RESIDUAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
         RESEARCH AND
      PLANNING PROJECTS
            SEPTEMBER 1975
         WATER PLANNING DIVISION
      ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
          WASHINGTON D.C.  20460

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RESIDUAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

      AND PLANNING PROJECTS

         September 1975
    Water Planning Division
 Environmental Protection Agency
      Washington, D. C. 20460

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                             FOREWORD
     Section 208 (P.L. 92-500, The Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, Amendments of 1972) sets forth a comprehensive program that
has been established to solve water pollution problems in an environ-
mentally acceptable manner.  The purpose of this handbook is to provide
information on the existence, status, and availability of projects,
and publications that relate to subsections (J) and (K) of Section  208,
namely; "(J) a process to control the disposition of all  residual waste
generated in such area which could affect water quality;  and (K) a
process to control the disposal of pollutants on land or in subsurface
excavations within such area to protect ground and surface water quality."

     The information in this handbook has been specially selected to
provide planners with technical, legal, institutional, social,  economic
and environmental information to assist in the establishment of residual
waste management pursuant to Section 208.

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                              Summary


     [This Residual  Waste Management Research and Planning Projects
handbook contains selected abstracts of projects that are underway
or that have been completed and publications that are available on
the subject of residual wastes and their impact on ground and surface
watersA

     The abstracts  are arranged by types of residual  waste,  i.e.
sludge, liquids, and solids.   The types are further categorized into
the various kinds,  i.e. commerical wastes,  municipal  wastes,  industrial
wastes, mining wastes, etc..   The abstracts are cross-referenced where
necessary.

     The abstracts  provide project or publication identification, a
brief summary, the  status of the project, point of contact and/or
source of information, and acquisition details.

     This handbook  is designed to provide timely information  for the
208 planning program.  It is oriented for an audience who may have
diverse backgrounds in technical and management skills.   These in-
dividuals will generally be municipal and state planners, engineers,
and technical consultants.

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS


                          RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
I.   Sludge Disposal

     A.      Water Treatment Sludges

         5. "Reuse of Solid Waste From Water-softening Process"
         6. "Disposal of Waterworks Sludges At Sewage Treatment Plants"

     B.      Domestic Wastewater/Sewage

         7. "Sludge Processing, Transportation, and Disposal/Resource
               Recovery: A Planning Perspective"
         8. "System Alternatives in Oxygen Activated Sludge"
         9. "Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated Lands"
        10. "Combined Sludge Processing Project"
        11,. "Lime Stabilized Sludges: Its Stability and Effect on
               Agricultural Land"
        12. "Using Cropland For Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
        13. "Review of Experience With Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge -
               A Bibliography)
        14. "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project"
        15. "The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of
               Mercury into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems"
        16. "Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal"
        17. "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal  System for
               Recreational and Remote Areas"
        18. "Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal"
        19. "Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes"

     C.      Industrial Sludges

        20. "Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment
               Sludges"
        21. "Hardening and Disposal of SO? Scrubbing Sludges"
        22. "A Color Removal and Fibrous Sludge Disposal Process for the
               Kraft Paper Industry"
        23. "Solid Waste Disposal - A Final Report"
        24. "Pilot Scale Treatment of Wine Stillage"
        25. "Interim Report of Task Force on Phosphate Removal of Sludges"
        26. "An Experimental High Ash Papermill Sludge Landfill"
        27. "Optimization and Design Criteria of An Oil Activated Sludge
               Concentration Process"
        28. "Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal
               Processes"

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      D.     Other/Miscellaneous

        29.  "Waste  Cittuts  Activated  Sludge  as  a  Poultry  Feed  Ingredient"
        30.  "Cost Effectiveness  Study for  Handling and  Disposal of Organic
              Sludges"
        31.  "Utilization  and  Disposal  of Municipal,  Industrial, and Agricultural
              Processing  Wastes  on  Land"


II.  33.  Solid  Residual  Waste  Disposal

      A.     Processed Wastes  -  Industrial
        35.  "Waste  Oil  Recycling  and  Disposal"
        36.  "Industrial Chemicals Solid Waste Generation - The Significance of
              Processes Change, Resource Recovery, and Improved Disposal.
               Final Report"
        37.  "Elimination of Water Pollution by Recycling Cement Plant Dusts"
        38,  "Study  of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper
              Industry"
        39.  "Effects of Water Pollution Controls on Solid Waste General, 1971
              to  1985:  Executive Summary"

            Processed Wastes - Food  Industry

        40.  "The Better Whey: A Dilemma. Proceedings: Second National Symposium
                                          on Food ProcessingWastes"
        41.  "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable
               Processing  Plants"
        42.  "Seafood Solid Waste in  Oregon:  Disposal or Recovery"
        43.  "Food  Processing Wastes"

     B.     Non-processed Wastes

               1. Institutional

        44.  "Annotated Bibliography On Hospital  Solid Waste Collection, Treatment
               and Disposal"

        45.  "Waste Disposal System For Cold Regions (Military Installations)"

               2. Municipal


       46.  "Flyash.Disposal"
       47.  "Management of Forested  Watershed for Water Yield Production  and
               Wastewater  Disposal"
       48.  "Fly Ash Filter for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal"

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       49.  "Potential  Solid Waste Generation and Disposal from lime and
             Limestone Desulfurization Processes"
       50.  "Criteria  for Site Selection and Operation cf Sanitary Landfills"
       51.  "Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal  Sites in N.E.  Illinois"
       52.  "Los  Angeles County Study - Sanitary Landfill Technology"
       53.  "Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal  Sites, Suffolk
             County Long Island,  New York"
       54.  "Evaluation of a Solid-Waste Disposal  Site"
       55.  "Thermophilic Aerobic  Digestion of Organic Solid Wastes"
       56.  "Feasibility of Using  Forest Land for Sludge Disposal"
       57.  "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Disposal  System for Recreational  &  Remote Areas"
       58.  "Relationship Between  Topographic Position and Contamination of
             Water Resources by Refuse Landfills"
       59.  "Survival  and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste"
       60.  "Effective Utilization of Municipal  and Utility Sludges and Ashes"

              3.  Agricultural Solid Wastes

       61-  "Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate
             Disposal  of Cattle Feedlot Wastes"
       62.  "Pollution Control Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep"
       63-  "Evaluation of Components and Systems  for Handling Waste from
             Housed Swine"
       64.  "Automated System for Water Pollution  Control from An Animal
             'Production Unit"

              4.  Mining Wastes

       65.  "Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement"
       66.  "Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project"
       67.  "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project"


III.69.Liquid Wastes  Disposal

    A.      Municipal

       71.  "Survival  and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled  Solid Waste"
       72.  "Relationship Between  Topographic Position and Contamination of
             Water Resources by Refuse Landfills"
       73.  "Investigation and Monitoring of Landfill Sites  in Marion County,
             Ind."
       74.  "Snow Accumulation from Snow-Fence Experiments in Solid Waste
             Disposal"
       75.  "Hydrogeologic Considerations in the Siting and  Design of
             Landfills in Kentucky"
       76.  "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
             and Remote Areas"
       77.  "Economic Analysis of Land-intensive Wastewater Systems"
       78.  "Water Renovation of Municipal Effluents by Reverse Osmosis"

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   79- "Reverse Osmosis of Treated and Untreated Secondary Sewage
         Effluent - Appendix A-2 and A-6"
   80, "Improved Waste Treatment System Design Based on the Natural
         Thermal Environment"
   81. "Effect of Spray Irrigation of Municipal Wastewater on the
         Rate and Total Accumulation of Heavy Metals"
   82. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
   83. "The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction
         of Mercury into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems"
   84. "Management Practices Affecting Quality and Quantity of
         Irrigation Return Flow"

B.     Industrial
   85. "Solid Waste Management in the Industrial Chemical Industry"
   86. "Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation
         Process"
   87. "Phosphoric Acid Recovery System"
   88. "Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel From Plating Waste"
   89. "Pollution Control in the Commercial Explosives Industry"
   90. "Effluents of the Inorganic Pesticide Industry"
   91. "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal"
   92. "Activated Carbon Treatment of Unbleached Kraft Effluent for Reuse"
   93. "Effluents of the Inorganic  Gas  Industry"

C.     Agricultural Liquid Wastes

   94. "Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal
         Production Unit"
   95. "Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate
         Disposal of Cattle Feedlot Wastes"
   96. "Pollution Control Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep"
   97. "Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste from
         Housed Swine"

D.     Commercial Liquid Waste

   98. "Shrimp Canning Waste Treatement Study"
   99. "Food Processing Wastes"
  100. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable
         Processing Plants"
  101. "The Better Whey: A Dilemma" Proceedings; Second National Symposium
                                     on Food Processing Wastes

E.     Institutional Liquid Wastes

  102. "Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Reigions"
  103. "Annotated Bibliography or Hospital Solid Wastes Collection,
         Treatment and Disposal"

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:.    Mining Li quid Wastes

 104. "Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project"
 105. "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project"

     Miscellaneous
 106.  "Application and Procurement of Automatic Wastewater Samplers"
 107.  "Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewater
       Treatment"
 108.  "Upgrading Wastewater Stabilization Ponds to Meet New Discharge
       Standards"
 109.  "Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment"
 110- "Geochemical  Controls on Trace Element Concentrations  in  Natural
       Waters of a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill  Site"

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                                 RESIDUAL WASTE RECLAMATION
I.   113. Sludge

     115. "Sludge Disposal  from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal  Processes"
           (use of sludge leachate as a fertilizer)
     116. "Techniques for Disposal of Waste from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
            Plants" - (reuse of water, recycled brine for pickles,  etc)
     117. "Reuse of Solid Waste from Water-softening Processes" -  (the  use of
            dewatered sludge as a mineral  filler in  paints, floor  coverings,  etc)
     118. "Activated Carbon Treatment of Unbleached  Kraft Effluent for  Reuse"
           (Water re-use from unbleached Kraft effluent)
     119. "A Color Removal  and Fibrous Sludge Disposal Process for the  Kraft
            Paper Industry" - (regeneration of lime  by sludge combustion)
     120. "Waste Citrus Activated Sludge as a Poultry Feed Ingredient"
     121. "Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal  Finishing Waste  Treatment.
            Sludges"
     122. "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration  Project" - (land reclamation
            using sludge)
     123. "Combined Sludge Processing Project" - (lime recovery from sludge pro-
            cessing)
     124. "Effective Utilization of Municipal and  Utility Sludges  and Ashes"
            (literature search/new utilization methods)
     125. "Sewage Disposal  on Forest and Associated  Lands" (renovation  of  forest
            lands utilizing sludge)
     126. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and  Sludge Disposal"
     127. "Review of Experience with Landspresding Liquid Sewage Sludge"
            (Sludge as a so7'I/crop conditioner - a literature search)
     128. "Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal"  (ashes
            and sludge for use as a soil conditioner and  fertilizer)
     129. "Lime Stabilized Sludge: Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural Land"
     130. " Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal By  Soil  Cultivation Process"
     131. "Cost-Effectiveness Study for Handling and Disposal  of Organic Sludge"
            (identification of 181 ways to handle  and dispose of sludge)
     132. "Sludge Processing, Transportation and Disposal/Resource  Recovery"
            A Planning Perspective.

II.   133. Solids

     135. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from  Fruit and Vegetable Processing"
     136. "The Better Whey: A Dilemma. Proceedings;  Second National  Symposium
            on Food Processing Wastes"
     137.  "Seafood Solid Waste in Oregon:  Disposal or Recovery:" (seven  alterna-
            tives for recovery of waste for a marketable  product)
     138.  "Copper Recovery from Brass Mill Discharge by Cementation with  Scrap
            Iron"
     139-  "Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel from  Plating Waste"
     140.  "Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal"
            (Utilization of trace minerals in the  ashes and plant  food  value
              from sludge for useable sollc  conditioner and fertilizer)

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      141.  "Solid  Waste  Management  Technology Assessment"                  „
      142.  "Elimination  of Water Pollution  by Recycling  Cement  Plant  Dusts
             (reuse of leachate, and use of dust  as  fertilizer,  soil  stabilizer,
               or  agricultural  limestone)
      143.  "Reclamation  and Recycling:  An Economic Overview"
      144.  "Contingency  Planning for Resource Recovery"
      145.  "Food Processing Wastes" (by-product, development from seefocd wastes)
      146.  "Annoted Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes, Collection, Treatment
             and Disposal"  (Recycling  and  reclamation of hospital wastes)
      147.  "Flyash Disposal"
      148.  "Fuel Gas Production from Solid  Waste"

III.   149-  Liquid  Residual

      151.  "Techniques for Disposal of  Wastes from Fruit and  Vegetable Processing"
             (re-use of water,  recycled brine for pickles, spray irrigation  from
               lagoons as ultimate  disposal  step)
      152.  "Demonstration of Oil Waste  Disposal by Soil  Cultivation Process"
      153.  "Industrial Chemicals Solid  Waste Generation  - The Significance of
             Process Change, Resource Recovery, and  Improved  Disposal1'
              (33  chemicals that possess significant resource value)
      154.  "Closed Process Water -  Loop in  Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulp
             Production" (recycling permeate to replace  fresh water use)
      155.  "Waste  Oil  Recycling and Disposal"
      156.  "Food Processing Wastes" (by-product, development from seafood)
      157.  "Sewage Disposal on  Forest and Associated Lands" (renovation of
             forest lands by sewage effluent use)
      158.  "Effects of Spray Irrigation of  Municipal  Wastewater on the Rate
             and total Accumulation of  Heavy Metals"  (use of wastewater to
               irrigate  crops,  vegetation)
      159.  "Environmental New Town"
      160.  "Environmental Carrying  Capacity as a  Concept in Comprehensive
             Regional  Planning  - A  Feasibility STudy"
      161.  "Bibliography - Influence of Solid Waste  Management Practices  on
             the Environment"
      162.  "Phosphoric Acid Recovery System" (recovering acid and regenerating
             the processing solution of high acid content that  is produced in
               bright  aluminum  processing)"

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                          :; ENVIRONMENTAL  IMPACT OF RESIDUAL WASTE
I.     165.Sludge
      167. "Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes"
      168. "Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions"
      169. "Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal"
      170. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
      171. "Sewage Disposal on Forest and Associated Lands"
      172. "Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and
            Wastewater Disposal"
      173. "Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment
            Sludges"
      174. "Utilization and Disposal of Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural
            Processing Wastes on Land"
      175. "Lime Stabilized Sludge:  Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural
            Land"
      176. "The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
            into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems"
      177. "The Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process"

II.   179.Solids

      181."The Better Whey: A Dilemma"
      182. "Waste Disposal for Cold  Regions"
      183. "Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal Production
            Unit"
      184, "Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate"
      185. "Relationship Topographic Position and Contamination of Water
            Resources by Refuse Landfills"
      186. "Geochemical Controls on  Trace Element Concentrations in Natural
            Waters of a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill Site"
      187. "Forecast of the Effects  of Air and Water Controls of Solid Waste
            Generation"
      188. "Environmental Flow of Cadium and Other Trace Metals"
      189. "Potential Solid Waste Generation and Disposal from Lime and Limestone
            Desulfurization Processes"
      190. "Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement"
      191."Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Site in N.E. Illinois"
      192. "Effectsof Water Pollution Control on Solid Waste Generation:
            1971 - 1985: Executive  Summary"
      193. "Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate Disposal
            of Cattle Feedlot Waste"
      194. "Environmental Considerations in Waste Processing & Disposal System"
      195."Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Madison, Wise."
      196."Environmental Impacts of the Production of Items Utilizing Virgin
            and Recycled Metals, Aluminum and Plastics"

III.  197. Liquids

      199."Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions"
      200. "Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal Production Unit"
      201."Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate"
      202."Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water
            Resources by Refuse Landfills"

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203. "A Regional  View on the Use of Land for Disposal of Municipal
       Sewage and Sludge"
204. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
205. "Sewage Disposal on Forest and Associated Lands"
206. "Management  of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and
       Wastewater Disposal"
207. "Pollution Control  System for Beef Cattle and Sheep"
208. "The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of
       Mercury into Marine and Agricultural  Ecosystems"
209. "Closed Process Water-Loop in Neutral  Sulphate Semi chemical Pulp
       Production"
210. "Effect of Spray Irrigation of Municipal  Wastewater on the Rcite and
       Total  Accumulation of Heavy Metals"

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                              EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
I.   213. Sludge

     215. "Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dixoide and Particulate Removal Processes"
     216. "Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions"
     217. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal"
     218. "Study of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper
            Industry"
     219. "Solid Waste Disposal"
     220  "Combined Sludge Processing Project"
     221. "Review of Experience with Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge"
     222. "West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project"
     223. "System Alternatives in Oxygen Activated Sludge"
     224. "Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes"
     225. "Sludge Processing, Transportation & Disposal/Resource Recovery:
            A Planning Perspective

 II.  227.  Solids


     229. "Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes"
     230. "Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste"
     231. "Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill  Leachate."
     232. "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
            and Remote Areas"
     233. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
            Plants"
     234. "Evaluation of a Solid-Waste Disposal  Site"
     235. "Builidng and Amphitheater and Coasting Ramp of Municipal  Solid Waste"
     246. "Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement"
     237. "Flyash Disposal"
     238. "Evaluation of Components and Systems  for Handling Waste from Housed
            Swine"
     239. "Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Wastes,  Collection, Treatment
            and Disposal"
     240. "Suspended Solids Monitor"

III.  241. Liquids

     243. "Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions"
     244. "Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste"
     245. "Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Prccessing
            Plants"
     246. "Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
            and Remote Areas"
     247. "Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater  and Sludge Disposal"
     248. "Lake Hope Drainage-Demonstration Prcject"
     249. "Closed Process Water-Loop in Neutral  Sulfite Semichemical Pulp
            Production"
     250. "Improved Waste-Treatment System Designed Based on the Natural
            Thermal Environment"

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     251. "Upgrading Wastewater Stabilization Ponds to  Meet New Discharge
           Standards"
     252. "Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewater
           Treatment"
     253. "Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate"
     254."Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment"
IV.   255. Others
     257 "Environmental New Town"
     258. "Joint Siting of Electrical Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater
           Treatment Plant Feasibility Study"
     259. "Framework for Analyzing and Selecting Among Alternatives for
           Regional Solid Waste Management"
     260. "HUD-Modular  Integrated Utility System Program

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                        SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND  INTERGOVERNMENTAL
                             ASPECTS OF RESIDUAL WASTE
263. -"Environmental  New Town"
264.  "Joint Siting of Electrical  Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater Treatment
       Plant Feasibility Study"
265.  "Economic Analysis of Land-Intensive Wastewater Systems"
266.  "Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Lc.ndfills"
267.  "Lee County Solid Waste Management Project"
268.  "Indiana Solid Waste Management"
269.  "Third Pollution: The National  Probelm of Solid Waste Disposal"
270.   >TA  Hole for Selective Public Acquisition  and  Control  of the Development
       and Utilization of Industrial  Sites"  -  Antipollution Conference, Univ. of
        Rhode Island.  July 13-15,  1971"
271.  "Sludge Processing, Transportation & Disposal/Resource Recovery:
       A  Planning Perspective"
272.  "Attitudes of Illinois citizens Toward Solid Waste & the  Environment"

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                               RESIDUAL WASTE MODELS
274. "Environmental New Town"
275. "Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal Production Unit"
       (development of economic model)
276. "A Predictive Model  for the Configuration of and Concentration Variations
       Within Mai enclaves Resulting from Refuse Landfills"
277. "Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion of Orgainc Solid Wastes"(simulation studies,
       Mcithematical  Model to assist in Planning end Conducting Pilot Plant Studies)
278. "Cost-Effectiveness  Study for Handling and Disposal of Organic Sludges"
       (mathematical  model for sludge handling)
279. "Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal  Sites, Suffolk County,
       Long Island,  New York"
280. "Regional  Management of Animal Manures" (a model for collection, storage
       location and distribution.   Journal of Agricultural Eng. Res.)
281. "Optimization Models for Regional Public Systems"
282. "Stochastic Population Dynamics for Regional Water Supply and Waste
       Management  Decision-Making"
283. "Regional  Planning Models for Solid Waste Management"
284. "A Pollution-Free System for the Economic Utilization of Municipal Solid
       Waste"
285. "Projection and Analyses of the Economies of Substate Planning Districts
       in Oklahoma"
286. "Models  for Environmental  Pollution Control"
287. "Total Environmental  Quality Management Models"
288."The Planning Process (Procedural  Process Model)"

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                              RESIDUAL WASTE PLANNING AND
                                      MANAGEMENT
291. STATE AND LOCAL PLANNING/MANAGEMENT

233. "The Planning Process - SWM Plan" A Procedural Process Model
294. "Projection and Analyses of the Economies of Substate Planning Districts
295. Los Angeles Study in Sanitary Landfill Technology"
296. "Water Quality of Selected Solid Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk County,
       Long Island,  New York"
297. "Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Landfills"
298. "Economic Analysis of Land Intensive Wastewater Systems"
299. "Environmental New Town"
300. "Contingency Planning for Resource Recovery"
301. "Guidelines for Local Governments on Solid Waste Management"
302. "Guidelines for Local Governments on Solid Waste Management.  PHS # 2084"
303. "Maryland Creates a Statewide Wholesale Sanitary District to Save Her
       Waterways"

305. REGIONAL PLANNING

307. "Regional Planning Models for Solid Waste Management: Static  LP Model"
308. "Transport, Scale and Design Options: Design Methods in the Evaluation
       of Policy Related Research in the Field of Municipal Solid Waste
        Management"
309.  "Developing  Local  and Regional  Solid Waste  Management Plan - A  Division
        of Technical  Operations  -  Open File Report
310. "Planning for Solid Waste Disposal"
311. "Intergovernmental Aspects of Environmental  Control: Intergovernmental
       Cooperation—the Use of Interstate Compacts"
312. "Managing the Natural Environment: A Regional  Plan for Water, Sewage,
       Air and Refuse"
313. "Regional Government and Conservation: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation"
314. "Total Environmental Quality Management Models"
315. "Solid Waste Management Plan"    - The Planning Process
316. "Developing a Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Plan: A Division
       of Technical Operations Open File Report:  The Planning Process"
317. "Michigan Towns Sell Regional Authority Bonds" Solid Waste Management
318. "Intergovernmental Approaches to Solid Waste Management"
319. "Economic Aspects of Regional Versus Local Solid Waste Management"
320. "The Utility Concept"
321. "The Name of the Game is Service"
322. "A Statewide Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Study" -Service Areas
323. "The Problem that Won't Go Away"
324  "Recent Developments in Industrial Pollution Control: Proceedings of the
       Fourth Annual Northeastern Regional.Antipollution Conference, U. of R. I."
       Land Use and Industrial Site Selection

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 325."Guidelines for Local Governments On Solid Waste Management -
        Areawide Approaches"
 326."Regionally Consolidated Industrial Wastewater Treatment"
 327. "Criteria for Regional Solid Waste Management Planning"
 328."Lee County Solid Waste Management Project"
 329. "Evaluation, Feasibility and Economic Implication of Pricing Mechanisms
        in Solid Waste Management"
 330. "Intergovernmental Aspects of Environmental Control: Problems Presented
        by Legal and Administrative Arrangements - A Critical Recapitulation"
 331. "Regional Management of Animal Manures"
 332. "Framework for Analyzing and Selecting Among Alternatives for Regional
        Solid Waste Management"
 333. "NEC Environmental Impact Study"
 334. "Environmental Carrying Capacity as a Concept in Comprehensive Regional
        Planning - A Feasibility Study"
 334. "Joint Siting of Electrical Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater
        Treatment Plant Feasibility Study"
 336. "The Better Whey: A Dilemma" Proceedings-Second National Symposium on
        Food Processing Wastes"


 337. Other

 339. "Comprehensive Studies  of Solid  Waste Management"
 340. "Projects in the Industrial Control  Division"
 341. "Solid Waste Disposal Economics"
 342. "Urban Solid Waste Management"
 343. "Areawide Refuse Disposal"


345. Reference

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                              HOW TO ORDER

       DO NOT ORDER FROM THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
After each bibliographic entry, one or a combination of several of the
following source notations is given.  (When several sources are given,
any one may be used).
     ORDER FROM:
     GPO
     NTIS  =
     OTHER =
     SWIRS =
GPO-EP1.23/3:45-73-015  $2.60

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NTIS-PS 211 193

NTIS-PB 210 175 $3.00

At Printer; Pending; PB No. Pending; etc.

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Use the order number indicated; if none appears,
use the report number.  Orders may be placed at
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GPO supplies printed copies.

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Use PB order number. A microfiche of each  report
listed with a PB number is available for $2.25.
When a price is given, a paper copy is available.

When the information indicates "Pending,"  "At
Printer," etc., the report is not yet available.
When a name and telephone number is given,
contact the individual for further information.

Material may be obtained through inter-library
loan by a recognized librarian.  Request should
be directed to:

Attention: Librarian
SWIRS  (Solid Waste  Information Retrieval  Service)
P.O. Box 2365
Rockville, Md.   20852
                                 m

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                           USER'S GUIDE
     This handbook is divided into seven sections: (1) residual
waste disposal; (2) residual waste reclamation; (3) evaluation of
alternatives; (4) environmental impact; (5) socio-economic and inter-
governmental aspects; (6) models; and (7) planning and management.
Sections one through five are further divided into parts to facilitate
pinpointing specific subjects of interest within each section.  For
example, the section on residual waste disposal is divided into three
parts: sludge disposal, solids disposal, and liquids disposal.  Further-
more, each part is divided into specific categories, e.g.  agricultural
wastes, mining wastes, municipal wastes, industrial wastes, commercial
wastes, etc..

     Abstracts that relate to more than one category of residual
waste have been cross-referenced under their appropriate headings.
The entire abstract has been reprinted to eliminate the chore of
searching back and forth through the handbook for the cross-referenced
material.

     Information provided in the abstracts include the following:

1.  Project Title               In most cases this is the  actual  title
                                of the publication.  For those projects
                                not published, the title is only a
                                description in most cases.

2.  Abstract/Summary            Where publications are available,  the
                                information is a abstract  of that public-
                                ation.   For ongoing projects, the
                                abstract/summary identifies the project,
                                and where possible, states  findings and/
                                or expectations, and the present status
                                of the projects.

3.  Status                       This gives the estimated date of com-
                                pletion of the project, a  progress
                                report,  where possible, the availability
                                of publications, the costs  and acquisi-
                                tion source.

4.  Information/Contact         This lists persons responsible for
                                distributing  information about the pro-
                                jects or publications and where they
                                may be obtained.

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                      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
     A great deal of cooperation was received during the
preparation of this handbook from research investigators in
academia and industry, and government officials throughout
the United States.  We are extremely grateful for their
assistance.

    i The abstracts of technical reports are reproduced
through the courtesy of the National Technical Information
Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA., 22161.
Copies of the full reports may be ordered from NTIS.

     The summaries of research in progress are reproduced
through the courtesy of the Smithsonian Science Information
Exchange.  Compilationsof ongoing research are available in
other areas through SSIE, 1730 M Street, N.W., Washington,
D. C., 20036. (sic).

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                     RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
                            Section I
Part I   Sludge Disposal





Part II  Solid Disposal





Part III Liquid Disposal

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Part I    Sludge Disposal

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                        RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL



     A.  Water Treatment Sludges

PROJECT/TITLE

Reuse of Solid Waste From Water-Softening Processes


CITATION

Nelson, Raynor D.; Vey, Eben        I IT Research Institute, Chicago, 111.
Final Report

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The report summarizes a study of several methods for dewatering
a water-softening sludge.  Beneficial uses of the dewatered sludge are
evaluated.  Vacuum filtration after gravity thickening was found to be
more economical for the area studied, the Village of Park Forest,
Illinois, than centrifuging, lagooning or sand bed drying.  The study
found that in a dry powder or almost dry condition, the sludge has a
potential use as a mineral filler in paints, floor coverings, caulking,
and bituminous products, and as a soil admixture and/or soil conditioner.

STATUS

Publication is available from NTIS  PB- 224820
                              $4.25/MF  $1.45

Information Contact

N/A
                                  -5-

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                     RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
TITLE/PROJECT


Disposal of Waterworks Sludges at Sewage Treatment Plants


ABSTRACT

     The objectives of this project were to determine by a pilot
plant study, the effects that doses  of waterworks sludge has on
activated sludge.

     Several doses of waterworks sludge were added to the activated
sludge process, and the phosphate-removing ability of the waterworks
sludge was determined by sampling sewage outlets.  The effects of
the addition of waterworks sludge on the efficiency of operation
was determined in terms of COD, and SS removals and turbidity of
the final effluent.

     Sludge from a waterwork was fed to a small 200 gal per day
power plant with very little adverse effects on the sewage treatment
plant with the exception of the increased amount of sludge.

     The report has limited application in that there are only a
few cities that have combined water and sewage plants.  The tests
were done in Philadelphia, Milwaukee and other cities where this
combination is present.


STATUS

The project was completed in 1972.   Publication Data:
                American Waterworks Journal 6/73


INFORMATION CONTACT

B. V. Salotto
U.S. EPA/NERC
5555 Ridge Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio  45213
(513) 684-8270
                                 -6-

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     B.  Domestic Wastewater/Sewage


PROJECT/TITLE

Sludge Processing, Transportation, and Disposal/Resource Recovery;
Planning Perspective
CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A methodology was developed  in this report for use in the 208
planning process  for the  evaluation of alternatives for the ultimate
disposal of  residual wastes  generated in municipal wastewater treatment
plants.  This methodology considered technical, economic, social, and
institutional factors pertinent to a thorough review of alternatives.

     Residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants
were characterized.  Handling and treatment processes for the residual
wastes were  discussed and evaluated in light of qualitative and
quantitative changes to the  residual wastes.  Liquid, gaseous, and
solid sidestreams produced in residual waste treatment were evaluated
and rail, pipeline, barge, and truck transport of residual wastes were
analyzed.

     Environmental, operational, and institutional constraints to the
use of ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills, sludge recycling,
and land reclamation were presented.
STATUS

Completed in Feb. 1975 - EPA Publication - Contract # 68-01-3104
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT

Dr. Dean Neptune
Water Planning Division/Planning Assistance
401 M St. S.W.
Wash. D.C.  20460
(202) 426-2474
                                    -7-

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     B.   Domestic Wastewater/Sewage


PROJECT/TITLE

System Alternatives in Oxygen Activated Sludge


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     An oxygen activated sludge system with co-current contacting of
oxygen and mixed liquor in a plug flow reactor was operated on
District of Columbia primary effluent during a two-year period over
a wide range of loading (F.  M.  0.26 to 2.0) with Solids Retention Times
(SRT) from 2.0 to 13.0 days  at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant.


STATUS

Publication Pending


INFORMATION CONTACT

EPA
D. F. Bishop
(513) 684-8353
                                  -8-

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     B.   Domestic Wastewater/Sewage


PROJECT/TITLE

Sewage Disposal On  Forest  and Associated Lands


CITATION


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The  objective  of  this  project  is to determine methods for
disposal  and utilization of sewage  effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical  and chemical  characteristics necessary for proper sewage
effluent  and sludge disposal and renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects  of sewage effluent and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.

     Municipal and  industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids  and forest vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land  disposal projects.  Soil and ground
water samples were  analyzed for nutrient elements and for potentially
toxic materials.  Changes  in composition in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated  secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage sludge to forest lands.
STATUS

     The project is a continuing one.  Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen is the major pollutant.   Reports
may be obtained upon request.

INFORMATION CONTACT

After 9/1/75

Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
(616) 775-7776

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     B.   Domestic Wastewater/Sewage


PROJECT/TITLE

Combined Sludge Processing Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     CCCSD has built an Advanced Treatment Test Facility (TTF) to
treat raw sewage with lime followed by biological  nitrification and
denitrification at up to 2.5 MGD.   The excess lime sludge is dewatered
in a pair of centrifuges operated in series to separate calcium
carbonate from calcium phosphate organic matter and inerts.   Calcium
carbonate is to be converted to recovered lime in  one set of multiple
heart furnaces and the residual sludge will be incinerated in another
set of furnaces.  This proposal documents the studies already carried
out leading to the above conclusions and fills in  engineering and
analytical data necessary to make a complete report.

STATUS

Publication: Sludge Processing For Combined Physical-Chemical-Biological
             SIudges
             GPO-EP 1.23/2:R2-73-250 $2.10
             NTIS/PB 223 341

INFORMATION CONTACT

P. H. Caldwell
Central  Contra Costa Sanitation District
Walnut Creek, California
                                 -10-

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     B.  Domestic Wastewater/Sewage


PROJECT/TITLE

Lime Stablized Sludge:  Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural Land


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     An optimum system  for the lime stabilization of municipal sewage
sludge was first developed and evaluated.  The primary objectives of
this work were (1) to determine the degree of stability induced in a
sludge by lime addition and  (2) to determine the effects of spreading
lime-stabilized sludge  on agricultural land.  Lime doses and  contact
times required to eliminate  the pathogenic bacteria and odors  from
raw sludge were determined by laboratory studies, and the information
obtained was translated into design and operational parameters for a
pilot scale, continuous flow process.  Physical, chemcial and  biological
characteristics of both the  raw and stabilized sludge, were measured.
Soil and crop studies,  both  in a greenhouse and on controlled  outdoor
plots, were performed to determine the effects of spreading lime-
stabilized sludge.  Effective lime stabilization of sludge was accom-
plished by elevating the pH to 12.0 with lime addition and maintaining
the pH level for at least 30 minutes.
STATUS

Publication Pending 1975
#670/2-75-012
INFORMATION CONTACT

EPA
J.E. Smith, Jr.
(513) 684-8267
                                -11-

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     B.   Domestic Wastewater/Sewage


PROJECT/TITLE

Using Cropland For Sewage Wastewater And Sludge Disposal W. E. Sopper


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forest!and,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soil's potential for removing N from wastes by
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.

     Hydrologic effects such as perched water tables, interflow and
runoff were measured.
STATUS

Completed Publication:  Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater
                       Through Forest and Cropland
                       GPO-EPI.23/2:660/2-74-003  $1.20
                       NTIS-PB 236313/AS

INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                               -12-

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     B.   Domestic Wastewater/Sewage


PROJECT/TITLE

Review of Experience With Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge - A
Bibliography

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this program was to provide a critical review
of existing information and operational experiences in landspreading
of liquid sewage sludge.  Major emphasis was given to obtaining in-
formation concerning unreported landspreading operations currently
employed in this country through a telephone survey and visits to
representative treatment plants and associated landspreading operations.
This information was evaluated with respect to present technology,
and environmental impacts from landspreading including evaluation of
landspreading subsystems relating to sludge handling and conditioning
modes of transport, spreading techniques, and soil and/or crop responses,
Further this program also provided a summarization and an updating of
sewage sludge landspreading practices found in the literature.  An
evaluation of the data obtained will identify deficiencies where
additional studies are needed and aid in the development of proper
design criteria for landspreading systems.

     The investigator found that only 3 or 4 sewage treatment plants
had a water quality program.  There is a lack of intensive monitoring
of waste programs, though there is an abundance of field work being
done.

     Research revealed that approximately 400 plants in the five most
populous regions in the U.S. have been landspreading sewage sludge with-
out monitoring for over 50 years.

     The completed bibliography contains short histories with annotated
bibliographies of 25 treatment plants visited by the researchers.


STATUS

Project is completed and publication is expected in August, 1975
INFORMATION CONTACT:

Office of Research Monitoring
G. K. Dotson
NERC - Cinn., Ohio

                                   -13-

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     B.  Domestic Wastewater/Sewage


PROJECT/TITLE

West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project
                      /

CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The concepts of sand abatement, strip-mine reclamation and mine-
acid control are the objectives of the project.  The demonstration
project will seek to show how the use of sludge, fertilizing, liming
and other minor techniques will permit the growth and self-regenera-
tion of various grasses, shrubs and trees.

     The demonstration project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalachia.  Severe erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched.  Sand erosion from
high walls and spoil banks causes considerable property loss due to
the deposition of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of
existing waterways.

     One of the problems encountered in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported.  The transportation of
sludge from the waste treatment facility to the Appalachian hills is
expensive.


STATUS

A final report is pending

INFORMATION CONTACT

Appalachian Regional Commission
C. Meir
State Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio  43212
(614) 466-3066
                                  -14-

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     B.  Domestic Wastewater/Sewage


PROJECT/TITLE

The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
Into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The proposed work will 1) determine the significance of mecury input
into the estuarine environment by effluent and sludge disposal, 2)
determine and explain the variations in mercury concentration observed
in sewage treatment plants, 3) determine the input of mercury to the
marine system by rain and runoff, 4) continue studies on the distribution
of mercury in the local (Carteret County, North Carolina) estuaries com-
paring a system receiving effluent  (Calico Creek, Morehead City, North
Carolina) with a variety of less affected areas, 5) determine the rate
of mercury accumulation in marine organisms which are fed on sewage sludge,
6) determine the rate of uptake of mercury by vegetables which are grown
in soil  enriched with sewage sludge.  Coldvapor atomic absorpiton analysis
of mercury will be used.

STATUS

     The project is partially finished, and the investigators state that
they have a pretty clear picture of the impact of mercury in the estuarine
environment.  Studies are being conducted at a small town Moorehead City
treatment plant (15,000 pop.).  Study has shown a very distinct pattern
of mercury distribution in estuaries and animals.  The distribution of
mercury is very restricted in distance.  It remains very close to the
outfall  of the sewage treatment plants.

     A town of comparable size and adjacent to Moorehead has one half
to one third less mercury in its effluent and sludge.  There are no
industrial sources in either town.  It is presently theorized that the
mercury contamination may have come from the use of house paints con-
taining mercury.  Fungi area problem in the area and mercury was used as
an inhibitor at one time.  The contamination may be resulting from
storm water runoff.

INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr. R. T. Barber
Duke U.
Marine Labo.
Beaufort, N. Carolina 28516  919-728-2111

                                   -15-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project is investigating the feasibility of using forest
ecosystems to absorb nutrient additions in the form of sewage sludge.
This research is important to the current problem of water pollution
caused by nutrients leaching from sludge disposed  of either by dumping
at landfill sites or by other means that do not incorporate recycling
or nutrient removal.
STATUS

     Sludge from a nearby municipality and from recreation complexes
in the White Mountain National  Forest was landspread in June, 1975.
Preliminary studies have been completed, but impact (environmental)
work has just started.  The project is scheduled to be completed by
next summer (1976)
INFORMATION CONTACT

J. M. Hornbeck
University of New Hampshire Graduate School
Durham, New Hampshire  03824
(603) 868-5576, 9697
(603) 726-8902
                                   -16-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The overall objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters and in
areas where water is in short supply.  It will be demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since a non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized.  The system was demonstrated and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry.  The physical, biological, pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was demonstrated.  Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS

EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                   -17-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project demonstrated the use of fly ash from a nearby power
plant and sludge incinerator ash as filter aids in the pressure filtra-
tion of sludges.  Pilot plant tests indicated that due to the nature
of the sludge from the trickling filter plant other alternate methods
of pretreatment would incur severe economic penalties.  On the other
hand the chemical ingredients in the fly ash and sludge incinerator
ash, which are obtained at no cost,permitted adequate dewatering at
minimum cost.  In addition, the trace minerals in the ashes and the
plant food value from the sludge constituted a useable soil conditioner.
The City of Cedar Rapids plans to utilize some of this sludge as a
soil conditioner and fertilizer in their parks.
STATUS

Project Completed Publication
GPO-EP1.23/2:R 2-73-231  $2.10
NTIS-PB 223-535
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                   -18-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The object of the project was to: 1) Perform a comprehensive literature
review and survey of the present municipal and utility sludge and ash produc-
tion, disposal methods and utilization methods.  2) Determine technical
feasibility and economic practicality of more widespread application of present
utilization methods.  3) Suggest new utilization methods with consideration of
technical feasibility and economic practicality.  A search of the literature
and contact with a variety of governmental and trade organizations who are
producers and/or present or potential users of sludges and ashes were conducted.

STATUS

Completed Publication is pending.
Characterization and Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and  Ashes.
Vol. 1
EPA # 670/2-75-033 a, b, c, & d


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                      -19-

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     C.  Industrial  Sludges




PROJECT/TITLE

Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment Sludges


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project was to develop information on sludge
volumes and characteristics produced in metal  finishing plants, determine
the effects of weathering on sludges in current disposal  practice, and
carry out bench scale investigations on potentially attractive
techniques for recovering metals from these sludges.  On  the basis of
the investigation, the process design and economics will  be determined
for selected metal  recovery systems.


STATUS

Publication pending.  Report #670/2-75-018


INFORMATION CONTACT

Ray Smithson
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus, Ohio
(614) 299-3151  ext. 2342
                                 -20-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Hardening and Disposal of S02 Scrubbing Sludges


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project involves the development of chemicals, methods, and
systems for hardening  and disposal of fly ash sludges (CaSOo and
resulting from the wet scrubbing of coal fired power boilers with various
alkali slurries.

     A collection of papers entitled "Flue Gas Desulfurization and
Sludge Stabilization" is available through the Library of Congress
Catalogue #75-14865. (Dravo Lime Company.)  This work contains indirect
reference to the impact of sludge on water pollution.

     Presently, three systems have been designed and tested.  They are
highly dependent on conditions(i.e. terrain, space, etc.) and are highly
flexible for adaptability.  The project is a continuing one.


STATUS

Other symposium papers are available upon request.


INFORMATION CONTACT

J. Selmeczi
Dravo Corporation
#1 Oliver Plaza
Pittsburgh, Pa.  15222
                                    -21-

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PROJECT/TITLE

A Color Removal and Fibrous Sludge Disposal Process for the Kraft Paper
Industry
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This publication discusses the development of an economical design
and operational data applicable to the Kraft pulp and paper industry in
removal of color in mill effluents and in disposal of fibrous sludges.
Color removal was accomplished by lime precipitation of the color bodies
and fibers with subsequent regeneration of the lime by sludge combustion
in a kiln.
STATUS

Project completed.  Publication: GPO-#P1.23.2:660/2-74-008 $1.65
                    NTIS-PB 235573/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                               -22-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Solid Waste Disposal


CITATION

Final rept. Phillips, Nacy P.; Wells, R. Murray, Radian Corp., Austin, Tex.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of the present investigation is to identify available
technologies developed in other industries that may be applicable to
lime/limestone scrubber sludge disposal.  Musch of the technology
already developed for phosphate slimes, by-product gypsum, taconite
tailings, coal ash, and acid mine drainage sludge is applicable to
scrubber sludge disposal.  Alternative disposal methods available
for scurbber sludge, including deep mine disposal, strip-mined
land reclamation, and utilization, possess some degree of potential.
Based on presently available data, there are no insurmountable
technological problems in disposing of scrubber sludge in an environ-
mentally acceptable manner.


STATUS

Available from: NTIS $7.25/MF  $1.45 - Pb-233 144/5


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                 -23-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Pilot Scale Treatment of Wine Still age


CITATION

E. D. Schroeder, California, University of Davis, Ca.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Pilot  and laboratory scale studies were run on aerobic and an-
aerobic biological treatment of winery stillage over a two year period.
The pilot scale studies included work with aerobic lagoons and anaerobic
packed towers.  Laboratory systems studied were aerobic reactors without
recycle and batch fed anaerobic process.  Because suspended solids
removal proved to be a key factor in successful biological treatment,
centrifugation, detartration, coagulation and flocculation, and combina-
tions of these methods were included in the studies.  Centrifugation
proved to be the best method  of removing solids prior to biological
treatment.  Solids removal in combination with an aerobic treatment
process can be expected to produce final filtrate chemical oxygen demands
of about 700 mg/1 and a final filtrate BOD of about 75 mg/1.  Anaerobic
processes studied did not operate well but produced effluents with
chemical oxygen demands of the order of 4000 mg/1


STATUS

Publication Pending   #660/2-75-002


INFORMATION CONTACT

EPA Cochrane, M.
                                  -24-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Interim Report of Task Force on Phosphate Removal Sludges


CITATION

J. B. Parrel 1, Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory, EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Information on dewatering properties of municipal wastewater sludges
is scant and poorly organized.  A Task Force has collected information
on wastewater sludges with particular emphasis on sludge produced when
lime, Fe +++, or Al +++ are added for the purpose of P removal  to some
portion of the wastewater treatment sequence.  Data are presented on the
thickening and dewatering characteristics of the sludges.  Most of the
information relates to the mass of sludge produced and its filtering
properties.  Sludges produced when lime is added to wastewater have greater
solids content after settling and dewater of greater mass rates than
conventional sludges.  However, mass of sludge per volume of wastewater
is greatly increased.  Considerable information is available on such sludges,
Sludges produced when AL +++ or Fe +++ is added the wastewater dewater
more poorly than conventional sludges and sludge solids content is less.
Sludge mass is greater than in conventional treatment but not as great as
would be produced by lime addition. Information is clearly not yet adequate
for accuratelypredicting dewatering properties of such sludges.   Research
studies and field investigation of the dewatering properties of the sludges
produced by adding AL +++ and Fe +++ to wastewater are being continued.


STATUS

Publication available - NTIS -PB 238317/AS $7.25


INFORMATION CONTACT

EPA
J. B. Farrell
(513) 684-8265
                                  -25-

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 PROJECT/TITLE

 An  Experimental  High Ash Paper-mill Sludge Landfill - Report  I  &  II


 CITATION

 0.  B.  Andersland,  R. F. Vallee, W. A. Charlie, and D. W. Marshall,  Michigan
 State


 ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     An experimental papermill sludge landfill was constructed and
 monitored  to obtain engineering information essential to the development
 of  guidelines  and  recommendations for the design and operation of solid
 papermill  waste  landfills. The experimental landfill consisted of two
 sludge layers  with sand drainage blankets on earth dike for  lateral  con-
 finement and a natural soil cover.  The landfill was instrumented for
 settlement, water  pressure, vertical and lateral earth pressure,
 temperature sludge unit weights, specific gravity, and water contents.
 Laboratory work  was also conducted.  A detailed description  of the
 field  behavior  is given in the report along with predictions  based
 on  laboratory  results and soil mechanics theory.  Sampling of  leachate
 from the sludge  landfill at weekly intervals and laboratory  analysis
 accoridng  to standard metals  for the examination of water and  waste-
 water  provided documentation  as to leachate composition.  A  lysimeter
 study  provides information of changes in quality of the leachate when
 passed through selected natural soils.

     The second  annual report investigated slope stability by  removal of
 one dike from  the  sludge landfill.  The landfill was excavated to form
 a 3.4  slope and  trimmed to 1.8 slope.  Prior to construction,  vane
 shear  strength and Dutch cone resistance data were obtained.   Slopes
 indicator  and  piezometers were installed Laboratory studies  and analysis
 were also  conducted.  Leachate sampling and analysis documented changes
 occuring during  the project period.
STATUS

Completed.  Publication # 670/2-74-076 a&-b - NTIS - PB 239869/AS  $7.00  (a)
                                            NTIS - PB 239618  $7.50  (b)

INFORMATION CONTACT

EPA - N.  B. Schomaker  (513) 684-4487

                                  -26-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Optimization and Design Criteria of An Oil ActivatedSludge Concentration
Process
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Laboratory and pilot plant studies and cost calculations were
performed for a new process for the disposal of sewage sludge.  The
process consists of an oil assisted gravity separation of the majority
of the water, followed by multiple effect evaporation to dryness in an
oil slurry and incineration of the dry solids.

     Secondary sludges are concentrated from about 0.5% up to 5-10%
solids.  The agreement of performance between laboratory and pilot plant
results is good, and no scale-up problems were indicated.  The process
economics show.an advantage of $13-32 a ton compared to the best known
commercial technology for a 189 ton/day plant processing a 50/50 mixture
of primary plus activated sludges to ash.  Optimization of the process
can result in greater cost reductions in the thickening and settling
steps.


STATUS

Publication Data:  GPO-EP 1.23/2:670/2-74-004  $1.40
                   NTIS - PB 234-173
INFORMATION CONTACT

Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
P.O. Box 8
Linden, New Jersey  07036
(201) 474-0100
                                  -27-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:  A study to summarize and evaluate existing data pertain-
ing to sludge disposal.  Investigate the potential methods for improving
the characteristics of sludge, and recommend future testing required.
The objective of the program is to evaluate the data which is available
on sludge disposal and its properties so that a logical test program can
be established.  The scope of the program is to summarize and evaluate
the available data to determine the problem areas, to summarize and
evaluate the methods for improving the characteristics of sludge, and to
develop a test program for improving the characteristics of sludge.  Exist-
ing data pertaining to sludge disposal is summarized.


STATUS

     The paper study has been completed.  A small pilot plant (1,000 Ibs
per hr) has been built, and produces a leachate from sludge which is being
tested on a small scale vegetable farm.  Good results have been attained,
and trace elements and toxicity studies will be performed.  The leachate
is being used by fertilizer producers, also.  Plant production will be
increased to produce 3,000 Ibs of fetilizer.


INFORMATION CONTACT

B. McKinney or James Crow
U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority
Chattanooga, Tenn.  37402
(615)  755-3011
                                  -28-

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      D.  Miscellaneous
PROJECT/TITLE

Waste Citrus Activated Sludge As a Poultry Feed Ingredient


CITATION

R. H. Jones, G. T. White, and B. L. Damron Winter Garden Citrus Products
Corporative Winter Garden, Fl.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The report presents an evaluation of the potential of utilizing
waste activated sludge as a poultry feed supplement.  The sludge used
in this study was obtainted from an activated sludge process treating
concentrated citrus waste containing no sanitary wastewater.  The sludge
was thickened, dewatered and dried using full scale and pilot-scale
equipment.  The dried sludge was then analyzed for protein, fiber,
ami no acids, nutrients and moisture.  Poultry feeds containing varying
concentration of sludge were prepared.  Two experiments with boiler
chicks, each of three weeks duration, one 8- week broiler study, and
six-month laying hen study were conducted to determine the effect of
the inclusion of sludge in poultry diets on performance.  It is shown
in this report that the inclusion of sludge in property formulate
diets up to 7.5 percent did not significantly affect poultry performance
or meat or egg quality.  The value of the sludge was calculated based on
the reduction in feed ingredients resulting from the inclusion of
sludge.  It was found that the value of the recovered sludge significantly
reduced the total cost of sludge handling.


STATUS

Publication Pending.  EPA #660/2-75-001


INFORMATION CONTACT

 N/A
                                  -29-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Cost-Effectiveness Study for Handling and Disposal of Organic Sludges


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The goal of this project is to develop mathematical model for all
commonly used processes for sludge handling and disposal and to use
these models in an Executive program which will size all processes and
estimate the cost of the complete treatment train.  Processes being
considered are gravity thickening, air flotation thickening, centrifugation,
anaerobic digestion, elutriation, aerobic digestion, vacuum filters,
sand drying beds, multiple hearth incineration, and transport and disposal
to land.  A total of 181 ways have been identified to handle and dispose
of both primary and waste activated sludge.  Computation of the cost of
these alternative processes will begin when models for aerobic digestion
and land disposal have been completed.


STATUS

Final stage of Preparation for Publication


INFORMATION CONTACT

Richard Eilers or Robert Smith
NERC
5555 Ridge Ave.
Cinn., Ohio  45213
684-2200, 8352
                                 -30-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Utilization and Disposal of Municipal,  Industrial, and Agricultural
  Processing Wastes on Land
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objective:  Determine factors influencing long-term utilization of
wastes compatible with sustained agronomic production with emphasis on
accumulation of toxic quantities of heavy metals in  soils and plants.

     Approach:  From strip mine spoil areas, surface and core samples to
water table depth will be analyzed for total pyrites, sulfides and redox
potentials before and after sludge treatments.  Results will be used to
evaluate effectiveness of sludge in revegetation of  strip mine spoils
and in abatement of pollution  in runoff and leaching waters.  Analyses
will include ph, S0(4), NO (3), Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Co and Pb.

     PROGRESS:  The field work associated with this  project, the Palzo
reclamation project, continues to have unavoidable delays.  The ongoing
research involves laboratory and greenhouse studies.  The sulfur
fractionation scheme was modified for sludge samples using freeze-dry
techniques to remove the water phase.  The Palzo strip mine spoil contains
about 1.5  to 2.0 percent total sulfur, 52 percent being in the pyrite
form.  In  the sludge about 43  percent of the; S is CHC1(3) soluble and
mostly in  the elemental form.  Adding sludge to spoil material increased
the pH of  the spoil from 3.2 to 5.3 initially but with 70 days of
continued  aeration the pH's dropped to the original  level.  Eh values
decreased  with sludge treatment.  Water soluble S increased slightly and
pyrite S oxidation decreased with increasing sludge  applications.
Continuous seration exodized less pyrite material under high sludge
rates than under low application rates.  High sludge applications
expressed  Ni and Al absorption by plants.


STATUS

The project will be in progress for another two years.


INFORMATION CONTACT

S. W. Melsted
(217) 333-1000
                                  -31-

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Part II    Solid Disposal
         -33-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This publication contains  information  on  the  generation, collection
and disposal of waste oil.   It  is  a  technical  evaluation of current re-
fining, and other disposal  processes and  an assessment  (environmental) of
the gaseous, liquid and solid wastes discharged  from  such processes.  A
feasibility test was conducted  in  a  single  metropolitan area for a survey
designed to obtain information  from  service stations, waste oil collectors,
and industrial users.  The  project also sought to  obtain a national material
balance to determine the  ultimate  fate of used oils.
STATUS

Project completed.   Publication:  GPO-EP1.23/2:670/2-74-052  $4.00
                                  NTIS  PB  234857/AS  $6.50
 INFORMATION CONTACT

 N/A
                                   -35-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Industrial Chemicals Solid Waste Generation.   The Significance of Process
Change, Resource Recovery, and Improved Disposal.


CITATION

Final rept. Saxton, James C.;  Kramer, Marc.  Arlington, Va..  June, 1974, 155 p.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The study characterizes  the process-related solid wastes produced during
manufactures of industrial chemicals, Sic group 281.   Thirty three chemicals
were selected that: possess significant resource value, pose a difficult
solid waste disposal problem,  and/or have markedly deleterious properties,
e.g., toxicity.  The selected chemicals composed 40% of 1971 group output
and an estimated 95% of the group's solid waste.  Fifteen of the chemicals
are undergoing process substitutions; in every case the newer process
generates less solid waste.  Most of wastes are of intrinsically low value,
so resource recovery is seldom economic.  Inorganics  account for over 90%
of total disposal cost, due to large waste volume from cre-related processes,
such as alumina and phospheric acid.  Organics appear to pose little disposal
problem.  Elimination of water discharge doubles the disposal cost of the
33 chemicals.


STATUS

Available from NTIS Pb-233 46417 pc $5.00/MF $2.25


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                   -36-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Elimination of Water Pollution by Recycling Cement Plantdusts


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives overall - Elimination of problems associated with disposal
of kiln dust from cement plants.  Specifically by: 1) Formation of clinker
with concomitant violatilization of alkalies.  2) Leaching of water-
soluble alkalies and return of leachate to system. 3) Other uses of dust,
fertilizer, soil stabilizer, or agricultural limestone. 4) Use of dust
as admixture to modify cement or cement products.  Present approach - Heat
treatment of clay or shale fraction to remove alkalies from a portion of
raw feed and/or to remove alkalie from total dust.  Fluid bed furnace to
remove alkalies at low temperature by control of the furnace atmosphere
presently underway.


STATUS

     The project is in the final writing stage.  It was deemed somewhat
successful by the investigators.  Water soluble alkalies in cement dust
ware removed by flame-spraying.

     Other phases of the project will continue until maximum results are
gained.  The project will be funded by private industry upon the exhaustion
of governmental funds.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Dr. Miller
Protalnd Cement Association
5420 Old Orchard Rd.,
Skokie, 111.  60076
(312) 966-6200
                                   -37-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Study of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper Industry


CITATION

Final rept.  Gorham International,  Inc.,  Maine.  Environmental  Protection
Agency, Rockville, Maryland  Solid Waste Management Office, Feb.  74; 198p


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This report investigates and  identifies present soild waste management
practices, present solid waste management practices, examines alternatives,
and develops strategies for future pulp  and paper industry waste manage-
ment.  It examines waste management in five major segments of the pulp
and paper industry; pulp mills, paper mills, paper board mills, and de-
inking mills.  Data is presented on pulp and paper industry solid waste
generated since 1960.   A case study for  each of the five major pulp and
paper manufacturing segments is presented.


STATUS

Available from NTIS Pb-234 944/7  $5.50/Mf  $2.25


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -38-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Effects of Water Pollution Controls on Solid Waste Generation, 1971
  to 1985: Executive Summary


CITATION

R. Stone, Ralph Stone and Company, Inc. Los Angeles, California


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The effects of air and water pollution controls on solid waste
generation were evaluated.  The solid wastes from pollution control were
identified for individual industrial  sectors by their original air or water
pollutant constituents, and the treatment process applied.  The wastes
were categorized by type and by location (rural or urban).  Total solid
waste from pollution control activities were estimated for 1971 and
projected for 1985.  Particulates and sulfur oxides were identified as
the major air oollutants capable of generating solid wastes when treated;
suspended solids and biological oxygen demand were identified as the
principle means of estimating the impact of water pollution control on
solid wastes.


STATUS

Publication Pending


INFORMATION CONTACT

EPA
Talley, R. J.
(513) 684-4484
                                   -39-

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      Processed Wastes  -  Food  Industry
PROJECT/TITLE

The Better Whey; A Dilemma


CITATION

Proceedings: Second National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes, Sidney
Boxer.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash., D.C. 3/1971. pp. 409-
412.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The cheese industry has the problems of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a food by-product with excellent nutritive
value.  Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat the whey from surrounding
industries since whey recovery is such an expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install  the equipment.  This
research and development outfit has built a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New -Yo'rk in cooperation with Dairylea of New York.  Whole whey for use as
a food or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drying,
the most efficient and economical method discovered by previous research.
Laval Separator Company has built the equipment for the demonstration
plant.  One of the major problems encountered in this project was the
conversion of cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process.  (D) (6)

     This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                   -40-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants                                                              9
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives:  Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations.  Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants.  Determine
whether pesticide residues,  if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.

     Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation,  extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable.  The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.

     Progress: Progress has  been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal.   Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors.  Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine.  Recycled
brine was filtered and used  for fresh pack pickles.

     The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons.  Spray irrigation of
the effluent on fields  is  now being  tested.
STATUS
     The project is just getting started with  initial promising results.
INFORMATION CONTACT

J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research  &  Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio  43210
(614) 422-5169
                                  -41-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Seafood Solid Waste in Oregon: Disposal or Recovery


CITATION

Special rept: Kreag, Rebecca; Smith, Frederick J.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The quantity and nature of seafood waste from processing operations
are described.  Ten alternatives to discharge directly into estuaries
are presented.  Three methods of disposal  were studied for these wastes:
incineration, barging off shore and landfill.  Landfill  appears to be
the least costly and the most promising disposal  alternative because of
the limited quantity of wastes involved.   Seven alternatives were con-
sidered for recovery of wastes for a marketable product:  flesh for
human consumption; fish protein concentrate;  fishmeal; mink feed;
fish food; fertilizer; and chitin for new  special products.


STATUS

NTIS $3.00/MF $1.45  COM-74-11245/9


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -42-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Food Processing Wastes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project dealt with the wastes generated by Oregon's primary
food processing industry, and  involved the evaluation of waste occurrence
and waste disposal systems currently being used; estimation of the extent
and seriousness of present and  future problems; establishment of guidelines
for the selection of research which could most reasonably help alleviate
the critical pollution problems; and implementation of individual research
projects involving waste reduction, waste treatment, and by-product develop-
ment.

     The end-of-pipe flows and  the discharges from unit operations were
monitored  for flow, pH, temperature, settleable solids, turbidity,
suspended solids, total solids, coliform, total coliform, fecal strep-
tococcus, COD, BOD and chemical  concentrations.  The results are expressed,
where appropriate, as concentrations (e.g., mg U) and in terms of produc-
tion (e.g., Ib/T).


STATUS:

Information and publications may be acquired from the Food Science and
Technology Department, Oregon  State Univeristy.

Note:

The effluents were tested through spray irrigation methods using "guess
amounts'.; and results of the various concentrations were recorded.
Concentration results are listed for each food processing industry.
INFORMATION CONTACT

Mr. Soderquist
Food Science & Technology
Oregon State University
Corvalis, Oregon  97331
(503) 752-1141, 6719
                                   -43-

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      B.  Non-processed Wastes -  Institutional
PROJECT/TITLE

Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes Collection Treatment
and Disposal
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project consisted of compiling an  annotated bibliography of
the available literature on hospital solid waste collection, treatment,
and disposal systems.   Literature on microbiological or health aspects
related to the various systems is included.
STATUS

The project is completed.  Publications may be obtained from EPA
(Publication EP #00458-0251)
INFORMATION CONTACT

Oscar Albrecht, Project Officer
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
                                 -44-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of this project  is to develop techniques and criteria for
disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting, evaluating
and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental quality in cold
regions.

     Major areas of research  include treatment of wastewater by application
to land as well as management of  thermal and solid wastes.  Significant
aspects of the work with a final  report will be issued upon completion
of work in each problem area.


STATUS

Continuous project.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P. 0. Box 282
Hanover, New Hampshire  03755
                                  -45-

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    B.  Non-Processed Wastes - Municipal
PROJECT/TITLE

Flyash Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project involved the disposal of flyash as a slurry in a worked
out mine.  The resultant mixture of slurry water and mine water were
chemically treated before discharge to a stream.  This project has been
in existence for the past five years and is scheduled to continue for
another 5 years.

     The dissolved salts in the discharge has dropped from 3000 PPI to
2000 PPI to date.  Research is continuing to reduce the salt content to
1500 PPI or lower.  The state of Penn. treats the discharge as a process
rather than a mine effluent.  The present PPI would be allowable if the
discharge was treated as mine drainsge.  However, the mechanism is
working well, and research will continue.


STATUS

Ongoing  Project.  Information will be sent upon request.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Mr. Robert O'Hare
Mr. Nelson Tonet
Duquesoe Light Company
435 6th Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.  15219
                                  -46-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and Wastewater
Disposal - W. E. Sopper


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objectives of this study were:  1) To investigate the effects of
watershed management techniques on the quantity and quality of water yield
form small forested watersheds, 2) To investigate the hydrologic behavior
and response of a 20 acre  forested drainage basin to selected rainfall
events applied with an artificial rainfall facility, and 3) To investigate
the potential use of forests as disposal sites for treated municipal
wastewater and sludge.


STATUS:

Completed.  Publication:   Conference on  Recycling Treated
                           Municipal Wastewater Through Forest & Cropland

                           GPO-EP 1.23/2  660/2-74-003  $1.20
                           NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                   -47-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project demonstrated the use of fly ash from a nearby power
plant and sludge incinerator ash as filter aids in the pressure filtra-
tion of sludges.  Pilot plant tests indicated that due to the nature of
the sludge from the trickling filter plant other alternate methods of
pretreatment would incur severe economic penalties.  On the other hand
the chemical ingredients in the fly ash and sludge incinerator ash,
which were obtained at no cost/,permittee! adequate dewatering at minimum
cost.  In addition, the trace minerals in the ashes and the plant food
value from the sludge constituted a useable soil conditioner.  The City
of Cedar Rapids plans to utilize some of this sludge as a soil conditioner
and fertilizer in their parks.
STATUS

Project completed.
Publication:  GPO-EP1.23/2:R2-73-231  $2.10
             NTIS-PB  223-535
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -48-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Potential Solid Waste Generation and Disposal from Lime and Limestone
Desulfurization Processes.  R. J. Evan - Author
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The generation and disposal of solid waste from electric utility
plants using a lime/limestone wet-scrubbing system and the potential
effects on the environment were estimated for 1975 and 1980.  The study
indicated that in 1975 approximately 5.8 millicn tons of desulfurization
solid waste (50 percent solids) will be generated.  In 1980, when it is
estimated that desulfurization will become commercially accepted, ap-
proximately 71.4 millicn tons of this material will be generated for
disposal and/or utilization.  The desulfurization waste material, when
combined with lime, fly ash, and water, may have potential for use as
a roadbase material, landfill reclamation, and synthetic aggregate.
STATUS

Publication $2.25 - NTIS PB-233 975/2


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -49-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Landfills

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of the project is to determine the authority needed to
acquire land for and operate sanitary landfills; identify and evaluate
powers of local governmental units and limitation of those powers to adopt
and enforce land-use restrictions and regulations as they relate to sani-
tary landfills, and other restrictions such as environmental protection
standards that affect site location; identify reasons for and extent of
institutional arrangements needed for solid-waste management on an areawide
basis.

     State enabling legislation, administrative rules, regulations and
guidelines, local ordinances, and judicial decisions applicable to site
acquisition, location restrictions, landfill operations, and funding
requirements were collected, for most of the North Central  States and
analyzed.  A questionairewas used in an endeavor to ascertain the reasons
for and extent of opposition to location sanitary landfills in rural
residential areas.

STATUS

This is an extensive project and is only half completed. Results and
findings to date are discussed in the following publications.

1. North Dakota Law Review, "Solid Waste Management in North Dakota",
   Vol 49, #3, Spring 1973, pp. 499-535
2. Public Works, Vol 104, #3, 3/73
   Public Works, Vol 104, #4, 4/74
3. Municipal Waste-Research Needs Related to the Institutional and Legal
   Aspects of Recycling Municipal Waste On The Land Research on Land &
   Water Resources. Proceeding: Residential Needs Related To Recycling
   Urban Wastewater on Land,  Penn. State University publication.
4. Managing Solid Waste "A Focus on Indiana Law Economics Research
   Service, U.S.D.A. publication

INFORMATION CONTACT

Dean T. Massey
U. of Wisconsin
U.S.D.A. Natural Resources/Economic Division
Madison, Wisconsin  53706
(608) 262-3568
                                  -50-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Hydrogeology of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Northeastern Illinois


CITATION

Final rept. 1 Jim 66-31 ;May 68 - Hughes, G. M.; Landon, R. A.; Farvolden,
R. N.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The study attacks one of the problems inherent in disposing of refuse
on land; the ever-present danger that-unless properly engineered in a
sanitary landfill—the wastes will adversely effect ground-water resources.
Hydrogeologic,  and water quality studies of five landfills in northeastern
Illinois were carried out.  The distribution and concentration of dissolved
solids in the vicinity of four of these landfills was found to be controlled
by the configuration of the ground-water flow system.  The major factors
influencing the attenuation of the dissolved solids appear to be the
particle size of the earth materials through which they move and the
distance that they move.


STATUS

GPO/Mf  $.095 - NTIS Pb-214 028/3


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -51-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sanitary Landfill  Technology


CITATION

Weiss, S.  Los Angeles County study.   In Sanitary landfill  technology.
Park Ridge, New Jersey, Moyes Data Corporation,  1974.  p.252-269


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A study conducted by the County of Los  Angeles,  California, to
formulate construction criteria for sanitary landfills and improvements
which would lead to optimum land development and use  is reported.   Methods
utilized in the study are described.   Monitoring and  prediting subsidence
and compaction of landfill, gas movement and control,   and groundwater
pollution from sanitary landfills are discussed.   Criteria for the location,
design, construction, inspection, supervision, and maintenance of sanitary
landfills; for the uses of land on or adjacent/to sanitary landfills;  and
for the development, construction, and maintenance of improvements to
sanitary landfills established as a result of this study are discussed.


STATUS

SWIRS library


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -52-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk County,
Long Island, New York


CITATION

Preliminary Findings of a Leachate Study on Two Landfills in Suffolk County,
New York.  By Grant E. Kimmel and 01 in C. Braids.  Journal of Research,
U.S. Geological Survey, Vol.3   , No.  3, May-June 1975, p. 273-280


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     In anticipation of the expected population growth in the county, water
planning and management agencies feel the need for regulation in the
operation of solid-waste-disposal sites and in the selection of new sites,
so as to prevent unreasonable or unnecessary deterioration of the quality
of the ground water or of the environment.  In drafting regulations,
information is needed with regard to the character of the leachate and
chemical reactions that may occur in the zones of aeration and saturation.
In this respect information was needed on incinerated solid waste as well
as the general variety of solid wastes.

     The major objectives of this project were to (a) document the nature
and extent of changes in the chemical quality of the ground water
associated with solid-waste disposal at one or more selected sites, and
(b) apply existing modeling techniques to predict the nature and rate of
change (both as a function of time and space) of the chemical quality of
the ground water.  To the extent possible, modeling efforts involved the
zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.
STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION CONTACT

Dale Mosher - EPA/SWM
1835 K Street, N.W. AW/564
Washington, D.C.
                                   -53-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Evaluation of a Solid-Waste Disposal Site


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Cortland County has proposed at landfill operation for disposal of
solid-wastes in the near future.  Substantial base line geologic and
hydrologic data on the proposed site has been collected, and an array
of 50 shallow wells has been emplaced and monitored  on a weekly basis
since April, 1973.

     The primary objectives of this study are: (1) to determine in more
detail the hydrologic regime of the landfill  site and existent water
quality, and (2) to evaluate the effect of landfill operations on this
regime over an extended period of time.

     The proposed study is particularly significant because considerable
geologic and 'hydrologic parameters can be determined and monitored prior
to landfill operation.  Continuation of this  study after initiation of
landfill operations are expected to provide a critical  evaluation of the
sanitary landfill as a viable means of solid-waste disposal.

     The proposed study basically involves the establishment  and
maintenance of a monitoring program for critical  weather, hydrologic,
and geologic parameters.  Data thus obtained  will    determine the
impact of landfill operations on the natural  hydrogeologic environment
of this area and adjacent parts of New York and Pennsylvania.


STATUS

Continuing Project.
Articles and publication are available upon request


INFORMATION CONTACT

Dr.  T. E. Bugh
State University of New York - School of Arts
Cortland, New York  13045
                                 -54-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Thermophilic Aerobic  Digestion of Organic Solid Wastes
(Andrews, John F., Kambhu, Kawi)
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The major  reactions involved in the process of thermophilic aerobic
digestion are presented, discussed, and simplified into the basic
stoichimetric, thermochemical, kinetic relationships.  A simple procedure
is presented for determining  the thermochemistry of the net reaction by
relating heat production to the oxygen equivalent or C.O.D. of the
organic solids.

     The simulation studies and mathematical model discussed employ
conservative values of biological parameters.  The mathematical model
provides assistance in planning and conducting pilot plant studies.
STATUS

Final Report. - NTIS $6.25/MF  $1.45
                PB 222 396
INFORMATION CONTACT

Clemson University
S.  C.  Dept. of Environmental System Engineering
                                -55-

-------
TITLE/PROJECT

Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project is investigating the feasibility of using forest
ecosystems to absorb nutrient additions in the form of sewage sludge.
This research is important to the current problem of water pollution
caused by nutrients leaching from sludge disposed  of either by dumping
at landfill sites or by other means that do not incorporate recycling
or nutrient removal.
STATUS

     Sludge from a nearby municipality and from recreation complexes
in the White Mountain National  Forest was landspread in June, 1975.
Preliminary studies have been completed,  but impact (environmental)
work has just started.   The project is scheduled to be completed by
next summer (1976)
INFORMATION CONTACT

J. M. Hornbeck
University of New Hampshire Graduate School
Durham, New Hampshire  03824
(603) 868-5576, 9697
(603) 726-8902
                                -66-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The overall objective was to demonstrate the  feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing  of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters andin
areas where water is  in short supply.   It will be  demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since  a  non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized.  The system was demonstrated  and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry.  The physical, biological,  pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was  demonstrated.  Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste  loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS

EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -57-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water-
Resources by Refuse Landfills
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The proposed research was based on the hypothesis that contamination
characteristics of ground and surface water, caused by refuse landfills,
are related to the topographic position of the refuse site.  Refuse sites
are located on upland and valley surfaces.  Landfills may be located in
the upland or loess or glacial till  and in valleys, may be located on
floodplains, valley walls, or in gully positions.   Refuse landfills re-
presentative of the various landscape positions and representative of
different ages will be stuided.   Geophysical methods will be used to
locate contaminated water boundaries and fill  geometry.  At each site
bore holes were drilled, and water samples collected from them and
from the adjacent stream during low flow condition.  A major goal of
the research was to relate topographic position with rate and direction
of leachate movement and chemical  characteristics  of the contaminated
ground and surface water.  By relating these factors to landscape position
characteristics of existing and potential  sites can be evaluated and
regulated for public safety.
STATUS

Completed. Several papers have been published in the journal Groundwater.


INFORMATION CONTACT

L.  V. Sendlein
(515) 294-7814
R.  C.Palmquist
(515) 294-7814
                                 -58-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objectives of this project are to determine the survival  patterns
of viral pathogens in landfilled solid waste and to evaluate the potential
contamination of water resources through leaching of viruses from a
waste disposal site .  Microbiologic monitoring leachates from Cells #1  and
#2 is being conducted in order to determine the degree of health hazard
involved in solid waste disposal by landfill ing.  The results so far
indicate that poliovirus may survive in compacted solid waste for at least
13 days at temperatures of 68-80 degrees F but the virus is inactivated
in 2-4 days in a landfill with temperatures ranging from about 120-140
degrees F.
STATUS

Project was completed.  Final report has been wirtten and is awaiting
EPA review and publication.
INFORMATION CONTACT

Merzda Peterson
Research Triangle Park
Durham, North Carolina
                                 -59-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The object of the project was to: 1) Perform a comprehensive
literature review and survey of the present municipal and utility sludge
and ash production, disposal methods and utilization methods.  2)
Determine technical feasibility and economic practicality of more
widespread application of present utilization methods. 3) Suggest new
utilization methods with consideration of technical feasibility and
economic practicality.  A search of the literature and contact with a
variety of governmental and trade organizations who are producers and/or
present or potential users of sludges and ashes was conducted.
STATUS

Completed.  Publication is pending.  - Characterization and Utilization of
                                        Municipal  and Utility Sludges and
                                         Ashes.  Vol.  1
           EPA #670/2-75-033 a,b,c,  & d
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                 -60-

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     C.  Agricultural
PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate Disposal of
Cattle Feedlot Wastes-Ultimate Disposal of Cattle Feedlot Wastes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives of the project are: 1) To determine the effects of
feedlot runoff and manure loading rates on the chemical and physical
properties of soil, on the quality of runoff from the disposal area
and on corn forage yields.  2) To determine the most economical loading
of feedlot wastes onto land compatible with pollution control.  3) To
determine the concentration of diethylstilbesterol residue in feedlot
wastes and its movement through the soil profile beneath the waste
disposal area.


STATUS

Project will be continuing for approximat.ley 6 months. 'Several publications
are available upon request.


INFORMATION CONTACT

H. L.  Manges
Kansas State University
School of Engineering/Anderson Hall
Manhattan, Kansas  66502
(913)  532-5580
                                  -61-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Pollution Control Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project is the abatement of pollution through
improved systems for controlling beef cattle and sheep waste.   Systems
for managing wastes from housed and feedlot beef cattle and sheep will
be developed and evaluated for economic abatement of air, water and
soil pollution.  Permanent effluent land irrigation installations will
be designed for disposal or utilization runoff from a beef feedlot holding
pond to complete a total feedlot runoff control  system.  Attention will
be given to developing improved handling systems for managing the solid
waste.  Units will be managed, tested and improved as necessary for
system optimization.  The components of collection, treatment, transport
and disposal will be included in the design systems.   Disposal of treated
effluent to land will be investigated to develop application rates for
optimum crop use.


STATUS

Project is still in progress.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska  68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(402) 472-2824
                                  -62-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste From Housed Swine


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project is to reduce the pollution
potential of housed swine through improved waste systems.   Alternative
methods of collection, treatment, transport and disposal of waste
from housed swine will be developed and evaluated as component
parts of a total system for economic reduction of the pollution poten-
tial of waste from all phases of swine production.  Major components of
systems will be evaluated, improved, and combined for development of
optimum total systems.  Evaluations will be based on labor, initial
and operating costs, effects on livestock production, and degree of
control over pollution of air, waste and soil.


STATUS

Project is still in progress


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska  68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(420) 472 2874
                               -63-

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 PROJECT/TITLE

 Automated  System  for Water  Pollution  Control  from  an Animal  Production  Unit


 CITATION

 N/A


 ABSTRACT/ SUMMARY

      The specific aims  of the  project were:  1. To  continue to  monitor with
 weekly sampling and laboratory analyses  the  overall performance  character-
 istics of  the  plant. 2.  To  install, test and evaluate the  performance of
 the aerobic digester equipment to be  provided by DeLaval Comapny,  or  if
 not by them, to purchase and build a  surface aerator for installation in
 the aerobic digester.  3. Surface aerator;  submergence and  speed  variation
 in rotor;  turbidity improvement of the effluent with the use of  coagu-
 lants; evaluation of chlorine  disinfection of the  recycled effluent.
 4.  To automate the disposal of solids onto the nearby farm land  with  the use of
 automatically  operated  irrigation system.  5. To establish some  monitoring
 stations for sampling and analyzing the  water from the Loramie Creek  that
 receives the drainage from  the research  farm of the Botkins Grain  and
 Feed Company.  6.  Develop an economic model  of the plant to evaluate  ways
 of making  the  system economically feasible.


