.ni
.01
.04
.02
.02
.01
.03
.02
.03
.01
S0<« HC03
.77 i.gif
.22 .73
.23 1.
.51 1.
.3* 1,
.7^ ?.
.r& 2.
.8" 2.
. 75 2.
.75 2.
. 88 2.
.51 1.
.23
.29 1 .
.37 1.
.3* 1.
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.7^ 2.
96
78
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21
15
1*3
21
21
«
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%
01
56
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98
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0
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0
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.0
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0
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0. 00
0.00
0. 00
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0. 00
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0. TO
0. 00
0. 00
0.00
0. 00
0. JO
0.00
n.QO
0. 00
n.OO
0. 00
-------
°ROJFCT STUDf-Ba^IC DATA
VOLUMF IN UNITS OF ACRE FFET <\NO nONPFN*RATIONS IN UNITS OF MFO/UTF?
INFLOW FROM STFINECKER
MONTH YEAR VOLUMP
Aop
M9 Y
JUN
JUL
AUG
^P
OCT
<£>
ID
NOV
ore
JAN
FrR
MAR
;\PP
MS Y
JUN
JJL
AUG
-------
VEnNAL PROJECT ST'JQY-°ASTC TATA
VOLUME TN UNITS OF ACRE FFFT 5ND CONCFNTRaTIONS IN UNTTS OF MFQ/LIT"
HIGHLINE CANAL OUTFLOW ^Ar,L NO. 3
MONTH
APP
Mfl Y
JUN
JUL
AUK
S^P
Of"T
J— *
o NOV
D^C
JAN
F^B
MAW
APP
MAY
JUN
JHL
fttiG
SFP
OCT
YEAR
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
19-71
1971
1971
1972
197?
1972
1972
197?
19^2
1972
1972
1972
197'
VOLUHC
0.
1508 .
-------
VERNAL PROJECT STUDY-BASIC DATA
VOLUMF TN JNTTS OF ACRF FCET ANH CONCENTRATIONS IN UNITS OF MFQ/LITFR
o
UPPER
MONTH
APR
MAY
JIJN
JUL
AUG
SE»
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FE8
HAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
Srp
OCT
CANAL OUTFLOW GAGE MO. 2
YEAR
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1972
1972
19^2
1972
1972
1972
1972
197?
1972
19*2
VOLUME
460.
4264.
*609.
2858.
166"..
1674.
752.
0.
n.
0.
0.
0.
1179.
6687 .
6018.
?027.
1622.
1462.
900.
CA
1.65
1.10
.71
1.45
1 .66
1.57
1.87
o.nn
o.on
o.on
0.00
0 . 0 "
1.72
.9?
1.05
1.68
1.63
1 .6'
1.56
MG
.81
.18
.17
.55
.71
.79
.94
0.00
o.no
0 . 00
n. oo
0.00
.8.
.17
.21
.69
.79
.79
1.02
Nfl
.?9
.09
.02
.06
.09
.07
.25
0.0"
0. 00
n.00
0. 00
0.00
.10
.08
.06
.08
.13
.13
.'4
CL
. 06
.04
.01
.02
. 05
.02
.09
0. 00
o. no
0.00
0. 00
0.00
.01
.01
.03
.04
.07
. 07
.06
S04
.89
.28
.?2
.'1
.52
.49
1..04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0. 00
.64
.21
.24
.54
.67
,67
1.19
HC03
1.69
1. 10
.73
1.68
1.98
1.94
^.10
0.00
0.00
0. 00
o.no
0. 00
2.03
.98
1. 08
1.96
1.7*
1.75
1.64
CO 3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
n.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
O.OT
0.00
0.3H
0.00
o.on
0.00
N03
0. 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0. 00
0.00
0. 00
0. 00
0.00
o.on
-------
VERNAL PROJECT STUDY-BASIC DATA
VOLUME IN UNITS OF ACRE FEET AND CONCENTRATIONS IN UNITS OF MEQ/LTTER
CENTRAL
MONTH
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SFP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
CANAL
YFAR
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
197?
1972
OUTFLOW
V OL UWE
156.
2011,,
*268.
*3*.
1*2.
120.
?18.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
325.
2859.
295*.
312.
16.
23.
32*.
GAGE NO.
CA
3.06
1.28
1.21
2.50
3.1*
^.06
3.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.50
1.21
1.28
3.05
*.50
3.**
3.**
1
MG
2.10
.*2
.20
1.6*
2.29
2.10
2.10
0. 00
0.00
0. 00
0.00
0.00
1.6*
.20
.*2
2.35
*.13
2.36
2. 36
NA
.30
.08
.09
.19
.32
.30
.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.19
.09
.08
.3*
.58
.35
.35
CL
,1*
. Otf
.0*
.08
.17
.1*
.1*
0.00
0. 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.03
.0*
.0*
.13
.29
.17
.17
1.26
.35
1.30
1.26
1.26
0.00
O.OO
0.00
0.00
0.00
.35
2.29
l.*7
HC03
I..12
1.23
3.1*
*.12
0.00
o.no
o. oo
o.no
o.oo
3.1*
1.23
3.51
6. 39
CO 3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO 3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0. 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Q.frO
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Q. 00
-------
VERNAL PROJECT STUDY-BASIC DATA
VOLUME IN UNITS OF AC°E FFFT AND CONCENTRATIONS IN UNITS OF MEG/LITE1?
