EPA-600/3-77-103
September 1977
Ecological Research Series
DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN
WEST VIRGINIA LAKES
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas. Nevada 89114
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series. This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal spe-
cies, and materials. Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term influ-
ences. Investigations include formation, transport, and pathway studies to deter-
mine the fate of pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical basis
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aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/3-77-103
September 1977
DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN WEST VIRGINIA LAKES
by
V. W. Lambou, F. A. Morris*, M. K. Morris*,
L. R. Williams, W. D. Taylor, F. A. Hiatt*,
S. C. Hern, and J. W. Hilgert*
Monitoring Operations Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
*Department of Biological Sciences
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Las Vegas, Nevada 89154
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory-Las Vegas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
Protection of the environment requires effective regulatory
actions which are based on sound technical and scientific information.
This information must include the quantitative description and linking
of pollutant sources, transport mechanisms, interactions, and re-
sulting effects on man and his environment. Because of the complexities
involved, assessment of specific pollutants in the environment requires
a total systems approach which transcends the media of air, water, and
land. The Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
contributes to the formation and enhancement of a sound integrated moni-
toring data base through multidisciplinary, multimedia programs designed
to:
• develop and optimize systems and strategies for moni-
toring pollutants and their impact on the environment
• demonstrate new monitoring systems and technologies
by applying them to fulfill special monitoring needs
of the Agency's operating programs
This report presents the species and abundance of phytoplankton
in the 4 lakes sampled by the National Eutrophication Survey in the
State of West Virginia, along with results from the calculation of several
commonly used biological indices of water quality and community structure.
These data can be used to biologically characterize the study lakes,
and as baseline data for future investigations. This report was written
for use by Federal, State, and local governmental agencies concerned with
water quality analysis, monitoring, and/or regulation. Private industry
and individuals similarly involved with the biological aspects of water
quality will find the document useful. For further information contact
the Water and Land Quality Branch, Monitoring Operations Division.
Gerg$ B. Morgan
Director
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas
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CONTENTS
Foreword i i i
Introduction 1
Materi als and Methods 2
Lake and Site Selection 2
Sample Preparation 2
Exami nati on 3
Quality Control 4
Results 5
Nygaard's Trophic State Indices 5
Palmer's Organic Pollution Indices 5
Species Diversity and Abundance Indices 7
Species Occurrence and Abundance 9
Literature Cited 10
Appendix. Summary of Phytoplankton Data 11
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INTRODUCTION
The collection and analysis of phytoplankton data were included
in the National Eutrophication Survey in an effort to determine
relationships between algal characteristics and trophic status of
individual lakes.
During spring, summer, and fall of 1973, the Survey sampled 250
lakes in 17 States. Over 700 algal species and varieties were
identified and enumerated from the 743 water samples examined.
This report presents the species and abundance of phytoplankton
in the 4 lakes sampled in the State of West Virginia (Table 1). The
Nygaard's Trophic State (Nygaard 1949), Palmer's Organic Pollution
(Palmer 1969), and species diversity and abundance indices are also
included.
TABLE 1. LAKES SAMPLED IN THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
STORET No. Lake Name County
5401 Bluestone Reservoir Summers
5402 Lake Lynn Reservoir Monongalia
(Cheat Lake)
5403 Summersville Reservoir Nicholas
5404 Tygart Reservoir Taylor
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
LAKE AND SITE SELECTION
Lakes and reservoirs included in the Survey were selected through
discussions with State water pollution agency personnel and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Regional Offices (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency 1975). Screening and selection strongly emphasized
lakes with actual or potential accelerated eutrophication problems.
As a result, the selection was limited to lakes:
(1) impacted by one or more municipal sewage treatment plant
outfalls either directly into the lake or by discharge to an
inlet tributary within approximately 40 kilometers of the
lake;
(2) 40 hectares or larger in size; and
(3) with a mean hydraulic retention time of at least 30 days.
Specific selection criteria were waived for some lakes of particular
State interest.
Sampling sites for a lake were selected based on available
information on lake morphometry, potential major sources of nutrient
input, and on-site judgment of the field limnologist (U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency 1975). Primary sampling sites were
chosen to reflect the deepest portion of each major basin in a test
lake. Where many basins were present, selection was guided by
nutrient source information on hand. At each sampling site, a depth-
integrated phytoplankton sample was taken. Depth-integrated samples
were uniform mixtures of water from the surface to a depth of 15 feet
(4.6 meters) or from the surface to the lower limit of the photic zone
representing 1 percent of the incident light, whichever was greater.
