SOURCES
*&
Of
COAL MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION
WHEELING CREEK WATERSHED, OHIO
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
OHIO BASIN REGION
OHIO RIVER BASIN PROJECT
JUNE 1968
Work Document No. 25
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SOURCES 07 OPAL 1QHE
ttHKHLUB GREEK WATERSHED, OHIO
Work Document Kb. 25
document has been prepared to record a specific
vater pollution control activity carried out to date
in furtherance of the vater pollution control program
being developed in the Ohio River Basin* The
information contained herein will serve as a ready
reference to aid in the planning and development of
the program in the Basin, for appropriate in-service
training of participating personnel, and facilitating
program activities with other cooperating groups.
Questions or comments relative to this material should
be directed to:
Mine Drainage Unit
Planning and Evaluation Section
Wheeling Field Station
TOTEED SXAXES DEPABTMEOTOF TSS XRCERXOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AEMBHSTRATZOH
OHIO BASUT REGION
June, 1968
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION- .............................................. 1
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS- ................................... 1
RECOMMENDATIONS- ........................................... 2
Immediate Pollution Abatement— ------------- - --------- 2
Long Term Pollution Abatement --------------------------- 3
DESCRIPTION OF AREA- ....................................... fc
GEOLOGY-
COAL MINIMS- ............................................... 5
History ------------------------------------------------- 5
Coal Production— --------------- - ---------- -— - ----- — 6
Coal Reserves-—— ------- - ------------------------ - — 6
STREAM WATER QUALITY ------ - ................................ 6
Biology --------- - ------ — — - ----- -— --------------- — - 9
SOURCES OF MINE DRAINAGE- ................................... 9
DISCUSSION- ................................................ 15
Acidity, Alkalinity- .................................. 15
Hardness- --------------------------------------------- 18
Sulfate- .............................................. IB
Total Iron --------------------- - ---------------- - ----- 18
POLLUTION ABATEMENT- ....................................... 19
Principal Sources- — • --------------------------------- 21
APPENDIX ..................... - .............................
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TABLES
PACE
Table 1 Surface voter quality, physical and
chemical data, Wheeling Creek, Ohio
watershed*—————— ———— 8
Table 2 Mine drainage loadings, Wheeling Creek,
Ohio watershed————————— — 16
Table 3 Mine drainage loadings by source type,
Wheeling Creek, Ohio watershed—................. 20
Table k Principal nine drainage sources,
Wheeling Creek, Ohio watershed——————— 22
FIGURES
FOLLOWS EASE
Figure 1 Stream water quality, Wheeling Creek
and tributaries— — 7
Figure 2 Sources of nine drainage pollution,
Wheeling Creek, Ohio watershed——— .- A-6
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INTRODUCTION
In August 1966, the Wheeling Field Station, Ohio Basin Region,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, was contacted by
Washington, D. C. Headquarters concerning the matter of pollution
of Wheeling Creek, Belmont County, Ohio. Interest in the stream
pollution problem at this time vas in response to a telephone con-
tact to Headquarters from a representative of the Lansing Valley
Citizens Improvement Association* Subsequently, field studies of
stream quality and sources of mine drainage vere conducted by per-
sonnel of the Wheeling Field Station. The mine drainage source in-
vestigations vere completed in February 1967. In December 1967,
a preliminary outline of survey findings was forwarded to the
Association for immediate use.
This document contains the field observations and chem-
ical data obtained in the Wheeling Creek drainage basin. The
conclusions and recommendations herein are subject to refinement
as the vater pollution control program progresses in the Ohio
River Basin.
SUMMARY AHD CONCLUSIONS
1. The Wheeling Creek watershed, draining 108 square miles of
southeastern Ohio, has been extensively mined for the extrac-
tion of bituminous coal over the past 150 years. These
activities have left hundreds of underground voids and large
surface-mined acreages capable of producing acidic and miner-
alized drainage.
2. At the request of the Lansing Valley Citizens Improvement
Association, the Wheeling Field Station, Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration, United States Department of the
Interior, conducted a study of stream vater quality conditions
and sources of mine drainage pollution in the Wheeling Creak
vatershed.
3. The vater quality of Wheeling Creek is seriously degraded
over nearly its entire length as a result of coal mine drain-
age. A portion of nearly every tributary to the main stream
is affected by mine discharges. The vater quality effects of
mine drainage over the basin are generally those of excessive
iron, sulfate, hardness, and total mineralization in the
streams. Precipitation of iron compounds, particularly in
Wheeling Creek, causes the additional problems of high turbid-
ity and unsightly stream conditions.
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2
k. Some 160 mine sites and an estimated 12,000 acres of strip
mined area were investigated during this study. Samples were
collected from 120 drainage sources, 72 of which vere discharg-
ing at the time of the survey. Discharges from the coal mine
sources ranged from one to 306 gallons per minute and totalled
2.1 million gallons per day. The pH values ranged from 2.3 to
8.1* and acidity concentrations from 0 milligrams per liter
(mg/1) to 20,950 mg/1 vere found. The mine discharges con-
sistently carried high hardness, sulfate, and iron loadings.
5. Bine active mining operations vere examined during the course
of the field study. Active mining operations contributed
only a small percentage of the total discharge volume and
chemical loadings found. Strip mines and mine refuse areas
contributed equally small percentages of the total. Inactive
or abandoned underground (drift) mines are the principal sine
drainage pollution sources in the Wheeling Creek watershed.
6. Fifteen principal mine drainage sources vere found to con-
tribute 72 percent of the sulfate loading and nearly kO per-
cent of the iron loading discharged to the watershed streams.
It is estimated that physical abatement of these principal
sources would produce significant water quality improvement
in Wheeling Creek, however, at least one-half of the total
number of sources would have to be abated to Improve stream
water quailcy to a tolerable level.
7. Recommendations for further study and an action program lead-
Ing to abatement of the mine drainage problem are included in
this document.
RECXMJEHDATIOHS
Various measures are needed to control existing and potential
water pollution of Wheeling Creek and its tributaries by coal mine
drainage. These measures are needed to reduce concentrations of
hardness, sulfate, and iron, reduce excessive salinity, control sed-
imentation and high turbidity, and improve aesthetic conditions for
the protection of legitimate water uses.
The watershed has the widespread problem of serious coal mine
drainage pollution. The following recommended actions to deal with
this problem are based on water quality and mine drainage source
Investigations performed by the FWPCA in 1966-67$
Immediate Pollution Abatement
1. The State of Ohio should adopt the necessary standards
and regulations to prevent pollution of streams by
drainage from active coal mines and related operations.
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The standards should Include values for pH, sulfate,
and total iron. Regulatory controls should include
provisions pertaining to the Inactivation or abandon-
ment of mines so that the amounts of harmful drainage
produced *-ft£r . oban^^pp^pt will be
Long Term Pollution Abatement and Control
The State of Ohio, possibly in cooperation vith a legally
constituted body in the Wheeling Creek area, should proceed to
eliminate or significantly reduce mine drainage from inactive or
abandoned coal mines. It is realized that there are a number of
difficult, lengthy, and expensive tasks Involved in any program
to abate pollutant discharges from inactive underground sites.
A very major problem in this realm is the less than complete
technical knowledge available of physical abatement methods. How-
ever, the following recommendations are made for the establish-
ment of an abandoned mine drainage abatement program in the Wheel-
ing Creek watershed:
(l) A mine drainage source priority listing should be
established for the drainage sources outlined in
this document. The priority listing should be
based upon the relative contribution of each source
to the total watershed problem. For example, a mine
discharging high iron and acid or mineral loadings
would be of a higher priority than one discharging
a lesser loading located downstream from the first
mine.
