EFFECTS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
            Region X

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THE EFFECTS OF DREDGING ON WATER QUALITY

            IN THE NORTHWEST
                Prepared
                   By
               Gary O'Neal
               Jack Sceva
     Environmental Protection Agency
        Office of Water Programs
                Region X
           Seattle, Washington

                July 1971

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                               CONTENTS

                                                                Page

INTRODUCTION	,	   1

     Problem	   1
     Purpose  	   2
     Authority  	   3
     Objectives 	   3
     Scope	   3
     Acknowledgements	   4

SUMMARY	-	   5

     Findings and Conclusions 	   5
     Recommendations	   7

DREDGING EOUIPMENT

     Pipeline Dredges ......... 	  11
          General Description 	  11
          Mode of Operation	13
          Advantages and Limitations  	  15

     Hopper Dredges ..... 	 ..... 	  16
          General Description 	  16
          Mode of Operation	17
          Advantages and Limitations  .	  17
          Use in Pacific Northwest	19

     Bucket Dredges 	  19
          General Description 	  19
          Mode of Operation	20
          Advantages and Limitations  ..... 	  20
          Use in Pacific Northwest	21

     Other Dredge Types	21

     Barges	21

SPOIL DISPOSAL PRACTICES  	  25

     Disposal in Water	25
     Disposal on Land	27
     Double-Handling of Spoil 	  31

REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGING  	  33

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                        CONTENTS (Continued)
     Types of Problems	33
     Results of Individual Studies  	   34
     Great Lakes Studies	   33
          Calumet River Pilot Project 	   38
          Inland Steel Landfill Lagoon  	  .  .   39
          Green Bay Pilot Study	40
          Cleveland Harbor Dredging Effects Study 	  .  .   41
          Cleveland Diked Dredging Disposal Area Investigation   42
          Pilot Study of Rouge River Dredging	43
          Great Sodus Bay Dredging Study	   44

SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTHWEST HARBORS ....  	   45

     Sampling and Analyses  ..... 	  ..   45
          Selection of Sampling Locations 	  .   45
          Sampling Techniques 	   46
          Types of Analyses	47
              \
     Summary of Analytical Data	48
          Chemical Data	48
          Physical Data	51

FIELD STUDIES OF NORTHWEST DREDGING PROJECTS  	  .   55

     General Approach 	  . 	  ........   55
     Discussion of Specific Studies .	55
          Terminal 4, Portland Harbor 	   55
          Turbidity Sampling, Portland Harbor 	   57
          Depot Slough, Toledo, Oregon	59
          Santiatn River Dredging Project  	   60
          Chambers Creek Estuary  	   61
          Bellingham Bay Dredging Project 	   63

DISCUSSION	67

     Water Quality Problems 	   67
     Dredging Techniques	69
     Dredging Permit System	70
     Planning	   71

BIBLIOGRAPHY  	   75

APPENDIX A — Criteria for I etermining Acceptability of
Dredged Spoil Disposal to the Nation's Waters 	   77

APPENDIX B — Characteristics of Sediment Samples from
Harbor Areas in Oregon and Washington 	   83

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                               FIGURES


Figure                                                         Page

  1     Small pipeline dredge.	    11

  2     Bucket dredges employed in the construction of a
        yacht basin near Bellingham, Washington	    12

  3     Filling of a hopper on the Corps of Engineer's
        dredge "Harding"	    18

  4     Foam and turbid water being discharged during hopper
        filling operations 	    18

  5     Bucket dredges employed in the construction of a
        yacht basin near Seattle	    22

  6     North entrance of yacht basin near Seattle .....    22

  7     Maintenance dredging in the Willamette TULver ....    26

  8     Maintenance dredging at the mouth of the Santiam
        River.	    26

  9     Barge being emptied in Puget Sound .... 	    28

 10     Close-up showing hydraulic jet from tug being used
        to wash material overboard 	 .....    28

 11     Spoil from a pipeline dredge being discharged to a
        settling pond at Terminal 4, Portland, Oregon. ...    30

 12     Overflow pipes from the settling pond	    30

 13     Settling test of Portland Harbor Sediments 	    52

 14     Dredging operation monitored at Bellingham Bay,
        Washington	    65

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                               TABLES


Table                                                           Page

  1   Pipeline Dredges Operating in the Pacific Northwest .  .     14

  2   Hopper Dredges Operating in the Pacific Northwest ...     16

  3   Bottom Sampling Areas and Sample Numbers	     46

  4   Mean and Range of Selected Chemical Parameters
      Determined for Bottom Sediments 	     49

  5   Chemical Comparison of Highly Polluted and Relatively
      Unpolluted Bottom Samples 	     50

  6   Frequency Distribution of Silt-Clay Fraction	     51

  7   Average Characteristics of Basin Influent and
      Effluent at Terminal 4	     56

  8   Turbidity Profiles - Bellingham Bay 	     66

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                             INTRODUCTION






                               Problem




     Dredging is one of the most extensive construction activities




in the rivers and harbors of the Pacific Northwest.  Maintenance




dredging to insure adequate water depths in channels and dock areas




is a continuing job.  Development of new port and industrial areas




often results in the dredging of fill material from nearby rivers




or bays.  Innumerable small-scale dredging jobs are carried out in




log ponds, boat basins, etc.




     Dredging removes and redeposits tremendous quantities of




material.  In Oregon, alone, estimates of the volume of material




dredged range up to 30 million cubic yards per year.  The material




dredged (spoil) varies from clean river sand to organic sludge.




Some of this material is deposited on land.  A significant portion of




the spoil, however, is dumped back into the water, or immediately




adjacent to it.  The possible adverse effects of this material on




water quality and on the aquatic environment is of serious concern




to the public and to the agencies charged with protecting the quality




of the environment.




     The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 specifies that plans for




building bridges, dams, pipelines, piers, etc. in or across a navi-




gable waterway must be approved by the Corps of Engineers by issuance




of a permit.  The same restriction applies for dredging in navigable




waters.

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     In July, 1967, the Secretaries of the Department of the Army

and Interior signed a Memorandum of Understanding which established

a procedure for the environmental and fisheries agencies to review

proposed project plans and comment on possible problems.—'  This

memorandum provides that consideration be given to the pollutional

aspects of dredging operations, including spoil disposal, and

measures to control adverse environmental effects.  As a result of

this agreement, all applications for dredging permits are submitted

to Federal and State environmental and fisheries agencies for review-

Any conditions or changes proposed by EPA or other agencies are con-

sidered by the Corps in issuing a permit.


                               Purpose

     Soon after establishment of this review procedure, definite

need was recognized for background data on river bottom materials,

operating characteristics of dredging equipment, and spoil disposal

practices.  This study was planned and carried out to provide some

of this information to aid in improving the adequacy of the permit

review system.
     I/  On December 2, 1970, the Presidential Order creating an
independent Environmental Protection Agency took effect.  The EPA
incorporates many Federal programs concerning the environment,
including water pollution control.  The Federal Water Quality Admin-
istration in the Department of Interior was abolished and the water
pollution control responsibilities and authorities of the Secretary
of the Interior were transferred to the Administrator of EPA.

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                              Authority




     Section 5 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended,




authorizes the conduct of studies relating to the causes, control,




and prevention of water pollution.







                             Objectives




     The objectives of this project were to answer the following




questions:




     1.  What are the methods used in dredging and spoil disposal?




     2.  What are-the sediment characteristics in known or potential




         dredging areas in the Pacific Northwest?




     3.  What are the effects of dredging and spoil disposal on the




         aquatic environment?




     4.  What information should be available to evaluate a proposed




         dredging proj-ect and what should be monitored during a




         dredging surveillance program?




     5.  What prevention, control, or abatement measures may be used




         to reduce or eliminate any adverse environmental effects




         due to dredging?







                                Scope




     The material and recommendations presented in this report are




intended largely as a compilation of background information for use




by those engaged in the regulation of dredging operations.  Specific




recommendations on individual water quality protection requirements




are discussed only generally since they will vary considerably




depending upon the location and type of dredging.  Field activities

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 4

were conducted in the coastal areas of Oregon and Washington and in the

Columbia and Willamette Rivers.  Active dredging projects were visited

to gain insight into operating procedures.  Field sampling was conducted

to obtain bottom samples for chemical and physical characterization

and to measure the effects of active dredging projects on water quality.

Literature on environmental problems associated with dredging was also

reviewed.


                           Acknowledgements

     The Environmental Protection Agency received the assistance of

many individuals and organizations in the conduct of this study.

Those providing direct assistance were:

          U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers
                         Portland District
                          Seattle District

                Commission of Public Docks, Portland

                 West Tacoma Newsprint Corporation

                    Georgia Pacific Corporation

                    Foss Tug and Barge Company

                  Willamette Western Corporation


     Their cooperation and assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

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                               SUMMARY







                      Findings and Conclusions




     1.  The location of spoil disposal areas is often on a




job-to-job or "emergency" basis to meet timing requirements desired




by commercial and port interest.  This is particularly true on




privately financed projects.  Conflicts in land use and competi-




tion for land is making the availability of acceptable sites for




land disposal of spoil more and more difficult.  Planning for spoil




disposal is very limited and local in scope, and little effort has




been expended in the development of long-term plans for such disposal.




     2.  The disturbance of bottom materials by pipeline and grapple




dredging and the discharge of spoil materials can significantly re-




duce dissolved oxygen levels, cover or smother bottom organisms,




and release toxic compounds in localized areas.




     3.  The chief visible effect from pipeline dredging is the




turbidity plume created by the spoil disposal operation.




     4.  Spoil disposal from a pipeline dredge in Bellingham harbor




produced very little visible surface effects; however, it created a




submarine mudflow that moved outside the boundaries of the prescribed




disposal area.  Slurry samples from this mudflow had a dissolved




oxygen level (DO) of 0.0 milligrams per liter (mg/1) and total




solids (TS) of about 75,000 mg/1 above background level.




     5.  The overflow from hopper dredges during dredging produces




a turbidity plume that trails the ship.

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     6.    Where observed,  the emptying of hopper dredges  created




little visible effect on water quality.




     7.    Data in the literature indicate that hopper dredging in




areas with polluted sediments can produce significant degradation




in water quality', however, the current uses of hopper dredges to




maintain harbor entrances and channels in the Pacific Northwest do




not create significant adverse water quality effects.




     8.  Unloading barges with hydraulic jets can produce large




turbidity plumes.




     9.   Spoil disposal by bottom-dump barges creates a less visible




effect on water quality than the use of deck type barges.




     10.  The dredging and disposal of material in a partially con-




fined area behind a dike or breakwater can be an effective method of




restricting or retaining the movement of turbid water and insuring




the retention of spoil material within a specified area.




     11.  The design and operation of diked areas for the land dis-




posal of dredge spoil often provides an inadequate detention time for




settling of the waste water prior to its discharge into the receiving




water.




     12.  The settling rate of sediments from Pacific Northwest




harbors is much more rapid in salt water than in fresh water.




     13.  The development of a healthy biological population is in-




hibited when the volatile solids content of bottom sediments is ten




percent or higher.

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                            Re c onime nd a t i o ns

      1.    All dredge spoils exceeding the limits expressed in Water

 Quality Office (WQO) guidelines entitled "Criteria for Polluted

 Dredge Spoil," should be disposed of on land.

                These criteria were adopted by the WQO in December
           1970.  A copy of the criteria is presented in Appendix A.

      2.   Zoning should be initiated in rivers,  estuaries, bays, and

 nearshore continental shelf areas so as to define areas where dredg-

 ing and/or the disposal of dredge spoil is prohibited.

                Zoning is needed to point out the specific areas that
           are in most need of protection from dredging operations.
           These include spawning areas and productive estuarine areas.
           Consideration should also be given to restricting the time
           of the year that acceptable areas are subject to dredging
           so as to minimize any threat to fish migrations, spawning
           cycles of shellfish, etc.

      3.   Local and regional planning for the development of long-

 term land disposal sites for dredge spoil should be initiated for all

 harbor areas in the Pacific Northwest.

                The planning for each area should be undertaken by
           personnel from State and Federal regulatory and resource
           agencies, the Corps of Engineers, local governments and
           planning agencies, port and dock commissions, and dredging
           contractors.  The planning should result in the location
           and development of a site or sites to be utilized for land
           disposal of dredge spoil.  When material from a given pro-
           ject required land disposal, or if no zoned water disposal
           area is available, all contractors will be required to use
           the designated disposal site.

      4.   Water quality standards criteria for dredge spoil and other

guidelines and regulations as appropriate should be incorporated into

water quality standards adopted by the States and EPA.

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               In many States,  the existing approved standards  make
          general statements regarding certain essential activities,
          such as dredging, which may result in temporaty standards
          violations.  These statements indicate that short-term
          exemptions to the standards may be approved for activities
          of this type. More specific standards which relate to the
          characteristics of identified water bodies should be added.

     5.   Where xoning has determined that dredge spoil disposal into

the shallow waters of rivers, bays and estuaries is the least environ-

mentally degrading method, controls should be implemented to minimize

the effects on water quality.

               Methods of improving shallow water disposal practices
          include:

               a.   disposal inside porous diked enclosures;
               b.   disposal into basins surrounded by underwater dikes;
               c.   disposal into sumps;
               d.   location of the disposal point to maximize re-
                    tention of spoil in a specified area;
               e.   use of deflecting berms to minimize current flow
                    through a spoil area.

     6.   Land disposal of spoil in diked areas should be conducted

to minimize the possible adverse effects on the aquatic environment.

               Suggested improvements in the design of disposal
          ponds or lagoons include:

               a.   locating the inlet and outlet to prevent short
                    circuiting;
               b.   installing adequate discharge controls;
               c.   providing a capacity and a detention time based
                    on the settling characteristics.

     7.   Applicants for dredging permits should be required to pro-

vide data on the chemical and physical characteristics of the

material to be dredged.

               The WQO and/or State water pollution control agencies
          will specify the number of samples,  recommended sampling
          method,  and type of analyses.   Analyses should be conducted
          at qualified laboratories using specific test procedures
          approved by the WQO.

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     8.  The regulatory agencies should monitor selected projects to

insure compliance with permit requirements, followed by enforcement

action where necessary, and to evaluate the effectiveness of control
measures.
             The monitoring would determine compliance with permit
         requirements.  It would also provide additional background
         information for improving the permit review procedure.

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                          DREDGING EQUIPMENT







                           Pipeline Dredges




General Description




     A hydraulic pipeline dredge, commonly called a pipeline dredge,




consists of a large centrifugal pump mounted on a specially designed




barge.  Bottom materials are brought up to the pump through a large




suction pipe and are pumped from the dredge to the disposal area




through a pipeline (Figure 1).




     The suction pipe is lowered to the bottom on a large hinged




ladder that extends forward from the front, or bow, of the barge




(Figure 1).  The dredging depth is controlled by cables that can




raise or lower the ladder.  The bottom of the suction pipe is gener-




ally equipped with a revolving cutter-head that breaks up the bottom




materials so that they can be drawn into the suction pipe.  The




cutter-head is turned by a shaft that extends down the ladder from a




power source on the barge.  On some dredges the cutter-head is re-




placed by a water jet that breaks up or loosens the bottom sediments.




