EDISON WATER QUALITY LABORATORY VESSEL POLLUTION REPORT NO. 1
EVALUATION
OF
MACERATOR-CHLORINATORS
SEPTEMBER 1971
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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EVALUATION OF
MACERATOR-CHLORINATORS
Edison Water Quality Laboratory
Environmental Protection Agency
Edison, New Jersey 08817
September, 1971
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Conclusions
Recommendations
Test Procedure
Discussion of Results
Page No.
1
2
4
5
7
Table I
Table II
List of Tables
Summary, Test Results
Range of Values
Macerator-Chlori nator
Summary, Test Results
Mean Values
Macerator-Chlori nator
Illustrations
Figure I Macerator-Chlorinator
Test Facility - Edison Laboratory
Two units (Raritan Electro-Chemical
and Wilcox-Crittenden)
Figure 2 Macerator-Chlorinator
Raritan Electro-Chemical Unit
Figure 3 Sample collection method used
during test sequence
15
16
17
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendices
Installation and Operating Instructions
for Raritan Electro-Chemical and
Wilcox-Crittenden Unit
Operation under Loading Conditions,
National Sanitation Foundation,
Standard No. 23, "Watercraft Sewage
Disposal Device"
Appendix III Lab Test Results
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-1-
INTRODUCTION
Marine sanitation devices available to the boatowner include
holding tanks, chemical recirculating systems, incinerating toilets
and the macerator-chlorinator. The macerator-chlorinator is a flow-
through device readily available in the marine supply market. The
purpose of this investigation was to characterize the effluent result-
ing from treatment with the macerator-chlorinator unit. An attempt
was also made to estimate the relative percent reduction of pollutants
achieved by this treatment system.
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CONCLUSIONS
1. The macerator-chlorlnator does not meet the effluent
standards proposed by the Federal government. Floating and
settleable solids were evident 1n effluent samples collected.
Total collform densities were generally greater than 240 per
100 ml, and Suspended Solids and Biochemical Oxygen Demand
exceeded the proposed limit of 150 and 100 mg/1 respectively.
2. Effluent data exhibited a high degree of variance,
undoubtedly due to the many operational variables inherent in
this type of treatment system.
BOD5 — /500 - 2,600 mg/1
COD 3,100 - 14,000 mg/1
TOC 400 - 2,200 mg/1
MPN <2 to>240,000/100 ml
Suspended Solids 1,500 - 9,800 mg/1
Settleable Solids 60 - 560 mg/1
3. Based on limited influent and effluent data collected during
this study, a comparison of mean values for the test runs indicated
that relative percent reductions of the various pollutants were:
total coliform - 99 and greater percent; BOD - 38 to 72 percent;
COD - 24 to 58 percent; TOC - 32 to 53 percent; and suspended solids •
15 to 59 percent. One test run showed no reduction in suspended
solids and TOC.
4. The macerator-chlorinator does not sufficiently reduce
particle size to allow effective treatment and disinfection. Disin-
fection, in particular, is less effective due to the masking effect
caased by the large fecal particles.
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-3-
5. Chlorine dosage rates vary widely with each flush and also
with the type of disinfection system used. Adequate control of such
dosages, which would insure that the proper amounts of chlorine per flush
were added, is limited.
6. Injection of less than 300 ml of 6% sodium hypochlorite
solution may not be sufficient to provide proper treatment. A stronger
solution (15%), or use of HTH tablets (70% available chlorine) with
an improved dose control, may give greater reduction of pollutants.
7. The chlorine demand of carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances
in the waste will significantly reduce the amount of chlorine available
for disinfection. The chemistry of chlorine reacting with these sub-
stances requires further study. In addition, discharges containing
chlorine reaction products and non-reacted free available chlorine may
have a detrimental effect on the waters receiving these wastes.
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-4-
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Manufacturers of the macerator-chlorinator should modify
their units to provide the optimum treatment possible under varying
field conditions. Improvements may include: (1) greater efficiency
in particle size reduction; (2) higher feed rates of stronger disin-
fectant needed to destroy bacteria and reduce organic substances; and
(3) a controlled dosage of disinfectant with each flush.
2. New models developed by the manufacturers should be tested at
the Edison Laboratory. An experimentation program should also be con-
ducted to access the possibilities of improving the maceration-chlorination
treatment concept by combining the most effective features of each unit.
3. An investigation should be made into the chemistry of the
chlorine reaction with carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances. In
addition, the potential detrimental effect on the environment of chlorine
reaction products and non-reacted free available chlorine in the discharge
should be considered.
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-5-
TEST PROCEDURE
Two macerator-chlorinator units—Raritan Electro-Chemical and
Wilcox-Crittenden Model 6006---were installed at the Edison Laboratory,
as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The Raritan unit including PHE marine
electric toilet, electric chemical chlorinator and automatic chlorinator
timer ACT-1 was purchased at a cost of $270.00. The Wilcox-Crittenden
was purchased at a cost of $136.50. Diagrams of the individual units
and the manufacturers installation and operational instructions are
contained in Appendix I.
