&EPA
%&*$$&
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604
November 1979
Water Division
Environmental
Impact Statement
Alternative Waste
Treatment Systems
For Rural Lake Projects
Case Study Number 4
Steuben Lakes Regional
Waste District
Steuben County, Indiana
Draft
Appendices
mp<
&
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VOLUME II
DRAFT EMflmJMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS FDR RURAL LAKE PROJECTS
CASE STUDY No. 4: STEUBEN LAKES REGIONAL WASTE DISTRICT
STEUBEN COUNTY, INDIANA
Prepared by the
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION V, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
AND
WAPORA, INCORPORATED
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Approved by:
McGuire
ional Administrator
November 1979
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Appendixes
A Public Participation
A-l Notice of a Public Information and Participation Meeting
A-2 Newspaper Articles
A-3 Extracts from "Soundings"
A-4 EIS Newsletter
A-5 Letter of Appointment to Citizens Advisory Committee and Workshop
Agenda
A-6 Citizens Advisory Committee Findings on EIS Alternatives
B IAPCB 1° + 2° Air Quality Standards
C Water Quality
C-l Nutrient Budgets
C—2 Water Quality Parameters
C-3 Simplified Analysis of Lake Eutrophication
C-4 Surface Water Quality Standards
C-5 Water Well Records
C-6 NPDES Permit
C-7 Investigation of Septic Leachate Discharges into Steuben Lake,
Indiana
C-8 Seasonal and Long Term Changes in Lake Water Quality
C-9 Investigation of Well Water Quality Within the Steuben
County Regional Waste District
D Biota
D-l Fish
D-2 Aquatic Vegetation
D-3 Terrestrial Vegetation
D-4 Mammals
D-5 Birds
D-6 Reptiles and Amphibians
E Population
E-l Population and Dwelling Unit Projection Methodology
E-2 Mean and Median Family Income (1970)
E-3 Estimated Proportion of Retirement Age Persons
E-4 Housing Characteristics
E-5 Methodology for Evaluating Land Use and Population Distributions
Associated with Alternative Provisions for the S.teuben Lakes Area
F History and Archaeology
F-l Communication - Indiana Historic Preservation Officer
F-2 Communication - Indiana University Glenn A. Black Laboratory
of Archaeology
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G Flow Reduction
G-l Residential Flow Reduction Devices
G-2 Incremental Capital Costs of Flow Reduction in the Steuben Lakes
Study Area
H Decentralized Systems
H-l Soil Factors that Affect On-Site Wastewater Disposal
H-2 Soil Limitation Ratings for Septic Tank Absorption Fields
H-3 Suggested Procedures and Criteria for Designing Collector
Sewage Systems
H-4 Experience with Cluster Systems in Otter Tail County, Minnesota
I Financing
'1-1 Cost Sharing
1-2 Alternatives for Financing the Local Share of Wastewater
Treatment Facilities in the Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
District, Indiana
J Management
J-l Management Concepts for Small Waste Flow Districts
J-2 Legislation by States Authorizing Management of Small Waste Flow
Districts
J-3 Some Management Agencies for Decentralized Facilities
K Design and Costing
K-l Design and Costing Assumptions
K-2 Total Project Costs by Alternative
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APPENDIX A
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
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APPENDIX A-l
NOTICE OF A PUBLIC INFORMATION AND PARTICIPATION MEETING
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tfto sr4r ' APPENDIX
S>* ^^ ^. UNITED STATES A-l
\ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
VJ !3E-/~ t*-1M W
v 230 SOUTH DEARBORN ST.
r^~ CHICAGO, ILLINOIS S05CM
NOV 28 19//
NOTICE OF A KIBLIC INFORMATION AND PARTICIPATION MEETING
ON THE STEUEEN LAKES SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM
This Agency is in the process of preparing an Environmental Impact State-
ment (EIS) which will evaluate the environmental, social? and economic
effects of alternatives for sewage collection and treatment in the Steuben
Lakes planning area. An information and participation meeting will be
held on Tuesday, December 13 atTTsb P.M. in tne Auditorium of Best Hail,
Tri State University, South College Street, Angola, Indiana.
The'meet.ing is open to all interested persons. There will be a brief
discussion of the Steuben Lakes, pxcriect. and of the ET_S_grgcessi. Then the
meeting will be open to the expression of questions or concerns from all
present.
We invite your attendence, and your participation in the EIS process. If
you cannot attend this meeting and have consents to make, please write to
the EIS Preparation Section at the above address.
H. Sutfin
Director, Water Divisio
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APPENDIX A-2
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
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APPENDIX
A-2" "
i
Slowly, but surely, progress is being
made on an application for federal
funding for the proposed sewage works
being planned by the Steuben Lakes
Regional Waste District.
State certification of the fund ap-
plication has been received and the
application has been sent to the regional
Environmental Protection Agency in
Chicago. Application was made in
August and it took until December to
receive state certification. However,
, Richard Mick of Mick and Rowland,
engineering firm which has been
assisting with the planning, said he was
informed by the Chicago office that
approval should be received in the "near
future."
The Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
District had originally asked for nearly
$95,000 in grant funds; however, this
request was trimmed back by the state to
$67.761.
Mick noted that one of the largest cuts
came in Section 4, which deals with
aerial maps which will be needed. He
commented that since the district will
cover some 30 to 35 square miles, aerial
maps would be a necessity. He is hopeful
"'• that some of these funds can be restored.
. Another cut, according to J. Q. Smith,
president of the district board, came in
administrative costs.
If the fund grant is approved, 75 per
cent of the $67,761 will come from the
federal government (a total of $50,821)
with 10 per cent from the stale and 15 per
cent from the local district.
• Since the district has no taxing powers,
Smith explained that the local share
(some $10,400) will be raised from ad-
,. vance collection of hook-up fees from
1 district residents. He pointed out that 15
- to 20 per cent of the local committment
has already been collected.
After study by the regional EPA in
Chicago, a grant offer will be sent to the
district board, with attached conditions
and stipulations. It is then up to the
district board to accept or reject the
grant offer.
; If the grant is accepted, then the local
• board will be ready for Step 1, which is
• facilities planning and related items.
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A-2
>>£
: The Steuben Lakes Regional
" Waste District appealed to its
future customers last Sal urday
evening to help make up over
$14,000 in funds needed for the
local share of the preparation
of Phase I plans for a waste
water treatment and collection
. system in the lakes area.
A public meeting was held
Saturday evening, August 9, at
the Lake James Christian
Assembly with the Steuben
County Lakes Council as host.
President of the Council,
. Pete Hippensteel, welcomed
the 75 people attending and
-said the council felt the public
needed an update on the
•~ Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
r. District formed last winter.
' Craig Benson, represen- .
: tativeof the sewer district, told
X those attending that the Lakes
• Council was instrumental in
! providing monies necessary
; for the formation of a sewer
'; district.
The district had its inception
last summer when the Lakes
Council decided to explore the
possibility of forming such a
\ district. Last fall the trustees
•of Pleasant, Jamestown,
! Millgrove, and Jackson
' Townships signed a petition
'•' requesting the formation of the
• district.
This was submitted to the
"state in January and after
, public hearings, the district
i .was formed in February.
[ In March, the board of
f trustees was named including
J. Q. Smith, Mac Roberts, Max
Spangle, Oscar Moser, Vern W.
Hughes, Georgie Karr, and
• Donald Beery. Lee Swaidner
i has since replaced Hughes on
' the board.
; After interviewing con-
, sultants for two months, the
firm of Mick, Rowland &
Associates was selected to
prepare the plan of study for
application for state and
. federal monies for Step I. This
' was submitted Friday, August
Benson pointed out that the
sewer district is a legal entity;
however, it has no taxing
powers. The only method at
present to raise the matching
monies required is by
borrowing or by seeking
contributions from residents
within the district. When the
system is operational, funds
will be raised through con-
nection and user fees.
The total cost for Step 1,
which is where the sewer
district is now, is estimated at
$94,614. The usual breakdown
of grants for Step I, according
to Benson, is 75 per 'cent
fedeial; 10 per cent state and
15 per cent local.
This leaves the local share at
$14,192.
Bcason said the Board of the
District would like to use
contributions from future
customers to finance this
$14,000. After the facility is
complete, the contributions
would be used as credits on
connection fees. Should the
project not be completed, the
money left would be returned
to the contributors on a pro
rata basis.
The audience questioned
Benson as to whether it would
be possible to use revenue
sharing funds to cover this
amount. He said that he did not
feel this would be legal.
The board of the district was
also asked if the possibility of
financial support from Steuben
County had been explored. At
present, it has not been;
however, the board will check
into this subject further.
The possibility of paying
interest on this contribution
was also discussed and the
Board will consider it further
in the future.
Richard Mick of Mick,
Rowland and Associates, told
those present that the ap-
plication is just a part of Step I
which includes preparation of a
facility plan for the area to be
served and a feasibility study.
If the application is ap-
proved, considerable detail
will be covered during Step I,
said Mick. He included such
things as where the plant will
be located, how many will be
i served, the size, cost
' estimates, etc.
Six months is the time
estimated to complete Step 1.
Sep II, according to Mick, is
preparation of final plans and
specifications for facility. Step
li will hopefully get underway
early next summer.
Step III, which includes
bidding, contract letting and
construction would take about
two years and present plans
call for completion late in 1979.
Mick stressed that any cost
figures at this time are im-
possible to project.
Henry Bradakis, also of the
consulting firm, told the
audience that the engineers
will have to consider at least
four or five major alternate
methods of disposals as well as
alternates for several of these.
A number of sites will be
considered as well, according
to Bradakis. He added that in
all probability, the system
would bypass individual septic
tanks and filter beds.
At the conclusion of the
meeting, several residents
made a financial contribution
to the Sewer District.
A sample contribution form
is reprinted on Page 3 of this
newspaper. Those wishing to
make a contribution should
contact any board member or
Attorney Craig Benson for a
receipt form. At this point, to
reduce required bookkeeping a
minimum donation of $25, is
suggested, with hopefully
many people contributing $100.
..d
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i .
Wasfe~District. board
*
accepts. federal grant
A Federal grant for $50,570 for Phase I
of the formation of a sewer district in
Steuben County has been approved by the
United States Environmental Protection
Agency under the provisions of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
This grant represents 75 percent of the
total estimated cost required for this first
step, which is a feasibility study to find
the most workable plan. Mick and
Rowland and Associates. Inc , are the
engineers for the project.
The total estimated cost is $67,430, of
which the state of Indiana will pay 10
percent. The remaining 15 percent, or
$10,117, will be raised by local voluntary
subscription, and will be in the form of
advance payment towards future sewer
connection fees.
A total of $1,800 has been raised to date,
with payments ranging from 125 to $100.
However, additional funds are needed as
the project continues. Area residents are
urged to make contributions to the
secretary-treasurer of the Steuben Lakes
Regional Waste District, Mrs. Georgia
Karr. or to any member of the Waste
District board.
The grant was accepted by board
members at a meeting held Thursday,
February 12, and signed by President J.
Q. Smith, who called this the first big step
toward saving the area lakes.
Others present at the meeting were
Vice President Mac Roberts; Mrs. Karr;
members Max Spangie, Lee Swaidner,
and Oscar Moser; Craig Benson, legal
counsel; and Richard Mick and Robert
Rowland, representing Mick and
Rowland & Associates, Inc.
When a workable plan has been
selected, the next step (Phase 11) is the
designing of the sewer district, and
finally, Phase III, the actual con-
struction.
Accepting grant
J.Q. Smith, president of the Steuben County Regional Waste District, is signing
. the Federal fund grant which was approved for Phase I of the establishing of a
sewer district in the area. The application was approved by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under the provisions of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act. Also present at the meeting held at the courthouse annex on
Thursday, February 12, are vice president Mac Roberts (right), and Prosecuting
Attorney Craig Benson.
',
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A-2
Kfctr waste projects
' Steuben County Lakes Regional Waste District trustees have been busy viewing projects
. designed by the engineering firms being considered for development of a sewage and waste
system for this lakes area. Saturday, May 10, Max Spangle, Mac Roberts, Craig Benson and J.
•Quentin Smith visited a new project in DeWitt Township near Lansing, Michigan. This project
was a complete system much like the one needed in this local district. Saturday, May 17, Moser,
Spangle, Don Beery, and Benson visited several sites in Indiana where waste systems have been
completed. Tuesday many of the members visited other projects in the area. After considering
the projects and the proposals made by several engineering firms, the committee will make their
selection of an engineering firm for the local project. Shown in the photo are members boarding a
plane enroute to project inspections last Saturday. They are, from left, Donald E. Beery, Phil
Brown, pilot for Tri-State Airport, Max Spangle, Oscar Moser, and Craig Benson, representing
• thelawfirmofBenson, VanHorneand VanHorne. -Staff Photo
«.
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ogress OIL area sewer distract
The semi-annual membership meeting
of the Steuben County Lakes Council was
held Sunday, June 6, at Best Hall on the
Tri-State University campus. A brief
business meeting v,vn; cor/luclcd by
Council President, Peler Hippcnsteel,
after which the meeting was turned over
to the Council's guests. The Steuben
I.''!:"? Regional Waste District tjoard of
Tftf^T ;s. n'.*j "ribncoof the meeting was
oovoici to a i';\-.-'.-;-.''..'.ion of r..i updated
rppy;' on _.r~r'i"rc:.-s to (;..;tf /;n the
proposed sewage Tacur.y project.
Trustees present included Board
President, J. Quentin Smith; Vice-
President Mac A. Roberts; Secretary
Georgia Karr, and Lee Swaidner,
Trustee from Millgrove Township.
Appearing on the' panel program were
four members of the engineering firm of
Mick, Rowland and Associates, along
j with the District's legal counsel, Craig
f Benson.
: The program followed substantially
' the same format as those recently
. presented to the associations of Gage-
v Lime and Crooked Lakes, and
j represented the trustees effort to keep
s district residents well informed, and to
solicit support. Engineering firm per-
sonnel who participated included
Richard Mick, Robert Rowland, Henry
Bradakis and Ross Ruckel, with Benson
serving as moderator for the question
and answer period.
FEASIBILITY STUDY
In his opening remarks, Mick noted the
good progress being made. The contract
for Phase 1 work was signed on July 1st,
1975, and the grant application was filed
early in August. The grant was received
on February 5, 1976, and work on the
feasibility study was be-"T. imrr.c-ikitely.
According to Mick, it is expected the first
portion of the project will be completed
and findings submitted early in August.
Responding to questions from the floor,
Mick outlined the usual time schedule for
such a project, after submission of Step 1
results. Approximately 75 days will be
required for State and Federal officials
to review, and to approve or reject the
feasibility findings.
Upon approval, application is then
made for Phase 2, requiring another
"turn around" period of possibly three
months. Phase 2 work is expected to
consume one year, with another turn
around period, in which to evaluate and
adjust the plan, let contracts, etc., before
actual construction can start. Estimated
construction time is now set at two years,
Mick Kf.'-tfd. making laic JSV'i r*r J
(2) Servicing of individual septic tanks
would present insurmountable ex-
penditures in time and money. To in-
corporate the individual systems into the
new facility would raise the construction
and maintenance cost, and prove far less
efficient than th direct connection and
centra! treatment system presently
proposed. A part of the national "Clean
Water" goal is to end the need for such
out-dated systems and their attendant
problems.
f3) Fluctuating lake population
presents a special kind of problem.
Speaking of one of the major challenges
facing the engineers, Bradakis noted the
Waste District population numbers
approximately -1767 year-round
residents, risim: to an estimated 20,2Ga
during the three summer months. In
effect, this changes the District's sewage
control needs from that of a small town
population to that of a fair-sized city, in
one weekend, bringing fair-sized
problems which are beat solved with one
collection and central treatment system.
WASTE DSSTIUCTFL'NDING
Sunday's presentation closed with a
discussion of the possible overall co.iis
involved in facility construction. It \v;'.s
pointed out that the Steuberi Regional
Waste District is fortunate to be able to
move ahead under the present EFA
" funding structure, whereby 85 percent of
the cost is provided through Stftte and
Federal monies. This means the
proposed facility to serve the county's
major lake chain can be constructed
with "fifteen cent dollars" as the locr-i!
cost. The local share of Phase 1 cost ;.
510,117, plus administrative expense, c/
which approximately $4000 has bo:..
collected by the Board of Trustees L:
date. An appeal was made by th;
Trustees to^ all residents of the \Vasu-
District who have not yet contributed. ?•?
come forward with a prepayment cc •.-
tributioii now. These prepayments v-1
apply toward eventual hook-on ice;, ?.
will enable the Vvartc Board to proce-.>
with the project's next step.
I^akes Council Board of Directors vi'.i
hold the regular monthly !)reik."::.-;
meeting one week later in July, bocc.u-.:
of the holiday. This swsion wil! bt- ::t 3'.
a.m., Saturday, July 10, a th~ i an: '.
Affair Restaurant, Lake J.r.iies. ,Nc
Board appointees include Jr-lin Ki;!_.;..
for Crooked Lake, V/illiam 0. H;vreli;':
Clear Lake, and Winifred Me Haw, !*'•.:
f James,
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A-2
y.f7". 4 : -^ ."«•:" ' ' . . •"' **—< t> •- .y ^y.^-.-ff,--. ?*!*•-•_ f. . ..» j
• ' . ' '•-, '•'* • " •' )
6A FORT WAYNE NEWS-SENTINEIX Frl., June 11,
\
\* M Fr*"" "P'lM f:y ("! *> I- *•/*& jar *>'-•'* r*^"\\ t* ** i
^lir Xr^V^^^ J^-^-ilijMH
Helene R. Foellinger, Publisher
Erneif E. Williams, Editor Robert L. Thompson, Editorial Page Editor
Sentinel Founded In 1833 News Founded in 1874
Th* Nowt-Sentinel Founded in 19T8
Lake Evolution
Preserving the lakes of Northern In- Despite it all, the lakes remain fa-
diana has been an area concern for vored places of recreation; and the wa-
more than a generation, but never be- ter quality, if it isn't quite what it used
fore has the situation been as acute as it to be, has not yet been destroyed. Ac-
is today. . cording to the Steuben County Lakes
Council, this is due to general corn-
Basically, the problems are similar to pliance with septic system regulations
those of all resort property: the more and the restricting of the kinds of devel-
Jntensively it is used, the less desirable opment which would destroy the natural
it becomes. It is the old paradox ecology.
noted so often on the seashores and in
wilderness areas. Preservation and the /• More is needed.' To meet current
unique pleasures of natural sites are at I needs and head off certain deterioration
odds with wide public enjoyment of. in the future, the Steuben Lakes Region-
teem. / al Waste District has embarked on an
• / extensive sewer system. The major
' The need Is to find a balanro which Iakes Deluded in the $12 million plan
JslSf^S&ffS^^^ SfiS'S.toSg S?ff ?ow' /
Decent access in some places and re.\BlSotter. Llttle Otter, Lime and Gage. /
stricted activity and nature preservation ^ m.
bothers «.v
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An oveniow crown 01 utauiy
terested ci'!zens jammed the Steuben
County Court Room Thursday night at
the public meeting to discuss plans for
waste water collection and treatment for
the Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
District. The project was over-
whelmingly approved by those present
wRhonly a few expressing opposition to
the plan.
As each person entered the room,.he
was given an opportunity to sign a slip of
•paper giving his name and whether he
Ill- '-
| law and as a part of Step I to secun-
J opinions of the people of the area to tv
' served, prior to submitting the plan to tht
state and federal authorities for approva:
to continue with plans to construct the
sewage waste collection and treatment
I system. He introduced other members o<
i the board, Georgia Karr, Lake Gage
secretary, Mac A. Roberts, Otter Lake,
Oscar Moser, Crooked Lake, Max
Spangle, Crooked Lake, and Lee
Swaidner, Lake Gage.
Richard Mick, of Mick, Rowland &
Associates, Inc. who prepared the
facilities plan, spoke first, saying that the
meeting was scheduled to inform the
public on the progress of the project as
well as to answer any questions. He said
there would be three steps in the project
The present Step I is a feasibility
study including recommendations for the
type of facilities needed and the ap-
proximate cost of the project. After
approval of the public, the next step
would be approval of funds by state ana
federal agencies for an engineering
design plan. This would also require
some local funds, approximately $10,000.
After approval of the engineering plans.
the third step would be letting of con-
tracts and construction of the system.
STUDY POSSIBILITIES
Mick said that many possibilities had
been studied by his firm. The system
• which they were recommending would
include sanitary sewers only, no surface
or drainage water. There had been four
major alternatives on treatment and in
all, IB combinations of systems that were
considered. Effects on environment.
cost, and social aspects of the system
were all considered before the present
system was recommended by his firm.
This system would include pressure
sewers and gravity sewers connected to
aeration systems and chemical treat-
ment of phosphates and other elements.
This would result in no discharge in
normal situations and safe discharge in
extreme conditions.
Cost of the project was estimated at
$14,640,000 with construction estimated
at $11,470,000 and the balance for ad-
ministrative, planning, engineering.
legal, land, rate study, bonding costs and
contingency reserve. The local share, an
approximate cost of $2,425,000 would be
raised from two sources, connection
charges and a bond issue. As a sample.
estimated cost, there would be a con-
nection fee, and then monthly costs for
the average user, to include interest and
debt retirement as well as current
operating expenses, which would be
approximately $10.88 per month.
Arnie Heier, an employee of the
Steuben County Health Department,
Sanitation Division, said that septic
tanks are not the answer for the
problems that are developing around the
lakes. Now it is necessary to have a lot of
10,000 square feet before a septic tank
can be approved and many smaller lots
would be in violation if they were
required to reconstruct their septic tanks
in the future. Also, he said that the soil
will accept only a limited amount of
septic tank overflow before it becomes
saturated and unsafe for future
operations. The situation around the
lakes is becoming serious, he said and
will reach a critical stage in a few yean
> In mnnv artae if an- oHosniata *v*Heftinn
A 2
Waste district
i
(Continued fro)n page 1)
longer the project was delayed the higher
the cost would be-'
1180 COMPLETION
Ronald Ankenbruck, of Palty Town,
Lake James, asked when the completion
date would be and he was told that under
present schedule the project would be
completed in September, 1980, with some
of the system in operation before then.
Existing mobile court connections would
be different according to the situations.
In some cases it would be to each in-
dividual lot while others would be to
areas.
Gregory Bill, representing the Jim-
merson Lake Association, said their
group was generally in favor of the
project and that they would like to be
involved and have a member of their
group on the committee.
John C. Knight, of the Crooked Lake
Association, said that their group is in
favor of the project and feel the trustees
should move as rapidly as possible on the
project. He said the future of the lakes
depends on an adequate sewage system
such as this.
, "Cost would be no factor if our sewage
systems failed tomorrow," he said, "and
our investment and our pleasure in our
lake properties endangered."
A long list of officers and members
approving the project from the Lone
Tree Point Association on Lake James
was read by Valetta Bachmann, an of-
ficer of the association.
Mrs. Elaine Hawkins, speaking for the
Steuben County Lakes Council, said they
support the facilities plan and feel
strongly that complete treatment of
sewage must be adopted to preserve the
lakes, and make investments in lake
homes secure.
"Clear water is a necessity for the
future of lake homes," she said.
Betty Brown, of Crooked Lake, said
that usually water systems followed
sewage systems and wondered if there
was any such plan in the future. She was
told there was nothing in the proposal
that calls for water. The authority is
limited to sanitary sewage disposal.
INFLATION ESCALATION
Charles Goodale, of Spring Point,
asked if the cost figures were realistic or
whether there would be rapid escalation
by Inflation. He said that many people
who are retired, are on limited budgets
and there is a limit to what they can pay.
Mick, in answering, said he believed the
contracts will be within the estimated
figures.
One question was asked whether the
entire system would have to be rebuilt at
the end of the bonding period and
residents would be assessed a large
amount at that time. Mick said that in-
cluded in the cost was a sinking fund for
this replacement and maintenance of
equipment such as grinder pumps and
this should keep the system in good
operating condition.
On the question of how members of the
board of trustees would be selected, the
questioner was told that one member
would be selected by each township in-
volved, and three would be elected by the
district as a whole.
Marvin Finn, of Lake James, who said
he was not for or against the project,
asked the question whether the pollution
now was more phosphates and nitrates
and lack of oxygen ami not pollution from
human waste, and asked how this would
be solved. He cited run-off from farm
fertilizers as a big contammator. Mick
said the system was geared only to
handle the waste system of the district
homes and that phosphate contamination
from fertilizers would have to be han-
dled in some other way.
Ronald Hodge, of Crooked Lake, said
saturation levels are already being
arrived at in some areas and septic field;
are not effective.
Earl Farver, of Nevada Mills, showed
concern for the overflow from the
aeration field going into the creek at
Nevada Mills. Mick said that in most
cases there would be very little and that
it would be much cleaner and
safer than what is now in the creek and a
much smaller amount. There would be a
minimum run-off, he said, and holding
tanks would take care of the situation in
the winter when aeration could not be
conducted because of the weather con-
ditions.
ESCAPING CONGESTION
Robert Stoner, of Jimmerson Lake.
spoke strongly against the project. He
said he had moved here from the city to
escape congestion and pollution and it
seemed to him this project would be
costly and would encourage many people
to come to the area and create an
overcrowding. He feared it would en-
courage many trailer courts and
congestion on the lakes that would bring
more pollution. He also said he hoped the
sewer system could not be completed for
10 years so that he could get his money
out of his present septic tank system.
"The whole thing makes me sick," he
said.
He also expressed the opinion that the
eventual cost per customer would be far
more than indicated on the estimates.
One question was raised by a seasonal
resident concerning rates. She askec
whether there would be the same cost for
part time residents as foi' ihose who lived
at the lakes the year around. She was toic
the hook-up fee would be the same and
that operating costs would probably
remain fairly constant throughout tht
year but that the actual rate structure
would be determined by a rate survey
Costs would probably be about the same
since there is no way of measuring usage-
Tom Russell, of Lake George, saio
their group was highly in favor of thf
project and would like to be included 'n
the district. He, was told that to amend
the request to the government at the
present time would delay the project.
The petition should be submitted to be
included later as the project is being
engineered.
Other expressions were both for and
against the project, although many said
that news articles in the loca:
newspapers had answered many of theii
questions.
INCREASED GROWTH
Those who opposed the measure
generally expressed concern for the
increased growth of the area which il
would bring, and the cost to people who
already had satisfactory sanitation
systems.
The big majority of the people at-
tending expressed approval of the
project and urged it be pushed as rapidly
as possible.
E. J. Horstman, of Crooked Lake
questioned whether or not it would in-
crease the number of mobile home court:,
and the committee said this would be up
to the planning commission.
All persons present were given an
opportunity to speak and at the close of
the meeting Dr. Willig opened the
meeting to any further questions.
Plans of the engineers were on display
and were explained by Mick, Robeit
Rowland and Henry Bradakis.
The plan now will be submitted to state
and federal authorities for approval of
funds to commence step two, thf
engineering phase of the project. Il
approval of Step II and Step III is given.
the time schedule calls for the design IP
be completed by June. 1978. construction
contracts to be let and construction to tx
started by January, 1979, with fuuii
bv December. 1980.
-------
Readers' forum:
September 15, 1976. Page Cl.
A-2
,1-
,al:e sewer questions
Gcnt1e;nen:
AIthct-;ih I might benefit personally if
the proposed sewer system becomes a
reality since I am a shareholder in North
Snow I'.ny, Inc., a company having a
large number of the few remaining
waterf ont building lots still available for
sale, I feel a very important and basic
question has yet to be answered or even
adequately considered.
That is, what per cent of the various
contamination existing in our lakes today
is a result of the present septic tank
system versus what per cent is caused
from o'.her sources such as farm fer-
tilizer run-off? How much of the con-
lamina ion problems are we solving by
installing the proposed system? 5 per
cent, 95 per cent, what per cent? In other
words, beginning with the present levels
of phosphates, nitrates, human waste,
oxygen content, etc., wh.it are the
projected levels after the system is
operational?
If it can be determined, as everyone
seems to be simply assuming, that the
contamination problem in our lakes can
be substantially solved by the proposed
system, then by all means the project
should proceed full speed ahead.
However, if the proposed system will not
substantially reduce the serious con-
taminates, then a close second look
should be taken.
It is argued that most or all of the
nitrates in our present system eventually
reach the lakes, but r.gain no answer is
given as to whether this represents most
or merely an insignificant part of the
total nit.-ate content r.f the water. At the
public hearing, Mr. Heier svated that
probably most of ih: phosphates may
come from farm rui -off, but he really
had no way of knowi ig. Admittedly the
effectiveness of septic tank systems
cannot be completely measured by dye
tests alone. However, dye tests should be
a reasonably accurate measure of the
effectiveness of the system to handle
human waste. To date, of the 3,700
projected users of the proposed system,
only about 150 septic systems have been
discovered that fail the dye test. If the
main benefit of the proposed system is to
stop the raw sewage currently
discharged into the lakes--and this may
be the main accomplishment-it would
appear the outlay would be about $100,000
per defective septic system ($15,000,000
divided by 150- assuming the total cost of
the project remains at approximately $15
million - which is highly unlikely).
Operating costs of the system are
currently estimated at $350,000 dollars
each and every year, to be paid 100 per
" cent locally - a substantial sum to correct
future defective systems!
Consider further that the latest total
assessed real estate valuation (sup-
posedly one-third of the market value) of
all of Steuben County, including all towns
and cities, is only 62 million dollars.
Probably the area served by this district
would not be over one-sixth of the total of
the whole county - or 10 million dollars.
Perhaps the proposed system is badly
needed, 'but before 15 million, or 20
million, or 25 million is spent on a sewage
system which appears to service real
estate with an assessed valuation of only
10 million dollars, it should be con-
clusively shown that the system will
indeed substantially reduce the con-
tamination in our lakes. Exactly what
benefits are we obtaining for our $15
million? Remember, state and federal
money is still our - the taxpayer's -
money. If the huge federal deficit and
inflation are ever to be reduced, it is our
responsibility to determine the true ef-
fectiveness of projects such as this.
Sincerely,
Marvin E. Finn
• Lake James
Please forward a copy of this letter to
the proper state and federal agencies so
it may become a part of the public
opinion record. Also please publish the
names and addresses of such agencies in
the event others would like to make
written comments concerning whether a
study should be made to answer this
basic question before the project
proceeds further.
-------
A-2
County's "alarming spots"
spur conservation efforts
By JOAN D. LaGU ARDIA
(Editor's Note: The following is the
; 'first in a series of articles examining the
•• i state of the natural environment in
Steuben County.)
1 Pete Hippensteel, chairperson of the
Tri-State University Biology Department
and president of the Steuben Lakes
Council, attempted to point out the in-
, consistencies in the natural environment
! : in Steuben County.
j "We. have lots of inconsistencies."
Lake James, he pointed out, is the prime
example. Most of the water in the lake is
: good. "But we have a few bays and
channels that have terrible water
/ality." \
There are some "alarming spots" he*
Jsays, where some residences "could be
(condemned" because of sewage from ,
I septic systems. J
\ ixtcal residents are becoming aware*
i that the principles of conservation and
! preservation are necessary, not only for
;' comfortable life in Steuben County, but
, for economic growth. Pollution of the
lakes would reduce the number of
i summer visitors. The value of lake
i residental properties would also drop.
! ^"Property owners could see," Hip-
i pensteel suggested, "that they could
; have a major fish kill along the lakes.
I What would that do to their property
I value? It's a way to protect your in-
i vestment."
• Increased interest in the environment
I has been shown by health department
i water monitoring, the current county-
! wide clean-up campaign, and several
|. active conservation groups.
: The newest such group is the Youth
i Conservation Corps which employs 21
: Steuben County residents aged 15
: through 19. It is funded through HEW and
i administered by the state through the
:. department of Natural Resources,
' Division of Forrestry.
Thin is the first year of the program
I headed locally by Hippensteel. He had
, wanted to start the program last year,
but was too late for funding. There are
(our work group supervisors who are
College students or graduate students.
"It is a combination work-education
experience. The groups are to be 75
percent work oriented and 25 percent
education oriented. We are going by
those guidelines. The work-education,
.experience is an integrated experience."
The YCC will be working in five public
areas. The students rotate between these
PETE HIPPENSTEEL
...concerned conservationist
"I tried to pick areas that I thought we
could introduce some new work that had
not been done before. I wanted to enter
new areas. It must be public land."
In the wooded area behind the new
Angola Middle School, an outdoor
classroom will be constructed and trails
will be cleared.
Landscaping, erosion control, and
seeding will be done in the Angola park
system. Hippensteel points out the young
employees" will not be performing
maintenance work. The students offer
opinions as to which park areas need
work and the type of work which should
be done.
For the Hamilton Community Schools,
the students are developing nature trails
around the school. Hamilton area em-
ployees will be used mainly here, the
biology professor points out.
The McClue Reserve will also be a YCC
target. "It is a very good natural area,"
he says, "and we're helping to develop
the trails."
They will also be sampling the lake
water for the Steuben Lakes Council and
will be removing trash from a Fox Lake
Channel.
"The students have been very en:
thusiastic. I think many of them have
become aware of the environment
through their school curriculum."
Hippensteel explains the concept of
conservation as "the wise use of our
natural resources so we can continue to
use our parks and lakes." This is the
basic concept followed by Steuben
County's only local environmentalist
group, the Steuben Lakes Council.
President of the council, Hippensteel
explains, "I think it's a unique
organization from the standpoint that I
don't think there is another county that
has a similar organization. It doesn't
have any national ties. They are uniquely
concerned with Steuben County.
The Biology Department chairperson
has been employed by the university for
14 years. His tale of immigration to this
area is similar to many others.
"The reason I came to Steuben County
is because it has a variety of en-
vironmental conditions and habitat."
The professor explained that within
minutes, his biology class can be
studying many types of environments on
location. Other universities must travel
significant distances to enjoy such study.
"We take too many things for granted
in Steuben County," he cautions.
He adds, however, "I really have felt
very good about the cooperation we've
(lakes council) received from the
standpoint that we have not tried to be
against everything. We have done some
initiating for things like the sewer
district and have helped the Health
Department with the water monitoring
program."
With renewed awareness of the im-
portance of the environment to Steuben
County and the formation of con-
servationist groups as the YCC and lakes
council, the environment of the county
has changed significantly. These
changes have not only affected the land
and lakes of the county, but the govern-
ment as well.
-------
ANGOLA/INDIANA46703
20 cents per copy
Changes in county planning due
to interest in conservation
By JOAN D. l.aGUARIMA
(Editor's Note: The following article is
le second in a scries examining the
late of the natural environment in
teuben County.)
* *
Changes in Steuben County have taken
riany forms as more homes, commercial
mildings and industries have been built
lere. The lakes especially have been
leveloped as housing plats were
established and summertime residents
Converted to year-long citizens.
Paralleling the increase in population
md construction is the increase in
'overnmrnental concerns and the em-
jhasis on planning in the area. Tlui-e
31'.; i :•,!' • , > 1 .
-I vl \,i
.
An awareness of the need to preserve
the quality of the lakes incited some
changes in the health department here.
Norris D. Lehman, Steuben County
Sanitarian explained the major con-
servation program, water monitoring.
The mmJi. i i> -\.r :'>r;tn; i a .i.Aiii'S the
amount of p i v. ... m thi: county lakes
according t<> j t.. ... i.-.U- •• i up in the
Ci/u.ily n.jjlur [;!:'ii
l'i\ -.f tii thai, ti.L- vi.unly ili.l lull.' wjiter
iiiunitoniiij on it;> uwu.
"The state biologist would come up
every few years to sample the lakes,"
Lehman said.
A private citi/en became interested in
irom me state for grants to start new
programs," Lehman recalled.
With approval from the county com-
missioners, he applied for the funds to
hire a biologist to test the water.
"The state would only grant us money
for the salary. We, in our budget, didn't
have any money for supplies or to pay
rent for a lab. It appeared then that our
monitoring program wouldn't even get
off the ground."
The Steuben Lakes Council provided
. the grant for the needed funds Since that
time, the county has assumes the cost for
the supplies and rent and also for part of
the salary of Arnie Heier, biologist"
"We had to increase our budget for soft
supplies and rent. It has cost us $1200 a
year for our biologist -to use Tri-State's
lab."
Lehman said the water monitoring
program has made it easier "to keep
track of the lakes, to determine whether
the lakes are in a polluted state or
whether they're in good condition, or
whether we need a sewage system."
At the present, Heier is responsible for
the water monitoring.
Commenting on the results of the
monitoring program, Lehman said, "It's
to a condition where the oxygen profile
(of the lakes) doesn't encompass as far
as it used to. Certain species of fish have
*«edout."
The Cisco population of take James,
*fiw example, is gone.
In general, the county health depart-
ment has had to expand its services to
consider conservation aspects.
"There's no question that the
ecological movement the past few years
has required and demanded more things
from us."
While the health department is
monitoring the current state of the lakes
and other county areas, '.he Steuhen
County Plan Commission is responsible
lor regulating future planning and
development to avoid causing or com-
.;. pounding problems,
Lucille Newnam, chairperson of the
commission, was appointed to that board
seven years ago. She explained that one
of the purposes of the board is to in-
terpret and uphold the Steuben County
Master Plan.
She added, "We are, of course, in-
terested in the environment. The board is
also a protection for the citizens.''
The plan commission holds an a
-------
Board of zoning
appeals decides
variances, exceptions
A-2
have had .other people attend the
meetings."
Ecology, she said, is a motivation for
some of the people who attend the
meetings. While considering their point
of view, she said, members of the
commission must remain objective and
open minded.
'Tin* muster plan is supposed to he our
gUnU: ijouk, but we have to use our
common sense, too. We have tried to
consider everything all the way around."
Bill Byrne, president of the board of
zoning appeals, also noticed some dif-
ference in the attendance at the
meetings.
The bo;trd of /oninp npricnls is (he
defirtini! Ixuuvi n, \\\i>-,\i •,', .-.i.i.ing
va.i.iikc .md ;,j..t i-i.il' < .%, . !„!...- ,. Zoning
change decisions made by the plan
commission can also be appealed to this
board. In that way, two county boards
play a part in each decision.
"On a normal routine agenda, there's
passive interest," Byrne said. "Where
the big meetings come in is where you
have more or less larger commercial
items applying for something."
"Th" -I,..:' ..-,!, -if,-,":.'!-. , .-.,,! :r, f.,ras
Li:
< .• .ii. ' ,ies
uui: v, no iii c aii aiu ul en-
vii win i,',iii pollution."
Hyrne said the board of zoning appeals
does not give more consideration to the
environmentalists, but considers all
opinions.
He added of the environmental groups,
"They are organized and they let people
know what is going on."
The increase in interest in the
workings of the board cannot easily be
disputed. Tony Culver, a member of both
the plan commission and board of zoning
appeals has served both boards for
several years.
He recalled that four years ago
meetings were held in the circuit court
Plan Commission must
consider county
master plan
room with few spectators and light
agendas.
He said, "I believe that the importance
of the power of the plan commssion and
the board of zoning appeals was not well
known. Then, we dealt basically with a
lot of minor things and adjustments in
the ordinance or mobile homes."
"Lately, in the last year and a half,
we've really been getting into some real
interesting item coming before the
board."
He credited part of this lo the en-
vironmentalists and offered, "The lakes
council has been very well organized at
our meetings as well as the lake
associations."
Speaking of members of the com-
mission as well as residents of the county
he said, "I think they have been greatly
made aware of the fact that some
changes will directly affect the ecology
of the area."
In deciding matters which come before
the board, Culver spoke for himself when
he said, "I don't rally look at the area as
a resort area. 1 look at it as my home
town."
He said he considers, "What if I lived
there? How would I feel if it was beside
me?"
He agreed that the board members had
to "redirect" their thinking to consider
ecological factors and does not think this
will hinder progress in the county. He
cautioned, however, that isolationist
attitudes would make the community
"awfully stale" and might hinder
growth.
The evidence is clear that con-
servationist attitudes and careful
planning have increased the respon-
sibilities of local boards. County
residents have also changed their at-
titudes toward their participation in
preserving the environment.
Morris Lehman noted the change in
altitude and explained, "When I started
this job in 1959 they thought 1 was too
rough, now they think I'm loo easy. It's
the other way around."
l\
-------
Leslie Graves
. will reign as
> Miss Steuben County ;
Pictures Pg. B-13 ... Story Pg. 3
Is low-cost
housing issue
dead in Angola?
Editorial... Page B-l I
area television
listings featured
TV Week . .. Inside
jacK vrana
relaxes before
joining in "fun run"
People . . . Page C-V
TEUBEN
/WED1
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 28, 1978
REPUBLICAN
ANGOLA, INDIANA
20 cents pe
leral water pollution control will "affect everyone
By JOAN D. LaGUARDIA
(Editor's Not«: The following article Is
the third tn a series examining the slate
of the natural environment In Steuben
County.)
Changes have come about in Steuben
County Because of a desire on the part of
local residents to protect the natural
environment. The federal government,
however, also has its eye on Steuben
County ecology, and some folks say that
could be a problem.
Steuben, like every other county in the
state, and Indiana, like every other state
in the Union, is bound by the 1972 Federal
Water Pollution Control Act.
/ That act requires that by 1983, all
/ waterways must be safe for swimming
/ uinl for fish unit wildlife. This in com-
[ motily called the "swimmublc, fishable"
I clause. It also requires that there be no
I discharge into waterways by ;
provided in Section 2(W of
iiic act for a planning process to develop
and implement the water quality
management of each state with state and
local input into the procedure. In In-
diana, the Stream Pollution Control
Board is in charge of this system.
Under Section 208, each state is
required to develop this plan. Should
Indiana not develop an acceptable plan,
or not develop a plan at all, the En-
vironmental Protection Agency will
develop a plan for Indiana. The result
would be a federally-imposed water
quality plan with limited local input over
its development.
A group of Steuben County rdmiiMiia
traveled to Kendallville Wednesday
evening to discuss Section 208 in the first
Committee.
The Steuben County caucus elected
Wayne Cosper, Orville Moody and Jack
Clark as their steering committee. These
men will select Steuben County's ad-
visory committee.
Some of those present at the meeting
were opposed to the plan because they
believe it involves too much federal
control. Construction of sewage
facilities, highways, or commercial and
residential centers will be affected as
well as agriculture.
Many of the Steuben County residents
who attended the meeting were con-
cerned about the effects on agriculture.
Tito uct requires that Section 208 plans
outline the control of Identified non-
point" sources of pollution. These are
pollution sources caused by wide areas of
srwiw iinil run off which docn not
originate (ruin a single point.
The Stream Pollution Control Board,
with the help of the still-to-be-chosen
local advisers will determine through
this planning prwess an invenlory of
"best management practices" for far-
mers. These will be designed to control
agricultural run-off and may affect the
types of fertilizers, herbicides and
pesticides a farmer may use as well as
now and when a farmer may plow his
ground.
In most cases, implementation of these
practicies will be voluntary. However,
severe pollution problems could result in
mandatory controls. There is a cost-
sharing clause in the act which would
consider financial hardships resulting
from compliance by the farmers. To be
eligible, however, the project must be
identified and be given a priority in the
Seclion 208 plan.
Local farmer Kermit Rensch par-
One woman did not feel the govern-
ment was capable of efficiently ad-
ministering the program. "I'm afraid if
we turn clean water over to the
politicians, it might get dirtier."
Representatives qf the Stream
Pollution Control Board and the state
health department admitted that Section
208 plans "will affect everyone."
Their literature claimed, "The plans
may result in changes in land use pat-
terns, changes in certain farming
practices, changes in highway con-
struction, changes in town's future
growth patterns and changes in the way
tax dollars are spent.
"However, the plant will reiult In
cleaner waters, a benefit to everyone.
The Act requires that the public be in-
volved in the planning and dccision-
rmiViii); ...People run make the dif-
ference. This la a chance for you to get
involved, to have a voice in the
development of something that will af-
fect everyone."
Stale Itrprracntatlve Norman G'-rig,
who represents Slcubcn County, was
present and commented, "We have an
opportunity for taking a positive step for
the generation which hasn't been
yet.
He continued, "This does not en
regional government concepts. W
take part, or we can do nothing ai
the teas take over for us."
Gerig urged those present to
ticipate in the program and use
advisory capacity to the fullest.
Kendallville Mayor Roemke mi
similar comment, "We're going to
208 and that's a fact. We're going to
it with or without our cooperation."
construction and agricultural prcx
throughout the states.
However, because of 20ft,
residents will have a corrcspondii
going opportunity for input throuf
advisory committee chosen in Sti
County by Cosper, Moody and Clark
Km I her mloi million alnnil SvMi\
or other environmental practices
conditions in this area can be oblairj
writing Benjamin Marvin, I
Participation Coordinator, Indiana
Board of llvnlih, 1IUO West Mic
Street, Indianapolis, Indiana, 462IH
telephone number for that office is
633-0700.
Section 208 plans
repeat local ideas £
For 30 years the Steuben County Soil and Water Conservation District h
suggested best management practices for area farmers with the goal of co
-------
County caucus elected
Orville Moody and Jack
eering committee. These
t Steuben County's ad-
e.
! present at the meeting
a the plan because they
lives too much federal
jtruction of sewage
rays, or commercial and
ters will be affected as
ore.
iteuben County residents
the meeting were con-
• ,ie effects on agriculture.
ss that Section 208 plans
itrol of identified "non-
of pollution. These are
s caused by wide areas of
run-off which does not
i single point.
Pollution Control Board,
of the still-to-be-chosen
will determine through
process an inventory of
ment practices" for far-
ill be designed to control
in-off and may affect the
tilizers, herbicides and
rmer may use as well as
i a farmer may plow his
s, implementation of these
1 be voluntary. However,
m problems could result in
>r,tro!s. There is a co?t-
e in the act which would
ncial hardships resulting
p.ce by the farmers, To be
rver, the project must be
: be given a priority in the
in.
icr Kermit Rensch par-
« discussion by pointing out
j operation on iand located
Creek would probably be
-questioned why cattle are
non-point pollution source
is of people "wallowing" in
ho may have "all sorts of
le diseases" are not con-
tion sources.
mmented, "It's going to be
s burden on the farmers."
One woman did not fi:-?l the govern-
ment was capable of efficiently ad-
ministering the program. "I'm afraid if
we turn clean water over to the
politicians, it might get dirtier."
Representatives of the Stream
Pollution Control Board and the state
health department admitted that Section
208 plans "will affect everyone."
Their literature claimed, "The plans
may result in changes in land use pat-
terns, changes in certain farming
practices, changes in highway con-
struction, changes in town's future
growth patterns and changes in the way
tax dollars are spent.
"However, the plans will result in
cleaner waters, a benefit to everyone.
The Act requires that the public be in-
volved in the planning and decision-
making....People can make the dif-
ference. This is a chance for you to get
involved, to have a voice in the
development of something that will af-
fect everyone."
State Representative Norman Gerig,
who represents Steuben County, was
present and commented, "We have an
opportunity for taking a positive step for
the generation which hasn't been Urn
yet."
He continued, "I!.;.- d.-.s ,\,,[ •.. ; ,l3c
regional government concepts. We can
take part, or we can do notinn-' and 1st
the feds take over for us."
Gerig urged those present to par-
ticipate in the program and use their
advisory capacity to the fullest.
Kendallville Mayor Roemke made a
similar comment, "We're going to have
208 and that's a fact. We're going to have
it with or without our cooperation."
construction and agricultural processes
throughout the states.
However, because of 208, local
residents will have a corresponding on-
going opportunity for input through the
advisory committee chosen in Steuben
County by Cosper, Moody and Clark.
Further information about Section 208
or other environmental practices and
conditions in this area can be obtained by
writing Benjamin Marvin, Public
Participation Coordinator. Indiana State
Board of Health, 1330 West Michigan
Street, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46206. The
telephone number for that office is (317)
633-0700.
ai ickeas
For 30 years the Steuben County Soil and Water Conservation District has
suggested best management practices for area farmers with the goal of con-
servation.
Local members of the district believe that Section 208 planning is essentially.
a repeat of what they have been doing for a long time.
However, in a positon paper they gave to state health department
representatives in K"nc.'ailvi!!e, they stated, "We believe that 'the elimination
of all discharge of pollution into the nation's waters by 1P?5" is an unattainable
and unrealistic goal. The emphasis should be placed en ihe protection of soil
and water resources through sour.d conservation practices."
The Steuben County Soil and Water Conservation District represents 158,400
acres in Region III-A. Its members belive it is the logical candidate to plan and
implement water pollution control programs on the local level.
Their paper continues, "Efforts to control agriculturally related non-point
source pollution are not new....The soil and water conservation program as a
whole has been z non-point source pollution control program since its inception.
Our work to control erosion by water began 30 years ago in Steuben County."
The report further suggests that a member from each of the conservation
districts in Region III-A should serve on the Section 203 Policy Advisory
Committee.
Acknowledging the overlap in responsibility, the p?.per further proposes.
"Whatever the naturo of the program (Section 203), one of its DL-U-.O:-..; >.-'•'
poses will be to control sediment and associated pollutants. Control of erosion
and sediments is the prime responsibility of conservation districts. Districts
must play a substantial role in this program if we are to meet our respon-
sibilities for resource corservation arid assure an effective, technically sound
and workable program."
"Fanning with a conservation plan using these practices we now have will
enhance water quaiiity protect the soil and water resources base, and continue
to provide food and fiber for the nation."
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A- 2
\ • j <)l[*l uS-*" JL
aste district §
•/ The Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
< District is experiencing bureaucratic lag
•' in its effort to install a sewage system
around the lakes, but progress has been
steady, though slow..