     The dredge pump is usually a large-capacity, single-stage




centrifugal type that has sufficient clearance to pass anything that




can move through the openings in the cutter head and enter the suction




pipe.  The pipeline, extending from the dredge to the shore or to an




area of water disposal, floats on pontoons.  To move coarse material




through the pipe, a fluid velocity of at least 12 feet per second  (fps)




is necessary.  Consequently, the larger the discharge pipe, the

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                          ••• -. r  ,,  •  :, :',•,'•:;
                                .  /  , ,> "/,,
                        ,. '.  '•:   ,.-,.. •.. .. iidj  • . _.. .„
FIGURE 1  Small  pipeline dredge.  Cutter-head
          visible  at left.
FIGURE  2  Bucket dredges  employed in the construction
           of a yacht basin  near Bellingham, Washing-
           ton.

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                                                                 13





greater the pump capacity required.  The fluid volume moving through




a 24-inch pipeline at 12 fps is about 17,000 gallons per minute (gpm)




or 37^5 cubic feet per second (cfs) ; with a 28-inch pipeline the




volume is 23,000 gpm or 51 cfs.  The pipeline can reach several




thousand feet from the dredge and  can be extended for greater dis-




tances by using booster pumps to overcome friction head losses.




     The dredge is held in position during dredging by anchors, swing




lines, and spuds.  Spuds are long heavy timbers that are hung from




masts near each corner of the stern of the dredge.  They pass through




openings in the vessel and can be  raised or lowered independently.




When dropped alternately, they penetrate into the bottom sediments,




and serve as a pivot for the dredge.




     Pipeline dredges are measured by the diameter of the suction




pipe.  They range from small 4-inch sand pumpers to large 36-inch




dredges.




     Table 1 lists the pipeline dredges operating in the Pacific




Northwest.







Mode of Operation




     Pipeline dredges are generally towed to the dredging site.  The




pipeline is assembled and survey markers are established to orient




the dredge.  When in position, the spuds are dropped, and swing lines




and anchors are put out.  The anchors are on each side of the dredge;




swing lines from these anchors can be tightened or loosened so as to





swing the bow or suction end of the dredge back and forth in a small

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14
                              TABLE 1

                  PIPELINE DREDGES OPERATING IN
                      THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Vessel Name
Beaver
Grasshopper
H.W. McCurdy
Had co #1
Harbor King
Hoquiam
Husky
Karen
Luckiamute
MacLeod
Malamute
Melbourne
Missouri
Molly B
Multnomah
Natoma
North Star
Olympia
Oregon
Polhemus
Portland
Q.T. No. 1
Quillayute
Riedel
Robert Gray
Sand Hog
Sandy
Sandra Lee
Seacrest #1
Skagit Bay
Texas
Unit No 1
Unit No 2
Washington
Wahkiakum
Owner
Olympic Dredging Co.
Hayden Island Inc.
Western Pacific Dredging Corp
Hadco Cr edging Co.
Lewis Nicholson Inc.
Quigg Brothers-McDonald
Manson-Osberg Co.
Carmac Dredging
Corps of Engineers
Hydromar Corp
Manson-Osberg Co.
Quigg Brothers-McDonald
General Construction Co.
Hayden Island Inc.
Corps of Engineers
Port of Astoria
Pope & Talbot
Hydromar Corp.
Port of Portland
Western-Pacific Dredging Corp.
Marine Dredge & Equipment
Quigg Brothers-McDonald
Port of Camas-Washougal
Western-Pacific Dredging Corp.
Port of Grays Harbor
Western-Pacific Dredging Corp.
Milwaukie Sand and Gravel
M.P. Materials Corp.
Evergreen Tug & Barge Co.
Marine Construction & Dredging
General Construction Co.
Marine Dredge & Equipment
Marine Dredge & Equipment
General Construction Co.
Corps of Engineers
Size (Suction Pipe)
8-inch
6-inch
24-inch
10-inch
10-inch
12-inch
12-inch
8-inch
14-inch
26-inch
16-inch
10- inch
24-inch
12-inch
24-inch
20- inch
10- inch
24-inch
30- inch
16-inch
16- inch
12-inch
10-inch
16-inch
22-inch
14-inch
10- inch
16-inch
4 -inch
16-inch
10- inch
12- inch
14-inch
24-inch
24-inch

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                                                                  15






arc.  During dredging, only one spud is in place at a time.  This




permits the dredge to move forward as it swings back and forth by




"walking" from one spud to the other.




     When ready, the pump and cutter-head are started and the ladder




lowered to the desired depth.  Bottom sediments (about 15 percent)




and water are pumped through the pipeline to the disposal area, Dredg-




ing can be an almost continuous operation except for occasional changes




in anchor positions and additions of sections to the pipeline, however




it is customary practice to break the pipeline or move the dredge from




a navigation channel to permit passage of a vessel.




Advantages and Limitations




     The chief advantage of a pipeline dredge is the large volume of




material that can be moved in a short period of time.  Other advantages




include the ease of on-shore spoil disposal, the simultaneous dredging




and disposal operation, and the flexibility to perform a variety of




dredging operations.




     The major limitation of pipeline dredges is that spoil areas must




be relatively close to the dredging operation.  Another problem is the




inability to operate in open or rough water areas.  The large volume




of materials moved in a pipeline dredge causes a high degree of wear




on the cutter-head, pump, and pipeline.  Pipeline dredges are also




troubled by buried logs, large boulders, and man-discarded wastes,




such as cables that become entwined on the cutterhead and pump impeller.




The anchoring cables and pipeline can present a temporary obstruction




to navigation in confined channels.

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16

                             Hopper Dredges


 General Description

      A hopper dredge is  a self-propelled,  ocean-going vessel designed

 for hydraulic dredging and transportation of the spoil to a dumping

 area.  Their primary function is  to maintain harbor entrances and

 channels where rough water would  make other methods of dredging im-

 practical.

      On the Pacific Coast, these  vessels  range up to 350 feet in

 length and have hopper capacities up to 3,000 cubic yards.  Since

 the Corps of Engineers is responsible for the maintenance of harbor

 entrances and channels,  all hopper dredges  operating in the Pacific

 Northwest are owned by the Corps  of Engineers (Table 2).


                                TABLE 2

                     HOPPER DREDGES THAT OPERATE IN
                         THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Vessel Name
Biddle
Harding
Davis on
Pacific
Owner
Corps
Corps
Corps
Corps

of
of
of
of

Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Hopper
3,060
2,682
720
500
Capacity
cu.
cu.
cu.
cu.
yds .
yds .
yds .
yds .
Maximum
Dredging
62
62
45
45
feet
feet
feet
feet
Depth

      Hopper dredges are equipped with one or two large centrifugal

 pumps similar to those employed on pipeline dredges.   The suction

 pipes are hinged on each side of the ship witti the intake,  or suction,

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                                                                  17



end towards the stern.  They are lowered and  raised by hoisting




cables .




     The suction pipes are equipped with a broad scraper,  or  shoe,




that directs or feeds the bottom materials into the pipes  as  they




are dragged along  the bottom.  Hopper dredges are not equipped with




revolving  cutter heads.






Mode of Operation




     The dredge moves onto the dredging course, starts the pumps




and lowers the suction pipes to the bottom, and continues  moving




along  the  course.  The shoe on the bottom of  the suction pipe




scrapes a  thin layer of bottom sediments that are drawn up and dis-




charged into the hopper (Figure 3).  The sediment tends to settle out




in the hopper.  The liquid overflow from the hoppers is discharged




into the water (Figure 4).  When the hoppers  are full, the dredge




moves  to the disposal site.  Large valves in  the bottom of the




hoppers are opened and the material is flushed out the bottom of the




ship.  Many trips  over the same course are often required  to  attain




the desired depth  and width of a channel.






Advantages and Limitations




     The chief advantage of a hopper dredge is its ability to operate




in rough or open waters.  It operates without anchors and  causes




little obstruction to navigation.




     Its chief limitation is that it cannot operate continuously




as a dredge because much of its time is spent moving between  the




dredging site and the disposal area.

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FIGURE 3  Filling of a hopper on the Corps of
          Engineers' dredge, "Harding."
FIGURE 4  Foam and turbid water being discharged
          during hopper-filling operations.

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                                                                  19
Use in Pacific Northwest




     The Corps of Engineers' hopper dredges have operated in Oregon




in the Coquille, Umpqua, and Siuslaw Rivers; Coos Bay and Yaquina




Bay; and the Columbia and Lower Willamette Rivers.  In Washington




they have operated in Grays Harbor and Willapa Harbor.  The larger




dredges are generally used at the mouth of the Columbia and Rogue





Rivers  and  on the bars  at Tillamook, Coos  Bay.







                            Bucket Dredges







General Description




     A bucket dredge is a float-mounted hoist that utilizes a




bucket or grapple to remove the bottom materials.  The essential




components include a barge or float, hoisting machinery,  a swinging




boom, a bucket, and an anchoring system.  Some dredges are also




equipped with winches to shift barges to facilitate material disposal.




     Buckets are of two general types,  the clamshell and the orange




peel.  The clamshell bucket consists of two similar halves that are




hinged at the top, similar to its namesake.  The bucket can be




opened or closed at any time by the dredge operator.  The orange-




peel bucket is similar to the clamshell, but generally has four




sections that open and close.  Buckets  are designed for hard- or




soft-digging materials.  Hard-digging buckets are heavier and have a




more powerful closing mechanism than soft-digging buckets.  This





added weight generally necessitates a reduction in bucket capacity.

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20





      Since bucket dredges are neither self-contained like the hopper




 dredges nor equipped with disposal pipelines like the pipeline




 dredges, they are dependent upon auxiliary disposal equipment.  This




 generally consists of barges and a supporting tug to move the barges




 to the disposal area.







 Mode of Operation




      The dredge and its support barges are towed to the dredge site




 and anchored in position.  Positioning equipment may include spuds,




 similar to pipeline dredges, and wires,  anchorst and winches to shift




 the dredge along the cut.  Materials are brought to the surface in




 the bucket and dumped onto a disposal barge, or scow.  When full, the




 barge is pulled to a disposal site.  Usually two or more disposal




 barges  are used so that the dredge can operate almost continuously.






 Advantages and Limitations




      One of the advantages of bucket dredges is their ability to




 operate in small or confined areas.  This makes them useful in main-




 taining slips in harbor areas.  These dredges are not limited to




 shallow dredging depths and are useful in deep water excavation.




 Their chief limitation is that they are relatively slow.  They also




 require separate disposal equipment.

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                                                                 21





Use in Pacific Northwest




     Bucket dredges are commonly used in harbor maintenance in the




docking areas.  In recent years they have had widespread use in the




construction of small boat basins (Figures 2 and 6).  They are




also used in Puget Sound for deepwater excavations for pipelines and




cables.






                         Other Dredge Types




     Dipper dredges, similar in operation to power shovels, use a




bucket and dipper arm.  In general design they resemble a bucket




dredge.  Their chief advantage is their ability to lift or remove




large boulders that cannot be handled by other types of dredges and




their ability to excavate harder or more compact material.




     Another type of dredge that was used extensively in placer mining




prior to World War II is the ladder dredge.  This dredge uses a ladder




that extends from the barge down to the bottom.  An endless chain




carries a series of buckets down where they are filled by scraping




along the bottom as they revolve around a large sheave at the lower




end of the ladder.  The dredged materials are usually discharged to a




barge or back to the dredge pond by means of conveyor belts.  Neither




the dipper nor ladder dredges are known to be operating currently in




the Pacific Northwest.






                               Barges




     Barges used with bucket dredges in the Pacific Northwest are of




two general types.  These are the bottom-dump and the deck  types.




The bottom-dump barge is a hopper barge that is towed from  the

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FIGURE 5  Bucket dredges employed in the construction
          of a yacht basin near Seattle.  South
          entrance is in foreground.
FIGURE 6  North entrance of yacht basin shown in
          Figure 5.  Note most of the turbidity
          remains inside diked area.

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                                                                 23




dredging site to the disposal area.   Gates or doors in the bottom




of the barge are opened and the materials drop out the bottom.   The




emptying of a bottom-dump barge takes only a few minutes.




     Deck type barges have flat decks on which the dredged materials




are piled.   After they are towed to  the disposal area, the materials




are pushed over the side with a small bulldozer, or washed overboard




with a high pressure water jet.  The unloading of a deck  type barge




takes considerable time when compared to bottom-dump barges.




     In other areas of the country there are barges used which  have




a "pump-ashore" capability.  They are used to transport spoil when




it is disposed on land at a site beyond the range of a pipeline




dredge.  At the spoil site the barges are connected to a pipeline on




shore, and the spoil is pumped into  a suitable land disposal site.




At the present no equipment of this  type is available in  the Pacific




Northwest.

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                       SPOIL DISPOSAL PRACTICES







                          Disposal in Water




     Pipeline dredges may discharge spoil on either land or in water.




In water disposal,  the pipeline generally extends from the dredge  to




the disposal area.   The spoil can be discharged  above the water, where




it is shot out the end of the pipe, or it can be discharged below  the




surface by using an elbow attached to the end of the pipe.  Some




dredging operations are for the purpose of building islands or land




areas, and the material is discharged at a particular site until  the




spoil pile extends above the water surface.  Since disposal is




contemporaneous with dredging, disposal may extend almost continuously




over periods of days, and sometimes weeks, at a  particular site.




     The greatest visible water quality effect from pipeline dredges




occurs at the discharge end of the operation (Figures 7 and 8).  A




plume of turbid water usually radiates from the  end of the pipe.   On




some river dredging projects, the plume of turbid water extends many




miles downstream.  There is little or no apparent effect at the




dredging end of the operation because most of the material loosened




by the cutter-head is sucked into the dredge.




     In hopper dredges, the spoil is dropped out the bottom of the




dredge in a disposal area.  Several thousand yards of material may




be dumped in a few minutes.  The bottom area covered with spoil de-




pends upon the type of material, the speed of the hopper dredge,  and




the current and depth of the water in the disposal area.  Where

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FIGURE 7  Maintenance dredging in the Willamette
          River.  Note turbidity plume extending
          downstream from the shore-end of the
          pipeline.
FIGURE 8  Maintenance dredging in the Willamette
          River.

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                                                                 27





observed, the emptying of hopper dredges caused little visible effect




at the surface.




     During dredging, the overflow from the hoppers is discharged




from the vessel.  This waste water is generally very turbid and




results in a plume of turbid water trailing behind the dredge.




     The emptying of bottom-dump barges is very similar to the emp-




tying of hopper dredges.  The barges are generally stopped or are




moving very slowly during disposal, and the spoil is dumped above




a very small bottom area.  The dispersal of the material depends upon




the type of material and the currents and water depth in the disposal




area.




     The emptying of deck type barges, by pushing the material over




the side, requires considerably more time than emptying bottom-dump




barges.  During this time the barge drifts and material is dis-




charged over a larger area.  The emptying of deck type barges with a




hydraulic jet also takes considerable time, and creates a large plume




of turbid water around the barge (Figures 9 and 10).






                           Disposal on Land




     Except for the hopper dredge, most types of dredges can be used




in the land disposal of spoil.  With bucket dredges, land disposal




is generally employed when the dredging site is immediately adjacent




to land,  as in canals,  small boat basins, or boat slips.  Land dis-




posal from offshore areas is generally accomplished with a pipeline




dredge.

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FIGURE 9  Barge being emptied in Puget Sound.
FIGURE 10  Close-up showing hydraulic jet from tug
           being used to wash material overboard.