 STATUS

 Completed.

      The project  was monitored  for 3 yrs., and is  reputedly the  longest
 study of a  project of  this  type.  The report  is well documented.   The
 findings were  presented  in  April, 1975 at a  conference.

      The report has been cleared for  publication and is awaiting printing
 by  EPA.                                                                 y


 IN FORMAT ION/ CONTACT
                                           N" °val Dr' ' 102 Administration Bldg.
                                       Columbus, Ohio  43210
Ohio State University
School of Agriculture

                                  -64-

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     D.  Mining
PROJECT/TITLE

Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of the project is to investigate methods for using  sulfur
to stabilize tailing piles to assure long-term resistance to weathering
and to determine the applicability of sulfur for constructing impervious
ground cover bases for sanitary landfill, leach dumps, and mill  ponds.

     The project is an ongoing one and has been in progress for over
14 years.  The project is also aimed at cutting back on wind erosion by
spray coating to hold down various materials and prevent it from blowing
away.  Unusual success with uranium mill tailings has been demonstrated.
Spray coating has played a very significant part in holding back radon
gas.
STATUS

Ongoing project.  Contact will research back for information pertaining  to
other projects that impact upon ground and surface water upon request.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Donald G. Kesterke or Wm. McBee
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Bureau of Mines - 500 Date Street
Boulder City, Nevada  89005
                                  -65-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:  The purpose of the Lake Hope project is to demonstrate
the reduction of acid mine drainage pollution by the removal of coal refuse,
and the construction of bulkhead seals to flood underground mine workings
and thus prevent the formation of acid.  The Lake Hope site was chosen for
the demonstration project because acidic drainage from abandoned coal mines
in the watershed above Lake Hope has severely restricted waste oriented
activity in this prime recreational area.  A total of 107 mine openings
has been noted.  The combined acid discharge from these openings is over
700,000 pounds per year.  A multiphase mine drainage abatement demonstration
program is recommended with major elements including:  Removal and/or
burial of coal refuse which was scattered throughout the area during active
mining operations; sealing of about 50 mine openings.


STATUS


     Several standard bulkheads, and one innovative, but not new, bulkhead
were used.  The dirt was stripped from the hillside at the site of the
mine openings.  A clay dam was constructed and the stripped dirt was used
to re-cover the hillside, thus sealing in the acid mine leakage.  It is
expected that before the end of 1975, the engineering design phase will
be completed.  Fifty mines have been cleared of coal refuse and sealed to date.

     A feasibility study is pending publication.  EPA-R2-73-151 Lake Hope
Drainage Demonstration Project.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

WC Roman
Division of Planning
Fountain Sq. 43224
(614) 466-2333
                                  -66-

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PROJECT/TITLE

West Shade River Abatement  Demonstration  Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The concepts of  sand abatement,  strip-mine reclamation and mine-
acid control are the  objectives of  the  project.  The demonstration project
will seek to how the  use of sludge, fertilizing, liming and other minor
techniques will permit  the  growth and self-regeneration of various grasses,
shrubs and trees.

     The demonstration  project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalacbia.  Severe  erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched.  Sand erosion from high
walls and spoil banks causes considerable property loss due to the deposi-
tion of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of existing water-
ways.


     One of the problems encountered  in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported.  The transportation of sludge
from the waste treatment facility to  the Appalachian hills is expensive.


STATUS

A final  report is pending.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Appalachian Regional Commission or

C. Meir
State Department of Natural  Resources
Columbus, Ohio  43212
(614) 466-3066                    -67~

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Part III    Liquid Disposal
        -69-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Survival  and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objectives of this project are to determine the survival  patterns
of viral pathogens in landfilled solid waste and to evaluate the potential
contamination of water resources through leaching of viruses from a
waste disposal site .  Microbiologic monitoring leachates from Cells #1  and
#2 is being conducted in order to determine the degree of health hazard
involved in solid waste disposal by landfill ing.  The results so far
indicate that poliovirus may survive in compacted solid waste for at least
13 days at temperatures of 68-80 degrees F but the virus is inactivated
in 2-4 days in a landfill with temperatures ranging from about 120-140
degrees F.
STATUS

Project was completed.  Final report has been wirtten and is awaiting
EPA review and publication.
INFORMATION CONTACT

Merzda Peterson
Research Triangle Park
Durham, North Carolina
                                 -71-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water-
Resources by Refuse Landfills
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The proposed research was based on the hypothesis that contamination
characteristics of ground and surface water, caused by refuse landfills,
are related to the topographic position of the refuse site.  Refuse sites
are located on upland and valley surfaces. Landfills may be located in
the upland or loess or glacial till and in valleys, may be located on
floodplains, valley walls, or in gully positions.  Refuse landfills re-
presentative of the various landscape positions and representative of
different ages will be studied.   Geophysical methods will be used to
locate contaminated water boundaries and fill geometry.  At each site
bore holes were drilled, and water samples collected from them and
from the adjacent stream during low flow condition.  A major goal of
the research was to relate topographic position with rate and direction
of leachate movement and chemical  characteristics of the contaminated
ground and surface water.  By relating these factors to landscape position
characteristics of existing and potential  sites can be evaluated and
regulated for public safety.
STATUS

Completed. Several papers have been published in the journal Groundwater.


INFORMATION CONTACT

L. V. Sendlein
(515) 294-7814
R. C.Palmquist
(515) 294-7814
                                 -72-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Investigation and Monitoring of Landfill Sites in Marion County, Ind.


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

   This project was initiated as a result of the concern about ground
water and surface water pollution originati   at landfill sites in Marion
County, Ind.  Seven landfills were monitored and the results recorded
(inorganic analyses, metal concentration, etc).  The project will  be
continued on a more detailed basis.  The monitoring wells were used to
gather data to define the geology and the three dimensional ground-water
flow system and provided extensive water-quality information relative
to this flow.


STATUS

The project has been completed and is now in the review stage.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Bill Shampine or Robert Pettijohn
U.S. Geological Survey
1819 North Meridan St.
Indianapolis, Ind.  46202
(317) 269-7101
                                  -73-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Snow Accumulation form Snow-Fence Experiments in Solid Waste Disposal
  Site Design
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     In 1974 a study was initiated to determine if it was possilbe to
decrease the amount of snow held in solid waste disposal sites as one
means of decreasing solid water moisture in the spring and early summer.
The initial study involves the use of artificial barriers to induce
additional accumulation of drifting snow away from the waste disposal
site.  If this additional snow were not held in the catchment area, it
could add to the general infiltration in the waste disposal  area.

     Several working assumptions are used in the study;  (1) drifting
snow accumulates to significant depth only in places that are protected
from the wind; (2) snow fillsmost terrain depressions before the end
of winter, and once full, these areas are aerodynamically smooth and trap
little additional snow; (3) artificial barriers of modest height com-
bined with terrain features could increase the trapping efficiency  of
the natural terrain;  (4) additional snow held in the catchment area
could result in less snow accumulation and spring infiltration in the
waste disposal site.

     Two snow fields were selected for study.  These were located in
a large basin on the western side of a ridge in the town of Solon.  It
is expected that snow depth will increase close behind the fences but
will decrease farther down-wind with no net increase in the amount of
snow caught.
STATUS

The project is an ongoing one.  Articles are available upon request.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr. Je Bugh
State University of New York
  Graduate School
Cortland, New York  13045
(607)753-4214                     _74_

-------
 PROJECT/TITLE

 Hydrogelogic Considerations  in  the  Siting  and  Design of  Landfills  in
   Kentucky
 CITATION

 N/A


 ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objectives of  the  project were  to  describe  the geologic and
 hydrologic properties that  should be  used as  a guide in selection of
 solid waste disposal sites.  To  select and  describe  geologic environments
 in Kentucky that would  be suitable or unsuitable  for solid waste disposal.

     Knowledge of  these properties is of value, not  only for proper
 operation of the site,  but  also  in reducing the pollution hazard to sur-
 face and ground-water in the area.  The  general delineation of geologic
 environments potentially suitable or  unsuitable for  refuse disposal in
 the state would provide information needed  by state  agencies involved in
 selection and approval  of solid  waste disposal sites.


 STATUS

     The project has been completed and  is  in review presently.  The
 data can be used as a guide in the selection  of solid waste disposal
 sites in other areas in the U.S.  The transfer value is extremely good.
 INFORMATION/CONTACT

 HH.ZEHNER  Water Resources Division
 U.S. Department of the Interior
  Geological Survey
 Louisville, Kentucky  40202
(502) 582-5241
                                  -75-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The overall objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters and in
areas where water is in short supply.  It will be demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since a non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized.  The system was demonstrated and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry.  The physical, biological, pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was demonstrated.  Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS

EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -76-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Economic Analysis of Land-Intensive Wastewater Systems


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act Amendments are requiring increased
treatment of municipal wastewaters.  One method to obtain a high quality
effluent at relatively low cost compared to other techniques is land
treatment.

     This study compares and evaluates conventional in-plant treatment
and land treatment in a cost framework and in a production efficiency
framework.  The major objective is to explain why more municiplaities have
not chosen land treatment in the past.


STATUS

Publication available.

Publication: Water Resources Research Institute of the University of N.
                Carolina
             UNC-WRRI-74-98     $4.00

             Title: Economic Analysis of Land Treatment of Municipal
                      Wastewaters - 6. A. Carlson
           Article: Water Resources Journal (Date 1975)


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -77-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Water Renovation of Municipal Effluents by Reverse Osmosis


CITATION

J. E. Cruver, J. E. Beckman, and Bevege, Gulf Environmental  Systems
Company San Diego, Ca.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of the work performed under this contract has been to
obtain reverse osmosis operating data on primary and secondary effluents
with varying degrees of pretreatment.  Field tests were conducted at
the Pomona Water Renovation Plant of the County Sanitation Districts
of Los Angeles.  Two parallel reverse osmosis systems were operated
with spiral wound membrane modules.  It was concluded that spiral wound
reverse osmosis units can be economically operated on primary and activated
sludge effluents with only moderate pretreatment and periodic chemical
cleaning.  Activated-carbon pretreatment was shown to be unnecessary for
successful operation on sand filtered activated sludge or chemically
clarified and sand filtered primary effluent.  A simplified economic
analysis indicated that reverse osmosis treatment costs are favorable
and that the process merits serious consideration in a planned water
supply and waste management program.


STATUS

Publication Pending


INFORMATION/CONTACT

EPA
Bostian, H.
513-684-8358
                                  -78-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Reverse Osmosis of Treated and Untreated Secondary Sewage Effluent;
Apendix A-2 and Appendix A-6


CITATION

D. F. Boen, and G. L. Johannsen, Eastern Municipal


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The two appendices in this volume complete report "Reverse Osmois of
Treated and Untreated Secondary Sewage Effluent" EPA 670/2-24-077; the
following abstract is that for the main volume.  A pilot study was conducted
to determine reverse osmosis feasibility on untreated and treated secondary
effluents.  Six commercially designed reverse osmosis pilot units, with
3,000 to 10,000 GPO nominal capacilities and different module concepts,
were tested.  Post treatment of secondary effluent feeds, using alum
clarification sand filtration, granular activated carbon treatment,
chlorine additions and pH adjustment, in different combination improves
reverse osmosis performance and significantly extends useful membrane
rejuvenation treatments.  Inorganic fouling (particularly with phosphate)
could be removed with solution of the sodium salt of ethylenediaminete-
traacetic acid.  Of the module concepts tested, one of the tabular makes
and the spiral wound had the best overall costs, excluding brine disposal,
is estimated to be $0.73/1,000 gallons for 9 MGD product water facility.


STATUS

Publication available.

Main Volume: Reverse Osmosis of Treated & Untreated Secondary Sewage
              Effluent D. F. Boen

              GPO-EP1.23/2:670/2-74-077 Price Pending
              NTIS-PB 239353/AS $7.50

Appendix A-2 & A-6
              NTIS-PB 239 354/AS $3.75
INFORMATION CONTACT

Stern G.   513-684-8276
                                  -79-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Improved Waste-Treatment  System Design Based on the Natural Thermal
  Environment
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Low-maintenance, technology-simple (LMTS) waste treatment systems
(systems having minimal dependence on electrical and mechanical
equipment) offer an attractive alternative to technology-intensive,
package plants currently being used to treat wastewaters from subdivisions
and isolated recreational areas. Although package plants are advertised
to perform satisfactorily with a minimum of operational control, experience
has shown that they are subject to serious operational and performance
problems.

     The objective of the proposed research is to establish procedures
with which the engineer can make a rational design of a LMTS waste
treatment system based on (1) easily obtained meteorological data and
(2) effluent standards applicable to the location of the system.  This
objective will be achieved by: 1. the definition and formulation of the
time-varying thermal characteristics of that portion of the earth's
surface extending from the surface to a depth of approximately 10 meters,
2. the characterization of domestic wastewater temperatures, 3. the
application of recent research related to temperature effects on biological
processes to the design of LMTS treatment units, and 4. the evaluation of
the predicted characteristics of these units in light of current and
anticipated effluent standards.


STATUS

The project is a 2 yr. project.  The investigators have just completed
one year and have designed a biological process sensitive to temperature.

INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr. L. G. Rich
Clemson University School of Engineering
Rhodes Research Building
Clemson, South Carolina  29631
803-656-3201  ext.  3276

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PROJECT/TITLE

Effects of Spray Irrigation of Municipal Wastewater on the Rate and
  Total Accumulation of Heavy Metals


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The specific objective of this project was to determine the total
amount and rate of accumulation of selected heavy metals in several
soil-vegetation ecosystems which were spray irrigated with treated
municipal  sewage effluent and sludge for twelve years.  The proposed
study was  conducted at the Wastewater Renovation and Conservation
Project Facility on the Pennsylvania State University farm where
experimental plots were spray irrigated with various amounts and com-
binations  of treated municipal sewage effluent and liquid digested
sludge.  The soil and vegetation in each area was sampled for analyses
of selected heavy metals to determine the amount and rate of accumulation
and to correlate these results with the application rates and vegetation
cover types.  Soil and foliar samples from previous years were analyzed.


STATUS

Completed.

Publication: Renovation of Secondary Effluent For Re-Use As A Water Resource
             GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-016  $4.80
             NTIS-PB 234176


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                 -81-

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PROJECT/TITLE
Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal. W. E. Sooper

CITATION
N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
     The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forestland,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soils potential for removing  N from waste by removing
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.
     Hydro!ogic effects such as perched water tables, interflow
and runoff were measured.
STATUS
Completed.
Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater Through Forest
              and Cropland
             GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-003  $1.20
             NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION/CONTACT
N/A
                                   -82-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
Into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The proposed work will 1) determine the significance of mecury input
into the estuarine environment by effluent and sludge disposal, 2)
determine and explain the variations in mercury concentration observed
in sewage treatment plants, 3) determine the input of mercury to the
marine system by rain and runoff, 4) continue studies on the distribution
of mercury in the local (Carteret County, North Carolina) estuaries com-
paring a system receiving effluent  (Calico Creek, Morehead City, North
Carolina) with a variety of less affected areas, 5) determine the rate
of mercury accumulation in marine organisms which are fed on sewage sludge,
6) determine the rate of uptake of mercury by vegetables which are grown
in soil enriched with sewage sludge.  Coldvapor atomic absorpiton analysis
of mercury will be used.

STATUS

     The project is partially finished, and the investigators state that
they have a pretty clear picture of the impact of mercury in the estuarine
environment.  Studies are being conducted at a small town Moorehead City
treatment plant (15,000 pop.).  Study has shown a very distinct pattern
of mercury distribution in estuaries and animals.  The distribution of
mercury is very restricted in distance.  It remains very close to the
outfall of the sewage treatment plants.

     A town of comparable size and adjacent to Moorehead has one half
to one third less mercury in its effluent and sludge.  There are no
industrial sources in either town.  It is presently theorized that the
mercury contamination may have come from the use of house paints con-
taining mercury.  Fungi area problem in the area and mercury was used as
an inhibitor at one time.   The contamination may be resulting from
storm water runoff.

INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr. R.  T.  Barber
Duke U.
Marine Labo.
Beaufort,  N.  Carolina 28516  919-728-2111

                                -83-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Management Practices Affecting Quality and Quantity of Irrigation Return
  Flow
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Field and laboratory research was conducted to determine the effects
of irrigation management and fertilizer use upon the quality and quantity
of irrigation return flow.   The total  seasonal discharge of salts from
the tile drainage system was directly related to the quantity of water
discharged, because the solute concentration of the ground water was
essentially constant over time.  Under such conditions, reduction of salt
content of return flow is accomplished by reduceddrain discharge.  Irriga-
tion management for salinity control  must be practiced on a major part of
a particular hydro!ogic unit so that benefits are not negated by practices
in adjoining areas.  Field studies and computer models showed that salts
may be stored in the zone above the water table over periods of several
years without adversely affecting crop yields on soils with high "buffering"
capacity as encourtered in this study.  However, over the long term, salt
balance must be obtained.  Appreciable amounts of nitrate into drainage
water at depths of at least 106 cm from  the applications of commerical
fertilizer and dairy manure to ground surface.  Submergence of tile drains
in the field reduced nitrate concentrations in the effluent, especially
under heavy manure applications.   The report was submitted in fulfillment
of Grant No. S801040 by Utah State University under the partial sponsorship
of the Environmental Protection Agency.  Work was completed as of November
30, 1973.
STATUS

Publication Pending #660/2-75-005


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Law, J. P.
                                 -84-

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     B.  Industrial
PROJECT/TITLE

Solid Waste Management in the Industrial Chemcial Industry


CITATION

Final report. - Hoi combe, J. Kirby; Kalika, Peter U. Research Corp.
of New England, Hartford, Conn.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This report presents the results of a national study to evaluate
the solid waste management practices of the industrial chemical industry,
embodied by standard industrial classification (sic) number 281.  Data
and information on solid waste management within the industry were obtained
through literature review,  a questionnaire mailed to a selected group
of industrial chemical plants, and field interviews with chemical plant
personnel throughout the country.  Presented in the report are the
following information and data for the industrial chemical industry on
a national basis: (1) quantity and quality (character) of solid waste
generated; (2) universal parameters affecting solid waste generation;
(3)  current storage, collection, and disposal practices; (4) annual
operating expenses;  (5) analysis of the future trends in solid waste
management within the industry and factors that might influence them.


STATUS

Publication available from NTIS $6.25/MF $1.45


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                     -85-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project consisted of a series of experiments on the treatment
of oily sludges (crude tank bottoms, Bunker C, intermediate wax oils)
by spreading and cultivation into soil under prevailing climatic condi-
tions.  Nine test plots were operated at specific nutrient addition
levels.  The objectives were to determine; 1) Decomposition rates of
various types of oily waste sludges. 2} Effectiveness of adding nutrient
supplements. 3) Major microbiological species active in the soil.
4) Cost of the process for the disposal of oily waste.  & 5) Depth of oil
penetration into the soil.  The demonstration phase followed a six-
month pilot phase for optimization of waste loading rates and nutrient
addition.
STATUS

     The project was completed in 1973 after two years of testing.  The
results were presented at a conference in Atlanta, Ga. by Gordon Reno.
Pub.: Oily Waste Disposal  by Soil  Cultivation Process-GPO EP1.23/2:R2-72-110 $2.00
                                                     NTIS-PB 219059
INFORMATION/CONTACT

B. Baldwin
Shell Oil Company
Deer Park, Texas  77536
(713) 479-2311
                                 -86-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Phosphoric Acid Recovery System


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project is directed towards recovering acid and regenerating
the processing solution of high acid content that is produced in bright
aluminum processing.  Lancy Laboratories has developed a process aiming
for the separation of the acid and the aluminum content of the solution.
This process promises an economical recovery of the acid and regeneration
of the processing solution.  Bright aluminum processing uses a solution
of high acid concentration which loses its usefulness as the aluminum
concentration increases.

     The proposed concept has broad applications for treating waste
process solutions used in the metal finishing industry.  Successful
demonstration of the process may have important environmental impact
by significantly reducing chemical consumption and thereby reducing the
waste sludges generated as well as the associated large land require-
ments for disposal.

     Presently, 35% of the acid solution is sold to producers of fer-
tilizer.  The project is just starting up and is in the testing
stage.  Some laboratory data is available on request.  Maximum recovery
to reduce pollution is the primary goal.


STATUS

Project is ongoing.   Some publications are available upon request.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Elbert Fang                   H. A. Lomason
EPA                    or     Douglas & Lomason Co.
Cleveland Miss.                Detroit, Michigan  48208
                              (313) 873-2400
                                  -87-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel from Plating Waste


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project involves the demonstration of a metal finishing waste
abatement system which consists of an integrated nickel and chromium
chemical wash treatment, recovery of nickel from the nickel produced
in the treatment process, recovery of chromic acid from the rinse and
scrubber waters.  The system permits the reuse of the bulk of the waste-
water and the reduction of sludge.

     The state of Michigan has the most stringent pollution codes in
the U.S.  Since the abatement system has been in progress, the plating
effluent has been able to meet the state's water pollution codes.  The
demonstration system has been in operation for the past 2 years.

     The recovery system is a very sophisticated and elaborate system
whereby sludge is produced in cake form which is less bulky.   The waste-
water is precipitated, treated and discharged into the sewer.


STATUS

The demonstration system is an ongoing project.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

C. W.  Grose
Michigan Plating & Stamping Co.
740 Ann St., N.W.
Grand Rapids, Michigan  490504
(616)  363-4847

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PROJECT/TITLE

Pollution Control in the Commercial Explosives Industry
by J.  Patterson, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, II.


CITATION

same as Project/Title


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A literature and field study of the commercial explosives industry
reveals that on the basis of products manufactured, plant size, and the
nature of the wastewater, the industry may be divided into three segments.
One, complex facilities, are large plants manufacturing a variety of
explosives and intermediate products.  The second category is small
specialized formulation plants, typically limited to blending explosives
fromulations for use in nearby mining activities.  The final category
is specialty product facilities, devoted to manufacture of select
ingredients such as lead ozide and other explosives initiators, blasting
caps,  electric matches and similar appurtenance items.  The explosives
industry discharges large volumes of wastewater, typically high in BOD,
nitrogen, and solids, frequently at extreme pH, and containing trace to
high quanties of dissolved and particulate explosives products.  Although
pollution abatement technology has not been widely implemented within the
explosives industry, there is a potential for significant abatement
of pollutant discharge by good housekeeping practice, applicetion of proven
treatment technology and under certain conditions total wastewater con-
tainment.
STATUS

Publication pending.
#600/2-74-009b
INFORMATION/CONTACT

J. Patterson
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, II.
                                 -89-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Effluents of the Inorganic Pesticide Industry
J. Patterson, Institute of Technology Chicago, 111
CITATION

same as Project/Title


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A literature and field study cf the manufacture of inorganic pesticides
revealed that many inorganic formulations are still widely used for
agricultural purposes.  The inorganic pesticide industry is a small but
distinct segment of the total agricultural chemical industry.  Its manu-
facturing processes and wastewaters contrast sharply with those
associated with organic pesticides.  The inorganic pesticide market is \.
dominated by eight products, each of which is discussed in this report
with respect to its manufacturing effluent characteristics and applicable
pollution control technology.  Based upon field studies, it has been demon-
strated that five of the eight products can be manufactured without
generating any process wastewater.   Aqueous effluents from the manufacture
of the remaining three inorgainc pesticides appear to be directly
controllable by previously demonstrated in-plant control and/or wastewater
treatment technologies.


STATUS

Publication pending.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

DesRosiers
P. 202-755-0448
                                 -90-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Waste Oil  Recycling and Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This  publication contains  information on the generation, collection
and disposal of waste oil.  It  is a technical evaluation of current re-
fining, and other disposal processes and an assessment  (environmental) of
the gaseous, liquid and solid wastes discharged  from  such processes.  A
feasibility test was conducted  in a single metropolitan area for a survey
designed to obtain information  from service stations, waste oil collectors,
and industrial users.  The project also sought to obtain a national material
balance to determine the ultimate fate of used oils.
STATUS

Project completed.  Publication: GPO-EP1.23/2:670/2-74-052  $4.00
                                 NTIS  PB  234857/AS  $6.50
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                    -91-

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PROJECT/TITLE


Activated Carbon Treatment of Unbleached Kraft Effluent for Reuse
E. W. Long W. G. Timpe, and R. L. Miller, St. Regis Paper Co., Pensacola, Fl,


CITATION

same as Project/Title


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY


     A four-year pilot plant program was carried out to investigate the
technical and economic feasibility of treating unbleached kraft pulp
and paper mill effluent for reuse.  Preliminary laboratory studies and
cost estimates indicated that the following treatment sequences should
be investigated in the pilot plant.: 1) primary clarification, carbon
adsorption; 2) lime treatment, carbon adsorption; 3) primary clarification,
bio-oxidation, carbon adsorption.  Water of reusable quality can be
provided from unbleached kraft effluent by several combinations of
treatment utilizing activated carbon.  Unbleached pulping effluents
typically contain about 1000 color units, 250 mg/1 BOD.  Reusable water
quality as defined in this study is 100 color units and 100 mb/1 TOC.
The most economical treatment is the micro!ime-carbon process that
utilizes low dosages of lime and clarification followed by carbon
adsorption in down-flow granular carbon beds.  Capital cost for treatment
by this process of 9.6 mgd of unbleached kraft effluent from an 800 ton
perday mill was estimated to be approximately $6.7 million.  Operating
costs, inclusive of capital depreciation, were estimated to be $0.30 per
1000 gal. and $3.58 per pulp-ton, including credit for the reused water.
Carbon adsorption in continuous counter-current stirred contractors was
found to have promise of lower operating cost and substantially lower
capital costs as compared to adsorpiton in fixed beds.
STATUS

Publication pending.
#660/2-75-004
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Ruppersberger,  J.

                                 -92-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Effluents of the Inorganic Gas Industry
J. Patterson, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, II.


CITATION

same as Project/Title


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A literature and field study of the inorganic gas industry revealed
that the industry is dominated by 1) air separation plants producing
argon, nitrogen and/or oxygen, 2) hydrogen plants and 3) carbon dioxide
plants. The major effluent of the industry is cooling water, which may
be contaminated with raw product condensates, oil, and grease and water
supply and cooling water treatment chemicals.  Spent scrubber solutions
from product purification may also constitute a significant waste,
although newer production technology eliminates this aspect, as well as
oil and grease.
STATUS

Publication pending.
600/2-74-009c
INFORMATION/CONTACT

J. Patterson
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, II.
                                -93-

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     C.  Agricultural Liquid Wastes



PROJECT/TITLE

Automated System for Water Pollution Contrcl from an Animal Production Unit


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/ SUMMARY

     The specific aims of the project were: 1. To  continue to monitor with
weekly sampling and laboratory analyses the overall performance  character-
istics of the plant. 2. To install, test and evaluate the performance of
the aerobic digester equipment to be provided by DeLaval Comapny, or if
not by them, to purchase and build a surface aerator for installation in
the aerobic digester. 3. Surface aerator; submergence and speed variation
in rotor; turbidity improvement of the effluent with the use of coagu-
lants; evaluation of chlorine disinfection of the recycled effluent.
4. To automate the disposal of solids onto the nearby farm land with the use of
automatically operated irrigation system.  5.  To establish some monitoring
stations for sampling and analyzing the water from the Loramie Creek that
receives the drainage from the research farm of the Botkins Grain and
Feed Company.  6. Develop an economic model of the plant to evaluate ways
of making the system economically feasible.


STATUS

Completed.

     The project was monitored for 3 yrs., and is reputedly the longest
study of a project of  this type.  The report is well documented.  The
findings were presented in April, 1975 at a conference.

     The report has been cleared for publication and is awaiting printing
by EPA.


IN FORMAT ION/ CONTACT
                       q               J9? N"  °Val  Dr' '  102 Administration Bldg.
  ,     «o            9               Columbus, Ohio  43210
6l4-422-oo2o
Ohio State University
School  of Agriculture
                                 -94-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate Disposal of
Cattle Feedlot Wastes-Ultimate Disposal of Cattle Feedlot Wastes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives of the project are: 1) To determine the effects of
feedlot runoff and manure loading rates on the chemical and physical
properties of soil, on the quality of runoff from the disposal area
and on corn forage yields.  2) To determine the most economical loading
of feedlot wastes onto land compatible with pollution control.  3) To
determine the concentration of diethylstilbesterol residue in feedlot
wastes and its movement through the soil profile beneath the waste
disposal area.
STATUS

Project will be continuing for approximatley 6 months.  Several publications
are available upon request.


INFORMATION CONTACT

H. L.  Manges
Kansas State University
School of Engineering/Anderson Hall
Manhattan, Kansas  66502
(913)  532-5580
                                   -95-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Pollution Control  Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project is the abatement of pollution through
improved systems for controlling beef cattle and sheep waste.   Systems
for managing wastes from housed and feedlot beef cattle and sheep will
be developed and evaluated for economic abatement of air, water and
soil pollution.   Permanent effluent land irrigation installations will
be designed for disposal or utilization runoff from a beef feedlot holding
pond to complete a total feedlot runoff control  system.  Attention will
be given to developing improved handling systems for managing the solid
waste.   Units will be managed, tested and improved as necessary for
system optimization.  The components of collection, treatment, transport
and disposal will  be included in the design systems.   Disposal of treated
effluent to land will be investigated to develop application rates for
optimum crop use.


STATUS

Project is still in progress.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska  68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(402) 472-2824
                                  -96-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste From Housed Swine


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project is to reduce the pollution
potential of housed swine through improved waste systems.  Alternative
methods of collection, treatment, transport and disposal of waste
from housed sv/ine will be developed and evaluated as component
parts of a total system for economic reduction of the pollution poten-
tial of waste from all phases of swine production.  Mcgor components of
systems will be evaluated, improved, and combined for development of
optimum total systems.  Evaluations will be based on labor, initial
and operating costs, effects on livestock production, and degree of
control over pollution of air, waste and soil.


STATUS

Project is still in progress


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska  68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(420) 472 2874
                                .97-

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     D. Commercial Li quid Waste
PROJECT/TITLE

Shrimp Canning Waste Treatment Study


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objectives of this project are: 1) Characterize  physically,
chemically and biologically the wastewater from a typical shrimp canning
plant.  2) Measure the wastewater flows from a typical shrimp canning
plant.  3) Evaluate and recommend changes in canning process operations
to reduce wastewater flows.  4) Perform bench scale and pilot scale
studies on shrimp canning wastes in order to develop design and operational
criteria foV selected treatment methods.  5) Determine the economics of
various methods of solid waste disposal.

     This project represents the initial stage of a continuing project.
The next phase will involve the design of a wastewater treatment facility.
The designing of the facility is expected to be completed by December,
1976.


STATUS

Preliminary Report

GPO-EP 1.23/2:660/2-74-061  $2.05
NTIS-PB 239 050/AS


INFORMATION/CONTACT

A. J. Szabo
American Shrimp Canners Association
P.O.  Box 50774
New Orlean, La.  70150
(318) 234-4566
                                   -98-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Food Processing Wastes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project dealt with the wastes  generated  by Oregon's primary
food processing industry, and  involved the evaluation of waste occurrence
and waste disposal systems currently being used; estimation of the extent
and seriousness of present and  future problems; establishment of guidelines
for the selection of research which could most reasonably help alleviate
the critical pollution problems; and implementation of individual research
projects involving waste reduction, waste treatment, and by-product develop-
ment.

     The end-of-pipe flows and  the discharges from unit operations were
monitored  for flow, pH, temperature, settleable solids, turbidity,
suspended solids, total solids, coliform, total coliform, fecal strep-
tococcus,COD, BOD and chemical  concentrations.  The results are expressed,
where appropriate, as concentrations (e.g., mg U)  and in terms of produc-
tion (e.g., Ib/T).


STATUS:

Information and publications may be acquired from  the Food Science and
Technology Department, Oregon  State Univeristy.

Note:

The effluents were tested through spray  irrigation methods using "guess
amounts" and results of the various concentrations were recorded.
Concentration results are listed for each food processing industry.
INFORMATION CONTACT

Mr. Soderquist
Food Science & Technology
Oregon State University
Corvalis, Oregon  97331
(503) 752-1141, 6719
                                   -99-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Techniques for Disposal  of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives:  Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations.  Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants.  Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.

     Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation,  extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable.   The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.

     Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal.  Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors.  Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine.  Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.

     The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons.  Spray irrigation of
the effluent on  fields  is  now  being tested.


STATUS

     The project is just getting started with initial promising results.


INFORMATION CONTACT

J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio  43210
(614) 422-5169
                                  -100-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Better Whey; A Dilemma


CITATION

Proceedings: Second National Symposium on  Food  Processing Wastes, Sidney
Boxer.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash.,  D.C. 3/1971. pp. 409-
412.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The cheese industry has the  problems  of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a  food by-product with excellent nutritive
value.   Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat  the whey from surrounding
industries since whey recovery is  such an  expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install the  equipment.  This
research and development outfit has  built  a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New-Yo'rk in cooperation with Dairylea of New York.  Whole whey for use as
a food or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drying,
the most efficient and economical  method discovered by previous research.
Laval Separator Company has built  the equipment for the demonstration
plant.   One of the major problems  encountered in this project was the
conversion of, cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process.  (D) (G)

     This document is retained in  the SWIRS library.
STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                   -101-

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      E.   Institutional  Liquid Wastes


TITLE/PROJECT

Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria
for disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting,
evaluating and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental
quality in cold regions.

     Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by appli-
cation to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes.
Significant aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon
completing of work in each problem area.


STATUS

Continuous project.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P.O. Box 282
Hanover , New Hampshire  03755
(603) 643-3200 ext. 243
                                -102-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes Collection Treatment
and Disposal
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project consisted of compiling an  annotated bibliography of
the available literature on hospital solid waste collection, treatment,
and disposal systems.  Literature on microbiological or health aspects
related to the various systems  is included.
STATUS

The project is completed.  Publications may be obtained from EPA
(Publication EP #00458-02S1)
 INFORMATION CONTACT

 Oscar Albrecht, Project Officer
 Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
 National Environmental Research Center
 Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
                                 -103-

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     F.  Mining Liquid Wastes


PROJECT/TITLE

Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:   The purpose of the Lake Hope project is to demonctrate
the reduction of acid mine drainage pollution by the removal  of coal refuse,
and the construction of bulkhead seals to flood underground mine workings
and thus prevent the formation of acid.  The Lake Hope site was chosen for
the demonstration project because acidic drainage from abandoned coal mines
in the watershed above Lake Hope has severely restricted waste oriented
activity in this prime recreational area.  A total of 107 mine openings
has been noted.  The combined acid discharge from these openings is over
700,000 pounds per year.   A multiphase mine drainage abatement demonstration
program is recommended with major elements including:  Removal and/or
burial  of coal refuse which was scattered throughout the area during active
mining operations; sealing of about 50 mine openings.


STATUS
     Several standard bulkheads, and one innovative, but not new, bulkhead
were used.  The dirt was stripped from the hillside at the site of the
mine openings.  A clay dam was constructed and the stripped dirt was used
to re-cover the hillside, thus sealing in the acid mine leakage.  It is
expected that before the end of 1975, the engineering design phase will
be completed.  Fifty mines have been cleared of coal refuse and sealed to date.

     A feasibility study is pending publication.. EPA-R2-73-151 Lake Hope
DrainageDemonstration Project.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

WC Roman
Division of Planning
Fountain Sq. 43224
(614) 466-2333
                                  -104-

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PROJECT/TITLE

West Shade River Abatement  Demonstration  Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The concepts of sand abatement, strip-mine reclamation.and mine-
acid control are the objectives of the project.  The demonstration
project will seek to show how the use of  sludge, fertilizing, liming
and other minor techniques  will permit the growth and self-regenera-
tion of various grasses, shrubs and trees.

     The demonstration project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalachia.  Severe erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched.  Sand erosion from
high walls and spoil banks  causes considerable property loss due to
the deposition of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of
existing waterways.

     One of the problems encountered in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported.  The transportation of
sludge from the waste treatment facility  to the Appalachian hills is
expensive.


STATUS

A final report is pending

INFORMATION CONTACT

Appalachian Regional Commission
C. Meir
State Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio  43212
J614) 466-3066
                                -105-

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     G.  Miscellaneous
PROJECT/TITLE

Application and Procurement of Automatic Wastewater Samplers by R.P. Lauch,
Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research Laboratory, EPA Cinn.,
Ohio.
CITATION

Application and Procurement of Automatic Wastev;ater Samplers by R.P. Lauch,
Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research Laboratory, EPA Cinn.,
Ohio.
ABSRTACT/SUMMARY

     Application and procurement of automatic sampling devices are
discussed.  Different sampler characteristics including composition
proportionality, preservation, lift, and power are described.  Manufacturers
are listed.  Application is discussed with reference to compliance with
the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program,
treatment plant control, and other uses.  Method of selection and procure-
ment (involving application, familiarization, and purchase) are discussed.


STATUS

Publication Pending. (In House Project)
670/4-75-003
INFORMATION/CONTACT

EPA
R.  P.  Lauch
(513)684-2935
                                   -106-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen  in Wastewat.er Treatment
by R.  Smith and W. F. McMichael, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
  Laboratory, EPA Cincinnati, Ohio.


CITATION

Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen  in Wastewater Treatment
by R.  Smith and W. F. McMichael, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
  Laboratory, EPA Cincinnati, Ohio.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Various alternative systems for supplying oxygen to wastewater
treatment processes were studied and evaluated in terms of cost and
effectiveness.  Systems which deliver atmospheric air to the process such
as diffused aeration, mechanical aeration, and turbine aeration are
compared to systems which deliver pure oxygen gas.  The relationship
between oxygen consumption and excess sludge production in the activated
sludge process is quantified.  Factors such as the diurnal variation in
oxygen demand and the oxygen demand as a function of distance along the
aerator in the activated  sludge process are studied.  Finally, the
total cost for oxygen supply expressed as cents per pound of oxygen
dissolved,in the wastewater is estimated as a function of total oxygen
consumption expressed as tons of oxygen used per day.  The least costly
system was found to be mechanical aeration.  The pure oxygen system was
found to cost roughly the same as a diffused air system with an aeration
efficiency of 54%.
STATUS

Publication pending
1670/2-75-001
INFORMATION/CONTACT

EPA
Smith  R.
513-684-8352
                                  -107-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Upgrading Wastewater Stabilization Ponds to Meet New Discharge Standards
by E. J. Middlebrooks, D.  H.  Falkenborg, R. F.  Lewis, and D. J. Ehreth,
Utah State University Logan,  Utah
CITATION

same as PROJECT/TITLE


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The question as to whether lagoons, as they now exist, meet the new
secondary treatment standards and what methods would work to upgrade
lagoon treatment in cases where they presently do not meet the standards is
of high priority for many Regional Offices of EPA.   The symposium was
held for EPA staff and State Officials to review the Office of Research
and Development's program for upgrading lagoons.  The intermittent sand
filter, land application of algae laden effluents and the submerged rock
filter offer good potential for cost effective upgrading.  The basic
biology of the treatment mechanism, disinfection technology, the controlled
discharge operation (and results), cost effective analysis, and new fields
of research were covered by speakers.   Intermittent sand filtration,
submerged rock filtration, and land application of sewage effluents are
effective alternatives to removing algae from sewage lagoons.


