WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • DAST-1O
Collection, Underwater Storage,
and
Disposal of Pleasurecraft Wastes
f.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Reports describe
the results and progress in the control and abatement
of pollution of our Nation's waters. They provide a
central source of information on the research, devel-
opment and demonstration activities of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Department of
the Interior, through in-house research and grants
and contracts with Federal, State and local agencies,
research institutions, and industrial organizations.
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Space is provided on the card for the user's acces-
sion number and for additional key words. The ab-
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Water Pollution Control Research Reports will be dis-
tributed to requesters as supplies permit. Requests
should be sent to the Publications Office, Dept. of
the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Admin-
istration, Washington, D-C., 20242.
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COLLECTION, UNDERWATER STORAGE
AND DISPOSAL
OF PLEASURECRAFT WASTE
Feasibility of connecting sewage holding tanks on board
recreational watercraft to a dockside collection system
and storage in an underwater tank.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
by
UNDERWATER STORAGE, INC.
SILVER, SCHWARTZ, LTD.
JOINT VENTURE
1028 Connecticut Avenue, N-W.
Washington, D.C., 20036
Program No. 15020 DHE
Contract No- 14-12-493
September, 1969
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F.W.P.C.A. Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration and
approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration.
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ABSTRACT
A pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to show the
feasibility of providing a facility for the collection, storage
and disposal of waste from recreational watercraft.
An on-board holding tank was installed in each of ten boats for
total impoundment of all effluent and for the connection to a
dockside sewage collection system through a quick-connect coup-
ling. Each boat was provided with a pump, tank and macerator.
At dockside, each boat holding tank was pumped directly into a
piped collection system.
The dockside collection system was installed with a flexible
hose connector at each slip for attachment to the respective
boat. The collection system was installed for gravity flow to
an underwater storage tank fabricated of synthetic rubber, im-
pregnated with nylon fibers and fastened to the river bed by a
system of patented anchors. The underwater storage tank received
and held the effluent for periodic discharge by an on-shore pump
station to sewage trucks for delivery to a sewage plant.
Flow meters were installed at the marina for recording waste
flow to the underwater storage tank and amount extracted from
the tank. Samples of waste material entering and leaving the
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underwater storage tank were taken for laboratory analysis.
The project demonstrated that on-board storage of watercraft
waste and subsequent discharge to an underwater storage tank
was effective and economical. This project showed that the
discharge of sewage from boats into rivers, lakes, waterways
and estuaries could be eliminated.
This report is submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 14-12-493
between the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and
Underwater Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd., Joint Venture.
IV
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~*
MARINA SEWAGE COLL EC T I ON "'9Y STEM
PROPO«KI3 iv : "^u
ft SILVEO, SCHWABT2 LTtt '-•,: -
Rendering of Marina Showing Typical Boat Connection to
Main Drainage Line and Extension to Underwater Storage
Tank. Also shows Pump House and Septic Tank Truck.
Figure
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FIGURE 2. Rendering of marina collection system.
FIGURE 3. Fish-eye view of dockside collection
system.
Vll
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CONTENTS
SECTION NO. TITLE __ PAGE NO.
Abstract
Figures ............................... xi
Tables ................................ xiii
1 Conclus ion . ........................... 1
2 Recommendations ....................... 7
3 Introduction .......................... 9
4 Project Scope ......................... 15
5 Components On Board Recreational
Watercraf t ................ 19
6 Dockside Facilities ................... 25
7 Operation ............................. 31
8 Chemical Samples ...................... 37
9 Discussion ....... . .................... 45
10 Cost Estimates ........................ 49
11 Acknowledgements ...................... 53
12 Patents and Papers .................... 57
Re f e rence s ............................ 59
Figures ....................... . ....... 61
IX
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FIGURES
FIG. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Rendering of Marina Showing Typical v
Boat Connection to Main Drainage
Line and Extension to Underwater
Storage Tank. Also Shows Pump House
and Septic Tank Truck.
2 Photograph of Rendering of Marina vii
Collection System.
3 Photograph of Fish-Eye View of Dock- vii
side Collection System.
4 photograph of Underwater Storage 29
Tank on Ground Ready for Installa-
tion.
5 Photograph of Underwater Storage 29
Tank Being Lowered into River.
6 Instruction Diagram Given to Boat 32
Owners for Operation.
7 Location Plan for Materials On- 33
Board Boats.
8 Photograph of Connection of Hose to 47
Boat Discharge Fitting at Rear of
Boat.
9 Photograph of Marina Boat Slips, 47
Hose and Piping Connection.
10 Site Plan Showing Boat Slips, 61
Marina Administration Building,
Pump House and Underwater Storage
Tank Location.
11 On-Board Boat Holding Tank Detail. 63
XI
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FIGURES
FIG. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
12 Typical Boat Plan Showing all Fix- 65
tures, On-Board Holding Tank, and
Boat Wiring Diagram for Transfer
Pump and Macerator.
13 Boat Components Plan Showing Fix- 67
tures Connected to Boat Holding
Tank, Macerator, Transfer Pump, Dis-
charge Line to Deck Plate, Vent and
Dump Lines.
14 Pier Plan Showing Ten Boat Slips and 69
Piping, Meter and Sampling Station,
Electrical and Mechanical Facilities
in Pump House.
15 Underwater Storage Tank Detail Show- 71
ing Meter Station Details and Boat
Connections to Dockside Piping.
16 Underwater Storage Tank Excavation 73
and Dredging Plan, and Location Plan
Showing Location of Tank with
Respect to Pier and Pump House
17 Pump House Architectural Plan Show- 75
ing Stained Frame Building with
Cedar Shake Roof, Built Approximately
15-inches Above Grade.
XI1
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TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
Recommended Size of Underwater
Storage Tank
II Waste Collection System Cost
Estimates
III Boats Used for Demonstration 17
IV Chemical Samples Taken at Meter 41
Station Prior to Flow into Under-
water Storage Tank
V Chemical Samples Taken at Pump 43
House When Underwater Storage
Tank Contents Were Being Pumped
into Septic Tank Truck
VI Cost Estimated for 96-Boat Marina 51
Xlll
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SECTION I
CONCLUSION
The impoundment system, both on board recreational watercraft
and at the marina, is moderately low in first cost and requires
minimal attendance. Almost no maintenance is required on board
boats, and the system is virtually tamperproof. The only main-
tenance required of the marina operator is at the pump and at
the hose stations.
The entire system is simple to use by the boat owner, and is
compatible with shore station techniques, such as dockside sewer
lines, package treatment plant, or carry-off by septic tank
trucks. The system is adaptable to expansion with increase in
pumping facility, pipe size, or underwater storage tank capacity.
All materials used in the system can operate continuously in
fresh or salt water without deterioration.
Existing watercraft which are provided with holding tanks could
be adapted with minor modifications to provide means for dis-
charging contents from the on-board holding tank to the dockside
underwater storage tank. Boats without holding tanks would
require more extensive work. It was found that the configura-
tion of on-board holding tanks should be adapted individually
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to the space availability of each boat.
