United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Corvallis OR 97330
EPA-600 3-78-086a
September 1978
Research and Development
oEPA
DISPERSION OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE DISCHARGED
INTO NEW YORK BIGHT
Physical Oceanographic Uata
December 1974
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4 Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6 Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7 Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8 "Special" Reports
9 Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series. This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal spe-
cies, and materials. Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term influ-
ences. Investigations include formation, transport, and pathway studies to deter-
mine the fate of pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical basis
for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms in the
aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/3-78-086a
September 1978
DISPERSION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE DISCHARGED INTO NEW YORK BIGHT
Physical Oceanographic Data December 1974
A. M. Teeter, R. J. Callaway, and D. W. Denbo
Marine and Freshwater Ecology Branch
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
CORVALLIS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CORVALLIS, OREGON 97330
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Con/all is Environmental Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publica-
tion. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
n
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FOREWORD
Effective regulatory and enforcement actions by the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency would be virtually impossible without sound scientific data on
pollutants and their impact on environmental stability and human health.
Responsibility for building this data base has been assigned to EPA's Office
of Research and Development and its 15 major field installations, one of which
is the Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory (CERL).
The primary mission of the Corvallis Laboratory is research on the
effects of environmental pollutants on terrestrial, freshwater, and marine
ecosystems; the behavior, effects and control of pollutants in lake systems;
and the development of predictive models on the movement of pollutants in the
biosphere.
This report describes work performed in New York Bight as one aspect of
an EPA study relating to the discharge of wastes from the New York-New Jersey
metropolitan area. It is one of a series of four data reports relating spe-
cifically to digested sewage sludge discharged from vessels operated by the
City of New York.
A. F. Bartsch
Director, CERL
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ABSTRACT
This volume contains physical oceanographic data collected at the sewage
sludge disposal site near the Appex of New York Bight December 18 through 21,
1974. An optical tracer method was used to measure the water column distr-
ibution of waste material with time after discharge. Profiles with depth were
taken for 2 to 4 hours after waste discharge. Ambient temperature-salinity-
density profiles and current measurements were also taken.
This report covers a period from June 1974 to May 1975 and work was
completed as of May 1976.
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgments vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Cruise Outline 3
3. Instumentation and Calibration 7
4. Field Procedures 13
5. Data Processing 16
References 18
Appendix: Data from December 1974 Cruise 19
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Mr. E. 0. Wagner and Capt. E. D. Hansen of the New
York City Department of Water Resources for arranging sludge vessel sampling
and vessel operations in the field.
Personnel from the Surveillance and Analysis Group under Mr. Richard
Dewling in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Edison, New Jersey, Labora-
tory were helpful in many aspects of this work.
Dr. Jack Pearce of the Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory supplied us with
storage, dock space and other amenities without which a difficult operation
would have been more so.
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This is the second volume of a projected series of data reports on a
study of municipal wastes discharged from sludge carrying vessels in the New
York Bight area (Figure 1). Preliminary analysis of the data has been given
by Callaway et al. (1976). Sludge, defined as a residue from primary and/or
secondary waste treatment operations, and other waste materials have been
dumped in the Bight area for many years. The effect of these materials has
been experienced in the Bight area for many years; and the impact on the
endemic fauna and flora has been the subject of extensive study (e.g. Pearce,
1972) and considerable controversy.
It is estimated that 4.3 million wet tons of sewage sludge were trans-
ported to sea and discharged during 1975 (Hansler, 1976). The existing dump-
ing ground is alleged to be overloaded and too close to the longshore resi-
dential and recreational areas of New York and Long Island. For this reason,
new dumping grounds further offshore have been identified and considered for
use (EPA, 1976).
After discharge from a sludge vessel, the wastes are transported and
diffused throughout the water column. Particles settle at varying rates de-
pending on their settling velocities, flocculation rates and initial momen-
tum. The accumulation of sludge particles on the bottom depends on the above
factors plus the current distribution and turbulent mixing within the water
column. Resuspension of particles can occur if the current near the bottom is
strong enough. The complexity of this process is obvious. To predict the
fate of materials, a mathematical model is needed which will simulate as much
detail of the physics as possible.
In this volume, physical oceanographic measurements made j_n situ during
the December 1974 cruise are presented. In addition, descriptions of instru-
ments, procedures, and processing are given for both the June 1974 cruise and
the December 1974 cruise. The following sections explain measurement tech-
niques, instrument performance, and data treatment. The data for the December
1974 cruise are presented in the Appendix. The data for the June 1974 cruise
appears in Appendix B of Ditsworth et al. (1975), although the instruments
used to make the measurements and the field and processing methods used are
included in this volume.
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-40°40
h40°30'
SANDY'
HOOK
I FROM COS CHARTI
1108
AMBROSE
LIGHT
I
Permit Dump Zone
o
in
ft)
(s-
i I
o
ro
lo
N
I I I I
O
CM
o
ro
i^
FIRE ISLAND
o
ro
h-
Figure 1. Sewage sludge disposal area in New York Bight.
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SECTION 2
CRUISE OUTLINE
JUNE 1974 CRUISE
The objective of this cruise was to develop observational techniques and
to observe the normal underway discharge method. The Atlantic Twin, a twin
hull vessel of 28 meters overall length, was chartered for use from June 27 to
July 2. Cruise participants were: R. J. Callaway, field party chief, G. R.
Ditsworth, A. Teeter, and A. Yartzoff, of the Environmental Protection Agen-
cy's Corvallis (Oregon) Environmental Research Laboratory.
On June 27, the sludge vessel Newtown Creek was intercepted; radio con-
tact was established and starting and finishing dump times fixed. The vessel
carries about 3,000 m3 of sludge and discharges vertically through 16 0.43 m
diameter ports. The Atlantic Twin was then positioned in the sludge wake
(which was visible) and sampling began. A parachute drogue, set to about 3
meters, was thrown overboard to assist in tracking the waste field. Suspended
sediment samples were collected and temperature-salinity and current profiles
taken.
On June 30, a transect was made between New York Harbor through the
existing dumping ground and to buoy NB off Fire Island. This same transect
was made during earlier cruises (reported in Ditsworth, et. al. (1975)).
Suspended sediment samples, temperature-salinity and light transmittance
profiles were made.
On July 1, the sludge tankship Owls Head was intercepted in the dumping
ground and discharged while underway. The vessel carries about 1700 m3 of
sewage sludge and discharges vertically through 12 port openings, each 0.36 m
in diameter. Drogues were deployed into the visible wake and sampling begun.
Suspended sediment samples were taken. Transmittance profiles were made with
a Bendix Model C-2 extinction transmissometer with a one meter path length.
Temperature-salinity profiles and current profiles were made to characterize
these ambient conditions and to provide data for computing vertical diffusion
coefficients. Sampling continued for about two hours after the discharge.
The natural turbidity in the surface layer and the increased turbidity
caused by the sludge discharge were too high to measure accurately with the
transmissometer used on this cruise. However, data are useful in excluding
regions of the water column from the immediate influence of the sludge dump.
The data collected from this cruise are presented in Appendix B of Ditsworth
et al. (1975). Sampling locations are shown in Figure 1 and Tables 1, 2 and 3
of that report. Navigation was performed with a model 101 Decca radar set and
Loran A. Fixes are repeatable to about 450 meters. The absolute position is
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not too important as a Lagrangian experiment was indicated and we attempted to
stay in the sewage field. Possible data interpretation errors relate to our
inability to determine what part of the narrow sewage field we were in, i.e.,
a fictitious concentration decay with time might result from sampling the
borders of the field.
DECEMBER 1974 CRUISE
The second survey to sample sludge wastes was conducted from December 18
through 21. The Atlantic Twin was again chartered. Participants were: R. J.
Callaway, field party chief, G. R. Ditsworth, A. Teeter, and D. Browne.
Arrangements were made with the New York City Environmental Protection Agency
to have their sludge vessels enter the dumping ground as usual but to unload
the wastes at a stop rather than while underway. Samples were also obtained
from the vessel prior to departure.
Before the arrival of the NYC vessel in the dumping ground, background
samples were obtained in the vertical for temperature, salinity, suspended
sediments and light transmission. On December 18, the vessel Newtown Creek
was in radio contact with us and established the start and stop times of
discharge, which took 6 minutes. The discharge was not at a complete halt
because of tides and winds to 25 knots; the intitial patch size was about 45-
70 meters in diameter.
After the Newtown Creek moved out, the Atlantic Twin backed, in and re-
mained stern to for the duration of the sampling. The discharge patch was
easily discerned by color and by the slick. Once in the patch, the salinity-
temperature- transmittance-depth profiling instrument (STD) was lowered; this
set the suspended sediment sampling interval which was used almost exclu-
sively: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 meters. The STD visual records for the first few
rounds were erratic but the trend could be detected. The trouble was due to
slip ring problems in the electric winch. The transducer was then raised and
lowered by hand and the problem was circumvented.
A summary of station times, locations, and the type of sampling done
appears in Tables 1, 2, and 3. Station numbers indicate the month, day, year
and sampling sequence of that day, respectively.
During the first day of sampling, the wind action was strong enough to
completely mix the water column: temperature and salinity showed very little
gradient. Light transmission also showed little gradient. After dumping, the
most significant change was, of course, in transmittance. Rather good records
were made of this event in conjunction with other profile features. A col-
lapse phase was not obvious--the waste cloud did not contract vertically. On
the second day of sampling the winds lessened and a double mixed layer devel-
oped for the remainder of the cruise, measuring currents at 2.5 meters depth.
A similar sampling scheme was followed again on the second and the third day
of the December cruise observing the discharge of the Newtown Creek.
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TABLE 1. SAMPLING NEW YORK BIGHT:
DECEMBER 18, 1974
WAKE OF DISPOSAL VESSEL NEWTOWN CREEK,
Station
121874-1
121874-2
121874-3
121874-4
121874-5
121874-6
Time*
Begin End
0750
0946
1110
1230
1328
1412
0850
1100
1202
1301
1355
1420
Latitude
40°24.9'N
40°24.9'N
40°25.8'N
40°24.6'N
40°24.4'N
40°24.2'N
Longitude
73°44.8'W
73°44.8'W
73°44.3'W
73°43.8'W
73°41.7'W
73°44.8'W
Parameter**
X
X,X,X,X, TSM
X,X, TSM
X,X, TSM
X, TSM
X
* Eastern Standard Time
** Parameter
X Profile with CSTD instrument; the number of profiles made at each
station are indicated by the number of X's.
