The Western Environmental
Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas, Nevada
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FOREWORD
The seal of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency on
the opposite page is particularly appropriate for beginning
the 1971 Annual Report of the Western Environmental
Research Laboratory since this was the first full year that the
Laboratory was a part of the new agency. This report
summarizes the activities conducted by the Laboratory in
calendar year 1971 and reflects the transition from a
Laboratory devoted almost entirely to problems of environ-
mental radiation to one concerned with the broader aspects
of environmental pollution. This transition is perhaps most
obvious in the acquisition of new aircraft and equipment as
plans and proposals were developed for remote sensing
projects and for the National Eutrophication Survey, to
which this Laboratory will devote considerable effort during
1972.
All the functions performed by the Laboratory cannot be
described in detail in a report this size; however, certain
topics are discussed in depth and should give the reader an
accurate impression of the extent of our Laboratory's
programs. The report is organized on a functional basis and
hopefully this approach will aid the reader in gaining the
proper perspective.
We would welcome at any time inquiries concerning any of
the activities described in this report and we would like to
express our grateful appreciation to the organizations and
individuals whose efforts have contributed to the success of
our mission and the attainment of specific objectives.
Dr. Melvin W. Carter
Director
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the western. ,
environmental
research
laboratory
For the Western Environmental Research Lab-
oratory (WERL), 1971 was the year 1. Designated
as one of the national facilities of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA), it shared that
honor with three National Environmental Re-
search Centers (NERC) selected from among the
Agency's forty-four laboratories scattered across
the country.
Established in 1959 as the Southwestern Radio-
logical Health Laboratory of the U. S. Public
Health Service, the Laboratory has concentrated
its efforts on environmental radiation. Late in
1970, when it became a part of the EPA, the
Laboratory was renamed to reflect the broader
areas of interest in which it will participate under
the Office of Research and Monitoring of the
EPA.
In the reorganizations which formed the EPA, the
Laser Section, of the Electronic Products Program
which, under WERL control, was organized and
developed from modest beginnings to a highly
specialized operation, was retained in the U.S.
Public Health Service.
The highlights of the year, our significant ac-
complishments, continue to be drawn from the
environmental radiation programs which received
the major part of the Laboratory's attention.
Although radiation may be a narrow segment of
environmental pollution, WERL activities were
widespread geographically.
From Alaska where well over 500 man days were
devoted to providing radiological safety support
for the nuclear test Cannikin — to Colorado to
determine the environmental effects of the flaring
of gas produced by the nuclear gas stimulation
experiment — Project Rulision —
From Eniwetok in the South Pacific to support
the U.S. Air Force - back to Colorado (and nine
other western states) to determine the extent and
consequences of the use of uranium tailing
material as fill for dwellings and public facil-
ities.
The world also traveled to Las Vegas on at least
one occasion — for a Tritium Symposium, co-
sponsored by WERL and the University of
Nevada, Las Vegas, which had international
attendance.
Meanwhile, at the WERL Experimental Farm,
research projects to assess the metabolism of a
variety of radionuclides by dairy cows continued
to provide data which were relevant not only to
consideration of radiation exposure but have
implications for the behavior of stable elements as
well.
Less dramatic, perhaps, but certainly no less
important was the conduct of the off-site radio-
logical safety program in support of nuclear
testing activities at the Nevada Test Site (NTS).
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AERIAL VIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTAL FARM
THE EXPERIMENTAL FARM IS OPERATED IN MUCH THE SAME MANNER
AS OTHER DAIRY FARMS IN THIS AREA
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The WERL organization chart is presented on the
following page. However, like most such charts,
what it doesn't show is more important than what
it does show.
It does indicate the three-fold mission of the Lab-
oratory —
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE
... including monitoring, sample collection
and community relations
RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATION
.. . including pollutant transport pheno-
menology from source to man
TRAINING AND EDUCATION
... including technical assistance and con-
sultation
.. . And it shows that WERL uses a centralized
service function for laboratory analyses, data
processing, electronics, etc. However, it does not
show the lateral interaction among programs; the
use of scientific, administrative, craft and clerical
personnel on short-term assignments across pro-
gram lines to accommodate the non-uniform
workload situation such as those for certain
nuclear tests.
The scope of WERL's administrative authority is
similarly hidden. During 1971 the WERL was
designated as an EPA accounting point to service
not only its own accounts, but those of NERC,
Corvallis, Oregon, three Regional Offices and the
National Field Investigation Center, Denver,
Colorado; the Laboratory classification authority
was extended to the GS-15 level to match its
appointing authority; its involvement in the
process of awarding and administering research
grants was increased; and a new Memorandum of
Understanding between the Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) and EPA for the Off-Site
Radiological Safety Program was negotiated and
is administered by WERL.
NUMBER OF PERSONNEL
CIVIL COMMISSIONED
SERVICE OFFICER TOTAL
June 30, 1962 65
June 30, 1963 82
June 30, 1964* 102
June 30, 1965* 141
June 30, 1966* 176
June 30, 1967* 204
June 30, 1968* 222
June 30, 1969 189
June 30, 1970* 183
June 30, 1971* 167
December, 1971 173
*lncludes summer employees.
25
28
40
49
64
78
75
74
64
59
47
90
110
142
190
240
282
297
263
247
226
220
TOTAL BUDGET BY FISCAL YEAR
(Thousands)
Fiscal
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
DHEW
R
643.6
1,020.7
659.3
593.5
924.2
1,184.5
1,261.0
1,229.0
213.9
0
AEC
eimbursat
557.6
1,020.3
1 ,624.7
1,786.3
2,068.3
2,277.2
2,257.0
2,271.0
2,229.0
2,367.0
EPA
1,131.3
1,600.1
TOTAL
1,201.2
2,041.0
2,284.0
2,379.8
2,982.5
3,461.7
3,518.0
3,500.0
3,574.2
3,967.1
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ORGANIZATION CHART
WESTERN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
MARIANNE CARPENTER,
SECURITY OFFICER
MELVIN W. CARTER
DIRECTOR
JOHN R. McBRIDE,
DEPUTY
DIRECTOR
ASSISTANT TO THE DIRECTOR
D. E. BERNHARDT
- 1
1
1 OFFICE OF DOSE ASSESSMENT
AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
F. N. BUCK, CHIEF
OFFICE OF
RADIATION SAFETY
J. S. COOGAN, CHIEF
OFFICE OF
TECHNICAL REPORTS
R. D. TATE, CHIEF
^^»
•^^
OFFICE OF
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
NORMA COX,
MANAGEMENT OFFICER
OFFICE OF
QUALITY CONTROL SERVICES
R. F. SMIECINSKI. CHIEF
OFFICE OF
INFORMATION
G. S. DOUGLAS, CHIEF
TECHNICAL TRAINING
T. C. SELL, CHIEF
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE
D. T. WRUBLE, CHEF
RADIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
A. A. MOGHISSI, CHIEF
TECHNICAL SERVICES
R. E JAQUSK CHIEF
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TYPES OF POSITIONS AT WERL
ACCOUNTING TECHNICIAN
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
AGRONOMIST
AIRCRAFT OVERHAUL INSPECTOR
AIRPLANE PILOT
ANIMAL HUSBANDMAN
BIOLOGICAL AID
BIOLOGICAL TECHNICIAN
BIOLOGIST
BOTANIST
CARD PUNCH OPERATOR
CARPENTRY WORKER
CHEMIST
CHIEF, ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM
CHIEF, OFFICE OF INFORMATION
CHIEF, OFFICE OF QUALITY CONTROL SERVICES
CHIEF, RADIOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
CHIEF, TECHNICAL SERVICES PROGRAM
CHIEF, TECHNICAL TRAINING PROGRAM
CLERK
COMPUTER OPERATOR
COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYST/PROGRAMMER
CROP AND LIVESTOCK RESEARCH LEADER
CROP AND LIVESTOCK RESEARCH HELPER
DIRECTOR
ELECTRONICS ENGINEER
ELECTRONICS TECHNICIAN
ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN
EQUIPMENT FABRICATOR
EQUIPMENT REPAIRER
FISCAL TECHNICIAN
GENERAL PHYSICAL SCIENTIST
HEALTH PHYSICIST
ILLUSTRATOR
INSTRUCTOR
JANITOR
LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH WORKER
LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH HELPER
LIBRARY TECHNICIAN
LIGHT VEHICLE OPERATOR
MACHINIST
MATHEMATICAL AID
MEDICAL OFFICER
METEOROLOGIST
OFFICE MACHINE OPERATOR
PATHOLOGY TECHNICIAN
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST
PHYSICAL SCIENCE AID
PHYSICAL SCIENCE TECHNICIAN
PHYSICIST
PHOTOGRAPHER
PLANT PHYSIOLOGIST
PURCHASING AGENT
RESEARCH CHEMIST
RESEARCH PHYSICIST
RESEARCH RADIOBIOLOGIST
SECRETARY
SECURITY SPECIALIST
SOIL SCIENTIST
STAFF ENGINEER
STAFF SANITARIAN
STATISTICIAN
STOCK KEEPER
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT OFFICER
TECHNICAL PUBLICATION WRITER-EDITOR
TELEPHONE OPERATOR
TRAINING TECHNICIAN
VOUCHER EXAMINER
WAREHOUSEMAN
WORKER-TRAINEE
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Committees and other review panels serve in-
directly as quality assurance aids to administra-
tion and management. An Equipment Committee
reviews all capital equipment purchases. Pro-
fessional representatives of each of the WERL
programs function as the Scientific Review
Committee to screen all WERL-generated ab-
stracts, papers and technical reports. Extensive
health physics and quality control coverage is
provided for many of the research and experi-
mental projects conducted by the WERL. Further
protection of WERL employees and equipment as
well as that of the general public is pursued
through a variety of industrial safety activities,
including regular and non-routine inspections and
short-term safety courses.