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     Land disposal may be used for building beaches, land filling in




low areas, filling for highway, airport and other types of construc-




tion, and as a source of construction material.  In recent years




land-disposal has been utilized for water quality control.




     In land disposal from a pipeline dredge, the spoil is generally




discharged into a diked area.  The  initial  inflow receives some re-




tention before the waste water overflows or is discharged into the




receiving water.  As the diked area becomes filled with material,  the




retention time in the diked area becomes less and the suspended




material in the waste water overflow becomes greater.  The overflow




from land-disposal sites creates plumes of turbid water in the receiv-




 ing river,  lake  or  estuary.   These  plumes have been observed




extending several miles from the discharge site.  The discharge of




liquid waste from land disposal operations may extend over a period




of  days, sometimes weeks, depending upon the size of the project and




equipment employed.




     Where observed, the dikes around disposal areas were constructed




with materials excavated from inside the enclosure (Figure 11).  To




prevent erosion of the dike from overflow, a large diameter pipe




extends through the dike and serves as a spillway (Figure 12).  The




spillway pipe may extend from the dike all the way to the receiving




water.   In some land disposal operations the spillway pipe is located




on the same side of the pond as the spoil discharge pipe.  This re-




sults in a shortcircuiting of the waste water from the discharge pipe




to the spillway with little retention time in the diked area.

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FIGURE  11  Spoil from a pipeline dredge being
           discharged to a settling pond at
           Terminal 4, Portland, Oregon.
FIGURE 12  Overflow pipes from the settling pond.
           Return water is still very turbid.

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     The dredge spoil generally builds an alluvial fan that slopes




away from the end of the discharge pipe.  If the spoil is chiefly




sand, compaction is very rapid and bulldozers can traverse the fill




a few minutes after deposition.  If the material is predominantly




silt or clay, a long time may be required for dewatering and com-




paction.  The utility of land areas filled with fine-grained or




highly organic dredge spoil depends upon the compacting character-




istics of the fill.  Some dredge fills of highly organic materials




are essentially unusable for long periods of time.







                       Double-Handling of Spoil




     The methods of spoil dispersal previously discussed involve a




single handling of the material.  In many instances, this is not




possible because of equipment limitations or the lack of spoil sites




close to the dredging operation.  In these situations, land disposal




requires double-handling of the material.  For a pipeline dredging




operation, double-handling may involve initial dredging followed by




water disposal into a pre-dredged sump.  The dredge is then moved




and the material is redredged and pumped onto a shore disposal site.




In a barge disposal operation, the scows may be dumped in shallow




water close to shore.  A dragline or clamshell on shore, or another




barge is used to re-excavate the material and place it on land.




     There are many limitations associated with double-handling.  It




is considerably more expensive and time consuming than single-handling.




More important, the potential for adversely affecting water quality

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32




is much greater.  All double-handling techniques involve temporary




deposition of the spoil in the water after initial dredging.  The




mixing received during the dredging, followed by this water disposal,




permits silts, sulfides, dissolved and particulate organic matter,




etc. to wash out of the spoil into the receiving water.   This may




result in high sulfide levels, turbidity,  and depressed  dissolved




oxygen levels.

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            REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
                       ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGING
                          Types of Problems

     There are many types of real or potential environmental problems

which may be associated with dredging.  The turbidity and suspended

solids may reduce light penetration and in severe cases produce

physiological damage in fish and other organisms..  In sediments

containing significant quantities of organics, agitation or resuspen-

sion may reduce oxygen levels due to the high initial oxygen demand.

In addition, the exposure of unoxidized sludges adds to the oxygen

demands placed on the waters from other sources.  Sulfides and

certain other components from industrial deposits may produce con-

ditions toxic to biological life.  Water disposal of spoil can create

severe biological problems by smothering the benthic community and

reducing the available habitat by filling.

     There is much in the literature on the problems associated with

turbidity, toxicity, low oxygen levels, etc.  Very few studies,

however, specifically relate these problems to dredging.  The results

of those studies that do relate to dredging will be discussed below.

The results of the many studies of spoil disposal methods and water

quality effects conducted in the Great Lakes area by the Water

Quality Office, EPA, (formerly the Federal Water Quality Adminis-

tration) and the Corps of Engineers will also be discussed.

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34
                     Results  of  Individual  Studies
      Several  studies  have been  conducted  in  Chesapeake Bay  on
 dredging effects.   Biological investigations were  conducted on
 a dredging and spoil  disposal operation near the upper end  of the
 Bay.(l)   The  project  involved disposal of over  one million  cubic  yards
 of spoil, predominantly silt and clay, in water depths of 3 to 6
 meters.   The  material was excavated with  a pipeline dredge.   The
 effects  of spoil disposal operations  on phytoplankton, zooplankton,
 fish eggs and larvae, benthos,  and fishes were  investigated.   No
 acute effects were noted for organisms in any of the  categories,
 except the benthos.  Significant numbers  of bottom animals  were
 smothered over a fairly large area.
      Another  study associated with the same  project investigated  the
 distribution  of the spoil within and  around  the disposal  site.(2)
 Bottom profiles showed  that, although the spoil was always  discharged
 within the prescribed bounds of the spoil area, the material  spread
 over an area  five times larger  than the spoil area.   The  maximum
 side slope on the spoil pile was 1:100 and the  average was  1500:1.
 Turbidity was increased above background  levels over  an area  of two
 square miles.
      A third  study in Chesapeake Bay  examined  the effects  of deposit-
 ins  1.3 million  cubic yards of sand and silt.(3)  Data showed the
 spoil had no  significant adverse effect beyond  the areas  of the
 bottom actually  covered with sediment.  In both the dredging  and  the

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                                                                  35
spoil disposal areas a rapid resettlement of biota occurred.




     The distribution of sediment around a spoil area was also




examined in Galveston Bay.(4)  In this area the accepted spoil dis-




posal technique is to build banks or spoil islands by deposition in




shallow waters.  In the particular project studied, 9 to 10 inches




of sediment were deposited up to 0.5 miles from the discharge.




Accumulations at a distance of 1.0 mile were negligible.  Deposition




was measured by spreading a layer of red gravel at the sampling




stations and measuring the accumulation of material on top of this




gravel by periodic core samples.




     The effect of resuspension of sediments on dissolved oxygen was




investigated in Arthur Kill, New Jersey.(5)  Arthur Kill is a long,




narrow tidal channel which separates Staten Island from mainland New




Jersey.  The area is heavily industrialized and numerous domestic




and industrial wastes are discharged into the Kill.  The bottom




material generally consists of a black, soft, oily silt which smells




of chemicals, oils, and hydrogen sulfide.  Periodically, dredging




operations are conducted to maintain the navigation channel.  The




material is excavated with a clam shell bucket and loaded into a




hopper barge for ocean disposal.  During two routine surveillance




surveys when dredging was in progress, discolored water and depressed




oxygen levels were observed.  These reduced oxygen levels, which were




attributed directly to resuspended bottom deposits, varied from




16 to 83 percent below the 6 to 8 milligrams per liter (mg/1) normally




encountered during periods of dredging.

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36






      Extensive  studies  have  been conducted in the vicinity of the




 ocean dumping ground off  New York.(6)   Separate bottom areas have




 been designated as  dumping sites for municipal sewage sludges and




 industrial wastes,  and  for the dredge  spoils.  These dumping grounds




 have been used for  many years.  Data showed dissolved oxygen (DO)




 depressions in the  bottom water above  the spoil deposits of 2 to 3




 mg/1 below bottom DO values  in uncontaminated areas.  The organic




 content of the sediments  was high,  with values to 11.5 percent on a




 dry weight basis.  A large area over and around the dredge spoil area




 was essentially devoid  of benthic organisms.   This absence of




 macrofauna is attributed  to  three factors: (1)  toxic effects or




 smothering of adults and  juveniles; (2)  the creation of a physical




 environment which adversely  affects the normal development of eggs




 and larvae; and (3)  avoidance reactions by adults of areas con-




 taminated with spoil.  Significant  levels of heavy metals and




 pesticides were found,  and the sediments have a distinctive petro-




 chemical odor.




      A mass mortality of  stickleback and shiner appears to have been




 caused by the dredging  of cedar bark deposits in a western Canada




 estuary.(7)  There  was  an obvious odor of hydrogen sulfide during




 dredging and concentrations  in the  water were greatly in excess of




 the lethal levels for fish.   Significant reductions in dissolved




 oxygen were also measured around the dredge.




      Similar effects on the  benthic biota were observed at a dumping

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                                                                  37




ground in Bellingham Bay, Washington.(8)  An  area  in  central Belling-




ham Bay had been used for years as a  dumping  ground for  organic




sludges and debris removed from the inner navigation  channel and a




log ponding area.  Bottom samples showed an area approximately one




mile in diameter had volatile solids  concentrations over 10 percent.




Both the total number of organisms and the species diversity were




severely reduced in this area.




     Recent laboratory investigations have shown the  detrimental




effects on salmon of polluted sediments from  the inner portion of




Bellingham Bay.(9)  Bioassays were used to determine  the effects of




various concentrations of sediments on sockeye smolt.   Concentrations




of inner harbor sediments (27 percent volatile solids) of 10 and 1




percent by volume caused 100 percent mortalities in less than 10




minutes.  At the 0.1 percent concentration the fish were initially




distressed, but recovered and were alive at the end of the 120-hour




test.  The studies indicated that hydrogen sulfide toxicity, rather




than depressed oxygen levels, was the primary cause of death.




     As part of this work, the reduction of dissolved oxygen and the




amount of hydrogen sulfide (I^S) released were determined for various




concentrations of sediment.  In a stirred mixture containing 2 percent




by volume of inner harbor sediment, the dissolved oxygen was reduced




from 9 to 5 mg/1 in 30 minutes and was 2.5 to 3.0 mg/1 after 90




minutes.  The initial levels of l^S for the same conditions were 4.0




to 4.5 mg/1.  H2S concentrations steadily decreased to zero after

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38

60 minutes.  Outer harbor sediments,  with volatile solids of 5 per-

cent, showed no measurable release of H2S.   There was,  however, a

significant reduction in dissolved oxygen.   Stirred concentrations of

1 percent produced a drop in dissolved oxygen of 2 mg/1 after 30

minutes, while concentrations of 5 percent reduced oxygen levels by

more than  8 mg/1 in 30 minutes.

     The investigators concluded:

           The  amount of mixing and dispersion which would occur
     during discharge of sediment from a barge is unknown;
     however,  zones of high hydrogen sulfide, low dissolved
     oxygen and excessive turbidity may occur.  Therefore,
     elimination of potential hazards to fish through adequate
     dilution  during dumping would be necessary.  Bioassay
     results indicated the concentration of inner harbor sedi-
     ment  should not exceed 0.1 percent.  This concentration
     corresponds to the visible threshold of distress for salmon,
     exerts an insignificant oxygen demand, and creates a turbid
     condition which would clarify within approximately one
     hour.  Thus,  if requirements for eliminating stress and
     toxicity  caused by hydrogen sulfide could be satisfied
     by dispersal  and dilution, turbidity and oxygen demand
     would not be  significant  factors.(9)


                         Great Lakes Studies
 Calumet  River Pilot Project

      The Calumet River Pilot Project involved land disposal of

 material from the Calumet River in a 91-acre site.(10)  Material was

 excavated by clam-shell and transported by scows to a temporary

 disposal site.  This  temporary spoil area was a basin or  "pocket"

 surrounded by a submerged dike.  When sufficient material had

 accumulated, a hydraulic dredge was used to excavate the  basin and

 pump  the spoil to the permanent disposal site.

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                                                                  39




     The following conclusions were based on the FWQA sampling




program:




     1.   The operation of the clamshell produced no significant




changes in water quality.  The only parameter showing a significant




increase was turbidity, which rose from 20 Jackson Turbidity Units




(JTU) above the dredge to 39 JTU below.




     2.   The submerged dike in the temporary spoil area was effective




in minimizing water quality degradation.  Parameter values immediately




outside the dike showed no significant increase above background.




     3.   The detention time in the final settling basin was insuffi-




cient to effectively reduce the turbidity and suspended solids to a




degree which would have been possible with improved control of the




drainage.




     4.   The final settling basin was not effective in improving the




chemical quality of the drainage from the spoil.






Inland Steel Landfill Lagoon




     In this project material was removed from the highly  polluted




Indiana Harbor Canal and disposed in an 80-acre lagoon along the




shore of Lake Michigan.(11)   The lagoon was  20 feet deep and was




surrounded by an impervious dike.  A gap 12  to 14  feet deep  and 150




feet wide was provided for the entrance of loaded  barges.  The Water




Quality Office monitored to determine the effectiveness  of the sill




in retaining contaminants within the lagoon.

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40



      Bottom samples  taken outside the lagoon showed that  little of




 the heavy organic material escaped.   Water quality was  noticeably




 degraded in the gap  and a quarter mile from the entrance.   The pri-




 mary effects were increases in suspended solidst oil and  grease,




 ammonia nitrogen, organic nitrogen,  and total phosphorus.




      During the project the Corps of Engineers attempted  to use an




 air curtain across the gap to contain surface films and polluted




 materials.  The results were inconclusive because the supply of




 compressed air was inadequate.






 Green Bay Pilot Study




      In this study 632,000 cubic yards of dredge spoil  were used to




 fill a 380-acre diked basin and to construct a dike enclosing a




 230-acre spoil area in the shallow waters of Green Bay  Harbor.(12)




 The project used a temporary spoil site in the bay consisting of a




 200 foot by 750 foot sump excavated to a depth of 25 feet  below




 natural bay bottom.   Material dredged from the Fox River  channel by




 clamshell was transported by scow to this temporary site.   It was




 then moved by hydraulic dredge to the 380-acre basin.  Some channel




 areas were excavated directly by hydraulic dredge with  spoil disposal




 in the large diked area.




      The data collected show that only turbidity and suspended solids




 were effectively controlled by the 380-acre diked area. Turbidity




 in the outfall was usually less than 25 JTU.  Chemical  constituents




 such as phosphorus,  ammonia and organic nitrogen, and chemical oxygen

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                                                                 41




demand increased through the pond.  In the temporary sump significant




increases above background were noted for conductivity,  alkalinity,




turbidity, suspended solids, total phosphorus and total nitrogen.




Turbidity levels in the channel near the sump went as high as 300  JTU




compared to background levels of  about 15 JTU.






Cleveland Harbor Dredging Effects Study, Interim Report




     This study involves water and bottom sampling in the Cuyhoga




River, the Cleveland Inner Harbor, and the dredge dump area located




in Lake Erie  outside the breakwater.(13)  The dump area is well de-




fined by increases in  the chemical constituents of bottom sediments.




 (Volatile solids, chemical  oxygen demand, oil, and grease showed de-




 finite peaks  in the dumping  areas with levels similar to those found




 in the river  prior to  dredging.)  In addition, general background




 levels in areas surrounding  the  dumping  ground were  relatively high.