• In recent correspondence, the board
'was notified that Representative Dan
Quayle is continuing his investigation
into the schedule for the Environmental
Impact Study (EIS). That study has been
credited with much of the delay in the
: project.
Quayle was notified by the Acting
Regional Administrator of< the En-
vironmental Protection Agency (EPA)
that the study is due to be available for
' public comment by October 6.
Craig Benson, attorney for the waste
.district, has communicated with the
'EPA fpr the last month. Several new
1 alternatives for the sewage system
.components have been developed as well
•'as cost estimates and potential impacts.
- Some of these alternatives were ex-
plored in a newsletter prepared by the
EPA which was distributed by Benson
' and the waste district to lake'residents. It
was the first newsletter in regard to the
• Steuben County EIS.
Among the new general alternatives
". are a centralized collection and treat-
' ment system with either land application
of effluent entry into streams, small flow
' systems utilizing package plants or land
.disposal, and on-site and cluster
systems. Other considerations involved
are flow reduction, types of centralized
collection systems and application of a
phosphorous ban.
In July, a workshop will be held with a
Citizen's Advisory Committee consisting
of representatives' of the lake
associations and board members.
Alternatives in terms of design proposed
for each developed area, projected costs
and potential environmental impacts will
be given. Input from residents on these
alternatives will be sought at the
meeting. <
Mick, Rowland & Associates, V
engineers for the waste district, were I
thanked for "the generous cooperation 1
given the Planning Branch (of the EPA) I
and its consultant.''
"We understand the difficult situation
in which you have been placed by the
changes in planning emphasis by the
State and Federal authorities. Earlier
emphasis on regionalization and con-
ventional treatment approaches made it
difficult for you to carry on the planning
for your lower-cost land application
alternative. One purpose of the EIS has
been to develop lower-cost alternatives.
for rural lake projects. Many of the
planning tools now being used and many
of the administrative alternatives were
simply not in existence at the time you
prepared the facilities plan."
The report continued, "Your work has,
however, not been in vain, as your land
application alternative and your
facilities plan proposal for the collection
of the high density areas still form the
core of the new lower-cost alternatives."
EPA correspondence was signed by
Charles H. Sutfin, Director, Water
Division, Region V.
-------
A-2
&EDNESOAY.AI
'EDNESOAY..W.UGUST9,197JL
Study not completed
Sewer district hearin
T
? " County residents interested in seeing
i-the Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
('District sewage system become a reality
| had their hopes < dashed a little further
• Monday evening when the Citizens
J Advisory Committee met.
S Although the Environmental
\ Protection Agency (EPA) had set
{.Friday, August IS, for the required
I public hearing, it was reported Monday
i evening that Wapura, the company
(chosen to do the environmental impact
i study, would be unable to gather the
••necessary information together by that
{date.
L Due to that circumstance, the public
Shearing will be postponed until later in
ftheFall.
• f The Citizens Advisory Committee is
(composed of representatives from the
(various lake associations, the Steuben
'County Lakes Council, Steuben Health
.Department, and Steuben Soil and Water
Conservation Service. It is a requirement
I; • '. - '
of the EPA that such a committee be
formed at this stage of the impact study
to provide local input for the Preparation
Section of the Waste District planning.
The director of the Preparation Sec-^
tion, Kathleen Schaub of Chicago, met I
with the committee at its formation on 1
V July 21.
The main purpose of Monday night's
meeting was to study the seven alter-
native sewage systems proposed-one
prepared by Mick, Rowland and Com-
pany of Angola, and the remaining six
compiled by Wapura, Inc.
Among the points discussed were the
need for such a system and the im-
plementing of it. In-depth discussions
were held regarding the individual areas
within the district and the proposals
made for their treatment.
The need to provide specific in-
formation regarding local problems-
population density, soil and water con-
ditions, and related areas-to the EPA
20 CENTS PER COPY
were discussed. It was decided that each
of the lake associations within tha
district would conduct in-depth studies of
their respective areas. A pilot study has
already been made by the Snow Lake
Association.
The information gathered will be
forwarded to Schaub's office, the En-
vironmental Impact Study Preparation
Section of the EPA in Chicago.
Peter Hippensteel, cnairman of the
Citizens Advisory Committee and
current president of the SleUben County
Lakes Council, stated that an update
newsletter would be forthcoming from
the Impact Preparation Office. Tlie
annual meeting of the Lakes Council is
scheduled for Saturday, August 19, at
which time the newsletter will be
distributed. The annual meeting will be
held in the Family Affair Restaurant ?t
Lake James. A 9:30 breakfast meeting is
being arranged, details of which will be
announced later.
y.
-------
A-2
NU.33
AUfiUST 16.1978
• "Tberegulation_js_here. There are
/parts oF"it I'don't like and parts I'm
/ certain others don't like," said Dr.
I Knight Kissinger, county health officer,
I as he introduced Mike Patterson of the
I Division of Sanitary Engineering of the
I State Board of Health.
• Patterson came to Steuben County to
explain some of the ramifications of
Regulation USE 25-R, which establishes
the guidelines for residential on-site
' wastewater disposal.
** The regulation went into effect last
December and since that time has drawn
grumbles from builders and installers of
septic systems.
Norris Lehman, sanitation director for
the county, said some of the areas of
biggest concern have included Section
3E: Where soil conditions preclude the
Installation of a subsurface absorption
field sewage disposal system, the In-
diana State Board of Health, after
consultation with the local health
agency, may approve uses of such
alternative equipment, facility or
pollution control device as is deemed
necessary; and Section 70, the ab-
sorption tile or perforated pipe shall be
completely surrounded by coarse gravel,
stone or other approved mateirais with
at least 6 inches below the tile or pipe and
extending upward to at least two inches
above the tile or pipe.
The biggest problem, however, ac-
cording to Lehman is set out in Section EC
which states: Subsurface absorption
fields shall not be construction in soils in
which a seasonal high ground water
level, bed rock, or a limiting layer exists
within 3 feet of the proposed trench
bottom. A greater vertical distance is
desirable and may be required where
aquifers are in danger of contamination.
"You've just about got to be a soils
engineer to work here anymore," Leh-
man sighed.
"I see 25R as not causing too much
problem in this county," said Patterson.
"There are some singular problems
mostly in relation to seasonal water
table. The regulation spells it out clearly.
getting into the
"
Uneol the problems in Steuben County
is determining where the high water
table is. Patterson said this is best
detemincd in the spring.
Patterson stressed that percolation
tests and soil borings be made on each
building site to determine the suitability
for various types of sewage disposal
systems.
Art Mumma of the Steuben County Soil
ewasre
and Water Conservation District said his
department can help with determining
soil types. He said his department has
• completed a mapping of Steuben County
soils, listing the various soils and the
probability of what can be found in any
three acre site. Although this in-
formation has not yet been compiled in
published form, Mumma said the in-
formation is available at his office.
Mumma sugges'ted devlopers work
with his office and the health department
to plan for proper septic systems in the
beginning.
Patterson indicated he felt the
regulations were a "bit of loosening up."
"The public now has the right to try to
utilize some alternative system other
than the traditional septic system." He
stressed again, "Any alternative system
must go to the state for approval."
"Regulation HSE25, regardless of the
yelling and screaming, hasn't really
created anything new. The regulation
doesn't say you can't discharge sewage
off your property. It says you can't do it
without proper permits."
Patterson explained that Dr. Painter,
the state health commissioner, asked I'
State Board of Health to write t;
regulation. The regulation allows t
State Board of Health to oversee I
program and'the local health dcpar
ments to administer it.
Previous regulations had allmvi
landowners with 10 acres or more to I
exempted. "This eventually led to
number of abuses, particular-
noticeable in the large metropolis
areas."
The new regulations, as amended, f
exmpt property owners of 10 acres t
more with two restrictions: 1. The
acres must be used for incorr
production by farmers; and 2. It must!
at least 1000 feet from any other i1
stallation. "The guy still has to get
permit," said Patterson.
Although many of the developers ar
installers present still weren't pleas*
when they Isft the meeting, they did f.
some of the guestions answered that k
been plaguing them. Their problem no.
apparently, is to explain to a land own;
why they can't put a sewage system on.
particular tract of land.
-------
A-2
Lakes
f are s
it
The annual membership meeting of the
'. Steuben County Lakes Council,
• scheduled for Saturday, August 19, will
\ be opened to the public, according to
V Council President, Peter Kippensteel.
5 Featured speaker for the day will be
[ Arthur Mumma, U.S. Soil Conservation
} Service representative for the area, with
" a presentation entitled: "BUT WILL IT
PERC??." As District Conservationist,
Mumma has been in charge of the
; completion and publishing of soil maps
covering the whole of Steuben County.
The maps, prepared in accordance with
• U.S. Soil Conservation directive, are
, designed to be utilized by local health
1 authorities, planning and zoning boards,
developers, farmers and stockmen, by
. all individuals or organizations seeking
information regarding soils content ana
' suitable land use.
Mumma will discuss the many types of
i soil found in this area, as well as the
• relationship between soil make-up and
accepted septic installations. The talk
will be illustarated by colored slide
pictures of various soil situations ir.
: Steuben.
—f» Public education goals
\' In commenting on the choice of subject
' | matter for this year's annual meeting,
, Hippensteel noted the increased at-
tention being given to soil, make-up in
relation to land use and development.
' Since the inception of the Environmental
Protection Agency, the importance of
'this interrelationship' has been in-
creasingly recognized, both by the
private citizen, and by public officials
alike. Public Health officials, municipal
planning and zoning boards, farm groups
and conservation organizations have all
' begun to work more closely with the U.S.
Soil Conservation Service.
. • "In line with the Lakes Council goal of
Increased public education", Hippensteel
commented, "we feel Mr. Mumma's
• explanations will prove interesting and,
we hope, helpful, to many of our
' residents who are experiencing waste-
, disposal or proper land-use problems. We
. hope many will take advantage of
•. Saturday's meeting,"
'.'• In addition to soil-type information,
[ Mumma will review the Stale and local
\ septic installation regulations, including
. the December, 1977, state regulation, and
its June, 1978, amendment. The bearing
Of the Conservation Department's soil
findings on the developing plans for a
central sewage collection facility for the
• major lake chain will be discussed. A
brief question and answer period will
follow Mumma's presentation.
Annual items included
In additio'n to the featured speaker,'
Saturday's agenda includes various
Council committee reports, update in-
formation on current concerns, and the
election of three Board members-at-
large to serve for the coming fiscal year.
Virgil Heim, Lakes Council Board
Chairman, announced a short Board
session to follow immediately after the
Membership adjournment.
The meeting will begin promptly at
9:30 a.m., in the "Captain James Room"
of the Family Affair Restaurant, Lake
James, and will open with musical en-
tertainment, furnished by a quartet of
Sweet Adelines, the 'Fourtuosities". As
in the past, a continental breakfast will
be available. Council members, and all
others interested in the progress of or-
derly growth and development for
Steuben County are cordially invited to
attend.
In charge of arrangments were
Winifred McHoes, Norma Wiesner,'
Elaine Hawkins and Virgil Heim. All
those attending are asked to enter
directly into the "Captain James Room"
by the restaurant's East door.
• ,j
Jr.-
-------
A-2
a says SQI!
•^
"Basically we're working on justifying
the need for a waste district. Looking at
1 the soil map, I think we do-livinR at the
lake, I know we do," said Art Mumma,
district conservationist with the Soil
. Conservation District as he addressed
the annual meeting of the Stcuben
1 County Lakes Association Saturday
morning at Family Affair.
Mumma, whose topic was "Will It Perc
or How to Set a Water Table," told those
present that mapping of the soils in
Steuben County was finished last
December and the information is now
available at his office in the Albion
Production Building in Angola. It will not
be available in printed form for a couple
of years.
"I compare a soil survey to an en-
cyclopedia. It outlines the general soils of
the area. For more detailed information
you go toon-site tests," said Mumma. He
said the mapping indicated seven basic
soil areas in the county including three
'major ones-coarse sand and gravel;
very tight, high in clay and silt; and a
moderately tight soil.
Mumma explained that a soil survey
does rot mean that on-site testing is not
- needed to determine how sewage can
best be handled. Mumma explains that
soil mapping checks areas of about three
• acres, another reason for on-site testing.
"In addition to the soil's ability to
absorb effluents, you must consider the
slope. Effluent follows the course of least
resistance," he said in listing the two key
factors in determining how well sewage
can be handled. "The bad areas are split
about half and half between too high a
water table and too great a slope:" -—
New state regulations specify that the
bottom of a sewage system must be at
least three feet from the water table. "If
we use that, it eliminates a lot of area,"
admitted Mumma. He explained that a
difference in soil color from bright
shades to blue and grays is used to help
pinpoint the water table. This change in
color is caused by oxidation reduction of
iron and manganese. "The higher the
blue and gray colors, the higher the
water table."
Craig Benson, attorney for the Steuben
Lakes Wastewater District, who con-
ducted the Lakes Council meeting in the
absence of President Pete Hippensteel,
saold the waste district is now preparing
a committee report to be presented to the
Environmental Protection Agency. "The
latest information indicates a hearing in
early October," he said.
Benson said that WAPORA, the firm
selected by the EPA to consider alter-
native sewage disposal methods, has
"gone back:-1' "Tl.ey've discovered that
Mick & Rowland (the engineering firm
hired locally) did a good job. The
regional concept is best as far as the area
is concerned."
WAPORA' has suggested six alter-
natives now being studied by a local
advisory committee.
In relation to this, Mumma noted that a
cluster system suggested by WAPORA
would mean installing a system for every
IS to 20 homesites. "Basically it's the
same as a single septic system on a
larger basis." He sited difficulties in
acquiring the necessary land and in
maintenance as two major problems.
"We're just waiting," sighed J. Q.
Smith, president of the Waste District
Board. "They (WAPORA) are reverting
back to Mick & Rowland. They're
progressing-not fast-but they're getting
there."
Officers chosen
In other - business before the Lakes
Council, Peter Hippensteel was re-
elected as president at a board meetim;
which followed. Other officers include
Elaine Hawkins, vice president; Winnie
McHoes, recording secretary; Norma
Wiesner, corresponding secretary; and
Gary Hoehenberger, re-elected as
treasurer.
Two new at-large board members were
chosen-Charles Stearns of Snow Lake
and Mumma, who resides at Crooked
Lake. .- ••••••
William Maguire and Ralph Thiele wi!!
continue to serve as members-at-large.
A membership report indicated tha-
the Lakes Council has over 300 members.
"We need more," said Norma Wiesner.
The Fortuosities, a quartet from the
Sweet Adeline Chorus in Coldwater.
entertained as the meeting opened.
.;ii'-^ -••'•'•'•'
Soils miip expluincd
meetings2KtmJ,™iL°r4hC S'e,ubel?)Soil Conservation Service explains a soils map of the county at the Lakes -
meeting Saturday morning. Associate Board member Virgil Heim swiveled around in his chair for a closer study of the
Association
map.
-Staff phott
-------
APPENDIX A-3
EXTRACTS FROM "SOUNDINGS"
-------
A-3
Septembe/1975
SOUNDINGS
Pag»3
WasteBoard Trustees Report Progress
by j. Q. Sr.iilh, Chairman
Early in 1975, through the efforts of the Steuben County Lakes Council, the En-
vironmental Protection Agency and the State Health Department authorized the es-
tablishment of "THE STEUBEN LAKES REGIONAL WASTE DISTRICT." This dis-
trict embraces most of four townships in the lake area — Millgrove; Jamestown;
Jackson and Pleasant. It is administered by seven trustees — one each appointed by
the trustees of the participating township, and three more appointed by the original
four.
Along with the necessary Public Hearing, held in January, a number of meetings
were held and considerable research undertaken, before the District was finally es-
tablished. On March 14th, 1975, an organizational meeting was convened by the
trustees, with the following Board members signing the oath of office: Vern Hughes;
Oscar Moser; Max Spangle; Mac A. Roberts, Vice President; Donald E. Berry,
Treasurer; Georgia Karr, Secretary, and J. Q. Smith, President. On July 10th, Vern
Hughes resigned and was replaced by R. Lee Swaidner, of Lake Gage. Regularly
scheduled meetings are held the first Thursday of each month now, but during the
first six month's of our existence there were many extra meetings, and we feel we
have accomplished much.
. Study of the Health Department's water testing program indicated that some of
our lakes have areas which show signs of pollution. While our water quality has not
reached an acute level of contamination as yet, the condition is getting worse each
year. As cited in the August 19th issue of the Steuben Republican and Angola
Herald, i t is felt some kind of pollution control is long overdue. In our studies, three
contributing factors emerged:
1. Increasing number of permanent homes around the lakes, plus an over-
all increase in lake usage.
2. Increased demand for lots with lake frontage. With the disappearance
of waterfront lots, wetlands have been made into building lots, by.
digging channels and filling in these areas. One can see examples of
this kind of development on every lake, and the results of trying to
maintain a successful septic system in this kind of fill soil.
3. Houses built on lots platted before zoning, and having insufficient
area for proper septic systems. Most were designed for summer living
only, long before indoor plumbing and zoning ordinances came along.
We realize that people bought these cottages and lots in good faith, that planning
should have been done by those early settlers, and that little did our ancestors know
that every foot of lakeshore in Sleuben County would some day be so desirable!
However, we realize also that it becomes our duty to preserve what is lelt, and to do
everything possible to correct and improve conditions as they exist today. Many of
us can say: "Well, my system is okay." Or, "I can take care of my own situation/1 But
we must look at the overall picture. We must remember that our lakes and streams
arc public waters, and under the protection of certain governmental agencies. With
them, we must begin to think of tomorrow, and the protection of life quality and
property values in Steuben County. The Trustees feel that any investment made in
proper waste and sewage disposal will not only preserve and protect our desirable
-------
A-3
Page 4 SOUNDINGS September, 1975
Waste Board Trustees (Cont.)
natural resources, but will enhance our economic situation, as well. The best
individual septic system in the world will be of little value on a polluted lake.
In seeking an engineering firm to prepare a work study plan and our request
for Federal and State grants, under the Step No. 1 procedure, the Board of
Trustees asked the following six firms for a presentation: Henry Steeg &
Associates; Sieco, Inc., M. W. Inc., John R. Snell; Schnelker, Inc., and Mick and
Rowland Associates. Five firms sent representatives to meet with the Board
and discuss our situation. Decision was made to visit three installations. One
plant visited was the system engineered and designed by Mick and Rowland,
, i.Associates, in Dewitt Township, near Lansing, Michigan. This visit convinced
the majority of Board members that we had a local firm very capable of solving
'. our waste treatment and disposal problems. Accordingly, Mick and Rowland
Associates signed an agreement with the Board of Trustees to prepare a work
study plan and application for EPA, and for State funds. If the work plan for.
Pliase 1 is not approved, Mick and Rowland will not be compensated for work
done to'date.
Announcement of the selection of the local firm was made at the June li.1
Semi-Annual meeting of the Steuben County Lakes Council. During the
summer, the work study plan was prepared, and applications for funding were
submitted in early August.'On August 9th, the Board of Trustees presented an
updated report at a public meeting, sponsored by the Lakes Council, and on
Labor Day, September 1st, another public meeting was held, sponsored by the
Crooked Lake Association.
Speaking at the Crooked Lflke meeting, Mr. Henry Bradakis, Vice-President
of Mick and Rowland, and consulting engineer, explained the sharing plan for
funding the sewage project, and the various steps involved in the project
development. Step 1 includes documentation; delineation of service areas, and
study to find the most cost effective system, along with costs and layout study.
Step Two involves a determination of charges by a utility accountant.
Projection construction costs will be updated at this stage, and Step Three will
be the signing of contracts and the actual construction.
Craig Benson, who is serving as Waste District attorney, has appeared at
each of the three public meetings. In answer to questions, he has advised that
the Waste District holds no tax levying power, and that income is derived from
hook-on fees and regular service charges. Regarding the question of mandatory
connection, Benson advised that the Board of Trustees has power to pass an
ordinance requiring hook-up for any site within 300 feet of the system.
Steuben County's share of the cost is set at 15%, with the Federal government
supplying 75% and the State of Indiana, 10%. Your Board of Trustees has
estimated our cost for Step One to be approximately $15,000, plus
' administrative expense. We are presenting to you a plan whereby, through
-------
May, 1976
SOUNDINGS
Page 3
Steuben Waste District Report
Editors Note: "SOUNDINGS" is happy to publish the following letter from'the
Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District Board of Trustees, addressed to the.
residents of that area. To clarify in the public mind the relationship between the
Lakes Council and the Waste District we wish to state that while the Lakes Council
initiated the original study leading to the formation of the Board of Trustees, that is
the sole relationship between the Hegional Waste District and the Lakes Council.
However, the Council is in full support of the project, and is pledged to aid in the
public education and fund-raising aspects of the Waste Board effort. Represen-
tatives of the District's Board of Trustees, and of the engineering firm in charge of
Phase 1, Mick, Rowland & Associates, will be guests of the Council Semi-Annual
meeting on June 6th, and will present an updated report on progress to date. This
meeting will be open to the public, held at 2 p.m., in Best Hall, Tri-State University.
We are requested to notify that these representatives will appear also at the Lake
Gage-Lime Lake Association's Spring meeting on May 23rd, 10:30 a.m., at Lake
Gage Marina, and at Crooked Lake Association on May 31st, at Crooked Lake
Pavilion.
Lakes Council President, Peter Hippensteel expresses the hope that all residents
concerned with the Regional V/aste District progress will avail themselves of the
opportunity to gain first-hand information at these meetings, and to volunteer the
public input invited by the Board of Trustees.
April 9, 1976.
TO: Residents of Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District
This letter is written to bring you up to date on the progress of the District
Board of Trustees. As you will recall from the earlier letter sent out by the
Trustees, the Board is seeking State and Federal assistance on the sewage
project. Federal regulations require that any proposed wastewater collec-
tion and treatment system go through the following phases: "
1. Step I—Preparation of facility plan for area to be served and
feasibility study.
2. Step II—Preparation of final plans and specifications for facility ap-
proved.
3. Step III—Bidding, contract letting and construction of facility plan.
On July 29, 1975, the Step I plan was filed with the State agency. It in-
cluded the following major items:
1. Proposed planning area.
2. Nature of Alternative to be considered.
3. Itemized description of estimated costs for project.
In January of 1976, the Board of Trustees received a treatment works
grant offer in the amount of $50,570.00 from the EPA in Chicago for Step I
work. This amount would be the amount of Federal participation in the pro-
ject, with the total cost of the project being $67,430.00. The State share is
Page 4
SOUNDINGS
May, 1976
Steuben Waste District (Cont.)
$6,743.00 and the local share is $10,117.00 plus administrative expenses.
On February 12, 1976, the Board of Trustees accepted the grant offer and
transmitted their acceptance to the respective State and Federal agencies.
Since the acceptance of the grant offer, the consulting firm of Mick,
Rowland and Associates, Inc., has completed approximately 40% of the
work required in Step I and has submitted a billing in the amount of
$28,448.00. On April 8, 1976, the Board approved this voucher and the
voucher has now been submitted to the State and Federal agencies for their
approval and reimbursement of costs to date for Step I.
According to State projections, the entire project should be completed
and a wastewater collection and treatment system in operation by
December of 1979.
.. At the completion of Step I the Board of Trustees will be able to give you a
figure on the estimated costs of the project. Prior to this time, however, the
Board must have sufficient funds available to meet its share of the costs of
Step I. Since the Waste District can only raise funds through connection
fees and monthly user charges and does not have any levying powers, the
Board has proposed that individuals in the District pay an advance on their
future connection fee. In addition to raising the necessary matching local
monies, your financial support will show that the residents of Steuben
Lakes Regional Waste District support the construction of a wastewater
collection and treatment system within the District.
As stated in the prior letter, the local matching monies required are 15% of
the total Step Iproject.cost of $67,430.00, ($10,117.00) plus administrative
expenses.
During the Step I process, public input is welcome by the Board of
Trustees. In addition to the informal meetings, there will be at least one
legally advertised public hearing for input into the facilities plan.
YOUR FINANCIAL SUPPORT AT THIS TIME IS URGENTLY NEEDED.
PLEASE MAIL YOUR CHECKS PAYABLE TO STEUBEN LAKES
REGIONAL WASTE DISTRICT, POST OFFICE BOX 51, ANGOLA, IN-
DIANA, 46703. AN OFFICIAL RECEIPT WILL BE MAILED TO YOU
UPON RECEIPT OF YOUR CHECK.
Board of Trustees
J. Q. Smith, President
Mac A. Roberts, Vice-President
Georgia Karr, Secretary
Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District I
Don Beery, Treasurer
Oscar Moser, Trustee
Max Spangle, Trustee
-------
A-3
Moy. 1976 SOUNDINGS Pag» H
COUNTY LINES
STEUBEN HEALTH DEPARTMENT
... Arnie Heier, Water Monitoring
Biologist with this Department, has
been contacted by EcolSciences, Inc.,
an environmental consulting service
with regional offices in South Bend.
The firm has been retained by Mick,
Rowland and Associates, Engineers
for the Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
project, to evaluate the environmental
aspects of the proposed work, and to
prepare an environmental assessment
statement.
In making this assessment,
EcolSciences will be using a lake
' modeling method which was
originated by P.J. Dillon, of the On-
tario Ministry of Environment, a
• method enabling researchers to
predict the capacity of a lake for
development, based on the lake's
trophic status. Data needed as input
for an accurate study is being
provided to them by the Health
Department. Collected since August
of 1973, through its monitoring
program on Steuben lakes and
waterways, this data is furnishing
EcolSciences with a unique op-
portunity to project a management
policy based on facts, and not on
national or regional averages.
Impetus for the request to Heier for
further information came as a result of
a water quality report submitted by
the Health Department to Mick,
Rowland, early in their sewage study.
The end result of this collaboration
with the local water monitoring
program should be to provide timely
and accurate information for the
assessment statement, and of extreme
benefit to all concerned with Waste
District progress.
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A-3
Page 8
SOUNDINGS
Aug., 1977
WATER MONITORING BIOLOGIST REPORTS
ON POKAGON STATE PARK FACILITY
Residents of Snow Lake, as well as all lake-dwellers further down the chain, will
be heartened with the news from the Steuben County Board of Health regarding the
Pokagon State Park sewage facility. According to Arnie Heier, County Water
Monitoring Biologist, the recurring problems with the Park's Wastewater Treatment
Plant MAY be on the way to solution. As of July 1st, Heier reports, the matter has been
turned over to the Enforcement Division of the State Board of Health for appropriate
action.
Oti may 31, 1977, a Public Notice was
issued by the Indiana Stream Pollution
Control Board, Indianapolis, of applica-
tion by the Department of Natural Re-
sourtJes (D.N.R.) for an NPDES permit —
(NATIONAL POLLUTION DISCHARGE
ELIMINATION SYSTEM) — for another
five-year term. According to the terms of
the present permit, the applicant oper-
ates a Waste water Treatment Plant re-
sulting in an average discharge of .08
per million gallons per day of domestic
wastewater. Proposed parameters to be
monitored and limited are flow, BODs,
SS. pH, and residual chlorine. The plan
has one existing discharge, — into Snow
Lake — which is classified "whole body
contact", in accordance with Indiana
Water Quality Standards.
prare
potholes
*
The May 31 notice contains a "Tenta-
tive Determination" clause, as follows:
"On the basis of preliminary staff review
and application of applicable standards
and regulations, the Indiana Stream Pol-
lution Control Board proposes to issue a
permit for the discharger subject to cer-
tain effluent limitations and special con-
ditions." A further clause, providing for
public comment states: "All comments
received no later than 30 days from the
date of this Public Notice will be con-
sidered in the formulation of final de-
termination."
We reproduce in full the letter sent
from the Steuben County Health De-
partment commenting on the proposed
permit issuance. The Council is confi-
dent that this prompt action by the '
Health Department, and the timely and
telling comment the Department was
able to provide, had a direct bearing on
the favorable action taken by the Stream
Board. We are equally confident that the
determination of residents of Steuben
County to protect our important natural
resources is being registered "down-
state".
On behalf of all Lakes Council mem-
bers, our congratulations and thanks to
our. County Health Department, and to
"Monitor" Arnie Heier!
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Page 10
SOUNDINGS
Aug. 1977
Aug., 1977
SOUNDINGS
Page 11
Steuben Waste District Board Report
EDITORS NOTE: We are happy to publish the following up-date report on
the status of the sewer project. This was furnished to "SOUNDINGS" by the
Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District Board of Trustees. The officers and
Board of Directors of the Steuben County Lakes Council express the hope
that our members will bend every effort to support the Waste Board in this
effort to solve one of Steuben County's most pressing problems.
TO: Residents of Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District
This letter is written to provide an update on the progress of Step I,
Facilities Plan, submitted to the State Board of Health, Water Pollution Control
Division on August 28, 1976.
A public hearing on the proposed Facilities Plan was held at the Sleuben
County Courthouse on September 2, 1976.
On January 10, 1977, members of the Board of Trustees, their attorney,
and representatives from Mick, Rowland and Associates, Inc., met with rep-
resentatives of the Water Pollution Control Division. At this meeting the stale
employees indicated no serious problems with certification of the Facilities Plan
to the Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago Region.
On February 10, 1977, J. Q. Smith and representatives from Mick and
Rowland met with representatives of the Water Pollution Control Division and
Charles Orzehoskie, chief of Indiana Planning Section for the Environmental
Protection Agency, Chicago Region. Mr. Orzehoskie raised questions concern-
ing eligibility for federal participation of major portions of the District and
whether the project was in fact needed. The State representatives raised serious
questions about the environmental impact of the proposed land application
system on the wetlands of Crooked Creek.
On March 30, 1977, Dr. Kissinger and his Health Dept. staff, representa-
tives from Mick and Rowland, and Oscar Moser met with representatives of the
Water Pollution Control Division. Oral Hert attended a part of this meeting.
After the meeting, many of the misconceptions and concerns of the Water
Pollution Control Division appeared to have been resolved.
On April 13, 1977, representatives of Mick and Rowland had a seven hour
meeting with representatives of the Environmental Protection Agency,
Chicago Region in Chicago.
On April 28, 1977, three representatives from the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Chicago Region, met with representatives of Mick and Rowland,
J. Q. Smith, Peter Hippensteel and a representative from the Izaak Walton
League in Angola. The Environmental Protection Agency representasives
were given a tour of the District and they promised to decide whether or not an
Environmental Impact Statement would be required within a month.
Early in May, at the expiration of the month of waiting, we called the
Chicago office of Region 5, and were told no decision had been reached. When
no word was received by mid-June, the Board sought the help of J. Edward
Roush, Director of the Office of Regional and Intergovernmental Operations,
U.S. EPA, Congressman Dan Quayle, and retired U.S. Ambassador, Ross
Adair, in an attempt to find and break the deadlock, if possible.
Finally, on July 29, word was received that a full Environmental Impact
Statement would be required. In view of the fact that prior approval had been
obtained, and the already completed study apparently accepted, this decision
was a decided blow, one which could possibly delay the project as much as a
year.
We would like to draw your attention to new septic installation regulations
presently proposed, and already approved by the State Board of Health, which
would surely make the need for our project even more urgent. According to
the Steuben Health Department, the proposed new regulations, expecled to be
implemented in the near future, would require (1) Any part of the septic system
must be back from the water 50 feet, instead of the presently required 25, and
(2) Elevation of the system above lake level, presently required to be 18 inches,
might possibly be 3 feet. As can readily be seen, these regulations would be
impossible for many lot owners to meet.
The Waste District Board wishes at this time to thank the man) people who
responded to our request for support to meet our commitment for Step 1
monies. We were also encouraged by the many expressions of increased public
awareness of the need for the sewage facility around our lakes, if we are to
preserve one of Steuben County's most valuable assets. While we received
encouraging financial help, we are still in need of funds to complete our Step 1
Obligations. Again we ask: If you know of friends or neighbors who have not
yet made their investment in the future of our County, and wish to show their
support for this urgently needed project, please contact them for a prepayment
on a future connection fee agreement. Your help is greatly appreciated.
f In closing, may we point out that your local Health Department has
I pronounced the sewage project a "must" for this area, and joins us in urging
I community supnpr-i————.. _ -
Board of Trustees, J. Q. Smith, Pres.
Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District
Angola, Indiana 46703
Tel. (219) 665-6111
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A-3
Aug.. 1977
SOUNDINGS
Page 9
Re: Proposed NPDES Permit for
Pokagon State Park
June 3. 1977
Ms. Karen Simmons
Indiana State Board of Health
Division of Water Pollution Control
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, IN 46206
Dear Ms. Simmons:
On page 2 of permit #IN 0030309, under Treatment Facility Description,
the present facilities are described as having phosphorous removal capabilities.
To my knowledge, as of 6-1-77, there does not exist or are there definite plans
for phosphorous removal at this site. I would also question the interpretation of
•the meaning of advanced waste treatment as applied to this installation.
Over a period of approximately one year (74-75), the effluent sampled at
this outfall averaged 24 ppm total phosphorous and never fell below 10 ppm.
At this concentration (10 ppm) and say 20,000 g.p.d., which is one-fourth its
rated capacity, it would contribute roughly 276 Kg Phosphorous/year. This is
over three times the amount, 85 Kg P/year, contributed by the 565 lakeshore
residences, via septic systems, around Lake James. (According to the 73-74
E.P.S.-N.E.S. done on Lake James).
This facility, as with most package plants, is subject to breakdowns. (Paddle
freeze-ups, chlorinator malfunctions, and sludge pump failures). These prob-
lems are further compounded by the fact that it (the piant) is State owned and
therefore subject to channels that bog down when replacement parts or modifi-
cations are needed.
A higher priority needs to be given to the operation and maintenance of
this plan than has been applied in the past. Foremost among the cures for this
facility would be additional certified personnel to operate the plant. The
present certified operator has too many other duties and responsibilities to give
this the attention it requires.
The facility plan submitted to the Indiana State Board of Health for the
Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District includes tying the Pokagon State Park
into the District's treatment facilities. However, the proposed lakewide sewer-
age may never become a reality, so this should not be solely relied upon as a
solution for the Park's sewage problem.
A definite problem does exist at this point and the D.N.R., as a matter of
principle, needs to be a leader in this discharge eimination movement.
Sincerely yours,
Arnie Heier, R.P.S.
Water Monitoring Biologist
Steuben County Health Department
AH:db
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May, 1978
SOUNDINGS
Page 3
CO
REGlONAL WASTE
DISTRICT BOARD REPORT -
EDITORS NOTE: In continued support of the Waste District Board and of
the County Board of Health, we are happy to publish the following letter
which we feel pictures the present status of the sewage project. Appended
also is the summary of alternative proposals under consideration as
suggested by Wapura, Inc., - the firm hired by EPA to make the required
Environmental Impact Study.
Briefly, the proposed alternatives call fora reduction in the size of the area
to be served by the central facility, with a variety of on-site trea tment systems
to be considered for the areas not included. Representatives of the Waste
District and Mick, Rowland will continue to meet with the various Lake
Associations involved, The Council will keep its members informed of
developments, and will send notification of the proposed Public Hearing
when the date is set, which is expected to be sometime in August
STEUBEN LAKES REGIONAL WASTE DISTRICT
lay 10, 1978
Post Office Box 51
ANGOLA, INDIANA 46703
Honorable }. Danforth Quayle
Room 1407
Longworth House Office Bldg.
Washington D.C. 20515
RE: Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District
Dear Mr. Quayle:
I have the following information as an up-date on the above pro-
ject. You are already aware that the Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
District was informed last July that the Environmental Protection
Agency felt an Environmental Impact Statement was necessary
before consideration could be given to the request of the District for
Step II funds, or before the Facilities Plan submitted by Mick and
Rowland, consulting engineers for the District, could be approved.
Page 4
SOUNDINGS
May, 1978
Steuben Waste District Board Report (continued from page 3)
The schedule established by Wapura Inc., the firm doing the En-
vironmental Impact Statement for the EPA, and EPA, envisioned an
informal meeting, or workshop, on the various alternatives in ad-
dition to the alternative presented by Mick and Rowland for taking
care of the effluent produced within the District. A copy of the pos-
sible alternatives is attached to this letter. Following the workshop,
a public hearing on the draft Environmental Impact Statement
would be held. After the hearing on the draft Environmental Impact
Statement, a period of 45 days would pass before the final En-
vironmental Impact Statement-report would be prepared. Ap-
parently only after preparation of the final Environmental Impact
Statement would the Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District be
•eligible for consideration on Step II funding.
EP'A Region V had indicated to Craig T. Benson, attorney for the
District, that a progress report on the alternatives and an evaluation
of population projection and economic impact would be sent by
Wapura to EPA Region V by mid-May. This was to be done so that a
newsletter could be prepared and distributed to lake residents at
their semi-annual meetings which^begin on the various lakes in the
District on Memorial Day: Wapura is now, for a variety of reasons,
unable to meet this deadline, altho the District is supposed to be
second on their schedule out of the seven projects being studied by
Wapura.
I have been informed, however, that aerial infra-red flights and
soil tests were finally performed last Wednesday and Thursday. The
results from these tests are apparently essential to the preparation
of the reports.
Kathleen Schaub is in charge of the Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
District project for EPA Region V. concerning the Environmental
Impact Statement. Her address is as follows: EIS Preparation Sec-
tipn, Water Division, Region V, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, 230 South Dearborn, Chicago, Illinois, 60604.
Another individual who has been very helpful to the District is Al
Krause who is also in the EIS Section Water Division in Region V in
Chicago.
It has been frustrating to the Board of Trustees and the residents
of the lakes concerned that 10 months have passed since we have
been informed that an Environmental Impact Statement was to be
done, with this being the extent of progress to date.
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May, 1978 SOUNDINGS Page 5
Steuben Waste District Board Report (continued from page 4)
If you feel inquires on your part would be of assistance in
facilitating progress on the Environmental Impact Statement, the
Board of Trustees would greatly appreciate your efforts on their
behalf. Should you believe that additional information is required
before any action should be taken on your part, please advise.
Yours very truly,
]. Quentin Smith
President, Board of Trustees
Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District
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A-3
Poge 6 SOUNDINGS May, 1978
NEW ALTERNATIVES PROPOSED FOR STUDY,
SENT FROM WAPURA AND EPA
The original facilities plan (prepared by Mick, Rowland) addressed a
large number of options for the centralized or regional collection and
treatment of wastewaters in (he study area. However, the alternatives did
not address the potential lor reducing the service area by continued
reliance on on-site systems, or the use of alternative approaches for some
parts of the study area.
The new alternatives (proposed by EPA for study) therefore, focus on
reducing the service area of the centralized system by the use of alternative
treatment measures for parts, of Ihe proposed service areas. Separate
alternatives are identified utilizing on-site systems, cluster soil absorption
systems, and a multiple plant approach for these outlying areas. Potential
on-site systems include mound systems, compost toilets, and other wattr-
s.aving devices and approaches. The use of alternative means of
rehabilitating on-site systems, such as Ihe hydrogen peroxide process, will
also be evaluated for use in the area. The new alternatives are listed in
Table.
In developing alternative approaches to centralized treatment, the study
area was- divided into four sections, as shown in Figure The. four sec-
lions are 1) the Lake Gage area, 2) Crooked Lake, 3) Lakes James and
Jimmerson Lake, and 4] The Snow Lake area.
The central service area is defined as sections 2 and 3; that is, the central,
more densely populated part of the region surrounding Crooked Lake, Lake
James, and Jimmerson Lake. For this part of the study area, centralized
collection and treatment is a reasonable approach. The new alternatives,
therefore, provide for centralized facilities with a number of options for the
other two parts of the study area as described.
It will be necessary to obtain site-specific information in the study area
to adequately evaluate and design facilities for the two outlying sections. In
particular, information on soil suitability for on-site and cluster soil ab-
sorption systems and the adequacy of existing systems needs to be ob-
tained. The possible relocation of the central treatment facility will also
need to be addressed.
Other issues or approaches that will be considered in the alternatives
development and evaluation are flow reduction and the use of alternative
collection systems.
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AI'I'ENWX A-/I
EIS NEWSLETTER
-------
UNITED STATES * REGION V A_,
ENVIRO_NM_ET[TAL PROTECTION AGENCY CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROGRAM
NO. i ___>!su
Steuben Lakes Wastewator Collection and Treatment
This is our first newsletter on the Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS-) being prepared on the Stoiiben Lakes Regional Wacte _l)j strict
Facilities Plan for Wastowator Collection and Treatir.ont by our agency
with the assistance of WAPORA, Inc. Sorre of you^t tended the public
information meeting on the EIS process held on December 13, 1977, at
the Tri-State University in Angola. Miss Catherine Grissom of our staff
presided over that meeting since she was then acting as Project Officer.
Dr. tJlrich Gibson, the Project Manager for WAPORA, as well as Mr. Mick of
Mick & Fbwland Associates, Inc. also participated.
Miss Kathleen Schaub, also present at the public meeting, has for the past
three months been serving as U.S.E.P.A. Project Officer. Miss Grissom
has been reassigned due to general realignment of duties in our E.I.S.
Preparation Section.
Since the public information meeting, the major effort of the EIS has
been associated with data collection. By and large, data on physical
and biotic resources of the lakes has been gathered and assembled.
Socio-economic data analysis is still underway.
Data on housing density and soils has been employed in the preliminary
selection of alternatives to be developed and costed. Developed sectors
in the Steuben Lakes facilities planning area have been evaluated on the
basis of housing density and soil capability for on site systems.
New general alternatives can priced of the following ace being evaluated:
1) central i"od collection and treatment i-,yjtom( s) with either land applica- '
tion or effluent entry into streams), 2} small flow systems utilizing package
plants or land disposal and 3) on- site ?nd cluster systans. Other consider-
ations involved are flow reduction, types of centralized collection
systom(3) arid application of a phosphorus ban.
New alternatives proposed agree on centralized collection and treatment
for lakeshore areas cf the first and second basins of Crooked Lake as
well as for the southern half of the third basin; for trie lower and
middle basins of Luke James, and for the lower east and southeast shores
of Jimnerson Lake. Lime Lake, Lake Gage and Snow Lake areas and the
north central portion of Lake James' upper basin are being evaluated
for both small flow systems and for on- site and cluster systems. Most,
other residential areas are being evaluated for on-site and cluster
systems.
In July, a workshop will be- held with representatives of the Lakes
associations and board members. WMXWA will present the alternatives
in terras of design prO{X>r,ed for r-ach fv.?vol op:-d area, projected costs and
potential environmental impacts. Input fro;u residents on alternative(s)
proposed will be sought at the meeting.
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UNITED STATES REGION V A_4
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROGRAM
NO. 2 " "DATE OF ISSUE August is,
E.I.S. NEWSLETTER
Steuben Lakes Wastewater Collection and Treatment
Lake associations representatives and persons with insight into area
problems were invited to attend a meeting organized by USEPA Project Officer
Kathleen Schaub at the Court House Annex on July 21st at 7:00 p.m. The main
purpose of the meeting was to organize a Citizens Advisory Committee, elect
its officers, and to present significant elements of 6 new alternatives proposed
by WAPORA, Inc.
The Citizens Advisory Committee is made up of 30 members representing
lake residents and conservation viewpoints. Peter Hippensteel was elected
President; Elaine Hawkins, Vice-President; Charles J. Whitacre, Secretary.
The major goals of the Committee are: (1) To ensure that community goals
are addressed, (2) To provide for representation of varied local interests
(3) To broaden USEPA's view of issues, and (4) To assist feedback between
USEPA and the public.
Dr. Ulrich Gibson of WAPORA, Inc. gave a presentation to the Committee -on
the six new alternatives. He provided copies of report pages explaining
the components making up the 6 alternative systems as well as pertinent
cost data. Environmental impact analysis of the alternatives had not
been performed, and will probably not be available until September.
The Citizens Advisory Committee met on August 7 at 7:00 p.m. to begin their
analysis of the six alternative proposals. The Committee has been given
the task of examining the feasibility of the alternatives based on personal
knowledge as well as input from other residents. The Committee was instructed
to recommend a phasing of facilities according to priority of need.
There was concern at the meeting over accessibility to and availability of
land for cluster systems in the Snow Lake and Lake Gage areas. The observation
was made that cluster systems may not be possible in the area of the North-
wood subdivision where soils become waterlogged. Concern was also expressed
over the exclusion of Pokagon State Park and Holiday Inn from the alternatives
studied. The inclusion of package plants in some alternatives evoked concern
since operation and maintenance of such plants was noted to be somewhat less
than satisfactory.
We had intended to have a public meeting before the end of summer. However,
we cannot give you sufficient data on environmental impacts of alternatives
to warrant such a meeting before Labor Day. The next meeting for public
attendance will be during the Draft EIS comment period this autumn. Please
give your permanent residence address to Peter Hippensteel or Elaine Hawkins,
if you wish to receive future newsletters or notice of the public meeting.
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UNITED STATES REGION V A-4
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROGRAM
NO. 3 j DATE OF ISSUE April, 1979
*> EJ.S. NEWSLETTER
Steuben Lakes Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facilities
Aerial Photo Study to Identify Failing Septic Tank Systems
In late September, Miss Schaub of USEPA and Dr. Gibson of WAPORA received
the results of the aerial photographic interpretation study identifying
surface malfunctions of septic tank systems in the Steuben Lakes Regional
Waste District. Suspected failures had been reviewed with the Steuben
County Public Health Department. Only two failing systems were confirmed;
.both were failing absorption fields on the western shore of Snow Lake.
"Septic Snooper" Survey
In early December, USEPA had a survey performed on the Steuben Lakes
to identify the location of any septic leachate plumes. Dr. William
Kerfoot of the Massachusetts firm, K-V Associates, utilized an instrument
package known as the Septic Leachate Detector (ENDECO Type 2100 "Septic
Snooper"). Fortunately, he was able to utilize the "Septic Snooper"
mounted in a boat along most lake shorelines before the freeze set in.
Observations were derived from shoreline effluent plume profiles,
analyses of groundwater and surface water samples, evaluation of soil
permeability and study of surf-ace water inflows.
Presence of sandy, porous soils and horizontal groundwater movement
can induce septic tank effluent percolation into a lake. The point
of discharge along the shoreline is often through a small area of
lake bottom resulting in a narrow effluent plume. In dense subdivisions
containing several lake-leaching septic tank systems, the discharges
may overlap forming a broader plume.
Active leaching of combined organic and inorganic residues into the
lakeshore bottom describes an erupting plume. In seasonal dwelling
locations, sense organics from wastewater generated the previous season
remain attached to soil particles in the vicinity of a previous erupting
plume. Slow release of organics into the shoreline water typifies a
dormant plume. Sufficient treatment of the plume exists under current
conditions so that no inorganic discharge is apparent. Stream source
plumes refer to either groundwater leaching, direct pipe discharges,
or treatment plant effluent emptying into streams or into a drainage
system of successional lakes as is typical of the Steuben Lakes.
A large stream, source plume with high phosphorous content was found
entering Little Otter Lake from Marsh Lake. The high phosphorous levels
decreased progressively during the plume's flow through Big Otter
Lake, the southern half of Snow Lake, and the upper and middle basins
-------
A-4
of Lake James. Background levels were reached at Jimmerson Lake.^
The high levels of phosphorous may be derived from sediment deposits
laid down in Marsh Lake as a result of discharges from the former
Fremont sewage treatment plant.
Some septic leachate plumes were found irregularly around the shorelines
of the lakes. Their frequency was directly related to shoreline
soil classification. The majority of the plumes were associated with
moderate and rapidly permeable soils or occurred in cut and
fill canal areas.
Analysis of samples for coliform organisms revealed very few locations
with fecal contamination (derived from human waste). Only three samples
exceeded the recommended limit of 200 fecal coliform organisms per
100 milliliter. High concentrations of total coliform organisms
(combination of human and animal wastes) were found where streams, canals
or discharge pipes entered a lake.
Gcoundwater Quality Sampling Study
Tri-State University's Engineering and Research Center will be performing
a groundwater analysis survey in the study area. Pete Hippensteel
is to serve as Technical Coordinator. He will be calling some of you
to make arrangements to get drinking water samples for testing of
chemical and bacteriological content at the University laboratories.
Intensive Soils Studies of Land Applicstion Sites
In late April and in early May, Soil Conservation Service ,'3C3) and
rt'APORA soil scientists will be in the Regional Waste District area
to perform soil studies on proposed alternative land application sites.
The sites are not in lakeshore areas, and are considerably distant
from built-up areas. Sites for cluster synrems are also to be assessed
for soil suitability.
Draft SIS AvailJioility
L-'olicwing appraisal of tne results of studies described, means of
solving identified water pollution problems can ce determined and the
Draft SIS can be completed. Tne Draft EIS will be available for review
and comment in early Summer. If you would like to receive a copv of
the Draft please notify Miss Schaub or Pete Hippensteel. Copies will
be available for review at the Tri-State University Library and at
the Carnegie Public Library.
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APPENDIX A-5
LETTER OF APPOINTMENT TO CITIZENS ADVISORY
COMMITTEE AND WORKSHOP AGENDA
-------
A-5
L'NiTi-D STATES
'I - ENVIRONMENTAL PHCTECTiON AGENCY
f '* l " RfGlON v
230 SOUTH DEARBORN ST
J
^- ' CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60604
You have been selected as a member of the Citizens Advisory Committee
on the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) being prepared respective
to the Steuben Lakes wastewater collection and treatment facilities
grant application. Your selection is the result of your active
concern for resolution of wastewater problems in the Lakes area. We
are pleased that you are able to assist us in the preparation of the
EIS through membership on the Citizens Advisory Committee.