SECURITY
A total protective program is provided through
the services of the Security Office. A security
staff coordinates the use, storage, and transit of
information and data of a classified nature. The
Security Office also provides for property safe-
guard, using security guards to ensure that
property and equipment are adequately secured
during non-duty hours, and to control access to
the six WERL buildings to employees, University
students and other authorized persons. WERL
employees serve as Duty Officers who expedite
corrective action in times of after-hour emer-
gencies and acknowledge inquiries received from
the public. Through orientation, an awareness for
individual responsibility for the protection of
Government property is encouraged in WERL
employees. The WERL Security Office received
additional responsibilities during 1971 from the
Security & Inspection Division, EPA. In this
regard, the WERL will assist that Division in
conducting physical security surveys and per-
sonnel security interviews for the EPA Regions.
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8
MEDICAL
The WERL Medical Officer, in his capacity as
medical advisor to the Director, is responsible for
investigating the medical aspects of alleged off-
site radiation exposure as a result of testing
activities at the NTS. Also, the Medical Officer
serves as the Coordinator of the Medical Liaison
Officer Network (MLON) whose purpose is to
provide physicians in locations other than Nevada
to investigage radiation injuries which are re-
portedly due to nuclear testing activities con-
ducted by the AEC. Representing every state, the
District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, MLON
membership is composed of physicians knowl-
edgeable in the field of radiation bio-effects and
radiation injury- Credentials are reviewed and
appointments made by the Coordinator whose
duty is to maintain files of case records and
perform liaison with the AEC. Timely infor-
mation on the possible methods of preventing
injury and the diagnosis and treatment of radia-
tion injury is compiled and disseminated by the
Coordinator in the MLON Bulletin and periodic
training conferences are held in Las Vegas. At
these meetings, the basic aspects of radiobiology
and radiation injury are reviewed, new concepts
in the area of radiation effects are discussed and
special features of recent AEC nuclear testing
activities which could lead to claims of radiation
injury are evaluated. In addition, the Medical
Officer in the spring of 1971 performed complete
physical examinations including complete blood
counts and thyroid profiles on 142 persons living
in the vicinity of the Nevada Test Site. Medical
examinations revealed a generally healthy
population group. The Medical Officer also pro-
vides emergency medical treatment of job in-
curred injuries, palliative treatment of illness and
other general medical services.
QUALITY CONTROL
The Office of Quality Control provides services to
the various laboratory programs to ensure the
reliability of data produced at the WERL. Re-
sponsible for assisting in WERL programs and
those of other state and federal laboratories in
compiling and reporting radiological data within
acceptable limits for accuracy and precision, this
office prepares and submits radioactive standards
for the. calibration of analytical systems and
maintains close scrutiny of analytical results to
recommend corrective action when necessary.
Cross-check samples are submitted monthly to
participating laboratories to document the
validity of their analytical methods. Quality
control reports are prepared monthly and include
tables and charts designed to indicate clearly any
trends in laboratory data, particularly adverse or
unanticipated trends. On request, isotopes are
calibrated against primary standards generally
within a two standard deviation error of + 10%. A
radioactive standards' stockpile and monthly in-
ventory listing are maintained for use by all
Cross-check Study participants.
Additional responsibility assumed during 1971 in
conducting cross-check programs resulted in the
development of new techniques to improve
efficiency. To ensure that the samples contained
the known amounts of the radioactive standards,
cross-check samples were prepared in large
batches to minimize sample non-uniformity; all
primary and secondary standards were rechecked
for accuracy and all samples were counted on the
WERL systems as a last check of their proper
makeup.
During 1971, the WERL participated in numerous
cross-check studies with many organizations in-
cluding the World Health Organization, the
Analytical Quality Control Service, the Inter-
national Atomic Energy Agency and others.
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9
QUALITY CONTROL CROSS-CHECK ACTIVITIES
WERL CROSS-CHECK NUMBER OF PARTICIPATING NUMBER OF
PROGRAM NAME LABORATORIES SAMPLES PREPARED
Plutonium
in Soil
States Assistance Milk
Tritium in
Water and Urine
1970
7
5
3
1971
12
8
5
1970
10
30
36
1971
50
96
60
NUMBER OF
REPORTS WRITTEN
1970
0
6
12
1971
3
12
12
TOTALS
15
25
76
206
18
27
QUALITY CONTROL COMPUTER PROGRAMS
PROGRAM NAME
Inventory of Radioactive Standards
Monthly Report of OQC Samples Prepared
Daily Radioactive Standard Usage Log
States Assistance Milk Cross-check Program
Plutonium in Soil Cross-check Program
Tritium in Water and Urine Cross-check Program
PMN Duplicate Milk Analysis
FREQUENCY
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Bi-monthly
NUMBER OF COPIES
DISTRIBUTED
18
6
6
8
15
5
6
TOTAL
64
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10
WERL CROSS-CHECK PROGRAM PERFORMANCE FOR 1971
CROSS-CHECK PROGRAM
AQCS Milk
I t II
II II
AQCS Water
90
89
Sr
140
137
90
89
I
Ba
K
Cs
Sr
Sr
i i ii
11 r~*
AQCS Diet
Gross a
Gross £
Radium
Tritium
90
89
131,
140
137,
'Sr
'Sr
II II
WERL Milk
!» I »
WERL H20
WERL Urine
'Ba
Cs
K
89
131
140
137
'Sr
I
'Ba
K
Cs
J
0
•
•
•
•
•
O
•
•
•
•
O
oo
•0
• 0
ZA
F
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
M
0
•
0
0
0
•
*
*
*
*
*
*
A*
• •
• /"N
W
**
A
*
*
*
*
*
*
O
•
•
•
0
•
*
*
*
M
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
O
J
• •J
1
OJ
J
O.J
1
* c
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* c
* t
O 1
1 A
L. A
r w
L. A
f V
L A
r 9
L A
f 9
) *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
) •
1 •
> *
S
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
O
•
•
0
*
*
*
*
*
*
O
•
IM
A
9
®
0
*
*
e
•
*
*
*
*
*
*
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•
D
4A
9
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
m
O
•
Note: "wf" indicates no analysis performed.
"W" indicates analysis is within ±3 sigma Control Limit.
"O" indicates analysis is outside ±3 sigma Control Limit.
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11
RADIATION SAFETY
The extensive use of radioactive materials at the
WERL required that strict and continuous
radiation safety surveillance be maintained. Close
coordination and cooperation with each user
facilitated the safe and uneventful handling and
storage of many separate isotope solutions and
sealed sources, including the following:
• Sixty-two radioisotope shipments received
at the WERL.
• Six hundred and six cubic feet of contam-
inated waste transported to the Nevada
Test Site for disposal.
• Three hundred and sixty-three urine
samples submitted for laboratory bioassay
analysis. These samples were collected from
WERL personnel working with luminous
compounds and from WERL personnel
working on various experiments involving
radioactive materials.
In addition to providing routine health physics
coverage for laboratory experiments, all sealed
sources one millicurie or larger were physically
inspected and swipe-tested for possible source
leakage. All were found to meet current safety
requirements, specially AEC regulations under
Title 10 (CFR).
Indicative of radiation safety coverage during
1971, the WERL was inspected for compliance
under its Byproduct Materials License and Special
Nuclear Materials License by the Division of
Compliance, AEC, and found satisfactory. In
addition to the WERL name change, amendments
to the licenses included authorization to the
WERL to handle increased amounts of
plutonium, i.e., eighty grams encapsulated as
Pu-Be neutron source and five milligrams in any
physical or chemical form.
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dose
assessment
The function of the Office of Dose Assessment
and Systems Analysis is primarily to evaluate the
impact on the environment of nuclear testing and
other radiological activities, particularly in terms
of the health and safety of the general public. In
addition to performing calculations of exposures
to people based on environmental sampling and
monitoring, this office also maintains the whole-
body counting and scanning facilities at the
WERL to locate, identify and measure gamma-
emitting radioactive materials deposited within
the body as a result of inhalation and/or in-
gestion.
A significant project conducted during 1971
included preparation of a summary tabulation of
hypothetical thyroid doses which might have
accrued to an individual in the off-site area as a
result of inhaling radioactive effluent, and/or
ingesting milk contaminated with radioiodine
attributable to tests at the Nevada Test Site or
foreign nuclear tests from 1963 through the
present. The "critical receptor" used for all
calculations was a hypothetical infant, having a
two-gram thyroid and ingesting one liter of milk
per day and inhaling 4.7 m3 of air per day. An
attempt was made to incorporate all environ-
mental data available at the WERL in performing
these calculations. The results shown in the table
are conservative because infants were not present
at most locations, and no allowance was made for
the fact that collection of a sample often involved
the exchange of uncontaminated milk for that
produced at a given location, and the highest
concentrations were carried forward or backward
as necessary to fill in days on which samples were
not collected.
Also during 1971, a method was developed for
the extrapolation of residual external gamma
exposure rates to obtain more accurate estimates
of hypothetical infinity exposures. The method
entailed use of the isotopic composition of
deposited gamma-emitting activity as determined
from environmental samples to project the decay
of the gamma field. Previous practice had been to
assume decay as a power function of time (t-1-2)
which generally resulted in disagreement between
thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) measure-
ments and estimates of the hypothetical infinity
exposure from survey meter readings. By com-
bining the new extrapolation technique with plots
of exposure rate, TLD measurements can be
extrapolated to obtain hypothetical infinity ex-
posures which agree with those calculated from
survey meter readings within the measurement
accuracy of the two types of instruments. The
method was applied to external gamma dosimetry
for the Baneberry Event, an underground nuclear
test which vented radioactivity to the atmosphere
in December 1970.
HIGHEST THYROID DOSES TO A HYPOTHETICAL INFANT
(Attributable to NTS Nuclear Activities 1963 - 1971)
LOCATION
Near Eureka, Nevada
Near Grangeville, Idaho
St George, Utah
St George, Utah
TIME
1965
1965
1963
(from foreign testing)
1965
(from a combination of sources)
CALCULATED DOSE
1.5 rod
0.2 rad
10 mrad
10 mrad
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13
WHOLE-BODY COUNTING
The physical installation for whole-body counting
at the WERL consists of two adjacent chambers
each nine feet by nine feet by fourteen feet, with
walls, floors and ceilings of steel five inches thick
for shielding of the detectors. For qualitative
identification as well as quantitation of body
radioactivity, the detector used is a sodium iodide
crystal eleven inches in diameter and four inches
thick coupled, through seven photomultiplier
tubes, to a pulse-height analysis system. For
determination of spatial distribution of body
radioactivity, a two-dimensional scan is perform-
ed with a smaller detector also coupled to the
pulse-height system.