Each unit with its own marine toilet was installed according to
manufacturer's instructions. Human waste was provided by participating
Edison Laboratory personnel. Operation of the macerator-chlorinator
units was controlled by the test team. Test runs were conducted to
simulate as closely as possible normal and peak loading conditions as
outlined by the National Sanitation Foundation, Standard No. 23, "Watercraft
Sewage Disposal Devices". A copy of this procedure is contained in
Appendix II. The test sequence for normal conditions include fecal pre-
charge before testing and four fecal charges at 30 minute intervals.
Peak conditions required fecal precharge and four fecal test charges at
10 minute intervals.
In tests on the Raritan unit, a commercially available solution of
household bleach (Purex - 6% sodium hypochlorite solution) was used as
recommended by the manufacturer. Tests on the Wilcox-Crittenden unit
were made using the recommended HTH tablets (70% calcium hypochlorite).
Since the intent of the experiment was to operate the units as close to
actual field conditions as possible, no control was made of operational
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-6-
variables, i.e., chlorine dose, available chlorine in purchased products,
toilet paper usage, feces size, etc. Flush volume was set at one gallon
for both units. Sea water taken near Sandy Hook, New Jersey served as the
flush water.
To operate the Raritan unit, a single button was pushed which
activated the timing control, started the macerator motor and at the
same time engaged the pump which flushed the toilet. Upon releasing
the button, the pump flushing the toilet stopped while the macerator-
chlorinator unit continued operation until its 60-second time cycle
was up. The Wilcox-Crittenden unit employed an activating time switch
separate from the flush control of the marine toilet. A user would
first activate the macerator motor by setting the timer switch at the
desired time cycle (60 seconds for our tests), and then push the button
to flush the toilet, holding it down for a set amount of time to flush
the bowl clean.
Prior to actual testing, runs were made using tap water to familiarize
the test team with mechanical operation. The approximate volume of liquid
retained in the units was also determined. This volume and the effluent
flushing volume was used to establish the precharge loading. Precharge
for both units included two fecal flushes at a 10 minute interval.
During the test sequence samples were collected in sterilized containers,
as shown in Figure 3. Full flush volumes of approximately one gallon were
collected for analytical testing in the laboratory. Parameters for each
test flush included: five day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), chemical
oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids, settleable
solids, total chlorine residual, and total coliform (blended and unblended).
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-7-
Chlorine In each sample was Immediately neutralized with sodium
thiosulfate. Laboratory tests were performed in accordance with
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th
Edition. The MPN procedure was used for bacteriological analyses.
This method was used after the first test run in lieu of the membrane
filter (MF) because of filtration interference caused by high solids
in the effluent samples. Chlorine residuals were determined by the
lodiometric Method.
An attempt was made to characterize the raw waste being treated
by the test units. The Raritan unit was disassembled and cleaned
and waste passed through the unit without injection of chlorine.
Laboratory tests were run on this macerated sample to determine influent
concentrations and also to provide some basis for estimating the relative
degree of treatment effected by chlorination.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Results of the study indicate that under the test conditions
described earlier, effluent from the macerator-chlorinator does not
meet the proposed Federal standards. Floating and settleable solids
were visibly evident to varying degrees in generally all the samples
collected. Total coliform levels were, in the majority of samples
examined—about 50% greater for unblended and 76% for blended—
greater than 240/100 ml. Suspended solids and BOD5 were higher than the
proposed limit of 150 and 100 mg/1, respectively. Table I summarizes
the results of each test run. Table II presents mean values for each
parameter. All data resulting from the study are contained in Appendix
III. The data shows a wide range of values for each parameter examined,
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TABLE I
Test
Run Date
1 8/17/71
2 8/18/71
3 8/19/71
4 8/26/71
1 8/23/71
2 8/24/71
3 8/25/71
1 8/20/71
Settleable
Solids
ml/1
160-300
240-420
60-400
150-340
100-240
100-270
175-560
200-300"
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
1760-5670
2620-5650
3310-4720
3940-5960
1510-3300
3240-4820
4030-9790
3300-6880
SUMMARY, TEST RESULTS
RANGE OF VALUES
MACERATOR-CHLORINATORS
BOD COD
mg/1 mg/1
780-1660 4120-8620
940-1270 4280-8250
1060-1440 5850-7150
1080-1540 5800-7300
RARITAN
540-1130 3120-10600
660-1200 2980-6650
1130-2630 6120-13900
WILCOX-CRITTENDEN
1570-4700 9380-16300
INFLUENT
TOC
mg/1
500-1080
530-1250
690-875
620-900
440-970
560-820
690-2250
1020-1560
Total Col i form
Unblended Blended
per 100 ml , per 100 ml
10-6200
5->24,000
2->240,000
<2-l 1,000
<2->240,000
^2-2800
<2
^24x10?