The first meeting of the Citizens advisory Committee is to be held.
at the Court House Annex at 7:00 p.m. on July 21, 1978. An agenda
is enclosed. (Encl. 1).
The major business of the meeting is to evaluate alternatives as to
design, cost and environmental impacts. Please refer to the E.I.S.
Newletter enclosed for general explanation of the alternatives studied.
(Encl. 2). Following a presentation on alternatives by Mr. Dennis Sebian
of WAPORA, Inc., the workshop portion of the meeting will commence.
The workshop is your opportunity to provide us with not only your insights
but with those of your neighbors as well. Please review the enclosed
outline of "Citizens Advisory Committee Goals and Functions" so that
you may be prepared for your role as a participant in the EIS process.
(Encl. 3).
Sincerely yours,
Gene
Chief, EIS Preparation Section
Enclosures
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A-5
Enclosure 2
WORKSHOP AGENDA
STEUBEN LAKES EIS CITIZENS ADVISORY COMMITTEE
July 21, 1978 7:00 p.m. Court House Annex
I. Scoping
A. Introductions
1. Technical/administrative support attendees
2. Citizens Advisory Committee members.
B. Goals and functions of Committee.
C. Business of the Workshop,
D. Election of Committee Officers
II. Presentations by Wapora Inc. staff.
A. Progress on the EIS-Dr. Ulrich Gibson
1. Studies performed
2. Significant environmental elements of the Lakes area (topography,
soils, water quality, population characteristics.)
3. Work remaining
B. Description of alternatives-Mr. Dennis Sebian
1. Design
2. Cost comparison
3. Environmental impacts
III. Committee discussion and comments on alternatives
IV. Scheduling
A. EIS
B. Future Committee meetings
C. Public information meeting and public hearing
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A-5
Enclosure 3
CITIZENS ADVISORY COMMITTEE
GOALS AND FUNCTIONS
Goals:
1. To ensure that community goals are addressed.
2. To provide for representation of varied local interests
3. To broaden USEPA's view of issues
4. To assist feed-back between USEPA and the public.
Specific Functions:
1. Advise USEPA on planning priorities
2. Make recommendations to USEPA on interim products and. on
alternative plans,
3. Advise USEPA on aspects of environmental and social assessment.
4. Advise USEPA on capability of plan acceptance and/or implementation.
5. Interpret the results of EIS investigations to others (organizations,
citizens, officials) and advise the applicant and USEPA staff of
reactions and comments.
6. Assist in resolution of conflict between various interests.
7. Assist in organization for and participate in citizen advisory
committee meetings.
8. Assist in publicizing public meetings and hearing(s).
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APPENDIX A-6
CITIZENS ADVISORY COMMITTEE FINDINGS
ON EIS ALTERNATIVES
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A-6
SUMMARY OF CITIZENS ADVISORY COMMITTEE FINDINGS TO DATE - Sept. 28, 1978
, RE: STEUBEN LAKES REGIONALVWASTE DISTRICT PROPOSALS.
V
N' After, three meetings, the Citizens Advisory Committee submits
the following report: Goals set included (1) - A canvass of the
, District residents to acquaint them with details of the proposed
facilities plans, tabulate opinions, and determine, as nearly as
possible, the present state of individual sewage disposal systems;
(2) - Study of the District soil types and general terrain in relation
to proposed installation plans, and (3) - Examination in detail of each
of the seven proposals. In carrying out these objectives, the
personal knowledge and co-operation of committee members from each of
the involved areas was utilized. Conclusions reached were based., on
the. following considerations:
1. Results of a house-to-house survey in lake areas.
2. ' Cost comparisons on the various facility plans proposed.
3. Maintenance problems to be considered in each plan presented.
4. Soil type and sl.ope problems encountered in the Was% District.
5. Population density and distribution in a seasonal and
recreational area such as Steuben County.
Majority opinion among the committee members held that the need_
a --^^?lnor thc Steuben Lakes Regional Waste
District is imperative. Findings of the survey taken indicated that
a like opinion was held by the great majority of those interviewed.
Analysis showed that not only were many of the present systems mar-
ginal, or severly sub-standard, but also that in the majority of
cases, it would be impossible to 1&S&1L-* &££££!:£., ,!£Ml£. or £^ILilcemcn~-
to conformjfith pre£ejnt_j5j:j!t^h£aj^ Conditions rendering
-1-
-------
'l CITIZENS COMMITTEE REPORT pp 2 "" ~t
•
such repair or replacement impossible include -_._(!) Lot size; (2)
Water Table, and (3) Soil type and/or slope.
LOT SIZE appeared as a major limitation to the upgrading of
septic systems to meet state standards. The greater number of lots
were laid out before planning, zoning or health regulations existed,
and were mostly intended for seasonal use only. Many are considerably
below the size permitted now.
WATER TABLE fluctuations were seldom considered, as, under
seasonal usage (Memorial to Labor Day), a septic installation might
function adequately. However, with conversion to a year-round
occupancy, and increased usage, high water tables are causing severe
septic system failures in a significant number of cases. It would
appear obvious that a high water table promotes rapid movement of
nutrients from the septic system into the lake.
SOIL TYPES /SLOPE problems in the lake region and surrounding
area severly hamper the construction and maintenance of adquate
individual septic systems. The complexity of soil types within the
Waste District, (even within the boundaries of a single lot), plus
the great variation of slops, create unsolvable problems where
individual septic system solutions are attempted.
In order to evaluate the seven systems proposed, (Mike,
WAPQRA
original, and the six Wj.juHHe' alternatives), charts of each were
studied individually, with information and comment especially solicited
from those committee members living in the areas under discussion.
Analysis of each plan was made from the standpoints of (1) Cost
Comparison; (2) Maintenance; (3) Soil Types and slopes involved, and
(4) Population density and distribution along with projected future
growth patterns within the Waste District.
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Majority opinion favored the original pian, as. presented by M«fc, A~6
'
Rowland, for the following reasons:
A
This plan provides total coverage of the District $t minimal
.difference in COST, as compared to any of the alternatives -
none of which utilize the single treatment method. It was felt
that approval of this plan rested somewhat on the fact that the
proposed methods were "tried and true" - a system most members
were already accustomed to using, in other locations, with known
performance and cost probabilities .
In considering MAINTENANCE, it was felt the cost here would be
less with the single treatment method, and that mar^y of the
supervision difficulties encountered in small systems, such
as package plants, cluster systems, etcetera, would be eliminated.
It was STRONGLY held that a major reason for preferring this
plan was that iyf included Pokagon State Park, Holiday Inn on
Lake Charles, and the properties along Road 100 North, (North-
wood, etc). The above namsd have all experienced design and
maintenance problems with tha existing facilities. The fish
kill in Lake Charles, resulting from lack of proper maintenance
of the Holiday Inn installation is a prime example.
SOIL TYPE AND SLOPE considerations were examinded closely, as
it is well recongni zed that the variance here is somewhat
unique to Steuben County. The original plan was felt to be best
adapted to this wide variation in soil types and slope condi-
tions found in the lake areas, as well as on adjacent sites.
Main objection to the Wapyra alternatives was centered on the
use of cluster systems. Ay_aijl able land of a proper soil
make-up is too lijnited for this kind" of development to ~6e feasible
in most of the area"s~where it is proposed. While it might
prove successful for already constructed clusters of homes , it
would produce a planning nightmare for future construction
projects.
POPULATION DENSITY AND FUTURE GROWTH came in for considerable
discussion . It was recognized that there is urgent need for
adequate and comprehensive planning for future growth and devel-
opment within the Waste District boundaries. While a high
population growth is now underway, and more projected for the
whole of Steuben County, much of the increase is taking place
on land within the District, lying adjacent to, but not directly
on, the shorelines. The shorelines are already near 100%
packed, sometimes two and three houses deep. Here, the high
rate of conversion from seasonal cottage status to year-round
occupancy has added apreciably to the water pollutipn problems,
highlighting the need for proper well and septic tank placement,
and the need to protect the water table from contamination.
One of the major results of obtaining individual opinion was
the uncovering of the real extent of this problem and the urgent
need for a proper and efficient sewage system.
-------
in discussing tnc wapura aiternative-.proposais ,
A-6
was voiced to the combining of a small £low with a gravity or
pressure system. It was felt this would result in increased
difficulty in treating anaerobic effluent. It was also felt
that Waprfra's estimate of 50% replacement of septic tanks in
small flow areas was low, and that therfore, a higher cost would
be encountered.
It was recognized that Wap^ra's planned use of multiple
land application sites, if such could be obtained, would be of
benefit in ground water retention. It was understood, also,
that should it be found necessary to develop the proposed
o
system by stages, Wap^fra's approach would be more adaptable.
One view, held by some members of the Advisory Committee, was
that rather than utilizing the low flow system it would be
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' A-6
July 21, 1978
Lake Cottage Owners' Assoe.
% Gary L. Hokenberger
HR 4, Box 176 ,
Fremont, IN 46737 '
TO: United States Eaviremental Protection Agency
FROM: Citizens Advisory Committee
SUBJECT: Steuben I&kes Regional Waste District
Facilities plan for Wastewater Collection
and Treatment
Tke following list Includes information relative to tkose
lets on Snow Lake that would not be able to replace current
eeptie tanks if problems would occur or if the local board
•f kealtk would enforce current problems.
Sprague Addition- 29 out of 6l lots would be unable to replace
tkeir existing septic tanks due to the type of ground (muck),
and tke level of the lot. Muck bases were created when prior
wetland were filled in.
'" •.... • .... **'
East Skore- 38 out of 60 could not replace tkeirs due to lot
size and tke lew level of tke land.
lakeview East- 7 out of 9 could not be replaced due to lot size.
Nortk & Seutk Morley Addtions- About 18 out ef 34 could not
be replaced due lot size and level of lot.
Pokagon Bay Estates- Developement kas its own systems witk
limited number available kookups. Those currently unable to
kook up are kaving serious problems (5).
Hickory Island- Approximately QQ% of tke 60 residents could
not replace tkeir septics due to lot size*
•-" v.-.
Deer.Island- Information unavailable but lot sizes would appear
t* prevent replacement.
Tkere are I46^_csnf_irjed lats^jut p| 275_ tkat would be unable
t® correct"Jc^rre^T^reTl%"m8'IM™r "future problems, using current
state regulations.
SUMMARY- It is imperative tkat Snow Lake be included in tke
most effective and cost efficient waste disposal system, prefer-
ably tke centralized collection and treatment*
-------
in the District, evidenced by excessive weed growth in tne lanes;
alg£e blooms; disappearance of cisco and. decline of other A- 6
fish populations; proofs of complete lack of oxygen below the
thermocline, and the presence of fecal coliform in certain
areas of public waters, the C o mm itj^e s.t.r. on_g ly . . r e c o mm ends ap-
proval of the application to EPA for the funding of Phase II
of the Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District project at the
ear 1 is^^djrCe^iDssib le .
We are appending reports of the informal survey conducted
by the various involved lake Cottage Owner's Associations.
These were undertaken for the dual purpose of evaluating their
own existing systems, and to inform the lake residents of the
plans under consideration. Also appended are the minutes of
the third committee session. Report of any further committee
action or publicity releases will be forwarded to the Environ-
mental Impact Study Division.
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A-6
FROM: Citizens Advisory Committee
Steuben lakes Regional Waste District
Facilities Plan
TO: United States Environmental Protection
Agency - Region V
The residents of Lake James, Indiana, have surveyed the lake shore and
surrounding area in an attempt to determine the condition of-the existing
Septic Systems.
No. 1. If the system could meet the present Indiana requirements for
Private Sewage Disposal Systems. (Attachment No.l)
No. 2. How many of the residents are occupied year around?
No, 3. How many of the houses have 100$ functional systems?
(Optional question)
lake James is the largest natural lake in Steuben County. Therefore,
Lake James has a wide and varying shoreline. The results of the survey have
been completed by areas or additions.
. 1. POKAGON STATE PARK - including POTAWATOMI INN, has its own treatment
plant, but with the discharge into Snow Lake and eventually into
Lake James.
2. LONE TREE POINT area:
A* The pjajority of the lots are too small or the slope of the
is too great to replace their septic systems.
B, This area has 112 cottages with approximately 10$ being used
on a year around basis.
C. Approximately &5% of the cottages use their septic systems very
carefjilly, with some supplementing their systems with out-side
toilets.
D» Possibly 5 cottages presently meet the new standard.
3. GLENN EYEE BEACH and MOUNTAIN PARK:
A. This area includes ^9 cottages, 3^ of which are on lots either too
low or too small to be replaced.
B. This area has approximately 12 year around residents.
C, This area has a number of cottages which during periods of heavy
rain and high lake water, have marginal systems due to their lew
elevation*
1
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rage z
A-6
^. GIEN EDEN SPRINGS and GLEN WOOD ADDITIONS:
A. This area includes 59 cottages, 80$ of the lots are too small
or are too close to the lake level for the septic systems to
be replaced.
B. There are 10 year around residents in this area.
C. At present, there are 2 jcnown lots with function problems.
5. WILLOWDALS, CRUSOE POINT & RED SAND BEACH EXTENDED AREA:
A* There are 30,residents in this area, with oj3e.Jl.ot of suitable
size and elevation to meet the septic system requirements.
The remaining lots fail due to generally 2 or more reasons:
the lots are too low and too small or both.
B, This area has 5 year around residents.
C. Twenty-three locations have marginal systems now. They work
well when the lake level is low, but, caution must be used
after a rain and in the Spring of the year when the lake is high.
6, RED SAND BEACH ADDITION:
A. The area is one that varies from - very high (above the lake) -
to very low lots. The high lots are quite small and steep in
slope. This area has some undeveloped lots in it, however, the
majority of them are not lake shore. The b - 6 lots that are
lake shore, are low. Approximately 15$ of the existing
developed lots have adequate size and elevation to meet the
regulation.
B. Approximately 50$ of the thirty residents are year around.
C. Five of the existing systems have been rebuilt in the last 5
years. Of the remaining systems, approximately 20$ have seasonal
problems.
7. SOWLES BAY and GRAND VIEW AREAS:
A* This area includes 50 residents and approximately 5 acres of
undeveloped land which is too low for adequate absorbtion field
perculation. Thirty-three of the lots are too small and/or
too low to replace their septic system.
B. This area has 26 year around residents, 7 are not directly on
the lake shore.
C, At present, approximately 20$ of the existing systems are failing
or have seasonal problems. Of the lake shore cottages, only k have
their system more than 200* from the lake.
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Page 3
A-6
8. GOLF COURSE ESTATES and VENICE ESTATES:
A. The area is made up of mainly year around residents (653$), and
non-lake shore lots. Primarily, lake "area11 homes. This area
has approximately 15 acres of available building sites.
9. IAGOONA PARK ADDITION:
A. None of the thirteen houses would be able to meet the present
septic systems standard, if replacement would be required,
B. Six of the thirteen would be unable to qualify due to water level
and 7 w>ulx3 be unable to qualify due to lots size and water level.
C. Ten of the thirteen houses are lived in year around.
D. Nine of the houses are completely surrounded'by water (channels).
10. PALTY TOWN * EAST & WEST:
A. Approximately 28 out of the 50 houses would not meet the existing
standard. The majority of the 28 lots are too low.
Be Approximately 20$ are year around residents.
C. Approximately 10$ of the systems are marginal during seasonal
high lake water periods. Five of the cottages have combined
their system into a large absorption field approximately 300*
from the lake.
11. POTAWATOMI ACRES:
!»*•
A. Of the 18 houses in this area, ?0# would not be able to pass the septic
system regulation if replacement were required. It is estimated
that 50$ of the systems in this area have seasonal problems or
marginal systems.
B. Nine of the eighteen houses are year around.
C. Nine of the eighteen houses are completely surrounded by water (Channels).
12. SUNNY SHORES AREA:
There are six year around homes in this area. The septic systems
are approximately 300' from the lake shore - all of which should
meet the standard.
13. FEICK'S POINT & SPRING POINT ADDITIONS:
A. This area includes 3? residents, 8056 of the lots are too low to
replace their septic system in accordance with the septic system
standard.
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Pag* 4
13, Con't.
B. There are 10 year around residents In this area.
C. At present, 30# of the systems have seasonal problems - during
heavy rain and high lake water periods.
1*. PIEASANT POINT - BAY VIEW AREA:
A. This area contains 53 cottages which vary from very low and
close to lake level, to, lots which are very steep. Sixty
percent of the lots are too low and 17$ are too small to replace
their septic system and meet the regulation*
B. The area has 5 cottages across the road (not lake shore) from
the lake. There is also a camp ground located in this area with
a large septic system.
C, 'There are 13 year around residents in these additions.
D. Approximately 26$ of the cottages have a problem during wet
weather and in the Spring. --
15. OAK HILL - ROSEDAIE - OID FORT PLAT ARRAS:
A. This is one of the most densely populated areas on the lake.
There are 118 cottages, apartments and trailers. One-third of
the residents live here year around.
B. Almost 10056 of the lots in these areas are very small and it
would be almost impossible to keep the septic systems, wells
and the lake far enough aparts.
C. There are two small trailer parks and two small apartment houses
in the area*
D. Due to the varying slopes of the lots and the proximity of many
of the cottages to the lake, it was estimated that 20$ of the
cottages have marginal operating systems.
16. ROBY PUCE 4 DNCIE TOM'S PUT:
A. This area has 53 lots, 16 are too small and too low to satisfactorly
replace their systems, Thirteen additional lots may be large enough,
however, if they do not already pump their wastewater up and behind
their cottages, there might be adequate space.
B* Approximately 20$ are year around residents.
C« Twenty percent of the residents have seasonal problems.
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17. GRAY1 STANDING: A"6
A. Of the 23 lots surveyed in this area. 7058 would not meet the new
septic system requirements due mainly to very low lots. In fact,
part of the area is & pennisula.
B, 30lf of the houses are year around.
18. PHILLIPS BAY ESTATES & POKAGON VIEW:
A. This area is a relatively new area as far as homes. Of the 33
homes, approximately 30$ would not be able to meet the new standard.
8. Approximately 30$ of the houses are occupied on a year around basis.
C. Approximately 10$ of the houses have seasonal problems.
19. LAKE JAMES ESTATES - EAST & WEST:
A. This area is mainly a non-lake shore area with only one cottage
having a problem. It has been "Red Tagged" by the Health Dept.
8. The population is very dense in this area with 69 residents.
Approximately 10$ are year round.
20. GIRL SCOUT CAMP:.
This area has approximately 100 acres of undeveloped ground, the
majority of which seems to be high enough to sustain satisfactory
septic systems. There is an area of "wet land" which would be
destroyed if the area was fully developed.
21. EAGLE ISLAND:
A. This is a rather small but low area with only 8 cottages in it.
B. There are ^ year around residents.
C. This area has water on three sides.
-------
A-6
In summary of the 829 cottages and lots surveyed. 68# of the
lots would be unable to correct or replace their septic system under
state' regulations for new construction. Approximately 29$ of the
lots surveyed, have some type of problem at the present time.
Twenty-eight percent of the lake population are year around
residents and more are moving in every year.
This survey was conducted by concerned citizens of Lake James.
These citizens are well aware of the potential problems which will
occur if an efficient waste disposal system is not installed around
Lake James.
Respectfully Submitted:
The Lake James Cottage Owners Association
Board of Directors
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,;, A-6
September 11, 1978
Name of Lake: Jimmerson Lake
Number of dwellings:
Year-round occupancy 125
Seasonal 599
In case of septic system failure, how many owners would be unable
to correct in compliance with new State and Local health regulations:
24 could have problems
If not able, give reasons:
Lot size 10
Low water table 0
Slope 2
Other 12 Land less than 3 ft. above high water
Does your lake require weed-control treatment? No
How Often? What Kind? Cost? Who Pays?
Does your area show algae bloom? No
Have you any recognized point sources of pollution? No Describe.
Are there any large-scale land development projects at present or
planned?
Yes, at the present time we have two developments. One located
on the west end of the lake and one located on the south side
of the lake.
Summary Remarks:
There is a total of 724 families on Jimmerson Lake. Of that
total 125 are year-round. 358 have conventional dwellings.
This leaves approximately 366 families that are divided
~ ,into six mobile home parks. We can only assume that the six
mobile home parks have adequate septic systems.
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GAG® COMMENT! A-6
"The small fl o clus ter s jg? ^ggLljLJHJ suitable
for Lake .Gage-Lime Lake for several reasons.
Since the septic tanks, are to be part of the
treatment, most tanks _on this lake are not
~in--s-i44, and maintenance costs will
be high. The treatment costs that are pro-
jected at this time tsould be unfair to .our
residents.
Secondly, cluster system life is approximately
1$ years. Over that period of years the pop-
ulation increase around Lake Gage would be great,
with more year-round residents, and the small cluster
system would have to be discarded and a new col-
lection and treatment plant installed.
Lastly, the full treatment and collection system
is needed to stop the eutrophi cation of Lake Gage,
where a solid line of houses is now built around
the lake.
(Signed) Elba Kiess
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APPENDIX B
AIR QUALITY
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AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN THE STATE OF INDIANA*
Primary standards (ug/m )
Secondary standards (ug/m )
Pollutant
Sulfur oxides (as SO )
Total suspended particulates
Nitrogen dioxide (NO^
Annual
mean [ppm]
80 (arith.)
[0.03]
75 (geom.)
100 (arith.)
[0.05]
Max. 24-hr.
av. cone. 1 ppm]
365**
[0.14]
260**
1,300 [0.50]
maximum 3-hour concentration**
150
maximum 24-hour average cone.**
Same as primary standard
*Corrected to a reference temperature of 25°C and to a reference pressure
of 760 mm. of mercury.
**Not to be exceeded more than one day per year.
Source: Air Pollution Control Board of the State of Indiana, Regulation AFC 14, January 21, 1972.
td
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APPENDIX C
WATER QUALITY
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APPENDIX C-l
LAKE GAGE
•G-I \er-i
Source: Steuben County
Department of Health,
1973-1973
FIGURE 1 STEUBEN LAKES: LOCATION OF WATER QUALITY SAMPLING STATIONS
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Table 1
PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN BUDGETS FOR LAKE JAMES, CROOKED LAKE AND
MARSH LAKE (1973-74) IN KG/YR FROM EPA NES (1976)
APPENDIX
C-l
Lake James
1.
Tributary Inflow
Precipitation
Immediate Drainage
Septic Tanks
Total
Phosphorus
1,411.5
91.7
85.0
85.0
1,673.2
Nitrogen
48,590.7
5,518.9
2,965.0
6,195.0
63,269.6
2. . Outputs
Outlet
3. Retention (= Inputs - Outputs)
1,003.1
670.1
51,158.0
12,111.6
Crooked Lake
Tributary Inflow
Precipitation
Immediate Drainage
Septic Tanks
Total
2. Outputs
Outlet
3. Retention (= inputs - Outputs)
Phosphorus
459.8
67.2
120.0
50.0
697.0
145.3
551.7
Nitrogen
7,728.3
4,290.4
3,515.0
3,575.0
19,108.7
7,588.8
11,519.9
Marsh Lake
1. Inputs
Tributary Inflow
Precipitation
Immediate Drainage
Point Sources
Total
2. Outputs
Outlet
3. Retention (= inputs - Outputs)
Phosphorus
805.9
6.1
85.0
1,120.0
2,017.0
1,218.7
798.3
Nitrogen
13,002.9
305.6
3,490.0
4.380.0
21,178.5
17,725.2
3,453.3
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c-i
Table 1
(Continued)
PHOSPHORUS INPUTS FOR BIG OTTER LAKE, LITTLE OTTER LAKE
AND LIME LAKE (1975) IN KG/YR
Nutrient Source
Tributary Inflow
Precipitation
Immediate Drainage
Septic Tanks
Big Otter
Lake
106.1
4.8
3.5
4.8
Total 119.2
Little Otter
Lake
295.4
3.0
3.0
3.0
304.4
141.4
PHOSPHORUS INPUTS FOR LAKE GAGE, SNOW LAKE AND
JIMMERSON LAKE (1977) IN KG/YR FROM SCHD (1977)
Nutrient Source
Tributary Inflow
Precipitation
Immediate Drainage
Septic Tanks
Point Sources
199.5
19.8
99.6
34.2
Total 353.1
Snow
Lake
1,243.1
27.6
325.6
55.3
321.7
1,973.3
Jimmerson
Lake
546.6
25.4
145.9
188.6
906.5
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Table 2
PHOSPHORUS INPUTS (KG/YR) TO CROOKED LAKE FOR AVERAGE CONDITIONS (1975)
AND FOR VARIOUS WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES (2000)
Average Conditions (1975)
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
Point Sources
Basin 1
30.8 (8.4)*
30.8 (8.4)
278.6 (76)
25.3 (6.9)
CROOKED LAKE
Basin 2
TOTAL
365.5
18.5
25.0
83.8
5.4
132.8
(14)
(19)
(63)
(4.1)
Basin 3
13.4
13.4
91.5
66.3
(7.3)
(7.3)
(50)
(36)
184.6
Year 2000; No Action Alternative
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
Point Sources
TOTAL
30.8
50.7
278.6
52.5
412.6
(7.5)
(12)
(68)
(13)
18.5 (13)
25.0 (17)
83.8 (57)
19.6 (13)
146.9
13.4
16.6
91.5
69.4
190.9
(7.0)
(8.7)
(48)
(36)
Facility Plan, EIS Alt.
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
Point Sources
1-6
TOTAL
30.8 (8.5)
278.6 (77)
50.7 (14)
360.1
18.5 (15)
83.8 (69)
18.5 (15)
120.8
13.4 (7.7)
91.5 (53)
69.4 (40)
174.3
*Numbers in parentheses indicate percent of total phosphorus loading.
o
-------
Table 2
(Continued)
PHOSPHORUS INPUTS (KG/YR) TO LAKE GAGE, LIME LAKE AND SNOW LAKE FOR AVERAGE CONDITIONS (1975)
AND FOR VARIOUS WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES (2000)
Average Cond ition s (1975)
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
Point Sources
TOTAL
Year 2000: No Action. EIS Alt. 2. 4, 6
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
Point Sources
TOTAL
Facility Plan, EIS Alt. 1, 3, 5
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
Point Sources
TOTAL
LAKE GAGE
22.2 (9.1)*
33.9
104.
83.
243.8
22.2
44.3
104.3
84.7
(14)
(43)
(34)
(8.7)
(17)
(41)
(33)
255.5
22.2 (11)
104.3 (49)
84.7 (40)
LIME LAKE
3.7 (2.6)
SNOW LAKE
3.9
127.7
6.1
141.4
(2.8)
(90)
(4.3)
3.7 (2.1)
37.7
127.7
(22)
(73)
6.1 (3.5)
175.2
3.7 (2.7)
127.7 (93)
5.8 (4.2)
29.2 (2.3)
24.0 (1.9)
(32)
(1.4)
(63)
394.7
17.2
784.2
1,249.3
29
27
394
,2 (4.2)
(4.0)
(57)
211.2
137.2
18.9 (2.7)
223.1 (32)
693.4
29.2 (4.4)
394.7 (59)
17.2 (2.6)
223.1 (34)
664.2
*Numbers in parentheses indicate percent of total phosphorus loading.
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Table 2
(Continued)
PHOSPHORUS INPUTS (KG/YR) TO LAKE JAMES, JIMMERSON LAKE, LITTLE OTTER LAKE AND BIG OTTER LAKE
FOR AVERAGE CONDITIONS (1975) AND FOR VARIOUS WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES (2000)
Average Conditions (1975)
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
Upper
18.4 (5.3)*
10.8 (3.1)
303.7 (88)
13.0 (3.8)
TOTAL
345.9
LAKE JAMES
Middle
17.3 (2.9)
199.1 (34)
355.5 (60)
21.3 (3.6)
593.2
Lower
41.2
43.6
41.2
21.8
147.8
(28)
(30)
(28)
(14)
JIMMERSON LAKE
19.3 (3.6)
60.1 (11)
362.6 (67)
96.3 (18)
538.3
LITTLE OTTER LAKE
2.3 (0.8)
4.4 (1.4)
294.5 (97)
3.3 (1.1)
304.5
BIG OTTER LAKE
4.7 (4.0)
4.5 (3.7)
106.1 (89)
3,9 (3.3)
119.2
Year 2000: No Action
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
TOTAL
Facility Plan Proposed Action
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
TOTAL
EIS Alternatives 1-6
Precipitation
Septic Tanks
Tributaries
Immediate Drainage
TOTAL
18.4 (5.3)
10.8 (3.1)
303.7 (88)
14.1 (4.1)
347.0
18.4 (5.5)
303.7 (91)
10.8 (3.3)
332.9
18.4 (5.3)
10.8 (3.1)
303.7 (88)
14.1 (4.1)
347.0
17.3 (2.9)
203.2 (34)
355.5 (59)
22.3 (3.7)
598.3
17.3 (4.4)
355.5 (91)
18.3 (4.7)
391.1
17.3 (4.4)
355.5
18.3
391.1
(91)
(4.7)
41.2 (27)
46.1 (30)
41.2 (27)
24.2 (16)
152.7
41.2 (41)
41.2 (41)
JL9.4 (19)
101.8
41.2 (41)
41.2
19.4
101.8
(41)
(19)
19.3 (3.5)
66.9 (12)
362.6 (66)
100.9 (18)
549.7
19.3 (4.2)
362.6 (79)
79.3 (17)
461.2
19.3 (3.5)
63.5 (12)
362.6 (66)
100.9 (19)
546.3
2.3 (0.8)
5.1 (1.7)
294.5 (96)
3.4 (1.1)
305.3
2.3 (0.8)
294.5 (98)
3.4 (1.1)
300.2
2.3 (0.8)
5.1 (1.7)
294.5 (96)
3.4 (1.1)
305.3
4.7
4.7
106.1
4.2
119.7
(3.9)
(3.9)
(89)
(3.5)
4.7 (4.1)
106.1 (92)
4.2 (3.6)
115.0
4.7 (3.9)
4.7 (3.9)
106.1 (89)
4.2 (3.5)
119.7
*Numbers in parentheses indicate percent of total phosphorus loading.
-------
APPENDIX
C-2
' ' A"ifik5! A !L c. a
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C-2
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PARAMETERS (L^K? «/-/.?- r/,
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C-2
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-------
C-2
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C-2
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C-2
a°80 TOTAL
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C-2
a°*° TOTAL
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C-2
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-------
APPENDIX
C-3
I. SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF LAKE EUTROPHICATION
Introduction
Two basic approaches to the analysis of lake eutrophication have
evolved:
1) A complex lake/reservoir model which simulates the
interactions occurring within ecological systems; and
2) the more simplistic nutrient loading model which relates the
loading or concentration of phosphorus in a body of water to
its physical properties.
From a scientific standpoint, the better approach is the complex
model; with adequate data such models can be used to accurately
represent complex interactions of aquatic organisms and water quality
constituents. Practically speaking, however, the ability to represent
these complex interactions is limited because some interactions have not
been identified and some that are known cannot be readily measured.
EPAECO is an example of a complex reservoir model currently in use. A
detailed description of this model has been given by Water Resources
Engineers (1975).
In contrast to the complex reservoir models, the empirical nutrient
budget models for phosphorus can be simply derived and can be used with
a minimum of field measurement. Nutrient budget models, first derived
by Vollenweider (1968) and later expanded upon by him (1975), by Dillon
(1975a and 1975b) and by Larsen - Mercier (1975 and 1976), are based
upon the total phosphorus mass balance. There has been a proliferation
of simplistic models in eutrophication literature in recent years
(Bachmann and Jones, 1974; Reckhow, 1978). The Dillon model has been
demonstrated to work reasonably well for a broad range of lakes with
easily obtainable data. The validity of the model has been demonstrated
by comparing results with data from the National Eutrophication Survey
(1975). The models developed by Dillon and by Larsen and Mercier fit
the data developed by the NES for 23 lakes located in the northeastern
and northcentral United States (Gakstatter et al^ 1975) and for 66 bodies
of water in the southeastern US (Gakstatter and Allum 1975). The Dillon
model (1975b) has been selected for estimation of eutrophication
potential for Crystal Lake and Betsie Lake in this study.
Historical Development
Vollenweider (1968) made one of the earliest efforts to relate
external nutrient loads 2 to eutrophication. He plotted annual total
phosphorus loadings (g/m /yr) against lake mean depth and empirically
determined the transition between oligotrophic, mesotrophic and
eutrophic loadings. Vollenweider later modified his simple loading mean
depth relationship to include the mean residence time of the water so
that unusually high or low flushing rates could be taken into account.
-------
C-3
Dillon (1975) further modified the model to relate mean depth to a
factor that incorporates the effect of hydraulic retention time on
nutrient retention.
The resulting equation, used to develop the model for trophic
status, relates hydraulic flushing time, the phosphorus loading, the
phosphorus retention ratio, the mean depth and the phosphorus
concentration of the water body as follows:
L (1-R) = zP
P
2
where: L = phosphorus loading (gm/m /yr.)
R = fraction of phosphorus retained
p = hydraulic flushing rate (per yr.)
z = mean depth (m)
P = phosphorus concentration (mg/1)
The graphical solution, shown in Figure l, , is presented as a
log-log plot of L (1-R) versus z.
P
The Larsen-Mercier relationship incorporates the same variables as
the Dillon relationship.
In relating phosphorus loadings to the lake trophic condition,
Vollenweider (1968), Dillon and Rigler (1975) and Larsen and Mercier
(1975, 1976) examined many lakes in the United States, Canada and
Europe. They established tolerance limits of 20/ug/l phosphorus above
which a lake is considered eutrophic and 10 mg/1 phosphorus above which
a lake is considered mesotrophic.
Assumptions and Limitations
The Vollenweider-Dillon model assumes a steady state, completely
mixed system, implying that the rate of supply of phosphorus and the
flushing rate are constant with respect to time. These assumptions are
not totally true for all lakes. Some lakes are stratified in the summer
so that the water column is not mixed during that time. Complete steady
state conditions are rarely realized in lakes. Nutrient inputs are
likely to be quite different during periods when stream flow is minimal
or when non-point source runoff is minimal. In addition, incomplete
mixing of the water may result in localized eutrophication problems in
the vicinity of a discharge.
Another problem in the Vollenweider-Dillon model is the inherent
uncertainty when extrapolating a knowledge of present retention
coefficients to the study of future loading effects. That is to say,
due to chemical and biological interactions, the retention coefficient
may itself be dependent on the nutrient loading.
The Vollenweider/Dillon model or simplified plots of loading rate
versus lake geometry and flushing rates can be very useful in describing
the general trends of eutrophication in lakes during the preliminary
-------
C-3
"FIGURE 1
IOJO
MEAN DEPTH (METERS)
L= AREAL PHOSPHORUS INPUT (q/m^yr)
R= PHOSPHORUS RETENTION COEFFICIENT (DIMENSIONLESS)
P= HYDRAULIC FLUSHING RATE (yr~')
100.0
-------
C-3
planning process. However, if a significant expenditure of monies for
nutrient control is at stake, a detailed analysis to calculate the
expected phytoplankton biomass must be performed to provide a firmer
basis for decision making.
-------
C-3
II. NON-POINT SOURCE MODELING - OMERNIK'S MODEL
Because so little data was available on non-point source runoff in
the Study Area, which is largely rural, empirical models or statistical
methods have been used to derive nutrient loadings from non-point
sources. A review of the literature led to the selection of the model
proposed by Omernik (1977). Omernik's regression model provides a quick
method of determining nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and loading
based on use of the land. The relationship between land use and
nutrient load was developed from data collected during the National
Eutrophication Survey on a set of 928 non-point source watersheds.
Omernik's data indicated that the extent of agricultural and
residential/urban land vs. forested land was the most significant
parameter affecting the influx of nutrient from non-point sources. In
the US, little or no correlation was found between nutrient levels and
the percentage of land in wetlands, or range or cleared unproductive
land. This is probably due to the masking effects of agricultural and
forested land.
Use of a model which relates urban/residential and agricultural
land use to nutrient levels seems appropriate where agricultural and/or
forest make up the main land-use types.
The regression models for the eastern region of the US are as
follows:
Log P = 1.8364 + 0.00971A + op Log 1.85 (1)
Log N = 0.08557 + 0.00716A - 0.00227B + (JN Lot 1.51 (2)
where:
P = Total phosphorus concentration - mg/1 as P
N = Total nitrogen concentration - mg/1 as N
A = Percent of watershed with agricultural plus urban land use
B = Percent of watershed with forest land use
op = Total phosphorus residuals expressed in standard deviation
units from the log mean residuals of Equation (1). Determined
from Omernik (1977), Figure 25.
a, = Total nitrogen residuals expressed in standard deviation units
from the log mean residuals of Equation (2). Determined from
Omernik (1977), Figure 27.
1.85 = f, multiplicative standard error for Equation 1.
-------
C-3
1.51 = f, multiplicative standard error for Equation (2).
The 67% confidence interval around the estimated phosphorus or
nitrogen consideration can be calculated as shown below:
Log PL = Log P + Log 1.85 (3)
Log NT = Log N + Log 1.51 (4)
L —
where:
P, = Upper and lower values of the 67% phosphorus confidence limit -
mg/1 as P
The 67% confidence limit around the estimated phosphorus or
nitrogen concentrations indicates that the model should be used for
purposes of gross estimations only. The model does not account for any
macro-watershed* features peculiar to the Study Area.
-------
APPENDIX
C-4
SURFACE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
"Report on Water Quality Criteria and Plan for Implementation, Maumee
River Basin and St. Joseph River Basin", dated 1967, as amended by the super-
ceding regulation of the Michigan Conference on Pollution prepared by the
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board established cettain dealine dates for
accomplishing undertakings to abate water pollution. Among other things the
report states:
. (1) Secondary treatment at all new installations.
(2) The installation of sewers^ and sewage treatment facilities for incor-
porated communities- with public water supplies and no recognized
sewage treatment facilities- will be required within the next 10 years.
C3) Ashley to provide effluent chlorination by- the end of 1969.
(4) Installation of advanced waste treatment or provision for low flow
augmentation will be required at Angola within the next 1Q years.
Phosphate removal will be required at Angola as soon as practicable
methods are developed.
The following , information lists the current ¥ater Quality Standards for
Waters: of Indiana;
STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD OF THE STATE OF INDIANA
REGULATION SPC 1R
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR WATERS OF INDIANA
MINIMUM CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL WATERS AT
ALL PLACES AND AT ALL TIMES
1. Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial, agricul-
tural or other discharges that will settle to form putrescent or otherwise
objectionable deposits.
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C-4
2. Free from floating debris, oil, scum, and other floating materials
attributable to municipal, industrial, agricultural or other discharges in
amounts sufficient to be unsightly or deleterious.
3. Free from materials attributable to municipal, industrial, agricul-
tural or other discharges producing color, odor or other conditions in such
degree as to create a nuisance.
4. Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial, agricultural
or other discharges in concentrations or combinations which are toxic or harmful
to human, animal, plant or aquatic life.
STREAM - QUALITY CRITERIA
FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY
The following criteria are for evaluation of stream quality at the point
at which water is withdrawn for treatment and distribution as a potable supply:
1. Bacteria: Coliform group not to exceed 5,000 per 100 ml as a monthly-
average value (either MPN or MF count); nor exceed this number in more than
20 percent of the samples examined during any month; nor exceed 20,000 per
100 ml in more than five percent of such samples.
2. Threshold-odor number; Taste and odor producing substances, other
than naturally occurring, shall not interfere with the production of a
finished water by conventional treatment consisting of coagulation, sediment-
ation, filtration and chlorination. The threshold odor number of the finished
water must be three or less.
3. Dissolved solids: Other than from naturally occurring sources not to
exceed 750 mg/1 at any time. Values of specific conductance of 800 and 1,200
micromhos/cm Cat 25°C.) may be considered equivalent to dissolved-solids
concentrations of 500 and 750 mg/1.
-------
C-4
4. Radioactive suttataricea; Gross neta activity (in the known absence of
Strontium-9.0 and alpha emitters) not to exceed 1,000 picocuries per liter at
any time.
5. Chemical constituents; Not to exceed the following specified concen-
trations at any time:
Constituent Concbntration Qng/1)
Arsenic 0.05"
Barium 1.0
Cadmium Q.01
Chromium Chexayalent) 0.05
Cyanide 0.025
Fluoride 1.0
Lead 0.05
Selenium 0.01
Silver 0.05
FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
The following criteria are applicable to stream water at the point at
which- the water is withdrawn for USB Ceither with or without treatment) for
industrial cooling and processing:
1. Dissolved oxygen: Not less: than 2.0 mg/1 as a daily-raverage value,
nor less than 1.0 am/1 at any time.
2. pft; Not less than 5.0 greater than 9.0 at any time.
3. Temperature; Not to exceed 95 "F, at any time.
4. Dissolved solidg; Other than from naturally occurring sources not to
exceed 75Q mg/1 as a monthly-average value, not exceed 1,000 mg/1 at any time.
Values, of specific conductance of 1,200 and 1,600 micromhos/cm (at 25°C.)
may be considered equivalent to dissolved solids concentrations of 750 and
1,000 mg/1.
-------
C-4
FOR AQUATIC LIFE
The following criteria are for evaluation of conditions for the mainten-
ance of a well-balanced, warm-water fish, population. They are applicable at
any point in the stream except for areas immediately adjacent to outfalls.
In such areas cognizance will be given to opportunities for the admixture of
waste effluents with river water.
1. Dissolved oxygen: Not less than 5.0 mg/1 during at least 16 hours of
any 24-hour period, not less than 3.0 mg/1 at any time.
2. pH.; No values below 6.0 nor above 9.0 and daily-average Cor median)
values preferably between 6.5 and 8.5.
3. Temperature; Not to exceed 93°F. at any time during the months of
April through November, and not to exceed 60°F. at any time during the months
of December through March.
4. Toxic substances; Not to exceed one—tenth of the 96-hour median toler-
ance limit obtained from continuous flow bioassays where the dilution water
and toxicant are continuously renewed, except that other application factors
may he used in specific cases when justified on the basis of available evidence
and approved by the appropriate regulatory agencies:.
5. Taste and odor: There shall be no substances which impart unpalatable
flavor to food fish., or result in noticeable offensive odors in the vicinity
of the water.
6. Trout streams: In addition, the following criteria are applicable to
thosE waters* designated for put-and-take trout fishing:
(a) Dissolved oxygen: Not less: than 6,0. iag/1 as a daily-average value,
not less than 4.ft mg/1 at any time.
(El pH4 Not less than 6.5 nor greater than 8,5 at any- time.
-------
C-4
(c) Temperature; Not to exceed 65°F. (However, slightly higher tempera-
tures may- he tolerated with higher dissolved oxygen content than
specified.)
FOR RECREATION
The following criteria are. for evaluation of conditions at any point in
waters designated to Be used for recreational purposes:
1. Whole body contact; Coliform group not to exceed 1,000 per 100 ml as
a monthly-average value Ceither MPN or MF count) during any month of the
recreational season; nor exceed this number in more than 20 percent of the
samples examined during any month of the recreational season; nor exceed
2,400 per 100 ml (either MPN or HF count) on any day during the recreational
season. The months of April through October, inclusive, are designated as
the recreational season.
2. Partial body contact: Coliform group not to exceed 5,000 per 100 ml
as a monthly-average value (either MPN or MF count); not exceed this number
in more than 20 percent of the samples- examined during any month; nor exceed
20,000 per 100 ml in more than five percent of such samples.
FOR AGRICULTURAL OR STOCK. WATERING
Criteria are the same as those shown for minimum conditions applicable
to all waters at all places and at all times.
Note 1: Unless otherwise specified, the term average as used herein
means an arithmetical average.
Note 2: The analytical procedures used as methods of analyses to deter-
mine the chemical, bacteriological, biological, and radiological
quality of waters sampled shall be in accordance with the latest
edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
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C-4
Wastewater or other methods approved by the Indiana Stream
Pollution Control Board and the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration.
The following data was made available by the Indiana State Board of
Health for selected lakes in Steuben County. While this information is
incomplete with no continuous sets of figures, it does present an indication
of the water quality of the lake areas:
Coliform Count
(1,000 per 100 ml)
CRange)
10- 2,900
10-19,000
10-30
20-70
10-60
20-43,000
10- 1,500
10-390
Year
Sample
Taken
1969
1969
1969
1969
1969
1966
1967
1967
Stream Pollution
Control Board
Standard
Whb'le Body Contact
(Coliform Group)
1,000 per 100 ml mo. avg.
2,400 per 100 ml day
Partial Body Contract
5,000 per 100 ml mo. avg.
20,000 per 100 ml day
Lake
Clear Lake
Hamilton Lake
Pleasant Lake
Little Otter Lake
Big Otter Lake
Jimmerson Lake
Lake James
Snow Lake
It is reaily noted that a wide range of coliform counts can be found in
the lake waters and that a source of pollution and hazards to the lakes does
exist in the county.
Proposed Water and Sanitary Sewers
Figure 1 on the following page indicates areas where water and/or sanitary
systejns are proposed in Steuben county. References to towns are by name,
while lake areas and unincorporated communities are referred to by number-
In all lakes in Steuben County there is eutrophication to some extent.
This is produced by (1) septic tank effluent, (2) sewage treatment effluent
(3) feed and bar lots C4) runoff from agricultural lands and (5) infiltration
from agricultural lands.
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C-4
LEGEND
SEWER AND WATER SYSTEMS
8$m BY 1975
W///, 6Y 1980
S.E_WEJL-SYSIEMS
•': ,'..-•• BY 1975
BY 1980
«JS BY 1985
EXPAND TO MEET
GROWTH REQUIREMENTS
STEUBEM COUNTY, INDIANA
PROPOSED WATER AND SEWER PLAN
•197P
For: TKE STEUBEN* COUNTT fLAN COMMISSION
!,,,,<••> tf SCHEUI! ASSOCIAIfS. I"C
A Div. ol CM. t Wiin»»i i *'.'»' '" ' '"*"-
Figure 1
7
-------
C-4
CHEMICAL DATA ON LAKE WATER*
Hamilton
Lake
8.2
94
210
.3
64
2.0
78
0.3
0.1
0.2
Jimmerson
8.0
152
270
.02
92
2.0
112
.05
.10
0
Snow
7.9
168
300
.02
90
2.0
130 -
.05
.02
0
James (Avg.)
8.1
155
270
.02
91
2.0
120
.05
.0
0.10
pH
Alkallnes (1)
Total solids (1)
Manganese (1)
Magnesium (1)
Potassium (.1)
Calcium (1)
Iron (1)
Nitrates (1)
Phosphates (1)
(1) Parts per million
* Source: Indiana State Board of Health.
THE GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY, WITH RELATED SURFACE WATER QUALITY
FOR STEUBEN COUNTY
Steuben County is located in exteme northeastern Indiana which places it
in a part of the Steuben Morainal Lake Area of the Central Interior Lowlands
Province. This is a region of several recessional moraines of the Saginaw
ice lobe. This morainic configuration provides an uneven topography of low
relief. Much of the surface of the physiographic region is covered with
granular outwash materials. Such material is extremely permeable and there
is rapid absorption of water. Except during times of intense rainfall, all
of the natural drainage is internal.
Within the area are numerous natural lakes. These are believed to have
been formed when chunks of ice wasted from the principal ice lobe. These
ice blocks were carried in the glacial meltwater before coming to rest and
melting with, the subsequent creation of natural basins. These basins, in
sand and gravel, filled with water to create the lakes.
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C-4
Based on aomewhat limited data and by geologic interpretation, the upper-
most units of bedrock are considered to be sandstone, siltstone and shale of
Early Mississippian Age and System. The sedimentary bedrock measures dip
to the north at the rate of about 22 feet per mile in response to a low, syn-
clinal basin in Lower Michigan. However, since the bedrock is from 200 to
450 feet below the present day surface, it is of little concern in this water
and sewer report.
There are abundant supplies of groundwater available from the glacial
sand and gravel units that are widespread in the County. Less than 5%
utilization has been made of the available supplies.
The basis for the tremendous: reserves is:
1. Thirty-seven inches of precipitation.
2. High percentage of granular (permeable) geologic formations
at the surface of the county.
3. High rate of infiltration and recharge. Based on soil data,
it is estimated, on a county wide area, that there is only 20
to 25% runoff. The balance is absorbed into the geo-hydrologic
system.
4. A thick section (200 to 450 ft.) of glacial formation with ex-
cellent sand and gravel units saturated with water provides
storage for supplies.
5. High rates of transmitsIhility (greater than 10,0.00 gallons
per day per foot of formation), in the aquifers.
-------
DIVISIO:: OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209 :
MElrose 3-6757
WATER WELL RECORD
APPENDIX
C-5
INFORMATION OK WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township:_
Civil Township:.
'
. Range:
/3 £ z
Number of section:
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks:.
Name of owner:.
Address:.
Harae of Well Drill ing Contractor:
Address: A. ^/ 6?
0
<'<-j cjj&rt-^c-.
0
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
INFORMATION ON TEE WELL
Completed depth of well: , / £ / ft. Datf» well was coranleted: Jrt f< ' '- S . / ff /• £•
Diameter of outside casing 01
Diameter of inside casing or
/ / '
Diameter of Screen r ^
TTDB of Well: Drilled f?l
• riri yK pi p*> :
1 iner:
Length :
Gravel Pack fl
^/X LenCt.h:
Length i
^> Slot si 7.a : -^ O
Driven CD Other
Use of Well: For home O For industry D For public supply D Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools ® Rotary O Rev. Rotary O Jet O Driven O
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) ±i£ ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.m. Drawdown f . (Difference between
static level and wate
Pumping Test: Hours tested Rate_i^£ig.p.m. Drnadown ^ ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well. Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
CJ- I
County in which well was drilled: _ .-/7-e H Q
Congressional township:
-e <1
7 •* * 'V
Range:
M
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Civil Township: '"U ^ e s
Number of section: "2.