Systems on board boats will have to be designed to function with
various parameters such as number of heads and showers, galley
facilities, and proposed boat occupancy. From these figures
design tables can be formulated to encompass the type and number
of boat facilities, length of boat, and occupancy.
In operation of the system, it was evident that all equipment
located in the hold of a boat was subject to corrosion. There-
fore, it is concluded that all materials used below deck must
be non-corrosive type and motors must be closed type.
Equipment, particularly pumps, must be designed for actual
watercraft usage and not based on standard laboratory or test
stand capabilities. The human factor, it was found, had a great
effect in use of equipment and must be taken into account in
future installations.
The hose connector from the dock to the boat pump discharge
fitting was found to leak a few drops of effluent upon discon-
nection. It was concluded, and successfully shown, this leak-
age could be stopped by the addition of a shut-off valve to the
dock hose connection.
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It was found the screw attachment, which was provided for con-
nection of the hose station to the boat pump discharge fitting,
created problems for boat owners. It was, therefore, concluded
this attachment be replaced in future installations by a slip
lock type connector for ease of use by the boat owner.
Dockside hose pipe used for connection from marina to boats
must be of heavy duty material to withstand punishment imposed
by boats butting against the pipe.
The underwater storage tank can be pumped out, washed out
periodically from on-shore pumping equipment, and discharged to
septic tank trucks, to an existing municipality sewage collec-
tion system, to a river barge collector, or to a waste treat-
ment plant located within the vicinity of the marina.
The demonstration proved that the underwater storage concept of
holding waste is feasible, economical, easy to install, and
easy to operate. The installation does not interfere with
waterways and is esthetically acceptable.
The installation demonstrated by the storage of waste, both on
board and at dockside, present method of discharge of sewage
from watercraft can be completely eliminated.
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The average head flush on a boat, it was found, results in a
flow of 1.5-gallons of water to the on-board storage tank.
Average weekly waste flow from each boat was originally pre-
dicted to be 32.4-gallons, but in operation of the installation
this was actually found to be an average of 46.5-gallons, or
44% greater than predictions. It was also found that the aver-
age population on some boats used for this demonstration was
5.0 and not 3.6 as set forth in available average criteria.
Of the ten boats used in the demonstration, seven boats never
left their slips during the entire eight weeks of the operating
period. This may not be average, but must be considered in
design of marina pleasurecraft waste collection systems.
Size of underwater storage tanks for various marinas will
depend on the number of boat slips being served and activity
of the marina as related to transient watercraft; however, for
purposes of basic planning, Table I on page 3 is recommended.
Additional capacity will be required to serve waste from such
shore facilities as restaurants, administrative offices, etc.
Cost for marina waste collection systems will vary from project
to project depending on layout of boat slips with respect to
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TABLE I
RECOMMENDED SIZE OF UNDERWATER STORAGE TANK
MARINA SIZE
TANK SIZE
50 Boat
100 Boat
150 Boat
200 Boat
250 Boat
3,000 gallons
6,000 gallons
9,000 gallons
12,000 gallons
15,000 gallons
TABLE II
WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM COST ESTIMATES
MARINA SIZE
50 Boat
100 Boat
150 Boat
200 Boat
250 Boat
COST
$ 44,000
62,000
78,000
95,000
115,000
COST PER
BOAT SLIP
$880
620
520
475
460
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the service platform, construction of walkways, power avail-
ability, underwater storage tank location and dredging depth,
main pumping station location, etc. Estimated cost for waste
collection system, excluding sewage treatment plant, is found
in Table II on page 5.
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SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that all recreational watercraft having heads
or galleys be provided with a storage tank for total impound-
ment of all waste, and no waste whatsoever be permitted to be
discharged to the waterways. If boats do not have holding tank
facilities, their heads should be padlocked until such time as
these facilities are provided.
It is recommended that pump out facilities be provided at all
marinas and not in boats. Marinas should also be provided with
macerator units. This would not preclude boats presently having
macerator units retaining them as an aid to operation.
It is recommended that at remote locations, or where discharge
to a municipal sanitary sewer system is not feasible, package
sewage treatment plants be considered for use in conjunction
with marina collection and underwater storage systems. Size of
these plants would not have to be full marina daily waste out-
put. Since marinas only operate at maximum capacity during
weekends, sewage treatment plant daily capacity should only
have to be 25% of underwater storage capacity. For example, an
installation with 9,000-gallons of storage should be provided
with a sewage treatment plant having a capacity of only 2,250-
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gallons per day. In this way not only will the plant be more
efficient in operation, but will be less costly to install and
operate.
In view of the large quantities of waste discharged from land
based sources such as industry and municipalities, the precise
effects of watercraft waste discharge are often masked and
difficult to measure. This is especially true in large harbors
or heavily populated or industrialized areas. In various areas
it has been shown in sheltered harbors pollutional effects from
watercraft waste constituted a hazard to body contact sports,
such as swimming, and to shellfish culture. Even for waters
used primarily, if not exclusively, for water-borne recreation,
there is need for additional information on the effects of waste
discharged from vessels. It is, therefore, recommended that
studies be initiated on actual effects of watercraft waste on
various sizes and types of waterways, lakes and harbors.
It is recommended that acceptable enforced regulations pertain-
ing to pleasurecraft waste disposal be enacted as a major step
in combating pollution to rivers, lakes, waterways and estuaries,
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SECTION 3
INTRODUCTION
More than forty million people, it is estimated, have partici-
pated in recreational boating in the United States, each parti-
cipant using waterways more than twice during 1968. Approxi-
mately 8.5-million recreational watercraft were in use, of which
approximately 1-4-million were equipped with head facilities.
A total of 5,700-marinas serve this huge fleet. There are also
uncounted private ships and docking facilities in almost all
United States waterways. Waste from recreational watercraft
contributed more than one-third of all waste load and river
pollution from all shipping in the United States.
The foregoing data was obtained from Boating Industry Magazine,
The National Association of Engine and Boat Manufacturers, Inc.,
and Report of the Department of Interior, Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration to the Congress of the United
States, entitled "Waste from Watercraft".
It is readily seen that recreational watercraft have been a
significant factor in the overall pollution picture. From
information furnished by the Boating Industry Magazine, the
number of recreational watercraft is increasing at the rate of
250,000-per year and waste load from these craft will result in
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even greater contribution to present river pollution.
Various state laws are presently in force which prohibit any
discharge of garbage, waste matter or refuse material of any
kind or description whatever from watercraft. Some states have
no laws or regulations for pollution control for watercraft.
In such states, it is found, waste from recreational watercraft
is discharged directly in the waterways with no retention or
chemical treatment. In many states enforcement of pollution
control is questioned.
Federal legislation does, in certain specified locations, pro-
hibit the dumping of litter, sewage or waste matter. This is
intended primarily to prevent impairment to navigation and the
spread of communicable disease, animal disease, and plant pests.
Pending Federal legislation will prohibit all dumping and should
be more effective in preventing water pollution.