160-30,000
9200->24,000
3500->240,000
4-240,000
(2 -^240, 000
<2->240,000
<2
>24xl08
00
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TABLE II
RARITAN
Wilcox-
Crittenden
SUMMARY, TEST RESULTS
MEAN VALUES
MACERATOR-CHLORINATOR
Test
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
Date
8/17/71
8/18/71
8/19/71
8/26/71
8/23/71
8/24/71
8/25/71
Settleable
Solids
ml/1
MEAN
200
320
260
280
150
160
380
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
MEAN
3930
4500
4000
5060
2450
4200
6810
BOD
mg/1
MEAN
1210
1160
1220
1280
800
1000
1770
COD
mg/1
MEAN
6810
6620
6670
6640
5240
5480
9620
TOC
mg/1
MEAN
810
940
800
730
650
670
1550
I
VO
Influent
8/20/71
240
5970
2840
12560
1390
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indicating the effect of operational variability on the treatment
process.
Total coliform levels are generally considered the most important
parameter measured. The data shows that the macerator-chlorinator
can result in 99 and greater percent reduction; however, coliform levels
were not consistently reduced below 240 per 100 ml. Effective bacteria kill,
or lack of kill, depends upon: (1) the ability of the macerator unit
to reduce the feces of each flush to particles that can be penetrated
by the disinfectant; (2) sufficient quantities of available chlorine in
the disinfectant; and (3) contact time.
The amount of chlorine added with each flush is dependant upon the
operation of the unit. The Raritan siphons the sodium hypochlorite from
the bleach container through a vortex produced by the macerator motor.
Observations during the test indicate that this vortex can be broken
during flushing action of the toilet. The Wilcox-Crittenden unit which
uses HTH tablets introduces chlorine into the unit chambers by simple
action of flush water on the tablets. In each unit, control is limited.
Disinfectant injected into the Raritan unit during operation was
measured generally below 300 ml ranging from 80 to 330 ml. Such amounts
of chlorine solution recommended for use appear insufficient to result
in complete or near complete coliform kill. This was also found in the
New York State study, "Evaluation of Marine Toilet Chlorination Units",
which showed that 300 ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite was inadequate.
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An EPA study in 1968, "Evaluation of Macerator-Chlorinators on
U.S. Coast Guard Vessels", concluded that 15% sodium hypochlorite, at
a 250 ml dosage rate, provided improved disinfection capacity in the
unit being evaluated. Data from this earlier survey tends to confirm
that higher amounts of available chlorine are needed to improve treat-
ment by these units. The use of HTH tablets, with its 70% available
chlorine, would appear to have enough disinfection power to produce the
bacterial kills desired. However, effluent from the Wilcox-Crittenden
unit also showed coliform counts as high as those from the Raritan unit.
It is possible that contact time between the tablets and waste liquid is
not sufficient to permit the release of adequate quantities of chlorine
into solution. Observations during the test runs on the Wilcox-Crittenden
indicated that as the HTH tablets dissolve, a cake formed which reduced
the surface area of contact and restricted the flushing action of the
liquid over the chlorine tablets.
The reduction of particle size to permit the chlorine to efficiently
act is of extreme importance and may present a serious drawback with these
units. This problem was also reported during the 1968 EPA study, referenced
earlier. Reduction in particle size to less than 2 mm in diameter was
recommended as a result of that study.
Coliform levels on unblended and blended samples show significant
differences, with the latter exhibiting higher bacteria levels. The data
suggests that a bacteriostatic, rather than a bactericidal effect is taking
place. Periodic observations of the effluents indicated that particles
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greater than 2 mm were evident. This observation was more prevalent
in the effluents from the Raritan unit, indicating that the joker valve
arrangement is less effective than the screen and baffle arrangement
of the Wilcox-Crittenden unit in controlling discharge from the macerator
chamber.
During these experiments, where time of contact was 10 minutes or
greater, reduction of coliform by chlorine did not appear to be a function
of detention time (time elapsed between flushes) in the macerator-chlorinator,
Coliform kill, however, will vary when contact times are less than 10
minutes, particularly around two minutes. The New York State study showed
this by reporting that 99% bacterial kill was evidenced in the early phases
of chlorination and that holding time in the units tested did not improve
disinfection. This indicates that an initial rapid "kill" occurs; however,
with further detention, the chlorine demand of the carbonaceous and nitro-
genous substances in the waste reduces the effectiveness of disinfection.
The reaction rate of chlorine with the waste will depend upon: (1) temper-
ature; (2) pH; (3) concentration of ammonia and organic nitrogen; (4) amounts
of excess available chlorine; and (5) amounts of carbonaceous substances.
The chemistry of these reactions requires further study. In addition, the
toxic effects on the environment of discharges containing chlorine reaction
products should be investigated. The presence in the discharge of non-reacted
free available chlorine may also be detrimental to the aquatic community.
This, too, should be investigated.
The other parameters of importance to this study are suspended solids
and oxygen demanding substances measured as BOD, COD and TOC. It must be
noted that the estimate of relative reduction of these pollutants is based
on the limited influent data collected during this study. Comparisons of
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Influent and effluent are made based upon mean values for each set of
data (test runs).
Results of five influent samples tested showed that BOD5 averaged
2,800 mg/1; COD 12,600 mg/1; and TOC 1,400 mg/1. It is theorized that
the low TOC values are due to sample injection errors resulting from
high solids concentrations in the influent.
Suspended solids in the effluents collected during the test runs
ranged from 1,500 to 9,800 mg/1. Mean values were generally in the
4,000-5,000 mg/1 range. Effluent and influent data indicate that percent
removals for the macerator-chlorinators tested varied from 15% to 59%.
