THE INFORMATION BROKER EPA Headquarters Library (PM 211 A) WSM2904 J82-b92k Hoffman's Highlights New SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD Report: Reducing Risk: Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection The Library has a copy of the EPA's Science Advisory Board report on risk. The report, mentioned in the Wall Street Journal, "represents an extension of the Agency's 1987 Unfinished Business report, a landmark study in which EPA officials estimated risks posed by various environmental problems." The new report, addressed to the Administrator, recommends policy changes. If you would like to take a look at this document, the call number is EPAX 9010-0007a,b,c. Letter to the Editor This month's "Question of the Month" feature is a Letter to the Editor which was written in response to the September "Question of the Month." The staff of the Broker were delighted to receive this letter and encourage other EPA staff to share their comments and ideas with them. RCRIS Instructional Series The Library has obtained a set of the RCRIS Instructional Series videotapes. The two tapes effectively orient managers and users to the goals, purposes and use of this major EPA database. If you are interested in borrowing the tapes for viewing at home or in your office, contact Mary Siegert at 202-382-5922. Look for the Centerfold on the History of the EPA Library Network in the December issue. THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 Printed on Recycled Paper ------- PRGE TWO Have you ever received a request for a copy of the EPA telephone book? We have received numerous requests in the library, and thought this would be useful information for all EPA staff. The public may buy the EPA Headquarters Telephone Directory from the Government Printing Office (GPO). The current edition is Winter 1990. The cost for this edition is $12.00; the stock number is 055-000-00360-2. Following are ordering options: To order by phone: — Call (202) 783-3238 — A recorded message will direct you in placing an order. — Allow 4 weeks for delivery. To order by mail: — Request the Directory by title and stock number. Enclose check to Superintendent of Documents. — Send to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402-9325 To pick up at a GPO Bookstore: — Call your local GPO Bookstore to find out if the Directory is in stock. — Washington DC Bookstore: GPO Bookstore 710 N.Capitol Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. (202) 275-2091 If you have other information that would be useful for EPA staff, please contact Mary Hoffman, in the EPA Headquarters Library (202-382-5922) about using the Information Brokerto share it. THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 Page 2 ------- WHAT'S AVAILABLE JN THE HEADQUARTERS LIBRARY As part of our ongoing effort to collect books and journals relevant to EPA staff needs, the following is a list of our latest acquisitions. It is organized by program area for your convenience. Copies of all items listed here except books are available at the Headquarters Library Circulation Desk. Books are on the New Acquisitions shelves. Library tours are given every Wednesday morning at 9:00. For database information call 202-382-5922 or send E-mail inquiries to EPA3738. AIR & RADIATION Bredlin, Alice. "On III Health and Air Pollution." New York Times Magazine/Part 2. The Good Health Magazine. October?, 1990. pp. 16-19,32-33. "California Commission Affirms EMF Notification Policy" Indoor Pollution News. Vol. 3, No. 17, September 20,1990. p. 6. "Ga. Scientist Helps Industry Measure, Mitigate VOC Emissions." [volatile organic compounds] Indoor Pollution News. Vol. 3, No. 18, October 4,1990. p. 6. "In Calif., EMFs Suspected by Parents to Cause Cancer Clusters in Schools." [electromagnetic fields] Indoor Pollution News. Vol. 3, No. 17, September 20,1990. p. 4. MacKenzie, Debora. "Leaking Gas Mains Help to Warm the Globe." New Scientist. Vol. 127, No. 1735, September 22,1990. p. 24. Matthews, Samuel W. "Under the Sun: Is our World Warming?" National Geographic. Vol. 178, No. 4, October 1990. pp. 66-96,98-99. Poole, Robert. "Electromagnetic