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14
From data obtained, the resulting dose can be
calculated. Since the whole-body counter does
not provide an absolute measurement of the
amount of radioactivity in the person, calibration
of the system is performed by using a phantom
which is designed to simulate actual persons in
size and shape.
This system is being used in a special study to
determine the body burdens of residents in the
area surrounding the NTS.
Results from the initial data collected on 142
persons in the spring of 1971 demonstrated that
the cesium-137 burdens displayed a normal
distribution, apparently unaffected by azimuth or
distance from the NTS, with a mean of 25 pCi/kg
of body weight. Tritium concentrations deter-
mined from urine samples collected from these
individuals showed a slightly different disbri-
bution pattern with several values being clearly
above the normal distribution function. It was
determined that these elevated levels were attri-
butable to exposure to leaking tritium-dial
watches.
A COMPARISON OF
3H BURDENS AND DOSES
FOR TWO POPULATION GROUPS
510=
102
NEVADA *
ATKA—•
50
PROBABILITY (X)
BURDEN AND
THEORETICAL DOSE TO
RED BONE MARROW DUE TO 55Fe
o30
z
025
520
8«
10
o
o
o
03
O
z
0.2
z
3
0.1
10
50
PROBABILITY (%)
A COMPARISON OF
THEORETICAL DOSES TO THREE
POPULATION GROUPS DUE TO ?37Cs
102
10'
10°
10
ATKA
FALL 1971
.*••••""
N.T.S. (OFF SITE)
SPRING 1971
10 50 90
PROBABILITY (%)
99
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15
Off-site whole-body counting projects were
continued during 1971, utilizing compact port-
able counting equipment designed for expedient
and safe handling and transportation to remote
areas such as the small inland villages of Alaska.
The program to measure cesium-137 burdens in
Eskimos involved two surveillance trips to Alaska
during 1971. To compile additional information
on the seasonal variation of cesium-137 and to
detect long-term trends, Noatak and Kiana were
visited in the spring and again in the fall, and a
trip to Shishmaref was conducted in late fall.
Surveillance of human burdens was also perform-
ed on the island of Atka in connection with the
Cannikin Event. All residents above the age of six
were whole-body counted to determine
cesium-137 burdens. In addition, blood and urine
samples were obtained to determine iron-55 and
tritium levels, respectively. Tritium levels were
found to be almost identical with those found in
the NTS off-site population. Iron-55 levels agreed
with values observed by other investigators study-
ing similar population groups.
INTERIOR OF THE WERL WHOLE-BODY COUNTER
-------
programs
LABORATORY OPERATIONS
The chemistry and counting laboratories at the
WERL provide continuing analytical support for
current programs. Laboratory capabilities include
routine analysis for samples collected through the
established surveillance networks, both AEC and
EPA, as well as quick response during periods of
accelerated sampling in connection with nuclear
testing activities and to special requests for
analytical assistance or bench training from states,
regional offices and other government agencies.
Both radiochemical and stable chemical analyses
are performed; over 7,000 separate chemical
analyses were performed by the chemistry
laboratory in 1971. This figure does not include
standards or special method development
samples.
Over 18,000 environmental samples were
analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides and
600 calibration standards were gamma-counted
utilizing 4- by 4-inch Nal (Tl) crystals and gamma
spectrometers. Alpha and beta counts made on
end-window gas-flow proportional counters total-
ed 89,585.
During 1971, the plutonium analysis of environ-
mental samples was placed on a routine basis. The
procedure utilizes multiplace ion exchange
column holders, electroplating cells and counters.
MULTI-PLACE ELECTROPLATING UNIT FOR PLUTONIUM ANALYSIS •+-
TYPES OF SAMPLE ANALYZED
PRINCIPAL
PF&
ANIMAL GAS &
ANALYSES CC MILK
Radio- strontium 770
Gross Aipha-Beta 29,386*
226RQ by emanation
Radio-krypton
Radio-xenon
Tritium 163
14C
Uranium
Plutonium
Stable calcium
Selenium
X-Ray scans
Thorium
lron-55
Gamma 11,650 1,808
FOOD WATER TISSUE
60 44 69
1,163
39 1
141 1,270 46
10
1 20 223
67 48
252 1,216 613
AIR
11
161
40
510
11
296
1
SOIL BIOASSAY DARDS MISC.
49
263
12
167 901 37
22
445 77
3
40
4
53
464 56 600 2,452
TOTAL
1,003
30,812
52
161
40
3,235
11
32
1,062
115
3
40
4
53
19,112
'Represents 88,159 total beta counts
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17
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18
Four more alpha counting systems were built to
bring the total capability to eight alpha spectro-
meters.
The plutonium methodology was improved such
that 10-gram aliquots of tissue ash and 100 grams
of bone ash can now be analyzed. Improvements
in the precision and economy of the plutonium-
in-soil method were realized. The uranium and
thorium methods were revised to provide for
analyses by ion exchange and alpha spectroscopy
as well as by the routine methods.
The metal gas analysis system pictured was
designed and constructed by the WERL in 1971.
This system is used for radionuclide analysis of
noble gases found in air, e.g., krypton-85,
xenon-133, and argon-37 and -39.
Other innovations during 1971 include a method
for determining stable selenium in soil, vegetation
and water by chemical separation and x-ray
fluorescence. This method is sensitive to about
0.1 micrograms. Methods were also developed for
determining iron-55 and stable iron in blood
samples. The minimum sensitivity was shown to
be about 600 pCi/l of whole blood for iron-55
and 0.002 milligrams for the stable iron deter-
mination. The method was developed for appli-
cation to analysis of blood samples from Alaskan
natives.
GAS ANALYSIS SYSTEM
ALPHA SPECTROMETRY SYSTEM-
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19
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20
COMPUTER OPERATIONS
WERL computer capabilities utilize the central
computer complex of the AEC by direct con-
nection through a CDC Batch Processing terminal
maintained by the WERL. The central complex
consists of a CDC 6400.
The computing workload over calendar year 1971
was evenly split between development and pro-
duction; 30.3 hours of Central Processing Unit
(CPU) time being applied in production jobs and
31 hours utilized for program development. Total
utilization of the 6400 system since initial hook-
up in October 1970 is shown below.
COMPUTER UTILIZATION
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21
COMPUTER UTILIZATION (CENTRAL PROCESSOR SYSTEM HOURS)
DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM
OPERATING
PROGRAM
TYPE
OF
RUN
MISC.
SYST. DATA
DEV. MANGT. FISCAL
MILK
AIR GAMMA DIR. DOSIM. CHEM.
SUB
BIOG. TOTAL TOTAL
Program Direction
.650 .498 .263 1.544
2.634 .198 .104 .247
.044
.003
.003
3.002
3.186 6.188
Electronic Products
.138
2.279
.582 .720
2.279 2.999
Notional Surv. Nets.
.822
.078
.002
.803
.155
1.799
.002
.129
3.552 3.790
.238
Radiation Research
1.501
.959
.204
.629
.008
.002
2.343
.960 3.303
AEC Offsite
P .002 .047 4.380 6.874 2.086 1.236 .513 .280
D .375 2.036 3.886 .233 .364 6.884 10.281 .063
.072 15.489
.039 24.161 39.650
Indoor Radon
P
D
.003
5.109
.198
.099
.007 .001
5.211
.206 5.418
Sub Total
P 3.115 .544 10.759 1.544
D 6.325 2.238 4.344 .247
6.874 4.558 1.236 .615 .417 .654 30.320
.233 .367 6.884 10.288 .067 .039 31.030
TOTAL T 9.440 2.782 15.103 1.791
P = Production
D ~ Development
7.107 4.925 8.120 10.903 .484 .693 61.350 61.350
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22
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND PROGRAMMING
Of the 45 requests for systems analysis and
programming support received during 1971, 34
were completed and resulted in the conversion or
modification of 36 programs and the creation of
18 new programs. A comprehensive data manage-
ment system for dosimetry data was initiated
during 1971 and will have been completed at
publication of this report.
A management information system was also
developed in support of the Uranium Mill Tailings
Project. This system will provide a running
account of the status and results of the screening
surveys of the Indoor Radon Study. Con-
currently, WERL historical environmental sur-
veillance data files are being converted from a
card-oriented system to a mass storage-oriented
system.
ENGINEERING SERVICES
The broad scope and great variety of WERL field
and laboratory programs indicate a need for
timely support capabilities in design, fabrication,
maintenance and repair. Accordingly, the WERL
maintains in-house plant facilities manned and
equipped to provide the required engineering and
craft services.
The WERL utilizes more than three million
dollars worth of instrumentation including com-
munications and remote sensing devices. To
ensure optimum operating usage and minimum
downtime, electronics and electrical capabilities
are maintained in the repair, maintenance and
modification of all electronic equipment, calibra-
tion and standardization of instruments, and the
development and assembly of new systems.
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23
MAJOR ELECTRONICS PROJECTS
1971
1. Environmental growth chambers were re-
wired for flexibility, ease of operation
and safety.
2. A Wide Beta gas saver system was de-
signed, fabricated and installed.
3. Several different types of detectors were
evaluated for use in the LSI field monitors.
4. A solid state alpha counting system was
designed and put together with modular
components.
5. A twelve position electro-plater unit was
designed, fabricated and made operational.
6. A second digital log-rate meter was con-
structed.
7. A special gamma counting system was
designed for use in an automobile in con-
nection with the Indoor Radon Study.
8. A data acquisition system was designed
and fabricated for use in the aircraft.
9. Electrical controls for the cage washer
were modified. Safety devices were in-
stalled to help alleviate operator errors.
10. A Mercury Vapor detection system was
fabricated.
MAJOR CRAFTS PROJECTS
1971
1. A high temperature Lithium Reaction Cham-
ber was designed and fabricated.
2. Calibration well mechanized components
were fabricated.
3. Camera mounts for multiple camera use
were designed and constructed.