If the depth at the sampling site was less than 15 feet (4.6 meters),
the sample was taken from just off the bottom to the surface.
Normally, a lake was sampled three times in 1 year, providing
information on spring, summer, and fall conditions.
SAMPLE PREPARATION
Four milliliters (ml) of Acid-Lugol's sollution (Prescott 1970)
were added to each 130-ml sample from each site at the time of
collection for preservation. The samples were shipped to the
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada,
where equal volumes from each site were mixed to form two 130-ml
composite samples for a given lake. One composite sample was put into
storage and the other was used for the examination.
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Prior to examination, the composite samples were concentrated by
the settling method. Solids were allowed to settle for at least 24
hours prior to siphoning off the supernate. The volume of the
removed supernate and the volume of the remaining concentrate were
measured and concentrations determined. A small (8 ml) library
subsample of the concentrate was then taken. The remaining
concentrate was gently agitated to resuspend the plankton and poured
into a capped, graduated test tube. If a preliminary examination of a
sample indicated the need for a more concentrated sample, the contents
of the test tube were further concentrated by repeating the settling
method. Final concentrations varied from 15 to 40 times the original.
Permanent slides were prepared from concentrated samples after
analysis was complete. A drop of superconcentrate from the bottom of
the test tube was placed in a ring of clear Karo"Corn Syrup with
phenol (a few crystals of phenol were added to each 100 ml of syrup)
on a glass slide, thoroughly mixed, and topped with a coverglass.
After the syrup at the edges of the coverglass had hardened, the
excess was scraped away and the mount was sealed with clear fingernail
polish. Permanent diatom slides were prepared by drying sample
material on a coverglass, heating in a muffle furnace at 400 C for 45
minutes, and mounting in Hyrax. Finally, the mounts were sealed with
clear fingernail polish.
Backup samples, library samples, permanent sample slides, and
Hyrax-mounted diatom slides are being stored and maintained at the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory-Las Vegas.
EXAMINATION
The phytoplankton samples were examined with the aid of binocular
compound microscopes. A preliminary examination was performed to
precisely identify and list all forms encountered. The length of this
examination varied depending on the complexity of the sample. An
attempt was made to find and identify all of the forms present in each
sample. Often forms were observed which could not be identified to
species or to genus. Abbreviated descriptions were used to keep a
record of these forms (e.g., lunate cell, blue-green filament,
Navicula #1). Diatom slides were examined using a standard light
microscope. If greater resolution was essential to accurately
identify the diatoms, a phase-contrast microscope was used.
After the species list was compiled, phytoplankton were enumerated
using a Neubauer Counting Chamber with a 40X objective lens and a 10X
ocular lens. All forms within each field were counted. The count was
continued until a minimum of 100 fields had been viewed, or until the
dominant form had been observed a minimum of 100 times.
©Registered Trademark
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QUALITY CONTROL
Internal quality control checks on species identifications and
counts were performed on a regular basis between project phycologists
at the rate of 7 percent. Although an individual had primary
responsibility for analyzing a sample, taxonomic problems were
discussed among the phycologists.
Additional quality control checks were performed on the Survey
samples by Dr. G. W. Prescott of the University of Montana at the
rate of 5 percent. Quality control checks were made on 75 percent
of these samples to verify species identifications while checks were
made on the remaining 25 percent of the samples to verify genus counts.
Presently, the agreement between quality control checks for species
identification and genus enumerations is satisfactory.
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RESULTS
The Appendix summarizes all of the phytoplankton data collected
from the State by the Survey. It is organized by lake, including an
alphabetical phytoplankton species list with concentrations for
individual species given by sampling date. Results from the
application of several indices are presented (Nygaard's Trophic State,
Palmer's Organic Pollution, and species diversity and abundance).
Each lake has been assigned a four digit STORET number. [STORET
(STOrage and RETrieval) is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
computer system which processes and maintains water quality data.] The
first two digits of the STORET number identify the State; the last two
digits identify the lake.
NYGAARD'S TROPHIC STATE INDICES
Five indices devised by Nygaard (1949) were proposed under the
assumption that certain algal groups are indicative of levels of
nutrient enrichment. These indices were calculated in order to aid in
determining the surveyed lakes' trophic status. As a general rule,
Cyanophyta, Euglenophyta, centric diatoms, and members of the
Chlorococcales are found in waters that are eutrophic (rich in
nutrients), while desmids and many pennate diatoms generally cannot
tolerate high nutrient levels and so are found in oligotrophic waters
(poor in nutrients).
