RESIDUAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH AND
PLANNING PROJECTS
SEPTEMBER 1975
WATER PLANNING DIVISION
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON D.C. 20460
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RESIDUAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
AND PLANNING PROJECTS
September 1975
Water Planning Division
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
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FOREWORD
Section 208 (P.L. 92-500, The Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, Amendments of 1972) sets forth a comprehensive program that
has been established to solve water pollution problems in an environ-
mentally acceptable manner. The purpose of this handbook is to provide
information on the existence, status, and availability of projects,
and publications that relate to subsections (J) and (K) of Section 208,
namely; "(J) a process to control the disposition of all residual waste
generated in such area which could affect water quality; and (K) a
process to control the disposal of pollutants on land or in subsurface
excavations within such area to protect ground and surface water quality."
The information in this handbook has been specially selected to
provide planners with technical, legal, institutional, social, economic
and environmental information to assist in the establishment of residual
waste management pursuant to Section 208.
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Summary
[This Residual Waste Management Research and Planning Projects
handbook contains selected abstracts of projects that are underway
or that have been completed and publications that are available on
the subject of residual wastes and their impact on ground and surface
watersA
The abstracts are arranged by types of residual waste, i.e.
sludge, liquids, and solids. The types are further categorized into
the various kinds, i.e. commerical wastes, municipal wastes, industrial
wastes, mining wastes, etc.. The abstracts are cross-referenced where
necessary.
The abstracts provide project or publication identification, a
brief summary, the status of the project, point of contact and/or
source of information, and acquisition details.
This handbook is designed to provide timely information for the
208 planning program. It is oriented for an audience who may have
diverse backgrounds in technical and management skills. These in-
dividuals will generally be municipal and state planners, engineers,
and technical consultants.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
I. Sludge Disposal
A. Water Treatment Sludges
5. "Reuse of Solid Waste From Water-softening Process"
6. "Disposal of Waterworks Sludges At Sewage Treatment Plants"
B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
7. "Sludge Processing, Transportation, and Disposal/Resource
Recovery: A Planning Perspective"
8. "System Alternatives in Oxygen Activated Sludge"
9. "Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated Lands"
10. "Combined Sludge Processing Project"
11,. "Lime Stabilized Sludges: Its Stability and Effect on
Agricultural Land"
12. "Using Cropland For Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
13. "Review of Experience With Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge -
A Bibliography)
14. "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project"
15. "The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of
Mercury into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems"
16. "Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal"
17. "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for
Recreational and Remote Areas"
18. "Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal"
19. "Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes"
C. Industrial Sludges
20. "Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment
Sludges"
21. "Hardening and Disposal of SO? Scrubbing Sludges"
22. "A Color Removal and Fibrous Sludge Disposal Process for the
Kraft Paper Industry"
23. "Solid Waste Disposal - A Final Report"
24. "Pilot Scale Treatment of Wine Stillage"
25. "Interim Report of Task Force on Phosphate Removal of Sludges"
26. "An Experimental High Ash Papermill Sludge Landfill"
27. "Optimization and Design Criteria of An Oil Activated Sludge
Concentration Process"
28. "Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal
Processes"
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D. Other/Miscellaneous
29. "Waste Cittuts Activated Sludge as a Poultry Feed Ingredient"
30. "Cost Effectiveness Study for Handling and Disposal of Organic
Sludges"
31. "Utilization and Disposal of Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural
Processing Wastes on Land"
II. 33. Solid Residual Waste Disposal
A. Processed Wastes - Industrial
35. "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal"
36. "Industrial Chemicals Solid Waste Generation - The Significance of
Processes Change, Resource Recovery, and Improved Disposal.
Final Report"
37. "Elimination of Water Pollution by Recycling Cement Plant Dusts"
38, "Study of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper
Industry"
39. "Effects of Water Pollution Controls on Solid Waste General, 1971
to 1985: Executive Summary"
Processed Wastes - Food Industry
40. "The Better Whey: A Dilemma. Proceedings: Second National Symposium
on Food ProcessingWastes"
41. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable
Processing Plants"
42. "Seafood Solid Waste in Oregon: Disposal or Recovery"
43. "Food Processing Wastes"
B. Non-processed Wastes
1. Institutional
44. "Annotated Bibliography On Hospital Solid Waste Collection, Treatment
and Disposal"
45. "Waste Disposal System For Cold Regions (Military Installations)"
2. Municipal
46. "Flyash.Disposal"
47. "Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and
Wastewater Disposal"
48. "Fly Ash Filter for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal"
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49. "Potential Solid Waste Generation and Disposal from lime and
Limestone Desulfurization Processes"
50. "Criteria for Site Selection and Operation cf Sanitary Landfills"
51. "Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in N.E. Illinois"
52. "Los Angeles County Study - Sanitary Landfill Technology"
53. "Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk
County Long Island, New York"
54. "Evaluation of a Solid-Waste Disposal Site"
55. "Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion of Organic Solid Wastes"
56. "Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal"
57. "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Disposal System for Recreational & Remote Areas"
58. "Relationship Between Topographic Position and Contamination of
Water Resources by Refuse Landfills"
59. "Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste"
60. "Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes"
3. Agricultural Solid Wastes
61- "Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate
Disposal of Cattle Feedlot Wastes"
62. "Pollution Control Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep"
63- "Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste from
Housed Swine"
64. "Automated System for Water Pollution Control from An Animal
'Production Unit"
4. Mining Wastes
65. "Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement"
66. "Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project"
67. "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project"
III.69.Liquid Wastes Disposal
A. Municipal
71. "Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste"
72. "Relationship Between Topographic Position and Contamination of
Water Resources by Refuse Landfills"
73. "Investigation and Monitoring of Landfill Sites in Marion County,
Ind."
74. "Snow Accumulation from Snow-Fence Experiments in Solid Waste
Disposal"
75. "Hydrogeologic Considerations in the Siting and Design of
Landfills in Kentucky"
76. "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas"
77. "Economic Analysis of Land-intensive Wastewater Systems"
78. "Water Renovation of Municipal Effluents by Reverse Osmosis"
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79- "Reverse Osmosis of Treated and Untreated Secondary Sewage
Effluent - Appendix A-2 and A-6"
80, "Improved Waste Treatment System Design Based on the Natural
Thermal Environment"
81. "Effect of Spray Irrigation of Municipal Wastewater on the
Rate and Total Accumulation of Heavy Metals"
82. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
83. "The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction
of Mercury into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems"
84. "Management Practices Affecting Quality and Quantity of
Irrigation Return Flow"
B. Industrial
85. "Solid Waste Management in the Industrial Chemical Industry"
86. "Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation
Process"
87. "Phosphoric Acid Recovery System"
88. "Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel From Plating Waste"
89. "Pollution Control in the Commercial Explosives Industry"
90. "Effluents of the Inorganic Pesticide Industry"
91. "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal"
92. "Activated Carbon Treatment of Unbleached Kraft Effluent for Reuse"
93. "Effluents of the Inorganic Gas Industry"
C. Agricultural Liquid Wastes
94. "Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal
Production Unit"
95. "Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate
Disposal of Cattle Feedlot Wastes"
96. "Pollution Control Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep"
97. "Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste from
Housed Swine"
D. Commercial Liquid Waste
98. "Shrimp Canning Waste Treatement Study"
99. "Food Processing Wastes"
100. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable
Processing Plants"
101. "The Better Whey: A Dilemma" Proceedings; Second National Symposium
on Food Processing Wastes
E. Institutional Liquid Wastes
102. "Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Reigions"
103. "Annotated Bibliography or Hospital Solid Wastes Collection,
Treatment and Disposal"
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:. Mining Li quid Wastes
104. "Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project"
105. "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project"
Miscellaneous
106. "Application and Procurement of Automatic Wastewater Samplers"
107. "Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewater
Treatment"
108. "Upgrading Wastewater Stabilization Ponds to Meet New Discharge
Standards"
109. "Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment"
110- "Geochemical Controls on Trace Element Concentrations in Natural
Waters of a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill Site"
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RESIDUAL WASTE RECLAMATION
I. 113. Sludge
115. "Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes"
(use of sludge leachate as a fertilizer)
116. "Techniques for Disposal of Waste from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants" - (reuse of water, recycled brine for pickles, etc)
117. "Reuse of Solid Waste from Water-softening Processes" - (the use of
dewatered sludge as a mineral filler in paints, floor coverings, etc)
118. "Activated Carbon Treatment of Unbleached Kraft Effluent for Reuse"
(Water re-use from unbleached Kraft effluent)
119. "A Color Removal and Fibrous Sludge Disposal Process for the Kraft
Paper Industry" - (regeneration of lime by sludge combustion)
120. "Waste Citrus Activated Sludge as a Poultry Feed Ingredient"
121. "Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment.
Sludges"
122. "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project" - (land reclamation
using sludge)
123. "Combined Sludge Processing Project" - (lime recovery from sludge pro-
cessing)
124. "Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes"
(literature search/new utilization methods)
125. "Sewage Disposal on Forest and Associated Lands" (renovation of forest
lands utilizing sludge)
126. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
127. "Review of Experience with Landspresding Liquid Sewage Sludge"
(Sludge as a so7'I/crop conditioner - a literature search)
128. "Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal" (ashes
and sludge for use as a soil conditioner and fertilizer)
129. "Lime Stabilized Sludge: Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural Land"
130. " Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal By Soil Cultivation Process"
131. "Cost-Effectiveness Study for Handling and Disposal of Organic Sludge"
(identification of 181 ways to handle and dispose of sludge)
132. "Sludge Processing, Transportation and Disposal/Resource Recovery"
A Planning Perspective.
II. 133. Solids
135. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing"
136. "The Better Whey: A Dilemma. Proceedings; Second National Symposium
on Food Processing Wastes"
137. "Seafood Solid Waste in Oregon: Disposal or Recovery:" (seven alterna-
tives for recovery of waste for a marketable product)
138. "Copper Recovery from Brass Mill Discharge by Cementation with Scrap
Iron"
139- "Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel from Plating Waste"
140. "Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal"
(Utilization of trace minerals in the ashes and plant food value
from sludge for useable sollc conditioner and fertilizer)
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141. "Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment" „
142. "Elimination of Water Pollution by Recycling Cement Plant Dusts
(reuse of leachate, and use of dust as fertilizer, soil stabilizer,
or agricultural limestone)
143. "Reclamation and Recycling: An Economic Overview"
144. "Contingency Planning for Resource Recovery"
145. "Food Processing Wastes" (by-product, development from seefocd wastes)
146. "Annoted Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes, Collection, Treatment
and Disposal" (Recycling and reclamation of hospital wastes)
147. "Flyash Disposal"
148. "Fuel Gas Production from Solid Waste"
III. 149- Liquid Residual
151. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing"
(re-use of water, recycled brine for pickles, spray irrigation from
lagoons as ultimate disposal step)
152. "Demonstration of Oil Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process"
153. "Industrial Chemicals Solid Waste Generation - The Significance of
Process Change, Resource Recovery, and Improved Disposal1'
(33 chemicals that possess significant resource value)
154. "Closed Process Water - Loop in Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulp
Production" (recycling permeate to replace fresh water use)
155. "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal"
156. "Food Processing Wastes" (by-product, development from seafood)
157. "Sewage Disposal on Forest and Associated Lands" (renovation of
forest lands by sewage effluent use)
158. "Effects of Spray Irrigation of Municipal Wastewater on the Rate
and total Accumulation of Heavy Metals" (use of wastewater to
irrigate crops, vegetation)
159. "Environmental New Town"
160. "Environmental Carrying Capacity as a Concept in Comprehensive
Regional Planning - A Feasibility STudy"
161. "Bibliography - Influence of Solid Waste Management Practices on
the Environment"
162. "Phosphoric Acid Recovery System" (recovering acid and regenerating
the processing solution of high acid content that is produced in
bright aluminum processing)"
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:; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RESIDUAL WASTE
I. 165.Sludge
167. "Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes"
168. "Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions"
169. "Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal"
170. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
171. "Sewage Disposal on Forest and Associated Lands"
172. "Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and
Wastewater Disposal"
173. "Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment
Sludges"
174. "Utilization and Disposal of Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural
Processing Wastes on Land"
175. "Lime Stabilized Sludge: Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural
Land"
176. "The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems"
177. "The Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process"
II. 179.Solids
181."The Better Whey: A Dilemma"
182. "Waste Disposal for Cold Regions"
183. "Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal Production
Unit"
184, "Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate"
185. "Relationship Topographic Position and Contamination of Water
Resources by Refuse Landfills"
186. "Geochemical Controls on Trace Element Concentrations in Natural
Waters of a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill Site"
187. "Forecast of the Effects of Air and Water Controls of Solid Waste
Generation"
188. "Environmental Flow of Cadium and Other Trace Metals"
189. "Potential Solid Waste Generation and Disposal from Lime and Limestone
Desulfurization Processes"
190. "Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement"
191."Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Site in N.E. Illinois"
192. "Effectsof Water Pollution Control on Solid Waste Generation:
1971 - 1985: Executive Summary"
193. "Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate Disposal
of Cattle Feedlot Waste"
194. "Environmental Considerations in Waste Processing & Disposal System"
195."Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Madison, Wise."
196."Environmental Impacts of the Production of Items Utilizing Virgin
and Recycled Metals, Aluminum and Plastics"
III. 197. Liquids
199."Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions"
200. "Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal Production Unit"
201."Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate"
202."Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water
Resources by Refuse Landfills"
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203. "A Regional View on the Use of Land for Disposal of Municipal
Sewage and Sludge"
204. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
205. "Sewage Disposal on Forest and Associated Lands"
206. "Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and
Wastewater Disposal"
207. "Pollution Control System for Beef Cattle and Sheep"
208. "The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of
Mercury into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems"
209. "Closed Process Water-Loop in Neutral Sulphate Semi chemical Pulp
Production"
210. "Effect of Spray Irrigation of Municipal Wastewater on the Rcite and
Total Accumulation of Heavy Metals"
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EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
I. 213. Sludge
215. "Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dixoide and Particulate Removal Processes"
216. "Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions"
217. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
218. "Study of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper
Industry"
219. "Solid Waste Disposal"
220 "Combined Sludge Processing Project"
221. "Review of Experience with Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge"
222. "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project"
223. "System Alternatives in Oxygen Activated Sludge"
224. "Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes"
225. "Sludge Processing, Transportation & Disposal/Resource Recovery:
A Planning Perspective
II. 227. Solids
229. "Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes"
230. "Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste"
231. "Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate."
232. "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas"
233. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants"
234. "Evaluation of a Solid-Waste Disposal Site"
235. "Builidng and Amphitheater and Coasting Ramp of Municipal Solid Waste"
246. "Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement"
237. "Flyash Disposal"
238. "Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste from Housed
Swine"
239. "Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Wastes, Collection, Treatment
and Disposal"
240. "Suspended Solids Monitor"
III. 241. Liquids
243. "Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions"
244. "Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste"
245. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Prccessing
Plants"
246. "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas"
247. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
248. "Lake Hope Drainage-Demonstration Prcject"
249. "Closed Process Water-Loop in Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulp
Production"
250. "Improved Waste-Treatment System Designed Based on the Natural
Thermal Environment"
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251. "Upgrading Wastewater Stabilization Ponds to Meet New Discharge
Standards"
252. "Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewater
Treatment"
253. "Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate"
254."Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment"
IV. 255. Others
257 "Environmental New Town"
258. "Joint Siting of Electrical Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater
Treatment Plant Feasibility Study"
259. "Framework for Analyzing and Selecting Among Alternatives for
Regional Solid Waste Management"
260. "HUD-Modular Integrated Utility System Program
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL
ASPECTS OF RESIDUAL WASTE
263. -"Environmental New Town"
264. "Joint Siting of Electrical Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Plant Feasibility Study"
265. "Economic Analysis of Land-Intensive Wastewater Systems"
266. "Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Lc.ndfills"
267. "Lee County Solid Waste Management Project"
268. "Indiana Solid Waste Management"
269. "Third Pollution: The National Probelm of Solid Waste Disposal"
270. >TA Hole for Selective Public Acquisition and Control of the Development
and Utilization of Industrial Sites" - Antipollution Conference, Univ. of
Rhode Island. July 13-15, 1971"
271. "Sludge Processing, Transportation & Disposal/Resource Recovery:
A Planning Perspective"
272. "Attitudes of Illinois citizens Toward Solid Waste & the Environment"
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RESIDUAL WASTE MODELS
274. "Environmental New Town"
275. "Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal Production Unit"
(development of economic model)
276. "A Predictive Model for the Configuration of and Concentration Variations
Within Mai enclaves Resulting from Refuse Landfills"
277. "Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion of Orgainc Solid Wastes"(simulation studies,
Mcithematical Model to assist in Planning end Conducting Pilot Plant Studies)
278. "Cost-Effectiveness Study for Handling and Disposal of Organic Sludges"
(mathematical model for sludge handling)
279. "Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk County,
Long Island, New York"
280. "Regional Management of Animal Manures" (a model for collection, storage
location and distribution. Journal of Agricultural Eng. Res.)
281. "Optimization Models for Regional Public Systems"
282. "Stochastic Population Dynamics for Regional Water Supply and Waste
Management Decision-Making"
283. "Regional Planning Models for Solid Waste Management"
284. "A Pollution-Free System for the Economic Utilization of Municipal Solid
Waste"
285. "Projection and Analyses of the Economies of Substate Planning Districts
in Oklahoma"
286. "Models for Environmental Pollution Control"
287. "Total Environmental Quality Management Models"
288."The Planning Process (Procedural Process Model)"
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RESIDUAL WASTE PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT
291. STATE AND LOCAL PLANNING/MANAGEMENT
233. "The Planning Process - SWM Plan" A Procedural Process Model
294. "Projection and Analyses of the Economies of Substate Planning Districts
295. Los Angeles Study in Sanitary Landfill Technology"
296. "Water Quality of Selected Solid Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk County,
Long Island, New York"
297. "Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Landfills"
298. "Economic Analysis of Land Intensive Wastewater Systems"
299. "Environmental New Town"
300. "Contingency Planning for Resource Recovery"
301. "Guidelines for Local Governments on Solid Waste Management"
302. "Guidelines for Local Governments on Solid Waste Management. PHS # 2084"
303. "Maryland Creates a Statewide Wholesale Sanitary District to Save Her
Waterways"
305. REGIONAL PLANNING
307. "Regional Planning Models for Solid Waste Management: Static LP Model"
308. "Transport, Scale and Design Options: Design Methods in the Evaluation
of Policy Related Research in the Field of Municipal Solid Waste
Management"
309. "Developing Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Plan - A Division
of Technical Operations - Open File Report
310. "Planning for Solid Waste Disposal"
311. "Intergovernmental Aspects of Environmental Control: Intergovernmental
Cooperation—the Use of Interstate Compacts"
312. "Managing the Natural Environment: A Regional Plan for Water, Sewage,
Air and Refuse"
313. "Regional Government and Conservation: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation"
314. "Total Environmental Quality Management Models"
315. "Solid Waste Management Plan" - The Planning Process
316. "Developing a Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Plan: A Division
of Technical Operations Open File Report: The Planning Process"
317. "Michigan Towns Sell Regional Authority Bonds" Solid Waste Management
318. "Intergovernmental Approaches to Solid Waste Management"
319. "Economic Aspects of Regional Versus Local Solid Waste Management"
320. "The Utility Concept"
321. "The Name of the Game is Service"
322. "A Statewide Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Study" -Service Areas
323. "The Problem that Won't Go Away"
324 "Recent Developments in Industrial Pollution Control: Proceedings of the
Fourth Annual Northeastern Regional.Antipollution Conference, U. of R. I."
Land Use and Industrial Site Selection
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325."Guidelines for Local Governments On Solid Waste Management -
Areawide Approaches"
326."Regionally Consolidated Industrial Wastewater Treatment"
327. "Criteria for Regional Solid Waste Management Planning"
328."Lee County Solid Waste Management Project"
329. "Evaluation, Feasibility and Economic Implication of Pricing Mechanisms
in Solid Waste Management"
330. "Intergovernmental Aspects of Environmental Control: Problems Presented
by Legal and Administrative Arrangements - A Critical Recapitulation"
331. "Regional Management of Animal Manures"
332. "Framework for Analyzing and Selecting Among Alternatives for Regional
Solid Waste Management"
333. "NEC Environmental Impact Study"
334. "Environmental Carrying Capacity as a Concept in Comprehensive Regional
Planning - A Feasibility Study"
334. "Joint Siting of Electrical Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater
Treatment Plant Feasibility Study"
336. "The Better Whey: A Dilemma" Proceedings-Second National Symposium on
Food Processing Wastes"
337. Other
339. "Comprehensive Studies of Solid Waste Management"
340. "Projects in the Industrial Control Division"
341. "Solid Waste Disposal Economics"
342. "Urban Solid Waste Management"
343. "Areawide Refuse Disposal"
345. Reference
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USER'S GUIDE
This handbook is divided into seven sections: (1) residual
waste disposal; (2) residual waste reclamation; (3) evaluation of
alternatives; (4) environmental impact; (5) socio-economic and inter-
governmental aspects; (6) models; and (7) planning and management.
Sections one through five are further divided into parts to facilitate
pinpointing specific subjects of interest within each section. For
example, the section on residual waste disposal is divided into three
parts: sludge disposal, solids disposal, and liquids disposal. Further-
more, each part is divided into specific categories, e.g. agricultural
wastes, mining wastes, municipal wastes, industrial wastes, commercial
wastes, etc..
Abstracts that relate to more than one category of residual
waste have been cross-referenced under their appropriate headings.
The entire abstract has been reprinted to eliminate the chore of
searching back and forth through the handbook for the cross-referenced
material.
Information provided in the abstracts include the following:
1. Project Title In most cases this is the actual title
of the publication. For those projects
not published, the title is only a
description in most cases.
2. Abstract/Summary Where publications are available, the
information is a abstract of that public-
ation. For ongoing projects, the
abstract/summary identifies the project,
and where possible, states findings and/
or expectations, and the present status
of the projects.
3. Status This gives the estimated date of com-
pletion of the project, a progress
report, where possible, the availability
of publications, the costs and acquisi-
tion source.
4. Information/Contact This lists persons responsible for
distributing information about the pro-
jects or publications and where they
may be obtained.
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A great deal of cooperation was received during the
preparation of this handbook from research investigators in
academia and industry, and government officials throughout
the United States. We are extremely grateful for their
assistance.
i The abstracts of technical reports are reproduced
through the courtesy of the National Technical Information
Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA., 22161.
Copies of the full reports may be ordered from NTIS.
The summaries of research in progress are reproduced
through the courtesy of the Smithsonian Science Information
Exchange. Compilationsof ongoing research are available in
other areas through SSIE, 1730 M Street, N.W., Washington,
D. C., 20036. (sic).
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RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
Section I
Part I Sludge Disposal
Part II Solid Disposal
Part III Liquid Disposal
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Part I Sludge Disposal
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RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
A. Water Treatment Sludges
PROJECT/TITLE
Reuse of Solid Waste From Water-Softening Processes
CITATION
Nelson, Raynor D.; Vey, Eben I IT Research Institute, Chicago, 111.
Final Report
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The report summarizes a study of several methods for dewatering
a water-softening sludge. Beneficial uses of the dewatered sludge are
evaluated. Vacuum filtration after gravity thickening was found to be
more economical for the area studied, the Village of Park Forest,
Illinois, than centrifuging, lagooning or sand bed drying. The study
found that in a dry powder or almost dry condition, the sludge has a
potential use as a mineral filler in paints, floor coverings, caulking,
and bituminous products, and as a soil admixture and/or soil conditioner.
STATUS
Publication is available from NTIS PB- 224820
$4.25/MF $1.45
Information Contact
N/A
-5-
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RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
TITLE/PROJECT
Disposal of Waterworks Sludges at Sewage Treatment Plants
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this project were to determine by a pilot
plant study, the effects that doses of waterworks sludge has on
activated sludge.
Several doses of waterworks sludge were added to the activated
sludge process, and the phosphate-removing ability of the waterworks
sludge was determined by sampling sewage outlets. The effects of
the addition of waterworks sludge on the efficiency of operation
was determined in terms of COD, and SS removals and turbidity of
the final effluent.
Sludge from a waterwork was fed to a small 200 gal per day
power plant with very little adverse effects on the sewage treatment
plant with the exception of the increased amount of sludge.
The report has limited application in that there are only a
few cities that have combined water and sewage plants. The tests
were done in Philadelphia, Milwaukee and other cities where this
combination is present.
STATUS
The project was completed in 1972. Publication Data:
American Waterworks Journal 6/73
INFORMATION CONTACT
B. V. Salotto
U.S. EPA/NERC
5555 Ridge Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45213
(513) 684-8270
-6-
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B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
PROJECT/TITLE
Sludge Processing, Transportation, and Disposal/Resource Recovery;
Planning Perspective
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A methodology was developed in this report for use in the 208
planning process for the evaluation of alternatives for the ultimate
disposal of residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment
plants. This methodology considered technical, economic, social, and
institutional factors pertinent to a thorough review of alternatives.
Residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants
were characterized. Handling and treatment processes for the residual
wastes were discussed and evaluated in light of qualitative and
quantitative changes to the residual wastes. Liquid, gaseous, and
solid sidestreams produced in residual waste treatment were evaluated
and rail, pipeline, barge, and truck transport of residual wastes were
analyzed.
Environmental, operational, and institutional constraints to the
use of ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills, sludge recycling,
and land reclamation were presented.
STATUS
Completed in Feb. 1975 - EPA Publication - Contract # 68-01-3104
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dr. Dean Neptune
Water Planning Division/Planning Assistance
401 M St. S.W.
Wash. D.C. 20460
(202) 426-2474
-7-
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B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
PROJECT/TITLE
System Alternatives in Oxygen Activated Sludge
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
An oxygen activated sludge system with co-current contacting of
oxygen and mixed liquor in a plug flow reactor was operated on
District of Columbia primary effluent during a two-year period over
a wide range of loading (F. M. 0.26 to 2.0) with Solids Retention Times
(SRT) from 2.0 to 13.0 days at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant.
STATUS
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA
D. F. Bishop
(513) 684-8353
-8-
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B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
PROJECT/TITLE
Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated Lands
CITATION
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is to determine methods for
disposal and utilization of sewage effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical and chemical characteristics necessary for proper sewage
effluent and sludge disposal and renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects of sewage effluent and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.
Municipal and industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids and forest vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land disposal projects. Soil and ground
water samples were analyzed for nutrient elements and for potentially
toxic materials. Changes in composition in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage sludge to forest lands.
STATUS
The project is a continuing one. Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen is the major pollutant. Reports
may be obtained upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
After 9/1/75
Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
(616) 775-7776
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B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
PROJECT/TITLE
Combined Sludge Processing Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
CCCSD has built an Advanced Treatment Test Facility (TTF) to
treat raw sewage with lime followed by biological nitrification and
denitrification at up to 2.5 MGD. The excess lime sludge is dewatered
in a pair of centrifuges operated in series to separate calcium
carbonate from calcium phosphate organic matter and inerts. Calcium
carbonate is to be converted to recovered lime in one set of multiple
heart furnaces and the residual sludge will be incinerated in another
set of furnaces. This proposal documents the studies already carried
out leading to the above conclusions and fills in engineering and
analytical data necessary to make a complete report.
STATUS
Publication: Sludge Processing For Combined Physical-Chemical-Biological
SIudges
GPO-EP 1.23/2:R2-73-250 $2.10
NTIS/PB 223 341
INFORMATION CONTACT
P. H. Caldwell
Central Contra Costa Sanitation District
Walnut Creek, California
-10-
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B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
PROJECT/TITLE
Lime Stablized Sludge: Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural Land
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
An optimum system for the lime stabilization of municipal sewage
sludge was first developed and evaluated. The primary objectives of
this work were (1) to determine the degree of stability induced in a
sludge by lime addition and (2) to determine the effects of spreading
lime-stabilized sludge on agricultural land. Lime doses and contact
times required to eliminate the pathogenic bacteria and odors from
raw sludge were determined by laboratory studies, and the information
obtained was translated into design and operational parameters for a
pilot scale, continuous flow process. Physical, chemcial and biological
characteristics of both the raw and stabilized sludge, were measured.
Soil and crop studies, both in a greenhouse and on controlled outdoor
plots, were performed to determine the effects of spreading lime-
stabilized sludge. Effective lime stabilization of sludge was accom-
plished by elevating the pH to 12.0 with lime addition and maintaining
the pH level for at least 30 minutes.
STATUS
Publication Pending 1975
#670/2-75-012
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA
J.E. Smith, Jr.
(513) 684-8267
-11-
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B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
PROJECT/TITLE
Using Cropland For Sewage Wastewater And Sludge Disposal W. E. Sopper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forest!and,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soil's potential for removing N from wastes by
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.
Hydrologic effects such as perched water tables, interflow and
runoff were measured.
STATUS
Completed Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater
Through Forest and Cropland
GPO-EPI.23/2:660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-12-
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B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
PROJECT/TITLE
Review of Experience With Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge - A
Bibliography
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this program was to provide a critical review
of existing information and operational experiences in landspreading
of liquid sewage sludge. Major emphasis was given to obtaining in-
formation concerning unreported landspreading operations currently
employed in this country through a telephone survey and visits to
representative treatment plants and associated landspreading operations.
This information was evaluated with respect to present technology,
and environmental impacts from landspreading including evaluation of
landspreading subsystems relating to sludge handling and conditioning
modes of transport, spreading techniques, and soil and/or crop responses,
Further this program also provided a summarization and an updating of
sewage sludge landspreading practices found in the literature. An
evaluation of the data obtained will identify deficiencies where
additional studies are needed and aid in the development of proper
design criteria for landspreading systems.
The investigator found that only 3 or 4 sewage treatment plants
had a water quality program. There is a lack of intensive monitoring
of waste programs, though there is an abundance of field work being
done.
Research revealed that approximately 400 plants in the five most
populous regions in the U.S. have been landspreading sewage sludge with-
out monitoring for over 50 years.
The completed bibliography contains short histories with annotated
bibliographies of 25 treatment plants visited by the researchers.
STATUS
Project is completed and publication is expected in August, 1975
INFORMATION CONTACT:
Office of Research Monitoring
G. K. Dotson
NERC - Cinn., Ohio
-13-
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B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
PROJECT/TITLE
West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project
/
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The concepts of sand abatement, strip-mine reclamation and mine-
acid control are the objectives of the project. The demonstration
project will seek to show how the use of sludge, fertilizing, liming
and other minor techniques will permit the growth and self-regenera-
tion of various grasses, shrubs and trees.
The demonstration project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalachia. Severe erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched. Sand erosion from
high walls and spoil banks causes considerable property loss due to
the deposition of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of
existing waterways.
One of the problems encountered in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported. The transportation of
sludge from the waste treatment facility to the Appalachian hills is
expensive.
STATUS
A final report is pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
Appalachian Regional Commission
C. Meir
State Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio 43212
(614) 466-3066
-14-
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B. Domestic Wastewater/Sewage
PROJECT/TITLE
The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
Into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The proposed work will 1) determine the significance of mecury input
into the estuarine environment by effluent and sludge disposal, 2)
determine and explain the variations in mercury concentration observed
in sewage treatment plants, 3) determine the input of mercury to the
marine system by rain and runoff, 4) continue studies on the distribution
of mercury in the local (Carteret County, North Carolina) estuaries com-
paring a system receiving effluent (Calico Creek, Morehead City, North
Carolina) with a variety of less affected areas, 5) determine the rate
of mercury accumulation in marine organisms which are fed on sewage sludge,
6) determine the rate of uptake of mercury by vegetables which are grown
in soil enriched with sewage sludge. Coldvapor atomic absorpiton analysis
of mercury will be used.
STATUS
The project is partially finished, and the investigators state that
they have a pretty clear picture of the impact of mercury in the estuarine
environment. Studies are being conducted at a small town Moorehead City
treatment plant (15,000 pop.). Study has shown a very distinct pattern
of mercury distribution in estuaries and animals. The distribution of
mercury is very restricted in distance. It remains very close to the
outfall of the sewage treatment plants.
A town of comparable size and adjacent to Moorehead has one half
to one third less mercury in its effluent and sludge. There are no
industrial sources in either town. It is presently theorized that the
mercury contamination may have come from the use of house paints con-
taining mercury. Fungi area problem in the area and mercury was used as
an inhibitor at one time. The contamination may be resulting from
storm water runoff.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. R. T. Barber
Duke U.
Marine Labo.
Beaufort, N. Carolina 28516 919-728-2111
-15-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project is investigating the feasibility of using forest
ecosystems to absorb nutrient additions in the form of sewage sludge.
This research is important to the current problem of water pollution
caused by nutrients leaching from sludge disposed of either by dumping
at landfill sites or by other means that do not incorporate recycling
or nutrient removal.
STATUS
Sludge from a nearby municipality and from recreation complexes
in the White Mountain National Forest was landspread in June, 1975.
Preliminary studies have been completed, but impact (environmental)
work has just started. The project is scheduled to be completed by
next summer (1976)
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. M. Hornbeck
University of New Hampshire Graduate School
Durham, New Hampshire 03824
(603) 868-5576, 9697
(603) 726-8902
-16-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The overall objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters and in
areas where water is in short supply. It will be demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since a non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized. The system was demonstrated and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry. The physical, biological, pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was demonstrated. Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS
EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-17-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project demonstrated the use of fly ash from a nearby power
plant and sludge incinerator ash as filter aids in the pressure filtra-
tion of sludges. Pilot plant tests indicated that due to the nature
of the sludge from the trickling filter plant other alternate methods
of pretreatment would incur severe economic penalties. On the other
hand the chemical ingredients in the fly ash and sludge incinerator
ash, which are obtained at no cost,permitted adequate dewatering at
minimum cost. In addition, the trace minerals in the ashes and the
plant food value from the sludge constituted a useable soil conditioner.
The City of Cedar Rapids plans to utilize some of this sludge as a
soil conditioner and fertilizer in their parks.
STATUS
Project Completed Publication
GPO-EP1.23/2:R 2-73-231 $2.10
NTIS-PB 223-535
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-18-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The object of the project was to: 1) Perform a comprehensive literature
review and survey of the present municipal and utility sludge and ash produc-
tion, disposal methods and utilization methods. 2) Determine technical
feasibility and economic practicality of more widespread application of present
utilization methods. 3) Suggest new utilization methods with consideration of
technical feasibility and economic practicality. A search of the literature
and contact with a variety of governmental and trade organizations who are
producers and/or present or potential users of sludges and ashes were conducted.
STATUS
Completed Publication is pending.
Characterization and Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes.
Vol. 1
EPA # 670/2-75-033 a, b, c, & d
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-19-
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C. Industrial Sludges
PROJECT/TITLE
Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment Sludges
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project was to develop information on sludge
volumes and characteristics produced in metal finishing plants, determine
the effects of weathering on sludges in current disposal practice, and
carry out bench scale investigations on potentially attractive
techniques for recovering metals from these sludges. On the basis of
the investigation, the process design and economics will be determined
for selected metal recovery systems.
STATUS
Publication pending. Report #670/2-75-018
INFORMATION CONTACT
Ray Smithson
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus, Ohio
(614) 299-3151 ext. 2342
-20-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Hardening and Disposal of S02 Scrubbing Sludges
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project involves the development of chemicals, methods, and
systems for hardening and disposal of fly ash sludges (CaSOo and
resulting from the wet scrubbing of coal fired power boilers with various
alkali slurries.
