THE INFORMATION BROKER EPA Headquarters Library (PM 211 A) WSM2904 382-5922 Hoffman's Highlights Please Excuse Our Appearance! The Library sustained water damage to several areas after an extended period of heavy rainshowers. Because of the damage a significant amount of repair work must be done. The Library is still providing reference and other services but is operating under handicapped conditions. Vulnerable materials have been identified and will be moved to safer areas within the Library. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause and hope that the Library users will bear with us until the repairs have been made and normal operations can resume. New Management Videos The Library has received six new management videotapes in VMS format. The new additions to the collection include: Communicate and Win. Getting Things Done. Humor is Not a Luxury. If You Really Want to Get Ahead. Team Building. Time Management: Ideas That Work. The videotapes are available on overnight loan. Contact Mary Siegert at 382-5922 to borrow the videos and to obtain a copy of the complete list of videotapes. Look for the Centerfold on Risk Assessment in the October issue. THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER 1990 ------- PRGE mm Did you know that the Headquarters Library is developing a collection of videotapes on environmental topics? Following are some of the tapes we have acquired to date: Asbestos Air Monitoring. (38 minutes) 1987. Selection Productions. Provides an overall orientation to the equipment and procedures involved in the collection and analysis of air samples. Car Smart. (23 minutes) 1990. Produced by the Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO) in association with EPA. Designed to educate junior high and high school students about the harmful effects of car pollution . Cooperation Across Boundaries: The Acid Rain Dilemma. (32 minutes) 1986. Produced by Ann Carol Grossman & David A. Smith. Examines the political and diplomatic implications of acid rain and related air pollutants. Great Lakes: Troubled Waters. (48 minutes) 1987. Produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Outlines the problem of the contamination of the Great Lakes and its consequences for both aquatic and human communities. Herbicide Trials. (48 minutes) 1987. Produced by the National Film Board of Canada; distributed by Umbrella Films. Describes how local citizens worked to stop a herbicide spraying program on forest land in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. I Need the Earth & The Earth Needs Me. (20 minutes) 1990. Narrated by Colleen Dewhurst. Designed for fourth graders to stimulate interest in learning more about the environment. For more information about these and other videotapes, contact Mary Siegert, EPA Headquarters Library at 382-5922. THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER 1990 PAGE 2 ------- WHAT'S AVAILABLE IN THE HEADQUARTERS LIBRARY As part of our ongoing effort to collect books and journals relevant to EPA staff needs, the following is a list of our latest acquisitions. It is organized by program area for your convenience. Copies of all items listed here except books are available at the Headquarters Library Circulation Desk. Books are on the New Acquisitions shelves. Library tours are given every Wednesday morning at 9:00. For database information call 382-5922 or send E-mail inquiries to EPA3738. AIR & RADIATION Caka, Fern M., et al. "An Intercomparison of Sampling Techniques for Nicotine in Indoor Environments." Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 24, No. 8, August 1990. pp. 1196-1203. Crume, Richard V. "How to Streamline Air Toxics Risk Assessments." Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 2, July 1990. pp. 92-96. Elman, Barry; Braine, Bruce; Steubi, Richard. "Acid Rain Emission Allowances and Future Capacity Growth in the Electric Utility Industry." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. Vol. 40, No. 7, July 1990. pp. 979-986. Elmer-DeWitt, Philip. "Hidden Hazards of the Airwaves." Time. Vol. 136, No. 5, July 30, 1990. p. 53. Hager, George, "Cannons of the Conference Room Draw Clean Air Battle Lines." Congressional Quarterly. Vol. 48, No. 29, July 21,1990. pp. 2291-2293. Landrum, V. J.; Barton, R. G. Municipal Waste Combustion Assessment: Medical Waste Combustion Practices at Municipal Waste Combustion Facilities. (Project Summary). Research Triangle Park, NC: Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, USEPA, June 1990. (EPA/600/S8-89/062) Locating and Estimating Air Toxics Emissions from Sewage Sludge Incinerators. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, USEPA, May 1990. EPAX 9007-0016 Manzer, L. E. "The CFC-Ozone Issue: Progress on the Development of Alternatives to CFCs." Science. Vol. 249, No. 4964, July 6,1990. pp. 31-35. Nordhaus, William D. "Greenhouse Economics: Count Before You Leap." [global warming] The Economist. Vol. 316, No. 7662, July 7,1990. pp. 21-22,24. THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER 1990 PAGE 3 ------- Panel Dilutes Report: Evidence Only 'Suggests' ELFs Cause Cancer." [electromagnetic fields] Indoor Pollution News. Vol. 3, No.- 14, July 26,1990. p. 3. Therrien, Lois. "The World Without Wires is a Tangled Web." Business Week. No. 3170, July 23, 1990. p. 51. 'U.K. Debates Link Between Radon and Non-Lung Cancer." Indoor Pollution News. Vol. 3, No. 13, July 12, 1990. p. 3. Vaughan, William M.; Hammond, S. Katharine. "Impact of 'Designated Smoking Area' Policy on Nicotine Vapor and Particle Concentrations in a Modern Office Building." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. Vol. 40, No. 7, July 1990. pp. 1012-1017. HAZARDOUS WASTE Note: The Library has a special collection and database to improve access to hazardous waste information. For more information contact the Library at 382-5922. Cheremisinoff, Paul. "Regs Add Complexicity To Haz Waste Facility Siting." Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 2, July 1990. pp. 76-81. Heller, Karen. "States Resist Hazardous Waste Disposal." Chemicalweek. Vol. 147, No. 3, July 25,1990. p. 16. Kemezis, Paul. 'Times Beach Cleanup Goes Ahead." Chemicalweek. Vol. 147, No. 4, August 1,1990. p. 5. Kurrtz, Phil. "Long-Delayed Oil-Spill Measure Closer to Reaching President." Congressional Quarterly. Vol. 48, No. 30, July 28,1990. pp. 2401-2403. Loehr, Raymond C., et al. Mobility and Degradation of Residues at Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Sites at Closure. (Project Summary). Ada, OK: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, USEPA, July 1990. (EPA/600/S2-907018) Miller, Michael A.; Valentine, Mark. "Consultant Management Techniques for PRPs." [potentially responsible parties] Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 2, July 1990. pp. 84-89. Turque, Bill; McCormick, John. "The Military's Toxic Legacy." Newsweek. Vol. 16, No. 6, Augusts, 1990. pp. 20-23. Valdirio, Jenny T. "Alternatives to Hazardous Waste Disposal." Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 2, July 1990. pp. 66-74 THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER 1990 PAGE 4 ------- INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Note: To better meet the information needs of EPA staff, the Library has a special collection on Information Resources Management. For more information contact Sharon Geigerat 382-5922. Bajarin, Tim. "IBM and Apple Accept Planet Earth's Challenge." PC Week. Vol. 6, No. 29, July 30, 1990. p. 117. Cornell, Jim. "Seven Ways to Share a Printer." PC Computing. Vol. 3, No. 7, July 1990. pp. 204-205. Danca, Richard A. "EPA's Computing Needs Could Be Boon to 8(a) Rrm." Federal Computer Week. Vol. 4, No. 27, July 16,1990. pp. 34-35. Garvey, Martin. "Earth: The Final Frontier: The UN's 'global area network' Assists Policy-Makers." Informationweek. Issue 280, July 30,1990. pp. 21,25. Glass, Brett. "The