(2) The priority list should then be evaluated to deter-
mine that number of sources whose combined pollutant
effect must be reduced or eliminated to achieve de-
sired water quality goals at some downstream point.
The priority listing should begin with the sources
described in Table 4.
(3) Using the established source priorities, an engineer-
ing feasibility and cost study should be made for
each site to design individual abatement techniques.
Installation of physical measures deemed feasible by
adequate study should then be carried out. Monitor-
ing of discharge changes with time at the altered
sites and in the receiving streams would be an integral
part of physical abatement. Routine maintenance at the
controlled sources would also be essential. Easements
to or outright purchase of land may be necessary for
the State of Ohio to obtain control over pollutant
sources on private property. Institutional changes
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also may need to be sought to enable the state
government to achieve site control by the expendi-
ture of public monies on private property. The
acquisition of mineral rights in the areas of
source abatement projects will be necessary to
prevent future mining activity from destroying
the physical controls.
(5) It is further recommended that, in all phases of the
described abatement program, the State of Ohio seek.
technical and financial assistance from all pertinent
agencies of the Federal government.
DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Wheeling Creek rises in north-central Belmont County, Ohio and
flows east some 30 miles to the Ohio River at Bridgeport, Ohio. The
drainage area is 108 square miles and the average fall of the main
stream is 19 feet per mile. The basin is elongate in shape, measur-
ing about 19 miles long in its east-west dimension, and is about ten
miles vide at its maximum north-south dimension. The principal trib-
utary to Wheeling Creek ie Crabapple Creek with a drainage area of
20 square miles.
The Wheeling Creek basin is bounded on the north by Short Creek
and on the south by McMahon Creek, both minor tributaries to the Ohio
River. The Muskingum River basin forms the western boundary and
the Ohio River forms the eastern boundary.
This area is part of the Appalachian Plateaus physiographic
province which is a broad dissected upland underlain by essentially
horizontal sedimentary rocks. Streams have dissected the area so
that most of its plateau surface is no longer evident. The present
surface consists mainly of broad, rounded ridges and intervening val-
leys. The valleys are deep and narrow near the Ohio River but are
shallower and broader headward near the drainage divides.
The principal communities In the watershed are St. Clairsville
and Bridgeport with populations of 3865 and 382U, respectively, in
I960.
gEOLOGY
The exposed strata of Belmont County were deposited during the
Penneylvanian and Permian periods in an uninterrupted sequence with
an aggregate thickness of 1,100 feet. They consist of interbedded
sheets of sandstone, siltstone, clay,mudstone, limestone, and coal.
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The lithologic types comprise the upper 350 feet of the Conemaugh
formation, the Monongahela formation (Pennsylvanlan age), and the
lower 470 feet of the Dunkard group of PennsyIranian and Permian
age. Within these formations, 56 members and coal beds are recog-
nized and named.
The strata dip to the southeast at an average rate of 18 feet
per mile over the county. Small local deformations cause slight
variations in the dip, which in a few places is as much as 60 to
TO feet per mile.
COAL MPTCHG
History
The mining of coal in Belmont County probably did not begin
until about l8oU when coal was mined from an exposure along Pipe
Creek. However, the presence of coal must have been known to the
earliest settlers from the numerous outcrops throughout the county.
Early mining was limited to small openings and stripping oper-
ations along the coal outcrops and was mainly for local home con-
sumption. Belmont County coal was used largely for domestic pur-
poses until 183 -. In that year a commercial underground mine was
opened on the south bank of McMahon Creek at Bellaire. Between
1835 and iBhO other mines were opened along the Ohio River in the
county and by 1814-5, shipment of coal along the river was an active
enterprise. The construction of railroads through the area after
1858 caused a rapid expansion of the coal mining industry.
The Wheeling Creek field developed rapidly after the extension
of a rail line from Dennison, Ohio to Bridgeport, Bellaire, and
Martins Perry. Extensive mines were in operation soon thereafter
at Bridgeport, Wheeling Creek, Maynard, Crescent, Barton, and places
between.
By 1888 the distribution of underground commercial mines through-
out the county was in about the same pattern that exists today. Most
of the large mines were in the northeastern quarter of Belmont County
but several were operating elsewhere. A mine at Flushing and another
a mile west of Flushing produced coal for rail shipment. A mine
six miles southwest of Bamesville produced coal for use in locomo-
tives. Mines were also in operation at Warnock, Badgertown, and
Belmont.
After 1888 the coal mining industry grew steadily and in 1905,
Belmont County led the State in production. The county has led coal
production in Ohio almost continuously since 1905* The rapid Increase
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in strip mining since World War II has added greatly to annual
tonnages produced in recent years.
In the Wheeling Creek watershed, mining records show the
existence of at least 83 underground mine locations and a very
large strip mined acreage.
Coal Production
Total reported production in Belmont County over the period
of record is about 500 million tons. Total production for 1965 was
7.7 million tons from 35 reporting mines. Production was divided
between surface and underground ™in*»g operations in the ratio of
3.4 million tons to 4.3 million tons, respectively.
Total coal production for those townships comprising the
Wheeling Creek drainage basin was 2.9 million tons. Most of the
production was from strip mine operations.
Coal Reserves
There are 15 coal beds exposed in Belmont County, The Pitts-
burgh and Sewickley beds are the only two currently being mined
commercially. Seven of the 15 beds contain mineable reserves.
The other eight beds are not considered mineable because of erratic
occurrence, poor quality, and insufficient thickness.
In the Wheeling Creek watershed, five of the seven coal beds
considered mineable in Belmont County contain mineable reserves.
The largest reserves, about three-fourths of the estimated watershed
total, are contained in the Pittsburgh (#8) and Sewickley (#9) re-
maining beds. Recoverable coal reserves in the Wheeling Creek water-
shed are estimated at about 600 million tons.
STREAM WATER QUALITY
The water quality of Wheeling Creek is seriously degraded over
nearly its entire length as a result of coal mine drainage. A por-
tion of almost every tributary to the main stream is affected by mine
discharges. The water quality effects of mine drainage over the
basin are generally those of excessive iron, sulfate, hardness and
total mineralization in the streams. Although there are many acid
mine discharges in the watershed and certain streams are acidic, the
acidity is rapidly neutralized by Wheeling Creek. Wheeling Creek
was found to be alkaline over its entire length during the study
period.
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A sampling station on Wheeling Creek was maintained during
the period June-August 1966 for repetitive sampling and flow meas-
urement. The station was located at Stop 10 Bridge in Bridgeport
near the stream mouth (Station No. 168U). Six samples were col-
lected for chemical analysis during the study period. A statisti-
cal summary of the data from this station is shown in Table 1.
The data presented in Table 1 is probably representative of
the worst conditions because of low streamflow at time of sampling.
The maximum flow measured was 29 cubic feet per second (cfs).
During low streamflow conditions the ratio of mine drainage in the
stream to total streamflow is greatest and mine drainage effects
on stream water quality are most pronounced.