A collection of papers entitled "Flue Gas Desulfurization and
Sludge Stabilization" is available through the Library of Congress
Catalogue #75-14865. (Dravo Lime Company.) This work contains indirect
reference to the impact of sludge on water pollution.
Presently, three systems have been designed and tested. They are
highly dependent on conditions(i.e. terrain, space, etc.) and are highly
flexible for adaptability. The project is a continuing one.
STATUS
Other symposium papers are available upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. Selmeczi
Dravo Corporation
#1 Oliver Plaza
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222
-21-
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PROJECT/TITLE
A Color Removal and Fibrous Sludge Disposal Process for the Kraft Paper
Industry
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This publication discusses the development of an economical design
and operational data applicable to the Kraft pulp and paper industry in
removal of color in mill effluents and in disposal of fibrous sludges.
Color removal was accomplished by lime precipitation of the color bodies
and fibers with subsequent regeneration of the lime by sludge combustion
in a kiln.
STATUS
Project completed. Publication: GPO-#P1.23.2:660/2-74-008 $1.65
NTIS-PB 235573/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-22-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Solid Waste Disposal
CITATION
Final rept. Phillips, Nacy P.; Wells, R. Murray, Radian Corp., Austin, Tex.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of the present investigation is to identify available
technologies developed in other industries that may be applicable to
lime/limestone scrubber sludge disposal. Musch of the technology
already developed for phosphate slimes, by-product gypsum, taconite
tailings, coal ash, and acid mine drainage sludge is applicable to
scrubber sludge disposal. Alternative disposal methods available
for scurbber sludge, including deep mine disposal, strip-mined
land reclamation, and utilization, possess some degree of potential.
Based on presently available data, there are no insurmountable
technological problems in disposing of scrubber sludge in an environ-
mentally acceptable manner.
STATUS
Available from: NTIS $7.25/MF $1.45 - Pb-233 144/5
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-23-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Pilot Scale Treatment of Wine Still age
CITATION
E. D. Schroeder, California, University of Davis, Ca.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Pilot and laboratory scale studies were run on aerobic and an-
aerobic biological treatment of winery stillage over a two year period.
The pilot scale studies included work with aerobic lagoons and anaerobic
packed towers. Laboratory systems studied were aerobic reactors without
recycle and batch fed anaerobic process. Because suspended solids
removal proved to be a key factor in successful biological treatment,
centrifugation, detartration, coagulation and flocculation, and combina-
tions of these methods were included in the studies. Centrifugation
proved to be the best method of removing solids prior to biological
treatment. Solids removal in combination with an aerobic treatment
process can be expected to produce final filtrate chemical oxygen demands
of about 700 mg/1 and a final filtrate BOD of about 75 mg/1. Anaerobic
processes studied did not operate well but produced effluents with
chemical oxygen demands of the order of 4000 mg/1
STATUS
Publication Pending #660/2-75-002
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA Cochrane, M.
-24-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Interim Report of Task Force on Phosphate Removal Sludges
CITATION
J. B. Parrel 1, Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory, EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Information on dewatering properties of municipal wastewater sludges
is scant and poorly organized. A Task Force has collected information
on wastewater sludges with particular emphasis on sludge produced when
lime, Fe +++, or Al +++ are added for the purpose of P removal to some
portion of the wastewater treatment sequence. Data are presented on the
thickening and dewatering characteristics of the sludges. Most of the
information relates to the mass of sludge produced and its filtering
properties. Sludges produced when lime is added to wastewater have greater
solids content after settling and dewater of greater mass rates than
conventional sludges. However, mass of sludge per volume of wastewater
is greatly increased. Considerable information is available on such sludges,
Sludges produced when AL +++ or Fe +++ is added the wastewater dewater
more poorly than conventional sludges and sludge solids content is less.
Sludge mass is greater than in conventional treatment but not as great as
would be produced by lime addition. Information is clearly not yet adequate
for accuratelypredicting dewatering properties of such sludges. Research
studies and field investigation of the dewatering properties of the sludges
produced by adding AL +++ and Fe +++ to wastewater are being continued.
STATUS
Publication available - NTIS -PB 238317/AS $7.25
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA
J. B. Farrell
(513) 684-8265
-25-
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PROJECT/TITLE
An Experimental High Ash Paper-mill Sludge Landfill - Report I & II
CITATION
0. B. Andersland, R. F. Vallee, W. A. Charlie, and D. W. Marshall, Michigan
State
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
An experimental papermill sludge landfill was constructed and
monitored to obtain engineering information essential to the development
of guidelines and recommendations for the design and operation of solid
papermill waste landfills. The experimental landfill consisted of two
sludge layers with sand drainage blankets on earth dike for lateral con-
finement and a natural soil cover. The landfill was instrumented for
settlement, water pressure, vertical and lateral earth pressure,
temperature sludge unit weights, specific gravity, and water contents.
Laboratory work was also conducted. A detailed description of the
field behavior is given in the report along with predictions based
on laboratory results and soil mechanics theory. Sampling of leachate
from the sludge landfill at weekly intervals and laboratory analysis
accoridng to standard metals for the examination of water and waste-
water provided documentation as to leachate composition. A lysimeter
study provides information of changes in quality of the leachate when
passed through selected natural soils.
The second annual report investigated slope stability by removal of
one dike from the sludge landfill. The landfill was excavated to form
a 3.4 slope and trimmed to 1.8 slope. Prior to construction, vane
shear strength and Dutch cone resistance data were obtained. Slopes
indicator and piezometers were installed Laboratory studies and analysis
were also conducted. Leachate sampling and analysis documented changes
occuring during the project period.
STATUS
Completed. Publication # 670/2-74-076 a&-b - NTIS - PB 239869/AS $7.00 (a)
NTIS - PB 239618 $7.50 (b)
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA - N. B. Schomaker (513) 684-4487
-26-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Optimization and Design Criteria of An Oil ActivatedSludge Concentration
Process
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Laboratory and pilot plant studies and cost calculations were
performed for a new process for the disposal of sewage sludge. The
process consists of an oil assisted gravity separation of the majority
of the water, followed by multiple effect evaporation to dryness in an
oil slurry and incineration of the dry solids.
Secondary sludges are concentrated from about 0.5% up to 5-10%
solids. The agreement of performance between laboratory and pilot plant
results is good, and no scale-up problems were indicated. The process
economics show.an advantage of $13-32 a ton compared to the best known
commercial technology for a 189 ton/day plant processing a 50/50 mixture
of primary plus activated sludges to ash. Optimization of the process
can result in greater cost reductions in the thickening and settling
steps.
STATUS
Publication Data: GPO-EP 1.23/2:670/2-74-004 $1.40
NTIS - PB 234-173
INFORMATION CONTACT
Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
P.O. Box 8
Linden, New Jersey 07036
(201) 474-0100
-27-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: A study to summarize and evaluate existing data pertain-
ing to sludge disposal. Investigate the potential methods for improving
the characteristics of sludge, and recommend future testing required.
The objective of the program is to evaluate the data which is available
on sludge disposal and its properties so that a logical test program can
be established. The scope of the program is to summarize and evaluate
the available data to determine the problem areas, to summarize and
evaluate the methods for improving the characteristics of sludge, and to
develop a test program for improving the characteristics of sludge. Exist-
ing data pertaining to sludge disposal is summarized.
STATUS
The paper study has been completed. A small pilot plant (1,000 Ibs
per hr) has been built, and produces a leachate from sludge which is being
tested on a small scale vegetable farm. Good results have been attained,
and trace elements and toxicity studies will be performed. The leachate
is being used by fertilizer producers, also. Plant production will be
increased to produce 3,000 Ibs of fetilizer.
INFORMATION CONTACT
B. McKinney or James Crow
U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority
Chattanooga, Tenn. 37402
(615) 755-3011
-28-
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D. Miscellaneous
PROJECT/TITLE
Waste Citrus Activated Sludge As a Poultry Feed Ingredient
CITATION
R. H. Jones, G. T. White, and B. L. Damron Winter Garden Citrus Products
Corporative Winter Garden, Fl.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The report presents an evaluation of the potential of utilizing
waste activated sludge as a poultry feed supplement. The sludge used
in this study was obtainted from an activated sludge process treating
concentrated citrus waste containing no sanitary wastewater. The sludge
was thickened, dewatered and dried using full scale and pilot-scale
equipment. The dried sludge was then analyzed for protein, fiber,
ami no acids, nutrients and moisture. Poultry feeds containing varying
concentration of sludge were prepared. Two experiments with boiler
chicks, each of three weeks duration, one 8- week broiler study, and
six-month laying hen study were conducted to determine the effect of
the inclusion of sludge in poultry diets on performance. It is shown
in this report that the inclusion of sludge in property formulate
diets up to 7.5 percent did not significantly affect poultry performance
or meat or egg quality. The value of the sludge was calculated based on
the reduction in feed ingredients resulting from the inclusion of
sludge. It was found that the value of the recovered sludge significantly
reduced the total cost of sludge handling.
STATUS
Publication Pending. EPA #660/2-75-001
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-29-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Cost-Effectiveness Study for Handling and Disposal of Organic Sludges
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The goal of this project is to develop mathematical model for all
commonly used processes for sludge handling and disposal and to use
these models in an Executive program which will size all processes and
estimate the cost of the complete treatment train. Processes being
considered are gravity thickening, air flotation thickening, centrifugation,
anaerobic digestion, elutriation, aerobic digestion, vacuum filters,
sand drying beds, multiple hearth incineration, and transport and disposal
to land. A total of 181 ways have been identified to handle and dispose
of both primary and waste activated sludge. Computation of the cost of
these alternative processes will begin when models for aerobic digestion
and land disposal have been completed.
STATUS
Final stage of Preparation for Publication
INFORMATION CONTACT
Richard Eilers or Robert Smith
NERC
5555 Ridge Ave.
Cinn., Ohio 45213
684-2200, 8352
-30-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Utilization and Disposal of Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural
Processing Wastes on Land
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objective: Determine factors influencing long-term utilization of
wastes compatible with sustained agronomic production with emphasis on
accumulation of toxic quantities of heavy metals in soils and plants.
Approach: From strip mine spoil areas, surface and core samples to
water table depth will be analyzed for total pyrites, sulfides and redox
potentials before and after sludge treatments. Results will be used to
evaluate effectiveness of sludge in revegetation of strip mine spoils
and in abatement of pollution in runoff and leaching waters. Analyses
will include ph, S0(4), NO (3), Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Co and Pb.
PROGRESS: The field work associated with this project, the Palzo
reclamation project, continues to have unavoidable delays. The ongoing
research involves laboratory and greenhouse studies. The sulfur
fractionation scheme was modified for sludge samples using freeze-dry
techniques to remove the water phase. The Palzo strip mine spoil contains
about 1.5 to 2.0 percent total sulfur, 52 percent being in the pyrite
form. In the sludge about 43 percent of the; S is CHC1(3) soluble and
mostly in the elemental form. Adding sludge to spoil material increased
the pH of the spoil from 3.2 to 5.3 initially but with 70 days of
continued aeration the pH's dropped to the original level. Eh values
decreased with sludge treatment. Water soluble S increased slightly and
pyrite S oxidation decreased with increasing sludge applications.
Continuous seration exodized less pyrite material under high sludge
rates than under low application rates. High sludge applications
expressed Ni and Al absorption by plants.
STATUS
The project will be in progress for another two years.
INFORMATION CONTACT
S. W. Melsted
(217) 333-1000
-31-
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Part II Solid Disposal
-33-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This publication contains information on the generation, collection
and disposal of waste oil. It is a technical evaluation of current re-
fining, and other disposal processes and an assessment (environmental) of
the gaseous, liquid and solid wastes discharged from such processes. A
feasibility test was conducted in a single metropolitan area for a survey
designed to obtain information from service stations, waste oil collectors,
and industrial users. The project also sought to obtain a national material
balance to determine the ultimate fate of used oils.
STATUS
Project completed. Publication: GPO-EP1.23/2:670/2-74-052 $4.00
NTIS PB 234857/AS $6.50
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-35-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Industrial Chemicals Solid Waste Generation. The Significance of Process
Change, Resource Recovery, and Improved Disposal.
CITATION
Final rept. Saxton, James C.; Kramer, Marc. Arlington, Va.. June, 1974, 155 p.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The study characterizes the process-related solid wastes produced during
manufactures of industrial chemicals, Sic group 281. Thirty three chemicals
were selected that: possess significant resource value, pose a difficult
solid waste disposal problem, and/or have markedly deleterious properties,
e.g., toxicity. The selected chemicals composed 40% of 1971 group output
and an estimated 95% of the group's solid waste. Fifteen of the chemicals
are undergoing process substitutions; in every case the newer process
generates less solid waste. Most of wastes are of intrinsically low value,
so resource recovery is seldom economic. Inorganics account for over 90%
of total disposal cost, due to large waste volume from cre-related processes,
such as alumina and phospheric acid. Organics appear to pose little disposal
problem. Elimination of water discharge doubles the disposal cost of the
33 chemicals.
STATUS
Available from NTIS Pb-233 46417 pc $5.00/MF $2.25
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-36-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Elimination of Water Pollution by Recycling Cement Plantdusts
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives overall - Elimination of problems associated with disposal
of kiln dust from cement plants. Specifically by: 1) Formation of clinker
with concomitant violatilization of alkalies. 2) Leaching of water-
soluble alkalies and return of leachate to system. 3) Other uses of dust,
fertilizer, soil stabilizer, or agricultural limestone. 4) Use of dust
as admixture to modify cement or cement products. Present approach - Heat
treatment of clay or shale fraction to remove alkalies from a portion of
raw feed and/or to remove alkalie from total dust. Fluid bed furnace to
remove alkalies at low temperature by control of the furnace atmosphere
presently underway.
STATUS
The project is in the final writing stage. It was deemed somewhat
successful by the investigators. Water soluble alkalies in cement dust
ware removed by flame-spraying.
Other phases of the project will continue until maximum results are
gained. The project will be funded by private industry upon the exhaustion
of governmental funds.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dr. Miller
Protalnd Cement Association
5420 Old Orchard Rd.,
Skokie, 111. 60076
(312) 966-6200
-37-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Study of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper Industry
CITATION
Final rept. Gorham International, Inc., Maine. Environmental Protection
Agency, Rockville, Maryland Solid Waste Management Office, Feb. 74; 198p
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report investigates and identifies present soild waste management
practices, present solid waste management practices, examines alternatives,
and develops strategies for future pulp and paper industry waste manage-
ment. It examines waste management in five major segments of the pulp
and paper industry; pulp mills, paper mills, paper board mills, and de-
inking mills. Data is presented on pulp and paper industry solid waste
generated since 1960. A case study for each of the five major pulp and
paper manufacturing segments is presented.
STATUS
Available from NTIS Pb-234 944/7 $5.50/Mf $2.25
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-38-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Effects of Water Pollution Controls on Solid Waste Generation, 1971
to 1985: Executive Summary
CITATION
R. Stone, Ralph Stone and Company, Inc. Los Angeles, California
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The effects of air and water pollution controls on solid waste
generation were evaluated. The solid wastes from pollution control were
identified for individual industrial sectors by their original air or water
pollutant constituents, and the treatment process applied. The wastes
were categorized by type and by location (rural or urban). Total solid
waste from pollution control activities were estimated for 1971 and
projected for 1985. Particulates and sulfur oxides were identified as
the major air oollutants capable of generating solid wastes when treated;
suspended solids and biological oxygen demand were identified as the
principle means of estimating the impact of water pollution control on
solid wastes.
STATUS
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA
Talley, R. J.
(513) 684-4484
-39-
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Processed Wastes - Food Industry
PROJECT/TITLE
The Better Whey; A Dilemma
CITATION
Proceedings: Second National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes, Sidney
Boxer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash., D.C. 3/1971. pp. 409-
412.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The cheese industry has the problems of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a food by-product with excellent nutritive
value. Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat the whey from surrounding
industries since whey recovery is such an expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install the equipment. This
research and development outfit has built a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New -Yo'rk in cooperation with Dairylea of New York. Whole whey for use as
a food or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drying,
the most efficient and economical method discovered by previous research.
Laval Separator Company has built the equipment for the demonstration
plant. One of the major problems encountered in this project was the
conversion of cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process. (D) (6)
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-40-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants 9
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives: Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations. Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants. Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.
Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation, extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable. The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.
Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal. Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors. Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine. Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.
The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons. Spray irrigation of
the effluent on fields is now being tested.
STATUS
The project is just getting started with initial promising results.
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio 43210
(614) 422-5169
-41-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Seafood Solid Waste in Oregon: Disposal or Recovery
CITATION
Special rept: Kreag, Rebecca; Smith, Frederick J.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The quantity and nature of seafood waste from processing operations
are described. Ten alternatives to discharge directly into estuaries
are presented. Three methods of disposal were studied for these wastes:
incineration, barging off shore and landfill. Landfill appears to be
the least costly and the most promising disposal alternative because of
the limited quantity of wastes involved. Seven alternatives were con-
sidered for recovery of wastes for a marketable product: flesh for
human consumption; fish protein concentrate; fishmeal; mink feed;
fish food; fertilizer; and chitin for new special products.
STATUS
NTIS $3.00/MF $1.45 COM-74-11245/9
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-42-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Food Processing Wastes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project dealt with the wastes generated by Oregon's primary
food processing industry, and involved the evaluation of waste occurrence
and waste disposal systems currently being used; estimation of the extent
and seriousness of present and future problems; establishment of guidelines
for the selection of research which could most reasonably help alleviate
the critical pollution problems; and implementation of individual research
projects involving waste reduction, waste treatment, and by-product develop-
ment.
The end-of-pipe flows and the discharges from unit operations were
monitored for flow, pH, temperature, settleable solids, turbidity,
suspended solids, total solids, coliform, total coliform, fecal strep-
tococcus, COD, BOD and chemical concentrations. The results are expressed,
where appropriate, as concentrations (e.g., mg U) and in terms of produc-
tion (e.g., Ib/T).
STATUS:
Information and publications may be acquired from the Food Science and
Technology Department, Oregon State Univeristy.
Note:
The effluents were tested through spray irrigation methods using "guess
amounts'.; and results of the various concentrations were recorded.
Concentration results are listed for each food processing industry.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Mr. Soderquist
Food Science & Technology
Oregon State University
Corvalis, Oregon 97331
(503) 752-1141, 6719
-43-
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B. Non-processed Wastes - Institutional
PROJECT/TITLE
Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes Collection Treatment
and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project consisted of compiling an annotated bibliography of
the available literature on hospital solid waste collection, treatment,
and disposal systems. Literature on microbiological or health aspects
related to the various systems is included.
STATUS
The project is completed. Publications may be obtained from EPA
(Publication EP #00458-0251)
INFORMATION CONTACT
Oscar Albrecht, Project Officer
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
-44-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria for
disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting, evaluating
and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental quality in cold
regions.
Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by application
to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes. Significant
aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon completion
of work in each problem area.
STATUS
Continuous project.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P. 0. Box 282
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
-45-
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B. Non-Processed Wastes - Municipal
PROJECT/TITLE
Flyash Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project involved the disposal of flyash as a slurry in a worked
out mine. The resultant mixture of slurry water and mine water were
chemically treated before discharge to a stream. This project has been
in existence for the past five years and is scheduled to continue for
another 5 years.
The dissolved salts in the discharge has dropped from 3000 PPI to
2000 PPI to date. Research is continuing to reduce the salt content to
1500 PPI or lower. The state of Penn. treats the discharge as a process
rather than a mine effluent. The present PPI would be allowable if the
discharge was treated as mine drainsge. However, the mechanism is
working well, and research will continue.
STATUS
Ongoing Project. Information will be sent upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Mr. Robert O'Hare
Mr. Nelson Tonet
Duquesoe Light Company
435 6th Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219
-46-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and Wastewater
Disposal - W. E. Sopper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objectives of this study were: 1) To investigate the effects of
watershed management techniques on the quantity and quality of water yield
form small forested watersheds, 2) To investigate the hydrologic behavior
and response of a 20 acre forested drainage basin to selected rainfall
events applied with an artificial rainfall facility, and 3) To investigate
the potential use of forests as disposal sites for treated municipal
wastewater and sludge.
STATUS:
Completed. Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated
Municipal Wastewater Through Forest & Cropland
GPO-EP 1.23/2 660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-47-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project demonstrated the use of fly ash from a nearby power
plant and sludge incinerator ash as filter aids in the pressure filtra-
tion of sludges. Pilot plant tests indicated that due to the nature of
the sludge from the trickling filter plant other alternate methods of
pretreatment would incur severe economic penalties. On the other hand
the chemical ingredients in the fly ash and sludge incinerator ash,
which were obtained at no cost/,permittee! adequate dewatering at minimum
cost. In addition, the trace minerals in the ashes and the plant food
value from the sludge constituted a useable soil conditioner. The City
of Cedar Rapids plans to utilize some of this sludge as a soil conditioner
and fertilizer in their parks.
STATUS
Project completed.
Publication: GPO-EP1.23/2:R2-73-231 $2.10
NTIS-PB 223-535
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-48-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Potential Solid Waste Generation and Disposal from Lime and Limestone
Desulfurization Processes. R. J. Evan - Author
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The generation and disposal of solid waste from electric utility
plants using a lime/limestone wet-scrubbing system and the potential
effects on the environment were estimated for 1975 and 1980. The study
indicated that in 1975 approximately 5.8 millicn tons of desulfurization
solid waste (50 percent solids) will be generated. In 1980, when it is
estimated that desulfurization will become commercially accepted, ap-
proximately 71.4 millicn tons of this material will be generated for
disposal and/or utilization. The desulfurization waste material, when
combined with lime, fly ash, and water, may have potential for use as
a roadbase material, landfill reclamation, and synthetic aggregate.
STATUS
Publication $2.25 - NTIS PB-233 975/2
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-49-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Landfills
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of the project is to determine the authority needed to
acquire land for and operate sanitary landfills; identify and evaluate
powers of local governmental units and limitation of those powers to adopt
and enforce land-use restrictions and regulations as they relate to sani-
tary landfills, and other restrictions such as environmental protection
standards that affect site location; identify reasons for and extent of
institutional arrangements needed for solid-waste management on an areawide
basis.
State enabling legislation, administrative rules, regulations and
guidelines, local ordinances, and judicial decisions applicable to site
acquisition, location restrictions, landfill operations, and funding
requirements were collected, for most of the North Central States and
analyzed. A questionairewas used in an endeavor to ascertain the reasons
for and extent of opposition to location sanitary landfills in rural
residential areas.
STATUS
This is an extensive project and is only half completed. Results and
findings to date are discussed in the following publications.
1. North Dakota Law Review, "Solid Waste Management in North Dakota",
Vol 49, #3, Spring 1973, pp. 499-535
2. Public Works, Vol 104, #3, 3/73
Public Works, Vol 104, #4, 4/74
3. Municipal Waste-Research Needs Related to the Institutional and Legal
Aspects of Recycling Municipal Waste On The Land Research on Land &
Water Resources. Proceeding: Residential Needs Related To Recycling
Urban Wastewater on Land, Penn. State University publication.
4. Managing Solid Waste "A Focus on Indiana Law Economics Research
Service, U.S.D.A. publication
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dean T. Massey
U. of Wisconsin
U.S.D.A. Natural Resources/Economic Division
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
(608) 262-3568
-50-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois
CITATION
Final rept. 1 Jim 66-31 ;May 68 - Hughes, G. M.; Landon, R. A.; Farvolden,
R. N.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The study attacks one of the problems inherent in disposing of refuse
on land; the ever-present danger that-unless properly engineered in a
sanitary landfill—the wastes will adversely effect ground-water resources.
Hydrogeologic, and water quality studies of five landfills in northeastern
Illinois were carried out. The distribution and concentration of dissolved
solids in the vicinity of four of these landfills was found to be controlled
by the configuration of the ground-water flow system. The major factors
influencing the attenuation of the dissolved solids appear to be the
particle size of the earth materials through which they move and the
distance that they move.
STATUS
GPO/Mf $.095 - NTIS Pb-214 028/3
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-51-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Sanitary Landfill Technology
CITATION
Weiss, S. Los Angeles County study. In Sanitary landfill technology.
Park Ridge, New Jersey, Moyes Data Corporation, 1974. p.252-269
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A study conducted by the County of Los Angeles, California, to
formulate construction criteria for sanitary landfills and improvements
which would lead to optimum land development and use is reported. Methods
utilized in the study are described. Monitoring and prediting subsidence
and compaction of landfill, gas movement and control, and groundwater
pollution from sanitary landfills are discussed. Criteria for the location,
design, construction, inspection, supervision, and maintenance of sanitary
landfills; for the uses of land on or adjacent/to sanitary landfills; and
for the development, construction, and maintenance of improvements to
sanitary landfills established as a result of this study are discussed.
STATUS
SWIRS library
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-52-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk County,
Long Island, New York
CITATION
Preliminary Findings of a Leachate Study on Two Landfills in Suffolk County,
New York. By Grant E. Kimmel and 01 in C. Braids. Journal of Research,
U.S. Geological Survey, Vol.3 , No. 3, May-June 1975, p. 273-280
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
In anticipation of the expected population growth in the county, water
planning and management agencies feel the need for regulation in the
operation of solid-waste-disposal sites and in the selection of new sites,
so as to prevent unreasonable or unnecessary deterioration of the quality
of the ground water or of the environment. In drafting regulations,
information is needed with regard to the character of the leachate and
chemical reactions that may occur in the zones of aeration and saturation.
In this respect information was needed on incinerated solid waste as well
as the general variety of solid wastes.
The major objectives of this project were to (a) document the nature
and extent of changes in the chemical quality of the ground water
associated with solid-waste disposal at one or more selected sites, and
(b) apply existing modeling techniques to predict the nature and rate of
change (both as a function of time and space) of the chemical quality of
the ground water. To the extent possible, modeling efforts involved the
zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dale Mosher - EPA/SWM
1835 K Street, N.W. AW/564
Washington, D.C.
-53-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Evaluation of a Solid-Waste Disposal Site
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Cortland County has proposed at landfill operation for disposal of
solid-wastes in the near future. Substantial base line geologic and
hydrologic data on the proposed site has been collected, and an array
of 50 shallow wells has been emplaced and monitored on a weekly basis
since April, 1973.
The primary objectives of this study are: (1) to determine in more
detail the hydrologic regime of the landfill site and existent water
quality, and (2) to evaluate the effect of landfill operations on this
regime over an extended period of time.
The proposed study is particularly significant because considerable
geologic and 'hydrologic parameters can be determined and monitored prior
to landfill operation. Continuation of this study after initiation of
landfill operations are expected to provide a critical evaluation of the
sanitary landfill as a viable means of solid-waste disposal.
The proposed study basically involves the establishment and
maintenance of a monitoring program for critical weather, hydrologic,
and geologic parameters. Data thus obtained will determine the
impact of landfill operations on the natural hydrogeologic environment
of this area and adjacent parts of New York and Pennsylvania.
STATUS
Continuing Project.
Articles and publication are available upon request
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dr. T. E. Bugh
State University of New York - School of Arts
Cortland, New York 13045
-54-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion of Organic Solid Wastes
(Andrews, John F., Kambhu, Kawi)
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The major reactions involved in the process of thermophilic aerobic
digestion are presented, discussed, and simplified into the basic
stoichimetric, thermochemical, kinetic relationships. A simple procedure
is presented for determining the thermochemistry of the net reaction by
relating heat production to the oxygen equivalent or C.O.D. of the
organic solids.
The simulation studies and mathematical model discussed employ
conservative values of biological parameters. The mathematical model
provides assistance in planning and conducting pilot plant studies.
STATUS
Final Report. - NTIS $6.25/MF $1.45
PB 222 396
INFORMATION CONTACT
Clemson University
S. C. Dept. of Environmental System Engineering
-55-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project is investigating the feasibility of using forest
ecosystems to absorb nutrient additions in the form of sewage sludge.
This research is important to the current problem of water pollution
caused by nutrients leaching from sludge disposed of either by dumping
at landfill sites or by other means that do not incorporate recycling
or nutrient removal.
STATUS
Sludge from a nearby municipality and from recreation complexes
in the White Mountain National Forest was landspread in June, 1975.
Preliminary studies have been completed, but impact (environmental)
work has just started. The project is scheduled to be completed by
next summer (1976)
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. M. Hornbeck
University of New Hampshire Graduate School
Durham, New Hampshire 03824
(603) 868-5576, 9697
(603) 726-8902
-66-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The overall objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters andin
areas where water is in short supply. It will be demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since a non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized. The system was demonstrated and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry. The physical, biological, pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was demonstrated. Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS
EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-57-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water-
Resources by Refuse Landfills
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The proposed research was based on the hypothesis that contamination
characteristics of ground and surface water, caused by refuse landfills,
are related to the topographic position of the refuse site. Refuse sites
are located on upland and valley surfaces. Landfills may be located in
the upland or loess or glacial till and in valleys, may be located on
floodplains, valley walls, or in gully positions. Refuse landfills re-
presentative of the various landscape positions and representative of
different ages will be stuided. Geophysical methods will be used to
locate contaminated water boundaries and fill geometry. At each site
bore holes were drilled, and water samples collected from them and
from the adjacent stream during low flow condition. A major goal of
the research was to relate topographic position with rate and direction
of leachate movement and chemical characteristics of the contaminated
ground and surface water. By relating these factors to landscape position
characteristics of existing and potential sites can be evaluated and
regulated for public safety.
STATUS
Completed. Several papers have been published in the journal Groundwater.
INFORMATION CONTACT
L. V. Sendlein
(515) 294-7814
R. C.Palmquist
(515) 294-7814
-58-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objectives of this project are to determine the survival patterns
of viral pathogens in landfilled solid waste and to evaluate the potential
contamination of water resources through leaching of viruses from a
waste disposal site . Microbiologic monitoring leachates from Cells #1 and
#2 is being conducted in order to determine the degree of health hazard
involved in solid waste disposal by landfill ing. The results so far
indicate that poliovirus may survive in compacted solid waste for at least
13 days at temperatures of 68-80 degrees F but the virus is inactivated
in 2-4 days in a landfill with temperatures ranging from about 120-140
degrees F.
STATUS
Project was completed. Final report has been wirtten and is awaiting
EPA review and publication.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Merzda Peterson
Research Triangle Park
Durham, North Carolina
-59-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The object of the project was to: 1) Perform a comprehensive
literature review and survey of the present municipal and utility sludge
and ash production, disposal methods and utilization methods. 2)
Determine technical feasibility and economic practicality of more
widespread application of present utilization methods. 3) Suggest new
utilization methods with consideration of technical feasibility and
economic practicality. A search of the literature and contact with a
variety of governmental and trade organizations who are producers and/or
present or potential users of sludges and ashes was conducted.
STATUS
Completed. Publication is pending. - Characterization and Utilization of
Municipal and Utility Sludges and
Ashes. Vol. 1
EPA #670/2-75-033 a,b,c, & d
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-60-
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C. Agricultural
PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate Disposal of
Cattle Feedlot Wastes-Ultimate Disposal of Cattle Feedlot Wastes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives of the project are: 1) To determine the effects of
feedlot runoff and manure loading rates on the chemical and physical
properties of soil, on the quality of runoff from the disposal area
and on corn forage yields. 2) To determine the most economical loading
of feedlot wastes onto land compatible with pollution control. 3) To
determine the concentration of diethylstilbesterol residue in feedlot
wastes and its movement through the soil profile beneath the waste
disposal area.
STATUS
Project will be continuing for approximat.ley 6 months. 'Several publications
are available upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
H. L. Manges
Kansas State University
School of Engineering/Anderson Hall
Manhattan, Kansas 66502
(913) 532-5580
-61-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Pollution Control Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is the abatement of pollution through
improved systems for controlling beef cattle and sheep waste. Systems
for managing wastes from housed and feedlot beef cattle and sheep will
be developed and evaluated for economic abatement of air, water and
soil pollution. Permanent effluent land irrigation installations will
be designed for disposal or utilization runoff from a beef feedlot holding
pond to complete a total feedlot runoff control system. Attention will
be given to developing improved handling systems for managing the solid
waste. Units will be managed, tested and improved as necessary for
system optimization. The components of collection, treatment, transport
and disposal will be included in the design systems. Disposal of treated
effluent to land will be investigated to develop application rates for
optimum crop use.
STATUS
Project is still in progress.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(402) 472-2824
-62-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste From Housed Swine
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is to reduce the pollution
potential of housed swine through improved waste systems. Alternative
methods of collection, treatment, transport and disposal of waste
from housed swine will be developed and evaluated as component
parts of a total system for economic reduction of the pollution poten-
tial of waste from all phases of swine production. Major components of
systems will be evaluated, improved, and combined for development of
optimum total systems. Evaluations will be based on labor, initial
and operating costs, effects on livestock production, and degree of
control over pollution of air, waste and soil.
STATUS
Project is still in progress
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(420) 472 2874
-63-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal Production Unit
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/ SUMMARY
The specific aims of the project were: 1. To continue to monitor with
weekly sampling and laboratory analyses the overall performance character-
istics of the plant. 2. To install, test and evaluate the performance of
the aerobic digester equipment to be provided by DeLaval Comapny, or if
not by them, to purchase and build a surface aerator for installation in
the aerobic digester. 3. Surface aerator; submergence and speed variation
in rotor; turbidity improvement of the effluent with the use of coagu-
lants; evaluation of chlorine disinfection of the recycled effluent.
4. To automate the disposal of solids onto the nearby farm land with the use of
automatically operated irrigation system. 5. To establish some monitoring
stations for sampling and analyzing the water from the Loramie Creek that
receives the drainage from the research farm of the Botkins Grain and
Feed Company. 6. Develop an economic model of the plant to evaluate ways
of making the system economically feasible.
STATUS
Completed.
The project was monitored for 3 yrs., and is reputedly the longest
study of a project of this type. The report is well documented. The
findings were presented in April, 1975 at a conference.
The report has been cleared for publication and is awaiting printing
by EPA. y
IN FORMAT ION/ CONTACT
N" °val Dr' ' 102 Administration Bldg.
Columbus, Ohio 43210
Ohio State University
School of Agriculture
-64-
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D. Mining
PROJECT/TITLE
Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of the project is to investigate methods for using sulfur
to stabilize tailing piles to assure long-term resistance to weathering
and to determine the applicability of sulfur for constructing impervious
ground cover bases for sanitary landfill, leach dumps, and mill ponds.
The project is an ongoing one and has been in progress for over
14 years. The project is also aimed at cutting back on wind erosion by
spray coating to hold down various materials and prevent it from blowing
away. Unusual success with uranium mill tailings has been demonstrated.
Spray coating has played a very significant part in holding back radon
gas.
