EPA-430/9-76-005
CONSTRUCTION
INSPECTION GUIDE
VOLUME 1
1976
Municipal Construction Division
Office of Water Program Operations
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Washington, D.C. 20460
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FOREWORD
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 set
in motion a comprehensive program to clean up the Nation's waters.
Recognizing that many local governments could not afford to build
needed treatment facilities without financial assistance, Congress
dramatically increased Federal aid to help local governments meet
the requirements of the Act. The 1972 Amendments made available
$18 billion in Federal grants to local governments for wastewater
treatment works. The program is administered by the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency in cooperation with the water pollution
control agencies of the various States.
f
This Construction Inspection Guide is being issued to aid the
engineers and technicans who inspect the actual construction of a
wastewater treatment facility. It should serve as a guide in examin-
ing the detailed construction of the structural, mechanical, and
electrical features of a modern facility. It "cannot, however, replace
plans, specifications, experience, and most importantly, engineering
judgement. Whenever a difference ex'ists between the guide and contract
documents, or Federal, State and Local requirements, the contract docu-
ments or governmental requirements ;take precedent.
X * *
Comments, recommendations,.or .suggestions for modification or
insertion of additional material are solid-ted.; They should be sent
to: Director, Municipal Construction Division,'U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 "M" Street S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460.
The Environmental Protection Agency extends acknowledgement to the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who originally-published this guide, and
the Naval Facilities Engineer! hcj Command, who provided the negatives,
for their joint permission to reprint this guide with minor editorial
changes.
heftv
Assistant Administrator
ater Prog rain Operations
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR
OBTAINING ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS GUIDE
This guide is available, free of charge, for
personnel who inspect the day-to-day construction of
municipal wastewater treatment facilities funded in
part, by grants from the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
To order the "Construction Inspection Guide"
write to:
General Services Administration (8-FFS)
Centralized Mailing List Services
Building 41, Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Please include the following information:
1. Title of publication—Construction Inspection
Guide
2. Publication Number—MCD-23
3. Name and location of project where this guide
will be used.
4. USEPA Grant Identification Number for this
project.
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Volume I
Construction Inspection Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter
V
100 General Information
101 Layout & Quantity Surveys
102 Clearing and Grubbing
103 Earthwork
104 Underground Pipe Systems
105 Paving
106 Grassing, Planting and Erosion Control
201 Concrete for Structures
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Volume 2
Construction Inspection Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter
202 Structural Steel
203 Welding
204 Masonry
205 Carpentry
206 Precast & Cast-in-Place
Roof Decking
207 Roofing
208 Sheet Metal
209 Furring (Metal), Lathing & Plaster
210 Resilient-Type Floors
211 Dampproofing & Waterproofing
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212 Corrugated Roofing & Siding
213 Metal Doors, Door Frames & Windows
214 Cabinets, Casework & Wardrobes
215 Calking, Glass & Glazing
216 Terrazzo: Ceramic & Quarry Tile
217 Movable Accordion & Toilet Partitions
218 Hardware
219 Painting
301 Plumbing & Sprinkle Systems
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Volume 3
Construction Inspection Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter
302 Heating
303 Ventilating, Air Supply & Distribution Systems
304 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
305 Interior Electrical
306 Exterior Electrical
307 Cathodic Protection
308 Installation of Equipment
401 Pile Construction
402 Levee Construction & Earth Embankment
Construction
404 Drilling for Subsurface Investigations
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CHAPTER 100
GENERAL INFORMATION
INDEX
Para. Title Page
100-01 INTRODUCTION 1QO-1
100-02 . RESPONSIBILITY 100-1
100-03 AUTHORITY 100-2
100-04 DEALING WITH THE CONTRACTOR 100-3
100-05 REVIEWING PLANS AND SPECIFI- 100-4
CATIONS
100-06 SHOP DRAWINGS 100-6
100-07 DAILY INSPECTOR'S REPORTS 100-7
100-08 PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE 100-8
100-09 EQUIPMENT PROPOSAL 100-8
100-10 CLAIMS 100-9
100-11 PROGRESS SCHEDULES 100-9
100-12 LABOR ENFORCEMENT 100-10
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Para. T1tle Page
100-13 STORAGE OF MATERIALS 100-11
100-14 CONTRACTOR'S PAYMENT 100-12
ESTIMATES
100-15 RIGHTS-OF-WAY 100-14
100-16 PHOTOGRAPHS 100-15
100-17 RECORD DRAWINGS 100-15
100-18 TRANSFER OF CONSTRUCTION 100-17
100-19 INSPECTION 100-17
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CHAFER 100
GENERAL INFORMATION
100-01. INTRODUCTION
As an Inspector, you should at all times be
thoroughly familiar with all the provisions
of the contracts which you are administering.
You should be thoroughly familiar with the
plans and specifications including all re-
visions, changes, and amendments. In addition,
you should be thoroughly familiar with the
pertinent administration policies.
100-02. RESPONSIBILITY
Inspectors have different responsibilities
and authorities, this being dependent on the
organization set-up which he is working under
and the Inspector's own capabilities. Each
inspector, however, should know the part he
has in the organization, and should have or
obtain clear and precise answers to the
following questions:
a. Do I understand the importance of my
responsibility for the highest quality con-
struction? ,
100-1
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b. Do I have the technical knowledge,
tact and good judgment to effectively perform
my inspectional duties?
c. Do I fully understand the extent Of my
responsibility?
(1) Have I accepted all of my responsi-
bilities?
(2) Have I overlooked any of my potential-
ities?
(3) Have I overstepped my authority?
(4) Do I understand my supervisor's
attitude with respect to my responsibilities?
(5) Am I aware of my responsibility to
record in my daily report all verbal instruc-
tion?
100-03. AUTHORITY
a. Make sure you know the extent of your
authority. You always have the authority to
require work to be accomplished in accordance
with the contract plans and specifications.
b. Check with your supervisor on policies
with respect to your authority to stop con-
tractor operations for such things as safety.
100-2
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violations or construction deficiencies.
100-04. DEALING WITH THE CONTRACTOR
a. Are my relations with the contractor
Impersonal but friendly, fair and firm?
b. Am I business-like and cooperative with
the contractor?
c. Do 1 have a clear, accurate, and
appreciative understand of the contractor's
problems.
d. Do my decisions and instructions to
the contractor provide the greatest latitude
possible, without prejudice and without
waiving the contract requirements in choice
of equipment, material, and methods?
(1) Are they executed promptly and at
the right time?
(2) Are they based on detailed knowledge
of all facts, good judgment, and the protection of
the interests of my employer.
(3) Will they have any adverse con-
sequences? If so,.has my supervisor been
informed of the problem?
100-3
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e. Am I cautious about dictating methods
of construction to the contractor unless they
are clearly spelled out in the contract?
£. Am I careful about discussing items
directly with the subcontractor or workmen
without the contractor's knowledge?
g. Do I try to settle all controversies
with the contractor promptly?
100-05. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
a. Make a thorough review of plans and
specifications during bidding period.
y
(1) Watch for omissions.
(2) Watch for discrepancies in plans
and specifications and between plans and
specifications.
(3) Check plans and specifications
against requirements with which you have had
trouble on similar jobs before.
(4) Compare elevations, grades and
details shown as existing on plans with those
at the actual site.
(5) Report all errors, omissions, dis-
crepancies, and deficiencies to your supervisor
100-4
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b. Always keep a posted and marked up set
of plans and specifications convenient for
ready reference.
c. Keep informed of all amendments and
changes to the contract document, make sure
you have copies, and know their contents. Also,
make sure that the contractor has the same
information.
d. Anticipate contractor's operations and
make a thorough review of the plans and speci-
fications as they pertain to each and every
operation before it begins.
(1) Discuss the requirements of the
plans and specifications with the contractor
before each operation begins.
(2) Underline or makes notes of those
requirements which need special attention, such as
(a) Unusual requirements.
(b) Those that the contractor is
likely to overlook.
(c) Repetitive deficiencies.
e. Compare the work actually begin per-
formed with each requirement of the plans
and specifications.
100-5
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100-06. SHOP DRAWINGS
a. Review plans and specifications. Make
a list of all Items requiring shop drawings
and Items on which shop drawings should be
submitted, such as lay-outs for equipment,
room, etc.
b. Encourage the contractor to make a
similar list and compare this list with the
one you have made to eliminate omissions.
c. Require the contractor to furnish
Information as to when he plans to furnish
each shop drawing.
d. Make sure the contractor's shop drawing
submlttal will be timely so as to avlod delay
of construction.
e. Compare the shop drawings to the contract
drawings and report apparent differences to
your supervisor. Approved shop drawings do not
constitute a waiver of a contract requirement.
f. Study the approved submission making
sure each detail on the shop drawing is clearly
understood.
g. Make continual checks of shop drawing
submittals with job progress to prevent delays
in construction.
100-6
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h. Continually check material being
installed against the approved shop drawing.
Never let material which has not been approved
be installed.
100-07. DAILY INSPECTOR'S REPORTS
a. Prepare an accurate daily report.
Check that the report tells the complete
story of the events on the job each day.
Check for the inclusion of the following:
(1) Conditions (weather, moisture,
soil conditions, etc.). Note if and how any
adverse condition hampered or delayed the
contractor's operations.
(2) Activities (include details of each
activity).
(3) Difficulties (include all diffi-
culties encountered by your or the contractor).
(4) Controversial matters (disputes,
questionable itmes, etc. Also, note if they
were settled and, if so, how they were settled)
(5) Deficiencies and violations (include
construction, safety, labor, etc.).
(6) Instructions given and received
(include how the instructions were transmitted
to you and from you).
100-7
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(7) Progress information (report all
delays, action taken, and action contemplated).
(8) Equipment. (Report arrival at the
site and shipment from the site of each major
item of equipment by manufacturer, model, serial
number, and capacity. Report equipment in use
and comment on reasons for idle equipment.)
(9) Record tests and results thereof.
(10) Make sure inspector's reports are
dated and signed.
b. Spot-check the daily report from time
to time to assure that you are recording a
complete and understandable report.
100-08. PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE
A pre-construction conference will be held
with the contractor at project level to
discuss and agree upon order of work for all
phases of construction, submissions required
for approval, safety, etc. Obtain a copy of
the minutes from your supervisor and carefully
review its contents.
100-09. EQUIPMENT PROPOSAL
Most equipment proposed by the contractor
is required to have the approval of the engineer
Approvals of the engineer regarding euqipment.
100-8
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constitute approval as to general adequacy only
Check equipment frequently during construction
to see that it produces acceptable work.
100-10. CLAIMS
a. Always be alert to possible claims or
matters of possible dispute.
b. When you discover that a claim or dis-
pute is in the making, notify your supervisor
and record all facts in your daily inspector's
report.
c. Make sure that adequate and accurate
records of facts, materials, labor and equip-
ment associated with the claim or dispute are
kept.
100-11. PROGRESS SCHEDULES
a. Render any necessary assistance to the
contractor for his preparation of initial and
revised progress schedules.
%
b. Encourage contractor to submit timely
progress schedules.
c. Be familiar with the approved progress
schedules and carefully watch for any slippage
in progress.
100-9
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d. Anticipate slow downs and delays
affecting progress.
e. Promptly report to your supervisor and
in the daily inspector's report all indications
of any slippage in progress.
f. Suggest appropriate ways to the con-
tractor in which he might improve his progress,
and record the suggestions in your daily
inspector's reports.
g. When construction falls behind schedule,
carefully examine the construction operations
for ways the progress can be inproved. .Report
these findings to your supervisor, in your
daily inspector's report, and to the contractor.
Only suggestions should be made to the con-
tractor. Be very careful not to direct or
dictate the contractor's operation.
h. Keep informed of the exact required
contract completion date and know the advance
notice required by higher authorities for
prefinals. Check to see that these
inspections are appropriately scheduled.
100-12. LABOR ENFORCEMENT
a. Keep informed of the labor provisions
of the contracts on which you are working.
100-10
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b. Always avoid taking part in any labor
disputes.
c. Promptly inform your supervisor of any
labor problems and disputes.
d. Check that ariti-discrimination posters
and minimum wage rates are kept in a con-
spicuous place.
e. Assist office personnel in assuring
that:
(1) The man-hours put in on the work
are accurately shown on payrolls.
(2) Payrolls are obtained weekly from
each subcontractor who worked on the job.
(3) Each laborer and each machine is
classified in accordance with the particular
work function.
f. Make spot-checks with contractor's
employees to verify that at least minimum
wages are being paid.
100-13. STORAGE OF MATERIALS
a. Check to see that adequate space is
available for the contractor's operations
and storage areas.
100-11
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b. Check that approval has been obtained
for temporary sheds, buildings, etc. which
the contractor proposes to install.
c. See that all material and equipment is
properly stored and protected.
d. Insure that storage areas are maintained
in a neat and orderly manner.
e. Safety Provisions, especially in the
storage of flammable or explosive materials
and fire hazards, must be adhered to.
f. Make sure that damage will not occur to
structures.
g. Assure that the necessary heating and
ventilating is provided.
100-14. CONTRACTOR'S PAYMENT ESTIMATES
a. Check specifications for method of
measurement and payment for each item of work
to be accomplished.
b. Be familiar with schedules of prices
and methods of measurement and payment.
c. Assist the Office Engineer in prepa-
ration of partial pay estimates.
100-12
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(1) Make timely measurements of work
completed and work accomplished each pay period
It is usually a good idea to seek contractor's
concurrence.
(2) Keep orderly, neat and accurate
records of measurements.
d. Check material on hand, for which pay-
ment is being made, for:
(1) Fair market value of materials.
i
(2) Quantity and quality having been
approved for incorporating into the job.
(3) Proper storage and protection.
(4) Deletion of material which is
placed in the job.
e. Be alert to all increases or decreases
in quantity of work shown on the unit price
schedules as compared to that actually being
required to accomplish the construction.
(1) Make as accurate an estimate as
possible of all variations in quantities.
(2) Report all variations of quanti-
ties promptly to your supervisor.
100-13
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100-15. RIGHTS-OF-WAY
Check that all rights-of-way are obtained
prior to entrance on property.
a. Require written evidence if contractor-
obtained.
b. Check contract provisions if they are to be
obtained by the owner.
c. Know the limits of right-of-way and
locations of stakes that may be used to determine
location and elevations.
100-14
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100-16. PHOTOGRAPHS
a. Check that photographs have been taken
of the following:
(1) Views of major construction projects
during various stages of completion and when
completed.
(2) Scenes of.value in connection with
changed conditions, claims, or potential claims.
(3) Detailed views of work in place for
which removal has been ordered because of non-
compliance with plans and specifications.
(4) Construction in which unusual
difficulties have been overcome or where the
subject is of technical interest.
(5) New methods of construction.
(6) Property or material damages.
(7) Emergency conditions and safety
violations.
(8) Accident scenes.
b. Check that each picture taken is
completely described and identified.
100-17. RECORD DRAWINGS
100-15
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a. Has one set of complete contract
drawings been designated just for As-built
Drawings?
X
b. Insure that as soon as a change or
addition is made in construction it is noted
on the As-built Drawing.
c. See that the following general items
are being considered in the preparation of
the As-built Drawings:
(1) Size and type of existing and new
utility lines.
(2) Layout and schematic drawings of
electrical circuits and piping.
(3) Correct dimensions and details
transferred from shop drawings.
(4) Verification of alignment, cross
section, and layout of earthwork.
(5) Actual location of anchors, con-
struction and control joints, etc. in concrete,
where they are different from shown on contract
drawings.
(6) Changes in location of equipment
and architectural features.
100-16
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(7) Cross out such words and phrases
as "optional requirements," "or equal," etc.,
and list specifically the items of material
provided.
100-18. TRANSFER OF CONSTRUCTION
The following records and materials will
be needed for transfer of the construction
facilities to the owner. They must
be obtained and accounted for.
a. Record of Property - Name, make, and
model number of each piece of equipment.
b. All equipment test records.
c. Approved shop drawings.
d. Operating and maintenance instructions.
e. Spare parts and tools.
f. Keys.
g. Guarantees.
h. As-built drawings.
100-19. INSPECTION
Remember that inspection starts at the
inception of construction and ends
only with the final acceptance by the
owner. Proper inspection verifies what has been
done as well as what may have been left out.
100-17
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CHAPTER 101
LAYOUT AND QUANTITY SURVEYS
INDEX
Para* Title Page
101-01 GENERAL LAYOUT 101-1
101-02 LAYOUT PROCEDURES 101-2
a. General 101-2
b. Deviations from Plans 101-2
101-03 QUANTITY SURVEYS 101-3
a. General 101-3
b. Controls 101-3
c. Instruments and
Equipment 101-1;
d. Measuring Procedures 101-5
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CHAPTER 101
LAYOUT AND QUANTITY SURVEYS
101-01. GENERAL LAYOUT
It is the responsibility of the engineer
to establish, at the site, base lines
and bench marks necessary to completely
lay out the work. The contractor is re-
quired to utilize these established points
to perform the necessary survey to execute
his work.
a. Ascertain that the established
points have been found, and that
they are maintained and preserved by the
contractor.
b. Insure that the contractor utilizes
these points and establishes
additional points as necessary to have
complete control over the layout of his
job.
c. See that the contractor's layout
work is accurately performed and that
complete notes are maintained.
d. Assure that adequate stakes and
templates are provided and maintained
by the contractor, and that they are
clearly marked,
101-1
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e. Continually check the contractor's
lines and grades of work being accomplished
101-02. LAYOUT PROCEDURES
a. General - The required order of ac-
curacy of the layout surveys, if not stated
in the specifications, must be established
at the outset of the work, usually by the
Resident Engineer or higher authority.
Remember, as a general rule, that the layout
surveys must be made with sufficient ac-
curacy that the construction which follows
can be held within the specified tolerances
For example, if the specifications require
a wall to be constructed within 1/2" of
the location shown on the drawings, the
work line laid out by the survey party
will have to be correctly located within
a much smaller margin of accuracy, say
1/8" or lA6", to leave room for normal
variations which must be expected in the
construction work. On the other hand,
the specified tolerances for the surface
of a heavy rock fill might be 1! above and
6* below grade, in which case an error of
as much as an inch in the layout would not
be harmful*
b. Deviations from Plans - Should it
appear necessary or desirable to change
the location or dimensions of any part of
101-2
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the work to fit existing work or adjacent
work under another contract, to take ad-
vantage of more favorable terrain, to
rectify an error in the drawings, or for
any other reason, report the circumstances
promptly to your supervisor.
101-03. QUANTITY SURVEYS
a. General
The engineer is usually respon-
sible for the original and final survey
and for the compilation of quantities of
work performed or finally in place where
estimated quantities are included in the
unit price schedule. Where the contract,
or portions of the contract, are paid by
lump sum, the quantities are often com-
puted by the contractor.
b. Controls
Wherever practicable, cross-sec
tion work should be tied in to the same
horizontal and vertical controls used for
the construction layout. If it is found
necessary to establish an independent base
line and/or a bench mark with an assumed
elevation, as might be the case when cross-
sectioning a borrow area remote from the
construction site, these controls must be
located so that there is no possibility of
losing them, or they must be tied in by
101-3
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careful horizontal and vertical measure-
ments to a sufficient number of safely
located reference points to insure that
the controls can be re-established in the
event of disturbance.
c. Instruments and Equipment
(1) Are all instruments and equipment
(to be used in making measurements) of a
type and quality such that they are capa-
ble of maintaining the required degree of
accuracy?
(2) Have levels and transits been
checked before starting work, to see that
they are in adjustment?
(3) Are they checked periodically
during the course of the work and re-
adjusted as necessary?
(U) Are adjustments necessary at
frequent intervals? This may indicate
that an instrument is not in an acceptable
condition for the work to be done.
(5) Are tapes and rods checked for
accuracy before starting work?
(6) Are tapes and rods checked during
the course of the work for damage or wear?
Do not permit the use of tapes or rods
which have been worn or damaged to such an
extent that correction factors must be
101-U
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applied to measurements taken with them.
d. Measuring Procedures
(1) General - Such items as orienta-
tion of the cross-section base line, fre-
quency (spacing) of cross-sections and
individual shots, accuracy of tape and rod
readings for individual shots*and required
degree of precision in orienting the cross-
sections perpendicular to the base line
depend upon irregularity of the terrain,
shape of the excavation, fill,or other
volume to be measured, and upon the unit
prices of the payment items involved. These
standards must be established at the outset
of the work, usually by the Resident Engi-
neer or higher authority.
(2) Checking
(a) Is leveling checked by closing
on bench marks?
(b) Are distances checked at the
end of each cross-section by tying in to
an auxiliary parallel base line or by com-
parison with the adjacent cross-section?
(3) Cross-Sections
(a) Have specifications been re-
viewed and list made of all payment items
101-5
-------
for which surveys will be needed to meas-
ure quantities?
(b) Are cross-sections extended
far enough to include the "catch points"
of excavation and fill slopes, with gen-
erous allowances for over-excavation?
(c) Are sufficient intermediate
cross-sections being taken to catch
abrupt changes in slope of terrain?
(d) Are plans referred to frequent-
ly enough to insure that cross-sections
are taken where needed to show conditions
at changes in alignment and to show shape
and grade of work?
(e) Is a chart or marked plan being
maintained to show the relative locations
of cross-sections taken, to show the work
in progress, and to insure that cross-sec-
tions will be taken in advance of the work?
(f) As cross-sections are taken,
the inspector must be alert to recognize
all instances where actual conditions dif-
fer fron those shown on the drawings. Ex-
amples: Ground surface higher or lower
than indicated; boulders or ledge rock
occurring at locations or elevations dif-
ferent from those indicated; evidence of
ground water at locations not indicated;
101-6
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underground or overhead utilities not
shown on the drawings. Report the exis-
tence of any of these conditions promptly
to your supervisor. They may indicate
future over-runs or under-runs in contract
payment quantities, or troublesome claims
by the contractor on account of "changed
conditions." Early awareness of these
conditions gives the engineer maximum
opportunity to study possible design
changes to avoid or minimize extra expense.