TSM Water samples collected for total suspended matter.
TABLE 2. SAMPLING NEW YORK BIGHT: WAKE OF DISPOSAL VESSEL NEWTOWN
CREEK
, DECEMBER
19, 1974
Station
121974-1
121974-2
121974-3
121974-4
121974-5
121974-6
Begi
0842
1235
1323
1430
1529
1600
Time*
n End
0955
1256
1409
1502
1540
1602
Latitude
40°24.7'N
40°24.7"N
40°24.7'N
40°25.3'N
40°25.0'N
40°25.7'N
Longitude
73044. 7' W
73°44.7'W
73°44.1"W
73°42.7'W
73°41.7'W
73°45.3'W
Parameter**
X,X, TSM
X,X,X, TSM
X,X,X, TSM
X,X, TSM
X, TSM
X
* Eastern Standard Time
** Parameter
X Profile with CSTD instrument; the number of profiles made at each
station are indicated by the number of X's.
TSM Water samples collected for total suspended matter.
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TABLE 3. SAMPLING NEW YORK BIGHT: WAKE OF DISPOSAL VESSEL NEWTOWN
CREEK, DECEMBER 20, 1974
Station
122074-1
122074-2
122074-3
122074-4
Time*
Begin
1007
1020
1117
1232
End
1010
1043
1153
1232
Latitude
40
40
40
40
°24.
°24.
°?4.
°23.
7'
7'
V
8'
N
N
N
N
Longitude
73°44.
73°44.
73°44.
73°45.
7
7
9
0
'W
'W
'W
'Wd
Parameter**
X
X
X
X
, TSM
,X, TSM
,X,X
* Eastern Standard Time
** Parameter
X Profile with CSTD instrument; the number of profiles made at each
station are indicated by the number of X's.
TSM Water samples collected for total suspended matter.
a Position not located by navigation. Latitude and longitude estimated
from drift between stations 122074-2 and 122074-3.
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SECTION 3
INSTRUMENTATION AND CALIBRATION
BECKMAN MODEL RS5-3 PORTABLE SALINOMETER
This instrument was used to measure salinity, conductivity, and tempera-
ture at various depths in the water column. Similar units have been tested by
the National Oceanographic Instumentation Center, National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration (NOAA), USDC, Washington, D.C. (NOAA, 1970). Performance
test data typical of these units are as follows:
Temperature
Range 0° to 40°C
Accuracy -1.20° to +0.25°C
Nonlinearity +0.50°C
Conductivity
Range 0 to 60 mmhos/cm
Accuracy -0.16 to 0.05 mmhos/cm
Nonlinearity +0.05 mmhos/cm
Salinity
Range 0 to 40 ppt
Accuracy -0.31 to +0.38 ppt
Instrument calibration consisted of conductivity checks against a resis-
tance loop, and salinity samples taken during the cruise. The test loop
consists of a precision (0.05%) resistor and a short length of wire. Conduc-
tivity readings taken with this loop through the conductivity head are reduced
in Figure 2. The indication is that there was a long-term stability problem
with conductivity resulting in a drift of the daily mean of 0.5 mmhos/cm
during the four-day December cruise. Twenty-nine salinity samples were taken
and analyzed on a Plessey 6220 inductive lab salinometer. The mean error
between these "true" values and those obtained in the field with the RS5 was
0.361 ppt, and the standard deviation of the error was 0.240 ppt.
BENDIX ALPHA METER MODEL C-2, S-4
This instrument measures turbidity in water by comparing the intensity of
a beam of light projected to the intensity of that received after passing
through a one meter length of water. The loss of intensity is due to absorp-
tion and scattering by suspended material, although a small amount of scat-
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FIELD CALIBRATION DRIFT - RS3-5
Q- 29 3
O °
O
y 29.2
c/) pq I
LU t-^''
o:
O 29 O
00 c-^'V
cr
p
28.9
C/)
o 28,8
O
o
28.7
28.6
28.5
B
D
1
C\J
\
CD
D
1
CO
CJ
D
1
04
D DATA POINT
DAILY MEAN
VALUE
CD (D CD
CALIBRATION DATE
Figure 2. Field calibration data for the Beckman RS3-5,
8
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tered light does find its way to the detector (McCluney, 1975). Any change in
the intensity of the light source is compensated for automatically. This
measurement is intended as a qualitative indicator of the distribution of
suspended materials. The transmittance as read from the instrument is con-
verted to an extinction coefficient, alpha. Alpha (A) is defined as equal
to (1/d) InT, where d is path length in meters and T is transmittance. This
extinction coefficient can then be compared to concentration of suspended
material, although it is also a function of the response spectrum of the
instrument and certain properties of the particulates. This instrument,
fitted with Wratten 45 filters, has a peak spectral sensitivity of 480 nano-
meters and a half band width of 30-40 nanometers. The manufacturer states the
accuracy of this instrument as 3 percent. Calibration in the field consists
of adjusting the lamp current and balancing the detectors to a pre-calibrated
value in air. The useful range of the instrument is thought to be 3 to 90
percent transmittance, since the possible inaccuracies in transmittance make A
values very qualitative outside these limits. Therefore, the useful range of
the extinction coefficient, alpha, is from about 0.1 m-1 to 3.5 m-1.
INTEROCEANS CSTD-TR IN SITU MONITOR
This instrument consists of a multi-parameter probe which is lowered
through the water column and a digital readout, analog recorder and digital
magnetic tape recorder on deck. Installed on the probe are a platimum wire
temperature sensor, inductive conductivity sensor, strain gauge pressure
transducer, a thermistor network used to convert conductivity to salinity, and
a 10 cm extinction transmissometer. Analog signals are generated within the
probe corresponding to conductivity, salinity, temperature, depth, and per-
centage of light transmission. These signals are recieved by (a) digital
display readout, (b) digital magnetic tape recorder and (c) 4 channel analog
recorder. Digitizing takes place in the former two units.
The manufacturer's specifications of the model 513 are as follows:
Parameter Range Precision Time Constant
Conductivity 0-65 mmhos/cm ±0.02 mmhos/cm 20 msec
Salinity 0-45 ppt ±0.02 ppt 1.4 sec
Temperature -5° to +45°C ±0.02°C 60 msec
Depth 0-100 m ±0.3 m 60 msec
Turbidity 0-100% ±2% 50 msec
Calibration testing was performed at the Southwest Regional Calibration
Center, NOAA, between August and October, 1974. Temperature, salinity, con-
ductivity, and depth (pressure) reading from the instrument were checked
against precision equipment and traceable standards. Depth testing consisted
of two cycles each at four temperatures (0°, 5°, 10°, 20°C) and seven depths,
(20, 25, 30, 35, 50, 100 m), a total of 56 points. The error range was found
to be -0.15 to 0.8 m, repeatability was better than 0.3 m, and linearity of
the depth error with depth was 0.5 m. Results from these test points were
subjected to regression analysis. A good correlation was found between depth
error, depth, and temperature. The regression correlation coefficient was
0.87. The standard deviation of the residuals from the regression curve was
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0.14 m. The range of the residuals was -0.24 to +0.26 m. Temperature,
conductivity, and salinity testing consisted of three cycles each at five
temperatures (0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°C), and at four salinities (20, 26, 30, 34
ppt). Regression analysis also was performed on these data. The constants
from the regression equation were used as a correction function during data
processing.
Table 4 briefly summarizes the calibration data, variables used in the
regression, and the residuals from that regression.
TABLE 4. CALIBRATION DATA AND ERROR ANALYSIS INFORMATION ON INTEROCEANS CSTD
Conductivity (C)
mmhos/cm
NOIC SRCC DATA
Error Range
Max 0.107
Min -0.085
Mean Error 0.035
Standard Dev.
of error 0.035
Error Analysis
Independent
variables used
in regression C, C3, T
Standard Deviation
of Residuals 0.018
Salinity (S) Temperature (T) Depth (D)
ppt °C m
0.137
-1.193
0.031
0.087
S, S3
0.025
0.049
-0.027
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.8
-0.15
0.39
0.27
D, D2, D3,
T2, T3
0.14
The long-term stablility of the instrument was checked over a 6 week
period before taking it into the field. An American Instruments Bath, Hewlett
Packard Quartz Thermometer, and Plessey 6220 lab salinometer were used. Nine
cycles were completed between 1° and 17°C, and 29.5 to 32.5 ppt with no ap-
parent calibration shift.
A small number of seperate measurements and samples were collected in the
field for comparison with the STD data. Six samples were collected for salin-
ities and reversing thermometer temperatures during the December cruise. Of
these, two samples were taken in the thermocline layer. The temperature
gradient in this area would cause a depth error in either the STD or reversing
thermometers to be translated into possibly a large temperature error. These
sampling point did yield abnormally high differences with the STD. The fol-
lowing table describes the differences between the mean of the two reversing
thermometers in the same frame and the temperature from the averaged and
standardized STD data.
10
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TABLE 5. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TEMPERATURES MEASURED BY REVERSING THERMOMETERS
AND STD PROFILES
Excluding two Comparison of pairs
All six samples worst cases of reversing therm.
Mean Difference
a
Range
0.01
0.05
0.10 to -0.03
-0.01
0.02
0.01 to -0.03
0.02
0.02
0.005 to
0.05
The following table describes the difference between STD salinity and
samples run on a Plessey 6220 inductive lab salinometer for all six samples
and excluding the same two samples as above.
