WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • DAST-1O
   Collection,  Underwater Storage,
             and
   Disposal of Pleasurecraft Wastes
f.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

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       WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Reports describe
the results and progress  in the control and abatement
of pollution of our Nation's waters.   They provide a
central source of information on the research, devel-
opment  and demonstration  activities of  the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Department of
the Interior,  through in-house  research and  grants
and contracts with Federal, State and local agencies,
research institutions,  and industrial organizations.

Triplicate tear-out  abstract cards are placed inside
the back cover to  facilitate information  retrieval.
Space is provided  on the card for the  user's acces-
sion number and  for additional  key words.   The ab-
stracts utilize the WRSIC system.

Water Pollution Control Research Reports will be dis-
tributed to requesters as supplies permit.   Requests
should be sent to the  Publications Office,  Dept. of
the Interior,  Federal Water Pollution Control Admin-
istration, Washington, D-C., 20242.

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             COLLECTION, UNDERWATER STORAGE
                      AND DISPOSAL
                 OF PLEASURECRAFT WASTE
Feasibility of connecting sewage holding tanks  on board
recreational watercraft  to a dockside collection system
           and storage in an underwater tank.
     FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
               DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

                           by

                UNDERWATER STORAGE, INC.
                 SILVER, SCHWARTZ, LTD.
                     JOINT  VENTURE
             1028  Connecticut Avenue, N-W.
                Washington, D.C.,  20036
                  Program No. 15020 DHE
                 Contract No- 14-12-493
                    September,  1969

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          F.W.P.C.A. Review Notice
This report has been  reviewed by the Federal
Water Pollution  Control  Administration  and
approved for publication.   Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views  and policies  of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration.

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                           ABSTRACT




A pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to show the




feasibility of providing a facility for the collection, storage




and disposal of waste from recreational watercraft.







An on-board holding tank was installed in each of ten boats for




total impoundment of all effluent and for the connection to a




dockside sewage collection system through a quick-connect coup-




ling.  Each boat was provided with a pump, tank and macerator.




At dockside, each boat holding tank was pumped directly into a




piped collection system.







The dockside collection system was installed with a flexible




hose connector at each slip for attachment to the respective




boat.  The collection system was installed for gravity flow to




an underwater storage tank fabricated of synthetic rubber, im-




pregnated with nylon fibers and fastened to the river bed by a




system of patented anchors.  The underwater storage tank received




and held the effluent for periodic discharge by an on-shore pump




station to sewage trucks for delivery to a sewage plant.







Flow meters were installed at the marina for recording waste




flow to the underwater storage tank and amount extracted from




the tank.  Samples of waste material entering and leaving the
                              111

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underwater storage tank were taken for laboratory analysis.






The project demonstrated that on-board storage of watercraft




waste and subsequent discharge to an underwater storage tank




was effective and economical.  This project showed that the




discharge of sewage from boats into rivers, lakes, waterways




and estuaries could be eliminated.






This report is submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 14-12-493




between the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and




Underwater Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd., Joint Venture.
                             IV

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                                                                                             ~*
                                                             MARINA  SEWAGE COLL EC T I ON "'9Y STEM


                                                                         PROPO«KI3 iv       : "^u

                                                                             ft SILVEO, SCHWABT2 LTtt  '-•,: -
Rendering of  Marina Showing Typical Boat Connection to
Main Drainage Line and Extension to Underwater  Storage
Tank.  Also shows  Pump House and Septic Tank  Truck.
Figure

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FIGURE 2.    Rendering of marina collection system.
 FIGURE 3.   Fish-eye view of dockside collection
             system.
                       Vll

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                           CONTENTS

SECTION NO.                  TITLE               __ PAGE NO.
                 Abstract

                 Figures ............................... xi

                 Tables ................................ xiii

    1            Conclus ion . ........................... 1

    2            Recommendations ....................... 7

    3            Introduction .......................... 9

    4            Project Scope ......................... 15

    5            Components On Board Recreational
                             Watercraf t ................ 19

    6            Dockside Facilities ................... 25

    7            Operation ............................. 31

    8            Chemical Samples ...................... 37

    9            Discussion ....... . .................... 45

   10            Cost Estimates ........................ 49

   11            Acknowledgements ...................... 53

   12            Patents and Papers .................... 57

                 Re f e rence s ............................ 59

                 Figures ....................... . ....... 61
                               IX

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                            FIGURES
FIG. NO.                     TITLE                     PAGE NO.
    1            Rendering of Marina Showing Typical       v
                 Boat Connection to Main Drainage
                 Line and Extension to Underwater
                 Storage Tank.  Also Shows Pump House
                 and Septic Tank Truck.

    2            Photograph of Rendering of Marina         vii
                 Collection System.

    3            Photograph of Fish-Eye View of Dock-      vii
                 side Collection System.

    4            photograph of Underwater Storage          29
                 Tank on Ground Ready for Installa-
                 tion.

    5            Photograph of Underwater Storage          29
                 Tank Being Lowered into River.

    6            Instruction Diagram Given to Boat         32
                 Owners for Operation.

    7            Location Plan for Materials On-           33
                 Board Boats.

    8            Photograph of Connection of Hose to       47
                 Boat Discharge Fitting at Rear of
                 Boat.

    9            Photograph of Marina Boat Slips,          47
                 Hose and Piping Connection.

   10            Site Plan Showing Boat Slips,             61
                 Marina Administration Building,
                 Pump House and Underwater Storage
                 Tank Location.

   11            On-Board Boat Holding Tank Detail.        63
                              XI

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                           FIGURES
FIG. NO.    	TITLE                      PAGE NO.
   12            Typical Boat Plan Showing all Fix-       65
                 tures, On-Board Holding Tank, and
                 Boat Wiring Diagram for Transfer
                 Pump and Macerator.

   13            Boat Components Plan Showing Fix-        67
                 tures Connected to Boat Holding
                 Tank, Macerator, Transfer Pump, Dis-
                 charge Line to Deck Plate, Vent and
                 Dump Lines.

   14            Pier Plan Showing Ten Boat Slips and     69
                 Piping, Meter and Sampling Station,
                 Electrical and Mechanical Facilities
                 in Pump House.

   15            Underwater Storage Tank Detail Show-     71
                 ing Meter Station Details and Boat
                 Connections to Dockside Piping.

   16            Underwater Storage Tank Excavation       73
                 and Dredging Plan, and Location Plan
                 Showing Location of Tank with
                 Respect to Pier and Pump House

   17            Pump House Architectural Plan Show-      75
                 ing Stained Frame Building with
                 Cedar Shake Roof, Built Approximately
                 15-inches Above Grade.
                             XI1

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                           TABLES
TABLE NO.                   TITLE                      PAGE NO.
                 Recommended Size of Underwater
                 Storage Tank
    II           Waste Collection System Cost
                 Estimates
   III           Boats Used for Demonstration            17
    IV           Chemical Samples Taken at Meter         41
                 Station Prior to Flow into Under-
                 water Storage Tank
     V           Chemical Samples Taken at Pump          43
                 House When Underwater Storage
                 Tank Contents Were Being Pumped
                 into Septic Tank Truck
    VI           Cost Estimated for 96-Boat Marina       51
                             Xlll

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                          SECTION  I




                          CONCLUSION




The impoundment system, both on board recreational watercraft




and at the marina, is moderately low in first cost and requires




minimal attendance.  Almost no maintenance is required on board




boats, and the system is virtually tamperproof.  The only main-




tenance required of the marina operator is at the pump and at




the hose stations.