(4) Recording
(a) Are all quantity measurements
accurately and neatly recorded in an or-
derly manner in one binder, if possible?
(b) Is the record such that anyone
at a later date will be able to readily
and understandably re-evaluate or examine
all measurements and computations?
101-7
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CHAPTER 102
CLEARING AND GRUBBING
1NUEX
Para. Title Page
102-01 PRE-CCNS1RUCTION ACTIONS 102-1
a. Extent of Clearing,
Grubbing, and Dis-
posal Work 102-1
b. Contractors Schedule
of Operations 102-1
c. Work Limits 102-1
d. Acquisition of Land or
Easements 102-1
e. Safety of Personnel
and Equipment 102-2
f• Existing Power Lines
and Other Utilities 102-2
g. Work Requirements 102-3
102-02 CLEARING 102-3
»
a. Swamping 102-3
b. Felling 102-1*
c. Decking 102-5
d. Logging 102-5
102-03 GRUBBING 102-6
102-Oii DISPOSAL 102-7
102-05 CLEAN-UP 102-9
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CHAPTER 102
CLEARING AND GRUBBING
102-01, FRB-CCNSTRUCTICN ACTIONS
a. Extent of Clearing, Grubbing, and
Disposal Work
Check ty a thorough review of
the contract plans, specifications, and
by reconnaissance of the area.
b. Contractor's Schedule of Operations
Schedule of operations shall be
obtained and studied.
c. Work Limits
(1) Determine whether limits have
been established in agreement with plans
and specifications.
(2) Insure that area to be cleared
and grubbed is clearly marked.
•
(3) Inspect the cut-orf elevations.
(U) Check depth and size of roots
to be removed.
d. Acquisition of Land or Easements
102-1
-------
(1) Do not permit contractor to
enter axy land on which easements have
not been received or on which satisfac-
tory agreement to enter has not been made.
(2) Determine from your supervisor
that the rights-of-way are available for
construction.
e. Safety of Personnel and Equipment
(1) Identify and post existing and
potential hazards, Including poison oak,
poison ivy, and poison sumac.
(2) Be sure that First Aid Stations
are clearly marked and that signs are
posted showing location of the station.
(3) Check the Safety Requirements
for the particular phase of operation in
progress.
(U) Check personal protective equip-
ment, hard hats, gloves, snake-proof leg-
gings, etc.
(5) Inspect equipment for fire pro-
tection, guarding of moving parts and
pinch points.
f. gristing Power Lines and Other
Utilities
102-2
-------
Note whether they are properly
posted; protected, relocated, or removed
as required.
/
g. Work Requirements
(1) Know the requirements for the
different areas.
(2) Check the terrain, soil con-
ditions and growth.
102-02. CLEARING
a. Swamping
(1) Check removal of underbrush,
vines, and small trees that will inter-
fere with felling operations.
(2) Determine the number and spacing
of workmen in the area engaged in hand
clearing work (brush hook and axe oper-
ations) to insure safe working conditions.
(3) Inspect the operation of equip-
ment (power saws, dozers, .etc.) for suf-
ficient clearance.
(k) Check protective devices and
warning signals of equipment and operators.
(£) Establish that the piling of
swamped material does not interfere with
102-3
-------
felling and logging operations.
b. F<
(1) Inspect tree-climbing equipment.
(2) Note any leaning trees, hollow
trees, snags or lodged limbs that nay
cause trouble during felling operations.
(3) Mark and protect trees to be
left standing.
(a) Check trinming of trees to be
left standing.
(b) Use approved tree wound paint
on scars 1-1/2 inches in diameter and
larger, caused by falling timber.
(c) If a tree surgeon is required,
consult your supervisor.
(U) Insure that felled trees are
kept inside work limits.
(5) Inspect rig for topping.
(6) Determine that workmen are kept
properly positioned, within sight or hear-
ing range during tree felling operations.
Insist on overhead protection for bull-
dozer operators*
102-U
-------
(7) Check felling methods when such
hazards exist as slopes, slippery terrain,
rock, or outcrops.
(a) Check undercutting and Hedging.
(b) Inspect the condition of such
equipment as axes, crosscut savs, power
saws, dozers and winches.
(c) Prevent damage to trees to be
left standing, existing structures, and/
or structures under construction.
c. Decking
(1) Mark merchantable logs.
(2) Inspect hand and power equipment
used for bucking operations and the pro-
tective equipment required for operators.
(3) Check stacking methods for pile
locations, distribution of brush and logs
in pile, compaction of pile, and type of
decking. Locate piles above high water
level.
d. Logging
(1) Check loading and hauling equip-
ment.
102-5
-------
(2) Check protective devices and
warning signals.
(3) Check access and haul roads for
bridge and road limits, clearances, steep
grades and hair pin turns.
(4) Check dumping operations.
102-03. GRUBBING
a. Observe removal depths of all
stumps and matted roots.
b. Determine maximum size of roots and
other materials that may remain in the
area.
c. Check method of measurement and
payment.
d. See that depressions from grubbing
are properly filled and compacted.
e. Inspect operation of equipment.
f. Insure that blasting procedures for
stump removal are in accordance with ap-
proved methods listed in the "Blaster's
Handbook" by E. I. Dupont de Nemours Corp.
102-6
-------
g. Check specified limits of grubbing
areas.
102-04. DISPOSAL
Determine the disposal requirements
and insist that the operation closely
follows the clearing.
a. Check disposal of unsalvageable
material. Debris will not enter water-
ways.
b. Check piling and disposal equip-
ment and procedure and the operators'
protective devices.
c. Check arrangements made by the con-
tractor for piling and storage of clearing
debris on private lands.
(1) Secure a signed letter from the
owner acknowleding arrangements made.
(2) Report to your supervisor any
unwarranted entry by the contractor or
unauthorized disposal of material on
privately-owned lands.
«
d. Locate debris areas above high
water flow lines.
e. Observe location, number, and size
of piles.
102-7
-------
f. Check local fire district, county,
state, and U. S. Forest Service Regula-
tions prior to burning.
(1) Location and size of piles.
(2) Time of year burning is per-
mitted.
(3) Standby equipment required.
g. Assure that burning is not allowed
in areas where it might cause damage to
existing structures, construction in pro-
gress, trees, and other vegetation.
h. Check burning schedule for inter-
ference with other operations.
i. Determine the kind and usage of
fire kindling materials.
j. Complete decking prior to the start
of any burning operations.
k. Do not permit burning in high winds
1. Require constant attendance of
burning operations.
m. Check suitability and safety of
operations for periodic bunching of deck
materials during burning.
102-8
-------
n. Insure that fire fighting equipment
and personnel are supplied by the con-
tractor.
o. Obtain complete burning. Reduce
materials to ashes.
p. Provide that no burning is per-
mitted on the surface of revetments,
roads, or existing rock or gravel-type
construction.
102-05. GLEAN-UP
Inspect final clean-up thoroughly.
102-9
-------
CHAPOER 103
EARTHWORK
INDEX
Para, Title Page
103-01 GENERAL 103-1
a. Scope 103-1
b. Survey and Soils
Control 103-1
c. Samples of Material 103-2
d. Standards of I**—
spection 103-2
103-02 TOPSOIL 103-3
a. Stripping 103-3
b. Stockpiling 103-4
c. Spreading 103-4
103-03 EXCAVATION 103-4
a« Earth Excavation 103-4
b« Earth Excavation - '
Buildings 103-8
c. Soil Poisoning 103-10
d. Rock Excavation 103-10
103-04 FOUNDATION PREPARATION 103-15
a. Foundations Other
Than for Buildings 103-15
-------
Para, Title Page
b. Building Foundations 103-16
\
103-05 EMBANKMENTS AND BACKFILL 103-17
a. Survey Control 103-17
b. Preparation 103-18
c. Haul Road? and Ramps 103-18
d. Ditchiig 103-19
e • Embankments 103—20
f• Backfill of Trenches
and Building Exca-
vations 103-23
103-06 FINAL GRADING AND SUB-
GRACE PREPARATION 103-25
a. Final Grading 103-25
b. Subgrade Preparation 103-26
103-07 DRAINAGE FILLS FOR SLABS
AND STONE PROTECTION 103-26
a. Drainage Fills for
Slabs 103-27
b. Stone Protection 103-27
ii
-------
CHAPTER 103
EARTHWORK
103*01. GENERAL
a. Scope
This chapter covers embankments,
grading, and preparation of subgrade for
roadways, railroads, and other earthwork
structures of similar nature plus exca-
vation, filling, and backfilling for
building construction.
b. Survey and Soils Control
(1) A survey crew is generally as-
signed to conduct surveys or to check
contractor's surveys. Soils testing is
usually performed by project laboratory
personnel or by approved commercial labo-
ratory.
(2) The inspector normally will not
physically perform surveys or soils test-
ing. However, he must be familiar with
surveys and soil testing to determine that
job requirements are met as the work pro-
gresses, and to make sure that the sur-
veying and testing is appropriately per-
formed as required. He should record
tests made and any action taken as a
result of the tests.
103-1
-------
(3) Check boring logs In excavation
areas prior to construction and obtain
samples in order that necessary prelimi-
nary testing can be performed in advance
for determining disposition of materials
at time of excavation.
(U) Confer with your supervisor, sur-
vey personnel, and laboratory personnel.
Establish liaison so that all concerned
will be continually informed of surveys
and soil tests. Also arrive at a clear
understanding of the nature and scope of
records, reports, and other construction
data required, as veil as individual as-
signments for obtaining data, and prepa-
ration and submission of reports.
c. Samples of Material
Samples of certain types of soils,
such as capillary water barrier under
floor slabs and base material for roadways,
are required to be submitted by the con-
tractor for testing prior to use in the
work. Use only tested and approved mater-
ials in the work.
d. Standards of Inspection
(1) Uniformly high quality earthwork
construction is required. Each step of
the numerous operations involved must be
given close and continuous attention.
103-2
-------
(2) Several classifications of exca-
vation and of embankment materials are
generally involved* Control can best be
accomplished by maintaining a chart or
tabulation of quantities and distribution
of materials.
(3) If the contractor fails to oper-
ate according to specification require-
ments or otherwise fails to operate in a
manner to produce a satisfactory end pro-
duct, notify your supervisor and make
recormendations for appropriate action.
Keep a record of your recoranendations in
your daily report.
103-02. TOPSOIL
a. Stripping
(1) Check contract requirement for
stripping of tops oil.
(2) Watch for contamination of. top-
soil with subsoil.
(3) See that topsoil is free from
roots, stones and other undesirable ma-
terials.
(1*) Observe depth of topsoil during
the stripping operation.
103-3
-------
b. Stockpiling
(1) Determine location for stockpile.
Check for convenience and interference
with other work.
(2) See that stockpiling is kept
neat, well-drained, and in a workable
condition at all times.
c. Spreading
(1) Check areas to be tops oiled.
(2) Inspect the scarifying and bonding
of top soil with subsoil.
(3) Determine that topsoil is not
placed on frozen or muddy surface.
(U) Check thickness of topsoil
placed and compacted or seeded.
103-03 • EXCAVATION
a. Earth Excavation
(1) Prior to the start of excavation
operations, take photographs of the con-
struction area, make sure that sufficient
cross-sections are taken, and continue to
take progress photographs during construc-
tion.
103-U
-------
(2) Review the log of borings to
ascertain the elevation of the water
table and to determine if unsuitable
soils are likely to be encountered. De-
watering equipment may be necessary, and
disposal for unsuitable material must be
provided.
(3) Check utility maps prior
to the start of excavation to ascertain
existing lines not shown on contract
drawings.
(4) Evaluate materials being exca-
vated against logs of borings. If dif-
ferences are noted, consult your super-
visor for determination of action to be
taken.
(5) Care must be exercised in se-
lecting disposal areas for unsuitable
material so that they will not detract
from the beauty of the surrounding land-
scape, or interfere with proposed future
construction.
(6) Check for location of underground
utilities. Sanitary and storm drains, .
electrical cables, communications cables,
and gas lines are particularly subject to
damage by heavy earth-moving equipment un-
less protection is provided beforehand.
103-5
-------
(7) Insure the utilization of satis-
factory materials frcm excavations and
the disposal of unsuitable materials in
designated waste areas.
(8) Inspect for contamination and/or
wasting of suitable material.
(9) Determine moisture condition of
suitable excavated materials in advance
of needs.
(a) Consider whether wet soils may
be used after a reasonable period of
(b) Insure that provisions are
made to add moisture to excessively dry
materials.
(10) Insist that excavation is per-
formed in specified sequence.
Assure that drainage is provided
as excavation progresses.
(a) Do not permit ponded water in
any construction area.
(b) Be sure that drainage ditches
are maintained free flowing.
103-6
-------
(12) Insure that required tests for
soil bearing characteristics are made
upon completion of excavation.
(13) Coordinate planning of borrow
excavation to insure that the right ma-
terials will be available as needed for
embankment construction^ and that borrow
will not be unnecessarily used when ex-
cavated material is available.
(Hi) Inspect borrow pits for:
(a) Adequate stripping.
(b) Orderly removal of materials.
(c) Satisfactory drainage.
(15) After total material removal,
check borrow pit areas for conforraance
with final shaping and drainage require-
ments.
*
(16) Determine average volume hauled
for each type of hauling equipment. Re-
cord daily load count for various classi-
fications of excavation when required for
partial payments.
(17) Take final cross-sections.
(18) Provide that quantity surveys
103-7
-------
are made for payment purposes
(19) ifrranrina all excavating equip-
ment far compliance with General Safely
Requirements •
b. Earth Excavation - Bn11 dings
(1) Identify any existing utilities
at the site and through the local utility
agents or companies. Notify the contractor
of the location before the utilities are
allowed to slow up the contractor's oper-
ation or be damaged by equipment.
(2) Determine if such items have been
left in excavated material within 5 feet
of the building as trees, stumps, roots,
brush, vegetation, building foundations,
pavements, utilities, and debris*
(3) See that the foundation materials
agree with the borings.
(1*) Check for the proper fill of all
depressed areas or holes.
(5) Inspect sides of excavations for
sloping to a safe angle or if sides are
made vertical, check adequacy of required
bracing to safely retain the sides.
(6) Define provisions made for pre-
venting damage to adjoining properly.
103-8
-------
(7) Observe method of dewatering
excavations and water disposal.
(8) Insure that footing beds in de-
watered areas are not disturbed or soft-
ened.
(9) See that proper sequence of ex-
cavation is carried out for components of
the building at different elevations.
(10) Inspect footing and foundation
excavations for clearances sufficient to
permit erection of forms, installation
of services and inspection.
(11) Identify corrective methods used
in cases of over-excavation.
(a) Do not modify or change estab-
lished elevations without written approval.
(b) Correct over-excavation by
placing approved, compacted backfill or
lean concrete fill.
(c) Keep a detailed record of any
such corrective work.
(12) Check provisions for preventing
surface drainage into the excavated area.
103-9
-------
(13) See that footing drains are in-
stalled, if necessary*
(Ik) Determine special instructions
ani/or requirements when excavations re-
quire use of caissons and cofferdams.
(15) Prevent heavy equipment from
operating close to building structures
and/or deep excavations.
(16) See that material used for back.
fill is from an approved source. Require
the backfill material to be placed in lay-
ers of specified thickness equally and uni-
formly on each side of walls, open cut
tunnels, large pipe, etc., and to be com-
pacted to the required density.
c. Soil Poisoning
(1) Check the requirement for soil
poisoning under and around building struc-
tures.
(2) Check for approval of material
to be used and watch specifically for
required concentration.
(3) Check application for coverage
and quantity of material used.
d. Rock Excavation
103-10
-------
(1) Inspect contractor's procedures
for compliance with proposed and/or ap-
proved plan of operation.
/
(a) Drilling and blasting are the
commonly used methods for rock excavation.
However, picking, barring, and wedging
are used to some extent.
(b) Other methods proposed for use
in rock excavation should be carefully-
investigated.
(2) When overburden has been removed
and prior to rock excavation, see that
necessary surveys are made to determine
pay quantities*
(3) Determine compliance with all
Safety Regulations*
(a) Carefully inspect handling,
storage, and use of explosives.
(b) Insure compliance with
county, and/or state regulations relative
to explosives.
(c) Abide by provisions made for
warning notices prior to blasting, in-
cluding: curtailment of radio transmis-
sion, protection at highway and railroad
crossings, and warning system for person-
nel.
103-11
-------
(d) Check compliance with restric-
tions on blasting near fresh concrete.
(U) Check qualifications of contrac-
tor's supervisor, drillers, and powdermen
assigned to blasting operations.
Inspect drilling and blasting
equipment* Do not permit use of unsafe,
worn-out or obsolete equipment.
(6) Check drilling depth, evidence
of materials encountered in drilling, water
in or flowing from holes, and indications
of seams or faults shown by drill drop or
rate of drilling.
(7) Verier drilling pattern for blast-
ing, quantity, and firing sequence of ex-
plosives.
(8) Keep records of the quantities of
explosives used.
(9) Check results of each blast, par-
ticularly as final excavation lines and/
or grades are approached.
(a) Look for over-break, damage to
adjacent features, and safety. Drilling
pattern and/or quantity of explosives
should be modified if unsatisfactory con-
ditions result.
103-12
-------
(b) Observe and record over-break
that results from structural weakness of
rock for which payment will be made.
-------
(10) Evaluate trench excavation.
(a) Determine if separate trenches
are needed for water and sewer lines.
(b) Insure that trenches are exca-
vated to the minimum required depth below
the bottom of pipe and to the required
gradient.
(c) Check items in paragraph d(9)
(c) as applicable.
(11) Observe the drainage of excavated
(12) Check the disposal of material
from rock excavation. Be sure that sat-
isfactory rock is handled and used as
required.
(13) Implement necessary surveys for
payment purposes.
(Ik) Watch for the excavation of
trenches too far ahead of pipe laying.
(15) Make sure that the specified
density is obtained when backfilling
trenches.
(16) Maintain a complete record of
all unusual conditions encountered.
103-Hi
-------
103-OU. FOUNDATION PREPARATICM
a. Foundations Other Than for Buildings
(1) Refer to Chapter 102 of this
Guide for check items relative to clear-
ing and grabbing.
(2) Observe depth of stripping and
disposal of stripped material.
(3) Examine earth foundation areas
for evidences of peat, mulch, hunus and
other unsuitable material. Remove.
(li) Inspect filling and compacting
of foundation depressions.
(5) Evaluate densities of earth
foundation materials prior to construct-
ing embankment.
(6) Note drainage of foundation area.
(7) Assure that scarifying of earth
foundation areas or other procedures re-
quired to effect bond between foundation
and embankment materials are properly
employed*
(8) Insure that rock foundations to
receive impervious fill have all loose
rock and other foreign material removed
by specified methods.
103-15
-------
(9) Similarly, check rock foundations
to receive concrete.
(10) Define special foundation treat-
ment required.
(11) Inspect marking and protection
of all features that are to remain in the
construction area, such as trees, poles,
and structures.
(12) Record all cracks or faults, ac-
tual or possible, by taking pictures and/
or plot maps, calling them to your super-
visor's attention.
b. Building Foundations
(1) Compare foundation conditions
with conditions shown on the drawings.
Report and record unusual conditions.
(2) Make note of unsuitable materi-
als in the foundation bed. Remove unsuit-
able materials and backfill with suitable
materials. Keep accurate records of any
such work.
(3) Review grade, smoothness, and
compaction of bottoms of excavations.
(U) See that final grade for founda-
tions in rock is properly excavated so as
not to cause breaking or shattering.
103-16
-------
(5) Consider the order of footing
excavation. Lowest footing areas should
be placed first.
(6) Check the effectiveness of de-
watering excavations. Do not permit
accumulation of water in footing exca-
vations.
(7) Insure that provisions are made
to prevent surface water from entering
excavations.
103-05. EMBANKMENTS AND BACKFILL
a. Survey Control
(1) Be familiar with locations of
established bench marks and base lines.
Be sure that all control points are
protected from damage during construction.
(2) Determine that the contractor's
layout of work complies with specifica-
tion requirements.
(3) Insist that all original ground
surveys necessary for use as basis of
payment to the contractor are made in the
project area, borrow areas, etc.
(4) Assure that final surveys are
made as each phase of the work is com-
pleted.
103-17
-------
(5) Review elevations of all com-
pleted excavations and embankments for
compliance with specifications*
b. Preparation
Prior to the placement of embankment
or backfill, check:
(1) Removal of required vegetation,
such as roots, brush, heavy sods, heavy
growth of grass, decayed vegetable matter,
rubbish, and other unsuitable material.
(2) Compaction of ground surface.
(3) Plowing, stepping or benching of
sloped surface steeper than 1 vertical to
1* horizontal.
(U) Determine the contractor's plans
for the installation of all drainage and
drainage structures before placing embank-
ments.
c. Haul Roads and Ramps
(1) Inspect haul road layout. Re-
strictions on haul road type and haul
routes may be imposed*
(2) Inspect haul road construction
within an embankment area and require
103-18
-------
that the same material with the same
moisture-density relationship be used
for the embankment.
(3) View construction ramps. Do
not permit cutting through a compacted
embankment; construct ramps out from the
embankment.
Provide that original moisture
content of haul road surfaces within per-
manent fill and excavation areas is main-
tained.
(5) Route vehicular traffic on em-
bankment sections so that ccmpactive
effort will be uniformly distributed over
the area.
(6) Insure that water is obtained
frcm an approved source in an approved
manner.
(7) Insist that established roadways
used for hauling are kept clean and smooth
at all times, and that dust is kept to a
minimum.
d. Ditching
(1) Maintain control of ditching op-
eration with timely spot cross-sectioning,
and the checking of grades, shapes and
slopes .
103-19
-------
(2) Areas of excessive excavation
should be immediately backfilled and com-
pacted.
(3) Inspect for the complete removal
of all roots, stumps, rocks and foreign
matter inside the excavated area.
(U) Insure the adequate disposal of
excavated material. In no case should
the material be left closer than 3 feet
from the edge of the ditch.