SERVICE CANAL OUTFLOW GflGE NO.
IONTH
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FFB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SFP
OCT
YEAR
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
19F1
1971
1971
1971
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
197?
VOLUME
-------
VERNAL PROJECT STUQY-RASTC HAT!
VOLUME IN UNITS OF HCV*~ FEET AND CONCENTRfl TIONS IN UNITS OF H^O/LITER
ASHLEY CREEK OUTFLOH GA^E NO. 11
MONTH
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
o^c
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
J1JN
JUL
AUG
SFP
OCT
YEAR
1971
1971
1971
1971
19/1
1971
1971
1971
1971
1972
1972
1972
197?
19?'
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
VOLUME
309.
1115.
6*1,0.
735.
610.
900.
1125.
930.
1090.
580.
560.
880.
MO.
970.
27*1).
*60.
3 ID.
<»20.
790.
CA MG
9.20 6.76
6.88 5.23
3.98 2.77
6.76 5.28
B.kk 5.10
5.99 <».79
«.** 5.19
7.31 e;.k3
8.3«t 5.68
6.88 ^.23
7.i»8 5.F.8
k . 95 3.96
9.16 6.8i»
7.31 5.1|3
k.<)*> 3.96
7.31 5.if3
9.16 6.8^
6.88 «».88
7.20 ^.'f'*
NA
"".32
1.50
1.07
1.92
?.56
?.09
2.56
2.(f5
2.38
1.50
2.^3
1.36
3.20
•>.k5
1.36
?.<»5
3.20
?.k2
2.56
CL
.62
.65
.?k
.5?
.^0
.31
,«.o
.7k
.58
.65
.1.7
.68
.1.7
.7k
.68
.7k
,k7
.58
,7k
50k
12. sn
6.5«t
^.66
6.^9
10.?*
8.62
10.2^
8.77
9. 90
6.5if
9.36
3.65
13.13
8. '7
3.65
8.77
13.13
8.80
9.20
HC03
5.05
6.67
3. 77
6.t2
5.52
3.99
5.52
5. 76
6.0^
6.67
5.68
5. 80
5.70
5.76
5.80
5.76
c.70
fc.96
5.75
CD3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.on
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO 3
o. on
0.00
0.00
0.00
0. 00
0.00
0.00
0. 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0<0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-------
VERNAL PROJECT STUDY-BASIC DATA
VOLUME IN UNITS OF ACRE FEET AND CONCENTRATIONS IN UNITS OF MEQ/LITER
RETURN FLOW FROM IRRIGATION
MONTH YEAR VOLUME CA MG NA CL SO^ HC03 C03 N03
APR 1971 B. o.oo a.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
VERNAL PROJECT STUDY-BASIC DATA
VOLUME IN UNITS OF ACRE FEET AND CONCENTRATIONS IN UNITS OF MEQ/LITER
H-"
o
Ul
INFLOW TO AQUIFER FRO* RIVER
MONTH YEAR VOLUME CA MG NA CL SOfe HC03 C03 N03
APR 1971 0. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
VEPNAL PROJECT STUDY-BASIC DATA
VOLUME IN UNTTS OF ACRE FFET AND CONCENTRATIONS IN UNITS OF MEQ/LITE1?
INFLOW TO RIVER FRON AQUIFER
MONTH YEA1? VOLCM* C8 MG NA CL S0«» HC03 C03
APR 1971 0. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-179b
4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
PREDICTION OF MINERAL QUALITY OF IRRIGATION RETURN
FLOW, VOLUME II, Vernal Field Study
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSI ON-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977 issuing date
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Bureau of Reclamation
Engineering and Research Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1HB617
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA-IAG-D4-0371
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab.-Ada, OK
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/15
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
VOLUMES I, III, IV, V (EPA-600/2-77-179a, i7gc thru 179e)
16. ABSTRACT
The development and evaluation of modeling capability to simulate and predict the
effects of irrigation on the quality of return flows are documented in the five
volumes of this report. The report contains two different modeling packages which
represent different levels of detail and sophistication. Volumes I, II, and IV
pertain to the model package given in Volme III. Volume V contains the more
sophisticated model. User's manuals are included in Volumes III and V.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Mathematical Model, digital simulation,
scheduling, Irrigated land, Evapotrans-
piration, Agriculture, Agronomy, water
pollution, water loss
Irrigation Return Flow
02 C/D
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
118 + Isometric
Drawing
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
106
•it U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINT1N8 OFFICE 1977— 757 -056 /6 549
------- |