The entire system is simple to use by the boat owner, and is




compatible with shore station techniques, such as dockside sewer




lines, package treatment plant, or carry-off by septic tank




trucks.  The system is adaptable to expansion with increase in




pumping facility, pipe size, or underwater storage tank capacity.







All materials used in the system can operate continuously in




fresh or salt water without deterioration.







Existing watercraft which are provided with holding tanks could




be adapted with minor modifications to provide means for dis-




charging contents from the on-board holding tank to the dockside




underwater storage tank.  Boats without holding tanks would




require more extensive work.  It was found that the configura-




tion of on-board holding tanks should be adapted individually

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to the space availability of each boat.







Systems on board boats will have to be designed to function with




various parameters such as number of heads and showers, galley




facilities, and proposed boat occupancy.  From these figures




design tables can be formulated to encompass the type and number




of boat facilities, length of boat, and occupancy.






In operation of the system, it was evident that all equipment




located in the hold of a boat was subject to corrosion.  There-




fore, it is concluded that all materials used below deck must




be non-corrosive type and motors must be closed type.






Equipment, particularly pumps, must be designed for actual




watercraft usage and not based on standard laboratory or test




stand capabilities.  The human factor, it was found, had a great




effect in use of equipment and must be taken into account in




future installations.






The hose connector from the dock to the boat pump discharge




fitting was found to leak a few drops of effluent upon discon-




nection.  It was concluded, and successfully shown, this leak-




age could be stopped by the addition of a shut-off valve to the




dock hose connection.

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It was found the screw attachment, which was provided for con-




nection of the hose station to the boat pump discharge fitting,




created problems for boat owners.  It was, therefore, concluded




this attachment be replaced in future installations by a slip




lock type connector for ease of use by the boat owner.






Dockside hose pipe used for connection from marina to boats




must be of heavy duty material to withstand punishment imposed




by boats butting against the pipe.






The underwater storage tank can be pumped out, washed out




periodically from on-shore pumping equipment, and discharged to




septic tank trucks, to an existing municipality sewage collec-




tion system, to a river barge collector, or to a waste treat-




ment plant located within the vicinity of the marina.






The demonstration proved that the underwater storage concept of




holding waste is feasible, economical, easy to install,  and




easy to operate.  The installation does not interfere with




waterways and is esthetically acceptable.






The installation demonstrated by the storage of waste, both on




board and at dockside, present method of discharge of sewage




from watercraft can be completely eliminated.

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The average head flush on a boat, it was found, results in a




flow of 1.5-gallons of water to the on-board storage tank.




Average weekly waste flow from each boat was originally pre-




dicted to be 32.4-gallons, but in operation of the installation




this was actually found to be an average of 46.5-gallons, or




44% greater than predictions.  It was also found that the aver-




age population on some boats used for this demonstration was




5.0 and not 3.6 as set forth in available average criteria.






Of the ten boats used in the demonstration, seven boats never




left their slips during the entire eight weeks of the operating




period.  This may not be average, but must be considered in




design of marina pleasurecraft waste collection systems.






Size of underwater storage tanks for various marinas will




depend on the number of boat slips being served and activity




of the marina as related to transient watercraft;  however, for




purposes of basic planning, Table I on page 3  is recommended.




Additional capacity will be required to serve waste from such




shore facilities as restaurants, administrative offices, etc.






Cost for marina waste collection systems will vary from project




to project depending on layout of boat slips with respect to

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                  TABLE  I
RECOMMENDED SIZE  OF UNDERWATER STORAGE TANK
MARINA SIZE
TANK SIZE
 50 Boat




100 Boat




150 Boat




200 Boat




250 Boat
 3,000 gallons




 6,000 gallons




 9,000 gallons




12,000 gallons




15,000 gallons
                  TABLE II
   WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM COST ESTIMATES
MARINA SIZE

50 Boat
100 Boat
150 Boat
200 Boat
250 Boat
COST

$ 44,000
62,000
78,000
95,000
115,000
COST PER
BOAT SLIP

$880
620
520
475
460

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the service platform, construction of walkways, power avail-




ability, underwater storage tank location and dredging depth,




main pumping station location, etc.  Estimated cost for waste




collection system, excluding sewage treatment plant, is found




in Table II on page 5.

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                          SECTION 2




                       RECOMMENDATIONS




It is recommended that all recreational watercraft having heads




or galleys be provided with a storage tank for total impound-




ment of all waste, and no waste whatsoever be permitted to be




discharged to the waterways.  If boats do not have holding tank




facilities, their heads should be padlocked until such time as




these facilities are provided.







It is recommended that pump out facilities be provided at all




marinas and not in boats.  Marinas should also be provided with




macerator units.  This would not preclude boats presently having




macerator units retaining them as an aid to operation.







It is recommended that at remote locations, or where discharge




to a municipal sanitary sewer system is not feasible, package




sewage treatment plants be considered for use in conjunction




with marina collection and underwater storage systems.  Size of




these plants would not have to be full marina daily waste out-




put.  Since marinas only operate at maximum capacity during




weekends, sewage treatment plant daily capacity should only




have to be 25% of underwater storage capacity.  For example, an




installation with 9,000-gallons of storage should be provided




with a sewage treatment plant having a capacity of only 2,250-

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gallons per day.  In this way not only will the plant be more




efficient in operation, but will be less costly to install and




operate.







In view of the large quantities of waste discharged from land




based sources such as industry and municipalities, the precise




effects of watercraft waste discharge are often masked and




difficult to measure.  This is especially true in large harbors




or heavily populated or industrialized areas.  In various areas




it has been shown in sheltered harbors pollutional effects from




watercraft waste constituted a hazard to body contact sports,




such as swimming, and to shellfish culture.  Even for waters




used primarily, if not exclusively, for water-borne recreation,




there is need for additional information on the effects of waste




discharged from vessels.  It is, therefore, recommended that




studies be initiated on actual effects of watercraft waste on




various sizes and types of waterways, lakes and harbors.







It is recommended that acceptable enforced regulations pertain-




ing to pleasurecraft waste disposal be enacted as a major step




in combating pollution to rivers, lakes, waterways and estuaries,
                               8

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                          SECTION  3




                         INTRODUCTION




More than forty million people, it is estimated, have partici-




pated in recreational boating in the United States, each parti-




cipant using waterways more than twice during 1968.  Approxi-




mately 8.5-million recreational watercraft were in use, of which




approximately 1-4-million were equipped with head facilities.




A total of 5,700-marinas serve this huge fleet.  There are also




uncounted private ships and docking facilities in almost all




United States waterways.  Waste from recreational watercraft




contributed more than one-third of all waste load and river




pollution from all shipping in the United States.







The foregoing data was obtained from Boating Industry Magazine,




The National Association of Engine and Boat Manufacturers, Inc.,




and Report of the Department of Interior, Federal Water Pollu-




tion Control Administration to the Congress of the United




States, entitled "Waste from Watercraft".







It is readily seen that recreational watercraft have been a




significant factor in the overall pollution picture.  From




information furnished by the Boating Industry Magazine, the




number of recreational watercraft is increasing at the rate of




250,000-per year and waste load from these craft will result in

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even greater contribution to present river pollution.







Various state laws are presently in force which prohibit any




discharge of garbage, waste matter or refuse material of any




kind or description whatever from watercraft.  Some states have




no laws or regulations for pollution control for watercraft.




In such states, it is found, waste from recreational watercraft




is discharged directly in the waterways with no retention or




chemical treatment.  In many states enforcement of pollution




control is questioned.