The  general background level outside the breakwater  for  oil  and grease




was  4 milligrams per kilogram  (mg/kg), dry weight.   Farther  out,  in




 the  central areas of the lake, concentrations were  less  than 1 mg/kg,




      Sampling in the dredging  area indicated short-term  adverse




 effects  on water quality.   Dissolved oxygen  levels  in the  vicinity




 of hopper dredging were lowered  as much  as 25 percent.   In the  scow




 dumping  area,  depressions up to  35 percent in the oxygen level were




measured.  Suspended solids  also increased substantially.   Values for




 other water quality parameters were  not  significantly more than  the




 already  high  background  levels in the  study  area.

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42




Cleveland Diked Dredging Disposal Area Investigation




     The study evaluated two methods of spoil disposal into a com-




pletely diked basin in Cleveland harbor.(14)  The dike, which was




constructed  from 286,000 tons of limestone and dolomite, was designed




to  act as a  filter.  The storage volume inside the dikes was approxi-




mately 300,000 cubic yards.  A slip was constructed adjacent to the




enclosure for use both as  an unloading point and as an intermediate




storage site for spoil.




     The  first method of spoil disposal tested was the direct removal




of  material  from scows and transfer into the basin by simultaneous




jetting and  pumping.  Forty-one scow loads totaling 45,500 cubic yards




were  transferred in  this manner.  The average pumping time per scow




was slightly over two hours.  A 5:1 ratio of water to sediment was




necessary to permit pumping.  In the second method of disposal the




spoil was dumped into the  adjacent slip by bottom dump scows.  A




hydraulic dredge completed the transfer into the basin.  The volume




of  material  handled in this manner was the same as that for the first




method.




     Water quality sampling showed no significant effect on the lake




from seepage through the dike.  The data indicated over 95 percent




retention of all constituents measured.  In the case of disposal




method two,  adverse effects were found in the vicinity of the slip.




These changes were attributed to discharge from the slip, rather than




seepage through the dike.  Turbidity plumes up to 1400 feet long

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                                                                  43






were observed.  These were thought to be caused by prop wash from the





tugboats.  Depressed oxygen levels were also measured 300 to 400 feet




from the slip after spoil dumping.  Chemical constituents in the




bottom sediments increased near the mouth of the slip.




     A portable water treatment plant was evaluated as a means of




further treating the supernatant from the disposal area.  Treatment




procedures tested included: (1) coagulation, filtration, and disin-




fection; (2) coagulation only; (3) coagulation and filtration; and




(4) filtration only.  The combination of coagulation, filtration, and




disinfection was most effective in reducing turbidity, chemical




oxygen demand, and nutrients.







Pilot Study of Rouge River Dredging




     The purpose of this study was to determine the degree and extent




of pollution caused by dredging in the Rouge River in Detroit and




by spoil disposal on Grassy Island in the Detroit River.(15)  A hopper




dredge was used and the spoil was pumped ashore into the holding




basin.  Sediments in the project area were grossly polluted with




volatile solids varying from 11 to 35 percent (dry weight basis).




Grease and oil concentrations were in the range of 10 to 40 grams




per kilogram (g/kg) .




     The dredging caused significant increases in suspended solids,




volatile suspended solids, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand,




total phosphorus, and iron in the immediate area of the dredge.

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44
 Overflow from the hopper bins  caused the most severe pollution.




 After passage of the dredge the dissolved oxygen levels decreased




 with time as long as the stirred-up material remained suspended.   In




 the Detroit River near the spoil area,  no significant changes in




 water quality could be attributed to the spoil disposal.







 Great Sodus Bay Dredging Study




      This project involved hopper dredging in a navigation channel in




 Great Sodus Bay, with spoil disposal in Lake Ontario.(16)   The mate-




 rial excavated was lightly polluted with volatile solids from 0.5 to




 3.0 percent.  Sampling was conducted in both the dredging and spoil




 disposal areas.  The results indicate no significant change in the




 benthic biology or the water quality characteristics in the project




 area.  One conclusion was that the load on a spoil area cannot




 necessarily be determined by sampling in the excavated area.  During




 the hopper dredging work in Great Sodus Bay, much of the turbidity-




 producing fraction and the dissolved and volatile material was lost




 through the overflow.  It was  then dispersed by lake currents, or




 deposited in areas adjacent to the channel,  and did not reach the




 spoil area.

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             SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTHWEST HARBORS






                  Need  for Sediment Characterization




     Little information is available on the physical and chemical




 characteristics of materials dredged in the Pacific Northwest.  When




 a dredging project is proposed, the Federal and State resources




 agencies review the proposal for possible adverse effects on the




 environment.  Basic to  such a review is accurate data on the nature




 of the material involved in the work.  These data are lacking, and




 evaluations of proposed projects are frequently based on someone's




 guess as to whether the material is "good" or "bad".  There is an




 immediate need for standard chemical and physical data to assist in




 these reviews.




     To fully utilize any data on bottom materials which may be ob-




 tained, a framework of  data must be established which shows the




 characteristics of polluted and unpolluted sediments.  In the sections




 that follow the results of a bottom sampling program designed to




 establish such a framework are discussed.  The types of chemical and




 physical analyses needed to characterize the pollution potential of




 the material are emphasized.






                        Sampling and Analyses






Selection of Sampling Locations





     Sixty-five  bottom samples  were collected  .from  twelve different

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46

river and harbor areas.  Appendix B contains maps showing the detailed

location of the points.  The samples were taken either in conjunction

with active dredging projects or in areas commonly dredged.   Areas

were selected to provide a diversity of bottom types.   Most  samples

were taken in salt water areas.  Table 3 lists the areas sampled and

the number of samples collected.


                               TABLE 3

             BOTTOM SAMPLING AREAS AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES


Area                                                Number of Samples
Bellingham, Wash.                                          19
Anacortes, Wash.                                            2
Everett, Wash.                                              4
Seattle, Wash                                               8
Tacoma Harbor, Wash.                                        6
Chambers Creek Estuary, Wash.                               3
Olympia, Wash.                                              3
Hoquiam-Aberdeen, Wash.                                     3
Astoria, Oregon                                             3
Portland, Oregon                                            6
Yaquina Bay, Oregon    '                                     3
Coos Bay, Oregon                                            5
                                                           65"
Sampling Techniques

     Ideally, the material collected in potential dredging areas

should be representative of the full depth of the proposed excavation.

Some type of powered coring device is the best method for obtaining

this representative sample.  Weighted core samplers  will work,  but  the

length of core obtained with equipment suitable for  use from a small

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                                                                  47


boat is usually less than two feet.  Another problem associated with

the smaller coring devices is the small volume of sample obtained.

Numerous cores are necessary to provide enough sample for chemical

and physical analyses.

     The bottom sampler used in this study was a van Veen dredge^-'.

This grab-type sampler takes material from the top 4 to 6 inches of

the bottom.  This is an obvious disadvantage when the excavation may

be many feet deep.  Compared to the coring devices available, however,

it is simple to use and collects a much larger sample.  Since the

primary purpose of the sediment sampling program in this study was to

obtain a variety of bottom materials, and not to characterize any one

area in great detail, the dredge sampler was deemed satisfactory.  In

the study of a specific area to develop information relative to a

proposed dredging project, a minimum approach would require using the

dredge sampler to take samples for chemical analyses and a pipe or

long tube corer to obtain at least some qualitative information on

the deeper deposits.


Types of Analyses

     The following chemical analyses were conducted on all the bottom

samples: total volatile solids,  chemical oxygen demand (COD), kjeldahl

nitrogen,  total phosphorus,  and grease and oil.  In addition, initial

oxygen demand (IDOD), oxidation-reduction potential,  and sulfides were
     2J Use of product name is for identification only and does not
        constitute endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency.

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48






determined for the majority of the samples.   The analyses for initial




oxygen demand and total sulfides were conducted using the methods




specified in the 12th Edition of Standard Methods.(17)  All the other




analyses mentioned were run according to methods specified by the




Environmental Protection Agency.(18)




     Forty-nine of the bottom samples were characterized physically




by complete grain size analyses.  Turbidity settling tests were con-




ducted  on 33 of the samples.  To conduct these tests, a solution of




tap water containing 15 percent by volume of sediment was thoroughly




blended in a mechanical mixer and then allowed to settle in a glass




cylinder.  At various time intervals  a small sample was withdrawn and




analyzed  for turbidity using a Hach Model Turbidimeter.




     A  detailed presentation of all the data for the sediment samples




is too  voluminous for inclusion in the body of the report.  This data




appears in Appendix B.  Included in this appendix are maps showing




the sampling location and a tabulation of the analytical results for




each sample.  These data are summarized in the following section.






                      Summary of Analytical Data






Chemical Data




     The chemical data vary widely, both among samples from different




geographical areas and among samples  from the same general area.  The




mean and range for the primary chemical analyses are shown in Table 4,




These averages give some insight into the characteristics of a




"typical" bottom material from Northwest harbor areas.  To gain some

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                                                                  49
feeling for the significance of these characteristics,  samples having

the lowest and highest volatile solids content were compared.   For

this comparison, samples with a volatile solids content of five per-

cent or less were assumed to be relatively unpolluted.   Eleven samples

fell within this range.  To represent highly polluted conditions,  21

samples with volatile solids content of 10 percent or greater  were

chosen.  The mean and range of the chemical analyses on these  two

groups of samples are shown in Table 5-


                               TABLE 4

            MEAN AND RANGE OF SELECTED CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
                   DETERMINED FOR BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
Parameter

Total volatile solids
Chemical oxygen demand
Kjehldal nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Grease and oil
Initial oxygen demand
Sulfides-'
Oxid at ion- re duct ion potential
a/ Values are conservative due
No. of
Units Analyses Mean

%
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
MV

63
59
55
62
43
45
37
52
to preservation

10.9
101
1.75
0.96
3.62
1.47
1.05
-.07
method
Range

0.7-49.3
3-395
0.01-6.80
0.24-2.55
0.10-32.1
0.08-5.16
.01-3.77
-0.22 to +0.41
used.
     The data show significant differences between the two groups for

all the parameters listed.  Comparing the data from a proposed

dredging site with these extremes and with the average sediment

characteristics in Table 4 provides a valuable indication of the

degree of contamination in the sediments.

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                                        TABLE 5




     CHEMICAL  COMPARISON OF HIGHLY POLLUTED AND RELATIVELY UNPOLLUTED BOTTOM SAMPLES






                                          Lightly Polluted             Heavily Polluted
Parameter
Total volatile solids
Chemical oxygen demand
Kjehldal nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Grease and oil
Initial oxygen demand
Oxygen uptake
Sulfides- -'
Oxidation-reduction potential
Units
%
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
MV
Mean
2.9
21
0.55
0.58
0.56
0.50

0.14
+0.05
Range
0.7-5.0
3-48
0.01-1.31
0.24-0.95
0.11-1.31
0.08-1.24

0.03-0.51
(-0.18) -(+0.41)
Mean
19.6
177
2.64
1.06
7.15
2.07

1.70
-.13
Range
10.2-49.3
39-395
0.58-6.80
0.59-2.55
1.38-32.1
0.28-4.65

0.10-3.77
+.11 to -.22
a/ Values are conservative due to preservation method used.

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                                                                  51




Physical Data




     As with the chemical data, the results of the grain size




analyses showed materials ranging from pure sand to almost completely




silt and clay.  The average sample had a distribution of 43 percent




sand and 57 percent silt and clay (passing a 200-mesh sieve).  A




frequency distribution of the silt and clay fraction is shown in




Table 6, further indicating the variability encountered.  The data




showed no correlation between levels of organics and the percent silt




and clay.







                                TABLE 6




             FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SILT-CLAY FRACTION
Percent Silt & Clay
No. of Samples
Percent of Samples

0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
6
1
2
2
4
4
4
7
8
3
14.5
2.5
4.9
4.9
9.8
9.8
9.8
17.0
19.5
7.3
     Turbidity settling tests were conducted on several samples using




both fresh and salt water.  The average turbidity of the samples tested




after four hours settling in fresh water was 1240 JTU.   After the




same period in ocean water the average turbidity was 74 JTU, a re-




duction of 94 percent over the fresh water value.  Figure 13 shows

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          Initial
10 Minutes
                               , _^=T
                                     j
                                     I
         20 Minutes

40 Minutes
          6 hours
                                     ill  i
 24 hours
FIGURE 13 Settling test of Portland Harbor sediments in (left to ri^ht)
        freshwater, one-third saltwater, one-half saltwater, two-thirds
        saltwater, and saltwater.

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the effect of the salt water in reducing the turbidity.   These tests




showed that settlement in salt water is  essentially complete after




3-4 hours.  Additional tests indicated that  as  little as  10 percent




salt water is effective in greatly increasing the settling rate.




     In conducting these and other settling  tests,  an attempt was




made to correlate initial turbidities with the grain-size distri-




bution.  In general the finer materials  had  higher  initial




turbidities, but the variability was such that  no accurate




predictions on turbidity levels are possible.

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             FIELD STUDIES OF NORTHWEST DREDGING PROJECTS







                           General Approach




     The object of these studies was to make field observations of




equipment and operating practices for various types of dredging




projects.  Sampling was conducted in conjunction with these obser-




vations, to measure changes in physical and chemical characteristics




of the bottom materials and water in the project area.  These surveys




were usually short.  Field efforts were delayed in many cases by




frequent dredging stoppages due to equipment breakdowns,  blocked




lines, etc.




     Six dredging projects were sampled.  Visual observations,  alone,




were made at several locations.  The results of these surveys and




observation trips are discussed below.







                    Discussion of Specific Studies







Terminal 4, Portland Harbor




     This project involved removal of approximately 98,000 cubic




yards of material from Pier 4, Terminal 4, with land disposal




in an adjacent area.  The excavation involved about equal portions




of recent infill from the river and new excavation.  The disposal




area was located on a bench about 20 feet above river level.   Exca-




vated material was pumped into a 500-by-600-foot basin surrounded




by dikes 10 feet high (Figure 11).  The outlet works and the dis-




charge from the dredge were located in adjacent corners of the basin.

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 56


Overflow from the basin was discharged through two 36-inch culvert

pipes, which carried the overflow partially down the bank and onto a

sand bar approximately 150 feet from the edge of the river.  From

 this point, the discharge flowed directly through a shallow channel

 in the sand bar and into the Willamette River.  Figure 12 shows the

 outlet from the basin.

     A sample of bottom material from the dredged area was not

 collected.  Analyses of a sample from an adjacent slip, however, in-

 dicated a physical composition of 62 percent silt and clay and a

 volatile solids content of 7.2 percent.

     The evaluation of the land disposal operation emphasized turbi-

 dity  levels and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the basin discharge

 and the possible influence on the river.  Additional analyses were

 run, however.  The average influent and effluent characteristics of

 the basin are shown in Table 7.


                               TABLE 7

        AVERAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIN INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT
                            AT TERMINAL 4


 Item                                  Influent,               Effluent


 Turbidity, JTU                           —                    1600
 Centrifuged BOD, mg/1^                  3.6                      4.8
 Centrifuged COD, mg/1—                  17                       32
 Total phosphorus, mg/1                  74                        3.3
Ammonia nitrogen, mg/1                   3.2                      0-7
Kjehldal nitrogen, mg/1                 45                        7.5
     a./ Sample was centrifuged and supernatant was analyzed.

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                                                                 57







     The discharge was also sampled at the point where it ran into




the river.   Additional samples were taken in the river 100 yards up-




stream and downstream from the discharge.  Turbidities in the




discharge averaged 1200 JTU.  Values upstream and downstream averaged




22 JTU at the surface.  The only obvious effect was a large amount of




very stable foam produced by the turbulence in the discharge.  Some




of this foam persisted for several hours.