At Station No. \6&k the stream was strongly alkaline on each
sampling occasion. The pH level did not go below 7.3. The sulfate
and hardness concentrations were consistently very high. The sul-
fate content of the stream at this location is excessive and is a
residual component of the quantities of sulfate salts and sulfuric
acid received upstream in mine drainage. The magnitude of sulfate
concentration indicates the amount of acidic compounds neutralized
by the alkalinity contained in Wheeling Creek. Wheeling Creek is
extremely hard at this point, over 1000 milligrams per liter (mg/l)
total hardness in four of six analyses. The hardness content of
Wheeling Creek is derived primarily from components of mine drain-
age. The high specific conductance values exhibited, in excess of
2000 micromhos per centimeter, indicate the high total mineraliza-
tion imparted to the stream by mine drainage.
The total iron concentrations were quite high ranging from
2A mg/l to 7.2 mg/l. Because of the alkaline condition of Wheel-
ing Creek, dissolved iron discharged to it from mine drainage
readily precipitates to form a thick orange suspension in the stream.
This unsightly condition is evident in varying degrees throughout
Wheeling Creek but is most pronounced in the stream reach from near
the community of Bannock to the Ohio River. This discoloration is
also evident downstream from the confluence of Wheeling Creek in the
back channel of the Ohio River. Although coal mining activity may
not be evident at a given vantage point in the watershed, the orapge-
colored stream is a vivid reminder of such activity upstream.
In conjunction with sampling and flow measurement activities at
selected stream locations, pH and specific conductance determinations
were made at a number of additional stream locations in the watershed
during the mine drainage source investigations. On the basis of
these determinations and visual observations, water quality over the
length of Wheeling Creek and most of its tributaries is considered
degraded by coal mine drainage. These readings are shown on Figure I.
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FIGURE I, STREAM WATER QUALITY. WHEELING CREEK AND TRIBUTARIES
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Table 1
Surface water quality
physical and chemical data
Wheeling Creek, Ohio watershed
Station No. 168U - Wheeling Creek near mouth
PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS
PARAMETER
Temperature
Specific Conductance*
Flow (cfs)-»*
PARAMETER
Dissolved Oxygen
Acidity
Alkalinity
Hardness
Sulfate
Total Iron
Manganese
Aluminum
Chloride
#Mi crojTjho s/Centimet er
*-*Cubic Feet Per Second
NUMBER OF
SAMPLES
6
6
:e# 6
6
MAXIMUM
VALUE
25
8.0
2500
29
MINIMUM
VALUE
19.0
7.3
2000
Hi
AVERAGE
VALUE
22.8
7.6
22U3
22.U
CHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS
NUMBER OF
SAMPLES
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
VALUE
(rag/1)
8.9
11
Ui7
1363.
950
7.2
1.1
21.8
ijO.O
VALUE
(mg/1)
6.U
0.0
82.0
0 366.0
3U5.0
2.U
0.2
0.0
17.0
AVERAGE
VALUE
(rag A)
7.U
2.0
121.5
1001.8
U60.0
3.1
o.U
8.3
23.3
MAXIMUM
VALUE
(Ib /day)
110U
830
22,993
206,1*70
112,728
951
130
2880
U962
MINII-IUM
VAUJE
(Ib /day)
558
0
7853
i*5,fcOl<
29,UU9
181
22
0
1963
AVERAGE
VALUE
(Ib /day)
89h
159
15,026
120,121
55,105
h2U
52
1013
2786
CD
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Biology
A biological evaluation of Wheeling Creek at Station Bo. 1684
was made during the study to determine the effect of pollution con-
ditions upon normal aquatic fauna. The benthlc fauna found at this
location consisted of the pollution-tolerant midge fly larvae.
Minnows were observed in the stream. The substrate was heavily
silted vith an orange precipitate* The presence of fish indicates
an acceptable acidity concentration, but the turbidity and precipi-
tate associated with coal mine drainage pollution limits the produc-
tion of fish and other aquatic life.
SOURCES QF MIKE DRADflAGE
Some 160 mine sites and an estimated 12,000 acres of strip-
mined area vere investigated during this study. Samples vere col-
lected from 120 drainage sources, 12 of vhich vere discharging at
the time of the survey. All but one of the non-discharging sources
are strip mine ponds. Discharges from the coal mine sources ranged
from one to 306 gallons per minute (gpm). The pH values ranged
from 2.3 to 8.4 and acidity concentrations from 0.0 mg/1 to 20,950
fflg/1 vere reported. The net (total acidity less alkalinity) acid
loading of the 72 discharging sources totalled 13*962 pounds per
day (Ib/day).
A detailed description of the mine drainage sources in the
Wheeling Creek watershed follows.
Headwaters
The headwaters of Wheeling Creek arise near the community of
Flushing, flow southeast toward Lafferty, and are joined by an
unnamed tributary which drains the area southwest of Lafferty.
Strip mine operations, active and inactive, are loacted along both
of these headwater streams (figure 2). Below these headwater trib-
utaries Wheeling Creek exhibited pH and specific conductance values
of 7.5 and 1*»00, respectively.
Below Lafferty, Wheeling Creek receives drainage from a num-
ber of tributaries on either side of the main stream. All of
these tributary watersheds have experienced varying amounts of strip
mining activity. The streams are characterized by pH values in the
range of 7.0 to 7.5 and specific conductance values in the range of
1000 to 3000 mlcromhos. Seven strip mine ponds were sampled in this
area of the basin; two ponds were overflowing at time of sampling.
All seven of the pond waters were alkaline and highly mineralized.
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10
Between the communities of Lafferty and Bannock, Wheeling
Creek is joined by several tributaries draining strip-mined areas.
No pond discharges were found in this portion of the basin. The
pH level of these streams remained above 7.0 and specific conduc-
tance values averaged about 1000 raicromhos. At Bannock, Wheeling
Creek had a pR of 7.7 and a specific conductance of 1000 micromhos.
Wheeling Creek
The first significant amounts of measurable mine drainage
enters Wheeling Creek just downstream of Bannock. On Belmont
County Highway No. 10 northeast of Bannock (Figure 2), five dis-
charges from old underground mining activity were located. These
discharges are located at road level, drain directly to Wheeling
Creek, and appear to result from old drainways or portals which
have been completely slumped over by the hillside material. The
area immediately above these discharges has been strip-mined and
Intersection with the older underground workings may have occurred.
Below these discharges is the approximate location where Wheeling
Creek becomes noticeably discolored from precipitated Iron com-
pounds. (Figure 2, Mine Nos. 2086-2090).
Crabapple Creek
Crabapple Creek enters the main stream near the community of
Crabapple and Is the largest tributary to Wheeling Creek. This
sub-watershed has been extensively strip-mined. No discharges were
found in this area during the survey but samples were collected
from 35 strip mine ponds. The pH value of the ponds ranged from
3-5 to 8.4 and specific conductance values ranged from 230 to 3500
micromhos. Thirty of the $b pond water samples were alkaline, four
were acid. Crabapple Creek exhibited a pH of 6.6 and a specific
conductance of 2800 micromhos.
McCracken Run
Continuing downstream, McCracken Run is the next principal
tributary to the main stream. Eight strip mine ponds and one
borehole discharge from an active mine were sampled in this sub-
watershed. The pH and specific conductance values of the pond
samples ranged from 7.3 to 8,1 and 900 to ^300 micromhos. The
borehole discharge is from the nearby Franklin No. 25 Mine (slope)
of Hanna Coal Company.
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11
Wheeling Creek
Evidence of underground mining activity Increases noticeably
downstream of McCracken Run. An unnamed tributary enters the
main stream (from the north) near the community of Midway. This
small drainage contains a number of discharges from underground
mining activity. The sum of these discharges equalled U5 gpm and
contributed a net alkaline load to the receiving stream during the
sampling period.