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks : _ 6" r<*. \J £ / u.-' ex 5 /.-, /? / \ / .
Address;
/~
Name of owner: \T(\T-£- A //? g _ \UvJ **• 6-Vht-'^/
Name of Well Drilling Contractor: W^CX , /,//! uJ ^ •€ r 'I?" Sa
. oL t VI <1 V (M I
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Addre ss :
/
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
r\ • hi. ^
Completed depth of well:
££
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Screen: S_ Length:
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
ft. Date well was completed; CJc^I
& >~ Length:.
(
7 /
Length:
/ 6*
Slot si ?.« :
O O
Type of Well: Drilled ® Gravel Pack D
Use of Well: For home D For industry Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools 0
Driven D Other
® F°r public supply O Stock Q
Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet O Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level). Z/ ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.ra. Drawdown ft. (Difference between
static level and water
Pumping Test: Hours tested Rate_3d£ig.p.m. Drawdown_/l2_ft. level at end of test)
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
5
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
^^U^LiL^-f = rj^'
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
/J £ A1
H f>- '"
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
C-5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled
Congressional township ;
Civil Township:
^/
Number of section :
.xx (Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own wdflls the well location with^ respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks r / ;i /ff/f. £•*?$* &f /fai^rfvL ///^.l-^^O pis'
Name of owner:
J-
-
Address;
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:__
&s£<&1
_
/ //
led E)
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Length: . '^
Gravel Pack O
•f> / '
Driven Q
*^s
Length : *T ^ ^ ^-
/
Length:
Slot sise: 4"&
Other
Diameter of Screen:
Type of Well: Drilled
Use of Well: For home
3 For industry D For public supply O Stock D
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools O Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet 0, Driven O
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) J/ / _ Ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested
Rate
Punping Test: Hours tested ^ Rate
g.p.m. Drawdown
Ft.(Difference between
static level and water
Ft. level at end of test)
Date
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE
E OF THIS SHEET
-------
C-5.
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This "ater 'Nell Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a.
water well. r"e request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is .equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in .the SDace Drovided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this reDort must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of "Jater Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 rest rashington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION C-5
609 STATE OFFICE BUILDING - "" ..... .
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209
MElrose 3-6757
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled: .*~(~rt. _ _ Civil Townshi p :
Congressional township: _ -3& '/V _ Range ; . / 3 £. _ Number of section i -3 O
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks :
fiJ ^7 A I £ -s4" / r» n t
Name of owner: ft-AA^L. /T". s&*-&*-^ Address: /7// ^L^-<-^.^ _^£j-_
Name of Well Drilling Contractor: ./J&^y*. (-4. .^^^i
AHdrpss- £*l, dl-^^J
rLLLU.1 COO • -. y^_ --—-.._.. ^ r - -^ ._..._ — --------
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
Completed depth of well:_J^_2___ft. Date.well was rinmpTetedt /
-------
WATER WELL LOG
INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation.
-------
DIVISION OP WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON "STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
D
County in which well was dri 11 ed: -O ~fL{ ft -e \\
Congressional township:.
. Range:
Civil Township; ~ & hi C S i6tV h
_ Number of sectiont O 7
— • --- a — - —i . ,.
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
\ h ft /^ |
Address:.
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:.
Address:.
M i\ L .
/^
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
J n
/ — / \ b h e rf
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
Completed depth of well: 1
f f f-
Diameter of outside casing
Diameter of inside casing c
Diameter of Screen: 7Vd/T\,
> ^r liner:
c5 <«. Length :
—7 7 /
well was completed: / .~*^./ "•"
R> K Length: / 4/.t)
Length £
f ,
/61 Slot si7.«: /Yd. (
bo
1
£a.
Type of Well: Drilled ( Gravel Pack Q
Driven D Other
Use of Well: For home O For industry Q For public supply J^3
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools (29 Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet Q
Stock O
Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) <£k ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.m. Drawdown
Pumping Test: Hours tested
t
_J2_
Rate
g.p.m. Drawdown
ft. (Difference between ,'
static level and water
.ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date ('to.
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
'
SI
-------
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)-
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INSTRUCTIONS
tb
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a?
water well. We request that you be as .accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies. ^
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location. kQ
' Ssu
.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resour
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana. ^
bmitt
Indian
X
'
(0
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
c~5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township:
Civil Township:.
; T^ffA/
Number of section:
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks: - /J2 .-rr-t-t*- _ xTn^i-t-^t/.. (S
-
Name of owner
; //
Address:
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
Address:
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
(jJ
Completed depth of well:.
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
.ft. Date well was completed:.
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:.
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
,4,
Diameter of Screen;__£_£ Length:.
. Length :_J2=Z
Length:
Slot size:
Gravel Pack D Driven Q Other
Type of Well: Drilled
Use of Well: For home ® For industry D For public supply D Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary Jp Rev. Rotary D Jet D Driven D
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) — Z-2 - ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested _ Rate _ g.p.m. Drawdown
Pumping Test: Hours tasted / Rats /^JL g.p.m. Drawdown
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date
^7 7? 7
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
\\
-------
WATER WF.1.1. T.nr,
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
REMARKS:
From
To
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INSTRUCTIONS ^
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report imlst"be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
C-5
WELL LOCATION
WATER WELL RECORD V
(Fill in completely - Refer to instruction sheet)
St eu b en . _ Jamestown
y
-Civil Township.
County in which well was drilled —
Driving directions to the well location: |nc'ude , County Road Names' Numbers' Subdivision Name, lot number, distinctive
o landmarks ptr
landmarks, etc.
T^t. rr9KQ
i /),
on the Neveda KlHs
road orf of 300 west Lot is on left side
NAME OF WELL OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
... „ ~ oj.arence u
Well Owner U
RliilHing Cnnrrarrnr
if Well Drilling Contractor:
ong ... H- V JJIP oia xn a
Arlrtresi
Address
Fuller Vfell Drillin-
Address *••?
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
WELL INFORMATION
Depth of well: IT?) 130
Diameter of casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of liner (if used):
Diameter of Screen: 1
JE?J1T BOY3R
Date well was completed: FSB 10. 1973
2"
KOHL;
Total Length:.
Total Length:.
126
Length:
2U"
Slot Size:
10
Other
Type of Well: Drilled [f] Gravel Pack Q Driven Q
Use of Well: For Home Q For Industry [~j For Public Supply [_J Stock LJ
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary LJ Rev. Rotary LJ Jet Gil Bucket Rig LJ
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) 50 : feet
Bailer Test: Hours Tested Rate g.p.m Drawdown ft.
Pumping Test: Hours Tested_l__Rate g-P-m- -10 Drawdown ft.
(Drawdown is the difference
between static level and water
level at end of test)
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
\P STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204 /S?
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
WATER WELL RECORD
WELL LOCATION (Fin in completely - Refer to instruction sheet)
-Civil Township
County in which well was drilled.
Driving directions to the well location:
s
, Subdivision Name, lot number, distinctive
NAME OF WEI/. OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
PC T- J^~ /
U-V-.«^'f.-<-^-^ K C I, ^-J->-*/i-/
J. '1,/1''/1
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
P ' -i ' '^
XL <-.-.- .-f^ ^i c Li-f'-f i.' o-Lrf-,- , ,'/-^-v.fC
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3^i-t.i\ - fi.-*-*f -- C' -*•'-<- -i* *•
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DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON'STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
X"uv'"
/V">
::"' ..:•>!'. JC-
c~5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
- ~ - -
County in which well was drilled ;
Congressional township:
Civil Township:
Range:
Number
of section: _±LZ-
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive 1 anrirnarks : kJ&&i [_/l
Name of owner:
ddress
: -L*» L^, _ ^6^., V
Name of Well Drilling Contractor
Address:
/?
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
depth of wel 1 : / f" ft. Date well was completed:
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe: Z Length:
of inside casing or liner: Length:
Diameter of Screen:.
/
/
.Length:.
Slot size:
/?
Type of Well: Drilled ©^Gravel Pack D Driven D Other
_ . f , ' I
'' f *'•••' ' '' ' '•
Use of Well: For home Q For industry Q For public supply D Stock D
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools O Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet 0"" Driven Q
. c^-
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) - Z_*. - ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested _ Rate _ g.p.m. Drawdown
/ _^
Pumping Test: Hours tested ¥ Rata /* g-p-m. Drawdown
Signature
Date
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft. level at end of test)
JltJL
C . /f I
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER 'JELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a'
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as K,
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies. \ ^
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log. V,, '
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location. "p*,
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF .WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
609 STATE .OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS 9, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
C-5
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County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township:
i"
Civil Township:.
Range: ~j ~3 V hi /?/ \ £ Number of section: _J?
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks:.
//
Name of owner:.
^ ivD
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
Address:_
—17
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
Completed depth of well i / 7 £> ft. Date well was completed; _^y / . '
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:.
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
***£* / ''
Diameter of Screen:^ Length:.
.Length:.
Length:.
/1
_51ot .si ze:
Type of Well: Drilled GJ Gravel Pack Q Driven D Other ,—
Use of Well: For home C£) For industry Q For public supply Q Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary (3 Rev. Rotary D Jet Q . Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level)-%/{r8~L
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type\of material, hardness, etc.)
REMARKS :
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INSTRUCTIONS
r
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted^
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiaij
Department of Conservation.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
ft STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
(j?
. c-5
WELL LOCAllOIN
County in which well was Ari
WATER WELL RECORD
ill in completely - Refer to instruction sheet)
Civil Tnwn^ip
/
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Driving directions to the well location: County Road Names, Numbers, Subdion Name, lot number, distinctive
6 landmarks, etc.
NAME OF WELL OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
Well Owner ^J^^n^J JO JJA-fr^ Address
_
Building Contractor _ Address
Name of Well Drillin Contractor: -
Address
> A -
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
WELL INFORMATION
Depth of well:
: /' *r ~ '
ling or drive pipe- &
•D_
er (if used):
-7 /'
•
Total Length:
Total Length:
/^
Diameter of Screen: / 7 Length: __~£j__
Type of Well: Diillul Q=] Gravel Pack Q]
Use of Well: Foi^Uemr^EU For Industry
Slot Size:
Driven
Other
For Public Supply Q Stock D
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary D Rev. Rotary [U — J^l B Bucket Rig Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) -^ & _ ^ ^ - feet
Bailer Test: Hours Tested -^ Rate _ g p.m. *^-' -O Drawdown _ ft.
Pumping Test: Hours Tested _ Rate _ g.p.m __ Drawdown _ ft.
(Drawdown is the difference
between static level and water
level at end of test)
Signature
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
21
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type Of material, hardness, etc.)
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-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
C-5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled:^
Congressional township:_
Civil Township: •—- -Wr-wr
Range:
Numbervof section:
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe-in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
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Name of owner :
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:e
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Name of Drilling Equipment Operator! o .V.
Completed depth of well:.
J
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
.ft. Date well was completed:.
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Serpent '
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
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REMARKS:
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INSTRUCTIONS ;
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the.planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 3H West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
I
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
..fft STATE OFFICE BUILDING
M JillffJ1 INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
M
C-5
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317 i
WATER WELL RECORD
WELL LOCATION ^pj\\ m completely - Refer to instruction sheet)
County in which well was drilled Steuben- c|vjl Township Jamestown
. ,. . , ., ii I ,, Include County koad Names, Numbers, Subdivision Name, lot number, distinctive
Driving directions to the well locat.on: ,andmarks> etc
North of Angola tftf on 300 West to Lake James Estates East. Second Road
to the Right . The fourth Lot on the south side of the roa§« Pink and
.White mobile home. ~t ' ~ ( r-- .^-
NAME OF WELL OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
R.C.McGill
Building Contractor
Name of Well Drilling Contractor: Fuller Well Drilling
Address R*R.#1 Angola, Ind
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator: Jerry Eoyer Jim Fuller
WELL INFORMATION
Depth of WE||: 7**'
Diameter of casing or drive pipe: _
Diameter of liner (if used): NONE
Diameter of Screen: 1 1/V* Length:
Date well was completed: Inarch 22.1973
Total Length :__7JJ
Total Length: ,
Slot Size:
Driven
Other
Type of Well: Drilled E| Gravel Pack (~j
Use of Well: For Home Q For industry tU For Public Supply Q Stock U
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools I 1 Rotary (ZJ Rev. Rotary EJ Jet 0 Bucket Rig C]
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) 60' feet
Bailer Test: Hours Tested Rate g-P-m Drawdown ft.
Pumping Test: Hours Tested L__Rate_2£> g.p.m Djawdown ft.
(Drawdown is the difference
between static level and water
level at end of test)
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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C-5
DIVISION '>F WATKK
DKI'AKTMF.NT OF NATI KAI. HFSOl'Rf 'KS" STA'I'K ( H • INDIANA
STATF OFF1CK IHMI.DINC
INDIANAPOLIS, I.NDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
(Fill in completely as possible - Refer to intruction sheet)
x
<•,. imiy in which well was drilled: d^^/^-t/ Civil Township:
ivinf, directions to the wi-11 location;
. 2 a
Mamu nf property owner (if known) :
Aililrvss of owner;
Name o!" liuilding contractor (if known):
!>:aint of Well Drilling Contractor:
N.-inic uf drilling equipment operator: [--
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
^/^
Depth of well: (p tf /-^~ - Date well was completed:
Diameter of casing or drive pipe; .^2, " Total length:
Diameter of liner (if used): Total length:_
/ /' —
Diameter of Screen: /
Type of Well: Drilled Q Gravel Pack D Driven
'fae of Well: For home ® For industry CD for public supply (_J
, / 9 ?
iui..._
Length :_ ____ ' ' _______ '&rrs\, sizs:
Other
<3cuj-~> v ^
Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cabin Tools 0 Rotary D Rev. Rotary D Jet CD Bucket Kig Q
-'t.ilic waiter level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level )___3_K ft.
Nailer Te^t: Hours tested ..Rate p..p.m. Drawdown ft. (Difference between
static level and water
Test: Hours tested Rate _Z^_ g.p.ra. Drawdown ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
WATER WELL RECORD
WELL LOCATION
(Fill in~completely - Refer to instruction sheet) C\
in which well was drilled
County
Driving directions to the well location:
-Civil Township
' Sub>n Name- lot number, distinctive
NAME OF WlLt OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
Well Owner LcO^&^-VK Mx/XM? Address
Building Contractor
Name of Well Drilling Contrarrnr
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator
WELL INFORMATION
Depth of well: _
Diameter of casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of liner (if used):
Diameter of Screen:
Date well was completed:
Total
Total Length:.
Length:
Slot Size:
Tlf
Type of Well: Drilled K[ Gravel Pack Q Driven |_J Other
Use of Well: For HorneC/j For Industry Q For Public Supply Q Stock LJ
^""^ ^ ^"^^ ^L .1+ IM«
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools I 1 Rotary LJ Rev. Rotary M Jet Kl Bucket Rig I I
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) <_^ £-- ' ;—feet
Bailer Test: Hours Tested L
Rate
Pumping Test: Hours Tested_/___ Rate
awrlown *"»(?" ft. (Drawdown:is the difference
between static level and water
Drawdown_/f2_ft. leveUt end of test)
Date
7-7/
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WEH, LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
From
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-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES '
INDIANA DEPARTMEx^fT OF CONSERVATION /$$
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET /%'
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA ^
^i^'' '1JU/ CTy, c-5
581 rsn %
&VED S
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled t
Congressional township;
Civil Township:
Range;
Number of section:
_
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks
Name of Well Drilling Contractor ;
Address :
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
•*
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
Completed depth of well;/V/"V " F*. Date well was completed:
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe ;
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Screen; / " _ Length;
Length;
Lengthj
/
Slot size;
Type of Well: Drilled JB Gravel Pack O Driven D Other_
Use of Well: For home $9 For industry D For public supply D Stock D
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools O Rotary D Rev. Rotary D Jet IS Driven O
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water levelJ)_Aj£J> Pt.
Bailer Test: Hours tested
Pumping Test: Hours tested
Rate
Ratej
g.p.m. Drawdown
g.p.^i. Drawdown
Ft. (Difference between
static level and water
Ft. level at end of test)
Signature / f
Date
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
LOG
C-5
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INSTRUCTIONS .
\
This ""ater Ivell Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. ' e request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 v"est '-"ashington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA ,
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
C-5
WELL LOCATION
County in which wel
,
Driving directions to
WATER WELL RECORD
- - ~~~
(Fin in completely - Refer to instruction sheet)
Civil Township
County in which well was drilled
L ii i • Include County Road Names, Numbers, Subdivision Wame, lot number distinctive
the well location: ,andmarks etC;
^ a ^ y
NAME OF WELL OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
l_ Address K, /^ - / ^>^-*-^^^-^' O^^-/
Well Owner -
Building Contractor
Address
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
Address J\ . £ I
-J
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
WELL INFORMATION
Depth of well: Q 4
£.>_/
Date well was completed:
Diameter of casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of liner (if used):
xV
Diameter of Screen: ^
Total Length:.
Total Length:.
Length:
Slnf Si^e:
Other
Gravel Pack Q Driven
For Industry Q For Public Supply O Stock
Type of Well; Drilled 0
Use of Well: For Home
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools O Rotary EH Rev. Rotary Q Jet -E^l Bucket Rig
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) &*-
feet
Bailer Test:
Hours Tested
Rate
j Pumping Test: Hours Tested / Rate
g.p.m. Dr3wdrtwn ft
l
tX~ & or. p.m. Drawdown ft
O 1
Sipnafure ^ *-±*K \~*—t -a. -^ ^ y vl-
&
naf*. // x7/ 7 2 .
(Drawdown is the difference
between static level and water
level at end of test)
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF. THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
0-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
Civil Township:
Range: _ /J2.
Number of section:
c_5
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W
County in which well was dri lied: *>Q't8-4.iJs-<*' —
Congressional township: ^H^M^i^v-*- _ _
(Fdal in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks : leJ. *-$* •* ->
Completed depth of well;
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
ft. Date well was completed:
w s ^ 3 / (*
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Screen : _ £ _ Length:
*
Length:
Length:
/ /.
Slot si ?.a ; O £>
Type of Well: Drilled 2) Gravel Pack D Driven Q Other _ _
Use of Well: For home Q For industry O For public supply JB Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary D Rev. Rotary D Jet S Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) - !id - . - ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested _ Rate _ g.p.m. Drawdown _ ft. (Difference between
^ static level and water
Pumping Test: Hours tft s tad -3 Rats jjjg__ g . p - m r Drawdown J:^___ft . level at end of test)
Signature
Date .
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
C-5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
•County in
which well was drill ari; S> /-€-M "-
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
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• INSTRUCTIONS X
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
C-5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
in which well was drilled: -<4 ^Gt+Ju ,-*\ )
County in
Congressional township:'
Civil Township:
JC-J 1
Range: f\ I 3 £" Number of section: _/J2.
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your.own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
//
£7
/ J- t
•'Name of owner :' /AM &s*J L^-^'L^X^--^-*^
'"X
/< |)
idame of Well Drilling Contractor: { s J~- _
/(] ,, _ * • .^57:
Address: { S-^t^ ^^;^vi^r\ .^J^ )
flame of Drilling Equipment Operator: L.-' .^"
INFORMATION
/'' / ^P ^
Address: f l/\^ i^f^L/Ci-^ ^[ --5-
/
l^U /^-^i_l^L^J) l
•f
ON THE WELL
Completed depth of well: --> J .ft. Date well was comoleted: ( L^TL^'^4. X> s* . / / v J~*
Diameter of outside casing nr Hriv^ pip«: -~s
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Screen: _.. ^ T-! Length: -~;
Type of Well: Drilled 0 Gravel Pack D
• / /
t i
Length :
' & Slot si y.fl : ^ &
nri v^n O nt.hpr
Use of Well: For home (3 For industry Q For public supply Q Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary D Rev. Rotary D Jet £3" Driven D
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) „ **~ ® ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested^ Rate g.p.m. Drawdown
Pumping Test: Hours tested _/__Rate_L£l g.p.m. Drawdown
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft. level at end of test)
Signature t?^ ~~*-^
Date ,'.LJ^1-'-^..-^^
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record -the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
Civil township:
C~5
Range :
Number of section:
County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township: ^^HjJf.f-( . „ _,
(Fill-in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to_. nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks:.
Name of owner:
Addr e s s :
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:.
Address:.
ti )
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
Completed depth of well :
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
f t . Date well was completed:
^' ' '&>
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:.
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Screen; JszJ Length:.
Type of Well: Drilled (EL Gravel Pack Q Driven Q Other
Use of Well: For home Q For industry O For public supply O
Stock
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary J£\' Rev. Rotary O Jet Q Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) ^2 L - ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested _ Rate _ g.p.m. Drawdown
Pumping Test: Hours tested_Z__Rate_/4L^g-P-ra« Drawdown
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft. level at end of test)
Signature
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE R
T
EVERSE SI
IDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
REMARKS:
From
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INSTRUCTIONS J
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of* this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 3H West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled: _^> '<£. \.< h t? n
Congressional township:_
Civil Township: <~J H C $ t' h
J
Range: ^ 7
"
2- ^ Number of sections ___//.
(Fill in as completely" as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
C p _j c /rr __> _ r rr » c
or distinctive landmarks: --> I— 'J. 3 ^~ I A .
(j
n A
"JT
r
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator: / ^
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
Completed depth of well :
f t . Date well was completed: \f~q i\ 1L c> - ~7
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:.
Diameter of inside casing or lin^r:
Diameter of Screen: y *-—v Length;
Length:
Length:
*l
-7
Slot si.za;
Type of Well: Drilled
Gravel Pack O , Driven Q Other.
Use of Well: For home D For industry Q For public supply D Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools Q) Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet D Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) ' ^( ft.
Bailer Test: Hour,s tested__/__Rate.
Pumping Test: Hours tested Rate.
.g.p.m. Drawdown.
.g.p.m. Drawdown.
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date
}
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc..)
S U ^ i d C £>
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
C~5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township:
Civil Townshi p-
Range:
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Number of section :
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks: _ , _ , _ _
(fame of
Name of
Address
owner : VI /
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc'.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES c~5
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF, CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drillPd: > / -^ if / ^ f^A' Civil Township: /' /CT <£S <3 /I /
Congressional township: Ranged ____ . Number of section; ^
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks: •
,
Name of owner:
Ai n
•d.irf-
Address: /"/ n f} 6 / 3
r,,,/
Name of Well Drilling Contractor: 1/V /C , / J
Address: _ L:X . < / vi c y
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator: _ L^" c-( u
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
; ,-'' ~~~
Completed depth of well : __Zl2_£__ f t . Date well was completed;
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe : ^ '-. _ Length': / '~>
Diameter of inside casing or liner: _ __ Length:
Diameter of Screen; '/ ~_ Length: P/^ Slot siza: /K-". 2. cj
/
Type of Well: Drilled 0 Gravel Pack D Driven Q Other
Use of Well: For home Q For industry Q For public supply O Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools $ Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet D Driven O
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) / (-• ^^/^~ ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.m. Drawdown ft. (Difference between
^ static level and water
Pumping Test: Hours tested__!__Rate_/j2_g.p.m. Drawdown / ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date '-.Ccc'l /'/'-- ti
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE'OF THIS SHEET
H.I.
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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REMARKS:
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INSTRUCTIONS ^ r
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Agts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES ;. :.; C-5
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION ' . '' ' ' >
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET -^
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA • SEP'.;-?<>•
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled : ,, >-Ug-'-ot>.~^. . 5iot size: / O
Type of Well: Drilled 0 Gravel Pack D Driven Q Other
Use of Well: For home,® For industry D For public supply O Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools $Q Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet O Driven D
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water l^val) /3 ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested _ Rate _ g.p.m. Drawdown __ _ ft. (Difference between
static level and water
Pumping Test: Hours tested^ _ Rate_f!±2._g.pimi> Drawdown _ ft. level at end-of test)
Signature _1
Date V
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this ;inf crmation as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of- this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
609 STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209
MElrose 3-6757
WATER WELL RECORD
C-5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township:
Civil Township:.
Ranga: /-.q?/^ frjij? Number of section -. _jL
. _ . .
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks: /
Name of nwner
: "/Tl^lxi , tX
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
Address:
Address:.
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
Completed depth of well :
/ /
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe: _L
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
ft. Date well was completed:.
//
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
.Length:
Length:
Diameter of Screen ;
Length:
Slot size :
Driven Q Other
Type of Well: Drilled 4dp Gravel Pack
Use of Well: For home,0 For industry CD For public supply Q
7
Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools Q Rotary 6j Rev. Rotary O Jet O Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) — ^J2 - _ — ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested / Rate £T g,pT™, Drawdown
Pumping Test: Hours tested _ Rate _ g.p.m. Drawdown
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date
(( )
FOR WELL LOG SPACE tTSE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc,)
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DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
609 STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209
MElrose 3-6757
WATER WELL RECORD
c~5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township:
Civil Townshi p :
Range :
_ _
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Number of section:
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
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JZ 7 ^
Name of owner :
Address:
Name of Well Drilling Contractor;
Address : '
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator :
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
Completed depth of wel] : /
Diameter of Screen:__^_j^_ Length:.
SL
Length;
Length:.
f/
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Slot size:
Type of Well: Drilled 0 Gravel Pack D Driven Q Other
Use of Well: For home ® For industry Q For public supply D
Stock
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools © Rotary O Rev. Rctary O Jet O Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) _ /£. - ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested _ Rate _ g.p.m. Drawdown
Pumping Test: Hours te s ted _JL_ Rate _ L^L g.p.m. Drawdown
t <=• <-* A
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft. level at end of test)
Signature ^.
Date r;V-
C
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
REMARKS:
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.vp
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location. V
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be subm^ted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation. ^ 5
c^ ^x
5*1 ^
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
609 STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS 9, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
C-5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled: _^L
Congressional township:_
Civil Township:.
Range: ^ /^" TX'•'/?.
Number of section
: d
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe ^n your pwn words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
. -I \ J' n V i, •" i
or distinctive landmarks: O «?•»•-« f ,...,. {/ /lc jr,--f ,'t(-g.. - /J/, ; ^
Name.of owner: _ /V't-t
Address:.
Name of Well Drilling Contractor!
Address:,
^7
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Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
Completed depth of wal 1 ; / V /
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
, / .
Diameter of Screen:__Z_Jl_ Length:
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
ft. Date well was completed: <" <~ ( / *J / /£ "
Length : .
Length: .
.Slot size: /-
Type of Well: Drilled
Gravel Pack O Driven D Other
Use of Well: For home® For industry O For public supply Q Stock 0
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary C3 Rev. Rotary D Jet D Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water i PVP! } /,< ^ f t .
Bailer Test-: Hours tea tad" ..... _Rat-e _ g.p.ra. Drawdown ___T_ ft . (Difference between
static level and water
Pumping Te.st: Hours tested / Rata /..v .._ g.p.mT Drawdown __r__ft . level at end of test)
Signature
Date
i- v. — fc
'<. r -r'-J A v
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE RfcTERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATION (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water .Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible, in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation.-
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
c~5
WELL LOCATION
WATER WELL RECORD
m ,n comp|etely - Refer to instruction sheet)
?-'/ ff" <,<-&• s >
(. •
Civil Township /
*x-s
County in which well was drilled
... , i, i Include County Road Names, Numbers, Subdivision Name, lot number, disiinctlvc
Driving directions to the well location: landmarks etc
NAME OF WELL OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
Well Owner _ Address
Building Contractor
Name of Well Drilling Contn
7 /"' ^ /
ArlHre« //. - /L . /
Name of Drilling Equipment
,. -;-? _ ' /; , /, / _±
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f *- (. £{. -*L- ?*-.- t-C- ' *~- />.-•*- ST.. -C. '-"• ^*> i-£f-~- L *i_-» --.Jf • sr '^ / / /
Operator: z-*-/^.-*^ * .-•'
WELL INFORMATION
Depth of well: //' ? //-
Diameter of casing or drive pipe: .
Diameter of liner (if used):
Diameter of Screen: , ^ .-/ /'/ Length:
Date well was completed: v. -
x ^'
Total t.pngth: •••- ~'-fi-
Total Length:
Slot Size:
Driven
Other
Type of Well: Drilled Q Gravel Pack [J ,
Use of Well: For Home (Tj For Industry Q For Public Supply Q Stock LJ
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools 17] Rotary CH Rev. Rotary EH Jet ED Bucket Rig Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) // feet
Bailer Test: Hours Tested Rate_l/i_ g.p.m.'£. Drawdown ft.
Pumping Test: Hours Tested Rate g-P-™ Drawdown ft.
/
(Drawdown It ilw dilTcrenco
between static level anil water
levd " end of lcit)
Signature ^
n... J-, ££
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
WATER WELL RECORD
WELL LOCATION
(Fill in completely - Refer to instruction sheet)
County in which well was drilled
/.-TC-
Civil Township
- ~t~
, , it i • Include County Road Names, Numbers, Subdivision Name, lot number distinctive
Dnving directions to the well location: ,andmarks etc
AtJ*. -&*£/, ,5.
NAME OF WELL OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
Well Owner Tc^t-^i. £t'dL^£^ Address
Building Contractor Address
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
Address /I- /™ /*-
0
.
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
WELL INFORMATION
Depth of well: .
Date well was completed:
7 I
Diameter of casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of liner (if used):
Diameter of Screen: / "
Total Length:
Total Length:
+ -
Length:
<;lnt
Driven
Other
Type of Well: Drilled Q Gravel Pack Q
Use of Well: For Home (3 For Industry Q For Public Supply Q Stock D
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools 0 Rotary EH Rev. Rotary ED Jet E_3 Bucket Rig ED
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) _ y* a - : - fee«
Bailer Test: Hours Tested _ Rate _ g-P-m- _ Drawdown _ ft.
Pumping Test: Hours Tested _ Rate /* g.p.m __ Drawdown _ _ ft.
(Drawdown ti ilia dlfforanci
between italic level uiJ witor
levd al end of teil)
Signature
.
- 1} < h ^ "
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
0-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled: /> t& f)g.ft Civil Township:
Congressional township: Range; *3 } /V"H ' ^ £ lumber of sectiont /O
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks: t/k /\A A £ <>J tl H^| < ^ C> O ' (
Name of owner: A Q- /1 e -Jo- H^ £- b L>- d | / Address:_
Name of Well Drilling Contractor; (/V, ^ /^)j IAJ si «?
r } * A/I ' /
CY
-------
WATER WSLL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a I
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION C~5
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
.-..<•. , .
WATER WELL RECORD C>"H :
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION %^V;? 11v;5i "''
;. I i _ -*-.^jf^-*'
County in which well was drilled: y v- v ','•••'• i, Civil Township: ___
Congressional township: Range:. Number of section:
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
/•' •• / '/ h - I /' ;' / , I -V» ;1
or distinctive landmarks: / ••• .'.:... /^^ < .':.: - •'. ~-.J-•..-••• -. '•<./-.•„ ,4.-
Name of
Name of
owner : .* r- J'
Well Drilling
^.^ /
_-. '--, .. .-./-I.
Contractor: L
Address: • ' ' - . - /• -~< '
-i ^ ' ' > / -^
^Cl-ot^v. .'./•/ t^v'--,.
Address:.
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
9,
Completed depth of well; / o T ft. Date well was completed: y ' •-" -J
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:__j_2 Length: ' f
Diameter of inside casing or liner: • "> ' f-'ru.g- Length: ; •.
^
Diameter of Screen: '' i' Length: Slot size:.
Type of Well: Drilled Q Gravel Pack Q Driven O Other
Use of Well: For home Q For industry O For public supply O Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet 0 Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground, to water level)___^j_Z2 ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate___g.p.ra. Drawdown j^£&~.ft. (Difference between
static level and water
Pumping Test: Hours tested_J2__Rate_ZJ_g.p.m. Drawdown ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL1 LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)-
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' ) i i • ' '
REMARKS:
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6.of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER - .. C 5
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OK INDIANA f '\
STATE OFFICE BUILDING A
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209 -
• f I
WATER WELL RECORD ;>,
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
'/;; L
County in which well was drilled: >->• c-C-^4*-c-T^-— Civil Township:
A)'} .._ ^
Congressional township:(/ - Lf-*. <^ff-*»-? Range: . """'• '•' fls Number of section: _Z
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks: &~)l. C^^..-t^i,j / />,* n •. '/'O .') It.' ,^'i^nJt. e": c^^^ty ,.{.<*«,'
"
Name of owner: , -'.?: ft,?* *JJUPM« I <• t-A Address: $.$.
LS ,s-fi ^
Name of Well Drilling Coptractor:_, t-L-i-ts-t-*^- ^ J
I'l /'/••/
Address: i > S^-•¥.<*. , -. ,-> ft--, * r>!
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
>* i^.U..-'
"' U
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
^ •'' 1 ^ / '-'
Completed depth of well: / -3 ~2 ft. Date well was completed: // &
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies-
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water
-------
\1
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
C~5
County in which well was drilled i
Congressional township:^
Civil Township :
Range:
Number of section:
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe, in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks: f\-?£^ZJit ^-^2-?4^ ^f^Sff^/^ifT.'/sf^r-gZsLz- .'^ZXl /• J7 .?/
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:.
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
j
Diameter of Screen:'
JL
_
•***
Length:
f
Lftngt.h: /6 C
Length:
Slot size:.
Type of Well: Drilled ^ Gravel Pack Q Driven O Other , _
Use of Well: For home© For industry O For public supply O Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools S Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet O Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance 'from ground to water level) fc- j£ ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.ra. Drawdown
Pumping Test: Hours tftatfiri / Rate ./'6 g.p.m. Drawdown
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft. level at end of test)
Signature ^
Date
f)
-'
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
jtfSj4&*S- Ato***A/
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INSTRUCTIONS T
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959. a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
WELL LOGA11UIN
County in which well was drilled
Driving directions to the well location:
WATER WELL RECORD
(Fill jn completely - Refer to instruction sheet)
< "5" 7 £ ^ B £ FO __ Civil Township vP I
Numbm> Subdivision Name- lot numbflr-
OsV fce.Q Vk
O
NAME OF WELL OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
0
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
From
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WELL LOG AND DRILLING REPORT
NO CARBON PAPER
NECESSARY—
SELF-TRANSCRIBING
State of Ohio
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES M A o . ^ n ~
Division of Water N0< 4 C 4 I U D
65 S. Front St., Rm. 815 Phone (614) 469-2646
Columbus, Ohio 43215
ORIGINAL
C-5
Township
Section of
Owner
Location of
JJ-T*£&t___tc>c/v< w. cve/lJ^Lt
A 9c w.
A,
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS /, C T
acinff diameter _._.fyc_....— ..Leng
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th of casing
f+Tt nf firreer
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£^» / ^, *7 ^
'ate of compl6tion.»-«A./-«^i^ 1/__^s ,.»„.,«.., --j tl j i--1ITu
WELL LOG*
Formations
Sandstone, shale, limestone,
gravel and clay
jjjhltW 5X/W7 ^- fZfifi v/^jj^.
•IfLLtt. S $£(&_;*• £ /£&&?£-
•
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From
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— , . —
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^t r BAILING OR PUMPING TEST
^ (Specify one by circling)
Test Rate...JL£. G.P.M. Durat
Draiwdownja/^ijffl^i.. .. ft. Date
ion of test..../.-
4~- 7- 7 -2,
its.
Stafift 1eve1-r!fiptTt tn water J?/1 , ft,
Quality (clear, cloudy, taste, "dor),-.
Pttrnp fnptalT«fI liy V^A 7^ ^^ /?/?// Z//V ^
SKETCH SHOWING LOCATION
Locate in reference to numbered
State Highways, St. Intersections, County roads, etc.
— . N'
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-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type 'of material, hardness, etc.)
KKMARKS;
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-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
609 STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS 9, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled :_c_
,iP=J24^
/
L>*
Civil Township:.
Rang*:T3 7V ft/3 ^ Number of section:
"Congressional township:
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well Location, with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks:
Name of owner:.
Address
: A , /S -3
/^w^//
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
Address:
&
Jame of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
OIL
: INFORMATION ON THE WELL
Completed depth of we! 1 : / £> I ft. Date well was completed:
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:_2_ Length:
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Screeni^=L Length:.
Length:
Slot size: /O
Type of Well: Drilled
Gravel Pack Q Driven Q Other.
Use of Well: For home 0 For industry O For public supply O Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools O Rotary $3 Rev. Rotary O Jet O Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) 0 "^ ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested_j=L__Rate_^L_g.p.m. Drawdown ^
Pumping Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.m. Drawdown
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date &
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
11)
-------
WATER WELL LOG r-i1
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
Q^
cL^
^ c^ia
° ^t^ ^ 1
.
REMARKS :
From
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-------
I DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES C-5
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA /,£$" jj£»
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION T^-,, .,;j!''
i 1 ' .* '.• \J*• /; V "^ / L' •rf'*' J
County in which well was drilled: A^UuU— Civil Township: ---J.^-"
Congressional township: V JuUvo^-^t^' Rangs: Number of section: ^Z.
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
l
or distinctive landmarks:
I,
?
_i
Name of
Name of
Address
_ A M
owner: (/ A^-~s L\J jJtLc 0-y£
Well Drilling Contractor: (~L
.. & ^JL^J tL^I '
Address: u\ i \ - --) £L^*-*f ¥-& fc/i^^/-
>-J^~ U^-Tfe ^
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator; /»-X<->-u^v L^J c.HH^tg<^
Completed depth of well; t i 7 ft. Date well was completed: ~
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
\ / £> '
<
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:__^L_ _ Length: _ 1ft
Diameter of inside casing or liner: / Length; )& &
/ I? « 'J
Diameter of Screen:_L_T Length: <-$& Slot size:_
Type of Well: Drilled ® Gravel Pack Q Driven Q Other
Use of Well: For home ^ For industry Q For public supply O Stock £§"
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools O Rotary D Rev. Rotary Q Jet 0 Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level)—/& ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.m. Drawdown ft. (Difference between
^. static level and water
Pumping Test: Hours tested / Rate /£> gTp.m. Drawdown *& ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date
T
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
15
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
t^M^j rL^,
^r>,,.^$<3
^•fL ~,^^*J
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REMARKS:
From
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be -submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
WELL LOCATION
WATER WELL RECORD
(Fill in completely - Refer to instruction sheet)
County in which well was drilled^.
-Civil Township 7"/.si s.,^-
... i it I Include County Road Names, Numbers, Subdivision Name, lot number distinctive
Driving directions to the well location: ,andmarks etc
A e,/r<
•'
--/
NAME OF WELL OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
Well Owner
Building Contractor
Address ££•* /,**-& ^
Address
Name of Well Drilling Contractor: ^
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Address /fa
,^:,
779'
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
WELL INFORMATION
Depth of well: / J?*7 -/•? *
Date well was completed:
Diameter of casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of liner (if used):
Diameter of Screen:_
Total Length:.
Total Length:.
*•'"'?
3
Length:
~?
Slot Si/e:
Other:
Type of Well: Drilled Q Gravel Pack [J Driven [JJ
Use of Well: For Home GO For Industry Q For Public Supply Q Stock D
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools 0 Rotary D Rev. Rotary C] Jet LJ Bucket Rig O
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) y ^f feet
Bailer Test: Hours Tested Rat-p /£• g.p.m Drawdown ft.
Pumping Test: Hours Tested Rate g-P-m Drawdown ft.
Signature /(
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
A £ -S; •>? ,4 s. <-f. S,
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DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT :QF CONSERVATION "^
/ .. / 311 WESrT^WASHINGTON STREET
tl&n,/f INDJAPflLIS, INDIANA
WATER
•*/•*•
CORD
INFORMA/riON QN WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled: Pc£j?stJJ'^~^ Civil Township:
Congressional township:.
Range:
Number of section:
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the we!Q location with_respect ta nearby towns, roads ./streets
or distinctive landmarks:
Name of owner:
Name of Well Drilling/Contractor^.
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n' T) ,
./I ./V- -
Name of Drilling Equipijfent Operator:.
ir
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INFORMATION ON THE WELL
.ft. Date well was completed:.
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:.
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
/ '"
Diameter of Screen: / Length:.
.Length:
Length:
_Slot
Type of Well: Drilled
Gravel Pack D Driven O Other.
Use of Well: For home &. For industry D For public supply O Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary O Rev. Rotary Q Jet jC^T Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) /^ ft.
9-
Bailer Test: Hours tested J- Rate / gTp.m. Drawdown ^
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
Pumping Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.ra. Drawdown ft. level at end of test)
Signature
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
79
-------
WATER WELL LOG
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation, 311 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF IND
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209
MElrose 3-6757
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
C-5
County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township:_
' Civil Townahi P : P/4 <1 C tf n /
Range .T 3 / A/ ~~ h O C Number of section;
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in .your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
: \U \L (/ _ L O Ct /Vcf A I (///-/ C 77 d
o f~
or distinctive landmarks:
ia^
/i.q/
•J V
Name of
Name of
Address
f 1' •
nwner:..l/.V /!•*•"•
V
Well Drilling
: b\ i.i 111
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Contractor:
1 'IT. / \ If 4 n Ac foVAddress :
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Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
W. ^L
) n
Completed depth of well:.
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
.ft. Date well was completed:.
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:.
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Screen; & ^ Length:.
.Length:.
Length:
Slot size:.
Type of Well: Drilled SJ Gravel Pack O Driven O Other
Use of Well: For home O For industry Q For public supply © Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools £0 Rotary D Rev. Rotary O Jet O Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) 2JL2 ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested_i2__Rate.
Pumping Test: Hours tested Rate.
.g.p.m. Drawdown.
.g.p.m. Drawdown
. f'... (Difference between
static level and water
_ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
O /^
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As' specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
609 STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS 9, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
C-5
County in which well was drilled:,
Congressional township:_
Civil Township:.
~ X
Range:
Number of sectiom.
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streata
or distinctive landmarks:
(r
Name of owner:
Address:
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
Address:
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
Completed depth of well:.
Ju_
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
.ft. Date well was completed:.
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe: %.
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter Of Screen: .? ^f Length: y
.Length:.
Length:.
*
.Slot -S17.R: /f
Type of Well: Drilled ® Gravel Pack D Driven Q Other —
Use of Well: For home D For industry D For public supply C) Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools ® Rotary D Rev. Rotary D Jet Q Dri van Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) £jL ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.ra. Drawdown
Pumping Test: Hours tested __/_Rate_JL£Lg.p.m. Drawdown
ft. (Difference betwe«n
static level and watar
ft. level at end of taat)
Signature
Z/f££
Date .
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE" SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Ac_ts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation.
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS; INDIANA 46209
WATER WELL RECORD
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
C-5
County in which well was drilled: ^
Congressional township:
Civil Township:
.Range:
Number of section
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks:
Name of owner
; A^
Address
: *^f.
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
Address: <*3" -^Z^gg^c-^ ^y
L^J
(S
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
Completed depth of well
:_xL&
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
.ft. Date well was completed:.
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Screen: _ Length:.
.Length:
Length:
7
.Slot size:.
Type of Well: Drilled
Gravel Pack Q Driven Q Other
Use of Well: For home S( For industry Q For public supply Q Stock O
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary D Rev. Rotary D Jet ^ Driven D
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) ^_ ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.m. Drawdown
- Rate 3 $"
ft. (Difference between
_/ static level and water
Pumping Test: Hours tested ,2- Rate 3 *" g.p.m. Drawdown O ft. level at end of test)
Signature
Date
f-f
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
U JM*u A*~J ^Jl i«L>^
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A
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible-in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 19 '9, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a wel.i to the Division of Water
-------
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
609 STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209
MElrose 3-6757
WATER WELL RECORD
X:v
,\
C-5
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'"' *'>
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' 7'";^. .^"n i'.'j
• v'i> • l<-» u.-ces .-"W
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township:
^J(.
Civil Township :
Range: } 3
Number of section:
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
or distinctive landmarks:
*J<
Name of owner:
Address:
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
Address:.
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:
J>
Completed depth of well :
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:.
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
1 "
Diameter of Screen:__i—2. Length:.
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
f t . Date well was completed:
2_ - , - Length:
"-* '
£41—.
Length:
TAjr
Slot size:
r
Type of Well: Drilled Q)" Gravel Pack Q Driven Q Other
Use of Well: For home Q For industry Q For public supply £$} Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools D Rotary (2 Rev. Rotary O Jet O Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) /O ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.m. Drawdown
Pumping Test: Hours te s ted
Rate JL£_g. p.m. Drawdown
ft. (Difference between
static level and water
ft . level at end of test)
Signature
Date (
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
V
-------
WATER WELL LOtr
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
, 4
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INSTRUCTIONS
This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning'a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate loc ition of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all information possible in the space provided for well location.
As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
within thirty days after the completion of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
Department of Conservation.
c-
r
-------
DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46209
MElrose 3-6757
WATER WELL RECORD
C-5
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
County in which well was drilled:
Congressional township:
S~f£u,£>
Civil Township:
l-
Range:
Number of section t lf_)
(Fill in as completely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
fj j- <' " /Y fl. & " / V >l' 27
or distinctive landmarks:
£
_ >->y( u^. i: i,v •.
1
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( C
Name of owner:.
&
Address: I A fa . to ™ e.S
Name of Well Drilling Contractor:
,t ^t. i /*")
Address :
/{.
.i4
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
Completed depth of well;
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter of Screen: JL Length:
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
ft. Date well was completed: /-/- 6a
V'
Length:
Length:
Slot size:
Type of Well: Drilled
Gravel Pack Q Driven O Other
Use of Well: For home O For industry D For public supply O Stock O
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools (E Rotary D Rev. Rotary Q Jet O Driven Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) - ei£2 - -ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested _ Rate A&V_g.p.«. Drawdown
f . (Difference between
static level and water
Test: Hours tested _2=^Rate^_^lg. p.m. Drawdown — ft • level at end of test)
Signature
Date
*
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
E
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
S^ /*/.l ^\ (V \ "^t
•-JL ***«<**& *
KaxivC
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This Water Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
it may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location or^he^ellvis equally as important as an accurate well log.
Please include all inf^Fm'STOJn potsi^ in the space provided for well location.
f the
As specifiadx W3 Chap
within thirty days after tHe c
e Acts of 1959, a copy of this report must be submitted
letion of a well to the Division of Water
10
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DIVISION OF WATER
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF INDIANA
STATE OFFICE BUILDING
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46204
Telephone 633-5267 Area Code 317
C-5
WELL LOCATION
WATER WELL RECORD
(Fill in completely - Refer to instruction sheet)
County in which well was drilled.
Driving directions to the well location:
-Civil Township
' Subdivisi°n Name' Iot number' distinctive
NAME OF WELL OWNER and/or BUILDING CONTRACTOR
/? ? X-v
Well Owner fC^K^Mt (J(l(H,t V3
Total Length:
Total Length:.
72 '
Slof SIT-P: •=fr' (, 4?\. /
Oth^r
Type of Well: Drilled^ Gravel Pack |_J Driven
Use of Well: For HomexP^j For Industry Q For Public Supply d Stock [_]
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools l~l Rotary Q Rev. Rotary D Jet^^^ Bucket Rig Q
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) / L/ feet
MeXCgst:
Hours Tested.
Pumping Test: Hours Tested_^
.Rate.
.Rate.
g.p.m.
g.p.m.
Drawdown ft.
_-- <""" be
/J) Drawdnwn^g ft. '*
(Drawdown ii (he dtlfcrcnce
between static level and water
vel at end of test)
Signature
Date_
7
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
C-5
FORMATIONS (Color, type of material, hardness, etc.)
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-------
DIVISION OF ^ATER RESOURCES
INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
311 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
WATER WELL RECORD 5>
INFORMATION ON WELL LOCATION
o fJS
County ir. which well was drilled; _o fSC-f ^.K1 _ Civil Township:
«-» ••» - / a > A K ft
Congress >nal township: Range: 0 / lY ~l 1 ~* i~ • /Number of section:.
(Fill in as coupletely as possible)
Describe in your own words the well location with respect to nearby towns, roads, streets
/A k e Jo. me s Golf
or disti "tive landmarks:.
lame of V.'oll Drilling Contractor:.
Address: &• ^ t H
Name of Drilling Equipment Operator:.
INFORMATION ON THE WELL
Completed depth of well:; L.
Diameter of outside casing or drive pipe:.
Diameter of inside casing or liner:
Diameter Of SnrR^n; cT ^^. Length ;
Type of Well: Drilled Q9 Gravel Pack D Driven D Other.
Use of Well: For home Q For industry ® For public supply O ' Stock Q
Method of Drilling: Cable Tools £)0 Rotary O Rev. Rotary Q Jet O Driven O
Static water level in completed well (Distance from ground to water level) Q,y ft.
Bailer Test: Hours tested Rate g.p.m. Drawdown ft. (Difference between
static level and water
Pumping Test: Hours tested__Rate2.g.p.m. Drawdown_^2_ft. level at end of test)
Signature jf[
Date
QtLR
FOR WELL LOG SPACE USE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS SHEET
-------
WATER WELL LOG
/pp fouc/i Qnw
£!'. '•;""•'6 '' ' INSTRUCTIONS <
' "j' This Water-Well Record form is designed to record the most essential data concerning a
••water well. We request that you be as accurate as possible in recording this information as
•it-may be of great assistance in the planning and development of new water supplies.