In applying the indices to the Survey data, the number of taxa in
each major group was determined from the species list for each sample.
The ratios of these groups give numerical values which can be used as
a biological index of water richness. The five indices and the ranges
of values established for Danish lakes by Nygaard for each trophic
state are presented in Table 2. The appropriate symbol, (E) eutrophic
and (0) oligotrophic, follows each calculated value in the tables in
the Appendix. A question mark (?) was entered in these tables when
the calculated value was within the range of both classifications.
PALMER'S ORGANIC POLLUTION INDICES
Palmer (1969) analyzed reports from 165 authors and developed
algal pollution indices for use in rating water samples with high
organic pollution. Two lists of organic pollution-tolerant forms were
prepared, one containing 20 genera, the other, 20 species (Tables 3
and 4). Each form was assigned a pollution index number ranging from
1 for moderately tolerant forms to 6 for extremely tolerant forms.
Palmer based the index numbers on occurrence records and/or where
emphasized by the authors as being especially tolerant of organic
pollution.
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TABLE 2. NYGAARD'S TROPHIC STATE INDICES ADAPTED FROM HUTCHINSON (1967)
Index
Myxophycean
Calculation
Myxophyceae
Desmideae
Oligotrophic
0.0-0.4
Eutrophic
0.1-3.0
Chlorophycean
Diatom
Euglenophyte
Compound
Chlorococcales
Centric Diatoms
Pennate Diatoms
Euglenophyta
Myxophyceae
lopny
+ Ch
lorococcales
Myxophyceae + Chlorococcales +
Centric Diatoms + Euglenophyta
Desmideae
0.0-0.7
0.0-0.3
0.0-0.2
0.0-1.0
0.2-9.0
0.0-1.75
0.0-1.0
1.2-25
TABLE 3. ALGAL GENUS POLLUTION INDEX
(Palmer 1969)
TABLE 4. ALGAL SPECIES POLLUTION
INDEX (Palmer 1969)
Genus
Anacystis
Arikistrodesmus
Chlamydomonas
Chlorella
Closterium
Cyclotella
Euglena
Comphonema
Lepocinclis
Melosira
Micractinium
Navicula
Nitzschia
Oscillator-La
Pandorina
Phacus
Phormidium
Soenedesmus
Stigeooloniwn
Synedra
Pollution
Index
1
2
4
3
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
3
3
5
1
2
1
4
2
2
Species
Pollution
Index
Arik-istyodesmus faloatus
Arthrospira jenneri
imana
Euglena gracilis
Euglena wiridis
Gomphonema parvulum
Melos-Lra varians
Navicula aryptocephala
Nitzschia aeioularis
N-itzschia palea
Oscillatoria ahlorina
Oscillatoria Hmosa
Oscillatoria princeps
Osaillatoria putrida
Oscillatoria tenuis
Pandorina morum
Soenedesmus quadricauda
Stigeooloni/uan tenue
Synedra ulna
3
2
2
2
1
6
1
2
1
1
5
2
4
1
1
4
3
4
3
3
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In analyzing a water sample, any of the 20 genera or species of
algae present in concentrations of 50 per milliliter or more are
recorded. The pollution index numbers of the algae present are
totaled, providing a genus score and a species score. Palmer
determined that a score of 20 or more for either index can be taken as
evidence of high organic pollution, while a score of 15 to 19 is taken
as probable evidence of high organic pollution. Lower figures suggest
that the organic pollution of the sample is not high, that the sample
is not representative, or that some substance or factor interfering
with algal persistence is present and active.
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE INDICES
"Information content" of biological samples is being used
commonly by biologists as a measure of diversity. Diversity in this
connection means the degree of uncertainty attached to the specific
identity of any randomly selected individual. The greater the number
of taxa and the more equal their proportions, the greater the
uncertainty, and hence, the diversity (Pielou 1966). There are
several methods of measuring diversity, e.g., the formulas given by
Brillouin (1962) and Shannon and Weaver (1963). The method which is
appropriate depends on the type of biological sample on hand.