Recreational watercraft generally congregate for weekends,
holidays and vacation periods in such numbers as to possibly
seriously contaminate a shellfish area, beach or other critical
water source which was previously uncontaminated, thereby
affecting not only the health, but also the economical aspects
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of a given area. They defile water areas presently used for
water sports as swimming and water skiing, drinking water supply,
shellfish beds and recreational lakes, by dumping large quan-
tities of wastes in a concentrated area.
Sanitary waste may contain dangerous concentrations of organisms
that can cause such diseases as dysentary, typhoid fever, gas-
troenteritis and hepatitis. Sewage, including sanitary waste
and other waste water, is principally organic matter and its
decomposition in water uses dissolved oxygen which must be
maintained at levels satisfactory for the existence and propa-
gation of healthy aquatic life. Human waste is rich in nitrogen
and phosphorus nutrients which promote algae growths and surface
scums of aquatic vegetation and accelerates entrophication.
The pollutants may damage or destroy aquatic life and water
fowl.
Recreational watercraft, when required by law, are provided
with some means for retaining waste from heads and galleys in
the form of holding tanks, recirculating systems, chemical
treatment or disinfection. Widespread use of these boat
facilities is dependent on adequate shoreside receiving facilities
at marinas or waste treatment plants to receive, treat and dis-
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pose of waste from boat holding tanks and containers. It is
found that shore installations to serve recreational watercraft
wastes are not generally available.
The most simple holding tank in a boat is a bucket sized con-
tainer in which sewage material is collected and hand carried
to the marina or dock for proper disposal. Large holding tanks
require more sophisticated means for emptying and cleaning.
These means are bulky and heavy and not readily available be-
cause of minimal available land based facilities.
Recirculating flush heads, similar to those used in aircraft,
retain sewage for approximately one hundred usages, at which
time they must be emptied at a shore station or overboard.
Chemical toilets are similar to those used at construction pro-
jects. Waste is chemically treated and is retained in the tank
until such time it can be emptied.
Macerator disinfectors mechanically grind up waste solids with
surrounding river or sea water, and dose the mixture with
disinfectant. The effluent is then discharged into the water-
way after a brief period of contact. Disinfectors generally do
not substantially reduce biological oxygen demand (BOD),
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suspended solids or nutrient contents of the sewage before its
discharge. The size of the particle of macerated sewage is such
that it can still be recognized as such. The low level of
treatment of macerator disinfectors may not be acceptable to
the standards presently existing or of those being formulated.
The quantity of sewage discharge to a waterway is directly
related to the number of watercraft occupants during a given
period.
Based on a report, "Wastes from Watercraft", dated
August 7, 1967, by the Department of Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, to the Congress of the United
States, the average recreational watercraft greater than
fifteen-feet in length carries 3.6 passengers and is away from
port 5.6 hours or more per outing. An average rate of 2-1/2
uses per week for these boats during a 22-week boating season
appears reasonable. Therefore, in an average week, not
including day or overnight stays, each boat has an occupancy
rate of fifty-man hours per week, or a little over two-man
days. According to Civil Engineer Design Data Book, average
daily per capita sewage flow in metropolitan residental areas
amounts to approximately one hundred gallons per day, per
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capita; on boat this reduces to approximately twenty-gallons
per day. On this basis, two-man days will result in approxi-
mately forty-gallons of sewage flow for the average boat during
a weekend.
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SECTION 4
PROJECT SCOPE
The marina selected for the pilot project is located on the
Anacostia River in Washington, B.C. (See Figure 10 on page 61.)
It is operated under a concession permit with the National
Capitol Park Service.
An agreement was entered into with the operator and owner of
Long's Marine Service to construct, operate and test a pilot
project serving a portion of the marina from July 1, 1969 to
September 2, 1969. In addition, separate agreements were made
with each of ten private boat owners for use of their boats to
permit installation of on-board equipment as needed for the
project.
The demonstration facility was designed, constructed and oper-
ated to show on-board holding tanks on recreational watercraft
can be provided for retention of waste and these holding tanks
can be connected and pumped to a marine or shoreside waste
collection system in an economical manner, which is also simple
to install and easy to operate. The shore facility was pro-
vided with an underwater storage container for shore collection
and retention and final disposal of watercraft waste.
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The installation has also proved that a shore collection system
can be installed without interfering with waterways and can be
esthetically acceptable; the only items visible were the hose
stations at each boat slip and the pump house near the under-
water storage tank, both designed to be pleasing in appearance.
As required by the scope of the project, a study was made of
various watercraft heads and galleys to determine means for
possible minor modifications for sewage holding facilities to
function with shore collection installations.
Boats having on-board holding tanks or chlorinators, macerators
or disinfectors can be adapted for pump out to a shore based
marina sewage collection system by minor modification to the
boat to provide an outlet for a quick-connect coupling to be
made from the dock to the boat. Boats without holding tanks
will require more extensive work to remove existing waste dis-
charge pipe to waterway, to revamp piping at the head, and to
accommodate a new holding tank.
Boats having galleys will require piping from galley to the on-
board holding tank with built-in garbage grinder to prevent
large particles from entering the tank.
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TABLE III
BOATS USED FOR DEMONSTRATION
OWNER
REGISTRATION NO.
MAKE
LENGTH
Edwards, E.
Elliott, H.
Jones, L.
Johnson, T.
Lory, T.
Martin, E.
Putman, H.
Sands, R.
Williams, C.
Williams, J.
MD-5523F
DC-2012A
DC-2150A
DC-4536A
DC-3546A
DC-2670A
DC-3345A
DC-3306A
DC-3595A
DC-4586A
Chris Craft
Owens
Pembroke
Revelcraft
Chris Craft
Owens
Owens
Chris Craft
Chris Craft
Pembroke
25-foot
27-foot
27-foot
30-foot
27-foot
27-foot
26-foot
25-foot
27-foot
26-foot
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As a basis for determining the capacity required for on-board
storage tanks, it is found that the average head flush on boats
results in a flow of 1.5-gallons of water. Based on the average
head use by 3.6 passengers, four times per weekend outing, the
total flow from heads is estimated to be 21.6-gallons. There-
fore, the minimum size on-board holding tank should have a capa-
city of thirty-gallons, allowing some overage to prevent flooding.
When a galley is added to a boat, waste flow is estimated to
increase by 50% or a total of 32.4-gallons. On this basis, a
forty-gallon tank was used for on-board storage of all ten boats
used in the demonstration.
In the ten-slip marina used for the demonstration, total
estimated flow of waste from the ten boats, each equipped with
heads and galleys, was 324-gallons per normal weekend, or 486-
gallons for a three-day holiday weekend. Inasmuch as the
collection system installed was designed to be extended for
future use of fifty boats, total flow of the underwater storage
tank was predicted at 2,430-gallons; therefore, a three-thous-
and-gallon underwater storage tank was used for the project.
The boats used for the demonstration all had heads and galleys.
Tabulation is shown in Table III on page 17.
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SECTION 5
COMPONENTS ON BOARD RECREATIONAL WATERCRAFT
Because of the need for expedient delivery to the demonstration
project, on-board holding tanks were made of one size and con-
figuration for all ten boats. Forty-gallon tanks were fabri-
cated from polyvinyl chloride sheets. Physical size was
standardized at 24-inches long by 20-inches wide by IS^inches
high. Bolted covers were provided for access and connections
were made for inlet, outlet and vent pipes as per Figure 11
on page 63. Facilities were provided for installation of a
macerator unit in the tank.