TABLE 6. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SALINITIES DETERMINED IN SAMPLES AND STD
PROFILES
Excluding worst
All six samples two cases
Mean Difference 0.054 0.032
a 0.034 0.007
Range 0.100 to 0.026 0.039 to 0.026
The transmissometer installed on the probe is an extinction type much
like the Bendix Alpha meter except that the path length is only 10 cm, and the
spectral irradiance covers the entire visible range. The useful range of
extinction coefficient, alpha, is from about 1 m-1 to 35 m-1. Repeatability
was checked and found to be within ±2% transmission withing this range. Field
checks on-the transmissometer consist of an in-air calibration with the lenses
dry.
CURRENT METERS
A Hydro Products Model 460A/465A was used to profile current speed and
direction. The speed sensor is a Savonious rotor which magnetically activates
a switch. A directional vane is magnetically coupled to a potentiometer.
Readings are taken from dial displays on the deck readout. A rotor spindown
test was performed to check bearing conditions. Although this test indicated
that the bearing condition was marginal, the rotor is expected to perform up
to specifications in the speed range in which it was used. Typical accuracy
specifications for this type of rotor are ± 0.05 knots at velocities from 0.05
to 1.0 knots, and ± 0.1 knots at velocities greater than 1.0 knots. An accur-
acy of ± 5° is claimed for the directional sensor.
11
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A Bendix model Q-15 current meter was used to measure current speed and
direction from a moored buoy. The bi-directional ducted impeller can differ-
entiate between forward and reverse flow within the duct. These short term
flows are integrated and the output of the instrument tends to represent the
speed of the net flow. The magnetic heading of the vane is sensed potentio-
metrically. Proportional DC voltages are recorded on a Rustrak strip chart
recorder. The manufacturer claims accuracies of ± 3% in speed and ± 12° in
direction.
12
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SECTION 4
FIELD PROCEDURES
During the June 1974 cruise, station sampling consisted of (1) water
samples for suspended material, (2) vertical profile of currents, (3) salin-
ity-temperature profile, (4) transmittance profile, and (5) salinity samples.
Water samples were collected with a single Niskin bottle. A cast at five
depths required about 12-15 minutes. Subsamples for salinity were drawn from
some of the bottles. Meter wheel depths and wire angles were recorded. The
Hydro Products current meter was lowered in 1.5 m steps from the deck of the
unmoored research vessel. Readings were taken immediately after the desired
depth was reached. Time required was less than 10 minutes for a profile.
Salinity-temperature profiles with the Beckman RS3-5 required about 20 min-
utes. Depth steps of 2 or 4 meters were made by cable markings. Wire angles
were noted several times during each profile. Transmittance profiles with the
Bendix Alpha-meter were made using 1.5 meter depth steps. Cable was metered
out and wire angles recorded. All sample depths, sample number reading times,
wire angles, etc., were entered into a common rough log.
During the second cruise made to study physical conditions in the close
proximity to a sewage sludge discharge, water samples and iji situ measurements
were taken in the waste plume after discharge and continued for about 3 hours.
These stations were sampled for total suspended material (TSM) and size dis-
tribution analysis. Profiles of salinity, temperature and light transmittance
with depth were made with the Interocean CSTD-Tr. Background stations also
were occupied at which hydro-casts for salinity samples and reversing thermom-
eter temperatures, as well as the above, were taken. During a STD profile,
the instrument was lowered and raised at above 0.5 m/sec. Normally this was
done by winch, but during the December cruise a slip ring problem required
that it be done by hand. A continuous analog record of salinity, temperature
and transmittance versus depth was made. The digital magnetic tape recorder
scanned all parameters once per second. Conductivity, salinity, temperature
and depth are scanned in 0.4 seconds, once per second. Total scanning time is
0.7 seconds, 0.1 second for each channel of input. At each eighth scan the
mission time, in hours and minutes, and station identification number were
also recorded.
During the December cruise, water samples were collected for correlation
of transmittance and suspended solids concentration. Samples generally were
taken within 10 minutes of the corresponding STD measurement. This delay
could be a cause for the breakdown of a correlation of those parameters, since
some "patchiness" of the waste plume was observed visually from the boat. The
procedures used for the laboratory correlation of these two parameters is
given by Browne and Call away (1975).
13
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The weather on December 18, 1974 was rather uncertain, so the current
meter deployment was postponed one day. A sketch of the deployment arrange-
ment and hardware is given in Figure 3. A spar type buoy was used for sus-
pending the instrument as it was felt that its characteristic lag in response
to heave forces would minimize the perturbations of the current sensor which
might be caused by short crested waves. The bi-directional ducted impeller
and long vane also helped to smooth out most buoy surges and wave orbital
acceleration. The time constant for the impeller electronics is about 50
seconds. Rustrak strip chart strike rate was once every 2 seconds. Chart
speed was 10 cm per hour.
14
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BUOY ANCHOR
LINE
0-15 CURRENT METER
DUCTED IMPELLER
SPAR BUOY
TOTAL DISPLACEMENT
73 KILOGRAMS
WATER PLANE AREA
.07 METERS2
2.5 M
WEIGHT
0 0.5
SK
SCALE, METERS
Figure 3. Current meter mooring arrangement.
15
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SECTION 5
DATA PROCESSING
Data processing was required to decode, apply corrections to, and present
data collected with the STD and Q-15 current meter. The STD data, because of
the method available for recording and the large number of points, were proc-
essed almost entriely by machine. The Q-15 data required manual digitizing,
then processing by available programs.
STD data were processed in two steps. First, a program translated the
magnetic tape cassette into eight columns of data, breaking the file whenever
the recorded identification code changed. Calibration correction functions
were applied during translation. Also, any large stepwise changes in values
were annotated by the program for manual inspection. About 0.25% or fewer
points of a normal data file were found to be erroneous; that is, over 4
standard deviations from surrounding points. These errors possibly were
caused by tape reader error or faults in the tape itself. These points were
deleted from the data file. The second program used in processing was *CSTD.
This program was developed by Donald Denbo and is on public file at Oregon
State University. The program computes salinity, density, density gradient,
and extinction coeffiecient. Salinity was computed using functions from
Perkin and Walker (1971) and sigma-t density from Knudson's equation as
reported by Swoors (1971). Density gradient was computed as
CTt(a) CTt(o)
(1000 + at(Q))AZ
where o±/ \ is the sigma-t density at a reference depth and a., ^ is the
sigma-t density at a depth which is AZ below the reference depth. The incre-
ment depth change, AZ, was one meter. The extinction coefficient alpha as
- (l/d)ln T, where T equals transmittance and d is the path length in meters,
was computed. The program averages by depth intervals and interpolated (ex-
trapolate to 0) to specific depths. Output is in the form of plots and list-
ing.
A program which accepts output from *CSTD profiles and computes a ver-
tical diffusion coefficient defined by
was used'
Temperature and density can be used in this equation, as well as salinity.
The differences between values (which are actually means) compared over vari-
16
-------
ous time and depth intervals were checked for statistical significance to
select the time interval between profiles and the depth interval within each
profile for computation.
The record from the Q-15 was scrutinized and digitized manually. Read-
ings were picked off the record at 10 minute intervals. Direction was cor-
rected for local magnetic variation. Programs which are available on public
file at Oregon State University's computer system were used to analyze the
data. Those current speeds outside the 0 to 1 knot range of the instrument
were given the value >1.
Some in situ meaurements required that their depths be corrected for wire
angle. Depths were computed using wire lengths corrected in steps for wire
angle. A constant vessel drift was assumed. Depths at various wire lengths
were found by:
D! = LI Cos 0X
D2 = D! + (L2 - LX) Cos 02
where Dx is the depth at wire length LI and wire angle 0X. D2 is a second
depth at wire length L2 and having a wire angle of 02. This correction method
assumes that cable drag is significant relative to cable weight, probe drag
and probe weight.
Data from the Beckman RS3-5 salinometer were corrected for depth and then
processed by *CSTD program as described in this report.
17
-------
REFERENCES
Callaway, R. J., A. Teeter, D. Browne, and G. Ditsworth. 1976. Preliminary
Analysis of the Dispersion of Sewage Sludge Discharged from Vessels to New
York Bight Waters. In: Proceedings of the Symp. on Mid. At!. Cont. Shelf and
N.Y. Bight, M.G. Gross ed., Amer. Soc. Limn. & Oceano., Lawrence, Kansas.
Browne, D. W. and R. J. Callaway. 1975 (ms). Dispersion of Sewage Sludge
Discharged into New York Bight - Laboratory Studies of the Physical and Set-
tling Characteristics of Sewage Sludge.
Ditsworth, G. R. , R. J. Callaway, and A. M. Teeter. 1975 (ms). Dispersion of
Sewage Sludge Discharged into New York Bight - Total Suspended Material Data.
EPA. 1976. Environmental Impact Statement on the Ocean Dumping of Sewage
Sludge in the New York Bight: Draft February 1976. EPA-2-NY, NJ-Ocean Dump-
ing- 76.
Hansler, G. M. 1976. Statement Before the Subcommittee on Oceanography,
Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation, and the Environment Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries, U.S. House of Representatives. New York, N.Y. March 5,
1976.
McCluney, W. R. 1975. Radiometery of Water Turbidity Measurements. Jour.
Water Poll. Con. Fed., 47(2):252-266.
NOAA, National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center. 1970. Model R55-3 Por-
table Sal inometer. IFS-7011.
NOAA, NOS. 1973. Tide Tables, 1974: East Coast of North and South America.
Pearce, J. B. 1972. The Effects of Solid Waste Disposal on Benthic Commu-
nities in the New York Bight. In: Marine Pollution and Sea Life, Fishing
News, Ltd. pp. 404-411.
Perkin, R. G. and E. R. Walker. 1971. Salinity Calculations from Iji Situ
Measurements. Mar. Sci. Br. Envir. Canada. Pac. Mar. Sci. Rep. 71-1.
Swoors, H. E. 1971. A comparison of Methods Used to Calculate Sigma-T,
Specific Volume Anomaly and Dynamic Height. Mar. Tech. Soc. Journ. 5(3):7-26.
18
-------
APPENDIX
DATA FROM DECEMBER 1974 CRUISE
The processed data from the STD and current meter appear sequentially in
this appendix. Data sheets are arranged so that the time series currents and
tidal information for each day appear first followed by water column profiles
in order. Note that there are no current meter data for the first day.