Pielou (1966) classifies the types of biological samples and
gives the measure of diversity appropriate for each type. The Survey
phytoplankton samples are what she classifies as larger samples
(collections in Pielou1s terminology) from which random subsamples can
be drawn. According to Pielou, the average diversity per individual
for these types of samples can be estimated from the Shannon-Wiener
formula (Shannon and Weaver 1963):
S
H = -E P. log Pi
i=l 1 x n
Where P is the proportion of the ith taxon in the sample, which is cal-
culated from n./N; n. is the number of individuals per mi Hi liter of the
ith taxon; N ii the total number of individuals per ml; and S is the total
number of taxa.
However, Basharin (1959) and Pielou (1966) have pointed out that
H calculated from the subsample is a biased estimator of the sample H,
and if this bias is to be accounted for, we must know the total num-
ber of taxa present in the sample since the magnitude of this bias
depends on it.
Pielou (1966) suggests that if the number of taxa in the
subsample falls only slightly short of the number in the larger
sample, no appreciable error will result in considering S, estimated
-------
from the subsample, as being equal to the sample value. Even though
considerable effort was made to find and identify all taxa, the Survey
samples undoubtedly contain a fair number of rare phytoplankton taxa
which were not encountered.
In the Shannon-Wiener formula, an increase in the number of taxa
and/or an increase in the evenness of the distribution of individuals
among taxa will increase the average diversity per individual from its
minimal value of zero. Sager and Hasler (1969) found that the
richness of taxa was of minor importance in determination of average
diversity per individual for phytoplankton and they concluded that
phytoplankton taxa in excess of the 10 to 15 most abundant ones have
little effect on H, which was verified by our own calculations. Our
counts are in number per milliliter and since logarithms to the base
2 were used in our calculations, H is expressed in units of bits per
individual. When individuals of a taxon were so rare that they were
not counted, a value of 1/130 per milliliter or 0.008 per milliliter
was used in the calculations since at least one individual of the
taxon must have been present in the collection.
A Survey sample for a given lake represents a composite of all
phytoplankton collected at different sampling sites on a lake during a
given sampling period. Since the number of samples (M) making up a
composite is a function of both the complexity of the lake sampled and
its size, it should affect the richness-of-taxa component of the
diversity of our phytoplankton collections. The maximum diversity
(MaxH) (i.e., when the individuals are distributed among the taxa as
evenly as possible) was estimated from log,, S, the total diversity (D)
was calculated from HN, and the evenness component of diversity (J)
was estimated from H/MaxH (Pielou 1966). Also given in the Appendix
are L (the mean number of individuals per taxa per milliliter) and K
(the number of individuals per milliliter of the most abundant taxon
in the sample).
Zand (1976) suggests that diversity indices be expressed in units
of "sits", i.e., in logarithms to base S (where S is the total number
of taxa in the sample) instead of in "bits", i.e., in logarithms to
base 2. Zand points out that the diversity index in sits per
individual is a normalized number ranging from 1 for the most evenly
distributed samples to 0 for the least evenly distributed samples.
Also, it can be used to compare different samples, independent of the
number of taxa in each. The diversity in bits per individual should
not be used in direct comparisons involving various samples which
have different numbers of species. Since MaxH equals log S, the ex-
pression in sits is equal to logs S, or 1. Therefore diversity in sits
per individual is numerically equivalent to J, the evenness component
for the Shannon-Wiener formula.
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SPECIES OCCURRENCE AND ABUNDANCE
The alphabetic phytoplankton species list for each lake,
presented in the Appendix, gives the concentrations of individual
species by sampling date. Concentrations are in cells, colonies, or
filaments (CEL, COL, FIL) per milliliter- An "X" after a species name
indicates the presence of the species on that date in such a low
concentration that it did not show up in the count. A blank space
indicates that the organism was not found in the sample collected on
that date. Column S is used to designate the examiner's subjective
opinion of the five dominant taxa in a sample, based upon relative
size and concentration of the organism. The percent column (%C)
presents, by abundance, the percentage composition of each taxon.
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LITERATURE CITED
Basharin, G. P. 1959. On a statistical estimate for the entrophy of a
sequence of independent random variables, pp. 333-336. In N.
Artin (ed.), Theory of Probability and Its Applications
(translation of "Teoriya Veroyatnosei i ee Premeneniya") 4.
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia.
Brillouin, L. 1962. Science and Information Theory (2nd ed.).
Academic Press, New York. 351 pp.
Hutchinson, G. E. 1967. A Treatise on Limnology. II. Introduction
to Lake Biology and the Limnoplankton. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York. 1,115 pp.
Nygaard, G. 1949. Hydrobiological studies of some Danish ponds and
lakes. II. (K danske Vidensk. Selsk.) Biol. Sci. 7:293.