Since on-board holding tanks were of one size, problems in the
installation of the tanks on the boats were encountered. The
tanks were located as close as possible to the center of the
keel to prevent unbalanced weight as waste entered the tank.
To do this required, in some instances, modifying, cutting or
adding to hull frame to custom tailor each tank to the boat
served. Actually, configuration of tank should be adapted to
the boat.
Rubber hose piping from head and galley of each boat was re-
routed to drain into the newly installed holding tank. Each
installation was provided with a transfer valve to allow the
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boat owner available means for bypassing tank and discharging
waste into the waterway when stranded at a non-collecting
facility. Of course, this feature would not be incorporated nor
used where laws prohibit dumping, however, for this demonstra-
tion it was necessary since other marinas in the area have no
facilities for accepting waste from watercraft.
Sea cocks were provided on all heads that were not originally
provided with them. Copper traps and piping were added to
galley sinks, and connections were made to thru-hull fittings
with rubber hose. P.V.C. and nylon insert fittings were used
with stainless steel clamps at each change of direction in the
hose drainage system. When the galley sink was located across
from the head, some problem in piping and drainage of the waste
line resulted in connection to the holding tank. Each boat was
separately planned for the installation.
Each holding tank was provided with a macerator located close
to the outlet pipe connection. The macerators used were pro-
vided with standard manufacture open type, 12-volt motors
located on top of the tank and provided with a 1/4-inch shaft
through the tank cover. A standard bit extension was provided
to obtain required depth in the tank. The shaft propeller for
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macerating was made of stainless steel. Joining of shafts was
accomplished by a steel sleeve coupling with two set screws.
The shaft was rigid enough that a separate bearing was not
required for the depth used. Some problems were encountered
with the macerator, resulting in the conclusion that motors
should be of closed type. Because of the damp environment,
shafting and couplings should be made of stainless steel, thus
preventing corrosion by the material contained in the holding
tank. Time did not permit incorporating these features into
the demonstration installation.
On-board transfer pumps selected for the project had a capacity
for pumping 5 GPM at 10-foot head and 2 GPM at 30-foot head.
This range permitted change because of tide movement. At low
tide, the estimated total pump head of 6-feet indicated a flow
of 6 GPM. On this basis, the pump-out time of 6-1/2-minutes
could be predicted for the boat holding tank.
Each pump was provided with a 12-volt motor designed to be
activated by a toggle switch on the boat control console when
it was necessary to empty the contents of the holding tank.
Inlet and outlet of the transfer pump was tested under simulated
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conditions on the laboratory stand. Tests showed the impeller,
which was constructed with six neoprene fingers, would pass
corn, toilet tissue, face tissue and a simulated soil made from
oatmeal air-dried to a semi-rigid consistency. No test was
made on the laboratory test stand on the human element.
In actual operation, pump suction blockage caused by bandaids,
non-shred paper toweling, and feminine sanitary needs was
encountered. To clear the system, it was necessary to empty the
holding tank with a portable transfer pump so that the boat
transfer pump could be removed and cleaned. A cut-off valve
between tank and transfer pump should have been installed to
facilitate easier servicing of a clogged condition.
Wiring for the boat macerator and transfer pump was taken from
the 12-volt boat system. No. 12 gauge THW stranded wire was
used in the installation. Motors were provided with in-line
fuses for the amperage rating.
Standard marine fittings were used; finish was brass or chrome
plate. All cuts through the hull were caulked with marine pro-
duct caulk. Discharge connection from the transfer pump was
through the hull below the coaming.
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Figure 12 on page 65, and Figure 13 on page 67 show typical
boat plan and components on boats.
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SECTION 6
DOCK SIDE FACILITIES
Boat effluent was conveyed through a piping system installed
along the boat dock. See Figure 14 on page 69. Standard
weight galvanized pipe was used with victaulic coupling con-
nections on main, and galvanized malleable screw fittings on
branch piping to each boat slip. Boat connection was made of
polyvinyl corrugated tube. At tube terminal a quick-coupling
connector was provided which utilized a standard manufacture
adaptor and a hose shank coupler. It was found that in order
to prevent waste leakage from the polyvinyl corrugated tube on
disconnection from the boat discharge fitting, it would be
necessary to add a shut-off valve to be used for sealing off
any waste flow after the on-board boat holding tank had been
evacuated.
The quick-connect coupling on the end of each hose station was
provided with a screw attachment for connection to the boat
pump discharge fitting. It was observed there were problems in
reluctance of the boat owners in accepting this type of fitting,
As a result, the coupling should be changed on future installa-
tions to a slip lock type connector which is less complicated
from the boat owners' viewpoint.
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Polyvinyl corrugated hose at each slip was installed for con-
venience and for its transparent quality to enable visual
inspection of flow from the boat transfer pump. It was noted
the construction of boat slips and location of boats within the
slips caused crushing and breaking of the hose because of boat
handling in entering slips and because of tidal movements,
necessitating several repairs during the period of operation.
In future installations, dock side hose at boat slips should be
rubber spiral wire reinforced, abrasive resistant, heavy duty
hose.
For purposes of measuring flow from the boat slip stations to
the underwater storage tank, a metering station was installed
at the end of the marina on channel brackets mounted on piles.
The metering station, also designed to serve as a sampling
point, was constructed of steel plate to form a cylinder
30-inches in diameter by 60-inches high with a flat top and
dished bottom, flanged inlet and outlet connections, access
manhole and necessary openings for venting and sampling
effluent.
In order to determine effluent flow, a dual float was installed
in the tank with a single pole, single throw switch which
26
-------
energized a 100-volt counter and a 100-volt solenoid valve.
The float level was set at fifty-gallons of storage. Whenever
the float reached the set point, a pneumatically operated
butterfly valve on the discharge side of the tank was energized
to dump effluent into the underwater storage tank. Dry nitrogen
was utilized for the butterfly valve operation. Each time the
metering tank was dumped, the counter recorder moved one digit
By reading the counter and multiplying by fifty, flow over any
given period could be determined.
Because of the rise and fall of the tide, it was found that the
sea pressure would not allow a dump. As a result, the meter
tank was modified to a closed system and a check valve was
installed on the inlet to the tank. Several test runs indicated
this solution was not satisfactory. it was finally determined
a self-priming pump should be used to transfer the effluent
from the meter station to the underwater storage tank, still
maintaining the feature of counting dumps. This proved to be
highly successful and should be the basis for future similar
test procedures.
All control devices in connection with the metering station
were mounted on a post at the end of the pier in a weather-
27
-------
tight NEMA 3R enclosure.
Pipe for carrying effluent from the metering station to the
underwater storage tank was standard manufacture pressure rated,
flanged, reinforced rubber hose pipe. The same type pipe was
used for connections between underwater storage tank and main
shore side pumping unit.