An accurate location of the well is equally as important as an accurate well log.
;Please include'all information possible in the space provided for well location.
< V, .As specified in Chapter 6 of the Acts of 19^9, a copy of this report must be submitted
;. within .thirty days '.after the completion ,of a well to the Division of Water Resources, Indiana
$Department of Conservation,"311 West.Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana.
\£? * .;'.,-; -• ' ' '• '•• " '••'. ,- . .. ' " •' "-'' " '' • St. <*.
\'$ '••:;",-' ' •• ;• =-• '<.- •'••• qf v'
- &.•« i r •'-",.'• , ~ II
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APPENDIX
STAT& -/* INDIANA /l c-6
-
INDIANAPOLIS 46206
STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD \^^*^sy 133° w«t Michigan street
-' ' 63W467
.VIA CERTIFIED MAIL
RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Department of Natural Resources
614 State Office Building
Indianapolis, IN 46204
Gentlemen:
Re: Final NPDES Permit No. IN 0030309
Wastewater Treatment Facility
Pokagon State Park, Steuben County
Your application for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) Permit has been processed in accordance with Sections 402
and 405 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
(86 Stat, 816, Public Law 92-500, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), and Public
Law 100, Acts of 1972, as amended (1C 1971, 13-7, et seq., Environmental
Management Act).
The enclosed NPDES permit covers your operation which discharges
into Snow Lake, All discharges from this facility shall be consistent
with terms and conditions of this permit. Please note that Indiana
Stream Pollution Control Board Regulation SPC-15 requires that any
appeal under the procedures outlined in 1C 4-22-1-1 to 4-22-1-30, as
amended, must be filed within 15 days from the effective date stated on
the first page of the enclosed permit.
The permit needs to be read and studied. It requires certain
action at specific times by you the discharger, or your authorized
representative. It is recommended that the person in charge of operations
become familiar with the permit. You may wish to provide him with a
working copy .as well as calling the permit to the attention of your
consulting engineer.
Very truly yours,
Oral H. Hert
Technical Secretary
JMTruitt/OHd/ms
Enclosures
Permit & Report Forms SPC-15 Form B
«: Mr. A. H. Manzardo
Mr. Carl North
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
Application No. IN 0030309
Expiration Date June 30, 1980
INDIANA STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
AUTHORIZATION TO DISCHARGE UNDER THE
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM
In compliance with the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), and Public Law 100, Acts of 1972,
as amended, (1C 1971, 13-7, et seq., the "Environmental Management Act"),
Department of Natural Resources
1s authorized by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board to discharge
from the wastewater treatment facility located at Pokagon State Park in
Steuben County near A«gola
to Snow Lake in the St. Joseph River Basin
in accordance with the conditions specified in Attachments A and B.
Permittee shall not discharge after the above date of expiration. In order
to receive authorization to discharge beyond the above date of expiration,
the permittee shall submit such information, forms, and fees as are required
by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board no later than 180 days prior
to the above date of expiration.
This permit shall become effective 30 days from this date of signature.
Signed this ££ day of &«** , /f7f , for the
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board
Technical Secretary
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C-6
Permit No. IN OQ3Q309
ATTACHMENT A
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS',, AND MONITORING
AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
1. Treatment Facility Description
The discharger presently has the following treatment system;
The Pokagon State Park wastewater treatment facility is an 80,000 gpd
extended aerated plant with, sludge holding, chlorination and seven day
lagoon, flow measuring, advanced waste treatment and phosphorus removal
is: needed.
2. Effluent Limitations •*•- Interim
A. The average daily quantity of effluent discharged from the wastewater
treatment facility during a calendar month, shall not exceed 80,000
gallons per day unless- the following pollutant loadings to the stream
(pounds: or kilograms per day), of Biochemical oxygen demand and sus-
pend solids are not exceeded,
B. During the period beginning on the effective date of this permit and
lasting until June 1, 1977 the quality of effluent discharged by the
facility shall be limited at all times as follows;
(13 BOD
The arithmetic mean of the five-day Biochemcial Oxygen Demand
samples collected in a calendar month shall not exceed a con-
centration of 30 milligrams per liter nor a total quantity, when
operating at its rated design flow, of 9 kilograms per day (20
pounds: per day). The arithmetic means of these values for
effluent samples collected in a calendar week within the calen-
dar month, shall not exceed a concentration of 45 milligrams per
liter.
(21 SS
The arithmetic mean of the suspended solids values, for effluent
samples collected in a calendar month shall not exceed a con-
centration of 30 milligrams per liter nor a total quantity, when
operating at its rated design flow, of 9 kilograms per day (20
pounds per day). The arithmetic mean of these values for efflu-
ent samples collected in a calendar week within the calendar
month, shall not exceed a concentration of 43 milligrams per liter.
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C-6
Permit No. IN003Q3Q9
ATTACHMENT A
(31 PH
The effluent values for pH; shall remain within the limits of 6.0
to 9.0.
(4) Fecal Coli
The geometric mean of the fecal coliform bacteria values for effluent
samples: collected in a calendar month shall not exceed 200 per 100
milliliters. The geometric mean of these values for effluent samples
collected in a calendar week within the calendar month shall not
exceed 4QQ per lOH. milliliters-.
This effluent limitation for disinfection shall he in effect on a
continuous:, year round basis*
3. Implementation Steps and Compliance Schedule
The Department of Natural Resources is- required to provide advanced
waste treatment and phosphorus-removal hy May 31, 1977, and in accordance
with, the following schedule:
Implementation Steps Compliance Schedule
Submit Preliminary Reports November 31, 1975
Submit Final Plans and Specs- April 1, 1976
Begin Construction August 1, 1976
Progress Report January 1, 1977
End Construction May 31, 1977
Not later than 14 days following each interim date and the final date of
compliance, the permittee shall provide the Indiana Stream Pollution
Control Board with written notice of the permittee's compliance or
noncompliance with, the interim or final requirements.
4. Effluent Limitations. - Final
A. The average daily quantity of effluent discharged from the wastewater
treatment facility during a calendar month, shall not exceed 80,000
gallons- per day unless the following pollutant loadings to the stream
(pounds- or kilograms per day) of biochemical oxygen demand, suspended
solids, and phosphorus- are not exceeded.
R. During the period beginning June 1, 1977, and lasting until the expira-
tion date the quality of effluent discharged by the facility shall
be limited at all times as follows:
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
ATTACHMENT A
5. Facility Operation and Quality Control
A. At all times, all facilities shall be operated as efficiently
as possible and in a manner which will minimize upsets and
discharges of excessive pollutants.
B. The permittee shall provide an adequate operating staff which
is duly qualified to carry out the operation, maintenance and
testing functions required to insure compliance with the
condition of this permit. Indiana Law and Regulations requires
that the wastewater treatment facility be under the supervision
of a properly certified operator.
C. Maintenance of treatment facilities that results in degradation
of effluent quality shall be scheduled during non-critical
water quality periods, and shall be carried out in a manner
approved by the permitting authority.
6. Self-Monitoring and Reporting Requirements
A. The permittee shall submit effluent monitoring reports (SPC-15
Form B) to the State Agency every month in addition to the regular
State Board of Health operational report. Report forms will be
supplied by the State Agency. Both report forms should be
submitted by the 28th of the following month. The address to
which the reports should be mailed is as follows:
Municipal Wastewater Section
Division of Water Pollution Control
Indiana State Board of Health
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
The data collected and submitted shall include the following
parameters and testing frequencies:
Interim
Parameter Frequency Sample Type
Total Flow, Daily Continuous
BOD,., mg/1 2 x weekly 24-hour composite
Suspended Solids, m/gl 2 x weekly 24-hour composite
pH 5 x weekly Grab
Fecal Coliform
N per 100 ml 5 x weekly Grab
5
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
ATTACHMENT A
The permittee shall periodically calibrate and perform maintenance
procedures on all monitoring and analytical instrumentation at
intervals to insure accuracy of measurements.
The permittee shall take samples and measurements to meet the
monitoring requirements at a location representative of the dis-
charge. A chlorine residual analysis must be taken at the effluent
end of the chlorine contact tank.
The permittee shall obtain the required laboratory equipment to
analyze the discharge for the parameters indicated or shall arrange
for such analysis within six months after the effective date of
the permit. The need for wastewater flow measurement must be .
recognized by the permittee.
7. Recording
The permittee shall record for all samples the date and time of sampling,
the sampling method used, the date analyses were performed, the identity
of the analysis, and the results of all required analyses and measure-
ments.
All sampling and analytical records mentioned in the preceding para-
graph shall be retained for a minimum of three years. The permittee
shall also retain all original recordings from any continuous monitor-
ing instrumentation, and any calibration and maintenance records, for
a minimum of three years. These periods will be extended during the
course of any unresolved litigation, or when so requested by the
Director or his designee.
8. Solids Disposal
Collected screenings, slurries, sludges, and other solids shall be
disposed of in such a manner as to prevent entry of those wastes (or
runoff from the wastes) into navigable waters or their tributaries.
Such pollutants shall be disposed of by approved methods established
by the Director or his designee.
9. State Agency Construction Permit
Indiana Regulation SPC-15 requires that any modification to a water
pollution control facility cannot be made unless a valid construction
permit has been issued by the Stream Pollution Control Board or its
designated agent. Application for such a construction permit must be
made on forms provided by the State Agency 60 days in advance of the
date of start of construction.
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
ATTACHMENT A
-2-
10. Treatment Facility Expansion
The permittee must recognize that plant expansion or improvement,
other than that which may be imposed by this permit, may be
required in the future. The permittee must plan for such
expansion well in advance of the needs so that the conditions of
this permit are not violated.
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
ATTACHMENT A
(1) BOD
The arithmetic mean of the five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand samples
collected in a calendar month shall not exceed a concentration of
10 milligrams per liter nor a total quantity, when operating at its
rated design flow, of 3.0 kilograms per day (6.7 pounds per day).
The arithmetic mean of these values for effluent samples collected
in a calendar week within the calendar month shall not exceed a
concentration of 15 milligrams per liter.
C2) SS
The arithmetic mean of the suspended solids values for effluent
samples collected in a calendar month shall not exceed a concentra-
tion of 10 milligrams per liter nor a total quantity, when operating
at its rated design flow, of 3.0 kilograms per day (6.7 pounds per
day) . The arithmetic mean of these values for effluent samples.
collected in a calendar week within the calendar month shall not
exceed a concentration of 15 milligrams per liter.
(.3)
The effluent values for pH shall remain within the limits of 6.0
to 9.0.
(4) Fecal Coli
The geometric mean of the fecal coliform bacteria values for effluent
samples collected in a calendar month shall not exceed 200 per 100
milliliters. The goemetric mean of these values for effluent samples
collected in a calendar week within the calendar month shall not
exceed 400 per 100 mililiters.
This effluent limitation for diinfection shall be in effect on a
continuous, year round basis.
(5) Phosphorus
The arithemtic mean of the phosphorus values for effluent samples
collected in a calendar month shall not exceed a concentration of
1.0 mg/1 of elemental phosphorus (P) nor shall the removal be less
than 80 percent reduction in the elemental phosphorus (P) content
of the wastewater, whichever is more stringent. Continuous phos-
phorus removal during the recreation al season of April 1 to
November 1 is required,
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
ATTACHMENT A
Final
Parameter Frequency Sample Type
Total Flow, Daily Continuous
BOD^, mg/1 2 x weekly 24-hour composite
Suspended Solids, mg/1 2 x weekly 24-hour composite
pH 5 x weekly Grab
Fecal Coliform,
N per 100 ml 5 x weekly Grab
• Phosphorus 2 x weekly 24-hour composite
B. Sampling and Analysis Methods
Effluent values are to be determined by a twenty-four hour composite
sample consisting of several effluent portions collected in a 24-
hour period and composited according to flow. For fecal coliform
bacteria, a sample consists of one effluent portion collected
during a 24-hour period.
The analytical and sampling methods used shall conform to 40 CFR,
Part 136, date October 16, 1973, which includes the methods listed
below. However, different but equivalent methods are allowable if
they receive the prior written approval of the permitting authority
and the State Agency.
(1) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewaters,
13th Edition, 1971, American Public Health Association, New
York, New York, 10019.
(2) A.S.T.M. Standards, Part 23, Water; Atmospheric Analysis, 1972
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
19103.
(3) Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, June 1974
Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office, Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio,
45202
Beginning on the effective date of this permit and continuing for a
period of two years, the following practicable alternative procedures
may be substituted for the methods of analysis described in this section:
Effluent Characteristic Practicable Alternatives
5-day BOD Manometric Apparatus
Suspended Solids Photometric Response
Fecal Coliform Bacteria 0,5 mg/1 Residual Chlorine
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
ATTACHMENT B
GENERAL CONDITIONS
All discharges authorized herein shall be consistent with the terms
and conditions of this permit. The discharge of any pollutant .more
frequently than, or at a level in excess of, that identified and
authorized by this permit shall constitute a violation of the terms
and conditions of this permit. Such a violation may result in the
imposition of civil and/or criminal penalties as provided for in
Chapter 13 of the Environmental Management Act. Planned facility
modifications, additions, and/or expansion's that increase the plant
capacity must be reported to the Director and receive approval.
This permit may then be modified or reissued to reflect such changes.
Any anticipated change in the facility discharge, including any new
significant industrial discharge or significant changes in the
quantity or quality of existing industrial discharges to the treatment;
system that will result in new or increased discharges of pollutants
must be reported to the Director. Modifications to the permit may
then be made to reflect any necessary changes in permit conditions,
including any necessary effluent limitations for any pollutants,
not identified and limited herein. In no case are any new connections,
increased flows, or significant changes in influent quality permitted
that will cause violation of the effluent limitations specified herein.
After notice and opportunity for a hearing, this permit may be modified,
suspended, or revoked in whole or in part during its term for cause
including, but not limited to, the following:
(a) violation of any terms or conditions of this permit;
(b) obtaining this permit by misrepresentation or failure to disclose
fully all relevant facts; or;
(c) a change in any condition that requires either a temporary
or permanent reduction or elimination of the permitted discharge.
Notwithstanding 2 above, if a toxic effluent standard or prohibition
(including any schedule of compliance specified in such effluent
standard or prohibition) is established under Section 307(a) of
the Act for a toxic pollutant which is present in the discharge
authorized herein and such standard or prohibition is more stringent
than any limitation upon such pollutant in this permit, this permit
shall be revised or modified in accordance with the toxic effluent
standard or prohibition and the permittee shall be so notified.
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
ATTACHMENT B
4. The permittee shall allow the Technical Secretary, the Regional
Administrator, and/or their authorized representatives, upon the
presentation of credentials:
(a) to enter upon the permittee's premises where an effluent source
is located or in which any records are required to be kept under
the terms and conditions of this permit;
(b) to have access to and copy at reasonable times any records
required to be kept under the terms and conditions of this
permit;
(c) To inspect at reasonable times any monitoring equipment or
monitoring method required in this permit; or,
(d) to sample at reasonable times any discharge of pollutants.
5. The issuance of this permit does not convey any property rights
in either real or personal property, or any exclusive privileges,
nor does it authorize any injury to private property or any invasion
of personal rights, nor any infringement of Federal, State, or local
laws or regulations.
6. This permit does not authorize or approve the construction of any
onshore or offshore physical structures or facilities or the under-
taking of any work in any navigable waters.
7. Except for data determined to be confidential under Section 308 of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, and as stated in Section 10
of the Stream Pollution Control Board Regulation SPC-15, all moni-
toring reports required by this permit shall be available for public
inspection at the offices of the state water pollution control agency.
Knowingly making any false statement on any such report may result
in the imposition of criminal penalties as provided for in Section
3(a), Chapter 13, Public Law 100, Acts of 1972 as amended (1C 1971,
13-7).
8. Any diversion from or bypass of facilities necessary to maintain
compliance with the terms and conditions of this permit is prohibited,
except:
(a) where unavoidable to prevent loss of life, severe property
damage, extended duration process upset, or
(b) where excessive storm drainage or runoff would damage any
facilities necessary for compliance with the effluent limitations
and prohibitions of the permit.
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
ATTACHMENT B
The permittee shall promptly notify the Director immediately of
such occurences by telephone and in writing within five days of
such diversion or bypass.
Diversions solely caused by rainfall need not be reported except
in monthly operation reports submitted to the State Agency.
9. If for any reason the permittee does not comply with or will be
unable to comply with any effluent limitation specified in this
permit, or should any unusual or extraordinary discharge of wastes
occur from the facilities herein permitted, the permittee shall
provide the Director with the following information in writing
within five days of becoming aware of the condition.
(a) A description of the non-complying discharge including its
impact upon the receiving waters.
(b) Cause of non-compliance.
(c) Anticipated time the condition of non-compliance is expected
to continue, or if such condition has been corrected, the duration
of the period of non-compliance.
(d) Steps taken by the permittee to reduce and eliminate the non-
complying discharge.
(e) Steps to be taken by the permittee to prevent recurrence of the
condition of non-compliance.
10. Permittee shall take all reasonable steps to minimize any adverse
impact to navigable waters resulting from non-compliance with any
effluent limitation specified in this permit. The permittee will
also provide accelerated or additional monitoring as necessary to
determine the nature and impact of the non-complying discharge.
11. In order to maintain compliance with the effluent limitations and
prohibitions of this permit, the permittee shall:
(a) Have or provide an adequate or alternative power source
sufficient to operate facilities utilized by permittee to
maintain compliance with the effluent limitations and conditions
of this permit, or
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0030309
ATTACHMENT B
(b) Upon the reduction, loss, or failure of the power to facilities
utilized by the permittee to maintain compliance with the effluent
limitations and conditions of this permit, the permittee shall
halt, reduce or otherwise control all discharge in order to
maintain compliance with the effluent limitations and conditions
of this permit.
Should the treatment facilities not include the above capabilities
at the time of permit issuance, the permittee must furnish within
120 days to the Director for approval, plans for such facilities
and an implementation schedule for their installation.
12. Except as provided in permit condition 8 on by-passing, nothing in
this permit shall be construed to relieve the permittee from civil
or criminal penalties for non-compliance of permit conditions.
13. Nothing in this permit shall be construed to preclude the institution
of any legal action nor relieve the permittee from any responsibilities,
liabilities, or penalties established pursuant to any applicable state
law or regulation under authority preserved by Section 510 of the Act.
14. In the event of any change in control or ownership of facilities
from which the authorized discharges emanate, the permittee shall
notify the succeeding owner or controller of the existence of this
permit by letter, a copy of which shall be forwarded to the Director.
15. The provisions of this permit are severable, and if any provision
of this permit, or the application of any provision of this permit
to any circumstance, is held invalid, the application of such provision
to other circumstances, and the remainder of this permit, shall not
be affected thereby.
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0053261
Application No. IN 0053261
Expiration Date April 30, 1980
INDIANA STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM
PERMIT
In compliance with the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
as amended (33 U.S,C, 1251 et seq.), and Public Law 100, Acts of 1972, as
amended, (1C 1971, 13-7 et seq., the "Environmental Management Act"),
STEUBEN LAKES REGIONAL WASTE DISTRICT
is required by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board to proceed toward
construction of the needed sewer system and treatment facilties in accordance
with the conditions specified in Attachment A.
Permittee shall not discharge after the above date of expiration. In order
to receive authorization to discharge beyond the above date of expiration,
the permittee shall submit such information, forms, and fees as are required
by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board no later than 180 days prior
to the above date of expiration.
This permit shall become effective 30 days from this date of signature.
Signed this day of, , for the Indiana Stream
Pollution Control Board.
Technical Secretary
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C-6
Permit No. IN Q.Q53261
ATTACHMENT A
Conditions, Limitations and Operational Requirements
1. Facility Description
The proposed Regional Waste District presently does not have wastewater
treatment facilities, and sewage disposal consists of a combination of septic
tank-absorption systems and/or septic tank systems overflowing to the waters
of Indiana. In order to correct the problem, the Steuhen Lakes Regional
Waste District, which encompasses parts of Jamestown, Pleasant, Millgrove and
Jackson townships, must install a sewer system to collect wastes from all sewers
of pollutant discharge within the limits of the Regional Waste District and
provide treatment of said waste before discharging into Crooked Creek thence
to the Fawn River.
2. Limitations Contingent of Federal and State financial Assistance
a. Within 180 days after receipt of a Step 2 grant, the Regional Waste
District shall submit approvable plans and specifications for needed
sewage works.
b. Within 18 months after receipt of a Step 3 grant, the Regional Waste
District shall compete and place in operation the needed sewage treat-
ment works to meet the following effluent limitations:
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0053261
ATTACHMENT A
1. BOD*
The arithmetic mean of the five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand samples
collected in a calendar month shall not exceed a concentration of
_lp_ milligrams per liter or a total quantity (when operating at its
rated design flow) of '* kilograms per day ( * pounds per
day). The arithmetric mean of these values for effluent samples
collected in a calendar week within the calendar month shall not
exceed a concentration of 15 milligrams per liter.
2. SS*
The arithmetic mean of the suspended solids values for effluent
samples collected in a calendar month shall not exceed a concentra-
tion of 10 milligrams per liter or a total quantity (when operating
at its rated design flow) of * kilograms per day ( * pounds
per day). The arithmetic mean of these values for effluent samples
collected in a calendar week within the calendar month shall not
exceed a concentration of 15 milligrams per liter.
3. pE
The effluent values for pH shall remain within the limits of 6.0 to
9.0.
4. Fecal Coli
The geometric mean of the fecal coliform bacteria values for effluent
samples collected in a calendar month shall not exceed 200 per 100
milliliters. The geometric mean of these values for effluent samples
collected In a calendar week within the calendar month shall not
exceed 400 per 100 milliliters.
*The Facility Plan will determine the design capacity of the sewage treatment
works, the type of treatment to Be employed, treatment site and discharge
receiving stream based on cost effective and environmental impact analysis
and amended effluent requirements may be necessary.
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C-6
Permit No, IN 0053261
ATTACHMENT A
4. Reporting Requirements
The Town shall report to the Technical Secretary every 180 days from the
date of issuance of this permit the progress attained toward compliance
with the provisions of this permit.
11
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0053261
ATTACHMENT_JB
GENERAL CONDITIONS
1. After notice and opportunity for a hearing, this permit may be modified,
suspended, or revoked in whole or in part during its term for cause in-
cluding, but not limited to, the following:
(a) violation of any terms or conditions of this permit;
(b) obtaining this permit by misrepresentation or failure to disclose
fully all relevant facts; or,
(c) a change in any condition that requires either a temporary or
permanent reduction or elimination of the permitted discharge.
2. Notwithstanding item number 1 above, if a toxic effluent standard or
prohibition (Including any schedule of compliance specified in such
effluent standard or prohibition) is established under Section 307(a) of
the Act for a toxic pollutant which is present in the discharge mentioned
herein and such standard or prohibition is -more strignent than any limita-
tion upon such pollutant in this permit, this permit shall be revised or
modified in accordance with the toxic effluent standard or prohibition
and the permittee shall be so notified.
3. The permittee shall allow the head of the state water pollution control
agency, the Regional Administrator, and/or their authorized representa-
tives, upon the presentation of credentials:
(.a) to enter upon the permittee's premises where an effluent source
is located or in which any records are required to be kept under
the terms and conditions of this permit;
(b.) to have access to and copy at reasonable times any records required
to b.e kept "under the terms and conditions of this permit;
(c) to sample at reasonable times any discharge of pollutants.
4. The issuance of this permit does not convey any property rights in either
real or personal property, or any exclusive privileges, nor does it
authorize any injury to private property or any invasion of personal rights,
nor any infringement of Federal, State, or local laws or regulations.
5. This permit does not authorize or approve the construction of any on-
shore or offshore physical structures of facilities or the undertaking
of any work in any navigable waters.
6. Except for data determined to be confidential under Section 306 of the
Act, all reports required by this permit shall be available for public
inspection at the offices of the permit issuing authority. Knowningly
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C-6
Permit No. IN 0053261
ATTACHMENT B
6. (cont'd)maklng any false statement on any such report may result in the
imposition of criminal penalties as provided for in Section 309 of the
Act.
7. If for any reason the permittee does not comply with or will be unable
to comply with any conditions specified in this permit, or should any
unusual or extraordinary discharge of wastes occur, the permittee shall
provide the permit issuing authority with the following information in
writing within five days of becoming aware of the condition.
(a) A description of the unusal or extraordinary discharge including
its. impact upon the receiving waters.
(b) Cause of unusual or extraordinary discharge.
(c) Anticipated time the condition is expected to continue, or if
such condition has been corrected, the duration of the period
of unusual or extraordinary discharge.
(d) Steps taken by the permittee to prevent recurrence of the condition.
8. Nothing in this permit shall be construed to preclude the institution of
any legal action nor relieve the permittee from any responsibilities,
liabilities, or penalties established pursuant to any applicable state
law or regulation under authority preserved by Section 510 of the Act.
9. The provisions of this permit are severable, and if any provision of
this permit, or the application of any provision of this permit to any
circumstance, is held invalid, the application of such provision to other
circumstances, and the remainder of this permit, shall not be affected
thereby.
-------
APPENDIX
C-7
INVESTIGATION OF SEPTIC LEACHATE DISCHARGES
•
INTO
STEUBEN LAKES, INDIANA
December, 1978
Prepared for
WAPGRA, Inc.
Washington, D.C.
Prepared by
K-V Associates, Inc.
Falmouth, Massachusetts
January, 1979
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 Introduction - Plume Types and Characteristics 1
2.0 Methodology - Sampling and Analysis 8
3.0 Plume Locations by Watershed 11
3-1 The James Lake Watershed 14
3.2 The Crooked Lake Watershed 22
3.3 Lake Charles Watershed 24
4.0 Nutrient Analyses 25
5.0 Nutrient Relationships „ 32
5.1 Assumed Wastewater Characteristics 33
5.2 Assumed Background Levels 3^
5.3 Attenuation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Compounds. 35
6.0 Coliform Bacterial Levels in Gurface Waters 37
7-0 Broad Source Plume entering Little Otter Lake 4-2
6.0 Conclusions - ^5
References 47
Anpendix 48
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C-7
INTHODUCTION
Septic Leachate Plumes - Types and Characteristics
In porous soils, groundwater inflows frequently convey
wastewaters from nearshore septic units through bottom sediments
and into lake waters, causing attached algae growth and algal
blooms. The lake shoreline is a oarticularly sensitive area
since: 1) the groundwater depth is shallow, encouraging soil.
water saturation and anaerobic conditions; 2) septic units and
leaching fields are frequently located close to the water's.
edge, allowing only a short distance for bacterial degradation
and soil adsorption of ootential contaminants; and 3) the
recreational attractiveness of the lakeshore often induces
temporary overcrowding of homes leading to hydraulically
overloaded septic units. Hather than a passive release from
lakeshore bottoms, groundwater plumes from nearby on-site
treatment units actively emerge along shorelines, raising
sediment nutrient levels and creating local elevated concen-
trations of nutrients (Kerfoot and Brainard, 1973). The
contribution of nutrients from subsurface discharges of shoreline
septic units has been estimated at 30 to 60 percent of the total
nutrient load in certain New Hampshire lakes (LR?C, 1977).
Wastewater effluent contains a mixture of near UV fluorescent
organics derived from whiteners, surfactants and natural
degradation products which are cersistent under the combined
-1-
-------
-2-
C-7
SEPTIC LEACHATE
FIGURE 1. Excessive Loading of Septic Systems on Porous
Soils Causes the Development of Plumes of
Poorly-treated Effluent Which Move Laterally
with Groundwater Flow and May Discharge Near
the Shoreline of Nearby Lakes.
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-3- c-7
conditions of low oxygen and limited microbial activity.
Figure 2 shows two samples of sand-filtered effluent from the
Otis Air Force Ease sewage treatment plant. One was analyzed
immediately and the other after having sat in a darkened bottle
for six months at 20°G. Note that little change in fluorescence
was apparent, although during the aging process some narrowing
of the fluorescent region did occur. The aged effluent
percolating through sandy loam soil under anaerobic conditions
reaches a stable ratio between the organic content and chlorides
which are highly mobile anions. The stable ratio (cojoint
signal) between fluorescence and conductivity allows ready
detection of leachate plumes by their conservative tracers as
an early warning of potential nutrient breakthroughs or public
health problems.
The Septic Leachate Detector (ENDECO Type 2100 "Septic
Snooper") consists of the subsurface probe, the water intake
system, the analyzer control unit, and the graphic recorder
(Figure 3). Initially the unit is calibrated against stepwise
increases of wastewater effluent, of the type to be detected,
added to the background lake water. The probe of the unit is
then placed in the lake water along the shoreline. Groundwater
seeping through the shoreline bottom is drawn into the sub-
surface intake of the crobe and travels upwards to the analyzer
unit. As it passes ttirough the analyzer, separate conductivity
and specific fluorescence signals are generated and sent to
a signal processor which registers the separate signals on a
-------
C-7
EXCITATION SCAN
SAND FILTERED SECONDARILY-TREATED
WASTE WATER EFFLUENT
80-
70-
NEWLY SAND FILTERED
OTIS EFFLUENT
60-
LU
O
z
at
LJ
|
U.
UJ
>.
UJ
30-
20-
10-
AGED
SAND FILTERED
EFFLUENT (6mo.)
300 400 500
WAVELENGTH (nm)
FIGURE2 . Sand-filtered Effluent Produces a
Fluorescent Signature, Here Shown
and After Aging.
Stable
Before
-------
f=
DISCHARGE
f
DUAL CHANNEL
STRIP CHART
RECORDER
SAMPLE
BOTTLE
INTAKE
EFFLUENT
INDEX
METER
ENDECO" SEPTIC LEACHATE DETECTOR (SEPTIC SNOOPER'") SYSTEM DIAGRAM
C-7
FIGURE J>. The Type 2100 "SEPTIC SNOOPER™" Consists of Combined Fluorometer/
Conductivity Units Whose Signal is Adjusted to Fingerprint Effluent.
The Unit is Mounted in a Boat and Piloted Along the Shoreline.
Here the Probe is Shown in the Water with a Sample Being Taken at
the Discharge of the Unit for Later Detailed Analysis.
-------
-6-
strip chart recorder as the boat moves forward. The analyzed
water is continuously discharged from the unit back into the
receiving water.
Types of Plumes
The capillary-like structure of sandy porous soils and
horizontal groundwater movement induces a fairly narrow plume
from malfunctioning septic units. The point of discharge along
the shoreline is often through a small area of lake bottom,
commonly forming an oval-shaped area several meters wide when
the septic unit is close to the shoreline. In denser subdivisions
containing several overloaded units the discharges may overlap,
forming a broader increase.
Three different types of groundwater-related wastewater
plumes are commonly encountered during a septic leachate survey:
A) erupting plumes, B) passive plumes, and C) stream source
plumes. As the soil becomes saturated with dissolved solids
and organics during the aging process of a leaching on-lot
septic system, a breakthrough of organics occurs first, followed
by inorganic penetration (principally chlorides, sodium, and
other salts). The active emerging of the combined organic and
inorganic residues into the shoreline lake water describes an
erupting plume. In seasonal dwellings where wastewater loads
vary in time, a plume may be apparent during late summer when
shoreline cottages sustain heavy use, but retreat during winter
during low flow conditions. Residual organics from the waste-
water often still remain attached to soil particles in the
-------
-7- C-7
vicinity of the previous erupting plume, slowly releasing into
the shoreline waters. This dormant plume indicates a previous
breakthrough, but sufficient treatment of the plume exists
under current conditions so that no inorganic discharge is
apparent. Stream source plumes refer to either groundwater
leachings of nearstream septic leaching fields or direct pipe
discharges into streams which then empty into the lake.
-------
-8- C-7
2.0 METHODOLOGY - SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Water sampling for nutrient concentrations along the
shoreline are coordinated with the septic leachate profiling to
clearly identify the source of effluent. A profile of the
shoreline for emergent plumes was obtained by manually towing
the septic leachate detector along the lee side of the shoreline
in a 5 meter aluminum rowboat. As water was drawn through the
probe and through the detector, it was scanned for specific
organics and inorganics common to septage leachate.
Whenever elevated concentrations of leachate were indicated
on the continual chart recorder, a search was made of the area
to pinpoint the location of maximum concentration. At that
time 1) a surface water sample was taken from the discharge of
the detector for later nutrient analysis, 2) an interstitial
groundwater sample was taken with a hand-driven well-point
sampler to a depth of .3 meter and 3) finally a surface water
sample for bacterial content (total and fecal coliform) was
also taken. The combination of the triple sampling served to
identify the source of effluent. If the encountered plume
originated from groundwater seepage, the concentration of
nutrients would be considerably elevated in the well-point
sample. If the source were surface effluent runoff, a low
nutrient groundwater content would exist with an elevated
bacterial content. If a stream source occurred, an isolated
-------
-9- c-7
single plume would not be found during search, but instead a
broadening plume traced back to a surface water inlet. Ground-
water samples taken in the vicinity of the surface outflow would
also not show as high a nutrient content as the surface water
samples.
Water samples taken in the vicinity of the peak of plumes
were analyzed by EPA Standard Methods for the following chemical
constituents:
Conductivity (cond.)
Ammonia-nitrogen (NH^-N)
Nitrate-nitrogen (NO,-N)
Total phosphorus (TP}
Orthophosphate phosphorus (PO^-P)
A total of 127 water samples for chemical analysis were obtained.
Over 40 of these were at locations of selected plumes. The other
samples represented background values or tracings of broad scale
conditions. The samoles were placed in polyethylene containers,
chilled, and frozen for transport and storage. Conductivity was
determined by a Eeckman (Model RC - 19) conductivity bridge,
ammonium-nitrogen by phenolate method, nitrate-nitrogen by the
brucine sulfate procedure, and orthouhosphate-phosphorus and
total phosphorus by the single reagent procedures following
standard methods (EPA, 1975).
Water samples for bacterial analysis were placed in steri-
lized 150 ml glass containers obtained from the Indiana State
Board of Health and mailed to the Water and Sewage Laboratory
Division, Indianapolis, Indiana, for analysis. Analyses were
-------
-10- C-7
performed for total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform by
the membrane filter method.
-------
-11- C-7
3.0 PLUMS LOCATIONS BY WATERSHED
The Steuben Lakes study region is characterized by lakes
and wetlands situated in gentle rolling hills and depressions.
Some hills with steep slopes are located close to the western
shore of Snow Lake and eastern shore of James Lake. Substantial
areas between Snow Lake and Big Otter Lake are wetlands and
some are designated natural preserves.
The lakes are glacial in origin with highly variable surface
geology. End moraines form the glacial drift deposits of the
southeastern portion of the study region. Gravel and sand
deposited as kames (mounds) or in long narrow ridges as eskers
are found around the lakes to the east and southwest of Lake
James (EIS, 1979). Relatively moderate permeable till deposits,
formed from ground and end moraines, dominate the areas northeast
of James Lake. Valley train and outwash plain deposits of mostly
sand and gravel are found in the northern portion of the area.
Marshy regions of peat and the organic-laden muck soils line
extensive lengths of shore of Crooked Lake, northern Lake James,
the region between Snow and Big Otter Lake, and the southeastern
portion of Jimmerson Lake.
As a direct consequence of the complex geology of the area,
groundwater plumes were found irregularly around the shorelines
of the Steuben Lakes surveyed in the st~-dy (Figure 4 and 5)«
Their frequency was directly related to shoreline soils classi-
-------
Table 1. Selected hydrologic and morphologic data for lakes in the study area
(Steuben Lakes EIS, 1979).
ED
•H
3
P
01
«
tl
0)
o
o
o
ai
a
*T3
0)
o
0
M
O
fH N CO
fl S3 rt
•pi "H ari
OJ W M
cd fd cd
0)
w
O
ID
id
(0
0)
0
a
CD
AS
^
CO
01
f3
c3
**3
0)
^id
(0
tn
0
T4
M
(It
tf»
a
o
to a)
H •"
at id
B i^
0
^
fij
t*J
&
O
e
Area of lake
Mean depth
Maximum depth
Volume
Water retention time
Watershed area
Watershed area/
lake area
Yearly outflow acre-feet
volume
No. of homes within
100 yds of shoreline
Surface area/volume
acres 920 450 270
feet 12.7
feet 75
acre-feet 11,570 5,677 3,416
years
acres
7,616
8.27:1
782
0.08
200
275
0.03
1140a
29.4
322
30.3
70
2,477 9,757 33,134
11,200 30,592
34.78:1 26.8:1
565
0.03
88
280b
14.3
58
2,902
0.09
33,024
117.9:1
424C
19
84
7,372
0.29
25,728
60.6:1
32,073° 25,030
614
0.07
324
0.05
I
H1
fV>
alncludes 13 acres of marsh.
^Includes 77 acres of marsh.
clncludes 36 acres of marsh.
^Based on average discharge conversion factor of 0.86,
Sources: 1) EcolSciences, Inc. Undated. Environmental assessment for the Steuben Lakes Regional Sewer
District Facility Plan. South Bend IN.
2) Heier, Arnie, and Michael Osborne, Undated. Water quality data for Jimmerson Lake, Crooked
Lake, Lake Gage, Snow Lake, and Lake James. Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District Treatment
Works Project C180927 01. Steuben County Health Department, Angola IN.
o
-------
fication. Plumes coincided with rapid permeable soils, usually
the Boyer, Chelsea, Ohstemo, and Houghton series, or occurred
in cut and fill (C.F.) canal regions. The majority of the
plumes, 41 of 68 or roughly 2/3, were associated with moderately
rapid and rapidly permeable soils. Few plumes were found
associated with poorly permeable or moderately permeable soils.
The shoreline types are divided in the overlay map of
Figure 4 into low permeable (Rensselaer loam), moderately
permeable (Riddles, Fox, or Wawasee series), or rapidly permeable
(Boyer, Chelsea, Ohstemo, and Houghton series) (Soil Conservation
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture). For example, the
combination well-drained Fox and Boyer soils predominate in the
southern half of the Steuben Lakes study area, while the Fox
soils dominate the region of Lake Gage and Lake Lime. The Boyer
series has a permeability range of 6.0 to 20 inches per hour
in the top 18 inches of soil and 2.0 to 6.0 inches per hour to
the depth of 34 inches. The Fox series has a higher clay content
than the Boyer series, yielding a permeability of 0.6 to 2.0
inches per hour in the top 34 inches of soil. The tightest soil,
Rensselaer loam, has a limited permeability of .06 to .2 inches
per hour.
a
A large stream source plume principally of bog-like organic
composition was found entering Little Otter Lake from the
direction of Marsh Lake. The plume contained significantly
elevated phosphorus levels in excess of -OS* ppm and decreased
progressively in content during its flow through Big Otter Lake,
-------
-14- 07
the southern half of Snow Lake, and the upper and middle basins
of James Lake until reaching background levels before flowing
into Jimmerson Lake. Section 7«0 describes in detail the
characteristics and behavior of the plume.
3«1 The James Lake Watershed.
Little Otter Lake.
Little Otter Lake has a surface area of 34 acres, a volume
of 240 million gallons, and a maximum depth of 37 feet (U.S.G.S.,
1956). It receives inflow from Marsh Lake and discharges directly
to Big Otter Lake, A large bogwater plume with elevated dissolve^
solids and phosphorus was found to enter from the direction of
Marsh Lake. Since the principal flow to the lake came from
this stream drainage, the characteristics of the plume dominated
the lake conditions and carried a total phosphorus concentration
of .096 ppm (mg/1). Shoreline profiling indicated no substantial
groundwater plumes entering the lake shore. Despite the high
background, individual plumes should have been apparent if they
were present.
Big Otter Lake*
Big Otter Lake has a surface area of 69 acres, a volume of
581 million gallons,, and a maximum depth of 38 feet. Its
principal inflows come from Little Otter Lake to the southeast
and a small stream from the northeast. Big Otter Lake discharges
in a westerly direction through marshy aoils to Snow Lake. The
lake is surrounded by patchy distribution of rapidly permeable
-------
LITRE OTTER LAKE
Moderately Permeable
/••: Moderately Rapid to
'#£. Rapidly Permeable
Poorly Permeable
Figure 4. Soil types in the
Steuben Lakes area
o
-------
139,140^ LIME LAKE
' °^* 141,142
93
• ERUPTING PLUME
oDORMANT PLUME
DSTREAM SOURCE PLUME
%• THROUGH THE ICE SAMPLE
^ ICE COVER
©BACKGROUND SAMPLE
Figure 5° Plume locations in the Steuben Lakes region.
r>
—i
-------
-17-
(Houghton series), moderately permeable soils (Fox series), and
a large cut and fill area to the northeast.
Pew groundwater plumes were found around the shoreline.
The on^y noticeable one's occurred on the northern shore near
tb^ stream inflow (station 54) and back into the canal (station
55). Despite the fact the shoreline was categorized Ht(Houghton
series), the lake sediments were too tight to obtain a ground-
water sample in the vicinity of station 58.
Snow Lake*
Snow Lake spans an area of 422 acres, is divided into a
northern (maximum depth 65 feet) and two southern basins(maximum
depths of 84 and 60 feet), and holds 2606 million gallons of
water. At the northern end, inflow comes from (1) Crooked
Creek which drains Lake George and (2) an unidentifiedcreek which
flows intp the canals. To the southeast it receives inflow from
Big Otter Lake just north of Pokagon State Park.
The shoreline was surveyed during two days, the paths
represented by Track B and Track C. The plume from Big Otter
Lake dominated the lower half of the lake and extended to the
far north points, only pushed away from the shoreline by the
inflows of streams, particularly Crooked Creek, Scattered
groundwater plumes were located, usually on moderately to rapidly
permeable soils. A small stream inflow occurred around station
60 and 61, noted by a reverse plume clean water mass with low
dissolved solids and containing only .00", mg/1 total phosphorus
as P compared to the .022 mg/1 dispersed plume water. The
-------
-18-
inflow from Crooked Greek formed a reverse plume in a substantial
region of the northeastern lobe of Snow Lake. The inflow^ while
lower in fluorescence and dissolved solids, carried an elevated
total phosphorus content of .036 mg/1 as P. .A broad discharge
of leachate occurred in a circular canal on the northwest side
of upper Snow Lake which also contained a phosphorus content
slightly above the surrounding water. Otherwise, no plumes were
noticed along the entire wast bank which predominately contained
moderately permeable soils.
Track C entered from James Lake and circumnavigated the
shorelines of the two southern basins of Snow Lake. An elevated
broad plume was encountered as the channel from James Lake to
Snow Lake was entered. At this point the plume still contained
.031 mg/1 total phosphorus as P. A distinct groundwater plume
was observed in the canal structure in the southeast corner
below the inlet from Big Otter Lake. A surface sample and
!
interstitial water sample nearby (80,81) indicated that a
substantial concentration of phosphorus remained in the sediments
but was not reflected in an equally elevated level in the
overlying water. The canal water contained a lower phosphorus
content (.012 mg/1 as P) than the southern basin water influenced
by the Otter Lake plume (.020 - .030 mg/1). Between stations
82 and 84, three apparent plumes were encountered adjacent to
a section of more permeable Houghton soils. Considering the
density of residential development along the northern and western
sections of Snow Lake, very few groundwater plumes were encountered.
-------
-19-
James Lake.
James Lake ranks as the largest of the Steuben Lakes complex
encompassing an area of 1140 acres and holding a volume of
10,944- million gallons. It is divided into upper, middle, and
lower basins with maximum deaths of respectively, 88 feet, 76
feet,' and 70 feet. The major inflow comes from Snow Lake to
the north. A small creek which draws portions of Pokagon" State
Park empties into the northern section of the lower basin. ' The
major outflow is to Jimmerson Lake through a channel from the'
west side of the middle basin.
Rugged topography dominates the eastern side of Lake James.
Steep hills and ridges formed from glacial depositions character-
ize the adjacent Pokagon State Park area. The large ground and
end moraines to the northeast of Lake James are mostly comprised
of till, with shorelines of the moderately permeable Riddle and
Wawasee series interspersed with the more permeable Boyer,
Houghton, or Chelsea series. The southern region of the lower
basin is characterised by fragmented deposits of Riddle, Fox,
and Houghton series.
In the upper basin, plumes were found on the eastern shore
near the campground and in the cove inside Eagle Island in the
northwest. Two plumes were also found on the border of Oshtemo
soils inside the northern cove of the middle basin. In the
southern basin an isolated noticeable discharge was found at
station 116 and several discharges near the outflow of the small
-------
-20-
stream from Pokagon Park to the north. The remaining discharges
appeared withi^ canals and often had substantially elevated
phosphorus levels associated with them (stations 118, 119).
Jimmerson Lake.
Even though extensive ice cover limited shoreline profiling,
a number of discrete water samples were taken around the Jimmerson
take shoreline. Samples 131 and 132 showed some evidence of
sources of nearby leachate although further investigation would
be necessary to determine the precise locations. Other samples
were within variation observed within the watershed. The inflow
frqin James Lake contributed the highest phosphorus concentration
(s,tatipn 124; .010 mg/1 PO^ as P) and decreased to .007 mg/1
in the northwestern section of the lake.
-------
CROOKED LAKE
BASIN 3
JIMMERSON LAKE
SAMPLE STATION
Figure 60 Discrete Sampling indicating probable plumes.
LIME LAKE
LJ
O 120-
2 110 -
LJ
o 100-
:
ij
rt
il ir T
~f-jf~i
IT'
t °* s
CO CO ^
^^
C4
*^*
-------
-22- c~7
J.2 The Crooked Lake Watershed.
I^M— *^^»^ — — mi J r y L ITT in MIT-- — -. j_. . -111- -m
Crooked Lake.
Lake is divided into three basins, Basin One tp the
i
e*s,t which receives inflow from numerous streams, the middle
bag;in (Basin Two), and the elongate third basin (Basin Three).'
One of Crooked Lake receives input from two streams to* ^W
, the upper one of which is modified into a canril.
The highest frequency of plumes occurred in the canal area.
?efy few plumes were detected around the northern shoreline,
presumably because of the moderately permeable soils. On the
southern shore near the more permeable Boyer soils, scattered
plumes were apparent* The most significant groundwater plume
occurred near sample 30, containing a total phosphorus content.
Of .0X4-0 ppm total phosphorus. The groundwater plumes had. little
apparent effect on surface water quality as there was no signifir
Cant correlation between plume strength (as conductance) and r
surface soluble phosphorus content (see sec. 5.3 for further
explanation). The largest input source appeared to be the s.tream
source plume near the 4-H grounds with a total phosphorus concen-
tration of .028 ppm (sample 135) compared to the background
surface wate,r level of .016 ppm total phosphorus.
Sake Gage,
1 -T -i r ' "'•
Lake Gage receives its principal inflow from Crooked Lake
to the southeast, and, in turn, discharges to Lime Lajs;e at its
ttfprthern end. The lake reaches a depth of 71 feet and contains
-------
-23-
an area 327.2 acres. It is formed in loamy and sandy glacio-
fluvial deposits and outwash plains of moderate to mod.eratley
rapid permeability. Fox gravelly sandy loam soil constitutes
almost half of the shoreline deposits. Unlike the majority o£
the shoreline, marshy organic soils lie in the narrow western
• . '•* "f • >
lobe of the lake.
1 - f - " • • ,_ i fa-
A, leacha^e detector survey of the shoreline revealed sub-
surface plumes along the western corner containing organic
soils, a broad rise near Clipper Landing in the southeast corner,
and a few passive plumes in the Hickory Bluffs area. The inflow
from Crooked Lake contained noticeable effluent and is indicated
as a stream source plume.
Lime Lake.
tyizpe Lake receives its principal inflow from Lake Gage to
the, south and» in turn, discharges to the northwest into Crooked
Cfyaek. The mean depth of the lake is 8.0 feet, the shoreline
consists of roughly 60# moderately permeable soils (Pox, cut
and fill, Casco series) and 10% moderately rapid to rapid
permeable soils (Boyer and Oshtemo series). Due to extensive
ice cover, only discrete samples were obtained through the ice.
JjJt at ion 136 showed evidence of plume influence (Figure 6 ) with
t
a ^ubstfantial concentration of phosphorus (Table 2 ). Additional
• •"-'•
studies should be made of the region towards the southern Gage
Lake outflpy and Boyer soils series to locate the sources of
discharge
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-24- C-7
3.3 Lake Charles Watershed.
Lake Charles.
NO significant groundwater plumes were observed along the
Lake Charles shoreline. The soil composition did not include
soils of sufficient permeability which had been found associated
with plume emergence. A surface plume was noted near station 24,
near a drainage conduit. Bacterial sample analysis indicated an
elevated fecal coliform content nearby. This location should
be investigated further to determine the source of bacterial
contamination.
-------
C-7
-25-
4.0 NUTRIENT ANALYSES
Completed analyses of the chemical content of the 126
samples taken along the Steuben Lakes shoreline are presented
in Table 2. The sample numbers refer to the locations given
i,n Figure 5. The symboli "S" refers to surface water sample and
the symbol "G" to groundwater sample. Freezing temperatures
somewhat limited the total number of groundwater samples.
The conductivity of the water samples as conductance
(umhos/cm) is given in the second column. The nutrient analyses
for orthophosphorus (PO^-F), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium-
nitrogen (NH^-N), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO^-N) are presented in
the next four columns in parts-per-million (ppm - mg/1).
-------
Table 2. Analysis of surface water (S) and groundwater (G) samples taken in vicinity
of wastewater leachate plumes and background samples observed on the Steuben
Lakes shoreline.