(5) Inspect the maintenance of the
ditch. It is usually the contractor's
responsibility to maintain ditches until
final acceptance of the work.
(6) Be sure that the excavation is
carried on in such a manner as to prevent
surface water from flowing into the
trench or other excavations.
e •
(1) Make classification of the soils
being used for embankment formation. Dis-
pose of all unsuitable material before it
becomes deposited in the embankment.
(2) Evaluate contractor-provided
ha^i •! pg ^nrj ccopactiug equipment for
quantity, type, and condition.
103-20
-------
(3) Examine the workable moisture
content ranges of the soils to be used
and the natural moisture content of the
soils.
(It) Scrutinize the contractor's
operations to see that full advantage is
taken of the soil's natural moisture*
(5) Determine that adequate testing
is performed and that results indicate
that satisfactory moisture and density
is obtained,
(6) Determine the need for netting,
drying, or miring of fill obtained from
excavations or from borrow pits. Insure
that action is taken to uniformly moisture
condition the soils as necessary in ad-
vance of needs.
(7) Note controls for spreading
material.
(a) Insure adequate miirinp equip-
ment (such as plows, discs, etc.; on site
for the mixing and breaking up of material!
and to provide uniformity of moisture dis-
tribution and material.
(b) Measure lift thickness.
(c) Notice uniformity of materials
and moisture content.
103-21
-------
(8) Note compaction of the material
and record results.
(a) Start compaction operations as
soon as possible after soil has been placed
and satisfactorily conditioned with the
specified moisture content.
(b) Check rollers and roller cover-
(c) Check for tearing action in
roller turn areas. Re-roll area as nec-
essary to obtain required density.
(d) Check roller action for evi-
dences of excessive moisture content in
the soil or for evidences of exceeding
the soil bearing capacity. Soil densities
should increase with an increase in the
number of roller passes.
(e) Evaluate operation of hand-
manipulated tamping equipment for complete
compaction coverage at optimum water con-
tent.
(f) Measure compacted layer thick-
ness.
(g) Watch uniformity of density.
(9) Inspect surface drainage of each
lift.
103-22
-------
(10) Insure removal of oversize
stones, roots and debris from materials
as they are placed.
(11) Investigate installation of re-
quired settlement gages and piezometers.
(a) Check connections and plumb-
ness of each section as progressively
installed.
(b) Obtain and record readings
each time the tubes are extended.
(12) Determine that required record
tests are taken.
(13) Observe final alignment, section
and grade.
(ill) Seal each layer with light pneu-
matic equipment to preserve the moisture.
Scarify and vet each layer prior
to placing each succeeding layer, and
check bonding between layers.
f. Backfill of Trenches and Building
EESavaticps
(1) Analyze condition of material
at bottom of trenches and/or excavations.
Remove vet or unstable material and re-
place with compacted, suitable material.
103-23
-------
(2) Evaluate material employed for
pipe bedding.
(3) Look into the shaping of pipe
beds for bottom quadrant of pipe, ana see
that bell holes are being excavated so
that pipes are uniformly supported over
their entire length.
(U) Check the material for plastici-
ty, gradation, and frost susceptibility,
and see that the proper material is placed
in the correct section.
(3>) Check width of trench bottoms
for storm drains. Width should not be
greater than the dimensions specified.
(6) Examine materials to be used for
all backfills. Insure that material is
compacted under pipe haunches.
(7) Inspect all excavations for re-
moval of all debris and frozen material
prior to backfilling.
(8) Notice placement of layers and
uniformity of compaction and density
results.
(a) Insure that precautions are
observed in backfilling against walls, and
that sufficient time has elapsed for
curing of concrete.
103-2U
-------
(b) Assure dewatering of exca-
vations to be backfilled.
(c) Insist that material be piced
at optimum moisture content.
(d) Observe all cold weather
placing requirements.
(9) See that sufficient depth of
fill is over the pipe prior to permitting
heavy equipment to pass.
(10) Report to your supervisor all in-
dications of damages to walls or struc-
tures by backfilling operations, and
determine if corrective action is required,
103-06. FINAL GRAD3BG AND SPBGRADE PREP-
ARATION
a. Final Grading
(1) Compel conformance to required
lines and grades.
(2) Insist on uniformity of smooth-
ness and compliance with surface smooth-
ness requirements.
(3) Check drainage of finished sur-
faces.
103-25
-------
(U) Observe the functioning of
ditches and drainage structures.
b. Subgrade Preparation
Note: Subgrade as used herein is
defined as that portion of the surface of
any embankment, fill or excavated area on
which protective or base coarse materials
are to be placed and all areas to be top-
soiled and seeded.
(1) Check lines, grades and shaping
of sub-grade.
(2) Check for evidence of soft,
yielding or otherwise unsatisfactory ma-
terial. Remove and replace as necessary*
(3) Check for boulders and ledges in
cut areas. Remove or break off to re-
quired depth.
(U) Check moisture content and com-
paction immediately prior to placement of
protective or base course materials*
(5) For additional check items, see
Chapter 1Q5 of this guide.
103-07. DRAINAGE FILLS FOR SLABS AND
5TGNE J3COTECTICN
103-26
-------
a. Drainage Fills for Slabs
(1) Check material for compliance
after compaction,
(2) Check rolling sad/or operation
of hand-operated tamping equipment for
complete and uniform compaction coverage.
Particularly watch compaction adjacent
to walls, columns and other similar areas
(3) Check layer thickness*
(U) Check densities for uniform re-
quired compaction.
(5>) Check shaping of surface for
conformity with line, grade and surface
tolerances.
(6) Check cold weather protection.
b. Stone Protection
«
(1) Check approval of materials.
(2) Check uniformity of stone size
and/or gradation prior to and after place*
ment.
(3) Check equipment used and place-
ment procedures.
103-27
-------
(U) Check thickness or protection*
(5) Check lines and grades for con-
formity with tolerances*
103-28
-------
CHAPTER 1O4
UNDERGROUND PIPE SYSTEMS
INDEX
Title
104-01 GENERAL
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g*
Plans, Specifications,
and Layout
Accessibility of Valves,
Hydrants, and Man-
holes
Lines and Grades
Connections to Exist-
ing Utilities
Interference
Testing
104-02 PIPES AND FTPEENGS
a. Approval of Material
b. Handling and Storage.
c. Field Coating
d* Laying Pipes - General
e. Waterlines
f • Fuel Gas Lines
g. Sanitary Sewers
h. Storm Severs
i. Steam Distribution Lines
J. High Temperature Hot
Water Lines
k. Fuel Lines
Page
••^B^fcw
104-1
104-1
104-2
104-2
104-2
104-2
104-3
104-3
104-4
104-4
104-4
104-5
104-5
104-6
104-8
104-9
104-10
104-n
104-12
104-13
-------
Title
104-03 JOTHTIHS OF PIPES
ir>4-o4
104-05
a.
b.
c.
a.
e.
f.
g«
h.
i.
J-
k.
Hot-pour Joints
Poured Lead Joints
Flexible Joints
Tapered Ifrid Couplings
Cement Mortar Joints
Pipe Threads
Copper Tubing Joints
Welded Joints
Corrugated Banking
Caps or Plugs
MAHHDLES, CONCRETE CRADLES
AND ENCASEMENTS
a. Materials
b. Construction
EXCAVATION, TRENCHING AND
BACKFILLING
a. Excavation
b. Trenching
c. Backfilling
10^-15
10^-15
10^-16
104-06 SIM4ARY
10^-17
1XA-17
10^-17
10^-18
10^-19
10^-19
10^-19
104-19
104-20
104-20
104-20
104-22
104-23
ii
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CHAPTER 104
UNDERGROUND PIPE SYSTEMS
104-01. GENERAL
This chapter covers excavation, trenching,
backfilling, and laying of underground pipe
systems to a point within five feet of
buildings and structures. The types of
underground pipe systems considered
are as follows: Water, storm subdrainage,
sanitary, fuel, gas, steam, high and low
temperature hot water.
a. Plans, Specifications, and Layout
Prior to the start of field con-
struction, the plans and specifications
should be thoroughly reviewed.
(1) Observe existing utilities and
all possible interference with existing
systems.
(2) Confer with local utility agents
to ascertain that all utilities are indi-
%
cated on the contract drawings. Utilities
not shown on contract drawings should be
entered on record drawings.
(3) Check all electrical facilities,
both aerial and underground.
104-1
-------
b. Accessibility of Valves, Hydrants,
and Manholes
All valves, hydrants, and manholes
should be constructed in such manner that
they can be utilized in the future. Hy-
drants should be accessible for operation.
c. Lines and Grades
Lines and grades should be estab-
lished and staked, and reference bench
marks should be set, before any excava-
tion or pipe-laying operations.
(1) Check each type of utility being
installed within a project for conflict
as to the layout and elevations at each
point of crossing.
(2) Check for conflict with existing
utilities.
d. Connections to Existing Utilities
Plan and coordinate connections to
existing utilities. Under no conditions
will an existing utility service be inter-
rupted without full coordination with the
operator of such service.
e. Interference
104-2
-------
Hold traffic interference to a
minimum when installing utilities in or
under walks* streets, or railroads.
(1) Determine that materials are on
hand and that work is organized, so that
interruptions will be held to a minimum.
(2) Insure that warning signs and
obstruction lights are placed and that
regular traffic is not tied up excess-
ively.
(3) Detour traffic when necessary,
if possible.
f. Damages
See that completed pipe installa-
tions are not damaged by movement of
construction equipment over or near pipe.
g. Testing
\
Tests shall be performed prior to
backfilling, while visual inspection can
be made.
(1) Inspect every joint.
(2) Check blocking and pipe bedding.
(3) Assure that the accomplishment
of corrective action is in accordance
with requirements.
lCfc-3
-------
10U-02. PIPES AND FTTTIKGS
a. Approval of Material
(1) Determine the approval of all
material needed for and used in pipe lay-
ing. Make sure all material used has
been approved*
(2) Compare approved submittals with
material brought to the job. Check for
type, grade, strength, classification,
size and condition of materials. Make
sure that pipe fittings, such as tees,
ells, and couplings, correspond to the
weight of pipe.
(3) Verily the provision of mis-
cellaneous items such as valves, service
boxes, stops, special connections, tapped
tees, etc*
b. Handling and Storage
(1) See that pipes and fittings are
handled with the proper tools and equip-
ment. Do not permit dragging and hand-
ling of pipe with chains, wire ropes and
the like*
(2) Check damaged pipes, fittings,
and pipe coating. Reject all damaged
materials promptly, and have rejected
IQll-U
-------
materials removed from the .job-site
immediately*
(3) Make sure adequate and accessi-
ble storage area has been provided*
c. Field Coating
(1) Check the availability of an
approved coating-testing device*
(2) Check for breaks and abrasions
of pipe coating.
(3) Determine requirements for re-
pairing damaged surface coatings*
(1;) Implement requirements for
cleaning of surfaces before coating.
(5) Follow the requirement for
painting with primer and sealer.
(6) Check for the requirement to
coat edges or ends of pipe and bolt
threads.
d. Laying Pipes - General
(1) Check the pitch, line, and grade
of the pipeline trench or bed before lay-
ing proceeds and after completion of each
section.
-------
(2) Observe method of jointing per-
mitted.
(3) For most types of pipe the manu-
facturers have very valuable installation
information available* This should be ob-
tained and used as a general guide for in-
stallation. Where there is a difference
between this information and the contract
specifications* this difference should be
called to the attention of your supervisor.
(li) Check for cleanliness of pipe
(especially joints) during placement and
after completion*
(5) Insure that all pipe to be placed
on earth is placed on dry, firm soil.
(6) Check for obstructions in pipe*
such as pipe plugs* debris* etc.
e. Water line s
(1) Grade lines to avoid high points
as much as possible. Where high points
occur* check specifications for require-
ments for vacuum and relief valves.
(2) See that fire hydrants are plumb
and facing the roadway.
(3) Measure height of the pump nozzle
above finish grade. Check height of qper-
10U-6
-------
ating valve nuts*
(k) Observe the hydrant barrel drain.
(a) Plug the drain in locations of
high ground water where the hydrant is speci-
fied to have no drain.
(b) In areas where the ground water
is low, the drain plug must be removed.
(5) A well-installed water main does
not move.
(a) Check blocking.
(b) Check for movement at joints,
bends, dead ends and hydrants.
(c) Check wedging at all fittings.
(6) Check that fire hydrant threads
conform and fit the hose or fire-fighting
equipnent which will be connected to them.
(7) Bo not omit the sterilization
phase of the construction work on water lines.
-------
(a) Main to be thoroughly flushed
with water until all entrained mud and
debris have been renoved.
(b) Add sterilizing agent in
easily applied form and recommended dosage.
(c) Solution to remain in contact
with line at least 8 and preferably 2k
hours.
(d) There should be no less than
10 ppa residual at extreme end of line at
end of contact period.
(e) Flush entire system thoroughly.
(8) Insure that valves are accessible
and try turning the valve nut after back-
filling is completed.
f. Fuel Gas Lines
(l) Do not permit lines to be buried
under buildings, nor in trenches with other
utilities*
(2) Enforce safety regulations rigidly
during construction of gas lines.
1X&-8
-------
(3) Check and recheck the area with an
explosion meter •
When there Is Indication of an
explosive condition, do not commence work until
the area has been cleared.
(5) Install gas pipes above other
utilities which they cross, and with a
minimum cover of 2 feet. Pipe under pavements
or heavily traveled areas will be encased or
located deep enough so that there will be no
damage from heavy traffic.
(6) Check cleanliness of pipe before
lowering into trench.
(7) Check pipe coating for damage during
connecting, laying, and backfilling operations.
Permit coated piping to be handled only by hand
or with non-metallic flexible slings.
(8) Keep pipe clean during installation
by carefull handling and by keeping ends of
pipe closed.
g. Sanitary Sewers
(l) Check distance separating sewers
from water line. Always install sewer below
water line if the lines are within 6 feet
horizontally, unless special provisions are
taken at crossings.
104-9
-------
(2) Check to see that spigot end of
pipe is pointed downstream in pipe line.
(3) Check that uniform grade is
maintained between manholes. Assure that top
elevation of manhole is flush with paving
grades or higher than finished grade of ground
surrounding area, as specified*
There are specific safety pre-
cautions to be taken when working in severs.
Sewer gas may be explosive or Incapable of
supporting life. Check need for assigning
at least two men to the work.
h. Storm Sewers
(1) Check that installation is per-
formed by proceeding upgrade with spigot or
tongue end of pipes pointing in the direction
of flow.
(2) Check the installation of all
fittings; Joints,
-------
(5) Check for installation of all sub-
drain tile as shovn on plans.
(6) Where watertight Joints are required,
see that hydrostatic test requirements are met,
and that rubber gaskets are not affixed more
than 2k hours prior to pipe installation and
are protected from sun, dust, and other delete-
rious agents.
(7) Provide covering to prevent the
entrance of earth into the pipe.
i. Steam Distribution Lines
(1) All heat distribution piping is
subject to expansion and contraction. Check
that all lines are straight, both vertically
and horizontally.
(2) Expansion of piping will be
absorbed by expansion joints or fabricated
pipe loops. There must be room for the pipe
loop to move and for maintenance.
•
(3) Verify strength, security, and
proper placement of anchors and supports.
Inspect rigid installation of
anchors.
(5) Require uniform pitch of steam
pipe. Trap all low points.
KXJ.-H
-------
(6) Follow the manufacturer's recom-
mended Installation procedure for the Insula-
tion materials, Unless there are specific
changes on the approved shop drawings.
(7) Store and protect insulation from
the weather.
(8) Keep underground pipe conduit
system dry during and after construction.
(9)
(10) Manholes should be watertight. If
water is entering a manhole, adrise your super-
visor.
(11) Check welling of pipe lines for
compliance with specification requirements
and the applicable codes.
(12) Insure that all changes in direction
are done with approved type fittings.
(13) Check welds or metal casing on
underground steam lines for leaks and holidays
in asphalt coatings.
J. High Temperature Hot Water Lines
1XA-12
-------
(l) Installation details are, in
general, similar to those described for
"Steam Lines".
(2) Require that all low points in the
system are drained and high points are vented*
(3) Examine clearance for thermal ex-
pansion.
(k) See that the back end of all
expansion loops have a void or apace for
expansion*
(5) Observe methods used to remove
ground water from system.
k. Fuel Lines
(1) Fuel lines in this section pertain
to underground liquid petroleum systems.
(2) Check drain connections at lev points.
(3) Check air releases at high points.
Check that field application of
covering on Joints is not done until the
pneumatic pressure test has been conducted
and the joints proved satisfactory.
(5) Check if screens and filter elements
are installed; check mesh and material; check
installation for proper direction of flow; and
1CA-13
-------
check clearances for removal of screen and
access to drain connection.
(6) Vapors of fuels may accumulate in
pits or enclosed areas and can cause serious
explosions.
(a) Provide adequate ventilation
daring operation in a liquid fuel area.
(b) Prohibit open fires, sparks,
or static electricity in the vicinity of vapors
•which nay be explosive*
(c) Check by use of an explosion
1XA-03* JOINTING OF PIPES
a. General
(l) Check to see that all Jointing
surfaces are kept clean.
(2) Do not Joint pipes in mud and water,
(3) Constantly be on the alert to check
tightness of Joints.
b. Hot-pour Joints
-------
(l) Hot-pour joints must be clean and
dry. The presence of moisture may cause
explosion and possible injury.
(2) Check for uniformity of annular space
(3) Check method of application and make
sure all joints are adequately filled.
Check temperature of the compound.
c. Poured Lead Joints
(l) Check pack for uniformity and tight-
ness.
(2) Check depth and amount of lead being
placed in Joints •
(3) Check the pouring operation for
method of filling and for one continuous pour.
Check driving during packing. If
lead is permitted to be displaced to a depth
greater than 1/4 inch, the joint should be
remade.
d. Flexible Joints
(l) Check for approved material, make,
type, and number of splices, etc.
-------
(2) Check placing and positioning of
flexible gasket*
(3) Check depth of gasket vith a gauge.
•
(k) Check use of lubricant.
(5) Make hydrostatic test as soon as
possible•
e. Tapered End Couplings - Drive tapered
end couplings, for Jointing bituminous fiber
pipe, up tight.
f. Cement Mortar Joints
(l) Determine specific requirements for
types of joints, Vhether Oakum, Diaper band, etc.
(2) Insure that mortar meets requirements
of specifications.
(3) Observe that the jointing operation
vill completely fill Joints and form a bond on
the outside.
Cure cement mortar Joints.
(5) Remove excess grout from inside
and outside of pipe.
1C&-16
-------
g. Pipe Threads
(l) Cut pipe threads with sharp tools.
(2) Provide proper length thread.
(3) Ream pipe flush on the Inside surface
Apply Joint compound to the threads
on the pipe, not to the fittings.
(5) Make up all joints tightly.
h. Copper Tubing Joints
(l) Correlate types of pipes and fittings
used against types required.
(2) Cut copper tubing off square and
remove burrs.
(3) Insure clean tubing before
fluxing and soldering.
Check type of tools used for
flaring compression type Joints.
i* Welded Joints
(1) Inspect welders1 qualifications and
approved procedure.
-------
(2) Prior to any welding, obtain the
code assigned to each certified welder to
insure that welded joints are stamped and can
be properly Identified
(3) Fabricate and veld as much as
possible before lowering pipe into trench.
(It) Check against possible cave-in
when welding in trench.
(5) Explore for explosive gases within
pipes and before welding in fueling areas.
(6) Check pipe ends for bevel.
(7) Make a very careful check of welds
in hard to reach areas.
(8) Remove all welding slag.
J. Corrugated Banding
(1) Laps of all circumferential Joints
in the pipe should provide that the outside lap
be on the downstream side of the joint with the
longitudinal laps on the side of the in-place
pipe.
(2) All markings indicating the top of
the pipe should coincide with the specified
alignment of the pipe.
-------
(3) While the connecting band is being
placed, assure that the band is going to fit
tightly.
(k) Check for the requirement, or
necessity, to use bituminous material at
the Joint after Jointing.
k. Caps or Pings
(l) Close open ends of pipe when work
is not in progress.
(2) Keep pipe lines clean of all debris,
rodents, or water.
IQfr-Ofr. MANHOLES J CONCRETE CRADLES AND
ENCASEMENTS
a* Materials - Check material require-
ments and compare detailed plan requirements
with those in the specifications.
b. Construction
*
(l) Check dimensions and layout.
(2) Check invert elevations and details
of the invert channels in manholes.
(3) Check placement of material such as
concrete, reinforcement, brick, block, plaster,
104-19
-------
frames and covers, rungs, etc., for the same
workmanship as for other structures*
See that manholes are not obstructed
by dumped waste concrete or other construction
debris •
10*M>5. EXCAVATION, TRENCHING AND BACKFILLING
a* Excavation - Existing underground
utilities -will be "carefully excavated and
protected*
(l) Check need for shoring or excavate
to required slope*
(2) Report all damaged existing util-
ities to your supervisor for corrective measures.
(3) Note location of *T» unknown or un
reported utilities for inclusion on revised
utility plan.
(4) Determine that access steps or
ladders are provided in trenches, where
necessary, and that they are maintained in
safe condition*
b. TrencMng - Begin trench excavation
for sewers at the lower end of the line and
proceed upgrade to protect the work from
possible flooding, unless Job conditions
prohibit.
-------
(l) Check specifications and job
requirements for maximum width of trench
and Tirfniimwn depth of pipe*
(2) Check bed of the trench for grade
and suitability of materials before any pipe
is laid* If the trench is overexcavated, bring
the bed to grade and compact. When encountering
rock excavations, check the wtn-ftmim overdepth
specified and check that backfilling is per-
formed with select material.
(3) Keep water from the trenches during
construction. Use pumps or a veil point system.
(k) Check that final hand grading precedes
pipe laying by no more than the amount of pipe
that can be installed the same day. Special
conditions may limit the distance to a few feet.