STATUS
Ongoing project. Contact will research back for information pertaining to
other projects that impact upon ground and surface water upon request.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Donald G. Kesterke or Wm. McBee
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Bureau of Mines - 500 Date Street
Boulder City, Nevada 89005
-65-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: The purpose of the Lake Hope project is to demonstrate
the reduction of acid mine drainage pollution by the removal of coal refuse,
and the construction of bulkhead seals to flood underground mine workings
and thus prevent the formation of acid. The Lake Hope site was chosen for
the demonstration project because acidic drainage from abandoned coal mines
in the watershed above Lake Hope has severely restricted waste oriented
activity in this prime recreational area. A total of 107 mine openings
has been noted. The combined acid discharge from these openings is over
700,000 pounds per year. A multiphase mine drainage abatement demonstration
program is recommended with major elements including: Removal and/or
burial of coal refuse which was scattered throughout the area during active
mining operations; sealing of about 50 mine openings.
STATUS
Several standard bulkheads, and one innovative, but not new, bulkhead
were used. The dirt was stripped from the hillside at the site of the
mine openings. A clay dam was constructed and the stripped dirt was used
to re-cover the hillside, thus sealing in the acid mine leakage. It is
expected that before the end of 1975, the engineering design phase will
be completed. Fifty mines have been cleared of coal refuse and sealed to date.
A feasibility study is pending publication. EPA-R2-73-151 Lake Hope
Drainage Demonstration Project.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
WC Roman
Division of Planning
Fountain Sq. 43224
(614) 466-2333
-66-
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PROJECT/TITLE
West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The concepts of sand abatement, strip-mine reclamation and mine-
acid control are the objectives of the project. The demonstration project
will seek to how the use of sludge, fertilizing, liming and other minor
techniques will permit the growth and self-regeneration of various grasses,
shrubs and trees.
The demonstration project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalacbia. Severe erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched. Sand erosion from high
walls and spoil banks causes considerable property loss due to the deposi-
tion of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of existing water-
ways.
One of the problems encountered in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported. The transportation of sludge
from the waste treatment facility to the Appalachian hills is expensive.
STATUS
A final report is pending.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Appalachian Regional Commission or
C. Meir
State Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio 43212
(614) 466-3066 -67~
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Part III Liquid Disposal
-69-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objectives of this project are to determine the survival patterns
of viral pathogens in landfilled solid waste and to evaluate the potential
contamination of water resources through leaching of viruses from a
waste disposal site . Microbiologic monitoring leachates from Cells #1 and
#2 is being conducted in order to determine the degree of health hazard
involved in solid waste disposal by landfill ing. The results so far
indicate that poliovirus may survive in compacted solid waste for at least
13 days at temperatures of 68-80 degrees F but the virus is inactivated
in 2-4 days in a landfill with temperatures ranging from about 120-140
degrees F.
STATUS
Project was completed. Final report has been wirtten and is awaiting
EPA review and publication.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Merzda Peterson
Research Triangle Park
Durham, North Carolina
-71-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water-
Resources by Refuse Landfills
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The proposed research was based on the hypothesis that contamination
characteristics of ground and surface water, caused by refuse landfills,
are related to the topographic position of the refuse site. Refuse sites
are located on upland and valley surfaces. Landfills may be located in
the upland or loess or glacial till and in valleys, may be located on
floodplains, valley walls, or in gully positions. Refuse landfills re-
presentative of the various landscape positions and representative of
different ages will be studied. Geophysical methods will be used to
locate contaminated water boundaries and fill geometry. At each site
bore holes were drilled, and water samples collected from them and
from the adjacent stream during low flow condition. A major goal of
the research was to relate topographic position with rate and direction
of leachate movement and chemical characteristics of the contaminated
ground and surface water. By relating these factors to landscape position
characteristics of existing and potential sites can be evaluated and
regulated for public safety.
STATUS
Completed. Several papers have been published in the journal Groundwater.
INFORMATION CONTACT
L. V. Sendlein
(515) 294-7814
R. C.Palmquist
(515) 294-7814
-72-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Investigation and Monitoring of Landfill Sites in Marion County, Ind.
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project was initiated as a result of the concern about ground
water and surface water pollution originati at landfill sites in Marion
County, Ind. Seven landfills were monitored and the results recorded
(inorganic analyses, metal concentration, etc). The project will be
continued on a more detailed basis. The monitoring wells were used to
gather data to define the geology and the three dimensional ground-water
flow system and provided extensive water-quality information relative
to this flow.
STATUS
The project has been completed and is now in the review stage.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Bill Shampine or Robert Pettijohn
U.S. Geological Survey
1819 North Meridan St.
Indianapolis, Ind. 46202
(317) 269-7101
-73-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Snow Accumulation form Snow-Fence Experiments in Solid Waste Disposal
Site Design
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
In 1974 a study was initiated to determine if it was possilbe to
decrease the amount of snow held in solid waste disposal sites as one
means of decreasing solid water moisture in the spring and early summer.
The initial study involves the use of artificial barriers to induce
additional accumulation of drifting snow away from the waste disposal
site. If this additional snow were not held in the catchment area, it
could add to the general infiltration in the waste disposal area.
Several working assumptions are used in the study; (1) drifting
snow accumulates to significant depth only in places that are protected
from the wind; (2) snow fillsmost terrain depressions before the end
of winter, and once full, these areas are aerodynamically smooth and trap
little additional snow; (3) artificial barriers of modest height com-
bined with terrain features could increase the trapping efficiency of
the natural terrain; (4) additional snow held in the catchment area
could result in less snow accumulation and spring infiltration in the
waste disposal site.
Two snow fields were selected for study. These were located in
a large basin on the western side of a ridge in the town of Solon. It
is expected that snow depth will increase close behind the fences but
will decrease farther down-wind with no net increase in the amount of
snow caught.
STATUS
The project is an ongoing one. Articles are available upon request.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. Je Bugh
State University of New York
Graduate School
Cortland, New York 13045
(607)753-4214 _74_
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PROJECT/TITLE
Hydrogelogic Considerations in the Siting and Design of Landfills in
Kentucky
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objectives of the project were to describe the geologic and
hydrologic properties that should be used as a guide in selection of
solid waste disposal sites. To select and describe geologic environments
in Kentucky that would be suitable or unsuitable for solid waste disposal.
Knowledge of these properties is of value, not only for proper
operation of the site, but also in reducing the pollution hazard to sur-
face and ground-water in the area. The general delineation of geologic
environments potentially suitable or unsuitable for refuse disposal in
the state would provide information needed by state agencies involved in
selection and approval of solid waste disposal sites.
STATUS
The project has been completed and is in review presently. The
data can be used as a guide in the selection of solid waste disposal
sites in other areas in the U.S. The transfer value is extremely good.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
HH.ZEHNER Water Resources Division
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Louisville, Kentucky 40202
(502) 582-5241
-75-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The overall objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters and in
areas where water is in short supply. It will be demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since a non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized. The system was demonstrated and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry. The physical, biological, pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was demonstrated. Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS
EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-76-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Economic Analysis of Land-Intensive Wastewater Systems
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act Amendments are requiring increased
treatment of municipal wastewaters. One method to obtain a high quality
effluent at relatively low cost compared to other techniques is land
treatment.
This study compares and evaluates conventional in-plant treatment
and land treatment in a cost framework and in a production efficiency
framework. The major objective is to explain why more municiplaities have
not chosen land treatment in the past.
STATUS
Publication available.
Publication: Water Resources Research Institute of the University of N.
Carolina
UNC-WRRI-74-98 $4.00
Title: Economic Analysis of Land Treatment of Municipal
Wastewaters - 6. A. Carlson
Article: Water Resources Journal (Date 1975)
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-77-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Water Renovation of Municipal Effluents by Reverse Osmosis
CITATION
J. E. Cruver, J. E. Beckman, and Bevege, Gulf Environmental Systems
Company San Diego, Ca.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of the work performed under this contract has been to
obtain reverse osmosis operating data on primary and secondary effluents
with varying degrees of pretreatment. Field tests were conducted at
the Pomona Water Renovation Plant of the County Sanitation Districts
of Los Angeles. Two parallel reverse osmosis systems were operated
with spiral wound membrane modules. It was concluded that spiral wound
reverse osmosis units can be economically operated on primary and activated
sludge effluents with only moderate pretreatment and periodic chemical
cleaning. Activated-carbon pretreatment was shown to be unnecessary for
successful operation on sand filtered activated sludge or chemically
clarified and sand filtered primary effluent. A simplified economic
analysis indicated that reverse osmosis treatment costs are favorable
and that the process merits serious consideration in a planned water
supply and waste management program.
STATUS
Publication Pending
INFORMATION/CONTACT
EPA
Bostian, H.
513-684-8358
-78-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Reverse Osmosis of Treated and Untreated Secondary Sewage Effluent;
Apendix A-2 and Appendix A-6
CITATION
D. F. Boen, and G. L. Johannsen, Eastern Municipal
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The two appendices in this volume complete report "Reverse Osmois of
Treated and Untreated Secondary Sewage Effluent" EPA 670/2-24-077; the
following abstract is that for the main volume. A pilot study was conducted
to determine reverse osmosis feasibility on untreated and treated secondary
effluents. Six commercially designed reverse osmosis pilot units, with
3,000 to 10,000 GPO nominal capacilities and different module concepts,
were tested. Post treatment of secondary effluent feeds, using alum
clarification sand filtration, granular activated carbon treatment,
chlorine additions and pH adjustment, in different combination improves
reverse osmosis performance and significantly extends useful membrane
rejuvenation treatments. Inorganic fouling (particularly with phosphate)
could be removed with solution of the sodium salt of ethylenediaminete-
traacetic acid. Of the module concepts tested, one of the tabular makes
and the spiral wound had the best overall costs, excluding brine disposal,
is estimated to be $0.73/1,000 gallons for 9 MGD product water facility.
STATUS
Publication available.
Main Volume: Reverse Osmosis of Treated & Untreated Secondary Sewage
Effluent D. F. Boen
GPO-EP1.23/2:670/2-74-077 Price Pending
NTIS-PB 239353/AS $7.50
Appendix A-2 & A-6
NTIS-PB 239 354/AS $3.75
INFORMATION CONTACT
Stern G. 513-684-8276
-79-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Improved Waste-Treatment System Design Based on the Natural Thermal
Environment
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Low-maintenance, technology-simple (LMTS) waste treatment systems
(systems having minimal dependence on electrical and mechanical
equipment) offer an attractive alternative to technology-intensive,
package plants currently being used to treat wastewaters from subdivisions
and isolated recreational areas. Although package plants are advertised
to perform satisfactorily with a minimum of operational control, experience
has shown that they are subject to serious operational and performance
problems.
The objective of the proposed research is to establish procedures
with which the engineer can make a rational design of a LMTS waste
treatment system based on (1) easily obtained meteorological data and
(2) effluent standards applicable to the location of the system. This
objective will be achieved by: 1. the definition and formulation of the
time-varying thermal characteristics of that portion of the earth's
surface extending from the surface to a depth of approximately 10 meters,
2. the characterization of domestic wastewater temperatures, 3. the
application of recent research related to temperature effects on biological
processes to the design of LMTS treatment units, and 4. the evaluation of
the predicted characteristics of these units in light of current and
anticipated effluent standards.
STATUS
The project is a 2 yr. project. The investigators have just completed
one year and have designed a biological process sensitive to temperature.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. L. G. Rich
Clemson University School of Engineering
Rhodes Research Building
Clemson, South Carolina 29631
803-656-3201 ext. 3276
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PROJECT/TITLE
Effects of Spray Irrigation of Municipal Wastewater on the Rate and
Total Accumulation of Heavy Metals
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The specific objective of this project was to determine the total
amount and rate of accumulation of selected heavy metals in several
soil-vegetation ecosystems which were spray irrigated with treated
municipal sewage effluent and sludge for twelve years. The proposed
study was conducted at the Wastewater Renovation and Conservation
Project Facility on the Pennsylvania State University farm where
experimental plots were spray irrigated with various amounts and com-
binations of treated municipal sewage effluent and liquid digested
sludge. The soil and vegetation in each area was sampled for analyses
of selected heavy metals to determine the amount and rate of accumulation
and to correlate these results with the application rates and vegetation
cover types. Soil and foliar samples from previous years were analyzed.
STATUS
Completed.
Publication: Renovation of Secondary Effluent For Re-Use As A Water Resource
GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-016 $4.80
NTIS-PB 234176
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-81-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal. W. E. Sooper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forestland,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soils potential for removing N from waste by removing
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.
Hydro!ogic effects such as perched water tables, interflow
and runoff were measured.
STATUS
Completed.
Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland
GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-82-
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PROJECT/TITLE
The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
Into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The proposed work will 1) determine the significance of mecury input
into the estuarine environment by effluent and sludge disposal, 2)
determine and explain the variations in mercury concentration observed
in sewage treatment plants, 3) determine the input of mercury to the
marine system by rain and runoff, 4) continue studies on the distribution
of mercury in the local (Carteret County, North Carolina) estuaries com-
paring a system receiving effluent (Calico Creek, Morehead City, North
Carolina) with a variety of less affected areas, 5) determine the rate
of mercury accumulation in marine organisms which are fed on sewage sludge,
6) determine the rate of uptake of mercury by vegetables which are grown
in soil enriched with sewage sludge. Coldvapor atomic absorpiton analysis
of mercury will be used.
STATUS
The project is partially finished, and the investigators state that
they have a pretty clear picture of the impact of mercury in the estuarine
environment. Studies are being conducted at a small town Moorehead City
treatment plant (15,000 pop.). Study has shown a very distinct pattern
of mercury distribution in estuaries and animals. The distribution of
mercury is very restricted in distance. It remains very close to the
outfall of the sewage treatment plants.
A town of comparable size and adjacent to Moorehead has one half
to one third less mercury in its effluent and sludge. There are no
industrial sources in either town. It is presently theorized that the
mercury contamination may have come from the use of house paints con-
taining mercury. Fungi area problem in the area and mercury was used as
an inhibitor at one time. The contamination may be resulting from
storm water runoff.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. R. T. Barber
Duke U.
Marine Labo.
Beaufort, N. Carolina 28516 919-728-2111
-83-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Management Practices Affecting Quality and Quantity of Irrigation Return
Flow
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Field and laboratory research was conducted to determine the effects
of irrigation management and fertilizer use upon the quality and quantity
of irrigation return flow. The total seasonal discharge of salts from
the tile drainage system was directly related to the quantity of water
discharged, because the solute concentration of the ground water was
essentially constant over time. Under such conditions, reduction of salt
content of return flow is accomplished by reduceddrain discharge. Irriga-
tion management for salinity control must be practiced on a major part of
a particular hydro!ogic unit so that benefits are not negated by practices
in adjoining areas. Field studies and computer models showed that salts
may be stored in the zone above the water table over periods of several
years without adversely affecting crop yields on soils with high "buffering"
capacity as encourtered in this study. However, over the long term, salt
balance must be obtained. Appreciable amounts of nitrate into drainage
water at depths of at least 106 cm from the applications of commerical
fertilizer and dairy manure to ground surface. Submergence of tile drains
in the field reduced nitrate concentrations in the effluent, especially
under heavy manure applications. The report was submitted in fulfillment
of Grant No. S801040 by Utah State University under the partial sponsorship
of the Environmental Protection Agency. Work was completed as of November
30, 1973.
STATUS
Publication Pending #660/2-75-005
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Law, J. P.
-84-
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B. Industrial
PROJECT/TITLE
Solid Waste Management in the Industrial Chemcial Industry
CITATION
Final report. - Hoi combe, J. Kirby; Kalika, Peter U. Research Corp.
of New England, Hartford, Conn.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a national study to evaluate
the solid waste management practices of the industrial chemical industry,
embodied by standard industrial classification (sic) number 281. Data
and information on solid waste management within the industry were obtained
through literature review, a questionnaire mailed to a selected group
of industrial chemical plants, and field interviews with chemical plant
personnel throughout the country. Presented in the report are the
following information and data for the industrial chemical industry on
a national basis: (1) quantity and quality (character) of solid waste
generated; (2) universal parameters affecting solid waste generation;
(3) current storage, collection, and disposal practices; (4) annual
operating expenses; (5) analysis of the future trends in solid waste
management within the industry and factors that might influence them.
STATUS
Publication available from NTIS $6.25/MF $1.45
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-85-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project consisted of a series of experiments on the treatment
of oily sludges (crude tank bottoms, Bunker C, intermediate wax oils)
by spreading and cultivation into soil under prevailing climatic condi-
tions. Nine test plots were operated at specific nutrient addition
levels. The objectives were to determine; 1) Decomposition rates of
various types of oily waste sludges. 2} Effectiveness of adding nutrient
supplements. 3) Major microbiological species active in the soil.
4) Cost of the process for the disposal of oily waste. & 5) Depth of oil
penetration into the soil. The demonstration phase followed a six-
month pilot phase for optimization of waste loading rates and nutrient
addition.
STATUS
The project was completed in 1973 after two years of testing. The
results were presented at a conference in Atlanta, Ga. by Gordon Reno.
Pub.: Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process-GPO EP1.23/2:R2-72-110 $2.00
NTIS-PB 219059
INFORMATION/CONTACT
B. Baldwin
Shell Oil Company
Deer Park, Texas 77536
(713) 479-2311
-86-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Phosphoric Acid Recovery System
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project is directed towards recovering acid and regenerating
the processing solution of high acid content that is produced in bright
aluminum processing. Lancy Laboratories has developed a process aiming
for the separation of the acid and the aluminum content of the solution.
This process promises an economical recovery of the acid and regeneration
of the processing solution. Bright aluminum processing uses a solution
of high acid concentration which loses its usefulness as the aluminum
concentration increases.
The proposed concept has broad applications for treating waste
process solutions used in the metal finishing industry. Successful
demonstration of the process may have important environmental impact
by significantly reducing chemical consumption and thereby reducing the
waste sludges generated as well as the associated large land require-
ments for disposal.
Presently, 35% of the acid solution is sold to producers of fer-
tilizer. The project is just starting up and is in the testing
stage. Some laboratory data is available on request. Maximum recovery
to reduce pollution is the primary goal.
STATUS
Project is ongoing. Some publications are available upon request.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Elbert Fang H. A. Lomason
EPA or Douglas & Lomason Co.
Cleveland Miss. Detroit, Michigan 48208
(313) 873-2400
-87-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel from Plating Waste
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project involves the demonstration of a metal finishing waste
abatement system which consists of an integrated nickel and chromium
chemical wash treatment, recovery of nickel from the nickel produced
in the treatment process, recovery of chromic acid from the rinse and
scrubber waters. The system permits the reuse of the bulk of the waste-
water and the reduction of sludge.
The state of Michigan has the most stringent pollution codes in
the U.S. Since the abatement system has been in progress, the plating
effluent has been able to meet the state's water pollution codes. The
demonstration system has been in operation for the past 2 years.
The recovery system is a very sophisticated and elaborate system
whereby sludge is produced in cake form which is less bulky. The waste-
water is precipitated, treated and discharged into the sewer.
STATUS
The demonstration system is an ongoing project.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
C. W. Grose
Michigan Plating & Stamping Co.
740 Ann St., N.W.
Grand Rapids, Michigan 490504
(616) 363-4847
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PROJECT/TITLE
Pollution Control in the Commercial Explosives Industry
by J. Patterson, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, II.
CITATION
same as Project/Title
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A literature and field study of the commercial explosives industry
reveals that on the basis of products manufactured, plant size, and the
nature of the wastewater, the industry may be divided into three segments.
One, complex facilities, are large plants manufacturing a variety of
explosives and intermediate products. The second category is small
specialized formulation plants, typically limited to blending explosives
fromulations for use in nearby mining activities. The final category
is specialty product facilities, devoted to manufacture of select
ingredients such as lead ozide and other explosives initiators, blasting
caps, electric matches and similar appurtenance items. The explosives
industry discharges large volumes of wastewater, typically high in BOD,
nitrogen, and solids, frequently at extreme pH, and containing trace to
high quanties of dissolved and particulate explosives products. Although
pollution abatement technology has not been widely implemented within the
explosives industry, there is a potential for significant abatement
of pollutant discharge by good housekeeping practice, applicetion of proven
treatment technology and under certain conditions total wastewater con-
tainment.
STATUS
Publication pending.
#600/2-74-009b
INFORMATION/CONTACT
J. Patterson
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, II.
-89-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Effluents of the Inorganic Pesticide Industry
J. Patterson, Institute of Technology Chicago, 111
CITATION
same as Project/Title
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A literature and field study cf the manufacture of inorganic pesticides
revealed that many inorganic formulations are still widely used for
agricultural purposes. The inorganic pesticide industry is a small but
distinct segment of the total agricultural chemical industry. Its manu-
facturing processes and wastewaters contrast sharply with those
associated with organic pesticides. The inorganic pesticide market is \.
dominated by eight products, each of which is discussed in this report
with respect to its manufacturing effluent characteristics and applicable
pollution control technology. Based upon field studies, it has been demon-
strated that five of the eight products can be manufactured without
generating any process wastewater. Aqueous effluents from the manufacture
of the remaining three inorgainc pesticides appear to be directly
controllable by previously demonstrated in-plant control and/or wastewater
treatment technologies.
STATUS
Publication pending.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
DesRosiers
P. 202-755-0448
-90-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This publication contains information on the generation, collection
and disposal of waste oil. It is a technical evaluation of current re-
fining, and other disposal processes and an assessment (environmental) of
the gaseous, liquid and solid wastes discharged from such processes. A
feasibility test was conducted in a single metropolitan area for a survey
designed to obtain information from service stations, waste oil collectors,
and industrial users. The project also sought to obtain a national material
balance to determine the ultimate fate of used oils.
STATUS
Project completed. Publication: GPO-EP1.23/2:670/2-74-052 $4.00
NTIS PB 234857/AS $6.50
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-91-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Activated Carbon Treatment of Unbleached Kraft Effluent for Reuse
E. W. Long W. G. Timpe, and R. L. Miller, St. Regis Paper Co., Pensacola, Fl,
CITATION
same as Project/Title
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A four-year pilot plant program was carried out to investigate the
technical and economic feasibility of treating unbleached kraft pulp
and paper mill effluent for reuse. Preliminary laboratory studies and
cost estimates indicated that the following treatment sequences should
be investigated in the pilot plant.: 1) primary clarification, carbon
adsorption; 2) lime treatment, carbon adsorption; 3) primary clarification,
bio-oxidation, carbon adsorption. Water of reusable quality can be
provided from unbleached kraft effluent by several combinations of
treatment utilizing activated carbon. Unbleached pulping effluents
typically contain about 1000 color units, 250 mg/1 BOD. Reusable water
quality as defined in this study is 100 color units and 100 mb/1 TOC.
The most economical treatment is the micro!ime-carbon process that
utilizes low dosages of lime and clarification followed by carbon
adsorption in down-flow granular carbon beds. Capital cost for treatment
by this process of 9.6 mgd of unbleached kraft effluent from an 800 ton
perday mill was estimated to be approximately $6.7 million. Operating
costs, inclusive of capital depreciation, were estimated to be $0.30 per
1000 gal. and $3.58 per pulp-ton, including credit for the reused water.
Carbon adsorption in continuous counter-current stirred contractors was
found to have promise of lower operating cost and substantially lower
capital costs as compared to adsorpiton in fixed beds.
STATUS
Publication pending.
#660/2-75-004
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Ruppersberger, J.
-92-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Effluents of the Inorganic Gas Industry
J. Patterson, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, II.
CITATION
same as Project/Title
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A literature and field study of the inorganic gas industry revealed
that the industry is dominated by 1) air separation plants producing
argon, nitrogen and/or oxygen, 2) hydrogen plants and 3) carbon dioxide
plants. The major effluent of the industry is cooling water, which may
be contaminated with raw product condensates, oil, and grease and water
supply and cooling water treatment chemicals. Spent scrubber solutions
from product purification may also constitute a significant waste,
although newer production technology eliminates this aspect, as well as
oil and grease.
STATUS
Publication pending.
600/2-74-009c
INFORMATION/CONTACT
J. Patterson
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, II.
-93-
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C. Agricultural Liquid Wastes
PROJECT/TITLE
Automated System for Water Pollution Contrcl from an Animal Production Unit
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/ SUMMARY
The specific aims of the project were: 1. To continue to monitor with
weekly sampling and laboratory analyses the overall performance character-
istics of the plant. 2. To install, test and evaluate the performance of
the aerobic digester equipment to be provided by DeLaval Comapny, or if
not by them, to purchase and build a surface aerator for installation in
the aerobic digester. 3. Surface aerator; submergence and speed variation
in rotor; turbidity improvement of the effluent with the use of coagu-
lants; evaluation of chlorine disinfection of the recycled effluent.
4. To automate the disposal of solids onto the nearby farm land with the use of
automatically operated irrigation system. 5. To establish some monitoring
stations for sampling and analyzing the water from the Loramie Creek that
receives the drainage from the research farm of the Botkins Grain and
Feed Company. 6. Develop an economic model of the plant to evaluate ways
of making the system economically feasible.
STATUS
Completed.
The project was monitored for 3 yrs., and is reputedly the longest
study of a project of this type. The report is well documented. The
findings were presented in April, 1975 at a conference.
The report has been cleared for publication and is awaiting printing
by EPA.
IN FORMAT ION/ CONTACT
q J9? N" °Val Dr' ' 102 Administration Bldg.
, «o 9 Columbus, Ohio 43210
6l4-422-oo2o
Ohio State University
School of Agriculture
-94-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate Disposal of
Cattle Feedlot Wastes-Ultimate Disposal of Cattle Feedlot Wastes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives of the project are: 1) To determine the effects of
feedlot runoff and manure loading rates on the chemical and physical
properties of soil, on the quality of runoff from the disposal area
and on corn forage yields. 2) To determine the most economical loading
of feedlot wastes onto land compatible with pollution control. 3) To
determine the concentration of diethylstilbesterol residue in feedlot
wastes and its movement through the soil profile beneath the waste
disposal area.
STATUS
Project will be continuing for approximatley 6 months. Several publications
are available upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
H. L. Manges
Kansas State University
School of Engineering/Anderson Hall
Manhattan, Kansas 66502
(913) 532-5580
-95-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Pollution Control Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is the abatement of pollution through
improved systems for controlling beef cattle and sheep waste. Systems
for managing wastes from housed and feedlot beef cattle and sheep will
be developed and evaluated for economic abatement of air, water and
soil pollution. Permanent effluent land irrigation installations will
be designed for disposal or utilization runoff from a beef feedlot holding
pond to complete a total feedlot runoff control system. Attention will
be given to developing improved handling systems for managing the solid
waste. Units will be managed, tested and improved as necessary for
system optimization. The components of collection, treatment, transport
and disposal will be included in the design systems. Disposal of treated
effluent to land will be investigated to develop application rates for
optimum crop use.
STATUS
Project is still in progress.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(402) 472-2824
-96-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste From Housed Swine
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is to reduce the pollution
potential of housed swine through improved waste systems. Alternative
methods of collection, treatment, transport and disposal of waste
from housed sv/ine will be developed and evaluated as component
parts of a total system for economic reduction of the pollution poten-
tial of waste from all phases of swine production. Mcgor components of
systems will be evaluated, improved, and combined for development of
optimum total systems. Evaluations will be based on labor, initial
and operating costs, effects on livestock production, and degree of
control over pollution of air, waste and soil.
STATUS
Project is still in progress
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(420) 472 2874
.97-
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D. Commercial Li quid Waste
PROJECT/TITLE
Shrimp Canning Waste Treatment Study
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objectives of this project are: 1) Characterize physically,
chemically and biologically the wastewater from a typical shrimp canning
plant. 2) Measure the wastewater flows from a typical shrimp canning
plant. 3) Evaluate and recommend changes in canning process operations
to reduce wastewater flows. 4) Perform bench scale and pilot scale
studies on shrimp canning wastes in order to develop design and operational
criteria foV selected treatment methods. 5) Determine the economics of
various methods of solid waste disposal.
This project represents the initial stage of a continuing project.
The next phase will involve the design of a wastewater treatment facility.
The designing of the facility is expected to be completed by December,
1976.
STATUS
Preliminary Report
GPO-EP 1.23/2:660/2-74-061 $2.05
NTIS-PB 239 050/AS
INFORMATION/CONTACT
A. J. Szabo
American Shrimp Canners Association
P.O. Box 50774
New Orlean, La. 70150
(318) 234-4566
-98-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Food Processing Wastes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project dealt with the wastes generated by Oregon's primary
food processing industry, and involved the evaluation of waste occurrence
and waste disposal systems currently being used; estimation of the extent
and seriousness of present and future problems; establishment of guidelines
for the selection of research which could most reasonably help alleviate
the critical pollution problems; and implementation of individual research
projects involving waste reduction, waste treatment, and by-product develop-
ment.
The end-of-pipe flows and the discharges from unit operations were
monitored for flow, pH, temperature, settleable solids, turbidity,
suspended solids, total solids, coliform, total coliform, fecal strep-
tococcus,COD, BOD and chemical concentrations. The results are expressed,
where appropriate, as concentrations (e.g., mg U) and in terms of produc-
tion (e.g., Ib/T).
STATUS:
Information and publications may be acquired from the Food Science and
Technology Department, Oregon State Univeristy.
Note:
The effluents were tested through spray irrigation methods using "guess
amounts" and results of the various concentrations were recorded.
Concentration results are listed for each food processing industry.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Mr. Soderquist
Food Science & Technology
Oregon State University
Corvalis, Oregon 97331
(503) 752-1141, 6719
-99-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives: Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations. Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants. Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.
Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation, extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable. The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.
Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal. Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors. Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine. Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.
The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons. Spray irrigation of
the effluent on fields is now being tested.
STATUS
The project is just getting started with initial promising results.
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio 43210
(614) 422-5169
-100-
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PROJECT/TITLE
The Better Whey; A Dilemma
CITATION
Proceedings: Second National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes, Sidney
Boxer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash., D.C. 3/1971. pp. 409-
412.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The cheese industry has the problems of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a food by-product with excellent nutritive
value. Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat the whey from surrounding
industries since whey recovery is such an expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install the equipment. This
research and development outfit has built a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New-Yo'rk in cooperation with Dairylea of New York. Whole whey for use as
a food or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drying,
the most efficient and economical method discovered by previous research.
Laval Separator Company has built the equipment for the demonstration
plant. One of the major problems encountered in this project was the
conversion of, cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process. (D) (G)
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-101-
-------
E. Institutional Liquid Wastes
TITLE/PROJECT
Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria
for disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting,
evaluating and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental
quality in cold regions.
Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by appli-
cation to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes.
Significant aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon
completing of work in each problem area.
STATUS
Continuous project.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P.O. Box 282
Hanover , New Hampshire 03755
(603) 643-3200 ext. 243
-102-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes Collection Treatment
and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project consisted of compiling an annotated bibliography of
the available literature on hospital solid waste collection, treatment,
and disposal systems. Literature on microbiological or health aspects
related to the various systems is included.
STATUS
The project is completed. Publications may be obtained from EPA
(Publication EP #00458-02S1)
INFORMATION CONTACT
Oscar Albrecht, Project Officer
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
-103-
-------
F. Mining Liquid Wastes
PROJECT/TITLE
Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: The purpose of the Lake Hope project is to demonctrate
the reduction of acid mine drainage pollution by the removal of coal refuse,
and the construction of bulkhead seals to flood underground mine workings
and thus prevent the formation of acid. The Lake Hope site was chosen for
the demonstration project because acidic drainage from abandoned coal mines
in the watershed above Lake Hope has severely restricted waste oriented
activity in this prime recreational area. A total of 107 mine openings
has been noted. The combined acid discharge from these openings is over
700,000 pounds per year. A multiphase mine drainage abatement demonstration
program is recommended with major elements including: Removal and/or
burial of coal refuse which was scattered throughout the area during active
mining operations; sealing of about 50 mine openings.
STATUS
Several standard bulkheads, and one innovative, but not new, bulkhead
were used. The dirt was stripped from the hillside at the site of the
mine openings. A clay dam was constructed and the stripped dirt was used
to re-cover the hillside, thus sealing in the acid mine leakage. It is
expected that before the end of 1975, the engineering design phase will
be completed. Fifty mines have been cleared of coal refuse and sealed to date.
A feasibility study is pending publication.. EPA-R2-73-151 Lake Hope
DrainageDemonstration Project.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
WC Roman
Division of Planning
Fountain Sq. 43224
(614) 466-2333
-104-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The concepts of sand abatement, strip-mine reclamation.and mine-
acid control are the objectives of the project. The demonstration
project will seek to show how the use of sludge, fertilizing, liming
and other minor techniques will permit the growth and self-regenera-
tion of various grasses, shrubs and trees.
The demonstration project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalachia. Severe erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched. Sand erosion from
high walls and spoil banks causes considerable property loss due to
the deposition of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of
existing waterways.
One of the problems encountered in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported. The transportation of
sludge from the waste treatment facility to the Appalachian hills is
expensive.
STATUS
A final report is pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
Appalachian Regional Commission
C. Meir
State Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio 43212
J614) 466-3066
-105-
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G. Miscellaneous
PROJECT/TITLE
Application and Procurement of Automatic Wastewater Samplers by R.P. Lauch,
Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research Laboratory, EPA Cinn.,
Ohio.
CITATION
Application and Procurement of Automatic Wastev;ater Samplers by R.P. Lauch,
Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research Laboratory, EPA Cinn.,
Ohio.
ABSRTACT/SUMMARY
Application and procurement of automatic sampling devices are
discussed. Different sampler characteristics including composition
proportionality, preservation, lift, and power are described. Manufacturers
are listed. Application is discussed with reference to compliance with
the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program,
treatment plant control, and other uses. Method of selection and procure-
ment (involving application, familiarization, and purchase) are discussed.
STATUS
Publication Pending. (In House Project)
670/4-75-003
INFORMATION/CONTACT
EPA
R. P. Lauch
(513)684-2935
-106-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewat.er Treatment
by R. Smith and W. F. McMichael, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory, EPA Cincinnati, Ohio.
CITATION
Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewater Treatment
by R. Smith and W. F. McMichael, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory, EPA Cincinnati, Ohio.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Various alternative systems for supplying oxygen to wastewater
treatment processes were studied and evaluated in terms of cost and
effectiveness. Systems which deliver atmospheric air to the process such
as diffused aeration, mechanical aeration, and turbine aeration are
compared to systems which deliver pure oxygen gas. The relationship
between oxygen consumption and excess sludge production in the activated
sludge process is quantified. Factors such as the diurnal variation in
oxygen demand and the oxygen demand as a function of distance along the
aerator in the activated sludge process are studied. Finally, the
total cost for oxygen supply expressed as cents per pound of oxygen
dissolved,in the wastewater is estimated as a function of total oxygen
consumption expressed as tons of oxygen used per day. The least costly
system was found to be mechanical aeration. The pure oxygen system was
found to cost roughly the same as a diffused air system with an aeration
efficiency of 54%.
STATUS
Publication pending
1670/2-75-001
INFORMATION/CONTACT
EPA
Smith R.
513-684-8352
-107-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Upgrading Wastewater Stabilization Ponds to Meet New Discharge Standards
by E. J. Middlebrooks, D. H. Falkenborg, R. F. Lewis, and D. J. Ehreth,
Utah State University Logan, Utah
CITATION
same as PROJECT/TITLE
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The question as to whether lagoons, as they now exist, meet the new
secondary treatment standards and what methods would work to upgrade
lagoon treatment in cases where they presently do not meet the standards is
of high priority for many Regional Offices of EPA. The symposium was
held for EPA staff and State Officials to review the Office of Research
and Development's program for upgrading lagoons. The intermittent sand
filter, land application of algae laden effluents and the submerged rock
filter offer good potential for cost effective upgrading. The basic
biology of the treatment mechanism, disinfection technology, the controlled
discharge operation (and results), cost effective analysis, and new fields
of research were covered by speakers. Intermittent sand filtration,
submerged rock filtration, and land application of sewage effluents are
effective alternatives to removing algae from sewage lagoons.