Cox Run
Cox Run is the next principal tributary to Wheeling Creek
continuing in the downstream direction. Active strip mines vere
located near the headwaters of Cox Run during the survey and
several abandoned drift mines were located along the middle and
lower reach of the stream. The largest discharge measured In the
Wheeling Creek watershed was from an abandoned drift mine on Cox
Run, Mine No. 1807 (Figure 2). This discharge was 306 gpm and
alkaline in nature with a pH level of 7.0. The discharge was high-
ly discolored and carried about 100 pounds per day of iron.
Cox Run was alkaline at its mouth and highly mineralized.
The specific conductance at this point was 3500 microrahos.
Sloan Run
At the community of Maynard, Sloan Run enters the main stream
from the north. The headwaters area of Sloan Run in Harrison and
Jefferson Counties is free of mining activity but both underground
and surface mining have occurred in the lower portion of the sub-
watershed. Three alkaline discharges from abandoned drift mines
totalling 22 gpm were measured along Sloan Run. Below Sloan Run,
Wheeling Creek exhibited a pH of 8.2 and a specific conductance of
l800 micromhos.
Jug Run
Jug Run enters the main stream from the southwest about midway
between Maynard and Crescent. A number of small drift mines were
located along Jug Run but only one had a measurable discharge at
the time of inspection. Small amounts of seepage were emanating
from the other openings inspected. There is a large mine refuse
area In the upper portion of the stream valley (No. 1780, Figure 2)
and other refuse areas along the lower portion of the stream.
Measured acid loads from No. 1780 and the discharging drift mine
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12
totalled 150 Ib/day. Jug Run was alkaline at its Juncture with
Wheeling Creek. Chemical data from Jug Run at mouth (Station
Ho. 1789) Is included in the Appendix.
Near the aouth of Jug Run, an abandoned drift mine (No. 1782)
was discharging a daily acid load of 285 pounds to Wheeling Creek.
On the downstream side of Jug Run, an operating drift mine was
discharging a total net acid load of 310 Ib/day from three of five
openings. These discharges are also to Wheeling Creek.
Fal 1 Run
Fall Run, tributary to Wheeling Creek at Crescent, carries an
appreciable amount of acidity to the main stream. A net acid load
of 585 Ib/day was measured discharging from eight inactive drift
mines and two Inactive strip mines in this sub-watershed.
Although mining has occurred along both banks of the main stem
and its tributaries, no significant amounts of mine drainage were
found in that portion of the basin lying between the communities
of Crescent and Barton. At a point midway between these two communi-
ties, Wheeling Creek had a pH value of 8.0 and a specific conductance
of 1700 micromhos.
Steep Run
At Barton, Steep Run enters the main stem. During the survey,
Steep Run carried the highest acid load of any tributary to the basin.
Six abandoned drift mine effluents were found discharging a dally net
acid load of 3000 Ib/day to Steep Run. Specific conductance values
as high as 8600 micromhos and pH values aa low as 2.3 were measured
In these effluents. At the time of the survey, mining activity in
the Steep Run watershed was limited to underground mines. Mine No.
1771*- (Figure 2) discharged an acid load of 1^76 Ib/day to Steep Run.
This acid loading was one of the four highest encountered in the
Wheeling Creek watershed. At its mouth, Steep Run exhibited a pH
value of k.Q, a specific conductance of 5/000 micromhos, and dis-
charged an acid load of 2500 Ib/day to Wheeling Creek. Chemical data
from Steep Run at mouth (Station No. 1788) is Included In the Appen-
dix.
In the stream reach between the community of Barton and the
confluence of Flat Run with the main stream, Wheeling Creek receives
mind drainage from three tributaries entering from the southwest.
Surface and underground coal mining in this area has occurred near
the mouths of the tributaries or along the banks of Wheeling Creek.
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13
Plat Run
Flat Run has experienced both drift mining and strip mining in
the lover one mile portion of its valley. Near the upper end of the
stripped area (Figure 2), numerous "red water" seepage areas were
observed at the base of the hlghvall. The cumulative discharge
from eight separate seepage areas carried a net acidity loading of
35 lb/day discharged to Flat Run. Immediately below this point of
measurement, a discharge of 36 gpm was measured emanating from the
base of the highvall (No. 1796). This discharge may result from
the intersection of the strip mine with a drift mine opening. From
this point a daily acid load of 2000 pounds was being discharged to
Flat Run. This acid loading was the second highest found in the
Wheeling Creek watershed.
Wheeling Creek
A large mine vaste dump is located along the main stream on
the bank opposite Flat Run. An underground mine discharge of eight
gpm was located near the waste dump. The discharge flows from the
slumped mine opening, through part of the waste dump, and enters
an unnamed tributary to Wheeling Creek. The discharge had a specific
conductance exceeding 10,000 units, a pR level of 3.0, and carried
an acid loading of 1690 lb/day. This load is one of the four high-
est encountered in the watershed. A second discharge of two gpm was
measured at the base of the waste dump. It contained a very high
acidity concentration of 20,950 ttg/1.
Approximately one mile downstream, near the community of Elaine,
a source was found which contributes the highest acid load in the
watershed. This consisted of a 30 gpm discharge from a strip pit
(Mine No. 1795). The pit acts as a collecting basin for underground
mine and auger hole discharges. The discharge then flows over a
gob pile from an old deep mine at Blaine before finally entering an
unnamed tributary to Wheeling Creek. This discharge had a specific
conductance exceeding 10,000 micromhos, a pH value of 3-5, and
carried a daily acid load of 3t06O pounds. The mine dump at Blaine
is located Immediately adjacent to Wheeling Creek and the stream is
in continual contact with the waste material.
About 0.6 mile below Blaine, an unnamed tributary enters the
main stem. The area drained by this tributary has been drift-mined
and later stripped for a distance of about 0.5 mile above its mouth.
At the upper end of the stripping a 30 gpm discharge was found which
carried an acid load of 980 lb/day to the unnamed tributary. At the
time of the survey, this area was being restripped and augered.
-------
Soaptovn Hollov, Mutton Hollov
Soaptovn Hollov and Mutton Hollov enter Wheeling Creek from
the north in the vicinity of Lansing. One abandoned drift mine
discharged an acid load of 60 Ib/day to Soaptovn Hollov* Two
abandoned drift mines discharged a total of 11 gpm of highly min-
eralized drainage to Mutton Hollov.
Slaughterhouse Run, Frazier Run
Slaughterhouse and Frazier Runs are the remaining tributaries
on the north bank of Wheeling Creek that are Influenced by mine
drainage. A drift mine drainage of eight gpm was measured discharg-
ing to Slaughterhouse Bun and drift mine discharges totalling H gpm
vere measured discharging to Frazier Run. Chemical data from Frazier
Run at mouth (Station No. 1799) is included in the Appendix.
Wheeling Creek
On the south bank of Wheeling Creek there has been a limited
amount of both surface and underground mining between Elaine and
the Ohio River. Several dry strip mines and tvo drift mine dis-
charges vere located on an unnamed tributary in this reach. The
tvo discharges contributed a daily net acid load of 238 pounds dis-
charged to the receiving stream.
At the time of the survey there vere at least six active strip
mines in the watershed area above the community of Midway. Active
underground mines at that time Included the large Franklin No. 25
Mine of Hanna Coal Company (over UOO employees) and tvo small drift
mines (less than 10 employees).