Federal legislation does, in certain specified locations, pro-




hibit the dumping of litter, sewage or waste matter.  This is




intended primarily to prevent impairment to navigation and the




spread of communicable disease, animal disease, and plant pests.




Pending Federal legislation will prohibit all dumping and should




be more effective in preventing water pollution.







Recreational watercraft generally congregate for weekends,




holidays and vacation periods in such numbers as to possibly




seriously contaminate a shellfish area, beach or other critical




water source which was previously uncontaminated, thereby




affecting not only the health, but also the economical aspects
                              10

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of a given area.  They defile water areas presently used for




water sports as swimming and water skiing, drinking water supply,




shellfish beds and recreational lakes, by dumping large quan-




tities of wastes in a concentrated area.







Sanitary waste may contain dangerous concentrations of organisms




that can cause such diseases as dysentary, typhoid fever, gas-




troenteritis and hepatitis.  Sewage, including sanitary waste




and other waste water, is principally organic matter and its




decomposition in water uses dissolved oxygen which must be




maintained at levels satisfactory for the existence and propa-




gation of healthy aquatic life.  Human waste is rich in nitrogen




and phosphorus nutrients which promote algae growths and surface




scums of aquatic vegetation and accelerates entrophication.




The pollutants may damage or destroy aquatic life and water




fowl.







Recreational watercraft, when required by law, are provided




with some means for retaining waste from heads and galleys in




the form of holding tanks, recirculating systems, chemical




treatment or disinfection.  Widespread use of these boat




facilities is dependent on adequate shoreside receiving facilities




at marinas or waste treatment plants to receive, treat and dis-
                                11

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pose of waste from boat holding tanks and containers.  It is




found that shore installations to serve recreational watercraft




wastes are not generally available.







The most simple holding tank in a boat is a bucket sized con-




tainer in which sewage material is collected and hand carried




to the marina or dock for proper disposal.  Large holding tanks




require more sophisticated means for emptying and cleaning.




These means are bulky and heavy and not readily available be-




cause of minimal available land based facilities.







Recirculating flush heads, similar to those used in aircraft,




retain sewage for approximately one hundred usages, at which




time they must be emptied at a shore station or overboard.




Chemical toilets are similar to those used at construction pro-




jects.  Waste is chemically treated and is retained in the tank




until such time it can be emptied.







Macerator disinfectors mechanically grind up waste solids with




surrounding river or sea water, and dose the mixture with




disinfectant.  The effluent is then discharged into the water-




way after a brief period of contact.  Disinfectors generally do




not substantially reduce biological oxygen demand  (BOD),
                               12

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suspended solids or nutrient contents of the sewage before its




discharge.  The size of the particle of macerated sewage is such




that it can still be recognized as such.  The low level of




treatment of macerator disinfectors may not be acceptable to




the standards presently existing or of those being formulated.







The quantity of sewage discharge to a waterway is directly




related to the number of watercraft occupants during a given




period.







Based on a report,  "Wastes from Watercraft", dated




August 7, 1967, by  the Department of Interior, Federal Water




Pollution Control Administration, to the Congress of the United




States, the average recreational watercraft greater than




fifteen-feet in length carries 3.6 passengers and is away from




port 5.6 hours or more per outing.  An average rate of 2-1/2




uses per week for these boats during a 22-week boating season




appears reasonable.  Therefore, in an average week, not




including day or overnight stays, each boat has an occupancy




rate of fifty-man hours per week, or a little over two-man




days.  According to Civil Engineer Design Data Book,  average




daily per capita sewage flow in metropolitan residental areas




amounts to approximately one hundred gallons per day, per
                               13

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capita;  on boat this reduces to approximately twenty-gallons




per day.  On this basis, two-man days will result in approxi-




mately forty-gallons of sewage flow for the average boat during




a weekend.
                              14

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                         SECTION  4




                       PROJECT  SCOPE




The marina selected for the pilot project is located on the




Anacostia River in Washington, B.C.   (See Figure  10  on page  61.)




It is operated under a concession permit with the National




Capitol Park Service.







An agreement was entered into with the operator and owner of




Long's Marine Service to construct, operate and test a pilot




project serving a portion of the marina from July 1, 1969 to




September 2, 1969.  In addition, separate agreements were made




with each of ten private boat owners  for use of their boats to




permit installation of on-board equipment as needed for the




project.







The demonstration facility was designed, constructed and oper-




ated to show on-board holding tanks on recreational watercraft




can be provided for retention of waste and these holding tanks




can be connected and pumped to a marine or shoreside waste




collection system in an economical manner, which is also simple




to install and easy to operate.  The  shore facility was pro-




vided with an underwater storage container for shore collection




and retention and final disposal of watercraft waste.
                              15

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The installation has also proved that a shore collection system




can be installed without interfering with waterways and can be




esthetically acceptable;  the only items visible were the hose




stations at each boat slip and the pump house near the under-




water storage tank, both designed to be pleasing in appearance.






As required by the scope of the project, a study was made of




various watercraft heads and galleys to determine means for




possible minor modifications for sewage holding facilities to




function with shore collection installations.






Boats having on-board holding tanks or chlorinators, macerators




or disinfectors can be adapted for pump out to a shore based




marina sewage collection system by minor modification to the




boat to provide an outlet for a quick-connect coupling to be




made from the dock to the boat.  Boats without holding tanks




will require more extensive work to remove existing waste dis-




charge pipe to waterway, to revamp piping at the head, and to




accommodate a new holding tank.







Boats having galleys will require piping from galley to the on-




board holding tank with built-in garbage grinder to prevent




large particles from entering the tank.
                              16

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                         TABLE  III
                BOATS USED FOR DEMONSTRATION
OWNER
REGISTRATION NO.
MAKE
LENGTH
Edwards, E.
Elliott, H.
Jones, L.
Johnson, T.
Lory,  T.
Martin,  E.
 Putman,  H.
 Sands,  R.
 Williams,  C.
 Williams,  J.
MD-5523F
DC-2012A
DC-2150A
DC-4536A
DC-3546A
DC-2670A
DC-3345A
DC-3306A
DC-3595A
DC-4586A
Chris Craft
Owens
Pembroke
Revelcraft
                                      Chris Craft
Owens
                                      Owens
                                      Chris Craft
Chris Craft
Pembroke
25-foot
27-foot
                                                       27-foot
30-foot
                 27-foot
                                                       27-foot
                 26-foot
                 25-foot
                                                       27-foot
26-foot
                               17

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As a basis for determining the capacity required for on-board




storage tanks, it is found that the average head flush on boats




results in a flow of 1.5-gallons of water.  Based on the average




head use by 3.6 passengers, four times per weekend outing, the




total flow from heads is estimated to be 21.6-gallons.  There-




fore, the minimum size on-board holding tank should have a capa-




city of thirty-gallons, allowing some overage to prevent flooding.






When a galley is added to a boat, waste flow is estimated to




increase by 50% or a total of 32.4-gallons.  On this basis, a




forty-gallon tank was used for on-board storage of all ten boats




used in the demonstration.






In the ten-slip marina used for the demonstration, total




estimated flow of waste from the ten boats, each equipped with




heads and galleys, was 324-gallons per normal weekend, or 486-




gallons for a three-day holiday weekend.  Inasmuch as the




collection system installed was designed to be extended for




future use of fifty boats, total flow of the underwater storage




tank was predicted at 2,430-gallons;  therefore, a three-thous-




and-gallon underwater storage tank was used for the project.