Currents are described by time series readings at 10 minute intervals. Out of
range readings are described as >1. Predicted times and heights of time at
Sandy Hook are from National Ocean Survey's tide tables (NOAA, NOS, 1973).
The profiles were generated by reordering the data point by increasing
depth, averaging by one meter intervals, and interpolating to one meter
intervals. The zero meter value is extrapolated, since the smallest depth at
which measurements are made was about one-half meter. This causes some pe-
culiar negative values to appear as percent transmission reading because of
the very high near-surface gradient this variable can exhibit in the presence
of dumping activities. In these cases, the extinction coefficient does not
compare to the transmittance at zero meters, but was extrapolated from greater
depths. Since the extinction coefficient is a linear function of the concen-
tration of the sludge material, it is of greater value here.
The affect of the averaging technique used is to merge the down and up
casts of the STD into one profile, cancelling the lag effects caused by the
response time of the sensors and the scanning time of the recorder. The
weight of either the down or up casts in this merger depends on the relative
lowering/raising rate, since the sampling interval is constant. The resulting
curVe lies closer to the slower half of the profile, which is reasonable since
the slower cast would have a smaller lag effect. The down and up casts were
done at approximately the same speed, however.
Figure A-l shows an example profile and the response lag which the
platinum wire temperature sensor exhibits in a thermocline. The results from
the down and up casts of the instrument lie below and above, respectively, the
averaged profile. The averaged profile was averaged in one meter intervals.
The three curves merge above and below the thermocline.
A summary of station times, locations, and the type of sampling done
appears in Tables 1, 2, and 3.
The transmittance readings presented have been rounded off to the nearest
percent. The extinction coefficients were computed from the higher resolution
readings which the instrument gives. This causes some extinction coefficients
to be slightly different even though the percent transmission appears to be
the same. The dimensions of alpha in the listing is m-1 not m-1.
19
-------
a
2 .
4
6
8
10
12
7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0 9,5 10,0 10,5 11,0
1G .
IB .
20 .
22
W
in
x
;o
29,5 30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0 33,5
Figure A-l.
Averaged salinity and temperature profiles enveloped by down and
up casts showing the thermal-lag effects on the temperature
sensor.
20
-------
TIDES: DECEMBER 18, 1974
Predicted tides at Sandy Hook, N.J.
Time (Zone) Height Ft. (MLW)
0421 0.3
1032 4.3
1653 -0.1
21
-------
STATION 121874-1 0840 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE BEFORE SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
SALINITY
(PPT)
32.28
32.31
32.35
32.36
32.35
32.36
32.35
32.34
32.35
32.36
32.35
32.37
32.35
32.33
32.36
32.35
32.36
32.36
32.37
32.36
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.89
7.89
7.89
7.89
7.90
7.90
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.91
7.90
7.89
7.90
7.90
7.90
7.91
7.92
7.90
7.91
SIGMA-T
25.18
25.20
25.23
25.24
25.23
25.24
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.24
25.23
25.25
25.23
25.22
25.24
25.24
25.24
25.2
-------
STATION 1218/4-2 1003 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE 17 MINUTES AFTER SLUUGE DISCHARGE
»
&
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
0
-2 _
-4 _
-6 _
-B .
-10 .
-12 _
-16 .
-18 .
-20 _
-22
SALINITY
(PPT)
32.19
32.19
32.20
32.2b
32.31
32.34
32.33
32.36
32.39
32.37
32.36
32.38
32.35
32.38
32.39
32.40
32.37
32.39
32.39
32.38
7,0
UJ
UJ
Z
TEMPERATURE
(C)
8.22
8.18
8.14
8.09
8.06
8.Ob
8.05
8.05
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.04
8.00
8.00
8.00
7.99
8.01
8.00
7.99
8.00
SIGMA-T TRANSMIT,
25.06
25.07
25.08
25.13
25.18
25.21
25.19
25.22
25.24
25.23
25.22
25.23
25.22
25.24
25.25
25.26
25.23
25.25
25.25
25.24
-6
4
14
30
45
49
39
46
78
82
82
80
83
84
84
83
83
82
79
78
5.0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
7.5
8.0
8,5
9.0
9.5
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
ALPHA
(M-l)
57.34
37.49
20.46
12.73
8.12
7.22
9.64
8.84
2.46
2.04
2.01
2.18
1.86
1.78
1.79
1.89
1.92
2.04
2.33
2.48
-i «.m
35,0
-I TEHP
10,0
\n
21,0
22,0
23,0
24,0
25,0
n SOL
33,5
-I D6M
26,0
23
-------
STATION 121874-2 1010 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE 24 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.U
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.U
Q
-2 .
-4 .
-B .
-B _
-10 .
-12 .
16 .
18 .
20 .
-22
SALINITY
(PPT)
32.43
32.29
32.22
32.35
32.39
32.39
32.36
32.34
32.36
32.3b
32.37
32.43
32.47
32.46
32.43
32.41
32.35
32.30
32.29
32.44
32.42
32.36
7.0
l/l
o:
LJ
i-
LJ
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.96
8.08
8.11
7.90
7.92
7.96
7.95
7.98
8.00
7.97
7.96
7.90
7.89
7.91
7.88
7.90
7.96
7.93
7.99
7.91
7.88
7.99
SIGMA-T TRANSMIT.
25.29
25.16
25.10
25.23
25.26
25.25
25.23
25.21
25.23
25.23
25.24
25.29
25.33
25.31
25.29
25.28
25.22
25.19
25.17
25.30
25.29
25.23
29
17
19
58
64
58
63
56
56
71
73
75
72
64
77
77
77
77
77
76
75
74
0
5,0 10.0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
30.0 30,5
31,0
i
31,5 32,0 32.5 33.0
21,0
22.0
23,0
24
24,0
25,0
ALPHA
(M-l)
9.99
18.70
20.86
5.45
4.47
5.52
4.60
5.81
5.86
3.40
3.10
2.90
3.37
4.54
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.66
2.59
2.73
2.91
2.96
i H.PH
35,0
-i rcHR
10,0
N)
H4
CD
CD
N>
M.
o
i-*
o
I
I SAL
33.5
1 OEM
26,0
-------
tf
* STATION 121874-2 1030 HRS.
* AT DUMPSITE 44 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE
a
» »*»*«»*»«**&»&*»«««*»««<»«« «»»«««<»»»«****
DEPTH SALINITY TEMPERATURE SIGMA-T
(M) (PPT)
0 32.35
1.0 32.33
2.0 32.31
3.0 32.40
4.0 32.34
5.0 32.34
6.0 32.39
7.0 32.36
8.0 32.30
9.0 32.34
10.0 32.31
11.0 32.21
12.0 32.28
13.0 32.34
14.0 32.42
15.0 32.39
(C)
7.97
7.95
7.93
7.84
7.88
7.94
7.92
7.89
7.89
7.89
7.87
7.90
7.94
7.92
7.84
7.90
0 5.0 10*0
7.Q 7.5
Q
-2 .
-4 .
-6 .
-B .
-10 .
-12 .
-14 .
-1G _
-IB .
-20 .
-22
/
/
£
s ^
UJ ^X^
Z f
1 <
I
1 1
30.0 30.5
21.0 22.0
8.0
aT
'J
S
\
}
i
{
)
/
V
XT
1 1
31.0 31.
23*0
25.22
25.21
25.20
25.28
25.23
25.22
25.26
25.24
25.19
25.22
25.20
25.12
25.17
25.22
25.29
25.26
15*0 20.0
8.5 9.
f
f
s
C
!>
\
Nw
./
»
1
5 32.0
iii
24.0
DISCHARGE
t>ttaattttaatttt-t»ttti>a
TRANSMIT.
(%)
49
51
54
5b
59
57
59
59
53
50
62
66
59
74
82
83
25*0 30.0
0 9.5
r
7
\
P
f
\
s^
y
0
i i
32.5 33.0
25*0
*
a-
««»«««
ALPHA
(M-l)
7.21
6.67
6.13
5.97
5.35
5.56
5.2n
5.24
6.42
7.03
4.97
4.37
5.41
3.07
1.99
1.92
1 PLPH
35,0
10.0
ND
CD
i
N)
o
UJ
o
X
in
33.5
1 OEM
26*0
25
-------
<
v*********************************************************^*
«
B-
STATION 121874-2 1100
HRS.
AT DUMPSITE 74 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE
DISCHARGE
»
H-
tt
***»*****»»****»*»*»» iHHHHHHi-HHUHj ****** ««««««**««* « *»*»***»**
DEPTH SALINITY TEMPERATURE
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
0 -
-2 _
-4 .
-B -
-B ,
-10 .
-14 _
16..
-18 .
-20 .
(PPT)
32.35
32.33
32.35
32.34
32.33
32.32
32.28
32.32
32.26
32.29
32.29
32.26
32.27
32.34
32.35
32.33
32.34
32.34
32.26
32.28
JL2.35
0 5.0
7.0 7.5
A
<
( \
\
l/l \
u }(
i i
/
j
(C)
7.98
7.93
7.90
7.92
7.92
7.93
7.95
7.93
7.95
7.91
7.90
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.93
7.94
7.95
7.94
7.94
7.95
SIGMA-T
25.22
25.21
25.24
25.22
25.22
25.20
25.17
25.20
25.16
25.18
25.18
25.16
25.16
25.22
25.23
25.21
25.22
25.21
25.15
25.17
25.23
10.0 15.0 20,0
8.0 8
T
r
>
(r
'
T
iii
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5
21,0 22,0
23.0
26
.5 9.
C
f
r
/
J
1
\
(
/
^
32,0
24,0
TRANSMIT.
(*)
52
54
57
60
58
55
55
56
57
55
56
54
54
53
52
52
54
54
52
54
57
l i
25.0 30,0
0 9.5
32,5 33,0
25.0
ALPHA
(M-l)
6.57
6.08
5.65
5.15
5.37
5.91
5.98
5.77
5.57
5.93
5.75
6.27
6.21
6.37
6.60
6.52
6.22
6.25
6.45
6.10
5.62
1 tt-PH
35,0
" 1 f£MP
10,0
1---*-
ND
CD
i
K)
o
O
X
in
33,5
26*0
-------
M-
a-
iHHHH .. .. ..