Four runs showed percent reductions around 30%. One run, the first for
the Wilcox-Crittenden, showed a 59% reduction of suspended solids. The
third test run on the Wilcox-Crittenden unit showed zero percent reduction.
Effluent BODs for all runs showed a wide range, varying from 540 mg/1
to 2,600 mg/1. Based upon mean values for each run, percent removals were
in the order of 60%. The first run for the Wilcox-Crittenden showed a
72% reduction of BOD5. COD of the effluents were in the neighborhood of
6,600 mg/1 for the Raritan unit and 5,200-5,500 mg/1 for the Wilcox-Crittenden
unit. Percent reductions ranged from 24% to 58% and were generally on the
\
order of 50%. TOC, following a similar pattern as both BOD and COD, showed
\
reductions which varied from 32% to 53%. The last run on the Wilcox-
Crittenden unit showed zero percent reduction in TOC.
Percent removals for the Wilcox-Crittenden unit were generally higher
than the Raritan unit. The results, however, again as with suspended
solids, showed a decrease in percent removals by test run for BOD, COD
and TOC. Observations of the unit after testing indicates that this may
be caused by: (1) solids buildup in the macerator chamber; (2) matting
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of solids on the macerator screen; (3) caking of HTH tablets; and
(4) evidence of short-circuiting.
Visual observations made during testing noted the color and odor
in the effluent samples. Color varied from a milky white to brown.
In general, discharges from the Wilcox-Crittenden unit were milky
white to yellowish tan. The discharge from the Raritan unit was much
darker in color, ranging from milky grey to brown. In addition, the
discharges from both units contained noticeable odors of chlorine.
The Wilcox-Crittenden unit displayed a much stronger chlorine odor.
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r
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c
•^
ro
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Figure 3
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Appendix I
Installation and Operating Instructions
for Raritan Electro-Chemical and
Wilcox-Crittenden Unit
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FIG. 6006
FOR 12-VOLT SYSTEM
THE
MACERATOR
CHLORINATOR
FOR USE WITH
ALL MARINE TOILETS
IMPORTANT
• Existing above-waterline or be-
low-waterline discharge thru-hull fit-
tings may be used to complete the
installation of this unit on your
boat.
• However, IN NO CASE should
the MACERATOR/CHLORINATOR
be installed below the waterline.
Installation
Instructions
WILCOX-CRI1TENDEN
MIDDLETOWN
CONNECTICUT
U. S. A.
WARNING
• When winterizing, make
certain Macerator/Chlorinator
Tank is flushed clear of waste,
and all H.T.H5 Tablets are
dissolved or removed from pill
chamber.
• If there is danger of freez-
ing, remove entire unit from
boat and drain, or remove
cover assembly and pump out
remaining water.
DO NOT USE ANTI-FREEZE
SOLUTIONS, LUBRICANTS,
ETC., WHILE PILLS ARE IN
CHAMBER.
• Recom mission ing procedure
will be the same as outlined
in Steps 13, 14, 15 and 16 on
back page of this folder.
A Gulf + Western Company
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BATTERY
SWITCH & INSTRUC-
W,IU
.jgt.
~£L-
/ T10N
PLATE
I2 Ga WIRE FOR
12 VOLT INSTflLLflTION
MOTOR WIRES
IMPORTANT
40-Amp Fuse
Required
MACERATOR/CHLORINATOR INSTALLATION
1. Pump the closet dry, then close all Seacocks connected to it.
2. The Macerator/Chlorinator can be installed in any convenient location, at or above the
waterline, and within three feet of the closet in compliance with American Boat & Yacht
Council recommendations. Typical installations are illustrated above, and on next page.
3. Disconnect the existing Discharge Hose from the closet.
4. Install either the curved or straight Plastic Adapter supplied into one of the lower intake
holes on either side of the Macerator/Chlorinator Tank at the motor end. Use whichever
Adapter lends itself best to the installation.
(Note: Pipe Dope should be used, and care should be taken not to overtighten Plastic
Fittings.)
5. Install the remaining Plastic Adapter into one of the upper discharge holes located on
either side of the Tank.
6. Two Plastic Pipe Plugs are supplied to plug the two unused openings in the Tank.
7. Two blind holes — one at either end of the Tank - can be drilled and tapped through to
provide for end installation of intake and discharge Adapters, if desired.
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SEA COCK
WC FIG. 1507
OR
THRU HULL
BELOW WATERLINE
INSTALLATION
(CONTINUED)
8. Connect the discharge adapter on the Tank to a V/i" Thru-Hull or Seacock, using Vh" I.D.
Hose and Clamps. (Hose is not supplied.)
9. Connect the Intake Adapter on the Tank to the Closet. Use "P/z" I.D. Hose and Clamps.
10. Secure the Macerator/Chlorinator with blockings or straps (not supplied). Note: Do not
drill holes in Tank.
11. Install Thru-Hull Vent well above waterline and connect to Pill Chamber with Plastic Tubing
supplied, as illustrated.
12. Assemble Timer Switch and Instruction Plate and mount on wall near the Closet. Connect
wiring as shown in Installation Sketch, using 12 gauge wire.