Fields: The Biological Evidence." Science. Vol. 249, No. 4975, September 21., 1990. pp. 1378-1381. "Settle Dust Samples Provide Clues in Buildings, Consultant Says." Indoor Pollution News. Vol. 3, No. 17, September 20,1990. p. 7. "Some Cancer Risks of Passive Smoking Affirmed by Study in The New England Journal of Medicine" Indoor Pollution News. Vol. 3, No. 17, September 20,1990. pp. 1-2. Spinks, Peter. "Plug into the Sun." [converting solar power into heat] New Scientist. Vol. 127, No. 1735, September 22,1990. pp. 48-51. THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER ------- HAZARDOUS WASTE Note: The Library has a special collection and database to improve access to hazardous waste information. For more information contact Felice Sacks at 202-382-5934. "Bugs Took Big Bite of Gulf Oil Spills." [biotreatment] Environment Today. Vol. 1, No. 6, September 1990. pp. 1,15-16. Environmental Asbestos Assessment Manual: Superfund Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Ambient Air. Part 1, Method and Part 2, Technical Background Document. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1990. EPAX 9008-0025. Fields, Richard W.; Naini, Mariam J. "EPCRA Trade Secrets: Who's Minding the Store?" [Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act] Environmental Claims Journal. Vol. 3, No. 1, Autumn 1990. pp. 89-97. "In Situ Vitrification Update." The Hazardous Waste Consultant. Vol. 8, No. 5, September/October 1990. pp. (1)14-(1)18. "Key Issues for the Development and Commercialization of Innovative Technologies." The Hazardous Waste Consultant. Vol. 8, No. 3, May/June 1990. pp. (1 )22-(1 )23. Newton, Jim. "Understanding the Toxicity Characteristic Rule." Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 90-94,96,98. O'Brien, James P. "Environmental Lender Liability: Will an Administrative Fix Work?" Toxics Law Reporter. Vol. 5, No. 15, September 12,1990. pp. 512-515. Sternberg, Ken. "Michigan Poised to go One up on Superfund." Chemicalweek. Vol. 138, No. 14, October 3,1990. p. 9. Sullivan, Irene A.; Wright, Jr., Wftliam J. '"Neither Expected Nor Intended': The 'Occurrence' Battlefield for Coverage Actions." [claims associated with the discharge or leaching of hazardous waste into the environment] Environmentaf Claims Journal. Vol. 3, No. 1, Autumn 1990. pp. 81 -87. Travis, Curtis C.; Doty, Carolyn B. "Can Contaminated Aquifers at Superfund Sites be Remediated?" Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 24, No. 10, October 1990. pp. 1464-1466. Unterbergerr Glenn. "Lender Liability Under Superfund: What the Congress Meant to Say Was..." Toxics Law Reporter. Vol. 5, No. T7, September 26,1990. pp. 569-574. THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 Page 4 ------- INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Note: To better meet the information needs of EPA staff, the Library has a special collection on Information Resources Management. For more information contact Sharon Geiger at 202-245-3561. Beinhorn, George R. "101 Ways to Take WordPerfect 5.1 to the Max." PC/Computing. Vol. 3, No. 4, April1990. pp. 106-110,114-118. Danca, Richard A. "Computer Sciences Wins EPA's $347M TOSS Support Services Contract." [Technical and Operating Support Services] Federal Computer Week. Vol. 4, No. 36, Octobers, 1990. p. 8. Darst, Donald. "Balancing Productivity and Quality." Datamation. Vol. 36, No. 18, September 15,1990. pp. 117-119. Fiderio, Janet. "Information Must Conform in a World Without Borders." Computerworld. Vol. 24, No. 40, October 1, 1990. pp. 91,93-95. Guerrero, Carlos A. "Write it Down!" [ productive fnformation systems need good documentation] Computerworld. Vol. 24, No. 40, October 1,1990. pp. 101-104. Hogan, Thorn. "How to get Tech Support." MacUser. Vol. 6, No. 1, November 1990. pp. 253,255-257. Litwin, Paul. "Looking Good: The Complete Guide to Enhancing Your Forms!" Data Based Advisor. Vol. 8, No. 9, October 1990. pp. 67-73,76-78,80,82. Myers, Kara. "Setting a New Course." [more corporations look to contract with outside PC trainers] Information Week. Issue 288, September 24,1990. pp. 40,44. Schussel, George. "The