(5) Check excavation of bottom of trench.
Is it graded and shaped to bottom quadrant of
sever pipe, and has excavation under all bells
been performed as specified?
%
(6) Inspect distances between potable
water lines and sanitary sever trenches for
allowable clearance.
(7) Check pipe-handling procedures t
determine if loads are being swung over the
heads of workmen.
1C&-21
-------
c. Backfill-ing
(l) Permit placement of backfill only
between pipe Joint locations until all lines
have been tested and/or approved, unless job
conditions require otherwise. In the case of
pressure testing, place sufficient backfill
material to prevent pipes from moving out of
place. In the case of wrapped and coated piping,
do not permit any backfilling until the coating
at welds and fittings has been completed and the
entire coating tested for holidays. Assure that
backfill in contact with the piping does not in-
jure protective coatings.
(2) Check backfill material, assuring
placement in uniform layers on each side of
the pipeline.
(3) Insure removal of foreign materials
and large stones prior to backfilling.
(4) Backfill Operation
(a) Check thickness of each layer
for moisture content and compaction.
Especially watch for compaction around lower
portion of pipe, and watch for any movement
of pipe.
(b) Do not Btflph^"** compact fill
on top of a pipeline until required minimum
1XA.-22
-------
(c) Check that there are no large
or sharp rocks used.
(d) Check the maximum size of stones
permitted.
(e) Assure that no improperly compacted
backfill Is placed In pipe trenches -when In-
spector is absent.
(5) Check sever lines to manhole after
the backfilling operation. Check from manhole
for broken pipe, settlement in the line, lateral
movement, and cleanliness*
10*M)6. SUMMARY
The plans and specifications must be
rigidly adhered to. All questionable items
should be reported to your supervisor.
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CHAPTER 105
PAVING
INDEX
Title
105-01 GENERAL 105-1
a. Objective 105-1
b. Control Testing -
General 105-1
c. Contractor Proposals 105-2
d. Plans and Specifications 105-4
105-02 PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE 105-5
a. Planning 105-5
b. Construction 105-6
•
105-03 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES 105-8
a. Review Prior to Con-
struction 105-8
b. Construction 105-12
105-04 BITUMINOUS PRIME AND TACK
COATS 105-18
a. Advance Planning 105-18
b. Application 105-19
-------
Para, Title Page
105-05 BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT 105-21
a. Initial Checks 1Q5-21
b. Paving Operations 105-29
c. Check Sampling and
Testing 105-1*0
105-06 EPOXT-ASPHALT PAVEMENT 105-1*3
a. Planning for inspec-
tion 105-1*3
b. Materials 105-1*3
c. Mixing Plant 105-1*1*
d. Placing Equipment 1Q5-1*6
e. Mixing 105-1*7
f. Transportation of Mix 105-1*8
g. Placing of Pavement 105-1*8
105-07 SPECIAL APPLICATICNS OF
ASPHALT 105-50
105-08 CONCRETE PAVEMENT 105-53
a. Items to Check Prior
to Beginning of Pave-
ment 105-53
b. Inspections During
Paving 105-61*
ii
-------
Para, Title Page
c. Inspections Subsequent
to Paving 105-77
d. Control Tests 105-83
105-09 CONCRETE SIDEWALKS, CURBS
AND GUTTERS 105-81;
a. General 105-8U
b. Sub-Grade and Base
Course 105-81*
c. Forms, Concrete
Placement, Finishing
and Curing 105-85
105-10 PATCHING CONCRETE PAVEMENT
WITH EPQXJ 105-8?
a. Materials 105-87
b. Storage 105-87
c. Mix 105-88
d. Equipment 105-88
e. Preparation for
Placement 105-88
f. Placing 105-90
g. Safety 105-91
iii
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CHAPTER 105
PAVING
105-01. GENERAL
a. Objective - The objective in construc-
ting any pavement is to provide a pavement
satisfying design criteria and possessing such
uniform characteristics of quality that it will
have maximum serviceable lif e with
maintenance. This objective may be achieved
only through painstaking attention to each step
in the construction of a pavement. This check
list will call to your attention items requir-
ing careful thought and consideration relative
to preparation of sub-grade, construction of
sub-base and base courses, priming of prepared
base course, tacking bituminous binder course,
and placement and finishing of the pavement
surfacing.
b. Control Testing - General
(l) The determination of satisfactory
materials on the basis of samples submitted
prior to construction and the design of
starting mixes for bituminous and Portland
cement concrete pavements is normally a
function of a paving engineer.
(2) Modify concrete batch weights to
maintain uniformity of grading and to adjust
for free moisture on the aggregates.
105-1
-------
(3) A project laboratory is usually
equipped to conduct soils tests and to
control mixing plant production* The in-
spector normally vill not physically conduct
tests but he must be familiar vith the tests
and significance of test results*
(4) Minimum frequency of control testing
is generally established by specifications or
good judgement.
(5) Adequacy of processing, batching
and/or «**"*"£ plants is normally determined
through joint inspection by the inspector,
his superiors or supervisors, and the paving
(6) Confer vith project laboratory,
paving engineer, and your supervisor and
agree on a form of liaison such that all
concerned vill be kept informed of test
results, changes in character of materials,
wt-g changes, behavior of mix, etc. During
this conference, arrive at a clear under-
standing of the nature and scope of records,
reports, and other construction data required.,
as veil as individual assignments for obtain-
ing data, and preparation and submission of
e. Contractor Proposals
105-2
-------
(1) The specification often require the
contractor to submit samples of soils,
aggregates for pavement surfacing, bitu-
mens, concrete curing compound, joint-sealing
compounds, etc. for testing prior to use in
the work.
(a) Be familiar with arrangements
for testing the materials.
(b) See that materials are submitted
far enough in advance not to delay construc-
tion.
(c) Know test results.
(d) Permit only tested and approved
materials in the work.
(2) Obtain a copy of the minutes of all
construction conferences from your supervisor
and carefully review their contents.
(3) Check that all equipment used by
the contractor has the approval of the
engineer.
(a) Approvals of equipment
constitute approval as to general adequacy only
105-3
-------
(b) Continued use of equipment
during construction that does not produce
acceptable -work should not be permitted.
d. Changes in Plant Operation
(l) The inspector should be very
cautious in making direct changes in any
plant operation. If approval has been
obtained through necessity, the following
changes can be made:
(a) Modify bituminous mix hot bin
weights to maintain grading and bitumen
content within limits established by Job mix
formulae or revised formulae.
(b) Changes in gradations and/or
proportions, if changed in the design mix.
(2) The possible cause or causes of
deviations may be discussed with the con-
tractor or plant superintendent to assist
or give guidance, but watch instructions,
directed or implied.
(3) If the contractor fails to operate
in accordance with specification requirements
or otherwise fails to operate in a manner to
produce a satisfactory end product, your
supervisor should be notified and recommenda-
tions made concerning appropriate action
-------
105-02. PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE
a. Planning
(l) Have good knowledge of the project
area including clearing, grubbing and
stripping requirements, location and extent
of cut and fill areas and nature of soils
anticipated to be encountered.
(2) Is the planned order of work for
handling, disposing, and using excavated
materials suitable?
(3) Determine that contractor layout
of vork compiles with specification require-
ments* Be familiar with required grades of
finished subgrade.
(k) Be certain that all original ground
surveys, necessary for use as a basis of pay-
ment to the contractor, are made in the project
area, borrow areas, etc.
(5) Be thoroughly familiar with drainage
features and all embedded items that may be
existing or are to be installed below top of
subgrade*
(6) Know requirements for soils and
compaction for various features of the work
in cut and fill areas.
105-5
-------
(7) Is contractor-proposed order of
work in clearing, grubbing, stripping, ex-
cavation , >yy*Trf*ij_i ingJ spoiling, embankment
construction and compaction in cut areas
proceeding in accordance with approved
procedures, using approved equipment, with
sufficient number of units, to accomplish
the work in scheduled time?
b. Construction
(l) Are the materials encountered of
the same soils classification as those in-
dicated on the contract drawings? If not,
notify your supervisor without delay so that
appropriate action may be taken*
(2) Is suitable material from exca-
vations being used to the maximum extent
(3) Is excavation being performed to
provide drainage from the excavated area at
all times, if natural drainage is possible?
Are all pockets of soft, yielding
or otherwise unsatisfactory material being
removed and replaced with suitable material?
If in doubt concerning removal of unsatisfactory
material, consult your supervisor.
(5) Have ground surfaces to receive sub-
grade embankment material been prepared?
105-6
-------
(6) Are embankments being constructed
in the specified layer thickness of suitable
material and compacted?
(7) Are embankment surfaces (subgrade)
struck-off, leveled and compacted to grade
and surface smoothness tolerances?
(8) Are surfaces in cut areas being
compacted with suitable equipment to obtain
the specified depth and degree of compaction?
(9) During the compaction of each layer
of embankment, check to see if the moisture
content of the soil is being maintained at or
near the optimum moisture content. If not,
require drying by aeration or moistening by
watering, as the case may be*
(10) Do prepared surfaces of cut areas
(subgrade) meet grade and surface smoothness
tolerances?
(11) Is finished subgrade protected from
traffic or other operations until the subbase
or base is placed?
(12) Are subdrains required? If so, are
they being installed at the required locations
105-7
-------
(13) Is trench backfilling being per-
formed as required, using satisfactory
materials compacted in specified layer thick-
ness?
Is control testing of the subgrade
and subgrade materials being performed in
accordance with the n^n-timim sampling schedule
developed for the project?
(15) Do test results indicate that ma-
terials meet all specification requirements?
If not, has action been taken to correct any
deficiency? Where action has 'been taken to
correct deficiencies revealed by tests, have
retests been made, recorded, and cross-
referenced to test failure?
(l6) Are all. test results properly
recorded on established reporting forms and
adequate project records maintained?
105-03. SUB-BASE AMD BASE COURSES
a. Review Prior to Construction
(l) Review project specifications.
105-8
-------
(a) Know requirements for the types
of base course materials.
(b) Know the maximum and minimum
compacted layer thicknesses permitted.
(c) Know the compaction require-
ments for each type of base course mate-
rial.
(d) Know acceptable construction
procedures.
(e) Know grade control and surface
smoothness requirements*
(f) Check the Special Conditions of
the specifications for items that may am-
plify or supplement the Technical Provi-
sions.
(2) Review project drawings.
(a) Fix in your mind the type or
types of base courses required for the
various pavements involved.
(b) Know the location and extent of
the various types of pavements.
(c) Know the total thickness of
each base course type.
105-9
-------
(d) Be familiar with grades to
which the base courses are to be con-
structed.
(e) Be sure you are familiar with
the location and nature of all utilities
in place or to be constructed. You should
plan to have offset reference stakes set
so that position of utilities may be de-
termined after embedment if necessary.
(f) Know the nature and location
of all drainage features.
(g) Know the location of all hand
holes, man holes, observation risers and
other structures or features to be in-
stalled within the pavement area.
(3) Review proposed source or sources
of base course material.
(a) Check with your supervisor on
status of materials approval and obtain
copies of approval letters.
(b) Tentative approval only is
given on materials at their source. Final
approval is based on tests of material in
place and compacted.
(c) Be familiar with results of
tests on samples submitted which were the
basis for tentative approval.
1Q5-10
-------
(d) In general, select and sub-base
materials are natural or "bank-run" mate-
rials which may be obtained from site ex-
cavations or from on-site or off-site
borrow areas. Base materials are generally
crushed and plant_proces?ed materials.
(U) Inspect approved source or sources
of material.
(a) If material is bank-run, be sure
pit is stripped of all unsatisfactory ma-
terial and that excavation will result in
obtaining a uniformly acceptable material.
(b) If "bank-run" materials are to
be stockpiled, check that stockpile area
is cleared and leveled as required and
that proposed methods of stockpiling are
satisfactory.
(c) If material is plant processed,
inspect plant and determine that processing,
handling and stockpiling methods established
will produce uniformly acceptable material
at a rate to satisfy approved construction
progress.
(5) Check all equipment brought on
the job by the contractor.
(a) Be sure that specified and ap-
proved equipment types are available.
105-31
-------
(b) An adequate number of units in
good mechanical condition must be furnished
to perform the work in accordance with ap-
proved construction progress schedules.
(6) Determine proposed procedures of
handling high-quality base course materials.
(a) Some high quality base course
materials are required to be furnished in
two or more size groups and blended by
means of a mixing process.
(b) Check that equipment for mixing
is on hand and is adequate to produce ac-
ceptable material at a satisfactory rate.
(7) Determine that the necessary
owner furnished equipment is avail-
able for field control of soils and for
checking lines, grades and smoothness of
base courses as they are constructed.
c. Construction
(1) Are the weather and temperature
within the limitations specified?
(2) Inspection of Pit or Quarry Oper-
ation.
(a) Is the pit yielding material
that will, with little or no question meet
requirements for in-place and compacted
105-12
-------
base course?
(b) Are uniform materials resulting
from excavation and Timid *•-ing operations?
(c) Are unsuitable materials being
wasted or otherwise handled to prevent
h«n11ng to the project?
(d) Is material being processed as
necessary and do materials produced leave
any question as to suitability?
(e) Check that method of stock-
piling is controlled to minimize contamination
and/or segregation?
(f) Are the "base course materials
being sampled at source in accordance with
locally established procedures and are they
being tested?
(g) If materials are not properly
excavated, processed and/or handled, or if
materials produced leave any question in your
mind, have you taken steps to correct the
difficulty?
(h) Check that pits and/or quarries
axe left in a satisfactory condition.
(3) Test embankments may be required.
(a) Check for this requirement, as
105-13
-------
in some cases, procedures and equipment re-
quired are established on the basis of test
embankments.
(b) If required, be sure test em-
bankment is constructed and determination of
procedures has been made prior to full scale
placement of base courses.
(c) Kho*r procedures and equipment
required by results of tests of the test
embankment.
(4) Hauling Equipment.
(a) Do not permit vehicles to con-
tinually follow in the same tracks in areas
to be paved.
(b) Spread out the tracking over
the area insofar as possible.
(c) See that hauling equipment
complies with General Safety Requirements.
(d) Determine if back-up alarms are
required; if so, they must be provided and
maintained in operating condition.
(5) Check methods being employed to
spread the material.
-------
(a) Methods differ for different
types of base courses.
(b) Spreading must be carefully
controlled to minimize segregation.
(6) Check method of mixing.
(a) Check method specified*
(b) Check equipment used*
(c) Check result being obtained.
(7) Check to see that base and subbase
materials do not become mixed.
(8) Check thickness of layers. Do they
meet limitations on «tf»rf
-------
(c) Check equipment for conformance
•with specification requirements.
(d) If approved equipment types or
procedures do not produce the specified
results, consult your supervisor'.
(10) Check for ruts or soft-yielding
spots produced during rolling. Has proper
action been taken to correct such weak spots
either through stabilization procedures or
removal and replacement of materials?
(11) Is water being added to the base
course material or is the material being
aerated to obtain optimum moisture content
and therefore maximum compaction?
(a) Compaction Increases strength
of most soils. However, some soil types lose
strength vhen compacted or may have other
unusual characteristics.
(b) Your specifications will ade-
quately cover any special procedures necessary
for the soil type used.
(12) Move and reset grade stakes within
the area being compacted, after each layer of
sub-base and base course is constructed. This
must be done to eliminate the possibility of
uncompacted material along a line of grade
105-16
-------
(13) Check the surface smoothness of
each layer and/or the surface of the com-
pleted base course.
(14) Check the thickness of the com-
pleted sub-base and/or base courses.
(15) Check that sampling of in-place
materials has been done in accordance with
minimum sampling requirements and that test
results are suitable.
(16) If failure to meet specification
requirements is indicated by a test or tests,
has the area involved been determined and
immediate appropriate action taken to correct
the deficiency?
(17) Require the specified width of
shoulder be placed and compacted along with
and at the edges of each layer of sub-base
and base course.
(18) Is grade control being performed
by the contractor, and has the contractor's
work been spot-checked by the engineer?
(19) Proof-rolling of base'courses and
tops of sub-bases is necessary for some
portions of flexible pavements. Check proof-
rolling requirements.
(20) Check that the edges of sub-base
and base courses or shoulders are being
105-17
-------
treated as specified. Check requirements for
(21) Check for adequate maintenance of
sub-base courses.
105-04. BITUMINOUS PRIME AND TACK COATS
a. Advance Planning
(l) Review project plans and specifi-
cations .
(a) Know the grades of bitumen speci-
fied for the prime and tack coat.
(b) Know the quantity limitations of
bitumen application for both the prime and
tack coats.
(c) Know requirements for sampling,
testing, and approval of the bitumens.
(d) Know application requirements
and limitations.
(e) Know methods of measurement of
and payment for application of prime and
tack coats.
(2) Determine proposed sources of bi-
tumens. Determine that test samples have been
submitted, tested, and approved as n
105-18
-------
(3) Check contractor's equipment.
(a) Does distribution equipment con-
form to requirements for proper heating and
circulation of bitumen, for control of spread-
ing rate and uniformity of application, and for
measuring and indicating devices?
»
(b) Is specified power equipment
available and in good operating condition
for the cleaning of surfaces to be primed
or tacked?
(c) Know requirements for equipment
that will be needed to store materials.
(k) Check with field laboratory to in-
sure that base course to be primed or pavement
course to be tacked has met «-ii test require-
ments.
(5) Inspect base course and/or pavement
course to be sure it is clean and free of
foreign material or free water.
(6) Check temperature and weather outook
to be certain that the bitumens will be applied
in accordance with specified weather limita-
tions.
b. Application
(1) Is the area to be primed well-de-
fined by using strong lines to insure
105-19
-------
sufficient primed area vith true lines and
neat edges?
(2) Is surface ready to receive primer
or tack?
(a) Is it cleaned of objectionable
subtances .
(b) Is it too vet or too dry for
primer?
[
(3) Check weigh bills and delivery
tickets to be sure that the required and
acpproved bitumen is being applied*
(k) Make continuous check on function-
ing of distributor.
(a) Is rate of bitumen application
as specified?
(b) Does the amount of prime applied
completely seal the surface voids of base
courses without a surplus remaining on the
surface after the curing period?
(c) Does the amount of tack applied
appear to be sufficient for bonding but not
in excess of the Tn-tn-fimnn necessary for bonding?
(d) Is application of bitumen uniform?
(e) Take prompt corrective actions in
the event of unsatisfactory distribution.
105-20
-------
\(5) Check \AJ insure that the bitumens
have ^adequately cured in the Tn-tniTmim time or
whether additional time is necessary for proper
curing.
(6) Is the primed or tacked area being
protected prior to and during paving operations?
(7) Record quantities of bitumens used
each day.
(8) Check that proper protection is
provided to keep bitumen off of posts, guard
rails 9 and other roadside structures during
spreading operations.
(9) Are junctions satisfactory?
105-05* BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
a. Initial Checks
(l) See that adequate fire protection
is provided*
(2) Review project plans and specifi-
cations .
(a) Know the specification require-
ments for aggregates, aggregate handling,
mixes, mixing plant, and hauling, placing
and rolling equipment*
(b) Know construction procedures for
spreading and rolling of the mix and prepara-
tion of joints.
105-21
-------
(c) Know requirements for grade
control and surface smoothness.
(d) Be thoroughly familiar with
physical location of pavements, thickness
and number of pavement courses required,
and finished pavement grades.
(3) Aggregate Submissions and Mix
Designs
(a) Has approval of proposed mate-
rials and development of the starting job-
mix formulae been made?
(b) Review and become familiar with
aggregate and mix test data developed at
time of approval.
(4) Aggregate Storage Facilities
(a) Make sure the required separate
stockpiles are provided.
(b) Check preparation of area pro-
posed for stockpiling of aggregates to
insure against contamination of aggre-
gates.
(c) Review stockpiling methods and
transferring facilities. Check for seg-
regation, contamination and/or intermixing
of the different aggregate sizes.
105-22
-------
(5) Check bituminous liquids storage
facilities.
(a) Is storage tank capacity suffi-
cient for at least a one-day run?
(b) Are pipe lines and fittings in-
sulated?
(c) Are storage tanks equipped with
beating facilities?
(d) Has a system been provided for
circulation of bituminous liquids between
the storage tank and the mixer?
(6) Batching and Mixing Plant
(a) Check type of plant that contractor
proposes against type specified*
(b) Check aggregate dryers for ca-
pacity and control of moisture conditions of
the materials, aggregate discharge tempera-
& v^^v^ ^h^ ^^ ^*
ture measuring devices, and capability for
changing slope and rotation speed.
(c) Check condition and operation of
hot aggregate screens. Damaged screens should
be replaced. Screen sizes used should maintain
a reasonably uniform distribution between the
several hot bins.
105-23
-------
(d) Make sure that a sufficient
number of cold bins are provided.
(e) Check hot bins for capacity and
condition.
1. Are at least three compartments
provided, and does each have an accurate
veigh-box and a control gate?
2. Are the partitions free of
openings that would allow run-through of
material from one bin to another?
3. Have overflow pipes been in-
stalled IzTeach bin compartment to prevent
overflow of material from one bin to another?
k. Has provision been made for
accurately"and safely sampling hot bin
materials?
(f) Check accuracy of aggregate
weighing or proportioning devices* Have
separate adjustments been provided to pro-
portion each aggregate bin?
(g) Check bitumen weighing or vol-
umetric-measurement devices and test cali-
brations for accuracy* Has provision been
made for positive control of temperature of
the bituminous material?
(h) Check calibration of mineral
filler proportioning device.
105-21*
-------
(l) Check dust collector and method
of handling dust.
(j) Check thermometric equ'' ment
provided for measurement of bitumin> as liquids
and hot aggregate temperatures.
(k) Check mixer unit.
!• Zs mixer of at least the
capacity and in satisfactory operating
condition?
2. Has provision been made for
properly heating the mixer?
Check blade clearances. If a
continuousmix plant is employed, are blades
adjustable and reversible?
k. Have the time lock, for control
of mixing Time, and the batch counter been
provided and do these devices function
properly?