STATUS
Publication Pnding
670/9-75-004
INFORMATION CONTACT
E. 0. Middlebrooks
D. H. Falkenborg
Utah State University
Logan, Utah
-108-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment
CITATION
Boothe, W.A.; General Electric Corporate Research and Development,
Schenectady, N. Y.; Dec. 74; 367p
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report contains a thorough analysis of all the methods for
processing and disposing of solid waste currently in use or being
considered. It includes not only the conventional disposal processes
such as land fill, composting, and incineration but also the newer
resource recovery technologies such as pyrolysis, material and energy
recovery which are now emerging from the laboratory. In addition to
analysis of complete processes, discussions on the merits or key
pieces of equipment such as shredders, air separators, andjconveyors
are also included. The analysis includes a description of the technical
features of each process and how it works, a review of operating
history and experience to date, and estimates of both capital and
operating costs as well as scale-up considerations. Numerous tables
are provided which allow ready comparison of competing processes in
terms of net energy recovered, effluents, weight of materials to
be land filled, etc.
STATUS
Publication available. NTIS PB-238 144/OS1
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-109-
-------
PART II - SOLIDS
A. Processed Wastes - Industrial
PROJECT/TITLE
Geochemical Controls on Trace Element Concentrations in Natural Waters of
a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill Site
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The geochemical controls on various (8) trace elements will be determined
for natural waters of a proposed ash storage landfill site accompanying a coal
fueled power plant to be built in N. E. Kansas. The study is the first step
in evaluating the effect on water quality caused by the large amount of trace
elements concentrated in the ash or volatilized during the burning of the coal
when the plant is operative.
The present ranges and temporal variation of trace element concentrations
will be determined in precipitation, surface, and ground waters in the drainage
basins of the proposed landfill site and an adjacent small stream. The chemical
constituents and properties of soils and bedrock in the two basins will be
made and their controls on the addition, removal, and movement of the elements
will be evaluated and compared.
STATUS
The study has been in progress for 2 yrs. during which time the natural
waters have been monitored. The proposed plant is not under construction.
The data that has been collected to date gives a systematic approach to the
monitoring of water. The preliminary report contains data on monthly samples
of water and data on 10-12 elements.
INFORMATION CONTACT
D. 0. Dittemore
Kansas State Univ.
School of Arts/Dickens Hall
Manhattan, Kansas 66502
(913) 532 6724
•110-
-------
RESIDUAL WASTE RECLAMATION
Section II
Part I Sludge Disposal
Part II Solid Disposal
Part III Liquid Disposal
-111-
-------
Part I Sludge Disposal
-113-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: A study to summarize and evaluate existing data pertain-
ing to sludge disposal. Investigate the potential methods for improving
the characteristics of sludge, and recommend future testing required.
The objective of the program is to evaluate the data which is available
on sludge disposal and its properties so that a logical test program can
be established. The scope of the program is to summarize and evaluate
the available data to determine the problem areas, to summarize and
evaluate the methods for improving the characteristics of sludge, and to
develop a test program for [improving the characteristics of sludge. Exist-
ing data pertaining to sludge disposal is summarized.
STATUS
The paper study has been completed. A small pilot plant (1>000 Ibs
per hr) has been built, and produces a leachate from sludge which is being
tested on a small scale vegetable farm. Good results have been attained,
and trace elements and toxicity studies will be performed. The leachate
is being used by fertilizer producers, also. Plant production will be
increased to produce 3,000 Ibs of fetilizer.
INFORMATION CONTACT
B. McKinney or James Crow
U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority
Chattanooga, Tenn. 37402
(615) 755-3011
-115-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives: Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations. Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants. Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.
Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation, extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable. The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.
Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal. Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors. Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine. Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.
The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons. Spray irrigation of
the effluent on fields is now being tested.
STATUS
The project is just getting started with initial promising results.
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio 43210
(614) 422-5169
-116-
-------
RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
PROJECT/TITLE
Reuse of Solid Waste From Water-Softening Processes
CITATION
Nelson, Raynor D.; Vey, Eben I IT Research Institute, Chicago, 111.
Final Report
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The report summarizes a study of several methods for dewatering
a water-softening sludge. Beneficial uses of the dewatered sludge are
evaluated. Vacuum filtration after gravity thickening was found to be
more economical for the area studied, the Village of Park Forest,
Illinois, than centrifuging, lagooning or sand bed drying. The study
found that in a dry powder or almost dry condition, the sludge has a
potential use as a mineral filler in paints, floor coverings, caulking,
and bituminous products, and as a soil admixture and/or soil conditioner.
STATUS
Publication is available from NTIS PB- 224820
$4.25/MF $1.45
Information Contact
N/A
-117-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Activated Carbon Treatment of Unbleached Kraft Effluent for Reuse
E. W. Long W. G. Timpe, and R. L. Miller, St. Regis Paper Co., Pensacola, Fl,
CITATION
•same as Project/Title
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A four-year pilot plant program was carried out to investigate the
technical and economic feasibility of treating unbleached kraft pulp
and paper mill effluent for reuse. Preliminary laboratory studies and
cost estimates indicated that the following treatment sequences should
be investigated in the pilot plant.: 1) primary clarification, carbon
adsorption; 2) lime treatment, carbon adsorption; 3) primary clarification,
bio-oxidation, carbon adsorption. Water of reusable quality can be
provided from unbleached kraft effluent by several combinations of
treatment utilizing activated carbon. Unbleached pulping effluents
typically contain about 1000 color units, 250 mg/1 BOD. Reusable water
quality as defined in this study is 100 color units and 100 mb/1 TOC.
The most economical treatment is the micro!ime-carbon process that
utilizes low dosages of lime and clarification followed by carbon
adsorption in down-flow granular carbon beds. Capital cost for treatment
by this process of 9.6 mgd of unbleached kraft effluent from an 800 ton
perday mill was estimated to be approximately $6.7 million. Operating
costs, inclusive of capital depreciation, were estimated to be $0.30 per
1000 gal. and $3.58 per pulp-ton, including credit for the reused water.
Carbon adsorption in continuous counter-current stirred contractors was
found to have promise of lower operating cost and substantially lower
capital costs as compared to adsorpiton in fixed beds.
STATUS
Publication pending.
#660/2-75-004
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Ruppersberger, J.
-118-
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PROJECT/TITLE
A Color Removal and Fibrous Sludge Disposal Process for the Kraft Paper
Industry
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This publication discusses the development of an economical design
and operational data applicable to the Kraft pulp and paper industry in
removal of color in mill effluents and in disposal of fibrous sludges.
Color removal was accomplished by lime precipitation of the color bodies
and fibers with subsequent regeneration of the lime by sludge combustion
in a kiln.
STATUS
Project completed. Publication: GPO-#P1.23.2:660/2-74-008 $1.65
NTIS-PB 235573/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-m-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Waste Citrus Activated Sludge As a Poultry Feed Ingredient
CITATION
R. H. Jones, J. T. White, and B. L. Damron Winter Garden Citrus Products
Corporative Winter Garden, Fl.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The report presents an evaluation of the potential of utilizing
waste activated sludge as a poultry feed supplement. The sludge used
in this study was obtainted from an activated sludge process treating
concentrated citrus waste containing no sanitary wastewater. The sludge
was thickened, dewatered and dried using full scale and pilot-scale
equipment. The dried sludge was then analyzed for protein, fiber,
amino acids, nutrients and moisture. Poultry feeds containing varying
concentration of sludge were prepared. Two experiments with boiler
chicks, each of three weeks duration, one 8- week broiler study, and
six-month laying hen study were conducted to determine the effect of
the inclusion of sludge in poultry diets on performance. It is shown
in this report that the inclusion of sludge in property formulate
diets up to 7.5 percent did not significantly affect poultry performance
or meat or egg quality. The value of the sludge was calculated based on
the reduction in feed ingredients resulting from the inclusion of
sludge. It was found that the value of the recovered sludge significantly
reduced the total cost of sludge handling.
STATUS
Publication Pending. EPA #660/2-75-001
INFROMATION CONTACT
EPA
Thompson, H.
-120-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment Sludges
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project was to develop information on sludge
volumes and characteristics produced in metal finishing plants, determine
the effects of weathering on sludges in current disposal practice, and
carry out bench scale investigations on potentially attractive
techniques for recovering metals from these sludges. On the basis of
the investigation, the process design and economics will be determined
for selected metal recovery systems.
STATUS
Publication pending. Report #670/2-75-018
INFORMATION CONTACT
Ray Smithson
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus, Ohio
(614) 299-3151 ext. 2342
-121-
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PROJECT/TITLE
West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The concepts of sand abatement, strip-mine reclamation and mine-
acid control are the objectives of the project. The demonstration project
will seek to how the use of sludge, fertilizing, liming and other minor
techniques will permit the growth and self-regeneration of various grasses,
shrubs and trees.
The demonstration project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalachia. Severe erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched. Sand erosion from high
walls and spoil banks causes considerable property loss due to the deposi-
tion of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of existing water-
ways.
One of the problems encountered in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported. The transportation of sludge
from the waste treatment facility to the Appalachian hills is expensive.
STATUS
A final report is pending.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Appalachian Regional Commission or
C. Heir
State Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio 43212 ~122"
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PROJECT/TITLE
Combined Sludge Processing Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
CCCSD has built an Advanced Treatment Test Facility (TTF) to
treat raw sewage with lime followed by biological nitrification and
denitrification at up to 2.5 MGD. The excess lime sludge is dewatered
in a pair of centrifuges operated in series to separate calcium
carbonate from calcium phosphate organic matter and inerts. Calcium
carbonate is to be converted to recovered lime in one set of multiple
heart furnaces and the residual sludge will be incinerated in another
set of furnaces. This proposal documents the studies already carried
out leading to the above conclusions and fills in engineering and
analytical data necessary to make a complete report.
STATUS
Publication: Sludge Processing For Combined Physical-Chemical-Biological
Sludges
6PO-EP 1.23/2:R2-73-250 $2.10
NTIS/PB 223 341
INFORMATION CONTACT
P. H. Caldwell
Central Contra Costa Sanitation District
Walnut Creek, California
-123-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The object of the project was to: 1) Perform a comprehensive literature
review and survey of the present municipal and utility sludge and ash produc-
tion, disposal methods and utilization methods. 2) Determine technical
feasibility and economic practicality of more widespread application of present
utilization methods. 3) Suggest new utilization methods with consideration of
technical feasibility and economic practicality. A search of the literature
and contact with a variety of governmental and trade organizations who are
producers and/or present or potential users of sludges and ashes were conducted.
STATUS
Completed Publication is pending.
Characterization and Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes.
Vol. 1
EPA # 670/2-75-033 a, b, c, & d
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-124-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated Lands
CITATION
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is to determine methods for
disposal and utilization of sewage effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical and chemical characteristics necessary for proper sewage
effluent and sludge disposal and renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects of sewage effluent and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.
Municipal and industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids and forest vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land disposal projects. Soil and ground
water samples were analyzed for nutrient elements and for potentially
toxic materials. Changes in composition in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage sludge to forest lands.
STATUS
The project is a continuing one. Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen is the major pollutant. Reports
may be obtained upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
After 9/1/75
Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
(-616) 775-7776
-125-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Using Cropland For Sewage Wastewater And Sludge Disposal W. E. Sopper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forest!and,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soil's potential for removing N from wastes by
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.
Hydrologic effects such as perched water tables, interflow and
runoff were measured.
STATUS
Completed Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater
Through Forest and Cropland
GPO-EPI.23/2:660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-126-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Review of Experience With Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge - A
Bibliography
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this program was to provide a critical review
of existing information and operational experiences in landspreading
of liquid sewage sludge. Major emphasis was given to obtaining in-
formation concerning unreported landspreading operations currently
employed in this country through a telephone survey and visits to
representative treatment plants and associated landspreading operations.
This information was evaluated with respect to present technology,
and environmental impacts from landspreading including evaluation of
landspreading subsystems relating to sludge handling and conditioning
modes of transport, spreading techniques, and soil and/or crop responses.
Further this program also provided a summarization and an updating of
sewage sludge landspreading practices found in the literature. An
evaluation of the data obtained will identify deficiencies where
additional studies are needed and aid in the development of proper
design criteria for landspreading systems.
The investigator found that only 3 or 4 sewage treatment plants
had a water quality program. There is a lack of intensive monitoring
of waste programs, though there is an abundance of field work being
done.
Research revealed that approximately 400 plants in the five most
populous regions in the U.S. have been landspreading sewage sludge with-
out monitoring for over 50 years.
The completed bibliography contains short histories with annotated
bibliographies of 25 treatment plants visited by the researchers.
STATUS
Project is completed and publication is expected in August, 1975
INFORMATION CONTACT:
Office of Research Monitoring
G. K. Dotson
NERC - Cinn. , Ohio
-127-
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project demonstrated the use of fly ash from a nearby power
plant and sludge incinerator ash as filter aids in the pressure filtra-
tion of sludges. Pilot plant tests indicated that due to the nature
of the sludge from the trickling filter plant other alternate methods
of pretreatment would incur severe economic penalties. On the other
hand the chemical ingredients in the fly ash and sludge incinerator
ash, which are obtained at no cost,permitted adequate dewatering at
minimum cost. In addition, the trace minerals in the ashes and the
plant food value from the sludge constituted a useable soil conditioner.
The City of Cedar Rapids plans to utilize some of this sludge as a
soil conditioner and fertilizer in their parks.
STATUS
Project Completed Publication
GPO-EP1.23/2:R 2-73-231 $2.10
NTIS-PB 223-535
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-128-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Lime Stablized Sludge: Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural Land
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
An optimum system for the lime stabilization of municipal sewage
sludge was first developed and evaluated. The primary objectives of
this work were (1) to determine the degree of stability induced in a
sludge by lime addition and (2) to determine the effects of spreading
lime-stabilized sludge on agricultural land. Lime doses and contact
times required to eliminate the pathogenic bacteria and odors from
raw sludge were determined by laboratory studies, and the information
obtained was translated into design and operational parameters for a
pilot scale, continuous flow process. Physical, chemcial and biological
characteristics of both the raw and stabilized sludge, were measured.
Soil and crop studies, both in a greenhouse and on controlled outdoor
plots, were performed to determine the effects of spreading lime-
stabilized sludge. Effective lime stabilization of sludge was accom-
plished by elevating the pH to 12.0 with lime addition and maintaihing
the pH level for at least 30 minutes.
STATUS
Publication Pending 1975
#670/2-75-012
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA
J.E. Smith, Jr.
(513) 684-8267
-129-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project consisted of a series of experiments on the treatment
of oily sludges (crude tank bottoms, Bunker C, intermediate wax oils)
by spreading and cultivation into soil under prevailing climatic condi-
tions. Nine test plots were operated at specific nutrient addition
levels. The objectives were to determine; 1) Decomposition rates of
various types of oily waste sludges. 2) Effectiveness of adding nutrient
supplements. 3) Major microbiological species active in the soil.
4) Cost of the process for the disposal of oily waste. & 5) Depth of oil
penetration into the soil. The demonstration phase followed a six-
month pilot phase for optimization of waste loading rates and nutrient
addition.
STATUS
The project was completed in 1973 after two years of testing. The
results were presented at a conference in Atlanta, Ga. by Gordon Reno.
Pub.: Oily Haste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process-GPO EP1.23/2:R2-72-110 $2.00
NTIS-PB 219059
INFORMATION/CONTACT
B. Baldwin
Shell Oil Company
Deer Park, Texas 77536
(713) 479-2311
-130-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Cost-Effectiveness Study for Handling and Disposal of Organic Sludges
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The goal of this project is to develop mathematical model for all
commonly used processes for sludge handling and disposal and to use
these models in an Executive program which will size all processes and
estimate the cost of the complete treatment train. Processes being
considered are gravity thickening, air flotation thickening, centrifugation,
anaerobic digestion, elutriation, aerobic digestion, vacuum filters,
sand drying beds, multiple hearth incineration, and transport and disposal
to land. A total of 181 ways have been identified to handle and dispose
of both primary and waste activated sludge. Computation of the cost of
these alternative processes will begin when models for aerobic digestion
and land disposal have been completed.
STATUS
Final stage of Preparation for Publication
INFORMATION CONTACT
Richard Eilers or Robert Smith
NERC
5555 Ridge Ave.
Cinn., Ohio 45213
684-2200, 8352
-131-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Sludge Processing, Transportation, and Disposal/Resource Recovery;
Planning Perspective
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A methodology was developed in this report for use in the 208
planning process for the evaluation of alternatives for the ultimate
disposal of residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment
plants. This methodology considered technical, economic, social, and
institutional factors pertinent to a thorough review of alternatives.
Residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants
were characterized. Handling and treatment processes for the residual
wastes were discussed and evaluated in light of qualitative and
quantitative changes to the residual wastes. Liquid, gaseous, and
solid sidestreams produced in residual waste treatment were evaluated
and rail, pipeline, barge, and truck transport of residual wastes were
analyzed.
Environmental, operational, and institutional constraints to the
use of ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills, sludge recycling,
and land reclamation were presented.
STATUS
Completed in Feb. 1975 - EPA Publication - Contract # 68-01-3104
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dr. Dean Neptune
Water Planning Division/Planning Assistance
401 M St. S.W.
Wash. D.C. 20460
(202) 426-2474
-132-
-------
Part II Solid Disposal
-133-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives: Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations. Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants. Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.
Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation, extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable. The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.
Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal. Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors. Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine. Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.
The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons. Spray irrigation of
the effluent on fields is now being tested.
STATUS
The project is just getting started with initial promising results.
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio 43210
(614) 422-5169
-135-
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PROJECT/TITLE
The Better Whey; A Dilemma
CITATION
Proceedings: Second National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes, Sidney
Boxer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash., D.C. 3/1971. pp. 409-
412.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The cheese industry has the problems of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a food by-product with excellent nutritive
value. Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat the whey from surrounding
industries since whey recovery is such an expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install the equipment. This
research and development outfit has built a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New 'Yo'rk in cooperation with Dairylea of New York. Whole whey for use as
a food or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drying,
the most efficient and economical method discovered by previous research.
Laval Separator Company has built the equipment for the demonstration
plant. One of the major problems encountered in this project was the
conversion of cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process. (D) (G)
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-136-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Seafood Solid Waste in Oregon: Disposal or Recovery
CITATION
Special rept: Kreag, Rebecca; Smith, Frederick J.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The quantity and nature of seafood waste from processing operations
are described. Ten alternatives to discharge directly into estuaries
are presented. Three methods of disposal were studied for these wastes:
incineration, barging off shore and landfill. Landfill appears to be
the least costly and the most promising disposal alternative because of
the limited quantity of wastes involved. Seven alternatives were con-
sidered for recovery of wastes for a marketable product: flesh for
human consumption; fish protein concentrate; fishmeal; mink feed;
fish food; fertilizer; and chitin for new special products.
STATUS
NTIS $3.00/MF $1.45 COM-74-11245/9
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-137-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Copper Recovery from Brass Mill Discharge by Cementation with Scrap Iron
By P. 0. Case, Anaconda Company Waterbury, Ct.
CITATION
same as Project/Title
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report presents the results of studies of copper recovery (and
incidental reduction of hexavolent chromium) in brass mill discharge by
passage of the discharge over scrap iron in a rotating drum. The drum feed
consisted of normal production discharge of combined pickle rinse water
and spent sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid-bichromate pickle. About half
of the total mill waste discharge over a period of 16 weeks was processed.
Four modes of drum operation were studied: (1) continuous rotation, (2) no
rotation, (3) intermittent rotation (1 hr off - 5 min on), and (4) intermittent
rotation (2-1/2 hr off - 10 min on). Each mode was studied at two flow levels
and two scrap iron surface area levels. Data were evaluated in terms of
percent cementation of available copper, excess iron consumption over
theoretical, and completeness of chromium reduction. Results indicate that
the over-riding factor in the efficiency of copper cementation is the level
of copper in the feed solution. Hexavalent chromium is effectively reduced
providing the pH is below 2.5
STATUS
Publication Pending 1670/2-75-029
INFORMATION/CONTACT
EPA
R. Tabakin
201-548-3414
-138-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel from Plating Waste
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project involves the demonstration of a metal finishing waste
abatement system which consists of an integrated nickel and chromium
chemical wash treatment, recovery of nickel from the nickel produced
in the treatment process, recovery of chromic acid from the rinse and
scrubber waters. The system permits the reuse of the bulk of the waste-
water and the reduction of sludge.
The state of Michigan has the most stringent pollution codes in
the U.S. Since the abatement system has been in progress, the plating
effluent has been able to meet the state's water pollution codes. The
demonstration system has been in operation for the past 2 years.
The recovery system is a very sophisticated and elaborate system
whereby sludge is produced in cake form which is less bulky. The waste-
water is precipitated, treated and discharged into the sewer.
STATUS
The demonstration system is an ongoing project.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
C. W. Grose
Michigan Plating & Stamping Co.
740 Ann St., N.W.
Grand Rapids, Michigan 490504
(616) 363-4847
-139-
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project demonstrated the use of fly ash from a nearby power
plant and sludge incinerator ash as filter aids in the pressure filtra-
tion of sludges. Pilot plant tests indicated that due to the nature
of the sludge from the trickling filter plant other alternate methods
of pretreatment would incur severe economic penalties. On the other
hand the chemical ingredients in the fly ash and sludge incinerator
ash, which are obtained at no cost,permitted adequate dewatering at
minimum cost. In addition, the trace minerals in the ashes and the
plant food value from the sludge constituted a useable soil conditioner.
The City of Cedar Rapids plans to utilize some of this sludge as a
soil conditioner and fertilizer in their parks.
STATUS
Project Completed Publication
GPO-EP1.23/2:R 2-73-231 $2.10
NTIS-PB 223-535
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-140-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment
CITATION
Boothe, W.A.; General Electric Corporate Research and Development,
Schenectady, N. Y.-, Dec. 74; 367p
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report contains a thorough analysis of all the methods for
processing and disposing of solid waste currently in use or being
considered. It includes not only the conventional disposal processes
such as land fill, composting, and incineration but also the newer
resource recovery technologies such as pyrolysis, material and energy
recovery which are naw emerging from the laboratory. In addition to
analysis of complete processes, discussions on the merits or key
pieces of equipment such as shredders, air separators, andjconveyors
are also included. The analysis includes a description of the technical
features of each process and how it works, a review of operating
history and experience to date, and estimates of both capital and
operating costs as well as scale-up considerations. Numerous tables
are provided which allow ready comparison of competing processes in
terms of net energy recovered, effluents, weight of materials to
be land filled, etc.
STATUS
Publication available. NTIS PB-238 144/OS1
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-141-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Elimination of Water Pollution by Recycling Cement Plantdusts
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives overall - Elimination of problems associated with disposal
of kiln dust from cement plants. Specifically by: 1) Formation of clinker
with concomitant violatilization of alkalies. 2) Leaching of water-
soluble alkalies and return of leachate to system. 3) Other uses of dust,
fertilizer, soil stabilizer, or agricultural limestone. 4) Use of dust
as admixture to modify cement or cement products. Present approach - Heat
treatment of clay or shale fraction to remove alkalies from a portion of
raw feed and/or to remove alkalie from total dust. Fluid bed furnace to
remove alkalies at low temperature by control of the furnace atmosphere
presently underway.
STATUS
The project is in the final writing stage. It was deemed somewhat
successful by the investigators. Water soluble alkalies in cement dust
were removed by flame-spraying.
Other phases of the project will continue until maximum results are
gained. The project will be funded by private industry upon the exhaustion
of governmental funds.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dr. Miller
Protalnd Cement Association
5420 Old Orchard Rd.,
Skokie, 111. 60076
(312) 966-6200
-142-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Reclamation and recycling - An Economic Overview
CITATION
Schilling, Spencer, A., Richard J. Bengston, and John W. Lindholm, Jr.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
It is sometimes assumed that the same technology that has created
the wealth of products that we now throw away can create the means of
reclaiming the valuable components in the wastes. Technology is needed,
of course, but along with it must come new organizational structures
the will encourage regional and State planning and operation of solid
waste operations. One of the reasons that recycling is now so uneconomical
is that depletion allowances and discriminatory freight rates encourage
exploitation of virgin resources rather than reuse of secondary
materials. Of the 360 million tons of wastes per year generated by
residential, commercial, institutional, and manufacturing establishments,
about one third is recycled. Most of this reuse is in the production
process itself, such as the return to the pulping process of paper broke.
The real waste of resources occurs once the materials find their way into
the heterogeneous waste collected by the municipal collection vehicle.
Systems for reclaiming this waste exist; the reasons why recycling does
not take place are not so much techological as they are economic and
sociopolitical. The main economic difficulty is the lack of demand for
recycled goods. Often the mills to make paper and steel are not close
to urban centers, where the waste are, but close to coal or pulpwood
supplies. Legal obstacles stand in the way of reclamation of junk cars;
title procedures are long and involved and delay the return of the
automobile to the production stream. A great deal of economic dislocation
might result from recycling efforts; unemployment in primary resources
industries is an example of one potential problem. (D) (G)
STATUS
Retained in SWIRS Library
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-143-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Contingency Planning for Resource Recovery
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A resource recovery plant has been designed by the National
Center for Resource Recovery, and is presently under construction in
New Orleans, La. The plant will be operated by a private firm.
The plant is scheduled to open on May 1, 1976 with a 650 ton per
day material recovery system that utilizes shredding, classifying and
extraction of aluminum, glass, iron, steel, and non-ferrous metals
(excluding aluminum) and paper. The residuals, which will be mostly
organic, will be landfilled.
The waste system is so designed as to have no adverse environmental
impact upon ground or surface water. Water sampling is being done
around the site to establish hydrogeological data, and sampling will
continue during the course of operation.
The plant is being built on city-owned land. The cost of the plant,
with the exception of the recovery system, is borne by the private firm.
The resource recovery system is financed by the National Center for
Resource Recovery, a non-profit research organization.
The plant will process one-half of the city's waste initially.
Two incinerators will be de-commissioned upon completion of the plant.
Some of the profit gained from the sale of recovered materials
will be shared by the city of New Orleans.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT
J. F. Bernheisel
National Center for Resource Recovery
1211 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 223-6154
-144-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Food Processing Wastes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project dealt with the wastes generated by Oregon's primary
food processing industry, and involved the evaluation of waste occurrence
and waste disposal systems currently being used; estimation of the extent
and seriousness of present and future problems; establishment of guidelines
for the selection of research which could most reasonably help alleviate
the critical pollution problems; and implementation of individual research
projects involving waste reduction, waste treatment, and by-product develop-
ment.
The end-of-pipe flows and the discharges from unit operations were
monitored for flow, pH, temperature, settleable solids, turbidity,
suspended solids, total solids, coliform, total coliform, fecal strep-
tococcus, COD, BOD and chemical concentrations. The results are expressed,
where appropriate, as concentrations (e.g., mg U) and in terms of produc-
tion (e.g., Ib/T).
STATUS:
Information and publications may be acquired from the Food Science and
Technology Department, Oregon State Univeristy.
Note:
The effluents were tested through spray irrigation methods using "guess
amounts1,' and results of the various concentrations were recorded.
Concentration results are listed for each food processing industry.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Mr. Soderquist
Food Science & Technology
Oregon State University
Corvalis, Oregon 97331
(503) 752-1141, 6719
-145-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes Collection Treatment
and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project consisted of compiling an annotated bibliography of
the available literature on hospital solid waste collection, treatment,
and disposal systems. Literature on microbiological or health aspects
related to the various systems is included.
STATUS
The project is completed. Publications may be obtained from EPA
(Publication EP #00458-02S1)
INFORMATION CONTACT
Oscar Albrecht, Project Officer
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
-146-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Flyash Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project involved the disposal of flyash as a slurry in a worked
out mine. The resultant mixture of slurry water and mine water were
chemically treated before discharge to a stream. This project has been
in existence for the past five years and is scheduled to continue for
another 5 years.
The dissolved salts in the discharge has dropped from 3000 PPI to
2000 PPI to date. Research is continuing to reduce the salt content to
1500 PPI or lower. The state of Penn. treats the discharge as a process
rather than a mine effluent. The present PPI would be allowable if the
discharge was treated as mine drainage. However, the mechanism is
working well, and research will continue.
STATUS
Ongoing Project. Information will be sent upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Mr. Robert O'Hare
Mr. Nelson Tonet
Duquesne Light Company
435 6th Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219
-147-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Fuel Gas; Production from Solid Waste
CITATION
NSF Contract C-827 (covering the period: June 28, 1973 to December 31,
1974) Initiated June 28, 1973. Dynatech Report #1258. Prepared by R.G.
Kispert, S.E. Sadek, L.C. Anderson, and D.L. Wise.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The primary objective of this program is the development of a process
for the economic production of pipeline quality fuel gas from the large
organic fraction of municipal solid waste. As part of a continuing
effort to find techniques for supplementing the natural gas resources in
the United States, Consolidated Natural Gas Service Company, Inc.,
initiated at Dynatech R/D Company about four years ago, extensive laboratory
experiments on the anaerobic digestion of solid waste. As a result of these
experiments, the feasibility of this gas production process has been
demonstrated. The process has national applicability. Preliminary cost
estimates based on a computer model developed at Dynatech for Consolidated
indicated that large plants in metropolitan areas will produce fuel gas
at an acceptable cost.
The program, funded by NSF/RANN, initially called for engineering
analysis and computer optimization of the process on a production scale,
followed by initiation of pilot plant work. Contract amendment No.l, April
9, 1974, changed the project objectives to delete the design, procurement,
and assembly of a pilot plant. Under this redirection the economic model
of the process is to be confirmed and applied to analysis and review of
the projected performance of a full scale plant for the manufacture of
fuel gas from solid waste. An added objective is the evaluation and
specification of a proof-of-concept pilot plant.
STATUS
N/A Final Report - NSF/RANN/SE/C-827/PR/74/5
INFORMAT ION/CONTACT
Dynatech R/D Company
99 Erie Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
-148-
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Part III Liquid Disposal
-149-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants y
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives: Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations. Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants. Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.
Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation, extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable. The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.
Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse th.ereby reducing the
total"volume for disposal. Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors. Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine. Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.
The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons. Spray irrigation of
the effluent on fields is now being tested.
STATUS
The project is just getting started with initial promising results.
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio 43210
(614) 422-5169
-151-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project consisted of a series of experiments on the treatment
of oily sludges (crude tank bottoms, Bunker C, intermediate wax oils)
by spreading and cultivation into soil under prevailing climatic condi-
tions. Nine test plots were operated at specific nutrient addition
levels. The objectives were to determine; 1) Decomposition rates of
various types of oily waste sludges. 2) Effectiveness of adding nutrient
supplements. 3) Major microbiological species active in the soil.
4) Cost of the process for the disposal of oily waste. & 5) Depth of oil
penetration into the soil. The demonstration phase followed a six-
month pilot phase for optimization of waste loading rates and nutrient
addition.
STATUS
The project was completed in 1973 after two years of testing. The
results were presented at a conference in Atlanta, Ga. by Gordon Reno.
Pub.: Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process-GPO EP1.23/2:R2-72-110 $2.00
NTIS-PB 219059
INFORMATION/CONTACT
B. Baldwin
Shell Oil Company
Deer Park, Texas 77536
(713) 479-2311
-152-
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Industrial Chemicals Solid Waste Generation. The Significance of Process
Change, Resource Recovery, and Improved Disposal.
CITATION
Final rept. Saxton, James C.; Kramer, Marc. Arlington, Va. 6/74 155.P
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The study characterizes the process-related solid wastes produced during
manufactures of industrial chemicals, Sic group 281. Thirty three chemicals
were selected that: possess significant resource value, pose a difficult
solid waste disposal problem, and/or have markedly deletericus properties,
e.g., toxicity. The selected chemicals composed 40% of 1971 group output
and an estimated 95% of the group's solid waste. Fifteen of the chemicals
are undergoing process substitutions; in every case the newer process
generates less solid waste. Most of wastes are of intrinsically low value,
so resource recovery is seldom economic. Inorganics account for over 90%
of total disposal cost, due to large waste volume from cre-related processes,
such as alumina and phospheric acid. Organics appear to pose little disposal
problem. Elimination of water discharge doubles the disposal cost of the
33 chemicals.
STATUS
Available from NTIS Pb-233 46417 pc $5.00/MF $2.25
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
.153-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Closed Process Water - Loop in NSSC Pulp Production
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project objective is to accomplish the maximum closure of the water
use loop in an integrated neutral sulfite semi chemical pulp and paperboard
mill by; recycling contaiminated process waters for direct reuse; providing
a protective collection and surge system for excess surge volumes occuring
during process upset conditions; providing a reverse osmosis plant to separate
dissolved constituents from such excess volume as occurs, recycling the per-
meate so produced to replace fresh water. The separated
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This publication contains information on the generation, collection
and disposal of waste oil. It is a technical evaluation of current re-
fining, and other disposal processes and an assessment (environmental) of
the gaseous, liquid and solid wastes discharged from such processes. A
feasibility test was conducted in a single metropolitan area for a survey
designed to obtain information from service stations, waste oil collectors,
and industrial users. The project also sought to obtain a national material
balance to determine the ultimate fate of used oils.
STATUS
Project completed. Publication: GPO-EP1.23/2:670/2-74-052 $4.00
NTIS PB 234857/AS $6.50
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-155-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Food Processing Wastes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project dealt with the wastes generated by Oregon's primary
food processing industry, and involved the evaluation of waste occurrence
and waste disposal systems currently being used; estimation of the extent
and seriousness of present and future problems; establishment of guidelines
for the selection of research which could most reasonably help alleviate
the critical pollution problems; and implementation of individual research
projects involving waste reduction, waste treatment, and by-product develop-
ment.
The end-of-pipe flows and the discharges from unit operations were
monitored for flow, pH, temperature, settleable solids, turbidity,
suspended solids, total solids, coliform, total coliform, fecal strep-
tococcus, COD, BOD and chemical concentrations. The results are expressed,
where appropriate, as concentrations (e.g., mg U) and in terms of produc-
tion (e.g., Ib/T).
STATUS:
Information and publications may be acquired from the Food Science and
Technology Department, Oregon State Univeristy.
Note:
The effluents were tested through spray irrigation methods using "guess
amounts" and results of the various concentrations were recorded.
Concentration results are listed for each food processing industry.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Mr. Soderquist
Food Science & Technology
Oregon State University
Corvalis, Oregon 97331
(503) 752-1141, 6719
-156-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated Lands
CITATION
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is to determine methods for
disposal and utilization of sewage effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical and chemical characteristics necessary for proper sewage
effluent and sludge disposal and renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects of sewage effluent and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.
Municipal and industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids and forest vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land disposal projects. Soil and ground
water samples were analyzed for nutrient elements and for potentially
toxic materials. Changes in composition in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage sludge to forest lands.