The coal mines investigated in the Wheeling Creek watershed are
nearly all located in the Pittsburgh (No. 8) and Sevickley (No. 9)
coal seams. Generally, the underground mines are in the No. 8 seam
and the strip mines in the upper portion of the watershed are in the
No. 9 seam. However, a relatively small amount of underground and
surface mining has taken place in the No. 9 and No. 8 seams, respec-
tively.
A tabular listing of chemical data, source type, and receiving
stream for the coal mine drainage sources Investigated is presented
In the Appendix.
-------
15
DISCUSSION
The water quality of Wheeling Creek Is seriously degraded by
coal mine drainage. Specific water quality problems are excessive
concentrations of alkalinity, hardness, sulfate, and Iron. Precip-
itation of iron compounds in the stream causes the additional prob-
lems of high turbidity and unsightly stream conditions.
Some 120 mine drainage sources were sampled for chemical analy-
sis. Seventy-two of these were discharging to streams of the Wheel-
Ing Creek watershed at the time of Inspection. The total measured
discharge volume was nearly 1500 gpm, or about 2.1 million gallons
per day emanating from coal mines within the watershed. Approxi-
mately 65 percent of the total effluent volume was being discharged
along Wheeling Creek or unnamed tributaries to the wajp stream, and
In the Cox Run Bub-watershed. Table 2 presents an area breakdown
of mine drainage in terms of the total flow and total loadings
(ib/day) of polluting constituents discharged to receiving streams
in the Wheeling Creek watershed.
Acidity, Alkalinity
Although the survey found a net acid loading of about seven
tons per day being discharged to Wheeling Creek and its tributaries,
Wheeling Creek is strongly alkaline at its mouth. The majority of
the tributaries to the main stream that drain mined areas are also
alkaline. The alkalinity content of Wheeling Creek at Station No.
168^, plus the amount of alkalinity required to neutralize the mine
effluent acidity (Table 2), indicate that about 12 tons per day of
alkalinity are added to the watershed from sources other than those
quantified during the survey. The principal sources of this large
quantity of alkalinity are believed to be:
1. High natural stream alkalinity derived from
limestone exposures in many areas of the
watershed.
2. Streamflow augmentation by surface and sub-
surface seepage from strip-mined acreage.
The strip-mined areas in the upper portion of the study area
contain hundreds of acres of ponded water. These ponds are perma-
nent reservoirs which contribute streamflow increments by occasional
overflow and continual seepage through permeable spoil material to
ground and surface water. Although it was beyond the scope of this
study to measure this hydrologic factor, the streamflow influence
of delayed runoff and subsurface percolation from surface mining
areas is well known.
-------
Table 2
Mine drainage loadings
Wheeling Creek, Ohio watershed
Receiving Stream
Stream Mile !/
Wheeling
Creek
-
Drainage
Area
(sq, mi.)
-
Unnamed Tribs.-
to Wheeling Cr.
Frazier Run
Slaughter-
house Run
Mutton
Hollow
Soaptovm
Hollow
Flat Run
McMonies Run
Steep Run
Town Run
1.1
1.3
2.6
3.7
6.7
8.U
9.9
10.8
l.U
.7
l.U
2.0
3.U
1.8
2.U
2.5
No, of
Mine
Dis-
charges
15
17
1
1
2
1
3
1
7
—
Total
Dis-
charges
(gpro)
215
U15
3
6
11
6
100
6
73
_
Total
Net
Acidity
(Ib/day)
917
679U
19
-
6
59
2021
-
3102
_
Total Total
Net Hard-
Alkar ness
Unity (Ib/day)
(Ib/day)
210 3196
922 U5UO
UO
17 U2
UU 53
7U
12 636
13 U2
112U
_ _
Total
Sul-
fate
(Ib/day)
7520
20,009
122
50
165
Uio
2570
50
5161
-
Total
Iron
(Ib/day)
1168
i860
29
5
25
86
72U
-
1359
-
-------
Table 2 (continued)
Mine drainage loadings
Wheeling Creek, Ohio watershed
Receiving Stream
Stream Milei.'
Fan Run 12.1
Jug Run 13.7
Sloan Run 1U.8
Cox Run 15. U
McCracken 20.0
Run
Crabapple 21.5
Creek
Campbell
Run
Ross Run
TOTAIS
Drainage
Area
(sq. mi.)
3.9
3.8
3.9
7.3
Iu7
11.7^
7.3
1.8
No. of
Mine
Dis-
charges
10
2
3
U
_
2
-
3
72
Total Total Total Total
Dis- Net Net Hard-
charges Acidity Alka- ness
(gpm) (Ib/day) linity (Ib/day)
(Ib/day)
95 631 1»6
26 1U8
22 - 99
327 3 2532
_ — —
8 5ii 3
_
150 208 22U
1U70 13,962 1^,122
1271
178
199
U8U
_
122
-
1320
13,321
Total
Sul-
fate
(Ib/day)
U2UU
292
615
U2U7
_
252
-
3519
U9,226
Total
Iron
(Ib/day)
568
23
25
110
_
26
-
3
6,011
I/ Distance above mouth of Wheeling Creek
2/ Drainage area exclusive of Campbell and Ross Runs
-------
During this study, 47 of the larges strip mine ponds (not
overflowing) were sampled to determine tbeir chemical character.
Forty-one of these ponds vere strongly alkaline.
From Table 2, the greatest demands on Wheeling Creek's alka-
line reserve are presented by the acidic contributions of Steep Run,
Flat Run, and the unnamed tributaries to Wheeling Creek* These sub-
watersheds contain six of the seven tons of daily net acidity meas-
ured in the nine discharges vithin the watershed.
Hardness
Over 50 percent of the hardness contained in the mine effluents
comes from the sources discharging directly to Wheeling Creek and
those discharging to unnamed tributaries to the main stream. The
largest single source of hardness was Mine No. iSll with a discharge
of 75 gpffl carrying a total hardness loading of 1566 Ib/day.
Ions in mine drainage contributing to hardness in significant
amounts are calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and aluminum.
Sulfate
Acidic and alkaline mine waters both commonly contain high con-
centrations of sulfate ion. The sources of sulfate in these efflu-
ents are free sulfurlc acid and dissolved sulfate salts. The sul-
fate content of receiving streams in coal mining areas Is indicative
of the amount of total acidity that has been discharged to them
through mine drainage. This sulfate content is the residual compo-
nent of neutralized acidity as veil as a component of acidity not
yet subjected to neutralization.
A comparison of the total sulfate loading in mine effluents
(Table 2) and the average sulfate loading measured in Wheeling Creek
(Table l) indicates that some 90 percent of the stream loading re-
sults from mine drainage* About Uo percent of the total sulfate load
in the mine discharges comes from the area drained by 12 *m*i\ un-
named tributaries to Wheeling Creek (Table 2).
Fifteen sources contributed over 1000 pounds per day each of
sulfate ion to Wheeling Creek. The maximum sulfate discharge was
5670 pounds per day.
Total Iron
As pointed out, Wheeling Creek contains a high concentration
of dissolved and suspended iron. An average dally loading of
-------
19
pounds of iron was measured in Wheeling Creek at Station Ho. 168U
near the mouth (Table l). Three tons per day of iron were measured
discharging from 72 mine sources. Thus, some 2500 pounds per day
of iron is precipitated and deposited on stream bottoms or is in
intermittent stream transit. During high streamflov conditions the
iron sediment is flushed from stream channels into the Ohio River.