Sample
Number
Cond.
Concentration
PO.-P TP
Breakthrough
(ppm - mg/1) Ratio
NH4-N NO,-N AC ATP ATN P N
Lake Charles
20
21
22
23
24
S
S
S
S
S
Lake James
Little
38
39
52
121
530
600
690
760
960
Watershed
.003
.004
.004
.003
.004
.010
.065
.065
.065
.068
.312
.589
.521
.479
.490
Not Computed
.041 S6e P' 56
.038
.021
.028
.041
Otter Lake
S
S
G
G
Big Otter
53
5*
55
56
57
58
S
S
S
G
G
S
405
340
440
230
Lake
308
410
440
308
550
540
.031
.028
.002
.004
.020
.005
.004
.001
.002
.015
.096
.093
1.928
.007
.066
.034
.028
.626
1.392
.064
.237
.438
2.198
.060
.347
.127
.032
1.064
.357
.314
.109
.08?
.057 1*0 1.92 2.23
.002
.035
.251
.300
.010
.021 250 1.38 .32
.041
(continued next page)
o
-------
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
Number
Cond.
Concentration
PO^-P TP
(ppm - mg/1)
NH^-N NO^-N
Breakthrough
Ratio
AC ATP ATN P N
Lake James
69
70
71
73
74
75
76
85
86
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
S
G
S
S
G
S
S
S
G
S
S
G
S
G
S
S
S
S
u
S
S
S
S
S
240
310
150
295
520
290
342
285
394
225
235
300
228
400
345
406
310
200
443
315
313
370
295
370
.004
.001
.002
.003
.010
.002
.009
.006
.002
.005
.001
.010
.0009
.002
.001
.003
.0009
.004
.001
.004
.001
.002
.003
.002
.019
.434
.016
.025
3.736
.014
.031
.025
1.166
.011
.009
.015
.010
.918
.016
.019
.009
.008
.009
.017
.025
.044
.047
.007
.090
.188
.056
.085
3.521
.032
.141
.127
.427
.034
.016
.539
.019
• 511
.036
.008
.185
.094
6.293
.148
.078
.111
.287
.062
.009
.004
.017
.013
.009
.014
.029
.015
.011
.013
.041
.007
.039
.008
.066
.129
.042
.061
.011
.023
.02?
.019
.373
.059
220 3.74 3.47
94 1.15 .38
100 .911 .46
143 .001 6.23
ro
(continued next page)
o
-------
Table 2. (continued^
Sample
Number
Cond.
Concentration
PO^-P TP
Breakthrough
(ppm - rag/1) Ratio
NH4-N NO,-N AC ATP ATN P N
Jimmerson Lake
124
125
126
12?
128
129
130
131
132
133
143
144
145
146
Snow
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
6?
68
77
S
G
S
S
S
G
S
S
S
S
S
G
S
G
Lake
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
G
310
370
320
310
300
432
283
348
350
325
240
329
322
330
323
272
370
315
220
293
300
335
266
305
330
.002
.009
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0009
.003
.003
.001
.002
.001
.004
.0006
.003
.014
.003
.004
.003
.001
.001
.002
.001
.001
.003
.002
.010
.023
.013
.007
.009
.005
.007
.010
.008
.009
.005
.007
.006
.014
.062
.009
.022
.018
.003
.036
.018
.019
.009
.020
.233
.041
1.491
.050
.016
.016
.002
.019
.058
.058
.076
.025
.060
.127
.062
.297
.127
.050
.060
.011
.112
.088
.060
.028
.090
1.232
.024
.014
.030
.041
.037
.273
.033
.046
.016
.041
.059
.004
.055
.018
.045
.050
.067
.035
.418
.087
.050
.099
.129
.028
.006 30 .22 1.18
ru
(continued next page)
o
i
-------
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
Number
Cond.
Concentration
P04-P TP
(ppm - mg/1)
NH4-N NO,-N
Breakthrough
Ratio
AC ATP ATN P N
Snow Lake (cont.)
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
Crooked
Crooked
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
40
41
42
43
44
S
G
S
G
S
G
S
Lake
Lake
S
S
S
0
s
S
s
n
J
s
s
s
s
s
s
G
S
S
243
730
240
700
350
560
330
.006
.001
.002
.004
.005
.001
.004
.028
.431
.012
1.922
.024
1.446
.023
.144
8.050
.062
2.975
.167
2.471
.064
.034
.009
.021
.013
.036
.01?
.029
430 .42 8.00
400 1.91 2.92
260 1.43 2.41
Watershed
560
545
260
374
418
280
314
480
222
360
352
382
330
286
460
285
370
.002
.002
.002
.003
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
.0006
.002
.002
.001
.002
.002
.001
.001
.006
.019
.018
.22$
.040
.019
.017
.006
.019
.016
.016
.016
.012
.022
.608
.025
.012
.127
.146
.088
1.435
.095
.174
.115
.203
.078
.066
.092
.119
.104
.053
1.302
.056
.165
.350
.470
.050
.106
.046
.020
.039
.006
.020
.055
.050
.213
.048
.057
.043
.188
.041
74 .218 1.48
180 .00 .04
160 .60 1.28
I
r\j
vD
(continued next page)
o
-------
Table 2. (continued)
Sample
Number
Cond.
Concentration (ppm ~ mg/1)
PO^-P TP NH4-N NO,-N
Breakthrough
Ratio
.AC ATP ATN P N
Crooked Lake (cont.)
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
134
135
Lake GJ
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
- 105"
G
S
G
S
G
S
G
G
S
ip;e
S
G
S
S
S
S
3
S
G
S
S
S
G
S
S
S
G
S
425
430
474
320
760
380
410
410
610
300
375
312
360
405
320
350
355
420
230
214
230
200
265
200
256
287
' 325
.003
.001
.002
.003
.002
.001
.001
.004
.008
.002
.0006
.002
.001
.002
.002
.002
.001
.002
.0009
.003
.002
.002
.002
.0009
.001
.002
.001
2.410
.016
.60?
.037
2.623
.019
.539
.007
.028
.011
.180
.012
.013
.007
.024
.014
.011
.729
.043
.019
.009
.682
.009
.003
.005
.005
.002
2.513
.181
3.920
.237
12.88
.188
1.582
1.144
.388
.196
2.240
.176
.183
.222
.186
.192
.199
.053
.090
.136
.171
.238
.060
.005
.084
.006
.031
.106
.104
.106
.064
.035
.088
.032
.011
1.115
.059
.021
.088
.118
.144
.132
.174
.125
.015
.105
.113
.053
.151
.083
.251
.070
.008
.727
125 2.40 2.55
174 .60 3.96
460 2.61 12.82
110 .532 1.55
110 - 1.08
75 .18 2.18
120 .72 .008
O
(continued next page) n
i
-------
2. (continued)
Sample
Number
Cond.
Concentration
PO^-P TP
Breakthrough
(ppm - mg/1) Ratio
NH^-N NO,-N AC ATP ATN P N
Lime Lake
8?
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
S
s
S
G
S
G
S
G
300
510
450
488
458
450
255
334
.002
.013
.002
.005
.002
.005
.001
.003
.041
.011
.013
.010
.156
.007
.009
.427
.063
.259
.066
.125
.023
.119
.027
.011
.038
.378
.374
.325
.129
.005
.128
Background concentration (G)
300 .007
Effluent -
Fremont
1130 .541
Montpelier
1125
Surface Water Influence
Corr. Coeff. (r)
Cond. as X .16
z value at 3er
insig.
2.412
.47
.040
.65
.020
.506 8.442
3.618 10.752 4.582
.23
,51*.33 .78*.33
sig. sig. insig.
880 2.4 8.9
875 3.6 15.3
I?
-------
-32- c-7
5.0 NUTRIENT RELATIONSHIPS
By the use of a few calculations, the characteristics of
the wastewater plumes can be described. Firstly, a general
groundwater background concentration for conductance and nutrients
is determined. The concentration of nutrients found in the plume
is then compared to the background and to wastewater effluent
from the lake region to determine the percent breakthrough of
phosphorus and nitrogen to the lake water. Because the well-
point sampler does not always intercept the center of the plume,
the nutrient content of the plume is always partially diluted
by surrounding ambient background groundwater or seeping lake-
water concentrations. To correct for the uncertainty of location
of withdrawal of the groundwater plume sample, the nutrient
concentrations above background values found with the groundwater
plume are corrected to the assumed undiluted concentration
anticipated in local standard sand-filtered effluent (assuming
100# of conductance should pass through) and then divided by the
net nutrient content of raw effluent over municipal water.
Computational formulae can be expressed:
for the difference between background (CQ) and
observed (C.) values:
C. - C =AC4 conductance
i o 1
TP. - TP =ATP. total phosphorus
TN. - TN =ATN. total nitrogen (here sum of
101 N05-N and N^-N)
-------
-33-
for attenuation during soil passage;
100 x( /v'c" V ATP - % breakthrough of phosphorus
f C*A
100 x ( „ } ATN - % breakthrough of nitrogen
where C = conductance of background groundwater (;umhos/cm)
Cj = conductance of observed plume groundwater
(umhos/cm)
AC f = conductance of sand-filtered effluent minus
the background conductance of municipal
source water (umhos/cm)
TP - total phosphorus in background groundwater
(ppm - mg/1)
TP. - total phosphorus of observed plume ground-
water (ppm - mg/1)
TN = total nitrogen content of background ground-
water, here calculated as NOi-N + NH^-N
TN. =« total nitrogen content of observed plume
groundwater, here calculated as NOz-N + NH^-N
(ppm - mg/1)
5.1 Assumed Wastewater Characteristics
Local samples of wastewater effluent were obtained at the
Fremont and Montpelier treatment plants. These exhibited con-
ductance : total phosphorus : total nitrogen ratios of 1130:2.4:
8.9 and 1125:3.6:15.3- Subtracting the background lake water
concentration of 250 umhos/cm gives a AC:ATP:ATN ratio of 880:;
2.4:8.9 and 875:3.6:15-3» respectively, representing the change
in concentration to source water by household use in the Steuben
Lakes region. Of note, the addition of totrl dissolved solids
(as indicated by AC) tends to be higher than soft water regions
-------
which often show aAC:ATP:ATN ratio of 200:8:20 (Kerfoot and
Brainard, 1978; Kerfoot, et. al., 1976). The use of water
softeners in the hard water areas may be a partial contributing
factor.
The low phosphorus content of the sewage relates to the
imposition of a ban on phosphorus-containing detergents in the
State of Indiana on July 1, 1973- The results from an Indiana-
wide survey of phosphorus in raw sewage has indicated a reduction
of 60# in phosphorus concentration (EIS, 1979).
5.2 Assumed Background Levels
Little information exists on background groundwater concen-
trations in the Steuben Lakes area. To provide sufficient
information, several background samples were taken in each lake.
As often found, the interstitial lake bottom groundwater tended
to be slightly higher in dissolved solids and therefore conduct-
ance, than the raw lake water. Due to noticeable bottom deposits
/
in some areas, however, interstitial samples taken away from
isolated shoreline plumes often showed substantial nutrient levels,
many of which were related to past depositions of nutrients and
*
surface sources, particularly the broad source from the direction
of Marsh Lake (Section 7). Samples such as 96 G, 121 G, 142 G,
144 G, 146 G, 129, and 146 were taken away from the vicinity of
plumes or, at least, as part of an even distribution of samples
without prior knowledge of plume location. On the basis of
comparison of the results from the background samplings the
proposed original background groundwater levels in Table 3 were
developed.
-------
-35-
Table 3« Background groundwater levels for chemical constit-
uents in interstitial water of the Steuben Lakes
sediments.
Cond. Nutrient Concentration (mg/1)
Constituent (,umhos/cm) , TP NH^-N NOj-N
Value 300 .007 .050 .010
5»3 Attenuation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Compounds
Evaluation of the breakthrough of nutrients through the
shoreline soil into the lake is complicated by the chemical nature
of the Steuben Lakes. Sach of the lakes is characterized by
relatively low productivity and alkaline surface water common
to "marl" lakes (EcolSciences, undated). Marl lakes are described
as high in calcium carbonate, low in productivity and bacterial
decomposition of organics (Wetzel, 1975). The high concentration
of calcium carbonate dissolved in the lake waters precipitates
nutrients and organics to the lake bottoms, making them unavail-
able to plants and suppressing plant growth (EIS, 1979).
While not yet discussed, the marl condition also would
apparently apply to groundwater water inflows. The nutrients,
while mobile in the subsurface plume, would precipitate as the
plume penetrated the lake bottom sediments, resulting in low
nutrient concentrations in emerging plumes, but higher than
expected concentrations in the lake bottom sediments. The slow
rate of flow of groundwater plumes would facilitate the process
of deposition in the sediments.
Analysis of the interstitial waters taken near plumes showed
greater concentrations than 100$ expected from standard Fremont
-------
-36-
effluent, superficially indicating very low efficiency of removal
by the soils. However, the high values are apparently caused by
precipitation in the sediment boundary region. The very low
level of soluble phosphorus in the interstitial groundwater
samples further substantiates the bottom sediments as nutrient
sinks. The use of the emerging water from plumes to evaluate
the soil removal efficiency cannot be done effectively unless
the sampling well-point can penetrate beyond the lake bottom
sediments into the core of a plume, which was not always possible
because of the depth of marl deposits. For this reason, percent-
age breakthrough calculations could not be performed since they
are based upon non-precipitation conditions. Computation of
breakthrough based upon soluble phosphorus would also be mis-
leading since phosphorus is actively being removed to the chemically
bound form and would grossly underestimate the inflow. Future
groundwater plume samples should be taken below the zone of marl
accumulation.
The analysis of combined background nutrient levels and
values from plumes revealed a significant correlation existed
between plume strength (indicated by conductance) and the concen-
trations of ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus. The presence
of low decomposition of solids would promote reducing conditions
and ammonium nitrogen presence.
Since the numbe-r of observed plumes was limited, their
total contribution of nutrients appears smali compared to the
stream source inputs.
-------
C-7
-37-
6.0 GOLIPORM BACTERIAL LEVELS IN SURFACE WATERS
Water samples were obtained for bacterial analysis from the
surveyed lakes to determine if any surface contamination was
present from failing septic systems. Indiana water quality
standards require that fecal coliform numbers not exceed 200
organisms/100 ml of water (as the geometric mean for 5 or more
samples) and not more than 400 organisms/100 ml of water in more
than any one sample for recreational use and aquatic life.
Previous bacteriological samplings have shown very little
indication of fecal contamination. From a total of 225 samples
obtained from the lakes (1973-1977) less than 1 fecal coliform/
100 ml was found (EIS, 1979). Generally, canals and inflowing
streams were found to carry the higher densities of organisms.
The streams feeding Crooked Lake were found most contaminated
although animal wastes and agricultural .runoff are thought to be
contributing factors.
The current bacteriological survey revealed very few loca-
tions with fecal contamination. Only three samples exceeded the
recommended limit of 200 organisms/100 ml. As noted before,
elevated concentrations were found most frequently in canals
(CR1, CR2, B01) or streams (CR9,GA1). The highest recording,
found in Charles Lake, was taken near a storm drain outlet near
the west side boat launch area.
-------
•SN7
BOT
BO3
BQ4 MARSH LAKE y—^
>C^f
>—f^-^-.
CR3
CRT,2
Figure 7. Bacterial sampling stations.
-------
Table 4. Bacterial content of surface waters.
Station
Crooked Lake
Crooked Lake
CR1
CR2
CR3
CR4
CR5
CR6
CR7
CR8
CR9
CR10
Lake Gage
GA1
GA2
GA3
GA4
GA5
GA6
GA?
GAS
GA9
GA10
Lime Lake
LI
L2
g
L5
Type of Sample
Watershed
Canal development
Canal development
Canal development
2nd basin north shore
1st basin NNE shore
1st basin NE shore
West side of conduit basin 2-3
Basin 3 - Lake Shore Drive
Stream outlet
-
Culvert under road - Crooked Stream
S. shore house #179 Quinn
Stream inflow
West corner house #157
West corner - foundation of house
West corner - "Ski Lodge Shed"
Lime-Gage Canal under road
Bast shore HI Vue Camp outfall (N)
East shore Hi Vue Camp outfall (S)
East shore - in front of house #256
Small Cove lagoon
"Strock" houses south of #916
Orland Road NW end
Stream outlet north end
Entrance to Walden Woods
Coliform Content
Total
230
430
210
43
93
15
75
430
430
4300
10
43000
43
3.6
50
23
23000
750
230
43
430
1500
23
93
(#/100 ml
Fecal
90
20
<10
•ao
<10
<10
<10
390 _
100
20
<10
10
4 10
<10
'10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
-------
Table 4. (continued)
Station
Type of Sample
CoUform Content (#/100 ml)
Total Fecal
Lake James Watershed
Little Otter
L01
L02
Big Otter
B01
B02
B03
B04
Snow Lake
SN1
SN2
SN3
SN4
SNS
SNv_
SN?
Lake Ja ies
JA1
JA2
JA3
JA4
JA5
JA6
NE corner near boat launch
"Connetts" house
Inside canal - NE corner
North shore - "Lost Weekend" house
NE corner lake inlet
SE corner - new development
Bend in marsh canal - east side
Next marsh inlet up
Marsh canal NW side
Culvert under road - canal
Culvert under Rt. 120 - Mud Lake inflow
Hickory Island
Culvert under Rt. 120 - Unnamed stream
NW cove - upper basin
Lagoona Park, west channel
Lagoona Park, east side
Middle basin, in front of "Ringles"
Pokago Beach
Rotawatami Inn Beach
3900
230
9300
230
4300
430
930
2300
9300
1200
2300
43000
4300
43
-
-
-
93
930
no
<10
280-
4 10
no
<10
^10
*10
<10
no
no
no
no
<10
<10
no
no
no
no
P
o
-------
Table 4. (continued)
Station Type of Sample Coliform Content (#/100 ml)
Total Fecal
Jimmerson Lake
JI1
JI2
JI3
JI4
JI5
JI6
JI7
JI8
JI9
Bast end, north shore trailer park #39
Jimmerson Trailer Court, west shore
Dam outlet, far NW end
South shore, 2 houses before #1135
Collins Wood Trailer Ct. east shore
West side trailer court
#6230 Stauffer
NNfi corner Beuna Vista Park
Hill Top Trailer Park
930
43
43
43
150
4. 3
75
430
7-3
* 10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
no
<10
<10
Lake Charles Watershed
Lake Charles
CHI NW shore by gray house 43
CH2 In front of Holiday Inn 23
CH3 SW shore in liquid spot in ice 43
CH4 Storm drain outlet at west shore, boat launch 23000 2000
-------
-42- C-7
7.0 BROAD SOURCE PLUME
ENTERING LITTLE OTTER LAKE
The most significant sources of phosphorus documented during
the survey came from stream inflow. Previous analysis of water
quality data collected from 1973-1978 indicated a range of high
phosphorus concentrations .05 mg/1 to .13 mg/1 in the streams
feeding Crooked Lake Basin 1, Little Otter Lake and Big Otter
Lake (EIS, 1979). The septic leachate survey found elevated
phosphorus concentrations in inflows from streams into Little
Otter Lake (station 38; .096 mg/1), Big Otter Lake (station 55;
.028 mg/1), Snow Lake (station 64; .036 mg/1), and Crooked Lake
(station 135; «028 mg/1). The characteristics of the inflow to
Little Otter Lake requires special mention. A careful evaluation
of the shoreline profiling revealed a large plume entering from
the Marsh Lake inflow to Little Otter Lake and flowing through
Big Otter Lake, the lower half of Snow Lake, and finally dissi-
pating in the outflow from the middle basin of James Lake to
Jimmerson Lake. Figure 8 constructs the position of the core of
the large plume. The water mass was characterized by high levels
of bog-like fluorescent organics carrying a substantial load of
dissolved solids, unusual for bog leachate. I1 he plume contained
a noticeably high level of orthophosphate phosphorus (PO^-P).
The concentration of orthochosphorus (PO^-P) and total phosphorus
(TP) is given at different locations nepr the center of the plume
in its path through the four-lake region (figure 8 ). '" .
-------
SNOW LAKE
LITTLE OTTER LAKE
OP .031
TP .062
OP .014
1AA rp -9"
1O6 OP .005
300 ' 400 500
wavelength (nm)
Figure 8. Large bog-like plume path through the Steuben Lakes.
n
-w
-------
-44- C-7
The bog-leachate appeara. throughout the tracings as the
high background organic fluorescence. While bog-leachate organics
exhibit fluorescence predominantly outside the region of waste-
water effluent, a high concentration of bog material will overlap
into the region of effluent fluorescence causing a substantial
rise in background. Figure 8 shows the drop in background fluor-
escence from stations along the path of the plume.
The substantial level of phosphorus in the plume may be
derived from old sediment deposits laid down in Marsh Lake from
discharges from the old Fremont sewage treatment plant. Bog
leachate is typically somewhat acidic and will free phosphorus
from carbonate binding. The solubilized phosphorus then travels
with the plume of bog leachate, gradually precipitating out
(Gerry Peters, personal communication). Considering the magnitude
of the source, further investigations should be made of the
deposits in Marsh Lake and the cause of the mobilization, if
this is the case.
-------
-45-
C-7
8.0 CONCLUSIONS
A septic leachate survey was conducted along the shorelines
of Charles Lake, Little Otter Lake, Big Otter Lake, Snow Lal^e,.
Lake James,,Crooked Lake, and Lake Gage of the Steuben Lakes
complex. Additional discrete samplings were done through ice
cover in Jimmerson Lake, the third basin of Crooked Lake and
Lime Lake, The following observations were obtained from the
# > . '
shoreline profiles, analyses of groundwater and surface water
samples, evaluation of soil types and permeability and study, of
f ' ' '• ''',''.).. -,-••;:•
surface water inflows:
1. Groundwater plumes were found irregularly around the
shoreline of the Steuben Lakes surveyed. Their frequency was
directly related to shoreline soils classification. The majority
of plumes, 41 of 68, were associated with moderately rapid and
rapidly permeable soils or occurred in cut and fill canal regions
of uncertain soil type.
2. A large stream source plume principally of bog-like
organic composition was found entering Little Otter Lake from
the direction of Marsh Lake. The plume contained significantly
elevated phosphorus levels in excess of .09 ppm and decreased
progressively in content during its flow through Big Otter Lake,
the southern half of Snow Lake, and the upper and middle basins
of Lake James until reaching background levels before flowing
into Jimmerson Lake.
-------
-46-
3. Intersitial groundwater samples taken in the vicinity
of groundwater plumes showed exceptionally high nutrient contents,
often in excess of assumed concentration in the wastewater plume
stream. It is suggested that nutrients in the emerging plumes
are precipitating as the plume penetrates the bottom sediments,
resulting in low orthophosphate phosphorus content but elevated
total phosphate (chemically bound form) and ammonium-nitrogen.
4. A bacteriological survey revealed very few locations
with fecal contamination. Only three samples exceeded the
recommended limit of 200 organisms/100 ml. As noted in previous
studies, elevated concentrations were found most frequently in
canals or streams.
-------
-47- C-7
REFERENCES
EcolSciences, Inc., undated. Environmental assessment for the
Steuben Lakes Regional Sewer District Facility Plan. South
Bend, Indiana.
EIS, 1979. Chapter II, environmental setting - Steuben Lakes
environmental impacts statement. WAPORA, Inc. (in prep.).
EPA, 1975* Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes.
Environmental Protection Agency, NERC, Analytical Control
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 4-5268.
Kerfoot, W. B. and E. C. Brainard, II, 1978. Septic leachate
detection - a technological breakthrough for shoreline
on-lot system performance evaluation. In: State of
Knowledge in Land Treatment of Vastewater, H. L. McKim (ed.)»
Internation Symposium at the Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire.
Kerfoot, W. B., B. H. Ketchum, P. Kallio, P. Bowker, A. Mann,
and C. Scolieri, 1976. Cape Cod waste water renovation
and retrieval system - a study of water treatment and
conservation, Technical Report WHOI-76-5, Woods Hole Ocean-
ographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.
LRPC, 1977- Discussion of nutrient retnetion coefficients,
draft report 6F2 from Phase II non-point source pollution
control program, Lakes Region Planning Commission, Meredith,
New Hampshire.
SCS, 1978. Soil survey of Steuben County, Indiana, United States
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,
U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C. 20250.
USGS, 1956. "Big and Little Otter Lake", "Lake James", "Snow
Lake", and "Jimmerson Lake", topographical mappings, prepared
cooperatively by the United States Department of the
Interior Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, and
the State of Indiana Department of Natural Resources,
Division of Water.
-------
-48- C-7
APPENDIX
-------
LAKE GAGE
o
-J
-------
50
C-7
Track A
Little Otter and Big Otter
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: ....... ..: • = . ; •
1 -• £
i _ * ' ,/
L.-_- i™
-.-i =
i -:/: -:;
] '. :
i .-: <
- =
: f
•
• ^
-------
ft
C-7
Track G
Lake Gage
-------
C-7
~,-_- s
-------
0-7
-. ^_-_^_ ]j^Tl^^^^T!!^',..'.. ^.TTJ ' ' ' "'.•'"''"4/"""'"•-"•"•jj*^
'
==E===J^??^=?^x-<.'BSasg=^L:.--
-------
C-7
-------
C-7
L—-'-T£-^r/"^r"*-:'.•;•;? '-'-3"^ P/"> f—i-i"g""^^—"^'v^"^""
! iv
-------
C-7
~TT!. -rr, ,rj lj™~_~L'-"'-'i'~^_ ...."' ' ^•~'—'"-—-
-.
-
F~~*
— — r~ -_j— :_::.----:. "--. : '.. r:1 -
— — pir :::;-! :=: :;r:r:... ; .- :•
- ' — JT- Ur::_-i;--..:-^_:-.r_-.:~ .:.•.;••.-
^ r-:~~..:r- :j..: .~: : ,-;• .".: •
^f=n 5^ -^L^
i
;.••
cts
3L-'
-------
fc*
C-7
L^_J i.._.4 L;.LI_. i ;j^
^34
—j— i-
-------
C-7
Track H
Lake Charles
-------
E
m
-j=*e;"A;: -v:^:::::r;
^=mr-ZK:--~Y
&•».,•/ '-
Njijr:,:: j
h J:; ;--;-- 1
W- : I •
,-iV=. : \-
4 --=1-1TT
; : =3
J: — r.::
1 .- .
.- ::1" E-
C-7
* - -- . ....--- •—-•"--—: •T. \^»-/«.-« «i \
-------
/o6
1= ,- \&g!$i£^Jz±5^-.>~t
|g
-------
C-7
-------
APPENDIX
C-3
SEASONAL AND LONG-TERM CHANGES IN LAKE WATER QUALITY
Seasonal changes of temperature and density in lakes are best described
using as an example a lake in the temperate zone which freezes over in
winter. When ice coats the surface of a lake, cold water at 0°C lies in
contact with ice above warmer and denser water between 0° and 4°C.
With the coming of spring, ice melts and the waters are mixed by wind.
Shortly, the lake is in full circulation, and temperatures are approximately
uniform throughout (close to 4 C). With further heating from the sun and
mixing by the wind, the typical pattern of summer stratification develops.
That is, three characteristic layers are present: (1) a surface layer of
warm water in which temperature is more or less uniform throughout; (2) an
intermediate layer in which temperature declines rapidly with depth; and
(3) a bottom layer of cold water throughout which temperature is again
more or less uniform. These three layers are termed epilimnion, metalim-
nion (or thermocline), and hypolimnion, respectively. The thermocline
usually serves as a barrier that eliminates or reduces mixing between the
surface water and the bottom water.
In late summer and early fall, as the lake cools in sympathy with its
surroundings, convection, currents of cold water formed at night sink to find
their appropriate temperature level, mixing with warmer water on their way
down. With further cooling, and turbulence created by wind, the thermocline
moves deeper and deeper. The temperature of the epilimnion gradually
approaches that of the hypolimnion. Finally, the density gradient associated
with the thermocline becomes so weak that it ceases to be an effective barrier
to downward-moving currents. The lake then becomes uniform in temperature
indicating it is again well mixed. With still further cooling, ice forms
at the surface to complete the annual cycle.
The physical phenomenon described above has significant bearing on
biological and chemical activities in lakes on a seasonal basis. In
general, growth of algae, which are plants, in the epilimnion produces
dissolved oxygen and takes up nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus
during the summer months. Algal growth in the hypolimnion__is limited
mainly because sunlight is insufficient. As dead algae settle gradually
from the epilimnion into the hypolimnion, decomposition of dead algae
depletes a significant amount of dissolved oxygen in the bottom water. At
the same time, stratification limits oxygen supply from the surface water
to the bottom water. As a result, the hypolimnion shows a lower level of
dissolved oxygen while accumulating a large amount of nutrients by the
end of summer. Then comes the fall overturn to provide a new supply of
dissolved oxygen and to redistribute the nutrients via complete mixing.
Over each annual cycle, sedimentation builds up progressively at the
bottom of the lake. As a result, this slow process of deposition of
sediments reduces lake depth. Because major nutrients enter the lake
along with the sediments, nutrient concentrations in the lake increase
over a long period of time. This aging process is a natural phenomenon
and is measured in hundreds or thousands of years, depending on specific
lake and watershed characteristics.
-------
APPENDIX
Tri-State Engineering /^^\ and Research Center ™
TRI-STATE COLLEGE /If .)/ \ ANGOLA, INDIANA 46703
SOCIETY ^X\" INDUSTRY
(219) 665-3141
INVESTIGATION OF WELL WATER QUALITY
WITHIN THE
STEUBEN COUNTY REGIONAL WASTE DISTRICT
APRIL & MAY, 1979
Prepared For
E.P.A.
Region 5
Prepared by
Tri-State University
Engineering And Research Center
June, 1979
-------
C-9
METHODOLOGY - SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Well water sampling for both chemical and bacteria was performed
in accordance with procedures described in the 13th Edition of Standard
Methods for the examination of water and wastewater.
All samples were collected by running the water for a minimum of
5.minutes to flush the lines (Standard Methods 13th Ed.). Each tap was
checked to be sure the sample had not passed through any type of water
conditioning. The samples to be analyzed for bacteria were placed in
sterilized glass bottles and refrigerated in an ice chest until returned
to the lab. All samples remained refrigerated until analyzed. Most
samples were analyzed immediately upon return to the lab, but never
longer than 18 hours after collection. The water to be analyzed chemically
was placed in acid rinsed B.O.D. bottles. All chemical analysis was made
on the refrigerated samples within 24 hours.
The following methods were used:
, Total Phosphate - Section 223C, III, Persulfate Digestion and
Section 223E, Stannous Chloride
Nitrate - Section 213C, Brucine
Chloride - Section 112A, Argentometric
Specific Conductance - Section 154(a Y.S.I., Model 31 Meter was used)
Total Coliform - Section 407A
Fecal Coliform - Section 408B
Fecal Streptococci - Section 409B
In order to obtain some seasonal residences during the April and Hay
sampling period, samples were obtained on weekends, when a few of these
residents returned to their cottages. This lack of access to many
seasonal cottages during the sampling period explains the proportionately
-------
C-9
lower number of seasonal residences sampled. •
The number of samples taken were distributed according to Table 3.1
of the Preliminary Draft of the E.I.S.
-------
SAMPLE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
LAKE
Gage
Gage
Gage
Gage
Gage
Gage
Gage
Gage
Gage
Lime
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
TOTAL
COLIFORM
MPN/ 100ml
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2,2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2 NC
<2.2 NC
FECAL
COLIFORM
COLONIES/
100ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
FECAL
STREP
COLONIES/
100ml
155
0
1
5
35
7
22
20
0
4
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
>300
P04
mg/1
.850
<.005
.77
<.005
.025
.087
.060
.047
.060
.018
.15
.0125
.005
<.005
<.005
.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
N03 - N
mg/1
.74
.30
.71
.035
.225
.850
<.030
.200
<.030
.850
<.03
<.03
<.03
1.675
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
CHLORIDE
mg/1
55.23
15.49
6.75
1.50
135.96
14.50
7.00
8.00
8.00
4.25
2.85
2.85
5.45
14.60
2.85
3.30
2.85
9.35
15.00
SPECIFIC
CONDUCTANCE
Vimho/cm
700
480
435
380
900
450
400
450
470
480
475
420
465
350
380
445
445
650
700
FULLTIME
OR
SEASONAL
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
WELL DEPTH
28' ?
30'
44' ?
168'
25'
25'
70 f ?
23'
38'
50-60 '
113'
90' ?
32'
35'
20'
45'
?
40'
45'
C - Confirmed
NC - Not Confirmed
-------
SAMPLE
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
LAKE
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
- „ -
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
Jimmerson
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
TOTAL
COLIFORM
MPN/ 100ml
<2.2
<2.2
2.2 NC
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
5.1 NC
<2.2
2.2 NC
<2.2
9.2 NC
<2.2
2.2 NC
<2.2
<2.2
2.2 NC
5.1 C
2.2 NC
<2.2
FECAL
COLIFORM
COLONIES/
100ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
* 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
FECAL
STREP
COLONIES/
100ml
57
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
P°4
mg/1
-------
SAMPLE
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
LAKE
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
Snow
Snow
Snow
Snow
Snow
Snow
TOTAL
COLIFORM
MPN/ 100ml
>16 C
<2.2
2.2 C
<2.2
>16 C
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
2.2 NC
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
FECAL
COLIFORM
COLONIES/
100ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
FECAL
STREP
COLONIES/
100ml
0
0
0
41
4
63
0
92
28
28
1
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P04
mg/1
.018
.010
.013
<.005
.028
<.005
<.005
<.005
.025
.015
.058
.010
.028
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
NO3 - N
mg/1
.210
<.03
<.03
<.030
<.030
.040
<.030
', <.030
.035
.035
<.030
<.030
.035
.85
.035
.625
<.03
1.82
<.03
CHLORIDE
mg/1
5.00
1.00
16.00
10.25
24.24
11.00
1.50
5.25
8.25
1.50
69.73
11.00
1.25
26.34
71.98
10.65
1.55
23.29
8.50
SPECIFIC
CONDUCTANCE
pmho/cm
460
440
495
650
355
440
395
475
550
410
650
470
385
750
820
465
495
600
570
FULLTIME
OR
SEASONAL
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Seasonal
Fulltime
Seasonal
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
WELL DEPTH
25'
?
30'
?
30'
30'
Artesian well ays
5 wells ->• central
?
28'
48'
60' «^
?
30'
50' ?
42'
28'
?
23'
97'
C - Confirmed i
-------
SAMPLE
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
LAKE
Snow
Snow
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
TOTAL
COLIFORM
MPN/ 100ml
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
2.2 NC
<2.2
<2.2
9.2 C
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
FECAL
COLIFORM
COLONIES/
100ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
FECAL
STREP
COLONIES/
100ml
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
P°4
mg/1
<-.005
<*005
.025
.047
.028
.015
.005
.010
<.005
.018
.018
<.005
<.005
<.005
.013
.013
<.005
<.005
.013
NO - N
mg/1
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
1.90
<-03
<.03
<.03
1.78
<.03
<.03
<.03
1.40
<.03
<.03
<.03
2.09
1.62
<.03
CHLORIDE
mg/1
9.80
7.65
75.68
4.15
13.50
48.48
>650
5.25
138
10.65
2.0
.25
12.00
22.39
8.95
7.40
31.74
23.29
11.75
SPECIFIC
CONDUCTANCE
ymho/cm
490
485
600
345
630
670
2700
550
1000
420
395
355
730
580
550
520
780
690
540
FULLTIME
OR
SEASONAL
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Seasonal
Seasonal
Seasonal
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
WELL DEPTH
42'
42'
7
30'
28-30' ?
?
80'
70'
60'
? — ^
20-30 '
35"
1
40-50'
65-70'
40'
62'
78'
C - Confirmed
NC - Not Confirmed
-------
SAMPLE
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
OFF
LAKE
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
LAKE
Crooked
Crooked
Crooked
Otter
Otter
Sylvan
Little
Otter
East of
Jimmerson
North
Crooked
East
Crooked
3rd Basin
Crooked
North
Lime
North
Lime
North
Lime
North
Lime
TOTAL
COLIFORM
MPN/ 100ml
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
9.2 NC
2.2 NC
2.2 NC
<2.2
<2.2
2.2 NC
>16 C
>16 C
<;2.2
<2.2
FECAL
COLIFORM
COLONIES/
100ml
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
FECAL
STREP
COLONIES/
100ml
0
1
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
1
1
8
3
0
1
P°4
mg/1
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.005
<.013
.015
.025
.0125
<.005
<.005
.03
<.005
.078
<.005
<.005
NO - N
mg/1
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
2.09
<.03
2.09
CHLORIDE
mg/1
59.98
14.15
14.15
7.20
2.40
1.55
3.30
4.15
20.64
4.15
26.74
5.45
30.24
6.35
7.20
SPECIFIC
CONDUCTANCE
ymho /cm
700
620
600
650
490
320
470
415
670
415
425
475
770
570
440
FULLTIME
OR
SEASONAL
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Seasonal
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
WELL DEPTH
21'
30'
20-30' ?
48'
40'
25-30'
? 00
7
?
?
?
52'
7
23'
50'
C - Confirmed
NC - Not Confirmed
o
-------
SAMPLE
OFF
LAKE
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
LAKE
East
Crooked
East of
Crooked
East
Crooked
East
Crooked
East
Crooked
East
Crooked
East
Crooked
South of
Crooked
South
Crooked
South
Crooked
TOTAL
COLIFORM
MPN/ 100ml
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
5.1 C
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
>16 C
5.1 C
FECAL
COLIFORM
COLONIES/
100ml
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
FECAL
STREP
COLONIES/
100ml
0
1
0
0
0
2
3
4
21
33
P°4
tng/1
.028
.100
.060
.023
.010
.033
.023
<.005
.093
.010
NO - N
mg/1
<.03
.05
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
<.03
CHLORIDE
mg/1
17.19
9.35
8.05
7.65
1.99
5.25
1.75
14.15
14.60
34.99
SPECIFIC
CONDUCTANCE
jimho/ctn
620
560
385
440
425
540
395
550
510
630
FULLTIME
OR
SEASONAL
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
Fulltime
WELL DEPTH
40'
7
7
7
7
7
7
75'
40' _S>
90'
C - Confirmed
NC - Not Confirmed
o
i
-------
LEGEND
• SAMPLED WELLS
FIOURE 1 STEUBEN LAKES: LOCATION OF SAMPLED WELLS
o
VO
-------
APPENDIX D
BIOTA
-------
APPENDIX
D-l
Fishes taken from Lake James during June, 1975 by Indiana DNR.
Common Name Scientific Name No.
Black crappie
Bluegill sunfish
Bowfin
Brook silverside
Brown bullhead
Goden shiner
Grass pickerel
Green sunfish
Lake chubsucker
Largemouth bass
Longnose gar
Northern pike
Pumpkinseed sunfish
Redear sunfish
Rock bass
Smallmouth bass
Warmouth
White sucker
Yellow bullhead
Yellow perch
Pomoxis nigromaaulatus
Lepomis macvoehivus
Amia aalva
Labidesthes siceulus
Icta1ur*us nebutosus
Notemigonus arysoleucas
Esox ameriaanus
Lepomis eyanellus
Erimyzon secetta
Mioropterus sa.1mo-ld.es
Lepisosteus osseus
Esox lueius
Lepomis gibbosus
Lepom-is mierolophus
Arribloplites rupestris
Miapopterus dolomieui
Lepom-is gulosus
Catostomus eommersoni
letalurus natalis
Per>ca flavesoens
Fishes taken from Jimmerson Lake during June, 1975.
Black crappie
Bluegill sunfish
Bowfin
Brook silverside
Brown bullhead
Golden shiner
Grass pickerel
Green sunfish
Lake chubsucker
Largemouth bass
Northern pike
Pumpkinseed sunfish
Redear sunfish
Rock bass
Spotted gar
Warmouth
Yellow bullhead
Yellow perch
Pomoxis nigyomaaulatus
Lepomis maoroch-irus
Amia aalva
Labidesthes siaculus
lataluTus nebulosus
Notemigonus erysoleueas
Esox americanus
Lepomis ayanellus
Erimyzon seeetta
Miaropterus salmoides
Esox Indus
Lepomis gibbosus
Lepomis mierolophus
Ambloplites rupestris
Lepisosteus ooulatus
Lepomis gulosus
Istalwfus natalis
Pevaa flavescens
1
193
9
abundant
39
3
4
5
11
13
4
26
29
3
4
48
118
16
Wt. (Ibs.)
7
129
9
abundant
26
7
7
4
2
32
36
7
12
24
67
7
42
1
61
94
2.13
28.36
23.91
24.03
0.75
1.57
0.88
0.88
9.83
28.34
24.60
. 1.52
11.53
16.74
6.26
7.65
2.66
35.09
25.33
0.30
25.18
18.32
21.03
0.19
0.79
0.34
50
54
11.45
99
16
0.52
5.32
7.32
35.94
2.16
-------
D-l
Fishes taken from Crooked Lake during June, 1975 by Indiana DNR.
Common Name
Black bullhead
Black crappie
Bluegill sunfish
Bowfin
Brook silverside
Brown bullhead
Carp
Golden shiner
Grass pickerel
Green sunfish
Lake chubsucker
Largemouth bass
Longnose gar
Pumpkinseed sunfish
Redear sunfish
Rock bass
Smallinouth bass
Spotted gar
Warmouth
White sucker
Yellow bullhead
Yellow perch
Fishes which occur in Lake Gage
Bluegill sunfish
Brook silverside
Brook trout
Cisco
Largemouth bass
Northern pike
Pumpkinseed sunfish
Rainbow trout
Smallmouth bass
Warmouth
Yellow perch
Scientific Name
lataluvus melas
Pomoxis nigromaaulatus
Lepomis maarodhirus
Amia calva
Labidesthes siooulus
Ictalurus nebulosus
Cyprinus cappio
Notemigonus oTysoleueas
Esox americanus
Lepomis cycmellus.
Evimyzon secetta
Mievopteipus salmoides
Lepisosteus osseus
Lepomis gibbosus
Lepomis miorolophus
Ambloplites rupestris
Micropterus dolomieui
Lepisosteus oeulatus
Lepomis gulosus
Catostomus commevsoni
lotalurus natalis
Pevea flaveseens
No. Wt. (Ibs.)
Lepomis
Labidesthes siooulus
Salvalinus fontinalis
CoTegonus sp.
MieropteTus salmoides
Esox luaius
Lepomis gibbosus
Salmo gairdnevi
MioTopteus dolomieui
Lepomis gulosus
Peroa. flavesoens
2
1
431
8
2
11
2
1
3
67
16
21
26
6
2
10
26
2
70
0.3
0.1
58.2
1.1
1.2
0.3
1.5
0.3
0.1
0.4
9.0
2.2
2.8
3.5
0.8
0.3
1.3
3.5
0.3
9.4
-------
D-l
Fish taken from Snow Lake during June, 1975 by Indiana DNR.
Common Name Scientific Name No. Wt. (Ibs.)
Black bullhead Ictalurus melas 1 0.14
Black crappie Pomoxis nigromaoulatus 5 0.88
Bluegill sunfish Lepomis maeroahirus 279 46.12
Bowfin Amia calva 11 29.96
Brook silverside Labidesfhes s-toouius abundant
Brown bullhead Ictalurus nebulosus 10 8.04
Golden shiner Notemigonus ovysoleucas 4 0.51
Grass pickerel E&ox americanus 5 0.90
Green sunfish Lepom-is cyanellup ' 12 1.17
Lake chubsucker Erimyzon seoetta 6 0.18
Largemouth bass M-iavopteTus salmoides 20 13.61
Longnose gar Lep-isosteus osseus 27 111.18
Northern pike Esox lucius 4 20.05
Pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus 18 1.95
Redear sunfish Lepomis micpolophus 26 5.91
Rock bass Aribloplites Tupestvis 63 17.47
Stnallmouth bass M-Lorop-tevus dolomieui 3 1/03
Spotted gar Lepisosteus ooulatus 9 10.57
Warmouth Lepom-is gulosus 57 12.58
Yellow bullhead Ictalurus natalis 61 28.38
Yellow perch Pevaa flavescens 104 22.89
Note: Walleye will be introduced when the stocks are available, beyond 1979-
Source: State of Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Fish Management
Headquarters.
In: EcolSciences, Inc. Undated. Environmental assessment for the
Steuben Lakes Regional Sewer District facility plan. South Bend, IN.
-------
APPENDIX
D-2
Aquatic flora of Steuben Lakes Study Area. Species of aquatic vegetation
collected from Lake James by Indiana DNR in June, 1975.
Emergents
MAXIMUM DEPTH
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME WHERE FOUND (FEET)
Broad-leaved arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia 2
Pickerel weed Pontederia cordata 2
Spike rush Eleocharis sp. • 2
Swamp Loosestrife Decodon verticillatus 1
Yellow pond lily Nuphar advena 2
Submergents
Bladderwort Utricularia vulgaris 8
Coontail Ceratophyllum demersum 5
Curlyleaf pondweed Potamogeton crispus 4
Richardson's pondweed Potamogeton Richardsonii 3
Water milfoil Myriopyhllum sp. 6
Floating
Water shield Brasenia Schreberi 4
Algae
Chara Chara sp. 6
Filamentous forms - -
Species of aquatic vegetation collected from Crooked Lake by Indiana DNR in
July, 1972.
BASIN I
VASCULAR PLANTS MAXIMUM DEPTH
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME AREA WHERE FOUND WHERE FOUND (FT)
American elodea Elodea canadensis At center inlet only
Bladderwort Utricularia vulgaris
Cattail Typha sp.
Curleylead pondweed Potamogeton crispus shore area 5
Flatstem pondweed Potamogeton zosteriformis isolated patches 5
Pickerel weed Pontederia cordata
Sago pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus isolated patches 5
Small pondweed Potamogeton pusillus isolated patches 8-15
Soft rush Juncus effusis sunken in islands 3-16
Water battercup Ranunculus trichophyllus
Water milfoil Myriophyllum sp. isolated patches 10
White water lily Nymphaea tuberosa
-------
D-2
VASCULAR PLANTS
COMMON NAME
Wild celery
Yellow pond lily
ALGAE
Chara
Filamentous forms
BASIN I (Continued)
SCIENTIFIC NAME
AREA WHERE FOUND
MAXIMUM DEPTH
WHERE FOUND (FT!
Vallisneria americana isolated patches
Nuphar advena
Chara sp.
BASIN 2
VASCULAR PLANTS
COMMON NAME
Bladderwort
Flatstem pondweed
Illinois pondweed
Pickerel weed
Small pondweed
Soft rush
Water milfoil
White water lily
Wild celery
Yellow pond lily
ALGAE
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Utricularia vulgaris
Potamogeton zosteriformis
Potamogeton illinoensis
Pontederia cordata
Potamogeton pusillus
Juncus effusis
Myriophyllum sp.
Nymphaea tuberosa
Vallisneria americana
Nuphar advena
AREA WHERE FOUND
MAXIMUM DEPTH
WHERE FOUND (FT)
shallows (dominant)
isolated areas
isolated areas
1-2
10
10
Chara
Chara sp.
shallows
BASIN 3
VASCULAR PLANTS
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
AREA WHERE FOUND
Bladderwort Utricularia vulgaris
Broad-leaved cattail Typha latifolia
Button bush
Curleyleaf pondweed
Flatstem pondweed
Illinois pondweed
Pickerel weed
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Potamogeton crispus
Potamogeton zosteriformis
Potamogeton illinoensis
Pontederia cordata
isolated areas
isolated areas
isolated areas
Richardson's pondweedPotamogeton Richardsonii isolated areas
MAXIMUM DEPTH
WHERE FOUND (FT)
5
5
5
Soft rush
Southern naiad
Spiny naiad
Water milfoil
Yellow pond lily
Juncus effusis
Najas guadalupensis
Najas marina
Myriophyllum sp.
Nuphar advena
isolated areas
isolated areas
west shore
-------
D-2
VASCULAR PLANTS
COMMON NAME
ALGAE
BASIN 3 (Continued)
SCIENTIFIC NAME
AREA WHERE FOUND
MAXIMUM DEPTH
WHERE FOUND (FT)
Chara
Filamentous forms
Chara sp.
Aquatic vegetation collected from Jimmerson Lake by Indiana DNR in June, 1975.
AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS
COMMON NAME
American elodea
Coontail
Curlyleaf pondweed
Flatstem pondweed
Illinois pondweed
Leafy pondweed
Pickerel weed
Richardson's pondweed
Spike rush
Swamp loosestrife
Water buttercup
Water milfoil
Water shield
Yellow pond lily
ALGAE
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Elodea canadensis
Ceratophyllum demersum
Potamogeton crispus
Potamogeton zosteriformis
Potamogeton illinoensis
Potamogeton foliosus
Pontederia cordata
Potamogeton Richardsonii
Eleocharis sp.
Decodon verticullatus
Ranunculus trichophyllus
Myriophyllum sp.
Brasenia Schreberi
Nuphar advena
MAXIMUM DEPTH
WHERE FOUND (FEET)
. 2-3
2 inches
5
4
5-6
5-6
2
3-4
Chara
Filamentous forms
Chara sp.
Species of aquatic vascular plants collected from Snow Lake by Indiana DNR in
June, 1975.
COMMON NAME
Arrow arum
Bladderwort
Broad-leaved cattail
Coontail
Curlyleaf pondweed
Water milfoil
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Peltandra virginica
Utricularia vulgaris
Typha latifolia
Ceratophyllum demersum
Potamogeton crispus
Myriophyllum sp.