The underwater storage tank was of special design by a patented
Underwater Storage, Inc. concept and fabricated by Goodyear
Tire and Rubber Company of synthetic rubber impregnated with
nylon fibers. The tank was provided with a strongback for
securing closure and for attachment to a patented anchoring
system. The tank was provided with flanged connections for
inlet, outlet and vent piping as indicated on Figure 15 on
page 71. Flotation was built into the tank construction
for buoyancy. Flotation tubes were controlled by a nitrogen
source located in the shore side pump house.
Dredging for the underwater storage tank was accomplished from
shore with the use of a clam to provide space in the river bed
for tank and supports to be installed so as to maintain proper
pitch of the collection system piping as well as proper clear-
28
-------
FIGURE 4. Underwater storage tank on ground
ready for installation.
FIGURE 5. Underwater storage tank being
lowered into river.
29
-------
ance over tank. Tank location and dredging plan is shown on
Figure 16 on page 73.
The pump house as shown on Figure 17 on page 75 was
esthetically designed to blend into the landscape. The house
contained main self-timing transfer pump, electrical service,
nitrogen control station, and tank transfer piping. Discharge
piping in the pump house incorporated valving, flow metering
and underwater tank effluent flow sampling connection. A
terminal adapter was provided through the wall of the pump
house for water connection to a septic tank truck suction con-
nection .
30
-------
SECTION 7
OPERATION
Installation of the entire project was completed on
June 27, 1969, and operation began on July 1, 1969. Boat
owners were furnished with operating instructions and material
location plan as shown on Figure 6 on page 32, and Figure 7
on page 33. The operating period for the demonstration ran
through September 2, 1969.
The period from July 1, to July 9, was a breaking-in period,
at which time various operational items were checked out.
Based on the findings, the metering station was redesigned to
provide a check valve in the discharge line and a self-priming
pump to discharge flow from the metering station to the under-
water storage tank. During the first week of operation, only
165-gallons (16.5-gallons per boat) were metered as flow to the
underwater storage tank.
From July 9, to September 2, the installation operated rela-
tively smooth except for problems on two boats. Whereas eight
boat owners had no difficulty whatsoever in their pump opera-
tion from the boat holding tank to collector system, two
operators had continuous problems, because of the manner in
which they used their heads and galleys. One boat pump was
31
-------
INSTRUCTION DIAGRAM
fG) (E
v-<5»—a
«r-To Col-
lection D
System
[Place in Head)
F/^Hold Tank Discharge Fitting
Vent Fitting (Thru-Hull)
Battery
Transfer Pump
H) Toggle Switch
Galley
D)Transfer Cock
W = Waste
D = Discharge
V = Vent
CJ Transfer Cock
B)Transfer Cock
Thru-Hull Fitting
with Sea Cock
Maintaining Waste on Boat:
(Reverse Valves for Sea Discharge)
1. Close valves
2 . Open valves
and
and
c
To Discharge Holding Tank to Collection System;
3. Remove Deck Plate (F)
4. Secure Discharge Hose Fitting (E) into (
5. Open Valve {Gj
6. Activate Transfer Pump Toggle Switch (EN
7. When Holding Tank is Empty, Flush Head (ten
strokes) to Purge Holding Tank.
8. Deactivate Toggl^ Switch (m
9. System Now Ready for Reuse.
-------
Deck Plate (Coaming Discharge) I1
Vent Fitting
G
A-H
M
O
n
>
1-3
H
O
2!
hj
td
O
H-
G
C
<\>
cn
Galley
D
M-N P-Trap (5/8 or 7/8)
-U-r^r
F-L
-------
clogged no less than six times and its pump had to be removed
and cleaned. The same boat had to be provided with a new
macerator when a cloth hand towel was caught in the macerator
blades. For all intent and purpose, this boat flow should not
be fully counted in the system flow since it was out of use for
the demonstration more often than it was in use.
In the second boat, guests flagrantly violated boat head and
galley use (a dog bone was found in a burned out pump). The
boat was out of service as far as the demonstration was con-
cerned approximately 50% of the time. Therefore, for purpose
of flow computation, 9.0 boats was used to arrive at a flow per
boat per weekend.
On August 15, 1969 the underwater storage tank contents were
pumped into the septic tank truck. Total metered flow to the
truck was measured at 2,540-gallons, or 282-gallons per boat.
Average weekly flow for the six-week period was found to be
47-gallons per boat.
Final pump out of the underwater storage tank was made on
September 2, 1969, at the termination of the demonstration
period. At this time 840-gallons, or 93-gallons per boat, were
pumped. Average weekly flow for this final two weeks of the
34
-------
demonstration was found to be 46.5-gallons per boat.
The average weekly waste flow from each boat was approximately
44% greater than the 32.4-gallons predicted. After the demon-
stration began, it was realized this particular group of ten
boat owners was not at all average. At least five boats were
in use every day for dockside get-togethers; the average
population on these five boats was 5.0 and not 3.6 as set forth
in available average criteria; and seven of the ten boats
never left the boat slip during the entire eight weeks.
35
-------
SECTION 8
CHEMICAL SAMPLES
All tests for chemical analyses were made by The C. W. England
Laboratories, Inc., Washington, B.C. Tests were made by
"Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water,"
12th Edition, 1965, except as otherwise noted herein.
1. Coliform - E Coli - Standard Test A with the E Coli
identified by selecting a representative number of colonies
into E.G. Medium.
2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand - Section III, with oxygen deter-
mined - Section III, method A (Azide Modification).
3. Chemical Oxygen Demand - Section IV.
4. pH - Electrometrically adjusted to 25° C.
5. Alkalinity - Section III, method B (Potentiometric).
6. Suspended Solids - Section III, part C, using a glass mat.
7. Total Dissolved Solids - (Residue) - Section I, method C,
using filtered sample.
8. Phosphorus - Method for Quantative Determination of Total
Phosphorus in Filtered and Unfiltered Water. Gales,
Julian, Kroner (U.S.P.H. Taft Center).
9. Nitrate - Section III, Method B.
10. Nitrite - Section III.
11. Ammonia Nitrogen - Section III, method B.
12. Chloride - Section III, method A.
37
-------
Samples were taken at the meter station on the following dates:
Saturday July 12 at 9:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M.
Sunday July 27 at 9:30 A.M. and 7:00 P.M.
Sunday August 10 at 9:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M.
Sunday August 24 at 9:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M.
Saturday August 30 at 12:00 Noon.
Tabulation of these samples is found on Table IV on page 41.
Additional samples were taken at the pump house during the time
the underwater storage tank contents were being pumped into the
septic tank truck. Time and date for these samples are as
follows:
Friday August 15 at 9:15 A.M., 9:30 A.M.,
10:00 A.M., and 10:15 A.M.
Tuesday September 2 at 2:15 P.M.
Tabulation of these samples is found on Table V on page 43.
The chemical samples taken of the recreational watercraft
sewage were not uniform and not typical of domestic sewage.
Variations in characteristics may have been because of sampling
techniques.
Biochemical oxygen demand was found to be higher than average
for domestic waste. This is obviously because of higher con-
38
-------
centrations of waste than found in municipal systems.