(l) Check pug mill discharge hopper.
1. Check capacity.
2. Is the discharge hopper positioned
at the proper height for the transporation
equipment?
Check ability to completely dump
all of themix.
105-25
-------
(•) Check all safety features of
the plant for c onpliance with contract
safety requirements. Check for guards
over belts, gears, chains, pull^y3, pro-
jections, rotating parts, etc. Check the
insulating of hot piping.
(7) Transporting, Placing and Finish
ing Equipment
(a) Check trucks that are
1. Are truck beds tight, clean
and smooth?
2. Have suitable covers been pro
vided tcTprotect the mix?
3. Have facilities been provided
for cleaning the inside of truck bodies
and coating with a minimum amount of a
concentrated solution of hydrated lime
and water.
k. If long hauls are contemplat-
ed, have""the truck bodies been insulated
to insure that delivery temperatures of
mix are within the range specified?
(b) Check spreader.
1. Inspect for overall condition
and freedom from, obvious damage or fault.
105-26
-------
2. Stringline screed for correct
alignment. Slight camber in the order of
1/8 inch is reccmended on front screed*
3- Check for indented and irregu-
lar areaT This is a sign of a defective
spreader.
U. Check functioning of screed
heating "system.
5. Inspect tamping bar for wear
and proper movement and clearance from
screed.
6. Inspect hopper, bar-feeders,
distributor screws and similar devices
for ability to prevent segregation.
7. Check controls for speed of
motion and guidance.
(c) Check rollers.
1. Determine that the minimum
number and types of rollers required have
been provided.
2. Check roller weights.
3. Inspect roller wheels for
smoothness. Check scrapers, sprinklers
105-27
-------
and water spreading pads for even wetting
of wheel surfaces.
U. Check operation of rollers for
range of'speeds and capability for chang-
ing direction smoothly.
5- Inspect pneumatic-tired roll-
ers for Tire sizes, number of tires, tire
pressures, tracking, weights, and wetting
devices to properly moisten the tire sur-
faces. If not self-propelled, be sure
towing unit is adequate and smooth-tired.
(d) Check hand tools.
1. Necessary and specified lutes,
rakes, shovels, and other hand tools most
be available.
2. Equipment for maintaining
small tools in a hot condition must be
provided.
3* Material and equipment must be
on hand Tor painting cold joints.
(8) Sampling Schedule for Materials
and Mixes
(a) Check that previous arrange-
ments made to sample and test bituminous
105-28
-------
liquids, aggregates and plant mixes in
schedule are in force.
(b) Similarly, check that samples
of the completed pavement are obtained and
tested.
(9) Plant Dry Runs and Test Sections
(a) Plant dry runs are considered
desirable and in some cases are specified.
This operation consists of placing the
batching plant in operation, filling the
aggregate hot bins and obtaining aggregate
samples. It permits observation of genersl
plant operation and the checking of cold
aggregate proportioning and resulting hot
aggregate separation prior to producing
mix.
(b) Prior to full scale paving op-
erations, it may be required that a quan-
tity of mixture be produced to construct
a test section. Observe all operations in
connection with the test section as'this
is the basis of final determination of
adequacy of materials, equipment and con-
struction procedures.
b. Paving Operations
(1) General - Placing and finishing
operations for hot and cold paving mixtures
1Q5-29
-------
are essentially the same, except that the
control of temperatures on delivery and
during rolling is not required for cold
mixtures.
(2) Layout
(a) Check the contractor's operation
at the beginning of placement.
(b) Has he started at the highest
lane in the area, and is he moving in the
direction of the main traffic flow?
(c) Is the operation laid out so as
to maintain a uniform surface?
(d) Will the lanes be placed so the
joints will have required texture, density
and smoothness?
(e) Have the necessary stringlines
been established?
(f) Stringline parallel to center-
line of full pavement width should be used
to align first lane. Pavement must be
laid parallel to the centerline and exces-
sive edge irregularities should not be tc -
era ted.
(3) Production Control
105-30
-------
a. Control of the production of bitumi-
nous mixtures is usually the responsibili-
ty of the Project Control Laboratory. The
inspector should be familiar with the lab-
oratory facilities, test methods, control
tests, and records maintenance.
b. Test methods to be followed are in-
corporated in the project specification by
reference to appropriate standards. Copies
of all standards should be on file in the
engineer's office and available to you
for reference.
(4) Plant Inspections
(a) Check all bitumens as received
Check that material has been shipped from a
pretested tank at sources of supply or has
otherwise been sampled and tested.
(b) Check storage facilities for
bitumens.
(1) Check that the approved mate-
rials are heated and delivered to the mix-
ing unit within permissible temperature .
ranges.
(2) Check that bitumens are not
105-31
-------
overheated. No heating of asphalt emul-
sions is required.
If temperatures are taken
through ah open hatch, do not use an open
flame for better vision of tank contents
and thermometer reading.
(c) Check aggregates as received
at the plant for similarity to previous-
ly checked and approved material. Visual
inspection plus gradation tests will us-
ually suffice to determine that reason-
ably uniform material from the approved
source is being supplied.
(d) Check handling and storage of
aggregates to insure that methods used
will not produce segregation and that
uniform feed of uniformly graded materials
is maintained.
(e) Check hot "bin materials.
1. Is the temperature range being
maintained?
2. Is the dryer temperature ob-
taining The degree of dryness required?
3. Determine that gradations of
hot materials are such that the aggregates
are proportioned to result in a combined
105-32
-------
grading within limitations set by the job
mix formula.
(f ) Batching and Mixing
1. Check plant scales periodical-
ly for accuracy of a batch -*ype mixing
plant. Check calibrations of feeds for a
continuous mixing plant.
2. Check that proportions of ma-
terials Batched are in accordance with the
job mix formulae and that resultant mix is
within job mix formula tolerances.
3. Check temperature of bitumen
near discharge valve at mixer unit.
Check duration and control of
mixing tme.
5. Check mixer blades for wear.
"" r
6. Are all required safety fea-
tures provided and satisfactorily main-
tained?
(g) Hauling Units
1. Check that truck bodies are
maintained in a clean condition and coated
with a minimum amount of a concentrated
105-33
-------
solution of hydrated lime and -water to
prevent adhesion of the mix.
2. Are the trucks equipped with
suitable covers and is each load being
covered as it leaves the plant?
(5) Check surface of prepared base
course for cleanliness and prime coat*
Determine that grades and surface smooth-
ness are within specified tolerances. Do
not permit unnecessary traffic on prepared
(6) Placement of Mix
(a) Check temperature of mixture
(hot-mix) as delivered. Specifications
prescribe minimum acceptable placing tem-
peratures for hot-mix (235° F. for asphaltic
mixtures and l6o° F. for tar mixtures).
Reject mixtures arriving at the spreader having
temperatures less than the specified minimum.
Tar mixtures will be compacted in accordance
with specified requirements.
(b) See if weather limitations are
being met.
(c) Appearance of mixture should be
105-3^
-------
acted a* Indication of properly batched
and Ml*ftd material. See Plate No. 1 for
common types of mix imperfections and
probable causes.
Plant Inspector should be noti
fied immediately if mix is found -unsatis-
factory for any reason.
1. Reject any unsatisfactory mix
delivered and instruct contractor to sus-
pend placing operations until necessary
corrections are made.
2. Report such action to your
supervisor immediately.
3* Record details of suspension
of operation in the project log.
Hopper surfaces, tamper, screed;
and other contact surfaces of spreader will
be maintained in a clean condition.
(f ) Set screed on board of approxi-
mate thicknesB of new pavement at start of
run (or lanes), or start off previously
placed lane.
(g) Check adjustment of screeds to
lay course of desired thickness; make
further adjustments if course thickness
varies excessively*
105-35
-------
(h) Screed contour will be straight
on rear (trailing) edge, crowned approximately
1/8 Inch on front (leading) edge.
(i) Check spreader operation fre-
quently to prevent overloading and spilling,
segregation, irregularity in alignment, and
( j) Check rate of feed of mixture
from hopper, operation of distributing devices,
and screed adjustment and take corrective
measures promptly when irregularities in thick-
ness, surface smoothness or width of laid
mixture are found.
(k) Check irregular spots*
1. Rakers will level off any ir-
regular spots, but avoid excessive raking.
2. Do not permit raked out material
to be cast over the fresh surface.
3. See that all coarse particles un-
avoidably raked out to the surface is removed
from the mat.
(l) Preparation and placing of paving
mixture at joints should be checked to insure
well-bonded and dense Joint areas and even
surfaces after rolling. Lane widths and layout
of longitudinal joints for multiple course
pavements must be. planned so that joints of
completed pavement courses will break by at
least one foot.
105-36
-------
(m) Stop placement of paving mixture
-when weather conditions preclude laying of
pavement in a satisfactory manner. It is
customary to permit loads in transit to be
placed unless conditions are so severe that
satisfactory results appear unattainable.
Loads vet excessively by rain should be
rejected.
(n) Record of location of truck loads
should be kept so that identity can be cor-
related with in-fLace samples subsequently taken
for tests.
(o) Keep weigh tickets of material
placed as a basis for payments and to account
for rejected loads.
(p) Check yield twice daily by
measuring area of lanes laid and comparing
with weigh tickets of material delivered.
(q) Check roller operation and
rolling procedures.
1. Rollers and rolling requirements
are specified. Determine the precise rolling
pattern and method to be followed during place-
ment of the required strip.
2. Are rollers being operated
within specified speed range, do they reverse
without back lash, and are drum scraping and
105-37
-------
wetting devices functioning to keep wheels
clean and moist?
Keep rollers moving; do not
permit them to stand on freshly placed mix.
Mate sure the rollers make the required overlap.
k. Rubber tired rollers are effect-
ive only onTwarm mixture; such rolling is not
effective when the pavement temperature is below
130° F.
5. Roll longitudinal joints while
the mix is hot to produce a tight, well-bonded
joint.
6. Straightedge check for surface
smoothness compliance, after the first roller
a. The time to correct smooth-
ness and grade's is when rolling first begins.
b. To correct depressions,
loosen material by raking to a depth of 1/2
inch and add necessary hot material by shovel-
ing and raking.
£• To correct humps, loosen by
raking to a depth below final grade, re-
move excess material and rake smooth.
105-38
-------
7. Check for compliance with
smoothness requirements immediately fol-
lowing completion of tandem rolling. Take
necessary corrective action.
8. Surface checking and movement
of the mat on the first or second pass of
the roller may be caused by one or more
factors illustrated in Plate No. 2 attached,
Check base course surface for loose fines,
moisture or excessive primer, and the
binder course surface for cleanliness and
excessive tack coat.
9- Transverse and longitudinal
cracks occurring under rolling usually
result from soft base conditions but may
be a result of inadequate control of mix
temperatures and mix proportioning. Re-
moval and replacement of pavement and base
courses is generally necessary in the case
of soft base conditions.
10. Check final finish of pave-
ment to assure that voids or scars are
not left in the pavement surface. '
(q) Strict adherence to the grade
and surface tolerances for all courses is
mandatory. Take corrective actions if
deficiencies exist.
105-39
-------
(r) Spot check daily finish grade
and smoothness of pavement as a guide to
continuing operations. Determine that
complete grade and surface smoothness
checks are made and recorded by personnel
from the Engineer's office.
(s) Finish shoulder adjacent to
finished pavement as soon as possible.
(t) Safety requirements should be
rigidly enforced. Watch for unnecessary
smoking, fires, and open flames. See
that the necessary respirators are used
around toxic fumes.
(u) Check for special requirements
_!. Check requirements for joints
between old pavements and new ones, or for
cutting into old pavements.
2^ Check requirement for any
special treatment required at edges of
pavement.
_3. Check requirements for any
patching of existing pavements.
c. Check Sampling and Testing - Al-
through the plant control laboratory is
responsible for control, the inspector
has certain related responsibilities and
105-40
-------
must be familiar with sampling and testing
procedures to determine that the pavement
is properly constructed. The frequency
of a complete coverage series of tests
during a production run normally will be
one set of samples for about each 200 tons
produced. A complete coverage series will
normally include the following, but ad-
ditional or repeated tests may be required:
(1) Specific readings for temperatures
of bitumen and aggregate on discharge from.
hot bins or dryer*
(2) Samples from each hot bin for
gradation tests and moisture determina-
tions.
(3) Samples of bituminous mixture
after discharge from pug-mill.
(k) A series of compaction tests
(not less than four specix&ens per test)
of the bituminous mixture sample.for the
determination of Marshall stability, flow,
voids (total mix), voids (filled with as-
phalt), and unit weight.
(5) An asphalt cement extraction test
on the sample of bituminous mixture.
(6) At the completion of determina-
tions in the complete test series, the
105-Ul
-------
laboratory posts results on trend wall
charts. These charts should be reviewed
frequently by the inspector.
(7) Plant control laboratory per-
sonnel will frequently inspect batching
and mixing operations for accuracy.
(8) Sufficient cores (h inches in
diameter) or sawed samples for determin-
ing thickness, density,, and composition
should be taken and tested daily to de-
termine conformance with the specifica-
tion requirements. One-half the number
of all density samples should be taken
at a joint,so that the joint is approxi-
mately in the center of the sample to be
tested. Corrective measures in rolling
and placing methods will be taken immed-
iately in the event density of samples
does not conform to specification re-
quirements.
(9) Exchange of information and test
data between placing inspector and field
laboratory will be made promptly. Co-
ordination between the inspector, the
technician, and the paving engineer or
his equivalent is a must.
(10) A test section or sections is re-
quired to be constructed before full scale
105-1*2
-------
paving operations are started for large
pavements; otherwise, test sections will be
constructed as required by the project
specifications. Full scale paving may be
started only when inspection, sampling and
testing of the test section indicates
satisfactory procedures and results. Any
unsatisfactory test section constructed
in an area of the permanent work should be
removed and replaced.
105-06. EPOXYrASPHALT PAVEMENT
a. Planning for Inspection
(1) Study plans, specifications and
approved submittals.
(2) Know requirements for aggregates,
binder material, mixing plant, placing
equipment, etc.
(3) Know construction procedures for
grade control, placing, compacting,
formation of joints, testing, etc.
(4) Check to assure timely submittals
for approval of materials.
b. Materials
(1) Aggregate
105-43
-------
(a) tbsck for aggregate approval,
records of initial sampling «wl testing,
location of source, and gradation requirements
(b) Know requirements for sampling
fron hot bins at trial runs, from hot bins
at intervals during paving mixture production,
at processing plant, at railroad cars, at
trucks and at stockpiles.
(2) Binder Materials
(a) Check epoxy resin,
^K ft • tf ^ •. ^ A
against the approval
(b) Check procedures for later
(c) Check manufacturervs instruc-
tions for proportioning of epoxy-binder
c* Mixing Kant
(l) Check plant for being a weight-
batch type and for capability of producing
a mixture meeting the Job-mix formula.
(2) Check operation and sensitivity
-------
(3) Check scales for capability of
weighing each size aggregate and for having
a single telltale actuator.
Check storage equipment for heating
capacity and safety, (Flames should not
come in contact with materials. )
(5) Check circulating system for size
and capability of continuous circulation.
(6) Check insulation of pipelines
and fittings.
(7) Check the feeder of the dryer for
type, ability to feed and adjust each
material separately, and ability to lock
proportioning gates into place,
(8) Check dryer capacity*
(9) Check screen sizes and capacity.
(10) Check bins for capacity, overflow
provisions, an indicator to indicate when
a bin is too low in aggregate, and a safe
sampling means,
(11 ) Check binder control unit for means
of insulating and transferring binder com-
ponents in pipelines, meters and buckets,
Check means of determining percentages of
binder components.
105-^5
-------
(12) Check thermometers for method of
shielding and automatically recording
temperature and gage ranges.
(33) Check means of controlling
mixing time.
Check dust collector for its
method of handling dust.
(15) Check method of accurately
weighing each size aggregate used in
each batch.
•<•
(l6) Check mixer unit for heating
system, blades and method of operation
and control.
(17) Check for unsafe features.
d. Placing Equipment
(l) Check operating features of
spreader and the results obtained from
the trial run. Check surface texture
and irregularities of the material spread.
(2) Check rollers for weight, general
suitability, method of keeping wheels
clean or uniformly wet, as required, and
check spacing of wheels and signs of
backlash when reversing the machine.
105-U6
-------
(3) Check suitability of miscellane-
ous equipment such as blowers and brooms,
power saws and core drills..
(U) Check details and recording de-
vices of weigh house and scales. Deter-
mine if the scales have been tested and
approved.
e. Mixing
(1) Check temperature of aggregate
at hot elevator and in sand bins.
(2) Check temperature and flow of
epoxy resin, flexibilizing additive, and
asphalt.
(3) Check for thorough mixing of the
binder material.
Carefully check all weight against
design mix.
(5>) Check mixing time of aggregates,
aggregate with binder, and mineral filler,
if used.
(6) Check for spillage of mix: and foam
in mix.
(7) Take or supervise the taking of
105-itf
-------
all necessary samples.
(8) Check mixture as it is discharged
Into the truck, the appearance, and temper-
ature.
f. Transportation of Mix
(l) Check method of transportation
of mix. Check for tight, clean, smooth truck
bodies.
(2) Check time mix is in truck.
(3) Make sure mix is not allowed to
get wet.
See that facilities are provided for
cleaning the inside of truck bodies and bodies
coated with a minimum amount of approved thinning
oil.
g. Placing of Pavement
(1) Check weather and assure that pave-
ment will be placed on dry surface and at
•ature of at least 50° P.
(2) Check condition of base course or
existing pavement to receive epoxy.
(a) Check cleanliness.
(b) Check compaction, grades and sur-
face tolerances. Require the reworking of all
areas not complying •with specifications.
105-48
-------
(c) Check the requirement for
leveling c coarse on existing pavements*
(3) Check contractors method of
control of grades on finished pavement.
Check lines and grade-stakes.
(U) Check requirement for primer or
tack coat, when required. Check material
used, distribution, and curing.
(5>) Check operation of spreader, and
check speed and adjustment for thickness,
smoothness, and texture of layers.
(6) Check layout and timing of paving
operation for proper jointing and lane
construction sequence to insure specified
compaction, density, smoothness, and tex-
ture.
(7) Check the beveliijg and overlap
of edges.
(8) Check areas requiring hand spread-
ing and compacting and carefully check the
operation.
(9) Check rolling operation for timeli-
ness of rolling, number ani type of rollers,
watering of tires, and pattern or rolling,
Do not allow rollers to stand on rreshly
placed pavement.
-------
(10) Check pavement crovn, grade and
smoothness immediately after initial rolling
and have necessary corrections made.
h. Caring of Pavement.
See that no traffic of any kind is allowed
on pavement until it is fully cured*
105-07* SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF ASPHALT
a. Check for special applications of
asphalt such as for athletic facilities.
b. Check for gradation requirements and
c. Check for special density and smoothness
d. Check for color coating*
(l) Check curing time of bituminous sur-
face prior to applying coloring*
(2) Check rate of application of color
coating*
(3) Check material being applied for
required characteristics.
(fc) Check application of line paint.
(5) Check for crazing. peeling, and
bleeding of asphalt through the coatings*
(6) Check for testing requirements.
105-50
-------
PROBABLE CAUSES OF DEFICIENCIES IN HOT PLANT MIX PAVING MIXTURES
TYPES OF DEFICIENCIES THAT MAY BE ENCOUNTERED
IN PRODUCING HOT PLANT MIX PAVING MIXTURES
BITUMEN CONTENT PAILS TO CHECK JOB-MIX FORMULA
GRADATION PAILS TO CHECK JOB-MIX FORMULA
POORLY MIXED LOADS
FAT, RICH MIXTURES
LEAN OR BURNED MIXTURES
MIXTURE TEMPERATURE PAILS TO CHECK JOB MIX
SMOKING LOADS
STEAMING LOADS
OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT LOADS
LACK OF UNIFORMITY OP MIXTURES IN LOADS
ITEMS 6 TO 23 INCL. ARE APPLICABLE TO ALL TYPES PLANTS. ITEMS I TO 9 INCL. AND ITEMS 24 TO 28 INCL
TO BATCH PLANTS AND VOLUMETRIC PLANTS RESPECTIVELY
ARE APPLICABLE
-------
V.H,
VA
m
/PROBABLE CAUSES OF IMPERFECTIONS IN FINISHED PAVEMENTS /
TYPE OF PAVEMENT IMPERFECTIONS
THAT MAY BE ENCOUNTERED IN LAYING
HOT PLANT MIX PAVING MIXTURE
BROWN, DEAD APPEARANCE
POOR SURFACE TEXTURE
ROUGH UNEVEN SURFACE
UNEVEN LATERAL JOINTS
UNEVEN LONGITUDINAL JOINTS
ROLLER MARKS
PUSHING
WAVES
CRACKING
HONEYCOMB
DISTORTION
TEARING OF SURFACE DURING LAYING
RICH OR FAT SPOTS
Q
00
-------
105-08* CONCRETE PAVBCBNT
a. Items to Check Prior to Beginning of
Pavement
(l) Review plans and specifications.
(a) Become familiar with location,
extent, and grades of all pavement features.
(b) Become familiar frith requirements
for survey control.
(c) Know required thicknesses of
pavement and the required Jointing system.
Become familiar with the various type s of
Joints required.
(d) Know location and nature of embedde
items within and below the pavement and of all
structures within the pavement.
(e) Know requirements for materials,
plant and equipment.
(f) Know specified construction
procedures.
(g) Determine the number of test
specimens required. Review test specimen
curing procedure.
(2) Materials
105-53
-------
(a) Acceptance or approval of ce-
ment, air-entraining admixtures, concrete
curing compounds and joint-sealing com-
pounds is based on tests of samples taken
at origin of shipment. Each shipment to a
project is inspected at origin and sealed
or otherwise identified as accepted mate-
rial. Determine through your supervisor
that sources of materials have been pro-
posed by the contractor and that arrange-
ments have been made for sampling and
testing.