The boats used for the demonstration all had heads and galleys.




Tabulation is shown in Table III on page  17.
                              18

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                          SECTION  5




         COMPONENTS ON BOARD  RECREATIONAL WATERCRAFT




Because of the need for expedient delivery to the demonstration




project, on-board holding tanks were made of one size and con-




figuration for all ten boats.  Forty-gallon tanks were fabri-




cated from polyvinyl chloride sheets.  Physical size was




standardized at 24-inches long by 20-inches wide by IS^inches




high.  Bolted covers were provided for access and connections




were made for inlet, outlet and vent pipes as per Figure  11




on page  63.    Facilities were provided for installation of a




macerator unit in the tank.







Since on-board holding tanks were of one size, problems in the




installation of the tanks on the boats were encountered.  The




tanks were located as close as possible to the center of the




keel to  prevent unbalanced weight as waste entered the tank.




To do this required, in some instances, modifying, cutting or




adding to hull frame to custom tailor each tank to the boat




served.  Actually, configuration of tank should be adapted to




the boat.







Rubber hose piping from head and galley of each boat was  re-




routed to drain into the newly installed holding tank.  Each




installation was provided with a transfer valve to allow  the
                               19

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boat owner available means for bypassing tank and discharging




waste into the waterway when stranded at a non-collecting




facility.  Of course, this feature would not be incorporated nor




used where laws prohibit dumping, however, for this demonstra-




tion it was necessary since other marinas in the area have no




facilities for accepting waste from watercraft.






Sea cocks were provided on all heads that were not originally




provided with them.  Copper traps and piping were added to




galley sinks, and connections were made to thru-hull fittings




with rubber hose.  P.V.C. and nylon insert fittings were used




with stainless steel clamps at each change of direction in the




hose drainage system.  When the galley sink was located across




from the head, some problem in piping and drainage of the waste




line resulted in connection to the holding tank.  Each boat was




separately planned for the installation.







Each holding tank was provided with a macerator located close




to the outlet pipe connection.  The macerators used were pro-




vided with standard manufacture open type, 12-volt motors




located on top of the tank and provided with a 1/4-inch shaft




through the tank cover.  A standard bit extension was provided




to obtain required depth in the tank.  The shaft propeller for
                              20

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macerating was made of stainless steel.  Joining of shafts was




accomplished by a steel sleeve coupling with two set screws.




The shaft was rigid enough that a separate bearing was not




required for the depth used.  Some problems were encountered




with the macerator, resulting in the conclusion that motors




should be of closed type.  Because of the damp environment,




shafting and couplings should be made of stainless steel, thus




preventing corrosion by the material contained in the holding




tank.  Time did not permit incorporating these features into




the demonstration installation.







On-board transfer pumps selected for the project had a capacity




for pumping 5 GPM at 10-foot head and 2 GPM at 30-foot head.




This range permitted change because of tide movement.  At low




tide,  the estimated total pump head of 6-feet indicated a flow




of 6 GPM.  On this basis, the pump-out time of 6-1/2-minutes




could  be predicted for the boat holding tank.







Each pump was provided with a 12-volt motor designed to be




activated by a toggle switch on the boat control console when




it was necessary to empty the contents of the holding tank.







Inlet  and outlet of the transfer pump was tested under simulated
                               21

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conditions on the laboratory stand.  Tests showed the impeller,




which was constructed with six neoprene fingers, would pass




corn, toilet tissue, face tissue and a simulated soil made from




oatmeal air-dried to a semi-rigid consistency.  No test was




made on the laboratory test stand on the human element.







In actual operation, pump suction blockage caused by bandaids,




non-shred paper toweling, and feminine sanitary needs was




encountered.  To clear the system, it was necessary to empty the




holding tank with a portable transfer pump so that the boat




transfer pump could be removed and cleaned.  A cut-off valve




between tank and transfer pump should have been installed to




facilitate easier servicing of a clogged condition.







Wiring for the boat macerator and transfer pump was taken from




the 12-volt boat system.  No. 12 gauge THW stranded wire was




used in the installation.  Motors were provided with in-line




fuses for the amperage rating.







Standard marine fittings were used;  finish was brass or chrome




plate.  All cuts through the hull were caulked with marine pro-




duct caulk.  Discharge connection from the transfer pump was




through the hull below the coaming.
                               22

-------
Figure 12 on page  65,  and Figure 13 on page 67  show typical




boat plan and components on boats.
                               23

-------
                          SECTION  6




                    DOCK SIDE FACILITIES




Boat effluent was conveyed through a piping system installed




along the boat dock.  See Figure 14 on page 69.  Standard




weight galvanized pipe was used with victaulic coupling con-




nections on main, and galvanized malleable screw fittings on




branch piping to each boat slip.  Boat connection was made of




polyvinyl corrugated tube.  At tube terminal a quick-coupling




connector was provided which utilized a standard manufacture




adaptor and a hose  shank coupler.  It was found that in order




to prevent waste leakage from the polyvinyl corrugated tube on




disconnection from  the boat discharge fitting, it would be




necessary to add a  shut-off valve to be used for sealing off




any waste flow after the on-board boat holding tank had been




evacuated.







The quick-connect coupling on the end of each hose station was




provided with a screw attachment for connection to the boat




pump  discharge fitting.  It was observed there were problems  in




reluctance  of the boat owners in accepting this type of fitting,




As  a  result, the coupling  should be changed on future  installa-




tions to a  slip lock type  connector which is less complicated




from  the boat owners' viewpoint.
                              25

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Polyvinyl corrugated hose at each slip was installed for  con-




venience and for its transparent quality to enable visual




inspection of flow from the boat transfer pump.  It was noted




the construction of boat slips and location of boats within the




slips caused crushing and breaking of the hose because of boat




handling in entering slips and because of tidal movements,




necessitating several repairs during the period of operation.




In future installations, dock side hose at boat slips should be




rubber spiral wire reinforced, abrasive resistant, heavy duty




hose.







For purposes of measuring flow from the boat slip stations to




the underwater storage tank, a metering station was installed




at the end of the marina on channel brackets mounted on piles.




The metering station, also designed to serve as a sampling




point, was constructed of steel plate to form a cylinder




30-inches in diameter by 60-inches high with a flat top and




dished bottom, flanged inlet and outlet connections, access




manhole and necessary openings for venting and sampling




effluent.







In order to determine effluent flow, a dual float was installed




in the tank with a single pole, single throw switch which
                             26

-------
energized a 100-volt counter and a 100-volt solenoid valve.




The float level was set at fifty-gallons of storage.  Whenever




the float reached the set point, a pneumatically operated




butterfly valve on the discharge side of the tank was energized




to dump effluent into the underwater storage tank.  Dry nitrogen




was utilized for the butterfly valve operation.  Each time the




metering tank was dumped, the counter recorder moved one digit




By reading the counter and multiplying by fifty, flow over any




given period could be determined.






Because of the rise and fall of the tide, it was found that the




sea pressure would not allow a dump.  As a result, the meter




tank was modified to a closed system and a check valve was




installed on the inlet to the tank.  Several test runs indicated




this solution was not satisfactory.  it was finally determined




a  self-priming pump should be used to transfer the effluent




from the meter station to the underwater storage tank, still




maintaining the feature of counting dumps.  This proved to be




highly successful and should be the basis for future similar




test procedures.






All control devices in connection with the metering station




were mounted on a post at the end of the pier in a weather-
                               27

-------
tight NEMA 3R enclosure.