STATION 121
AT DUMPSITE
DEPTH SALINITY
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9,'J
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18. C
19.0
20.0
(PPT)
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.37
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.37
32.36
Q
7.0 7.5
»
874-3 1121 HRS. »
95 MINUTES AFTER
&'$&&&&& &&&&##&#&%
TEMPERATURE S
(C)
7.97
7.98
7.99
7.99
7.98
7.98
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.98
7.9f
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
5,0 10,0 15,0
8.0 8.5
SLUDGE
' -tt tt "t4 & A A <
W W W " W "
IGMA-T
25.22
25.22
25.22
25.22
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.24
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
20,0
9.
DISCHARGE
4t A A H il A ^ H H A >t ii Ji £
w W V W W W Tr W W W W » W fl
TRANSMIT.
(*)
56
58
60
61
62
61
63
63
62
65
65
63
62
63
63
65
66
65
65
64
65
25,0 30,0
0 9.5
»
HHHHHHfr
ALPHA
(M-l)
5.84
5.43
5.12
5.00
4.75
4.87
4.55
4.55
4.72
4.26
4.30
4.56
4.83
4.63
4.55
4.31
4.20
4.30
4.34
4.41
4.23
"1 K.PH
35,0
1 fEHP
10,0
0
-2 .
-4 .
-6 .
-B _
10 _
12 .
16 _
18 .
20 _
22
i 1 1 1 1 1 1 TEHP
7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10,0
f» T s p
{
I
* !
UJ 1
*
*
f
*
9
)
^
5
CD
1
j W
£
X
in
^
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0 33,5
iiiiiiiiii PCN
21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.D
27
-------
STATION 121874-3 1202 MRS.
AT DUMSITt 136 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
UEHTh
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
SALINITY
(PPT)
32.33
32.34
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.37
32.37
32.37
32.37
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.98
7.99
8.00
8. CO
8.00
8.00
7.99
7.99
7.99
7-99
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.96
7.95
7.94
7.94
SIGMA-T
25.20
25.21
25.22
25.22
25.22
25.22
25.22
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.24
25.24
25.24
25.24
iSMIT.
;%)
48
57
65
61
61
59
59
61
61
61
65
66
66
66
66
66
71
72
74
74
ALPHA
(M-l)
7.20
5.64
4.33
5.01
4.95
5.28
5.32
4.89
4.99
4.99
4.34
4.14
4.19
4.09
4.16
4.10
3.40
3.30
3.05
2,96
Q
-2 .
-6 -
-B .
10 .
12 .
16 .
IB .
20 .
77
Q
7.0 7.5
Ul
ir
u
LJ
z
/
ft
1 T T 1 1 1 1 (CPH
5.0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0
ft
J
r
B.Q B.5 J
T
3.0 £
>
5
i itw
3.5 10,0
3
H*
CD
-0
) w
NJ
0
X
3 in
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
21,0
22,0
23,0
28
24,0
25,0
33,5
I DEN
26,0
-------
«
* STATION 121874-4 1231 HRS
«
«
«««««
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
a
-4 !
^ C3 v
£J
10
"
-12 .
-14 .
-1G .
-18 .
-20 .
AT DUMSITE 165 MINUTES AFTER
ttttttaaaaatttttfttttttttH
SALINITY TEMPERATURE S
(PPT)
32.31
32.33
32.34
32.34
32.35
32.34
32.34
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
32.36
Q 5.0
7. Q 7.5
X
f
(
K V
£ )
z /
[
\
1
1
h
(C)
7.93
7.93
7.93
7.93
7.9?
7.93
7.93
7.92
7.9?
7.93
7.93
7.94
7.94
7.93
7.92
7.90
7.90
7.89
7.89
7.89
10,0 15,0
8.0 8.5
T
r
SLUDGE DISCHARGE
««««««««*
IGMA-T
25.20
25.21
25.22
25.22
25.23
25.22
25.22
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.24
25.24
25.24
i?5.24
25. ?4
&&&&&## &»&!>
TRANSMIT.
(%)
47
60
71
70
72
69
72
74
74
71
68
67
66
69
70
77
76
7<+
73
73
20,0 25,0 30,0
9.0
5
i
5
i
9,5
J
)
5
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
21,0 22,0
23,0
29
24.0
25,0
«
«
&
«
««»»»«
ALPHA
(M-l)
7.18
5.19
3.37
3.58
3.26
3.66
3.34
3.07
3.06
3.42
3.79
3.99
4.14
3.78
3.60
2.61
2.69
2.95
3 . .; 9
3.14
35,0
10,0
K)
CO
1
k
fo
w
X
3
in
33,5
2B,0
-------
tttttttttt^tt^^^fttttttt^^^tt^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
* STATION 121874-4 1301 HRS. *
* AT DUMSITE 195 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE *
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.4.Q
SALINITY
(PPT)
32.32
32.34
32.35
32.36
32.35
32.35
32.36
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.35
32.36
32.35
32.35
32.36
32.35
32.36
32.35
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.95
7.95
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.95
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.96
SIGMA-r
25.20
25.21
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.22
25.22
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.23
25.22
25.23
25.23
TRANSMIT.
(*)
64
71
77
78
75
76
77
72
73
71
70
70
72
73
72
71
70
68
69
72
ALPHA
(M-l)
4.44
3.49
2.59
2.52
2.84
2.75
2.59
3.33
3.19
3.40
3.62
3.58
3.22
3.18
3.22
3.39
3.56
3.dO
3.67
3.34
Q _
-2 -
-4 _
-6 .
-B .
10 .
12 .
16 .
18 .
20 .
22
1 , , , , , , . , f^fH
Q 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
1 1 I 1 1 TEMP
7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
(T SO
r
)
*
NJ
CD
1
) *
W
0
X
ID
t>
30.0 30.5 31.0 31,5 32.0 32.5 33.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
30
24.0
25.0
33.5
-1 DEM
26.0
-------
STATION 121874-5 1328 HKS.
AT DUMPSITE 222 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH SALINITY
(M) (PPT)
0 32.34
1.0 32.34
2.0 32.34
3.0 32.34
4.0 32.34
5.0 32.34
6.0 32.34
7.0 32.34
8.0 32.34
9.0 32.35
10.0 32.35
11.0 32.35
12. u 32.34
13.0 32.34
14.0 32.35
15.0 32.35
10.0 32.34
17.0 32.34
18.0 32.34
19.0 32.34
1
Q
i 1
7. Q 7.5
Q
-2 .
-4 _
-6 .
-B .
-10 .
-12 .
-1G .
-18 .
-20 .
-22
ft
i/l
tr %
LJ
h-
LJ
Z
R
1
30,0 30,5
TEMPERATURE SIGMA-T TRANSMIT. ALPHA
(C)
7.85
7.85
7.86
7.87
7.86
7.86
f.Sb
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
7.86
ill
5.0 10,0 15,
i i
e.o 8.5
T
L
Ir
i i
31,0 31,5
21,0 22,0 23,0
31
(%) (M-l)
25.23 77 2.57
25.23 79 2.41
25.23 80 2.27
25.23 80 2.22
25.23 80 2.20
25.23 81 2.16
25.23 82 2.04
25.23 81 2.16
25.23 80 2.17
25.23 81 2.08
25.23 81 2.12
25.23 80 2.24
25.23 80 2.26
25.23 80 2.18
25.24 79 2.33
25.24 80 2.23
25.23 79 2.30
25.23 79 2.37
25.23 79 2.34
25.23 79 2.37
0 20,0 25.0
30.0 35,0
i i i rsw
9.0 9.5 10,0
;
i
j
i
32,0 32,5
T
S
CD
J m
W
CD
x
in
1 1 SAL
33,0 33.5
24,0 25,0 26,0
-------
STATION 121874-6
OUT OF DUMP AREA
1<+14 HRS
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12. a
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
SALINITY
(PPT)
32.31
32.32
32.33
32.32
32.33
32.33
32.32
32.33
32.33
32.33
32.33
32.33
32.33
32.35
32. 3b
32.36
32.37
32.43
32.43
32.44
TEMPERATURE
(C)
8.33
8.33
8.33
8.34
8.33
8.33
8.33
8.33
8.33
8.33
8.33
8.33
8.34
8.3S
8.35
8.35
8.3o
8.41
8.42
8.43
SIGMA-T
25.14
25.14
25.15
25.14
25.15
25.15
25.15
25.15
25.15
25.15
25.15
25.16
25.15
25.17
25.17
25.18
25.18
25.22
25.22
25.23
TRANSMIT.
(%)
87
88
89
88
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
88
86
86
85
ALPHA
(M-l)
1.45
1.32
1.19
1.23
1.16
1.15
1.17
1.15
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.17
1.18
1.22
1.29
1.51
1 .49
1.63
a
-2
-4
-6
-B
-10
-12
14
16
18
20
22
Q 5.0 10,0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30,0
ii i i J i
7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
ul
Q:
UJ
LJ
z
*
i
V*
r
\
\
)
.
I
35.0
i r£np
10,0
fo
CO
i
IT)
^
^^
^^
*
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
21,0
22,0
23,0
32
24,0
25.0
1 SOL
33,5
I DCN
26.0
-------
TIDES: DECEMBER 19, 1974
Predicted Tides at Sandy Hook, N.J.
Time (Zone) Height Ft. (MLW)
1114 4.1
1735 0.1
CURRENTS: DECEMBER 19, 1974
Time-series current measurements at the dump site, 2.5 m depth
Time (Zone) Speed (Knots) Direction (°True)
1120 .12 90
1130 .02 102
1140 .30 114
1150 .20 102
1200 .35 108
1210 .27 108
1220 .55 102
1230 .80 96
1240 .65 96
1250 .95 78
1300 1.0 72
1310 1.0 84
1320 >1.0 90
1330 >1.0 90
1340 >1.0 93
1350 >1.0 96
1400 >1.0 90
33
-------
STATIOIM 131974-1 0845 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE BEFORE SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
0
-2 _
-4 .