Palmer, C. M. 1969. A composite rating of algae tolerating organic
pollution. J. Phycol. 5:78-82.
Pielou, E. C. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types
of biological collections. J. Theor. Biol. 13:131-144.
Prescott, G. W. 1970. How to Know the Freshwater Algae. William C.
Brown Company, Dubuque. 348 pp.
Sager, P. E. and A. D. Hasler. 1969. Species diversity in laucustrine
phytoplankton. I. The components of the index of diversity from
Shannon's formula. Amer. Natur. 103(929):51-59.
Shannon, C. E. and W. Weaver. 1963. The Mathematical Theory of
Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 117 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1975. National Eutrophication
Survey Methods 1973-1976. Working Paper No. 175. Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory. Las Vegas, Nevada, and
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
91 pp.
Zand, S. M. 1976. Indexes associated with information theory in water
quality. Journal WPCF- 48(8):2026-2031.
10
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APPENDIX. SUMMARY OF PHYTOPLANKTON DATA
This appendix was generated by computer. Because it was only possible
to use upper case letters in the printout, all scientific names are
printed in upper case and are not italicized.
The alphabetic phytoplankton lists include taxa without species
names (e.g., EUNOTIA, EUNOTIA #1, EUNOTIA ?, FLAGELLATE, FLAGELLATES,
MICROSYSTIS INCERTA ?, CHLOROPHYTAN COCCOID CELLED COLONY). When species
determinations were not possible, symbols or descriptive phrases were
used to separate taxa for enumeration purposes. Each name on a list,
however, represents a unique species different from any other name on
the same list, unless otherwise noted, for counting purposes.
Numbers were used to separate unidentified species of the same genus.
A generic name listed alone is also a unique species. A question mark
(?) is placed immediately after the portion of a name which was assigned
with uncertainty. Numbered, questioned, or otherwise designated taxa
were established on a lake-by-lake basis; therefore NAVICULA #2 from
lake A cannot be compared to NAVICULA #2 from lake B. Pluralized categories
(e.g., FLAGELLATES, CENTRIC DIATOMS, SPP.) were used for counting purposes
when taxa could not be properly differentiated on the counting chamber.
11
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LAKE NAME: BLUEST&NE RES.
STOPET NUMBER: 5401
NYGAARD TROPHIC STATE INDICES
DATE 07 16 73 09 26 73
MYXOPHYCFAN
CHLOPOPHYCFAN
EUGLENOPHYTE
DIATOM
COMPOUND
01/0 E
Of/0 E
0.20 ?
0.37 E
09/0 E
2.00 E
6.00 E
0/24 ?
0.62 E
9.67 £
PALMER'S ORGANIC POLLUTION INDICES
DATE 07 18 73 09 26 73
GENUS
SPECIES
05
00
19
02
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE INDICES
DATE
AVERAGE DIVERSITY
NUMBF* OF TAXA
NUMBER OF SAMPLES COMPOSITED
MAXIMUM DIVERSITY MAXH
TCTAL DIVERSITY
TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS/ML
FVfcNESS COMPONENT
MEAN NUMBER OF INOIVIDJALS/TAXA
NUMBER/ML TF MOST ABUNCANT TAXON
07 18 73 09 26 73
H
S
M
;H
D
N
J
L
K
2.30
18.00
2.00
4.17
1957.30
851.00
0.55
47.28
409.00
3.33
43.00
4.00
5.43
24375.60
7320.00
0.61
170.23
1851.00
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LAKE NAM = :
STOR6T
i RFS
CONTINUED
5401
07 18 73
09 26 73
TAXA
ACTINASTRUM HANTZSCHII
ANA3AENA
APHANIZCMENCN ?
CLGSTL'RIOPSIS
CLCSTERIUM ?