Settleable solids were found to fall in the range of less than
0.1 to 3.5 milliliters per liter for samples taken at the meter
station. This is well below the range of domestic sewage flow
because of maceration. Total dissolved solids, on the other
hand, were found to be well above average because of high con-
centration.
The chloride content of the samples was found to be unusually
high. A range of 20 to 150 milligrams per liter was expected;
however, a number of the samples exceeded the high range. It
was assumed this situation resulted from boats drawing water
directly from the river. Tests of river water around the marina
indicated chloride content to be low; ranging from 10 to 14
milligrams per liter. The only logical answer is the eating
and drinking habits of people on board boats differ from those
on shore. This, compounded with high concentration in the tank,
resulted in the unusual chloride sampling.
It is noted that underwater storage of watercraft waste has no
appreciable effect on waste characteristics. The initial
sampling from the underwater storage tank effluent pumped to
39
-------
the septic tank truck was found to be much greater than subse-
quent samples because suction from the underwater storage tank
was taken from the bottom of the tank where concentration was
greatest.
40
-------
TABLE IV
CHEMICAL SAMPLES TAKEN AT THE METER STATION PRIOR TO FLOW INTO UNDERWATER STORAGE TANK
Coliform Bacteria
i> 35° C. per 100 mil
E. Coli Bacteria
@ 45.5° C. per 100 mil
pH @ 25° C.
BOD (mg/1)
COD (mg/1)
Alkalinity (mg/1)
Settleable Solids (ml/1)
Total Dissolved Solids
(mg/1)
Total Phosphates (mg/1)
Nitrate (mg/1)
Nitrite (mg/1)
Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/1)
Chlorides (mg/1)
SATURDAY, JULY 12
*9:00 A.M.
<3,000
4,3,000
7.18
25
70.4
78.0
0.6
208
4.5
1.8
<0.1
3.6
40.0
*7:00 P.M.
3,000
<3,000
7.21
30
79.2
94.0
0.04
254
4.3
1.2
<0.1
2.5
39.3
SUNDAY, JULY 27
9:30 A.M.
480,000
20,000
8.24
90
132
156
0.5
298
18.8
0.13
<0.1
27.2
228
7:00 P.M.
840,000
60,000
8.28
120
440
164
3.5
314
17.2
0.30
< 0.1
28.6
130
SUNDAY, AUGUST 10
9:00 A.M.
3,200,000
170,000
7.98
120
96
244
1.1
362
10.7
0.04
<0.1
41.2
76.5
7:00 P.M.
2,900,000
60,000
7.95
100
132
241
1.0
368
10.6
0.13
<0.1
40.9
100.7
SUNDAY, AUGUST 24
9:00 A.M.
120,000
30,000
8.62
220
710
1,743
<0.1
1,238
64.9
2.4
<0.1
439.04
382.5
5:00 P.M.
160,000
30,000
8.65
220
687
1,827
0.7
1,300
63.5
1.5
< 0.1
456.96
376.6
SATURDAY
AUGUST 30
12 : 00 NOOK
4,200
860
8.42
1,100
6,560
2,017
110
1,000
160
1.20
<0.1
466.2
423.7
°C = Degrees Centigrade
mg/1 = Milligrams per liter
ml/1 = Milliliters per liter
{ = Less than
* = Samples very heavily contaminated with petroleum products
-------
TABLE V
CHEMICAL SAMPLES TAKEN AT PUMP HOUSE WHEN UNDERWATER STORAGE TANK CONTENTS WERE BEING
PUMPED INTO SEPTIC TANK TRUCK
FRIDAY, AUGUST 15
Coliform Bacteria
d> 35° C. per 100 mil
E. Coli Bacteria
i> 45.5° C. per 100 mil
pH <§> 25° C.
BOD (mg/1)
COD (mg/1)
Alkalinity (mg/1)
Settleable Solids (ml/1)
Total Dissolved Solids
(mg/1)
Total Phosphates (mg/1)
Nitrate (mg/1)
Nitrite (mg/1)
Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/1)
Chlorides (mg/1)
9:15 A.M.
30,000
8,100
4.69
840
770
112
0.2
6,902
505
3.76
< 0.1
271.6
588.5
9:30 A.M.
20,000
4,900
6.39
135
115
244
< 0.1
310
13.9
0.31
< 0.1
49.0
80.7
10:00 A.M.
16,000
5,100
6.28
115
107
244
< 0.1
298
14.8
0.89
< 0.1
47.0
74.1
10:15 A.M.
23,000
5,400
6.30
110
140
238
< 0.1
312
11.5
0.80
< 0.1
47.3
71.8
TUESDAY
SEPTEMBER 2
2:15 P.M.
1,900
240
7.08
60
160
378.0
< 0.1
296
12.6
0.53
< 0.1
68.6
235.4
•P".
00
°C. = Degrees Centigrade
mg/1 = Milligrams per liter
ml/1 = Milliliters per liter
X = Less than
-------
SECTION 9
DISCUSSION
The most difficult problem to control, from the standpoint of
the boat owner, is the action of guests who come aboard recrea-
tional watercraft. Each boat owner was instructed to dispose of
nothing in the waste system other than that which had been
eaten or drunk. Although each boat owner and his family
observed this rule faithfully it was found that this was not
the case with people who came aboard without such instructions.
As a result, it was found that the use of on-board pumping and
macerating equipment is not practical or advisable, as it adds
initial cost for the boat owner as well as continual operating
problems. Furthermore, it tends to defeat the purpose of hold-
ing on-board waste and results in unintentional dumping of
waste because of filling up of the holding tanks.
It is, therefore, felt that pump-out stations with integral
macerator units located at the marinas would much better serve
the purpose. These stations could be coin operated to be
financially attractive to the marina operator.
The hose stations at the boat slips must be provided with quick-
connect features to eliminate excessive time for the boat owner
to make connection. In addition, the hose station must be such
45
-------
that no leakage or drippage occur before or after the on-board
holding tank is pumped out. This was achieved at the demon-
stration facility by the installation of a hand operated valve
at the end of each hose station as shown on Figures 8 and 9
on page 47.
The use of the underwater storage tank is found to be the major
component of the entire system. Inasmuch as boating for leisure
time is a weekend and holiday pastime for millions of Americans,
there is no need to immediately treat or pump sewage to trucks,
a municipal system, or a package sewage treatment plant. The
sewage flow from a two-or three-day period can be treated over
a period of seven days. Therefore, a sewage treatment plant
serving a marina does not have to be sized for the maximum flow
from recreational watercraft. The plant can be reduced to one-
half the size or even less by the use of underwater storage.
This reasoning becomes especially true when consideration is
given to connecting such shore facilities as marina restaurants,
locker rooms, toilets, etc., to the system. Here again, use of
the overall marina complex is for large sewer waste flows over
relatively short periods of time. It is not economical to build
a sewage treatment plant for the peak flow, when one can be
built for a fraction of the flow by the installation of under-
46
-------
FIGURE 8. Connection of hose to boat discharge
fitting at rear of boat.