MAXIMUM DEPTH
WHERE FOUND (FEET)
-------
D-2
Species of aquatic vascular vegetation collected from Marsh Lake.
TALL EMERGENTS
COMMON NAME
Bluejoint grass
Broad-leaved (common) cattail
Bullrush
Buttonbush
Canary reed grass
Dogwood
Narrow-leaved cattail
Prairie cordgrass
LOW.EMERGENTS
Arrow arum
Broad-leaved arrowhead
Narrow-leaved arrowhead
Pickerel weed
Spike rush
Water loosestrife
Water smartweed
Yellow pond lily (spatterdock)
FLOATING
Duckweed
Duckweed
Small duckweed
White smartweed
White water lily
,SUBMERGENTS
Curleyleaf pondweed
Flatstem pondweed
Hornwort
Naiad
Pondweed
Sago pondweed
Stonewort
Water milfoil
Water smartweed
Waterweed
White water-crowfoot
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Calamagrostis canadensis
Typha latifolia
Scirpus sp.
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Phalaris arundinacea
Cornus sp.
Typha angustifolia
Spartina sp.
Peltandra virginica
Sagittaria latifolia
Sagittaria sp.
Pontederia cordata
Eleocharis sp,
Lythrum sp.
Polygonum coccineum
Nuphar advena
Lemna trisulca
Spirodela polyrhiza
Lemna minor
Polygonum natans
Nymphaea tuberosa
Potamogeton crispus
Potamogeton zosteriformis
Ceratophyllum sp.
Najas sp.
Potamogeton epihydrus
Potamogeton pectinatus
Nitella sp.
Myriophyllum sp.
Polygonum coccineum
Elodea sp.
Ranunculus longirostris
Sources: Lindsey, Schmelz, & Nichols, 1969
IN: EcolSciences, Inc. Undated, Environmental assessment for the Steuben Lakes
Regional Sewer District facility plan. South Bend, IN.
-------
APPENDIX
D-3
TREES AND SHRUBS SPECIES LIST
COMMON NAME
Red oak
Black oak
Shagbark hickory
Pignut hickory
Tulip tree
White 6ak
Sassafras
Sugar maple
Flowering dogwood
American elm
White ash
Black locust
Wild black cherry
Black walnut
Silver maple
Ironwood
Red maple
Basswood
Black gum
Red cedar
Green ash
Quaking aspen
Bur oak
Beech
Bitternut
Bigtooth aspen
Yellow birch
Cork elm
Red elm
Red osier dogwood
Pussy willow
Dogwood
Elderberry
Prickly ash
Gooseberry
Sweet-haw
Spicebush
Hazelnut
Hawthorn
Maple-leaved viburnum
Weeping willow
Button bush
Nannyberry
Tamarack
White pine
Dwarf birch
Blueberry
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Quercus rubra
Quercus velutina
Carya ovata
Carya glabra
Liriodendron tulipfera
Quercus alba
jiassafras albidum
Acer saccharum
Cornus florida
Ulmus americana
Fraxinus americana
Robinia psuedoacacia
Prunus serotina
Juglans nigra
Acer saccharinum
Carpinus caroliniana
Acer rubrum
Tilia americana
Nyssa sylvatica
Juniperus virginiana
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Populus tremuloides
Quercus macrocarpa
Fagus grandifolia
Carya cordiformis
Populus grandidentata
Betula alleghaniensis
Ulmus Thomasi
Ulmus rubra
Cornus stolonifera
Salix discolor
Cornus racemosa
Sambucus canadensis
Xanthoxylum americanum
Ribes americana
Viburnum prunifolium
Lindera benzoin
Corylus americana
Crataegus spp.
Viburnum acerifolium
Salix babylonica.
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Viburnum lentago
Larix laricina
Pinus strobus
Betula glandulosa
Vaccinium spp.
Source: Lindsey, Schmelz, and Nichols 1969
-------
APPENDIX
D-4
LIST OF MAMMALS IN STEUBEN COUNTY, INDIANA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Opossum
Masked shrew
Least shrew
Short-tailed shrew
Star -nosed mole
Eastern mole
Little brown bat
Indiana bat
Silver-haired bat
Big brown bat
Red bat
Hoary bat
Evening bat
Eastern cottontail
Eastern chipmunk
Woodchuck
Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
Eastern gray squirrel
Fox squirrel
Red squirrel
Southern flying squirrel
Beaver
Dear Mouse
White-footed mouse
Meadow vole
Pine vole
Muskrat
Southern bog lemming
Norway rat
House mouse
Meadow jumping mouse
Coyote
Red fox
Gray fox
Raccoon
Least weasel
Long-tailed weasel
Mink
Badger
Striped skunk
White-tailed deer
Didelphis virginiana
Sorex cinereus
Cryptotis parva
Blarina brevicauda
Condylura cristata
Scalopus aquaticus
Myotis lucifugus
Myotis sodalis
Lasionycteris noctivagans
Eptesicus fuscus
Lasiurus borealis
Lasiurus cinereus
Nycticeius humeralis
Sylvilagus floridanus
Tami_as_ striatus
Marmota monax
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
Sciurus carollnensis
Sc iurus niger
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
Glaucomys volans
Castor canadensis
Peror.iyscus maniculatus
Peromyscus leucopus
Microtus pennsylvanicus
Microtus pinetorum
Ondatra zibethicus
Synaptomys cooperi
Rattus norvegicus
Mus musculus
Zapus hudsonius
Canis latrans
Vulpes vulpes
Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Procyon lotor
Mustela nivalis
Mustela frenata
Mustela vison
Taxidea taxus
Mephitis mephitis
Odocoileus virginianus
Source: Indiana DNR, 1975
-------
APPENDIX
D-5
LIST OF BIRDS IN STEUBEN COUNTY, INDIANA
Common Name
Bobwhite Quail
Ring-necked Pheasant
Gray Partridge
Herring Gull
Ring-billed Gull
Rock Dove
Mourning Dove
Barn Owl
Screech Owl
Great Horned Owl
Barred Owl
Long-eared Owl
Short-eared Owl
Belted Kingfisher
Common Flicker
Pileated Woodpecker
Red-bellied Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker
Hairy Woodpecker
Downy Woodpecker
Horned Lark
Blue Jay
Common Crow
Black-capped Chickadee
Tufted Titmouse
White-breasted Nuthatch
Carolina Wren
Mockingbird
American Robin
Eastern Bluebird
Cedar Waxwing
Starling
House Sparrow
Brown-headed Cowbird
Cardinal
Song Sparrow
Scientific Name
Colinus virginianus
Fhasianus colchius
Perdix perdix
Larus argentatus
Larus delawarensis
Columba livia
Zenaida macroura
Tyto alba pratincola
Otus asio
Bubo virginianus
Strijc varia
Asio otus wilsonianus
ASJ.O flammeus flammeus
Megaceryle alcyon alcy^on
Colaptes auratus
Dryocopus pileatus
Melanerpes carolinus
Melanerpes erythroeephalus erythrocephalus
Picoides villosus
Picoides pubescens
Eremophila alpestris
Cyanocitta cristata
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Parus_ atricapillus
Parus bicolor
Sitta carolinensis
Thryothorus ludovicianus
Mimus polyglottos polyglottos
Turdus migratorius
Sialia sialis
Bombycilla cedrorum
Sturnus vulgaris^ vulgaris
Passer domestlcus_ domesticus
Molothrus ater ater
Cardinalis cardinalis
Melospiza^ melodia
Source: Indiana DNR 1975
-------
APPENDIX
D-6
LIST OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
COMMON NAME
Snapping turtle
Spotted turtle
Stinkpot
Map turtle
Painted turtle (Midland)
Eastern box turtle
Blanding ' s turtle
Eastern spiny softshell
Five-lined skink
Northern water snake
Queen snake
Copperbelly water snake
Eastern plains garter snake
Eastern garter snake
Northern ribbon snake
Midland brown snake
Eastern hognose snake
Northern ringneck snake
Blue racer
Black rat snake
Eastern milk snake
Mudpuppy
Red-spotted newt
Eastern tiger salamander
Spotted salamander
Red-backed salamander
American toad
Fowler's toad
Northern spring peeper
Gray treefrogs
Western chorus frog
Elanchard's cricket frog
Green frog
Bullfrog
Northern leopard frog
Wood frog
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Chelydra serpentina
Clemmys guttata
Sternotherus odoratus
Graptemys geographica
Chrysemys picta marginata
Terrapene c_. Carolina
Emydoidea blandingi
Trionyx jj. spiniferus
Eumesces fasciatus
Nerodia s_. sipedon
Regina septemvittata
Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta
Thamnophis r. radix
rhamnophis s. sirtalis
Thamnophis sauritus s ep t ent r ionali s
Storeria dekayi wrightorum
Heterodon platyrhinos
Diadophis punctatus edwardsi
Coluber constrictor foxi
Elaphe o_._ obsoleta
Lampropeltis t. tigrinum
Necturus maculosus
No t o p h t haImus v. viridescens
Ambystoma t. tigrinum
Ambystoma maculatum
Plethodon cinereus
Bufo americanus
Bufo woodhousei fowleri
Hyla crucifer
Hyla versicolor, H. chrysoscelis_
Pseudacris t. triseriata
Acris crepitans blanchardi
Rana clamitans
Rana catesbeiana
Rana pipiens
Rana sylvatica
Sources: Conant, 1975.
Collins, J.T., J,E. Huheey, J.L. Knight, and H.M. Smith, 1978,
-------
APPENDIX E
POPULATION
-------
APPENDIX
E-l
POPULATION AND DWELLING UNIT PROJECTION METHODOLOGY
The Steuben Lakes Proposed Service Area consists of 13 major lake areas
which were subdivided into 87 segments. Estimates of 1975 population and
dwelling units were developed to serve as the base for the year 2000 projec-
tions. WAPORA prepared the estimates and projections for each of the 87
segments in the Proposed Service Area.
Aerial photographs (Mick, Rowland and Associates 1976) were used by
WAPORA to determine the total number of dwelling units in the Proposed
Service Area. The dwelling units were split into seasonal and permanent
categories on the basis of two assumptions obtained from the Facilities Plan.
It was assumed that dwelling units located on-lakfe consisted of 71.3% seasonal
residences and 28.7 permanent residences. The other assumption considered all
off-lake dwelling units to be permanent residences.
The 1975 population was estimated multiplying the number of dwelling units
by an occupancy rate (persons per dwelling). Permanent residences were multi-
plied by 3.0 persons and seasonal residences were multiplied by 6.0. The
occupancy rates were based on the rates contained in the Facilities Plan.- The
1975 estimates of population and dwelling units are listed in Table 11-11.
The year 2000 projections were developed by calculating the population
levels and using the 1975 occupancy rates to determine the number of dwelling
units. The year 2000 permanent population was determined by multiplying the
1975 permanent population estimate by 1.816. The assumed increase of 81.6%
in the permanent population between 1975 and 2000. The increase (81.6%) was
based on projections developed for the four townships containing the Proposed
Service Area by the Indiana University Bureau of Business Research. The
Bureau of Business Research's Series INU #3 were used by WAPORA to project the
year 2000 population. The Facilities Plan projections were based on the INU
#2 series and resulted in lower projections than those prepared for this EIS.
The permanent population projection for the year 2000 was allocated to
the on-lake and off-lake units. The on-lake areas were assumed to grow by
23%, a figure adopted from the Facilities Plan. The off-lake projection was
calculated by subtracting the year 2000 on-lake projection (based on a 23%
increase) from the total year 2000 projection. The off-lake areas were
assumed to consist of permanent residences only. The 1975 ratio of permanent
to seasonal population for the on-lake areas was assumed to be the same in the
year 2000. The number of dwelling units in the year 2000 were determined by
multiplying the projected permanent and seasonal projections by the same
occupancy ratios used to determine the 1975 levels.
-------
APPENDIX
E-2
Table 1
MEAN AND MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME 1970
Mean Median
United States $10,999 $9,586
Indiana 10,959 9,970
Steuben County 9,680 8,608
Study Area 9,932 NA
Jackson Township 10,261 NA
Jamestown Township 9,596 NA
Millgrove Township 8,696 NA
Pleasant Township 10,161 NA
Sources: U.S. Census of Population and Housing,
Fifth County Summary Tapes, 1970.
U.S. Census of Population, 1970.
-------
Table 1
Estimated Proportions of Retirement Age Persons
Steuben
Total Population
55-59
60-64
65-74
75 and over
Total 55 and older
United
Number
203,235,000
9,979,000
8,623,000
12,443,000
7,530,000
38,575,000
States
Percent
100.00
4.91
4.24
6.12
3.17
18.44
Indiana
Number
5,193,668
243,982
207,584
491,659
943,225
Percent
100.00
4.70
4.00
8.70
17.40
County
Number Percent
20,159
1,004
1,050
1,405
815
4,274
100.00
4.98
5.21
6.97
4.04
21.20
Study Area
Number
10,853
490
449
729
481
2,149
Percent
100.00,
4.51
4.14
6.72
4.43
19.50
CO
-------
Total Population
55-59
60-64
65-74
75 and over
Total 55 and older
Jackson
Township
Number Percent
985
5
26
35
16
82
100.00
.51
2.54
3.55
1.62
9.14
Table 1
(Continued)
Jamestown Millhouse
Township
Number Percent
1,042
102
51
132
40
325
100.00
9.79
4.89
12.67
3.84
31.19
Township
Number Percent
1,192
55
14
115
45
239
100.00
4.61
2.01
9.65
3.78
20.05
Pleasant
Township
Number Percent
7,614
328
349
447
380
1,503
100.00
4.30
4.56
5.85
4.93
19.70
OJ
-------
APPENDIX
E-4
. Housing Characteristics of the Four
Townships Comprising the Study Area
(1970)
• Number Percent
• Total Dwelling Units 6,029
*•' Permanent 3,808 63.2
» Seasonal 2,221 36.8
0 Of the Permanent Units:
- Owner Occupied 3,551 93.3
- Renter Occupied 257 6.7
• Age of Permanent Housing Stock
- Built after 1965 568 14.9
- Built between 1939 and 1965 1,308 34.4
- Built before 1939 1,932 50.7
Sources: U.S. Census of Housing, Summary Data and Fifth Count
Summary Data, 1970.
-------
APPENDIX
E-5
METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING LAND USE AND POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS
ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERNATIVE SERVICE PROVISIONS FOR THE STEUBEN LAKES AREA
Sources of Information
Various sources of environmental and land use information were utilized
to examine existing and future land use with and without off-site facilities
for the Steuben Lakes Study Area. Principal sources of information used to
conduct the analysis were as follows:
o Aerial photographs of the Steuben Lakes area
o Composite mappings of the area's environmentally sensitive
characteristics
• o Mappings of the area's drainage basins
o U.S.G.S. topographic maps.
Segments representing the Proposed Service Area (see Figure 11-13) were
delineated on the aerial photograph and the environmental sensitivity maps.
The remainder of the Study Area was disaggregated separately.
Developable Acreage
The initial step in the process of projecting land use characteristics
was to determine developable acreage in the Study Area within designated
segments. A grid was used to estimate the acreage corresponding to each
land use category. Next, the facility-specific status of developable acreage
(developable with off-site facilities; developable without off-site facilities;
and not developable under any circumstances) was determined from the environ-
mental sensitivity map. Land which was characterized by severe drainage
limitations was not considered developable with provision of site-dependent
sewerage facilities. Thus, the inventory of developable acreage is consider-
ably more extensive with provision of site-independent versus site-dependent
facilities.
The composite environmental sensitivity mapping was superimposed upon
the aerial photograph to determine facility-specific development capabilities
underlying existing land uses for the immediate and outlying Study Area
segments.
Facllity_-_S_pecific Demand for Residential Acreage
The next portion of the analysis involved determination of residential
acreage in the year 2000 associated with provision of site-independent versus
site-dependent sewerage facilities. First, net developable acreage was
determined for each segment by multiplying estimated gross developable acreage
by one-half. The remaining acreage would be required for residential infra-
structure such as roads utilities and rights of way.
-------
LEt.END
PROPOSED SERVICE AREA
| 14 (CROUP SEGMENT
FIGURE 11-13 STEUBEN LAKES: CROUP SEGMENTS OF THE
PROPOSED SERVICE AREA
-------
'b
E-5
(a) Residential Development in the Immediate Segments - Anticipated
demand for residential development in the immediate segments between 1975
and 2000 was derived by converting projected dwelling unit increases into
corresponding acreage requirements. Maximum residential densities of four
dwellings per net acre with site-independent facilities were assumed.
Required residential acreage (facility-related demand for land development)
was then compared to the supply of developable acreage. In segments where
required residential acreage exceeded net developable acreage, a capacity
shortfall was evident. Conversely, segments in which developable acreage
exceeded the acreage required for anticipated residential development were
characterized by excess capacity. Prospective development in these segments
is unlikely to be constrained by capacity considerations.
(b) Residential Development in the Outlying Segments - Anticipated
demand for residential development in the outlying segments is comparatively
weak. Residential development in the Study Area is primarily influenced by
visual and physical access to the lakes. Demand for residential development
in non-lakeshore areas is not likely to be significantly influenced by the
provision of off-site sewerage facilities. It was therefore assumed that no
differential increase in residential development would occur in the outlying
segments due to provision of sewerage facilities. A generalized increase in
developed acreage of 10 percent between 1975 and 2000 was assumed to occur
throughout the outlying region, regardless of facility considerations.
Future Land Use Distributions
Projected additions to residential acreage within Study Area segments,
with and without site-independent sewerage facilities, were withdrawn from
inventories of developable acreage to derive resulting distributions of
future land use. Acreage was transferred out of forest, cleared, and agri-
cultural use categories in proportion to currently observed use distributions
among these categories. Thus, the existing balance between agricultural,
forest, and cleared acreage was maintained at diminishing levels from 1975
to 2000.
Comparison of future facility-specific land use distributions provides
a means of estimating the differential land use impacts associated with
provision of site-independent versus site-dependent sewerage facilities
(see Tables 1 and 2). Accompanying population projections convert the
preceding distributions into corresponding population distributions, from
which the land use figures are partially derived (see Table 3).
-------
TABLE 1
PROJECTED LAND USB DISTRIBUTION
BY LAKE DRAINAGE BASIN - WITHOUT PROVISION
OF"OFF-SITE FACILITIES
EXISTING
Lake Dasln Forest
GAGE TOTAL
Nearshore
Backshore
LIME TOTAL
Nearahore
Backehorc
SYLVAN TOTAL
Ncarahoco
ftnckshoce
JIMMEHSOH TOTAL
Near shore
Oackohoce
JAMS3 TOTAL
HeacBhore
Backahoce
SNOW TOTAL
NcArohore
Back shore
OTTKR TOTAL
Ncarahore
Oackahore
CROOKED TOTAL
Ncarshorc
Backshoce
KW STUDY AREA
TOTAL
TOTAL OF ALL
LAKE DRAINAGE
BASINS 1
136
19
117
30
—
3D
43
10
33
108
35
153
401
160
313
339
34
305.
94
29
65
567
137
430
62
,940
Cleared
127
37
90
6
6
—
1
1
—
290.5
225.5
65
420
132
2BB
125
113
12
173
68
105
193
136
57
11
1,346.5
Agrtc
1,232
20
1,212
56
10
46
158
S
150
1,019.5
194.5
625
1,251
60
1,201
164
15
149
152
IB
134
1,907
670
1,237
312
6,251.5
Urban
98
94
4
16
11
5
7
4
3
237.5
224.5
13
300
342
38
137
137
—
54
42
12
471
446
25
51
1,451.5
Hetland
__
—
_»
__
—
__
—
—
126.5
81. 5
45
221
51
170
176
58
118
43
— -
43
52
12
40
— —
618.5
Other
23
__
23
6
M_
6
__
—
—
3
3
—
534
11
523
59
-~
59
57
43
14
97
39
58
— —
779
Up tec
—
—
_„
__
—
__
—
—
9
9
—
06
9
77
__
— •
—
.._
— •
— •
5
S
--
15
115
PROJECTED - WITHOUT
OFF-SITE FACILITIES
Forest
132.5
15.5
117
30
-_
30
40.5
7.5
33
185
32
153
450
138
312
330.5
25.5
305
91
26
65
517.5
87.5
430
Cleared
114
24
90
5
5
—
1
1
—
264
199
65
391
104
2S7
103.5
91.5
12
158
53
105
149
92
57
Agtt
1,227.5
15.5
1,212
53.5
8.5
45
157
7
150
1,002
178
824
1,247
48
1,199
1G1.5
12.5
149
148.5
15.5
133
1,695
461
1,234
Urban
119
115
4
19.5
13.5
6
9.5
6.5
3
284.5
270.5
14
456
414
42
170
170
—
75.5
62.5
13
776.5
748.5
28
Hetland
__
__
--
— _
__
—
_ _
__
—
126.5
81.5
45
221
51
170
176
53
118
43
»
43
52
12
40
Other
23
__
23
6
__
6
MW
__
3
3
—
534
11
523
59
__
59
57
43
14
97
39
SB
Water
._
—
—
_ _
__
—
— —
__
—
9
9
—
66
9
77
_^
_..
—
— —
_-
—
5
5
—
39 9.5 244 142
1,816 1,195 5,936 2,052.5 618.5
-C:
779
15
115
SOORCESi U.3.G.S. typographic map, aerial photograph, environmental aenalvlty
mapa, study area population projections and estimates.
Ln
-------
TABLE 2
PROJECTED LAND USB DISTRIBUTION
BY-LAKE DRAINAGE BASIN - WITU PROVISION
OF OFF-SITE FACILITIES
Lake Basin F
GAGS TOTAL
Ncacnhore
Backohore
LIME TOTAL
Hears hoc a
Backehore
SYLVAN TOTAL
Nearahore
BacKihore
JIMMKRSON TOTAL
Nearshore
Backehore
JAMES TOTAL
Neauuhore
Backshore
SNOW TOTAL
Nearahore
Backahore
OTTER TOTAL
Nearahore-
Backnhore
CROOKED TOTAL
Rearshore
Backshore
HW STUDY AREA
TOTAL
EXISTING
orest Cleared
136
19
117
30
--
30
43
10
33
IBS
35
153
481
168
313
339
34
305
94
29
65
567
137
430
62
127
37
90
6
6
—
1
1
—
290.5
225.5
65
420
132
288
125
113
12
173
68
105
193
136
57
11
Agric
1,232
20
1,212
56
10
46
158
8
150
1,019.5
194.5
825
1,261
60
1,201
164
15
149
152
13
134
1,907
670
1,237
312
Urban
98
94
4
16
11
5
7
4
3
237.5
224.5
13
380
342
38
137
137
—
54
42
12
471
446
25
51
Wetland Other
__
__
—
__
__
—
__
__
—
126.5
81. 5
45
221 .
51
170
176
58
118
43
_-
43
52
12
40
__
23
__
23
6
__
6
m j —
__
~
3
3
—
534
11
523
59
__
59
57
43
14
97
39
58
—
Water
__
—
MM
—
—
— —
__
—
9
9
—
86
9
77
„_
__
—
—
5
5
—
15
TOTAL OF ALL
LAKE DRAINAGE
BASINS 1,940
PROJECTED - WITH
OFF-3ITB FACILITIES
Forest
134.5
17.5
117
30
30
41
8
33
187.5
34.5
153
454
142
312
335
30
305
92
27
65
529.5
99.5
430
Cleared
119. S
29.5
90
6
6
—
1
1
—
270
205
65
399.5
112.5
287
114
102
12
164.5 •
59.5
105
159.5
102.5
57
Agri
1,222
10
1,212
54
9
45
157.5
7.5
ISO
997.5
173.5
824
1,243
44
1,199
162
13
149
149
16
133
1,795.5
561.5
1,234
Urban
117
113
4
18
12
6
8.5
5.5
3
280.5
266.5
14
447.5
405.5
42
154
154
—
67.5
54.5
13
653.5
625.5
28
Wetland
.—
—
-- •
w_
«
—
_._
--
—
126.5
81.5
45
221
51
170
176
58
118
43
__
43
52
12
40
other
23
-—
23
6
-_
6
_..
--
—
3
3 •
—
534
11
523
59
__
59
57
43
14
97
39
58
Water
—
— —
--
.._
__
—
__
--
—
9
9
—
86
9
77
__
__
—
_ _
__
—
5
5
—
1,346.5 £,261.5 1,451.5 618.5 779
47
1,850.5 1,243
250.5
6,031
126.5
1,873
618.5
779
IS
115
SOURCES I
U.8.G.S. typographic nap, aerial photograph, environmental senslvity
maps, study area population projections and estimates.
-------
TABLE 3
EXISTING AND PROJECTED POPULATION
DISTRIBUTIONS WITHIN SEGMENTED AREAS
EXISTING POPULATION PROJECTED POPULATION 2000
1975
2,148
234
90
5,064
5,091
1,806
753
6,606
648
22,440
Without Off-Site
Facilities
2,400
264
122
5,609
5,869
2,202
975
8,711
1,194
27,346
With Off-Site
Facilities
2,610
264
122
6,431
6,527
2,226
1,013
9,414
1,257
29,864
Gage
Lime
Syl Van
Jimmerson
James
Snow
Otter
Crooked
NW
Total
SOURCES: Tables 1 and 2; inventory sections on population (estimates
and projections); and assumptions noted in accompanying
text.
M
-------
APPENDIX F
HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
-------
APPENDIX
F-l
January 25, 1977
Kr. Richard H. Mick, P.E.
M1ck & Rowland, Inc.
120% East Maumee Streat
Angola, Indiana 46703
Dear Hr. M1ck:
Wa have reviewed the proposed Treatssent Facilities for tha Steuben Lakes
Regional Waste District In Steuben County, Indiana.
No known historical or architectural sites will be affected by this project.
There 1s Insufficient knowledge of archaeological resources at the treatment
plant site to determine tha project's probable Impact. Since the area Is
suitable for sites of prehistoric occupation, there must be an archaeological
reconnaissance of the plant sites. Tha survey must be carried out by a pro-
fessional masting qualifications established by the National Park Service.
Before this project can be approved, a description of the survey methods and
results must be submitted to the Department of Natural . Resources for review
and
In the event that sites which are eligible for the National Register of Historic
Places are discovered, tha applicant must fodlow the rules and regulations estab-
lished by the National Advisory Council (36 CFR, Part S3 and 36 CFR, Part 800}
to Implement the 1986 Historic Preservation Act and Executive Order 11593 (May 13,
1971).
Sincerely,
Joseph D. Cloud
State Historic Preservation Officer
JOC:RAG:kj
cc: John Felngold
-------
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
Glenn A. Black laboratory of Arc!iaeoI0»y
STH *» „„ STREETS APPENDIX
BI.OOM1NCTON. INDIANA 47401
^"—v. TEL. NO. 612 337-9141
April 16, 1976
Mr. Kyle Lynn Grazier
Ecol Sciences, Inc.
Midwest Region - Suite 110
Fagen Building
207 Dixie Way North
South Bend, Indiana A6637
Re: Sev/age treatment plant and collection and interceptor;
Stuben County
Dear Mr. Grazier:
In regard to the above referenced project a review of our files
shows that we currently know of no archaeological sites within the
outlined project area. Since no systematic archaeological survey of
this area has been undertaken, and topographically the area is likely to
contain sites, a reconnaissance will be necessary to evaluate the projects
impact on prehistoric resources.
A reconnaissance of the entire outlined area will not be necessary.
Only those areas in which construction will actually take place will need
a survey.
After a reconnaissance, the sites located which will be adversely
affected by the project should be assessed as to their eligibility to
the National Register of Historic Places. Often it is necessary for
subsurface testing to be undertaken before such eligibility can be
determined. For any site that is determined to be eligible for the
National Register of Historic Places a mitigation plan oust be proposed.
Thank you for involving us so early in your planning stage.
We look forward to hearing from you when the actual routes aid sites of
the project have been determined. At that tine we can provide you with
information on the time and cost of the archaeological reconnaissance.
I am including for your information a short pamphlet If you
have any questions please feel free to call.
Sincerely,
. •• .
_ - — ' L.f \_ ' \k > -' ' "
Cheryl Ann llunson,
Curator
CAM/rah
-------
APPENDIX G
FLOW REDUCTION
-------
Flow Reduction and Cose Data for Hater Saving Devices
APPENDIX
G-l
Daily
Conservation
Device (gpd)
Toilet modifications
Hater displacement
device — plastic
bottles, bricks, etc.
Water damming device
Dual flush adaptor
Improved ballock
assembly
Alternative toilets
Shallow trap toilet
Dual cycle toilet
?acuan toilet
Incinerator toilet
Organic waste treatment
system
Recycle toilet
Faucet modifications
Aerator
Flow control device
Alternative faucets
Foow control faucet
Spray tap faucet
10
30
25
20
30
60
90
100
100
100
1
4.8
4.8
7
Daily
Conservation
(hot water)
(gpd)
0
0
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0
0
0
r
2.4
2.4
3.5
Useful
Capital Installation Life_
_Cos^_ Cost (yrs. 1
Average
Annual
O&M
Shower modification
Shower flow control
insert device
Alternative shower
equipment
Flow control shower, head
Shower cutoff valve
Thermostatic mixing
valve
19
19
14
14
3.25
4.00
3.00
80.00
95.00
1.50
3.00
40.00
56.50
2.00
15.00
2.00
62.00
H-0"
E-0
H-0
H-0
55.20
55.20
H-0
H-0
20.70
20.70
H-0
H-0 or
13.80
H-0
13.30
15
20
10
10
20
15
15
15
15
0
0
0
0
n-0 = Homeowner-installed; cost assumed to be zero.
-------
APPENDIX
G-2
INCREMENTAL CAPITAL COSTS OF FLOW REDUCTION
IN THE STEUBEN LAKES STUDY AREA
Dual cycle toilets:
$20/toilet x 2 toilets/permanent dwelling x 3292 permanent
dwellings in year 2000 = $131,680
$20/toilet x 1 toilet/seasonal dwelling x 2904 seasonal
dwellings in year 2000 = $ 58,080
Shower flow control insert device:
'$2/shower x 2 shower/permanent dwelling x 3292 permanent
dwellings in year 2000 = $ 13,168
$2/shower x 1 shower/seasonal dwelling x 2904 seasonal
dwellings in 2000 = $ 5,808
Faucet flow control insert device:
$3/faucet x 3 faucets/permanent dwelling x 3292 permanent
dwellings in year 2000 = $ 29,628
$2/faucet x 2 faucets/seasonal dwelling x 2904 seasonal
dwellings in 2000 = $ 11,616
Total = $249,980
NOTE: The $20 cost for dual cycle toilets is the difference between its full
purchase price of $95 and the price of a standard toilet, $75.
-------
APPENDIX H
ON-SITE SYSTEMS
-------
APPENDIX
H-l
SOIL FACTORS THAT AFFECT ON-SITE WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
Evaluation of soil for on-site wastewater disposal requires an understand-
ing of the various components of wastewater and their interaction with soil.
Wastewater treatment involves: removing suspended solids; reducing bacteria
and viruses to an acceptable level; reducing or removing undesirable chemicals;
and disposal of the treated water. For soils to be able to treat wastewater
properly they must have certain characteristics. How well a septic system
works depends largely on the rate at which effluent moves into and through the
soil, that is, on soil permeability. But several other soil characteristics
may also affect performance. Groundwater level, depth of the soil, underlying
material, slope and proximity to streams or lakes are among the other charac-
teristics that need to be considered when determining the location and size
of an on-site wastewater disposal system.
Soil permeability - Soil permeability is that quality of the soil that
enables water and air to move through it. It is influenced by the amount of
gravel, sand, silt and clay in the soil, the kind of clay, and other factors.
Water moves faster through sandy and gravelly soils than through clayey soils.
Some clays expand very little when wet; other kinds are very plastic and
expand so much when wet that the pores of the soil swell shut. This slows
water movement and reduces the capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank
effluent.
Groundwater level - In some soils the groundwater level is but a few feet,
perhaps only one foot, below the surface the year around. In other soils the
groundwater level is high only in winter and early in spring. In still others
the water level is high during periods of prolonged rainfall. A sewage absorp-
tion field will not function properly under any of these conditions.
If the groundwater level rises to the subsurface tile or pipe, the satu-
rated soil cannot absorb effluent. The effluent remains near the surface or
rises to the surface, and the absorption field becomes a foul-smelling,
unhealthful bog.
Depth to rock, sand or gravel - At least 4 feet of soil material between
the bottom of the trenches or seepage bed and any rock formations is necessary
for absorption, filtration, and purification of septic tank effluent. In areas
where the water supply comes from wells and the underlying rock is limestone,
more than 4 feet of soil may be needed to prevent unfiltered effluent from
seeping through the cracks and crevices that are common in limestone.
Different kinds of soil - In some places the soil changes within a dis-
tance of a few feet. The presence of different kinds of soil in an absorption
field is not significant if the different soils have about the same absorption
capacity, but it may be significant if the soils differ greatly. Where this
is so, serial distribution of effluent is recommended so that each kind of
soil can absorb and filter effluent according to its capability.
Slope - Slopes of less than 15% do not usually create serious problems
in either construction or maintenance of an absorption field provided the
soils are otherwise satisfactory.
-------
H-l
On sloping soils the trenches must be dug on the contour so that the
effluent flows slowly through the tile or pipe and disperses properly over the
absorption field. Serial distribution is advised for a trench system on
sloping ground.
On steeper slopes, trench absorption fields are more difficult to lay out
and construct, and seepage beds are not practical. Furthermore, controlling
the downhill flow of the effluent may be a serious problem. Improperly fil-
tered effluent may reach the surface at the base of the slope, and wet,
contaminated seepage spots may result.
If there is a layer of dense clay, rock or other impervious material near
the surface of a steep slope and especially if the soil above the clay or rock
is sandy, the effluent will flow above the impervious layer to the surface and
run unfiltered down the slope.
•Proximity to streams or other water bodies - Local regulations generally
do not allow absorption fields within at least 50 feet of a stream,'open
ditch, lake, or other watercourse into which unfiltered effluent could escape.
The floodplain of a stream should not be used for an absorption field.
Occasional flooding will impair the efficiency of the absorption field; fre-
quent flooding will destroy its effectiveness.
Soil maps show the location of streams, open ditches, lakes and ponds,
and of alluvial soils that are subject to flooding. Soil surveys usually give
the probability of flooding for alluvial soils.
Soil conditions required for proper on-site wastewater disposal are sum-
marized in the Appendix A-3.
Source: Bender, William H. 1971. Soils and Septic Tanks. Agriculture Infor-
mation Bulletin 349, SCS, USDA.
-------
APPENDIX
H-2
SOIL LIMITATION RATINGS FOR SEPTIC TANK ABSORPTION FIELDS
Item affecting use
Permeability class!./
Hydraulic conductivity
rate
(Uhland core method)
O
Ferculacion rate
(Auger hole method)
Depth to water table
Flooding
Slope
Depth to hard rock, A'
bedrock, or other
impervious
materials
Stoniness class
Kockiness class
Degree of soil limitation
Slight
Rapid!/ »
moderately
rapid, and
upper end
of moderate
More than
1 in.hr*'
Faster than
45 min/in.l'
More than
72 in.
None
0-8 pet
More than
72 in.
0 and 1
0
Moderate
Lower end
of moderate
1-0.6 in. /far
45-60 min/in.
48-72 in.
Rare
8-15 pet
48-72 in.
2
1
Severe
Moderately
slow!/ and
slow
Less than
0.6 in./hr
Slower than
60 min/in.
Less than.
48 in.
Occasional
or frequent
More than
15 pet
Less than
48 in.
3, 4, and 5
2, 3, 4,
and 5
I/ Class limits are the same as those suggested by the Work-Planning
Conference of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. The limitation ratings
should be related to the permeability of soil layers at and below depth of
the tile line.
2/ Indicate by footnote where pollution is a hazard to water supplies.
3/ In arid or semiarid areas, soils with moderately slow permeability
nay have a limitation rating of moderate.
4/ Based on the assumption that tile is at a depth of 2 feet.
SCS. 1971. Guide for Inter-
preting Engineering Uses of
Soils. USDA.
-------
APPENDIX
H-3
SUGGESTED PROCEDURES AND CRITERIA FOR
DESIGNING COLLECTOR SEWAGE SYSTEMS
(For Discussion at Che 1978 Home Sewage Treatment Workshops)
Roger E. Machmeier
Extension Agricultural Engineer
University of Minnesota
1. For collector systems serving more than 15 dwellings or 5,000 gallons per
day, whichever is less, an application for a permit must be submitted to
the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. If the Agency does not act within
10 days upon receipt of the application, no permit shall be required.
2. A permit likely will be required by the local unit of government and they
should be involved in preliminary discussions and design considerations.
3. Estimating sewage flows-:
A. Classify each home as type I, II, III, or IV. (See table 4, Extension
Bulletin 304, "Town and Country Sewage Treatment.)
B. Determine the number of bedrooms in each home and estimate the indi-
vidual sewage flows.
C. Total the flows to determine the estimated daily sewage flow for the
collector system. Add a 3-bedroom type I home for each platted but
undeveloped lot.
D. For establishments other than residences, determine the average daily
"ewage flow based on water meter readings or estimate the flow based
on data furnished by the Minnesota Department of Health or Pollution
Control Agency. See Workbook pages I-Z, 1-3 and 1-4.
Note: Always install a water meter on any establishment other than
a private residence and maintain a continuous record of the
flow of sewage.
4. Whenever possible, transport or pump septic tank affluent over long
distances rather than raw sewage.
5. Each residence should have a septic tank so that solids are separated
and effluent only flows in the collector line.
6. Size individual septic tanks according to the recommendations of WPC-40
or local ordinances.
7. If a common septic tank is used, the minimum capacity should be at least
3,000 gallons and compartmented if a single tank.
8. The diameter and grade of the collector sewer line should be based on a
flow equal to 35 percent of the flow quantities in Point 3 occurring in
a one-hour period.
9. When raw sewage flows in the collector line, the diameter and grade of
the sewer pipe must be selected to provide a mean velocity of not less
than 2 feet per second when flowing full (0-7% for 4-inch and 0.4% for
6-inch). The maximum grade on 4-inch should be no more than 1/4-inch
per foot (2%) to prevent the liquids from flowing away from the solids.
-------
H-3
10. A gravity collector line, whether for raw sewage or sewage tank effluent,
shall not be less than 4 inches in diameter.
11. Cleanouts, brought flush with or above finished grade, shall be provided
wherever an individual sewer line joins a collector sewer line, or every
100 feet, whichever is less, unless manhole access is provided.
12. The pumping tank which collects sewage tank effluent should have a pumpout
capacity of 10_ percent of the estimated daily sewage flow plus a reserve
storage capacity equal to at least 25_ percent of the average daily sewage
flow.
13. The pumping tank should have a vent at least 2_ inches in diameter to allow
air to enter and leave the tank during filling and pumping operations.
14. The pumping tank should have manhole access for convenient service to the
pumps and control mechanisms.
15. The pumping tank must be watertight to the highest known or estimated eleva-
tion of the groundwater table. Where the highest elevation of the ground-
water table is above the top of the pumping tank, buoyant forces shall be
determined and adequate anchorage provided to prevent tank flotation.
16. Pumps for sewage tank effluent:
A. There should be dual pumps operating on an alternating basis. The
elevation of the liquid level controls should be adjustable after
installation of the pumps in the pumping tank.
B. Each pump should be capable of pumping at least 25 percent of the
total estimated daily sewage flow in a -one-hour period at a head
adequate to overcome elevation differences and friction losses.
C. The pumps should either be cast iron or bronze fitted and have stain-
less steel screws or be of other durable and corrosion-proof construction.
D. A warning device should be installed to warn of the failure of either
pump. The warning device should actuate both an audible and visible
alarm. The alarm should continue to operate until manually turned
off. The alarm should be activated each time either pump does not
operate as programmed.
E. A pump cycle counter (cost approximately $10) should be installed
to monitor the flow of sewage. The number of pump cycles multiplied
by the gallons discharged per dose will provide an accurate measure-
ment of sewage flow.
17. Some site conditions may dictate that all or part -f the sewage be pumped
as raw sewage. The following recommendations should be followed:
A. When the raw sewage is pumped from 2 or more residences or from an
establishment other than a private residence, dual sewage grinder
pumps should be used. The pumps should operate on an alternate basis
and have a visible and audible warning device which should be automatic-
ally activated in the event of the failure of either pump to operate
as programmed.
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3
H-3
B. The pumps should either be cast iron or bronze fitted and have stain-
less steel screws or be of other durable and corrosion-proof construction.
C. To minimize physical agitation of the septic tank into which the raw
sewage is pumped, a pumping quantity not in excess of 5 percent of
the initial liquid volume of the septic tank shall be delivered for
each pump cycle and a pumping rate not to exceed 25 percent of the
total estimated daily sewage flow occurring in one hour.
D. The diameter of the pressure pipe in which the raw sewage flows shall
be selected on the basis of a minimum flow velocity of 2.0 feet per
second.
E. The discharge head of the pump shall be adequate to overcome the eleva-
tion difference and all friction losses.
F. The diameter of the pressure pipe for the sewage shall be at least
as large as the size of sewage solids the pump can deliver.
18. In some cases a pressure main may be the most feasible method to collect
septic tank effluent.
A. Each residence or other establishment has a septic tank and a pumping
station.
B. The required discharge head of the pump depends upon the pressure in
the collector main. The hydraulics of flow and friction loss must be
carefully calculated.
C. The pressure main does not need to be installed on any grade but can
follow the natural topography at a depth sufficient to provide protec-
tion against freezing.
D. A double checkvalve system should be used at each pumping station.
E. A corporation stop should be installed on the individual pressure
line near the connection to the main pressure line.
F. Cleanouts along the pressure main are not required.
s,
G. Discharge the pumped septic tank effluent into a settling tank prior
to flow into the soil treatment system. The settling tank will serve
as a stilling chamber and also separate any settleable solids.
19. Sizing the soil treatment unit:
A. Make soil borings in the area proposed for the soil treatment unit at
least 3 feet deeper than the bottom of the pT-o^osed trenches. Look
for mottled soil or other evidences of seasonal high water table in
the soil.
B. Make 3 percolation tests in each representative soil present on the
site.
C. Using the percolation rate of the soil and the sewage flow estimate
from point 3, refer to table III of WPC-40 or table 4 of Extension
Bulletin 304, "Town and Country Sewage Treatment" to determine the
total required trench bottom area.
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H-3
20. Lay out the soil treatment unit using trenches with drop box distribu-
tion of effluent, so only that portion of the trench system which is
needed will be used. Drop boxes also provide for automatic resting of
trenches as sewage flow fluctuates or as soil absorption capacity varies
with amount of soil moisture. Trenches can extend 100 feet each way
from a drop box so that a single box can distribute effluent to 200 feet
of trench.
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-- .-.-.. ••;/>.',:?:; .;/ APPENDIX
^ __ ..__ _ H-4
Li-vliD
COUNTY OF OTTER TAIL
Phone 218-739-2271
Court House
Fergus Falls, Minnesota 56537
MALCOLM K. LEE. Administrator
Octpber 18, 1978
Ms. Rhoda Granat* Librarian
Wapora, Inc..
6900 Wisconsin Ave. N.W.
Washington, D.C» 20015
Dear Ms» Granatr
Enclosed is some of the material we have available on cluster or
collector systems. Otter Tail County now has upwards of twenty
similar systems in operation at this time and we are pleased with
the results for several reasons. Our two main concerns are that
of treatment and reasonability of cost. We feel that a properly
designed, installed and maintained septic system meets both of these
criteria. Based on test results provided by Roger Machmeier, Extension
Agricultural Engineer, University of Minnesota we feel that adequate
treatment is obtained. Costs of installing a septic system are net
a huge burden on the landowner. Currently a system consisting of
a septic tank and drainfield can be installed, by a competent
contractor, for $800 - $1200. If a pump is required the cost
may be in the $1500 range which we feel is not unreasonable. It
has been our experience that the individual cost in a collector
system usually is equal to or less than that of having an independent
septic system. In speaking with Mike Hansel, MPCA. we have also
learned that funding would be available for collector systems which
would further ease the landowner's cost burden.
Our office along with a sizeable portion of those people that would
be affected directly have some serious concerns regarding a "municipal
type" sewage system being installed and operated in the proposed area.
The first that comes to mind, is cost - it will certainly be high
and were not sure that the amount projected includes the dewatering
that would be necessary to install the gravity mains. The elevation of
a fair percentage of the district does not even have the elevation
required for a drainfield and the installation of sewer mains in this
area would certainly necessitate their being placed directly in the
ground water table, which brings up further concern." of seepage,
leakage, etc.
Another concern is that of volume. Not being a professional engineer,
it doesn't seem either feasible or reasonable that a municipal type
system designed for over 1,000 dwellings would have adequate flowage in
SHORiLANO MANAGEMENT ORDINANCE - DIVISION OF EMERGENCY SERVICE -SUBDIVISION -
SOLID WASTE ORDINANCE - RIGHT-OF40AY SETBACK ORDINANCE - FUEL AND ENERGY CCX3RDIU4TON
SEWAGE SYSTEM CLEANERS ORDINANCE - RECORDER, OTTER TAIL COUNTY PLANNING ADVISORY COMMISSION
-------
Ms. Rhoda Granat, Librarian 2 October 18, 1978 , H-4
the winter months for the 150 or so residents, without pumping additional
water through the system. The desirability and source of a water supply
for- such a purpose might in itself be questionable since lake lavels are
a volatile issue in themselves.
It is our opinion that a number of cluster or collection systems combined
with some independent septic systems meet the needs of adequate treatment
at a reasonable cost. This opinion is also shared by the University of
Minnesota Extension Engineer and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
While there is evidence of a pollution problem in the project area now we
are also concerned with long range problems and feel that the "Collector
systems" are feasible for many reasons and bear detailed investigation
and study.
Sincerely,
Larry Krohn
Administrative Assistant
Land & Resource Management
1mb
ccr Arnold Hemquist
John Rist, P.E.
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APPENDIX I
FINANCING
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APPENDIX
1-1
COST SHARING
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-500,
Section 202), authorized EPA to award grants for 75% of the construction
costs of wastewater management systems. Passage of the Clean Water Act
(P. L. 95-217) authorized increased Federal participation in the costs
of wastewater management systems. The Construction Grants Regulations
(40 CFR Part 35) have been modified in accordance with the later Act.
Final Rules and Regulations for implementing this Act were published in
the Federal Register on September 27, 1978.
There follows a brief discussion of the eligibility of major
components of wastewater management systems fqr Federal funds.
Federal Contribution
In general, EPA will share in the costs of constructing treatment
systems and in the cost of land used as part of the treatment process.
For land application systems the Federal government will also help to
defray costs of storage and ultimate disposal of effluent. The Federal
share is 75% of the cost of conventional treatment systems and 85% of
the cost of systems using innovative or alternative technologies.
Federal funds can also be used to construct collection systems when the
requirements discussed below are met.
The increase in the Federal share to 85% when innovative or
alternative technologies are used is intended to encourage reclamation
and reuse of water, recycling of wastewater constituents, elimination of
pollutant discharges, and/or recovering of energy. Alternative
technologies are those which have been proven and used in actual
practice. These include land treatment, aquifer recharge, and direct
reuse for industrial purposes. On-site, other small waste systems, and
septage treatment facilities are also classified as alternative
technologies. Innovative technologies are those which have not been
fully proven in full scale operation.
To further encourage the adoption and use of alternative and
innovative technologies, the Cost Effectiveness Analysis Guidelines in
the new regulations give these technologies a 15% preference (in terms
of present worth) over conventional technologies. This cost preference
does not apply to privately owned, on-site or other privately owned
small waste flow systems.
States that contribute to the 25% non-Federal share of conventional
projects must contribute the same relative level of funding to the 15%
non-Federal share of innovative or alternative projects.
Individual Systems (Privately or Publicly Owned)
P.L. 95-217 authorized EPA to participate in grants for con-
structing privately owned treatment works serving small commercial
establishments or one or more principal residences inhabited on or
-------
before December 27, 1977 (Final Regulations, 40 CFR 35.918,
September 27, 1978). A public body must apply for the grant, certify
that the system will be properly operated and maintained, and collect
user charges for operation and maintenance of the system. All
commercial users must pay industrial cost recovery on the Federal share
of the system. A principal residence is defined as a voting residence
or household of the family during 51% of the year. Note: The
"principal residence" requirement does not apply to publicly owned
systems.
Individual systems, including sewers, that use alternative
technologies may be eligible for 85% Federal participation, but
privately owned individual systems are not eligible for the 115% cost
preference in the cost-effective analysis. Acquisition of land on which
a privately owned individual system would be located is not eligible for
a grant.
Publicly owned on-site and cluster systems, although subject to the
same regulations as centralized treatment plants, are also considered
alternative technologies and therefore eligible for an 85% Federal
share.
EPA policy on eligibility criteria for small waste flow systems is
still being developed. It is clear that repair, renovation or
replacement of on-site systems is eligible if they are causing
documentable public health, groundwater quality or surface water quality
problems. Both privately owned systems servicing year-round residences
(individual systems) and publicly owned year-round or seasonally used
systems are eligible where there are existing problems. Seasonally
used, privately owned systems are not eligible.