STATUS

Publication Pnding
670/9-75-004
INFORMATION CONTACT

E.  0.  Middlebrooks
D.  H.  Falkenborg
Utah State University
Logan, Utah
                                   -108-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment


CITATION

Boothe, W.A.; General Electric Corporate Research and Development,
Schenectady, N. Y.; Dec. 74; 367p


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This report contains a thorough analysis of all the methods for
processing and disposing of solid waste currently in use or being
considered.  It includes not only the conventional disposal processes
such as land fill, composting, and  incineration but also the newer
resource recovery technologies such as pyrolysis, material and energy
recovery which are now emerging from the laboratory.  In addition to
analysis of complete processes, discussions on the merits or key
pieces of equipment such as shredders, air separators, andjconveyors
are also included.  The analysis includes a description of the technical
features of each process and how it works, a review of operating
history and experience to date, and estimates of both capital and
operating costs as well as scale-up considerations.  Numerous tables
are provided which allow ready comparison of competing processes in
terms of net energy recovered, effluents, weight of materials to
be land filled, etc.

STATUS

Publication  available.  NTIS  PB-238 144/OS1


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                 -109-

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                               PART  II -  SOLIDS


     A.  Processed Wastes -  Industrial
PROJECT/TITLE

Geochemical Controls on Trace Element Concentrations  in  Natural  Waters of
a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill Site


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The geochemical controls on various  (8) trace elements will  be  determined
for natural waters of a proposed ash storage landfill site accompanying a coal
fueled power plant to be built in N. E. Kansas.  The  study is  the first step
in evaluating the effect on water quality caused by the  large  amount of trace
elements concentrated in the ash or volatilized during the burning of  the coal
when the plant is operative.

     The present ranges and temporal variation of trace  element  concentrations
will be determined in precipitation, surface, and ground waters  in the drainage
basins of the proposed landfill site and an adjacent  small stream.   The chemical
constituents and properties of soils and bedrock in the  two basins will  be
made and their controls on the addition, removal, and movement of the  elements
will be evaluated and compared.


STATUS

     The study has been in progress for 2 yrs. during which time  the natural
waters have been monitored.  The proposed plant is not under construction.
The data that has been collected to date gives a systematic approach to the
monitoring of water.  The preliminary report contains data on  monthly  samples
of water and data on 10-12 elements.
INFORMATION CONTACT

D. 0. Dittemore
Kansas State Univ.
School of Arts/Dickens Hall
Manhattan, Kansas  66502
(913) 532 6724
                                   •110-

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                          RESIDUAL WASTE RECLAMATION
                                  Section II
Part I    Sludge Disposal





Part II   Solid Disposal





Part III  Liquid Disposal
                                 -111-

-------
Part I    Sludge Disposal
            -113-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sludge Disposal from Sulfur Dioxide and  Particulate  Removal  Processes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:  A study to summarize  and  evaluate existing data pertain-
ing to sludge disposal.  Investigate  the potential methods for improving
the characteristics of sludge, and recommend future testing  required.
The objective of the program is  to evaluate  the data which is available
on sludge disposal and its properties so that a logical test program can
be established.  The scope of the program is to summarize and evaluate
the available data to determine  the problem  areas, to summarize and
evaluate the methods for improving the characteristics of sludge, and to
develop a test program for [improving  the characteristics of  sludge.  Exist-
ing data pertaining to sludge disposal is  summarized.
STATUS

     The paper study has been completed.  A small pilot plant (1>000 Ibs
per hr) has been built, and produces a  leachate from sludge which is being
tested on a small scale vegetable farm.  Good results have been attained,
and trace elements and toxicity studies will be performed.  The leachate
is being used by fertilizer producers,  also.  Plant production will be
increased to produce 3,000 Ibs of fetilizer.


INFORMATION CONTACT

B. McKinney or James Crow
U.S.  Tennessee Valley Authority
Chattanooga, Tenn.  37402
(615)  755-3011
                                   -115-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives:  Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations.  Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants.  Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.

     Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation,  extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable.  The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.

     Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal.  Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors.  Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine.  Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.

     The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons.  Spray irrigation of
the effluent on  fields  is  now  being tested.


STATUS

     The project is just getting started with initial promising results.


INFORMATION CONTACT

J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio  43210
(614) 422-5169
                                  -116-

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                        RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
PROJECT/TITLE

Reuse of Solid Waste From Water-Softening Processes


CITATION

Nelson, Raynor D.; Vey, Eben         I IT Research  Institute, Chicago, 111.
Final Report

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The report summarizes a study of  several methods for dewatering
a water-softening sludge.  Beneficial  uses of the dewatered sludge are
evaluated.  Vacuum filtration after  gravity  thickening was found to be
more economical for the area studied,  the Village of Park Forest,
Illinois, than centrifuging, lagooning or sand bed drying.  The study
found that in a dry powder or almost dry condition, the sludge has a
potential use as a mineral filler in paints, floor coverings, caulking,
and bituminous products, and as  a soil admixture  and/or soil conditioner.

STATUS

Publication is available from NTIS   PB- 224820
                               $4.25/MF   $1.45

 Information Contact

 N/A
                                  -117-

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PROJECT/TITLE
Activated Carbon Treatment of Unbleached Kraft Effluent for Reuse
E. W. Long W. G. Timpe, and R. L. Miller, St. Regis Paper Co.,  Pensacola, Fl,
CITATION

•same as Project/Title


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
     A four-year pilot plant program was carried out to investigate the
technical and economic feasibility of treating unbleached kraft pulp
and paper mill effluent for reuse.  Preliminary laboratory studies and
cost estimates indicated that the following treatment sequences should
be investigated in the pilot plant.: 1) primary clarification, carbon
adsorption; 2) lime treatment, carbon adsorption; 3) primary clarification,
bio-oxidation, carbon adsorption.  Water of reusable quality can be
provided from unbleached kraft effluent by several combinations of
treatment utilizing activated carbon.  Unbleached pulping effluents
typically contain about 1000 color units, 250 mg/1 BOD.  Reusable water
quality as defined in this study is 100 color units and 100 mb/1 TOC.
The most economical treatment is the micro!ime-carbon process that
utilizes low dosages of lime and clarification followed by carbon
adsorption in down-flow granular carbon beds.  Capital cost for treatment
by this process of 9.6 mgd of unbleached kraft effluent from an 800 ton
perday mill was estimated to be approximately $6.7 million.  Operating
costs, inclusive of capital depreciation, were estimated to be $0.30 per
1000 gal. and $3.58 per pulp-ton, including credit for the reused water.
Carbon adsorption in continuous counter-current stirred contractors was
found to have promise of lower operating cost and substantially lower
capital costs as compared to adsorpiton in fixed beds.
STATUS

Publication pending.
#660/2-75-004
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Ruppersberger,  J.

                                 -118-

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PROJECT/TITLE

A Color Removal  and Fibrous Sludge Disposal Process for the Kraft Paper
Industry
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This publication discusses the development of an economical  design
and operational data applicable to the Kraft pulp and paper industry  in
removal of color in mill effluents and in disposal of fibrous  sludges.
Color removal was accomplished by lime precipitation of the color bodies
and fibers with subsequent regeneration of the lime by sludge  combustion
in a kiln.
STATUS

Project completed.  Publication: GPO-#P1.23.2:660/2-74-008 $1.65
                    NTIS-PB 235573/AS
 INFORMATION CONTACT

 N/A
                                 -m-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Waste Citrus Activated Sludge As a Poultry Feed Ingredient


CITATION

R. H. Jones, J.  T.  White, and B. L.  Damron Winter Garden Citrus Products
Corporative Winter Garden, Fl.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The report presents an evaluation of the potential of utilizing
waste activated sludge as a poultry feed supplement.   The sludge used
in this study was obtainted from an activated sludge process treating
concentrated citrus waste containing no sanitary wastewater.  The sludge
was thickened, dewatered and dried using full scale and pilot-scale
equipment.  The dried sludge was then analyzed for protein, fiber,
amino acids, nutrients and moisture.  Poultry feeds containing varying
concentration of sludge were prepared.  Two experiments with boiler
chicks, each of three weeks duration, one 8- week broiler study, and
six-month laying hen study were conducted to determine the effect of
the inclusion of sludge in poultry diets on performance.  It is shown
in this report that the inclusion of sludge in property formulate
diets up to 7.5 percent did not significantly affect poultry performance
or meat or egg quality.  The value of the sludge was calculated based on
the reduction in feed ingredients resulting from the inclusion of
sludge.  It was found that the value of the recovered sludge significantly
reduced the total cost of sludge handling.
STATUS

Publication Pending.  EPA #660/2-75-001


INFROMATION CONTACT

EPA
Thompson, H.
                                  -120-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment Sludges


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project was to develop information on sludge
volumes and characteristics produced  in metal finishing plants, determine
the effects of weathering on sludges  in current disposal practice, and
carry out bench scale investigations  on potentially attractive
techniques for recovering metals from these sludges.  On the basis of
the investigation, the process  design and economics will be determined
for selected metal recovery systems.


STATUS

Publication pending.  Report #670/2-75-018


INFORMATION CONTACT

Ray Smithson
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus, Ohio
(614) 299-3151  ext. 2342
                                 -121-

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PROJECT/TITLE

West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The concepts of sand abatement, strip-mine reclamation and mine-
acid control are the objectives of the project.  The demonstration project
will seek to how the use of sludge, fertilizing, liming and other minor
techniques will permit the growth and self-regeneration of various grasses,
shrubs and trees.

     The demonstration project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalachia.  Severe erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched.  Sand erosion from high
walls and spoil banks causes considerable property loss due to the deposi-
tion of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of existing water-
ways.


     One of the problems encountered in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported.  The transportation of sludge
from the waste treatment facility to the Appalachian hills is expensive.


STATUS

A final report is pending.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Appalachian Regional Commission or

C. Heir
State Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio  43212                     ~122"

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PROJECT/TITLE

Combined Sludge Processing Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     CCCSD has built an Advanced Treatment Test Facility (TTF) to
treat raw sewage with lime followed by biological nitrification and
denitrification at up to 2.5 MGD.  The excess lime sludge is dewatered
in a pair of centrifuges operated in series to separate calcium
carbonate from calcium phosphate organic matter and inerts.   Calcium
carbonate is to be converted to recovered lime in one set of multiple
heart furnaces and the residual sludge will be incinerated in another
set of furnaces.  This proposal documents the studies already carried
out leading to the above conclusions and fills in engineering and
analytical data necessary to make a complete report.

STATUS

Publication: Sludge Processing For Combined Physical-Chemical-Biological
             Sludges
             6PO-EP 1.23/2:R2-73-250 $2.10
             NTIS/PB 223 341

INFORMATION CONTACT

P. H.  Caldwell
Central  Contra Costa Sanitation District
Walnut Creek, California
                                 -123-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The object of the project was to: 1) Perform a comprehensive literature
review and survey of the present municipal and utility sludge and ash produc-
tion, disposal methods and utilization methods.  2) Determine technical
feasibility and economic practicality of more widespread application of present
utilization methods.  3) Suggest new utilization methods with consideration of
technical feasibility and economic practicality.  A search of the literature
and contact with a variety of governmental and trade organizations who are
producers and/or present or potential users of sludges and ashes were conducted.

STATUS

Completed Publication is pending.
Characterization and Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and  Ashes.
Vol. 1
EPA # 670/2-75-033 a, b, c, & d


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                      -124-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated Lands


CITATION


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project is to determine methods for
disposal and utilization of sewage effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical and chemical characteristics necessary for proper sewage
effluent and sludge disposal and renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects of sewage effluent and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.

     Municipal and industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids and forest vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land disposal projects.  Soil and ground
water samples were analyzed for nutrient elements and for potentially
toxic materials.  Changes in composition in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage sludge to forest lands.
STATUS

     The project is a continuing one.  Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen is the major pollutant.  Reports
may be obtained upon request.

INFORMATION CONTACT

After 9/1/75

Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
(-616) 775-7776
                                  -125-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Using Cropland For Sewage Wastewater And Sludge Disposal W. E. Sopper


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forest!and,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soil's potential for removing N from wastes by
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.

     Hydrologic effects such as perched water tables, interflow and
runoff were measured.
STATUS

Completed Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater
                       Through Forest and Cropland
                       GPO-EPI.23/2:660/2-74-003  $1.20
                       NTIS-PB 236313/AS

INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                 -126-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Review of Experience With Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge - A
Bibliography

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this program was to provide a critical review
of existing information and operational experiences in  landspreading
of liquid sewage sludge.  Major emphasis was  given to obtaining in-
formation concerning unreported landspreading operations currently
employed in this country through  a telephone  survey and visits to
representative treatment plants and associated landspreading operations.
This information was evaluated with respect to present  technology,
and environmental impacts from landspreading  including  evaluation of
landspreading subsystems relating to  sludge handling and conditioning
modes of transport, spreading techniques, and soil and/or crop responses.
Further this program also provided a  summarization and  an updating of
sewage sludge landspreading practices  found in the literature.  An
evaluation of the data obtained will  identify deficiencies where
additional studies are needed and aid  in the  development of proper
design criteria for landspreading systems.

     The investigator found that  only  3 or 4  sewage treatment plants
had a water quality program.  There is a lack of intensive monitoring
of waste programs, though there is an  abundance of field work being
done.

     Research revealed that approximately 400 plants in the five most
populous regions in the U.S. have been landspreading sewage sludge with-
out monitoring for over 50 years.

     The completed bibliography contains short histories with annotated
bibliographies of 25 treatment plants  visited by the researchers.


STATUS

Project is completed and publication  is expected in August, 1975
 INFORMATION CONTACT:

 Office of Research Monitoring
 G. K. Dotson
 NERC - Cinn. , Ohio
                                 -127-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project demonstrated the use of fly ash from a nearby power
plant and sludge incinerator ash as filter aids in the pressure filtra-
tion of sludges.  Pilot plant tests indicated that due to the nature
of the sludge from the trickling filter plant other alternate methods
of pretreatment would incur severe economic penalties.  On the other
hand the chemical ingredients in the fly ash and sludge incinerator
ash, which are obtained at no cost,permitted adequate dewatering at
minimum cost.  In addition, the trace minerals in the ashes and the
plant food value from the sludge constituted a useable soil conditioner.
The City of Cedar Rapids plans to utilize some of this sludge as a
soil conditioner and fertilizer in their parks.
STATUS

Project Completed Publication
GPO-EP1.23/2:R 2-73-231   $2.10
NTIS-PB 223-535
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                -128-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Lime Stablized Sludge: Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural Land


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     An optimum system for the lime stabilization of municipal sewage
sludge was first developed and evaluated.  The primary objectives of
this work were (1) to determine the degree of stability induced in a
sludge by lime addition and  (2) to determine the effects of spreading
lime-stabilized sludge on agricultural land.  Lime  doses  and  contact
times required to eliminate  the pathogenic bacteria and odors from
raw sludge were determined by laboratory studies, and the information
obtained was translated into design and operational parameters for a
pilot scale, continuous flow process.  Physical, chemcial and biological
characteristics of both the  raw and stabilized sludge, were measured.
Soil and crop studies, both  in a greenhouse and on controlled outdoor
plots, were performed to determine the effects of spreading lime-
stabilized sludge.  Effective lime stabilization of sludge was accom-
plished by elevating the pH  to 12.0 with lime addition and maintaihing
the pH level for at least 30 minutes.
STATUS

Publication Pending 1975
#670/2-75-012
INFORMATION CONTACT

EPA
J.E.  Smith, Jr.
(513) 684-8267
                                  -129-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal  by Soil  Cultivation Process


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project consisted of a series of experiments on the treatment
of oily sludges (crude tank bottoms,  Bunker C, intermediate wax oils)
by spreading and cultivation into soil under prevailing climatic condi-
tions.  Nine test plots were operated at specific nutrient addition
levels.  The objectives were to determine; 1) Decomposition rates of
various types of oily waste sludges.  2) Effectiveness of adding nutrient
supplements. 3) Major microbiological species active in the soil.
4) Cost of the process for the disposal of oily waste.  & 5) Depth of oil
penetration into the soil.  The demonstration phase followed a six-
month pilot phase for optimization of waste loading rates and nutrient
addition.
STATUS

     The project was completed in 1973 after two years of testing.  The
results were presented at a conference in Atlanta, Ga. by Gordon Reno.
Pub.: Oily Haste Disposal by Soil  Cultivation Process-GPO EP1.23/2:R2-72-110 $2.00
                                                     NTIS-PB 219059
INFORMATION/CONTACT

B. Baldwin
Shell Oil Company
Deer Park, Texas  77536
(713) 479-2311
                                 -130-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Cost-Effectiveness Study for Handling and  Disposal of Organic Sludges


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The goal of this project  is to develop mathematical model for all
commonly used processes for sludge handling and  disposal and to use
these models in an Executive program which will  size all processes and
estimate the cost of the complete treatment train.  Processes being
considered are gravity thickening, air  flotation thickening, centrifugation,
anaerobic digestion, elutriation, aerobic  digestion, vacuum filters,
sand drying beds, multiple hearth incineration,  and transport and disposal
to land.  A total of 181 ways  have been  identified to handle and dispose
of both primary and waste activated sludge.   Computation of the cost of
these alternative processes will begin when models for aerobic digestion
and land disposal have been completed.


STATUS

Final stage of Preparation for Publication


INFORMATION CONTACT

Richard Eilers or Robert Smith
NERC
5555 Ridge Ave.
Cinn., Ohio  45213
684-2200, 8352
                                   -131-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sludge Processing, Transportation, and Disposal/Resource Recovery;
Planning Perspective
CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A methodology was developed in this report for use in the 208
planning process for the evaluation of alternatives for the ultimate
disposal of residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment
plants.  This methodology considered technical, economic, social, and
institutional factors pertinent to a thorough review of alternatives.

     Residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants
were characterized.  Handling and treatment processes for the residual
wastes were discussed and evaluated in light of qualitative and
quantitative changes to the residual wastes.  Liquid, gaseous, and
solid sidestreams produced in residual waste treatment were evaluated
and rail, pipeline, barge, and truck transport of residual wastes were
analyzed.

     Environmental, operational, and institutional constraints to the
use of ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills, sludge recycling,
and land reclamation were presented.
STATUS

Completed in Feb. 1975 - EPA Publication - Contract # 68-01-3104
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT

Dr. Dean Neptune
Water Planning Division/Planning Assistance
401 M St. S.W.
Wash. D.C.   20460
(202) 426-2474

                                 -132-

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Part II    Solid Disposal
        -133-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Techniques for Disposal of Wastes  from  Fruit  and  Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives:  Evaluate methods  for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations.  Develop  techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes  from food processing plants.  Determine
whether pesticide residues,  if  present,  can be  reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.

     Approach: The wastes will  be subjected to  separation,  extraction of
various components, dehydration or  fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where  applicable.  The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.

     Progress: Progress has  been  made in water  reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal.   Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors.   Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in  fresh brine.  Recycled
brine was filtered and used  for fresh pack pickles.

     The final effluent is disposed of in  lagoons.  Spray irrigation of
the effluent on  fields  is  now being  tested.


STATUS

     The project is just getting  started with initial promising results.
INFORMATION CONTACT

J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research  & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio  43210
(614) 422-5169
                                  -135-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Better Whey; A Dilemma


CITATION

Proceedings: Second National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes, Sidney
Boxer.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash., D.C. 3/1971. pp. 409-
412.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The cheese industry has the problems of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a food by-product with excellent nutritive
value.  Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat the whey from surrounding
industries since whey recovery is such an expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install the equipment.  This
research and development outfit has built a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New 'Yo'rk in cooperation with Dairylea of New York.  Whole whey for use as
a food or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drying,
the most efficient and economical method discovered by previous research.
Laval Separator Company has built the equipment for the demonstration
plant.  One of the major problems encountered in this project was the
conversion of cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process.  (D) (G)

     This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                   -136-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Seafood Solid Waste in Oregon: Disposal or Recovery


CITATION

Special rept: Kreag, Rebecca; Smith, Frederick J.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The quantity and nature of seafood waste from processing operations
are described.  Ten alternatives to discharge directly into estuaries
are presented.  Three methods of disposal were studied for these wastes:
incineration, barging off shore and landfill.  Landfill appears to be
the least costly and the most promising disposal alternative because of
the limited quantity of wastes involved.  Seven alternatives were con-
sidered for recovery of wastes for a marketable product: flesh for
human consumption; fish protein concentrate; fishmeal; mink feed;
fish food; fertilizer; and chitin for new special products.


STATUS

NTIS $3.00/MF $1.45  COM-74-11245/9


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                   -137-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Copper Recovery from Brass Mill  Discharge by Cementation with Scrap Iron
By P. 0.  Case, Anaconda Company  Waterbury, Ct.


CITATION

same as Project/Title


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This report presents the results of studies of copper recovery (and
incidental reduction of hexavolent chromium) in brass mill discharge by
passage of the discharge over scrap iron in a rotating drum.  The drum feed
consisted of normal production discharge of combined pickle rinse water
and spent sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid-bichromate pickle.  About half
of the total mill waste discharge over a period of 16 weeks was processed.
Four modes of drum operation were studied: (1) continuous rotation, (2) no
rotation, (3) intermittent rotation (1 hr off - 5 min on), and (4) intermittent
rotation (2-1/2 hr off - 10 min  on).  Each mode was studied at two flow levels
and two scrap iron surface area  levels.  Data were evaluated in terms of
percent cementation of available copper, excess iron consumption over
theoretical, and completeness of chromium reduction.  Results indicate that
the over-riding factor in the efficiency of copper cementation is the level
of copper in the feed solution.   Hexavalent chromium is effectively reduced
providing the pH is below 2.5


STATUS

Publication Pending 1670/2-75-029


INFORMATION/CONTACT

EPA
R. Tabakin
201-548-3414
                                   -138-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel from Plating Waste


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project involves the demonstration of a metal finishing waste
abatement system which consists of an integrated nickel and chromium
chemical wash treatment, recovery of nickel from the nickel produced
in the treatment process, recovery of chromic acid from the rinse and
scrubber waters.  The system permits the reuse of the bulk of the waste-
water and the reduction of sludge.

     The state of Michigan has the most stringent pollution codes in
the U.S.  Since the abatement system has been in progress, the plating
effluent has been able to meet the state's water pollution codes.  The
demonstration system has been in operation for the past 2 years.

     The recovery system is a very sophisticated and elaborate system
whereby sludge is produced in cake form which is less bulky.  The waste-
water is precipitated, treated and discharged into the sewer.


STATUS

The demonstration system is an ongoing project.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

C. W.  Grose
Michigan Plating & Stamping Co.
740 Ann St., N.W.
Grand Rapids, Michigan  490504
(616)  363-4847
                                 -139-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project demonstrated the use of fly ash from a nearby power
plant and sludge incinerator ash as filter aids in the pressure filtra-
tion of sludges.  Pilot plant tests indicated that due to the nature
of the sludge from the trickling filter plant other alternate methods
of pretreatment would incur severe economic penalties.  On the other
hand the chemical ingredients in the fly ash and sludge incinerator
ash, which are obtained at no cost,permitted adequate dewatering at
minimum cost.  In addition, the trace minerals in the ashes and the
plant food value from the sludge constituted a useable soil conditioner.
The City of Cedar Rapids plans to utilize some of this sludge as a
soil conditioner and fertilizer in their parks.
STATUS

Project Completed Publication
GPO-EP1.23/2:R 2-73-231  $2.10
NTIS-PB 223-535
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                -140-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment


CITATION

Boothe, W.A.; General Electric Corporate  Research  and Development,
Schenectady, N. Y.-, Dec. 74;  367p


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This report contains a thorough  analysis  of all the methods for
processing and disposing of solid waste currently  in use or being
considered.  It includes not  only the conventional disposal processes
such as land fill, composting, and  incineration but also the newer
resource recovery technologies such as pyrolysis,  material and energy
recovery which are naw emerging  from  the  laboratory.  In addition to
analysis of complete processes,  discussions on the merits or key
pieces of equipment such as shredders, air separators, andjconveyors
are also included.  The analysis includes a description of the technical
features of each process and  how it works, a review of operating
history and experience to date,  and estimates  of both capital and
operating costs as well as scale-up considerations.  Numerous tables
are provided which allow ready comparison of competing processes in
terms of net energy recovered, effluents, weight of materials to
be land filled, etc.

STATUS

Publication available.   NTIS  PB-238 144/OS1


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                 -141-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Elimination of Water Pollution by Recycling Cement Plantdusts


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives overall - Elimination of problems associated with disposal
of kiln dust from cement plants.  Specifically by: 1) Formation of clinker
with concomitant violatilization of alkalies.   2) Leaching of water-
soluble alkalies and return of leachate to system. 3) Other uses of dust,
fertilizer, soil stabilizer, or agricultural limestone.  4) Use of dust
as admixture to modify cement or cement products.  Present approach - Heat
treatment of clay or shale fraction to remove alkalies from a portion of
raw feed and/or to remove alkalie from total dust.  Fluid bed furnace to
remove alkalies at low temperature by control  of the furnace atmosphere
presently underway.
STATUS

     The project is in the final writing stage.  It was deemed somewhat
successful by the investigators.  Water soluble alkalies in cement dust
were removed by flame-spraying.

     Other phases of the project will continue until maximum results are
gained.  The project will be funded by private industry upon the exhaustion
of governmental funds.
INFORMATION CONTACT

Dr. Miller
Protalnd Cement Association
5420 Old Orchard Rd.,
Skokie, 111.  60076
(312) 966-6200
                                   -142-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Reclamation and  recycling  - An  Economic Overview


CITATION

Schilling, Spencer,  A.,  Richard J.  Bengston, and John W.  Lindholm,  Jr.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

      It is sometimes assumed that the same technology that has  created
the wealth of  products  that  we now throw away can create  the  means  of
reclaiming the valuable  components in the wastes.   Technology is  needed,
of course, but along with  it must come new organizational  structures
the will encourage  regional  and State planning and operation  of solid
waste operations.   One  of  the reasons that recycling is now so  uneconomical
is that depletion allowances and discriminatory freight rates encourage
exploitation of  virgin  resources rather than reuse of secondary
materials.  Of the  360  million tons of wastes per year generated  by
residential, commercial, institutional, and manufacturing establishments,
about one third  is  recycled.   Most of this reuse is in the production
process itself,  such as  the  return to the pulping process of  paper  broke.
The real waste of resources  occurs once the materials find their  way into
the heterogeneous waste  collected by the municipal collection vehicle.
Systems for reclaiming  this  waste exist;  the reasons why  recycling  does
not take place are  not  so  much techological as they are economic  and
sociopolitical.  The main  economic difficulty is the lack of  demand for
recycled goods.  Often  the mills to make paper and steel  are  not  close
to urban centers, where  the  waste are, but close to coal  or pulpwood
supplies.  Legal obstacles stand in the way of reclamation of junk  cars;
title procedures are long  and involved and delay the return of the
automobile to  the production stream.   A great deal of economic  dislocation
might result from recycling  efforts;  unemployment in primary  resources
industries is  an example of  one potential  problem. (D) (G)

STATUS

Retained in SWIRS Library

INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                 -143-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Contingency Planning for Resource Recovery


CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A resource recovery plant has been designed by the National
Center for Resource Recovery, and is presently under construction in
New Orleans, La.  The plant will be operated by a private firm.

     The plant is scheduled to open on May 1, 1976 with a 650 ton per
day material recovery system that utilizes shredding, classifying and
extraction of aluminum, glass, iron, steel, and non-ferrous metals
(excluding aluminum) and paper.  The residuals, which will be mostly
organic, will be landfilled.

     The waste system  is so designed as to have no adverse environmental
impact upon ground or surface water.  Water sampling is being done
around the site to establish hydrogeological data, and sampling will
continue during the course of operation.

     The plant is being built on city-owned land.  The cost of the plant,
with the exception of the recovery system, is borne by the private firm.
The resource recovery system is financed by the National Center for
Resource Recovery, a non-profit research organization.

     The plant will process one-half of the city's waste initially.
Two incinerators will be de-commissioned upon completion of the plant.

     Some of the profit gained from the sale of recovered materials
will be shared by the city of New Orleans.


STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION/CONTACT

J. F.  Bernheisel
National Center for Resource Recovery
1211 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C.  20036  (202) 223-6154

                                -144-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Food Processing Wastes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project dealt with the wastes generated by Oregon's primary
food processing industry, and involved the evaluation of waste occurrence
and waste disposal systems currently being used; estimation of the extent
and seriousness of present and future problems; establishment of guidelines
for the selection of research which could most reasonably help alleviate
the critical  pollution problems; and implementation of individual research
projects involving waste reduction, waste treatment, and by-product develop-
ment.

     The end-of-pipe flows and the discharges from unit operations were
monitored  for flow, pH, temperature, settleable solids, turbidity,
suspended solids, total solids, coliform, total coliform, fecal strep-
tococcus, COD, BOD and chemical concentrations.  The results are expressed,
where appropriate, as concentrations (e.g., mg U) and in terms of produc-
tion (e.g.,  Ib/T).
STATUS:

Information and publications may be acquired from the Food Science and
Technology Department, Oregon State Univeristy.

Note:

The effluents were tested through spray irrigation methods using "guess
amounts1,' and results of the various concentrations were recorded.
Concentration results are listed for each food processing industry.
INFORMATION CONTACT

Mr.  Soderquist
Food Science & Technology
Oregon State University
Corvalis,  Oregon  97331
(503) 752-1141, 6719
                                   -145-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes Collection Treatment
and Disposal
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project consisted of compiling an  annotated bibliography of
the available literature on hospital solid waste collection, treatment,
and disposal systems.  Literature on microbiological or health aspects
related to the various systems is included.
STATUS

The project is completed.   Publications may be obtained from EPA
(Publication EP #00458-02S1)
INFORMATION CONTACT

Oscar Albrecht, Project Officer
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
                                 -146-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Flyash Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project involved the disposal of flyash as a slurry in a worked
out mine.  The resultant mixture of slurry water and mine water were
chemically treated before discharge to a stream.  This project has been
in existence for the past five years and is scheduled to continue for
another 5 years.

     The dissolved salts in the discharge has dropped from 3000 PPI to
2000 PPI to date.  Research is continuing to reduce the salt content to
1500 PPI or lower.  The state of Penn. treats the discharge as a process
rather than a mine effluent.  The present PPI would be allowable if the
discharge was treated as mine drainage.  However, the mechanism is
working well, and research will continue.


STATUS

Ongoing  Project.  Information will be sent upon request.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Mr.  Robert O'Hare
Mr.  Nelson Tonet
Duquesne Light Company
435  6th Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.  15219
                                   -147-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Fuel Gas; Production from Solid Waste


CITATION

NSF Contract C-827 (covering the period: June 28, 1973 to December 31,
1974) Initiated June 28, 1973.   Dynatech Report #1258.  Prepared by R.G.
Kispert, S.E. Sadek, L.C. Anderson, and D.L. Wise.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The primary objective of this program is the development of a process
for the economic production of pipeline quality fuel gas from the large
organic fraction of municipal solid waste.  As part of a continuing
effort to find techniques for supplementing the natural gas resources in
the United States, Consolidated Natural Gas Service Company, Inc.,
initiated at Dynatech R/D Company about four years ago, extensive laboratory
experiments on the anaerobic digestion of solid waste.  As a result of these
experiments, the feasibility of this gas production process has been
demonstrated.  The process has  national applicability.  Preliminary cost
estimates based on a computer model developed at Dynatech for Consolidated
indicated that large plants in  metropolitan areas will produce fuel gas
at an acceptable cost.

     The program, funded by NSF/RANN, initially called for engineering
analysis and computer optimization of the process on a production scale,
followed by initiation of pilot plant work.  Contract amendment No.l, April
9, 1974, changed the project objectives to delete the design, procurement,
and assembly of a pilot plant.   Under this redirection the economic model
of the process is to be confirmed  and applied to analysis and review of
the projected performance of a  full scale plant for the manufacture of
fuel gas from solid waste.  An  added objective is the evaluation and
specification of a proof-of-concept pilot plant.


STATUS

N/A Final Report - NSF/RANN/SE/C-827/PR/74/5


INFORMAT ION/CONTACT

Dynatech R/D Company
99 Erie Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139
                                 -148-

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Part III     Liquid Disposal
        -149-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from  Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants                                                              y
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives:  Evaluate methods  for  disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations.  Develop  techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes  from food processing plants.  Determine
whether pesticide residues,  if present,  can be  reduced  in or removed from
food processing wastes.

     Approach: The wastes will be subjected to  separation,  extraction  of
various components, dehydration or  fermentation, submerged  combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where  applicable.  The main  commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.

     Progress: Progress has  been  made in water  reuse th.ereby reducing the
total"volume for disposal.   Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors.   Cucumbers  cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in  fresh brine.  Recycled
brine was filtered and used  for fresh pack pickles.

     The final effluent is disposed of  in  lagoons.  Spray irrigation of
the effluent on fields  is  now being tested.


STATUS

     The project is just getting  started with initial promising results.


INFORMATION CONTACT

J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio  43210
(614) 422-5169
                                  -151-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project consisted of a series of experiments on the treatment
of oily sludges (crude tank bottoms, Bunker C, intermediate wax oils)
by spreading and cultivation into soil under prevailing climatic condi-
tions.  Nine test plots were operated at specific nutrient addition
levels.  The objectives were to determine; 1) Decomposition rates of
various types of oily waste sludges. 2) Effectiveness of adding nutrient
supplements. 3) Major microbiological species active in the soil.
4) Cost of the process for the disposal of oily waste.  & 5) Depth of oil
penetration into the soil.  The demonstration phase followed a six-
month pilot phase for optimization of waste loading rates and nutrient
addition.
STATUS

     The project was completed in 1973 after two years of testing.  The
results were presented at a conference in Atlanta, Ga. by Gordon Reno.
Pub.: Oily Waste Disposal by Soil  Cultivation Process-GPO EP1.23/2:R2-72-110 $2.00
                                                     NTIS-PB 219059
INFORMATION/CONTACT

B. Baldwin
Shell Oil Company
Deer Park, Texas  77536
(713) 479-2311
                                 -152-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Industrial  Chemicals Solid Waste Generation.  The Significance of Process
Change, Resource Recovery, and Improved Disposal.


CITATION

Final rept. Saxton, James C.; Kramer, Marc.           Arlington, Va. 6/74 155.P


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The study characterizes the process-related solid wastes produced during
manufactures of industrial chemicals, Sic group 281.  Thirty three chemicals
were selected that: possess  significant resource value, pose a difficult
solid waste disposal problem, and/or have markedly deletericus properties,
e.g., toxicity.  The selected chemicals composed 40% of 1971 group output
and an estimated 95% of the  group's solid waste.  Fifteen of the chemicals
are undergoing process substitutions; in every case the newer process
generates less solid waste.  Most of wastes are of intrinsically low value,
so resource recovery is seldom economic.  Inorganics account for over 90%
of total disposal cost, due  to large waste  volume from cre-related processes,
such as alumina and phospheric acid.  Organics appear to pose little disposal
problem.  Elimination of water discharge doubles the disposal cost of the
33 chemicals.


STATUS

Available from NTIS Pb-233 46417 pc $5.00/MF  $2.25


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  .153-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Closed Process Water - Loop in NSSC Pulp Production

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project objective is to accomplish the maximum closure of the water
use loop in an integrated neutral sulfite semi chemical pulp and paperboard
mill by; recycling contaiminated process waters for direct reuse; providing
a protective collection and surge system for excess surge volumes occuring
during process upset conditions; providing a reverse osmosis plant to separate
dissolved constituents from such excess volume as occurs, recycling the per-
meate so produced to replace fresh water.  The separated
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TITLE/PROJECT

Waste Oil  Recycling and Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This  publication contains  information on the  generation, collection
and disposal of waste oil.  It  is a technical evaluation of current re-
fining, and other disposal processes and an assessment  (environmental) of
the gaseous, liquid and solid wastes discharged  from such processes.  A
feasibility test was conducted  in a single metropolitan area for a survey
designed to obtain information  from service stations, waste oil collectors,
and industrial users.  The project also sought to  obtain a national material
balance to determine the ultimate fate of used oils.
STATUS

Project completed.  Publication: GPO-EP1.23/2:670/2-74-052  $4.00
                                 NTIS PB 234857/AS  $6.50
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                    -155-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Food Processing Wastes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project dealt with the wastes generated by Oregon's primary
food processing industry, and involved the evaluation of waste occurrence
and waste disposal systems currently being used; estimation of the extent
and seriousness of present and future problems; establishment of guidelines
for the selection of research which could most reasonably help alleviate
the critical pollution problems; and implementation of individual research
projects involving waste reduction, waste treatment, and by-product develop-
ment.

     The end-of-pipe flows and the discharges from unit operations were
monitored  for flow, pH, temperature, settleable solids, turbidity,
suspended solids, total solids, coliform, total coliform, fecal strep-
tococcus, COD, BOD and chemical concentrations.  The results are expressed,
where appropriate, as concentrations (e.g., mg U) and in terms of produc-
tion (e.g., Ib/T).


STATUS:

Information and publications may be acquired from the Food Science and
Technology Department, Oregon State Univeristy.

Note:

The effluents were tested through spray irrigation methods using "guess
amounts" and results of the various concentrations were recorded.
Concentration results are listed for each food processing industry.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Mr. Soderquist
Food Science & Technology
Oregon State University
Corvalis, Oregon  97331
(503) 752-1141, 6719
                                   -156-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated  Lands


CITATION


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project  is  to  determine methods for
disposal and utilization of sewage  effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical and chemical characteristics  necessary for proper sewage
effluent and sludge disposal and  renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects of sewage effluent  and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.