     Several points of interest were noted concerning the construction




and operation of the disposal site.  The dredge was capable of pumping




into the basin at a rate of about 18,000 gallons per minute, or 5300




cubic yards per hour.  The volume of the basin, for a depth of nine




feet, was 100,000 cubic yards.  The maximum theoretical detention time




is therefore 19 hours.  In reality, the detention times were much




less.  To prevent excessive pressures on the dikes, the water depths




above the bottom were maintained at three to six feet.  This cut




the detention time to ten hours.  The placement of the inlet and




outlet in adjacent corners of the basin caused short-circuiting and




further reduced detention time.  Filling the basin lowered the deten-




tion time even more, until, near the end of the project, it approached




zero.







Turbidity Sampling, Portland Harbor




     Two attempts were made to evaluate the effects of hydraulic




dredging on turbidity and dissolved oxygen in Portland Harbor.  On




the first of these surveys the pipeline dredge Oregon was operating

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58






in mid-channel opposite Terminal 1.  The cutterhead was at a depth of




50 to 60 feet.  The current was very slow.  Three sampling stations




were located across the channel, both upstream and downstream 400 feet




from the dredge.  Turbidity profiles were determined for each of the




stations.  The levels above and below the dredge showed no difference,




with turbidities falling in the range of 12 to 18 JTU.  There were




no apparent visual effects.




     The spoil from this project was pumped to the east side of the




river into an area being filled for future development.  The water




ran  across the fill for several hundred feet before draining into




the  river.  Samples were taken 100 feet downstream from this inflow




at points 25  and 175 feet  from shore.  Two samples were collected at'




each point: one near the surface and one near the bottom.  The two




offshore samples and the surface sample from the inshore station had




background level turbidities of 12 to 16 JTU.  The nearshore bottom




sample  had a  turbidity of  35 JTU, a two- to three-fold increase over




background.   Obvious discoloration was apparent only in the immediate




vicinity of the inflow.




     The second survey involved the pipeline dredge McCurdy, which




was excavating in the Willamette River opposite Terminal 4.  The




sampling program was similar to the first survey, except there were




two rows of three sampling stations each, downstream from the dredge




in addition to the three stations upstream from the dredge.  Samples




were analyzed for turbidity and dissolved oxygen.  There was no




significant difference between values upstream and downstream from




the dredge.

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                                                                  59




Depot Slough, Toledo, Oregon




     Depot Slough is a narrow channel which winds through the indus-




trial area of Toledo before discharging into the Yaquina River.  At




the time of the study there was very little inflow at the upper end




of the slough.  This particular project involved maintenance dredging




in the lower end of the slough to a depth of ten feet with a pipeline




dredge (Figure 1).  Spoil was pumped into a large diked basin.  The




discharge from this basin flowed through a shallow marshy area, then




ran back into the slough near the upper end of the work area.




     Two bottom samples were taken in the project area, one near the




mouth of the slough and one towards the upper end of the work area.




Both indicated high organic levels, with volatile solids content of




13.7 and 21.8 percent.  The sample near the mouth was 89 percent silt




and  clay; the upper sample was 56 percent silt and clay and contained




a large quantity of wood chips.




     Prior to start of the work water samples were taken to determine




background water quality conditions.  Turbidity levels were uniform at




6 JTU, and sulfides varied from 1.5 mg/1 near the mouth of the slough




to 3.4 mg/1 at the upper end of the project area.  During active




dredging, samples were taken near the surface and the bottom of the




water column at five locations.  These samples were analyzed for




turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and sulfides.  Turbidity values were




slightly higher than during the background survey.  Those at the




surface averaged 6 JTU and the depth samples averaged 11 JTU.

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60






Dissolved oxygen levels were between 7.3 and 8.5 mg/1.  Sulfides were




less than 3.0 mg/1.  There were no significant differences between




samples taken close to the dredge and those taken farther away.




     The effluent from the five-acre holding pond contained noticeable




turbidity.  At the point of discharge into the slough there was an




obvious increase in turbidity for 20 to 30 feet offshore and 100 feet




downstream.  Turbidity levels in the effluent averaged 28 JTU.







Santiam River Dredging Project




     This project involved maintenance dredging by the Corps of




Engineers at the junction of the Santiam and Willamette Rivers with




a pipeline dredge  (Figure 8) .  At the time of the study, the dredge




was  operating in the Santiam River a few hundred feet upstream from




the  junction with the Willamette.  The dredge was excavating coarse




sand and  gravel and depositing it for bank protection along the




south  side of the river.




     An aerial reconnaisance of the project site was made to determine




the  extent of the turbidity effects and to locate possible sampling




sites.  From the air it was possible to see a narrow thread of tur-




bidity extending downstream from the cutterhead.  This was visible




until  it became mixed with the more turbid water in the Willamette.




At the spoil pile, the turbid water hung in an eddy behind the pile




and  trailed off in a narrow plume against the south bank.




     Following the aerial survey the site was visited by boat, and




samples were collected for turbidity analyses.  General background




turbidity in the Santiam River was 2 to 3 JTU.  Samples taken 200 feet

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                                                                    61







downstream from the dredge and in the visible turbidity thread still




indicated 3 JTU.  Due to the fast current and turbulence, this line




of turbidity was very patchy, and it was extremely difficult to obtain




a representative sample.  Maximum values in the plume were probably




in the range of 5 to 10 JTU.  In the plume below the spoil pile,  the




samples had turbidities of 15 to 18 JTU 100 feet downstream, decreas-




ing to 6 to 7 JTU 400 feet downstream.  The plume was very narrow,




less than 40 feet wide in most places.







Chambers Creek Estuary




     The Chambers Creek estuary is in Puget Sound a few miles south




of Tacoma.  The estuary is very small and drains almost completely




during low tides.  It is used extensively for log-rafting and receives




the wastes from the West Tacoma Newsprint mill.  Bottom deposits  in




the estuary are grossly polluted, having organic contents approaching




50 percent.




     The dredging project in the estuary involved removal of 20,000




cubic yards of sand, silt, and organic sludges from the log-handling




area immediately in front of the mill.  The dredging permit specified




removal by clamshell and bottom dump barge, with disposal in 480  feet




of water at a specified latitude and longitude.




     It was originally planned to measure water quality both in the




dredging area and during the spoil disposal.  Circumstances, however,




prevented completion of either of these objectives.  Water quality  in




the estuary was so variable, due to pollution and tidal effects,  that

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 62






 significant effects  of dredging could not be determined.   Adequate




 water quality sampling during spoil disposal was precluded by sampling




 equipment malfunctions and the fact that all spoil disposal operations




 were carried out at  night.




      Despite the difficulties, a very interesting observation was




 made concerning the  adequacy of the dredging permit system.  When the




 newsprint mill requested a permit for their annual dredging,  the




 State and Federal environmental agencies imposed numerous conditions




 for approval.  The type of equipment, the time of year,  and the point




 of disposal were all specified.  These conditions were accepted by




 the mill and the permit was issued.




      During a visit  to the project a. small clamshell dredge was




 observed working in  a corner of the estuary used as a log pond by a




 small sawmill.  This operation had no connection with the newsprint




 mill.  Scrap lumber, steel strands from log bundles, wood chips, saw-




 dust, etc. were removed and piled on a flat-top barge.  Late  that




 night the barge was  towed 1000 to 2000 feet off the mouth of  the estu-




 ary and the material was pushed overboard by a small tractor.  The




 water at this point  is approximately 100 feet deep.  This was in di-




 rect contrast to the deep water site specified in the permit  for the




 West Tacoma Newsprint Mill.   A later check with the Corps of  Engineers,




 Seattle District,  indicated no permit had been applied for in connec-




 tion with this work, it is obvious that a proper monitoring program is




necessary, not only to assure compliance with permits, but also to

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                                                                   63




apply enforcement procedures as a deterrent to those who would




attempt such potentially damaging operations without a permit.




Bellingham Bay Dredging Project




     The 1969 maintenance dredging of the Whatcom Waterway at Belling-




ham, Washington provided an opportunity to monitor the marine disposal




of spoil from a pipeline dredge.  The dredging area and the disposal




areas are shown on Figure 14.




     Prior to dredging, a series of bottom samples were collected in




and around the disposal area.  The location of the sampling stations




and the chemical analyses are in Appendix B.  The bottom material was




principally silt and clay containing 7 to 10 percent volatile solids.




     Water samples from near the water surface and near the bottom




were collected at six  stations in and adjacent to the disposal area.




The end of the pipeline was equipped with an elbow and all spoil was




discharged beneath the water surface.  The sampling results indicated




little or no change in the quality of the water near the surface.  An




aerial inspection of the disposal operation also failed to show any




apparent effect from the dredging operation.




     The analysis of the near-bottom water showed a marked increase in




water turbidity within a large area around the end of the pipeline.  A




sample collected at Station 4, 1000 feet southwest of the discharge




point, showed the bottom to be overlain with more than 2 feet of a




thin slurry of spoil.  The dissolved oxygen in this slurry was zero.




     The discovery of this mud slurry at Station 4 resulted in the




collection of water quality samples at five additional stations.  The

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64






locations of these stations, designated PI through. P5, are shown




on Figure 14.  The data from the turbidity profiles taken at these




points are presented in Table 8.  Samples from Station Pi, about 400




feet from the end of the pipeline, showed the bottom to be covered




with about 7 feet of slurry.  At Station P2 there was about 4 feet




of slurry, and at Station P3, 1400 feet from the end of the pipeline,




there was over a foot of slurry.




     The mud slurry outside the disposal area indicates that fine-




grained materials discharged from a pipeline dredge can build up




beneath the disposal site and move laterally as a submarine mudflow.




At this particular site, the slurry moved down a gentle bottom slope.




It undoubtedly smothered all the bottom organisms that it covered.




     Detailed monitoring of the marine disposal of fine-grained




materials from a pipeline dredge would provide useful information as




to the rate of movement and the thickness and extent of man-created




submarine mudflows.  It is possible that some of these mudflows could




travel long distances from the disposal site.  If true, information




on the bottom gradients would be important in evaluating spoil dis-




posal areas for pipeline dredges.

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                                                              65
        Dredge Area
End of Pipeline from Dredge
       36'	-'



       Submarine

         Hud Flow
                                               Spoil

                                           '•  Disposal

                                               Area
         ./ \   i—  48 L.
             S../
                               P5
                              o
o
3
BELLINGHAM   BAY
       	 ---60'-,   \\
                              \  >

                 Scale      "^J  \

       o    500  1000  1500 2000 ft\
         Figure 14:  Dredging Operation Monitored at

                       Bellingham Bay, Washington

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66



                               TABLE 8




                 TURBIDITY PROFILES - BELLINGHAM BAY
Station
Depth
(feet)
Turbidity
(JTU)

PI








P2









P3





P4





P5





1
6
12
18
24
30
36
40
43
1
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
45
46
24
30
36
42
46
47
24
30
36
42
44
45
24
30
36
42
48
49
5
5
4
4
4
68
Opaque Slurry
Opaque Slurry
Bottom
8
9
5
4
3
10
50
Opaque Slurry
Opaque Slurry
Bottom
4
6
12
3
Opaque Slurry
Bottom
6
4
30
29
75
Bottom
4
2
8
16
18
Bottom

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                              DISCUSSION







     This report has covered a spectrum of techniques and problems




associated with dredging activities.  In this section, the major con-




clusions and recommendations to be derived from this information will




be discussed under four separate headings:  water quality problems,




dredging techniques, the permit system, and planning.







                        Water Quality Problems




     There is not a great mass of information available which shows




that dredging activities generally create gross water quality degra-




dation, fish kills, etc.  There is sufficient data from numerous




areas, however, to show the existence of, and the potential for,




significant water quality degradation and adverse effects on the




benthic biological community.  In the Pacific Northwest,  the release




of turbidity producing and toxic materials, and the depression of




dissolved oxygen levels are the primary water quality problems asso-




ciated with dredging.  The studies on the Rouge River (15)  and in




Arthur Kill (5) dramatically illustrate that the dredging of polluted




sediments can reduce dissolved oxygen.  The laboratory studies by




Servizi (9) on Bellingham Bay muds and the Water Quality Office




sediment data show a strong potential for high oxygen demands and




significant concentrations of sulfides.  Turbidity created by




dredging and spoil disposal has been shown to persist and spread




considerable distances, particularly in rivers.

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68






     As evidenced by some of the Great Lakes investigations and by




studies of active dredging projects in the Northwest, it is sometimes




difficult to measure and evaluate water quality degradation in the




field.  This is primarily due to the limitations of sampling tech-




niques and the nature of dredging operations.  The fact that it




cannot be readily measured does not mean,  however, that significant,




short-term water quality degradation is not occurring.  Sufficient




evidence is available to warrant a close examination of all dredging




activities, particularly  those  involving spoil disposal in water.




     The effects of dredging and spoil disposal on the benthic environ-




ment are more apparent and more documentation is available.  The




smothering effects are obvious.  Numerous  studies indicate that areas




covered by spoil are generally repopulated rather rapidly.  This is




only true, however, for relatively unpolluted sediments.   Studies in




Puget  Sound, the New York Bight, etc. have shown that marine areas




receiving polluted dredge spoil are either devoid of biological life




or maintain only a limited population.  In addition, the organic




materials present can create a serious depletion of oxygen resources




in the overlying water.  During spoil disposal,  submarine mudflows,




as observed in Bellingham Bay and Chesepeake Bay, can spread the




effects of polluted spoil over a much wider area than the designated




disposal area.  Significant degradation of the benthic community




occurs when the volatile solids content of sediments approaches or




exceeds 10 percent.  To avoid this degradation and the associated




water quality problems, material having a volatile content of 10 percent

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                                                                 69




or greater should, in all cases, be disposed of on land in properly




constructed and operated sites.







                         Dredging Techniques




     As a rule, there are only minimal water quality problems associ-




ated with dredging alone.  Most of the problems arise in the spoil




disposal operations.  These problems can be caused by several factors,




such as "bad" material, improper location of spoil site, and poor




timing.  It is in the conduct of spoil disposal operations that major




improvements are possible relative to water quality.




     Until recently, spoil disposal in the Northwest was conducted on




the basis of convenience.  When the material was not used for land




fill, the closest spoil disposal site was generally chosen,  and the




easiest method was used.  In many instances these were not compatible




with water quality control.  In the last two to three years  the situ-




ation has changed.  State and Federal resource and regulatory agencies




have imposed controls and restrictions on many dredging operations.




Dredging contractors, port authorities, and others have followed the




imposed conditions, but only because they are official requirements.




Those planning and conducting dredging operations have shown little




inclination to adopt new equipment or methodology to minimize water




quality problems.  Project proposals are still received which utilize




the same spoil disposal methods and locations which have been used for




years and which reflect little awareness of improved techniques.

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70
     There are many techniques which can be used to minimize water




quality problems associated with dredging.  Selection of the spoil




site is very important and will be discussed in a following section.




Basic chemical and physical analyses can be conducted to characterize




the material to be dredged.  Pump-ashore barges can provide land dis-




posal for polluted materials excavated by clamshell dredge.  Barge




disposal of spoil can be conducted so as to adequately disperse the




spoil and minimize smothering and water quality degradation.  Under-




water dikes can keep spoil within a specified area.  Basins used for




land disposal can be constructed and operated to minimize short-




circuiting and to maximize solids retention.  When double handling is




required, diked areas can be utilized rather than the middle of a




river or estuary.