(b) When above-mentioned materials
arrive on the project, check approvals and
identifications to be certain that mate-
rials have been shipped from pre-tested
stock.
(c) Determine that proper storage
facilities for the above-mentioned mate-
rials have been provided.
(d) Check on concrete aggregate.
\_. Have samples been submitted
for acceptance tests and mix designs in
accordance with specification requirements?
Contractor sampling must be witnessed by
a representative of the engineer.
_2. Study aggregate approvals when
available and be familiar with the source
105-54
-------
and type of aggregate and results of tests
on samples submitted.
3- Determine that the aggregate
storage area has been prepared to avoid
inclusion of foreign material with the
aggregate and that the area is graded to
provide drainage.
Give particular attention to
initial aggregate shipments to determine
that the materials furnished are similar
in every respect to samples submitted for
approval.
(e) Check to see that miscellaneous
materials* such as reinforcements* tie
bars* dowels* joint fillers* and water
have been approved*
(f ) Check requirement for the con-
tractor's obtaining approval of the de-
sign mix for the concrete which he will
use. Make sure that exact proportions
of materials composing the concrete mix
have been approved.
(3) Batching Plant
(a) Inspect plant for general over-
all compliance with specification require-
ments*
105-55
-------
(b) Is the plant capable of batching
at the minimum rate or at a rate consistent
with proposed construction progress? Can
the plant maintain the accuracy required?
(c) Check aggregate bins or com-
partments for condition and size. Is the
arrangement of the bins and provisions for
loading the bins such that there will be
no intermixing of the various aggregate
sizes?
(d) Check linkages of weighing de-
vices for condition, cleanliness and free-
dom of movement.
(e) Check cement and aggregate
scales for accuracy.
(f) Has provision been made for
interlocking batching controls?
(g) Check recorders and their
operation.
(h) If a central mix plant is em-
ployed, check water batcher for accuracy
of batching and interlock of filling and
discharge valves; also check air-entrain-
ing admixture dispenser.
(i) Have facilities been provided
for obtaining samples of aggregate from
each bin?
105-56
-------
(j) Does the plant conform to all
safety requirements?
^ ^* • .x-
(4) Concrete Mixing Plant
(a) Check mixers for general condi
tion ^ ^T^W*!**™^*?, blade "wear ***** urtytng
capacity*
(b) Are timing devices provided on
stationary or paving mixers and are they int
locked with, the dis
(c) Are truck mixers, if permitted,
equipped with accurate revolution counters?
(d) Are batch-counters provided?
(e) Check water batcher on paver for
accuracy*
(f) Check air-entraining admixture
dispenser on paver for accuracy. Is it inter-
locked with batching and discharge of water?
(g) Is the paver skip in good condi-
tion, of adequate dimension to handle the dry-
batch without spillage and provided with
protective guards?
(h) Do the boom and bucket on the
paver comply with specification requirements?
(i) Has a drag sled been provided for
attachment to the paver to collect mixer dis-
305-57
-------
(5) Check batch hauling units.
(a) Check for general condition.
(b) Make sure that batch compartments
are weather-tight.
(cj Are the batch compartments of
sufficient size so that spillage will not occur
from one compartment to another either in load-
ing or discharging?
(d) Are the gates between compartments
tight and equipped with adequate locking devices?
(e) Do the units comply with require-
ments under the option chosen for transporting
the batch to the mixer, (a) separate compart-
ments for cement? (b) mixing the aggregates
and cement?
(f) If back-up alarms are required,
see that they are provided and maintained in
operating condition.
(6) Check paving equipment and tools.
(a) Is «.*n paving equipment on the
Job and in good operating condition?
(b) Have the machines been adjusted
and checked for accuracy of strike-off,
screeding, and floating?
105-58
-------
(c) Do the vibrators comply with
specification requirements?
(d) Check hand tools such as edging
tools, hand floats, and straight edges for
required dimension and condition.
(e) Are all necessary materials and
equipment on hand for curing the pavement?
(f) Is all necessary equipment for
construction or forming of all types of
joints on hand and in good condition?
(g) Is adequate equipment on hand
for sealing joints?
(h) Has the contractor provided and
set up adequate facilities for making and
curing test beams?
(7) Check base course surface prepa-
ration as follows:
(a) Is approved equipment being
operated in a manner to properly fine-
grade the base course?
(b) Is the base course prepared to
produce a smooth, compacted surface con-
forming to grade and smoothness require-
ments?
105-59
-------
(c) Is the base course surface being
maintained in a film, moist condition?
(d) If paving is carried on during
cold weather, is the base course being properly
protected against freezing and have you checked
to insure that base materials are entirely free
of frost vhen concrete is placed?
(e) Is base preparation and form
setting being performed sufficiently in
advance of concrete placement? Note
(8) Prior to setting forms, determine
that the surface of the base course has been
constructed to or slightly above required grade
and that the material meets all test require-
(9) Check forms.
(a) Are the forms identical in all
respects to the form or forms approved for use
on the work?
(b) Are the forms free of warps, bends,
and/or kinks and are they free of battered top
surfaces and distorted faces and/or bases? Re-
move damaged form sections from the project*
1O5-60
-------
(c) Check forms SUB they arrive on
the Job site* Straightedge tops and vertical
faces of forms after setting for deviations.
Sight along forms to detect major deviations
from true alignment.
(d) Check dimensions, position and
securing of the metal keyvay forms. Keyvays
most be exactly as detailed on the contract
(e) Does the base of each form section
have full bearing for its entire length and
vidth on fully compacted material?
(f) Be sure that form pins are of
adequate length, are properly Hedged in the
pin pockets, and that they are free from
(g) Check locking devices between form
sections for secureness and freedom from loose-
ness or play.
(h) Determine that forms have been set
to required grades. If correction of grade is
necessary, remove form sections, adjust the
grade and thoroughly recoanpact base material
prior to resetting forms.
„ (i) Properly clean and oil forms
after each use.
-------
(j) Set forms veil in advance of
(10) Check sub-grade between forms.
(a) Check to see that sub grade, base
course, or filter course is free of foreign
matter, waste concrete, cement, loose aggregate
^ & & ^ ^^F
or other debris.
(b) Check contractor's scratch
template and template operation to assure that
the rods are obtaining the required results.
(c) Check the prepared surface with
the approved scratch template Imnedlately ahead
of the paving operation.
(d) Check the setting of the rods on
the scratch template to insure that proper
thickness of concrete will be obtained.
(ll) Check embedded items.
(a) Are dowels provided of the re-
quired diameter (or diameters) and length (or
lengths)?
»_
(b) Are dowels clean, straight, and
smooth ^.th ends free from burrs or distortion?
(c) Is the dowel basket and/or ex-
pansion joint assembly identical to the basket
approved for the project?
-------
(d) Have means been provided for
anchoring the dowel assembly securely in its
required position?
(e) Has a template been provided
for checking dovel position?
(f ) If reinforcing steel is required,
check type, dimension and cleanliness* Also
check spacing* clearance* *y>fl method of securing
in place during the paving operation.
(g) Check tie-down anchors and, If
grounding electrodes are required, see that
they meet the specified resistances*
(h) Check **n other embedded iteois
for location and proper installation.
(12) Check area and grade control.
(a) Determine that adequate plans
for area and grade control have been formulated
by the contractor and that plans have been made
for **>w*irtTig the contractor's control of the
grades of the concrete as placed;
(b) Be sure that control is set izp
to maintain pavement joint alignment.
105-63
-------
(c) Determine that all utility
lines within a paved area have been prop-
erly referenced so their position may be
readily re-established if necessary.
b. Inspections During Paving
(1) Batch Plant
(a) Check identifications of cement
shipments received to determine that it is
tested and approved material.
(b) Check temperature of cement.
(c) Check handling and storage of
cement for complete protection from expo*
sure to moisture. Be sure that older
cement is used first and that any cement
in storage for more than four months is
retested and approved prior to use.
(d) Hake weight checks of bag
cement.
(e) Check aggregate and aggregate
handling as follows:
1. Check stockpiling methods to
insure tEat segregation or contamination
of materials is not occurring. Operation
of bulldozers or hauling equipment on
stockpiles is not permitted*
-------
2. Observe and test aggregate for
grading, moisture content, and cleanliness to
determine acceptability, possible changes in
quality and major differences from materials
originally submitted as representative and
approved.
Check handling of aggregate into
the batch plant bins to see that there is no
spillage or mixing of the different aggregate
sizes, and that there is no other undesirable
material.
(f ) Compare batch volume with com-
puted volume for the day's run* Report signi-
ficant variations to your supervisor.
(g) Make periodic checks of cement
and aggregate scales for accuracy and proper
operation. Make similar checks of water
batchers and air-entraining agent dispensers if
the plant includes these facilities.
(h) Check batch counters and re-
corders for accuracy of recording and other-
vise satisfactory operation.
(i) Check mix design computations.
Adjust for aggregate surface moisture and size
of batch employed.
(j) Check scale settings for each
material batched.
(k) If a central mixing plant is
employed, check mixers for mixing efficiency,
rate of drum rotation, mixing time, and proper
105-65
-------
setting and operation of locking devices to
provide the required mixing time.
(l) Check batch hauling units to
see that there is no loss of aggregate or
cement, or overflow from one batch compart-
ment to another during loading*
(m) Check batch plant and related
equipm ent and its operation for compliance
with all safety requirements*
(2) Paving Operations
(a) Check paver and paver operation
for:
1. Accuracy of batching from
water-batcher.
2. Leakage of water batching
system, particularly at valves*
3. Air-entraining agent dispenser's
accuracy of hatching.
k. Satisfactory operation of required
interlock between water batcher and air-entrain-
ing agent dispenser.
Timing device setting and
operation to""insure concrete is mixed for
the required length of time.
105-66
-------
6. Proper operation of batch
counter.""
7. Cleanliness of mixer drum and
wear of mixer blades.
8. Proper loading of mixer skip
and spillage of batched materials.
9. Unnecessary spillage of mixed
concreteT
10. Control of discharge fron
paver bSoket to effect reasonably uniform
distribution of concrete on the prepared
base course.
(b) Check placing; spreading, and
vibration of concrete as follows:
1. Slow down or stop placement of
concrete~if for any reason subsequent op-
erations lag behind sufficiently to affect
the quality of the concrete.
2. Be sure that concrete place-
ment and~vibration in the vicinity of em-
bedded items is performed in such manner
that they will not be disturbed. Trans-
verse dowel assemblies should be covered
by hand shoveling concrete.
105-6?
-------
3. Adjust spreader to strike-off
concrete at a level such that vhen vibrated,
the proper amount of concrete vill remain for
the finishing machines.
. In the case of reinforced pave
ment, adjust~spreader to strike-off concrete
at the proper depth*
itallea <
Check that rubber- tired vheels
are installed on the spreader vhen the vheels
are operated on a previously constructed slab.
Make sure the slab is strong enough to support
traffic.
6. Check operation of vibrators
for effectiveness in consolidating the concrete*
Check frequency of vibration and that they are
operated at proper depth and that vibration is
completely effective including vibration along
the forms. Do not allow vibration in one
location for more than 20 seconds' duration.
7. See that an extra vibrator, or
sufficient parts for replacing and repairing
a vibrator, Is maintained on the Job.
8. Prevent vorkmen from unneces-
sarily valking In fresh concrete.
(c) Check ffrihoflfl*^ Items as follows:
105-68
-------
1. Reinforcing steel, if required,
must be of required size and spacing,
properly cleaned, and set in the required
position.
2. Reinforcing steel mats must be
lapped, "fee certain that the reinforcing
is not extended through a pavement joint.
3. Is one end of each dowel
painted and greased?
Are the dowel assemblies being
maintained in correct position and align-
ment during placement and finishing oper-
ations?
(d) Check machine finishing as
follows :
1. Periodically check adjustments
of the transverse and longitudinal finish-
ing machines. Need for change of adjust-
ments may be determined by visual observa-
tions and straightedge and/or string-line
checks of the pavement surface left by the
machines.
2. Forward screed of transverse
f inisher""shouldf cany a uniform rol- of
concrete of about It to 8 inches in diam-
eter; rear screed should cany a uniform
roll of concrete of about -2 inches in
diameter .
105-69
-------
3. If transverse finishing ma-
chine produces a slurry ahead of the
screed after the first pass, concrete mix
should be adjusted. Slight reduction of
water will often correct this condition.
1|. Transverse finishing machine
should leave the concrete surface at
proper grade and essentially to proper
smoothness.
5>. Longitudinal finishing ma-
chine is not designed for major cutting
and shaping of the concrete surface. Use
for correcting relatively minor surface
irregularities and smoothing the concrete
surface.
6. Check that float makes re-
quired lap as longitudinal finisher ad-
vances its position.
7. In some cases of relatively
steep transverse grades, better results
may be obtained by operating the longi-
tudinal float "uphill11 only.
8. If longitudinal float carries
wet mortar, do not raise float blade until
mortar is discharged outside the form.
9. If longitudinal float does not
105-70
-------
maintain complete contact with the con-
crete surface as it travels across the
paving lane, add fresh concrete and re-
float.
10. Finishing machines in proper
adjustment will produce a surface requir-
ing a minimum of hand finishing.
(e) Check hand finishing as follows:
1. Use hand-manipulated floats
sparingly. Hand floating should be neces-
sary only to remove local surface irregu-
larities.
£. Majority of hand-finishing
should be performed with straightedges.
Straightedge is not a heavy-duty cutting
tool. Its purpose is to remove minor
surface irregularities and score marks.
3. Check all straightedges for
truenessT
Check surface of plastic con-
crete wrEh a straightedge including check
across longitudinal joints as straight-
edge finishing is completed. Surface of
plastic concrete mast fit straightedge
without deviation except at crowns and
other planned breaks in grade.
105-71
-------
5. Final surface finish Is gener-
ally required to be produced by burlap
6. Timing of burlap dragging Is
important to produce the required surface
texture. Drag when most of surface sheen
has disappeared but while the concrete at
the surface is In a plastic state.
7* Be sure the burlap drag is
constructed and operated as required and
that it is kept moist and clean.
8. Joints requiring hand tooling
should be carefully formed. Check that
edging tools are of required dimension axxl
that the edging tool is not tilted during
tooling of the joint or otherwise Improp-
erly manipulated to result In surface ir-
regularities at the joint*
9. Do not permit use of soupy
mortar to fill out depressions along
joints during hand tooling; use fresh
concrete.
10. Check that all spillage of
groat ancl concrete on adjacent concrete
surfaces is cleaned up immediately. Par-
ticularly watch for removal of mortar ac-
cumulations on radius and sides of that
105-72
-------
part of a longitudinal joint formed in the
previously placed, adjacent lane.
11. Eliminate tool marks by burlap
dragging along joint with a small, hand-
12. Filler-type or sawed trans-
verse contraction joints are generally
required. It is important to insert or
cut the joint at the correct time.
13. Install filler strip of filler
type joint exactly as specified. Check
that the filler strip as installed is
properly aligned, is vertical, and is set
flush with or slightly below the pavement
surface*
ill. Carefully observe finishing in
the vicinity of the filler-type joint and
immediately after finishing, check across
the joint with a straightedge. If depress-
ions are found, fill out with freshly mixed
concrete and refinish the surface.
Recommend inserting nails in
the center of the filler strip at each
side of the lane to assure continuous
joint alignment and positively locating
filler strip at the time of subsequent
105-73
-------
16. Carefully
or crimping operation* Check width and depth
of grooves •
17* Re-check pavement with a
straightedge upon completion of finishing while
concrete Is plastic and make necessary cor-
rections*
18. Dowel transverse construction
Joints as required and carefully construct to
result in a properly aligned and smooth Joint.
(f) Check curing as follows:
!• Make sure that effective curing
is maintained for at least seven days.
2. Check to see that unhardened
concrete is always protected from rain and
flowing water.
3. Make sure that the necessary
materials and equipment for the curing are on
the Job prior to beginning the paving operation*
See that necessary stand-by equipment is also
at the site*
k. Check that curing procedures
are suited to prevailing climatic conditions.
5. Make sure the method of curing
used provides complete and continuous pro-
tection of the concrete against cracking.
-------
6. When forms are used, check
vithin one hour after removal to see that
sides of slabs are protected.
7. Check the Initial curing for
proper method, timely application and duration.
8* Check final curing for type of
covering used, method of applying the covering,
and vetting of surface before the application
of one of the optional coverings specified.
a* Check velght of burlap and
lap of edges*
b. Check the vetting operation.
c. Check method of holding down
the waterproof paper blankets and the cementing
or taping operation. Make sure continuous cover
with completely closed Joints is provided.
d. Check for any later tears
and timeliness and method repairing.
«
e. Check application of curing
compound. The compound is not to be sprayed
on a dry surface and must be applied at the
proper time.
105-75
-------
f • Check machine used to apply
membrane. It should be automatic, self-
propelled, able to provide continuous and
uniform coverage of compound of the same
consistency.
£. Check for overlap coverage
to assure that two-coat application is being
obtained and the coverage is no more than
200 square feet per gallon for both coats.
h. Carefully check for any dis-
continuities, pin holes or abrasions and have
these places corrected Immediately.
±. Check that joints to receive
joint sealing are protected from membrane
curing.
8. Check for any special require-
ments for curing concrete placed during cold
neather.
(g) Pavement Protection - See that
curing compound or covering is protected during
the curing period. Check on the erection and
maintaining of barricades to exclude all tin-
necessary traffic from the pavement for at
least I** days after the concrete paving.
(h) Jointing of old pavement to new.
105-76
-------
1. Check for continuous bond
between old pavement and freshly placed
2* Check surface against which
the new material is to be placed* It should
be clean and properly coated with the material
c* Inspections Subsequent to Paving
(l) Form Removal - Do not permit re-
moval of forms until minimum time after place-
ment has elapsed* See that proper care is
exercised to prevent injury to the concrete
by form removal*
(2) Saved Joints (if Specified)
(a) Determine that sufficient equip-
ment is on hand and that satisfactory pro-
visions have been made to carry on the sailing
operation day or night as necessary*
(b) Determine that alignment of
Joint is properly established prior to sawing
to assure straight and continuous Joints*
105-77
-------
(c) Determine proper time for saw-
ing by field trial. Sawing should be per-
formed as soon as the concrete may be cut
without excessive tearing and raveling of
the concrete and without undercutting or
washing at the sides of the cut.
(d) Check width and depth of cut.
(e) Thoroughly flush saw cut and
adjacent concrete surface with water im-
mediately after each cut is made.
(f) Examine concrete surface in
vicinity of planned joint location prior
to sawing. If an uncontrolled crack has
occurred, do not permit sawing of the
joint. Discontinue sawing if crack forms
ahead of the cut during the sawing opera-
tion.
(g) See that curing coverings re-
moved to permit sawing are replaced imme-
diately after each joint is sawed.
(b) If curing compound is used,
check to see that joints are cured as
specified and that curing compound does
not enter the joint.
(3) Other Joint Sawing
105-78
-------
(a) Saw filler type Joints to width
and Tn-fn-fTmnn depth required* Carefully examine
sides of cut to be certain that all traces of
the filler strip have been removed.
(b) Check to see that all construc-
tion joints, longitudinal and transverse, are
sawed out to the required joint dimensions
prior to Joint sealing •
Prefabricated-metal-form-fillers.
.*
*-'
(a) Make sure inserts are straight
from edge to edge*
(b) Watch for ruptures in sheet metal
during grooving.
(c) Check depth and width,
(d) Examine operation for ravels
and spalls in concrete.
(5) Joint Cleaning
*
(a) Check joint cleaning operation
for required performance and sequence in
preparation for joint sealing. .
(b) Check to see that concrete saws,
saw blades, sand blasting equipment and sand,
air compressors, air nozzles and accessory small
tools are available, suitable, and in good
working condition.
105-79
-------
(c) Check sand blasting operation
to insure that the proper nozzle or nozzles
are used and that they are positioned and
aligned to obtain satisfactor results.
to determine that the Joint walls, joint
bottoms, and 1/2-inch of adjacent pavement sur-
thoroughly cleaned flp*fl the
joint*, is free of all foreign materials that
would prevent bonding of the Joint sealer t
the concrete*
(6) Joint Sealing
(a) Deteimine that the correct type
of joint sealing csnanpotmti and the specified
equipment for the joint sealer employed is
being used*
(b) Do not permit sealing of Joints
under weather conditions outside specification
limitations unless a waiver has been directed
in writing by the Contracting Officer.
(c) Check that
when sane is required. If two
sealants are used, check that proportions in
place are correct* Have contractor read and
except;
placing equijnent is suitable for
used*
109-80
-------
(d) Nozzle for sealer application
•ust be of such dimension that it can be
inserted well into the Joint groove to effect
filling the groove from the bottom up without
fozmation of voids*
(e) Fill the Joints flush with the
pavement surface* Remove excess and spilled
Material fjrcm the pavement surface and waste*
(f} Maintain complete records of
the sealing operation*
(7) Check surface smoothness of hardened
(a) Is the contractor straightedglng
the finished pavement in the specified manner
and within the specified time?
(b) Check to see that the contractor
is taking required action to correct deviations
outside smoothness tolerances.
(c) If rubbing is performed to cor-
rect minor deviations during curing period, flu
rubbed area with water and continue effective
curing without delay.
(d) Straightedge-check the finished
surface for acceptance or rejection of the
105-81
-------
(e) If subsequent grinding of
deficient pavement is approved, determine
that limitations on area corrected by
grinding are not exceeded*
(8) Finished-Grade Checks - Normally,
finished-grade surveys will be made by a
Resident Engineer staff survey party* The
inspector should be familiar vith survey
results as he will be responsible for in-
spection of corrective -work in the event
deficiencies are found.