Promise and the Reality of AD/Cycle." [IBM's integrated approach to computer-aided software engineering] Datamation. Vol. 36, No; 18, September 16, 1990. pp. 69-72. Summers, Eric. "ES: A Public Domain Expert System." Byte. Vol. 15, No. 10, October 1990. pp. 289-290,292. * Wu, Margaret S. "Selecting the Right Software Application Package." Journal of Systems Management. Vol. 41, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 28-32. THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 Page 5 ------- INTERNATIONAL COLLECTION Note: The Library has a collection of books, reports, laws and statistics related to international issues. For more information contact John Butsch at 202-382-5917. "Adulteration Controllee." [ban on imported wines because of procymidone residue] The Economist. Vol. 316, No. 7673, September 22,1990. p. 23. "All the Presidential Men." [Who will be the next president of the European Commission?] The Economist Vol. 316, No. 7671, September 8,1990. p. 60. Cahn, Robert; Cahn, Patricia. "Did Earth Day Change the World?" Environment. Vol. 32, No. 7, September 1990, pp. 16-20,36-42. Cairncross, Frances. The Environment: An Enemy, and Yet a Friend." [survey] The Economist. Vol. 316, No. 7671, pp. 3-6,9-12,17-20,23-26. Charles, Dan. "World Bank Bows to Pressure Over Rainforests." New Scientist. Vol. 128, No. 1737, October 6,1990. p. 20. Hall, Charles A. S.; Bradley, Dennis P. "Ecological Economics: Its Implications for Forest Management and Research (A Workshop Summary)." Conservation Biology. Vol. 4, No. 3, September 1990. pp. 221-224. Milne, Roger. "Government Promises Action on Energy Efficiency..." [Britain's environmental strategy] New Scientist. Vol. 127, No. 1736, September 29,1990. p. 17. Nriagu, Jerome O. "Global Metal Pollution: Poisoning the Biosphere?" Environment. Vol. 32, No. 7, September 1990. pp. 7-11,28-33. "Patten's Path Grows Harder." [Great Britain's first environmental strategy by Chris Patten, environment secretary of state] The Economist. Vol. 316, No. 7674, September 29, 1990. pp. 63-64. Robson, Emma. "Mexico Taps Community Spirit to Expand Water Supplies." Source. Vot. 2, No. 3, September 1990. pp. 4-7. Soule, Michael E. "The Onslaught of Alien Species, and Other Challenges in the Coming Decades." [Presidential address at Society for Conservation Biology annual meeting] Conservation Biology. Vol. 4, No. 3, September 1990. pp. 233-239. Tudge, Colin. "Grasping the Green Nettle." [development of green economics] New Scientist Vol. 128, No. 1737, October 6,1990. pp. 60-61. "UN Sets Up Bigger, Cleaner Database." New Scientist Vol. 127, No. 1736, September 29,1990. p. 30. THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 Page 6 ------- MANAGEMENT Note: The Library has a special collection of management books, journals, audiotapes and videotapes. For more information contact Mary Siegert at 202-382-5922. Bhide, Amar; Stevenson, Howard H. "Why Be Honest if Honesty Doesn't Pay." Harvard Business Review. Vol. 168, No. 5, September/October 1990. pp. 121-129. Casey, Thomas F. "Making the Most of a Selection Interview." Personnel. Vol. 67, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 41-43. Coombes, Peter. "Putting Quality Into Perspective: Competitive Pressures Foster Change." Chemicalweek. Vol. 147, No. 2, September 26,1990. pp. 40-42,44. Crosby, Philip. Crosby on Quality: How to Run Your Company Successfully Forever. Chicago, IL: Films Incorporated, 1990. Narrated by Philip Crosby, this video outlines his four absolutes, the definition of quality, system of quality, performance standards and measurement of quality. It "shows you not just how to create quality, but how to keep it in the forefront forever!" HD28C86 LO Pt.1-2. (videorecording-Part 1:18 min.; Part 2: 32min.) Fine, Marlene G.; Johnson, Fern L; Ryan, M. Sallyanne. "Cultural Diversity in the Workplace." Public Personnel Management. Vol. 19, No. 3, Fall 1990. pp. 305-319. Ganger, Ralph E. "Computer-Based Training Works." Personnel Journal. Vol. 69, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 85-91. Halpern, David; Osofsky, Stephen. "A Dissenting View