4. Trays for off-site vehicles were fabricated
and installed.
5. An all-metal gas analysis rig was built.
6. A liquid nitrogen dewar filler assembly
was fabricated for the solid state detector.
«
7. A trophy case was designed and built to
display trophies won by WERL competitors.
8. Tow bars were fabricated for WERL aircraft.
9. Plexiglas safety covers were made for the
vacuum chambers.
10. A natural gas burner was designed and
constructed for collection of water vapor
for tritium analysis.
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24
Continual physical plant upkeep, corrective and
preventive maintenance and repair of real pro-
perty and equipment, rehabilitation and modifi-
cation of office and laboratory spaces, and
industrial safety support are provided through the
Engineering Section. Comprised of highly pro-
ductive shops specializing in air sampler repair,
carpentry, painting, machine work, sheet metal
and welding, this group concurrently maintains
support liaison with the building and grounds
staff of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and
with local general contractors.
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25
RADIO STATION WA7AEL
At 6:30 a.m., February 9, 1971, an earthquake
rocked Los Angeles. All communications in the
affected area were lost, including the wire
services, and switchboards in the vicinity were
swamped with calls. The American Red Cross, Las
Vegas Chapter, called on the WERL for help.
A standby radio station is maintained by the
WERL to provide immediate comrrunications
support for radiological safety activities. Using
call letters WA7AEL and operated by a WERL
electronics technician, this facility also serves in
the DHEW Emergency Communications System.
Accordingly, the WERL offers radio communi-
cations services in time of disaster or other
emergency, including the coordination of emer-
gency information and news exchange, relay of
messages, arrangement for supplies and authori-
zations in and out of disaster areas, and operation
of a radio net control service.
An hour after the Los Angeles earthquake struck,
WERL radio made initial contact with mobile
units in the Sylmar and other affected areas and
established net control. WA7AEL arranged to
have the news media phone-patched to a mobile
unit and provided critical assistance in preparing
an evacuation plan concerning an impending dam
burst by obtaining and relaying information to
the cognizant authorities. At this time also, the
station was the only means of communication
available to the Red Cross whose Los Angeles
Chapter received over a quarter million telephone
calls and the Las Vegas Chapter which received
over 300.
Other net activities included support of the
Pacific Atoll Cratering Experiment program at
Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands and the
Cannikin Event in Alaska, and a life-saving re-
sponse to a very weak distress call from the
jungles of Guatemala. The WERL radioman ar-
ranged to have badly-needed drugs transported
from Colorado to the surgeon in the wilderness
and, the patient survived. A letter of appreciation
from the doctor added to the many citations and
awards bestowed on the WERL station which, in
1971, also included the American Red Cross
Disaster Trophy and the West Coast Amateur
Radio Service Award.
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environmental,
moniTormg and
surveillance
The WERL maintains continual radiological sur-
veillance to detect and document radioactivity,
regardless of its origin, in any locale within its
area of responsibility, particularly in the areas
around the site of nuclear testing activities spon-
sored by the U.S. This surveillance includes
personnel and field dosimetry, monitoring with
radiation measuring instruments and sampling of
air, water, milk, soil, vegetation and animal tissue.
An immediate-action readiness is maintained to
protect the population from exposure to environ-
mental radiation. These monitoring and surveill-
ance services are provided through a two-part
program, one phase oriented specifically toward
the individual and the second to ascertain the
exposure of a large segment of the population:
» To assure the radiation safety of the public
living in proximity to the site of any
nuclear test conducted by the U.S., one
phase employs a dosimetry system to
measure individual or area exposures, and
mobile monitors equipped with suitable
instruments to measure exposure rates.
This phase also incorporates a capability
for rapid response to an emergency radia-
tion situation.
'To obtain estimates of the dose equivalent
from radiation levels attributable to nuclear
activities, whether underground or excava-
tion projects, rocket engine tests or other
sources including worldwide or nationwide
fallout, routine sampling of the environ-
ment at fixed locations is pursued through
established sampling networks.
GROUND SURVEILLANCE
For every nuclear event under WERL surveillance
responsibility, mobile monitors are deployed
along the downwind trajectory, which is pro-
jected in terms of release potential and possible
magnitude. Reserve monitors standby at the
Laboratory for prompt dispatch to strategic
locations when a release of activity is reported.
When ground motion is anticipated, additional
monitors are stationed at mines, structures, and
certain other locations to advise people of the
event schedule and provide safety assistance
including, if necessary, aid in evacuating specific
structures designated by the AEC.
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27
VARIOUS SURVEILLANCE AND SAMPLING LOCATIONS
MEXICO N
AR SURVEILLANCE NETWORK STATIONS
ROUTINE MILK SAMPLJNG STATIONS
ROUTINE DOSIMETRY STATIONS
ROUTINE WATER SAMPLING STATIONS
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28
A two-way radio system is utilized for the timely
deployment of monitoring and surveillance
personnel and for the interchange of information
and instrument readings to facilitate optimum
surveillance coverage. Other equipment furnished
to each monitor includes portable survey instru-
ments with a wide range of measurement ver-
satility and portable, battery-operated air
samplers which are capable of operating for at
least 12 hours to collect particulates, various
gaseous elements, and atmospheric moisture.
These air samplers use a four-inch glass fiber
paniculate filter and a 3-1/2- by 1-inch activated
charcoal cartridge or a molecular sieve cannister.
Portable gamma rate recorders, consisting of a
Geiger-Mueller survey instrument connected to a
strip chart recorder, are set up independently
allowing the monitor a greater mobility. These
units also contain TLD's to measure the total
exposure at the location. Monitors distribute an
additional number of TLD's to persons in an
effluent trajectory area who are not wearing
dosimeters as part of the routine network.
A variety of containers and collection equipment
is provided for milk, water, soil and vegetation
samples. For special events the monitors set up
and operate specialized equipment, including
atmospheric moisture samplers.
BATTERY-OPERATED AIR SAMPLER
MONITORING EQUIPMENT TYPICALLY CARRIED BY WERL MONITORS
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29
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30
AERIAL SURVEILLANCE
The broadened scope of responsibilities, assigned
and anticipated in terms of EPA objectives,
launched a new era in WERL aircraft services
during 1971. Additional aircraft were acquired
and remote sensing capabilities were developed,
including highly specialized ancillary equipment
and instrumentation.
The WERL airfleet, upgraded and expanded in
1971, includes:
Two twin-engine Turbo-Beech aircraft
which are used primarily in cloud-tracking
and sampling in support of nuclear testing
programs of the AEC. These planes are also
used for rapid transportation of personnel
and equipment and timely pickup and
delivery of samples for analysis.
One twin-engine C-45H which is used for
special missions not related to AEC nuclear
testing and to provide service similar to
that of the Turbo-Beeches.
During 1971, the C-45H was used as a
primary tracking aircraft in a pilot study
and survey of radioactive effluents from
the Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant.
Based on these studies, plans have been
developed to survey nuclear power plants
more intensively and a C-123B aircraft was
obtained to provide tracking capability.
The C-45H was used similarly in support of
two high explosives effects tests in
Colorado and one in Nevada which were
conducted by the Defense Nuclear Agency.
In this service, special on-board equipment
was used to track the dust cloud and
collect samples of dust and tracers for
laboratory analysis. The C-45H was also
used to photograph the beach and off-shore
areas following the San Clemente, Cali-
fornia, oil spill.
A C-123B which is a twin-engine cargo plane
with a much larger capacity and range than
the C-45H, capable of transporting portable
laboratory equipment to distant locations
for rapid survey and assessment of radio-
active materials.
The C-123B is equipped with detection and
sampling gear designed and constructed at
the WERL and which incorporates design
features included in the Turbo-Beech air-
craft, plus multi-channel, pulse height
analysis for identifying specific radio-
nuclides in an effluent cloud. The plane is
also equipped with camera mounts for
aerial photography.
One T-34B, a single engine plane equipped
for radiation tracking, which is used in
support of the Turbo-Beech missions.
One OV-1C Grumman Mohawk, which is
especially capable of performing aerial
photography, multi-spectral scanning and
side-looking airborne radar surveillance.
Used extensively by the U.S. Army in
reconnaissance, the plane is particularly
well suited to remote sensing of environ-
mental pollutants.
One TH-55 Hellicopter which is used to
provide pilot proficiency training and for
low level radiation monitoring. This two-
man craft, acquired late in 1971, is used to
develop special techniques for application
in heavier-duty replacement helicopters
which are on order.
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31
EPA
AEC
WERL S TURBO-BEECH AIRCRAFT
TOTAL FLIGHT TIME PER YEAR
900
800
•£ 700
h.
° 600
UJ 500
^ 400
l-
J 300
^ 200
100
0
CD CD CD tO CD CD
INTERIOR OF C-45H WITH FOUR SIMULTANEOUSLY-OPERATED
CAMERAS MOUNTED
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32
Ground support for WERL aerial monitoring and
surveillance responsibilities was concurrently up-
graded and expanded during 1971. Newly ac-
quired properties include a complete line of major
devices for developing, printing and reading film
and a battery of cameras for use in photographic
remote sensing.
Available manpower reserves include all classifi-
cations of professional and craft personnel re-
quired for complete support of any prospective
project assigned to the air fleet. Extensive main-
tenance and repair capabilities are available in-
cluding capacity to modify airframe structures,
overhaul engines and maintain radio and elec-
tronics instrumentation and switchgear.
GRUMMAN MOHAWK
TH-55 HELICOPTER
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33
INTERIOR OFC-123 WITH VEHICLE ABOARD
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34
DOSIMETRY
A network of dosimetry stations is maintained to
monitor gamma radiation around the NTS. Three
EG&G Model TL-12 thermoluminescent dosi-
meters are placed at each of 96 locations and are
replaced monthly. Sixty off-site residents wear
TLD's, also replaced monthly, to provide a
sample of personnel exposure levels at off-site
locations.
The TL-12 utilizes a CaF2:Mn phosphor bonded
to a helical heater wire which is encapsulated in a
glass tube. The tube is enclosed in an energy-
compensating shield of lead-tin-aluminum which
provides a flat energy response to gamma radia-
tion between 70 keV and 1250 keV. Minimum
sensitivity of the dosimeter is dependent on the
magnitude of the competing background ex-
posure, and can be as low as one mR.