Pipe for carrying effluent from the metering station to the




underwater storage tank was standard manufacture pressure rated,




flanged, reinforced rubber hose pipe.  The same type pipe was




used for connections between underwater storage tank and main




shore side pumping unit.







The underwater storage tank was of special design by a patented




Underwater Storage, Inc. concept and fabricated by Goodyear




Tire and Rubber Company of synthetic rubber impregnated with




nylon fibers.  The tank was provided with a strongback for




securing closure and for attachment to a patented anchoring




system.  The tank was provided with flanged connections for




inlet, outlet and vent piping as indicated on Figure 15  on




page  71.      Flotation was built into the tank construction




for buoyancy.  Flotation tubes were controlled by a nitrogen




source located in the shore side pump house.







Dredging for the underwater storage tank was accomplished from




shore with the use of a clam to provide space in the river bed




for tank and supports to be installed so as to maintain proper




pitch of the collection system piping as well as proper clear-
                               28

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FIGURE 4.   Underwater storage tank on ground
            ready for installation.
  FIGURE 5.    Underwater storage tank being
              lowered into river.
                        29

-------
ance over tank.  Tank location and dredging plan is shown on




Figure 16 on page 73.






The pump house as shown on Figure 17 on page 75 was




esthetically designed to blend into the landscape.  The house




contained main self-timing transfer pump, electrical service,




nitrogen control station, and tank transfer piping.  Discharge




piping in the pump house incorporated valving, flow metering




and underwater tank effluent flow sampling connection.  A




terminal adapter was provided through the wall of the pump




house for water connection to a septic tank truck suction con-




nection .
                             30

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                          SECTION 7




                          OPERATION




Installation of the entire project was completed on




June 27, 1969, and operation began on July 1, 1969.  Boat




owners were furnished with operating instructions and material




location plan as shown on Figure 6 on page 32, and Figure 7




on page 33.   The operating period for the demonstration ran




through September 2, 1969.







The period from July 1, to July 9, was a breaking-in period,




at which time various operational items were checked out.




Based on the findings, the metering station was redesigned to




provide a check valve in the discharge line and a self-priming




pump to discharge flow from the metering station to the under-




water storage tank.  During the first week of operation, only




165-gallons  (16.5-gallons per boat) were metered as flow to the




underwater storage tank.







From July 9, to September 2, the installation operated rela-




tively smooth except for problems on two boats.  Whereas eight




boat owners had no difficulty whatsoever in their pump opera-




tion from the boat holding tank to collector system, two




operators had continuous problems, because of the manner in




which they used their heads and galleys.  One boat pump was
                             31

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                                           INSTRUCTION DIAGRAM
  fG) (E
 v-<5»—a

«r-To Col-
  lection   D
  System
                                             [Place in Head)
                F/^Hold Tank Discharge Fitting
  Vent Fitting (Thru-Hull)
    Battery
                      Transfer  Pump
H) Toggle  Switch
                                                                              Galley
                                            D)Transfer Cock
                                     W = Waste
                                     D = Discharge
                                     V = Vent
                                                                      CJ Transfer Cock
                                                                   B)Transfer Cock
                                                                                      Thru-Hull Fitting
                                                                                      with Sea Cock
Maintaining Waste on Boat:
(Reverse Valves for Sea Discharge)
1. Close valves
2 . Open valves
     and
     and
                               c
To Discharge Holding Tank to Collection System;

3.  Remove Deck Plate   (F)
4.  Secure Discharge Hose Fitting  (E)    into   (
5.  Open Valve  {Gj
6.  Activate Transfer Pump Toggle Switch    (EN
7.  When Holding Tank is Empty, Flush Head  (ten
    strokes) to Purge Holding Tank.
8.  Deactivate Toggl^ Switch  (m
9.  System Now Ready for Reuse.

-------
       Deck Plate (Coaming Discharge)  I1
             Vent Fitting
G
  A-H
                M
                  O
                  n
                  >
                  1-3
                  H
                  O
                  2!

                  hj
                td
                O
   H-
   G
   C

   <\>
                cn
   Galley
                                                              D
                                       M-N P-Trap (5/8 or 7/8)
-U-r^r
F-L

-------
clogged no less than six times and its pump had to be removed




and cleaned.  The same boat had to be provided with a new




macerator when a cloth hand towel was caught in the macerator




blades.  For all intent and purpose, this boat flow should not




be fully counted in the system flow since it was out of use for




the demonstration more often than it was in use.







In the second boat, guests flagrantly violated boat head and




galley use  (a dog bone was found in a burned out pump).  The




boat was out of service as far as the demonstration was con-




cerned approximately 50% of the time.  Therefore, for purpose




of flow computation, 9.0 boats was used to arrive at a flow per




boat per weekend.







On August 15, 1969 the underwater storage tank contents were




pumped into the septic tank truck.  Total metered flow to the




truck was measured at 2,540-gallons, or 282-gallons per boat.




Average weekly flow for the six-week period was found to be




47-gallons per boat.







Final pump out of the underwater storage tank was made on




September 2, 1969, at the termination of the demonstration




period.  At this time 840-gallons, or 93-gallons per boat, were




pumped.  Average weekly flow for this final two weeks of the
                               34

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demonstration was found to be 46.5-gallons per boat.







The average weekly waste flow from each boat was approximately




44% greater than the 32.4-gallons predicted.  After the demon-




stration began, it was realized this particular group of ten




boat owners was not at all average.  At least five boats were




in use every day for dockside get-togethers;  the average




population on these five boats was 5.0 and not 3.6 as set forth




in available average criteria;  and seven of the ten boats




never left the boat slip during the entire eight weeks.
                              35

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                          SECTION 8

                       CHEMICAL SAMPLES

 All tests for chemical analyses were made by The C.  W.  England

 Laboratories, Inc.,  Washington, B.C.  Tests were made by

 "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water,"

 12th Edition, 1965,  except as otherwise noted herein.


 1.   Coliform - E Coli - Standard Test A with the E  Coli
      identified by selecting a representative number of colonies
      into E.G. Medium.

 2.   Biochemical Oxygen Demand - Section III, with oxygen deter-
      mined - Section III, method A (Azide Modification).

 3.   Chemical Oxygen Demand - Section IV.

 4.   pH - Electrometrically adjusted to 25° C.

 5.   Alkalinity - Section III, method B (Potentiometric).

 6.   Suspended Solids - Section III, part C, using a glass mat.

 7.   Total Dissolved Solids -  (Residue)  - Section I,  method C,
      using filtered sample.

 8.   Phosphorus - Method for Quantative Determination of Total
      Phosphorus in Filtered and Unfiltered Water. Gales,
      Julian, Kroner (U.S.P.H. Taft Center).

 9.   Nitrate - Section III, Method B.

10.   Nitrite - Section III.

11.   Ammonia Nitrogen - Section III, method B.

12.   Chloride - Section III, method A.
                              37

-------
Samples were taken at the meter station on the following dates:

     Saturday    July 12        at  9:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M.

     Sunday      July 27        at  9:30 A.M. and 7:00 P.M.

     Sunday      August 10      at  9:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M.

     Sunday      August 24      at  9:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M.

     Saturday    August 30      at 12:00 Noon.

Tabulation of these samples is found on Table IV on page 41.


Additional samples were taken at the pump house during the time

the underwater storage tank contents were being pumped into the

septic tank truck.  Time and date for these samples are as

follows:

     Friday      August 15      at  9:15 A.M., 9:30 A.M.,
                                   10:00 A.M., and 10:15 A.M.