One mine source (Mine No. 1795) discharged a daily iron load-
ing of 1080 pounds, the largest source of iron found.
Table 3 presents a summary of flov volumes and chemical load-
ings, by type of source, for the 72 discharging sources inventoried.
Active mining operations contributed only a small percentage
of the total discharge volume and chemical loadings found. Strip
mines (including combination strip mines) and a mine refuse area
contributed an equally small percentage of the total. Inactive drift
mines (including combination drift mines) are the principal mine
drainage pollution source type in the study area. This category dis-
charged the following percentages of each parameter: flow (gpm) -
69 percent; net acidity - 91 percent; net alkalinity - 90 percent;
hardness - 6k percent; sulfate - 78 percent; iron - 83 percent.
POLLUTION ABATEMEHT
Prom the foregoing discussion it is apparent that primary con-
cern for mine drainage pollution abatement should be with the in-
active drift mine sources. Abatement vithln this source category
would effect greater water quality improvement in the lower reaches
of Wheeling Creek than control of the other types of pollution
sources. This is particularly true if adequate regulation of active
mining operations is maintained.
In order to predict the stream effect of an expected efficiency
level of source abatement, it is necessary to center on the most re-
liable chemical parameter on which to base calculations. As dis-
cussed previously, mine acid entering Wheeling Creek is readily neu-
tralized and is therefore unusable In estimating stream quality im-
provement. Hardness content is unreliable for this purpose because
there are many varied sources of hardness in streams including
natural sources. Iron is also unreliable because of the ease with
which it precipitates from solution under conditions such as described
in Wheeling Creek. In the absence of major industrial sources, sul-
fate is the most reliable indicator constituent for predicting water
quality improvement in terms of abatement reduction of mine drainage.
Natural sulfate concentrations in streams of the Appalachian coal
fields generally do not exceed 20 mg/1.
-------
Table 3
Mine drainage loadings by
source type
VJheeling Creek, Ohio watershed
Source Type
Drift mines
(inactive)
Strip mines
(inactive)
Combination
drift mines *
(inactive)
Combination
strip mines-**
(inactive)
Mine refuse
areas
Active mines
No.
Ul
12
13
3
1
2
.Total
Discharge
(Epra)
16k
21<5
256
26
2h
155
Total
Net Acidity
(Ib/day)
5,333
771
7,U25
165
131
137
Total Net
Alkalinity
(Ib/day)
3A70
158
555
15
0
22lj
Total
Hardness
(Ib/day)
6,199
2,M7
2,288
229
138
2,020
Total
Sulfate
(Ib/day)
22,757
I;, 081
15,528
611
201
6,01*8
Total
Iron
(Ib/day)
2,717
262
2,301
81
0
650
TOTALS
72
1,U70
13,962
ii,122 13,321
6,011
•wDrift and strip mines together with principal portion of discharge from the drift mine.
*#Strip and drift mines together with principal portion of discharge from the strip mine.
-------
21
Principal Sources
There are 15 nine drainage sources discharging more than 1000
Ib/day of sulfate. These consist of 12 inactive drift mines, one
active drift mine, one active shaft mine, and one inactive strip
mine (Table k).
Their combined sulfate discharge is 35,6^3 Ib/day, about 72
percent of the total Measured sulfate load to Wheeling Creek. The
total flow of these 15 sources is 869 gpm, about 60 percent of the
total discharges measured.
Physical abatement of these principal sources would signifi-
cantly improve water quality in the lover reach of Wheeling Creek.
The resultant water quality can be predicted on the basis of antici-
pated pollution reduction efficiencies from physical abatement of
the 15 sources.
In view of the technical difficulties involved, mine drainage
abatement through control of drift mine sources cannot be expected
to reach a high degree of effectiveness. An overall 50 percent
reduction of polluting constituents from these sources is a reason-
able expectation. It may also be reasonably expected that at least
a 90 percent reduction of pollution capability is achievable with
the Inactive strip mine. Assuming the 50 and 90 percent reductions
for drift mine and strip mine sources, and a 50 percent reduction
through regulation for the two active underground mine sources, the
values shown in Table 4 would result.
The reduction in sulfate loading from the principal sources
(Table 4) from 35 thousand to 17 thousand pounds per day would
effect a similar sulfate reduction in Wheeling Creek at Station No.
168U. Based on the average sulfate values In Wheeling Creek
(Table l), the resultant concentration would be about 300 rag/1.
Corresponding reductions in iron loading from the sources would re-
duce the total iron received by Wheeling Creek by nearly kO percent.
The turbidity and water quality problems produced by the precipitated
iron would be expected to be reduced by this amount.
If an overall 75 percent reduction were to be achieved at the
drift mine sources, the resultant sulfate concentration in Wheeling
Creek would be in the order of 235 ng/1- Reductions In hardness
and iron content would also be expected, but of lesser magnitude.
The expected sulfate and related constituent concentrations
would be incrementally reduced to mere desirable levels with physi-
cal abatement of additional mine drainage sources.
-------
Table U
Principal mine drainage sources
Wheeling Creek, Ohio watershed
Mine
No.
1758
176ii
1767
17 7h
1782
1786
1790
1791
1792
1795
1796
1811
1807
20M
2089
Discharge
(epm)
III
30
8
30
27
30
26
65
60
30
36
75
306
80
25
Present Sulfate
Load (Ib/day)
3050
1620
1219
2196
1069
1080
218U
2U18
2232
5670
1900
3600
3655
2U*8
1102
Expected Sulfate
load (Ib/day)*
1525
810
610
1098
535
108
1092
1209
1116
2835
950
1800
1928
Type of Source
Drift Mine
Drift Mine
Drift Mine
Drift Mine
Drift Mine
Strip Mine
Drift Mine
Drift Mine
Drift Mine
Drift Mine
Drift Mine
Receiving Stream
Unnamed trib. to Wheeling
Creek
Unnamed trib. to Wheeling
Creek
Unnamed trib. to Wheeling
Creek
Steep Run
Wheeling Creek
Fall Run
Fall Run
Unnamed trib. to Wheeling
Creek
Unnamed trib. to Wheeling
Creek
Unnamed trib. to Wheeling
Creek
Flat Run
Drift Mine(active) Wheeling Creek
Drift Mine
Cox Run
122li Shaft Mine (active) Ross Run
551
Drift Mine
Unnamed trib. to Wheeling
Creek
TOTALS 869
35,61*2
17,391
*After abatement
-------
APPENDIX
-------
CODES FOR TABULAR DATA - PAGES A-l THROUGH A-6
TYPE
A - Stream
C - Drift Mine
D - Strip Mine
E - Combination Drift Mine
F - Combination Strip Mine
H - Shaft or Slope Mine
I - Refuse Pile
J - Active Operation
RECEIVING STREAM
1 - Wheeling Creek
2 - Unnamed tributary to Wheeling
Creek
3 - Crabapple Creek
h - Unnamed tributary to Crabapple
Creek
$ - Fall Run
6 - Unnamed tributary to Fall Run
7 - Campbell Run
8 - Unnamed tributary to Campbell Run
9 - Steep Run
10 - Unnamed tributary to Steep Run
11 - Slaughterhouse Run
12 - Frazier Run
13 - Mutton Hollow
lh - Soaptown Hollow
15 - Flat Run
16 - Mclfonies Run
17 - Jug Run
18 - Town Run
19 - Sloan Run
20 - Cox Run
21 - McCracken Run
22 - Ross Run
-------
WHEELING CREEK, OHIO
TNE NC.