TCP/IP Promise: An Executive Overview." Networks. Vol.12, Issue 30, August 13, 1990. p. S10. Heid, Jim. "MacDOSsier: Tearing down the walls between Macs and PCs." Macworld. Vol. 7, No. 7, July 1990. pp. 165-171. Karten, Naomi. "Prototyping That Support End Users' Involvement in Systems Development." Information Management. Vol. 1, Section 4-02-65,1990. pp. 1-8. IRM REF T58.64A92 Kellner, Mark A. "Agencies Ease Into GOSIP Compliance." Federal Computer Week. Vol. 4, No. 29, August 13,1990. pp. 20, 51. Kenney, Mary. "Well-Written Statement of Work Key to Support Services Contracts." Federal Computer Week. Vol. 4, No. 29, August 13,1990. pp. 48, 53. Robb, David W. "EPA Tracks Pesticide Documents by Bar Codes." Government Computer News. Vol. 9, No. 7, April 2,1990. p. 12. Rosen, Linda. "CD-Networks and CD-ROM: Distributing Data on Disk." Online. Vol.14. No. 4, July 1990. pp. 102-105. Taft, Darryl K, "EPA Uses Textbase Software for Superfund Data." Government Computer News. Vol. 9, No. 14, July 9,1990. pp. 16,18. White, Ron; Bonner, Paul. "Confine & Conquer Information Overload." Recomputing. August 1990. pp.70-77, 80-85, 88-90. THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER PAGE 5 ------- INTERNATIONAL COLLECTION Note: The Headquarters Library has a collection of books, reports, laws and statistics related to international issues. For more information contact John Butsch at 382-5917. Beder, Sharon. "Sun, Surf and Sewage." [Australian urban coastline] New Scientist. Vol. 127, No. 1725, July 14, 1990. pp. 40-45. Cater, Nick. "Rich Countries Fail to Support Third World Wetlands Fund." New Scientist. Vol. 127, No. 1725, July 14, 1990. p. 24. Burning, Alan B. Apartheid's Environmental Toll. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 1990. TD171.5.S6D871990 Flavin, Christopher. "Last Road to Shangri-La." [Bhutan presents one last chance to achieve sustainable development from the start] World Watch. Vol. 3, No. 4, July/August 1990. pp. 18-26. French, Hilary F. "A Most Deadly Trade." [poisonous wastes, products, industries heading to the Third World and Eastern Europe] World Watch. Vol. 3, No. 4, July/August 1990. pp. 11-17. Houghton, Richard A. 'The Future Role of Tropical Forests in Affecting the Carbon Dioxide Concentration of the Atmosphere." Ambio. Vol. 19, No. 4, July 1990. pp. 204-209. Jones, Philip P.; Wigley, Tom M. L "Global Warming Trends." Scientific American. Vol. 263, No. 2, August 1990. pp. 84-91. Monastersky, Richard. "The Fall of the Forest: Tropical Tree Losses go from Bad to Worse." Science News. Vol. 138, No. 3, July 21,1990. pp. 40-41. Pearce, Fred. "Bids for the Greenhouse Auction." New Scientist. Vol. 127, No. 1728, August 4,1990. pp. 63-64. Simon, Benjamin; Anderson, David. "Water Auctions as an Allocation Mechanism in Victoria, Australia." Water Resources Bulletin. Vol. 26, No. 3, June 1990. pp. 387-395. Speth, James Gustave. "Coming to Terms: Toward a North South Compact for the Environment." Environment. Vol. 32, No. 5, June 1990. pp. 16-20, 40-43. Top U. S. Environmental Official Seeks Ecological Economic Model." Multinational Environmental Outlook. Vol. 16, No. 4, July 10,1990. pp. 106-107. Trading Places." [trading environmental permits] The Economist. Vol. 316, No. 7662, July 7,1990. pp. 32-33. THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER 1990 PAGE 6 ------- Whitehead, Cynthia. "Czechoslovakia Launches a Great Cleanup." New Scientist Vol. 127, No. 1727, July 28, 1990. p. 20. MANAGEMENT Note: The Library has a special collection of management books, journals, audiotapes ard videotapes. For more information contact Mary Siegert at 382-5922. Allen, James P.; Turner, Eugene. "Where Diversity Reigns." American Demographics. Vol. 12, No. 8, August 1990. pp. 34-38. Barlow, John F. "Putting Information Systems Planning Methodologies Into Perspective." Journal of Systems Management. Vol. 41, No. 9, July 1990. pp. 6-9,15. Berry, Leonard