of MBO." [management by objectives] Public Personnel Management. Vol. 19, No. 3, Fall 1990. pp. 321-329. Howard, Robert. "Values Make the Company: An Interview with Robert Haas." [chairman and CEO of Levi Strauss & Co.] Harvard Business Review. Vol. 68, No. 5, September/ October 1990. pp. 133-144. Petrock, Frank. "Passing the Torch: How HR Can Help." [leadership transition] Personnel. Vol. 67, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 53-55. Roberts, Karlene H. "Managing High Reliability Organizations." California Management Review. Vol. 32, No. 4, Summer 1990. pp. 101-113. Rose, Frank. "A New Age for Business?" Fortune. Vol. 22, No. 9, October 8,1990. pp. 156-158,160,162,164. Watts, Patti. "Are Your Employees Burnout-Proof?" Personnel. Vol. 67, No. 9. September 1990. pp. 12-14. THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 Page? ------- Whipple, Ronald. "Rewards Have Value." [Omni Hotels customer service recognition program] Personnel Journal. Vol: 69, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 92-93. PESTICIDES & TOXIC SUBSTANCES DeJonge, J. O.; Easter, E. Pesticide Spray Penetration and Thermal Comfort of Protective Apparel for Pesticide Applicators. (Project Summary). Cincinnati, OH: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, USEPA, August 1990. (EPA/6007S2-907023) Kiesche, Elizabeth S. "Pigments and Dyes: Adapting to New Environments." Chemicalweek. Vol. 147, No. 13, Octobers, 1990. pp. 22-24. "Lead Paint No. 1 Toxic Waste Threat; Market Will be 'Enormous,' Meeting Told." Indoor Pollution News. Vol. 3, No. 17, September 20,1990. pp. 1,3. Managing Asbestos in Place: A Building Owner's Guide to Operations and Maintenance Programs for Asbestos-Containing Materials. Washington, DC: Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, USEPA, 1990. EPAX 9009-0031 Munch, David J.; Graves, Robert L. (USEPA, Cincinnati, OH); Maxey, Robert A. (USEPA, Stennis Space Center, MS); Engel, Tina M. (Battelle, Columbus, OH). "Methods Development and Implementation for the National Pesticide Survey." Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 24, No. 10, October 1990. pp. 1446-1551. Rosen, Joseph D. "Much Ado About Alar." Issues in Science and Technology. Vol. 7, No. 1, Fall 1990. pp. 85-90. POLLUTION PREVENTION & SOLID WASTE Note: The Library has materials covering all aspects of pollution prevention and solid waste. For more information contact the Library at 202-382-5922. Cross, Jr., Frank L. "Siting a Medical Waste Treatment Facility." Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 68-73. FerrettJ, William M. "States, Municipalities Change Course in Dealing with Wastepaper Handling." Pulp & Paper. Vol. 64, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 110-112. Loupe, Diane E. "To Rot or Not: Landfill Designers Argue the Benefits of Burying Garbage Wet vs. Dry." Science News. Vol. 138, No. 14, October 6,1990. pp. 218-219,223. THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 Page 8 ------- Patrick, Ken L. "Legislation Pushing Paper Industry Despite Limited Recycling Know Hew. Pulp & Paper. Vol. 64, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 161-163. Schoenberger, Robert; Dunkel, Betty W. "Waste Management Philosophy Emphasizes Recovery/Reuse." Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 78-80,82,84,86,88. WATER Note: The Library has a special collection concerning water resources. For more information contact Steve Mitchell at 202-475-8670. Cheremisinoff, Paul N. "Treating Wastewater." Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 9, September 1990. pp. 60-65. Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution Abatement. Alexandria, VA: Water Pollution Control Federation, 1989. TD428.847C66 1989 Hammer, Donald A., editor. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Chelsea, Ml: Lewis Publishers, 1989. TD756.5.C661989 Harris, Paul. "EPA Levies Stiff Wastewater Fines." Environment Today. Vol. 1, No. 6, September 1990. pp. 3,30. Oudijk, Gil; Mujica, Karen. Handbook for the Identification, Location and Investigation of Pollution Sources Affecting Ground Water: A Basic Guide for Government Personnel, Industrial Officials and Ground-Water Consultants. Dublin, OH: National Water Well Association, 1989. TD426.O92 Robinson, Kevin G., et al "Bioremediation Removes Gasoline Residues." Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 8, August 1990. pp. 76-79. Stopka, Karel. "Meeting Federal Drinking Water Standards with Ozone. Pollution Engineering. Vol. 22, No. 9, September 1990. p. 101. Suter, II, Glenn W.; Lewis, Michael A., editors. Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1989. QH545.W3A676 1989 THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 ------- GENERAL Charles, Dan. "Pentagon Switches Funds to Environmental Research." New Scientist. Vol. 127, No. 1735, September 22, 1990. p. 23. Dayton, Leigh. "New Life for Old Forest." [Canadian scientists' far-reaching consequences for the forestry of the future] New Scientist. Vol. 128, No. 1738, October 13,1990. pp. 25-29. Ehler, L.E. "Revitalizing Biological Control." [defeat of insect pests by their natural enemies needs better coordination and support] Issues in Science and Technology. Vol. 7, No. 1, Fall 1990. pp. 91-96. Kimbrough, Renate D. [advisor for Medical Toxicology and Risk Evaluation in the Office of the EPA administrator] "Environmental Protection: Theory and Practice." Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 24, No. 10, October 1990. pp. 1442-1445. Stemberg, Ken. "Environmental Audits Pay Off." Chemical Week. Vol. 147, No. 12, September 26,1990. p. 25. QUESTION OF THE MONTH The following letter is a response to the BROKER September "Question of the Month," edited and reprinted with the permission of the author. We thank Mr. Garlow for taking the time to share his thoughts and we hope that more readers will do so in the future. For another point of view on this interesting and important topic, see "How Clean is the Plug-in CarT The Economist. Vol. 316, No. 7676, October 13,1990. pp. 76,81. September 18,1990 [Letter to the Editor]: ...[The] September 1990... "Question of the Month" column... [included information on] solar electric vehicles...[that may have] cast [them] in an unfavorable light.... [It was noted] that solar and electric cars do not pollute the environment during use.... Solar cars eliminate all the problems gasoline (or alcohol, methanol, natural gas) cars have with smog, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (global warming) pollution. Solar reduces the problems of oil spills from tankers and drilling. Then there is the food and land impact problems with corn or wood conversion to fuels which solar avoids.... [To] toot...solar's horn alot more, [following is more information:] • Electric car... batteries are no larger than the drive train (larger engine, gas tank, exhaust system, etc.) of carbon-fueled cars. • ...All cars need to be refueled, but gas cars require breathing carcinogenic THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 Page 10 ------- benzene fumes when they "recharge." Admittedly, the charging of electric cars takes longer, but this can be done at night, or if solar cells are involved, while the car sits in the sun in the parking lot all day! • Electricity needed to recharge the batteries is generally produced by coal-fueled plants that create pollution. Response: The New York Times pointed out that, based on the mix of coal, oil, hydro, and nuclear plants currently in use, electric vehicles recharged by such plants emitted, per mile, less than 1/25th the NOx, CO and hydrocarbons emitted by alcohol-methanol cars. And methanol cars are considerable cleaner than standard gasoline cars, except as to CO2, producing more of this global warming pollution. Why this cleanliness? Because the internal combustion engine wastes 70% of its energy in friction and heat. Electric motors, by contrast, convert stored to kinetic energy with very little waste. • Cars have a limited range of approximately 100 miles[; however, this]... takes care of 90% of transportation needs, since most people commute less than 20 miles to work one way. • The power of a (solar-charged) battery [often thought to be] very limited.... [However,] General