FIGURE 9. Marina boat slips, hose and piping
connection.
47
-------
water storage facilities. This will result in continual sewage
treatment plant operation, which will reflect a better quality
effluent since the plant will not be required to handle inter-
mittent shock loadings.
48
-------
SECTION 10
COST ESTIMATES
The estimated cost to provide a boat having a head and galley
with a kit consisting of a holding tank, deck plate, piping,
fittings and valve is less than one-hundred dollars. Additional
cost is incurred with the addition of a macerator, pump and
electrical switches and wiring. These added costs amount to
approximately seventy-five dollars, however, if pumping facility
is always available at dockside, there is no reason to provide
macerator and pump in the boat. This will simplify the problem
to the boat owner because of elimination of all mechanical and
electrical devices. Also, this arrangement will be foolproof
and will have more market acceptance. Less possibility of
river pollution will result since boats would have no facilities
for pumping waste overboard.
Cost for a marina installation is based on configuration of the
marina, location of service platform with respect to the
farthest slip, construction of walkways, power availability,
dredging depth, underwater tank location, main pump location,
etc.
Estimated cost for a waste collection system for a ninety-six
boat marina with six slips back-to-back, sixteen boats per slip,
49
-------
and the service station in the center would be as tabulated
in Table VI on page 51.
With larger marinas, the estimated construction cost for a
waste collection system would be reduced, inasmuch as such items
of cost as the underwater storage tank, main pump station,
underwater piping, dredging and construction equipment, the sum
of which accounts for one-half the total cost, do not increase
proportionately with the number of boats. For example, the
installation cost for a 150-boat marina would be approximately
$78,000.00 or $520.00 per boat, instead of $620.00 per boat as
estimated for the 96-boat marina. A two hundred boat marina
installation would drop to an estimated $475.00 per boat.
Revenue to the marina operator could be achieved by a charge
(say $10.00 per month) to each boat owner occupying the 96-
boat slip for the use of dockside pumping and macerator stations,
Income for a five-month season on this basis would be $4,800.00.
Additional revenue could be realized through transient boats
pumped out at the main service platform. Based on forty boats
per week over a 22-week operating season at a reasonable charge
of five dollars per flush, the revenue from this source is
estimated at $4,400.00. Total revenue to the marina operator
50
-------
TABLE VI
COST ESTIMATED FOR 96 BOAT MARINA
Marina Dockside Coin Operated
Pumping and Macerator Stations
(One per Finger Pier) 6 ea. @ $800 $4,800
Hose Stations 96 ea. f> $ 50 4,800
Dockside Sewage Collection
System 1,500 LF i> $ 5 7,500
Underwater Storage Tank
(6,000 gallon) including
Anchors and Supports 1 ea. 7,500
Dredging, including Equipment
Rental 2,500
Main Pumping Station 5,000
Underwater Piping 200 LF @ $ 18 3,600
Electrical Work 3,500
Construction Equipment 2,000
Total $41,200
Contingencies 8,000
Construction Overhead and Profit 12,800
Total Estimated Cost $62,000
51
-------
on this estimate is $9,200.00 per season or approximately 15%
of estimated cost of installation. With larger marinas, return
to the operator would be proportionately greater.
52
-------
SECTION 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This demonstration facility was carried out by the Underwater
Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd. Joint Venture under con-
tract No. 14-12-493 for the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Department of the Interior.
The concept of underwater storage of sanitary waste was
originally conceived by Dr. Harold G. Quase, president of
Underwater Storage, Inc. Proprietary items used in the formu-
lation of this project are based on patents assigned to
Underwater Storage, Inc., by Dr. Quase.
Acknowledgement is made of the support and assistance of those
who participated directly in this effort:
Mr. Grover E. Steele and Mr. Robert Viklund of the National
Capitol Park Service, Department of the Interior, for their
efforts in all aspects of construction and operation of the
project.
Mr. Thomas Long and his staff at the marina for permitting
their facilities to be used and for their assistance during
construction of the project.
53
-------
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Industrial Products Division,
for the expeditious manner in which the underwater storage tank
was fabricated and delivered to the site.
Mr. G. J. Maliszewski of the Potomac Electric Power Company
for his personal efforts in providing electric service to the
site on short notice.
Dr. Harold M. Windlan of The C. W. England Laboratories, Inc.
for giving the project immediate service in processing of
chemical analyses of waste samples.
The ten boat owners for their indulgence and cooperation through-
out the period when boats were being modified and during the
operational phase of the project.
Special thanks are given to Dr. James Shackelford and
Mr. Patrick Tobin of Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration for their comments during the course of the program,
which provided valuable guidance in evaluation of the system.
The project was administered and supervised by Underwater
Storage, Inc. Dr. Harold G. Quase was Project Director and
H. C. John Russell was Project Supervisor.
54
-------
The project was designed and operated by Silver, Schwartz, Ltd.
Sidney A. Silver, P.E. was Chief Engineer, Harold Schwartz, P.E
was Design Engineer, and Irving T. Read was the Field Engineer.
55
-------
SECTION 12
PATENTS AND PAPERS
Patent No. 3,114,468 - H. G. Quase assignor to Underwater
Storage, Inc. "Collapsible Container," dated
December 17, 1963.
Patent No. 3,114,384 - H. G. Quase assignor to Underwater
Storage, Inc. "Underwater Storage System," dated
December 17, 1963.
Patent No. 3,155,280 - H. G. Quase assignor to Underwater
Storage, Inc. "Buoyant Flexible Container and Under-
water Anchorage Therefor," dated November 3, 1964.
Patent No. 3,187,793 - H. G. Quase assignor to Underwater
Storage, inc. "Amphibious Underwater Storage System,1
dated June 8, 1965.
Paper prepared by Underwater Storage, Inc. "Treatment of
Watercraft Waste at Boat Marinas."
Remarks by Sidney A. Silver, P.E., at Demonstration of
Marina Underwater Waste Collection System, dated
June 20, 1969.
57
-------
REFERENCES
American Public Health Association. Standard Methods for
Examination of Water and Wastewater. 12th Ed.
New York: 1965.
Babbitt and Baumann, Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. New York:
John Wiley and Sons.
Hertzberg, R.H., Waste Disposal from Watercraft, Journal,
Water Pollution Control Federation. December, 1968.
National Sanitation Foundation. Standard No. 23, Watercraft
Sewage Disposal Devices. Ann Arbor, Michigan: May, 1968,
Pollution from vessels Threaten to Negate Clean Water Goals.
Environmental Science and Technology. 1968.
Seelye, Elwyn E., Data Book for Civil Engineers, vol. 1,
Design. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
United States Department of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Report to the
Congress of the United States, Wastes from Watercraft,
Document No. 48. August 7, 1967.
59
-------
FIGURE NO. 10
Site Plan Showing Boat Slips, Marina Administration
Building, Pump House and Underwater Storage Tank
Location.