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PIPE PLUGS
TOP VIEW
(CONTINUED)
13. Remove cover of Pill Chamber.
14. Open all Seacocks and pump Closet until Macerator is filled with water.
15. Fill Pill Chamber with H.T.H. ® * Tablets. Do not fill beyond vent hole.
(Note: H.T.H. ® * Tablets can be purchased at any swimming pool supply house, as well
as most drug stores.)
16. Replace cover on Pill Chamber, making sure "0" Ring Gasket is firmly seated. The
Macerator/Chlorinator is now ready for use.
* H.T.H. is a trademark of Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation
(Due to the varying state and local laws applying to
the use of marine toilets with anti-pollution devices,
Wilcox-Crlttertden assumes no responsibility or liability
for the sale and/or use of the Fig. 6006 Chlorlnator
in those areas where it is found that Its use does not
comply with state or local requirements.)
NOTE: OWNERS OF THE EARLIER STYLE OF W-C CHLORINATOR,
FIG. 6000, WHICH OPERATED WITH CLOROX, MAY READILY CON-
VERT TO THE NEW CHLORINATOR BY DISCARDING THE OLD
COVER AND MOTOR, AND REPLACING THEM WITH THE NEW W-C
CHLORINATOR CONVERSION UNIT. ORDER THIS BY SPECIFYING
FIG. 6006-C.
WILCOX-CRITTENDEN
MIDDLETOWN, CONN. 06457
1 GULF + WESTERN
COMPANY
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MACERATOR/CHLORINATOR
PARTS LIST
(FOR USE WITH FIG. 6006 UNIT)
Dwg.
Ref.
A
B
C
0
E
F
G
H
1
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
• o
1 R
i S
Quantity
Per Unit
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
PART NAME
Chlorinator Tank
Tank Cover
Pill Box
Pill Box Cover
Pill Box Tray
Pill Box Tray Baffle
Tank Baffle
Chopper Plate Baffle
Pill Box Tray Posts
Chopper Shaft
Chopper Shaft Bearing
Chopper Plate Baffle Screen
Motor Mounting Bracket
Tank Cover Gasket
Hose Adapter— Straight
Hose Adapter-90" Elbow
Pipe Plugs
Shaft Seal
Chopper Motor
Dwg.
Ref.
T
U
V
w
X
Y
z
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
GG
HH
II
JJ
Quantify
Per Unit
1
18
18
4
1
1
9
12
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
PART NAME
Chopper Blade
Tank Cover Screws
Tank Cover Nuts
Motor Mounting Bracket Screws
Motor Mounting Bracket Gasket
Pill Box Cover Gasket
Pill Box Tray Screws
Chopper Baffle Plate Screen Fasteners
Chopper Baffle Plate Screws
Chopper Blade Screw
Chopper Blade Washer
Vent Hose Adapters
Vent Hose
Chopper Motor Timer (not illustrated)
Timer Mounting and Instruction Plate
(not illustrated)
Vent Thru-Hull Connection
Vent Thru-Hull Connection Nut
WILCOX-CRITTENDEN
A GULF + WESTERN PRECISION ENGINEERING COMPANY
MIDDLETOWN, CONNECTICUT 06457
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RARITAN
Electro-Chemical Chlorinator
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS
Parts and Exchange Unit Lists
The Raritan Electro-Chemical Chlorinator is a miniature
sewage treatment plant for on-board use. It utilizes the
macerator/chlorinator principle and works well with
most marine toilets except the jet types. The latter's use
of large volumes of flush water is incompatible with the
chlorinator's compact design.
The Chlorinator uses readily available household type
5 3/4% sodium hypochlorite solution (such as "Clorox")
as a decontaminating agent to both destroy bacteria and
sharply reduce the B.O.D. of waste material.
INSTALLATION
The Chlorinator should be located as close to the head
as possible, preferably within 3 feet. It can be placed a
reasonable distance above or below the head; but the
longer the hose between toilet and Chlorinator, the more
pumping action will be required to clear the line of
sewage. The dilution caused by this additional water
will adversely affect the chlorinator's decontaminating
ability. Where the length of connecting hose exceeds
three feet, the Chlorinator must be operated for a longer
period of time.
The "Clorox" bottle must be located on the same
level as the macerator/chlorinator. It should be secured
to the box with the strap and screws provided (Figure 4).
Replace the bottle cap with the syphon (see Part #2017)
provided. Syphon length and cap size varies according
to bottle size. The 1/2 gallon size is normally furnished
as standard. NOTE: If the syphon cap fits the bottle,
you have the correct length.
Secure the base of the Chlorinator to the deck. It
should be nested within a box frame for side support,
similar to the method recommended for installing stor-
age batteries. Leave enough room to allow bottles to be
changed .easily. Since the chlorinator motor will turn at
very high speed, use a 1" thick foam rubber pad around
and under the chlorinator to deaden sound.
Connect the chlorinator inlet (motor end) to the
head discharge with a l'/i" I.D. neoprene or plastic hose.
If it must be bent around a sharp corner, use a standard
auto radiator hose of the type with the desired curve
molded in (not the "flexible" type with annular corruga-
tions). A single hose is preferable to plumbing "ells".