(9) Pavement-Thickness Checks - Pave-
ments will be checked for thickness by ny***"**
of coring* The coring program normally is set
up and performed by the project laboratory but,
as in the case of grade-checks, the inspector
should be familiar with results*
(10) Pavement Deficiencies and Correc-
tions
(a) When pavement areas are removed
for replacement, .check adjacent pavement for
damage such as cracking, breakage of concrete
at the edges, and damage to keyways or other
load-transfer devices. Such damage may necessi-
tate further concrete removal and/or correction
of load-transfer — consult your supervisor on
such cases*
105-82
-------
(b) Replacement slabs shall conform
•to nrtniinmii dimensional requirements anfl other-
vise conform to *-*n specification requirements*
(c) Most random cracks occurring in
pavements may be repaired. If there is no pro-
vision in the contract for repair of such cracks,
check with your supervisor; Be sure that
fled and/or proper equipment is issued and that
repair methods are very carefully followed in
every detail.
d. Control Tests
t
(1) Aggregate
(a) Run sieve analysis of aggregate
* W ^r ^^^*^ ^^
size at least twice dally for a full dayfe paving
operation.
(b) Test for surface moisture at
start of paving and periodically during each
day's operation depending on changes in
moisture condition.
(c) Organic-Impurities test (color
test) for each shipment of sand, or more
frequently if deemed necessary*
(d) Specif;
r, or vhen visual check indicates a change
in the material.
(2) Concrete
U05-83
-------
(a) Supervise the making of test
specimens by the contractor. Take specimens
at about 4-hour intervals* Determine slump,
•air content and temperature of
or Kelly Ball penetration test
air tests during the day. Frequency
consistent vlth uniformity of mix*
(c)
and concrete temperatures at hourly intervals.
* '^
(d) Determine that test specimens
are cured and tested in strict accordance with
OQauKBXB suuJcrfALKS, CORES AND COTTERS
a. General - The construction of concrete
sidewalks* cuztos and gutters, In general,
requires the sane steps In Inspection as a
large scale paving operation to assure quality
b. Sub-Grade and Base Course
(1) Check In-place materials and/or fill
materials for bearing quality and ccnpactibllity,
especially over utility
-------
(2) Check results of lolling for firm-
ness of compacted sub-grade. Check density
as requited or otherwise necessary.
(3) Check sub-grade for grade and cros
section. If sub-grade Is prepared to receive
concrete directly, check grade and cross- sect
template resting
required^
ils, compaction, and surface gradi
cross-section for conformity vith requl
(5) Check moisture content of sub-grade
prior to concrete placement.
c. Forms, Concrete Placement,
(l) Check forms for condition, clean-
liness, rigidity f>«fl conformity with required
dimension of the structure.
(2) Check form setting including full
bearing of form bases on prepared sub-grade or
base course, securing forms in place, adequacy
of clamps, braces and spreaders as applicable,
provision for removable fozm sections, adequacy
of forms for curb returns, and alignment and
(3) Check location, grade, and dimen-
sions between forms.
105-85
-------
Check the oiling of the forms and
the time the forms are to be removed*
(5) Check availability and adequacy of
materials required to form contraction and/or
expansion Joints* Check location and spacing
of Joints.
(6) Check to see that concrete
employed is the mix designed for the vork being
performed. Check slump and entralned-air
content of the concrete*
(7) Check placement and consolidation
of concrete to insure that segregation does not
occur and that honeycomb does not result.
(8) Observe forming of contraction and
expansion Joints for proper installation and
finishing of the exposed Joint edges.
(9) Check that exposed surfaces are
finished by required methods.
(10) Inspect tops and faces of curbs,
surfaces of gutters and surfaces of sidewalks
for conformity vith surface smoothness and
shape requirements*
(ll) Assure that an approved curing
method is employed and that the curing is per-
formed In accordance with the method, and that
curing is started immediately after the finish-
at curing is continuou
required curing pe
105-86
-------
(12) Verify protection of concrete
against damage during backfill or other opera-
tions • Damaged concrete shall be repaired
and/or removed and replaced as required*
(13) Check cleaning and seal ing of ex-
pansion joints in curbs and gutters, and expan-
sion and contraction joints in sidewalks.
Clean joints thoroughly immediately prior to
sealing, and fill joints with approved material
using approved equipment. Require cleaning of
surfaces where spillage has occurred or excess
sealer has been applied.
105-10 • PATCHING CONCRETE PAVEMENT WITS EPOXY
a. Materials
(l) Check both coarse and fine aggregate
for conformance with requirements*
(2) See that Epoxy-resin has been
approved and that the proper type is being
used for the atmospheric temperature conditions.
(3) Verify other ™lp*^3 1 oruarmp materials
such as those to be used in curing, the Portland
cement, air-entraining admixture, joint-sealing
materials and water.
b. Storage
105-87
-------
(l) Check aggregates to assure no
reakage, segregation or contamination
m
(2) Check the Bpoxy storage area to
see that it is vindovless, weatherproof,
ventilated, insulated, and nonconbustible*
Also check to see that the material has been
maintained at a temperature between 70 and
85 degrees F. for k& hours prior to use.
(3) Check for cement being maintained
dry.
c. Mix
(1) Check for approval of mix.
(2) Check to make sure that control can
be y
(3) Continue to check result of «•*•» for
workability and strength.
d. Ecruipment
(l) Check for approval of all equipment
which will be used in the operation.
(2) Check to assure that the equipment
is being maintained in good working condition.
e. Preparation for Placement
105-88
-------
(1) Check the removal of existing pave-
ment to the depth specified and to a depth
where concrete to be patched will be sound and un-
weathered.
(2) Check sandblasting where this
operation is necessary.
(3) Check for removal of all joint
filler and seal materials which will prevent
bond between concrete and the patch.
(4) Assure that necessary fiberboard
fillers are used to prevent the closing of
any existing joints.
(5) In order to provide adequate bonding
of old and new surfaces prior to placing of
epoxy, check that the surface has been blasted
with both a high-pressure water jet and by an
air jet to remove free water.
(6) Observe the application of a thin
film of epoxy resin grout on the freshly
cleaned surface.
(a) Verify mixing of material for
the grout.
(b) Check safety of the operation.
Require full face shields, coveralls, and
105-89
-------
protective cream on workmen, and check
adequacy of fire protection.
(c) Check thickness of film*
(d) Check number of coats.
f• Placing; check the following:
(l) Batching and mixing of material
(2) That the initial epoxy grout is
still tacky -when fresh concrete is pi
(3) *r«"dT-*"e and the placing of the
concrete*
(k) Atmospheric and material tempera-
ture*
(5) Consolidation of concrete.
(6) The tnairtng of the necessary tests
(7) Finishing and curing*
(8) Finished graie and alignment of
joints to see that they match the grade and
of the adjoining surface.
(9) For protection of patched areas.
105-90
-------
(10) The re-sealing of Joints as
g* Safety
(l) See that all workmen are provided
with:
(a) Rubber or neoprene gloves*
(b) Face shields or goggles.
(c) Protective creams*
(2) Insure that manufacturer's recom-
mendations are followed*
(3) Fire protection should be provided
during the epoxy nrfv-ing operations*
105-91
-------
CHAPTER 106
GRASSING, PIANTING AND EROSION CONTROL
INDEX
Para. Title Page
106-01. GENERAL 106-1
106-02 MATERIALS FOR TOPSOILING,
SEEDING AND MULCHING 106-1
a. Tqpsoil 106-1
fc. T.lTtig 106-2
c. Fertilizer 106-2
d. Seed 106-3
e . Mulch 106-3
i~
106-03 PREPARATION OF THE AREA
TO BE TQPSOIIED AND
) 106-4
a. Compaction 106-4
b . Clean-Up 106-4
c. Sub -Grade Elevations 106-4
d. Scarify Sub-Grade 106-4
106-04 PLACING AND GRADING TQP-
SOIL 106-5
a. Placement 106-5
"b. Grading 106-5
106-05 APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER
AND LIME 106-6
-------
Para. Title Page
a. Distribution 106-6
b. Quantity Check 106-7
106-06 TILLAGE 106-7
a. Equipment 106-7
b. Tilling 106-7
106-07 PLANTING SEED 106-8
a. Time of Planting 106-8
b. Application 106-8
106-08 WATERING 106-9
a. Equipment 106-9
b. Application 106-9
c. Maintenance 106-10
106-09 APPL3OTG MULCH 106-10
a. Application 106-10
b. Resistance to Blowing
(Anchoring Mulch) 106-11
106-10 SODDING 106-11
a. Sod Material 106-11
b. ^fertilizer and Lime 106-12
c. Application of Ferti-
lizer and Llmft and
Preparation of Sod Bed 106-12
ii
-------
Para, title Page
d. Procuring and Placing
Sod 106-12
e. Maintenance and Repair 106-13
1O6-11 TERRACING 106-14
a. Equipment 106-14
b. Layout and Construc-
tion 106-14
c. Maintenance 106-14
106-12 PLAMTNG TREES, SHRUBS,
VINES, GROUND COVER 106-14
a. Plants 106-14
b. Material Other Than
Plairts 106-16
106-13 PLANTING OPERATION 106-1?
a. Layout of Major
Planting ' 106-1?
b. Planting Dates 106-1?
c. Excavations 106-lB
d. Planting 106-18
106-14 MAINTENANCE 106-19
a. Establishment 106-19
b. Replacement 106-19
iii
-------
CHAPTER 106
GRASSING, PLANTING, AND EROSION CONTROL
106-01, GENERAL
This chapter covers soil preparation,
seeding, planting, and materials utilized
therein. Erosion control as covered here-
in is applicable only as it pertains to
the protection of areas subjected to
grassing and planting.
106-02. MATERIAL FOR TOPSOILING, SEEDING
AMD MULCHING
a. Topsoil
(l) Check source of supply, and mark
or stake specific areas within source.
(a) Secure sample prior to use.
(b) Require chemical testing.
»
(c) Obtain approval prior to appli-
cation.
(d) Keep part of sample for future
comparison.
(e) Determine depth for excavation.
(f) Check mechanical analysis or
physical description.
106-1
-------
(2) Check cleanliness,
(a) Check freedom from stones,
sticks, subsoil, roots, weeds, etc.
(b) Check quantity of grass in
topsoil when same is required.
(3) Compare delivered topsoil with
sample.
b.
(l) Check gradation.
(2) Check nrtiriTmim percent of cal-
cium oxide or magnesium oxide.
(3 ) Check label on bag and make sure
that your supervisor has a copy of the
invoices on all lime and fertilizer used
on the job.
(k) Require test if discrepancy is
evident.
(5) Obtain signed copies of invoice.
c. Fertilizer
(l) Check type and class required;
pelleted or granular.
106-2
-------
(2) Check label data when delivered.
(3) Obtain copies of signed invoices.
d. Seed
(l) Check seed tags for mixture, names,
purity, germination, weed seed content, and
date of last test. Determine pure line
seed content when required.
(2) Check condition of seed for water,
insect, and/or mold damage.
(3) Obtain statement of vendor.
(4) Require test if in doubt.
e. Mulch
(l) Obtain representative sample.
(2) Check type of material and
length of herbage.
*
(3) Check for weeds.
Check freshness.
(a) Expandable and sjpringy - O.K.
(b) Discolored, brittle, damp rot,
mold, or decay - REJECT.
106-3
-------
(5) Obtain -weight certificate on each
load.
106-03. PREPARATION OF THE AREA TO BE
TQPSOILED AM) S^ET^n
a. Cdtopaction
(l) Check fill areas.
(2) Check trenches and slopes.
b. Clean-Up
Insure removal of debris, roots,
and stones.
c. Sub -Grade Elevations
(l) Determine if required depth of
topsoil can be placed and if proper drain-
age can be maintained.
(2) Check for drainage.
(3) Check edges of roads and walks.
Where required, check depth and
extent of excavation.
d. Scarify Sub -Grade
(l) Determine if tillage or scarifi-
cation is accomplished to specified depth.
106-4
-------
(2) See that tppsoil is not applied
over untiUed or unscarified areas.
106-Qlf. PLACING AND GRADING TOPSOIL
a. Placement
(l) Assure that even distribution
is made over area at the specified depth.
(2) Avoid over-compaction. Keep
passing equipment off topsoil.
(3) Check on grades and provide
drainage of surface water. See that
landscaping slopes away from buildings
and other improved structures.
(k) Check on watering within speci-
fied limits when topsoil with grass is
used.
(5) See that vegetated or paved
flumes are installed for slopes on which
erosion may occur.
(6) Check for matching seed bed
below edges of walks and pavements.
b. Grading
(l) Check finished grade.
106-5
-------
(2) Check light rolling, fine grading,
raking, and depth of til Inge, where speci-
fied.
(3) Check for even surface.
Insure removal of debris, stones
and roots.
106-05. APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER AMD
a. Distribution
(l) Check type and condition of equip-
ment.
(2) Check calibration of equipment and
record distributor settings for specified
amounts.
(3) See that material is not applied
more than 2k hours in advance of tillage.
(k) Check for even distribution, es-
pecially on slopes where distributor should
be kept filled to not less than I/2 of lts
capacity at all times.
(5) Check loss of fertilizer by high
winds, and postpone application when neces-
sary.
106-6
-------
b. Quantity Check
Check the total quantity used
against the acreage covered. Retain
empty bags until the number is recorded.
106-06. TILLAGE
a. Equipment
(l) Check type and condition of
equipment.
(2) Check spacing of plows or chisels
b. Tilling
(l) Check depth of tillage measured
from undisturbed surface.
(2) Check for cross-tillage wLere
required.
(3) Inspect discing, harrowing, and
smoothing. %
Observe whether there is an ex-
cessive amount of clods in seed bed and
determine the necessity for discing and
harrowing to provide an acceptable seed
bed.
106-7
-------
106-07* PLANTING SEED
a. Time of Planting
(l) Check progress schedule at start
of job.
(2) Stay within specified periods.
(3) Permit planting "out-of -season"
only with special approval.
(k) Check for removal of stones and
other objects.
b. Application
*
(l) Check for even distribution and
see if specified type of seeders are used.
(2) Check condition of equipment.
(3) Check rate. Make calibration
tests and record drill settings for speci-
fied amounts.
Check coverage ocf seed and depth
of planting.
(a) Mechanical or hand.
(b) Check to see that topsoil is not
firmly compacted, hard, lumpy, or stony.
106-8
-------
(5) Check loss of seed during windy
weather, and when necessary, postpone
seeding*
(6) Retain empty seed bags and
record amounts planted; compare against
acreage.
(7) Check to see if signs and bar-
ricades are Installed on seeded areas.
106-08. WATERING
a. Equipment
See if adequate specified equip-
ment is on hand and useable prior to the
beginning of sprigging, sodding, and top-
soil planting.
b. Application
(l) Check on placement of equipment
to obtain complete coverage.
«
(2) look for waste of water and/or
damage to areas.
(3) Check depth of water penetration,
(4) Determine if water is applied
within 2k hours of starting of sprigging,
sodding, or topsoil planting.
106-9
-------
c. Maintenance
(l) See that area is frequently
•watered.
(2) Check area for required mowing.
(3) Determine that refertilizing, re
sprigging, resodding, and reseeding are
done \diere specified.
See that mulch is secured.
(5) Check for repair of erosion damage,
(6) Assure that final payment is not
made to contractor prior to evidence of
satisfactory grass growth.
106-09. APPLYING MULCH
a. Application
(l) Check rate. Weigh 3 to 5 bales
for average weight. Determine number of
bales per acre.
(2) Check rate of straw and. asphalt
emulsion used.
(3) Check looseness.
Check depth.
106-10
-------
(5) Check mattiug.
(6) Compare total of weight certi-
ficates against area mulched to determine
if the mulch was applied at specified rate.
(7) Check kind of asphalt emulsion
used.
b. Resistance to Blowing (Anchoring
Molch)
(l) Check method of securing to
ground.
(2) Check the depth of anchoring
mulch.
(3) Check equipment used to anchor
mulch.
Check effectiveness by moving
mulch by hand to test stability.
106-10. SODDING
a. Sod Material
(l) Check type, health, coverage and
height of grass in sod.
(2) Determine that area is relatively
free from weeds, undesirable plants, large
106-11
-------
stones, roots, or anything which would be
detrimental to the development of grass or
to future maintenance,
(3) Check type of soil to determine
if soil will adhere to grass during har-
vesting and
b. fertilizer
Make similar check as mentioned
under "Application of Fertilizer and lime11,
106-05.
c. Application of fertilizer and T.ITH^
and Preparation of Sod Bed
Make similar check as mentioned
under "Application of Fertilizer and Lime",
106-05.
d. Procuring and Flaring Sod
(l) Make certain that rectangular
sections of sod have uniform widths and
retain native soil on roots and that the
thickness is as specified. Check sod
cutter.
(2) TJjimin'f TM> hand 1 1 Tig ^ stacking ft7¥^
care of sod.
(3) Check time between cutting of
sod and placing.
106-12
-------
(4) Check sod to assure that it is
in a moist condition.
(5) Make certain that sod is placed
at a favorable time with respect to wea-
ther and season and that it is laid in a
staggered formation.
(6) Check the tamping or rolling of
sod into prepared sod bed.
(7) Check the filling of cracks
between sod with good quality, screened
soil.
(8) Check requirements for placing
strip and spot sod.
(9) Make sure sod is kept adequately
wet.
(10) Make sure that sod is securely
anchored by means of wooden pins where
required.
3. Maintenance and Repair
(1) The contractor is not finished
with the sodding until it is accepted by
the engineer.
(2) Check for any necessary main-
tenance and repairs.
106-13
-------
106-11. TERRACING
a.
Check "the equipment used in
terracing.
b. layout and Construction
(l) Check location, grade, and outlets,
(2) Check cross-section for agreement
with details on plans.
c. Maintenance
Check the maintenance of terracing.
106-12. PLAIiTBiGr TREES, SBROBS, VISES,
GROUHD COVKR
a* Plants
(l) Check for certificate of inspec-
tion. Do not accept plants without certi-
ficate.
(2) Check quality and size against
the rules **nfl grading standards included
in the American Standard for Sursery
Stock, in the legend on the drawings, and
as described in the specifications.
(a) Check range in each size group.
106-14
-------
(b) Do not accept smaller than re-
quired.
(3) Check root system, and reject all
plants on which the roots have been allowed
to dry out or which have been damaged.
(4) Check foliage for wilt or dryness.
(a) Reject plants with wilted
leaves.
(b) Reject plants with evidence
of disease or insect damage.
(5) Balled and bur lapped plants.
(a) Check for a solid ball in con-
formance with specified dimensions.
(b) Reject plants with balls
broken, cracked, soft, or pliable.
(6) Bare root plant.
(a) Make certain that plants are
dug when fully doimant, and that they
are heeled out and watered immediately
upon arrival.
(b) Check size of root spread
against requirements in American Standard
for Nursery Stock and in plant legend on
drawings.
106-15
-------
(c) See that roots contain a mud
coating.
(d) Check for broken roots, and
see that they are removed by pruning.
(e) Check foliage for fullness
and for conformance with the variety.
(7) Container-grown plants.
(a) Check length of time plants
have been grown in pots, cans, tubs, or
boxes, and check the size of container.
(b) Check root system when removing
plants from container, and assure that
soil adheres to roots.
(8) Method of shipment.
(a) See that plants are covered in
transit, and that they are handled as
specified in loading and unloading.
(b) Check on damage.
b. Material Other Than Plants
(l) See that all material has been
approved before the planting operation is
ready to begin.
106-16
-------
(2) Check burlap for type, weight
and resistance to tearing.
(3) Check fertilizer in the manner
previously described in grassing.
Check for approval and test re-
sults on manure used, and check quality,
age, and for presence of noxious weed
seed.
(5) Check vires, stakes, braces and
deadmen for type and size.
(6) Check mulch and topsoil as pre-
viously outlined under grassing.
(7) Check physical condition, clean-
liness, and source of peat.
106-13. PIANTJLNG OPERATION
a. Layout of Major Planting
(l) See that layout has been made.
*
(2) Check for conflict with utili-
ties or underground structures and ditches,
and have plants relocated where, necessary.
b. Planting Dates
Check dates on which plants
should be planted*
106-17
-------
c. Excavations
(l) Check depth.
(2) Check diameter.
(3) Check spacing and depth for
plants in beds.
(4) Check for proper TwidUng Of
topsoil.
d. Planting
(l) Check grade of beds and fill.
(2) Check soil moisture being placed
under and around plants.
(3 ) Check placing and tamping of
topsoil.
Check stability, handling, and
placement of *"n plants.
(5) Check stakes or guys.
(6) Check moistness of planting beds,
(7) Ch^cfr wrapping and pruning after
planting.
106-18
-------
(8) Check mulching operation; depth
and coverage of pits and beds.
106-14. MAINTENANCE
a* Establishment
(l) Check watering.
(2) Check pruning.
(3) Check spraying.
(k) Check weeding.
(5) Check appearance.
(6) Initiate corrective action for
wilted, dried out, unhealthy, or dis-
eased plants. Note location of such
plants on drawing.
b. Replacement
Check for timely replacement of
plants.
106-19
-------
CHAPTER 201
Para.
201-01
201-02
201-03
201-04
201-05
CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES
INDEX
Title
GENERAL
RECORDS
MATERIALS
a. Sources
b. Storage and Handling
c. Miscellaneous Material
BATCHING AND MIXING
a. Equipment
b. Batching and Mixing
Operations
PRE-PLACEMENT INSPECTION
a. Materials on Hand
b. Foundations
c . Forms
d. Joints
e. Reinforcement
f. Embedded Items
g. Miscellaneous Preparations
Page
201-1
201-1
201-2
201-2
201-3
201-4
201-5
201-5
201-8
201-9
201-9
201-9
201-10
201-11
201-12
201-13
201-14
-------
Para. Title Page
201-06 CONVEYING AND PLACING 201-16
a. Equipment 201-16
b. Operations 201-16
201-07 REMOVAL OF FORMS " 201-19
a. Inspection practice 201-19
b. Method of Removal 201-19
201-08 FINISHING 201-20
a. Formed Surfaces 201-20
b. Unformed Surfaces 201-20
c. Smooth Finish 201-22
d. Rubbed Finish 201-23
e. Monolithic Finish 201-23
201-09 CURLING, PROTECTION AND
FINISHING OF JOINTS 201-24
a. General 201-24
b. Curing 201-25
c. Finishing of Joints 201-26
d. Protection 201-26
11
-------
CHAPTER 201
CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES
201-01 GENERAL
This chapter covers commonly encountered
concrete work other than concrete paving, which
is covered in another chapter. Specialized
procedures such as pumpcrete, pressure grouting,
shotcrete, replaced aggregate concrete, etc.
are not covered.