L; Zeithaml, Valarie A.; Parasuraman, A. "Five Imperatives for Improving Service Quality." Sloan Management Review. Vol. 31, No. 4, Summer 1990. pp. 29-38. Davenport, Thomas H.; Short, James E. "The New Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign." Sloan Management Review. Vol. 31, No. 4, Summer 1990. pp. 11-27. Dobyns, Lloyd. "Ed Deming Wants Big Changes, and He Wants Them Fast." Smithsonian. Vol. 21, No. 5, August 1990. pp. 74-80,82. Newcomer, Kathryn E. "Ten Ways to Kill Evaluation." The Bureaucrat. Vol. 18, No. 3, Fall 1989. pp. 59-60. Post, James E. "The Greening of Management." Issues in Science and Technology. Vol. 6, No. 4, Summer 1990. pp. 68-72. Shepherd, John S. (Rip). "Manage the Five C's of Stress." PersonnelJoumal. Vol. 69, No. 7, July 1990. pp. 64,66,68-69. t Solomon, Charlene Marmer. "Creativity Training." PersonnelJoumal. Vol. 69, No. 5, May 1990. pp. 65-71. Woodard, William A. "Learning to Cure Technical Obsolescence." [helping eradicate a lapse in professional development after the age of 40] Datamation. Vol. 36, No., 14. July 15,1990. pp. 75-76. THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER PAGE •» ------- PESTICIDES & TOXIC SUBSTANCES Immerman, Frederick W.; Schaum, John L. Nonoccupational Pesticide Exposure Study (NOPES). (Project Summary). Research Triangle Park, NC: Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, USEPA, April 1990. (EPA/6007S3-907003) POLLUTION PREVENTION & SOLID WASTE Note: The Library has a special collection covering all aspects of pollution prevention and solid waste. For more information contact the Library at 382-5922. Flam, Faye. "Companies, Municipalities Clash Over Trash." Chemicalweek. Vol. 147, No. 5, August 8,1990. p. 18. Jackson, Danny R. Evaluation of Solidified Residue from Municipal Solid Waste Combustors. (Project Summary). Cincinnati, OH: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, USEPA, February 1990. (EPA/600/S2-89/018) Masters, Steve. "Landfill Siting: The Public As a Partner." Public Works. Vol. 120, No. 9, August 1990. pp. 42-44. "Model Leaf Composting Facility Meets County's Needs." Public Works. Vol. 120, No. 9, August 1990. pp. 64-65. Piews, George M.; Householder, Steven L. "The Best Claim Is No Claim: Selecting and Contracting with a Waste Hauler." Environmental Claims Journal. Vol. 2, No. 4, Summer 1990. pp. 449-457. Pytte, Alyson. "House Panel Moves RCRA Bill, But Probably Too Late." Congressional Quarterly. Vol. 48, No. 30, July 28,1990. p. 2404. "Recycling—An Overview." Public Works. Vol. 120, No. 9, August 1990. pp. 53-56. Speed, Vicki. "Automated Solid Waste Management for Local Governments." Public Works. Vol. 120, No. 9, August 1990. pp. 65-66 THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER 1990 PAGES ------- WATER Note: The Library has a special collection concerning water resources. For more information contact Steve Mitchell at 475-8670. Beauchamp, Marc. "Drought!" [California water shortage] Forbes. Vol. 146, No. 2, July 23, 1990. pp. 113, 116. Canter, Larry W., et al. Innovative Processes for Reclamation of Contaminated Subsurface Environments. (Project Summary). Ada, OK: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, USEPA, July 1990. (EPA/600/S2-90/017) Duedall, Iver W. "A Brief History of Ocean Disposal." Oceanus. Vol. 33, No. 2, Summer 1990. pp. 29-38. Hren, Janet, et al. "Regional Water Quality: Evaluation of Data for Assessing Conditions and Trends." Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 24, No. 8, August 1990. pp. 1122-1127. Molz, F. J.; Guven, O.; Melville, J. G. A New Approach and Methodologies for Characterizing the Hydrogeologic Properties of Aquifers. (Project Summary). Ada, OK: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, USEPA, May 1990. (EPA/600/S2-90/002) Renner, Robert C.; Hegg, Bob A.; Bender. Jon H., et al. Optimizing Water Treatment Plant Performance with the Composite Correction Program. (Summary Report). Cincinnati, OH: Center for Environmental Research Information, USEPA, March 1990. EPAX 9007-0029 Rogers, Karen Raborn. Point-of-Use Treatment of Drinking Water in San Ysidro, NM. (Project Summary). Cincinnati, OH: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, USEPA, March 1990. (EPA/600/S2-89/050) Unver, Olcay I.; Mays, Larry W. "Model for Real-Time Optimal Flood Control Operation of a Reservoir System." Water Resources Management. Vol. 4, No. 1,1990. pp. 21-46. Ward, Fred. "Florida's Coral Reefs Are Imperiled." National Geographic. Vol. 178, No. 2, July 1990. pp. 115-116,123,126-128,130-132. THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER PAGE«» ------- GENERAL Barinaga, Marcia. "Doing a Dirty Job—The Old Fashioned Way." [new soil evaluation methods] Science. Vol. 249, No. 4967, July 27,1990. pp. 356-357. Boyle, Richard J. "Managing Risk: Changing Corporate Ownership." Vital Speeches of the Day. Vol. 106, No. 16, June 1, 1990. pp. 492-494. Bromberg, Steven M. "Identifying Ecological Indicators: An Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. Vol. 40, No. 7, July 1990. pp. 976-978. Cloud, David S. "California's 'Big Green' Vote Puts Focus on Congress." Congressional Quarterly. Vol. 48, No. 26, June 30,1990. p. 2050. Environmental Trends. Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President, 1989. TD171.E574 1989. EPA Scorecard 1989. Washington, DC: Office of the Administrator, USEPA, February 1990. EPAX 9007-0022 Fagence, Michael. "Geographically-referenced Planning Strategies to Resolve Potential Conflict Between Environmental Values and Commercial Interests in Tourism Development in Environmentally Sensitive Areas." Journal of Environmental Management. Vol. 31, No. 1, July 1990. pp. 1-18. Holderness, Mike. "Warriors of the Woodlands." New Scientist. Vol. 127, No. 1727, July 28, 1990. pp. 27-28. Ott, Wayne R. 'Total Human Exposure: Basic Concepts, EPA Field Studies, and Future Research Needs." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. Vol. 40, No. 7, July 1990. pp. 966-975. Peichl, L; Reiml, D. "Bioprobes: Biological Effect-Test Systems for the Early Recognition of Unexpected Environmental Changes." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Vol. 15, No. 1, July 1990. pp. 1-12. Rauber, Paul. "The Stockbrocker's Smile: In Their Eagerness to do Good With Their Dollars, Unwary Environmentalists May be Contributing to Polluters' Profits." Sierra. Vol. 75, No. 4, July/August 1990. pp. 18-21. Twenty Years Defending the Environment. New York, NY: Natural Resources Defense Council, 1990. HC79.E5N38 1990 Weis, Judith S. "The Status of Undergraduate Programs in Environmental Science." Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 24, No. 8, August 1990. pp. 1116-1121 THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER 1990 PAGE 10 ------- QUESTION OF THE MONTH QUESTION: What are some of the alternative fuels to gasoline and what are their advantages and disadvantages? ANSWER: Electricity, solar energy and alcohol. The primary advantage of both electricity and solar energy is their cleanliness. Neither one pollutes the environment during use. Both, however, have major disadvantages. Electricity requires huge batteries that need recharging, cars have a limited range of approximately 100 miles between charging, and the electricity needed to recharge the batteries is generally produced by coal-fueled plants that create pollution. Solar energy, with the technology currently available, is generally limited to daylight hours (solar energy can be stored in a battery, but the power of such a battery is very limited) and low speeds. Even with the abundant sunshine available in the Australian outback, the winning car, in a recent solar-powered-engines-only road race, won with an average speed of only 41.6 miles per hour! Alcohol, as a fuel, comes primarily in two forms, ethanol ("grain alcohol") and methanol ("wood alcohol"). It does not have any of the major