CCCCCNEIS PLACENTULA
V. EUGLYPTA
C3ELASTRUM MICROPGRUM
C'JC IGENIA AFICUL ATA
CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA
DACTYLOCOCCOPSIS
DICTYOSPHAERIUM PULCHELLUM
OINOFLAGELLATE
EUGLENA
FLAGELLATES
FRAGILARIA
F'.AGILARIA CFCTCNENSIS
FRANCSIA
GYOOSIGMA SFFNCERII
MELOSIRA DISTANS
MELOSIPA GRANULATA
V. ANGUSTISSIMA
MELOSIFA VARIANS
MICRCCYSTIS AERUGINOSA
MICROCYSTIS INCERTA
NAVICULA
NAVICULA *1
NAVICULA »2
NAVICULA »3
NITZSCHIA
OSCI LLATCRU L IMNtTICA
PiNOC"INA ".CFUf-1
FORM
COL
FIL
FIL
CEL
CEL
CEL
COL
COL
CEL
C5L
COL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
COL
COL
CEL
CEL
CFL
CfEL
CcL
FIL
COL
S
4
2
1
5
%C
4.0
4.0
20.0
46.1
4. D
8.0
ALGAL
UNITS
PER ML
34
34
X
X
170
X
409
X
X
X
X
34
68
S
1
3
5
?C
0.4
0.4
25.3
1.6
8.7
4.3
0.4
15.8
0.4
2.0
0.8
3.2
1.2
ALGAL
UNITS
PER ML
29
29
1851
X
X
116
X
636
318
29
X
1157
X
X
29
X
145
X
X
X
58
X
231
87
X
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LAKE NAME: BLUF5TCNF RES.
STCRET
CONTINUED
07 18 73
09 26 73
TAXA
PcCIASTPUM DUPLEX
V. CLATHRATUM
PEDIASTPUM SIMPLEX
V. CUODENARIUM
PEDIASTRUM TETRAS
\f. TcTRAODCN
SCENEDESMUS #1
SC€NEDESMUS #2
SCENEOESMUS #3
SCENEDESMUS BIJU6A
SCENEDESMUS DENTICULATUS
SCENEDESMUS CIMORPHUS
SCENEDESMUS INTERMEDIUS
V. BICAUCATLS
SCENEDESMUS OPOLIENSIS
STAURASTRUM #1
STAURASTRUM #2
STEPHANODISCLS
SURIRELLA
SYNEDRA #1
SYNECRA OELKATISSIMA
SYNECRA ULNA
V. RAMESI
TtTRAEDfcON MINIMUM
TETRAEDRON MINIMUM
V. SCRCBICULATUM
TREUBARIA
FORM
COL
COL
COL
COL
COL
COL
COL
COL
COL
COL
COL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
S
3
?C
8.0
4.0
ALGAL
UNITS
PER ML
X
68
X
X
1 3*
S
2
4
ALGAL
UNITS
XC PER ML
X
X
X
1.6| 116
2.01 145
0.41 29
0.41 29
1.21 87
1 X
1
0.4| 29
2.4) 174
X
1 X
21.31 1562
1 X
1
4.31 318
1
1
1.21 87
1
1
0.4| 29
TOTAL
851
7320
-------
LAKE NAKP: LAKE LYNN RES.
NUMBER: 5402
NYGAAPD TROPHIC STATE INDICES
DATE 04 24 73 07 28 73 10 05 73
MYXOPHYCEAN
CHLOROPHYCEAN
EUGLENOPHYTE
DIATOM
COMPOUND
0/01 0
0/01 0
01/0 E
0/04 ?
1.00 0
0/0 0
0/0 0
0/0 ?
0/01 ?
0/0 0
0/02 0
1.00 E
0/02 ?
0/01 ?
1.00 0
PALMER'S ORGANIC POLLUTION INDICES
DATE 04 24 73 07 28 73 10 05 73
GENUS
SPECIES
00
00
00
00
00
00
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE INDICES
DATE
AVERAGE DIVERSITY H
NUMBER OF TAXA S
NUMBER OF SAMPLES COMPOSITED M
MAXIMUM DIVERSITY MAXH
TOTAL DIVERSITY D
TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS/ML N
EVENESS COMPONENT J
MEAN NUMBFR OF INDIVI OlMLS/TAXA I
MU^HFP/ML CF MOST AbUNtANT TAXON K
04 24 73 07 28 73 10 05 73
1.92
9.00
3.00
3.17
97.92
51.00
0.61
5.67
21.00
0.00
2.00
3.00
I. 00
0.00
657.00
0.00
328.50
657.00
1.47
7.00
3.00
2.81
1198.05
815.00
0.52
116.43
441.00
-------
LAKE NAME: L4K= LYNN RFS.
STORE? MJM3EB: 5402
CONTINUED
04 24 73
07 28 73
10 35 73
CT>
TAXA
CLOSTPRIUM
COSMARIUM
EUGLENA
EUNCTIA
FLAGELLATE
FLAGELLATES
GLENODINIUM ?
KIRCHNERIELLA
MOUGECTIA
NAVICULA
PINNULARIA
SCENEDESMUS
STIGEOCLONIUM
SYNEORA ULNA
XANTHIDIUM ?