During 1971, the WERL took over the processing
of samples from the Radon Progeny Sampler
which was developed at Colorado State University
for monitoring air in uranium mines. The sampler
is now being used by the State of Colorado to
monitor concentrations of radon in dwellings in
Grand Junction. The sampler, usually operated
for one-week periods, draws air through a
millipore filter. The alpha activity collected on
the filter exposes a TLD which is read at WERL
on a Harshaw Model 2000 reader to assess the
radon concentration in terms of working levels.
WERL supplies the sampling heads containing
filters and TLD's, reads the dosimeters, reloads
the filter heads, and processes the data for about
50 samples a week. The TLD is a Teflon CaF2: Mn
1/2-inch disk with a 1/8-inch hole through the
center to pass air while the sampler is running.
Sensitivity of the system allows measurement of
background levels of radon, about 10-4 working
levels.
AIR SAMPLING
Continual surveillance for radioactive particulates
and gases is maintained through the Air Surveill-
ance Network (ASN) which, during 1971, con-
sisted of 102 permanent stations and 33 stations
activated for specific intervals. Special networks
are also established for events conducted at
locations remote from the NTS: to monitor the
Cannikin Event, 15 stations were established in
Alaska during 1971. In the event of a release of
radioactivity from the NTS, the ASN data are
supplemented by gamma rate recorders and port-
able air samplers operated by monitors.
ASN air samplers draw ten cubic feet per minute
through glass fiber filters which are changed every
24 hours. With a sensitivity of 0.06 pCi/m3 for an
average sample, increased activity levels can be
identified many orders of magnitude less than the
established guides for gross radionuclide con-
centrations in air. In addition to the filter the
samplers are equipped to use charcoal cartridges
for the collection of reactive gases. During 1971,
approximately 36,000 filters and 8,000 charcoal
cartridges were submitted for analysis for beta
radiation and measurement of gamma-emitting
radionuclides.
In continuing efforts to upgrade the quality and
efficiency of the ASN, sampling equipment was
rotated on a routine basis for maintenance to
allow maximum use with a minimum of down-
time. Routine field calibrations were performed
to assure validity of flow information and
minimize errors in measurements.
THE AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORK SAMPLER •
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35
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36
MILK SAMPLING
Milk is particularly important as a medium for
indicating the presence of certain airborne radio-
nuclides. Being one of the most universally
consumed foodstuffs, it is one of the most
convenient dietary constituents to collect, handle
and analyze. During 1971, three different milk
surveillance programs were maintained:
Pasteurized Milk Network
Sponsored by the EPA in conjunction with
Federal and state agencies, this network
provides data on current radionuclide con-
centrations and long-term trends. Com-
posite samples of pasteurized milk are
collected in proportion to consumption in
63 specific metropolitan area milk supplies.
Those collected from 23 such areas in the
western U.S. are analyzed monthly at the
WERL.
Routine Milk Sampling Network
Supported by the AEC, this monthly milk
sampling program consists of about 40
stations in Nevada, Utah, and California.
Samples are taken from Grade A dairies,
family milk cows and representative
pasteurized milk supplies.
Standby Milk Surveillance Network
Also supported by the AEC, this network
can provide additional information to
supplement data from other networks. Milk
samples are collected on an unscheduled
and timely basis from approximately 200
processing plants located in states west of
the Mississippi River.
To facilitate surveillance activities, a comprehen-
sive census of population and milk cows is
maintained. Updated through a periodic survey,
this information is computerized and a directory
is published containing the number of adults and
children, the number of cows, the type of feed
consumed by the cows, whether milk is marketed
and/or consumed by the family, and the precise
location of the collection source by both longi-
tude and latitude and its azimuth and distance
from the control point at the NTS. These surveys
cover all of Nevada and portions of Arizona,
California, and Utah.
FOOD SAMPLING
The Institutional Total Diet Network food
sampling program is designed to provide estimates
of the dietary intake of radionuclides in a selected
population group ranging from children to young
adults of school age. Total diet samples, including
milk, representative of the food intake for one
week by a specific sex and age group are taken on
a quarterly basis from 23 participating institu-
tions. Samples are collected at ten of these
institutions and sent to the WERL for analysis.
The samples are analyzed for information on
radionuclide intake by specific population groups
for studies of exposure, trends, and public health
significance. Analyses include the measurement of
both naturally occurring and artifically produced
radionuclides.
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37
WATER SAMPLING
Water samples are routinely collected to deter-
mine radiological quality of both potable and
non-potable water in California, Nevada and
Utah. In cooperation with the Bureau of Water
Hygiene, samples are also collected from a variety
of interstate carrier locations such as depots and
airports and sent to the WERL for analysis.
Gross alpha and beta counts and gamma spectrum
analysis indicate that, during 1971, no water
sample collected contained fresh fission products.
Of the approximately 25 samples per month
routinely analyzed for tritium content, tritium
values above the Minimum Detectable Activity
(MDA) were found in samples of Las Vegas
municipal water. This water was taken from Lake
Mead which, like many surface water supplies,
characteristically contains tritium concentrations
greater than the MDA of 400 pCi/l.
The Tritium Surveillance System was initiated in
July 1970 to measure tritium content in water
downstream from nuclear facilities as well as in
drinking water. This nationwide network consists
of 73 drinking water and 37 surface water
stations sampled quarterly. Routinely, 12 surface
and 29 drinking water samples were analyzed
quarterly at WERL. This network was established
in response to the increased interest in tritium in
the environment as a result of the growing nuclear
power industry and its associated nuclear wastes.
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38
SUPPLEMENTAL SAMPLING
Samples of snow, soil and vegetation, particularly
grasses on which cows may feed, are collected in
significant numbers within a few weeks before
and after nuclear events and occasionally on a
routine basis to document findings from other
sampling media. Natural gas samples and special
samples were taken as a follow-up of Project
Rulison and a large number of samples of milk,
water, soil, vegetation, crab, salmon and shrimp
were collected during the Cannikin Event period.
PROJECT RULISON
The WERL conducted the off-site safety program
for Project Rulison, near Grand Valley, Colorado,
which was the second Plowshare nuclear gas
stimulation project. Phase III of the Rulison
experimental program involved the controlled
drillback into the underground cavity created by
the nuclear explosion in a natural gas formation,
and flow testing of the gas well to determine the
cavity volume and the rate at which natural gas
flowed from the low permeability reservoir. The
detonation occurred in September 1969 and the
drillback was completed in October 1970. Flaring
tests, or burning of gas from the experimental
well, began in August 1970. The natural gas
released during flow testing contained low levels
of tritium and krypton-85.
After completion of the calibration, high-rate and
intermediate-rate flaring operations, the long-
term, low-rate production flaring was begun on
February 2 and continued through April 23,
1971. At least one WERL field representative was
on duty in the Rulison area throughout this
flaring operation to collect atmospheric moisture
and other environmental samples for radioactivity
analyses. Samples of water, milk, natural vegeta-
tion, animal tissue, soil, precipitation and urine
were collected routinely throughout the flaring
operation and again after the flaring was com-
pleted. Samples of garden vegetables and orchard
crops were obtained during the growing season
that followed the flaring operation. All samples
were analyzed at the WERL.
Aerial surveillance was provided for the special
intensive surveillance in March. Atmospheric
moisture and gas samples were collected by
aircraft in coordination with special sampling for
atmospheric moisture on the ground to relate
airborne radioactivity levels to those found on the
ground.
OBTAINING A GAS SAMPLE AT THE RULISON WELL
-•*•-
-------
39
Radioactive effluent from this event was not
found in human food products. Based on surveill-
ance results, the maximum postulated dose at a
populated location three miles from the site, was
about 0.001 mrem.
CANNIKIN EVENT
The WERL conducted a radiological surveillance
and safety program in support of the Cannikin
Event, a nuclear test of less than five-megatons
held on Amchitka Island, Alaska, on November 6.
About two weeks before the event, monitoring
personnel were stationed at 22 communities
representing all inhabited locations from Chignik
on the Alaska Peninsula to Attu, including the
Pribilof Islands, Old Harbor and Kodiak Island.
These monitors were responsible for providing
residents with information regarding the test and
for coordinating public safety and information
activities locally. Communications were maintain-
ed by two-way radio to the Control Point on
Amchitka Island.
A great number of environmental samples, includ-
ing air, water, milk, precipitation, vegetation, soil
and stream sediment, were collected for analysis.
A dosimetry and air sampling network of 15
locations was established. Pre-event marine food-
stuff samples, including salmon, crab, and shrimp,
were obtained from commercial fishing areas off
the coasts of Alaska and Washington. Also, 115
marine samples, including samples taken near
Amchitka during the immediate pre-event and
post-event periods, were collected and sent to the
WERL for analysis. Measurements taken with
survey instruments, recorders and dosimeters in-
ALASKAN SURVEILLANCE NETWORK AND STANDBY LOCATIONS
ARCTIC OCEAN
IrTpAULr' °' KINe SALMON
/,• ST. GEORGE
'•«NOS
CHIGNIK
^AMCHITKA COLD BAY
%. UNALASKAItt
STANDBY LOCATIONS
\VERL SURVEILLANCE STATIONS FOR THE CANNIKIN EVENT OPERATED BY LOCAL INDIVIDUALS
-------
40
dicated that no radioactivity was released to the
atmosphere as a result of the test.
Aerial monitoring was performed by four moni-
tors, two each aboard Air Force C-130 aircraft.
At event time, the two WERL teams were
airborne near surface ground zero, and were
prepared to sample and track any release of
radioactivity. Three WERL monitors were also
stationed on board two naval vessels and a Coast
Guard vessel in the waters near Amchitka on
event day. Each monitor collected air samples and
marine water samples before and after the event.
Additional WERL personnel were stationed in
Juneau and Anchorage and on Amchitka. Over
100 WERL personnel participated in this pro-
gram.