STATUS
The project is a continuing one. Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen is the major pollutant. Reports
may be obtained upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
After 9/1/75
Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
(.616) 775-7776
-157-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Effects of Spray Irrigation of Municipal Wastewater on the Rate and
Total Accumulation of Heavy Metals
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The specific objective of this project was to determine the total
amount and rate of accumulation of selected heavy metals in several
soil-vegetation ecosystems which were spray irrigated with treated
municipal sewage effluent and sludge for twelve years. The proposed
study was conducted at the Wastewater Renovation and Conservation
Project Facility on the Pennsylvania State University farm where
experimental plots were spray irrigated with various amounts and com-
binations of treated municipal sewage effluent and liquid digested
sludge. The soil and vegetation in each area was sampled for analyses
of selected heavy metals to determine the amount and rate of accumulation
and to correlate these results with the application rates and vegetation
cover types. Soil and foliar samples from previous years were analyzed.
STATUS
Completed.
Publication: Renovation of Secondary Effluent For Re-Use As A Water Resource
GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-016 $4.80
NTIS-PB 234176
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-158-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Environmental New Town
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The Mitre Corporation has been involved in the designing of an
innovative city designed from the outset to be a model of environmental
protection equipment and systems fabrication. The innovative city
conceopts for engergy, transportation, education, communications, and
waste disposal systems and in outlining site plans, city-industrial
base and infrastructure, and financial implications are discussed.
STATUS
There has been several briefing sessions with HUD and other federal
agencies. The project, Environmental New Town, was a joint research
effort..
Information and preliminary reports are available upon request from:
INFORMATION/CONTACT
R. Riflin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va. 22101
(703) 790-6000
-159-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Environmental Carrying Capacity as a Concept in Comprehensive Regional
Planning - A Feasibility Study
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
In response to the need to better understand the impacts of
development and management activities across entire regional systems,
this research examined approaches for measuring and understanding
the capacity of regional environments to absorb or support activities
in such areas as resource use, land development, waste disposal,
transportation, and wildlife and watershed management. The focus was
upon environmental carrying capacity of regional systems and subsystem*
as a concept for assessing changes in environmental quality due to
large-scale development, management, and planning activities and as
a basis for planning and decision-making models and methods. In this
regard, efforts were made to define and develop indicators for des-
cribing a region, to identify parameters necessary to design and
implement models of regional carrying capacity, to assess data require-
ments and strategies for data collection and management, to indicate
procedures for validating or testing potential models, and to identify
facilities, personnel, and estimate costs for model development.
STATUS
Completed. EPA Publication #600/5-74-021 (Pending)
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Prof A. B. Bishop Civil Engineering
Utah State University
Office of Engineering, Room L50
Logan, Utah 84321
-160-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Bibliography - Influence of Solid Waste Management Practices on the
Environment
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this continuing activity is to compile, in a
readily available source, pertinent articles describing the influence
of various solid waste management practices on the quality of surface
water and groundwater. Such information is frequently requested from
other activities within EPA and from public and private interests
outside of the EPA. The work done to date has been used by Government
and private engineers and scientists, to more accurately assess the
impact of solid waste management practices on the environment. Primary
emphasis has been in the sanitary landfill area. Two reports have
been published and future work will update these basic reports. The
Solid Waste Information Retrieval System is used along with other
sources to perform this activity.
STATUS
The bibilography is published each June in the publication: Water
Pollution Control Journal. The initial bibliography was published in
June, 1970, and has been updated and revised annually since 1970.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. Dirk Brunner
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Natil. Environmental Research Center
5555 Ridge Ave.
Cincinnati, Ohio 45213
513-684-4487
-161-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Phosphoric Acid Recovery System
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project is directed towards recovering acid and regenerating
the processing solution of high acid content that is produced in bright
aluminum processing. Lancy Laboratories has developed a process aiming
for the separation of the acid and the aluminum content of the solution.
This process promises an economical recovery of the acid and regeneration
of the processing solution. Bright aluminum processing uses a solution
of high acid concentration which loses its usefulness as the aluminum
concentration increases.
The proposed concept has broad applications for treating waste
process solutions used in the metal finishing industry. Successful
demonstration of the process may have important environmental impact
by significantly reducing chemical consumption and thereby reducing the
waste sludge's generated as well as the associated large land require-
ments for disposal.
Presently, 35% of the acid solution is sold to producers of fer-
tilizer. The project is just starting up and is in the testing
stage. Some laboratory data is available on request. Maximum recovery
to reduce pollution is the primary goal.
STATUS
Project is ongoing. Some publications are available upon request,
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Elbert Fang H. A. Lomason
EPA or Douglas & Lomason Co.
Cleveland Miss. Detroit, Michigan 48208
(313) 873-2400
-162-
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RESIDUAL WASTE
Section III
Part I Sludge Disposal
Part II Solid Disposal
Part III Liquid Disposal
-163-
-------
Part I Sludge Disposal
-165-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: A study to summarize and evaluate existing data pertain-
ing to sludge disposal. Investigate the potential methods for improving
the characteristics of sludge, and recommend future testing required.
The objective of the program is to evaluate the data which is available
on sludge disposal and its properties so that a logical test program can
be established. The scope of the program is to summarize and evaluate
the available data to determine the problem areas, to summarize and
evaluate the methods for improving the characteristics of sludge, and to
develop a test program for [improving the characteristics of sludge. Exist-
ing data pertaining to sludge disposal is summarized.
STATUS
The paper study has been completed. A small pilot plant (1.000 Ibs
per hr) has been built, and produces a leachate from sludge which is being
tested on a small scale vegetable farm. Good results have been attained,
and trace elements and toxicity studies will be performed. The leachate
is being used by fertilizer producers, also. Plant production will be
increased to produce 3,000 Ibs of fetilizer.
INFORMATION CONTACT
B. McKinney or James Crow
U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority
Chattanooga, Tenn. 37402
(615) 755-3011
-167-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria
for disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting,
evaluating and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental
quality in cold regions.
Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by appli-
cation to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes.
Significant aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon
completing of work in each problem area.
STATUS
Continuous project.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P.O. Box 282
Hanover , New Hampshire 03755
(603) 643-3200 ext. 243
-168-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project is investigating the feasibility of using forest
ecosystems to absorb nutrient additions in the form of sewage sludge.
This research is important to the current problem of water pollution
caused by nutrients leaching from sludge disposed of either by dumping
at landfill sites or by other means that do not incorporate recycling
or nutrient removal.
STATUS
Sludge from a nearby municipality and from recreation complexes
in the White Mountain National Forest was landspread in June, 1975.
Preliminary studies have been completed, but impact (environmental)
work has just started. The project is scheduled to be completed by
next summer (1976)
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. M. Hornbeck
University of New Hampshire Graduate School
Durham, New Hampshire 03824
(603) 868-5576, 9697
(603) 726-8902
-169-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal W. E. Sooper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forestland,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soils potential for removeing N from waste by removing
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.
Hydro!ogic effects such as perched water tables, interflow
and runoff were measured.
STATUS
Completed.
Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland
GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-170-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated Lands
CITATION
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY I
The objective of this project is to determine methods for
disposal and utilization of sewage effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution 'of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical and chemical characteristics necessary for proper sewage
effluent and sludge disposal and renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects of sewage effluent and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.
Municipal and industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids and forest vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land disposal projects. Soil and ground
water samples were analyzed for nutrient elements and for potentially
toxic materials. Changes in composition in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage sludge to forest lands.
STATUS
The project is a continuing one. Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen is the major pollutant. Reports
may be obtained upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
After 9/1/75
Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
C616) 775-7776
-171-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and Wastewater
Disposal - W. E. Sopper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objectives of this study were: 1) To investigate the effects of
watershed management techniques on the quantity and quality of water yield
form small forested watersheds, 2) To investigate the hydrologic behavior
and response of a 20 acre forested drainage basin to selected rainfall
events applied with an artificial rainfall facility, and 3) To investigate
the potential use of forests as disposal sites for treated municipal
wastewater and sludge.
STATUS:
Completed. Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated
Municipal Wastewater Through Forest & Cropland
GPO-EP 1.23/2 660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-172-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment Sludges
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project was to develop information on sludge
volumes and characteristics produced in metal finishing plants, determine
the effects of weathering on sludges in current disposal practice, and
carry out bench scale investigations on potentially attractive
techniques for recovering metals from these sludges. On the basis of
the investigation, the process design and economics will be determined
for selected metal recovery systems.
STATUS
Publication pending. Report #670/2-75-018
INFORMATION CONTACT
Ray Smithson
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus, Ohio
(614) 299-3151 ext. 2342
-173-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Utilization and Disposal of Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural
Processing Wastes on Land
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objective: Determine factors influencing long-term utilization of
n with emphasis o
soils and plants.
UDjective: Determine factors influencing long-t
wastes compatible with sustained agronomic production with emphasis on
accumulation of toxic quantities of heavy metals in s
Approach: From strip mine spoil areas, surface and core samples to
water table depth will be analyzed for total pyrites, sulfides and redox
potentials before and after sludge treatments. Results will be used to
evaluate effectiveness of sludge in revegetation of strip mine spoils
and in abatement of pollution in runoff and leaching waters. Analyses
will include ph, S0(4), NO (3), Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Co and Pb.
PROGRESS: The field work associated with this project, the Palzo
reclamation project, continues to have unavoidable delays. The ongoing
research involves laboratory and greenhouse studies. The sulfur
fractionation scheme was modified for sludge samples using freeze-dry
techniques to remove the water phase. The Palzo strip mine spoil contains
about 1.5 to 2.0 percent total sulfur, 52 percent being in the pyrite
form. In the sludge about 43 percent of the S is CHC1(3) soluble and
mostly in the elemental form. Adding sludge to spoil material increased
the pH of the spoil from 3.2 to 5.3 initially but with 70 days of
continued aeration the pH's dropped to the .'original level. Eh values
decreased with sludge treatment. Water soluble S increased slightly and
pyrite S oxidation decreased with increasing sludge applications.
Continuous seration exodized less pyrite material under high sludge
rates than under low application rates. High sludge applications
expressed Ni and Al absorption by plants.
STATUS
The project will be in progress for another two years.
INFORMATION CONTACT
S. W. Melsted
(217) 333-1000
-174-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Lime Stablized Sludge: Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural Land
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
An optimum system for the lime stabilization of municipal sewage
sludge was first developed and evaluated. The primary objectives of
this work were (1) to determine the degree of stability induced in a
sludge by lime addition and (2) to determine the effects of spreading
lime-stabilized sludge on agricultural land. Lime doses and contact
times required to eliminate the pathogenic bacteria and odors from
raw sludge were determined by laboratory studies, and the information
obtained was translated into design and operational parameters for a
pilot scale, continuous flow process. Physical, chemcial and biological
characteristics of both the raw and stabilized sludge, were measured.
Soil and crop studies, both in a greenhouse and on controlled outdoor
plots, were performed to determine the effects of spreading lime-
stabilized sludge. Effective lime stabilization of sludge was accom-
plished by elevating the pH to 12.0 with lime addition and maintaining
the pH level for at least 30 minutes.
STATUS
Publication Pending 1975
#670/2-75-012
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA
O.E. Smith, Jr.
(513) 684-8267
-175-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
Into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The proposed work will 1) determine the significance of mecury input
into the estuarine environment by effluent and sludge disposal, 2)
determine and explain the variations in mercury concentration observed
in sewage treatment plants, 3) determine the input of mercury to the
marine system by rain and runoff, 4) continue studies on the distribution
of mercury in the local (Carteret County, North Carolina) estuaries com-
paring a system receiving effluent (Calico Creek, Morehead City, North
Carolina) with a variety of less affected areas, 5) determine the rate
of mercury accumulation in marine organisms which are fed on sewage sludge,
6) determine the rate of uptake of mercury by vegetables which are grown
in soil enriched with sewage sludge. Coldvapor atomic absorpiton analysis
of mercury will be used.
STATUS
The project is partially finished, and the investigators state that
they have a pretty clear picture of the impact of mercury in the estuarine
environment. Studies are being conducted at a small town Moorehead City
treatment plant (15,000 pop.). Study has shown a very distinct pattern
of mercury distribution in estuaries and animals. The distribution of
mercury is very restricted in distance. It remains very close to the
outfall of the sewage treatment plants.
A town of comparable size and adjacent to Moorehead has one half
to one third less mercury in its effluent and sludge. There are no
industrial sources in either town. It is presently theorized that the
mercury contamination may have come from the use of house paints con-
taining mercury. Fungi is a problem in the area and mercury was used as
an inhibitor at one time. The contamination may be resulting from
storm water runoff.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. R. T. Barber
Duke U.
Marine Labo.
Beaufort, N. Carolina 28516 919-728-2111
-176-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project consisted of a series of experiments on the treatment
of oily sludges (crude tank bottoms, Bunker C, intermediate wax oils)
by spreading and cultivation into soil under prevailing climatic condi-
tions. Nine test plots were operated at specific nutrient addition
levels. The objectives were to determine; 1) Decomposition rates of
various types of oily waste sludges. 2) Effectiveness of adding nutrient
supplements. 3) Major microbiological species active in the soil.
4) Cost of the process for the disposal of oily waste. & 5) Depth of oil
penetration into the soil. The demonstration phase followed a six-
month pilot phase for optimization of waste loading rates and nutrient
addition.
STATUS
The project was completed in 1973 after two years of testing. The
results were presented at a conference in Atlanta, Ga. by Gordon Reno.
Pub.: Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process-GPO EP1.23/2:R2-72-110 $2.00
~ NTIS-PB 219059
INFORMATION/CONTACT
B. Baldwin
Shell Oil Company
Deer Park, Texas 77536
(713) 479-2311
-177-
-------
Part II Solid Disposal
-179-
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PROJECT/TITLE
The Better Whey; A Dilemma
CITATION
Proceedings: Second National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes, Sidney
Boxer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash., D.C. 3/1971 pp 409-
412.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The cheese industry has the problems of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a food by-product with excellent nutritive
value. Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat the whey from surrounding
industries since whey recovery is such an expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install the equipment. This
research and development outfit has built a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New -Yo'rk in cooperation with Dairylea of New York. Whole whey for use as
a food or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drying,
the most efficient and economical method discovered by previous research.
Laval Separator Company has built the equipment for the demonstration
plant. One of the major problems encountered in this project was the
conversion of cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process. (D) (G)
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-181-
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria
for disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting,
evaluating and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental
quality in cold regions.
Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by appli-
cation to land as well, as management of thermal and solid wastes.
Significant aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon
completing of work in each problem area.
STATUS
Continuous project.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P.O. Box 282
Hanover , New Hampshire 03755
(603) 643-3200 ext. 243
-182-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal Production Unit
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The specific aims of the project were: 1. To continue to monitor with
weekly sampling and laboratory analyses the overall performance character-
istics of the plant. 2. To install, test and evaluate the performance of
the aerobic digester equipment to be provided by DeLaval Comapny, or if
not by them, to purchase and build a surface aerator for installation in
the aerobic digester. 3. Surface aerator; submergence and speed variation
in rotor; turbidity improvement of the effluent with the use of coagu-
lants; evaluation of chlorine disinfection of the recycled effluent.
4. To automate the disposal of solids onto the nearby farm land with the use of
automatically operated irrigation system. 5. To establish some monitoring
stations for sampling and analyzing the: water from the Loramie Creek that
receives the drainage from the research farm of the Botkins Grain and
Feed Company. 6. Develop an economic model of the plant to evaluate ways
of making the system economically feasible.
STATUS
Completed.
The project was monitored for 3 yrs., and is reputedly the longest
study, of a project of this type. The report is well documented. The
findings were presented in April, 1975 at a conference.
The report has been cleared for publication and is awaiting printing
by EPA.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. EPTaigam'des 190 N. Oval Dr., 102 Administration Bldg.
Agricultural Engineering Columbus, Ohio 43210
614-422-6626
Ohio State University
School of Agriculture
-183-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Treatment of leachate from landfills is a practical necessity in many
cases. Where a sewerage system is available, treatment can be performed
at the central plant; otherwise, treatment must be performed on-site. No
performance data was available on lab, pilot, or traditional wastewater
methods. This research grant effort was intended as a brief survey of
treatment methods with pilot plant application of the most feasible. Detailed
analyses of each method was not expected. The final outcome of this study
is a practical on-site treatment scheme and an evaluation of how much leachate
can be added to conventional domestic wastewater treatment plants when leachate
is discharged to a sewerage system. It has been determined that a conventional
biological treatment plant can accept up to 10 percent leachate-domestic
wastewater without effecting plant performance significantly. The most
promising on-site treatment scheme appears to be anaerobic lagooning followed
by aerobic polishing. A pilot plant was established and results from this
portion of work have been compiled.
The laboratory studies utilized leachate from existing landfills initially-
Later, fields studies were conducted on a landfill site. It was necessary
to switch to another source of leachate because of the change in the character
of the effluent due to the aging of the land (pollutional components were
lowered by aging). The pilot plant treated 5-10 gal. per min of leachate
low-cost temporary process is needed for leachate treatment.
STATUS
Completed publication is pending from EPA
INFORMATION/CONTACT
W. C. Boyle Civil Engineering
University of Engineering
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
-184-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water-
Resources by Refuse Landfills
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The proposed research was based on the hypothesis that contamination
characteristics of ground and surface water, caused by refuse landfills,
are related to the topographic position of the refuse site. Refuse sites
are located on upland and valley surfaces. Landfills may be located in
the upland or loess or glacial till and in valleys, may be located on
floodplains, valley walls, or in gully positions. Refuse landfills re-
presentative of the various landscape positions and representative of
different ages will be stuided. Geophysical methods will be used to
locate contaminated water boundaries and fill geometry. At each site
bore holes were drilled, and water samples collected from them and
from the adjacent stream during low flow condition. A major goal of
the research was to relate topographic position with rate and direction
of leachate movement and chemical characteristics of the contaminated
ground and surface water. By relating these factors to landscape position
characteristics of existing and potential sites can be evaluated and
regulated for public safety.
STATUS
Completed. Several papers have been published in the journal Groundwater.
INFORMATION CONTACT
L. V. Sendlein
(515) 294-7814
R. C.Palmquist
(515) 294-7814
-185-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Geochemical Controls on Trace Element Concentrations in Natural Waters of
a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill Site
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The geochemical controls on various (8) trace elements will be determined
for natural waters of a proposed ash storage landfill site accompanying a coal
fueled power plant to be built in N. E. Kansas. The study is the first step
in evaluating the effect on water quality caused by the large amount of trace
elements concentrated in the ash or volatilized during the burning of the coal
when the plant is operative.
The present ranges and temporal variation of trace element concentrations
will be determined in precipitation, surface, and ground waters in the drainage
basins of the proposed landfill site and an adjacent small stream. The chemical
constituents and properties of soils and bedrock in the two basins will be
made and their controls on the addition, removal, and movement of the elements
will be evaluated and compared.
STATUS
The study has been in progress for 2 yrs. during which time the natural
waters have been monitored. The proposed plant is not under construction.
The data that has been collected to date gives a systematic approach to the
monitoring of water. The preliminary report contains data on monthly samples
of water and data on 10-12 elements.
INFORMATION CONTACT
D. 0. Dittemore
Kansas State Univ.
School of Arts/Dickens Hall
Manhattan, Kansas 66502
(913) 53206724
-186-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Forecast of the Effects of Air and Water Controls of Solid Waste
Generation
R. Stone, and D. Brows, Ralph Stone and Company, Inc. Los Angeles, Ca.
CITATION
same as Project/Title
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The effects of air and water pollution controls on solid waste
generation were evaluated. The solid wastes from pollution control
were identified for individual industries by their original air or
water constituents, and the treatment process applied. The wastes
were categorized by type and by location (rural or urban). Total
solid wastes from pollution control activities were estimated for
1971 and projected for 1975, 1980, and 1985. Particulates and
sulfur oxides were identified as the major pollutants capable of
generating solid wastes when treated, suspended solids, and biological
oxygen demand were identified on the principle sources for the impact
of water pollution control on solid wastes.
STATUS
Publication available.
NTIS-PB 238819/AS $19.25
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Talley,-R. J.
513-684-4484
-187-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Environmental Flow of Cadmium and Other Trace Metals
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project consists of two major components; 1) collaborative
research with industrial and waste processing facilities whose process
streams contain significant amounts of cadmium, zinc, lead and other
heavy metals, and 2) environmental studies to identify transport,
distribution and fate cadmium, lead and zinc in the urbanized, heavily
industrialized area(Northwest Indiana)bordering the southern rim
of Lake Michigan.
Phase II, related to 1) above, will involve the conduct of mass
balances for each source type (steel making, zinc smelting, community
waste incineration; initiation of studies of control technology; study
of process variability among installations of same source type. In
relation to 2) above, field studies will be carried out to collect
data defining metal flow patterns in impacted urban aquatic and ter-
restrial ecosytems.
On-site studies involve the monitoring of cadium pollution
through rainfall, and air on on-site vegetation. The hydrological
studies are ongoing and results have not been compiled.
DTATUS
Ongoing Project.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Terrestrial Studies A. W. Mclntosh
Tom Peton
Hydrology Studies R. A. Greenkorn
Purdue University
Institute for Environmental Health
Engineering Dept. - Lafayette, Indiana 47907 317-494-8151
-188-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Potential Solid Waste Generation and Disposal from. Lime and Limestone
Desulfurization Processes. R. J. Evan - Author
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The generation and disposal of solid waste from electric utility
plants using a lime/limestone wet-scrubbing system and the potential
effects on the environment were estimated for 1975 and 1980. The study
indicated that in 1975 approximately 5.8 millicn tons of desulfurization
solid waste (50 percent solids) will be generated. In 1980, when it is
estimated that desulfurization will become commercially accepted, ap-
proximately 71.4 millicn tons of this material will be generated for
disposal and/or utilization. The desulfurization waste material, when
combined with lime, fly ash, and water, may have potential for use as
a roadbase material, landfill reclamation, and synthetic aggregate.
STATUS
Publication $2.25 - NTIS PB-233 975/2
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-189-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of the project is to investigate methods for using sulfur
to stabilize tailing piles to assure long-term resistance to weathering
and to determine the applicability of sulfur for constructing impervious
ground cover bases for sanitary landfill, leach dumps, and mill ponds.
The project is an ongoing one and has been in progress for over
14 years. The project is also aimed at cutting back on wind erosion by
spray coating to hold down various materials and prevent it from blowing
away. Unusual success with uranium mill tailings has been demonstrated.
Spray coating has played a very significant part in holding back radon
gas.
STATUS
Ongoing project. Contact will research back for information pertaining to
other projects that impact upon ground and surface water upon request.
IN FORMATION/CONTACT
Donald G. Kesterke or Wm. McBee
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Bureau of Mines - 500 Date Street
Boulder City, Nevada 89005
-190-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Hydrogeoiogy of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois
CITATION
Final rept. 1 Jun 66-31 May 68 - Hughes, G. M.; Lardon, R.A.; Farvolden
R. n.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The study attacks one of the problems inherent in disposing of
refuse on land; the ever-present danger that unless properly engineered
in a sanitary landfill--the wastes will adversely effect ground water
resources. Hydrogeologic and water quality studies of five landfills
in Northeastern Illinois were carried out. The distribution and
concentration of dissolved solids in the concentration of dissolved
solids in the vicinity of four of these landfills was found to be
controlled by the configuration of the ground water flow system. The
major factors influencing the attenuation of the dissolved solids
appear to be the particle size of the earth materials through which they
move and the distance that they move.
STATUS
Available - GPO/MF $0.95 - NT.IS
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-191-
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Effects of Water Pollution Controls on Solid Waste Generation, 1971
to 1985: Executive Summary
CITATION
R. Stone, Ralph Stone and Company, Inc. Los Angeles, California
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The effects of air and water pollution controls on solid waste
generation were evaluated. The solid waste from pollution control were
identified for individual industrial sectors, by their original air-or water
pollutant constituents, and the treatment process applied. The wastes
were categorized by type and by location (rural or urban). Total solid
waste from pollution control activities were estimated for 1971 and
projected for 1985. Particulates and sulfur oxides were identified as
the major air nollutants capable of generating solid wastes when treated;
suspended solids and biological oxygen demand were identified as the
principle means of estimating the impact of water pollution control on
solid wastes.
STATUS
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA
Talley, R. J.
(513) 684-4484
-192-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate Disposal
of Cattle Feedlot Wastes
Ultimate Disposal of Cattle Feedlot Wastes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives of the project are: 1) To determine the effects of
feedlot runoff and manure loading rates on the chemical and physical
properties of soil, on the quality of runoff from the disposal area
and on corn forage yields. 2) To determine the most economical loading
of feedlot wastes onto land compatible with pollution control. 3) To
determine the concentration of diethylstilbesterol residue in feedlot
wastes and its movement through the soil profile beneath the waste
disposal area.
STATUS
Project will be continuing for approximately 6 months. Several publica-
tions are available upon request.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
H. L. Manges
Kansas State University
School of Engineering/Anderson Hall
Manhattan, Kansas 66502
913-532-5580
-193-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Environmental Considerations in Waste Processing and Disposal Systems.
CITATION
Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. In Central New York regional comprehensive solid
waste management plan. (Albany, New York), Central New York Regional
Planning and Development Boerd and New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation, (1970). p. 1-5.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The environmental aspects of waste processing and disposal are
considered in this presentation of a central New York regional compre-
hensive solid wastes management plan which was prepared for the Central
New York Regional Planning and Development Board and the New York State
Department of Ervironmental Conservation. The following topics are
considered: disposal on land (a comparison of disposal systems is
presented in tabular form)1, potential hazards and nuisances; water
quality control; air quality control (incineration, open fires, gases and
odors, and dust); vector control (disease vectors include wild animals,
rodents, birds, insects, and parasites); community aesthetics (blowing
wastes and ?ettlement); and the objectives of improved solid wastes
management(environmental protection, improved service levels, resources
recovery, and systems costs).
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-194-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Hydro- geology of Solid Waste Disposal sites in Madison, Wisconsin
CITATION
Technical rept. Kaufmann, Robert E.; Stephenson, David A. Wisconsin
University, Madison. Water Resources Center
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Two existing, and 24 prospective, sanitary landfill sites in
Madison, Wisconsin were examined. Former ground-water discharge
characteristics of the existing sites have been altered as a result
of the placement of fill and ground-water pumpage. Surface- and
groundwater resources adjacent to landfill areas were found to receive
pollutants although adverse effects were limited. Less than 5 per
cent of the total organic and inorganic nitrogen and total soluble
phosphorus entering Lake Monona was attributable to the landfill
operation. Ground-water recharge was between 35 to 50 per cent of
annual precipitation with lateral discharge to adjacent ground- and
surface-water resources. The increase in dissolved chemical species
was high, but restricted to local areas. Over the past 27 years,
background quality in the two creeks receiving drainage changed
by a 10-22 fold decrease in organic nitrogen and a 2-2.9 fold decrease
in inorganic nitrogen. Phosphorus levels increased 2-6 fold. Decreased
base flow and urbanization have possibly influenced these changes.
STATUS
available from - NTIS $6.00 M/F $0.95
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-195-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Environmental Impacts of the Production of Items utilizing Virgin and
Recycled Ferrous Metals, Aluminumm & Plastics (Abbrev)
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to analyze the environmental impacts
of producing selected products utilizing virgin materials and various
amounts of recycled ferrous metals, aluminum and plastics. In the
initial phase of the program, determinations were made of the material
and energy requirements of all stages of virgin and waste materials
acquisition, transporation and processing. Also determined were the
outputs of each stage, including solid, airborne, and waterborne
wastes that are generated, assuming EPA air and water standards for FY
1975. The virgin and waste material systems were analyzed up to the
processing point at which the materials are comparable. In the second
phase of the program, the environmental impacts were examined for
cases in which the selected products were made solely from virgin
materials and from various amounts of virgin and waste materials.
Consideration was given to air and water pollutants, solid wastes,
and the amounts of material, energy and water consumed. In the final
phase of the program, estimates were made of the dollar costs of
controlling the environmental impacts.
STATUS
Project has been completed. Publication pending review of final
draft by EPA
INFORMATION/CONTACT
R. C. Ziegler
Calspan Corporation
4455 Genesee Street
Buffalo, New York 14221
(716) 632-7500
-196-
-------
Part III Liquid Disposal
-197-
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria
for disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting,
evaluating and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental
quality in cold regions.
Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by appli-
cation to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes.
Significant aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon
completing of work in each problem area.
STATUS
Continuous project.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P.O. Box 282
Hanover , New Hampshire 03755
(603) 643-3200 ext. 243
-199-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Automated System for Water Pollution Contrcl from an Animal Production Unit
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The specific aims of the project were: 1. To continue to monitor with
weekly sampling and laboratory analyses the overall performance character-
istics of the plant. 2. To install, test and evaluate the performance of
the aerobic digester equipment to be provided by DeLaval Comapny, or if
not by them, to purchase and build a surface aerator for installation in
the aerobic digester. 3. Surface aerator; submergence and speed variation
in rotor; turbidity improvement of the effluent with the use of coagu-
lants; evaluation of chlorine disinfection of the recycled effluent.
4. To automate the disposal of solids onto the nearby farm land with the use of
automatically operated irrigation system. 5. To establish some monitoring
stations for sampling and analyzing the: water from the Loramie Creek that
receives the drainage from the research farm of the Botkins Grain and
Feed Company. 6. Develop an economic model of the plant to evaluate ways
of making the system economically feasible.
STATUS
Completed.
The project was monitored for 3 yrs., and is reputedly the longest
study of a project of this type. The report is well documented. The
findings were presented in April, 1975 at a conference.
The report has been cleared for publication and is awaiting printing
by EPA.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. EPTaiganides 190 N. Oval Dr., 102 Administration Bldg.
Jf^Sol^roJ En9ineenn9 Columbus, Ohio 43210
614-422-6626
Ohio State University
School of Agriculture
-200-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Treatment of leachate from landfills is a practical necessity in many
cas.es. Where a sewerage system is available, treatment can be performed
at the central plant; otherwise, treatment must be performed on-site. No
performance data was available on lab, pilot, or traditional wastewater
methods. This research grant effort was intended as a brief survey of
treatment methods with pilot plant application of the most feasible. Detailed
analyses of each method was not expected. The final outcome of this study
is a practical on-site treatment scheme and an evaluation of how much leachate
can be added to conventional domestic wastewater treatment plants when leachate
is discharged to a sewerage system. It has been determined that a conventional
biological treatment plant can accept up to 10 percent leachate-domestic
vyastewater without effecting plant performance significantly. The most
promising on-site treatment scheme appears to be anaerobic lagooning followed
by aerobic polishing. A pilot plant was established and results from this
portion of work have been compiled.
Th'e laboratory studies utilized leachate from existing landfills initially.
Later, fields studies were conducted on a landfill site. It was necessary
to switch to another source of leachate because of the change in the character
of the effluent due to the aging of, the land (pollutional components were
lowered, by aging). The pilot plant treated 5-10 gal. per min of leachate
low-cost temporary process is needed for leachate treatment.
Completed publication is pending from EPA
INFORMATION/CONTACT
W. C. Boyle Civ.il Engineering
University of Engineering
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
-201-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water-
Resources by Refuse Landfills
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The proposed research was based on the hypothesis that contamination
characteristics of ground and surface water, caused by refuse landfills,
are related to the topographic position of the refuse site. Refuse sites
are located on upland and valley surfaces. Landfills may be located in
the upland or loess or glacial till and in valleys, may be located on
floodplains, valley walls, or in gully positions. Refuse landfills re-
presentative of the various landscape positions and representative of
different ages will be studied. Geophysical methods will be used to
locate contaminated water boundaries and fill geometry. At each site
bore holes were drilled, and water samples collected from them and
from the adjacent stream during low flow condition. A major goal of
the research was to relate topographic position with rate and direction
of leachate movement and chemical characteristics of the contaminated
ground and surface water. By relating these factors to landscape position
characteristics of existing and potential sites can be evaluated and
regulated for public safety -
STATUS
Completed. Several papers have been published in the journal Groundwater.
INFORMATION CONTACT
L. V. Sendlein
(515) 294-7814
R. C.Palmquist
(515) 294-7814
-202-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
A Regional View on the Use of Land for Disposal of Municipal Sewage
and Sludge.
CITATION
In Proceedings; Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluent on Land, Champaign, Illinois, July 9-13, 1973. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and National
Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, p. 63-66
ABSTRACT/SUMMMARY
Representatives from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Land Grant
Universities held a conference in July of 1973 to identify what is
known about liquid effluent and sludge application to the land, and to
identify what future research is needed in this area. In this chapter,
a representative from EPA Region V presents a regional overview of the
use of land for the disposal of municipal sewage and sludge. The regional
office becomes involved in prioritizing proposed regional research
needs, monitoring demonstration projects, and conducting technology
transfer activities. The practical application of new municipal waste
treatment works projects is accomplished through two programs—Water
Quality Management Planning and the Construction Grants Program. Also
discussed are the activities being carried out under the Amended Federal
Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-203-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Using Cropland For Sewage Wastewater And Sludge Disposal W. E. Sopper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forestland,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soil's potential for removing N from wastes by
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.
Hydrologic effects such as perched water tables, interflow and
runoff were measured.
STATUS
Completed Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater
Through Forest and Cropland
GPO-EPI.23/2:660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-204-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated Lands
CITATION
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is to determine methods for
disposal and utilization of sewage effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical and chemical characteristics necessary for proper sewage
effluent and sludge disposal and renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects of sewage effluent and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.
Municipal and industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids and forest vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land disposal projects. Soil and ground
water samples were analyzed for nutrient elements and for potentially
toxic materials. Changes in composition in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage sludge to forest lands.
STATUS
The project is a continuing one. Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen is the major pollutant. Reports
may be obtained upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
After 9/1/75
Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
(616) 775-7776
-205-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and Wastewater
Disposal - VI. E. Sopper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objectives of this study were: 1) To investigate the effects of
watershed management techniques on the quantity and quality of water yield
form small forested watersheds, 2) To investigate the hydrologic behavior
and response of a 20 acre forested drainage basin to selected rainfall
events applied with an artificial rainfall facility, and 3) To investigate
the potential use of forests as disposal sites for treated municipal
wastewater and sludge.
STATUS:
Completed. Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated
Municipal Wastewater Through Forest & Cropland
GPO-EP 1.23/2 660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-206-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Pollution Control Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is the abatement of pollution through
improved systems for controlling beef cattle and sheep waste. Systems
for managing wastes from housed and feedlot beef cattle and sheep will
be developed and evaluated for economic abatement of air, water and
soil pollution. Permanent effluent land irrigation installations will
be designed for disposal or utilization runoff from a beef feedlot holding
pond to complete a total feedlot runoff control system. Attention will
be given to developing improved handling systems for managing the solid
waste. Units will be managed, tested and improved as necessary for
system optimization. The components of collection, treatment, transport
and disposal will be included in the design systems. Disposal of treated
effluent to land will be investigated to develop application rates for
optimum crop use.