Do not ise a vented loop or "s\van's neck"between
the head and the chlorinator.
Where a loop must be used, as in certain sailing craft,
install it between the outlet of the chlorinator and the
discharge sea cock. Secure all hoses with a good grade
clamp.
Figure 1
Figure 2
One possible installation of the Raritan Model PH
Hand Toilet and Electro-Chemical Chlorinator.
Figure 3
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RARITAN ELECTRO CHEMICAL CHLORINATOR
MODEL NO. 2000
.-2028
Hi-Amp Switch
2026
200'-
DIMENSIONS: HEIGHT 12-7/8"
DEPTH 8-3/8"
WIDTH 15-3/8"
Figure 4
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INLET-OUTLET COMBINATIONS
Figure 5
The discharge must always be located at the opposite
end of the box. If the hose connections are reversed,
the chlorinator will clog and the chlorinator box may
be damaged.
If the chlorinator is used with an electric toilet, make
it a practice to flush the toilet first, then operate the
chlorinator. It is advisable to use 2 circuits, separately
fused to avoid high battery loads and voltage drop. Use
the following table as a guide to proper wire sizes and
•fuse capacities.
MINIMUM SIZES FOR SPECIFIC VOLTAGES
12VDC 32VDC 115VAC/DC
Distance from bat-
tery is less than 15
feet; use wire at 10 12 14
least gauge gauge gauge
Distance from bat-
tery is more than
15 feet; use wire 8 10 14
at least gauge gauge gauge
Fuses (or circuit
breakers)
40 amps 20 amps. 10 amps.
NOTE: In computing "distance from batteries",.include
all the wiring from the battery to the switch, the chlor-
inator and back to the battery to allow for both circuit
legs. If a relay is used to supplement the switch (as in
115VDC) ignore wire length between switch and relay.
A Raritan "Hi-Amp" on-off switch is included with each
chlorinator for your protection. It is best to use a DC-
rated relay (not supplied) when 115VDC is being used.
(AC current needs no relay.)
In some areas, anti-pollution laws require the use of
timer switches. We recommend the Raritan 60 Second
Timer with adjustable intervals. The timing switch in-
terval is 'normally set so the macerator will be operated
long enough to thoroughly perform its function when
handling solids. By far the greatest use of the head is for
fluids only, which require less "Clorox" and maceration
for adequate decontamination. Read the portion of the
instruction manual under "Operation" for more details.
OPERATION
Be sure that the "Clorox" bottle is in place. Make a
visual inspection to see that the bottle cap has been re-
placed with the special "syphon" cap and that the small
plastic tube (Part # 2018) connects the syphon to the
fitting on the chlorinator box. Finally, make sure that
both the inlet and outlet seacocks are open. If the latter
is closed, the chlorinator will clog and may rupture under
the pressure-that will develop.
When the head is flushed, sewage is forced through
the connecting hose and enters the chlorinator macer-
ation chamber. A high speed beater macerates the waste
into a suspended solution. The beater speed creates a
strong vortex and suction. This draws the "Clorox"
from the bottle, past the syphon check valve, and into
the macerator chamber.
When solids (feces and paper) are flushed, the push
button switch should be held down for a full 60 seconds.
This permits the action to proceed until the solids are
reduced to a finely divided slurry and insures^an adequate
quantity of "Clorox" has been added to the mixture.
Active chlorine in the Clorox destroys the bacteria. At
the same time, residual chlorine reduces and decomposes
the fine solids into harmless gases.
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Maceration's prime purpose is to reduce the size of
particles so they are exposed to immediate attack by the
chlorine. If the chlorinator is shut off too soon, the
macerator will not have enough time to act, and an in-
adequate amount of chlorine will be withdrawn from
the bottle. If this condition persists, the chlorinator will
eventually clog. The same thing will happen if the supply
of "Clorox" is not replenished when empty.
{PROPERLY USED, THE CHLORINATOR WILL"
I NEVER REQUIRE CLEANING OUT!
The extent of decontamination depends on three
factors: thorough maceration; an adequate quantity of
chlorine and enough time for the reaction to be com-
plete. This requires at least twenty minutes. In the
chlorinator, the necessary retention time is provided by
a tank partition. The first section holds four average
flushes. Any flush after that moves some of the pro-
cessed effluent into the second section and is again
held. Thus, retention time is automatically provided by
chlorinator design.
Maceration is required, even when only fluids (urine)
are flushed. The tank's residual chlorine is circulated
to complete decomposition of previous flushes, particu-
larly paper decomposition. It requires almost as much
chlorine to decompose paper as solid wastes.
We have explained the chlorination action in detail
to emphasize that "skimping" on maceration and chlor-
ination time is self-defeating, and causes eventual mal-
function.
OPERATING HINTS
DO NOT operate an electric toilet simultaneously with
the chlorinator. Flush the toilet first, then operate the
chlorinator.
DO NOT use undersize wiring, particularly in 12-Volt
models. The resulting low voltage reduces maceration
speed and slows decomposition. If voltage is less than
11.5 volts, measured at the terminals while the motor is
running, correct the cause. Check batteries, wiring, fuses,
connections and the switch. Low voltage also reduces
beater vortex suction resulting in too skimpy ' Clorox"
intake and eventual clogging.