Because considerable public apprehension arose
prior to this nuclear test, about 30 WERL
personnel remained at their assigned locations for
at least three days after detonation of the device
or until assurance was established that no public
safety problems remained. Based on the results
from the extensive surveillance program, there
was no radioactive effluent released to the bio-
sphere.
In a joint effort with the Alaska Area Native
Health Service, the WERL analyzed urine and
blood samples collected from approximately 50
Aleut residents of Atka, about 300 miles east of
Amchitka. Just prior to the event, all Aleut
residents of Atka received a whole-body count by
the WERL monitor stationed on the island for the
event.
LOCAL RESIDENTS OPERATED AIR SAMPLERS DURING CANNIKIN
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42
SPECIAL STUDIES
ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE TRITIUM
A field study was conducted at the site of Project
Rulison near Grand Junction, Colorado, to study
by comparison the concentrations of atmospheric
tritium as determined from a passive system
which removes moisture from the air by freezing
and an active system which pumps air through a
cannister of molecular sieve for atmospheric
moisture adsorption. Both techniques had been
used for surveillance during the gas flaring phase
of the Rulison experiment. Tritium was one of
the radionuclides released during test flaring of
the natural gas and after flaring was mainly in the
form of water vapor. Also included in the study
was an evaluation of the relative accuracy of
absolute humidities as determined from various
psychrometric measurements and from the
molecular sieve sampler assuming 100% removal
of moisture from the known volume of air
sampled. Results of the study are reported in the
paper, "Comparison of Freeze-out and Adsorp-
tion Techniques for the Collection of Atmos-
pheric Tritium as HTO." The findings show that
at the 99% significance level no differences
existed between the two methods of determining
atmospheric concentrations of tritium in the form
of water vapor, nor between the techniques used
to determine absolute humidity.
HUMBOLDT BAY PILOT STUDY
A pilot study using aircraft in a coordinated aerial
and ground sampling project was conducted at
the Humboldt Bay Power Plant near Eureka,
California. Airborne effluent from the power
plant nuclear reactor was measured to determine
height above the ground and rate of dispersion.
Exposure rate measurements and sample collec-
tion were performed aloft and on the ground for
comparison to theoretical predictions using
Button's diffusion equations. The study showed
that future surveys will require more intensive
and more accurate meteorological data to be
collected. Results of this study show good agree-
ment between theoretical and measured results
along the plume centerline, but plume dispersion
across the trajectory was much more than predict-
ed. Plume rise was considerably more than pre-
dicted and is believed to be the result of terrain
effects. Results of the pilot study are reported in
the paper, "Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant
Survey — March through May 1971."
Additional studies of a similar nature are planned
at the Humboldt Bay Plant and at several other
sites throughout the country. The C-123 aircraft
will be used for future studies since it will provide
the capability to transport the vehicle required in
the ground sampling and the laboratory equip-
ment required for analysis of the samples on
location.
GROUND LEVEL SAMPLING COMPLIMENTS IN-FLIGHT MEASUREMENTS
EXPOSURE RATES ON THE GROUND CAN BE MEASURED AND
RECORDED FROM A MOVING VEHICLE
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44
URANIUM MILL TAILINGS PROJECT
During 1971, the Uranium Mill Tailings Project
underwent major expansion. The principal project
efforts are continuing in the joint Colorado-EPA
Indoor Radon Study with primary focus on
activities at Grand Junction, Colorado. In July,
the project was expanded to include ten western
states. The ten states included are Arizona,
Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Oregon, South
Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington and Wyoming.
The initial effort in the nine additional states, in
cooperation with the state and coordinated with
the EPA Regional Office, has been a mobile
gamma scan of communities adjacent to uranium
mill tailings piles with a highly sensitive truck-
mounted radiation detector. This scan was made
possible by a contract with the AEC and was
arranged through the AEC Grand Junction,
Colorado, Operations Office. The unit is operated
by the Lucius-Pitkin Company of Grand
Junction. Scans in the states of South Dakota,
Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and
Utah were completed by December. The next
phase is to do follow-up evaluations of the
locations showing above normal radiation levels,
as reported by the scanning unit.
WERL MONITORS CONTINUE TO MEASURE GAMMA RADIATION IN THE
HOMES IN THE GRAND JUNCTION AREA
OFF-NTS PLUTONIUM STUDY
Begun in 1970, this study was designed to
determine plutonium deposition in the immediate
area around the NTS and in selected areas of the
western United States. During 1971 soil samples
were collected from approximately 150 locations
near the NTS and analyzed for plutonium. In
order to evaluate the resuspension of plutonium
from soil to the air, filters from air samplers
operating near the NTS were analyzed with filter
selection based on meteorological criteria
supplied by the Air Resources Laboratory of the
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration.
Soil and air sample analysis indicates that
plutonium levels above world-wide fallout levels
exist immediately off the NTS; however, the
levels are well within permissible limits and
present no hazard to humans.
In addition to the near-NTS studies, annual
plutonium-in-air cycles were determined for eight
locations in the western United States remote
from the NTS. The concentration of plutonium at
these locations indicates only world-wide fallout
levels.
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r\_r
k
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training and
education
The Training and Education services offered by
the WERL encompass a broad curriculum of
direct, short-term training courses in radiological
health; continual development of employee skills,
knowledge and technical competence; various
types of training assistance to State and local
government and other federal agencies and inter-
change of services with the University of Nevada,
Las Vegas (UNLV). Of special significance to the
radiation training program at WERL during 1971
was the realignment of training courses to reflect
goals and missions of the EPA.
Considerable effort was spent organizing the
segments of the radiation training program which
were transferred to EPA. This involved not only
the establishment of a functioning organization
incorporating many newly-assumed responsi-
bilities previously delegated elsewhere, but also
the concurrent presentation of training courses
which had been planned and scheduled for 1971
under prior program commitments. Accordingly,
the radiation training program evolved into a
cooperative, coordinated effort between WERL
and the Eastern Environmental Radiation
Laboratory (EERL). A schedule of courses for
calendar year 1972 was prepared with a shift in
emphasis to courses involving the environmental
aspects of radiological health and protection.
Direct short-term training courses are taught by a
staff of five full-time instructors either in the
well-equipped WERL training facilities or, upon
request, at field locations. During 1971, the
WERL presented sixteen courses, totalling 150
days of training. Approximately one-half of these
courses were presented at the WERL and the
remainder at field locations in Alabama, Texas,
New Mexico, Colorado, Arkansas and Arizona.
Offered tuition free, these courses are open to all
persons involved in radiological health or protec-
tion.
The schedule of short-term training courses pre-
sented during 1971 is a combination of basic and
advanced courses in radiological health and pro-
tection, designed to provide either the funda-
mental skills and knowledge necessary to cope
safely with the multitude of uses of radiation or
to provide advanced knowledge in the more
COURSES PRESENTED DURING 1971
COURSE TITLE
LENGTH OF
COURSE
IN DAYS
NUMBER
OF
PRESENTATIONS
TOTAL
NUMBER
OF DAYS
NUMBER
OF
STUDENTS
1. Radiation Protection Guides and
Dose Assessment 10
2. Occupational Radiation Protection ... 10
3. Radionuclide Analysis by Gamma
Spectroscopy 10
4. Basic Radiological Health 10
5. Environmental Radiation Aspects of
Nuclear Reactors 5
6. Medical X-Ray Protection 10
7. Management of Radiation Accidents. . . 5
TOTALS
3
3
1
6
1
1
1
16
30
30
10
60
5
10
5
150
35
41
11
129
37
17
30
300
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48
specialized phases of the field. Because of long-
term scheduling, the training courses presented
during 1971 reflected both Public Health Service
and EPA objectives. Future training courses will
concentrate on the environmental aspects of
radiation, whereas other organizations will be
responsible for medical and occupationally-
oriented radiation uses.
In addition to the regularly scheduled training
courses offered at the WERL, another more
specialized type of training is available. This is a
bench training situation developed between
personnel of a requesting agency and the WERL.
Tailored to meet the individual's need for training
in procedures, methodologies or analytical tech-
niques used within the scope of WERL activities,
the program is varied in time and coordinated
with the various programs of the WERL.
All employees of the WERL are continually
encouraged to increase their professional develop-
ment or improve their job skills through attend-
ance at appropriate meetings, seminars and train-
ing courses. Sixty-five attendees from the WERL
participated in 29 different training courses or
seminars; 36 professional meetings were attended
by 38 participants. Five personnel were enrolled
for at least one semester in courses at the UNLV.
Monitor certification training and refresher
courses for WERL employees who serve on
short-term assignments as monitors are also offer-
ed.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
OF STUDENTS
YEARS OF
EXPERIENCE
Less than 1
NUMBER OF
STUDENTS
26
1-5
112
6-10
64
11-15
41
16-20
31
Greater than 20
26
TOTAL 300
Because of their proximity, UNLV and WERL
maintain close relationships, both on a formal and
informal basis, in areas of mutual benefit. This
may be in the form of free exchanges of
information, technique advice and consultation
services between the professional staffs, or by
jointly sponsoring meetings or symposia. Five of
the WERL instructors taught courses at UNLV as
Adjunct Professors and, concurrently, four pro-
fessors from UNLV were part-time staff members
at the WERL. In addition to these types of joint
efforts, due to classroom and equipment prob-
lems created by the rapid growth of UNLV, 658
hours of UNLV classes were held in WERL
facilities and some WERL equipment was used for
special UNLV projects.
Also, the President of UNLV and his senior
faculty met with the WERL staff for an orienta-
tion briefing of WERL operations and capa-
bilities, a brief discussion of possible areas of
mutual cooperation and a tour of WERL facil-
ities.
DEGREES HELD BY ATTENDEES
BY PERCENTAGE
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49
STUDENT DAYS AND
DAYS OF TRAINING vs TIME
1965 J966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971
COURSES AND
STUDENTS vs TIME
\ .
I I I i I I I
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971
ATTENDEES BY STATE
ALASKA 0
HAWAII 8
CANADA 1
WASH., D.C 2
CONT'L U.S 289
TOTAL: 300
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research
During 1971, the WERL conducted extensive
field and laboratory experimental studies into the
ecology of specific pollutants and the methods
and effectiveness of the transport to man through
the various media. In these studies, collectively,
the WERL demonstrated research and develop-
ment capabilities which are readily adaptable to
in-depth studies in other kinds of environmental
pollution. However, research efforts of the WE R L
were principally applied to investigations into the
causes, characteristics and effects of manmade
and natural radiation.