STATUS
Project is still in progress.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(402) 472-2824
-207-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
Into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The proposed work will 1) determine the significance of mecury input
into the estuarine environment by effluent and sludge disposal, 2)
determine and explain the variations in mercury concentration observed
in sewage treatment plants, 3) determine the input of mercury to the
marine system by rain and runoff, 4) continue studies on the distribution
of mercury in the local (Carteret County, North Carolina) estuaries com-
paring a system receiving effluent (Calico Creek, Morehead City, North
Carolina) with a variety of less affected areas, 5) determine the rate
of mercury accumulation in marine organisms which are fed on sewage sludge,
6) determine the rate of uptake of mercury by vegetables which are grown
in soil enriched with sewage sludge. Coldvapor atomic absorpiton analysis
of mercury will be used.
STATUS
The project is partially finished, and the investigators state that
they have a pretty clear picture of the impact of mercury in the estuarine
environment. Studies are being conducted at a small town Moorehead City
treatment plant (15,000 pop.). Study has shown a very distinct pattern
of mercury distribution in estuaries and animals. The distribution of
mercury is very restricted in distance. It remains very close to the
outfall of the sewage treatment plants.
A town of comparable size and adjacent to Moorehead has one half
to one third less mercury in its effluent and sludge. There are no
industrial sources in either town. It is presently theorized that the
mercury contamination may have come from the use of house paints con-
taining mercury. Fungi is a problem in the area and mercury was used as
an inhibitor at one time. The contamination may be resulting from
storm water runoff.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. R. T. Barber
Duke U.
Marine Labo.
Beaufort, N. Carolina 28516 919-728-2111
-208-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Closed Process Water - Loop in NSSC Pulp Production
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project objective is to accomplish the maximum closure of the water
use loop in an integrated neutral sulfite semichemical pulp and paperboard
mill by; recycling contaiminated process waters for direct reuse; providing
a protective collection and surge system for excess surge volumes pccuring
during process upset conditions; providing a reverse osmosis plant to separate
dissolved constituents from such excess volume as occurs, recycling the per-
meate so produced to replace fresh water. The^separated dissolved solids wiTl
be destroyed in an existing fluid bed, combustion system. A second objective
of the project is to demonstrate the important results of operating with the
tightly closed system on the production of NSSC paperboard. Effective
techniques derived to identify and cope with problems of high dissolved solids
and high temperature in the papermaking process will be developed over a year's
operation of the proposed facility integrated with regular mill operations.
The required techniques to stabilize operations and control ambient paper
machine conditions have not yet been demonstrated in the paperboard industry.
STATUS
The project will terminate in August, 1975 after a six-month extension due
to problems encountered in the reverse osmosis system. As far as closure is
concerned, the project has been successful in that the BOD suspension was low
in losj; as far as closure. However, water removal and water balance has been
a problem in the reverse osmosis process due to the removal of excess water
from spasmodic events (snow, machine breakdown, etc.)
The permeate was relatively pure with the exception of acid considering the
fact that there are 27 paper mills and four large communities upstream from
the Fox River. The permeate is discharged into that river. According to
statistics from the U. of Wisconsin and the State Agriculture Department, the
river has improved since the new process has been in use.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
G. 0. Wai raven
Green Bay Packaging Inc.
P.O. Box 1107
Green Bay, Wisconsin 54305
-209-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Effects of Spray Irrigation of Municipal Wastewater on the Rate and
Total Accumulation of Heavy Metals
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The specific objective of this project was to determine the total
amount and rate of accumulation of selected heavy metals in several
soil-vegetation ecosystems which were spray irrigated with treated
municipal sewage effluent and sludge for twelve years. The proposed
study was conducted at the Wastewater Renovation and Conservation
Project Facility on the Pennsylvania State University farm where
experimental plots were spray irrigated with various amounts and com-
binations of treated municipal sewage effluent and liquid digested
sludge. The soil and vegetation in each area was sampled for analyses
of selected heavy metals to determine the amount and rate of accumulation
and to correlate these results with the application rates and vegetation
cover types. Soil and foliar samples from previous years were analyzed.
STATUS
Completed.
Publication: Renovation of Secondary Effluent For Re-Use As A Water Resource
GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-016 $4.80
NTIS-PB 234176
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-210-
-------
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
Section IV
Part I Sludge Disposal
Part II Solid Disposal
Part III Liquid Disposal
Part IV Other
.211-
-------
Part I Sludge Disposal
-213-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: A study to summarize and evaluate existing data pertain-
ing to sludge disposal. Investigate the potential methods for improving
the characteristics of sludge, and recommend future testing required.
The objective of the program is to evaluate the data which is available
on sludge disposal and its properties so that a logical test program can
be established. The scope of the program is to summarize and evaluate
the available data to determine the problem areas, to summarize and
evaluate the methods for improving the characteristics of sludge, and to
develop a test program for improving the characteristics of sludge. Exist-
ing data pertaining to sludge disposal is summarized.
STATUS
The paper study has been completed. A small pilot plant (1,000 ibs
per hr) has been built, and produces a leachate from sludge which is being
tested on a small scale vegetable farm. Good results have been attained,
and trace elements and toxicity studies will be performed. The leachate
is being used by fertilizer producers, also. Plant production will be
increased to produce 3,000 Ibs of fetilizer.
INFORMATION CONTACT
B. McKinney or James Crow
U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority
Chattanooga, Tenn. 37402
(615) 755-3011
-215-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria for
disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting, evaluating
and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental quality in cold
regions.
Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by application
to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes. Significant
aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon completion
of work in each problem area.
STATUS
Continuous project.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P. 0. Box 282
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
-216-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Using Cropland for Sewage wastewater and Sludge Disposal, W. E. Sooper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forest!and,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soils potential for removeing N from waste by removing
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.
Hydro!ogic effects such as perched water tables, interflow
and runoff were measured.
STATUS
Completed.
Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland
GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-217-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Study of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper Industry
CITATION
Final rept. Gorham International, Inc., Maine. Environmental Protection
Agency, Rockville, Maryland Solid Waste Management Office, Feb. 74; 198p
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report investigates and identifies present soild waste management
practices, present solid waste management practices, examines alternatives,
and develops strategies for future pulp and paper industry waste manage-
ment. It examines waste management in five major segments of the pulp
and paper industry; pulp mills, paper mills, paper board mills, and de-
inking mills. Data is presented on pulp and paper industry solid waste
generated since 1960. A case study for each of the five major pulp and
paper manufacturing segments is presented.
STATUS
Available from NTIS Pb-234 944/7 $5.50/Mf $2.25
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-218-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Solid Waste Disposal
CITATION
Final rept. Phillips, Nacy P.; Wells, R. Murray, Radian Corp., Austin, Tex.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of the present investigation is to identify available
technologies developed in other industries that may be applicable to
lime/limes tone scrubber sludge disposal. Musch of the technology
already developed for phosphate slimes, by-product gypsum, taconite
tailings, coal ash, and acid mine drainage sludge is applicable to
scrubber sludge disposal. Alternative disposal methods available
for scurbber sludge, including deep mine disposal, strip-mined
land reclamation, and utilization, possess some degree of potential.
Based on presently available data, there are no insurmountable
technological problems in disposing of scrubber sludge in an environ-
mentally acceptable manner.
STATUS
Available from: NTIS $7.25/MF $1.45 - Pb-233 144/5
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-219-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Combined Sludge Processing Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
CCCSD has built an Advanced Treatment Test Facility (TTF) to
treat raw sewage with lime followed by biological nitrification and
denitrification at up to 2.5 MGD. The excess lime sludge is dewatered
in a pair of centrifuges operated in series to separate calcium
carbonate from calcium phosphate organic matter and inerts. Calcium
carbonate is to be converted to recovered lime in one set of multiple
heart furnaces and the residual sludge will be incinerated in another
set of furnaces. This proposal documents the studies already carried
out leading to the above conclusions and fills in engineering and
analytical data necessary to make a complete report.
STATUS
Publication: Sludge Processing For Combined Physical-Chemical-Biolbgical
Sludges
GPO-EP 1.23/2:R2-73-250 $2.10
NTIS/PB 223 341
INFORMATION CONTACT
P. H. Caldwell
Central Contra Costa Sanitation District
Walnut Creek, California
-220-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Review of Experience With Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge - A
Bibliography
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this program was to provide a critical review
of existing information and operational experiences in landspreading
of liquid sewage sludge. Major emphasis was given to obtaining in-
formation concerning unreported landspreading operations currently
employed in this country through a telephone survey and visits to
representative treatment plants and associated landspreading operations.
This information was evaluated with respect to present technology,
and environmental impacts from landspreading including evaluation of
landspreading subsystems relating to sludge handling and conditioning
modes of transport, spreading techniques, and soil and/or crop responses,
Further this program also provided a summarization and an updating of
sewage sludge landspreading practices found in the literature. An
evaluation of the data obtained will identify deficiencies where
additional studies are needed and aid in the development of proper
design criteria for landspreading systems.
The investigator found that only 3 or 4 sewage treatment plants
had a water quality program. There is a lack of intensive monitoring
of waste programs, though there is an abundance of field work being
done.
Research revealed that approximately 400 plants in the five most
populous regions in the U.S. have been landspreading sewage sludge with-
out monitoring for over 50 years.
The completed bibliography contains short histories with annotated
bibliographies of 25 treatment plants visited by the researchers.
STATUS
Project is completed and publication is expected in August, 1975
INFORMATION CONTACT:
Office of Research Monitoring
G. K. Dotson
NERC - Cinn. , Ohio
-221-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The concepts of sand abatement, strip-mine reclamation and mine-
acid control are the objectives of the project. The demonstration project
will seek to how the use of sludge, fertilizing, liming and other minor
techniques will permit the growth and self-regeneration of various grasses,
shrubs and trees.
The demonstration project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalachia. Severe erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched. Sand erosion from high
walls and spoil banks causes considerable property loss due to the deposi-
tion of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of existing water-
ways.
One of the problems encountered in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported. The transportation of sludge
from the waste treatment facility to the Appalachian hills is expensive.
STATUS
A final report is pending.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Appalachian Regional Commission or
C. Meir
State Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio 43212 ~222-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
System Alternatives in Oxygen Activated Sludge
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
An oxygen activated sludge system with co-current contacting of
oxygen and mixed liquor in a plug flow reactor was operated on
District of Columbia primary effluent during a two-year period over
a wide range of loading (F. M. 0.26 to 2.0) with Solids Retention Times
(SRT) from 2.0 to 13.0 days at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant.
STATUS
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
EPA
D. F. Bishop
(513) 684-8353
-223-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The object of the project was to: 1) Perform a comprehensive literature
review and survey of the present municipal and utility sludge and ash produc-
tion, disposal methods and utilization methods. 2) Determine technical
feasibility and economic practicality of more widespread application of present
utilization methods. 3) Suggest new utilization methods with consideration of
technical feasibility and economic practicality. A search of the literature
and contact with a variety of governmental and trade organizations who are
producers and/or present or potential users of sludges and ashes were conducted.
STATUS
Completed Publication is pending.
Characterization and Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes.
Vol. 1
EPA # 670/2-75-033 a, b, c, & d
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-224-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sludge Processing, Transportation, and Disposal/Resource Recovery;
Planning Perspective
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A methodology was developed in this report for use in the 208
planning process for the evaluation of alternatives for the ultimate
disposal of residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment
plants. This methodology considered technical, economic, social, and
institutional factors pertinent to a thorough review of alternatives.
Residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants
were characterized. Handling and treatment processes for the residual
wastes were discussed and evaluated in light of qualitative and
quantitative changes to the residual wastes. Liquid, gaseous, and
solid sidestreams produced in residual waste treatment were evaluated
and rail, pipeline, barge, and truck transport of residual wastes were
analyzed.
Environmental, operational, and institutional constraints to the
use of ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills, sludge recycling,
and land reclamation were presented.
STATUS
Completed in Feb. 1975 - EPA Publication - Contract # 68-01-3104
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dr. Dean Neptune
Water Planning Division/Planning Assistance
401 M St. S.W.
Wash. D.C. 20460
(202) 426-2474
-225-
-------
Part II Solid Disposal
-227-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The object of the project was to: 1) Perform a comprehensive literature
review and survey of the present municipal and utility sludge and ash produc-
tion, disposal methods and utilization methods. 2) Determine technical
feasibility and economic practicality of more widespread application of present
utilization methods. 3) Suggest new utilization methods with consideration of
technical feasibility and economic practicality. A search of the literature
and contact with a variety of governmental and trade organizations who are
producers and/or present or potential users of sludges and ashes were conducted.
STATUS
Completed Publication is pending.
Characterization and Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes.
Vol. 1
EPA # 670/2-75-033 a, b, c, & d
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-229-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objectives of this project are to determine the survival patterns
of viral pathogens in landfilled solid waste and to evaluate the potential
contamination of water resources through leaching of viruses from a
waste disposal site . Microbiologic monitoring leachates from Cells #1 and
#2 is being conducted in order to determine the degree of health hazard
involved in solid waste disposal by landfilling. The results so far
indicate that poliovirus may survive in compacted solid waste for at least
13 days at temperatures of 68-80 degrees F but the virus is inactivated
in 2-4 days in a landfill with temperatures ranging from about 120-140
degrees F.
STATUS
Project was completed. Final report has been wirtten and is awaiting
EPA review and publication.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Merzda Peterson
Research Triangle Park
Durham, North Carolina
-230-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Treatment of leachate from landfills is a practical necessity in
many cases. Where a sewerage system is available, treatment can be
performed at the central plant; otherwise, treatment must be performed
on-site. No performance data was available on lab, pilot, or traditional
wastewater methods. This research grant effort was intended as a brief
survey of treatment methods with pilot plant application of the most
feasible. Detailed analyses of each method was not expected. The final
outcome of this study is a practical on-site treatment scheme and an
evaluation of how much leachate can be added to conventional domestic
wastewater treatment plants when leachate is discharged to a sewerage
system. It has been determined that a conventional biological treatment
plant can accept up to 10 percent leachate-domestic wastewater without
effecting plant performance significantly. The most promising on-site
treatment scheme appears to be anaerobic lagooning followed by aerobic
polishing. A pilot plant was established. Results from this portion of
work have be compiled.
The laboratory studies utilized leachate from existing landfills
initially. Field studies were conducted on a landfill site. The leachate
was pumped out and treated. It was necessary to switch to another source
of leachate because of the change in the character of the effluent due to
the aging of the land (pollutional components were lowered by aging). The
pilot plant treated 5-10 gal. per min of leachate. A low cost temporary pro-
cess is needed.
STATUS
Completed. Publication is pending for EPA
INFORMATION/CONTACT
W. C. Boyle - Civil Engineering
University of Wisconsin
School of Engineering
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
-231-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The overall objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters and in
areas where water is in short supply. It will be demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since a non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized. The system was demonstrated and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry. The physical, biological, pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was demonstrated. Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS
EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-232-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives: Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations. Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants. Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.
Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation, extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable. The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.
Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal. Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors. Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine. Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.
The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons. Spray irrigation of
the effluent on fields is now^being tested.
STATUS
The project is just getting started with initial promising results.
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio 43210
(614) 422-5169
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Evaluation of a Solid-Waste Disposal Site
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Cortland County has proposed at landfill
solid-wastes in the near future. Substantial
hydrologic data on the proposed site has been collected
of 50 shallow wells has been emplaced and monitored on
since April, 1973.
operation for disposal of
base line geologic and
and an array
a weekly basis
The primary objectives of this study are: (1) to determine in more
detail the hydrologic regime of the landfill site and existent water
quality, and (2) to evaluate the effect of landfill operations on this
regime over an extended period of time.
The proposed study
geologic and ihydrologic
to landfill operation.
landfill operations are
is particularly significant because considerable
parameters can be determined and monitored prior
Continuation of this study after initiation of
expected to provide a critical evaluation of the
sanitary landfill as a viable means of solid-waste disposal.
The proposed study basically involves the establishment and
maintenance of a monitoring program for critical weather, hydrologic,
and geologic parameters. Data thus obtained will determine the
impact of landfill operations on the natural hydrogeologic environment
of this area and adjacent parts of New York and Pennsylvania.
STATUS
Continuing Project.
Articles and publication are available upon request
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dr. T. E. Bugh
State University of New York
Cortland, New York 13045
- School of Arts
-234-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Building an Amphitheater and Coasting Ramp of Municipal Solid Waste.
Volumes I and II
CITATION
Final rept. Beck, William M. Jr.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
By 1966, disposing of solid wastes in the City of Virginia Beach,
Virginia had become a critical problem. At the same time the number
of residents and tourists was increasing each year, thus requiring that
more solid waste be disposed of, land values were also rising. This
latter factor dictated against using land suitable for residential,
commercial, or recreational purposes for solid waste disposal. In
addition, the presence of high water table (5-8 ft) makes deep pit
excavation impractical. The concept was advanced that an existing dump
located on relatively inexpensive land be converted into a recreational
site by building a 65-foot hill of solid waste. Provision would be
made for a 10,000 seat amphitheater, a soap box derby ramp, a fresh
water lake, and parking facilities. Details are presented on design
and construction techniques, operating procedures, equipment used,
prcblems encountered, water and gas sampling methods, economic factors,
and public reaction.
STATUS
Available from NTIS $6.50/MF $1.45
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-235-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of the project is to investigate methods for using sulfur
to stabilize tailing piles to assure long-term resistance to weathering
and to determine the applicability of sulfur for constructing impervious
ground cover bases for sanitary landfill, leach dumps, and mill ponds.
The project is an ongoing one and has been in progress for over
14 years. The project is also aimed at cutting back on wind erosion by
spray coating to hold down various materials and prevent it from blowing
away. Unusual success with uranium mill tailings has been demonstrated.
Spray coating has played a very significant part in holding back radon
gas.
STATUS
Ongoing project. Contact will research back for information pertaining to
other projects that impact upon ground and surface water upon request.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Donald G. Kesterke or Wm. McBee
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Bureau of Mines - 500 Date Street
Boulder City, Nevada 89005
-236-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Flyash Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This project involved the disposal of flyash as a slurry in a worked
out mine. The resultant mixture of slurry water and mine water were
chemically treated before discharge to a stream. This project has been
in existence for the past five years and is scheduled to continue for
another 5 years.
The dissolved salts in the discharge has dropped from 3000 PPI to
2000 PPI to date. Research is continuing to reduce the salt content to
1500 PPI or lower. The state of Penn. treats the discharge as a process
rather than a mine effluent. The present PPI would be allowable if the
discharge was treated as mine drainage. However, the mechanism is
working well, and research will continue.
STATUS
Ongoing Project. Information will be sent upon request.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Mr. Robert O'Hare
Mr. Nelson Tonet
Duquesrje Light Company
435 6th Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219
-237-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste From Housed Swine
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of this project is to reduce the pollution
potential of housed swine through improved waste systems. Alternative
methods of collection, treatment, transport and disposal of waste
from housed swine will be developed and evaluated as component
parts of a total system for economic reduction of the pollution poten-
tial of waste from all phases of swine production. Mc.jor components of
systems will be evaluated, improved, and combined for development of
optimum total systems. Evaluations will be based on labor, initial
and operating costs, effects on livestock production, and degree of
control over pollution of air, waste and soil.
STATUS
Project is still in progress
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(420) 472 2874
-238-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes Collection Treatment
and Disposal
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project consisted of compiling an annotated bibliography of
the available literature on hospital solid waste collection, treatment,
and disposal systems. Literature on microbiological or health aspects
related to the various systems is included.
STATUS
The project is completed. Publications may be obtained from EPA
(Publication EP #00458-0251)
INFORMATION CONTACT
Oscar Albrecht, Project Officer
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
-239-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Suspended Solids Monitor
CITATION
J. W. Liskowitz, G. J. Francey, and J. Tarzynski, American Standards,
Inc. New Brunswick, N. Jersey
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A method for measuring concentration of suspended solids in liquid
media, based on depolarization of backscattered polarized light, has
been developed and instrumented. Feasibility studies and field evaluation
of the instrument, using sewage influent, effluent and sludge, showed
that there is a specific relationship between concentration of solid
particles and polarization ratio. It was also shown that the relationship
is independent of size distribution and density of particles, color
of particles or solution, sludge consistency, velocity, and build-up
of solids on the optical window. The field evaluation results indicate
that this instrument provides a continuous instantaneous in situ measurement
of suspended solids concentrations in combined sewers and other wastewater
flows. This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project No. 11024DZB,
Contract No. 14-12-494 by American Standard Inc. under the sponsorship of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Work was completed in
August, 1970.
STATUS
Completed in August 1970. Publication pending.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Field, R.
201-548-3503
-240-
-------
Part III Liquid Disposal
-241-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria for
disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting, evaluating
and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental quality in cold
regions.
Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by application
to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes. Significant
aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon completion
of work in each problem area.
STATUS
Continuous project.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P. 0. Box 282
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
-243-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Survival and Movement of Viruses in Land-filled Solid Waste
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objectives of this project are to determine the survival patterns
of viral pathogens in landfilled solid waste and to evaluate the potential
contamination of water resources through leaching of viruses from a
waste disposal site . Microbiologic monitoring leachates from Cells #1 and
#2 is being conducted in order to determine the degree of health hazard
involved in solid waste disposal by landfilling. The results so far
indicate that poliovirus may survive in compacted solid waste for at least
13 days at temperatures of 68-80 degrees F but the virus is inactivated
in 2-4 days in a landfill with temperatures ranging from about 120-140
degrees F.
STATUS
Project was completed. Final report has been wirtten and is awaiting
EPA review and publication.
INFORMATION CONTACT
Merzda Peterson
Research Triangle Park
Durham, North Carolina
-244-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Objectives: Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations. Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants. Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.
-Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation, extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable. The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.
Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal. Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors. Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine. Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.
The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons. Spray irrigation of
the effluent on fields is now being tested.
STATUS
The project is just getting started with initial promising results.
INFORMATION CONTACT
J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio 43210
(614) 422-5169
-245-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The overall objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters and in
areas where water is in short supply. It will be demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since a non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized. The system was demonstrated and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry. The physical, biological, pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was demonstrated. Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS
EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-246-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Using Cropland for Sewage Wa?tewater and Sludge Disposal. W. E. Sooper
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forestland,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soils potential for removeing N from waste by removing
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.
Hydro!ogic effects such as perched water tables, interflow
and runoff were measured.
STATUS
Completed.
Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland
GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-003 $1.20
NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-247-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: The purpose of the Lake Hope project is to demonetrate
the reduction of acid mine drainage pollution by the removal of coal refuse,
and the construction of bulkhead seals to flood underground mine workings
and thus prevent the formation of acid. The Lake Hope site was chosen for
the demonstration project because acidic drainage from abandoned coal mines
in the watershed above Lake Hope has severely restricted waste oriented
activity in this prime recreational area. A total of 107 mine openings
has been noted. The combined acid discharge from these openings is over
700,000 pounds per year. A multiphase mine drainage abatement demonstration
program is recommended with major elements including: Removal and/or
burial of coal refuse which was scattered throughout the area during active
mining operations; sealing of about 50 mine openings.
STATUS
Several standard bulkheads, and one innovative, but not new, bulkhead
were used. The dirt was stripped from the hillside at the site of the
mine openings. A clay dam was constructed and the stripped dirt was used
to re-cover the hillside, thus sealing in the acid mine leakage. It is
expected that before the end of 1975, the engineering design phase will
be completed. Fifty mines have been cleared of coal refuse and sealed to date.
A feasibility study is pending publication. EPA-R2-73-151 LakeHope
Drainage Demonstration Project.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
WC Roman
Division of Planning
Fountain Sq. 43224
(614) 466-2333
-248-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Closed Process Water - Loop in NSSC Pulp Production
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The project objective is to accomplish the maximum closure f the water
use loop in an integrated neutral sulfite semi chemical pulp and paperboard
mill by; recycling contaiminated process waters for direct reuse; providing
a protective collection and surge system for excess surge volumes occur!ng
during process upset conditions; providing a reverse osmosis plant to separate
dissolved constituents from such excess volume as occurs, recycling the per-
meate so produced to replace fresh water. The separated-dissolved solids will
be destroyed in an existing fluid bed. combustion system. A second objective
of the project is to demonstrate the important results of operating, with'the
tightly closed system on the production of NSSC paperboard. Effective
techniques derived to identify and cope with problems of high dissolved solids
and high temperature in the papermaking process will be developed over a year's
operation of the proposed facility integrated with regular mill operations.
The required techniques to stabilize operations and control ambient paper
machine conditions have not yet been demonstrated in the paperboard industry -
STATUS
The project will terminate in August, 1975 after a six-month extension due
to problems encountered in the reverse osmosis system. As .far as closure is
concerned, the project has been successful in that the BOD suspension was low
in lost as far as closure. However, water removal and water balance has been
a problem in the reverse osmosis process due to the removal of-excess water
from spasmodic events (snow, machine breakdown, etc.)
The permeate was relatively pure with the exception of acid considering the
fact that there are 27 paper mills and four large communities upstream from
the Fox River. The permeate is discharged into that river. According to
statistics from the U. of Wisconsin and the State Agriculture Department, the
river has improved since the new process has been in use.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
G. 0. Walraven
Green Bay Packaging Inc.
P.O. Box 1107
Green Bay, Wisconsin 54305
-249-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Improved Waste-Treatment System Design Based on the Natural Thermal
Environment
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Low-maintenance, technology-simple (LMTS) waste treatment systems
(systems having minimal dependence on electrical and mechanical
equipment) offer an attractive alternative to technology-intensive,
package plants currently being used to treat wastewaters from subdivisions
and isolated recreational areas. Although package plants are advertised
to perform satisfactorily with a minimum of operational control, experience
has shown that they are subject to serious operational and performance
problems.
The objective of the proposed research is to establish procedures
with which the engineer can make a rational design of a LMTS waste
treatment system based on (1) easily obtained meteorological data and
(2) effluent standards applicable to the location of the system. This
objective will be achieved by: 1. the definition and formulation of'the
time-varying thermal characteristics of that portion of the earth's
surface extending from the surface to a depth of approximately 10 meters,
2. the characterization of domestic wastewater temperatures, 3. the
application of recent research related to temperature effects on biological
processes to the design of LMTS treatment units, and 4. the evaluation of
the predicted characteristics of these units in light of current and
anticipated effluent standards.
STATUS
The project is a 2 yr. project. The investigators have just completed
one year and have designed a biological process sensitive to temperature.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. L. G. Rich
Clemson University School of Engineering
Rhodes Research Building
Clemson, South Carolina 29631
803-656-3201 ext. 3276
™" £. ww ™
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PROJECT/TITLE
Upgrading Wastewater Stabilization Ponds to Meet New Discharge Standards
by E. J. Middlebrooks, D. H. Falkenborg, R. F. Lewis, and D. J. Ehreth,
Utah State University Logan, Utah
CITATION
same as PROJECT/TITLE
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The question as to whether lagoons, as they now exist, meet the new
secondary treatment standards and what methods would work to upgrade
lagoon treatment in cases where they presently do not meet the standards is
of high priority for many Regional Offices of EPA. The symposium was
held for EPA staff and State Officials to review the Office of Research
and Development's program for upgrading lagoons. The intermittent sand
filter, land application of algae laden effluents and the submerged rock
filter offer good potential for cost effective upgrading. The basic
biology of the treatment mechanism, disinfection technology, the controlled
discharge operation (and results), cost effective analysis, and new fields
of research were covered by speakers. Intermittent sand filtration,
submerged rock filtration, and land application of sewage effluents are
effective alternatives to removing algae from sewage lagoons.
STATUS
Publication Pnding
670/9-75-004
INFORMATION CONTACT
E. J. Middlebrooks
D. H. Falkenborg
Utah State University
Logan, Utah
-251-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewat.er Treatment
by R. Smith and W. F. McMichael, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory, EPA Cincinnati, Ohio.
CITATION
Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewater Treatment
by R. Smith and W. F. McMichael, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory, EPA Cincinnati, Ohio.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Various alternative systems for supplying oxygen to wastewater
treatment processes were studied and evaluated in terms of cost and
effectiveness. Systems which deliver atmospheric air to the process such
as diffused aeration, mechanical aeration, and turbine aeration are
compared to systems which deliver pure oxygen gas. The relationship
between oxygen consumption and excess sludge production in the activated
sludge process is quantified. Factors such as the diurnal variation in
oxygen demand and the oxygen demand as a function of distance along the
aerator in the activated sludge process are studied. Finally, the
total cost for oxygen supply expressed as cents per pound of oxygen
dissolved in the wastewater is estimated as a function of total oxygen
consumption expressed as tons of oxygen used per day. The least costly
system was found to be mechanical aeration. The pure oxygen system was
found to cost roughly the same as a diffused air system with an aeration
efficiency of 54%.
STATUS
Publication pending
#670/2-75-001
INFORMATION/CONTACT
EPA
Smith R.
513-684-8352
-252-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Treatment of leachate from landfills is a practical necessity in many
cas.es. Where a sewerage system is available, treatment can be performed
at the central plant; otherwise, treatment must be performed on-site. No
performance data was available on lab, pilot, or traditional wastewater
methods. This research grant effort was intended as a brief survey of
treatment methods with pilot plant application of the most feasible. Detailed
analyses of each method was not expected. The final outcome of this study
is a practical on-site treatment scheme and an evaluation of how much leachate
can be added to conventional domestic wastewater treatment plants when leachate
is discharged to a sewerage system. It has been determined that a conventional
biological treatment plant can accept up to 10 percent leachate-domestic
wastewater without effecting plant performance significantly. The most
promising on-site treatment scheme appears to be anaerobic lagooning followed
by aerobic polishing. A pilot plant was established and results from this
portion of work have been compiled.
The laboratory studies utilized leachate from existing landfills initially.
Later, fields studies were conducted on a landfill site. It was necessary
to switch to another source of leachate because of the change in the character
of the effluent due to the aging of the land (pollutional components were
lowered by aging). The pilot plant treated 5-10 gal. per min of leachate
low-cost temporary process is needed for leachate treatment.
STATUS
Completed publication is pending from EPA
INFORMATION/CONTACT
W. C. Boyle Civil Engineering
University of Engineering
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
-253-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment
CITATION
Boothe, W.A.; General Electric.Corporate Research and Development,
Schenectady, N. Y.; Dec. 74; 367p
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report contains a thorough analysis of all the methods for
processing and disposing of solid waste currently in use or being
considered. It includes not only the conventional disposal processes
such as land fill, composting, and incineration but also the newer
resource recovery technologies such as pyrolysis, material and energy
recovery which are now emerging from the laboratory. In addition to
analysis of complete processes, discussions on the merits or key
pieces of equipment such as shredders, air separators, and .conveyors
are also included. The analysis includes a description of the technical
features of each process and how it works, a review of operating
history and experience to date, and estimates of both capital and
operating costs as well as scale-up considerations. Numerous tables
are provided which allow ready comparison of competing processes in
terms of net energy recovered, effluents, weight of materials to
be land filled, etc.
STATUS
Publication available. NTIS PB-238 144/OS1
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-254-
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Part IV Other
-255-
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TITLE/PROJECT
Environmental New Town
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The Mitre Corporation has been involved in the designing of an in-
novative city designed from the outset to be a model of environmental protection
equipment and systems fabrication. The innovative city concepts for energy,
transportation, education, communications, and waste disposal systems and
in outlining site plans, city-industrial a base and infrastructure and financial
implications are discussed.
STATUS
There has been several briefing sessions with HUD and other federal agencies.
The project, Environmental New Town, was a joint research effort.
Information and preliminary reports are available upon request from:
INFORMATION/CONTACT
R. Rifkin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va. 22101
703-790-6000
-257-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Joint Siting of Electrical Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Plant Feasibility Study
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: The purpose of this study was to evaluate five advanced
wastewater treatment (AWT) plant sites and various treatment processes,
including land disposal and sludge. Joint siting of an electrical
power plant and an AWT plant was considered because of the possibility
of reducing the overall envrionmental impact as compared to separate
siting. Alternatives affiliated with the power plant include the
following: location of the AWT plant at the power plant site, using clear
effluent as make up to the power plants cooling towers and burning the
AWT plant's organic solids in the power plant's furnaces; locating the
AWT plant at a lower basin site with clear water transmitted to the power
plant and alternate methods sludge disposal; land disposal of sludge in
connection with the power plant's use of partially treated wastewater.
The study concludes that to meet the quality standards, for discharges
into the Potomac River, treatment processes are limited to AWT or land
disposal. Land disposal requires considerably more land than an AWT
plant and would consequently cost more and displace more families. For
those and other reasons, an AWT plant is recommended. The joint location
of the AWT plant and the power plant proved to have many advantages
and to be entirely feasible and acceptable from the technical, economic,
and environmental viewpoints. However, due to community reaction and
sociopolitical factors, the joint siting project was rejected by the
governing body. Plant is under design and is nearly completed. Construc-
tion is scheduled for next year. (1976)
STATUS
A detailed environmental impact study of an Areawide Waste Treatment
and Delivery System for Montogomery County, Md. was done by Battelle
Memprial in August 1974. Region 3 is working to complete a similiar
draft for the Region 3 area.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Bob Ewing
Battslle Memorial Research
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Montogomery County E.I.S.
J.W. Filbert
Cornell, Rowland, Hayes & Merry
1930 Issac Newton Sq. Rm 202
Herndon, Va. 22070
703-471-9710
Region 3
-258-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Framework for Analyzing and Selecting Among Alternatives-far Regional
Solid Waste Management
CITATION
N.A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Considerable interest and suggestions concerning economies of
scale in regional solid waste management systems have been expressed.
The economic feasibility of regional solid waste management, was
investigated. Primary emphasis was on the development of a model
framework to facilitate analysis and selection among alternatives for
regional solid waste management systems, including implications for
regional economics.
STATUS
Publication Pending. EPA # 670/5-74-006
INFORMATION/CONTACT
B.H. Stevens
Regional Science Res. Inst.
G.P.O. Box 8776
Philadelphia, Penn. 19104
413-256-8526
-259-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Hud-Modular Integrated Utility System Program
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: The Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS) is
directed at providing utility service (electricity, environmental
conditioning, water treatment, waste treatment and disposal) for
communities of limited size, and to provide these services: 1) in an
improved manner (relative to current practice) with advantages in total
cost, decreased environmental impact and increased efficiency in the
utilization of natural resources; 2) at a pace equal to the rate of
growth of a development; and 3) to make available land for development
that is not being serviced by conventional utility systems. The MIUS
Program goals are to demonstrate the technology and economics of the
MIUS under actual use conditions. The ORNL effort to date has consisted
of conceptual design and system analyses activities. The MIUS might
employ gas or oil powered engines to generate electricity for a building
complex. The engine exhaust and coolant exhaust heat would supply the
buildings with some of their hot water, some of their space heating,
and some of their air conditioning from heat absorption-type water chillers.
Water from the liquid waste treatment plant might be heated with inexpen-
sive exhaust heat and purified to a degree acceptable for recycle as
cooling water or perhaps, someday, even drinking water. Additional
gas or oil, solid waste, and sludge from processing liquid waste
might be burned whenever the "waste" heat from generating electricity
is sized to accommodate perhaps 100 to 3000 multifamily dwelling units,
nearby single-family housing, and associated commercial facilities -
a common range of units for a single undertaking and simultaneous
construction in a community development or redevelopment.