     Municipal and industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids and forest  vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land  disposal projects.  Soil and ground
water samples were analyzed for nutrient  elements and for potentially
toxic materials.  Changes in composition  in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage  sludge to forest lands.
STATUS

     The project is a continuing one.  Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen  is the major pollutant.  Reports
may be obtained upon request.

INFORMATION CONTACT

After 9/1/75

Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
(.616) 775-7776

                                -157-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Effects of Spray Irrigation of Municipal Wastewater on the Rate and
  Total Accumulation of Heavy Metals
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The specific objective of this project was to determine the total
amount and rate of accumulation of selected heavy metals in several
soil-vegetation ecosystems which were spray irrigated with treated
municipal sewage effluent and sludge for twelve years.  The proposed
study was conducted at the Wastewater Renovation and Conservation
Project Facility on the Pennsylvania State University farm where
experimental plots were spray irrigated with various amounts and com-
binations of treated municipal sewage effluent and liquid digested
sludge.  The soil and vegetation in each area was sampled for analyses
of selected heavy metals to determine the amount and rate of accumulation
and to correlate these results with the application rates and vegetation
cover types.  Soil and foliar samples from previous years were analyzed.


STATUS

Completed.

Publication: Renovation of Secondary Effluent For Re-Use As A Water Resource
             GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-016  $4.80
             NTIS-PB 234176
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                 -158-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Environmental New Town


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The Mitre Corporation has been  involved  in the designing of an
innovative city designed from the outset to be a model of environmental
protection equipment and systems fabrication.  The innovative city
conceopts for engergy, transportation, education, communications, and
waste disposal systems and in outlining site  plans, city-industrial
base and infrastructure, and financial implications are discussed.
STATUS

There has been several briefing sessions with HUD and other federal
agencies.  The project, Environmental New Town, was a joint research
effort..

Information and preliminary reports are available upon request from:
INFORMATION/CONTACT

R. Riflin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va.  22101
(703) 790-6000
                                -159-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Environmental Carrying Capacity as a Concept in Comprehensive Regional
  Planning - A Feasibility Study
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     In response to the need to better understand the impacts of
development and management activities across entire regional systems,
this research examined approaches for measuring and understanding
the capacity of regional environments to absorb or support activities
in such areas as resource use, land development, waste disposal,
transportation, and wildlife and watershed management.  The focus was
upon environmental carrying capacity of regional systems and subsystem*
as a concept for assessing changes in environmental quality due to
large-scale development, management, and planning activities and as
a basis for planning and decision-making models and methods.  In this
regard, efforts were made to define and develop indicators for des-
cribing a region,  to identify parameters necessary to design and
implement models of regional carrying capacity, to assess data require-
ments and strategies for data collection and management, to indicate
procedures for validating or testing potential models, and to identify
facilities, personnel, and estimate costs for model development.
STATUS

Completed.  EPA Publication #600/5-74-021 (Pending)


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Prof A.  B. Bishop  Civil Engineering
Utah State University
Office of Engineering, Room L50
Logan, Utah  84321



                                -160-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Bibliography - Influence of Solid Waste Management Practices on the
  Environment
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this continuing activity is to compile, in a
readily available source, pertinent articles describing the influence
of various solid waste management practices on the quality of surface
water and groundwater.  Such information is frequently requested from
other activities within EPA and from public and private interests
outside of the EPA.  The work done to date has been used by Government
and private engineers and scientists, to more accurately assess the
impact of solid waste management practices on the environment.   Primary
emphasis has been in the sanitary landfill area.  Two reports have
been published and future work will update these basic reports.  The
Solid Waste Information Retrieval System is used along with other
sources to perform this activity.
STATUS

The bibilography is published each June in the publication:  Water
Pollution Control Journal.  The initial bibliography was published in
June, 1970, and has been updated and revised annually since 1970.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr. Dirk Brunner
U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
Natil. Environmental Research Center
5555 Ridge Ave.
Cincinnati, Ohio  45213
513-684-4487
                                -161-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Phosphoric Acid Recovery System


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project is directed towards recovering acid and regenerating
the processing solution of high acid content that is produced in bright
aluminum processing.  Lancy Laboratories has developed a process aiming
for the separation of the acid and the aluminum content of the solution.
This process promises an economical recovery of the acid and regeneration
of the processing solution.  Bright aluminum processing uses a solution
of high acid concentration which loses its usefulness as the aluminum
concentration increases.

     The proposed concept has broad applications for treating waste
process solutions used in the metal finishing industry.  Successful
demonstration of the process may have important environmental impact
by significantly reducing chemical consumption and thereby reducing the
waste sludge's generated as well as the associated large land require-
ments for disposal.

     Presently, 35% of the acid solution is sold to producers of fer-
tilizer.  The project is just starting up and is in the testing
stage.  Some laboratory data is available on request.  Maximum recovery
to reduce pollution is the primary goal.


STATUS

Project is ongoing.   Some publications are available upon request,
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Elbert Fang                   H. A. Lomason
EPA                    or     Douglas & Lomason Co.
Cleveland Miss.                Detroit, Michigan  48208
                              (313) 873-2400
                                 -162-

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                   ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RESIDUAL WASTE





                                  Section III
Part I    Sludge Disposal





Part II   Solid Disposal





Part III  Liquid Disposal
                                 -163-

-------
Part I    Sludge Disposal
         -165-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sludge Disposal  from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:  A study to summarize and evaluate existing data pertain-
ing to sludge disposal.  Investigate the potential methods for improving
the characteristics of sludge, and recommend  future testing required.
The objective of the program is to evaluate the data which is available
on sludge disposal and its properties so that a logical test program can
be established.   The scope of the program  is  to summarize and evaluate
the available data to determine the problem areas, to summarize and
evaluate the methods for improving the characteristics of sludge, and to
develop a test program for [improving the characteristics of sludge.  Exist-
ing data pertaining to sludge disposal is  summarized.


STATUS

     The paper study has been completed.   A small pilot plant (1.000 Ibs
per hr) has been built, and produces a leachate from sludge which is being
tested on a small scale vegetable farm.  Good results have been attained,
and trace elements and toxicity studies will  be performed.  The leachate
is being used by fertilizer producers, also.  Plant production will be
increased to produce 3,000 Ibs of fetilizer.


INFORMATION CONTACT

B. McKinney or James Crow
U.S.  Tennessee Valley Authority
Chattanooga, Tenn.  37402
(615)  755-3011
                                   -167-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria
for disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting,
evaluating and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental
quality in cold regions.

     Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by appli-
cation to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes.
Significant aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon
completing of work in each problem area.


STATUS

Continuous project.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P.O. Box 282
Hanover , New Hampshire  03755
(603) 643-3200 ext. 243
                               -168-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Feasibility of Using Forest Land for Sludge Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This project is investigating the feasibility of using forest
ecosystems to absorb nutrient additions in the form of sewage sludge.
This research is important to the current problem of water pollution
caused by nutrients leaching from sludge disposed  of either by dumping
at landfill sites or by other means that do not incorporate recycling
or nutrient removal.
STATUS

     Sludge from a nearby municipality and from recreation complexes
in the White Mountain National Forest was landspread in June, 1975.
Preliminary studies have been completed, but impact (environmental)
work has just started.  The project is scheduled to be completed by
next summer (1976)
INFORMATION CONTACT

J. M. Hornbeck
University of New Hampshire Graduate School
Durham, New Hampshire  03824
(603) 868-5576, 9697
(603) 726-8902
                                 -169-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Using Cropland for Sewage Wastewater and Sludge Disposal W. E. Sooper


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forestland,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soils potential for removeing N from waste by removing
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.

     Hydro!ogic effects such as perched water tables, interflow
and runoff were measured.


STATUS

Completed.

Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater Through Forest
              and Cropland

             GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-003  $1.20
             NTIS-PB 236313/AS


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -170-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated  Lands


CITATION


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY  I

     The objective of this project  is to  determine methods for
disposal and utilization of sewage  effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution 'of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical and chemical characteristics necessary for proper sewage
effluent and sludge disposal and  renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects of sewage effluent  and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.

     Municipal and industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids  and forest  vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land  disposal projects.  Soil and ground
water samples were analyzed for nutrient  elements and for potentially
toxic materials.  Changes in composition  in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage sludge to forest lands.
STATUS

     The project is a continuing one.  Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen is the major pollutant.  Reports
may be obtained upon request.

INFORMATION CONTACT

After 9/1/75

Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
C616) 775-7776
                                -171-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and Wastewater
Disposal - W. E. Sopper
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objectives of this study were: 1) To investigate the effects of
watershed management techniques on the quantity and quality of water yield
form small forested watersheds, 2) To investigate the hydrologic behavior
and response of a 20 acre forested drainage basin to selected rainfall
events applied with an artificial rainfall facility, and 3) To investigate
the potential use of forests as disposal sites for treated municipal
wastewater and sludge.


STATUS:

Completed.  Publication:  Conference on Recycling Treated
                          Municipal Wastewater Through Forest & Cropland

                          GPO-EP 1.23/2 660/2-74-003  $1.20
                          NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -172-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal  Finishing Waste Treatment Sludges


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project was  to develop  information on sludge
volumes and characteristics produced  in metal  finishing plants, determine
the effects of weathering on sludges  in current disposal practice, and
carry out bench scale investigations  on potentially  attractive
techniques for recovering metals from these  sludges.  On the basis of
the investigation, the process  design and economics  will be determined
for selected metal recovery systems.


STATUS

Publication pending.  Report #670/2-75-018


INFORMATION CONTACT

Ray Smithson
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus, Ohio
(614) 299-3151  ext. 2342
                                  -173-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Utilization and Disposal of Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural
  Processing Wastes on Land
CITATION

N/A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objective:  Determine factors influencing long-term utilization of
                                                    n  with emphasis o
                                                    soils and plants.
     UDjective:  Determine factors influencing long-t
wastes compatible with sustained agronomic production  with emphasis on
accumulation of toxic quantities of heavy metals in s
     Approach:  From strip mine spoil areas, surface and core samples to
water table  depth will be analyzed for total pyrites, sulfides and redox
potentials before and after sludge treatments.   Results will be used to
evaluate effectiveness of sludge in revegetation of strip mine spoils
and in abatement of pollution in runoff and leaching waters.  Analyses
will include ph, S0(4), NO (3), Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni,  Co and Pb.

     PROGRESS:  The field  work associated with  this project, the Palzo
reclamation project, continues to have unavoidable delays.  The ongoing
research involves laboratory and greenhouse studies.  The sulfur
fractionation scheme was modified for sludge samples using freeze-dry
techniques to remove the water phase.  The Palzo strip mine spoil contains
about 1.5 to 2.0 percent total sulfur, 52 percent being in the pyrite
form.  In the sludge about 43 percent of the S  is CHC1(3) soluble and
mostly in the elemental form.  Adding sludge to  spoil material increased
the pH of the spoil from 3.2 to 5.3 initially but with 70 days of
continued aeration the pH's dropped to the .'original level.  Eh values
decreased with sludge treatment.  Water soluble  S increased slightly and
pyrite S oxidation decreased with increasing sludge applications.
Continuous seration exodized less pyrite material under high sludge
rates than under low application rates.  High sludge applications
expressed Ni and Al absorption by plants.


STATUS

The project will be in progress for another two  years.


INFORMATION CONTACT

S. W. Melsted
(217) 333-1000
                                    -174-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Lime  Stablized  Sludge:  Its Stability and Effect on Agricultural Land


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     An optimum system for the lime stabilization of municipal sewage
sludge was  first developed and evaluated.  The primary objectives of
this  work were  (1)  to determine the degree of stability induced in a
sludge by lime  addition and (2) to determine the effects of spreading
lime-stabilized sludge on agricultural land.  Lime  doses  and  contact
times required  to eliminate the pathogenic bacteria and odors from
raw sludge  were determined by laboratory studies, and the information
obtained was  translated into design and operational parameters for a
pilot scale,  continuous flow process.  Physical, chemcial and biological
characteristics of both the raw and stabilized sludge, were measured.
Soil  and crop studies, both in a greenhouse and on controlled outdoor
plots, were performed to determine the effects of spreading lime-
stabilized  sludge.   Effective lime stabilization of sludge was accom-
plished by  elevating the pH to 12.0 with lime addition and maintaining
the pH level  for at least 30 minutes.
STATUS

Publication  Pending 1975
#670/2-75-012
INFORMATION  CONTACT

EPA
O.E.  Smith,  Jr.
(513)  684-8267
                                       -175-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
Into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The proposed work will 1) determine the significance of mecury input
into the estuarine environment by effluent and sludge disposal, 2)
determine and explain the variations in mercury concentration observed
in sewage treatment plants, 3) determine the input of mercury to the
marine system by rain and runoff, 4) continue studies on the distribution
of mercury in the local (Carteret County, North Carolina) estuaries com-
paring a system receiving effluent (Calico Creek, Morehead City, North
Carolina) with a variety of less affected areas, 5) determine the rate
of mercury accumulation in marine organisms which are fed on sewage sludge,
6) determine the rate of uptake of mercury by vegetables which are grown
in soil enriched with sewage sludge.  Coldvapor atomic absorpiton analysis
of mercury will be used.

STATUS

     The project is partially finished, and the investigators state that
they have a pretty clear picture of the impact of mercury in the estuarine
environment.  Studies are being conducted at a small town Moorehead City
treatment plant (15,000 pop.).  Study has shown a very distinct pattern
of mercury distribution in estuaries and animals.  The distribution of
mercury is very restricted in distance.  It remains very close to the
outfall of the sewage treatment plants.

     A town of comparable size and adjacent to Moorehead has one half
to one third less mercury in its effluent and sludge.  There are no
industrial sources in either town.  It is presently theorized that the
mercury contamination may have come from the use of house paints con-
taining mercury.  Fungi is a problem in the area and mercury was used as
an inhibitor at one time.  The contamination may be resulting from
storm water runoff.

INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr. R.  T. Barber
Duke U.
Marine Labo.
Beaufort, N.  Carolina 28516  919-728-2111
                                -176-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The  project consisted of a series of experiments on the treatment
of oily sludges (crude tank bottoms, Bunker C, intermediate wax oils)
by spreading and cultivation into soil under prevailing climatic condi-
tions.  Nine test plots were operated at specific nutrient addition
levels.   The objectives were to determine; 1) Decomposition rates of
various types of oily waste sludges. 2) Effectiveness of adding nutrient
supplements.  3) Major microbiological species active in the soil.
4) Cost of the process for the disposal of oily waste. & 5) Depth of oil
penetration into the soil.  The demonstration phase followed a six-
month pilot phase for optimization of waste loading rates and nutrient
addition.
STATUS

     The project was completed in 1973 after two years of testing.  The
results  were presented at a conference in Atlanta, Ga. by Gordon Reno.
Pub.:  Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process-GPO EP1.23/2:R2-72-110 $2.00
     	  	~                    NTIS-PB 219059
INFORMATION/CONTACT

B.  Baldwin
Shell Oil  Company
Deer  Park, Texas  77536
(713) 479-2311
                                  -177-

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Part II    Solid Disposal
          -179-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Better Whey; A Dilemma


CITATION

Proceedings:  Second National Symposium on  Food  Processing Wastes, Sidney
Boxer.   U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Wash.,  D.C. 3/1971  pp  409-
412.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The cheese industry has the problems  of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a food by-product with excellent nutritive
value.   Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat  the whey from surrounding
industries since whey recovery is such an  expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install the  equipment.  This
research and  development outfit has built  a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New -Yo'rk in cooperation with Dairylea of New York.  Whole whey for use as
a food or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drying,
the most efficient and economical method discovered by previous research.
Laval Separator Company has built the equipment  for the demonstration
plant.   One of the major problems encountered in this project was the
conversion of cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process.  (D) (G)

     This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                     -181-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria
for disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting,
evaluating and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental
quality in cold regions.

     Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by appli-
cation to land as well, as management of thermal and solid wastes.
Significant aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon
completing of work in each problem area.


STATUS

Continuous project.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S.  Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P.O.  Box 282
Hanover , New Hampshire  03755
(603) 643-3200 ext. 243
                                 -182-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Automated System for Water Pollution  Control  from an Animal Production Unit


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The specific aims of the  project were:  1.  To  continue to monitor with
weekly sampling and  laboratory analyses  the  overall performance  character-
istics of the plant. 2. To install,  test and evaluate the  performance of
the aerobic digester equipment to  be  provided by DeLaval Comapny, or if
not by them, to purchase and build a  surface aerator for installation in
the aerobic digester.  3. Surface aerator;  submergence and  speed variation
in rotor; turbidity  improvement of the effluent with the use of coagu-
lants; evaluation of chlorine  disinfection of the recycled effluent.
4. To automate the disposal of solids onto the  nearby farm land with the use of
automatically operated irrigation  system.  5. To establish some monitoring
stations for sampling and analyzing the:  water from the Loramie Creek that
receives the drainage from the research  farm of the Botkins Grain and
Feed Company.  6. Develop an economic model  of  the plant to evaluate ways
of making the system economically  feasible.


STATUS

Completed.

     The project was monitored for 3  yrs., and  is reputedly the longest
study, of a project of this type.   The report  is well documented.  The
findings were presented in April,  1975 at  a  conference.

     The report has been cleared for  publication and is awaiting printing
by EPA.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr.  EPTaigam'des                       190 N. Oval  Dr., 102 Administration Bldg.
Agricultural  Engineering               Columbus, Ohio  43210
614-422-6626
Ohio  State  University
School of Agriculture
                                  -183-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Treatment of leachate from landfills is a practical necessity in many
cases.  Where a sewerage system is available, treatment can be performed
at the central plant; otherwise, treatment must be performed on-site.  No
performance data was available on lab, pilot, or traditional wastewater
methods.  This research grant effort was intended as a brief survey of
treatment methods with pilot plant application of the most feasible.  Detailed
analyses of each method was not expected.  The final outcome of this study
is a practical on-site treatment scheme and an evaluation of how much leachate
can be added to conventional domestic wastewater treatment plants when leachate
is discharged to a sewerage system.   It has been determined that a conventional
biological treatment plant can accept up to 10 percent leachate-domestic
wastewater without effecting plant performance significantly.  The most
promising on-site treatment scheme appears to be anaerobic lagooning followed
by aerobic polishing.  A pilot plant was established and results from this
portion of work have been compiled.

     The laboratory studies utilized leachate from existing landfills initially-
Later, fields studies were conducted on a landfill site.  It was necessary
to switch to another source of leachate because of the change in the character
of the effluent due to the aging of the land (pollutional components were
lowered by aging).  The pilot plant treated 5-10 gal. per min of leachate
low-cost temporary process is needed for leachate treatment.


STATUS

Completed publication is pending from EPA


INFORMATION/CONTACT

W. C. Boyle Civil Engineering
University of Engineering
Madison, Wisconsin  53706
                                     -184-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water-
Resources by Refuse Landfills
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The proposed research was based on the hypothesis that contamination
characteristics of ground and surface water, caused by refuse landfills,
are related to the topographic position of the refuse site.  Refuse sites
are located on upland and valley surfaces. Landfills may be located in
the upland or loess or glacial till and in valleys, may be located on
floodplains, valley walls, or in gully positions.  Refuse landfills re-
presentative of the various landscape positions and representative of
different ages will be stuided.  Geophysical methods will be used to
locate contaminated water boundaries and fill geometry.  At each site
bore holes were drilled, and water samples collected from them and
from the adjacent stream during low flow condition.  A major goal of
the research was to relate topographic position with rate and direction
of leachate movement and chemical characteristics of the contaminated
ground and surface water.  By relating these factors to landscape position
characteristics of existing and potential sites can be evaluated and
regulated for public safety.


STATUS

Completed. Several papers have been published in the journal Groundwater.


INFORMATION CONTACT

L.  V.  Sendlein
(515)  294-7814
R.  C.Palmquist
(515)  294-7814
                                  -185-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Geochemical Controls on Trace Element Concentrations in Natural Waters of
a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill Site


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The geochemical controls on various (8) trace elements will be determined
for natural waters of a proposed ash storage landfill site accompanying a coal
fueled power plant to be built in N. E. Kansas.  The study is the first step
in evaluating the effect on water quality caused by the large amount of trace
elements concentrated in the ash or volatilized during the burning of the coal
when the plant is operative.

     The present ranges and temporal variation of trace element concentrations
will be determined in precipitation, surface, and ground waters in the drainage
basins of the proposed landfill site and an adjacent small stream.  The chemical
constituents and properties of soils and bedrock in the two basins will be
made and their controls on the addition, removal, and movement of the elements
will be evaluated and compared.


STATUS

     The study has been in progress for 2 yrs. during which time the natural
waters have been monitored.  The proposed plant is not under construction.
The data that has been collected to date gives a systematic approach to the
monitoring of water.  The preliminary report contains data on monthly samples
of water and data on 10-12 elements.
INFORMATION CONTACT

D. 0. Dittemore
Kansas State Univ.
School of Arts/Dickens Hall
Manhattan, Kansas  66502
(913) 53206724
                                   -186-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Forecast of the Effects of Air and Water Controls of Solid Waste
  Generation
R. Stone, and D. Brows, Ralph Stone and Company, Inc. Los Angeles, Ca.


CITATION

same as Project/Title


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The effects of air and water pollution controls on solid waste
generation were evaluated.  The solid wastes from pollution control
were identified for individual industries  by their original  air or
water constituents, and the treatment process applied.  The wastes
were categorized by type and by location (rural or urban). Total
solid wastes from pollution control activities were estimated for
1971 and projected for 1975, 1980, and 1985.  Particulates and
sulfur oxides were identified as the major pollutants capable of
generating solid wastes when treated, suspended solids, and biological
oxygen demand were identified on the principle sources for the impact
of water pollution control on solid wastes.
STATUS

Publication available.
NTIS-PB 238819/AS  $19.25
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Talley,-R.  J.
513-684-4484
                                 -187-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Environmental Flow of Cadmium and Other Trace Metals


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project consists of two major components; 1) collaborative
research with industrial and waste processing facilities whose process
streams contain significant amounts of cadmium, zinc, lead and other
heavy metals, and 2) environmental studies to identify transport,
distribution and fate cadmium, lead and zinc in the urbanized, heavily
industrialized area(Northwest Indiana)bordering the southern  rim
of Lake Michigan.

     Phase II, related to 1) above, will involve the conduct of mass
balances for each source type (steel making, zinc smelting, community
waste incineration; initiation of studies of control technology; study
of process variability among installations of same source type.  In
relation to 2) above, field studies will be carried out to collect
data defining metal flow patterns in impacted urban aquatic and ter-
restrial ecosytems.

     On-site studies involve the monitoring of cadium pollution
through rainfall, and air on on-site vegetation.  The hydrological
studies are ongoing and results have not been compiled.


DTATUS

Ongoing Project.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Terrestrial Studies      A. W. Mclntosh
                         Tom Peton

Hydrology Studies        R. A. Greenkorn

Purdue University
Institute for Environmental Health
Engineering Dept. - Lafayette, Indiana  47907  317-494-8151
                                  -188-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Potential  Solid Waste Generation and Disposal from. Lime and Limestone
Desulfurization Processes.  R. J. Evan - Author
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The generation and disposal of solid waste from electric utility
plants using a lime/limestone wet-scrubbing system and the potential
effects on the environment were estimated for 1975 and 1980.  The study
indicated that in 1975 approximately 5.8 millicn tons of desulfurization
solid waste (50 percent solids) will be generated.  In 1980, when it is
estimated that desulfurization will become commercially accepted, ap-
proximately 71.4 millicn tons of this material will be generated for
disposal and/or utilization.  The desulfurization waste material, when
combined with lime, fly ash, and water, may have potential for use as
a roadbase material, landfill reclamation, and synthetic aggregate.
STATUS

Publication $2.25 - NTIS PB-233 975/2


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                    -189-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of the project is to investigate methods for using sulfur
to stabilize tailing piles to assure long-term resistance to weathering
and to determine the applicability of sulfur for constructing impervious
ground cover bases for sanitary landfill,  leach dumps,  and mill  ponds.

     The project is an ongoing one and has been in progress for over
14 years.  The project is also aimed at cutting back on wind erosion by
spray coating to hold down various materials and prevent it from blowing
away.  Unusual success with uranium mill  tailings has been demonstrated.
Spray coating has played a very significant part in holding back radon
gas.
STATUS

Ongoing project.  Contact will  research back for information pertaining  to
other projects that impact upon ground and surface water upon request.


IN FORMATION/CONTACT

Donald G. Kesterke or Wm. McBee
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Bureau of Mines - 500 Date Street
Boulder City, Nevada  89005
                                  -190-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Hydrogeoiogy of Solid Waste Disposal Sites  in Northeastern  Illinois


CITATION

Final  rept.  1 Jun 66-31 May 68 - Hughes, G. M.; Lardon, R.A.; Farvolden
R. n.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The study attacks one of the problems  inherent in disposing of
refuse on land; the ever-present danger that unless properly engineered
in a sanitary landfill--the wastes will adversely effect ground water
resources.   Hydrogeologic and water quality studies of five landfills
in Northeastern Illinois were carried out.  The distribution and
concentration of dissolved solids in the concentration of dissolved
solids in the vicinity of four of these landfills was found to be
controlled by the configuration of the ground water flow system.  The
major factors influencing the attenuation of the dissolved solids
appear to be the particle size of the earth materials through which they
move and the distance that they move.


STATUS

Available -  GPO/MF $0.95 - NT.IS


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                      -191-

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TITLE/PROJECT

Effects of Water Pollution Controls on Solid Waste Generation, 1971
  to 1985: Executive Summary
CITATION

R. Stone, Ralph Stone and Company, Inc.  Los Angeles, California


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The effects of air and water pollution controls on solid waste
generation were evaluated.  The solid waste from pollution control were
identified for individual industrial  sectors, by  their original  air-or water
pollutant constituents, and the treatment process applied.  The wastes
were categorized by type and by location (rural  or urban).  Total solid
waste from pollution control activities  were estimated for 1971 and
projected for 1985.  Particulates and sulfur oxides were identified as
the major air nollutants capable of generating solid wastes when treated;
suspended solids and biological oxygen demand were identified as the
principle means of estimating the impact of water pollution control on
solid wastes.


STATUS

Publication Pending


INFORMATION CONTACT

EPA
Talley, R. J.
(513) 684-4484
                                   -192-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Facilities for the Treatment and Ultimate Disposal
of Cattle Feedlot Wastes
Ultimate Disposal of Cattle Feedlot Wastes
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives of the project are: 1) To determine the effects of
feedlot runoff and manure loading rates on the chemical and physical
properties of soil, on the quality of runoff from the disposal area
and on corn forage yields.  2) To determine the most economical loading
of feedlot wastes onto land compatible with pollution control.  3) To
determine the concentration of diethylstilbesterol residue in feedlot
wastes and its movement through the soil profile beneath the waste
disposal area.
STATUS

Project will be continuing for approximately 6 months.  Several publica-
tions are available upon request.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

H. L.  Manges
Kansas State University
School of Engineering/Anderson Hall
Manhattan, Kansas  66502
913-532-5580
                                  -193-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Environmental Considerations in Waste Processing and Disposal Systems.


CITATION

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. In Central New York regional comprehensive solid
waste management plan.  (Albany, New York), Central New York Regional
Planning and Development Boerd and New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation, (1970). p. 1-5.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The environmental  aspects of waste processing and disposal are
considered in this presentation of a central New York regional compre-
hensive solid wastes management plan which was prepared for the Central
New York Regional  Planning and Development Board and the New York State
Department of Ervironmental Conservation.  The following topics are
considered: disposal on land (a comparison of disposal  systems is
presented in tabular form)1, potential hazards and nuisances; water
quality control; air quality control (incineration, open fires, gases and
odors, and dust);  vector control  (disease vectors include wild animals,
rodents, birds, insects, and parasites); community aesthetics (blowing
wastes and ?ettlement); and the objectives of improved solid wastes
management(environmental protection, improved service levels, resources
recovery, and systems costs).


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                 -194-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Hydro- geology of Solid Waste  Disposal  sites  in Madison, Wisconsin


CITATION

Technical rept. Kaufmann, Robert E.; Stephenson, David A. Wisconsin
University, Madison. Water  Resources Center


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Two existing, and 24 prospective,  sanitary landfill sites in
Madison, Wisconsin were examined.   Former  ground-water discharge
characteristics of the existing sites have been altered as a result
of the placement of fill and ground-water  pumpage.  Surface- and
groundwater resources adjacent to  landfill areas were found to receive
pollutants although adverse effects were limited.  Less than 5 per
cent of the total organic and  inorganic nitrogen and total soluble
phosphorus entering Lake Monona was attributable to the landfill
operation.  Ground-water recharge  was between  35 to 50 per cent of
annual precipitation with lateral  discharge to adjacent ground- and
surface-water resources.  The  increase  in  dissolved chemical species
was high, but restricted to local  areas.   Over the past 27 years,
background quality in the two  creeks receiving drainage changed
by a 10-22 fold decrease in organic nitrogen and a 2-2.9 fold decrease
in inorganic nitrogen.  Phosphorus  levels  increased 2-6 fold.  Decreased
base flow and urbanization  have possibly influenced these changes.


STATUS

available from - NTIS $6.00 M/F $0.95


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                -195-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Environmental Impacts of the Production  of Items utilizing Virgin and
  Recycled Ferrous Metals, Aluminumm & Plastics (Abbrev)
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of this study was to analyze the environmental impacts
of producing selected products utilizing virgin materials and various
amounts of recycled ferrous metals,  aluminum and plastics.  In the
initial phase of the program, determinations were made of the material
and energy requirements of all stages of virgin and waste materials
acquisition, transporation and processing.  Also determined were the
outputs of each stage, including solid, airborne, and waterborne
wastes that are generated, assuming EPA air and water standards for FY
1975.  The virgin and waste material  systems were analyzed up to the
processing point at which the materials are comparable.  In the second
phase of the program, the environmental impacts were examined for
cases in which the selected products  were made solely from virgin
materials and from various amounts of virgin and waste materials.
Consideration was given to air and water pollutants, solid wastes,
and the amounts of material, energy and water consumed.  In the final
phase of the program, estimates were  made of the dollar costs of
controlling the environmental impacts.
STATUS

Project has been completed.  Publication pending review of final
draft by EPA
INFORMATION/CONTACT

R. C. Ziegler
Calspan Corporation
4455 Genesee Street
Buffalo, New York  14221
(716) 632-7500
                                 -196-

-------
Part III    Liquid Disposal
          -197-

-------
TITLE/PROJECT

Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of this  project  is  to  develop  techniques and criteria
for disposal of waste from military  facilities,  and  for  predicting,
evaluating and controlling the effects  of these  waste  on environmental
quality in cold regions.

     Major areas of research  include treatment  of wastewater by appli-
cation to land as well as management of thermal  and  solid wastes.
Significant aspects of the work with a  final  report  will be issued upon
completing of work in each problem area.


STATUS

Continuous project.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P.O. Box 282
Hanover , New Hampshire   03755
(603) 643-3200 ext. 243
                                  -199-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Automated System for Water Pollution Contrcl from an Animal Production Unit


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The specific aims of the project were: 1. To  continue to monitor with
weekly sampling and laboratory analyses the overall performance  character-
istics of the plant. 2. To install, test and evaluate the performance of
the aerobic digester equipment to be provided by DeLaval Comapny, or if
not by them, to purchase and build a surface aerator for installation in
the aerobic digester. 3. Surface aerator; submergence and speed variation
in rotor; turbidity improvement of the effluent with the use of coagu-
lants; evaluation of chlorine disinfection of the recycled effluent.
4. To automate the disposal of solids onto the nearby farm land with the use of
automatically operated irrigation system.  5.  To establish some monitoring
stations for sampling and analyzing the: water from the Loramie Creek that
receives the drainage from the research farm of the Botkins Grain and
Feed Company.   6.  Develop an economic model of the plant to evaluate ways
of making the system economically feasible.


STATUS

Completed.

     The project was monitored for 3 yrs., and is reputedly the longest
study of a project of this type.   The report is well documented.  The
findings were presented in April, 1975 at a conference.

     The report has been cleared for publication and is awaiting printing
by EPA.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr.  EPTaiganides                       190 N.  Oval  Dr., 102 Administration Bldg.
Jf^Sol^roJ En9ineenn9               Columbus,  Ohio  43210
614-422-6626
Ohio State University
School  of Agriculture

                                  -200-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Pilot  Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

    Treatment of leachate from landfills is a practical necessity in many
cas.es. Where  a sewerage system is available, treatment can be performed
at the central  plant; otherwise, treatment must be performed on-site.  No
performance data was available on lab, pilot, or traditional wastewater
methods.   This research grant effort was intended as a brief survey of
treatment methods with pilot plant application of the most feasible.  Detailed
analyses  of each method was not expected.  The final outcome of this study
is a practical  on-site treatment scheme and an evaluation of how much leachate
can be added  to conventional domestic wastewater treatment plants when leachate
is discharged  to a sewerage system.  It has been determined that a conventional
biological treatment plant can accept up to 10 percent leachate-domestic
vyastewater without effecting plant performance significantly.  The most
promising on-site treatment scheme appears to be anaerobic lagooning followed
by aerobic polishing.  A pilot plant was established and results from this
portion of work have been compiled.

     Th'e  laboratory studies utilized leachate from existing landfills initially.
Later, fields  studies were conducted on a landfill site.  It was necessary
to switch to  another source of leachate because of the change in the character
of the effluent due to the aging of, the land (pollutional components were
lowered, by aging).  The pilot plant treated 5-10 gal. per min of leachate
low-cost  temporary process is needed for leachate treatment.
Completed publication is pending from EPA
 INFORMATION/CONTACT

 W. C.  Boyle Civ.il  Engineering
 University of Engineering
 Madison,  Wisconsin  53706
                                     -201-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Relationship between Topographic Position and Contamination of Water-
Resources by Refuse Landfills
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The proposed research was based on the hypothesis that contamination
characteristics of ground and surface water, caused by refuse landfills,
are related to the topographic position of the refuse site.  Refuse sites
are located on upland and valley surfaces. Landfills may be located in
the upland or loess or glacial till and in valleys, may be located on
floodplains, valley walls, or in gully positions.  Refuse landfills re-
presentative of the various landscape positions and representative of
different ages will be studied.   Geophysical methods will be used to
locate contaminated water boundaries and fill geometry.  At each site
bore holes were drilled, and water samples collected from them and
from the adjacent stream during low flow condition.  A major goal of
the research was to relate topographic position with rate and direction
of leachate movement and chemical  characteristics of the contaminated
ground and surface water.  By relating these factors to landscape position
characteristics of existing and potential sites can be evaluated and
regulated for public safety -
STATUS

Completed. Several papers have been published in the journal Groundwater.


INFORMATION CONTACT

L. V. Sendlein
(515) 294-7814
R. C.Palmquist
(515) 294-7814
                                   -202-

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PROJECT/TITLE

A Regional  View on the Use of Land for Disposal of Municipal Sewage
  and Sludge.
CITATION

In Proceedings; Joint Conference on Recycling Municipal Sludges and
Effluent on Land, Champaign, Illinois, July 9-13, 1973.  U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and National
Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, p. 63-66


ABSTRACT/SUMMMARY

     Representatives from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Land Grant
Universities held a conference in July of 1973 to identify what is
known about liquid effluent and sludge application to the land, and to
identify what future research is needed in this area.  In this chapter,
a representative from EPA Region V presents a regional overview of the
use of land for the disposal of municipal sewage and sludge.  The regional
office becomes involved in prioritizing proposed regional research
needs, monitoring demonstration projects, and conducting technology
transfer activities.  The practical application of new municipal  waste
treatment works projects is accomplished through two programs—Water
Quality Management Planning and the Construction Grants Program.   Also
discussed are the activities being carried out under the Amended Federal
Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.
STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                 -203-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Using Cropland For Sewage Wastewater And Sludge Disposal W. E. Sopper


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forestland,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soil's potential for removing N from wastes by
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.

     Hydrologic effects such as perched water tables, interflow and
runoff were measured.
STATUS

Completed Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater
                       Through Forest and Cropland
                       GPO-EPI.23/2:660/2-74-003  $1.20
                       NTIS-PB 236313/AS

INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                 -204-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sewage Disposal On Forest and Associated Lands


CITATION


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project is to determine methods for
disposal and utilization of sewage effluent and sludge on forest lands
without pollution of ground and surface waters, determine the soil
physical and chemical characteristics necessary for proper sewage
effluent and sludge disposal and renovation on forest lands, and
determine the effects of sewage effluent and sludge applications on
native and exotic forest vegetation.

     Municipal and industrial sewage effluents were applied to a
comprehensive range of solids and forest vegetation at field locations
in conjunction with municipal land disposal projects.  Soil and ground
water samples were analyzed for nutrient elements and for potentially
toxic materials.  Changes in composition in native plant communities
and the growth of native and exotic plants were studied following
application of chlorinated secondary sewage effluent, wastewater from
sewage lagoons, and stabilized sewage sludge to forest lands.
STATUS

     The project is a continuing one.  Considerable data has been
collected that shows that nitrogen is the major pollutant.  Reports
may be obtained upon request.

INFORMATION CONTACT

After 9/1/75

Stephen Nesbitt
North Central Forest Extension Service
Harrison Road
East Lansing Michigan
(616) 775-7776
                                 -205-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Management of Forested Watershed for Water Yield Production and Wastewater
Disposal - VI. E. Sopper
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objectives of this study were: 1) To investigate the effects of
watershed management techniques on the quantity and quality of water yield
form small forested watersheds, 2) To investigate the hydrologic behavior
and response of a 20 acre forested drainage basin to selected rainfall
events applied with an artificial rainfall facility, and 3) To investigate
the potential use of forests as disposal sites for treated municipal
wastewater and sludge.


STATUS:

Completed.  Publication:  Conference on Recycling Treated
                          Municipal  Wastewater Through Forest & Cropland

                          GPO-EP 1.23/2 660/2-74-003  $1.20
                          NTIS-PB 236313/AS
INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                   -206-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Pollution  Control  Systems for Beef Cattle and Sheep


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The  objective of this project is the abatement of pollution through
improved  systems for controlling beef cattle and sheep waste.  Systems
for managing wastes from housed and feedlot beef cattle and sheep will
be developed and evaluated for economic abatement of air, water and
soil pollution.   Permanent effluent land irrigation installations will
be designed for disposal or utilization runoff from a beef feedlot holding
pond to complete a total feedlot runoff control system.  Attention will
be given  to developing improved handling systems for managing the solid
waste.   Units  will be managed, tested and improved as necessary for
system  optimization.  The components of collection, treatment, transport
and disposal will  be included in the design systems.  Disposal of treated
effluent  to land will be investigated to develop application rates for
optimum crop use.