     These and other techniques are necessary to control pollution




from dredging.  The regulatory agencies are responsible for instituting




controls and enforcing them.  Those in charge of planning dredging




operations also have a responsibility,  to take the initiative in




utilizing pollution-control techniques  in projects under their




control.







                         Dredging Permit System




     Any dredging activity proposed for a navigable water must  receive




a permit from the Corps of Engineers.  The Corps refers  the applications




to the regulatory fisheries and resource agencies for comments  on  envi-




ronmental effects.  The requirements and restrictions imposed for

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                                                                   71






environmental protection are incorporated directly  into  the  final




permit.




     This system works reasonably well as far as it goes.  The prob-




lems arise in the areas of surveillance and enforcement.  Many smaller,




but potentially damaging, projects are conducted with no permit at all.




Those projects with permits are rarely inspected to check conformance




with permit requirements.  There is a definite need for an expanded




education program to promote the use of the permit  system and for




increased enforcement to insure compliance with the permit as issued.




     The Corps of Engineers generally has only limited staff in each




district responsible for handling all the navigation permits.  There




are no resources to cover any  significant project monitoring.  This




should be changed.  The State  and Federal water pollution control




agencies, and the Corps should provide the resources to insure that




the requirement for a permit and the environmental  protection measures




in permits are enforced and that water quality standards are not vio-




lated.  The Corps should provide similar controls and inspections for




their own dredging activities.






                               Planning




     There is an acute need for long-term planning  of spoil  disposal




for all navigable waters in the Northwest.  Presently,  only  a minimum




amount of planning is done  in  the major harbor areas.   Most  harbors




have plans for industrial developments and  other  activites which will




require fill material.  No one, however,  is planning  for the long-

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72






term spoil disposal problem, either for the material presently used




in fills or for the material unsuitable for construction fills.  Each




proposed dredging project presents a "crisis" situation, and the




spoil disposal does not follow a development plan which considers




environmental effects.




     To overcome this lack of planning, a coordinating group should




be formed for dredging activities in each major geographic area (i.e.




Lower Columbia River, Coos Bay).  Contractors,  port development




agencies, the Corps of Engineers, resource agencies, regulatory




agencies, and local planning groups, should be  among the interests




represented.  This group should determine the long-term spoil disposal




requirements and develop a plan to adequately handle this material,




using techniques to minimize environmental effects.  One goal of such




a plan would be to develop properly designed and operated disposal




sites available to all contractors.




     Deep water disposal also requires planning.  Large volumes of




dredged material are not polluted and do not have the physical




characteristics suitable for fill material.  This material can be




discharged back into the water if proper conditions of timing, loca-




tion, and method are met.  Ideally, the material should be dispersed to




minimize turbidity, and to ensure the absence of dissolved oxygen




depression and toxicity.  Planning is necessary to define the




locations and seasonal timing restriction.  The resource and regula-




tory agencies should take the lead in formulating these plans, based

-------
                                                                   73







on the requirements of the biological systems which exist in the areas.




The result should be a specific statement documenting suitable disposal




sites and the precise conditions under which each site may be used.

-------
                        BIBLIOGRAPHY
Flemer, et al.  Biological Effects of Spoil Disposal in
     Chesapeake Bay.  Journ., Sanitary Eng. Div.,  ASCE, Vol.
     94, No. SA4, August 1968.

Biggs, Robert B., Environmental Effects of Overboard Spoil
     Disposal, Journ., San. Eng.  Div., ASCE, Vol.  94,  No.  SA3,
     June 1968.

Harrison, W., Environmental Effects of Dredging and Spoil
     Deposition In Proceedings of World Dredging Conference,
     1967.

Hellier, T. R., and Kornacker, L. S., Sedimentation from a
     Hydraulic Dredge in a Bay.  Publication, Inst.  Mar. Sci.
     Univ. Texas, Vol. 8, 212-215, 1962.

Brown, C. L. and Clark, Robert, Observations on Dredging and
     Dissolved Oxygen in a Tidal Waterway.  Water  Resources
     Research, Vol. 4, Number 6,  December 1968.

Anonymous, The Effects of Waste Disposal in the New York Bight  -
     Interim Report for January 1, 1970.  The Sandy Hook Marine
     Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries  and Wildlife,
     December 1969.

Hourston, A. S., and R. H. Herlinveaux.  A "Mass Mortality" of
     Fish in Alberni Harbour, B.  C., Progress Report No. 109,
     Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Group.
     November 1957.  p. 3-6.

Anonymous, Pollutional Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill  Wastes in
     Puget Sound.  March, 1967.  Federal Water Pollution Control
     Administration and the Washington State Pollution Control
     Commission.

Servizi, J. A., Gordon, R. W., and D. W. Martens,  "Marine
     Disposal of Sediments from Bellingham Harbor  as Related to
     Sockeye and Pink Salmon Fisheries" International  Pacific
     Salmon Fisheries Commission, Progress Report  No.  23,  1969.

-------
76
     The following reports are all Included in the report "Dredging
and Water Quality Problems in the Great Lakes", March 1969, Depart-
ment of the Army, Buffalo District, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo,
New York.  Specific references as to volume, appendix, etc., are
listed below.
10.  Calumet River Dredging Pilot Project, 1967-68 - Volume 2
          Appendix A-8.

11.  Report on  the Effects of Disposal  of Dredging Spoil From
          Indiana Harbor  Canal  Into  the Inland  Steel Company's
          Landfill Lagoon, November  1967 - Volume 2 Appendix A-7.

12.  Green Bay  Pilot  Study.  Green Bay,  Wisconsin.  1967.  Volume 2
          Appendix A-9.

13.  "Interim Summary of  Cleveland Harbor Dredging Effects Investi-
          gation", Robert Hartley, December  1967.  Volume 2
          Appendix 4.

 14.  Summary  of Findings, Cleveland  Diked Dredging Disposal Area
          Investigation,  1968.   Volume  22 Appendix A-5.

 15.  Pilot  Study of  Rouge River Dredging, August - December 1967.
          Volume 2 Appendix A-6.

 16.   Pilot  Study (Summers of 1967 and 1968),  Great Sodus Bay,
           Disposal  of Dredgings.  Volume 2 Appendix A-l & A-2.

 17.   Anonymous, Standard  Methods  for the Examination of Water  and
           Wastewater.  12th Edition.  APHA,  AWWA and WPCF.  1965.

 18.   Anonymous, Chemistry Laboratory Manual  - Bottom Sediments.
           Compiled by Great Lakes Region Committee on Analytical
           Methods.   Environmental Protection Agency, December  1969.

-------
                  APPENDIX A
    CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING ACCEPTABILITY
OF DREDGED SPOIL DISPOSAL TO THE NATION'S  WATERS

-------
                              APPENDIX A
       CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING ACCEPTABILITY OF DREDGED SPOIL
                    DISPOSAL TO THE NATION'S WATERS
Use of Criteria

These criteria were developed as guidelines for FWQA evaluation of
proposals and applications to dredge sediments from fresh and saline
waters.

Criteria

The decision whether to oppose plans for disposal of dredged spoil in
U.S. waters must be made on a case-by-case basis after considering
all appropriate factors; including the following:

     (a)  Volume of dredged material.
     (b)  Existing and potential quality and use of the water in the
          disposal area.
     (c)  Other conditions at the disposal site such as depth and
          currents.
     (d)  Time of year of disposal (i*1 relation to fish migration and
          spawning, etc.).
     (e)  Method of disposal and alternatives,
     (f)  Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the
          dredged material.
     (g)  Likely recurrence and total number of disposal requests in
          a receiving water area.
     (h)  Predicted long and short term effects on receiving water
          quality.

When concentrations, in sediments, of one or more of the following
pollution parameters exceed the limits expressed below, the sediment
will be considered polluted in all cases and, therefore, unacceptable
for open water disposal.

-------
so
      Sediments  in Fresh and
          Marine  Waters
          ^Volatile Solids
          Chemical Oxygen
             Demand (C.O.D.)
          Total Kjeldahl
             Nitrogen -
          Oil-Grease
          Mercury
          Lead
          Zinc
Cone. % (dry wt. basis)
        6.0
        5-0

        0.10

        0.15
        0.001
        0.005
        0.005
          *When analyzing sediments dredged from marine waters,  the
           following correlation between volatile solids and C.O.D.
           should be made:

              T.V.S. % (dry)  = 1.32 + 0.98(C.O.D.%)

           If the results show a significant deviation from this
           equation, additional samples should be analyzed to insure
           reliable measurements.

 The volatile solids and C.O.D- analyses should be made first.  If the
 maximum limits are exceeded the sample can be characterized as
 polluted and the additional parameters would not have to be investi-
 gated.

 Dredged sediment having concentrations of constituents less than the
 limits stated above will not be automatically considered acceptable
 for disposal.  A judgment must be made on a case-by-case basis  after
 considering the factors listed in (a)  through (h) above.

 In addition to the analyses required to determine compliance with the
 stated numerical criteria, the following additional tests are
 recommended where appropriate and pertinent:

      Total Phosphorus
      Total Organic Carbon (T.O.C.)
      Immediate Oxygen Demand (I.O.D.)
      Settleability
      Sulfides
      Trace Metals (iron, cadmium, copper,  chromium, arsenic, &  nickel)
      Pesticides
      Bioassay

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                                                                  81
The first four analyses would be considered desirable in almost all
instances.  They may be added to the mandatory list when sufficient
experience with their interpretation is gained.   For example,  as
experiences is gained, the T.O.C. test may prove to be a valid sub-
stitute for the volatile solids and C.O.D. analyses.  Tests for
trace metals and pesticides should be made where significant concen-
trations of these materials are expected from known waste discharges,

All analyses and techniques for sample collection,  preservation and
preparation shall be in accord with a current FWQA analytical  manual
on sediments.

-------
                   APPENDIX B
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM HARBOR
         AREAS IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON

-------
                                                         85
       BELLMGHAM
            BAY
                      BBAY 17
                 BBAY 08,30

                 BBAY 3I,0
-------
86


                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1407


 Station Location:   Bellingham Bay in Squalicum Creek Waterway	




 Latitude:   48° 45'  30"  N                   Longitude:  122° 30' 40" W

 Sampling Date:  1-14-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)              0%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity        4	
 Sand                       	5%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)    95%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                  9.4
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                 g/kg                80
 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                 g/kg                 1.17

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.16

 Sulfides                                    g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 1.16

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.83

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 2 43

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1408


Station Location:  Bellingham Bay, Washington.  Inner Reach  of	

Whatcom Creek Waterway	


Latitude:  48° 45' 05" N                   Longitude:   122°  44'  12" W

Sampling Date:  1-15-69
                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

•Gravel  (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity
Sand                       	%

Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)  	__%
                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                    Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                 49.3
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg               390
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 1.04

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.16

Sulfides                                    g/kg                	

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 1.08

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 6.80

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg                	

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                32.1

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE  NO.     1409


Station Location:  Bellingham Bay, Washington.   Outer  Reach of	

Whatcom Creek Waterway	


Latitude:  48° 44' 42" N                   Longitude:   122° 29'  41" W

Sampling Date:  1-15-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel  (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity         4	
Sand                         14%

Silt  and Clay )_200 mesh)    86%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY  WT.)

Parameter                                   Uni t                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  10.5
 Chemical  Oxygen Demand  (COD)                g/kg                125
 Initial  Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                g/kg                  0.34

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.12

 Sulfides                                    g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                  0.93

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                  2.65

 Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  2  82

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1410


Station Location:  Bellingham Bay, Washington.  Adjacent to

abandoned railroad ferry dock.	

Latitude:  48° 44' 32" N                   Longitude:  122° 29' 41" W

Sampling date:  1-15-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        8	
Sand                        26%

Silt and Clay (_200 mesh)   74%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  6.6
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                87

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg
Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.08

Sulfides                                    g/kg                _____

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 Q.69

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.35

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 0.76

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90
                                              BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.  BBAY-01


  Station Location:  Bellingham Bay near South Bellingham _



  Latitude:  48° 43' 53" N                   Longitude:  122°  30'  28" W

  Sampling Date:  6-18-69


                        PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

  Gravel (+6 mesh)              %             Coefficient of
                                               Uniformity     _
  Sand                       _ %

  Silt and Clay (_200 mesh)  _ %


                    CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS CDRY WT.)

  Parameter                                   Unt                 Value
  Volatile Solids                               %                  8.7
   Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                54
   Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 1.17

   Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.07

   Sulfides                                    g/kg                 Q.61

   Total Phosphorus                            g/ke                 1 16

   Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 l 81

   Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 1>QO

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. BBAY-02
Station Location:   Bellingham Bay northeast of Starr Rock Buoy
Latitude:  48° 44' 16" N                   Longitude:  122° 30' 03" W

Sampling Date:  6-18—69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     	
S and                       	%

Silt and Clay (_200 mesh)  	_%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  9.7

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                64
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 1.5Q

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.11

Sulfides                                    g/kg                 0.93

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 1.13

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.82

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 1.51

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92
                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.  BBAY-08


 Station Location:  Bellingham Bay near Outer Reach	




 Latitude:  48° 44' 23" N                   Longitude:   122° 29'  57" W

 Sampling Date:  6-18-69


                       PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity     	
 Sand                       	%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	%
                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                  9.7

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts

 Sulfides                                    g/kg                 2.24

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 i 15

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1>94

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 3^

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. BBAY-09


Station Location:   Bellingham Bay near South end of Outer Reach	




Latitude:  48° 44' 18" N                   Longitude:  122° 30' 12" W

Sampling Date:  6-18-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     	
Sand                       	%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	%
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  7.5

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                	

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                	

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             	
Sulfides                                    g/kg                 1.42

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 1.11

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.68

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 2.12

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94
                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.  BBAY-10
Station Location:  Bellingham Bay near  South Bellingham
Latitude:  48° 44' 06" N                   Longitude:   122° 30'  33" W

Sampling Date:  6-18-69
                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity
 Sand             .          	%

 Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)  	%
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                   7.3

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts


Sulfides                                    g/kg                  Q.16

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                  1 27

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                  !.64

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  Q^

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. BBAY-11


Station Location:  Bellingham Bay near Starr Rock Buoy



Latitude:  48° 44' 04" N                   Longitude:  122° 30' 17" W

Sampling Date:  6-18-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)	%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     _____
Sand                          %

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  7.7

Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                g/kg                _____

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                _____

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts
Sulfides                                    g/kg                 0.40

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 1.15

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.74

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 1.00

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.  BBAY-17
Station Location:  Bellingham Bay in Outer Reach
Latitude:  48° 44' 33" N                   Longitude:   122°  29'  56" W

Sampling Date:  6-18-69
                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel  (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity
Sand                       	%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	%
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  9.5
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                 78
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 3.66

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.15

Sulfides                                    g/kg                 2.23

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0.97

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.94

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 6>56

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. BBAY-18
Station Location:   Bellingham Bay near boat basin.
Latitude:  48° 45' 17" N                   Longitude:  122° 29' 54" W

Sampling Date:  6-18-69
                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity
S and                       	%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   	%
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  3.2
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                15

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                	
Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             +0.32

Sulfides                                    g/kg                 0.03

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0.64

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 0.59

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 0.14

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98
                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. BBAY-26
Station Location:  Bellingham Bay near  Starr Rock Buoy
 Latitude:   48° 44' 04" N                    Longitude:   122° 30'  17" W

 Sampling Date:   7-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6  mesh)              %             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity      	
 Sand                       	_%

 Silt  and Clay (-200 mesh)  	%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                 Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                   7^5

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                 91
 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                  1.62

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             +0.01

 Sulfides                                    g/kg                  Q.35

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                  Q 82

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  ^

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. BBAY-27


Station Location:  Bellingham Harbor near South Bellingham




Latitude:  48° 43' 53" N                   Longitude:  122° 30' 28" W

Sampling Date:  7-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     ______^
Sand                          _%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	%
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  8.1

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                86 	
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                 g/kg                  1.62

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.09

Sulfides                                     g/kg                  0.04

Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                  1.10

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                 	

Grease and Oil                               g/kg                  1.46

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100



                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.  BBAY-28


 Station Location:   Bellingham Harbor near South Bellingham	




 Latitude:  48° 44'  06" N                   Longitude:  122° 30' 33" W

 Sampling Date:  7-16-69


                       PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)            	%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity     	
 Sand                          %

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)      %
                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                  8,8

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                 g/kg                67
 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                 g/kg                 1.55

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential             millivolts             -0.09

 Sulfides                                     g/kg                 Q.35

 Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                 1.08

 Kjeldahl  Nitrogen                            g/kg

 Grease and  Oil                              g/kg                 1-48

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. BBAY-29


Station Location:   Bellingham Bay northeast of Starr Rock Buoy	




Latitude:  48° 44'  16" N                   Longitude:  122° 30' 05" W

Sampling Date:  7-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     __	
Sand                       	%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	%
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  9.1

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                79
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                 g/kg                  1.83

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             +0-01

Sulfides                                     g/kg                <0.01

Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                  1-QQ

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                _____

Grease and Oil                               g/kg                  1.49

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 102


                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. BBAY-30



Station Location:  Bellingham Bay near Outer  Reach.