-6 _
-B
-10
-12
-16 .
-18 .
-20 .
-22
SALINITY
(PPT)
30.39
30.39
30.39
30.42
30.51
30.73
30.99
31.19
31.42
31.67
31.95
32.55
32.78
32.82
32.84
32.86
32.87
32.88
32.89
32.89
7,0
i/l
cc
u
i-
UJ
z
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.25
7.26
7.28
7.30
7.37
7.51
7.65
7.74
7.84
7.97
8.21
8.51
8.76
8.83
8.86
8.89
8.90
8.92
8.92
8.93
SIGMA-T TRANSMIT
23.79
23.78
23.78
23.80
23.86
24.02
24.20
24.35
24.51
24.69
24.87
25.30
25.44
25.46
25.47
25.48
25.49
25.50
25.50
25.50
87
87
87
87
87
87
88
88
89
90
91
92
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
92
i 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
-r
-r
7,5
8,0
8.5
9,0
9,5
30,0 30,5
31,0
i
31,5 32,0
21,0
22,0
23,0
34
24,0
25,0
ALPHA
(M-l)
1.38
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.38
1.36
1.30
1.24
1.17
1.05
.95
.80
.71
.68
.69
.69
.72
.76
.77
.85
-I BLPH
35.0
-i FCHP
10,0
M
!-»
LD
o
CD
7}
If}
SAL
32,5 33,0 33,5
I 1 1 1 OEM
26,0
-------
*
*
STATION 121974-1 0945 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE BEFORE SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
b.O
6.0
7.0
8.K,
9.0
10. 0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15. 0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
SALINITY
(PPT)
30.22
30.35
30.48
30.63
30.57
30.89
31.06
31.26
31.56
31. 78
32.51
32.90
32.91
32.91
32.92
32.91
32.92
32.92
32.92
32.92
1
0
7,0 7,5
0
-2 _
-4 .
-6 _
st
il^
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.15
7.25
7.36
7.44
7.41
7.t>8
7.68
7.76
7.90
7.98
8.40
8.92
8.95
8.97
8.98
8.99
8.99
8.99
8.99
9.00
l 1
5,0 10,0
8.0
"\
SIGMA-T
23.67
23.76
23.84
23.95
23.91
24.13
24.26
24.40
24.61
24.78
25.28
25.51
25.51
25.51
25.51
25.51
25.51
25.52
25.52
25.51
l l
15,0 20,0
8,5 9.0
\
v
\
TRANSMIT.
(%)
88
88
88
88
88
88
89
89
90
91
92
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
93
1 l
25,0 30,0
9,5
ALPHA
(M-l)
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.25
1.28
1.25
1.20
1.13
1.02
.96
.79
.62
.60
.62
.61
.61
.62
.64
.65
.68
1 flLPH
35,0
10,0
M
M
LD
o
-10
-12
-14 .
-16 .
-18 .
-20 .
-22
l/i
ir
u
K
UJ
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
21,0
22,0
23,0
35
24,0
25,0
o
ID
.&
01
I
3J
in
1 SW.
33,5
1 OEM
26,0
-------
it
tt
It
u-
STATION 121974-2 1236 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE 16 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
b.O
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
lb.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
0
-2
-4
-6
-B
10
-12
14
16
18
-20
22
SALINITY TEMPERATURE SIGMA-T
(PPT)
30.26
30.28
30.30
30.34
30.47
30.65
30.90
31.24
31.47
31.68
31.79
31.93
32.67
32.91
32.92
32.93
32.93
32.93
32.94
32.93
0
7.0
S
1
5.0
7.5
T
(C)
7.45
7.4b
7.47
7.46
7.52
7.57
7.66
7.79
7.86
7.93
8.11
8.25
8.72
8.91
8.96
8.97
8.98
8.99
8.99
8.99
10,0
8.0
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
15,0
8.5
{
.65
.67
.68
.72
.81
.95
.13
.38
.55
.70
.76
.85
.36
.52
.52
.52
.52
.52
.53
.52
20,0
9,0
TRANSMIT.
(%)
3
4
5
7
8
4
17
52
62
73
76
88
93
93
94
94
94
93
93
93
25,0 30,0
9.5
^
ALPHA
(M-l)
34.09
32.47
30.80
26.80
25.10
32.60
18.57
6.74
4.88
3.21
2.74
1.28
.72
.68
.63
.60
.64
.68
.73
.76
35,0
10,0
M
in
o:
LU
i-
LJ
Z
T 1 1 r i i
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
i 1 1 1
22,0
21,0
23,0
36
24.0
25,0
U3
K)
m
i
in
T SftL
33,5
-i oew
26,0
-------
STATION 121974-2 1251 MRS.
AT DUMPSITE 31 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
0
-2 _
-4 .
-6 .
-8 .
SALINITY
(PPT)
30.29
30.34
30.37
30.40
30.71
30.93
31.17
31.43
31.65
31.68
32.12
32.72
32.91
32.92
32.93
32.93
32.93
32.94
32.93
32.93
32.^3
7,0
in
-10 JK
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.51
7.43
7.41
7.46
7.50
7.58
7.68
7.78
7.94
7.93
8.31
8.69
8.91
8.96
8.97
8.97
8.98
8.98
8.99
8.99
8.99
SIGMA-T TRANSMIT
23.67
23.72
23.75
23.77
24.00
24.17
24.34
24.53
24.68
24.70
24.99
25.40
25.52
25.52
25.52
25.53
25.53
25.53
25.53
25.53
25.53
-3
4
11
20
68
85
89
89
91
91
93
94
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
94
94
0
5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
3,0
9,5
ALPHA
(M-l)
48.71
33.42
22.57
17.49
4.06
1.66
1.18
1.15
.94
.99
.75
.59
.51
.49
.48
.49
.51
.53
.56
.63
.66
-l fiLPH
35,0
-i rcMP
10,0
12 .
16 .
18 .
20 .
22
U ^^ ^
z
^
*
r
^v
5
M-
K)
Ul
M
X
7)
tn
«
)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SM.
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0 33,5
i 1 1 i i i i i i i i DIM
21,0 22,0 23,0 24,0 25,0 26,0
37
-------
<
>t
»
tf
«
»»*»*
STATION 121974-2 1256
AT DUMPSITE
«#&»£»{>«»«»«
DEPTH SALINITY
(M) (PPT)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
0 _
-2 .
-4 _
-6 ,
-B .
-10 .
-12 _
-14 .
-16 .
-18 .
-20 .
-22
30.32
30.32
30.33
30.37
30.40
30.42
30.80
31.30
31.55
31.64
31.98
32.71
32.89
32.91
32.92
32.93
32.93
32.93
32.93
32.93
32.93
0
1 '
7,0 7,5
S T
r
\
\L^
^>
in /
cr b
u /
H
LJ
Z
^
30,0 30,5
i 1 1
21,0 22
HRS.
>r
a
36 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE *
*«-tt*--tnnnnnm--tt
** «»»» »»#«»# «»#«»«««
»
»«#»«»««««»«
TEMPERATURE SIGMA-T TRANSMIT. ALPHA
(C) f <*i />j- 1 *
7.36
7.37
7.39
7.39
7.38
7.37
7.49
7.76
7.92
7.99
8.29
8.85
8.95
8.96
8.97
8.98
8.99
8.99
8.99
8.99
8.99
5,0 10,0
i
8,0
^=*-^=r "
^r^-v
\ \
^O:
i i
31,0 31,
,0 23,0
33
\ *j i \ n i /
23.72 10 23.17
23.71 8 24.78
23.72 9 24.29
23.75 13 20.31
23.77 16 18.28
23.80 17 17.77
24.07 29 13.47
24.43 66 4.20
24.60 88 1.30
24.66 90 1.07
24.88 90 1.02
25.38 93 .71
25.49 93 .71
25.51 93 .73
25.52 9J .75
25.52 93 .73
25.52 93 .75
25.52 93 .74
25.52 93 .76
25.52 92 .83
25.52 92 .81
15,0 20,0 25,0
ill
8.5 9.0 9,
D ft
f ^
Xr^^
-^c
^\.
A
::^=^r -^b-.
^r o-
\ 5
T 1 PLPH
30,0 35,0
1 TEMP
5 10,0
(-*
N>
|_L
ID
v)
.*
1
K)
\ M-
i. ^
K)
Ul
01
X
-ft
\s\
\
)
5 32,0 32,5 33,0 33,5
24,0 25,0 26,0
-------
STATION 121974-3 1323 HRS.
AT DUMPSIIE 63 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
»
*
DEPTH
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.U
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.J
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
lb.0
17.G
18.J
19.0
SALINI1y
(PPT)
30.38
30.41
30.43
30.43
30.42
30.41
30.51
30.81
31.15
31.50
31.62
31.88
32.42
32.88
32.92
32.93
32.92
32.93
32.93
32.93
0
_ o
-6 _
-B _
10 _
-12 .
7,0
16 .
18 .
20 .
-22
in
EC
U
I-
LJ
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.31
7.32
7.34
7.34
7.35
7.34
7.41
7.52
7.72
7.85
7.97
8.17
8.44
8.85
8.93
8.95
8.97
8.97
8.97
8.97
SIGMA-T
23.77
23.79
23.81
23.80
23.80
23.79
23.86
24.08
24.32
24.57
24.65
24.83
25.21
25.50
25.52
25.52
25.52
25.53
25.53
25.53
TRANSMIT,
<*)
22
23
25
22
23
26
16
10
12
38
67
83
88
94
95
95
95
95
95
94
5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9.5
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
ALPHA
(M-l)
15.11
14.54
14.02
14.92
14.71
13.60
18.23
23.27
21.74
9.78
4.07
1.83
1.27
.65
.53
.54
.52
.54
.56
.60
35,0
-i rcup
10,0
K)
M
LD
I
W
UJ
f\)
X
3
in
21,0
22,0
23,0
24,0
25,0
-\ aw.
33,5
-I OEM
26,0
39
-------
STATION 131974-3 1338 MRS.