     Tuesday     September 2    at  2:15 P.M.

Tabulation of these samples is found on Table V on page 43.


The chemical samples taken of the recreational watercraft

sewage were not uniform and not typical of domestic sewage.

Variations in characteristics may have been because of sampling

techniques.


Biochemical oxygen demand was found to be higher than average

for domestic waste.  This is obviously because of higher con-
                              38

-------
centrations of waste than found in municipal systems.







Settleable solids were found to fall in the range of less  than




0.1 to 3.5 milliliters per liter for samples taken at the  meter




station.  This is well below the range of domestic sewage  flow




because of maceration.  Total dissolved solids, on the other




hand, were found to be well above average because of high  con-




centration.






The chloride content of the samples was found to be unusually




high.  A  range of 20 to 150 milligrams per liter was expected;




however,  a number of the samples exceeded the high range.  It




was assumed this situation resulted from boats drawing water




directly  from  the river.  Tests of river water around the  marina




indicated chloride  content to be low;  ranging from 10 to  14




milligrams per liter.  The only logical answer is the eating




and drinking habits of people on board boats differ from those




on shore. This, compounded with high concentration in the tank,




resulted  in the unusual chloride sampling.






It is noted that underwater storage of watercraft waste has no




appreciable effect  on waste characteristics.  The initial




sampling  from  the underwater storage tank effluent pumped  to
                               39

-------
the septic tank truck was found to be much greater than subse-




quent samples because suction from the underwater storage tank




was taken from the bottom of the tank where concentration was




greatest.
                             40

-------
                                                                         TABLE  IV

                                   CHEMICAL SAMPLES TAKEN AT THE METER STATION PRIOR TO FLOW INTO UNDERWATER STORAGE TANK

Coliform Bacteria
i> 35° C. per 100 mil
E. Coli Bacteria
@ 45.5° C. per 100 mil
pH @ 25° C.
BOD (mg/1)
COD (mg/1)
Alkalinity (mg/1)
Settleable Solids (ml/1)
Total Dissolved Solids
(mg/1)
Total Phosphates (mg/1)
Nitrate (mg/1)
Nitrite (mg/1)
Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/1)
Chlorides (mg/1)
SATURDAY, JULY 12
*9:00 A.M.
<3,000
4,3,000
7.18
25
70.4
78.0
0.6
208
4.5
1.8
<0.1
3.6
40.0
*7:00 P.M.
3,000
<3,000
7.21
30
79.2
94.0
0.04
254
4.3
1.2
<0.1
2.5
39.3
SUNDAY, JULY 27
9:30 A.M.
480,000
20,000
8.24
90
132
156
0.5
298
18.8
0.13
<0.1
27.2
228
7:00 P.M.
840,000
60,000
8.28
120
440
164
3.5
314
17.2
0.30
< 0.1
28.6
130
SUNDAY, AUGUST 10
9:00 A.M.
3,200,000
170,000
7.98
120
96
244
1.1
362
10.7
0.04
<0.1
41.2
76.5
7:00 P.M.
2,900,000
60,000
7.95
100
132
241
1.0
368
10.6
0.13
<0.1
40.9
100.7
SUNDAY, AUGUST 24
9:00 A.M.
120,000
30,000
8.62
220
710
1,743
<0.1
1,238
64.9
2.4
<0.1
439.04
382.5
5:00 P.M.
160,000
30,000
8.65
220
687
1,827
0.7
1,300
63.5
1.5
< 0.1
456.96
376.6
SATURDAY
AUGUST 30
12 : 00 NOOK
4,200
860
8.42
1,100
6,560
2,017
110
1,000
160
1.20
<0.1
466.2
423.7
°C        = Degrees Centigrade
mg/1      = Milligrams per liter
ml/1      = Milliliters per liter
{         = Less than
*         = Samples very heavily contaminated with petroleum products

-------
                                            TABLE  V
       CHEMICAL SAMPLES TAKEN AT PUMP HOUSE WHEN UNDERWATER STORAGE TANK CONTENTS WERE BEING
                                 PUMPED INTO SEPTIC TANK TRUCK
FRIDAY, AUGUST 15

Coliform Bacteria
d> 35° C. per 100 mil
E. Coli Bacteria
i> 45.5° C. per 100 mil
pH <§> 25° C.
BOD (mg/1)
COD (mg/1)
Alkalinity (mg/1)
Settleable Solids (ml/1)
Total Dissolved Solids
(mg/1)
Total Phosphates (mg/1)
Nitrate (mg/1)
Nitrite (mg/1)
Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/1)
Chlorides (mg/1)
9:15 A.M.

30,000

8,100
4.69
840
770
112
0.2

6,902
505
3.76
< 0.1
271.6
588.5
9:30 A.M.

20,000

4,900
6.39
135
115
244
< 0.1

310
13.9
0.31
< 0.1
49.0
80.7
10:00 A.M.

16,000

5,100
6.28
115
107
244
< 0.1

298
14.8
0.89
< 0.1
47.0
74.1
10:15 A.M.

23,000

5,400
6.30
110
140
238
< 0.1

312
11.5
0.80
< 0.1
47.3
71.8
TUESDAY
SEPTEMBER 2
2:15 P.M.

1,900

240
7.08
60
160
378.0
< 0.1

296
12.6
0.53
< 0.1
68.6
235.4
•P".
00
        °C.     = Degrees Centigrade
        mg/1   = Milligrams per liter
        ml/1   = Milliliters per liter
        X      = Less than

-------
                          SECTION  9




                          DISCUSSION




The most difficult problem to control, from the standpoint of




the boat owner, is the action of guests who come aboard recrea-




tional watercraft.  Each boat owner was instructed to dispose of




nothing in the waste system other than that which had been




eaten or drunk.  Although each boat owner and his family




observed this rule faithfully it was found that this was not




the case with people who came aboard without such instructions.




As a result, it was found that the use of on-board pumping and




macerating equipment is not practical or advisable, as it adds




initial cost for the boat owner as well as continual operating




problems.  Furthermore, it tends to defeat the purpose of hold-




ing on-board waste and results in unintentional dumping of




waste because of filling up of the holding tanks.







It is, therefore, felt that pump-out stations with integral




macerator units located at the marinas would much better serve




the purpose.  These stations could be coin operated to be




financially attractive to the marina operator.







The hose stations at the boat slips must be provided with quick-




connect features to eliminate excessive time for the boat owner




to make connection.  In addition, the hose station must be such
                               45

-------
that no leakage or drippage occur before or after the on-board




holding tank is pumped out.  This was achieved at the demon-




stration facility by the installation of a hand operated valve




at the end of each hose station as shown on Figures  8 and 9




on page 47.







The use of the underwater storage tank is found to be the major




component of the entire system.  Inasmuch as boating for leisure




time is a weekend and holiday pastime for millions of Americans,




there is no need to immediately treat or pump sewage to trucks,




a municipal system, or a package sewage treatment plant.  The




sewage flow from a two-or three-day period can be treated over




a period of seven days.  Therefore, a sewage treatment plant




serving a marina does not have to be sized for the maximum flow




from recreational watercraft.  The plant can be reduced to one-




half the size or even less by the use of underwater storage.