•
Inspectors are cautioned that the contract
requirements for concrete for a given job are
contained in the drawings and specifications
prepared for that job. Also, that contract
requirements may change from job to job. This
guide should therefore be used in conjunction
with, and not instead of, careful reading
and rereading of the specification requirements
for the individual job.
201-02 RECORDS
a. Check with your supervisor and be sure
that you know what records you will be required
to keep.
201-1
-------
b. Enter the required information accu-
rately, completely and promptly in these
records.
201-03 MATERIALS
a. Sources
(1) Check before starting concrete work
(a) Has contractor given advance
notice of sources of materials?
(b) Have samples been furnished?
(c) Have mixes been established.
(d) Have tests been completed on
air-entraining agent? On curing compound?
Concrete placement conditions may be such as
to require admixture other than air-entraining
agent or calcium chloride. Has this admixture
been tested and approved? Reduction of cement
content for basic design mix is not permitted.
201-2
-------
(e) Have shop drawings for steel re-
(f ) Does the aggregate meet the
(2)
reports, mill certificates or other certificates
of roapllance on hand for all Materials being
used?
b. Storage and
(a) Is ceaent transported tram
»m to the wtrtrig p£5St in ^eathertigjrt con-
(b) If IstexBedlate storage is in-
; is ccHmt adeQiiately protected fjXM
eiposuxe to aolsture during InterBediate
unloading operations?
(e) Is storage at mixing plant
(d) Is sufficient storage capacity
»^
(e) Is oldest cement used first?
(f) Has over-age cement, if any,
tested?
(g) If concrete supplier has other
custoners, are adequate precautions taken to
201-3
-------
see that cement tested and approved f car your job by
the Bureau of Standards is not being used in concrete
delivered to others? That untested cement is not
being used in concrete delivered to your job?
(h) Have arrangements been made to secure
all cement from one manufacturer?
(i) Is the cement being used in the same
sequence as it is being delivered?
c. Miscellaneous Material
(1) Have the necessary materials such as
inserts, slots, clips, anchor bolts, etc. been
approved and are they on the job site prior to
starting the concrete placement?
(2) Has contractor received approval on
materials he will use for capillary water barrier,
vapor barrier, water proofing, reinforcing steel,
expansion joints material, joint sealer, forming,
curing, etc.?
(3) Stockpiles
(a) Are aggregate stockpile areas graded,
drained and stabilized so that contamination will
not occur?
201-4
-------
(b) Are aggregate stockpiles separated
so that inter-mixing does not occur? Are they
built up to avoid segregation and contamination?
(c) Are aggregates conveyed from stock-
piles to batching equipment by means which will
avoid segregation and inter-mixing? Do not allow
use of bulldozers or similar equipment*
Water - Is the supply of water for
and curing protected against contami-
nation?
(5) Admixtures
(a) Is air-entraining admixture protected
against freezing during storage?
(b) Has over-age admixture, if any, been
(c) Check accuracy of dispenser and
correct dispersion of admixture.
BATCHING AMD MIXING
a. Equipment
(l) Are batch truck compartments free of
leaks, with bulkheads high enough to prevent
overflow?
201-5
-------
(2) Do caqparteent gates mai water
valves close tightly?
(3) Are contractor-furnished test
Heights on hand
(5)
iral 1y, as frequently as necessary to
Insure that delivery of materials frcn the
batching eqvcLpnent is kept within the
specified llalta of accuracy!
(6)
adjusted so that accuracy of batching is
kept within the specified Units?
(7) Check recording devices to see
that the recorded Heights are the saae as
scale settings* (Ebese «hnin1^ be
at least daily—More frequent
«»***»*-• ng and adjustment May be necessary
to keep this equlpnent recording
accurately).
(8) Check batch sizes so that sixers
will not be loaded beyond manufacturer's
(9) Is plant equipped with all re-
quired interlocks, in operating condition?
201-6
-------
(10) Is dispenser for air-entraining agent
arranged so that the agent is batched with the
water? (Specifications may provide that where use
of truck mixers makes this impracticable, the ad-
mixture may be batched with the sand. This applies
only in the case where the water is batched on the
trucks. When the water is batched at a central
batching plant, it is not impracticable to batch the
admixture with the water. In this case, the fact
that truck mixers may be used to mix and transport
the concrete will not relieve the contractor from
the requirement for batching the admixture with
the water.) If admixture other than air-entraining
agent is approved, ensure that the admixture is
introduced separately in a portion of the mixing
water.
(ll) Check multiple-batch trucks used for
dry batching. Are compartments of ample size and
are gates tight so that there is no overflow or
leakage between compartments? (Check when truck
body is raised to highest dumping position.)
(12) Is mixing drum watertight?
(13) Are nrfiring drum and discharge chute
clean and free of hardened concrete?
(ik) Check TiriiHng blade wear.
Do water valves operate easily and
shut off tight?
201-7
-------
(16) Check revolution counter provided
on each truck mixer.
(1?) Is mixer equipped vith discharge
lock, adjusted so that required •Fft^ng +*«»*
elapsesf (Bbte that specified mixing times
are minimum* and that additional mixinct may
he required if necessary to produce complete,
(18) Check mixer drum rotation speed as
designated by the manufacturer.
b. Batching and Mixing Operations
(l) Check •rf'»"t^(» time.
(2) Continually check for assurance of
control over hatching w^ mixing
voljumes of material used in mix, mixing
, and other control 11ng features*
(3) Check moisture content of aggre-
gates frequently. MJust hatch weights in
accordance vfth variations in moisture content,
(k) Check gradations of aggregates
Check visually the freshly mixed
concrete (constant observation is desirable
if inspection personnel are available) to
ifoznitv is
i^HiM*^HPflMHMH> ^^f «^«r
201-8
-------
(a) Any marked change from normal
consistency or appearance indicates some-
thing wrong with the batching or the mixing,
and the concrete should not be accepted for
placement.
(b) Record rejected batches care-
fully, with reasons for rejection, and report
promptly to your supervisor.
(6) Check slump and entrained air
content as often as necessary to provide
record data prescribed by job policy, and
oftener if necessary to confirm visual
checks.
201-05 PRE-PLACEMENT INSPECTION
Check all of the following prior to
each placement—placing should not be per-
mitted to start until all are satisfactory.
a. Materials on Hand - Are sufficient
quantities of all materials on hand to
permit continuous placement and completion?
b. Foundations
(1) Have location, dimensions and
grade been checked?
(2) Has fill and/or capillary water
barrier been compacted?
201-9
-------
(3) Are foundation excavations free
from frost, ice or mud; moist as required;
free from standing or running water?
Has paper or felt covering been
applied and is it lapped and sealed?
c. Forms
(l) Check fozm materials.
(2) Check to see that re-used form
materials have been reconditioned as required
(3) Check location, dimensions and
alignment*
(k) Is construction mortar-tight;
smooth; free from offsets and blemishes?
(5) Are ties and bracing adequate to
maintain position, shape OTV^ alignment of
fozm?
(6) Are temporary spreaders arranged
so as to be easily removable as the concrete
rises in the four?
" (7) Are ties installed so that they
may be withdrawn or broken off to leave no
metal closer than the specified
distance from the concrete surface?
201-10
-------
(8) Have forms been oiled, vetted or
sealed? Check to see that surplus oil has been
removed from forms and that there is no oil on
steel reinforcement, construction Joints or
other surfaces where bond is required* Are
forms clean prior to placing concrete?
(9) Check forms for movement which may
occur during placing operations* Have measur-
ing devices or reference lines been set up?
(10) Are all required chamfer strips
(or grade strips for flush joints) accurately
aligned ****** securely fastened
-------
(2) Have construction Joints been
prepared as required? Check requirements
for air-water cutting, vet sand-blasting,
roughening, wetting, etc*
(3) The location of bulkheads in struc
tural members, such as beams or slabs, should
be checked with your supervisor.
Have contraction Joints been coated
with approved material to break bond?
(5) Has filler been Installed and
securely fastened in expansion Joints?
(6) Are expansion Joints free from
irregularities or debris which would interfere
with free movement?
(7) Check all Joints which are intended
to allow for expansion or contraction. No
reinforcement or other fixed metal will be
continuous through the Joint*
(8) Are water- stops firmly secured in
correct location, undamaged and spliced
properly?
(9) If contractor has the option of
sawing certain Joints after the concrete has
set, and Intends to exercise this option, have
positive arrangements been made to have the
locations of the Joints laid out accurately,
and to have approved sawing equipment and
201-12
-------
qualified operating personnel available at the
proper time?
(10) Are the horizontal construction
Joints clean and damp prior to placing grout
or concrete?
(1) Is all reinforcement in place in
accordance vith approved shop drawings? Check
bar diameters, bar lengths, lengths of splices,
bar-to-bar spacing and clearances*
(2) Watch for specialty items such as
vail Intersection bars, addition bars at
corners and openings*
(3) Has reinforcement been cleaned of
all loose, flaky, rust and scale, dried concrete,
oil, grease or other foreign material vfaich
•would reduce or prevent bond?
Is reinforcement tied and supported
securely so that displacement vill. not occur
during concrete placement?
(5) Are reinforcement spacers, ties,
plastic covered chairs, and supports as
specified or approved?
f. Tftnbedded Items
(1) Unless otherwise provided or approved,
items are to be fixed firmly In correct
201-13
-------
location before the concrete is placed and
are to be embedded by placing the concrete
around them. "Boxing out1* to permit sub-
sequent "grouting in" of embedded items will
not be permitted unless specifically called
for by the drawings, specifications or special
approval.
(2) In case of a conflict in locations
of embedded items with each other or with steel
reinforcement, the relocation of embedded items
or cutting, bending, addition, displacement or
omission of steel reinforcement will not be
permitted except as approved by your supervisor.
(3) Are all embedded items in place?
Check mechanical and electrical drawings and
approved shop drawings for mechanical and
electrical equipment, for requirements for
anchor bolts, piping, sleeves, conduits, boxes,
etc. which do not often appear on architectural
and structural drawings.
Are embedded items protected against
damage during or subsequent to placement of
concrete? Examples: Bolt threads and machined
or polished surfaces covered; light metal sleeves
or boxes braced internally; open pipes or con-
duits capped or plugged.
(5) It is often helpful to use check-
list when checking for embedded items.
8- Miscellaneous Preparations
201-14
-------
(l) Have satisfactory arrangements been
made to get concrete into all parts of the
placement without segregation, loss of Ingre-
dients, formation of air pockets or cold joints,
vertical drops in excess of permissible limit,
"running" of concrete by means of vibrator, and
within the maytimnn time allowed after nrixing?
(a) Is conveying equipment (i.e.,
crane, buggies, truck mixers, pumpcrete pipe,
etc.) capable of reaching *n parts of the
placement?
(b) Are temporary form openings,
tremies, chutes, conveyors or other special
equipment provided as necessary and approved?
(c) Are "pockets" vented so that
air will not be trapped?
(2) Are sufficient personnel available?
(3) Are *r* necessary tools on hand and
in working condition? Check especially; vib-
rators, including standby; finishing tools.
(k) Have arrangements been made, and is
all necessary equipment on hand and in wrking
order to provide curing and protection (in-
cluding cold weather protection If needed)?
(5) Are safe access and footing pro-
vided by means of ladders, platforms, walkways
201-15
-------
and stagings.
(6) Review the testing plans to be made
at the concrete plant and placement area during
placement operation.
(7) The rate of placing the concrete
will be directly dependent upon the adequacy
of the preparations. If it is not clearly
evident that the preparatory work is such as
to insure placement of each batch of concrete
within the specified time after mixing, and at
such a rate as to prevent the formation of cold
joints, the placement should not be permitted
to start.
(8) Has the contractor made arrangements
to make cylinders or beams to test the strength
of the concrete at least once a day, and have
provisions been made to properly make, handle,
and cure the specimens.
201-06 CONVEYING AND PLACING
a. Equipment - See "Miscellaneous
Preparations11 under "Pre-Placement Inspecti on".
b. Operations
(1) Check requirements pertaining to
placing fresh concrete on concrete which
201-16
-------
has set. It may be required that the old sur-
face be covered by a layer of fresh mortar, or
that the old surface receive a slush coat of
neat cement grout followed by specified topping.
(2) Is the time between completion of
mixing and placement in final position in the
form within the maximum allowed by the speci-
fications?
{3) Check method of placement in fr«ivn-tne
of concrete, to prevent segregation, height
concrete is allowed to drop freely, and method
used to guide concrete into place*
(!§•) Is concrete placed rapidly enough
to avoid formation of cold Joints?
(5) Are layers maintained approximately
horizontal and not exceeding specified thick-
ness?
(6) Are form ties and supports checked
frequently and adjusted as necessary to prevent
or correct movements of the form?
*
(7) Is rate of placement within safe
limits, such that forms will not be overstressed
by too-rapid rise of fluid concrete?
(8) Check to see that a period of one
to two hours is allowed for concrete in columns,
piers and walls, and alongside such items as
201-1?
-------
built-in window frames, to permit the concrete
to settle before placing concrete above them.
(a) Do not allow initial set to take
place before placing the concrete above.
(b) The initial set period will be
shortest daring hot weather.
(9) Is each layer of concrete vibrated
until fully consolidated?
(a) Insert vibrators vertically,
through the full depth of the layers, act
uniformly spaced points so circles of visible
Influence of the vibrators overlap.
>
(b) Do not allow vibration to be
overdone to the extent of promoting segregation,
and remember that vibrators are not to be used
to transport concrete in the forms.
(ID) The use of form vibrators is pro-
hibited by some specifications and permitted
by .others, subject to specific approval. Do
not allow their use except as approved.
(11) Check use of hand compaction tools
Insofar as practicable to assist in obtaining
(12) Do not allow excessive working of
the concrete surface in completing a lift—
201-18
-------
only enough to completely embed the coarse
201-07* RB40VAL OF FORMS
a* Inspection practice
(1) Is care being taken to assure that
concrete is sufficiently hard and strong before
removal of forms?
(2) Check to see that forms used for
curing are left in place until expiration of
required curing period* Poms shall be tightened
at all tines while using as curing media.
(3) For best patching results, fozms
should be removed as soon as practicable and
patching should be Immediately accomplished
so that patches cure vith parent concrete.
(4) Are you certain that all nood forms
are being removed, especially in hidden places?
b. Method of Removal
(1) Is spelling of concrete being
avoided during the form removal operation? Use
methods which will avoid spelling, chipping,
and gouging.
(2) Are safety practices being completely
exercised during the form removal?
201-19
-------
_^ ^Dui^flHBHHk^l^^^l
cU JfOIIBttUL
(l) Cheek the type of finish required.
(2) las the contractor constructed and
received approval of sanpile panels to show the
surface finishes required? Hote that the
planing of concrete represented by each sample
is not to proceed until sanple panel has teen
(3) Repairing of defective areas and
renoval of fins, founs marks and holes are
required to be done Jamediately upon removal
of foans*
»
(k) Check the cleaning of areas to be
patched* Have honeyconb and rock pockets been
cut back to solid Material? BBS loose material
($) Check the requirements for the treat*
•cut of areas «ymfri
-------
(1) Check the type of finish required*
(2) The working of the concrete surface
the nriTHnmm that is necessary to
produce mortar which is Just sufficient for
finishing.
(3) Insure that the screed runs are set
to grade.
(k) Check to see that floating is started
as soon as the screeded surface has stiffened
sufficiently to permit floating without drawing
excessive mortar to the surface. (There should
be no free water on the surface at the start .of
floating. Dusting with cement or other
material to dry the surface or to enrich thb
mortar will not be permitted.)
(5) Troweling, if required, should be
done as soon as the floated surface has hardened
sufficiently to prevent drawing more mortar to
the surface, but while the surface is still
workable .
(6) Check to see that marks left on the
surface by ***£•* "C tools are erased by floating,
troweling or other means to produce a finish
matching that of the adjacent surface.
(7) Insure that the screed run supports
are removed to proper depth, if they are metal,
and in their entirety, if wood is used.
(8) Make sure the screed runs are filled
with good concrete and compacted.
201-21
-------
(9) Straight-edge the plastic concrete
after filling screed runs, Just prior to initial
flooding.
(ID) Check the surface for smoothness
c* Stoooth Finish
(l) Check the contract specifications
for areas requiring a smooth finish.
(2) Nate certain that cement grouting
operation is not delayed, allowing the grout
to age with the concrete*
(3) Has the contractor planned his
operations thereby he can completely finish
areas to natural breaks in the finished surface
each day?
(k) Has the proper mixture of cements
(regular an& white) been used in the grout
mixture to blend with the finished surface?
(5) Is grout being applied so as to fill
all pits, voids, and surface holes solidly?
(6) Is the excess grout being scraped off
at the proper time vith a trowel and is the
flush surface then cleaned to remove any visible
grout film?
(7) Is curing being planned so as not to
allow grout to become dry during the setting
period? _
*^ 201-22
-------
(8) Has any loose dry grout been left
on the surface?
d. Rubbed Finish
(l) Check for exterior exposed-to-view
areas requiring rubbed finish.
(2) Rubbed finish is performed after the
surface has received a smooth finish. Rubbed
finish is rubbed with Carborundum stones and
water.
(3) Check to see that no mortar or grout
is being used during rubbing, and that *n grout
which has worked loose during rubbing is removed.
(if.) Check to see that the rubbing opera-
tion removes all form marks and similar blemishes
e. Monolithic Finish
(l) Tbe ordinary finish for floors and
roof Blabs is the monolithic finish.
(2) Make sure that all- coarse aggregate
has been forced away from the surface before
screeding and straight-edging begins.
(3) The timeliness of the floating and of
the troweling is important. Make sure the sur-
face is floated as soon as it will bear the
weight of a man without deep imprint, and that
it is troweled as soon as the moisture which
201-23
-------
was worked up from the floating operation has
disappeared. Do not allow the addition of water
or of dry cement.
Check to see that the, surf ace is steel-
troweled to a smooth, even, impervious finish,
free from trowel marks.
(5) Check the requirement for the number
of steel-trowelings.
i . ..-
(6) Become familiar with the contractor's'
optional requirement to provide one-half inch
topping; in case the contractor should desire to
use this finish,
(7) Do not -permit use of trowels cleaned
in form oil, silicone, or similar bond-breaking
materials unless such materials have been removed
from trowel.
201-09. CURING, PROTECTION, AND FINISHING OF
JOINTS
a. General
(l) Check the details of permissible methods
and the number of days required for curing. • Curing
is the treatment given the concrete to insure that
adequate moisture is available for hydration of the
cement, with consequent gain in the strength, of the
concrete.
(2) Protection is the treatment given the
concrete to insure that neither its appearance
nor its strength is impaired by running water,
premature or excessive loading, blows, freezing,
excessive heat, excessive temperature differentials
201-21*
-------
within the concrete, etc.
* *
b. Curing
(l) Is the approved curing medium being
applied immediately after placing and/or
finishing?
(2) Prevent use of membrane compound on
concrete that is to receive paint, tile,
roofing, hardner, etc.
(3) Where moist curing is being used,
is it continuous—not intermittent?
(k) Are wood forms which are left in
place kept wet for the duration of the curing
period?
(5) When waterproof paper or other
approved covering is used, are laps and edges
sealed?
(6) Check the spray equipment when
curing compound is used.
(7) Is the sprayed membrane:
»
(a) Free from punctures, abrasions,
scratches or other discontinuities which will
permit loss of moisture?
(b) Reapplied, if subjected to heavy
rainfall within 3 hours after application, or
201-25
-------
when damaged by subsequent construction opera-
tions at any time during the curing period?
(c) Protected, to avoid damage from
pedestrian and vehicular traffic or any other
cause which would disrupt the continuity of
the membrane?
(d) Do not allow surfaces to dry. If
concrete is surface dry, require moistener
with fine spray of water before spraying with
membrane.
c. Finishing of Joints
(l) Observe joints for proper dimensions.
(2) Make sure that the joints are clean
prior to sealing-.
(3) Inspect the sealing of the joints.
See that the joint sealer is placed flush with
the surface and that all unsightly applications
are corrected.
d. Protection
(l) Are precautions taken to protect
surfaces from rain, snow or flowing water until
they have set sufficiently to resist damage?
(2) Determine requirements governing the
time to remove forms and supports, and obtain
instructions from your supervisor as to special
conditions which may govern, such as strength
of control specimens, special approval for
201-26
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earlier removal, or special requirements for
deferring removal.
(3) Is adequate covering provided to
protect concrete f ram damage "by other con-
struction activities? (Special attention must
be given to corners, edges and projections
•which are not only especially susceptible to
damage but are also most difficult to repair
satisfactorily. )
(k) Is loading controlled so that nev
concrete is not stressed beyond its strength?
Examples: Backfilling against nev vails;
storage of materials on nev floors.
(5) Check for coverings and heating
equipment in cold veather as necessary to
maintain temperatures. Temporary combustible
coverings, including tarps, must be secured clear
of heating equipment. Use of lov density fibre
board, insulation vith combustible covers, or
vapor barriers must be prohibited. Heater fuel
storage *yv* arrangements for refueling should be
carefully checked.
(6) Are thermometers installed to check
the difference in temperature betveen surface
and interior of concrete?
(7) Check the removal of protection. Do
not permit concrete to be subjected to sudden
extreme change in temperature. A 25 degree F.
differential in temperature betveen the concrete
and the surrounding air is considered as the
201-27
*U.S. Government Printing Office: 1977-780-678 Region 8
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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
C/O - GSA-CENTRALIZED MAILING LISTS SERVICES
Bldg. 41, Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use, $300
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-335
SPECIAL FOURTH
BOOK
CLASS RATE
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