STATUS

Project is still in progress.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Conray  B.  Gilbertson
U.S.D.A.  Meat  Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska  68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(402) 472-2824
                                    -207-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Role of Sewage Effluent and Sludge in the Introduction of Mercury
Into Marine and Agricultural Ecosystems
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The proposed work will 1) determine the significance of mecury input
into the estuarine environment by effluent and sludge disposal, 2)
determine and explain the variations in mercury concentration observed
in sewage treatment plants, 3) determine the input of mercury to the
marine system by rain and runoff, 4) continue studies on the distribution
of mercury in the local (Carteret County, North Carolina) estuaries com-
paring a system receiving effluent (Calico Creek, Morehead City, North
Carolina) with a variety of less affected areas, 5) determine the rate
of mercury accumulation in marine organisms which are fed on sewage sludge,
6) determine the rate of uptake of mercury by vegetables which are grown
in soil enriched with sewage sludge.  Coldvapor atomic absorpiton analysis
of mercury will be used.

STATUS

     The project is partially finished, and the investigators state that
they have a pretty clear picture of the impact of mercury in the estuarine
environment.  Studies are being conducted at a small town Moorehead City
treatment plant (15,000 pop.).  Study has shown a very distinct pattern
of mercury distribution in estuaries and animals.  The distribution of
mercury is very restricted in distance.  It remains very close to the
outfall of the sewage treatment plants.

     A town of comparable size and adjacent to Moorehead has one half
to one third less mercury in its effluent and sludge.  There are no
industrial sources in either town.  It is presently theorized that the
mercury contamination may have come from the use of house paints con-
taining mercury.  Fungi is a problem in the area and mercury was used as
an inhibitor at one time.  The contamination may be resulting from
storm water runoff.

INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr.  R.  T.  Barber
Duke U.
Marine Labo.
Beaufort,  N.  Carolina 28516  919-728-2111

                                 -208-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Closed Process  Water -  Loop in NSSC Pulp Production

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The  project  objective is to accomplish the maximum closure of the water
use loop  in  an  integrated neutral sulfite semichemical pulp and paperboard
mill  by;  recycling contaiminated process waters for direct reuse; providing
a protective collection and surge system for excess surge volumes pccuring
during process  upset conditions; providing a reverse osmosis plant to separate
dissolved constituents  from such excess volume as occurs, recycling the per-
meate so  produced to replace fresh water.  The^separated dissolved solids wiTl
be destroyed in an existing fluid bed,  combustion system.  A second objective
of the project  is to demonstrate the important results of operating with the
tightly  closed  system on the production of NSSC paperboard.  Effective
techniques derived to identify and cope with problems of high dissolved solids
and high  temperature in the papermaking process will be developed over a year's
operation of the  proposed facility integrated with regular mill operations.
The required techniques to stabilize operations and control ambient paper
machine  conditions have not yet been demonstrated in the paperboard industry.


STATUS

The project will  terminate in August, 1975 after a six-month extension due
to problems  encountered in the reverse osmosis system.  As far as closure is
concerned, the  project has been successful in that the BOD suspension was low
in losj;  as far  as closure.  However, water removal and water balance has been
a problem in the  reverse osmosis process due to the removal of excess water
from spasmodic  events (snow, machine breakdown, etc.)

The permeate was  relatively pure with the exception of acid considering the
fact that there are 27 paper mills and four large communities upstream from
the Fox  River.   The permeate is discharged into that river.  According to
statistics from the U.  of Wisconsin and the State Agriculture Department, the
river has improved since the new process has been in use.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

G. 0. Wai raven
Green Bay Packaging Inc.
P.O.  Box  1107
Green Bay, Wisconsin  54305
                                     -209-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Effects of Spray Irrigation of Municipal  Wastewater on the Rate and
  Total Accumulation of Heavy Metals
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The specific objective of this project was to determine the total
amount and rate of accumulation of selected heavy metals in several
soil-vegetation ecosystems which were spray irrigated with treated
municipal sewage effluent and sludge for twelve years.  The proposed
study was conducted at the Wastewater Renovation and Conservation
Project Facility on the Pennsylvania State University farm where
experimental plots were spray irrigated with various amounts and com-
binations of treated municipal sewage effluent and liquid digested
sludge.  The soil and vegetation in each area was sampled for analyses
of selected heavy metals to determine the amount and rate of accumulation
and to correlate these results with the application rates and vegetation
cover types.  Soil and foliar samples from previous years were analyzed.


STATUS

Completed.

Publication: Renovation of Secondary Effluent For Re-Use As A Water Resource
             GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-016  $4.80
             NTIS-PB 234176
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -210-

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                           EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES





                                  Section IV
Part I     Sludge Disposal





Part II    Solid Disposal





Part III   Liquid Disposal





Part IV    Other
                                   .211-

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Part I    Sludge Disposal
         -213-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Sludge  Disposal  from Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Removal Processes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:   A study to summarize and evaluate existing data pertain-
ing to  sludge  disposal.  Investigate the potential methods for improving
the characteristics of sludge, and recommend future testing required.
The objective  of the program is to evaluate the data which is available
on sludge disposal and its properties so that a logical test program can
be established.   The scope of the program is to summarize and evaluate
the available  data to determine the problem areas, to summarize and
evaluate  the methods for improving the characteristics of sludge, and to
develop a test program for improving the characteristics of sludge.  Exist-
ing data  pertaining to sludge disposal is summarized.
STATUS

     The paper study has been completed.  A small pilot plant (1,000 ibs
per hr) has been built, and produces a  leachate from sludge which is being
tested on a small scale vegetable farm.  Good results have been attained,
and trace elements and toxicity studies will be performed.  The leachate
is being used by fertilizer producers,  also.  Plant production will be
increased to produce 3,000 Ibs of fetilizer.
INFORMATION CONTACT

B. McKinney or James Crow
U.S.  Tennessee Valley Authority
Chattanooga, Tenn.  37402
(615) 755-3011
                                    -215-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Waste Disposal Systems for Cold Regions


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of this project is to develop techniques and criteria for
disposal of waste from military facilities, and for predicting, evaluating
and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental quality in cold
regions.

     Major areas of research include treatment of wastewater by application
to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes.  Significant
aspects of the work with a final report will be issued upon completion
of work in each problem area.


STATUS

Continuous project.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S.  Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
P.  0.  Box 282
Hanover, New Hampshire  03755
                                    -216-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Using Cropland for Sewage wastewater and Sludge Disposal, W. E. Sooper


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forest!and,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soils potential for removeing N from waste by removing
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.

     Hydro!ogic effects such as perched water tables, interflow
and runoff were measured.


STATUS

Completed.

Publication: Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater Through Forest
              and Cropland

             GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-003  $1.20
             NTIS-PB 236313/AS


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                -217-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Study of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper Industry


CITATION

Final rept.  Gorham International,  Inc., Maine.  Environmental Protection
Agency, Rockville, Maryland  Solid Waste Management Office, Feb. 74; 198p


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This report investigates and  identifies present soild waste management
practices, present solid waste management practices, examines alternatives,
and develops strategies for future pulp and paper industry waste manage-
ment.  It examines waste management in five major segments of the pulp
and paper industry; pulp mills, paper mills, paper board mills, and de-
inking mills.  Data is presented on pulp and paper industry solid waste
generated since 1960.   A case study for each of the five major pulp and
paper manufacturing segments is presented.


STATUS

Available from NTIS Pb-234 944/7  $5.50/Mf  $2.25


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                               -218-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Solid Waste Disposal


CITATION

Final rept. Phillips, Nacy P.; Wells, R. Murray, Radian Corp., Austin, Tex.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of the present investigation is to identify available
technologies developed in other industries that may be applicable to
lime/limes tone scrubber sludge disposal.  Musch of the technology
already developed for phosphate slimes, by-product gypsum, taconite
tailings, coal ash, and acid mine drainage sludge is applicable to
scrubber sludge disposal.  Alternative disposal methods available
for scurbber sludge, including deep mine disposal, strip-mined
land reclamation, and utilization, possess some degree of potential.
Based on presently available data, there are no insurmountable
technological problems in disposing of scrubber sludge in an environ-
mentally acceptable manner.


STATUS

Available from: NTIS $7.25/MF  $1.45 - Pb-233 144/5


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                               -219-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Combined Sludge Processing Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     CCCSD has built an Advanced Treatment Test Facility (TTF) to
treat raw sewage with lime followed by biological  nitrification and
denitrification at up to 2.5 MGD.   The excess lime sludge is dewatered
in a pair of centrifuges operated in series to separate calcium
carbonate from calcium phosphate organic matter and inerts.   Calcium
carbonate is to be converted to recovered lime in  one set of multiple
heart furnaces and the residual sludge will be incinerated in another
set of furnaces.  This proposal documents the studies already carried
out leading to the above conclusions and fills in  engineering and
analytical data necessary to make a complete report.

STATUS

Publication: Sludge Processing For Combined Physical-Chemical-Biolbgical
             Sludges
             GPO-EP 1.23/2:R2-73-250 $2.10
             NTIS/PB 223 341

INFORMATION CONTACT

P. H. Caldwell
Central Contra Costa Sanitation District
Walnut Creek, California
                             -220-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Review of Experience With Landspreading Liquid Sewage Sludge - A
Bibliography

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this program was to provide a critical review
of existing information and operational experiences in landspreading
of liquid sewage sludge.  Major emphasis was given to obtaining in-
formation concerning unreported landspreading operations currently
employed in this country through a telephone survey and visits to
representative treatment plants and associated landspreading operations.
This information was evaluated with respect to present technology,
and environmental impacts from landspreading including evaluation of
landspreading subsystems relating to sludge handling and conditioning
modes of transport, spreading techniques, and soil and/or crop responses,
Further this program also provided a summarization and an updating of
sewage sludge landspreading practices found in the literature.  An
evaluation of the data obtained will identify deficiencies where
additional studies are needed and aid in the development of proper
design criteria for landspreading systems.

     The investigator found that only 3 or 4 sewage treatment plants
had a water quality program.  There is a lack of intensive monitoring
of waste programs, though there is an abundance of field work being
done.

     Research revealed that approximately 400 plants in the five most
populous regions in the U.S. have been landspreading sewage sludge with-
out monitoring for over 50 years.

     The completed bibliography contains short histories with annotated
bibliographies of 25 treatment plants visited by the researchers.


STATUS

Project is completed and publication is expected in August, 1975
INFORMATION CONTACT:

Office of Research Monitoring
G. K. Dotson
NERC - Cinn. , Ohio
                              -221-

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PROJECT/TITLE

West Shade River Abatement Demonstration Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The concepts of sand abatement, strip-mine reclamation and mine-
acid control are the objectives of the project.  The demonstration project
will seek to how the use of sludge, fertilizing, liming and other minor
techniques will permit the growth and self-regeneration of various grasses,
shrubs and trees.

     The demonstration project is being conducted in Meigs County, Ohio,
which is a part of Appalachia.  Severe erosion problems occurring in
certain strip-mine areas can be eliminated or controlled utilizing
methods and materials which have been researched.  Sand erosion from high
walls and spoil banks causes considerable property loss due to the deposi-
tion of sand over once-tillable soils and the clogging of existing water-
ways.


     One of the problems encountered in this project is the distance
from which the sludge had to be transported.  The transportation of sludge
from the waste treatment facility to the Appalachian hills is expensive.


STATUS

A final report is pending.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Appalachian Regional Commission or

C. Meir
State Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio  43212                ~222-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

System Alternatives in Oxygen Activated Sludge


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     An oxygen activated sludge system with co-current contacting of
oxygen and mixed liquor in a plug flow reactor was operated on
District of Columbia primary effluent during a two-year period over
a wide range of loading (F. M. 0.26 to 2.0) with Solids Retention Times
(SRT) from 2.0 to 13.0 days at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant.


STATUS

Publication Pending


INFORMATION CONTACT

EPA
D. F. Bishop
(513) 684-8353
                              -223-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The object of the project was to: 1) Perform a comprehensive  literature
review and survey of the present municipal and utility sludge and  ash produc-
tion, disposal methods and utilization methods.  2) Determine technical
feasibility and economic practicality of more widespread application of present
utilization methods.  3) Suggest new utilization methods with consideration of
technical feasibility and economic practicality.  A search of the  literature
and contact with a variety of governmental and trade organizations who are
producers and/or present or potential users of sludges and ashes were conducted.

STATUS

Completed Publication is pending.
Characterization and Utilization of Municipal and Utility Sludges  and  Ashes.
Vol. 1
EPA # 670/2-75-033 a, b, c, & d


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                  -224-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Sludge Processing, Transportation,  and  Disposal/Resource Recovery;
Planning Perspective
CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A methodology was  developed  in this report for use in the 208
planning process for  the  evaluation of alternatives for the ultimate
disposal of residual  wastes  generated in municipal wastewater treatment
plants.  This methodology considered technical, economic, social, and
institutional factors pertinent to a thorough review of alternatives.

     Residual wastes  generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants
were characterized.   Handling and treatment processes for the residual
wastes were discussed and evaluated in light of qualitative and
quantitative changes  to the  residual wastes.  Liquid, gaseous, and
solid sidestreams produced in residual waste treatment were evaluated
and rail, pipeline, barge, and truck transport of residual wastes were
analyzed.

     Environmental, operational,  and institutional constraints to the
use of ocean disposal,  lagoons, sanitary landfills, sludge recycling,
and land reclamation  were presented.
STATUS

Completed in Feb. 1975 - EPA Publication - Contract # 68-01-3104
Publication Pending
INFORMATION CONTACT

Dr. Dean Neptune
Water Planning Division/Planning Assistance
401 M St. S.W.
Wash.  D.C.  20460
(202)  426-2474


                              -225-

-------
Part II    Solid Disposal
       -227-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Effective  Utilization of Municipal and Utility  Sludges  and Ashes


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The object of the project was to: 1)  Perform a  comprehensive  literature
review and survey of the present  municipal  and  utility  sludge  and  ash  produc-
tion, disposal methods and  utilization methods.   2)  Determine  technical
feasibility and economic practicality of more widespread  application of  present
utilization methods.  3) Suggest  new utilization methods  with  consideration of
technical  feasibility and economic practicality.   A  search of  the  literature
and contact with a variety  of governmental  and  trade organizations who are
producers and/or present or potential users of  sludges  and ashes were  conducted.

STATUS

Completed Publication is pending.
Characterization and Utilization  of  Municipal and Utility Sludges  and  Ashes.
Vol. 1
EPA # 670/2-75-033 a, b, c, & d


 INFORMATION  CONTACT

N/A
                                   -229-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objectives of this project are to determine the survival patterns
of viral pathogens in landfilled solid waste and to evaluate the potential
contamination of water resources through leaching of viruses from a
waste disposal site .  Microbiologic monitoring leachates from Cells #1  and
#2 is being conducted in order to determine the degree of health hazard
involved in solid waste disposal by landfilling.  The results so far
indicate that poliovirus may survive in compacted solid waste for at least
13 days at temperatures of 68-80 degrees F but the virus is inactivated
in 2-4 days in a landfill with temperatures ranging from about 120-140
degrees F.


STATUS

Project was completed.  Final report has been wirtten and is awaiting
EPA review and publication.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Merzda Peterson
Research Triangle Park
Durham, North Carolina
                              -230-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Treatment of leachate from landfills is a practical necessity in
many cases.  Where a sewerage system is available, treatment can be
performed at the central plant; otherwise, treatment must be performed
on-site.  No performance data was available on lab, pilot, or traditional
wastewater methods.  This research grant effort was intended as a brief
survey of treatment methods with pilot plant application of the most
feasible.  Detailed analyses of each method was not expected.  The final
outcome of this study is a practical on-site treatment scheme and an
evaluation of how much leachate can be added to conventional domestic
wastewater treatment plants when leachate is discharged to a sewerage
system.  It has been determined that a conventional biological treatment
plant can accept up to 10 percent leachate-domestic wastewater without
effecting plant performance significantly.  The most promising on-site
treatment scheme appears to be anaerobic lagooning followed by aerobic
polishing.  A pilot plant was established. Results from this portion of
work have be compiled.

     The laboratory studies utilized leachate from existing landfills
initially.  Field studies were conducted on a landfill site.  The leachate
was pumped out and treated.  It was necessary to switch to another source
of leachate because of the change in the character of the effluent due to
the aging of the land (pollutional components were lowered by aging).  The
pilot plant treated 5-10 gal. per min of leachate. A low cost temporary pro-
cess is needed.

STATUS

Completed.  Publication is pending for EPA

INFORMATION/CONTACT

W. C. Boyle - Civil Engineering
University of Wisconsin
  School of Engineering
Madison, Wisconsin  53706
                             -231-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The overall objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters and in
areas where water is in short supply.  It will be demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since a non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized.  The system was demonstrated and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry.  The physical, biological, pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was demonstrated.  Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS

EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                               -232-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Techniques for Disposal of Wastes from  Fruit and  Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives:  Evaluate methods  for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations.  Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food  processing plants.  Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present,  can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.

     Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation,  extraction  of
various components, dehydration or  fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable.  The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.

     Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal.  Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors.  Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine.  Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack  pickles.

     The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons.  Spray irrigation of
the effluent on  fields  is  now^being  tested.


STATUS

     The project is just getting started with initial promising results.


INFORMATION CONTACT

J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U. and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio  43210
(614) 422-5169

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Evaluation of a Solid-Waste Disposal Site


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Cortland County has proposed at landfill
solid-wastes in the near future.  Substantial
hydrologic data on the proposed site has been collected
of 50 shallow wells has been emplaced and monitored  on
since April, 1973.
                      operation for disposal of
                      base line geologic and
                                 and an array
                                a weekly basis
     The primary objectives of this study are: (1) to determine in more
detail the hydrologic regime of the landfill site and existent water
quality, and (2) to evaluate the effect of landfill operations on this
regime over an extended period of time.
     The proposed study
geologic and ihydrologic
to landfill operation.
landfill operations are
is particularly significant because considerable
parameters can be determined and monitored prior
Continuation of this study after initiation of
expected to provide a critical evaluation of the
sanitary landfill as a viable means of solid-waste disposal.

     The proposed study basically involves the establishment  and
maintenance of a monitoring program for critical weather, hydrologic,
and geologic parameters.  Data thus obtained will    determine the
impact of landfill operations on the natural hydrogeologic environment
of this area and adjacent parts of New York and Pennsylvania.
STATUS

Continuing Project.
Articles and publication are available upon request
INFORMATION CONTACT

Dr.  T. E. Bugh
State University of New York
Cortland, New York  13045
     - School of Arts
                              -234-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Building an Amphitheater and Coasting Ramp of Municipal Solid Waste.
Volumes I and II
CITATION

Final rept. Beck, William M. Jr.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     By 1966, disposing of solid wastes in the City of Virginia Beach,
Virginia had become a critical problem.  At the same time the number
of residents and tourists was increasing each year, thus requiring that
more solid waste be disposed of, land values were also rising.   This
latter factor dictated against using land suitable for residential,
commercial, or recreational purposes for solid waste disposal.   In
addition, the presence of high water table (5-8 ft) makes deep pit
excavation impractical.  The concept was advanced that an existing dump
located on relatively inexpensive land be converted into a recreational
site by building a 65-foot hill of solid waste.  Provision would be
made for a 10,000 seat amphitheater, a soap box derby ramp, a fresh
water lake, and parking facilities.  Details are presented on design
and construction techniques, operating procedures, equipment used,
prcblems encountered, water and gas sampling methods, economic factors,
and public reaction.


STATUS

Available from NTIS $6.50/MF  $1.45


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                             -235-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Sulfur Application for Land Pollution Abatement


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The purpose of the project is to investigate methods for using sulfur
to stabilize tailing piles to assure long-term resistance to weathering
and to determine the applicability of sulfur for constructing impervious
ground cover bases for sanitary landfill, leach dumps, and mill  ponds.

     The project is an ongoing one and has been in progress for over
14 years.  The project is also aimed at cutting back on wind erosion by
spray coating to hold down various materials and prevent it from blowing
away.  Unusual success with uranium mill  tailings has been demonstrated.
Spray coating has played a very significant part in holding back radon
gas.


STATUS

Ongoing project.  Contact will research back for information pertaining to
other projects that impact upon ground and surface water upon request.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Donald G. Kesterke or Wm. McBee
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Bureau of Mines - 500 Date Street
Boulder City, Nevada  89005
                               -236-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Flyash  Disposal


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This  project involved the disposal of  flyash  as  a  slurry  in a worked
out mine.   The resultant mixture of slurry  water and  mine water were
chemically treated before discharge to a stream.   This  project has been
in existence for the past five years and is scheduled to continue for
another 5  years.

     The dissolved salts in the discharge has  dropped from  3000 PPI to
2000 PPI to date.  Research is continuing to reduce the salt content to
1500 PPI or lower.  The state of Penn. treats  the  discharge as a process
rather  than a  mine effluent.  The present PPI  would be  allowable if the
discharge  was  treated as mine drainage.  However,  the mechanism is
working well,  and research will continue.


STATUS

Ongoing Project.  Information will be sent upon request.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Mr. Robert O'Hare
Mr. Nelson Tonet
Duquesrje Light Company
435 6th Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa.   15219
                                     -237-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Evaluation of Components and Systems for Handling Waste From Housed Swine


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of this project is to reduce the pollution
potential of housed swine through improved waste systems.   Alternative
methods of collection, treatment, transport and disposal of waste
from housed swine will be developed and evaluated as component
parts of a total system for economic reduction of the pollution poten-
tial of waste from all phases of swine production.   Mc.jor components of
systems will be evaluated, improved, and combined for development of
optimum total systems.  Evaluations will be based on labor, initial
and operating costs, effects on livestock production, and degree of
control over pollution of air, waste and soil.


STATUS

Project is still in progress


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Conray B. Gilbertson
U.S.D.A. Meat Animal Research Center
Clay Center, Nebraska  68933
FTS 402 475-3669
(420) 472 2874
                                 -238-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes Collection Treatment
and Disposal
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The project consisted of compiling an  annotated bibliography of
the available literature on hospital solid waste collection, treatment,
and disposal  systems.  Literature on microbiological or health aspects
related to the various systems is included.
STATUS

The project is completed.  Publications may be obtained from EPA
(Publication EP #00458-0251)
INFORMATION CONTACT

Oscar Albrecht, Project Officer
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
National  Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
                                   -239-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Suspended Solids Monitor


CITATION

J. W. Liskowitz, G. J. Francey, and J. Tarzynski, American Standards,
Inc. New Brunswick, N. Jersey


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A method for measuring concentration of suspended solids in liquid
media, based on depolarization of backscattered polarized light, has
been developed and instrumented.  Feasibility studies and field evaluation
of the instrument, using sewage influent, effluent and sludge, showed
that there is a specific relationship between concentration of solid
particles and polarization ratio.  It was also shown that the relationship
is independent of size distribution and density of particles, color
of particles or solution, sludge consistency, velocity, and build-up
of solids on the optical window.  The field evaluation results indicate
that this instrument provides a continuous instantaneous in situ measurement
of suspended solids concentrations in combined sewers and other wastewater
flows.  This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project No.  11024DZB,
Contract No. 14-12-494 by American Standard Inc. under the sponsorship of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Work was completed in
August, 1970.


STATUS

Completed in August 1970.  Publication pending.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Field, R.
201-548-3503
                                   -240-

-------
Part III    Liquid Disposal
            -241-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Waste  Disposal  Systems for Cold Regions


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

    The  purpose  of this project is to develop techniques and criteria for
disposal  of waste from military facilities, and for predicting, evaluating
and controlling the effects of these waste on environmental quality in cold
regions.

    Major areas  of research include treatment of wastewater by application
to land as well as management of thermal and solid wastes.  Significant
aspects of the  work with a final report will be issued upon completion
of work in each problem area.


STATUS

Continuous project.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Wesley Pietkiewicz
U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research  and Engineering Lab.
P.  0.  Box 282
Hanover,  New Hampshire  03755
                                    -243-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Survival  and Movement of Viruses in Land-filled Solid Waste


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objectives of this project are to determine the survival patterns
of viral  pathogens in landfilled solid waste and to evaluate the potential
contamination of water resources through leaching of viruses from a
waste disposal site .   Microbiologic monitoring leachates from Cells #1 and
#2 is being conducted in order to determine the degree of health hazard
involved in solid waste disposal by landfilling.  The results so far
indicate that poliovirus may survive in compacted solid waste for at least
13 days at temperatures of 68-80 degrees F but the virus is inactivated
in 2-4 days in a landfill with temperatures ranging from about 120-140
degrees F.


STATUS

Project was completed.  Final report has been wirtten and is awaiting
EPA review and publication.


INFORMATION CONTACT

Merzda Peterson
Research Triangle Park
Durham, North Carolina
                                   -244-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Techniques  for Disposal of Wastes from Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Plants
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Objectives:  Evaluate methods for disposing or reducing saline wastes
from food processing operations.  Develop techniques for utilizing or
reducing solid and liquid wastes from food processing plants.  Determine
whether pesticide residues, if present, can be reduced in or removed from
food processing wastes.

    -Approach: The wastes will be subjected to separation,  extraction of
various components, dehydration or fermentation, submerged combustion, and
other chemical treatments, where applicable.  The main commodity wastes
will include cucumbers, cabbage and tomatoes.

     Progress: Progress has been made in water reuse thereby reducing the
total volume for disposal.  Solid wastes are high in protein and have
no antinutritional factors.  Cucumbers cured in recycled brine were as
good as or slightly better than those cured in fresh brine.  Recycled
brine was filtered and used for fresh pack pickles.

     The final effluent is disposed of in lagoons.  Spray irrigation of
the effluent on  fields  is  now  being  tested.


STATUS

     The project is just getting started with initial promising results.


INFORMATION CONTACT

J. R. Geisman
Ohio State U.  and Ohio Research & Development Center
20001 Fyffe Court
Columbus, Ohio  43210
(614) 422-5169
                                    -245-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The overall objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and
effectiveness of using a compact, closed-loop, non-aqueous system for
collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable
because of needs to protect recreational and underground waters and in
areas where water is in short supply.  It will be demonstrated that
water conservation is acheived since a non-aqueous flush media will be
utilized.  The system was demonstrated and evaluated during both winter
and summer seasons at a facility serving the recreational and tourist
industry.  The physical, biological, pathological, chemical and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media was demonstrated.  Specific technical
data determined and evaluated included: 1) Data on the useful life of
the flush media, 2) Per capita waste loading to establish future design
criteria, 3) Effectiveness of the incineration process, 4) Operational
maintenance and reliability data to project optimum operational techniques
and procedures.
STATUS

EPA Publication Pending 670/2-73-088


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                    -246-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Using Cropland for Sewage Wa?tewater and Sludge Disposal. W. E. Sooper


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective was to determine the interaction of soils and plants
with sewage wastewater and sludge disposed on cropland and forestland,
with emphasis on P, boron, and N reactions in the soil and with the
biosphere and on the soils potential for removeing N from waste by removing
denitrification; develop systems for land disposal of wastewater and
sludge.

     Hydro!ogic effects such as perched water tables, interflow
and runoff were measured.


STATUS

Completed.

Publication:  Conference on Recycling Treated Wastewater Through Forest
              and Cropland

             GPO-EP1.23/2:660/2-74-003  $1.20
             NTIS-PB 236313/AS


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                    -247-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Lake Hope Drainage Demonstration Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:  The purpose of the Lake Hope project is to demonetrate
the reduction of acid mine drainage pollution by the removal of coal refuse,
and the construction of bulkhead seals to flood underground mine workings
and thus prevent the formation of acid.  The Lake Hope site was chosen for
the demonstration project because acidic drainage from abandoned coal mines
in the watershed above Lake Hope has severely restricted waste oriented
activity in this prime recreational area.  A total of 107 mine openings
has been noted.  The combined acid discharge from these openings is over
700,000 pounds per year.  A multiphase mine drainage abatement demonstration
program is recommended with major elements including:  Removal and/or
burial of coal refuse which was scattered throughout the area during active
mining operations; sealing of about 50 mine openings.


STATUS
     Several standard bulkheads, and one innovative, but not new, bulkhead
were used.  The dirt was stripped from the hillside at the site of the
mine openings.  A clay dam was constructed and the stripped dirt was used
to re-cover the hillside, thus sealing in the acid mine leakage.  It is
expected that before the end of 1975, the engineering design phase will
be completed.  Fifty mines have been cleared of coal refuse and sealed to date.

     A feasibility study is pending publication.  EPA-R2-73-151 LakeHope
Drainage Demonstration Project.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

WC Roman
Division of Planning
Fountain Sq. 43224
(614) 466-2333


                                    -248-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Closed Process Water -  Loop in NSSC Pulp Production

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The  project  objective is to accomplish the maximum closure f the water
use loop  in  an  integrated neutral sulfite semi chemical pulp and paperboard
mill  by;  recycling contaiminated process waters for direct reuse; providing
a protective collection and surge system for excess surge volumes occur!ng
during  process  upset conditions; providing a reverse osmosis plant to separate
dissolved constituents  from such excess volume as occurs, recycling the per-
meate so  produced to replace fresh water.  The separated-dissolved solids will
be destroyed in an existing fluid bed. combustion system.  A second objective
of the  project  is to demonstrate the  important results of operating, with'the
tightly closed  system on the production of NSSC paperboard.  Effective
techniques derived to identify and cope with problems of high dissolved solids
and high  temperature in the papermaking process will be developed over a year's
operation of the  proposed facility integrated with regular mill operations.
The required techniques to stabilize  operations and control ambient paper
machine conditions have not yet been  demonstrated in the paperboard industry -


STATUS

The project will  terminate in August, 1975 after a six-month extension due
to problems  encountered in the reverse osmosis system.  As .far as closure is
concerned, the  project has been successful in that the BOD suspension was low
in lost as far  as closure.  However,  water removal and water balance has been
a problem in the reverse osmosis process due to the removal of-excess water
from spasmodic  events (snow, machine  breakdown, etc.)

The permeate was  relatively pure with the exception of acid considering the
fact that there are 27 paper mills and four large communities upstream from
the Fox River.   The permeate is discharged into that river.  According to
statistics from the U.  of Wisconsin and the State Agriculture Department, the
river has improved since the new process has been in use.
 INFORMATION/CONTACT

 G. 0.  Walraven
 Green  Bay Packaging Inc.
 P.O.  Box 1107
 Green  Bay,  Wisconsin  54305
                                      -249-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Improved Waste-Treatment  System Design Based on the Natural Thermal
  Environment
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Low-maintenance, technology-simple (LMTS) waste treatment systems
(systems having minimal dependence on electrical and mechanical
equipment) offer an attractive alternative to technology-intensive,
package plants currently being used to treat wastewaters from subdivisions
and isolated recreational areas.  Although package plants are advertised
to perform satisfactorily with a minimum of operational control, experience
has shown that they are subject to serious operational and performance
problems.

     The objective of the proposed research is to establish procedures
with which the engineer can make a rational design of a LMTS waste
treatment system based on (1) easily obtained meteorological data and
(2) effluent standards applicable to the location of the system.  This
objective will be achieved by: 1. the definition and formulation of'the
time-varying thermal characteristics of that portion of the earth's
surface extending from the surface to a depth of approximately 10 meters,
2. the characterization of domestic wastewater temperatures, 3. the
application of recent research related to temperature effects on biological
processes to the design of LMTS treatment units, and 4. the evaluation of
the predicted characteristics of these units in light of current and
anticipated effluent standards.
STATUS

The project is a 2 yr. project.  The investigators have just completed
one year and have designed a biological process sensitive to temperature.

INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr. L. G. Rich
Clemson University School of Engineering
Rhodes Research Building
Clemson, South Carolina  29631
803-656-3201 ext.  3276
                                    ™" £. ww ™

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Upgrading  Wastewater Stabilization Ponds to Meet New Discharge Standards
by E.  J. Middlebrooks, D. H. Falkenborg, R. F. Lewis, and D. J. Ehreth,
Utah State University Logan, Utah


CITATION

same as  PROJECT/TITLE


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The question as to whether lagoons, as they now exist, meet the new
secondary  treatment standards and what methods would work to upgrade
lagoon treatment in cases where they presently do not meet the standards is
of high  priority for many Regional Offices of EPA.  The symposium was
held for EPA staff and State Officials to review the Office of Research
and Development's program for upgrading lagoons.  The intermittent sand
filter,  land application of algae laden effluents and the submerged rock
filter offer good potential for cost effective upgrading.  The basic
biology  of the treatment mechanism, disinfection technology, the controlled
discharge  operation (and results), cost effective analysis, and new fields
of research were covered by speakers.  Intermittent sand filtration,
submerged  rock filtration, and land application of sewage effluents are
effective  alternatives to removing algae from sewage lagoons.


STATUS

Publication Pnding
670/9-75-004
INFORMATION CONTACT

E.  J.  Middlebrooks
D.  H.  Falkenborg
Utah State University
Logan, Utah
                                   -251-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewat.er Treatment
by R. Smith and W. F.  McMichael, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
  Laboratory, EPA Cincinnati, Ohio.
CITATION

Alternative Systems for Supplying Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewater Treatment
by R. Smith and W.  F. McMichael, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
  Laboratory, EPA Cincinnati, Ohio.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Various alternative systems for supplying oxygen to wastewater
treatment processes were studied and evaluated in terms of cost and
effectiveness.  Systems which deliver atmospheric air to the process such
as diffused aeration, mechanical aeration, and turbine aeration are
compared to systems which deliver pure oxygen gas.  The relationship
between oxygen consumption and excess sludge production in the activated
sludge process is quantified.  Factors such as the diurnal variation in
oxygen demand and the oxygen demand as a function of distance along the
aerator in the activated  sludge process are studied.  Finally, the
total cost for oxygen supply expressed as cents per pound of oxygen
dissolved in the wastewater is estimated as a function of total oxygen
consumption expressed as tons of oxygen used per day.  The least costly
system was found to be mechanical aeration.  The pure oxygen system was
found to cost roughly the same as a diffused air system with an aeration
efficiency of 54%.
STATUS

Publication pending
#670/2-75-001
INFORMATION/CONTACT

EPA
Smith  R.
513-684-8352
                                   -252-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Pilot Plant Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Treatment of leachate from landfills  is a practical necessity in many
cas.es.  Where a sewerage system is available, treatment can be performed
at the central plant; otherwise, treatment must be performed on-site.  No
performance data was available on lab, pilot, or traditional wastewater
methods.  This research grant effort was intended as a brief survey of
treatment methods with pilot plant application of the most feasible.  Detailed
analyses of each method was not expected.  The final outcome of this study
is a practical on-site treatment scheme and an evaluation of how much leachate
can be added to conventional domestic wastewater treatment plants when leachate
is discharged to a sewerage system.  It has been determined that a conventional
biological treatment plant can accept up to 10 percent leachate-domestic
wastewater without effecting plant performance significantly.  The most
promising on-site treatment scheme appears to be anaerobic lagooning followed
by aerobic polishing.  A pilot plant was established and results from this
portion of work have been compiled.

     The laboratory studies utilized leachate from existing landfills initially.
Later, fields studies were conducted on a  landfill site.  It was necessary
to switch to another source of leachate because of the change in the character
of the effluent due to the aging of the land (pollutional components were
lowered by aging).  The pilot plant treated 5-10 gal. per min of leachate
low-cost temporary process is needed for leachate treatment.


STATUS

Completed publication is pending from EPA


INFORMATION/CONTACT

W. C. Boyle Civil Engineering
University of Engineering
Madison, Wisconsin  53706
                                      -253-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Solid Waste Management Technology Assessment


CITATION

Boothe, W.A.; General  Electric.Corporate Research and Development,
Schenectady, N. Y.; Dec.  74; 367p


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This report contains a thorough analysis of all the methods for
processing and disposing  of solid waste currently in use or being
considered.  It includes  not only the conventional disposal processes
such as land fill,  composting, and incineration but also the newer
resource recovery technologies such as pyrolysis, material and energy
recovery which are  now emerging from the laboratory.  In addition to
analysis of complete processes, discussions on the merits or key
pieces of equipment such  as shredders, air separators, and .conveyors
are also included.   The analysis includes a description of the technical
features of each process  and how it works, a review of operating
history and experience to date, and estimates of both capital and
operating costs as  well as scale-up considerations.  Numerous tables
are provided which  allow  ready comparison of competing processes in
terms of net energy recovered, effluents, weight of materials to
be land filled, etc.

STATUS

Publication available.  NTIS PB-238 144/OS1


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -254-

-------
Part IV    Other
         -255-

-------
TITLE/PROJECT

Environmental  New Town


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The  Mitre Corporation has been  involved  in  the  designing  of an  in-
novative  city  designed from the outset  to be  a model  of  environmental  protection
equipment and  systems fabrication.   The innovative city  concepts for energy,
transportation, education, communications,  and waste disposal  systems  and
in outlining site plans, city-industrial a  base  and  infrastructure and financial
implications are discussed.


STATUS

There has been several briefing sessions with HUD and other federal  agencies.
The project, Environmental New Town, was a  joint research  effort.