FORM
ciT
CFL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
FIL
CEL
CEL
COL
FIL
CEL
CEL
%c
19.6
19.6
41.2
19.6
ALGAL
UNITS
PER ML
10
10
X
21
X
X
10
X
X
S
%c
100.
ALGAL
UNITS
PER ML
657
X
S tt
1
1
1
1
31 8.1
1
1135.1
2154.1
1
41 1.3
1
1
1
1
51 1.3
ALGAL
UNITS
PER ML
X
66
286
441
11
X
11
TOTAL
51
657
815
-------
LiKF NiME: SLKMcHSVILLF FES.
STOP.ET MJM&gR; 5403
TROPHIC STATE INDICES
DAT? 04 33 73 37 18 73 39 28 73
MYXOPHYCEAN
CHLQRQPHYCEAN
EUGLeNOPHYTc
DIATOM
COMPOUND
1. 00 E
1.00 E
0.50 6
0.37 E
6.00 E
0/0 0
01/0 c
0/01 7
i.oo e
03/0 e
01/0 E
02/0 F
0/03 7
0.60 E
0670 £
PAHER'S ORGANIC POLLUTION INDICES
DATE 04 03 73 07 18 73 09 28 73
AVEPAGE DIVERSITY
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF SAMPLES COMPOSITED
MAXIMUM DIV
TCTAL OIVcRSITY
TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIOUALS/ML
EVENESS COMPONENT
MEAN NUMBER OF INLIVIDJALS/TAXA
CF POST ABJNDATT
GENUS
SPECIES
SPECIES
DATc 0
TY H
XA S
ED M
TY MAXH
TY 0
ML N
NT J
XA L
ON K
03
00
04
00
02
00
DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE INDICES
4 03 73
1.39
16.00
4.00
4.00
139.00
100.00
0.35
6.25
60.00
07 18 73
1.76
6.00
4.00
2.58
1293.60
735.00
0.68
122.50
317.00
09 28 73
2.37
20.00
4.00
4.32
4057.44
1712.00
0.55
85.60
579.00
-------
LAKE N4M£: SIMMERSVILLE PES.
STOt-ET NUMBER: 5403
CONTINUED
00
04 03 73
07 18 73
09 28 73
ACHNANThES PICPOCEPHALA ?
CtNTRIC DIATCM
CENTRITFACTUS ?
CYANGPHYTAN COCC01D CELLED COLONY
CYCLCTELLA STELLIGERA
CYNBELLA
DESMID
OINCBRYON RAVARICUM
OINCBRYCN DIVERGENS
DINOBRYCN SEPTULARIA
DINOFLAGELLATE HI
DINCFLAGELLATE «2
EUNOTIA
FLAGELLATE
FLAGELLATES
GOMPHONEMA
GOMPHCNEHA ?
MALLCMONAS
MELOSIP.A #2
MELOSIRA DISTANS
McLOSIFA GRANULATA
V. ANGUSTISSIMA
NAVICULA SPP.
OSCILLATORIA
PESIDINIUM HISCONS1NENSE
SCFNEUESMUS DIMORPHUS
SCHFCEDERIA SETIGERA
SOHAE'OCYSTIS ? SCHP-OETcRI
SYNEDRA #1
SYNtCRA «2
SYNtCfrA ULNA
V. ?
FORM
CEL
CEL
CEL
COL
CEL
CEL
CEL
C£L
CEL
CEL
CEL
C = L
CEL
CEL
CEL
C6L
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
FIL
CEL
COL
CEL
COL
CEL
CEL
CEL
ALGAL
UNITS
S %C PER ML
I
1
20.0
60.0
X
X
X
X
20
X
X
X
60
X
X
X
ALGAL
UNITS
S ?C PER ML
3
2
1
5
4
6.8
43.1
38.6
2.3
9.1
50
317
284
17
67
X
ALGAL
UNITS
S %C PER ML
1
5133.8
3
2
4
1
14.1
26.2
0.7
1.4
7.8
1.4
12.0
0.7
579
X
X
241
X
X
X
482
12
24
X
133
X
24
205
X
12
X
X
-------
Ltf.f NflMf: SUMMERSVILLF RtS.