drawbacks of either electricity or solar energy. Methanol is the least expensive of the two, costing about 55 cents a gallon, half the cost of ethanol. The fuel equivalency (energy produced) of methanol to gasoline is a one to two ratio, i.e., two gallons of methanol are the fuel equivalent of one gallon of gasoline. This fuel equivalency should not be misleading in terms of power, however. Methanol provides such excellent power output and efficiency that it is the only fuel used at the Indianapolis 500 auto race, where it has been used for decades. This fact brings up another advantage of methanol: when cars collide, it is far less likely to explode than gasoline. Methanol is also much less prone to evaporate, which means it produces much less smog because of lower fuel evaporation during refueling and when the engine is hot. It can also be produced from a broad range of abundant sources including natural gas, wood, and even organic garbage. Methanol is not without its disadvantages. As Andrew Kupfer stated in a recent Fortune article, "...the stuff has a tendency to eat through metal and turn engine oil to mayonnaise." However, methanol alcohol may be an alternative fuel whose time is coming. One major car manufacturer, Ford Motor Co., has already put over 800 experimental methanol alcohol powered vehicles on the road, and has designed engine systems that are capable of burning either alcohol or gasoline, or blends of the two. SOURCES 1. Gray, Charles L, Jr.; Alson, Jeffrey A Tho r.asa fnr Mathanol" Scientific American. Vol. 261, No. 5. November 1989. pp. 108-113. 2. Jordan, William H., Jr. "Powered by Sunlight, Alien Autos Test Themselves for 1,950 miles." Smithsonian. Vol. 18. No. 11. February 1988. pp. 48-58. 3. Kupfer, Andrew. "The Methanol Car in Your Future." Fortune. Vol. 120, No. 7, September 25,1989. pp. 71-82. 4. Wilson, Howard A., et al. "Lessons of Sunravcer." Scientific American. Col. 260, No. 3, March 1989. pp. 90-97. 5. Woodruff, David. "Putting Alternative Fuels in Ford Tanks • Business Week. No. 3169, July 16,1990. p. 58. THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER 1990 PAGE 11 ------- WHAT'S HAPPENING Following is a selection of conferences on environmental topics. The Headquarters Library maintains a collection of conference notices. For more information on these conferences contact the Library at 382-5922. Resource Technology 90. Washington, DC, November 12-15,1990. Sponsored by U.S. resource agencies, universities, private industry, and international organizations. Brings new technology to bear on the pressing resource issues confronting our diminishing natural resources. For more information contact: Resource Technology 90, 2625 Redwing Road, Drake Executive Plaza, Suite 120, Fort Collins, CO 80526-2878 or call (303) 226-1688 or FAX (303) 226-1688. Meeting the Environmental Challenge: Procurement in the 90's. San Antonio, TX, November 28-30,1990. Sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency, Procurement and Contacts Management Division. Presentations will focus on various issues which affect the federal acquisitions process today, both in the federal procurement and contractor communities. For more information contact: EPA, Susan K. Sawler, 401 M Street, SW, (PM-214F8), Washington, DC 20460 or call (202) 382-6326. HEADQUARTERS LIBRARY STAFF Head Librarian/Coordinator Administrative Librarian Reference Librarian Reference Librarian Head Librarian/HW Reference Librarian/HW Reference Librarian/Water IRM Collection Librarian Head Technical Services Librarian Interlibrary Loan Librarian Head Librarian/INFOTERRA Reference Librarian/INFOTERRA Mary Hoffman Ann Dugan Sigrid N. Smith Alison Cook Felice Sacks Liliana Puzick Stephen Mitchell Sharon Geiger Gretl Cox Leida Torres John Butsch . Mary Stevanus Headquarters Library E-mail number is EPA3738 Public Information Center (PIC) phone number is 475-7751 THE INFORMATION BROKER SEPTEMBER 1990 PAGE 12 ------- |