STATUS
The MIUS Impact Statement is now in review and negotiations with a
developer for construction of a demcnstration unit are in progress.
Construction will begin as soon as a site has been selected and
approved by HUD.
The Public Health Service has vehemently opposed the re-use of any
quality wastewater. They have resisted the concept of wastev;ater
re-use from the very beginning of the project even though the quality
of processed wastewater has been at or above the acceptable standard
of water quality. Publications: The Water Report HUD OR&L-HUD-MIUS-16
Liquid Waste Treetment-Collection and Disposal-MIUS #16- Review of
Oakridge Treatment System, Performance and Available Sizes. Waste Water Refuse.
INFORMATI ON/CONTACT
A. J. Miller or William R. Mixon
Oak Ridge National Laboratory - p-0- Box X
Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830 (615)483-6907
-260-
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL
ASPECTS OF RESIDUAL WASTE
SECTION V
-261-
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Environmental New Town
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The Mitre Corporation has been involved in the designing of an in-
novative city designed from the outset to be a model of environmental protection
equipment and systems fabrication. The innovative city concepts for energy,
transportation, education, communications, and waste disposal systems and
in outlining site plans, city-industrial a base and infrastructure and financial
implications are discussed.
STATUS
There has been several briefing sessions with HUD a.nd other federal agencies.
The project, Environmental New Town, was a joint research effort.
Information and preliminary reports are available upon request from:
INFORMATION/CONTACT
R. Rifkin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va. 22101
703-790-6000
-263-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Jp.int Siting of Electrical Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Plant Feasibility Study
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: The purpose of this study was to evaluate five advanced
wastewater treatment (AWT) plant sites and various treatment processes,
including land disposal and sludge. Joint siting of an electrical
power .plant and an AWT plant was considered because of the possibility
,of reducing the overall envrionmental impact as compared to separate
siting.. Alternatives affiliated with the power plant include the
following: location of the AWT plant at the power plant site, using clear
effluent as moke up to the power plants cooling towers and burning the
AWT plant's organic solids in the power plant's furnaces; locating the
AWT plant at a lower basin site with clear water transmitted to. the power
plant and alternate methods sludge disposal; land disposal of sludge in
connection with the power plant's use of partially treated wastewater.
The study concludes that to meet the quality standards, for discharges
into the Potomac River, treatment processes are limited to AWT or land
disposal. Land disposal requires considerably more land than an AWT
plant and would consequently cost more and displace more families. For
those and other reasons, an AWT plant is recommended. The joint location
of the AWT plant and the power plant proved to have mary advantages
and to be entirely feasible and acceptable from the technical, economic,
and environmental viewpoints. However, due to community*reaction and
sociopolitical factors, the joint siting project was rejected by the
governing body. Plant is under design and is nearly completed. Construc-
tion is scheduled for next year. (1976)
STATUS
A detailed' environmental impact study of an Areawide Waste Treatment
and Delivery System for Montogomery County, Md. was dore by Battelle
Memprial in August 1974. Region 3 is working to complete a si mi liar
draft for the Region 3 area.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Bob Ewing
Battalle Memorial Research
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Montogomery County E.I.S.
J.W. Filbert
Cornell, Howl and, Hayes & Merry
1930 Issac Newton Sq. Rm 202
Herrdon, Va. 22070
703-471-9710
Region 3
-264-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Economic Analysis of Land-Intensive Wastewater Systems
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act Amendments are requiring increased
treatment of municipal wastewaters. One method to obtain a high quality
effluent at relatively low cost compared to other techniques is land
treatment.
This study compares and evaluates conventional in-plant treatment
and land treatment in a cost framework and in a production efficiency
framework. The major objective is to explain why more municiplaities have
not chosen land treatment in the past.
STATUS
Publication available.
Publication: Water Resources Research Institute of the University of N.
Carolina
UNC-WRRI-74-98 $4.00
Title: Economic Analysis of Land Treatment of Municipal
Wastewaters - 6. A. Carlson
Article: Water Resources Journal (Date 1975)
IN FORMAT I ON/CONTACT
N/A
-265-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Landfills
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of the project is to determine the authority needed to
acquire land for and operate sanitary landfills; identify and evaluate
powers of local governmental units and limitation of those powers to adopt
and enforce land-use restrictions and regulations as they relate to sani-
tary landfills, and other restrictions such as environmental protection
standards that affect site location; identify reasons for and extent of
institutional arrangements needed for solid-waste management on an areawide
basis.
State enabling legislation, administrative rules, regulations and
guidelines, local ordinances, and judicial decisions applicable to site
acquisition, location restrictions, landfill operations, and funding
requirements were collected tor most of the North Central States and
analyzed. A questionairewas used in an endeavor to ascertain the reasons
for and extent of opposition to location sanitary landfills in rural
residential areas.
STATUS
This is an extensive project and is only half completed. Results and
findings to date are discussed in the following publications.
1. North Dakota Law Review, "Solid Waste Management in North Dakota",
Vol 49, #3, Spring 1973, pp. 499-535
2. Public Works, Vol 104, #3, 3/73
Public Works, Vol 104, #4, 4/74
3. Municipal Waste-Research Needs Related to the Institutional and Legal
Aspects of Recycling Municipal Waste On The Land:Research on Land &
Water Resources. Proceeding: Residential Needs Related To Recycling
Urban Wastewater on Land. Penn. State University publication.
4. Managing Solid Waste "A Focus on Indiana Law Economics Research,
Service, U.S.D.A. publication
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dean T. Massey
U. of Wisconsin
U.S.D.A. Natural Resources/Economic Division
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
(608) 262-3568
-266-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Lee County Solid Waste Management Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Solid waste disposal in both the incorporated municipalities and
rural areas of Lee County was unsatisfactory. The City of Tupelo
made an atempt at operating a sanitary landfill in an undesirable
location. With poor operation, the results were open burning, water
pollution, and insect and rodent production. Disposal sites for
other areas of the county were nothing more than open dumps. Garbage
and rubbish collection was provided by the City of Tupelo, the tovms
of Nettleton and Saltillo, and by one private collection service. The
citizens of the other towns hauled away their own solid wastes. Garbage
storage is known to be very poor at most of the homes in the small towns.
The prime objective of the project was to demonstrate the feasibility
of a county-wide plan for solid waste management. A centrally-located
sanitary landfill near Tupelo was operated by the county for disposal.
The solid waste management project was successful, and, as a
result, most counties in Mississippi are now using a system of mobile
containers.
The wells around the landfills are continously monitored. To
date, there has been no evidence of leaching.
STATUS
The final report was sent to EPA in 1/74.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Tommy Dablis
703 Crossover Road
Tupelo, Miss. 38801
601-842-7381
-267.
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PROJECT/TITLE
Indiana Solid Waste Management.
CITATION
Indiana Dept. of Commerce, Indianapolis. Div. of Planning.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The report is a general background paper on the social, economic
and physical problems caused by solid waste. It covers solid waste
management in terms of the problem of collecting, processing, treating
and disposing of solid waste and the need for cooperation between the
rural and urban sectors in these areas and also in the areas of adminis-
tering and financing the operation. The appendix is a summary of
Indiana's laws which regulate refuse and its disposal.
STATUS
$4.25/MF $0.95
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-268-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Third Pollution; the National Problem of Solid Waste Disposal. Praeger
Publishers
CITATION
same as Project/Title
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The political aspects of solid waste disposal are discussed. The
first solid waste law provided that a national research, development,
and demonstration program be initiated and directed by the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare. The Bureau of Solid Wastes Manage-
ment spread its funds to cover research, development, and demonstration
needs among three sources of solid wastes: urban, industrial, and
agricultural. The problem is that the Bureau has beer given little
financial support. Through the concept of revenue-sharing, the
administration feels that municipalities will be able to solve their
problems. However, waste disposal responsibility is often relegated
to political jurisdictions too small to have sufficient resources for
the job. Many communities and municipalities are beginning to realize
that the regional approach to solid waste disposal is prsctical and
economically feasible. Suggestions are made for future legislation
concerning solid waste. It is recommended that the concepts of con-
servation and the economic balance of social progress be incorporated
into future laws. (D) (G)
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-269-
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PROJECT/TITLE
A Role for Selective Public Acquisition and Control of the Development
and Utilization of Industrial Sites.
CITATION
Recent Developments in Industrial Pollution Control; Proceedings of
the Fourth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference,
University of Rhode Island, July 13-15 1971 Technomic Publishing Co.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
In choosing a site for a power plant, oil refinery, or other
industrial complex, environmental factors should surely be considered.
However, the term 'environmental factors' is too frequently construed
to mean only the industry's impact in water, air, and land pollution.
If we are to avoid all environmental damage by industry, then we shall
have to outlaw industry. The American public ha? not yet expressed
a willingness to lower its standard of living to curb the stress
placed on the ecology by industry. Therefore, since no plant can be
located where its will do absolutely no damage to the: environment,
other, broader factors must be considered as well. The impact of the
new industry on the socioeconomic life of the area, such as its ability
to provide jobs in areas with high unemployment, should also be judged
as part of its environmental impact. A new industry may help, if
intelligently located, to stem the rural-urban migration, thereby keeping
the population distribution more balanced. These are decisions that
must be made, not by the industry involved, but by the planning arm of
the electorate. To this end, industrial parks should be bought in advance
of need and their tenants of lessees chosen as a matter of public policy.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-270-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sludge Processing, Transportation, and Disposal/Resource Recovery;
Planning Perspective
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A methodology was developed in this report for use in the 208
planning process for the evaluation of alternatives for the ultimate
disposal of residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment
plants. This methodology considered technical, economic, social, and
institutional factors pertinent to a thorough review of alternatives.
Residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants
were characterized. Handling and treatment processes for the residual
wastes were discussed and evaluated in light of qualitative and
quantitative changes to the residual wastes. Liquid, gaseous, and
solid sidestreams produced in residual waste treatment were evaluated
and rail, pipeline, barge, and truck transport of residual wastes were
analyzed.
Environmental, operational, and institutional constraints to the
use of ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills, sludge recycling,
and land reclamation were presented.
STATUS
Completed in Feb. 1975 - EPA Publication - Contract # 68-01-3104
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dr. Dean Neptune
Water Planning Division/Planning Assistance
401 M St. S.W.
Wash. D.C. 20460
(202) 426-2474
-271-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Attitudes of Illinois Citizens Toward Solid Waste and the Environment
CITATION
Sigler, Jeanne; Illinois Inst. for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois
University, Urbana Jun 73; 140p
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A survey of citizens throughout Illinois was made to determine their
attitudes toward the problem of solid waste. In general, city size or
regional differences were noted as the most important predictors of
respondent attitudes toward the environment. Residents of large cities
(>100,000) expressed more concern for the collection, processing, and
disposal of their trash and garbage than others. Next to residents of
large cities, those living in the open country had the most serious
solid waste probe!ms, due either to the difficulty of disposal of crop
and animal wastes, or to the lack of adequate collection services.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Available from NTIS;pc 9.00/m $1.45
pb-223 457/3
-272-
-------
RESIDUAL WASTE MODELS
Section VI
-273-
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Environmental New Town
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The Mitre Corporation has been involved in the designing of an in-
novative city designed from the outset to be a model of environmental protection
equipment and systems fabrication. The innovative "city concepts for energy,
transportation, education, communications, and waste disposal systems and
in outlining site plans, city-industrial a base and infrastructure and financial
implications are discussed.
STATUS
There has been several briefing sessions with HUD and other federal agencies.
The project, Environmental New Town, was a joint research effort.
Information and preliminary reports are available upon request from:
INFORMATION/CONTACT
R. Rifkin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va. 22101
703-790-6000
-274-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal Production Unit
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The specific aims of the project were: 1. To continue to monitor with
weekly sampling and laboratory analyses the overall performance character-
istics of the plant. 2. To install, test and evaluate the performance of
the aerobic digester equipment to be provided by DeLaval Comapny, or if
not by them, to purchase and build a surface aerator for installation in
the aerobic digester. 3. Surface aerator; submergence and speed variation
tn rotor; turbidity improvement of the effluent with the use of coagu-
lants; evaluation of chlorine disinfection of the recycled effluent.
4. To automate the disposal of solids onto the nearby farm land with the use of
automatically operated irrigation system. 5. To establish some monitoring
stations for sampling and analyzing the: water from the Loramie Creek that
receives the drainage from the research farm of the Botkins Grain and
Feed Company. 6. Develop an economic model of the plant to evaluate ways
of making the system economically feasible.
STATUS
Completed.
The project was monitored for 3 yrs., and is reputedly the longest
study of a project of this type. The report is well documented. The
findings were presented in April, 1975 at a conference.
The report has been cleared for publication and is awaiting printing
by EPA.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. EPTaiganides 190 N. Oval Dr., 102 Administration Bl.dg.
Agricultural Engineering Columbus, Ohio 43210
614-422-6626
Ohio State University
School of Agriculture
-775-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
A Predictive Model for the Configuration of and Concentration Varia-
tions within Mai enclaves Resulting from Refuse Landfills
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective is to further develop and test a predictive model
relating the contamination variations within a malenclave to the water-
table gradient, permeability, distance from source, depth, age of
landfill and precipitation. Approach is to predict the contamination
qualities for various landfills from the model and compare predicted to
actual conditions. Test sites will be both previously studied landfills
and new sites. At the new sites groundwater quality will be sampled
from well nests containing boreholes to 15, 25, and 40 feet and analyzed
by usual chemical techniques.
STATUS
Ongoing project. Investigators are attempting to modify the computer
model(designedby Freeze, IBM) for use by countries, cities, etc. in
planning disposal programs.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
L. V. Sendlein 294-8252
R. C. Palmquist 204-7814
Iowa State University
Water Resources Research Inst.
403 Town Engineering Bldg.
Ames, Iowa 50010
-276-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion of Organic Solid Wastes
(Andrews, John F., Kambhu, Kawi)
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The major reactions involved in the process of thermophilic aerobic
digestion are presented, discussed, and simplified into the basic
stoichimetric, thermochemical, kinetic relationships. A simple procedure
is presented for determining the thermochemistry of the net reaction by
relating heat production to the oxygen equivalent, or C.O.D. of the
organic solids.
The simulation studies and mathematical model discussed employ
conservative values of biological parameters. The mathematical model
provides assistance in planning and conducting pilot plant studies.
STATUS
Final Report. - NTIS $6.25/MF $1.45
PB 222 396
INFORMATION CONTACT
Clemson University
S. C. Dept. of Environmental System Engineering
-277-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Cost-Effectiveness Study for Handling and Disposal of Organic Sludges
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The goal of this project is to develop mathematical model for all
commonly used processes for sludge handling and disposal and to use
these models in an Executive program which will size all processes and
estimate the cost of the complete treatment train. Processes being
considered are gravity thickening, air flotation thickening, centrifugation,
anaerobic digestion, elutriation, aerobic digestion, vacuum filters,
sand drying beds, multiple hearth incineration, and transport and disposal
to land. A total of 181 ways have been identified to handle and dispose
of both primary and waste activated sludge. Computation of the cost of
these alternative processes will begin when models for aerobic digestion
and land disposal have been completed.
STATUS
Final stage of Preparation for Publication
INFORMATION CONTACT
Richard Eilers or Robert Smith
NERC
5555 Ridge Ave.
Cinn. , Ohio 45213
684-2200, 8352
-278-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk County,
Long Island, New York
CITATION
Preliminary Findings of a Leachate Study on Two Landfills in Suffolk County,
New York. By Grant E. Kimmel and Olin C. Braids. Journal of Research,
U.S. Geological Survey, Vol.3 , No. 3, May-June 1975, p. 273-280
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
In anticipation of the expected population growth in the county, water
planning and management agencies feel the need for regulation in the
operation of solid-waste-disposal sites and in the selection of new sites,
so as to prevent unreasonable or unnecessary deterioration of the quality
of the ground water or of the environment. In drafting regulations,
information is needed with regard to the character of the leachate and
chemical reactions that may occur in the zones of aeration and saturation.
In this respect information was needed on incinerated solid waste as well
as the general variety of solid wastes.
The major objectives of this project were to (a) document the nature
and extent of changes in the chemical quality of the ground water
associated with solid-waste disposal at one or more selected sites, and
(b) apply existing modeling techniques to predict the nature and rate of
change (both as a function of time and space) of the chemical quality of
the ground water. To the extent possible, modeling efforts involved the
zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dale Mosher - EPA/SWM
1835 K Street, N.W. AW/564
Washington, D.C.
-279-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Regional Management of Animal Manures
CITATION
Dodd, V.A., D.F. Lyons, and J. R. O'Callaghan.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
It is proposed that a centralized storage facility should be
provided for a group of pig and/or poultry units. The manure that is
collected and brought to the central store can be disposed of by spreading
on land in a separate operation. A mathematical, analytical model is
constructed to determine the best place to locate the central store,
and spead the manure. The model was applied to a specific region
containing 58 pig fattening units. Results showed that the system may
be economically attractive, having as additional advantages the mini-
mization of pollutional hazards and the relieving of the pig or poultry
farmer of the task of manure management.
STATUS
SWIRS Library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-280-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Optimization Models for Regional Public Systems.
CITATION
Vasan, K.S., Berkeley, University of California, Operations Research
Center, Feb. 1974. 128 p.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Optimization models for regional solid waste management systems
are presented and discussed. A review of papers and reports on the
application of systems analysis and operations research to the problems
of solid waste management is presented. The development of optimization
models for regional solid waste management systems is discussed. The
mathematical formulation of the problem is included and methods of
solving static models are described. The algorithm? used in the
solutions are discussed. Sample problems for each of three static
models are solved. Data and functions used in these solutions are
included. A mathematical formulation of the long range planning of
locations and expansion of facilities for regional management of solid
waste systems is presented and the procedure for its solution is
demonstrated.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-281-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Stochastic Population Dynamics for Regional Water Supply and Waste
Management Decision-making.
CITATION
Ph. D. Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., 1970
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A rational methodology for Iocs] area population projection and
water and sewer service area prediction is developed. The projection
model consists of a stochastic simulation of inter-regional population
growth and a finite difference solution to a non-linear partial differential
equation describing spatial variations in urban population densities.
The projection model output is designed as input to optimization al-
gorithms for regional water supply and waste treatment facilities. The
components of demographic chance are modeled as regressive stochastic
processes, and response surface algorithm is developed to decompose
net migration rates into in-and-out migration rates. Service area
prediction is based on a computerized evaluation of the distance-density
relations at the existing service area periphery. Comparison of results
to preliminary census figures for 1970 indicates a superior prediction
performance over traditional methods of population projection as
practiced by consulting engineers and planners. (T)
STATUS
This thesis available from University Microfilms, order no. 71-6390.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
b. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.
-282-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Regional Planning Models for Solid Waste Management.
CITATION
Kuhner, J., and B. Heilet; static tP-model. In Models for environmental
pollution control. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
Inc., 1973. p.344-347.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The static average distance Lp-rnodel can be! used for today's usual
regional transportation and processing problems. It is further generalized
to include more of today's recognized processing and disposal alternatives.
Engineers and planners should be able to extend the models to include
all the alternatives available in regional solid waste management. These
models can also be extended to include more constraints. The static LP-
model can also be extended and serve as an introduction to fixed charge
problems and mixed integer programming. A problem arises when regional1-
zation is contemplated tc take over the existing facilities of many inde-
pendent operations. Some of the existing activities may. need to be: phased
out as economically infeasible, and associated with the phasing out will
be costs such as dismantling an incinerator or recuTtivating over a dump.
Considerations of the problems concerning regional solid waste management
showed that extensions to the simpler static average location model would
be strongly desirable. Unfortunately, many of the desired extensions
cannot be solved by an LP but would also require solution by mixed integer
programming.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-283-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
A Pollution-Free System for the Economic Utilization of Municipal
Solid Waste - Phase II
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This is the final phase of a project in which the most cost-
effective pollution free system for the conversion of solid waste
generated in New York City to a source of energy and recyclable materials
will be designed. The manual will be especially addressed to nontechnical
municipal authorities and decision-makers faced with the problem of
choosing among the many competing advanced technology options in Solid
Waste Management.
A complete system has been designed for Westchester County to test
the generalizability of the: results to a lower density suburban community
having no resident electric utility. The manual summarizes the quanti-
tative and qualitative findings of the project in well digested, generic
terms to facilitiate their dissemination to other American municipalities
of varying sizes. The manual is a compendium of four position papers.
STATUS
The manual is near completion. Publication is expected in August, 1975.
The title is Resource Recovery Handbook for Public Officials.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Helmut W. Schulz
School of Engineering
378 Engineering Terrace
New York, New York 10027
212-280-2374
-284-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Projection and Analyses of the Economies of Substate Planning Districts
in Oklahoma
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The present study attempts to construct a data base for substate
planning. The emphasis is on estimating an analytical model of the
economic base for each of the planning districts in Oklahoma. Analysis
of the economic base is for purposes of projecting employment and
income levels and for estimating the impact of changes in the planning
district economies.
The study is structured primarily for use by regional planners in
Oklahoma, Regional Planners should find it useful for purposes of
community services planning, public capital budgeting, or for other areas
of community development planning. Most technical detail has been
relegated to appendices. The study, however, should also be found useful
to research scientists investigating spatial requirements for transporta-
tion, energy, water, or other critical resources.
STATUS
Publication available upon request.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. D. F. Schreiner
Oklahoma State University
Department of Agricultural Economics
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075
405-372-7511
-285-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Models for Environmental Pollution Control.
CITATION
Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1973. 448 p.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Mathematical models and systems analysis techniques for the control
of environmental pollution and resources development are discussed.
The studies included combine mathematical modeling, systems analysis,
and computer techniques with environmental pollution control technology.
The volume is addressed to the scientists and engineers who are involved
in the control of environmental pollution. The role of system? analysis
and mathematical modeling in the areas of water pollution control, water
supply and water resources development, air pollution control, solid
waste disposal, noise control, and total environment systems is discussed.
Solid waste management models and regional waste disposal planning
models are presented. The use of mathematical modeling in designing
refuse collection systems and routing patterns for street cleaning and
sncw removal operations is explained.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION
N/A
-286-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Total Environmental Quality Management. Models.
CITATION
In Models for environmental pollution control. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1973. p. 403-436
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Traditionally, gaseous, liquid, and solid waste management problems
have been dealt with separately with little or no concern for the other
environmental media, such as atmosphere, water courses, and land, into
which residuals are discharged. The purpose of this study is to delineate
the entire regional residuals management system, including the range of
management options available to society for improving environmental
quality, and to indicate how all the components of the system may be
expressed and ultimately linked together within the same computational
framework. A regional residuals management model that includes all the
relevant management options available to society for improving environ-
mental quality consists of residuals generation and discharge models,
environmental modification models, environmental quality models, damage
functions, and management strategies. The; management model is formulated
quantitatively and mathematical forms of the various environemntal models
are discussed. An atmospheric dispersion model and an aquatic ecosystem
model are included. Computations! schemes for selecting an optimal
management strategy are suggested.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-287-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
The Planning Process
CITATION
Solid Waste Management Plan
Olympia, Washington, Department of Ecology, State of Washington, 1.4.72
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A model for the procedural process in developing a local solid
waste management plan is provided. It must be remembered that planning
is not as static a-process as a model would suggest; it is dynamic and
continuous. At many points in a planning process feedback into the
system occurs, which may influence the plan and make changes necessary.
Outside events may also affect the suitability of the plan! The first
step in any planning process is awareness of the existence of a problem.
This realization leads to data collection which may determine further
aspects of the difficulty. Once the problem is fully identified,
objectives can be formulated. Several alternatives may be available to
achieve the objectives set forth. Identifying alternatives and deciding
among them requires the continuing assistance of a interdisciplinary
technical advisory staff. These experts may rule out some alternatives
as impractical or economically prohibitive, while they may propose other
solutions that had not occurred to the planning agency. Existing plans,
such as State, regional or local plans, should be taken into consideration.
Public information must be dealt with at every phase of the planning
process. Only by informing the public of what problems are being attacked
and what solutions considered can the planners be assured of maximum
public support for the final planning phase, the establishraent-'of the plan.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-288-
-------
RESIDUAL WASTE PLANNING & MANAGEMENT
Section VII
Part I State & Local Planning/Management
Part II Regional Planning
Part III Other
-289-
-------
Part I State & Local Planning/Management
-291-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
The Planning Process
CITATION
Solid Waste Management Plan
Olympia, Washington, Department of Ecology, State of Washington, 1.4.72
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A model for the procedural process in developing a local solid
waste management plan is provided. It must be remembered that planning
is not as static a process as a model would suggest; it is dynamic and
continuous. At many points in a planning process feedback into the
system occurs, which may influence the plan and make changes necessary.
Outside events may also affect the suitability of the plan. The first
step in any planning process is awareness of the existence of a problem.
This realization leads to data collection which may determine further
aspects of the difficulty. Once the problem is fully identified,
objectives can be formulated. Several alternatives may be available to
achieve the objectives set forth. Identifying alternatives and deciding
among them requires the continuing assistance of a interdisciplinary
technical advisory staff. These experts may rule out some alternatives
as impractical or economically prohibitive, while they may propose other
solutions that had not occurred to the planning agency. Existing plans,
such as State, regional or local plans, should be taken into consideration.
Public information must be dealt with at every phase of the planning
process. Only by informing the public of what problems are being attacked
and what solutions considered can the planners be assured of maximum
public support for the final planning phase, the establishment-of the plan.
STATUS
N/A,
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-293-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Projection and Analyses of the Economies of Substate Planning Districts
in Oklahoma
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The present study attempts to construct a data base for substate
planning. The emphasis is on estimating an analytical model of the
economic base for each of the planning districts in Oklahoma. Analysis
,of the economic base is for purposes of projecting employment and
income levels and for estimating the impact of changes in the planning
district economies.
The study is structured primarily for use by regional planners in
Oklahoma. Regional Planners should find it useful for purposes of
community services planning, public capital budgeting, or for other areas
of community development planning. Most technical detail has been
relegated to appendices. The study, however, should also be found useful
to research scientists investigating spatial requirements for transporta-
tion, energy, water, or other-critical resources,.
STATUS
Publication available upon request.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Dr. D. F. ScHreiner
Oklahoma State University
Department of Agricultural Economics
Still water, Oklahoma 74075
405-372-7511
-294-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Sanitary Landfill Technology
CITATION
Weiss, S. Los Angeles County study. In Sanitary landfill technology.
Park Ridge, New Jersey, Moyes Data Corporation, 1974. p..252-269
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A study conducted by the County of Los Angeles, California* to
formulate construction criteria for sanitary landfills and improvements
which would lead to optimum land development and use is reported. Methods
utilized in the study are described. Monitoring and prediting subsidence
and compaction of landfill, gas movement and control, and groundWater
pollution from sanitary landfills are discussed. Criteria for the location,
design, construction, inspection, supervision, and maintenance of- sanitary
landfills;-for the uses of land on or adjacent to sanitary landfills; and
for the development, construction, and maintenance of improvements to
sanitary landfills established as a result of this study are disctissed.
STATUS
SWIRS library
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-295-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk County,
Long Island, New York
CITATION
Preliminary Findings of a Leachate Study on Two Landfills in Suffolk County,
New York. By Grant E. Kimmel and 01 in C. Braids. Journal of Research,
U.S. Geological Survey, Vol.3 , No. 3, May-June 1975, p. 273-280
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
In anticipation of the expected population growth in the county, water
planning and management agencies feel the need for regulation in the
operation of solid-waste-disposal sites and in the selection of new sites,
so as to prevent unreasonable or unnecessary deterioration of the quality
of the ground water or of the environment. In drafting regulations,
information is needed with regard to the character of the leachate and
chemical reactions that may occur in the zones of aeration and saturation.
In this respect information was needed on incinerated solid waste as well
as the general variety of solid wastes.
The major objectives of this project were to (a) document the nature
and extent of changes in the chemical quality of the ground water
associated with solid-waste disposal at one or more selected sites, and
(b) apply existing modeling techniques to predict the nature and rate of
change (both as a function of time and space) of the chemical quality of
the ground water. To the extent possible, modeling efforts involved the
zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dale Mosher - EPA/SWM
1835 K Street, N.W. AW/564
Washington, D.C.
-296-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Landfills
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The objective of the project is to determine the authority needed to
acquire land for and operate sanitary landfills; identify and evaluate
powers of local governmental units and limitation of those powers to adopt
and enforce land-use restrictions and regulations as they relate to sani-
tary landfills, and other restrictions such as environmental protection
standards that affect site location; identify reasons for and extent of
institutional arrangements needed for solid-waste management on an areawide
basis.
State enabling legislation, administrative rules, regulations and
guidelines, local ordinances, and judicial decisions applicable to site
acquisition, location restrictions, landfill operations, and funding
requirements were collected for most of the North Central States and
analyzed. A questionairewas used in an endeavor to ascertain the reasons
for and extent of opposition to location sanitary landfills in rural
residential areas.
STATUS
This is an extensive project and is only half completed. Results and
findings to date are discussed in the following publications.
1. North Dakota Law Review, "Solid Waste Management in North Dakota",
Vol 49, #3, Spring 1973, pp. 499-535
2. Public Works, Vol 104, #3, 3/73
. Public Works, Vol 104, #4, 4/74
3. Municipal Waste-Research Needs Related to the Institutional and Legal
Aspects of Recycling Municipal Waste On The Land Research on Land &
Water Resources. Proceeding: Residential Needs Related To Recycling
Urban Wastewater on Land. Penn. State University publication.
4. Managing Solid Waste "A Focus on Indiana Law Economics Research,
Service, U.S.D.A. publication
INFORMATION CONTACT
Dean T. Massey
U. of Wisconsin
U.S.D.A. Natural Resources/Economic Division
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
(608) 262-3568
-297-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Economic Analysis of Land-Intensive Wastewater Systems
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act Amendments are requiring increased
treatment of municipal wastewaters. One method to obtain a high quality
effluent at relatively low cost compared to other techniques is land
treatment.
This study compares and evaluates conventional in-plant treatment
and land treatment in a cost framework and in a production efficiency
framework. The major objective is to explain why more municiplaities have
not chosen land treatment in the past.
STATUS
Publication available.
Publication: Water Resources Research Institute of the University of N.
Carolina
UNC-WRRI-74-98 $4.00
Title: Economic Analysis of Land Treatment of Municipal
Wastewaters - G. A. Carlson
Article: Water Resources Journal (Date 1975)
INFORMATI ON/CONTACT
N/A
-298-
-------
TITLE/PROJECT
Environmental New Town
CITATION
N/A
.ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The Mitre Corporation has been involved in the designing of an in-
novative city designed from the outset to be a model of environmental protection
equipment and systems fabrication. The innovative city concepts for energy,
transportation, education, communications, and waste disposal systems and
in outlining site plans, city-industrial a base and infrastructure and financial
implications, are discussed.
STATUS
There has been several briefing sessions with HUD and other federal agencies.
The project, Environmental New Town, was a joint research effort.
Information and preliminary reports are available upon request from:
INFORMATION/CONTACT
R. Rifkin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va. 22101
703-790-6000
-299-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Contingency Planning for Resource Recovery
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A resource recovery plant has been designed by the National
Center for Resource Recovery, and is presently under construction in
New Orleans, La. The plant will be operated by a private firm.
The plant is scheduled to open on May 1, 1976, with a 650 ton
per day material recovery system that utilizes shredding, classifying
and extraction of aluminum, glass, iron, steel, and non-ferrous metals
(excluding aluminum) and paper. The residuals, which will be mostly
organic, will be landfilled.
The waste system was so designed as to have no adverse environmental
impact upon ground or surface water. Water sampling is being done
around the site to establish hydrogeological data, and sampling will
continue during the course of operation.
The plant is being built on city-owned land. The cost of the plant,
with the exception of the recovery system, is borne by the private firm.
The resource recovery system is financed by the National Center For
Resource Recovery, a non-profit research organization.
The plant will process one-half of the city's waste initially.
Two incinerators will be de-commissioned upon completion of the plant.
Some of the profit gained from the sale of recovered materials will
be shared by the city of New Orleans.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT
J. F. Bernheisel
National Center for Resource Recovery
1211 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
202 223-6154
-300-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Guidelines for Local governments on Solid Waste Management
CITATION
National Association of Counties Research Foundation, Washington, D.C.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Ten guides have been prepared on solid waste management to assist
local elected and appointed policy making officials. These guides cover
the following topics; Areawide approaches; Legal authority: Planning;
Organization; Design and operation; Financing; Technical and financial
assistance; Citizen support; Personnel; and an Acticn plan and Biblio-
graphy.
i
STATUS
GPO/MF S0.95-NTIS - PB-214 039/0
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-301-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Organization
CITATION
Guidelines for Local Governments on Solid Waste Management. Public
Health Service Publication No. 2084.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The major functions of a comprehensive solid waste management system
are: policymaking; public information; budgeting, planning and review;
drafting, adoption and enforcement of standards; and operation of the
system. The public should have access to information concerning the
activities and policies of the solid waste management system. Local
governments must concern themselves with operation of systems for both
collection and disposal. (D) (G)
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-302-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Maryland Creates a Statewide Wholesale Sanitary District to Save
Her Waterways.
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Maryland has enacted a statewide program to coordinate wastewater
and solid waste disposal. The Maryland Environmental Service (MES)
will: accept wastefrom municipalities and corporations, under contract;
designate or create regional facilities for receiving and treating
their; dispose of the wastes in the purest, most economical and most
efficient way; and encourage reduction in the amount, of waste generated
and discharged to the environment. MES will charge fees for its
waste-acceptance service and seek to become self-supporting in six years.
MES can issue its own revenue bends to finance new or improved facilities
that hard-squeezed communities have had to pay for on their own. An
important aim of MES is to disseminate the technical expertness as
well as the financial assistance emanating from Washington, D.C. MES
can engage in research and developmental studies; and investigations
into improved methods and techniques of liquid and solid wastes
acquisition, processing, purification, disposal, and management. MES
cannot supplant any municipal wastewater purification solid-waste-disposal
project that is giving adequate service. The entire state will be
divided into service regions. Subsequent to regionalization will be
the adoption of a 5-year plan—subject to biennial review—for every
service region. To avoid building up overhead, MES expects to use
personnel interregionally instead of confining them to a single region.
In its statewide focus, and its aim of enhancing the provision of service,
MES is comparable to water authorities in Ohio and New York. As a
statewide wholesale sanitary district, however, MES breaks new ground.
STATUS
Retained in the SWIRS Library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-303-
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Part II Regional Planning
-305-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Regional Planning Models for Solid Waste Management.
CITATION
Kuhner, J., and B. Heilet; static LP-model. In Models for environmental
pollution control. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
Inc., 1973. p.344-347.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The static average distance Lp-model can be: used for today's usual
regional transportation and processing problems. It is further generalized
to include more of today's recognized processing and disposal alternatives.
Engineers and planners should be able to extend the models to include
all the alternatives available in regional solid waste management. These
models can also be extended to include more constraints. The static LP-
model can also be extended and serve as an introduction to fixed charge
problems and mixed integer programming. A problem arises when regionali-
zation is contemplated tc take over the existing facilities of many inde-
pendent operations. Some of the existing activities may need to be phased
out as economically infeasible, and associated with the phasing out will
be costs such as dismantling an incinerator or recultivating over a dump.