SlOf-ET NUMBER: 5403
TAXA
TiBtLLASIA FLOCCULOSA
TfTKAEOPCN RCGULARE
V. INCUS
TPSCHELOMONAS
ULOTHRIX 7
CONTINUED
04 03 73
07 Id 73
09 2S 73
FORM
CEL
CEL
CEL
FIL
ALGAL
UNITS
S ZC PER ML
1 1 x
1 1
120.01 20
\ 1 X
1 1 X
ALGAL
UMTS
S «C PER ML
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
ALGAL
UNI rs
S *C PER ML
1 1 X
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
TOT4L
100
735
1712
-------
LAKE NAME: TVGART RRS.
STCRET NUMBER: 5404
NYGAARO TROPHIC STATE INDICES
DATE 04 23 73 07 28 73 10 05 73
MYXDPHYCEA'J
CHLOPOPHYCcAN
EUGLENOPHYTE
DIATOM
COMPOUND
0/0 0
0/0 G
0/0 ?
0.20 ?
01/0 E
0/0 0
02/0 E
0/02 ?
01/0 E
03/0 E
03/0 E
03/0 E
0/06 ?
1.50 F
09/0 E
ro
o
PALMER'S ORGANIC POLLUTION INDICES
DATE 04 23 73 07 28 73 10 05 73
GENUS
SPECIES
00
00
00
00
09
00
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE INDICES
DATE
AVERAGE DIVERSITY
NUMBER OF TAXA
NUM6FR OF SAMPLES COMPCSITSD
MAXIMUM •HVCRSITY MAXH
TCTAL II
TCTAL NU,WBFR OF INDI V I3UA LS /ML
EVFKESS COMPONENT
NUMp.rP OF INUIVIDOALS/TAXA
/KL rf MOS~ ABJNCAMT TO XON
04 23 73 07 28 73 10 05 73
H
s
M
:H
0
N
J
L
K
2.51
10.00
3.00
3.32
529.61
211.00
0.76
21. 10
57.00
1.92
6.00
3.00
2.58
399.36
208.00
0.74
34.67
69.00
2.72
13.00
5.00
3.70
2662.88
979.00
0.74
75.31
287.00
-------
LAKE NAME: TYGAPT RES.
STORET NUMBEfc: 5404
CONTINUED
04 23 73
07 23 73
10 05 73
TAXA
ANKISTRODtSMLS
CENTRIC DIATCM
CYCLOTELLA
CYM3ELLA
DACTYL OCOCCOPSIS
DINOBRYJN SEfiTULARIA
DINOFLAGELLATE
FLAGELLATE #1
FLAGELLATE #2
FLAGELLATES
GLENODINIUM
GLfcNCOINIUM *2
GCMPHONFMA
KIPCHNEPIELLA
MtLOSIRA DISTANS
MtLOSIRA VARIANS
MICRCCYSTIS AERUGINGSA
NAVICULA ?
NITZSCHIA
PcMNATE DIATCM
Pifn IDINIUM
PHCRMIOIUM NUCICOLA
SC ?N£DESMUS
SCENEDESMJS INTERMEDIUS
V. 6ICAUDATLS
SCHPCEOERIA SETIGEFA
SUPIRELLA ANGUSTATA
FORM
CEL
C£L
CtL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
CEL
C:L
CEL
CEL
CEL
COL
C = L
CEL
CEL
CSL
COL
COL
COL
CEL
CEL
ALGiL
UNITS
S
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-103
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOf*NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN WEST VIRGINIA LAKES
5. REPORT DATE
September 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
V.W. Lambou, F.A. Morris, M.K. Morris, L.R. Williams,
W.D. Taylor. F.A. Hiatt, S.C. Hern, J.W. Hilgert
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas. NV 89114
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BA608
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Las Vegas, NV
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas. NV 89114
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
03-07-73 to 11-14-73
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/07
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Previously released in limited distribution No, 693 in the Working Paper Series
for the National Eutrophication Survey.
16. ABSTRACT
This is a data report presenting the species and abundance of phytoplankton
in 4 lakes sampled by the National Eutrophication Survey in the State of West
l/irginia. Results from the calculation of several water quality indices are also
included (Nygaard's Trophic State Index, Palmer's Organic Pollution Index, and
species diversity and abundance indices).
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
*aquatic microbiology
lake
*phytoplankton
water quality
West Virginia
lake eutrophication
Nygaard's trophic indicejs
Palmer's organic pollu-
tion indices
Species diversity and
ahimriflnrp
06 C
08 H
13 B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF
28
PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA f»rm 1220-1 (t-7»)
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977-785-008/1008 REGION NO.9-:
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