DO NOT fail to replenish "Clorox" as required. Neglect
will result in clogging, and obnoxious odors emitted by
the discharge sea cock.
DO NOT allow certain things to be flushed down the
toilet, such as sanitary napkins, tampons, and "wet
strength" paper towels. Ordinary cigarette butts are eas-
ily flushed but require extra chlorine to decompose.
Filter tip cigarettes, especially those with plastic inserts
and cigars with plastic mouth pieces, must not be thrown
down the toilet. Cellophane, pliofilm, and rubber pro-
ducts are almost impossible to macerate.
DO NOT run the macerator when the tank is empty. It
requires liquid in the tank for bearing lubrication.
DO NOT fail to brief landlubber guests on the proper
usage of the head. Avoid the greater embarrassment of
having to explain what happened.
DO NOT fail to flush the toilet 3 times when the boat
will be left unattended for 3 days or more.
DO NOT attempt any repairs until you have thoroughly
studied the instruction manual. Check the terms of our
Warranty and Factory Exchange Policy.
DO NOT "sweeten" the toilet by pouring "Pine Oil",
"Mr. Clean" or any other kerosene based products in it.
DO NOT winterize with denatured alcohol.
DO NOT neglect to fill in and return our guarantee card.
MAINTENANCE
Very little maintenance is required. The most important
care needed is to replenish the "Clorox" supply as de-
pleted. Always carry a spare bottle on board. If little or
no "Clorox" is'consumed, motor voltage is probably too
low to develop adequate suction. Check causes under
"Operation". Also check the "syphon" valve to see that
it is working. It should pass liquid one way; from the
bottle only.
For your convenience, make sure you have the manu-
facturer's toilet instruction manual on board. The func-
tioning of any toilet and its connected Raritan chlorin-
ator are closely associated.
WINTER STORAGE
Winterize the toilet according to the manufacturer's in-
structions. If you do not have their manual, send for the
Raritan Marine Toilet Operating and Maintenance Man-
ual. It contains useful hints that apply to all marine heads.
After the toilet has been winterized, winterize the
chlorinator. Pour at least three quarts of permanent anti-
freeze (ethylene glycol) — not the anti-leak brands —
into the toilet bowl and pump into the chlorinator.
Leave it there until recommissioning in the spring when
it will be discharged as the head is normally used.
Never use alcohol or kerosene.
RECOMMISSIONING
When recommissioning in the spring, flush the toilet
the equivalent of at least 10 normal flushes to expel all
the anti-freeze.
WARNING
'it is VERY IMPORTANT to do this BEFORE^
connecting the "Clorox" bottle. The chemical re-
action between sodium hypochlorite and ethylene
can generate heat.
S.glycol
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Appendix II
Operation Under Loading Conditions—
National Sanitation Foundation,
Standard No. 23, "Watercraft Sewage
Disposal Device"
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4.05 OPERATION UNDER LOAD CONDITIONS: Treatment and discharge devices
shall, when Installed and operated in accordance with manufacturer's
instruction, be capable of producing an effluent meeting the micro-
biological and chemical/physical requirements of this Standard
throughout the testing period of two hours operations at normal
load conditions after initial discharge, followed by 20 minutes
of operation at peak conditions, and then an additional two hours
at normal load conditions.
4.051* NORMAL LOAD CONDITIONS*:
The device shall be placed in service and used (flushed)
at a frequency of h hour. When discharge of effluent
is evident, the normal loading shall continue for a period
of two hours, at which time the Peak Load conditions (Item
4.052), shall be applied.
4.052* PEAK LOAD CONDITIONS*:
Single Head Units; The minimum time between uses (flushes)
under peak load conditions shall be considered to be five (5)
minutes over a 20 minute period.
Multiple Head Units: Peak load conditions for multiple
head units shall be considered simultaneous uses (flushes)
of all units possible at five (5) minute intervals over
a twenty (20) minute period.
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Appendix III
Lab Test Results
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LAB TEST RESULTS
RARITAN UNIT
Sample
Date Mo-
8/17/71 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8/18/71 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Holding
Time.iXbe-
tween flush)
0 min.
12 min.
26 min.
38 min.
69 min.
99 min.
129 min.
159 min.
0 min.
30 'min.
60 min.
90 min.
120 min.
130 min.
140 min.
150 min.
ML-Inj.
Disinfec-
tant
410
420
430
390
200
260
200
260
250
330
230
230
160
200
80
210
Total
Chlorine
Residual
200
180
380
420
180
200
140
100
180
100
40
80
140
140
40
40
Settleable
Solids
ml /I
160
-
300
220
180
140
170
260
238
420
410
370
280
360
300
240
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
1755
87501
4680
4420
4590
5670
3270
3130
2620
5390
5650
4720
4110
4980
3680
4820
BOD
mg/1
780
18201
1660
1210
1550
1350
1120
803
940
1210
1200
1270
1230
1140
1060
1270
TOC
mg/1
500
890 ]
1050
530
1080
985
590
935
530
1250
1060
1030
906
970
810
970
COD
mg/1
4200
11.5751
6900
8300
8620
8400
7100
4120
4280
6650
7150
8520
7650
5950
6250
6550
Unblended
T-Coliform
per/ 100 ml
10
4900
3000
20
1400
6200
4500
20
5
> 24, 000
9200
5400
16,000
540
2
16,000
Blended
T-Coliform
per/ 100 ml
5400
5400
7000
200 <
1600<
25,000
30,000
160
9200
>24,000
> 24, 000
> 24, 000
>24,000
9200
2400
> 24, 000
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LAB TEST RESULTS
Date
8/19/71
8/26/71
RARITAN UNIT
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
Holding
Time (be-
tween flush)
0 min.