3B1757*
381758
381759
3B1760
381761
381762
3P1763
3fll764
3817*5
381766
381767
381768
381769
381770
381771
381772
381773
38177*
3*1775
381776
381777
381778
381779
381780
TYPE
E
c
c
c
c
c
n
c
c
r
E
E
F
F
C
C
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
I
* The
REf.
STREAM
12
12
11
1
13
13
14
2
1
15
2
2
2
16
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
6
6
17
prefix
PM COND.
2.Q 5000
5.P 8000
6.7 1900
3.0 4000
5.8 5000
6.2 2800
3.7 8000
5.7 2600
3.1 5000
6.2 1900
3.0 9999
3.1 9999
6.4 2000
7.5 1500
6.5 6500
4.7 3500
3.0 5000
3.6 8600
2.3 7400
3.8 7140
3.3 8600
7.0 2200
6.8 1600
4.5 1200
'38' in the
ACIDITY
Mfi/L LB/DAy
55*
63
?
28Q
24?
0
830
2725
51
54
17600
20950
56
63
315
2000
1310
4100
7950
1650
2200
26
110
45fl
19
30
0
20
8
0
59
981
0
38
1689
502
6
4
22
96
125
1476
954
297
132
0
1
131
Al KALIMITY
MG/L LB/DAY
0
«32
182
0
80
4isO
0
0
0
6
0
0
152
240
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
152
^55
0
mine number designates
0
409
17
0
2
44
0
0
0
4
0
0
18
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
4
0
the State
HARDNESS
MG/L LB/DAY
1135
1113
440
1047
970
200
1032
1308
875
750
2250
810
1260
592
2400
710
1108
1050
1070
1280
1280
700
178
482
of Ohio.
40
547
42
75
34
19
74
470
10
540
216
19
151
42
172
34
106
378
128
230
76
25
2
138
SULFATES
MG/L LB/DAY
3400
6200
525
1350
2600
750
5700
4500
850
875
12700
13500
1900
.700
4000
2450
5200
6100
7100
4800
5750
1000
450
700
122
3050
50
97
93
72
410
1620
10
630
1219
324
228
50
288
117
499
2196
852
864
345
36
5
201
T9T.
MG/L
816.
192.
55.
276.
672.
6.
1200.
48.
312.
8«.
3000.
2281.
29.
2.
780.
216.
*2.
1920.
1680.
1680.
1560.
0.
10.
0.
IRON
LB/DAY
29.4
94.5
5.3
19.9
24.2
0.6
86.4
17.3
3.7
60.5
288.0
54.7
3.5
0.1
56.2
10.4
4.0
691.2
201.6
302.4
93.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
MANGANESE
MG/L LB/DAY
4.4
1.3
0.3
2.3
4.2
0.3
5.3
4.2
4.9
1.9
54.3
48.4
8.0
0.3
5.2
2.7
19.6
4.9
8.8
2.8
3.8
1.5
0.5
2.1
0.16
0.64
0.03
0.17
0.15
0.03
0.38
1.51
0.06
1.37
5.21
1.16
0.9*
0.02
0.37
0.13
1.88
1.76
1.06
0.50
0.23
0.05
0.01
0.60
FLOW
6PM
3
41
8
6
3
8
6
30
1
*0
8
I
10
6
*
4
8
SO
10
IS
s
s
1
24
-------
r. CREEK, DMTO
MJNE MC.
3817P1
381782
381783
381784
381785
3817*6
381787
3817R8
3817Q9
381790
381791
381792
381793
381795
381796
381797
381798
381799
381800
381801
381802
381803
381804
381805
TYPt
C
C
C
F
D
0
C
A
A
C
F
E
C
E
E
D
A
A
A
A
D
C
C
E
REC. PH
STREAw
17
1
6
5
5
5
5
0
n
5
?
2
2
2
15
15
0
0
0
0
5
19
19
19
6.1
4.1
7.0
3.4
6.4
3.1
6.9
4.0
7.4
2.9
7.5
6.9
6.5
3.5
3.9
1.2
".I
7.*
7.2
6.9
6.7
6.7
7.1
6.2
COND.
6000
5000
2000
2000
5000
5500
5000
5000
1350
8680
6000
6000
1900
9999
8000
2000
9999
1600
3000
3000
5000
6000
6500
6000
ACmTY
MG/L LB/DflY
720
880
63
892
44
775
190
1290
IP
570
112
145
4
8500
4600
12
325
14
6
10
1R
17
20
18
17
2P5
3
10
0
27g
6
2507
13
177
87
104
0
3060
1987
0
175
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
At KALINITY
»r-/L L3/OAY
0
0
206
0
96
0
372
0
88
0
580
?50
365
0
0
268
335
210'
170
178
266
504
?82
3q2
0
0
9
0
1
0
13
0
66
0
452
180
4
0
0
12
180
0
0
0
25
6
3
94
HARDNESS
«G/L LB/DAY
1670
163Q
490
496
1676
1355
848
1380
597
1310
796
966
560
186
120
940
1139
522
980
1180
1140
620
1260
740
40
528
23
5
20
487
30
2682
451
408
620
695
6
66
51
45
615
0
0
0
109
7
15
177
5JLFATES
MG/L LP/DAY
3800
3300
850
1175
2800
3000
3250
3400
700
7000
3100
3100
475
15750
4400
850
5250
525
1300
1800
2150
2050
2300
2350
91
1069
40
14
33
1080
117
6609
529
2184
2418
2232
5
5670
1900
40
2835
0
0
0
206
24
27
564
TOT.
MG/L
960.
528.
22.
0.
144.
264.
744.
432.
2.
1140.
47.
46.
17.
3000.
1536.
4.
55.
0.
0.
13.
84.
86.
6.
9P.
IRON
LB/DAY
23.0
171.1
1.0
0.0
1.7
95.0
26.8
839.8
1.7
355.7
36.5
32.8
0.2
1080.0
663.6
0.2
29.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
1.0
0.1
23.6
MANGANFSE
MG/L LB/DAY
2.3
2.4
0.6
3.4
4.6
3.9
4.9
5.3
0.5
8.2
0.8
1.6
0.2
19.5
8.8
0.5
2.4
0.0
0.0
6.4
2.8
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.06
0.78
0.03
0.04
0.06
1.40
0.18
10.30
0.38
2.56
0.62
1.19
0.00
7.02
3.80
0.02
1.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.01
o.oi
0.19
FLOW
GPM
2
27
4
1
1
30
3
162
63
26
65
60
1
30
36
4
45
0
0
0
8
1
1
20
-------
WHEELING CREEK. OHIO
INE NO.
SBlflOR
381809
3B1810
381811
381812
381813
381814
381815
381B80
381821
381822
381842
381843
381807
382006
382007
382008
382009
382017
382018
382019
382020
382028
382029
TyPE
C
n
c
CJ
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
HJ
0
c
0
D
D
D
D
A
D
n
D
r>
PEC. PH COND.