Considerations of the problems concerning regional solid waste management
showed that extensions to the simpler static average location model would
be strongly desirable. Unfortunately, many of the desired extensions
cannot be solved by an LP but would also require solution by mixed integer
programming.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-307-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Transport, Scale and Design Options: Design Methods in the Evaluation of
Policy Related Research in the Field of Municipal Solid Waste.
CITATION
Hudson, J. F.» F. P. Gross, D. G. Wilson, and D. H. Marks. In Evaluation
of policy-related research in the field of municipal solid waste management.
Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Civil Engineering
Systems Laboratory, Sept. 1974. p. 145-160.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This evaluation of the research on local solid waste management
problems was funded by the National Science Foundation and is primarily
concerned with residential wastes. While no procedure has been developed
which can find the least cost system considering all possible alternatives
and all factors which affect cost, several methods exist for finding the
best alternative large scale solid waste management system given certain
assumptions about the alternatives considered and the cost structure
involved in the system. There has, however, been little documented field
application of methods. Techniques have been developed which attempt to
select the least cost alternatives where only monetary costs are considered.
Methods for including social and political objectives offer a potentially
valuable aid in facility location, but are still in an early stage of
development. Some work has been done which attempts to combine a least
cost analysis with input on political and social objectives directly
from the decision maker. These methods terd to require an excessive
time commitment from the decision maker with little change of worthwile
output other than possibly allowing the decision maker to view tradeoffs
between objectives more clearly. Little effort has been made in in-
cluding cepacity expansion considerations for facilities in the location
models. Very useful work is, however, available for considering optimal
strategies for capacity expansion for facilities with given service areas
and growth rates. If regional programs become more popular, these models
will have a chance at field verification and further development.
STATUS
N.A
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A -308-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Developing Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Plan; a Division of
Technical Operations Open-file Report (TO 14.0)
CITATION
Toftner, R.O., Developing Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Plan;
a Division of Technical Operations Open-file Report (TO 14.0); Cincinnati,
Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1971
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This document describes the; basic features of the planning process
and their utilization in the development of a local or regional plan for
solid waste management. The purpose of the booklet is to aid local and
regional agencies in preparing comprehensive solid waste management plans.
The first part of the document reviews the planning process itself. The
essential base studies are listed and discussed. Part III is devoted
to management considerations to be included in the planning operation,
and management techniques are discussed. Sections are also given over
to implementation of the plan and report preparation. A sample formc.t
for reporting the plan is provided, as well as a short bibliography. (C)(G)
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-309-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Planning for Solid Waste Disposal: America's Biggest Industry.
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This publication discusses the following: planning for solid waste
disposal; America's biggest industry: the production of waste; workshops
on planning for solid waste management; data for solid waste planning;
workshops on data for solid waste planning; intergovernmental cooperation
and public involvement in solid waste management; workshops on intergovern-
mental cooperation and public involvement; solid waste legislation;
workshops on solid waste legislation; implementation of solid waste
management plans; workshops on implementation of solid waste management.
STATUS
Paper copy available from GPO $0.45 as stock no. 5502-3307, Ep32:P69.
Library of Congress catalog card no. 71-611731. E7301
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-310-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Intergovernmental Aspects of Environmental Control: Intergovernmental
Cooperation—the Use of Interstate Compacts.
CITATION
Grad, F. P., G. VI. Rathjens, and A. J. Rosenthal. In Environmental
control: priori ties 5 policies, and the law. New York, Columbia University
Press, 1971. p. 130-146.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
There has been relatively little intergovernmental cooperation in
the area of environmental regulation or enforcement. What intergovern-
mental cooperation there has been has involved cooperation imposed from
the top down, rather than among governments at the same level. This
type of relationship is seen in such areas as grant-in-aid programs
and atomic energy control. Perhaps the only device for intergovernmental
cooperation which has had some experience is the interstate compact.
A number of interstate compacts have evolved for the regulation of water
pollution. The development of the compact device in the field of air
pollution has been much less advanced than in water pollution contorl,
and no air pollution control compacts are presently in effect. The
interstate compact device, in spite of the many criticisms that have
been leveled against it, is the only workable device for regional
pollution control management short of general federal controls. Efforts
should be directed to devising interstate compact mechanisms that will
meet the criticisms and that will enable interstate compact agencies
to function free from the obstacles that the configuration of particular
compacts has frequently imposed on such agencies in the past. The role
of the Federal Government in encouraging such pacts and in participation
in them is discussed.
STATUS
This doucument is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-311-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Managing the Natural Environment; a Regional Plan for Water, Sewage, Air
and Refuse
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The Tri-State Transportation Commission, representing the States of
Connecticut, New Jersey and New York, presents a report dealing with air
and water pollution and with the problems of solid waste disposal. It is
recommended that State leadership establish a regional pattern of solid
waste disposal. The main aims are concerned with the protection of public
health in all disposal practices and with protection of the environment
against damage. Reuse of materials to reduce the solid waste problem is
to be encouraged. New low-cost solutions for solid waste disposal problems
will be sought. The disposal of waste by means of sanitary landfills is
the least expensive method, but sites are not easily available, and
exporting refuse to other areas appears next most economical. However,
transoprt cost and social resistance to waste 'imports' are sure to raise
further difficulties. It was therefore decided that the best solution
would be to develop a regional waste disposal plan that depends on presently
used techniques. Landfill sites will not be available for refuse in
the metropolitan area; this refuse will therefore have to be incinerated.
Collection, cost and organization of this plan are described. (D)(G)
STATUS
NTIS PS 190-290
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-312-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Regional Government and Conservation.
CITATION
Volume 26 Journal of Soil and Water Conservation; Beecroft, Eric Mar-Apr.1971
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
In bringing professionals and politicians together, regional
government takes on a great significance. Knowledge must be assembled
and applied to economic development and community building. A strong case
is often made for special purpose agencies, to handle each facet of
municipal government, rather than having a centralized agency do it all.
In Ontario, water, as a resource, is split among several agencies,
and many measures have been deferred because of jurisdictional conflicts.
The authority was not convinced that any broad, long-range project would
receive financial assistance from the province. Municipal representatives
were not appointed for their ability to form a link between the authority
and the grassroots. The Wheat!y Commission in Scotland came out for
local governments to take over water supply, sewerage, river purification,
and flood prevention agencies. The Canadian Federation of Mayors and
Municipalities also urged the creation of strong, multipurpose regional
governments rather than special agencies. Community finance corporations
can be set up for conservation, flood protection, pollution control, and
water supply. Provinces and local authorities could be; given broader
taxing powers. In giving power to regional governments, citizen partici-
pation will be increased. (D) (G)
STATUS
SWIRS Library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-313-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Total Environmental Quality Management. Models.
CITATION
In Models for environmental pollution control. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1973. p. 403-436
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Traditionally, gaseous, liquid, and solid waste management problems
have been dealt with separately with little or no concern for the other
environmental media, such as atmosphere, water courses, and land, into
which residuals are discharged. The purpose of this study is to delineate
the entire regional residuals management system, including the range of
management options available to society for improving environmental
quality, and to indicate how all the components of the system may be
expressed and ultimately linked together within the same computational
framework. A regional residuals management model that includes all the
relevant management options available to society for improving environ-
mental quality consists of residuals generation and discharge models,
environmental modification models, environmental quality models, damage
functions, and management strategies. The management model is formulated
quantitatively and mathematical forms of the various environemntal models
are discussed. An atmospheric dispersion model and an aquatic ecosystem
model are included. Computational schemes for selecting an optimal
management strategy are suggested.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-314-
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PROJECT/TITLE
The Planning Process
CITATION
Solid Waste Management Plan
Olympia, Washington, Department of Ecology, State of Washington, 1.4.72
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
A model for the procedural process in developing a local solid
waste management plan is provided. It must be remembered that planning
is not as static a process as a model would suggest; it is dynamic and
continuous. At many points in a planning process feedback into the
system occurs, which may influence the plan and make changes necessary.
Outside events may also affect the suitability of the plan! The first
step in any planning process is awareness of the existence of a problem.
This realization leads to data collection which may determine further
aspects of the difficulty. Once the problem is fully identified,
objectives can be formulated. Several alternatives may be availably to
achieve the objectives set forth. Identifying alternatives and deciding
among them requires the continuing assistance of a interdisciplinary
technical advisory staff. These experts may rule out some alternatives
as impractical or economically prohibitive, while they may propose other
solutions that had not occurred to the planning agency. Existing plans,
such as State, regional or local plans, should be taken into consideration,
Public information must be dealt with at every phase of the planning
process. Only by informing the public of what problems are being attacked
and what solutions considered can the planners be assured of maximum
public support for the final planning phase, the establishment-of the plan.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-315-
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PROJECT/TITLE
The Planning Process.
CITATION
Developing a Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Plan; a Division
of Technical Operations Open-file Report (TO 14.0); Cincinnati, Ohio,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Toftner, R.O. 1971
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The planning process is a systematic method of recognizing that a
general situation or problem exists; collecting and analyzing data about
the problem; redefining the situation or problem in light of analyzed
data; establishing objectives to change the situation; predetermining the
methods, timing, and priorities for achieving objectives; and evaluating
the predetermined methods in light of their success or failure in achieving
objectives. The local or regional plan should serve five functions. It
should provide technical and policy guidelines for accomplishing the intent
of the local or regional agency. It should provide a framework of standards
for planning and implementation. It should provide for an integrated system
of approved storage, collection, transport, resource recovery, and final
disposition of solid waste. It should establish methods for translating
the plant into system design and direct operations. Finally, it should
serve as a legislative support document. The plan should be coordinated
with State and Federal guideline and laws, all other plans, such as sewer
and health department policies, and with the private sector of collection
and disposal operations. A simple, eight-step model shows the basic planning
structure, although the actual planning process is dynamic and not static,
as it appears on paper. As objectives are considered and alternatives
weighed, a competent interdisciplinary staff is essential to suggest and
evaluate various methods of waste handlings. (D)(G)
STATUS
SWIRS Library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-316-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Michigan Towns Sell Regional Authority Bonds.
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
In 1967, five municipalities in Berrien County, Michigan, with
a combined population of 77,000 people, individually took stock of
their disposal facilities and concluded that they were faced with a
state of emergency. For a number of years, each had been discarding its
solid wastes at open dumps situated in swampy river areas, resulting
in pollution of the local streams. After studying the costs involved
in setting up a sanitary landfill in each of the five regions, it was
decided to band together to start a single, common landfill. The North-
western Berrien County Sanitation Authority was established. The landfill
was financed by selling negotiable bonds through the Detroit stock exchange.
The Authority hired, a private hauler, to be full time superintendent
of the site. To get the operation started a John Deere self-elevating
scraper, a small Deere wheel tractor with front end loader, a Clark
CS-70 Trash-Pak, and an American Hoist crane and dragline were purchased.
Since the site was on flat land, with no natural ravines or hills,
converting to a landfill meeting state specifications and also local
regulations took a great deal of time and excavating. The disposal trench
currently in use is 70 ft. wide, 20 ft. deep and 1,400 ft. long. Its
life expectancy is a year to 18 months, which the entire site is expected
to last more than a decade. All of the 800 to 900 cu. yd. of household,
commercial, and industrial wastes generated in the five municipalities
each day must be taken to the Authority's landfill, according to regula-
tions. At the landfill each vehicle is charged/cu. yd. rather than by
weight. No one dumps free at the site. Every member of the Authority
pays the same rate and there are no discounts for volume.
STATUS
Retained in the SWIRS Library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-317-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Intergovernmental Approaches to Solid Waste Management
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Solid waste management must be approached according to the concept
of an integrated management system within a framework of maximum operational
authority. Adoption of this broad approach will frequently require a
transcending of jurisdictional boundaries. Consequently, intergovernmental
approaches must be taken. Urban, rural, and statewide interstate regions
can be related to and modeled on intergovernmental solid waste management
groups. Options such as joint powers and services agreements, contractual
arrangements, and overall operational organizations incorporating the
advantages of authorities, compacts, and utilities could be used. Develop-
ment of an integrated management system includes the organization of the
region-wide intergovernmental jurisdiction and an actual operating unit.
In planning the system, consideration must be given to finances, manpower,
equipment and facilities management, and control anc1 evaluation of the
system's operation and performance. Examples of the kind of coordination
discussed are given for various levels, and their applicability as guide-
lines is evaluated. (G)
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-318-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Economic Aspects of Regional Versus Local Solid Waste Management
CITATION
Owens, R. J.
M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, (Seattle), 1971
67 p.
ABSTRACT/ SUMMARY
The economic considerations in the determination of the optimal
area and facility sized for solid waste management systems are examined.
Solid waste collection costs do not appear to vary with the size of the
area served. Economics of scale exist in all transportation systems when
the distances remain constant. The major savings in reported disposal
costs occur by enlarging sanitary landfills to 120 tons per day and
incinerators to 600 tons per day. Cost evaluation of reclamation
processes is not available at this time. Savings obtained by enlarging
service areas of treatment, transfer, or disposal fac.il iteis must be
added to transportation costs to obtain optimum area sizes. The radius
of optimum area size was found to decrease with increasing population
density, per capita waste generation, and transportation costs. The
sensitivity of optimum area sizes to cost variables was also found to
decrease with population density. Data are included on the variables
affecting collection costs. The factors that influence the design
life of a sanitary landfill site are variable and often unquantifiable,
but an effort is made to develop equations to determine the optimum
life of a site. The computerized determination of optimum area sizes
is included.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/ CONTACT
N/A
-319-
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PROJECT/TITLE
The;Ut11ity Concept
CITATION
McGauhey, P.H., Waste Age, The Utility Concept, Volume 2, I 3, May-June 1971
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The utility concept is the idea that refuse collection and disposal
should be regarded as one of the municipal or regional utilities, just
as water supply, electric power, and waste water treatment. Although regional
plans have been developed for management of air pollution, water pollution
and resource utilization, similar actions have not yet been taken in the
less glamorous solid waste field. Increasing public consciousness of such
concepts as resource recovery may change this image, and place soild
waste management higher on the list of government action priorities.
Each,utility engaged in the solid waste management field would have
different authorities and activities. The most common activity would
be the operation of a system responsible for refuse collection and
transportation to transfer stations. Disposal arrangements would vary,
however, under a regional plan where they surely would not consist of merely
exporting the wastes into adjacent territory and dumping them, as had
been practiced by some municipalities, in the past. The second function
would be that of collecting reasonable fees for the services performed.
These fees would avoid the usurpation of local privileges. Considering
the efficiency and flexibility which the utility concept offers, it is
surprising that it has not received much consideration heretofore. (D)
(G).
STATUS
SWIRS Library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-320-
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PROJECT/TITLE
The Name of the Game is Service
CITATION
Porter, Robert; Waste Age Vol. 2 #3 Date: May-June 1
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Chapter 28E Code of Iowa provides for the creation of regional agencies
such as those which are appropriate in solid waste collection and disposal.
Under this enabling legislation, the Des Moines Metropolitan Area Solid
Waste agency was set up. Of the municipalities in the area, only the city of
Des Moines has turned over its solid waste management to the agency, but
others are negotiating to do so. Only residential refuse is handled, and
a fee of from $2 to $8 per residence is charged. Larger buildings and
industrial establishments are serviced by private contractors. The agency
acquired the city landfill site and all the equipment used by the city when
collection was transferred to its jurisdiction. Personnel, too, was trans-
ferred and offered the same benefits as the city has provided. Since the
Landfill must be self-suupporting, rates have been raised to $.50 per cu
yd. At the new site, charges will be made by the ton. Members of the agency
are now free to leave at any time, although after revenue bonds are issued
to purchase land and equipment this will no longer be true. Most of the
area towns realize that the ultimate solution to solid waste disposal pro-
blems is a regional agency, and now that the agency is operating within
its budget and providing good service, it will undoubtedly grow.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-321-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Service Areas
CITATION
Roy F. Weston, Environmental Scientists and Engineers, A Statewide Com-
prehensive Solid Waste Management Study; Albany, New York; N. Y. State
Department of Health; Feb. 1970
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The advantages of regionalization are lower unit costs, better oper-
ation, more effective site selection, more thorough preplanning, and a
sounder basis for financing. Inability to obtain cooperation between
municipalities has hampered any plans along these lines. In order to
achieve regionalization, the State will have to take responsibility for
promoting it. The term 'service area1 has been chosen to designate a
portion of the State for which cooperative solid waste effort is appro-
priate. The most important objective in delineating a service area is
to realize the least cost consistent with the most effective and
manageable disposal means. A list of selected State-owned lands indicates
that 27 percent of them would be needed for disposal of solid wastes.
Tables are presented for service areas, acreage requirements for disposal
of future wastes by sanitary landfill, operating costs of future landfill
sites, and projected land requirements. (D)(G)
STATUS
SWIRS Library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-322-
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PROJECT/TITLE
The Problem that Won't Go Away.
CITATION
The Problem that Won't Go Away; New York State Dept. of Health;
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Suffolk County's solid waste disposal is splintered among more than
a dozen separate jurisdictions at various levels; county, town, village,
state, and federal institutions. Local jurisdictions have not had the
means for the planning and record-keeping that growth now demands for
Suffolk. Essential functions can be accomplished most effectively and
most economically at the central level. A plan has been developed for
regional control and administration of solid waste disposal. Adoption
of practical, modern methods for reducing the volume of waste and dis-
posing of it is an important aspect of the plan. An overall program for
improvement and extension of existing disposal facilities is needed.
Coordinated regulations, record-keeping, and monitoring would benefit
the county. It is estimated that proposed new refuse facilites, plus
operation and improvement of existing facilities will cost property owners
an average of 49<£ in property taxes/$100 of assessed valuation over the
next 25 years.
STATUS
SWIRS Library # Accession #7644
INFORMATION/CONTACT
-323-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Land Use and Industrial Site Selection.
CITATION
Varin, Daniel W; Recent Developments in Industrial Pollution Control;
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution
Conference, University of Rhode Island. July 13-15, 1971 -Jechnomic
Publishing Co.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Planning for industrial growth is part of the State plan for the
State of Rhode Island. Economic well-being for its residents is one aim
of the State, and its goals in this area are to improve opportunities for
maximum productive employment through continued industrial development,
to make full use of manpower development resources, to reduce unemployment
and underemployment, and to increase real and disposable income. In the
realm of industrial site selection, Rhode Island intends: to make efficient
use of available land to promote a pleasing, coherent, and workable
environment; to stabilize older central cities; to control urban sprawl
and dispersion; to reduce urban blight; to sustain economic growth at the
maximum rate consistent with regional resources; and to reduce stream
pollution to levels set in the State's water quality classification plan.
The guide designed to implement the plan provides for the public facilities
needed to support the proposed land use pattern. The industrial site
chosen were selected with consideration of utility services, transportation,
soil, topography and drainage, and compatibility with existing land use.
The plan allocates about 30 sq miles to all industrial purposes, as compared
with 10 or 11 sq miles in use now for industry. (D)(G)
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-324-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Areawide Approaches
CITATION
Guidelines for Local Governments on Solid Waste Management. Public Health
Service Publication No. 2084; Washington, D.C.; U.S. Gov. Printing Office;
1971
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
An areawide approach to solid waste management will insure a compre-
hensive progrm. Evidence of solid waste mismanagement can be found in
pollution of land, water, and air. These pollutions must be seen as inter-
related. An areawide approach should include the widest feasible geography
and be projected for disposal sites to last for 20 years. County govern-
ments and metropolitan councils of government are examples of such areas.
In some places special districts set up for purposes such as taxing can
perform the function of the areawide government. State action in areawide
programs thus far has mainly been in technical assistance. Intergovernmental
cooperation can be accomplished in a variety of ways:formal or informal
agreements, contract, joint management, or transfer of function. (D)(G)
Areawide planning is the responsibility of local elected officials.
Planning must be accepted by the citizens and be in accord with basic
State requirements. The first step in the planning process is collecting
data on physical factors, population and land use, solid waste types and
quantities, and regulations. Systems analysis can be a useful tool in
interpreting information. Implementation requires captial budgeting and
active support. A list of solid waste planning agencies in each State
with addresses is included. (D)(G)
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-325-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Regionally Consolidated Industrial Wastewater Treatment
CITATION
National Industrial Pollution Control Council; 34 pages : Washington, D.C.
U.S. Government Printing Office; Feb. 1971
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This booklet discusses the regional waste water treatment plant as a
solution for industries which must clean up thetr effluents before dis-
charging them into waterways. An attempt will be made to identify the range
of tehcnical, economic, and social issues that pertain to the disposal
of waterborne wastes of a regional grouping of industries and possibly one
or more municipalities. The critical issues that must be resolved before
industries can and will join in such regional programs are noted. The
system is described from a theoretical viewpoint and then evaluated in
terms of the alternative available to two geographical areas, the San
Francisco Bay-Delta and the Cuyahoga River in Ohio. The specific costs,
environmental implications, and institutional requirements involved in
these two areas are dealt with.
Environmental quality models are included in the booklet.
STATUS
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-326-
-------
PROJECT/TITLE
Criteria for Regional Solid Waste Management Planning
CITATION
B. H. Stevens, Regional Science Research institute Philadelphia. Pa.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report consists of a collection of studies on selected aspects
of the problem of regional solid waste management planning. The research
efforts fall into three main subject areas; the economics of solid waste
generation,recycling, and disposal, the economic and social effects of
landfills, and the issues involved in local—intergovernmental cooperation
for regional solid waste management. The individual studies are the following:
"A Framework for Evaluating the Economic Effects of Regional Solid Waste
Systems"."Production Functions for Solid Waste Disposal", "Solid Waste
Generation Coefficients; Manufacturing Sectors", Solid Waste Generation
Coefficient; Non-Manufacturing Sectors", Preceptions of Landfill Operations
Held by Nearby Residents", and "Efforts at Intermunicipal Cooperation
for Solid Waste Disposal. Why They Fail". The report also includes a
summary of the studies.
STATUS
Publication available. NTIS-PB 239631 $9.50
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Talley, R. J.
513-684-4484
-327-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Lee County Solid Waste Management Project
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Solid waste disposal in both the incorporated municipalities and
rural areas of Lee County was unsatisfactory. The City of Tupelo made an
attempt at operating a sanitary landfill in an undesirable location. With
poor operation, the results were open burning, water pollution, and insect
and rodent production. Disposal sites for other areas of the county were
nothing more than open dumps. Garbage and rubbish collection was provided
by the City of Tupelo, the towns of Nettleton and Saltillo, and by one
private collection service. The citizens of the other towns hauled away
their own solid wastes. Garbage storage is known to be very poor at most
of the homes in the samll towns. The prime objective of the project was to
demonstrate the feasibility of a county-wide plan for solid waste management.
A centrally-located sanitary landfill near Tupelo was operated by the county
for disposal.
The solid waste management project was sucessful, and, as a result,
most counties in Mississippi are now using a system of mobile containers.
The wells around the landfills are continously monitored. To date, there
has been no evidence of leaching.
STATUS
The final report was sent to EPA in 1/74.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Tommy Dab!is
703 Crossover Road
Tupelo, Miss. 38801
601-842-7381
-328-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Evaluation of Feasibility and Economic Implication of Pricing Mechanisms in
Solid Waste Management
CITATION
E. Ernest, ABT Associates, Inc. Cambridge, MA.
ABSTRACT
This study analyzes the potential of pricing mechanisms in solid
waste management systems. Such pricing mechanisms have been suggested as
appropriate means for encouraging greater efficiency of resource, both
within the solid waste management system proper and among sources of solid
wastes. The study reviews the limited empirical evidence concerning supply
and demand characteristics in markets for solid waste management (primary
collection) services. The analysis of processing and disposal and ancillary
Solid Waste Management services is hampered by the diversity of existing
systems, and remaining problems in the conceptual clarification of the
services provided. The analysis of cost functions in the Collection and
Transportation subsystem suggests that these cost functions are subject
to variable returns to scale. For smaller communities, there are
economies of scale with respect to the amount of waste handled. For
larger communities, scale effects vanish. The available literature
provides sufficiently strong evidence for the importance of both prices
(and pricing policies) and incomes as determinants of the amount of waste
collected per household. This evidence is used in an exploratory
numerical analysis employing decision-theoretic elements to assess the
likely impact of pricing mechanisms. The analysis suggests that total
system costs could be reduced through pricing mechanisms, even though
there would be a tendency to rely more on self-disposal as prices for
collection services increase. The study concludes with a brief suggestion
for a feasible method for implementing an effective pricing mechanism
in SWM systems.
STATUS
Publication available. NTIS PB 239116/AS $4.75
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Goddard, H. C. 513-684-4484
-329-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Intergovernmental Aspects of Environmental Control: Problems Presented
by Legal and Administrative Arrangements—A Critical Recapitulation
CITATION
F. P. Grad and G. W. Rathjens, and A. J. Rosenthal
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
One of the major problems that the present pattern of rule-making
and enforcement in environmental law presents to effective environmental
management is the lack of a unified policy and the disjunctiveness of
regulatory and enforcement activities. There is no integrative principle
that in some way ties the Federal and State development programs into the
State and Federal environmental control effort. Also, present legislation
too often separates the responsibility for rule-making and standard setting
from the responsibility for enforcement by lodging them at different levels
of government, thus rendering the ^-regulatory effort less effective.
In the planning for effective environmental controls, the appropriate
level of government to make policies and rules and to carry out or enforce
them must be considered. The question involves the proper size of govern-
ment's territorial jurisdiction if it is to operate effectively in the
control of environmental pollution. The issue is not only what level
of government should appropriately regulate the problem, but whether the
policymaking and standard setting functions need to be the responsibility
of the same level of government that is primarily responsible for enforcement.
The provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 are
reviewed and the powers and actions of Council of Environmental Policy
are discussed. The effects of environmental impact statement on pollution
control are examined. The agencies and functions now combined in EPA are
identified, and the problems related to the creation of the agency are
described.
STATUS
SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A -330-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Regional Management of Animal Manures
CITATION
Dodd, V.A., D.F. Lyons, and J. R. O'Callaghan.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
It is proposed that a centralized storage facility should be
provided for a group of pig and/or poultry units. The manure that is
collected and brought to the central store can be disposed of by spreading
on land in a separate operation. A mathematical, analytical model is
constructed to determine the best place to locate the central store,
and spead the manure. The model was applied to a specific region
containing 58 pig fattening units. Results showed that the system may
be economically attractive, having as additional advantages the mini-
mization of pollutional hazards and the relieving of the pig or poultry
farmer of the task of manure management.
STATUS
SWIRS Library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-331-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Framework for Analyzing and Selecting Among Alternativesfor Regional
Solid Waste Management
CITATION
N-.A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Considerable interest and suggestions concerning economies of
scale in regional solid waste management systems have been expressed.
The economic feasibility of regional solid waste management, was
investigated. Primary emphasis was on the development of a model
framework to facilitate analysis and selection among alternatives for
regional solid waste management systems, including implications for
regional economics.
STATUS
Publication Pending. EPA # 670/5-74-006
INFORMATION/CONTACT
B.H. Stevens
Regional Science Res. Inst.
G.P.O. Box 8776
Philadelphia, Penn. 19104
413-256-8526
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PROJECT/TITLE
NEC Environmental Impact Study
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Appropriate measures of environmental impacts were defined for
eech pollution category and type pollutant—air, water, solid waste,
noise, thermal, radiation, and land use. Methodology was developed for
projecting north east corridor (NEC) impact levels to 1985 that incor-
porate key variables as population growth and density, and currently
planned programs for pollution and environmental control. Extent of
total environmental impacts stemming from NEC transportation activities
was isolated and evaluated in light of total prcblem. Consequences of
alternative transportation programs and policies for the NEC will be
examined as a way of improving the environmental quality of this region.
STATUS
Document provided to S.S.I.E. by the H.R.I.S. Information Service
Completed. Copy available at cost of printng.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Mr. Charles Lerner
656-2700
-333-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Environmental Carrying Capacity As A Concept In Comprehensive Regional
Planning - A Feasibility Study
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT
In response to the need to better understand the impacts of development
and management activities across entire regional systems, this research ex-
amined approaches for measuring and understanding the capacity of regional
environments to absorb or support activities in such areas as resource use,
land development, waste disposal, transportation, wildlife and watershed
management. The focus was upon environmental carrying capacity of regional
systems and subsystems as a concept for assessing changes in environmental
quality due to large-scale development, management and planning activities,
and as a basis for planning and decision-making models and methods. In
this regard, efforts were made to define and develop indicators for measuring
carrying capacity, to identify approaches for defining and describing
a region, to identify parameters necessary to design and implement models
of regional carrying capacity, to assess data requirements and strategies
for data collection and management, to indicate procedures for validating
or testing potential models, and to identify facilities, personnel, and
estimated costs for model development.
STATUS
Project completed. Publication pending. EPA #600/5-74-021
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Prof. A. B. Bishop
Utah State University / School of Engineering
Office In Engineering, Room L50
Logan, Utah 84321
-334-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Joint Siting of Electrical Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Plant Feasibility Study
CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Description: The purpose of this study was to evaluate five advanced
wastewater treatment (AWT) plant sites and various treatment processes,
including land disposal and sludge. Joint siting of an electrical
power plant and an AWT plant was considered because of the possibility
•,of reducing the overall envrionmental impact as compared to separate
siting. Alternatives affiliated with the power plant include the
following: location of the AWT plant at the power plant site, using clear
effluent as make up to the power plants cooling towers and burning the
AWT plant's organic solids in the power plant's furnaces; locating the
AWT plant at a lower basin site with clear water transmitted to the pov;er
•plant and alternate methods sludge disposal; land disposal of sludge in
connection,with, the power plant's use of partially treated wastewater.
The study concludes that to meet the quality standards, for discharges
into the Potomac River, treatment processes are limited to AWT or land
disposal. Land disposal requires considerably more land than an AWT
plant and would consequently cost more and displace more families. For
those and other reasons, an AWT plant is recommended. The joint location
of the AWT plant and the power plant proved to have many advantages
and to be entirely feasible and acceptable from the technical, economic,
and environmental viewpoints. However, due to ^community Veaction and
sociopolitical factors, the joint siting project was rejected by the
governing body. Plant is under design and is nearly completed. Construc-
tion is scheduled for next year. (1976)
STATUS
A detailed environmental impact study of an Areawide Waste Treatment
and Delivery System for Montogomery County, Md. was dore by Bate lie
Memorial in August 1974. Region 3 is working to complete a similiar
draft for the Region 3 area.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
Bob Ewing
Batell.e Memorial Research
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Montogomery County E.I.S.
J.W. Filbert
Cornell, Howl and, Hayes & Merry
1930 Issac Newton Sq. Rm 202
Herrdon, Va. 22070
703-471-9710
Region 3
™ iiib"
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PROJECT/TITLE
The Better Whey; A Dilemma
CITATION
Proceedings: Second National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes, iSidney
Boxer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash., D.C. 3/1971. pp. 409-
412.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The cheese industry has the problems of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a food by-product with excellent nutritive
value. Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat the whey from surrojunding
industries since whey recovery is such an expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install the equipment. This
research and development outfit has built a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New -York in cooperation with Dairylea of New York. Whole whey for! use as
a fooa or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drypng,
the most efficient and economical method discovered by previous research,
Laval Separator Company has built the equipment for the demonstratjion
plant: One of the major problems encountered in this project was the
conversion of cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process. (D) (G)
This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
STATUS
N/A
INFORMATION CONTACT
N/A
-336-
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Part III other
-337-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Comprehensive Studies of Solid Waste
CITATION
Annual reports nos. 1 and 2 Colueke, C. G.; McGauhey, Rtt. California
University,Berkeley. 1970; 480p
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The contents of this publication are as follows: data collection
and evaluation: (literature survey and information retrieval; character-
istics and amounts of solid wastes; waste generation in Santa Clara
County; definition and coordination of research areas); waste generation
and evaluation model; waste collection-treatment-disposal model; waste
generation input and management system inputs; planning and economics;
(development of pertinent data on quantity and types of solid waste)
solid waste generation and land-use planning.
STATUS
Available from NTIS-Pb-218 265 $0.95 6PO/MF
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-339-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Projects in the Industrial Pollution Division - December 1974
CITATION
Industrial Pollution Pollutant Control Division, EPA Washington, D.C.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Project of the Industrial Pollution Control Program-December 1974
is a compilation of information sheets from projects initiated since
fiscal year 1967 through fiscal year 1974. Each sheet contains the
objectives, statistical information, and a brief description of the
project. General introductory information on the Federal Industrial
Pollution Control Program is also presented to provide perspective on
the magnitude, of industrial pollution and the research directions that.
must be pursued in order to develop the technology to adequately control
this largest point source of pollution in the United States.
STATUS
Publication Pending. #600/2-75-001
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-340-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Solid Waste Disposal Economics. A Bibliography with Abstracts. Rept. for
1970 - Sept 74.
CITATION
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. Nov. 74; 92p
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
The bibliography contains 76 selected abstracts of research reports
retrieved using the NTIS on-line search system-Ntisearch. The topics
include all aspects of the economics of solid waste disposal and
abatement, including studies concerning industries, transportation,
urban planning, and recycling.
STATUS
NTIS ps-74/092 pc $2.00/MF $20.00
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-341-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Urban Solid Waste Management
CITATION
Lehmann, Edward J., National Technical Information Service, Springfield
Va.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This bibliography contains 142 selected abstracts of research
reports retrieved using the NTIS on-line search system--Ntisearch.
The topics selected cover all aspects of solid waste management for
urban areas. The reports include economics, collection methods,
recycling, sanitary landfills, and urban planning.
STATUS
Available from NITS/ps 74/105 pc $20.00/MF $20.00
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-342-
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PROJECT/TITLE
Areawide Refuse Disposal
CITATION
Areawide Refuse Disposal, O'Toole.,
Polytechnic Institute, I/ 1970
Michael J., Troy, N. York, Rensselaer
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Nine arewide comprehensive refuse reports covering many counties of
various populations, economic make-up, and development were anelyzed. The
basic facts, needs, and relationships most often found to be essential
in the master planning, development, and implementation of programs to
handle refuse problems economically and efficiently were determined.
Governmental urits by examining the material developed, may gain insight
into the means of going about solving their own particular refuse problems.
The study reports point out the major economical, operational, and
administrative advantages of refuse disposal operations conducted on an
areawide basis. Consequently, areawide or regional refuse disposal
operations were most often recommended; the recommendations, however,
have proven somewhat difficult to implement. The study showed that
refuse collection is ususally by one of three common methods, namely
municipal contract, or private collectors. The use of the uncontrolled
"dump" is still the most commonly used disposal method. Re:fuse collection
can be handled best if left at the local level. Refuse disposal anc1
transfer operations can be handled most economically and effectively on
an areawide basis. The sanitary landfill because of its economy, is the
most often recommended method of refuse disposal. At the present time
the county is the unit of local government best equipped to control
and administer areawide refuse disposal operations though regionalization
will evolve from properly functioning county operations.
STATUS
SWIRS Library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
-343=
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REFERENCES
National Technical Information Service - Abstracts
Office of Research and Development Publications Summary (EPA)
Office of Solid Waste Management - Available Information Materials
Catalogues
Smithsonian Science Information Exchange - Summaries of Research
In Progress
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975— 210-810:48
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