AT DUMPSITE 78 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
SALINIrr
(PPT)
30.36
30.36
30.36
30.36
30.39
30.41
30.49
30.59
30.81
31.52
31.71
32.05
32.51
32.83
32.90
32.92
32.92
32.92
32.92
32.93
0 _
_ o
-4 .
-6 .
-B
-10
12
14
16 .
-18 .
20 .
7,0
-22
ui
cc
u
t-
UJ
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.33
7.31
7.31
7.34
7.39
7.59
7.89
7.99
8.19
8.56
8.86
8.93
8.95
8.97
8.98
8.98
8.98
SIGMA-T TRANSMIT.
23.75
23.75
23.75
23.75
23.78
23.79
23.85
23.92
24.07
24.58
24.72
24.96
25.26
25,47
25.50
25.52
25.51
25.52
25.52
25.52
22
25
27
29
34
33
39
43
52
83
90
92
94
95
95
95
95
94
94
93
0
5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
7.5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
21,0
22,0
23,0
40
24,0
25,0
ALPHA
(M-l)
15.05
13.99
12.99
12.52
10.78
10.97
9.53
8.42
6.93
1.84
1.10
.78
.62
.54
.50
.53
.54
.58
.61
.73
35,0
T fHP
10,0
ID
bJ
UI
CD
I
"X
m
T SW.
33,5
-I OCN
26,0
-------
STATION 121974-3 1409 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE 109 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.u
19.0
SALINITY
(PPT)
30.38
30.41
30.44
30.45
30.45
30.48
30.65
31.37
31.57
31.67
31.77
31.88
32.33
32.75
32.87
32.89
32.90
32.90
32.90
32.90
0
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.32
7.33
7.35
7.45
7.77
7.91
7.95
7.98
8.11
8.48
8.85
8.95
8.97
8.98
8.98
8.96
8.98
5.0 10,0
S1GMA-T
23.77
23.79
23.82
23.83
23.82
23.84
23.96
24.48
24.62
24.69
24.76
24.63
25.13
25.41
25.48
25.49
25.50
25.50
25.50
25.50
15,0 20,0
TRANSMIT.
(%)
28
34
38
38
39
46
55
76
86
91
91
92
94
94
94
93
92
91
92
93
1 1
25,0 30,0
ALPHA
(M-l)
12.45
10.70
9.58
9.55
9.43
7.83
6.01
2.80
1.53
.95
.91
y l
.67
.57
.59
.73
.83
.90
.82
.77
1 PLPH
35,0
0
-2 .
-4 .
-6 .
-B .
-10 .
-12 .
7,0
-16 .
-IB .
-20 .
-22
1/1
IT
U
h-
UJ
z
7,5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9,5
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
21,0
22,0
23,0
41
24,0
25,0
10,0
LD
vl
-fc
I
o
LD
X
%
in
33,5
-1 OEM
26,0
-------
STATION 121974-4 1433 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE 133 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
u-
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
SALINITY
(PPT)
30.43
30.44
30.45
30.46
30.51
30.59
30.87
31.47
31.64
31.70
31.82
32.06
32.63
32.86
32.88
32.88
32.88
32.88
32.88
32.88
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.30
7.32
7.33
7.35
7.36
7.40
7.57
7.89
7.94
7.98
8.06
8.30
8.71
8.90
8.96
8.96
8.97
8.96
8.96
8.9b
SIGMA-T TRANSMIT.
23.81
23.82
23.82
23.83
23.87
23.93
24.12
24. S4
24.67
24.71
24.79
24.95
25.33
25.48
25.49
25.48
25.48
25.49
25.48
25.49
48
48
49
51
52
54
61
73
79
80
87
90
94
94
94
93
93
94
93
93
0
-2 .
-4 .
-G .
-B .
7.Q
7,5
8.0
8.5
9,0
9.5
i/l
-10 J*
ALPHA
(M-l)
7.41
7.38
7.18
6.64
6.59
6.10
4.92
3.20
2.41
2.23
1.44
1.04
.65
.61
.66
.69
.70
.65
.70
.70
0
5,0
10.0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
1 H.PH
35,0
10.0
LD
-0
-fc>
I
12 .
16 .
18 .
20 .
22
i
i
t-
It!
^r^^
X
B
I
3
M-
^^.
f»J
w
I
;u
3 »
1 1 1 1 I 1 1 SMI.
30,0 30,5 31,0 31.5 32,0 32,5 33,0 33,5
1 j | | | | i i f
?1,0 22,0 23,0 24,0 25.0
26.0
42
-------
*
STATION 121974-4 1501 HRS.
AT DUMPSI1E 161 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
«
*
*
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.U
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
Q
-2 .
_ A
-6 .
-B .
-10 .
-12 .
16 .
IB .
20 .
-22
SALINITY
(PPT)
30.45
30.46
30.46
30.47
30.50
30.54
30.62
31.36
31.65
31.71
31.79
31.94
32.53
32,
32,
32,
32,
32,
32,
32,
7.0
in
CE
LJ
H
LJ
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.26
7.27
7,
7,
28
29
,79
,83
,83
,83
,84
,84
,84
32.84
7.29
7.38
7.36
7.75
7.90
7.97
8.03
8.20
8.60
8.77
0.88
8.90
8.90
8.91
8.92
0.92
8.92
SIGMA-T TRANSMIT.
23.83
23.84
23.84
23.04
23.86
23.89
23.95
24.47
24.69
24. 72
24.77
24.87
25.27
25.45
25.46
25.46
25.46
25.46
25.47
25.46
25.46
72
82
87
87
86
85
86
88
90
90
89
85
83
86
90
93
94
93
92
90
88
5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
7,5
8.0
8.5
9,0
9.5
21,0
22,0
23,0
43
24,0
25,0
ALPHA
(M-l)
3.21
2.02
1.43
1.45
1.50
1.57
1.50
1.22
1.00
1.04
1.21
1.64
1.92
1.49
1.04
.72
.66
.69
.85
1.04
1.27
35,0
-I TEHP
10,0
ID
v3
^
I
Ill
o
X
3)
in
r 1 1 1 1 1 1 sw.
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0 33,5
26.0
-------
STATION 121974-5 1529 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE 189 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1,
2,
3,
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12. 0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
Q
-2
-4
-6
-B
-10
-12
-16
-IB
20
22
SALINITY TEMPERATURE SIGMA-T
(PPT)
30.51
30.49
30.48
30.49
30.49
3U.52
30.61
31.02
31.58
31.68
31.85
32.05
32.27
32.41
32.60
32.68
32.72
32.75
32.76
32.78
0 5,0
7.0 7.5
(C)
7.28
7.30
7.31
7.31
7.31
7.32
7.42
7.62
7.90
7.96
8.03
8.12
8.27
8.37
8.56
8.68
8.74
8.78
8.80
8.83
10*0
8.0
23.87
23.86
23.85
23.85
23.86
23.88
23.94
24.23
24.63
24.70
24.82
24.96
25.12
25.21
25.33
25.38
25.40
25.41
25.42
25.43
15,0 20,0
8.5 9.0
TRANSMIT.
(%)
66
65
64
64
65
66
65
70
79
83
86
90
92
93
94
94
94
94
93
93
25,0 30,0
9,5
ALPHA
(M-l)
4.15
4.29
4.42
4.47
4.24
4.09
4.36
3.60
2.38
1.87
1.45
1.05
.81
.73
.67
.65
.65
.66
.70
.74
~I *LPH
35,0
1 TEHP
10,0
cr
u
h-
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
21,0
22,0
23,0
44
24.0
25,0
ID
Ul
ro
ID
in
«
T SftL
33,5
-l DEM
26,0
-------
* STATION 121974-6
* OUT OF DUMP AREA
1602 HRS.
DEPTH SALINITY TEMPERATURE SIGMA-T
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
- 7.0
(PPT)
30.30
30.30
30.31
30.30
30.29
30.31
30.35
30.64
31.09
31.62
31.91
32.15
32.33
32.60
32.78
32.97
32.99
33.00
33.00
33.01
33.01
0 5.0
7,5
(C)
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.18
7.28
7.43
7.63
8.00
8.10
8.29
8.49
8.69
8.84
9.04
9.13
9.13
9.13
9,14
9.15
10.0
8.0
23.73
23.73
23.73
23.72
23.72
23.73
23.75
23.96
24.29
24.64
24.86
25.02
25.13
25.31
25.43
25.55
25.55
25.55
25.55
25.56
25.56
1 1
15.0 20.0
8.5 9.0
TRANSMIT.
(*>)
87
88
89
90
90
90
90
90
91
92
93
93
93
94
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
1 I
25.0 30.0
9.5
ALPHA
(M-l)
1.37
1.22
1.11
1.10
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.03
.95
.80
.75
.72
.68
.63
.56
.52
.50
.51
.50
.50
.50
1 fiLPH
35.0
10.0
0
-2
-4
-6
r\
1Q
-12
14
16
-IB
20
-22
T S
30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
45
24.0
25.0
h*
ID
I
(D
m
o
N)
in
-\ aw.
33.5
I DEM
26,0
-------
TIDES: DECEMBER 20, 1974
Predicted tides at Sandy Hook, N.J.
Time (Zone) Height Ft. (MLW)
0548 0.6
1114 4.1
1818 0.2
CURRENTS: DECEMBER 20, 1974
Time-series current measurements, at the dump site, 2.5 m depth
Time (Zone) Speed (Knots) Direction (°True)
1000 >1.0 192
1010 >1.0 192
1020 >1.0 186
1030 .95 204
1040 .98 198
1050 1.0 195
1100 >1.0 192
1110 >1.0 204
1120 >1.0 210
1130 >1.0 216
1140 >1.0 216
1150 >1.0 210
1200 >1.0 210
1210 >1.0 204
1220 >1.0 210
1230 >1.0 210
1240 >1.0 210
1250 >1.0 210
1300 >1.0 210
46
-------
STATION 122074-1 1007 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE BEFORE SLUDGE DISCHARGE
ft
&#«& -iUHHHUt » &
»«*«««.