STREAM
20
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
21
21
20
21
21
21
21
21
0
21
21
22
22
6.7
7.4
3.2
6.fl
6.3
3.7
A. «
6.7
6.5
6.7
6.7
7.3
7.6
7.0
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.B
7.4
7.4
7.fl
8.1
7.7
7.5
2106
2380
3300
8720
6580
7000
3000
5000
5000
5000
2800
4300
1600
3580
1900
2400
3500
1300
3500
2400
3000
2000
950
2800
ACIDITY AlKALlNITY
MG/L LB/OAY ^G/L LB/DAY
155
95
1280
400
930
1700
116
202
410
76
250
0
44
17
131
366
146
104
250
30
54
30
15
146
22
9
30
360
133
40
62
12
68
1
3
0
0
62
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
356
5(18
0
248
0
0
4 ISO
321
0
244
0
469
46
688
256
203
270
265
66
108
135
95
45
150
51
48
0
223
0
0
248
19
0
5
0
0
0
2526
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
HARDNESS
MG/L LB/DAY
164
118
320
1740
820
174
300
708
1400
1392
1480
215
896
118
1052
1260
1045
285
1835
1250
1715
1150
350
1300
23
11
7
1566
118
4
162
42
235
33
17
0
0
433
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SUUFATES
1G/L LB/DAY
2200
625
1800
4000
2900
2900
1500
2775
1900
1600
1400
1575
1100
1050
1125
1600
1850
425
2100
1320
1800
1150
450
1350
316
60
43
3600
417
69
810
166
319
38
16
0
0
3855
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOT.
M3/I.
43.
0.
384.
720.
960.
648.
37.
46.
312.
168.
134.
7.
0.
28.
1.
1.
2.
1.
3.
0.
1.
0.
1.
1.
IRON
LB/DAY
6.2
0.0
9.2
648.0
138.2
15.6
20.1
2.8
52.4
4.0
1.6
0.0
0.0
102.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
MANGANFSE
MG/L LB/DAY
0.5
0.2
2.9
2.3
2.9
3.7
9.8
0.6
1.9
2.1
2.*
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.7
0.4
1.6
0.0
1.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.07
0.02
0.07
2.07
0.42
0.09
5.29
0.04
0.32
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.73
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
FLOW
GPM
12
8
2
75
12
2
45
5
14
2
1
0
0
306
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
WMFEt r'G CREEK,
1NE MO.
382030
382031
382032
382033
382014
382035
382036
382037
38203*
382039
382040
382041
382043
382044
382045
382046
382047
382048
382049
382050
382060
382061
382062
382063
TYPE PEC. PM CO^D.
STREAM
n
D
D
n
n
n
D
n
n
n
0
MJ
n
n
n
D
D
n
n
0
D
D
n
n
22
7
7
4
4
4
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
7.9
8.0
7.7
7.2
5.6
6.7
8.4
7.4
7.«
7.5
6.0
7.3
6.1
7.7
8.0
7.4
7.8
8.1
7. ft
7.5
5.7
7.7
7.P
7.7
950
1100
2100
450
3500
2200
350
1400
2800
3000
1400
5500
3000
850
320
950
1000
230
17QO
1700
1200
450
45"
500
AT I^ITY A! KALINITY
N1G/L LB/DAY MG/L LB/DAY
17
68
46
0
414
13
0
5*
193
277
350
14ft
170
11
ft
R
16
0
0
10
74
n
n
n
0
0
0
p
0
0
0
0
0
99
168
140
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
73
96
25
0
1 1 3
58
146
201
164
0
380
3
61
48
130
166
47
78
43
6
86
87
51
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59
0
364
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
HARDNESS
MG/L L3/DAY
480
605
1 280
248
2600
1235
140
660
1800
1940
350
473
2260
380
140
3?8
180
106
996
985
600
156
188
244
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
698
168
454
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SllLFATES
MG/L LB/DAY
540
600
1290
230
2550
1300
80
725
1650
1750
920
2550
1850
380
90
420
450
45
1100
975
630
100
110
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
630
441
2448
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOT. IRON
MG/L LB/DAY
0.
1.
1.
1.
3.
1.
I.
18.
4.
1.
2.
2.
1.
0.
0.
1.
3.
0.
3.
1.
1.
0.
1.
1.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
MANGAMF5E
MG/L LB/DAY
0.0
i.o
2.0
0.1
26.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.4
12. n
0.8
3.6
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.0
6.6
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
5.76
0.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.no
FLOW
GPM
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
40
BO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
G CREEK.
1NE Ml"!,
382064
382065
382066
382067
382068
382069
382070
382071
382075
382076
382077
382078
382079
382080
382081
382082
382083
382084
382085
3820R6
382087
38208«
382089
382090
TY"E
PEC.
PH COND.
STREAM
D
n
n
n
0
D
n
n
D
n
D
D
0
D
0
n
n
D
n
C
c
c
c
c
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
1
7.1
7.6
3.1
6.2
7.1
7.1
7.3
7.6
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.5
7.3
6.3
5.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
6.2
7.0
5.7
6.?
6.0
1500
1400
24on
lion
1200
Uon
2400
950
1300
560
1000
1300
1600
950
2800
2600
1100
son
2400
5500
2800
6500
5000
6000
ACinjTY
A| KALINITY
MG/L LB/nAY Mf,/L LB/DAY
36
n
1130
P
21
2
42
25
29
20
19
0
12
0
550
0
0
0
n
900
57
1455
365
645
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
17
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54
3
174
109
30
48
120
0
85
50
69
244
153
70
110
76
129
71
92
900
Ul
137
120
120
0
156
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
42
66
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
HARDNESS
MG/L LB/DAY
708
680
432
572
636
774
1236
3500
774
440
370
608
940
504
1284
1830
506
360
1680
1710
15SO
1640
2050
1880
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
464
264
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
102
93
196
615
90
SULFATES
MG/L LB/DAY
825
725
1830
645
660
900
1350
405
860
380
165
560
940
450
2200
1760
570
330
1680
3825
1720
4600
3675
2925
0
0
0
23
0
0
0
0
516
228
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
229
103
552
1102
140
TOT. IROM
MG/L LB/DAY
1.
1.
18.
1.
1.
2.
I.
0.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
4.
1.
1.
2.
430.
71.
550.
270.
250.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
25.8
4.2
66.0
81.0
12.0
MANGANESE
MG/L
0.4
0.8
15.4
0.5
3.*
1.8
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.4
19.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0
5.6
0.6
6.0
4.8
4.2
LB/OAY
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.04
0.72
1.44
0.20
FLOW
5PM
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
10
25
4
-------
l«MEELtMG CREEKt OHIO
MINE MO. TYPE REC.
STREAM
382091
3B2092
382093
382094
382095
382096
382097
F
E
F
F
f
n
E
COND.
6.2 4000
7.4 3000
7.7 2200
7.4 2200
3.2 2ftOO
5.3 3000 1250
6.9 8000
ACIOITY
G/L LB/HAY
780
21
74
14
590
250
945
168
1
1
0
70
225
158
MG/L LB/DAY
14
148
273
106
0
0
0
3
8
6
2
0
0
0
HARDNESS
MG/L LB/DAY
750
622
3R4
1068
700
488
1205
162
37
9
25
84
87
202
SULFATES
MG/L LB/DAY
2450
1450
1200
1350
1680
2300
4300
529
87
28
32
201
414
722
TOT.
viG/L
370.
11.
1.
24.
105.
380.
530.
IRON
LB/DAY
79.9
0.7
0.0
0.6
12.6
68.4
89.0
M4NGANFSE
MG/L LB/DAY
2.3
1.0
0.2
0.8
1.6
1.8
3.0
0.50
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.19
0.32
0.50
FLOW
GPM
18
5
2
2
10
15
14
-------
FIGURE z. SOURCES OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION . WHEELING CREEK . OHIO WATERSHED
------- |