Information and preliminary reports  are available upon request from:


INFORMATION/CONTACT

R. Rifkin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va.  22101
703-790-6000
                                      -257-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Joint Siting of Electrical  Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater Treatment
  Plant Feasibility Study

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate five advanced
wastewater treatment (AWT)  plant sites and various treatment processes,
including     land disposal  and sludge.   Joint siting of an electrical
power plant and an AWT plant was considered because of the possibility
of  reducing   the overall  envrionmental  impact as compared to separate
siting.  Alternatives affiliated with the power plant include the
following: location of the  AWT plant at the power plant site, using clear
effluent as make up to the  power plants cooling towers and burning the
AWT plant's organic solids  in the power plant's furnaces; locating the
AWT plant at a lower basin  site with clear water transmitted to the power
plant and alternate methods  sludge disposal; land disposal of sludge in
connection with the power plant's use of partially treated wastewater.
The study concludes that to  meet the quality standards, for discharges
into the Potomac River, treatment processes are limited to AWT or land
disposal.  Land disposal requires considerably more land than an AWT
plant and would consequently cost more and displace more families.  For
those and other reasons, an  AWT plant is recommended.  The joint location
of the AWT plant and the power plant proved to have many advantages
and to be entirely feasible  and acceptable from the technical, economic,
and environmental viewpoints.  However, due to community reaction and
sociopolitical factors, the  joint siting project was rejected by  the
governing body.  Plant is under design and is nearly completed.  Construc-
tion is scheduled for next year. (1976)
STATUS

A detailed environmental impact study of an Areawide Waste Treatment
and Delivery System for Montogomery County, Md. was done by Battelle
Memprial in August 1974.  Region 3 is working to complete a similiar
draft for the Region 3 area.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Bob Ewing
Battslle Memorial Research
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio  43201
Montogomery County E.I.S.
J.W. Filbert
Cornell, Rowland, Hayes & Merry
1930 Issac Newton Sq. Rm 202
Herndon, Va.  22070
703-471-9710
Region 3
                                   -258-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Framework for Analyzing and Selecting Among Alternatives-far Regional
  Solid Waste Management

CITATION

N.A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Considerable interest and suggestions concerning economies of
scale in regional solid waste management systems have been expressed.
The economic feasibility of regional solid waste management, was
investigated.  Primary emphasis was on the development of a model
framework to facilitate analysis and selection among alternatives for
regional solid waste management systems, including implications for
regional economics.
STATUS

Publication Pending.  EPA # 670/5-74-006


INFORMATION/CONTACT

B.H. Stevens
Regional Science Res. Inst.
G.P.O. Box 8776
Philadelphia, Penn.  19104
413-256-8526
                                   -259-

-------
 PROJECT/TITLE

 Hud-Modular Integrated  Utility  System Program

 CITATION

 N/A

 ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

      Description:   The  Modular  Integrated Utility System (MIUS)  is
 directed at providing utility service (electricity,  environmental
 conditioning, water treatment,  waste  treatment and disposal)  for
 communities of limited  size, and  to provide these services:  1)  in an
 improved manner (relative  to current  practice) with  advantages  in total
 cost,  decreased environmental impact  and  increased efficiency in the
 utilization of natural  resources; 2)  at a pace equal  to the  rate of
 growth of a development; and 3) to make available land  for development
 that is not being  serviced by conventional  utility systems.   The MIUS
 Program goals are  to demonstrate  the  technology and  economics of the
 MIUS under actual  use conditions.  The ORNL effort to date has  consisted
 of conceptual design and system analyses  activities.  The MIUS  might
 employ gas or oil  powered  engines to  generate electricity for a  building
 complex.   The engine exhaust and  coolant  exhaust heat would  supply  the
 buildings with some of  their hot  water, some of their space  heating,
 and some of their  air conditioning from heat absorption-type  water  chillers.
 Water from the liquid waste treatment plant might be  heated  with inexpen-
 sive exhaust heat  and purified  to a degree  acceptable for recycle as
 cooling water or perhaps,  someday, even drinking water.   Additional
 gas or oil, solid  waste, and sludge from  processing  liquid waste
 might be burned whenever the "waste"  heat from generating electricity
 is sized to accommodate perhaps 100 to 3000 multifamily dwelling units,
 nearby single-family housing, and associated commercial  facilities  -
 a common range of  units for a single  undertaking and  simultaneous
 construction in a  community development or  redevelopment.

 STATUS

 The MIUS Impact Statement  is now  in review  and negotiations  with a
 developer for construction of a demcnstration unit are  in progress.
 Construction will  begin as soon as a  site has been selected  and
 approved by HUD.

 The Public Health  Service  has vehemently  opposed the  re-use  of any
 quality wastewater.   They  have  resisted the concept  of  wastev;ater
 re-use from the very beginning  of the project even though the quality
 of processed wastewater has been  at or above the acceptable  standard
 of water quality.   Publications:  The Water Report HUD OR&L-HUD-MIUS-16
Liquid Waste Treetment-Collection  and Disposal-MIUS #16- Review  of
Oakridge Treatment System,  Performance and Available Sizes. Waste Water Refuse.

INFORMATI ON/CONTACT
A. J. Miller or William R.  Mixon
Oak Ridge National  Laboratory -  p-0-  Box X
Oak Ridge, Tenn.  37830 (615)483-6907
                                  -260-

-------
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL
      ASPECTS OF RESIDUAL WASTE
           SECTION V
                   -261-

-------
TITLE/PROJECT

Environmental  New Town


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The  Mitre Corporation has been  involved in the designing of an in-
novative  city  designed from the outset  to  be a model  of environmental  protection
equipment and  systems fabrication.   The innovative city concepts for energy,
transportation, education, communications, and waste disposal systems  and
in outlining site plans, city-industrial a base and infrastructure and financial
implications are discussed.


STATUS

There has been several briefing sessions with HUD a.nd other federal agencies.
The project, Environmental New Town, was a joint research effort.

Information and preliminary reports  are available upon request from:


INFORMATION/CONTACT

R. Rifkin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va.  22101
703-790-6000
                                       -263-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Jp.int Siting of Electrical Power Plant and Advanced Wastewater Treatment
  Plant Feasibility Study

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate five advanced
wastewater treatment (AWT) plant sites and various treatment processes,
including     land disposal and sludge.  Joint siting of an electrical
power .plant and an AWT plant was considered because of the possibility
,of  reducing   the overall envrionmental impact as compared to separate
siting.. Alternatives affiliated with the power plant include the
following: location of the AWT plant at the power plant site, using clear
effluent as moke up to the power plants cooling towers and burning the
AWT plant's organic solids in the power plant's furnaces; locating the
AWT plant at a lower basin site with clear water transmitted to. the power
plant and alternate methods sludge disposal; land disposal of sludge in
connection with the power plant's use of partially treated wastewater.
The study concludes that to meet the quality standards, for discharges
into the Potomac River, treatment processes are limited to AWT or land
disposal.  Land disposal requires considerably more land than an AWT
plant and would consequently cost more and displace more families.  For
those and other reasons, an AWT plant is recommended.  The joint location
of the AWT plant and the power plant proved to have mary advantages
and to be entirely feasible and acceptable from the technical, economic,
and environmental viewpoints.  However, due to community*reaction and
sociopolitical factors, the joint siting project was rejected by  the
governing body.  Plant is under design and is nearly completed.  Construc-
tion is scheduled for next year. (1976)
STATUS

A detailed' environmental impact study of an Areawide Waste Treatment
and Delivery System for Montogomery County, Md. was dore by Battelle
Memprial in August 1974.  Region 3 is working to complete a si mi liar
draft for the Region 3 area.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Bob Ewing
Battalle Memorial Research
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio  43201
Montogomery County E.I.S.
J.W. Filbert
Cornell, Howl and, Hayes & Merry
1930 Issac Newton Sq. Rm 202
Herrdon, Va.  22070
703-471-9710
Region 3
                                   -264-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Economic Analysis  of Land-Intensive Wastewater Systems


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The 1972  Water Pollution Control Act Amendments are requiring increased
treatment  of municipal  wastewaters.  One method to obtain a high quality
effluent at  relatively  low cost compared to other techniques is land
treatment.

     This  study compares and evaluates conventional in-plant treatment
and land treatment in a cost framework and in a production efficiency
framework.   The major objective is to explain why more municiplaities have
not chosen land treatment in the past.


STATUS

Publication  available.

Publication: Water Resources Research Institute of the University of N.
               Carolina
            UNC-WRRI-74-98     $4.00

            Title:  Economic Analysis of Land Treatment of Municipal
                     Wastewaters - 6. A. Carlson
          Article:  Water Resources Journal (Date 1975)


IN FORMAT I ON/CONTACT

N/A
                                     -265-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Landfills

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of the project is to determine the authority needed to
acquire land for and operate sanitary landfills; identify and evaluate
powers of local governmental units and limitation of those powers to adopt
and enforce land-use restrictions and regulations as they relate to sani-
tary landfills, and other restrictions such as environmental protection
standards that affect site location; identify reasons for and extent of
institutional arrangements needed for solid-waste management on an areawide
basis.

     State enabling legislation, administrative rules, regulations and
guidelines, local ordinances, and judicial  decisions applicable to site
acquisition, location restrictions,  landfill operations, and funding
requirements were collected tor most of the North Central  States and
analyzed.  A questionairewas used in an endeavor to ascertain the reasons
for and extent of opposition to location sanitary landfills in rural
residential areas.

STATUS

This is an extensive project and is  only half completed. Results and
findings to date are discussed in the following publications.

1. North Dakota Law Review, "Solid Waste Management in North Dakota",
   Vol 49, #3, Spring 1973, pp. 499-535
2. Public Works, Vol 104, #3, 3/73
   Public Works, Vol 104, #4, 4/74
3. Municipal Waste-Research Needs Related to the Institutional and Legal
   Aspects of Recycling Municipal Waste On The Land:Research on Land &
   Water Resources. Proceeding: Residential  Needs Related To Recycling
   Urban Wastewater on Land.  Penn.  State University publication.
4. Managing Solid Waste "A Focus on  Indiana Law Economics Research,
   Service, U.S.D.A. publication

INFORMATION CONTACT

Dean T. Massey
U. of Wisconsin
U.S.D.A. Natural Resources/Economic Division
Madison, Wisconsin  53706
(608) 262-3568
                                      -266-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Lee County Solid Waste Management Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Solid waste disposal in both the incorporated municipalities and
rural areas of Lee County was unsatisfactory.  The City of Tupelo
made an atempt at operating a sanitary landfill in an undesirable
location.   With poor operation, the results were open burning, water
pollution, and insect and rodent production.  Disposal sites for
other areas of the county were nothing more than open dumps.  Garbage
and rubbish collection was provided by the City of Tupelo, the tovms
of Nettleton and Saltillo, and by one private collection service.  The
citizens of the other towns hauled away their own solid wastes.  Garbage
storage is known to be very poor at most of the homes in the small towns.
The prime objective of the project was to demonstrate the feasibility
of a county-wide plan for solid waste management.  A centrally-located
sanitary landfill near Tupelo was operated by the county for disposal.

     The solid waste management project was successful, and, as a
result, most counties in Mississippi are now using a system of mobile
containers.

     The wells around the landfills are continously monitored.  To
date, there has been no evidence of leaching.


STATUS

The final  report was sent to EPA in 1/74.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Tommy Dablis
703 Crossover Road
Tupelo, Miss.   38801
601-842-7381
                                  -267.

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Indiana Solid Waste Management.


CITATION

Indiana Dept. of Commerce, Indianapolis. Div. of Planning.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The report is a general  background paper on the social, economic
and physical problems caused by solid waste.  It covers solid waste
management in terms of the problem of collecting, processing, treating
and disposing of solid waste and the need for cooperation between the
rural and urban sectors in these areas and also in the areas of adminis-
tering and financing the operation.  The appendix is a summary of
Indiana's laws which regulate refuse and its disposal.


STATUS

$4.25/MF $0.95


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -268-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Third Pollution; the National Problem of Solid Waste Disposal. Praeger
Publishers
CITATION

same as Project/Title


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The political aspects of solid waste disposal are discussed.  The
first solid waste law provided that a national research, development,
and demonstration program be initiated and directed by the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare.  The Bureau of Solid Wastes Manage-
ment spread its funds to cover research, development, and demonstration
needs among three sources of solid wastes: urban, industrial, and
agricultural.   The problem is that the Bureau has beer given little
financial support.  Through the concept of revenue-sharing, the
administration feels that municipalities will be able to solve their
problems.  However, waste disposal responsibility is often relegated
to political jurisdictions too small to have sufficient resources for
the job.  Many communities and municipalities are beginning to realize
that the regional approach to solid waste disposal is prsctical and
economically feasible.  Suggestions are made for future legislation
concerning solid waste.   It is recommended that the concepts of con-
servation and the economic balance of social progress be incorporated
into future laws. (D) (G)


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -269-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

A Role for Selective Public Acquisition and Control of the Development
and Utilization of Industrial Sites.
CITATION

Recent Developments in Industrial Pollution Control; Proceedings of
the Fourth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference,
University of Rhode Island, July 13-15 1971 Technomic Publishing Co.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     In choosing a site for a power plant, oil refinery, or other
industrial complex, environmental factors should  surely  be    considered.
However, the term 'environmental factors' is too frequently construed
to mean only the industry's impact in water, air, and land pollution.
If we are to avoid all environmental damage by industry, then we shall
have to outlaw industry.   The American public ha? not yet expressed
a willingness to lower its standard of living to curb the stress
placed on the ecology by industry.  Therefore, since no plant can be
located where its will do absolutely no damage to the: environment,
other, broader factors must be considered as well.  The impact of the
new industry on the socioeconomic life of the area, such as its ability
to provide jobs in areas with high unemployment, should also be judged
as part of its environmental impact.  A new industry may help, if
intelligently located, to stem the rural-urban migration, thereby keeping
the population distribution more balanced.  These are decisions that
must be made, not by the industry involved, but by the planning arm of
the electorate.  To this end, industrial parks should be bought in advance
of need and their tenants of lessees chosen as a matter of public policy.


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -270-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Sludge Processing, Transportation, and Disposal/Resource Recovery;
Planning Perspective
CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A methodology was developed in this report for use in the 208
planning process for the evaluation of alternatives for the ultimate
disposal of residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment
plants.  This methodology considered technical, economic, social, and
institutional factors pertinent to a thorough review of alternatives.

     Residual wastes generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants
were characterized.  Handling and treatment processes for the residual
wastes were discussed and evaluated in light of qualitative and
quantitative changes to the residual wastes.  Liquid, gaseous, and
solid sidestreams produced in residual waste treatment were evaluated
and rail, pipeline, barge, and truck transport of residual wastes were
analyzed.

     Environmental, operational, and institutional constraints to the
use of ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills, sludge recycling,
and land reclamation were presented.
STATUS

Completed in Feb. 1975 - EPA Publication - Contract # 68-01-3104
Publication Pending


INFORMATION CONTACT

Dr.  Dean Neptune
Water Planning Division/Planning Assistance
401  M St.  S.W.
Wash.  D.C.   20460
(202)  426-2474

                                   -271-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Attitudes of Illinois Citizens Toward Solid Waste and the Environment


CITATION

Sigler, Jeanne; Illinois Inst. for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois
University, Urbana Jun 73; 140p


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A survey of citizens throughout Illinois was made to determine their
attitudes toward the problem of solid waste.  In general, city size or
regional differences were noted as the most important predictors of
respondent attitudes toward the environment.  Residents of large cities
(>100,000) expressed more concern for the collection, processing, and
disposal of their trash and garbage than others.  Next to residents of
large cities, those living in the open country had the most serious
solid waste probe!ms, due either to the difficulty of disposal of crop
and animal wastes, or to the lack of adequate collection services.


STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Available from NTIS;pc 9.00/m  $1.45
pb-223 457/3
                                   -272-

-------
RESIDUAL WASTE MODELS
      Section VI
            -273-

-------
TITLE/PROJECT

Environmental New Town


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The Mitre Corporation has been involved in the designing of an in-
novative city designed from the outset to be a model of environmental protection
equipment and systems fabrication.  The innovative "city concepts for energy,
transportation, education, communications, and waste disposal systems and
in outlining site plans, city-industrial a base and infrastructure and financial
implications are discussed.


STATUS

There has been several briefing sessions with HUD and other federal agencies.
The project, Environmental New Town, was a joint research effort.

Information  and preliminary reports are available upon request  from:


INFORMATION/CONTACT

R. Rifkin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va.  22101
703-790-6000
                                       -274-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Automated System for Water Pollution Control from an Animal  Production Unit


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The specific aims of the project were:  1. To  continue to monitor with
weekly sampling and laboratory analyses the  overall performance  character-
istics of the plant. 2. To install, test  and evaluate the performance of
the aerobic digester equipment to be provided by DeLaval Comapny, or if
not by them, to purchase and build a surface aerator for installation in
the aerobic digester. 3. Surface aerator;  submergence and speed variation
tn rotor; turbidity improvement of the effluent with the use of coagu-
lants; evaluation of chlorine disinfection of the recycled effluent.
4. To automate the disposal of solids onto the nearby farm land with the use of
automatically operated irrigation system.  5. To establish some monitoring
stations for sampling and analyzing the: water from the Loramie Creek that
receives the drainage from the research farm of the Botkins Grain and
Feed Company.  6. Develop an economic model  of the plant to evaluate ways
of making the system economically feasible.


STATUS

Completed.

     The project was monitored for 3 yrs., and is reputedly the longest
study of a project of this type.  The report is well documented.  The
findings were presented in April, 1975 at a  conference.

     The report has  been cleared for publication and is awaiting printing
by EPA.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr.  EPTaiganides                       190 N. Oval  Dr., 102 Administration Bl.dg.
Agricultural Engineering               Columbus,  Ohio  43210
614-422-6626
Ohio State University
School of Agriculture
                                   -775-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

A Predictive Model for the Configuration of and Concentration Varia-
tions within Mai enclaves Resulting from Refuse Landfills
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective is to further develop and test a predictive model
relating the contamination variations within a malenclave to the water-
table gradient, permeability, distance from source, depth, age of
landfill and precipitation.  Approach is to predict the contamination
qualities for various landfills from the model and compare predicted to
actual conditions.  Test sites will be both previously studied landfills
and new sites.  At the new sites groundwater quality will be sampled
from well nests containing boreholes to 15, 25, and 40 feet and analyzed
by usual chemical techniques.


STATUS

Ongoing project.  Investigators are attempting to modify the computer
model(designedby Freeze, IBM) for use by countries, cities, etc. in
planning disposal programs.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

L. V. Sendlein  294-8252
R. C. Palmquist 204-7814
Iowa State University
Water Resources Research Inst.
403 Town Engineering Bldg.
Ames, Iowa  50010
                                  -276-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Thermophilic Aerobic  Digestion of Organic Solid Wastes
(Andrews,  John F., Kambhu, Kawi)


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The major  reactions involved in the process of thermophilic aerobic
digestion are presented, discussed, and simplified into the basic
stoichimetric, thermochemical, kinetic relationships.  A simple procedure
is presented for determining the thermochemistry of the net reaction by
relating heat production to the oxygen equivalent, or C.O.D. of the
organic solids.

     The simulation studies and mathematical model discussed employ
conservative values of biological parameters.  The mathematical model
provides assistance in planning and conducting pilot plant studies.
STATUS

Final  Report.  - NTIS $6.25/MF  $1.45
                PB 222 396
INFORMATION CONTACT

Clemson University
S. C.  Dept. of Environmental System Engineering
                                   -277-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Cost-Effectiveness Study for Handling and Disposal of Organic Sludges


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The goal of this project is to develop mathematical model for all
commonly used processes for sludge handling and disposal and to use
these models in an Executive program which will size all processes and
estimate the cost of the complete treatment train.  Processes being
considered are gravity thickening, air flotation thickening, centrifugation,
anaerobic digestion, elutriation, aerobic digestion, vacuum filters,
sand drying beds, multiple hearth incineration, and transport and disposal
to land.  A total of 181 ways have been identified to handle and dispose
of both primary and waste activated sludge.  Computation of the cost of
these alternative processes will begin when models for aerobic digestion
and land disposal have been completed.


STATUS

Final stage of Preparation for Publication


INFORMATION CONTACT

Richard Eilers or Robert Smith
NERC
5555 Ridge Ave.
Cinn. , Ohio  45213
684-2200, 8352
                                    -278-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk County,
Long Island, New York


CITATION

Preliminary Findings of a Leachate Study on Two Landfills in Suffolk County,
New York.   By Grant E. Kimmel and Olin C. Braids.  Journal of Research,
U.S. Geological Survey, Vol.3   , No.  3, May-June 1975, p. 273-280


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     In anticipation of the expected population growth in the county, water
planning and management agencies feel the need for regulation in the
operation of solid-waste-disposal sites and in the selection of new sites,
so as to prevent unreasonable or unnecessary deterioration of the quality
of the ground water or of the environment.  In drafting regulations,
information is needed with regard to the character of the leachate and
chemical reactions that may occur in the zones of aeration and saturation.
In this respect information was needed on incinerated solid waste as well
as the general variety of solid wastes.

     The major objectives of this project were to (a) document the nature
and extent of changes in the chemical quality of the ground water
associated with solid-waste disposal at one or more selected sites, and
(b) apply existing modeling techniques to predict the nature and rate of
change (both as a function of time and space) of the chemical quality of
the ground water.  To the extent possible, modeling efforts involved the
zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.
STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION CONTACT

Dale Mosher - EPA/SWM
1835 K Street, N.W. AW/564
Washington, D.C.
                                    -279-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Regional Management of Animal Manures


CITATION

Dodd, V.A., D.F.  Lyons, and J. R. O'Callaghan.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     It is  proposed that a centralized storage facility should be
provided for a group of pig and/or poultry units.  The manure that is
collected and brought to the central store can be disposed of by spreading
on land in  a separate operation.   A mathematical, analytical model is
constructed to determine the best place to locate the central store,
and spead the manure.  The model  was applied to a specific region
containing  58 pig fattening units.  Results showed that the system may
be economically attractive, having as additional advantages the mini-
mization of pollutional hazards and the relieving of the pig or poultry
farmer of the task of manure management.


STATUS

SWIRS Library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -280-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Optimization Models for Regional Public Systems.


CITATION

Vasan, K.S., Berkeley, University of California, Operations Research
Center, Feb. 1974. 128 p.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Optimization models for regional solid waste management systems
are presented and discussed.  A review of papers and reports on the
application of systems analysis and operations research to the problems
of solid waste management is presented.  The development of optimization
models for regional solid waste management systems is discussed.   The
mathematical formulation of the problem is included and methods of
solving static models are described.  The algorithm? used in the
solutions are discussed.  Sample problems for each of three static
models are solved.  Data and functions used in these solutions are
included.  A mathematical formulation of the long range planning of
locations and expansion of facilities for regional management of solid
waste systems is presented and the procedure for its solution is
demonstrated.


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -281-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Stochastic Population Dynamics for Regional Water Supply and Waste
Management Decision-making.
CITATION

Ph. D.  Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., 1970


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A rational methodology for Iocs]  area population projection and
water and sewer service area prediction is developed.  The projection
model consists of a stochastic simulation of inter-regional population
growth and a finite difference solution to a non-linear partial differential
equation describing spatial variations in urban population densities.
The projection model output is designed as input to optimization al-
gorithms for regional water supply and waste treatment facilities.  The
components of demographic chance are modeled as regressive stochastic
processes, and response surface algorithm is developed to decompose
net migration rates into in-and-out migration rates.  Service area
prediction is based on a computerized evaluation of the distance-density
relations at the existing service area periphery.   Comparison of results
to preliminary census figures for 1970 indicates a superior prediction
performance over traditional methods of population projection as
practiced by consulting engineers and planners. (T)


STATUS

This thesis available from University Microfilms,  order no. 71-6390.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

b. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.
                                  -282-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Regional  Planning Models for Solid Waste Management.


CITATION

Kuhner, J.,  and B. Heilet; static tP-model.   In Models for environmental
pollution control.  Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann  Arbor Science Publishers,
Inc., 1973.   p.344-347.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The static average distance Lp-rnodel  can be! used for today's usual
regional  transportation and processing problems.  It is further generalized
to include more of today's recognized processing and disposal alternatives.
Engineers and planners should be able to extend the models to include
all the alternatives available in regional solid waste management.  These
models can also be extended to include more constraints.  The static LP-
model can also be extended and serve as an introduction to fixed charge
problems and mixed integer programming.  A problem arises when regional1-
zation is contemplated tc take over the existing facilities of many inde-
pendent operations.  Some of the existing  activities may. need to be: phased
out as economically infeasible, and associated with the phasing out will
be costs such as dismantling an incinerator or recuTtivating over a dump.
Considerations of the problems concerning  regional solid waste management
showed that extensions to the simpler static  average location model would
be strongly desirable.  Unfortunately, many of the desired extensions
cannot be solved by an LP but would also require solution by mixed integer
programming.


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -283-

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PROJECT/TITLE

A Pollution-Free System for the Economic Utilization of Municipal
  Solid Waste - Phase II
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This is the final phase of a project in which the most cost-
effective pollution free system for the conversion of solid waste
generated in New York City to a source of energy and recyclable materials
will be designed.   The manual will be especially addressed to nontechnical
municipal authorities and decision-makers faced with the problem of
choosing among the many competing advanced technology options in Solid
Waste Management.

     A complete system has been designed for Westchester County to test
the generalizability of the: results to a lower density suburban community
having no resident electric utility.  The manual summarizes the quanti-
tative and qualitative findings of the project in well digested, generic
terms to facilitiate their dissemination to other American municipalities
of varying sizes.   The manual is a compendium of four position papers.
STATUS

The manual is near completion.  Publication is expected in August, 1975.
The title is Resource Recovery Handbook for Public Officials.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Helmut W. Schulz
School of Engineering
378 Engineering Terrace
New York, New York  10027
212-280-2374
                                   -284-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Projection and Analyses of the Economies of Substate Planning Districts
in Oklahoma
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The present study attempts to construct a data base for substate
planning.  The emphasis is on estimating an analytical model of the
economic base for each of the planning districts in Oklahoma.  Analysis
of the economic base is for purposes of projecting employment and
income levels and for estimating the impact of changes in the planning
district economies.

     The study is structured primarily for use by regional planners in
Oklahoma,  Regional Planners should find it useful for purposes of
community services planning, public capital budgeting, or for other areas
of community development planning.  Most technical detail has been
relegated to appendices.  The study, however, should also be found useful
to research scientists investigating spatial requirements for transporta-
tion, energy, water, or other critical resources.


STATUS

Publication available upon request.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr.  D.  F. Schreiner
Oklahoma State University
Department of Agricultural Economics
Stillwater, Oklahoma  74075
405-372-7511
                                  -285-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Models for Environmental Pollution Control.


CITATION

Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1973. 448 p.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Mathematical models and systems analysis techniques for the control
of environmental pollution and resources development are discussed.
The studies included combine mathematical modeling, systems analysis,
and computer techniques with environmental pollution control technology.
The volume is addressed to the scientists and engineers who are involved
in the control of environmental pollution.  The role of system? analysis
and mathematical modeling in the areas of water pollution control, water
supply and water resources development, air pollution control, solid
waste disposal, noise control, and total environment systems is discussed.
Solid waste management models and regional waste disposal planning
models are presented.  The use of mathematical  modeling in designing
refuse collection systems and routing patterns  for street cleaning and
sncw removal operations is explained.


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION

N/A
                                  -286-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Total  Environmental  Quality Management. Models.


CITATION

In Models for environmental pollution control. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers,  Inc., 1973. p. 403-436


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Traditionally, gaseous, liquid, and solid waste management problems
have been dealt with separately with little or no concern for the other
environmental media, such  as atmosphere, water courses, and land, into
which residuals are discharged.  The purpose of this study is to delineate
the entire regional residuals management system, including the range of
management options available to society for improving environmental
quality, and to indicate how all the components of the system may be
expressed and ultimately linked together within the same computational
framework.  A regional residuals management model that includes all the
relevant management options available to society for improving environ-
mental quality consists of residuals generation and discharge models,
environmental modification models, environmental quality models, damage
functions, and management  strategies.  The; management model is formulated
quantitatively and mathematical forms of the various environemntal models
are discussed.  An atmospheric dispersion model and an aquatic ecosystem
model  are included.  Computations! schemes for selecting an optimal
management strategy are suggested.


STATUS

This document is retained  in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                    -287-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Planning Process
CITATION
Solid Waste Management Plan
Olympia, Washington, Department of Ecology, State of Washington, 1.4.72


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A model  for the procedural process in developing a local  solid
waste management plan is  provided.  It must be remembered that planning
is not as static a-process as a model  would suggest; it is dynamic and
continuous.  At many points in a planning process feedback into the
system occurs, which may  influence the plan and make changes necessary.
Outside events may also affect the suitability of the plan!  The first
step in any planning process is awareness of the existence of a problem.
This realization leads to data collection which may determine further
aspects of the difficulty.  Once the problem is fully identified,
objectives can be formulated.  Several alternatives may be available to
achieve the objectives set forth.  Identifying alternatives and deciding
among them requires the continuing assistance of a interdisciplinary
technical advisory staff.  These experts may rule out some alternatives
as impractical or economically prohibitive, while they may propose other
solutions that had not occurred to the planning agency.  Existing plans,
such as State, regional or local plans, should be taken into consideration.
Public information must be dealt with at every phase of the planning
process.  Only by informing the public of what problems are being attacked
and what solutions considered can the planners be assured of maximum
public support for the final  planning phase, the establishraent-'of the plan.


STATUS

N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -288-

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               RESIDUAL  WASTE  PLANNING & MANAGEMENT







                            Section VII







Part I     State & Local  Planning/Management





Part II    Regional Planning





Part III  Other
                                  -289-

-------
Part I    State & Local Planning/Management
                         -291-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

The Planning Process


CITATION
 Solid Waste  Management  Plan
Olympia, Washington, Department of Ecology, State of Washington, 1.4.72


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A model for the procedural process in developing a local solid
waste management plan is provided.  It must be remembered that planning
is not as static a process as a model would suggest; it is dynamic and
continuous.  At many points in a planning process feedback into the
system occurs, which may influence the plan and make changes necessary.
Outside events may also affect the suitability of the plan.  The first
step in any planning process is awareness of the existence of a problem.
This realization leads to data collection which may determine further
aspects of the difficulty.  Once the problem is fully identified,
objectives can be formulated.  Several alternatives may be available to
achieve the objectives set forth.  Identifying alternatives and deciding
among them requires the continuing assistance of a interdisciplinary
technical advisory staff.  These experts may rule out some alternatives
as impractical or economically prohibitive, while they may propose other
solutions that had not occurred to the planning agency.  Existing plans,
such as State, regional  or local plans, should be taken into consideration.
Public information must be dealt with at every phase of the planning
process.  Only by informing the public of what problems are being attacked
and what solutions considered can the planners be assured of maximum
public support for the final planning phase, the establishment-of the plan.


STATUS

N/A,
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -293-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Projection and Analyses of the Economies of Substate Planning Districts
in Oklahoma
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The present study attempts to construct a data base for substate
planning.  The emphasis is on estimating an analytical model of the
economic base for each of the planning districts in Oklahoma.  Analysis
,of the economic base is for purposes of projecting employment and
income levels and for estimating the impact of changes in the planning
district economies.

     The study is structured primarily for use by regional planners in
Oklahoma.  Regional Planners should find it useful for purposes of
community services planning, public capital budgeting, or for other areas
of community development planning.  Most technical detail has been
relegated to appendices.  The study, however, should also be found useful
to research scientists investigating spatial requirements for transporta-
tion, energy, water, or other-critical resources,.


STATUS

Publication available upon request.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Dr.  D.  F. ScHreiner
Oklahoma State University
Department of Agricultural Economics
Still water, Oklahoma  74075
405-372-7511
                                  -294-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Sanitary Landfill  Technology


CITATION

Weiss,  S.  Los Angeles County study.  In Sanitary  landfill technology.
Park Ridge,  New Jersey, Moyes Data Corporation, 1974. p..252-269


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A study conducted by the County of Los Angeles, California* to
formulate construction criteria for sanitary landfills and improvements
which would lead to optimum land development and  use is reported.  Methods
utilized in the study are described.  Monitoring  and prediting subsidence
and compaction of landfill, gas movement and control,  and groundWater
pollution from sanitary landfills are discussed.  Criteria for the location,
design, construction, inspection, supervision, and maintenance of- sanitary
landfills;-for the uses of land on or adjacent to sanitary landfills; and
for the development, construction, and maintenance of improvements to
sanitary landfills established as a result of this study are disctissed.


STATUS

SWIRS library


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                     -295-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Water-Quality of Selected Solid-Waste Disposal Sites, Suffolk County,
Long Island, New York
CITATION

Preliminary Findings of a Leachate Study on Two Landfills in Suffolk County,
New York.  By Grant E. Kimmel and 01 in C. Braids.  Journal of Research,
U.S. Geological Survey, Vol.3  , No.  3, May-June 1975, p. 273-280
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     In anticipation of the expected population growth in the county, water
planning and management agencies feel the need for regulation in the
operation of solid-waste-disposal sites and in the selection of new sites,
so as to prevent unreasonable or unnecessary deterioration of the quality
of the ground water or of the environment.  In drafting regulations,
information is needed with regard to the character of the leachate and
chemical reactions that may occur in the zones of aeration and saturation.
In this respect information was needed on incinerated solid waste as well
as the general variety of solid wastes.

     The major objectives of this project were to (a) document the nature
and extent of changes in the chemical quality of the ground water
associated with solid-waste disposal at one or more selected sites, and
(b) apply existing modeling techniques to predict the nature and rate of
change (both as a function of time and space) of the chemical quality of
the ground water.  To the extent possible, modeling efforts involved the
zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.
STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION CONTACT

Dale Mosher - EPA/SWM
1835 K Street, N.W. AW/564
Washington, D.C.
                                     -296-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Criteria for Site Selection and Operation of Sanitary Landfills

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The objective of the project is to determine the authority needed to
acquire land for and operate sanitary landfills; identify and evaluate
powers of local governmental units and limitation of those powers to adopt
and enforce land-use restrictions and regulations as they relate to sani-
tary landfills, and other restrictions such as environmental protection
standards that affect site  location; identify reasons for and extent of
institutional arrangements  needed for solid-waste management on an areawide
basis.

     State enabling legislation, administrative rules, regulations and
guidelines, local ordinances, and judicial decisions applicable to site
acquisition, location restrictions, landfill operations, and funding
requirements were collected for most of the North Central  States and
analyzed.  A questionairewas used in an endeavor to ascertain the reasons
for and extent of opposition to location sanitary landfills in rural
residential areas.

STATUS

This is an extensive project and is only half completed. Results and
findings to date are discussed in the following publications.

1. North Dakota Law Review, "Solid Waste Management in North Dakota",
   Vol 49, #3, Spring 1973, pp. 499-535
2. Public Works, Vol 104, #3, 3/73
  . Public Works, Vol 104, #4, 4/74
3. Municipal Waste-Research Needs Related to the Institutional and Legal
   Aspects of Recycling Municipal Waste On The Land Research on Land &
   Water Resources. Proceeding: Residential Needs Related To Recycling
   Urban Wastewater on Land.  Penn. State University publication.
4. Managing Solid Waste "A  Focus on Indiana Law Economics Research,
   Service, U.S.D.A. publication

INFORMATION CONTACT

Dean T. Massey
U. of Wisconsin
U.S.D.A. Natural Resources/Economic Division
Madison, Wisconsin  53706
(608) 262-3568
                                     -297-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Economic Analysis of Land-Intensive Wastewater Systems


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The 1972 Water Pollution Control  Act Amendments are requiring increased
treatment of municipal  wastewaters.  One method to obtain a high quality
effluent at relatively low cost compared to other techniques is land
treatment.

     This study compares and evaluates conventional  in-plant treatment
and land treatment in a cost framework and in a production efficiency
framework.  The major objective is to explain why more municiplaities have
not chosen land treatment in the past.


STATUS

Publication available.

Publication: Water Resources Research Institute of the University of N.
                Carolina
             UNC-WRRI-74-98     $4.00

             Title: Economic Analysis of Land Treatment of Municipal
                      Wastewaters - G. A. Carlson
           Article: Water Resources Journal (Date 1975)


INFORMATI ON/CONTACT

N/A
                                     -298-

-------
TITLE/PROJECT

Environmental New Town


CITATION

N/A


.ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The Mitre Corporation has  been  involved in the designing of an in-
novative city designed from  the outset to be a model  of environmental  protection
equipment and systems fabrication.   The innovative city concepts for energy,
transportation, education, communications, and waste disposal systems  and
in outlining site plans, city-industrial  a base and infrastructure and financial
implications, are discussed.


STATUS

There has been several briefing sessions  with HUD and other federal agencies.
The project, Environmental New  Town, was  a joint research effort.

Information  and preliminary  reports  are available upon request from:


INFORMATION/CONTACT

R. Rifkin
Mitre Corporation
1820 Dolly Madison Blvd.
McLean, Va.  22101
703-790-6000
                                      -299-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Contingency Planning for Resource Recovery


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A resource recovery plant has been designed by the National
Center for Resource Recovery, and is presently under construction in
New Orleans, La.  The plant will  be operated by a private firm.

     The plant is scheduled to open on May 1, 1976, with a 650 ton
per day material recovery system that utilizes shredding, classifying
and extraction of aluminum, glass, iron, steel, and non-ferrous metals
(excluding aluminum) and paper.  The residuals, which will be mostly
organic, will be landfilled.

     The waste system was so designed as to have no adverse environmental
impact upon ground or surface water.  Water sampling is being done
around the site to establish hydrogeological data, and sampling will
continue during the course of operation.

    The plant is being built on city-owned land.  The cost of the plant,
with the exception of the recovery system, is borne by the private firm.
The resource recovery system is financed by the National Center For
Resource Recovery, a non-profit research organization.

     The plant will process one-half of the city's waste initially.
Two incinerators will be de-commissioned upon completion of the plant.

     Some of the profit gained from the sale of recovered materials will
be shared by the city of New Orleans.


STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION/CONTACT

J. F.  Bernheisel
National Center for Resource Recovery
1211 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C.  20036
202 223-6154
                                    -300-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Guidelines for Local governments on Solid Waste Management


CITATION

National Association of Counties Research Foundation, Washington, D.C.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Ten guides have been prepared on solid waste management to assist
local elected and appointed policy making officials.  These guides cover
the following topics; Areawide approaches; Legal authority: Planning;
Organization; Design and operation; Financing; Technical and financial
assistance; Citizen support; Personnel; and an Acticn plan and Biblio-
graphy.
                         i

STATUS

GPO/MF S0.95-NTIS - PB-214 039/0


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                    -301-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Organization


CITATION

Guidelines for Local Governments on Solid Waste Management.  Public
Health Service Publication No.  2084.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The major functions of a comprehensive solid waste management system
are: policymaking; public information; budgeting, planning and review;
drafting, adoption and enforcement of standards; and operation of the
system.  The public should have access to information concerning the
activities and policies of the  solid  waste management system.   Local
governments must concern themselves with operation of systems  for both
collection and disposal. (D) (G)


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                 -302-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Maryland Creates a Statewide Wholesale Sanitary District to Save
Her Waterways.