Several questions on eligibility criteria remain to be answered and
are currently being addressed by EPA:
o For systems which do not have existing problems, would
preventive measures be eligible which would delay or avoid
future problems?
o Could problems with systems other than public health,
groundwater quality or surface water quality be the basis for
eligibility of repair, renovation or replacement? Examples of
"other problems", are odors, limited hydraulic capacity, and
periodic backups.
o Is non-conformance with modern sanitary codes suitable
justification for eligibility of repair, renovation or
replacement? Can non-conformance be used as a measure of the
need for preventive measures?
o If a system is causing public health, groundwater quality or
surface water quality problems but site limitations would
prevent a new on-site system from satisfying sanitary codes,
would a non-conforming on-site replacement be eligible if it
would solve the existing problems?
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1-1
In this EIS estimates were made of the percent repair, renovation
or replacement of on-site systems that may be found necessary during
detailed site analyses. Those estimates are felt to be conservatively
high and would probably be appropriate for generous resolutions of the
above questions.
Collection Systems
Construction Grants Program Requirements Memorandum (PRM) 78-9,
March 3, 1978, amends EPA policy on the funding of sewage collection
systems in accordance with P.L. 95-271. Collection sewers are those
installed primarily to receive wastewaters from household service lines.
Collection sewers may be grant-eligible if they are the .replacement or
major rehabilitation of an existing system. For new sewers in an
existing community to be eligible for grant funds, the following
requirements must be met:
o Substantial Human Habitation -- The bulk (generally 67%) of
the flow design capacity through the proposed sewer system
must be for wastewaters originating from homes in existence on
October 18, 1972. Substantial human habitation should be
evaluated block by block, or where blocks do not exist, by
areas of five acres or less.
o Cost-Effectiveness — New collector sewers will only be
considered cost-effective when the systems in use (e.g. septic
tanks) for disposal of wastes from existing population are
creating a public health problem, violating point source
discharge requirements of PL 92-500, or contaminating ground-
water. Documentation of the malfunctioning disposal systems
and the extent of the problem is required.
Where population density within the area to be served by the
collection system is less than 1.7 persons per acre (one
household per two acres), a severe pollution or public health
problem must be specifically documented and the collection
sewers must be less costly than on-site alternatives. Where
population density is less than 10 persons per acre, it must
be shown that new gravity collector sewer construction and
centralized treatment is more cost-effective than on-site
alternatives. The collection system may not have excess
capacity which could induce development in environmentally
sensitive areas such as wetlands, floodplains or prime
agricultural lands. The proposed system must conform with
approved Section 208 plans, air quality plans, and Executive
Orders and EPA policy on environmentally sensitive areas.
o Public Disclosure of Costs -- Estimated monthly service
charges to a typical residential customer Tor the system must
be disclosed to the public in order for the collection system
to be funded. A total monthly service charge must be
presented, and the portion of the charge due to operation and
maintenance, debt service, and connection to the system must
also be disclosed.
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1-1
Elements of the substantial human habitation and cost-effectiveness
eligibility requirements for new collector sewers are portrayed in
Figure 1 in a decision flow diagram. These requirements would apply
for any pressure, vacuum or gravity collector sewers except those
serving on-site or small waste flow systems.
Household Service Lines
Traditionally, gravity sewer lines built on private property
connecting a house or other building with a public sewer have been built
at the expense of the owner without local, State or Federal assistance.
Therefore, in addition to other costs for hooking up to a new sewer
system, owners installing gravity household service lines will have to
pay about $1,000, more or less depending on site and soil conditions,
distance and other factors.
Pressure sewer systems, including the individual pumping units, the
pressure line and appurtenances on private property, however,, are
considered as part of the community collection system. They are,
therefore, eligible for Federal and State grants which substantially
reduce the homeowner's private costs for installation of household
service lines.
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FIGURE 1
Collector Sewer Eligibility - Decision Flow Diagram
Baaed on PRM 78-9
1
Sanitary Survey
and Groundwater ^1
Analysis >
Sewers
Not „
FUrrihln /--- "°
at 75%
Block
of Sub
Ha bit a
" •I'
Documented Groundwater Contamination,
Ende terminate Public Health Hazard or Point Source
Pop. Density Yes
Greater than
10/acre t No
(Docu
Reae
V
Community 20-year ,• Sev
Population Increase v Che
Less than 501 oVer
1972 Population?
Yes
by Block Determination 19
stantial human "' '
tion in 1972 Ha
No Habitation
Sewers
Not
Eligible
Violation
Yes
Alternative
to
uncnt Sewers Feasible?
Sewers Not
N? y Eligible
Pop. Density less
than 10/acre
On8) Yes
$
Sewering
Cost
rers 4^
xj'
Alternative's
Cost
\f
aper jCost Comparison]
\
Sewi
N(
Ellg
/
ars
»t
Ible
72 x Sewers
Mr«r^n ; Eligible
\
t
Alternative s
Cheaper
State Priority, Certification
end Funding
i
j Build Sewers |
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ALTERNATIVES FOR FINANCING THE LOCAL SHARE OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES IN THE-STEUBEN LAKES
REGIONAL WASTE DISTRICT, INDIANA
327G
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APPENDIX
1-2
ALTERNATIVES FOR FINANCING THE LOCAL SHARE OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES IN THE STEUBEN
LAKES REGIONAL WASTE DISTRICT, INDIANA
The financing of wastewater facilities requires a viable strategy.
In exercising the authority delegated to them by the state to finance
local activities, local governments need not only expertise in budgeting
and debt administration but also a general knowledge of the costs and
benefits of various complex financial tools and alternative investment
strategies.
This section reviews several possible ways to fund the Proposed
Action or alternative wastewater management systems in the Steuben Lakes
Regional Wastes District, Indiana. It will:
o Describe options available for financing both the capital and
the operating costs of the wastewater facilities; and
o Discuss institutional arrangements for financing and examine
the probable effects of various organizational arrangements on
the marketability of the bond.
FINANCING CAPITAL COSTS: OPTIONS
The several methods of financing capital improvements include: (1)
pay-as-you-go methods; (2) special benefit assessments; 3) reserve
funds; and (4) debt financing.
The pay-as-you-go method requires that payments for capital facili-
ties be made from current revenues. This approach is more,suitable for
recurring expenses such as street paving than for one-time long-term
investments. As the demand for public services grows, it becomes in-
creasingly difficult for local governments to finance capital improve-
ments on a pay-as-you-go basis.
In situations where the benefits to individual properties from
capital improvements can be assessed, special benefit assessments in the
form of direct fees or taxes may be used to apportion costs.
Sometimes reserve funds are established to finance capital improve-
ments. A part of current revenues is placed in a special fund each year
and invested in order to accumulate adequate funds to finance needed
capital improvements. Although this method avoids the expense of
borrowing, it requires foresight on the part of the local government.
Debt financing of capital facilities may take several forms. Local
governments may issue short-term notes or float one of several types of
bonds. Bonds are generally classified by both their guarantee of
security and method of redemption.
327G
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1-2
GUARANTEE OF SECURITY
General Obligation (G.O. Bonds)
Debt obligations secured by the full faith and credit of the
municipality are classified as general obligation bonds. The borrower
is pledging the financial and economic resources of the community to
support the debt. Following are some of the advantages:
o Interest rates on the debt are usually lower than on revenue
or special assessment bonds. With lower annual debt service
charges, the cash flow position of the jurisdiction is im-
proved.
o G.O. bonds for sewerage offer financial flexibility to the
municipality since funds to retire them can be obtained
through property taxes, user charges or combinations of both.
o When G.O. bonds are financed by ad valorem property taxes,
households have the advantage of a deduction from their
Federal income taxes.
o G.O. bonds offer a highly marketable financial investment
since they provide a tax-free and relatively low-risk invest-
ment venture for the lender.
Revenue Bonds
Revenue bonds differ from G.O. bonds in that they are not backed by
a pledge of full faith and credit from the municipality and therefore
require a higher interest rate. The interest is usually paid, and the
bonds eventually retired, by earnings from the enterprise.
A major advantage of revenue bonds over general obligation bonds is
that municipalities can circumvent constitutional restrictions on
borrowing. Revenue bonds have become a popular financial alternative to
G.O. bonds in financing wastewater facilities.
Special Assessment Bond
A special assessment bond is payable only from the collection of
special assessments, not from general property taxes. This type of
obligation is useful when direct benefits are easily identified.
Assessments are often based on front footage or area of the benefited
property. This type of assessment may be very costly to individual
property owners, especially in rural areas. Agricultural lands may
require long sewer extensions and thus impose a very high assessment on
one user. Furthermore, not only is the individual cost high, but the
presence of sewer lines places development pressures "n the rural land
and often portends the transition of land from agriculture to
residential/commercial use. Because the degree of security is lower
than with G.O. bonds, special assessment bonds represent a greater
investment risk and therefore carry a higher interest rate.
327G
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1-2
METHODS OF REDEMPTION
Two types of bonds are classified according to their method of
retirement — (1) serial bonds and (2) term bonds. Serial bonds mature
in annual installments while term bonds mature at a fixed point in time.
Serial Bonds
Serial bonds provide a number of advantages for financing sewerage
facilities. First, they provide a straightforward retirement method by
maturing in annual installments. Secondly, since some bonds are retired
each year, this method avoids the use of sinking funds.* Third, serial
bonds are attractive to the investor and offer wide flexibility in
marketing and arranging the debt structure of the community. Serial
bonds fall into two categories (1) straight- serials and (2) serial
annuities.
Straight Serial Bonds provide equal annual payments of principal
for the duration of the bond issue. Consequently, interest charges are
higher in the early years and decline over the life of the bond. This
has the advantage of 'freeing up' surplus revenues for future invest-
ment. The municipality has the option of charging these excess revenues
to a sinking or reserve fund or of lowering the sewer rates imposed on
households.
Serial Annuities provide equal annual installment payments of
principal and interest. Total debt service charges in the early years
of the bond issue are thus equal to the charges in later years. The
advantage to this method of debt retirement is that the total costs of
the projects are averaged across the entire life of the bond. Thus,
peak installment payments in the early years are avoided, and costs are
more equitably distributed than with straight serial bonds.
Although straight and annuity serials are the most common types of
debt retirement bonds, methods of repayment may vary. Such "irregular"
serial bonds may result in:
o Gradually increasing annual debt service charges over the life
of the issue;
o Fluctuating annual installments producing combinations of
rising then declining debt service; or
o Large installments due on the last years of the issue. These
are called "ballooning" maturity bonds.
Term Bonds
Term bonds differ from serial issues in that tern bonds mature at a
fixed point in time. The issuing entity makes periodic payments (in-
cluding interest earned on investments) to a sinking fund which will be
used to retire the debt at maturity. The major disadvantage to this
327G
-------
approach to financing is management of the sinking fund — a complex
operation requiring expertise in national and regional monetary markets
to insure maximum return on investment. Mismanagement of the fund could
lead to default on the bond.
OPERATING COSTS
In most cases, operating costs are financed through service
charges. Service charges are generally constructed to reflect the
physical use of the system. For example, charges may be based on one or
a combination of the following factors:
o Volume of wastewater
o Pollutional load of wastewater
o Number or size of connections
o Type of property serviced (residential, commercial,
industrial).
Volume and pollutional load are two of the primary methods for
determining service charges. Basing service charges on volume of waste-
water requires some method for measuring or estimating volume. Because
metering of wastewater flows is expensive and impractical, many communi-
ties utilize existing water supply meters and, often, fix wastewater
volume at a percentage of water flows. When metering is not used, a
flat rate system may be employed, charging a fixed rate for each connec-
tion based on user type.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
There are two basic organizational arrangements available in the
State of Indiana to finance and administer rural sewerage systems: (1)
Regional Water and Sewer Districts and (2) Conservancy Districts.
1. Chapter 19-3-1.1 of the Indiana State Code and subsequent
amendments allows for the organization of a Regional Waste District. A
petition of organization must be filed with the Stream Pollution Control
Board by the participating political subdivisions and be authorized by
the County Council. Upon approval by the council and the Stream Pollu-
tion Board, an elected governing body has the power to operate,
administer and finance the wastewater facilities.
The Regional Waste District is restricted in the type of financing
available to fund the capital costs of the system. Chapter 19-3.1.1-14
of the State Code permits only revenue bonds which must be payable
solely from the net revenues of the facilities. In addition, the goven-
ing body, by ordinance, must create a sinking fund for the payment of
the debt service charges, administrative costs and operating and main-
tenance expenses of the sewerage system. Th^s could cause financial
problems. Management of a sinking fund is complex. Expertise in
national and regional monetary markets is necessary to insure maximum
return on investment. Mismanagement of the fund could lead to default
on the bond.
327G <-(
-------
2. An institutional alternative to the Regional Waste District
approach is the Conservancy District. This arrangement is specifically
designed to cope with regional water management problems between and
among political subdivisions. One difference between the Regional Waste
District and the Conservancy District is in the power of administration.
In the regional district, authorization is provided by the county, the
Stream Pollution Board or the Natural Resource Commission. However, the
residents of the Conservancy District must petition the clerk of the
circuit court to authorize and establish the district.
The administrative costs and court costs necessary to establish the
Conservancy District are financed through a number of funding mechanisms
available at the state and local levels. These include funding through
a special benefits tax, borrowing from the general revenue accounts of
the county, borrowing from the revolving fund of the state board of
finance; or borrowing from the flood control revolving fund. If the
petition for conservancy is denied, the court costs must be paid by the
petitioners. If the district is established the revolving fund and
general revenue accounts must be reimbursed from the net revenues from
the wastewater system.
Further, the Conservancy District Act provides for two basic
methods to finance the cost of the sewerage facilities: (1) Federal
agency financing and (2) Private market financing.
Federal Agency Financing. Chapter 19-3-2-71 of the Conservancy
District Act provides authorization for the district board to apply
to the Farmers Home Administration and other Federal agencies to
finance the local share of the project costs. The district must
file a petition of approval with the clerk of the circuit court.
If the court finds that the conditions of the loan are beneficial
to the district, then the governing board is authorized to levy a
special beneifit tax, or user charge to repay the loan and retire
the debt.
Private Market Financing. Chapter 19-3-2-845 of the Conservancy
District Act provides for the payment of the collection trans-
mission and treatment components of the wastewater facilities
through the issuance of revenue bonds. Principal and interest
charges are paid through a combination of either special benefit
taxes, assessment of exceptional benefits or user charges.
The advantage to the Conservancy District is the financial option
available to finance the sewerage system. Whereas the Regional Waste
District can only issue revenue bonds to finance the capital costs of
the system, the Conservancy approach can finance through the Farmer's
Home Administration, and issue revenue bonds. Further, the Conservancy
arrangement provides for a user charge and a special beneift tax levy
for collection of revenues to retire the debt.
A major disadvantage of the Conservancy district is the cumbrous
legal and administrative arrangements that are necessary to establish
the district and finance the facilities. For example, the Court has the
full authority to set the time and date of hearings to determine the
327G
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1-2
feasibility of loans and bond sales (Chapter 19-3-2-71 [27-1571]).
Although state statutes indicate that the court must give priority to
these hearings, actual practice indicates that authorization and
approval is a protracted and expensive experience.
Considering the strengths and weaknesses of each institutional
approach, the recommended organizational arrangement to finance and
administer the wastewater facilities is the Regional Waste District.
This is primarily due to two reasons. First, since a Regional Waste
District (the Steuben Lakes Regional Waste District) has recently been
established, the administrative costs of dismantling the present
organizational arrangement and implementing the court authorized Con-
servancy District may be prohibitive. Second, bond attorneys familiar
with both organizational arrangements have indicated that the Regional
Waste District would be successful in the commercial bond market. This
eliminates the need for the authorization of a Conservancy District to
provide financial commitments to the Farmers Home Administration and
other Federal agencies.
FUNDING MECHANISMS TO FINANCE THE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
The proposed wastewater facilities and each of the six alternative
technologies under evaluation are characterized by a distinct set of
capital and operating expenditures necessary to construct and maintain
the systems. The capital costs typically constitute the largest portion
of the costs and are distributed over the life of the project. The
annual capital charge is dependent on the type of mechanisms used to
finance the project. For the Regional Sewer District, a revenue bond
approach was selected to finance the capital costs of the wastewater
systems. Constitutional restrictions prohibit the issuance of any other
type of private funding mechanism.
The revenue bonds were assumed to carry a 6 percent interest rate
for a term of 20 years. In addition a reserve margin of 10 and 20
percent of total debt service charges were added to improve the market-
ability of the bond.1 The 10 percent reserve requirement represent the
minimum reserve that the market would require to provide a reasonable
margin of safety. The margin is based on the Farmer's Home Administra-
tion reserve requirements of 10 percent. This is traditionally the
measure by which commercial paper requirements are compared.2 The 20
1 The bond market requires earnings from revenue bonds to be some
multiple of total debt service charges in order to protect the investor
from adverse economic conditions. This improves the marketability of
the bond but adds to the cost of the wastewater system.
The Farmers Home Administration provides loans for sewer services to
rural areas with populations less than 10,000. When it is apparent that
the financial choices of a rural sewer district are exhausted with no
method to finance the local share of the project, FHA will provide 5%,
40 year loan. If FHA covers a revenue bond issue, then it requires a
10% reserve requirement as a margin of safety.
327G
-------
1-2
percent reserve requirement represents a conservative estimate for the
additional funds needed to finance the capital facilities. This is a
reasonable requirement considering that there is no record of earnings
for a regional sewerage system that includes Jackson, Jamestown,
Millgrove and Pleasant Township.
SUMMARY
The above analysis provides the policymaker with information to
access the impacts associated with each alternative sewer system. A
brief review of the analysis is presented below:
o The existing organizational arrangement for the Steuben County
Regional Water and Sewer District should be maintained to
finance, administer and operate the s'ewerage system.
o A revenue bond approach supported by a user charge will
provide adequate financing for the district. The 20 percent
reserve requirement is a reasonable estimate based on current
revenue bond sales to areas similar to the Steuben County
study area.
327G 7
-------
APPENDIX J
MANAGEMENT
-------
APPENDIX
J-l
MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS FOR SMALL WASTE FLOW DISTRICTS
Several authors have discussed management concepts applicable to
decentralized technologies. Lenning and Hermason suggested that management
of on-site systems should provide the necessary controls throughout the
entire lifecycle of a system from site evaluations through system usage.
They stressed that all segments of the cycle should be included to ensure
proper system performance (American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1977).
Stewart stated that for on-site systems a three-phase regulatory
program would be necessary (1976). Such a program would include: 1) a
mechanism to ensure proper siting and design installation and to ensure
that the location of the system is known by establishing a filing and
retrieval system; 2) controls to ensure that each system will be period-
ically inspected and maintained; and 3) a mechanism to guarantee that
failures will be detected and necessary repair actions taken.
Winneberger and Burgel suggested a total management concept, similar
to a sewer utility, in which a centralized management entity is responsible
for design, installation, maintenance, and operation of decentralized systems
(American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1977). This responsibility
includes keeping necessary records, monitoring ground and surface water
supplies and maintaining the financial solvency of the entity.
Otis and Stewart (1976) have identified various powers and authorities
necessary to perform the functions of a management entity:
o To acquire by purchase, gift, grant, lease, or rent both 'real
and personal property;
o To enter into contracts, undertake debt obligations either by
borrowing and/or by issuing bonds, sue and be sued. These powers
• enable a district to acquire the property, equipment, supplies
and services necessary to construct and operate small flow
systems;
o To declare and abate nuisances;
o To require correction or private systems;
o To recommend correction procedures;
o To enter onto property, correct malfunctions, and bill the owner
if he fails to repair the system;
o To raise revenue by fixing and collecting user charges and
levying special assessments and taxes;
o To plan and control how and when wastewater facilities will be
extended to those within its jurisdiction;
o To meet the eligibility requirements for loans and grants from
the State and Federal government.
-------
APPENDIX
J-2
LEGISLATION BY STATES AUTHORIZING MANAGEMENT
OF SMALL WASTE FLOW DISTRICTS
In a recent act, the California legislature noted that then- ""
existing California law authorized local governments to construct and maintain
sanitary sewerage systems but did not authorize them to manage small waste
flow systems. The new act, California Statutes Chapter 1125 of 1977, empowers
certain public agencies to form on-site wastewater disposal zones to collect,
treat, and dispose of wastewater without building sanitary sewers or sewage
systems. Administrators of such on-site wastewater disposal zones are to be
responsible for the achievement of water quality objectives set by regional
water quality control boards, protection of existing and future beneficial
uses, protection of public health, and abatement of nuisances.
The California act authorizes an assessment by the public agency upon
real property in the zone in addition to other charges, assessments, or taxes
levied on property in the zone. The Act assigns the following functions to
an on-site wastewater disposal zone authority:
o To collect, treat, reclaim, or dispose of wastewater without
the use of sanitary sewers or community sewage systems;
o To acquire, design, own, construct, install, operate, monitor,
inspect, and maintain on-site wastewater disposal systems in a
manner which will promote water quality, prevent the pollution,
waste, and contamination of water, and abate nuisances;
o To conduct investigations, make analyses, and monitor conditions
with regard to water quality within the zone; and
o To adopt and enforce reasonable rules and regulations necessary
to implement the purposes of the zone.
To monitor compliance with Federal, State and local requirements an
authorized representative of the zone must have the right of entry to any
premises on which a source of water pollution, waste, or contamination in-
cluding but not limited to septic tanks, is located. He may inspect the
source and take samples of discharges.
The State of Illinois recently passed a similar act. Public Act 80-1371
approved in 1978 also provides for the creation of municipal on-site waste-
water disposal zones. The authorities of any municipality (city, village, or
incorporated town) are given the power to form on-site wastewater disposal
zones to "protect the public health, to prevent and abate nuisances, and to
protect existing and further beneficial water use." Bonds may be issued to
finance the disposal system and be retired by taxation oc property in the
zone.
A representative of the zone is to be authorized to enter at all reason-
able times any premise in which a source of water pollution, waste, or con-
tamination (e.g., septic tank) is located, for the purposes of inspection,
rehabilitation and maintenance, and to take samples from discharges. The
-------
J-2
municipality is to be responsible for routinely inspecting the entire system
at least once every 3 years. The municipality must also remove and dispose
of sludge, its designated representatives may enter private property and, if
necessary, respond to emergencies that present a hazard to health.
-------
APPENDIX
J-3
SOME MANAGEMENT AGENCIES FOR DECENTRALIZED FACILITIES
Central management entities that administer non-central systems with
various degrees of authority have been established in several States.
Although many of these entities are quasi-public, few of them both own and
operate each component of the facility. The list of small waste flow
management agencies that follows is not comprehensive. Rather, it presents a
sampling of what is currently being accomplished. Many of these entities
are located in California, which has been in the vanguard of the movement
away from conventional centralized systems to centrally managed decentralized
systems to serve rural areas (State of California, Office of Appropriate
Technology, 1977).
Westboro (Wisconsin Town Sanitary District)
Sanitary District No. 1 of the Town of Westboro represents the public
ownership and management of septic tanks located on private property. In
1974 the unincorporated community of Westboro was selected as a demonstra-
tion site by the Small Scale Waste Management Project (SSWMP) at the
University of Wisconsin to determine whether a cost-effective alternative
to central sewage for small communities could be developed utilizing on-site
disposal techniques. Westboro was thought to be typical of hundreds of
small rural communities in the Midwest which are'~in need of improved
wastewater treatment and disposal facilities but are unable to afford
conventional sewerage.
From background environmental data such as soils and engineering
studies and groundwater sampling, it was determined that the most economical
alternative would be small diameter gravity sewers that would collect
effluents from individual septic tanks and transport them to a common soil
absorption field. The District assumed responsibility for all operation
and maintenance of the entire facility commencing at the inlet of the septic
tank. Easements were obtained to allow permanent legal access to properties
for purposes of installation, operation, and maintenance. Groundwater was
sampled and analyzed during both the construction and operation phases.
Monthly charges were collected from homeowners. The system, now in operation,
will continue to be observed by the SSWMP to assess the success of its
mechanical performance and management capabilities.
Washington State
Management systems have been mandated in certain situations in the
State of Washington to assist in implementing the small waste flow manage-
ment concept. In 1974 the State's Department of Social and Health Services
established a requirement for the management of on-site systems: an
approved management system would be responsible for the maintenance of
sewage disposal systems when subdivisions have gross f^nsities greater
than 3.5 housing units or 12 people per acre (Ame-ican Society of Agricultural
Engineers 1977). It is anticipated that this concept will soon be applied
to all on-site systems.
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J-3
Georgetown Divide (California) Public Utility District (GDPUD)
The GDPUD employs a full-time geologist and registered sanitarian who
manage all the individual wastewater sytems in the District. Although it
does not own individual systems this district has nearly complete central
management responsibility for centralized systems. The Board of Directors
of the GDPUD passed an ordinance forming a special sewer improvement district
within the District to allow the new 1800-lot Auburn Lake Trails subdivision
to receive central management services from the GDPUD. The GDPUD performs
feasibility studies on lots within the subdivision to evaluate the potential
for the use of individual on-site systems, designs appropriate on-site
systems, monitors their construction and installation, inspects and maintains
them, and monitors water quality to determine their effects upon water leaving
the subdivision. If a septic tank needs pumping,-GDPUD issues a repair order
to the homeowner. Service charges are collected annually.
Santa Cruz County (California) Septic Tank Maintenance District
This district was established in 1973 when the Board of Supervisors
adopted ordinance No. 1927, "Ordinance Amending the Santa Cruz County Code,
Chapter 8.03 Septic Tank System Maintenance District." Its primary function
is the inspection and pumping of all septic tanks within the District. To
date 104 residences in two subdivisions are in the district, which collects a
one-time set-up fee plus monthly charges. Tanks are pumped every three years
and inspected annually. The County Board of Supervisors is required to
contract for these services. In that the District does not have the authority
to own systems, does not perform soil studies on individual sites, or offer
individual designs, its powers are limited.
Bolinas Community (California) Public Utility District (BCPUD)
Bolinas, California is an older community that faced an expensive public
sewer proposal. Local residents organized to study the feasibility of
retaining many of their on-site systems, and in 1974 the BCPUD Sewage Disposal
and Drainage Ordinance was passed. The BCPUD serves 400 on-site systems and
operates conventional sewerage facilities for 160 homes. The District employs
a wastewater treatment plant operator who performs inspections and monitors
water quality. The County health administration is authorized to design and
build new septic systems.
Kern County (California) Public Works
In 1973 the Board of Supervisors of Kern County, California, passed an
ordinance amending the County Code to provide special regulations for water
quality control. County Service Area No. 40, including 800 developed lots
of a 2,900-lot subdivision, was the first Kern County Service Area (CSA) to
arrange for management of on-site disposal systems. Inspections of install-
ations are made by the County Building Department. C .going CSA responsibilities
are handled by the Public Works Department. System design is provided in ,an
Operation and Maintenance Manual.
-------
J-3
Marin County (California)
In 1971 the Marin County Board of Supervisors adopted a regulation,
"Individual Sewage Disposal Systems," creating an inspection program for
all new installations (Marin County Code Chapter 18.06). The Department
of Environmental Pealth is responsible for the inspection program. The
Department collects a charge from the homeowner and inspects septic tanks
twice a year. The homeowner is responsible for pumping. The Department
also inspects new installations and reviews engineered systems.
-------
APPENDIX K
DESIGN AND COSTING
-------
APPENDIX
K-l
DESIGN AND COSTING ASSUMPTIONS
Treatment
(1) Pre-Fabricated Contact Stabilization Plants:
o The site locations for the prefabricated plants were selected
in this EIS. The factors taken in account in choosing the
locations included the need for a suitable discharge point and
a site as close as possible to the collection system to minimize
the cost of influent piping.
o Alum was assumed to be added to aid in settling and to obtain
the phosphorus effluent limitations of '1.0 mg/1.
o Mixed media filtration was added. This assumption was based
on the strict effluent limitations that must be met of 10 mg/1
BOD5 and Suspended Solids.
(2) Land Application, Rapid Infiltration
o The land application sites were selected in this EIS. Available
soils that were suitable for application of effluent, and
1000 ft. buffer from any residence, were the factors that determined
the site location.
o Design assumptions -
storage period - 8 weeks per year
application rate - 12 inches per week
o Facilities for recovery and recycling of tailwater provided.
(3) Land Application, Spray Irrigation
o Site location and the application technique were the same as
those specified by the Facilities Plan.
o Design assumptions -
storage period - 15 weeks per year
application rate - 2 inches per week
(4) Cluster Systems
o The design and costs for wastewater treatment utilizing
cluster systems were developed based on 2 "typical" systems.
o Design assumptions -
infiltration - 200 gallons/inch-mile/day
flow - 60 gpcd - peak flow 45 gpm
-------
K-l
6 persons/home - 3-bedroom home
25% of existing septic tanks to be replaced with 1000-gallon tanks
o 400-foot transmission (2-1/2 inch force main) to absorption field.
o Pump Station - (50 gpm) duplex pumps required for transmission,
20-foot static head assumed from pump station to distribution box.
o Regarding future on-site collection, 5% of residences will require
pumping to drain fields due to topography and future site restric-
tions of the fields. In groups 13 and 8, 30% of residences able
to remain on ST-SAS (those not violating EPA lot size requirements)
will be put on cluster systems. This is due to poor soils and
topography. In 1980, 5% of the ST-SAS systems will be assumed
as needing replacement.
Collection
o All sewer lines are to be placed at or below 6 feet of depth,
due to frost penetration in the Steuben area. Gravity lines
are assumed to be placed at an average depth of cut of 10 feet
for those segments around the lakes, and 8 feet for all other
areas.
o The determination of the percent shoring of gravity collection
lines was performed on a group segment basis. Ten percent less
shoring is required for force mains and low pressure sewers due
to their shallower average depth.
o A minimum velocity of 2 fps will be maintained in all pressure
sewer lines and force mains to provide for scouring.
o Peaking factor used for design flows was based on 10 states
standards.
o All pressure sewer lines and force mains 8 inches in diameter
or less will be PVC SDR26, with a pressure rating of 160 psi.
Those force mains larger than 8 inches in diameter will be con-
structed of ductile iron with mechanical joints.
o When possible, force mains and pressure sewer collectors will
be placed in a common trench.
o Cleanouts in the pressure sewer system will be placed at the
beginning of each line, with one every 500 feet of pipe in
line. Cleanout valve boxes will contain shut-off valves to pro-
vide for isolation of various sections of line for maintenance
and/or repairs.
-------
K-l
o Individual pumping units for the pressure sewer system include
a 2- by 8-foot basin with discharge at 6 feet, control panel,
visual alarm, mercury float level controls, valves, rail
system for removal of pump, antiflotation device, and the pump
itself. (See Figure III-2).
o Effluent pumps are 1-1/2 and 2 HP pumps which reach a total
dynamic head of 80 and 120 feet respectively.
o The Pokagon State Park will remain on its existing system, and
will not be collected by a central collection system. This is
true for all alternatives, including the upgrade of the proposed
facility plan. In this way costs will remain comparable with
regard to the upgrade and alternative collection systems.
Analysis of Cost Effectiveness
o Quoted costs are in 1978 dollars
o EPA Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Index of 135 (4th Quarter 1977)
and Engineering News Record Index of 2693 (1 March 1978) used
for updating costs.
o i, interest rate = 6-5/8%
o Planning period = 20 years
o Life of facilities, structures - 50 years
Mechanical components - 20 years
o Straight line depreciation
o Land for land application site valued at $2000/acre
o Land for locating cluster systems valued at $2,000/acre
3
-------
APPENDIX
K-2
TOTAL PROJECT COSTS
FACILITY PLAN PROPOSED ACTION
NEW ALTERNATIVES 1-6
LIMITED ACTION
Note: Costs are shown to nearest $100. This should
not be interpreted as meaning that estimates are
accurate to that level. Most cost estimates are
accurate within + 10%.
-------
STEUBEN TREATMENT
K-2
Q = 1.93 MGD
COST ESTIMATE
LAND TREATMENT - SPRAY IRRIGATION
FACILITIES PLAN
PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Preliminary Treatment
Aerated Lagoon
Storage Lagoon
Chlorination
Transmission On-Site
Gravity Pipe 1.25 ml.
Application System
Spray Irrigation
Center Pivot
Land
Crop Revenue
TOTALS
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
255.00
185.60
415.80
75.90
219.40
1,269.00
1,300.00
$3,720.70
0 § M -
$ COSTS
19.10
23.40
4.30
6.80
,50
114.10
- 41.20
$127.00
SALVAGE
value
114.80
78.00
249.50
29.60
•• 131.60
190.40
2,347.80
$3,141.70
-------
K-2
STEUBEN - COLLECTION
CX)ST ESTIMATE
FACILITIES PLAN .
PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE Losts M I978 Dollars
x $1,000
SERVICE AREA
1980
Steuben Lakes
25% Engineering
Total
1980-2000
Hook -Dps :
Gravity
251 Engineering
Total
•
Contingencies
Contingencies
CAPITAL COST , 0§M COSTS
13,695.29 126.05
3,423.82
17,119.11 126.05
100.45/yr
25.11
125.56/yr
SALVAGE VALUE
2,754.30
550.86
3,305.16
51.43
10.29
61.72
-------
STEUBEN TREATMENT
K-2
Q = 1.32 MGD
COST ESTIMATE
LAND TREATMENT - RAPID INFILTRATION
EIS ALTERNATIVE 1
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Preliminary Treatment
Oxidation Ditch
Chlorination
Storage Lagoon
Transmission - Pipe
On- Site
Influent Pipe
Influent Pumping
Land 80 Acres
Application - Rapid
Infiltration
Effluent Pipe
TOTALS
CAPITAL
5 COSTS
195.00
270.00
64.10
118.80
81.00
802.90
146.00
200.00
486.00
37.50
$2,401.30
0 § M
$ COSTS
6.20
15.00
5.40
.90
.20
1.30
2.80
35.80
.10
$67.70
SALVAGE
value
87.80
121.50
25.00
71.30
48.60
481.70
43.80
361.20
291.60
22.50
$1,515.00
-------
K-2
Q = .14 MGD
STEUBEN TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
LAND TREATMENT - RAPID INFILTRATION
SNOW LAKE AREA
EIS ALTERNATIVE 1
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Preliminary Treatment
Oxidation Ditch
Chlorination
Storage Lagoon
Transmission - Pipe
On-Site Gravity
Influent Pipe -Force
Influent Pumping
Land 22 Acres
Application - Rapid
Infiltration
Effluent Pipe
TOTALS
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
48.80
66.00
29.50
29.00
52.00
50.00
55.00
216.00
24.40
$570.70
0 § M
$ COSTS
1.80
3.10
1.70
.70
.20
1.40
7.80
.10
$16.80
SALVAGE
value
22.00
29.70
11.50
17.40
31.20
15.00
99.30
129.60
14.60
$359.30
-------
K-2
STEUBEN - COLLECTION
COST ESTIMATE
EIS ALTERNATIVE 1
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
SERVICE AREA CAPITAL COST 0§M COSTS
1980
Lake -James §
Crooked Lake:
Group 6, 15a, 15b 6,313.89 68.91 1,621.06
Small Flows:
Group 1 1,448.29 13.09 290.70
Group 13 1,426.64 20.17 330.90
On-Site and Cluster 2,545.77 7.92 2,253.33
11,734.59 110.09 4,496.00
25% Engineering Contingencies 2,933.65 1,124.00
Total 14,668.24 110.09 5,620.00
1980-2000
Hook-Ups:
Gravity 54.10/yr 27.70
On-Site and Cluster 93.95/yr .82* 286.62
148.05/yr .32* .-314.32
78 58
25% Engineering Contingencies 37.01 ' '
Total 185.06/yr .82* 392.90
*Gradient per year over 20 year period
-------
K-2
STEUBEN TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
LAND TREATMENT - RAPID INFILTRATION
EIS ALTERNATIVE 2
1.04 MGD
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Preliminary Treatment
Oxidation Ditch
Chlorination
Storage Lagoon - 8 wks
Fully Lined
Transrais s ion - Pipe
On-Site .5 ml Gravity
Land 65 Acres
$2000/Acre
Application - Rapid
Infiltration
Influent Pipe - Gravity
Effluent Pipe - Gravity
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
150.00
240.00
57.40
98.00
74.30
162,50
432.00
512.20
31.80
0 5 M
$ COSTS
5.60
12.20
4.50
.80
.20
30.00
1.00
.10
SALVAGE
value
67.50
108.00
22.40
58.80
44.60
293.48
259.20
307.30
19.10
TOTALS
$1,758.20
$54.40
$1,180.38
1
-------
K-2
STEUBEN - COLLECTION
COST ESTIMATE
BIS ALTERNATIVE 2
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
SERVICE AREA CAPITAL COST ,0§M COSTS
1980
Lake James §
Crooked Lake:
Group 6, 15a, 15b 6,313.89 68.91 1,621.06
On-Site and Cluster 6,375.77 14.77 5,546.62
12,689.66 83.68 6,967.68
25% Engineering Contingencies 5,172.42 _ ' 1,741.92
Total 15,862.08 83.68 8,709.60
1980-2000
Ho ok- Up s :
Gravity 37.15/yr 19.02
On-Site and Cluster 153.12/yr 1.11* 481.94
170.27/yr 1.11* 500.96
25% Engineering Contingencies 42.57 _ 125.24
Total 212.84/yr 1.11* 626.2
*Gradient per year for 20 year period
-------
STEUBEN TREATMENT
K-2
COST ESTIMATE
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
EIS ALTERNATIVE 3
Q = 1.04
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,00.0
PROCESS
Influent Pipe
Raw Sewerage P.S.
Preliminary Treatment
Pre-Fab Plant
Chemical Addition
Drying Beds
Land
Effluent Pipe
Filtration
Outfall
Administration
Lab
Yardwork
SUB-TOTAL.
Engineer, Cont. etc
TOTALS
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
9.0
240.0
120.00
540.00
36.00
67.20
8.00
60.00
247.50.
40.00
0
0
0
1,367.70
341'f90
$1,709.60
0 § M
- $ COSTS
0
2.50
5.40
34.50
3.40
24.70
0
.20
5.60
0
5.8.0
5.20
2.30
89.60
0
$89.60 .
SALVAGE
value
5.40
72.00--
54.00'
162.00
0
40.30
8.00
36.00
74.20
24.00
0
0
0
475.90
82.10
$558.00
-------
K-2
Q = .29 MGD
STEUOBEN TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
LAND TREATMENT - RAPID INFILTRATION
GAGE, JIMMERSON
EIS ALTERNATIVE 3
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Influent Pump
Influent Pipe
Preliminary Treatment
Oxidation Ditch
Chlorination
Storage Lagoon
On-Site Pipe
Land
Application - Rapid
Infiltration
Effluent Pipe
CAPITAL
a COSTS
146.00
290.70
67.50
103.50
35.40
53.50
29.70
87.50
243.00
20.50
0 § M
$ COSTS
2.80
.30
2.60
4.90
2.20
.70
.10
12.50
.10
SALVAGE
value
43.80
174.40
30.40
46.60
13.80
32.10.
17.80
158.00
145.80
12.30
TOTALS
$1,077.30
$26.20
$587.00
-------
K-2
Q = .14 MGD
STEUBEN TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
LAND TREATMENT - RAPID INFILTRATION
SNOW LAKE AREA
EIS ALTERNATIVE 3 ,
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Preliminary Treatment
Oxidation Ditch
Chlorination
Storage Lagoon
Transmission - Pipe
On-Site Gravity
Influent Pipe -Force
Influent Pumping
Land 22 Acres
Application - Rapid
Infiltration
Effluent Pipe
TOTALS
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
48.80
66.00
29.50
29.00
52.00
50.00
•55.00
216.00
24.40
$570.70
0 § M
$ COSTS
1.80
3.10
1.70
.70
.20
1.40
7.80
. .10
$16.80
SALVAGE
value
22.00
29.70
11.50
17.40
31.20
15.00
99.33
129.60
14.60
$370.33
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K-2
STEUBEN - COLLECTION
COST ESTIMATE
EIS ALTERNATIVE 3
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
"SALVAGE
VALUE
SERVICE AREA
CAPITAL COST 0$M COSTS
1980
Lake James §
Crooked Lake:
Group 6, 15a, 15b
Small Flows:
Group 1
Group 13
On-Site and Cluster
6,313.89
1,448.29
1,426.64
•2,5.45,77
11,734.59
25% Engineering Contingencies 2,953.65
Total
14,668.24
1980-2000
Hook-Ups:
Gravity
On-Site and Cluster
25% Engineering Contingencies
Total
54.10/yr
93.95/yr
148.05/yr
37.01
68.91
13.09
20.17
7.92
110.09
110.09
.82'
.82 =
185.06/yr
.82*
1,621.06
290.70
330.90
2,253.55
4,496.00
1,124.00
5,620.00
27.70
286.62
314.32
78.58
392.90
*Gradient per year over 20 year period
-------
Q = 1.04 MGD
STEUBEN TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
EIS ALTERNATIVE 4
K-2
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Influent Pipe
Raw Sewerage P.S.
Preliminary Treatment
Pre-Fab Plant
Chemical Addition
Drying Beds
Land 4 Acres
Effluent Pipe
Filtration
Outfall
Administration
Laboratory
Yardwork
SUB-TOTAL
Engineer, Cont. etc
TOTALS
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
9.0
240.00
120.00
540.00
36.00
67.20
8.00
60.00
- 247.50
40.00
0
0
0
1,367.70
341.90
$1,709.60
0 § M -
- $ COSTS
0
2.50
5.40
34.50
3.40
24.70
0
.20
5.60
0
5.80
.5.20
2.30
89.60
0
$89.60,
SALVAGE
value
5.40
72.00-
54.00
162.00
0
••' 40.30
8.00
36.00
74.20
24.00
0
0
0
475.90
82.10
$558.00
-------
K-2
STEUBEN - COLLECTION
COST ESTIMATE
EIS ALTERNATIVE 4
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
SALVAGE
VALUE
SERVICE AREA
CAPITAL COST, 0§M COSTS
1980
Lake James §
Crooked Lake:
Group 6, 15a, 15b
On-Site and Cluster
6,313.89
6,375.77
12,689.66
251 EngiheeringContingencies 5.172.42
Total 15,862.08
1980-2000
Hook-Ups:
Gravity
On-Site and Cluster
251 Engineering Contingencies
Total
37.15/yr
133.12/yr
170.27/yr
42.57
68.91
14.77
83.68
1,621.06
5,346.62
6,967.68
1,741.92
212.84/yr
83.68
1.11'
1.11*
1.11*
8,709.60
19.02
481.94
500.96
125.24
626.2
*Gradient per year for 20 year period
-------
K-2
Q = .43 MGD
STHJBEN TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
LAND TREATMENT - RAPID INFILTRATION
CROOKED LAKE AREA
EIS ALTERNATIVE 5
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Influent Pipe
Influent Pump Station
Preliminary Treatment
Oxidation Ditch
Chlorination
Storage Lagoon
On-Site Pipe
Land 40 Acres
Application -Rapid
Infiltration
Effluent Pipe
• TOTALS
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
212.00
126.00
85.50
131.30
40.50
81.70
62.80
100.00
' 283.50
22.40
$1,145.70
0 § M
$ COSTS
.40
1.90
3.30
6.30
2.70
.80
.20
0
16.40
.10
$32.10
SALVAGE
value
127.20
37.80
38.50
59.10
15.80
49.00
37.70
180.60
170.10
13.40
$729.20
-------
K-2
STHJBEN TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
LAND TREATMENT - RAPID INFILTRATION
JAMES, GAGE, $ JIMMERSON LAKES
EIS ALTERNATIVE 5 •
Q = .90 MGD
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Influent Pipe
Influent Pump Station
Preliminary Treatment
Oxidation Ditch
Chlorination
Storage Lagoon
On-Site Pipe
Land 60 Acres
Application -Rapid
Infiltration
Effluent Pipe
TOTALS
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
724.10
146.00
135.00
225.00
54.00
89.10
74.30
150.00
"405.00
31.80
$2,034,30
0 § M
$ COSTS
1.30
2.80
5.10
11.60
4.10
.80
.20
0
27.40
.10
$53.40
SALVAGE
value
434.50
43.80
60.80
101.30
21.10
53.50
44.60
270.90
243.00
19.10
$1,292.60
-------
K-2
Q = .14 MGD
STEUBEN TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
LAND TREATMENT - RAPID INFILTRATION
SNOW LAKE AREA
EIS ALTERNATIVE 5
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Preliminary Treatment
Oxidation Ditch
Chlorination
Storage Lagoon
Transmission - Pipe
On-Site Gravity-
Influent Pipe -Force
Influent Pumping
Land 22 Acres
Application - Rapid
Infiltration
Effluent Pipe
TOTALS
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
48.80
66.00
29.50
29.00
52.00
50.00
-55.00
216.00
24.40
$570.00
0 § M.
$ COSTS
1.80
3.10
1.70
.70
.20
1.40
7.80
. .10
$16.80
SALVAGE
value
22.00
29.70
11.50
17.40
. -
31.20
15.00
99.33
129.60
14.60
$370.33
17
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K-2
STEUBEN - COLLECTION
COST ESTIMATE
E1S ALTERNATIVE 5
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
SERVICE AREA
1980
Lake James
Crooked Lake
Small Flows:
Group 1
Group 13
On-Site and Cluster
25% Engineering Contingencies
CAPITAL COST
3,835.72
2,311.27
1,448.29
1,426.64
2., 545. 77
11,567.69
2,891.92
0$M COSTS
43.66
24.33
13.09
20.17
7.92
109.17
SALVAGE
VALUE
924.00
605.56
290.70
330/90
2,253.33
4,496.00
1,124.00
Total 14,459.61
1980-2000
Hook-Ups:
Gravity 54.10/yr
On-Site and Cluster 93.93/yr
109.17
.82*
148.05/yr
37.01
.82*
25% Engineering Contingencies
Total 185.06/yr
.82*
5,260.00
27.70
286.62
314.32
78.58
392.90
*Gradient per year over 20 year period
-------
K-2
Q = .43 MGD
STEUBEN TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
CROOKED LAKE AREA
EIS ALTERNATIVE 6
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Influent Pipe
Raw Sewerage P.S.
Preliminary Treatment
Pre-Fab Plant
Chemical Addition
Drying Beds
Land 2 Acres
Effluent Pipe
Filtration
Outfall
Administration
Laboratory
Yardwork
SUB-TOTAL
Engineer, Cont. etc
TOTALS
CAPITAL
S COSTS
10.00
118.80
69.00
324.00
20.40
33.00
4.00
20.10
118.30
25.00
0
0
0
$742.60
185*60
$928.20
0 § M
$ costs
0
1.90
3.30
25.30
2.30
10.20
0
.10
2.40
0
3.60
3.70
1.10
53.90
0
$53.90,
SALVAGE
value
6.00
35.60,
31.10
97.20
0
••" 19.80
4.00
12.10
35.50
15.00.
0
0
0
256.30
51.30
$307.60
-------
K-2
Q = .61 MGD
STEIBEN-TREATMENT
COST ESTIMATE
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
• JAMES LAKE AREA
EIS ALTERNATIVE 6
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
PROCESS
Influent Pipe
Raw Sewerage P.S.
Preliminary Treatment
Pre-Fab Plant
Chemical Addition
Drying Beds
Land 3 Acres
Effluent Pipe
Filtration
Outfall
Administration
Laboratory
Yardwork
SUB-TOTAL
Engineer, Cont. etc
TOTALS
CAPITAL
§ COSTS
7.60
168,00
84.00
396.00
24.00
39.60
6.00
50.80
165.00
35.00
0
0
0
976.00
244,00
$1,220.00
0 § M.
$ COSTS
0
2.10
4.00
29.40
2.60
14.70
0
.20
3.40
0
4.50
3.70
1.60
66.20
0
$66.20.
SALVAGE
value
4.60
50.40
37.80
118.80
0
•' " 23.80
6.00
30.50
49.50
21.00
0
0
0
342.40
68.50
$410.90
-------
K-2
STEUBEN - COLLECTION
COST ESTIMATE
EIS ALTERNATIVE 6
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
SERVICE AREA
1980
Lake James
Crooked Lake
CAPITAL
On-Site and Cluster
25% Engineering
Total
1980-2000
Hook- Up s :
Gravity
Contingencies
On-Site and Cluster
251 Engineering
Contingencies
3,835.
2,311.
6,375,
12,522.
3,130.
15,653.
37.
133.
170.
42.
COST
72
27
77
76
69
45
15/yr
12/yr
27/yr
57
npw rnQTQ SALVAGE
OqM COSTS Tr.TTT_
VALUE
43
24
14
82
82
1
1
.66
.33
.77
.76
.76
.11*
.11*
924.
605.
5,346.
6,967.
1,741.
8,709.
19.
481.
500.
125.
00
56
62
68
92
60
02
94
96
24
Total
212.84/yr
1.11*
626.20
*Gradient per year for 20 year period
I \
-------
K-2
STEUBEN - ON-SITE SYSTEMS
COST ESTIMATE
LIMITED ACTION ALTERNATIVE
Costs in 1978 Dollars
x $1,000
SERVICE AREA
CAPITAL COST' 0§M COSTS
1980
Replace 2086 ST/SASs
@ $1877 ea.
Operate § Maintain 4171
ST/SASs @ $45 ea.
3,915.4
3915.4
25% Engineering/Contingencies 978.9
Total 4,894.3
1980-2000
Construct 2025 new ST/SASs 3,800.9
Operate § Maintain § $45 ea.
3,800.9
251 Engineering/Contingencies 950.2
Total 4,751.1
187.7
187.7
187.7
91.1
91.1
91.1
442.2
442.2
88.4
530.6
322.0
64.4
386.4
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979652-739
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