Latitude:  48° 44' 23" N                   Longitude:   122° 29'  57" W

Sampling Date:  7-16—69



                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel  (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity     _________
Sand                       	%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)     %
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                   8.7

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg               105

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                  2.86

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.16

Sulfides                                    g/kg                  Q.91

Total Phosphorus                            e/kg                  l Q7

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  ^^

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. BBAY-31
Station Location:   Bellingham Bay near South End of Outer REach	




Latitude:   48° 44' 18" N                   Longitude:  122° 30' 12" W

Sampling Date:  7-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     __________
Sand                       	%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	_%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  8.2

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                63
Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                  2.66

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.13

Sulfides                                     g/kg                  2.56

Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                  0-95

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                 	

Grease and Oil                               g/kg                  4.02

-------
 104
FIGURE n-2.  Anacortes Area, Washington showing  location of
             sampling stations.                   "<-<*<-ion or

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1411


Station Location:   Anacortes Harbor, Washington.  Harbor entrance

at breakwater.	


Latitude:  48° 30' 43" N                   Longitude:  122° 31' 48" W

Sampling Date:   1-15-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        5
Sand                        24%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   76%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                 19.2

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg               214

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                	
Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.17

Sulfides                                    g/kg                	

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 °-8^

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg        "         3'83

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg                	

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 3'84

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106
                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1412


 Station Location:   Anacortes  Area,  Washington.   Swinomish Channel

 at Piling,  N.  18.	


 Latitude:   48° 28'  42" N                    Longitude:  122° 31' 48" W

 Sampling Date:  1-15-69


                      PARTICLE  SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6  mesh)              0%             Coefficient of
                                              Uni f o r mi ty        2	
 Sand                       96%

 Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)  	4%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY  WT.)

 Parameter                                    Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                   1.7

 Chemical Oxygen  Demand (COD)                 g/kg                 7

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                 g/kg

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential           millivolts

 Sulfides                                    g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                 0  41

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                 Q  16

 Ammonia Nitrogen                             2/ke

 Grease and  Oil                              e/ke

-------
FIGURE B-3.    Everett Harbor,  Washington showing  location of
              sampling stations.

-------
108
                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1413


 Station Location:   Everett Harbor, Washington.  Main Channel at

 small boat harbor.


 Latitude:   47° 59'  52" N                   Longitude:  122° 13' 21" W

 Sampling Date:  l-16-69_


                       PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Shells (+6 mesh)           	7%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity        7
 Sand                        68%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)    25%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                  5.6
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                 g/kg                59

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                 g/kg
 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.09

 Sulfides                                    g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0_46

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 Q_51

 Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/ke

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 Q ^Q

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1414


Station Location:   Everett Harbor, Washington.  North end of

Channel near Snohomish River.	


Latitude:   48° 01' 01" N                   Longitude:  122° 12' 55" W

Sampling Date:  1-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             5%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        4
Sand                        89%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	6%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  2.5
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                 4.0

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                _____
Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             +0.3

Sulfides                                    g/kg                	
Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0.36

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 0.13

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg                	

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 0.11

-------
110


                                            BOTTOM  SAMPLE  NO.     1415


Station Location:  Everett Harbor, Washington.  Port  Gardiner	

Harbor Near Port of Everett Dock.	_____


Latitude:  47° 59' 01" N                   Longitude:   122°  13'  17" W

Sampling Date:  1-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	5%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        6	
Sand                        28%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   67$


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                 17.8
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg               163
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 Q.28

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.19

Sulfides                                    g/kg

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0 63

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 2 02

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 3 ^

-------
                                         SHILSHOLE



                                             BAY
FIGURE B-4.   Seattle Ar^ea, Washington showing location of sampling stations,

-------
112


                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1416


 Station Location:   Seattle,  Washington.   East waterway just north

 of Sewer outfall.	


 Latitude:   47° 34'  41"  N                    Longitude:  122° 20' 35" W

 Sampling Date:   1-16-69


                      PARTICLE  SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6  mesh)              0%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity        6	
 Sand                        27%

 Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)    73%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                    Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                                %                 25.5
 Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                 g/kg               282

 Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg
 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.16

 Sulfides                                     g/kg

 Total  Phosphorus                             g/kg                 0 96

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                 3 33

 Ammonia Nitrogen                             g/kg

 Grease and Oil                               g/kg                18>0

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1417


Station Location:   Seattle, Washington.  Duwamish  River immediately

upstream from the 14th Ave . Bridge.      	_____	


Latitude:  47° 31' 44" N                   Longitude:  122° 18' 42" W

Sampling Date:  1-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        6
Sand                        24%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   76%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                   7.8

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                70
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 0.41

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.05

Sulfides                                    g/kg                	

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0.74

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.60

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg                 3.4

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                	

-------
114
                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1418


 Station Location:  Seattle, Washington.   Duwamish River immediately

 downstream  from  1st Ave. Bridge.	


 Latitude:   47° 32' 37" N                    Longitude:   122° 20' 04" W

 Sampling  Date:   1-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6  mesh)           	0%              Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity        4	
 Sand                       11%

 Silt and  Clay  (-200 mesh)   89%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY  WT.)

 Parameter                                    Unit                Value

 Volatile  Solids                               %                  10.2
 Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                g/kg       -         100
 Initial  Oxygen Demand  (ILOD)                g/kg                  1.01

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.12

 Sulfides                                    g/kg                 	

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                  1  31

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                  2<44

 Ammonia Nitrogen                            e/ke

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  ,. ^

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1419


Station Location:   Seattle, Washington.  Duwamish River at north _

end of Riverside Reach.        __ ___


Latitude:  47° 33' 53" N                   Longitude:  122° 20' 45" W

Sampling Date:  1-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             Q%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        5
Sand                        28%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   72%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                                %                  6-4
Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                 g/kg                80
Initial Oxygen Demand  (DOD)                  g/kg                0.38

Oxidation-Reduction Potential             millivolts              -0 . 19

Sulfides                                     g/kg                _

Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                °-78

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                1>60

Ammonia Nitrogen
Grease and Oil                               g/kg                 5-22

-------
116

                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO-    1420


 Station Location:  Seattle, Washington.  West Waterway at mouth of

 Duwamish River.	


 Latitude:  47° 34'40" N                    Longitude:   122° 21' 41" W

 Sampling Date:  1-16-69


                       PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6 mesh)           	0%             Coefficient  of
                                              Uniformity         6
 Sand                        14%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   86%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                   7.5
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                 85
 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 0.67

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.15

 Sulfides                                    g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 1.19

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 2-U

 Ammonia Nitrogen                            R/ke

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 6_8g

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1421


Station Location:   Seattle, Washington.  Lake Washington Ship Canal

•just below railroad bridge in Shilshole Bay.	


Latitude:   47° 40' 02" N                   Longitude:  122° 24' 09" W

Sampling Date:  1-16-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        3	
Sand                        37%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   63%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  5-0

Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                g/kg                48	

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                	

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0-18

Sulfides                                    g/kg                	
Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                  °-53

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                  1-31

Ammonia Nitrogen                             g/kg                	

Grease and Oil                               g/kg                  i-31

-------
118
    COMMENCEMENT
          BAY
     Sampling Station
FIGURE  B-5.   Tacoma Harbor, Washington  showing location of
             sampling  stations.

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1433


Station Location:   Tacoma, Washington.  City Waterway  opposite	

from Union Station.	


Latitude:  47° 14' 48" N                    Longitude:   122°  25' 51" W

Sampling Date:  3-11-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE  DISTRIBUTLON

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	1%             Coefficienf of
                                             Uniformity        4	
Sand                       _A3%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)    56%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                                %                HLd—

Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                 g/kg                203
 Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                 4«65

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             ~9.'-16..

 Sulfides                                     g/kg                 2-56

 Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                 1-21

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                ^!^

 Ammonia Nitrogen                             g/kg                	

 Grease and Oil                               g/kS                19'9

-------
120


                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1434



Station Location:  Tacoma, Washington.  End  of  St.  Regis Paper	

Company dock.	


Latitude:  47° 16' 10" N                   Longitude:   122° 25'  51" W

Sampling Date:  3-11-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	3%              Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        4	
Sand                        49%                              ——

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   48%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                    Unijt                 Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  13.1
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                126
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 5.16

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.18


Sulfides                                    g/kg                 2.32

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0 92

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1-60

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 g>86

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1435


Station Location:  Tacoma, Washington.  Puyallup Waterway opposite

jirom St. Regis Paper Company Plant.	


Latitude:  47° 16' 01" N                   Longitude:   122°  25' 30" W

Sampling Date:  3-11-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel  (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity        2	
Sand                        98%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	2%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                                %                   0-7

Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                g/kg                  2.6

Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                g/kg                ___
 Oxidation-Reduction Potential             millivolts              +0.21

 Sulfides                                     g/kg                 0-02

 Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                 Q-7Q

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                 °-01

 Atnmonia Nitrogen                             g/kg                —	

 Grease and Oil                               g/kg                 °-16

-------
 122


                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1436


 Station  Location:  Tacoma, Washington.   Center of Port Industrial   _

 Waterway near East llth Street.	


 Latitude:   47°  16' 25" N                    Longitude:   122° 24' 14" W

 Sampling Date:  3-11-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6  mesh)           	0%              Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        5	
 Sand                        17%

 Silt  and Clay (-200 mesh)   83%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                    Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                                %                   3^5

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                  g/kg                36
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                  1.24

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.04

Sulfides                                    g/kg                  Q.51

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                  Q>g5

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                  0.75

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  ^

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1437


Station Location:   Tacoma, Washington.  Hylebos Waterway turning

basin.      	
Latitude:   47° 16' 07" N                   Longitude:   122° 22' 16" W

Sampling Date:  3-11-69
                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity
Sand                        15%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   85%
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                 13.4
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                53
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 1.69

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.15

Sulfides                                    g/kg                 1.73

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 1.25

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.34

Ammonia Nitrogen
Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 3.87

-------
124

                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1438


 Station Location:  Tacoma, Washington.   Hylebos Waterway opposite

 Hooker Chemical.	


 Latitude:   47°  16' 47" N                    Longitude:  122° 24' 02" W

 Sampling Date:   3-11-69


                       PARTICLE  SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6  mesh)           	1%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity        2	
 Sand                         31%

 Silt  and Clay (-200 mesh)    68%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                    Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                                %                 12.8
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                 39
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                  1.39

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.22

Sulfides                                    g/kg                  1.24

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                  0  87

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                  Q>58

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  ^g

-------
       PUGET




       SOUND
                                                                       • Sampling Station
FIGURE B-6.   Chambers Creek, Washington showing location of sampling  stations.

-------
126


                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO. CHCK-03


 Station Location:  Chambers Creek  estuary  near Steilacoom,	

 Washington.	


 Latitude:  47° 11' 06" N                    Longitude:   122° 34'  40" W

 Sampling Date:  6-11-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6 mesh)              %              Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     	
 Sand                       	_%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	%
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                 29.6
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                169
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                  2.02

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.15

Sulfides                                    g/kg                  3.50

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                  0.91

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                  2.94

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  ^

-------
                                            BOTTOM  SAMPLE NO. CHCK-06
Station Location:  Chambers Creek estuary near Steilacoom,

Washington.	
Latitude:  47° 11' 08" N                    Longitude:   122°  34' 35" W

Sampling Date:  6-11-69
                      PARTICLE  SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	%             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity
Sand                       	%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)     %
                  CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY  WT.)

Parameter                                    Unit               Value

Volatile Solids                                %                 46.4

Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                 g/kg               395
 Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                 4.23

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential             millivolts              -0.15

 Sulfides                                     g/kg                 3-77

 Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                 °-88

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                 4>13

 Grease and Oil                               g/kg                n-2

-------
128


                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.  CHCK-08



 Station Location:   Chambers Creek estuary near Steilacoom,	

 Washington.	



 Latitude:  47° 11'  12" N                   Longitude:  122° 34' 25" W

 Sampling Date:  6-11-69



                       PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)            	%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity     	
 Sand                          %
 Silt and Clay (-200  mesh)  	%



                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                                %                 27.5


 Chemical Oxygen  Demand  (COD)                 g/kg               352
 Initial  Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                  2 15

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.05


 Sulfldes                                     g/kg                  1.56

 Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                  Q>59

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                  l^J

 Grease and Oil                               yk

-------
                                                             129
      • Samplinq Station
FIGURE B-7.    Olympia Harbor, Washington showing location  of
              sampling stations.

-------
 130


                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1439
 Station Location:   Olympia, Washington.   South end of Inner Harbor.





 Latitude:   47°  03'  00" N                    Longitude:  122° 54' 16" W

 Sampling Date:   3-12-69


                      PARTICLE  SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6  mesh)             0%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity        4
 Sand                         9%
 Silt  and  Clay  (-200 mesh)   91%



                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                 Value

 Volatile  Solids                               %                  ^g.9

 Chemical  Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                100

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                  1.83

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.11


 Sulfides                                    g/kg                  1.21

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg         •         Ii0g

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                  3.12

Ammonia Nitrogen                            e/ke

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  ^^

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1440
Station Location:  Olympia, Washington.  Bay  on  east  side  of  dock
area.
Latitude:   47° 03' 20" N                    Longitude:   122°  53'  58" W

Sampling Date:  3-12-69


                      PARTICLE  SIZE  DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)              2%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity         8
Sand                         40%
 Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)    58%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                    Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                                %                 12-3

 Chemical Oxygen  Demand (COD)                g/kg
 Initial Oxygen  Demand (IDOD)                 g/kg                 1.78

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.13

 Sulfides                                     g/k§                 1'03i

 Total Phosphorus                             g/k§                 °'68

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           S/k§                 2'94

 Ammonia Nitrogen                             gAg                	.—

 Grease and  Oil                               g/kg                 2'36

-------
132
                                              BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1441


  Station Location:  Olympia, Washington.   Outer channel.	