This reasoning becomes especially true when consideration is




given to connecting such shore facilities as marina restaurants,




locker rooms, toilets, etc., to the system.  Here again, use of




the overall marina complex is for large sewer waste flows over




relatively short periods of time.  It is not economical to build




a sewage treatment plant for the peak flow, when one can be




built for a fraction of the flow by the installation of under-
                             46

-------
FIGURE 8.   Connection of hose to boat discharge
            fitting at rear of boat.
FIGURE 9.   Marina boat  slips, hose and piping
            connection.
                       47

-------
water storage facilities.  This will result in continual sewage




treatment plant operation, which will reflect a better quality




effluent since the plant will not be required to handle inter-




mittent shock loadings.
                             48

-------
                          SECTION 10




                        COST ESTIMATES




The estimated cost to provide a boat having a head and galley




with a kit consisting of a holding tank, deck plate, piping,




fittings and valve is less than one-hundred dollars.  Additional




cost is incurred with the addition of a macerator, pump and




electrical switches and wiring.  These added costs amount to




approximately seventy-five dollars, however, if pumping facility




is always available at dockside, there is no reason to provide




macerator and pump in the boat.  This will simplify the problem




to the boat owner because of elimination of all mechanical and




electrical devices.  Also, this arrangement will be foolproof




and will have more market acceptance.  Less possibility of




river pollution will result since boats would have no facilities




for pumping waste overboard.







Cost for a marina installation is based on configuration of the




marina, location of service platform with respect to the




farthest slip, construction of walkways, power availability,




dredging depth, underwater tank location, main pump location,





etc.






Estimated cost for a waste collection system for a ninety-six




boat marina with six slips back-to-back, sixteen boats per slip,
                             49

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and the service station in the center would be as tabulated




in Table VI on page 51.






With larger marinas, the estimated construction cost for a




waste collection system would be reduced, inasmuch as such items




of cost as the underwater storage tank, main pump station,




underwater piping, dredging and construction equipment, the sum




of which accounts for one-half the total cost, do not increase




proportionately with the number of boats.  For example, the




installation cost for a 150-boat marina would be approximately




$78,000.00 or $520.00 per boat, instead of $620.00 per boat as




estimated for the 96-boat marina.  A two hundred boat marina




installation would drop to an estimated $475.00 per boat.






Revenue to the marina operator could be achieved by a charge




(say $10.00 per month) to each boat owner occupying the 96-




boat slip for the use of dockside pumping and macerator stations,




Income for a five-month season on this basis would be $4,800.00.




Additional revenue could be realized through transient boats




pumped out at the main service platform.  Based on forty boats




per week over a 22-week operating season at a reasonable charge




of five dollars per flush, the revenue from this source is




estimated at $4,400.00.  Total revenue to the marina operator
                               50

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                            TABLE VI
              COST ESTIMATED FOR 96 BOAT MARINA
Marina Dockside Coin Operated
     Pumping and Macerator Stations
     (One per Finger Pier)          6 ea. @ $800      $4,800

Hose Stations                      96 ea. f> $ 50       4,800

Dockside Sewage Collection
     System                     1,500 LF  i> $  5       7,500

Underwater Storage Tank
     (6,000 gallon) including
     Anchors and Supports           1 ea.              7,500

Dredging, including Equipment
     Rental                                            2,500

Main Pumping Station                                   5,000

Underwater Piping                 200 LF  @ $ 18       3,600

Electrical Work                                        3,500

Construction Equipment                                 2,000


Total                                                $41,200

Contingencies                                          8,000

Construction Overhead and Profit                      12,800

Total Estimated Cost                                 $62,000
                              51

-------
on this estimate is $9,200.00 per season or approximately 15%




of estimated cost of installation.  With larger marinas,  return




to the operator would be proportionately greater.
                             52

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                          SECTION 11




                       ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS




This demonstration facility was carried out by the Underwater




Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd. Joint Venture under con-




tract No. 14-12-493 for the Federal Water Pollution Control




Administration, Department of the Interior.







The concept of underwater storage of sanitary waste was




originally conceived by Dr. Harold G. Quase, president of




Underwater Storage, Inc.  Proprietary items used in the formu-




lation  of this project are based on patents assigned to




Underwater Storage, Inc., by Dr. Quase.







Acknowledgement is made of the support and assistance of those




who participated directly in this effort:







Mr. Grover E. Steele and Mr. Robert Viklund of the National




Capitol Park Service, Department of the Interior, for their




efforts in all aspects of construction and operation of the




project.







Mr. Thomas Long and his staff at the marina for permitting




their facilities to be used and for their assistance during




construction of the project.
                              53

-------
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Industrial Products Division,




for the expeditious manner in which the underwater storage tank




was fabricated and delivered to the site.







Mr. G. J. Maliszewski of the Potomac Electric Power Company




for his personal efforts in providing electric service to the




site on short notice.






Dr. Harold M. Windlan of The C. W. England Laboratories,  Inc.




for giving the project immediate service in processing of




chemical analyses of waste samples.






The ten boat owners for their indulgence and cooperation through-




out the period when boats were being modified and during the




operational phase of the project.






Special thanks are given to Dr. James Shackelford and




Mr. Patrick Tobin of Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-




tration for their comments during the course of the program,




which provided valuable guidance in evaluation of the system.






The project was administered and supervised by Underwater




Storage, Inc.  Dr. Harold G. Quase was Project Director and




H. C. John Russell was Project Supervisor.
                              54

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The project was designed and operated by Silver,  Schwartz, Ltd.




Sidney A. Silver, P.E. was Chief Engineer,  Harold Schwartz, P.E




was Design Engineer, and Irving T.  Read was the Field Engineer.
                             55

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                          SECTION 12




                      PATENTS AND PAPERS




Patent No. 3,114,468 - H. G. Quase assignor to Underwater




     Storage, Inc.  "Collapsible Container," dated




     December 17, 1963.







Patent No. 3,114,384 - H. G. Quase assignor to Underwater




     Storage, Inc.  "Underwater Storage System," dated




     December 17, 1963.







Patent No. 3,155,280 - H. G. Quase assignor to Underwater




     Storage, Inc.  "Buoyant Flexible Container and Under-




     water Anchorage Therefor," dated November 3, 1964.







Patent No. 3,187,793 - H. G. Quase assignor to Underwater




     Storage, inc.  "Amphibious Underwater Storage System,1




     dated June  8,  1965.







Paper prepared by Underwater Storage, Inc.  "Treatment of




     Watercraft  Waste at Boat Marinas."







Remarks by Sidney A. Silver, P.E., at Demonstration of




     Marina  Underwater Waste Collection System, dated




     June 20, 1969.
                             57

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                          REFERENCES
American Public Health Association.  Standard Methods for
     Examination of Water and Wastewater.  12th Ed.
     New York:  1965.
Babbitt and Baumann, Sewerage and Sewage Treatment.  New York:
     John Wiley and Sons.
Hertzberg, R.H., Waste Disposal from Watercraft, Journal,
     Water Pollution Control Federation. December, 1968.
National Sanitation Foundation.  Standard No. 23, Watercraft
     Sewage Disposal Devices.  Ann Arbor, Michigan:  May, 1968,
 Pollution  from vessels Threaten to Negate Clean Water Goals.
     Environmental Science and Technology.  1968.
 Seelye,  Elwyn E., Data Book for Civil Engineers, vol. 1,
      Design.  New York:  John Wiley and Sons.
 United States  Department of the Interior, Federal Water
      Pollution Control Administration, Report to the
      Congress  of  the United States, Wastes from Watercraft,
      Document  No. 48.  August 7, 1967.
                               59

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                  FIGURE NO.  10






Site Plan Showing Boat Slips,  Marina Administration




Building, Pump House and Underwater Storage Tank




Location.
                    60

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Figure 10:

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         FIGURE NO. II
On-Board Boat Holding Tank Detail
             62

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TOP.