60
-------
Figure 10:
-------
FIGURE NO. II
On-Board Boat Holding Tank Detail
62
-------
LrJ
«'/i" i
i S
Oj
J|
—i
I- l*&
H
^^
,4
^•Dmunift UOLI
• &SAS&OLTVUU1S
/ FOB Jfc-ZO'Xiyl1
AUD
lYl'l T-
T" I
cluiiaum ci
+ 4- 1 — ---r '
i • fi
K;
4-
v-v
, ,
"l "
4
•^s
//
H
y -SEE TOF ELtVATlOg
/ FOB DaiLuue o*
TOP.
A
TOP EUtVAT\OW
4'DIA.MC.TCR Rfi.MOV»,e.L.C PUVTC
SECURE TO TANK WITH
INO HE.AJD SHEET ME.TA.U
EUD ELfeVAllOU
I. COI4WO.UTIOVJ
P.V.C.
ft* MIUIMUU
•S. PQOV1DE
T/wViK AMD
4. TfcUK. SH&UL »E BATCO
"o" feessuec
Figure I I
-------
FIGURE NO. 12
Typical Boat Plan Showing All Fixtures, On-Board
Holding Tank, and Boat Wiring Diagram for Transfer
Pump and Macerator.
64
-------
CTi
U1
TYP1CM- BOAT PLMJ
ijoimi
WIRIUG DIAGEAM
figure 12:
-------
FIGURE NO. 13
Boat Components Plan Showing Fixtures Connected
to Boat Holding Tank, Macerator, Transfer Pump,
Discharge Line to Deck Plate, Vent and Dump Lines.
66
-------
GALUEY SINK
UAVATORY
BOAT HOUDINKB TANK
MAC ERA TOR —
DECK OR HU
DISCHARGE:
PITTING
DRAIN
Figure 13:
-------
FIGURE NO. 14
Pier Plan Showing Ten Boat Slips and Piping,
Meter and Sampling Station, Electrical and
Mechanical Facilities in Pump House.
68
-------
VD
Rgure 14:
-------
FIGURE NO. 15
Underwater Storage Tank Detail Showing Meter
Station Details and Boat Connections to Dock-
side Pip i ng.
70
-------
n
«=V i s~ '-"*
"'
j:
Figure 15:
-------
FIGURE NO. 16
Underwater Storage Tank Excavation and Dredging
Plan, and Location Plan Showing Location of Tank
with Respect to Pier and Pump House.
72
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FIGURE NO. 17
Pump House Architectural Plan Showing Stained
Frame Building with Cedar Shake Roof, Built
Approximately 15-inches Above Grade.
74
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Figure I 7:
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Underwater Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd., Joint
Venture, Collection, Underwater Storage and Disposal of Pleasure-
craft Waste FWPCA Publication No. DAST 10.
ABSTRACT: A pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to
show the feasibility of providing a facility for the collection, storage
and disposal of waste from recreational watercraft. An on-board
holding tank was installed in each of ten boats for total impound-
ment of all effluent and for the connection to a dockside sewage
collection system through a quick-connect coupling. Each boat was
provided with a pump, tank and macerator. At dockside, each boat
holding tank was pumped directly into a piped collection system.
The dockside collection system was installed with a flexible hose
connector at each slip for attachment to the respective boat. The
collection system was installed for gravity flow to an underwater
storage tank fabricated of synthetic rubber, impregnated with
nylon fibers and fastened to the river bed by a system of patented
anchors. The underwater storage tank received and held the
effluent for periodic discharged by an on-shore pump station to
sewage trucks for delivery to a sewage plant. Flow meters were
installed at the marina for recording waste flow to the underwater
storage tank and amount extracted from the tank. Samples of
waste material entering and leaving the underwater storage tank
were taken for laboratory analysis. The project demonstrated that
on-board storage of watercraft waste and subsequent discharge
to an underwater storage tank was effective and economical. This
project showed that the discharge of sewage from boats into
rivers, lakes, waterways and estuaries could be eliminated.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Underwater Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd., Joint
Venture. Collection, Underwater Storage and Disposal of Pleasure-
craft Waste FWPCA Publication No. DAST 10.
ABSTRACT: A pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to
show the feasibility of providing a facility for the collection, storage
j and disposal of waste from recreational watercraft. An on-board
1 holding tank was installed in each of ten boats for total impound-
ment of all effluent and for the connection to a dockside sewage
| collection system through a quick-connect coupling. Each boat was
provided with a pump, tank and macerator. At dockside, each boat
holding tank was pumped directly into a piped collection system.
The dockside collection system was installed with a flexible hose
connector at each slip for attachment to the respective boat. The
collection system was installed for gravity flow to an underwater
storage tank fabricated of synthetic rubber, impregnated with
nylon fibers and fastened to the river bed by a system of patented
anchors. The underwater storage tank received and held the
effluent for periodic discharged by an on-shore pump station to
sewage trucks for delivery to a sewage plant. Flow meters were
installed at the marina for recording waste flow to the underwater
storage tank and amount extracted from the tank. Samples of
waste material entering and leaving the underwater storage tank
were taken for laboratory analysis. The project demonstrated that
on-board storage of watercraft waste and subsequent discharge
to an underwater storage tank was effective and economical. This
project showed that the discharge of sewage from boats into
f rivers, lakes, waterways and estuaries could be eliminated.
I
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Underwater Storage, Inc., Silver, Schwartz, Ltd., Joint
Venture. Collection, Underwater Storage and Disposal of Pleasure-
craft Waste FWPCA Publication No. DAST 10.
ABSTRACT: A pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to
show the feasibility of providing a facility for the collection, storage
and disposal of waste from recreational watercraft. An on-board
holding tank was installed in each of ten boats for total impound-
ment of all effluent and for the connection to a dockside sewage
collection system through a quick-connect coupling. Each boat was
provided with a pump, tank and macerator. At dockside, each boat
The dockside collection system was installed with a flexible hose
connector at each slip for attachment to the respective boat. The
collection system was installed for gravity flow to an underwater
storage tank fabricated of synthetic rubber, impregnated with
nylon fibers and fastened to the river bed by a system of patented
anchors. The underwater storage tank received and held the
effluent for periodic discharged by an on-shore pump station to
sewage trucks for delivery to a sewage plant. Flow meters were
installed at the marina for recording waste flow to the underwater
storage tank and amount extracted from the tank. Samples of
waste material entering and leaving the underwater storage tank
1 were taken for laboratory analysis. The project demonstrated that
I on-board storage of watercraft waste and subsequent discharge
to an underwater storage tank was effective and economical. This
project showed that the discharge of sewage from boats into
rivers, lakes, waterways and estuaries could be eliminated.
ACCESSION NO:
KEY WORDS:
Pleasurecraft
Boat Holding Tanks
Sewage Collection
Underwater Storage
Marinas
Pump-Out Stations
ACCESSION NO:
KEY WORDS:
Pleasurecraft
Boat Holding Tanks
Sewage Collection
Underwater Storage
Marinas
Pump-Out Stations
ACCESSION NO:
KEY WORDS:
Pleasurecraft
Boat Holding Tanks
Sewage Collection
Underwater Storage
Marinas
Pump-Out Stations
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As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the
Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land,
park, and recreational resources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other
major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources."
The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our
resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United
States-now and in the future.
DAST-10
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