Environmental transport and ecological studies
being highly dependent on precise analytical
methods, sophisticated and, in several instances,
specially-designed analytical apparatus and instru-
mentation are maintained for data collection and
processing. The analytical techniques used are
continuously evaluated and, as new requirements
arise, new procedures are developed accordingly.
Similarly, biometric support and instrument de-
velopment are regarded as necessary to supple-
ment the research efforts. Facilities support for
WE R L research projects includes a 30-acre experi-
mental farm maintained at the Nevada Test Site
and a greenhouse for plant and soil studies which
is a part of the WERL complex.
A section of the 16-1/2 acres under cultivation on
the NTS farm is divided into experimental micro-
plots which are used to evaluate the uptake of
low quantities of aged mixed fission and activa-
tion products in locally grown truck vegetables.
THE LABORATORY-BARN AT THE EXPERIMENTAL FARM
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51
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52
The balance of the croplands is used primarily for
forage crops for the 30-head experimental dairy
herd. An experimental beef herd, averaging 70
head and managed by farm personnel, roams the
mountains, valleys and dry lakes of the desert test
site. In addition to these plant and animal
husbandry capabilities, research facilities are
maintained in the WERL complex for support
studies with goats, swine and other animals and
for controlled environment studies with plants in
the greenhouse.
In the past, efforts were concentrated on studies
related to radioiodine, then gradually extended to
include other radionuclides such as radiotungsten,
tritium, carbon-14 and plutonium. With the
expanded scope of the WERL mission under the
EPA, present capabilities of the WERL are being
utilized, particularly in the field of radiotracer
techniques, to solve other environmental prob-
lems.
Most of the 1971 research effort was devoted to
evaluating the transfer of radionuclides through
the fallout-air-forage-cow-milk-man chain. A
major means of transfer of radionuclides to man
being milk, dairy cows from the farm are used for
radioisotope ingestion and inhalation studies. In
another area of research, samples are regularly
collected from domestic and game animals and
analyzed for a variety of radionuclides. The
domestic animals are generally selected from the
beef herd which grazes relatively freely on the
NTS. To evaluate possible effects of off-site
nuclear events, such as Project Rulison, back-
ground and post-event animal samples are collect-
ed in the area surrounding the test location.
Findings from these samplings can be used to
predict effects on the human population in the
same geographical region.
The results of WERL studies are supplemented by
field and laboratory investigations in soil, plants
and other media. To complete the ecological
cycle, aerosol studies are conducted to simulate
the fallout particulates and study the relationship
between their size and shape and chemical or
physical form and any potential hazard.
Although not described in detail, the following
specific examples are typical of the research
projects conducted at the WERL.
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53
ANIMAL STUDIES
Biological effects of ionizing radiation are studied
in depth. Two current projects use rats and
hamsters.
To determine whether polonium-210, a radio-
active element found in tobacco, may be a factor
in the formation of lung cancer, rats are exposed
daily to cigarette smoke containing added
polonium-210. Most of this element in cigarette
smoke is cleared from the rat lung soon after a
single exposure; however, continued daily ex-
posures result in an equilibrium concentration of
polonium in the lung.
Syrian hamsters are used in a study of the
potential health hazards associated with the in-
THE CIGARETTE SMOKING MACHINE EXPOSES RATS TO
POLONIUM-210 IN SMOKE
halation of a single highly-radioactive particle,
such as those emitted by reactors developed for
nuclear rocket engines. To obtain biological data
to develop reliable safety standards, seven groups
of hamsters are studied: three groups containing
pulmonary-deposited radioactive particles, one
group containing inert particles and three groups
serving as controls. In conjunction with serial
sacrifice to follow the development of the expect-
ed primary lung tumor, gamma spectroscopy and
radioautography are used to follow the develop-
ment of effects. Gross lesions, apparently primary
lung tumors, were found in two animals in the
high dose group. Pathological evaluation is still in
process. A lung tumor was diagnosed, histological-
ly, in the middle dose group.
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54
EXCRETIONS ROUTES FOR A VARIETY OF RADIOISOTOPES
(Average for four cows)
ISOTOPE AND
COMPOUND
86RbCI
202TIN03
181W04
129Te203
203Pb(N03)2
59FeCI3
203HgCI3
7BeCI2
ROUTE OF
ADMINISTRATION
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
MILK
15
2.5
0.64
0.3
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.0016
TOTAL % ADMINISTERED
DOSE RECOVERED
URINE
64
7.7
17
4.1
0.12
0.009
0.075
0.023
FECES
21
37
63
76
93
77
75
68
COWS ARE KEPT IN INDIVIDUAL STALLS DURING METABOLISM STUDIES
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55
Bio-kinetics investigations are also conducted at
WERL. Studies defining critical metabolic path-
ways in animals of ingested radionuclides which
could appear in the environment following
nuclear detonations provide valuable data for use
in hazard evaluation. Because dairy products
contribute a significant portion of the total diet,
particularly for infants and children, and may be
the major route of radionuclide exposure, such
studies are conducted with dairy cows. Metab-
olism studies in cows have the added feature of
supplying the constants for models to predict the
extent of man's probable exposure as well as
giving indications of specific biological availabil-
ities, potential sites of tissue concentrations, and
major routes of excretion. To obtain adequate
data for hazard assessment, these studies include
both single and multiple ingestion exposures by
dairy cows for each nuclide studied.
Tissue distribution studies indicate the principal
sites of major deposition for the radionuclides to
be as follows:
Rb liver >muscle >bone >lung >spleen
Tl kidney >lung >muscle >bone
W bone >pelt >liver >muscle
Hg kidney >liver >spleen
Be liver >kidney >bone
An artificial rumen device is used to measure the
in vitro solubility of various chemical compounds
in rumen contents. Compounds which are less
soluble in vitro are also secreted to a lesser extent
in milk in vivo. This procedure facilitates estimat-
ing transfer to milk, since one compound can be
tested in a metabolism study and other chemical
forms of the same element can then be tested in
the artificial rumen.
Another animal used in these studies is the
lactating goat which is small enough for labora-
tory facilities and simplifies the study of milk
secretion of radionuclides prior to such studies in
dairy cows. Goats given an injection of pluto-
nium-238 excreted about one percent in the milk,
and analysis of tissues indicated the liver had the
highest concentration and bone the next highest.
When cheese was made from the milk, nearly all
the plutonium in the milk appeared in the cheese.
This effect was independent of storage time or
state of pasteurization of the milk.
GOAT STUDIES ARE CONDUCTED IN THE WERL FACILITIES
Tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, is
gradually becoming more abundant in the
environment. Since it is incorporated in all
biological processes, tritium must be evaluated to
assess its possible hazard. The dose equivalent
from tritium is usually calculated by assuming its
effective half-life is the same as the half-time for
body water, but evidence from occupational-
exposure cases indicates that some portion of the
tritium has a longer effective half-life. In three
females who worked in a plant where watch dials
were painted with a tritiated luminous com-
pound, the change in tritium body burden was
followed for an extended period of time. Tritium
initially was excreted with a biological half-life of
about one week which was then succeeded by a
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56
half-life of about one month. At the end of the
study, the tritium was being excreted with a
biological half-life of 280 days to 550 days. A
comparison of the biological half-life of tritium in
lactating dairy animals and non-lactating beef
animals was an objective of another study. Addi-
tional information on the relative biological half-
lives of tritium in the different components of
milk from dairy cows resulted from these experi-
ments. The tritium in beef animal blood exhibited
two half-lives, i.e., 2.8 days initially followed by a
longer component of 29 days. This longer com-
ponent in the dairy animal ranges from about 25
days in milk protein to about 30 days in the milk
serum and about 60 days in the milk fat.
Two studies are in progress to determine whether
the results mentioned above are due to tritium
incorporation in organic components. One study
uses rabbits and the other uses two species of fish.
Both are based on maintaining an experimental
population in a uniformly tritiated environment
for two to three generations and determining the
specific activity of hydrogen in the organic
components of each generation.
TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
AMONG MILK FRACTIONS
o
10
10°
10'
102
io3
PROTEIN
FAT
•-SERUM
TB2
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
DAYS AFTER ADMINISTRATION
STUDIES ARE CONDUCTED ON FISH KEPT IN A
TRITIATED ENVIRONMENT
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57
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES
Ecological studies are conducted on a continuing
basis with concentrated efforts on various trophic
levels in the environment. In one such study,
rumen fistulated cattle are allowed to graze freely
in selected locations for short periods of time.
The rumen contents are then removed through
the fistula and examined for botanical and radio-
nuclide content. The locations used are those
contaminated accidently, as from the Baneberry
Event, or where long-lived activity, such as
Plutonium, is known to be present.
Many studies are underway to investigate tritium
movement in soil, soil to plant transfer of tritium,
and distribution of tritium between the aqueous
and organic fractions of plants.
Results of such laboratory studies are directly
applicable to field studies such as those con-
ducted around nuclear power installations
(Humboldt Bay) and nuclear stimulation of gas
fields (Rulison). In these studies, extensive
samplings are made of soils, plants and animals to
determine transfer dynamics and any concentrat
ing mechanisms so that critical pathways affecting
radiation exposure may be detected.
The movement of tritium through desert soil at
the NTS was also studied. Previous experience has
shown that various materials leach differently
through disturbed and undisturbed (in situ) soils.
Plots of bare soil and soil with natural vegetation
were spiked with tritium and irrigated regularly
thereafter. Samples of vegetation and of tran-
spired water were collected to evaluate soil losses
by irrigation.
These studies can be extended most conveniently
in the laboratory. In this case, various types of
soils are placed in appropriate containers to study
movement and absorption of nuclides as a func-
tion of soil type and amount of water applied.