DEPTH SALINITY
(M) (PPT)
0 30
1.0 30
2.0 30
3.0 30
4.0 30
5.0 30
6.0 30
.88
.88
.88
.89
.90
.91
.91
7.0 30.93
8.0 30
.98
9.0 31.24
10.0 31.53
11.0 31.80
12.0 32.26
13.0 33.05
14.0 33.08
lb.0 33.08
16.0 33
.08
17. C 33.08
18.0 33.08
19.0 33.08
20.0 33.08
0
7,0
0 _
1 IT
"2-
-4
" \
-G- v
-B \
° - ui
-" -g
-12 -C
-14 z
-16 .
-IB .
-20 .
-??
30,0
21,0
«**«** * *«*»*« * * *HHH*» » «»0««^
g
«« ««»»«« »«««««»
TEMPERATURE SIGMA-T TRANSMIT. ALPHA
(C)
7.27 24.17
7.29 24.17
7.31 24.16
7.30 24.17
7.30 24.18
7.32 24.19
7.33 24.18
7.36 24.20
7.45 24.22
7.68 24.39
7.92 24.59
8.04 24.78
8.47 25.08
9.05 25.61
9.17 25.61
9.17 25.61
9.18 25.61
9.18 25.61
9.18 25.61
9.19 25.61
9.19 25.61
(%) (M-l)
93 .76
93 .77
92 .79
92 .79
92 .79
92 .78
92 .78
93 .74
93 .72
94 .62
95 .55
95 .50
96 .40
98 .23
97 .31
97 .34
96 .37
96 .39
96 .45
96 .46
95 .49
5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0
7.5
:, c
^x^
^-^
1
1
30,5
III
8.0 8,5 9,0
3
L
^ \
^Q-^; N,
^^^^^
^~\
^
T
1 1 1 1
9,5 10,0
to
ro
o
xl
^V
^^-^ 0
' "\^*^ C3
>4
I
in
5 b
i i SnC
31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0 33,5
22,0 23,0 24,0
47
25,0 26,0
-------
STATION 122074-2 U24 HRb.
AT DUMPSIlL 9 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
B--B-V--
«
«
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
b.o
10.0
11.0
12. u
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
SALINITY
(PPT)
30.78
30.81
30.84
30.85
30.86
30.92
30.93
31.00
31.20
31.32
31.53
32.01
32.76
33.10
33.07
33.08
33.
33.
3J,
33,
a
-2 .
_ A
-B -
-&
-10
-12
-14 _
-16 .
-18 .
-20 _
7,0
-22
in
ir
LJ
f-
LJ
,08
,08
,08
-08
33.08
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.40
7.40
7.41
7.40
7.41
7.41
7.42
7.46
7.60
7.71
7.83
8.16
8.82
9.10
9.15
9.16
9.16
9.17
9.17
9.17
9.16
SIGMA-T
24.07
24.10
24.12
24.12
24.13
24.18
24.18
24.24
24.37
24.45
24.59
24.93
25.42
25.64
25.61
25.61
25,
25,
25,
25,
61
61
61
61
25.61
TRANSMIT.
(*)
1
2
4
5
13
29
20
24
72
88
93
94
95
97
97
96
97
96
96
95
94
5.0 10,0 15.0 20,0 25,0 30,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9.0
9,5
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
r r
21,0
22,0
23,0
48
24,0
25,0
ALPHA
(M-l)
42.83
37.51
32.30
31.26
20.64
12.46
16.29
16.77
3.40
1.23
.73
.65
.48
.33
.33
.36
.35
.40
.44
.46
.57
35,0
1 T£HP
10,0
-i SW.
33,5
1 DEN
26,0
-------
tt
tt
B-
»»«»»
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
STATION 122074-2 1Q43
AT DUMPSITE 28 MINUTES AF
tt-»
UJ V
ill /
c^ /
^
1
30,0 30,5
21,0 22
TEMPERATURE
(0
7.50
7.44
7.39
7.36
7.36
7.39
7.41
7.45
7.51
7.61
7.94
8.23
8.72
HRS.
#
*
TER SLUDGE DISCHARGE *
SIGMA-T TRANSMIT. ALPHA
(
23.82
23.96
24.11
24.16
24.18
24.19
24.23
24.26
24.30
24.39
24.52
24.83
25.39
*) (M-l)
-5 36.04
8 26.02
22 16.00
32 11.36
54 6.29
63 4.59
76 2.81
79 2.31
83 1.90
82 2.02
79 2.41
76 2.80
86 1.49
9.04 25.57 93 .74
9.15
9.15
9.15
9.15
9.15
9.15
9.15
5,0 10,0
1
8,0
-
y^
\
V
-^^>5-
^ ^
i i
25.60 96 .46
25.61 96 .43
25.60 96 .39
25.60 96 .40
25.61 96 .43
25.61 95 .49
25.61 94 .64
1 1 1
15,0 20,0 25,0
1 1 BLPH
30,0 35,0
i i i i FtMf*
8.5 9,0 9,5 10,0
D ___A
\
\
\
V
- Jv_
^^~ \~-
^~^_ ~^
^^""^
T
1 1
31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5
,0 23,0
AH
K>
D
xj
1
K)
-~~ M-
v/"\ O
OJ
I
3D
in
*
5 b
~T I SW-
33,0 33,5
I 1 1 1 1 1 LO.N
24,0 25.0 26,0
-------
STATION 122074-3 1148 HRS.
AT DUMPSITE 93 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
0
-2
-4
-B
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-IB
-20
-22
SALINITY
(PPT)
30.89
30.89
30.90
30.91
30.91
30.90
30.90
30.97
31.11
31.28
31.44
31.80
32.35
33.04
33.13
33.15
33.16
33.16
33.16
33.16
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.39
7.38
7.37
7.37
7.37
7.39
7.42
7.48
7.57
7.71
8.02
8.26
8.87
9.34
9.40
9.42
9.43
9.43
9.43
9.43
III
0 5,0 10,0
7.0 7.5
T A
I
\
8.0
»
L
SIGMA-T
24.16
24.16
24.17
24.18
24.18
24.17
24.16
24.21
24.31
24.42
24.50
24.75
25.09
25.56
25.61
25.62
25.63
25.63
25.63
25.63
15,0 20,0
8.5 9.0
5
TRANSMIT.
(%)
87
89
90
92
92
92
92
93
93
93
93
93
95
97
97
97
96
96
96
96
25,0 30,0
9.5
ALPHA
(M-l)
1.43
1.20
1.00
.88
.85
.83
.81
.78
.74
.71
.68
.68
.54
.33
.30
.31
.38
.38
.40
.43
35,0
10.0
»-k
f\3
|\j
0
-J
in
o:
LJ
H-
LJ
Z
30,0 30,5 31.0 31.5 32*0 ^32.5 33.0
21.0 22,0 23,0 24,0 25,0
W
CD
X
n aw.
33.5
T OCH
26,0
50
-------
* sr
* AT
«
*»
-------
i>
«
a-
»
STATION 132074-4 1233 MRS.
AT DUMPSITE 137 MINUTES AFTER SLUDGE DISCHARGE
DEPTH
(M)
0
1.0
2.a
3.0
4.0
0
5,
t>,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
-22
SALINITY
(PPT)
30.86
30.88
30.89
3J.90
30.91
30.92
30.95
30.99
31.06
31.20
31.40
31.68
32.02
32.64
33.16
33.18
33.18
33.18
33.17
33.17
0 _
-2 _
_ A
-B _
-B _
-10 ..
-12 .
7,0
16 .
18 .
20 .
ui
cc
LJ
I-
LU
TEMPERATURE
(C)
7.4b
7.44
7.42
7.40
7.3S*
7.39
7.39
7.41
7.47
7.58
7.74
7.99
8.30
8.82
9.37
9.44
9.44
9.44
9.45
9.^5
SIGMA-T TRANSMIT.
24.13
24.14
24.16
24.16
24.17
24.19
24.21
24.24
24.28
24.37
24.51
24.69
24.92
25.32
25.64
25.64
25.64
25«t>4
25.64
25.64
68
74
79
84
87
90
92
92
93
93
93
93
93
95
97
97
97
96
96
96
5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
7.5
8,0
8.5
9.0
9.5
30,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 32,0 32,5 33,0
21,0
22,0
23,0
52
24,0
25,0
tt
«
»
ALPHA
(M-l)
3.83
3.08
2.34
1.72
1.40
1.10
.88
.83
.77
.75
.71
.69
.70
.49
.33
.35
.35
.38
.39
.43
~\ fiLPH
35,0
n TtHP
10,0
K)
UJ
X
%
U)
I SftL
33,5
-\ DEM
26,0
-------
* TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1.
4.
7.
9.
12
15
16
17
a.
18
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-78-086a
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Dispersion of Sewage Sludc
Bight - Physical Oceanogn
2. 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
:je Discharged into New York September 1978
IphlC Data - December 1974 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
A. M. Teeter, R. J. Call away, and D. W. Denbo
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AN
Marine and Freshwater Ecol
Corvallis Environmental Re
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon
. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADC
U.S. Environmental Proted
Office of Research and De\
Corvallis Environmental Re
200 S.W. 35th Street, Con
. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
D ADDRESS 1 0. PROG R AM E LEMENT NO.
ogy Branch 1BA608
'Search Laboratory 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
RESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
:ion Agency inhouse
/el Opment 14- SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
'search Laboratory cpA/Knn/n?
/all is, OR 97330 EPA/600/02
. ABSTRACT
This volume contains physical oceanographic data collected at the sewage sludge
disposal site near the apex of the New York Bight December 18 through 21, 1974.
An optical tracer method was used to measure the water column distribution of
waste material with time after discharge. Profiles with depth were taken for
two to four hours after waste discharge. Ambient temperature-salinity-density
profiles and current measurements were also taken.
DESCRIPTORS
Sewage sludge
Disposal
Oceanic dispersion
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to public
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI Field/Group
New York Bight
STD
Currents
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
Unclassified 60
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE
Unclassified
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
53
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I97S-7O7-9I9/247 REGION 10
------- |