  Latitude:   47° 04' 57" N                    Longitude:   122° 55'  28" W

  Sampling Date:  3-12-69


                       PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

  Gravel (+6  mesh)             0%              Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity       5	
  Sand                       	8%

  Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   92%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

  Parameter                                    Unit                 Value

  Volatile Solids                                %                  10.2
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                 84
 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                  2.07

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.06

 Sulfides                                    g/kg                  1.17

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                  0 82

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                  3>2Q

 Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                  2>78

-------
     GRAYS   HARBOR
FIGURE B-8.   Grays Harbor, Washington showing location of  sampling stations.

-------
134
                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO-     1442


 Station Location:  Grays Harbor, Washington.  Harbor at Aberdeen	

 near mouth of Wishkah River.


 Latitude:  46° 58'  28" N                   Longitude:  123° 48' 26" W

 Sampling Date:  3-12-69


                       PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)              0%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity        5	
 Sand                        23%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)    77%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                  7,7
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                 g/kg                64
 Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                 1.10

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential             millivolts              -0.02

 Sulfides                                    g/kg                 Q.62

 Total  Phosphorus                             g/ke                 0 85

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                 1,96

 Ammonia Nitrogen                             g/kg

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 ^^

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1443


Station Location:  Grays Harbor, Washington.  Hoquiam at mouth of

Hoquiam River. _


Latitude:  46° 58' 10" N                    Longitude:   123° 52' 35" W

Sampling Date:  3-12-69


                      PARTICLE  SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             _0%            Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity        7 _
Sand                       _51%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)    49%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT . )

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                                %                  9-4
 Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                 g/kg                6J
 Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                 1-07

 Oxidation-Reduction  Potential            millivolts             -0.06

 Sulfides                                     g/kg                 1-34

 Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                 °'82

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                 1'78

 Ammonia Nitrogen                             g/kg                	

 Grease and Oil                               g/kg                 3'32

-------
136

                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1444


 Station Location:   Grays Harbor, Washington.   Channel at Port Dock

 at  Slip No.  2.	


 Latitude:  46°  58'  10" N                    Longitude:   123° 52'  35" W

 Sampling Date:   3-12-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity         6	
 Sand                        42%

 Silt  and Clay (-200 mesh)   58%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                 Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                  8.2
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                 62

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 0.82

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.04

 Sulfides                                    g/kg                 Q.72

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0 80

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1 82

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 ^^

-------
         Sampling  Station
FIGURE B-9.   Portland Harbor, Oregon showing location of sampling stations.

-------
138


                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1401



 Station Location:   Portland Harbor,  Oregon.   Slip 2, Terminal 4,	


 Portland Public Docks .	


 Latitude:  45° 36'  08"  N                   Longitude:  122° 46' 29" W

 Sampling Date:  12-9-68



                      PARTICLE  SIZE  DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)            	0%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity	
 Sand                        38%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)    62%



                  CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY  WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                   7.2
 Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                 g/kg                 57
 Initial  Oxygen  Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                  0.42

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts

 Sulfides                                    g/kg


 Total  Phosphorus                             g/kg                  1  27

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                  1.26

 Ammonia  Nitrogen                             g/kg                  0.16

 Grease and Oil                               g/kg                  Q>19

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1402


Station Location:  Portland Harbor,  Oregon.   Berth 2,  Terminal^,	

Portland Public Docks	


Latitude:  45° 33' 01" N                   Longitude:   122°  42'  08" W

Sampling Date:   12-9-68


                      PARTICLE  SIZE  DISTRIBUTION

Gravel  (+6 mesh)              0%            Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity     	
Sand                         10%

Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)    90%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                    Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                                %                  9-7

Chemical Oxygen  Demand  (COD)                 g/kg                Z§	
 Initial  Oxygen  Demand (IDOD)                 g/kg                 0-49

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             	

 Sulfides                                    g/kS                		

 Total  Phosphorus                             g/k8                 1'^6

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kS                 2'9

 Ammonia  Nitrogen                             g/k§                 Q'2^

 Grease and Oil                               g/k§                _JL^Z

-------
140

                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1403


 Station  Location:   Portland Harbor,  Oregon.  West end Berth 1,	

 Terminal 2,  Portland Public Docks	


 Latitude:   45°  33'  56"  N                    Longitude:  122° 42' 13" W

 Sample Date:   12-9-68


                      PARTICLE  SIZE  DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6  mesh)              0%             Coefficient of
                                              Uniformity     	
 Sand                         37%

 Silt  and Clay  (-200 mesh)    63%


                  CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                    Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                                %                  8.8
 Chemical  Oxygen Demand  (COD)                 g/kg               127
 Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                  0.38

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts

 Sulfides                                     g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                  1.65

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                  1.22

Ammonia Nitrogen                             g/kg                  0 20

Grease and Oil                               g/kg                  1.03

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                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1404


Station Location:  Portland Harbor, Oregon.  Channel at north end

of Swan Island


Latitude:  45° 34' 11" N                   Longitude:   122° 43' 25" W

Sampling Date:   12-9-68


                      PARTICLE  SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     	
Sand                         12%

Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)    88%


                  CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                                %                   7-5

Chemical Oxygen  Demand  (COD)                g/kg                21	
 Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                0.78

 Oxidation-Reduction  Potential            millivolts	

 Sulfides                                     g/kg	

 Total Phosphorus                             g/k8                1*65

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                1-57

 Ammonia Nitrogen                             g/kg                °'22

 Grease and Oil                               g/kg               - 1'65

-------
142


                                              BOTTOM SAMPLE NO-    1405


 Station Location:  Portland Harbor, Oregon.  Mid  channel of	

 Willamette River at north end of Swan Island.	


 Latitude:  45° 34' 11" N                   Longitude:   122° 43'  52"  W

 Sampling Date:  12-9-68


                       PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)           	0%              Coefficient  of
                                              Uniformity
 Sand                        25%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   75%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                  7.1
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                41

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 0.40

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts

 Sulfides                                    g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 1.14

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.04

 Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg                 0 22

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 1>6y

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1406


Station Location:  Portland Harbor, Oregon.  Slip between oil company

docks along west side Willamette River opposite north end Swan Island.


Latitude:  45° 34' 03" N                   Longitude:  122° 44' 12" W

Sampling Date:  12-9-68


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     _
Sand                         15%

Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)    85%


                  CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                                %                  7-4
 Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)                 g/kg                64
 Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                0.99

 Oxidation-Reduction  Potential            millivolts             	

 Sulfides                                     g/k§               	

 Total Phosphorus                             g/kg                1-44

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                1'48

 Ammonia Nitrogen                             g/kg                0<21

 Grease and  Oil                               S/k§               	

-------
                                       ASTORIA

                 YOUNGS     BAY
FIGURE B-10.   Astoria and Newport areas, Oregon showing location
              of sampling stations.

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.
                                                1427
Station Location:   Astoria, Oregon.  Entrance to Fisherman's

Coop.  Slip.	
Latitude:   46° 11'  27" N

Sampling Date:  2-27-69
                         Longitude:  123" 51' 10" W
                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Gravel (+6 mesh)

Sand

Silt and Clay
           0%
Coefficient
 Uniformity
          70%
          30%
Parameter
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

                          Unit
Volatile Solids

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)

Oxidation-Reduction Potential

Sulfides

Total Phosphorus

Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Ammonia Nitrogen

Grease and Oil
                          g/kg

                          g/kg

                       millivolts

                          g/kg

                          g/kg

                          g/kg

                          g/kg

                          g/kg
                    Value
                                               4.5
                    38
                     0.45
                    -0.13
                     0.13
                     0.78
                     0.84
                     0.61

-------
146

                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1428


Station Location:  Astoria, Oregon.   Entrance  to Slip No. 2.	
Latitude:  46°  11' 24" N                   Longitude:   123° 51'  36" W

Sampling Date:  2-27-69
                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6 mesh)           	1%             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity
 Sand                        51%
 Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)   48%


                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                   4,3

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                27
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 0.49

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             -0.11

Sulfides                                    g/kg                 Q.25

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0 84

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 1.18

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 1 Ql

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE  NO.     1429



 Station Location:  Astoria, Oregon.  Young's Bay  along  ship channel.
 Latitude:  46° 10' 25" N                   Longitude:   123° 51'  38" W

 Sampling Date:  2-27-69
                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)           	0%             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity
 Sand                        93%
 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	7%



                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                  2.2
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                20

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 0.26

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             +0.01

Sulfides                                    g/kg                 Q.Q4

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0.74

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 0.49

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 0.31

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143


                                             BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1430



 Station Location:   Yaquina Bay,  Oregon.





 Latitude:   44° 37'  39" N                   Longitude:  124° 3' 14" W

 Sampling Date:  2-27-69


                       PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)             29%              Coefficient of
                                              Uni f o r mi ty        35
 Sand                       _5J3%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   _16_%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                    Unit                Value

 Volatile Solids                                %                 17.1

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                 g/kg
 Initial Oxygen Demand  (IDOD)                 g/kg                  0.95

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts              -0.14

 Sulfides                                     g/kg                  1.74

 Total  Phosphorus                             g/kg                  1 53

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                            g/kg                  0 72

 Ammonia Nitrogen                             g/kg

 Grease and Oil                               g/kg                  2 08

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1431


Station Location:  Yaquina River, Oregon.  Weiser Point.	
Latitude:  44° 35'  39" N                   Longitude:  124° 0' 41" W

Sampling Date:  2-27-69
                      PARTICLE  SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel  (+6 mesh)           	0%            Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity
Sand                         56%

Silt and Clay  (-200  mesh)    44%
                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS  (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  7-°

Chemical Oxygen  Demand (COD)                g/kg                58 .	
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 °.-.79

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             ~°-09

Sulfides                                    §/kg                 -1-03

Total Phosphorus                            g/k§                 °'66

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/k§                 lj41

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg                	

Grease and Oil
                                             g/kg                1.62

-------
150


                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1432


Station Location:  Yaquina River, Oregon.  At Toledo.	





Latitude:  44° 36' 55" N                   Longitude:   123° 56'  48" W

Sampling Date:  2-27-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             5%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        2
Sand                        94%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)    1%
                  CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                  2.6
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg                20
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 0.08

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts             +0.41

Sulfides                                    g/kg                 Q.03

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 0 24

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                 Q^

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                 Q>17

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.     1445


Station Location:  Yaquina River, Oregon.  Mouth of Depot Slough	

at Toledo.	


Latitude:  44° 36' 56" N                   Longitude:  123° 56'  19" W

Sampling Date:  5-1-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)             0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     	
Sand                         11%

Silt and Clay  (-200 mesh)    89%


                   CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit                Value

Volatile Solids                               %                 13-7

Chemical Oxygen  Demand  (COD)                g/kg              160	
 Initial  Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                 2.75

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential           millivolts             +0.11

 Sulfides                                    g/kg                 Q.H

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                 1.27

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                          g/kg                	

 Ammonia  Nitrogen                            g/kg                	

 Grease and Oil                             g/kg                	

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152

                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1446


Station Location:  Yaquina River, Oregon^  Depot Slough at Toledo

near Georgia Pacific Plywood Plant.	


Latitude:  44° 37* 09" N                  Longitude:  123° 56' 16" W

Sampling Date:  5-1-69


                     PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel & Wood Chips (+6 mesh)  	5%         Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     	
Sand                            3970

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)       56%


                 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS ( DRYWT.)

Parameter                                   Unit               Value

Volatile Solids                               %                21.8

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                 g/kg              268
Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg                1.92

Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts            40.09

Sulfides                                    g/kg                O.IQ

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                1 19

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg

-------
FIGURE B-ll.   Coos Bay, Oregon showing location of sampling
               stations.

-------
 154


                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE  NO.    1422


 Station Location:  Coos Bay, Oregon.  Channel just below Sitka Dock.




 Latitude:  43° 22' 27" N                  Longitude:   124°  17' 52" W

 Sampling Date:   1-23-69


                     PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel  (+6 mesh)           	0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     	6
 Sand                        63%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   37%,


                 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS ( DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit               Value^

 Volatile Solids                               %                 5,3

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg               53

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts            -0.05

 Sulfides                                    g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                0 31

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                0.75

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg                0.71

Grease and Oil                              g/kg

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE  NO.    1423


 Station Location:  Coos Bay, Oregon.  Channel at entrance  to Jordan

 Cove,	          _	


 Latitude:  43° 25' 42" N                  Longitude:   124°  14'  48"  W

 Sampling Date:  1-23-69


                     PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)           	0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity       1.4
 Sand                        967,

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)  	4%


                 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS ( DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit               Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                 1.3

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg               12

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg               	

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts            +0.05

 Sulfides                                    g/kg               	

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                003

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                0.37

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                0.13

-------
156

                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE NO.    1424


Station Location:  Coos Bay, Oregon.  Along west side of North Bend

Upper Range Channel.	


Latitude:  43° 23' 58" N                  Longitude:  124° 12' 58" W

Sampling Date:  1-23-69


                     PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Gravel (+6 mesh)           	0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity        18
Sand                        69%

Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   31%


                 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

Parameter                                   Unit               Value

Volatile Solids                               %                 9.1

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg              141

Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg
Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts            -0011

Sulfides                                    g/kg

Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                0.62

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                Ie28

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

Grease and Oil                              g/kg                0.98

-------
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE  N00    1425


 Station Location:  Coos Bay, Oregon.  West side of channel  opposite

 FL G  light.	


 Latitude:  43° 21' 50" N                  Longitude:  124°  12' 34" W

 Sampling Date:  1-23-69


                     PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Gravel (+6 mesh)           	0%             Coefficient of
                                             Uniformity     	7
 Sand                        12%

 Silt and Clay (-200 mesh)   88%


                 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS ( DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit               Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                12.8

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg              105

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts            -0012

 Sulfides                                    g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                2.55

Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                0.88

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                3.5

-------
 158
                                            BOTTOM SAMPLE  NO.    1426


 Station  Location:  Coos Bay, Oregon.   Isthmus  Slough near  Bay  Park.
 Latitude:   43°  20'  58" N                  Longitude:   124°  11'  50" W

 Sampling Date:   1-23-69


                      PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

 Bark Chips  (+6  mesh)       	5%             Coefficient  of
                                             Uniformity         15
 Sand                        40%

 Silt and Clay (-200)        55%


                 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DRY WT.)

 Parameter                                   Unit               Value

 Volatile Solids                               %                 15.1

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                g/kg              134

 Initial Oxygen Demand (IDOD)                g/kg

 Oxidation-Reduction Potential            millivolts            -0.13

 Sulfides                                    g/kg

 Total Phosphorus                            g/kg                0.80

 Kjeldahl Nitrogen                           g/kg                2.44

Ammonia Nitrogen                            g/kg

 Grease and Oil                              g/kg                2 58

-------