                                                                                                                         A
                                                TOP  EUtVAT\OW
                                                      4'DIA.MC.TCR Rfi.MOV»,e.L.C PUVTC
                                                            SECURE TO TANK WITH
                                                                                                                            INO  HE.AJD SHEET ME.TA.U
                                                                                                          EUD  ELfeVAllOU
                                                                                                  I.   COI4WO.UTIOVJ
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                                                                                                  4. TfcUK.  SH&UL  »E BATCO
                                                                                                     "o" feessuec
                                                                                                                                                Figure  I  I

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               FIGURE NO.  12







Typical  Boat Plan Showing All  Fixtures,  On-Board




Holding Tank, and Boat Wiring  Diagram for Transfer




Pump and Macerator.
                     64

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CTi
U1
                                                                TYP1CM- BOAT  PLMJ
                                                                                                           ijoimi
                                                                                      WIRIUG  DIAGEAM
                                                                                                                                     figure  12:

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             FIGURE NO. 13






Boat Components Plan Showing Fixtures Connected




to Boat Holding Tank, Macerator, Transfer Pump,




Discharge Line to Deck Plate,  Vent and Dump Lines.
                    66

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GALUEY SINK
                                 UAVATORY



                                   BOAT HOUDINKB TANK



                                    MAC ERA TOR —
                                                                            DECK OR HU
                                                                            DISCHARGE:
                                                                            PITTING
                                                                      DRAIN
                                                                                Figure  13:

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                FIGURE NO. 14






Pier Plan Showing Ten Boat Slips and Piping,




Meter and Sampling Station, Electrical  and




Mechanical Facilities in Pump House.
                     68

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VD
                                                                                                     Rgure 14:

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                  FIGURE NO.  15






Underwater Storage Tank Detail  Showing Meter




Station Details and Boat Connections to Dock-




side Pip i ng.
                     70

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n
                                                                                   «=V i s~ '-"*
                                                                                          "'
                                                                                   j:
                                                                                                   Figure  15:

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               FIGURE NO. 16






Underwater Storage Tank Excavation and Dredging




Plan, and Location Plan Showing Location of Tank




with Respect to Pier and Pump House.
                   72

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               o   o   o   o
-J
u>
                         —1
                         —tl
                                                                        r°



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•'" —





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u.

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r
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                FIGURE NO. 17






Pump House Architectural  Plan Showing Stained




Frame Building with Cedar Shake Roof, Built




Approximately 15-inches Above Grade.
                      74

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Figure  I 7:

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Underwater Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd., Joint
Venture, Collection, Underwater Storage and Disposal of Pleasure-
craft Waste FWPCA Publication No. DAST 10.
ABSTRACT: A pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to
show the feasibility of providing a facility for the collection, storage
and disposal of waste from recreational watercraft. An on-board
holding tank was installed in each of ten boats for total impound-
ment of all effluent and for the connection to a dockside sewage
collection system through a quick-connect coupling. Each boat was
provided with a pump, tank and macerator. At dockside, each boat
holding tank was pumped directly into a piped collection system.
The dockside collection system was installed with a flexible hose
connector at each slip for attachment to the respective boat. The
collection system was installed for gravity flow to an underwater
storage tank fabricated of synthetic rubber, impregnated with
nylon fibers and fastened to the river bed by a system of patented
anchors. The underwater storage tank received and held the
effluent for periodic discharged by an on-shore pump station to
sewage trucks for delivery to a sewage plant. Flow meters were
installed at the marina for recording waste flow to the underwater
storage tank and amount extracted from the tank. Samples of
waste material entering and leaving the underwater storage tank
were taken for laboratory analysis. The project demonstrated that
on-board storage of watercraft waste and subsequent discharge
to an underwater storage tank was effective and economical. This
project showed that the discharge of sewage from boats into
rivers, lakes, waterways and estuaries could be eliminated.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Underwater Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd., Joint
Venture. Collection, Underwater Storage and Disposal of Pleasure-
craft Waste FWPCA Publication No. DAST 10.
ABSTRACT: A pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to
show the feasibility of providing a facility for the collection, storage
j and disposal of waste from recreational watercraft. An on-board
1 holding tank was installed in each of ten boats for total impound-
ment of all effluent and for the connection to a dockside sewage
| collection system through a quick-connect coupling. Each boat was
provided with a pump, tank and macerator. At dockside, each boat
holding tank was pumped directly into a piped collection system.
The dockside collection system was installed with a flexible hose
connector at each slip for attachment to the respective boat. The
collection system was installed for gravity flow to an underwater
storage tank fabricated of synthetic rubber, impregnated with
nylon fibers and fastened to the river bed by a system of patented
anchors. The underwater storage tank received and held the
effluent for periodic discharged by an on-shore pump station to
sewage trucks for delivery to a sewage plant. Flow meters were
installed at the marina for recording waste flow to the underwater
storage tank and amount extracted from the tank. Samples of
waste material entering and leaving the underwater storage tank
were taken for laboratory analysis. The project demonstrated that
on-board storage of watercraft waste and subsequent discharge
to an underwater storage tank was effective and economical. This
project showed that the discharge of sewage from boats into
f rivers, lakes, waterways and estuaries could be eliminated.
I
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Underwater Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd., Joint
Venture. Collection, Underwater Storage and Disposal of Pleasure-
craft Waste FWPCA Publication No. DAST 10.
ABSTRACT: A pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to
show the feasibility of providing a facility for the collection, storage
and disposal of waste from recreational watercraft. An on-board
holding tank was installed in each of ten boats for total impound-
ment of all effluent and for the connection to a dockside sewage
collection system through a quick-connect coupling. Each boat was
provided with a pump, tank and macerator. At dockside, each boat
The dockside collection system was installed with a flexible hose
connector at each slip for attachment to the respective boat. The
collection system was installed for gravity flow to an underwater
storage tank fabricated of synthetic rubber, impregnated with
nylon fibers and fastened to the river bed by a system of patented
anchors. The underwater storage tank received and held the
effluent for periodic discharged by an on-shore pump station to
sewage trucks for delivery to a sewage plant. Flow meters were
installed at the marina for recording waste flow to the underwater
storage tank and amount extracted from the tank. Samples of
waste material entering and leaving the underwater storage tank
1 were taken for laboratory analysis. The project demonstrated that
I on-board storage of watercraft waste and subsequent discharge
to an underwater storage tank was effective and economical. This
project showed that the discharge of sewage from boats into
rivers, lakes, waterways and estuaries could be eliminated.
ACCESSION NO:
KEY WORDS:
Pleasurecraft
Boat Holding Tanks
Sewage Collection
Underwater Storage
Marinas
Pump-Out Stations
ACCESSION NO:
KEY WORDS:
Pleasurecraft
Boat Holding Tanks
Sewage Collection
Underwater Storage
Marinas
Pump-Out Stations
ACCESSION NO:
KEY WORDS:
Pleasurecraft
Boat Holding Tanks
Sewage Collection
Underwater Storage
Marinas
Pump-Out Stations
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1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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i
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1

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As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the
Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land,
park, and  recreational resources.  Indian and Territorial affairs are other
major  concerns of  America's "Department of  Natural  Resources."

The Department works to assure the  wisest choice in  managing all  our
resources so each  will  make  its  full contribution to  a  better United
States-now and in the future.
                              DAST-10

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