ONE OF THE FISTULATED STEERS FROM THE BEEF HERD
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58
Soil microflora may play an important role either
in the movement of materials through the soil or
in transfer of materials from soil to plant. The
latter role may be critical in the transfer of
radionuclides. Studies being conducted identify
the microbiota by species and numbers as a
function of soil and plant type and the solu-
bilizing effect or uptake of radionuclides by single
species cultures isolated from NTS soils.
Domestic and wildlife tissue samples were collect-
ed for tritium and carbon-14 analyses prior to and
following flaring operations at the Rulison site.
Collections are continuing in an effort to docu-
ment the effect of these operations on this
portion of the human food chain.
The strontium-90 content of bones from Bighorn
sheep and beef cattle continued the decline which
started in 1964.
APPLIED RADIATION SAFETY
Tritium-activated luminous compounds are being
used extensively in consumer products and some
have specific activities as high as 1.2 Ci/g. The
possible hazard from tritium release by many of
these compounds is being evaluated in the labora-
tory. As much as 0.01% is released daily by the
compounds with some indication that this per-
centage decreases with time. Field studies during
the Rulison testing period suggested that per-
sonnel wearing watches with tritiated luminous
dials excreted more tritium than other personnel.
A laboratory study with volunteer subjects was
initiated to quantitate the tritium uptake from
wearing such watches.
SOIL SAMPLES ARE STUDIED IN THE GREENHOUSE
COMPARISON OF 90Sr IN BONES OF DEER, CATTLE AND BIGHORN SHEEP
20
O)
CO
o
o
a
I
CO
LLJ
z
o
CD
10
DEER
BEEF
BIGHORN SHEEP
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
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59
METHODS DEVELOPMENT
Procedures are updated or generated anew on a
continuing basis in terms of current requirements:
• A solution using two detergents, Triton
N-101 and Triton H-55 can be used to
make untreated urine samples soluble in
the liquid scintillation cocktail. This pro-
cedure permits rapid urinalysis for tritium
with minimum losses from sample prepara-
tion.
• A standard procedure for low-level carbon-
14 analysis is the combustion of the sample
to produce C02 followed by conversion of
the CO2 to benzene. The CO2 is reacted
with a metal to form a carbide which is
treated with water to form acetylene. A
vanadium catalyst is then used to poly-
merize the acetylene to benzene. The
procedure used at WERL is distinguished
by the conversion of over 90% of the
original C02 to benzene and the ability to
obtain 15 to 20 ml of benzene from a
single reaction.
• A rapid method for plutonium analysis in
biological samples has also been developed.
The sample is wet-digested and the pluto-
nium coprecipitated with appropriate
agents. After filtering, the precipitate is
solubilized and the plutonium extracted
with triisooctylamine which is incorporated
into scintillation liquid.
• Carbon-14 and tritium analyses can both be
performed on a sample by procedures
recently developed. The sample is com-
busted in a Parr bomb to form carbon
dioxide and water and both fractions are
then collected for analysis.
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informational
activities
The value and usefulness of WERL surveillance,
research efforts and investigations are dependent
on the timely release of information on the
methods and findings. Increasing public interest
in the quality of the environment also demands
that concise information on WERL programs,
activities and plans be promptly available. These
services are provided through the technical re-
ports office, which includes technical editing,
typing and illustrations capabilities, the technical
reference library, and the public affairs office,
which includes professional photographic and
press and public oriented communications
capabilities.
During 1971, twenty WERL technical reports
were published, all of which are available to the
public through the National Technical Infor-
mation Service (NTIS). Other publications pre-
pared and distributed include the WERL 1970
Annual Report, 38 technical papers for oral
presentation or publication in journals, magazines
or symposium proceedings; updating revisions of
the Milk Directory; numerous abstracts on
WE R L-generated papers; and several inhouse
procedures manuals. A brochure outlining WERL
aerial surveillance capabilities was initiated.
Surveillance data collected routinely by the
WERL were condensed from six-month reports
for publication in Radiation Data and Reports.
In addition to numerous subscription periodicals,
trade journals and EPA publications, including
reports of air and water pollution studies, the
WERL library keeps copies of all WERL-
generated reports, a wide variety of textbooks
and other hardback reference material. The
borrowing arrangement with the libraries in the
southern Nevada area, the University of Nevada,
Las Vegas, the Southern Nevada Memorial
Hospital, the AEC and AEC contractors, con-
tinued through 1971 and included interlibrary
loans arranged with UCLA and the AEC library at
Oak Ridge. During 1971 also, the library became
part of the interlibrary data exchange system
involving all 40 of the EPA libraries, and a
microfiche and microfilm reader-printer was pur-
chased for the WERL library to facilitate data
research and utilization.
LIBRARY TRANSACTIONS 1971
LIBRARY MATERIAL
Books
Reports
Reprints
Patents
REQUESTED
259
588
1469
19
RECEIVED
215
1829
1383
54
In accordance with EPA policy, a function of the
WERL Office of Public Affairs is to provide
information about the Agency and its activities to
anyone who requests it. As the WERL became
more strongly identified with the EPA during
1971, increased public awareness stimulated an
increasing number of inquiries on air and water
pollution, solid wastes, pesticides and noise abate-
ment problems in addition to those of radio-
logical health nature. These inquiries came from
individual citizens, public officials, communi-
cations media, citizens groups, legislators, educa-
tional institutions, libraries, students and business
concerns. Response was made through direct
correspondence, telephone and personal inter-
view, published reports, informational brochures,
films, news releases, briefings and public speaking
engagements, exhibits, displays and tours of
WERL facilities, and by reference to the appropri-
ate EPA program or Regional Office. The WERL
also provides information, particularly to
scientific and technical audiences, by sponsoring
and/or participating in scientific meetings and
symposia, and through news coverage of these
events.
On August 30 through September 2, the WERL
co-sponsored with the University of Nevada, Las
Vegas, a Tritium Symposium which was attended
by about 400 persons from throughout the
United States and from ten foreign nations.
Nearly 100 papers were presented on sources of
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61
MANY GROUPS TOURED THE WERL FACILITIES DURING 1971 RANGING FROM SCHOOL CHILDREN TO DISTINGUISHED VISITORS FROM WASHINGTON
/ n
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62
NOBEL-PRIZEWINNER DR WILLARD E LIBBY WAS A FEATURED
SPEAKER AT THE TRITIUM SYMPOSIUM
tritium and predictions of future production and
possible environmental levels, behavior of tritium
in the environment, biological effects, methods of
detection and analysis, dose assessment, and
problems of disposal. Proceedings of the sym-
posium will be published in 1972.
A workshop in Environmental Quality Sensors
was held at the WERL, November 30 through
December 3, and attended by 55 persons from
within EPA and from other Federal agencies and
EPA contractors and grantees. Sponsored by the
EPA Office of Monitoring, the meeting provided
attendees an opportunity to learn firsthand about
the monitoring activities and requirements of
EPA and. to exchange ideas about monitoring and
remote sensing techniques.
Speakers on EPA and WERL activities and pro-
grams were provided to 16 public, civic or student
groups during 1971, including local chapters of
the National Health Federation, Kiwanis and
Lions Clubs, the Library Association, the Nevada
Public Health Association, university and college
classes, the Clark County Environmental Health
Task Force, and others. Also, on 13 occasions,
WERL personnel were interviewed on broadcast
media.
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Twenty-four news releases were issued and three
news conferences were held. Nine interviews were
arranged with press representatives which resulted
in articles on WERL research activities, its partici-
pation in the Cannikin nuclear test, the Medical
Liaison Officer Network, and other projects.
Through the Information Office, exhibits were
provided for National Library Week for the
Federal Career Information Day, and for the
annual conference of the U.S. Civil Defense
Council. Bjg Sam, a fistulated steer from the beef
herd maintained by the WERL on the NTS, was
featured in an exhibit at the AEC-sponsored
Youth Science Day in Las Vegas, at the White
Pine County Fair in Ely, Nevada, at the New
Mexico State Fair in Albuquerque, and at the Las
Vegas Jaycees State Fair. The recorded story of
Bjg Sam was carried in spot announcements on
radio and television on each of these occasions
and some 20,000 fliers and brochures describing
the beef herd and the experimental dairy farm
were distributed.
During 1971, 16,500 additional information
documents were mailed in response to inquiries,
picked up by visitors to the WERL or handed out
to groups touring the WERL. Tours of WERL
facilities, employing about 275 manhours of staff
time, were conducted for 925 persons in 40
groups and for a number of others in small groups
or as individuals. Twenty-one of the tour groups
visited the NTS farm.
Over 100 formal requests for photographic serv-
ices were received and 434 new negatives and
35mm slides were added to the WE R L files. More
than 1500 photographs were distributed, many
used to illustrate textbooks, reports, and news-
paper and magazine articles and as visual aids for
lectures, speeches, and technical presentations.
Photographs were provided to EPA Region V for
an environmental exhibit for the National
Association of Conservation Districts, a slide
series on the Indoor Radon Project in Colorado
was provided for EPA Region VIM, and color
transparencies with a taped narration by Bjg Sam
were provided for a permanent exhibit on animals
in, research to be displayed at the American
Museum of Atomic Energy in Oak Ridge,
Tennessee.
BIG SAM AT THE NEW MEXICO STATE FAIR
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As the WERL's mission continues to broaden into
new areas of environmental research and monitor-
ing, its capability for providing information and
responding to public inquiry concerning environ-
mental matters is also broadening. The WERL
expects in 1972 to become an even more respon-
sive resource for environmental information,
particularly for information on the research and
monitoring which is essential to carry out the
Agency's mission of promulgating and maintain-
ing environmental quality for us all.
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This report makes no warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy.
completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any infor-
mation, apparatus, method, or process disclosed rn this report may not infringe privately owned rights;
or assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any
information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report.
TO NELLIS. VALLEY OF FIRE SALT LAKE CITY
AND ZION-BRYCE
NATIONAL PARKS
TO Ml. CHAILf STON.
DEATH VAUlY, IENO
AND SAN FIANCISCO
UNION PLAZA 0/0-CASINO CENTE
SAHARA
ii KAREN AVI
I—I
CAESARS PALACE QO FLAMINGO
1O LOS ANGEIES (790 MILES) I
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL REPORTS. AERL
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