30 min.
62 min.
92 min.
122 min.
152 min.
0 min.
30 min.
58 min.
88 min.
99 min.
ML-Inj.
Disinfec-
tant
320
280
270
280
260
270
310
220
248
210
160
Total
Chlorine
Residual
240
200
320
220
140
180
400
240
300
240
280
Settleable
Solids
ml/1
250
280
280
60
280
400
325
150
285
295
335
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
3380
3700
3310
4720
4720
4190
4800
3940
5100
5960
5500
BOD
mg/1
1150
1300
1160
1440
1060
1220
1430
1080
1150
1180
1540
TOC
mg/1
690
810
875
780
875
750
750
690
625
690
900
COD
mg/1
5850
7150
6150
6950
6850
7050
7300
6050
7250
5800
6800
Unblended
T-Coliform
per/ 100 ml
11
3500
220
<2
>240,000
54,000
8
11,000
<2
1300
20
Blended
T-Coliform
per/ 100 ml
> 240, 000
54,000
5400
3500
> 240, 000
>240,000 .
240,000
7,903
4
4900
27
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LAB TEST RESULTS
Date
8/23/71
8/24/71
WILCOX-CRITTENDEN
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Holding
Time (be-
tween flush)
0 min.
lOuinJn.
40 min.
65 min.
95 min.
125 min.
245 min.
0 min.
12 min.
25 min.
70 min.
90 min.
120 min.
150 min.
285 min.
Total
Chlorine
Residual
240
480
1100
700
640
480
1240
540
380
540
740
760
720
440
1400
Settleable
Solids
ml/1
100
100
240
100
175
200
150
100
340
-
150
100
270
160
25
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
2100
1510
1540
2710
2720
3250
3300
4100
5820 !
591 01
7660 1
931 01
4640
4820
3240
TOC
mg/1
560
470
595
875
655
970
440
815
12501
14401
900 1
10301
565
750
565
BOD
mg/1
783
540
716
933
913
1133
590
1200
2600 1
15001
19401
19801
1080
1060
660
COD
mg/1
4000
3850
4220
5700
5180
10,600
3120
6650
14,2001
80001
10,4001
96801
5950
6350
2980
Unblended
T-Coliform
per/100 ml
17
4900
> 240, 000
> 240, 000
24,000
790
<2
23
7
<2
23
79
2800
<2
<2
Blended
T-Coliform
per/ 100 ml
7
54,000
> 240 ,000
> 240, 000
>240,000
1100
<2
24,000
8
<2
24
350
54,000
42
<2
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LAB TEST RESULTS
Date
Holding Total
Time (be- Chlorine
Sample No. tween flush) Residual
WILCOX-CRITTENDEN
Settleable
Solids
ml/1
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
TOC
mg/1
BOD
mg/1
COD
mg/1
Unblended
T-Coliform
per/ 100 ml
Blended
T-Coliform
per/100 ml
8/25/71
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 min.
30 min.
50 min.
80 min.
110 min.
135 min.
-
720
700
680
280
480
-
325
175
320
510
560
-
4030
9200
4410
6640
9790
-
690
1560
1250
2000
2600
-
1130
1130
1360
2630
2600
-
6120
11V520
8050
8500
13,900
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LAB TEST RESULTS
INFLUENT
Date
8/20/71
8/20/71
8/25/71
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
Flush Water3
Flush Water 3
Holding
Time (be-
tween flush)
0 min.
30 min.
60 min.
90 min.
120 min.
Taken - 8/13
Taken - 8/29
Settleable
Solids
ml/1
200
240
230
300
230
4).l
<0.1
Suspended
Solids
mg/1
6600
6540
3300
6880
6520
93
113
BOD
mg/1
2370
4700
3420
2140
1570
—
2.3
TOC
mg/1
1020
1340
1500
1500
1560
2.5
2.5
COD
mg/1
9380
10,100
15,600
16,300
11,500
141
153
Unblended
T-Coliform
per/100 ml
>24 x 10?
>24 x 107
>24 x 107
>24 x 107
>24 x 107
2
79
Blended
T-Coliform
per/ 100 ml
>24 x 108
>24 x 108
16 x 108
>24 x 108
54 x 10?
'Data not included in summary calculations and discussions due to operational difficulties encountered during test.
2It is suspected that the amount of Sodium Thiosulfate in the sterile sample jar was of an insufficient quantity to
neutralize the chlorine in the sample.
^Flush water taken from Atlantic Ocean off Sandy Hook, New Jersey.
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