Motors has built a prototype and will shortly be manufacturing for general purchase their Impact electric car, which can acclerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour in 8 seconds, faster than the Mazda Miata or Nissan 300 ZX. Hardly a weak sister! The Impact's batteries could be recharged by solar cells, available for decades in this country, or from a wall socket. It makes no difference. • [There is concern that these cars are] limited to low speeds. Response: While it is true that one solar car averaged 41.5 miles per hour, they were pacing themselves like a long distance runner. The Impact has plenty of muscle for acceleration to speeds well in excess of anything safe or legal on our highways. Another electric race car was clocked at over 200 mph in the Salt Flats. Most commuter cars wish they could average 41.5 miles per hour. Too often, they are stuck at a traffic light or traffic jam averaging less than 30 miles per hour overall. Keep your eyes on this November's World Solar Challenge races in Australia to see the previous record left in the dust. Solar and electric cars avoid much of the maintenance that comes with gas or alcohol engines (no more oil changes, points, plugs, burned valves, smoking piston rings, boiling radiators) since they have fewer moving parts that do not have to withstand the strain of repeated internal explosions. While solar and electric cars are not convenient for long-distance trips yet, they satisfy most of our transportation needs while making much more of an impact on pollution than alcohol cars. They are not anemic golf carts. The only smoke emitted from the backside of these cars comes from their tires as they rift down the highway! Let's get charged up about solar and electric cars! Sincerely, Charles Gariow USEPA, Office of Enforcement THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 11 ------- WHA T'S HAPPENING Following is a selection of conferences on environmental topics. The Headquarters Library maintains a collection of conference notices. For more information on these conferences contact the Library at 389-5922. Environmental Auditing From A to Z. Philadelphia, PA, November 27-28; Orlando, FL, December 3-4,1990. Presented by Executive Enterprises, Inc. A "How to" workshop for environmental professionals. For more information contact: Executive Enterprise, Inc., 22 West 21 st Street, New York, NY 10010-6904 or call (800) 831 -8333 or (212) 645-7880 or FAX (212) 645-8689. Bioremediation Engineering. San Diego, CA, December 5-7,1990; Columbia, MD, January 23-25,1991. Presented by General Physics Corporation Environmental Services. The two and a half-day course covers principles, applications and case studies. For more information contact: General Physics Corporation, Environmental Services, 6700 Alexander Bell Drive, Columbia, MD 21046-2100 or call (301) 290-2300 or FAX (301) 290-2600. Municipal Waste Combustion. Tampa, FL, April 16-19,1991. Sponsored by USEPA Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, USEPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and Air & Waste Management Association. Participating organizations are the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and Environment Canada. Conference provides a forum for the exchange of recent information on all facets of municipal solid waste. For more information contact: Debbie Reichert, Air & Waste Management Association, P.O .Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230. HEADQUARTERS LIBRARY STAFF Head Librarian/Coordinator Administrative Librarian Reference Librarian Reference Librarian Head Librarian/HW Reference Librarian/HW Reference Librarian/Water IRM Collection Librarian Head Technical Services Librarian Interlibrary Loan Librarian Head Librarian/INFOTERRA Reference Librarian/INFOTERRA Mary Hoffman Ann Dugan Sigrid N. Smith Alison Cook Felice Sacks Liliana Puzick Stephen Mitchell Sharon Geiger Gretl Cox . Leida Torres John Butsch Mary Stevanus Headquarters Library E-mail number is EPA3738 Public Information Center (PIC) phone number is 475-7751 THE INFORMATION BROKER NOVEMBER 1990 Page 12 ------- |