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Maryland has enacted a statewide program to coordinate wastewater
and solid waste disposal.  The Maryland Environmental Service (MES)
will: accept wastefrom municipalities and corporations, under contract;
designate or create regional facilities for receiving and treating
their; dispose of the wastes in the purest, most economical and most
efficient way; and encourage reduction in the amount, of waste generated
and discharged to the environment.  MES will charge fees for its
waste-acceptance service and seek to become self-supporting in six years.
MES can issue its own revenue bends to finance new or improved facilities
that hard-squeezed communities have had to pay for on their own.  An
important aim of MES is to disseminate the technical expertness as
well as the financial assistance emanating from Washington, D.C.  MES
can engage in research and developmental studies; and investigations
into improved methods and techniques of liquid and solid wastes
acquisition, processing, purification, disposal, and management.  MES
cannot supplant any municipal wastewater purification solid-waste-disposal
project that is giving adequate service.  The entire state will be
divided into service regions.  Subsequent to regionalization will be
the adoption of a 5-year plan—subject to biennial review—for every
service region.  To avoid building up overhead, MES expects to use
personnel interregionally instead of confining them to a single region.
In its statewide focus, and its aim of enhancing the provision of service,
MES is comparable to water authorities in Ohio and New York.  As a
statewide wholesale sanitary district, however, MES breaks new ground.
STATUS

Retained in the SWIRS Library.

INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A



                                 -303-

-------
Part II    Regional Planning
           -305-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Regional Planning Models for Solid Waste Management.


CITATION

Kuhner, J., and B. Heilet; static LP-model.   In Models for environmental
pollution control.  Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann  Arbor Science Publishers,
Inc., 1973.  p.344-347.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The static average distance Lp-model  can be: used for today's usual
regional transportation and processing problems.  It is further generalized
to include more of today's recognized processing and disposal alternatives.
Engineers and planners should be able to extend the models to include
all the alternatives available in regional solid waste management.  These
models can also be extended to include more constraints.  The static LP-
model can also be extended and serve as an introduction to fixed charge
problems and mixed integer programming.  A problem arises when regionali-
zation is contemplated tc take over the existing facilities of many inde-
pendent operations.  Some of the existing  activities may need to be phased
out as economically infeasible, and associated with the phasing out will
be costs such as dismantling an incinerator or recultivating over a dump.
Considerations of the problems concerning  regional solid waste management
showed that extensions to the simpler static  average location model would
be strongly desirable.  Unfortunately, many of the desired extensions
cannot be solved by an LP but would also require solution by mixed integer
programming.


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -307-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Transport, Scale and Design Options: Design Methods in the Evaluation of
Policy Related Research in the Field of Municipal Solid Waste.


CITATION

Hudson, J. F.» F. P. Gross, D. G. Wilson, and D. H. Marks.  In Evaluation
of policy-related research in the field of municipal solid waste management.
Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Civil Engineering
Systems Laboratory, Sept. 1974. p. 145-160.

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This evaluation of the research on local solid waste management
problems was funded by the National Science Foundation and is primarily
concerned with residential wastes.  While no procedure has been developed
which can find the least cost system considering all possible alternatives
and all factors which affect cost, several methods exist for finding the
best alternative large scale solid waste management system given certain
assumptions about the alternatives considered and the cost structure
involved  in the system.  There has, however, been little documented field
application of methods.  Techniques have been developed which attempt to
select the least cost alternatives where only monetary costs are considered.
Methods for including social and political objectives offer a potentially
valuable aid in facility location, but are still in an early stage of
development.  Some work has been done which attempts to combine a least
cost analysis with input on political and social objectives directly
from the decision maker.  These methods terd to require an excessive
time commitment from the decision maker with little change of worthwile
output other than possibly allowing the decision maker to view tradeoffs
between objectives more clearly.  Little effort has been made in in-
cluding cepacity expansion considerations for facilities in the location
models.  Very useful work is, however, available for considering optimal
strategies for capacity expansion for facilities with given service areas
and growth rates.  If regional programs become more popular, these models
will have a chance at field verification and further development.


STATUS

N.A
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A                                -308-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Developing Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Plan; a Division of
Technical Operations Open-file Report  (TO 14.0)


CITATION

Toftner, R.O., Developing Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Plan;
a Division of Technical Operations Open-file Report (TO 14.0); Cincinnati,
Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1971


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This document describes the; basic features of the planning process
and their utilization in the development of a local or regional plan for
solid waste management.  The purpose of the booklet is to aid local and
regional agencies in preparing comprehensive solid waste management plans.
The first part of the document reviews the planning process itself.  The
essential base studies are listed and discussed.  Part III is devoted
to management considerations to be included in the planning operation,
and management techniques are discussed.  Sections are also given over
to implementation of the plan and report preparation.  A sample formc.t
for reporting the plan is provided, as well as a short bibliography. (C)(G)
STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                    -309-

-------
PROJECT/TITLE

Planning for Solid Waste Disposal: America's Biggest Industry.


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY


     This publication discusses the following:  planning for solid waste
disposal; America's biggest industry:  the production of waste; workshops
on planning for solid waste management; data for solid waste planning;
workshops on data for solid waste planning; intergovernmental  cooperation
and public involvement in solid waste management; workshops on intergovern-
mental cooperation and public involvement; solid waste legislation;
workshops on solid waste legislation;  implementation of solid waste
management plans; workshops on implementation of solid waste management.


STATUS

Paper copy available from GPO $0.45 as stock no. 5502-3307, Ep32:P69.
Library of Congress catalog card no.  71-611731.   E7301


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -310-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Intergovernmental Aspects of Environmental Control: Intergovernmental
Cooperation—the Use of Interstate Compacts.

CITATION

Grad, F. P., G. VI. Rathjens, and A. J. Rosenthal.  In Environmental
control: priori ties 5 policies, and the law.  New York, Columbia University
Press, 1971. p. 130-146.
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     There has been relatively little intergovernmental cooperation in
the area of environmental regulation or enforcement.  What intergovern-
mental  cooperation there has been has involved cooperation imposed from
the top down, rather than among governments at the same level.  This
type of relationship is seen in such areas as grant-in-aid programs
and atomic energy control.  Perhaps the only device for intergovernmental
cooperation which has had some experience is the interstate  compact.
A number of interstate compacts have evolved for the regulation of water
pollution.  The development of the compact device in the field of air
pollution has been much less advanced than in water pollution contorl,
and no  air pollution control compacts are presently in effect.  The
interstate compact device, in spite of the many criticisms that have
been leveled against it, is the only workable device for regional
pollution control management short of general federal controls.  Efforts
should  be directed to devising interstate compact mechanisms that will
meet the criticisms and that will enable interstate compact agencies
to function free from the obstacles that the configuration of particular
compacts has frequently imposed on such agencies in the past.  The role
of the  Federal Government in encouraging such pacts and in participation
in them is discussed.

STATUS

This doucument is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -311-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Managing the Natural Environment; a Regional Plan for Water, Sewage, Air
and Refuse
CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The Tri-State Transportation Commission, representing the States of
Connecticut, New Jersey and New York, presents a report dealing with air
and water pollution and with the problems of solid waste disposal.  It is
recommended that State leadership establish a regional pattern of solid
waste disposal.  The main aims are concerned with the protection of public
health in all disposal practices and with protection of the environment
against damage.  Reuse of materials to reduce the solid waste problem is
to be encouraged.  New low-cost solutions for solid waste disposal problems
will be sought.  The disposal of waste by means of sanitary landfills is
the least expensive method, but sites are not easily available, and
exporting refuse to other areas appears next most economical.  However,
transoprt cost and social resistance to waste 'imports' are sure to raise
further difficulties.  It was therefore decided that the best solution
would be to develop a regional waste disposal plan that depends on presently
used techniques.  Landfill sites will not be available for refuse in
the metropolitan area; this refuse will therefore have to be incinerated.
Collection, cost and organization of this plan are described. (D)(G)


STATUS


NTIS PS 190-290
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -312-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Regional  Government and Conservation.


CITATION

Volume 26 Journal of Soil and Water Conservation; Beecroft, Eric Mar-Apr.1971


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     In bringing professionals and politicians together, regional
government takes on a great significance.  Knowledge must be assembled
and applied to economic development and community building.  A strong case
is often made for special purpose agencies, to handle each facet of
municipal government, rather than having a centralized agency do it all.
In Ontario, water, as a resource, is split among several agencies,
and many measures have been deferred because of jurisdictional conflicts.
The authority was not convinced that any broad, long-range project would
receive financial assistance from the province.  Municipal representatives
were not appointed for their ability to form a link between the authority
and the grassroots.  The Wheat!y Commission in Scotland came out for
local governments to take over water supply, sewerage, river purification,
and flood prevention agencies.  The Canadian Federation of Mayors and
Municipalities also urged the creation of strong, multipurpose regional
governments rather than special agencies.  Community finance corporations
can be set up for conservation, flood protection, pollution control, and
water supply.  Provinces and local authorities could be; given broader
taxing powers.  In giving power to regional governments, citizen partici-
pation will be increased.  (D) (G)


STATUS

SWIRS Library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                    -313-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Total Environmental  Quality Management. Models.


CITATION

In Models for environmental pollution control. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1973. p. 403-436


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Traditionally,  gaseous, liquid, and solid waste management problems
have been dealt with separately with little or no concern for the other
environmental media, such as atmosphere, water courses, and land, into
which residuals are discharged.  The purpose of this study is to delineate
the entire regional  residuals management system, including the range of
management options available to society for improving environmental
quality, and to indicate how all the components of the system may be
expressed and ultimately linked together within the same computational
framework.  A regional residuals management model that includes all the
relevant management options available to society for improving environ-
mental quality consists of residuals generation and discharge models,
environmental modification models, environmental quality models, damage
functions, and management strategies.  The management model is formulated
quantitatively and mathematical forms of the various environemntal models
are discussed.  An atmospheric dispersion model and an aquatic ecosystem
model are included.   Computational schemes for selecting an optimal
management strategy are suggested.


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -314-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Planning Process
CITATION
Solid Waste Management  Plan
Olympia, Washington, Department of Ecology, State of Washington, 1.4.72


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     A model  for the procedural process in developing a local solid
waste management plan is provided.  It must be remembered that planning
is not as static a process as a model would suggest; it is dynamic and
continuous.  At many points in a planning process feedback into the
system occurs, which may influence the plan and make changes necessary.
Outside events may also affect the suitability of the plan!  The first
step in any planning process is awareness of the existence of a problem.
This realization leads to data collection which may determine further
aspects of the difficulty.  Once the problem is fully identified,
objectives can be formulated.  Several alternatives may be availably to
achieve the objectives set forth.  Identifying alternatives and deciding
among them requires the continuing assistance of a interdisciplinary
technical advisory staff.  These experts may rule out some alternatives
as impractical or economically prohibitive, while they may propose other
solutions that had not occurred to the planning agency.  Existing plans,
such as State, regional or local plans, should be taken into consideration,
Public information must be dealt with at every phase of the planning
process.  Only by informing the public of what problems are being attacked
and what solutions considered can the planners be assured of maximum
public support for the final planning phase, the establishment-of the plan.


STATUS

N/A
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                    -315-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Planning Process.


CITATION

Developing a Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Plan; a Division
of Technical Operations Open-file Report (TO 14.0); Cincinnati, Ohio,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Toftner, R.O. 1971


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The planning process is a systematic method of recognizing that a
general situation or problem exists; collecting and analyzing data about
the problem; redefining the situation or problem in light of analyzed
data; establishing objectives to change the situation; predetermining the
methods, timing, and priorities for achieving objectives; and evaluating
the predetermined methods in light of their success or failure in achieving
objectives.  The local or regional plan should serve five functions.  It
should provide technical  and policy guidelines for accomplishing the intent
of the local or regional  agency.  It should provide a framework of standards
for planning and implementation.  It should provide for an integrated system
of approved storage, collection, transport, resource recovery, and final
disposition of solid waste.  It should establish methods for translating
the plant into system design and direct operations.  Finally, it should
serve as a legislative support document.  The plan should be coordinated
with State and Federal guideline and laws, all other plans, such as sewer
and health department policies, and with the private sector of collection
and disposal operations.   A simple, eight-step model shows the basic planning
structure, although the actual  planning process is dynamic and not static,
as it appears on paper.  As objectives are considered and alternatives
weighed, a competent interdisciplinary staff is essential to suggest and
evaluate various methods  of waste handlings.  (D)(G)


STATUS

SWIRS Library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -316-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Michigan Towns Sell  Regional  Authority  Bonds.


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     In 1967, five municipalities  in  Berrien County, Michigan, with
a combined population of  77,000  people,  individually took stock of
their disposal facilities and concluded  that they were faced with a
state of emergency.  For  a  number  of  years, each had been discarding its
solid wastes at open dumps  situated in  swampy river areas, resulting
in pollution of the  local streams.  After studying the costs involved
in setting up a sanitary  landfill  in  each of the five regions, it was
decided to band together  to start  a single, common landfill.  The North-
western Berrien County Sanitation  Authority was established.  The landfill
was financed by selling negotiable bonds through the Detroit stock exchange.
The Authority hired, a private hauler,  to be full time superintendent
of the site.  To get the  operation started a John Deere self-elevating
scraper, a small Deere wheel  tractor  with front end loader, a Clark
CS-70 Trash-Pak, and an American Hoist  crane and dragline were purchased.
Since the site was on flat  land, with no natural ravines or hills,
converting to a landfill  meeting state  specifications and also local
regulations took a great  deal of time and excavating.  The disposal trench
currently in use is  70 ft.  wide, 20 ft.  deep and 1,400 ft. long.  Its
life expectancy is a year to  18 months, which the entire site is expected
to last more than a decade.   All of the 800 to 900 cu. yd. of household,
commercial, and industrial  wastes  generated in the five municipalities
each day must be taken to the Authority's landfill, according to regula-
tions.   At the landfill each  vehicle  is  charged/cu. yd. rather than by
weight.  No one dumps free  at the  site.  Every member of the Authority
pays the same rate and there  are no discounts for volume.


STATUS

Retained in the SWIRS Library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A

                                    -317-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Intergovernmental Approaches to Solid Waste Management


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Solid waste management must be approached according to the concept
of an integrated management system within a framework of maximum operational
authority.  Adoption of this broad approach will frequently require a
transcending of jurisdictional  boundaries.  Consequently, intergovernmental
approaches must be taken.   Urban, rural, and statewide interstate regions
can be related to and modeled on intergovernmental solid waste management
groups.   Options such as joint powers and services agreements, contractual
arrangements, and overall  operational organizations incorporating the
advantages of authorities, compacts, and utilities could be used.  Develop-
ment of an integrated management system includes the organization of the
region-wide intergovernmental jurisdiction and an actual operating unit.
In planning the system, consideration must be given to finances, manpower,
equipment and facilities management, and control anc1 evaluation of the
system's operation and performance.  Examples of the kind of coordination
discussed are given for various levels, and their applicability as guide-
lines is evaluated. (G)


STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -318-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Economic Aspects of Regional Versus Local Solid Waste Management
CITATION

Owens, R. J.
               M.S. Thesis,  University  of  Washington,  (Seattle),  1971
                                                                         67 p.
ABSTRACT/ SUMMARY

     The economic considerations in the determination of the optimal
area and facility sized for solid waste management systems are examined.
Solid waste collection costs do not appear to vary with the size of the
area served.  Economics of scale exist in all transportation systems when
the distances remain constant.  The major savings in reported disposal
costs occur by enlarging sanitary landfills to 120 tons per day and
incinerators to 600 tons per day.  Cost evaluation of reclamation
processes is not available at this time.  Savings obtained by enlarging
service areas of treatment, transfer, or disposal fac.il iteis must be
added to transportation costs to obtain optimum area sizes.  The radius
of optimum area size was found to decrease with increasing population
density, per capita waste generation, and transportation costs.  The
sensitivity of optimum area sizes to cost variables was also found to
decrease with population density.  Data are included on the variables
affecting collection costs.  The factors that influence the design
life of a sanitary landfill site are variable and often unquantifiable,
but an effort is made to develop equations to determine the optimum
life of a site.  The computerized determination of optimum area sizes
is included.
STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/ CONTACT

N/A
                                   -319-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The;Ut11ity Concept


CITATION

McGauhey,  P.H., Waste Age, The Utility Concept, Volume 2, I 3, May-June 1971


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The utility concept is the idea that refuse collection and disposal
should be regarded as one of the municipal or regional utilities, just
as water supply, electric power, and waste water treatment.  Although regional
plans have been developed for management of air pollution, water pollution
and resource utilization, similar actions have not yet been taken in the
less glamorous solid waste field.  Increasing public consciousness of such
concepts as resource recovery may change this image, and place soild
waste management higher on the list of government action priorities.
Each,utility engaged in the solid waste management field would have
different authorities and activities.  The most common activity would
be the operation of a system responsible for refuse collection and
transportation to transfer stations.  Disposal arrangements would vary,
however, under a regional plan where they surely would not consist of merely
exporting the wastes into adjacent territory and dumping them, as had
been practiced by some municipalities, in the past.  The second function
would be that of collecting reasonable fees for the services performed.
These fees would avoid the usurpation of local privileges.  Considering
the efficiency and flexibility which the utility concept offers, it is
surprising that it has not received much consideration heretofore. (D)
(G).


STATUS

SWIRS Library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                -320-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Name of the Game is Service


CITATION

Porter, Robert; Waste Age Vol. 2 #3 Date: May-June 1


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Chapter 28E Code of Iowa provides for the creation of regional agencies
such as those which are appropriate in solid waste collection and  disposal.
Under this enabling legislation, the Des Moines Metropolitan Area Solid
Waste agency was set up.  Of the municipalities in the area, only the city of
Des Moines has turned over its solid waste management to the agency, but
others are negotiating to do so.  Only residential refuse is handled, and
a fee of from $2 to $8 per residence is charged.  Larger buildings and
industrial establishments are serviced by private contractors.  The agency
acquired the city landfill site and all the equipment used by the city when
collection was transferred to its jurisdiction.  Personnel, too, was trans-
ferred and offered the same benefits as the city has provided.  Since the
Landfill must be self-suupporting, rates have been raised to $.50 per cu
yd.  At the new site, charges will be made by the ton.  Members of the agency
are now free to leave at any time, although after revenue bonds are issued
to  purchase land and equipment this will no longer be true.  Most of the
area towns realize that the ultimate solution to solid waste disposal pro-
blems is a regional agency, and now that the agency is operating within
its budget and providing good service, it will undoubtedly grow.


STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                       -321-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Service Areas


CITATION

Roy F. Weston, Environmental Scientists and Engineers, A Statewide Com-
prehensive Solid Waste Management Study; Albany, New York; N. Y. State
Department of Health; Feb. 1970


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The advantages of regionalization  are  lower unit costs, better oper-
ation, more effective site selection, more thorough preplanning, and a
sounder basis for financing.  Inability to obtain cooperation between
municipalities has hampered any plans along these lines.  In order to
achieve regionalization, the State will have to take responsibility for
promoting it.  The term 'service area1 has been chosen to designate a
portion of the State for which cooperative solid waste effort is appro-
priate.  The most important objective in delineating a service area is
to realize the least cost consistent with the most effective and
manageable disposal means.  A list of selected State-owned lands indicates
that 27 percent of them would be needed for disposal of solid wastes.
Tables are presented for service areas, acreage requirements for disposal
of future wastes by sanitary landfill, operating costs of future landfill
sites, and projected land requirements.  (D)(G)


STATUS

SWIRS Library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                    -322-

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Problem that Won't Go Away.


CITATION

The Problem that Won't Go Away; New York State Dept. of Health;


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Suffolk County's solid waste disposal is splintered among more than
a dozen separate jurisdictions at various levels; county, town, village,
state, and federal institutions.  Local jurisdictions have not had the
means for the planning and record-keeping that growth now demands for
Suffolk.  Essential functions can be accomplished most effectively and
most economically at the central level.  A plan has been developed for
regional control and administration of solid waste disposal.  Adoption
of practical, modern methods for reducing the volume of waste and dis-
posing of it  is an important aspect of the plan.  An overall program for
improvement and extension of existing disposal facilities is needed.
Coordinated regulations, record-keeping, and monitoring would benefit
the county.  It is estimated that proposed new refuse facilites, plus
operation and improvement of existing facilities will cost property owners
an average of 49<£ in property taxes/$100 of assessed valuation over the
next 25 years.


STATUS

SWIRS Library # Accession #7644


INFORMATION/CONTACT
                                     -323-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Land Use and Industrial Site Selection.


CITATION

Varin, Daniel W; Recent Developments in Industrial Pollution Control;
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution
Conference, University of Rhode Island. July 13-15, 1971 -Jechnomic
Publishing Co.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Planning for industrial growth is part of the State plan for the
State of Rhode Island.  Economic well-being for its residents is one aim
of the State, and its goals in this area are to improve opportunities for
maximum productive employment through continued industrial development,
to make full use of manpower development resources, to reduce unemployment
and underemployment, and to increase real and disposable income.  In the
realm of industrial site selection, Rhode Island intends:  to make efficient
use of available land to promote a pleasing, coherent, and workable
environment; to stabilize older central cities; to control urban sprawl
and dispersion; to reduce urban blight; to sustain economic growth at the
maximum rate consistent with regional resources; and to reduce stream
pollution to levels set in the State's water quality classification plan.
The guide designed to implement the plan provides for the public facilities
needed to support the proposed land use pattern.  The industrial site
chosen were selected with consideration of utility services, transportation,
soil, topography and drainage, and compatibility with existing land use.
The plan allocates about 30 sq miles to all industrial purposes, as compared
with 10 or 11 sq miles in use now for industry. (D)(G)


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                    -324-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Areawide Approaches


CITATION

Guidelines for Local Governments on Solid Waste Management. Public Health
Service Publication No. 2084; Washington, D.C.; U.S. Gov. Printing Office;
1971


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     An areawide approach to solid waste management will insure a compre-
hensive progrm.  Evidence of solid waste mismanagement can be found in
pollution of land, water, and air.  These pollutions must be seen as inter-
related.  An areawide approach should include the widest feasible geography
and be projected for disposal sites to last for 20 years.  County govern-
ments and metropolitan councils of government are examples of such areas.
In some places special districts set up for purposes such as taxing can
perform the function of the areawide government.  State action in areawide
programs thus far has mainly been in technical assistance.  Intergovernmental
cooperation can be accomplished in a variety of ways:formal or informal
agreements, contract, joint management, or transfer of function. (D)(G)

     Areawide planning is the responsibility of local elected officials.
Planning must be accepted by the citizens and be in accord with basic
State requirements.  The first step in the planning process is collecting
data on physical factors, population and land use, solid waste types and
quantities, and regulations.  Systems analysis can be a useful tool in
interpreting information.  Implementation requires captial budgeting and
active support.  A list of solid waste planning agencies in each State
with addresses is included.  (D)(G)


STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A



                                     -325-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Regionally Consolidated Industrial Wastewater Treatment


CITATION

National Industrial Pollution Control Council; 34 pages : Washington, D.C.
U.S. Government Printing Office; Feb. 1971


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This booklet discusses the regional waste water treatment plant as a
solution for industries which must clean up thetr effluents before dis-
charging them into waterways.  An attempt will be made to identify the range
of tehcnical, economic, and social issues that pertain to the disposal
of waterborne wastes of a regional grouping of industries and possibly one
or more municipalities.  The critical issues that must be resolved before
industries can and will join in such regional programs are noted.  The
system is described from a theoretical viewpoint and then evaluated in
terms of the alternative available to two geographical areas, the San
Francisco Bay-Delta and the Cuyahoga River in Ohio.  The specific costs,
environmental implications, and institutional requirements involved in
these two areas are dealt with.

     Environmental quality models are included in the booklet.

STATUS

This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                    -326-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Criteria for Regional Solid Waste Management Planning


CITATION

B. H.  Stevens, Regional Science Research institute Philadelphia. Pa.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This report consists of a collection of studies on selected aspects
of the problem of regional solid waste management planning.  The research
efforts fall into three main subject areas; the economics of solid waste
generation,recycling, and disposal, the economic and social effects of
landfills, and the issues involved in local—intergovernmental  cooperation
for regional solid waste management.  The individual studies are the following:
"A Framework for Evaluating the Economic Effects of Regional Solid Waste
Systems"."Production Functions for Solid Waste Disposal", "Solid Waste
Generation Coefficients; Manufacturing Sectors", Solid Waste Generation
Coefficient; Non-Manufacturing Sectors", Preceptions of Landfill Operations
Held by Nearby Residents", and "Efforts at Intermunicipal Cooperation
for Solid Waste Disposal.  Why They Fail".  The report also includes a
summary of the studies.


STATUS

Publication available. NTIS-PB 239631 $9.50


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Talley, R. J.
513-684-4484
                                    -327-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Lee County Solid Waste Management Project


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Solid waste disposal in both the incorporated municipalities and
rural areas of Lee County was unsatisfactory.   The City of Tupelo made an
attempt at operating a sanitary landfill in an undesirable location.   With
poor operation, the results were open burning, water pollution, and insect
and rodent production.  Disposal sites for other areas of the county were
nothing more than open dumps.  Garbage and rubbish collection was provided
by the City of Tupelo, the towns of Nettleton and Saltillo, and by one
private collection service.  The citizens of the other towns hauled away
their own solid wastes.  Garbage storage is known to be very poor at most
of the homes in the samll towns.  The prime objective of the project was to
demonstrate the feasibility of a county-wide plan for solid waste management.
A centrally-located sanitary landfill near Tupelo was operated by the county
for disposal.

     The solid waste management project was sucessful, and, as a result,
most counties in Mississippi are now using a system of mobile containers.

     The wells around the landfills are continously monitored.  To date, there
has been no evidence of leaching.


STATUS

The final report was sent to EPA in 1/74.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

Tommy Dab!is
703 Crossover Road
Tupelo, Miss.  38801
601-842-7381
                                     -328-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Evaluation of Feasibility and Economic Implication of Pricing Mechanisms in
Solid Waste Management

CITATION

E. Ernest, ABT Associates, Inc.  Cambridge, MA.


ABSTRACT

     This study analyzes the potential of pricing mechanisms in solid
waste management systems.  Such pricing mechanisms have been suggested as
appropriate means for encouraging greater efficiency of resource, both
within the solid waste management system proper and among sources of solid
wastes.  The study reviews the limited empirical evidence concerning supply
and demand characteristics in markets for solid waste management (primary
collection) services.  The analysis of processing and disposal and ancillary
Solid Waste Management services is hampered by the diversity of existing
systems, and remaining problems in the conceptual clarification of the
services provided.  The analysis of cost functions in the Collection and
Transportation subsystem suggests that these cost functions are subject
to variable returns to scale.  For smaller communities, there are
economies of scale with respect to the amount of waste handled.  For
larger communities, scale effects vanish.  The available literature
provides sufficiently strong evidence for the importance of both prices
(and pricing policies) and incomes as determinants of the amount of waste
collected per household.  This evidence is used in an exploratory
numerical analysis employing decision-theoretic elements to assess the
likely impact of pricing mechanisms.  The analysis suggests that total
system costs could be reduced through pricing mechanisms, even though
there would be a tendency to rely more on self-disposal as prices for
collection services increase.  The study concludes with a brief suggestion
for a feasible method for implementing an effective pricing mechanism
in SWM systems.

STATUS

Publication available.  NTIS PB 239116/AS  $4.75

INFORMATION/CONTACT

Goddard,  H. C.  513-684-4484
                                      -329-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Intergovernmental Aspects of Environmental Control: Problems Presented
by Legal and Administrative Arrangements—A Critical Recapitulation


CITATION

F. P. Grad and G. W. Rathjens, and A. J. Rosenthal


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     One of the major problems that the present pattern of rule-making
and enforcement in environmental law presents to effective environmental
management is the lack of a unified policy and the disjunctiveness of
regulatory and enforcement activities.  There is no integrative principle
that in some way ties the Federal and State development programs into the
State and Federal environmental control effort.  Also, present legislation
too often separates the responsibility for rule-making and standard setting
from the responsibility for enforcement by lodging them at different levels
of government, thus rendering the ^-regulatory effort less effective.

     In the planning for effective environmental controls, the appropriate
level of government to make policies and rules and to carry out or enforce
them must be considered.  The question involves the proper size of govern-
ment's territorial jurisdiction if it is to operate effectively in the
control of environmental pollution.  The issue is not only what level
of government should appropriately regulate the problem, but whether the
policymaking and standard setting functions need to be the responsibility
of the same level of government that is primarily responsible for enforcement.

     The provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 are
reviewed and the powers and actions of Council of Environmental Policy
are discussed.  The effects of environmental impact statement on pollution
control are examined.  The agencies and functions now combined in EPA are
identified, and the problems related to the creation of the agency are
described.
STATUS

SWIRS library.

INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A                                 -330-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Regional  Management of Animal Manures


CITATION

Dodd, V.A., D.F. Lyons, and J. R. O'Callaghan.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     It is proposed that a centralized storage facility should be
provided for a group of pig and/or poultry  units.  The manure that is
collected and brought to the  central store  can be disposed of by spreading
on land in a separate operation.  A mathematical, analytical model is
constructed to determine the  best place to  locate the central store,
and spead the manure.  The model was applied  to a specific region
containing 58 pig fattening units.  Results showed that the system may
be economically attractive, having as additional advantages the mini-
mization of pollutional hazards  and the relieving of the pig or poultry
farmer of the task of manure  management.


STATUS

SWIRS Library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -331-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Framework for Analyzing and Selecting Among Alternativesfor Regional
  Solid Waste Management

CITATION

N-.A
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Considerable interest and suggestions concerning economies of
scale in regional solid waste management systems have been expressed.
The economic feasibility of regional solid waste management, was
investigated.   Primary emphasis was on the development of a model
framework to facilitate analysis and selection among alternatives for
regional solid waste management systems, including implications for
regional economics.
STATUS

Publication Pending.   EPA # 670/5-74-006


INFORMATION/CONTACT

B.H. Stevens
Regional Science Res.  Inst.
G.P.O. Box 8776
Philadelphia, Penn.  19104
413-256-8526

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PROJECT/TITLE

NEC Environmental Impact Study


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Appropriate measures of environmental impacts were defined for
eech pollution category and type pollutant—air, water, solid waste,
noise, thermal, radiation, and land use.  Methodology was developed for
projecting north east corridor (NEC) impact levels to 1985 that incor-
porate key variables as population growth and density, and currently
planned programs for pollution and environmental control.  Extent of
total environmental impacts stemming from NEC transportation activities
was isolated and evaluated in light of total prcblem.  Consequences of
alternative transportation programs and policies for the NEC will  be
examined as a way of improving the environmental quality of this region.
STATUS

Document provided to S.S.I.E. by the H.R.I.S. Information Service
Completed. Copy available at cost of printng.
INFORMATION/CONTACT

Mr. Charles Lerner
656-2700
                                  -333-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Environmental Carrying Capacity As A Concept In Comprehensive Regional
Planning - A Feasibility Study


CITATION

N/A


ABSTRACT

     In response to the need to better understand the impacts of development
and management activities across entire regional systems, this research ex-
amined approaches for measuring and understanding the capacity of regional
environments to absorb or support activities in such areas as resource use,
land development, waste disposal, transportation, wildlife and watershed
management.  The focus was upon environmental carrying capacity of regional
systems and subsystems as a concept for assessing changes in environmental
quality due to large-scale development, management and planning activities,
and as a basis for planning and decision-making models and methods.  In
this regard, efforts were made to define and develop indicators for measuring
carrying capacity, to identify approaches for defining and describing
a region, to identify parameters necessary to design and implement models
of regional carrying capacity, to assess data requirements and strategies
for data collection and management, to indicate procedures for validating
or testing potential models, and to identify facilities, personnel, and
estimated costs for model development.

STATUS

Project completed.  Publication pending.  EPA #600/5-74-021

INFORMATION/CONTACT

Prof. A. B. Bishop
Utah State University / School of Engineering
Office In Engineering, Room L50
Logan, Utah 84321
                                      -334-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Joint Siting of Electrical  Power  Plant  and Advanced Wastewater Treatment
  Plant Feasibility Study

CITATION

N/A

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Description:  The  purpose  of this  study was to evaluate five advanced
wastewater treatment  (AWT)  plant  sites  and various treatment processes,
including      land disposal  and sludge.   Joint siting of an electrical
power plant and an AWT  plant was  considered because of the possibility
•,of   reducing   the overall  envrionmental  impact as compared to separate
siting.  Alternatives affiliated  with the power plant include the
following: location of  the  AWT  plant at the power plant site, using clear
effluent as make  up to  the  power  plants cooling towers and burning the
AWT  plant's organic solids  in the power plant's furnaces; locating the
AWT  plant at a lower  basin  site with clear water transmitted to the pov;er
•plant and alternate methods  sludge disposal; land disposal of sludge in
connection,with, the power plant's use of partially treated wastewater.
The  study concludes that to meet  the quality standards, for discharges
into the Potomac  River, treatment processes are limited to AWT or land
disposal.  Land disposal requires considerably more land than an AWT
plant and would consequently cost more  and displace more families.  For
those and other reasons, an AWT plant is recommended.  The joint location
of the AWT plant  and  the power  plant proved to have many advantages
and  to be entirely feasible and acceptable from the technical, economic,
and  environmental viewpoints.   However, due to ^community Veaction and
sociopolitical factors, the joint siting project was rejected by  the
governing body.   Plant  is under design  and is nearly completed.  Construc-
tion is scheduled for next  year.  (1976)
 STATUS

 A detailed  environmental  impact study of an  Areawide  Waste Treatment
 and  Delivery  System for Montogomery County,  Md. was dore  by Bate lie
 Memorial  in August  1974.   Region 3 is working  to  complete a similiar
 draft for the Region 3 area.
 INFORMATION/CONTACT

 Bob  Ewing
 Batell.e Memorial  Research
 505  King Avenue
 Columbus, Ohio  43201
 Montogomery  County E.I.S.
J.W. Filbert
Cornell, Howl and, Hayes & Merry
1930 Issac Newton Sq.  Rm 202
Herrdon, Va.  22070
703-471-9710
Region 3
                                  ™ iiib"

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PROJECT/TITLE

The Better Whey; A Dilemma


CITATION

Proceedings: Second National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes, iSidney
Boxer.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash., D.C. 3/1971. pp. 409-
412.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The cheese industry has the problems of waste whey, a heavy pollutant
because of its high BOD and yet a food by-product with excellent nutritive
value.  Dairy Research and Development Corporation suggests the establish-
ment of regional whey recovery plants to treat the whey from surrojunding
industries since whey recovery is such an expensive process that small
dairy processing plants cannot afford to install the equipment.  This
research and development outfit has built a demonstration plant at Vernon,
New -York in cooperation with Dairylea of New York.  Whole whey for! use as
a fooa or food additive is recovered at this facility by spray drypng,
the most efficient and economical method discovered by previous research,
Laval Separator Company has built the equipment for the demonstratjion
plant:  One of the major problems encountered in this project was the
conversion of cottage cheese whey, which is more acidic than hard-cheese
whey and more difficult to process.  (D) (G)

     This document is retained in the SWIRS library.


STATUS

N/A


INFORMATION CONTACT

N/A
                                    -336-

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Part III   other
        -337-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Comprehensive Studies of Solid Waste


CITATION

Annual  reports nos.  1 and 2 Colueke, C. G.; McGauhey, Rtt.  California
University,Berkeley.  1970; 480p


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The contents of this publication are as follows: data collection
and evaluation: (literature survey and information retrieval; character-
istics  and amounts of solid wastes; waste generation in Santa Clara
County; definition and coordination of research areas); waste generation
and evaluation model; waste collection-treatment-disposal  model; waste
generation input and management system inputs; planning and economics;
(development of pertinent data on quantity and types of solid waste)
solid waste generation and land-use planning.


STATUS

Available from NTIS-Pb-218 265 $0.95 6PO/MF


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -339-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Projects in the Industrial Pollution Division - December 1974


CITATION

Industrial Pollution Pollutant Control  Division, EPA Washington, D.C.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Project of the Industrial Pollution Control Program-December 1974
is a compilation of information sheets  from projects initiated since
fiscal year 1967 through fiscal year 1974.   Each sheet contains the
objectives, statistical information, and a brief description of the
project.  General  introductory information on the Federal Industrial
Pollution Control  Program is also presented to provide perspective on
the magnitude, of industrial  pollution and the research directions that.
must be pursued in order to develop the technology to adequately control
this largest point source of pollution  in the United States.


STATUS

Publication Pending. #600/2-75-001


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                  -340-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Solid Waste Disposal Economics. A Bibliography with Abstracts. Rept. for
1970 - Sept 74.
CITATION

National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. Nov. 74; 92p


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     The bibliography contains 76 selected abstracts of research reports
retrieved using the NTIS on-line search system-Ntisearch.  The topics
include all aspects of the economics of solid waste disposal and
abatement, including studies concerning industries, transportation,
urban planning, and recycling.


STATUS

NTIS ps-74/092 pc $2.00/MF $20.00


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -341-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Urban Solid Waste Management


CITATION

Lehmann, Edward J., National Technical Information Service, Springfield
Va.


ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     This bibliography contains 142 selected abstracts of research
reports retrieved using the NTIS on-line search system--Ntisearch.
The topics selected cover all aspects of solid waste management for
urban areas.  The reports include economics, collection methods,
recycling, sanitary landfills, and urban planning.


STATUS

Available from NITS/ps 74/105 pc $20.00/MF $20.00


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                 -342-

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PROJECT/TITLE

Areawide Refuse Disposal
CITATION

Areawide Refuse Disposal, O'Toole.,
Polytechnic Institute, I/ 1970
Michael J., Troy, N. York, Rensselaer
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

     Nine arewide comprehensive refuse reports covering many counties of
various populations, economic make-up, and development were anelyzed.  The
basic facts, needs, and relationships most often found to be essential
in the master planning, development, and implementation of programs to
handle refuse problems economically and efficiently were determined.
Governmental urits by examining the material developed, may gain insight
into the means of going about solving their own particular refuse problems.
The study reports point out the major economical, operational, and
administrative advantages of refuse disposal operations conducted on an
areawide basis.  Consequently, areawide or regional refuse disposal
operations were most often recommended; the recommendations, however,
have proven somewhat difficult to implement.  The study showed that
refuse collection is ususally by one of three common methods, namely
municipal contract, or private collectors.  The use of the uncontrolled
"dump" is still the most commonly used disposal method.  Re:fuse collection
can be handled best if left at the local level.  Refuse disposal anc1
transfer operations can be handled most economically and effectively on
an areawide basis.  The sanitary landfill because of its economy, is the
most often recommended method of refuse disposal.  At the present time
the county is the unit of local government best equipped to control
and administer areawide refuse disposal operations though regionalization
will evolve from properly functioning county operations.
STATUS

SWIRS Library.


INFORMATION/CONTACT

N/A
                                   -343=

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                         REFERENCES
National Technical  Information Service - Abstracts

Office of Research  and Development Publications Summary  (EPA)

Office of Solid  Waste Management - Available Information Materials
     Catalogues

Smithsonian Science Information Exchange - Summaries of  Research
     In Progress


 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975— 210-810:48
                                -345-

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