i P A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Industrial Environmental Research
"" •• Office of Research and Development Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
EPA-600/7-77-058
June 1977
HP-25 PROGRAMMABLE POCKET
CALCULATOR APPLIED TO AIR
POLLUTION MEASUREMENT
STUDIES: STATIONARY SOURCES
Interagency
Energy-Environment
Research and Development
Program Report
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into seven series.
These seven broad categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental technology. Elimination
of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The seven series
are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from
the effort funded under the 17-agehcy Federal Energy/Environment
Research and Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's
mission to protect the public health and welfare from adverse effects
of pollutants associated with energy systems. The goal of the Program
is to assure the rapid development of domestic energy supplies in an
environmentally—compatible manner by providing the necessary
environmental data and control technology. Investigations include
analyses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health
and ecological effects; assessment^ of, and development of, control
technologies for energy systems; and integrated assessments of a wide
range of energy-related environmental issues.
REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal
Agencies, and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names
or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommen-
dation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-77-058
June 1977
HP-25 PROGRAMMABLE
POCKET CALCULATOR APPLIED TO
AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENT STUDIES:
STATIONARY SOURCES
by
James W. Ragland, Kenneth M. Gushing,
Joseph D. McCain, and Wallace B. Smith
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
Contract No. 68-02-2131
Technical Directive 10201
Program Element No. EHE624
EPA Project Officer: D. Bruce Harris
industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
Abstract iii
ABSTRACT
This report is intended to provide a useful tool to persons concerned with Air Pollution Measure-
ment Studies of Stationary Industrial Sources. Detailed descriptions are given for twenty-two sep-
arate programs that have been written specifically for the Hewlett Packard Model HP-25 manually
programmable pocket calculator. Each program includes a general description, formulas used in
the problem solution, program listings, user instructions, and numerical examples. Areas covered
include the following: Methods 1 through 8 of the EPA Test Codes (Federal Register, December
23, 1971), calibration of a flame photometric detector by the permeation tube technique, deter-
mination of channel concentrations for a droplet measuring device, resistivity and electric field
strength measurements, determination of stack velocity, nozzle diameter, and isokinetic delta H
for a high volume stack sampler, and several programs for cascade impactors. Those for cascade
impactors include: determinatipn of impactor stage cut points, calculation of the square root of
the Stokes number for round jet and for rectangular slot geometries, nozzle selection and deter-
mination of delta H for isokinetic sampling, determination of sampling time required to collect
50 mg total sample, determination of impactor flow rate, sample volume, and mass loading, and
calculation of cumulative concentration curves and their differentials.
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iv Contents
CONTENTS
PAGE
Abstract iii
List of Programs v
Acknowledgment vi
SECTIONS
I Introduction 1
II Environmental Protection Agency: Standards of Performance for New
Stationary Sources; Appendix - Test Methods (Federal Register Vol. 36,
No. 247, Part II, December 23, 1971) 4
III Cascade Impactors 32
IV Others 95
V Appendices 115
A. Brief Operating Instructions 116
B. Unit Conversion Table 120
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Programs v
PROGRAMS
NUMBER PAGE
APol— 01 Method 1 - Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources .................... 4
APol— 02 Method 2 - Determination of Stack Gas Velocity and Volumetric Flow Rate
(Type S Pitot Tube) [[[ 7
APol— 03 Method 3 - Gas Analysis for Carbon Dioxide, Excess Air, and Dry
Molecular Weight [[[ 11
APol— 04 Method 4 - Determination of Moisture in Stack Gases ........................................ 13
APol— 05 Method 5 - Determination of Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources .... 16
APol— 06 Method 6 - Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Stationary
Sources [[[ 22
APol— 07 Method 7 - Determination of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Stationary
Sources [[[ 25
APol-08 Method 8 - Determination of Sulfuric Acid Mist and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
from Stationary Sources [[[ 28
APol-09 Cascade Impactor Operation [[[ 32
APol-10 Impactor Flow Rate, Given Orifice AH [[[ 53
APol— 11 Impactor Flow Rate, Given Gas Velocity and Nozzle Diameter ......................... 57
APol— 12 Impactor Sampling Time to Collect 50 Milligrams ................................................ 59
APol-13 Impactor Flow Rate, Sample Volume, Mass Loading ............................................. 62
APol- 14 Impactor Stage Dso [[[ 67
APol-15 x/¥ Calculation- Round Jets [[[ 77
APol— 16 i/W Calculation- Rectangular Slots [[[ , ............. 83
APol— 17 Cumulative Concentration vs Dso and AM/AlogD vs Geometric
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vi Acknowledgement
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The assistance of Mr. Ray Wilson and Dr. Herbert Miller in the preparation of this manuscript
is greatly appreciated. A special thanks is given to Mrs. Ann Billingsley for her work as typist
and to Mr. Don Davis as layout artist.
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SECTION I Introduction 1
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
The programs in this manual have been selected from the areas of Compliance Testing, Cascade
Impactor Operation, Mass Train Operation, Resistivity Measurements, etc., and written for the
Hewlett Packard Model HP-25 manually programmable pocket calculator. A manual giving many
of these same programs in a modified form for use with a Hewlett Packard Model HP-65 card
programmable pocket calculator is also available. Each program herein includes a general des-
cription, formulas used in the problem solution, program listings, user instructions, and numerical
examples.
At the time of this writing the December 23, 1971 Federal Register (Volume 36, No. 247, Part II)
"Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources; Appendix - Test Methods" sets forth the
official EPA test methods. Consequently, Section II of this text (programs APol-01 through
APol-08) has been based on the December 1971 document except as noted below.
A proposed amendment to the test methods had been set forth in the June 8, 1976 Federal Regis-
ter (Volume 41, No. Ill) and minor changes to the programs contained in this document may be
required when the modified procedures are adopted.
In contrast to the equations set forth in the December 23, 1971 Federal Register, the equations in
this, text use 68°F (20.0°C) as Standard Temperature, rather than 70°F (21.1°C).
The difference in absolute temperature, at constant pressure, between 20.0°C and 21.1°C introduces
only a very slight change in the sample volume. The conversion factors are:
'C) = 1-0038 V(20.0'C)
and
V(20.0°C) = 0.9962
For the convenience of the user, most input data requirements call for English units. The output
for such cases is also in English units; however, the program steps provide for direct conversion
to metric units for reporting purposes. The terms "standard conditions" and "normal conditions"
are used interchangeably and refer to 68°F (20.0°C) temperature and 29.92 inches Hg (760 Torr)
pressure. Some temperature values are entered in °F (or °C) rather than °R (or °K) although the
formula being worked may specify "absolute" temperature. Conversion to "absolute" units is
accomplished internally.
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2 Introduction
FORMAT OF USER INSTRUCTIONS
The following is an example of a set of user instructions.
STEP
1
2
3
' 4
5
6
7
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Store variables
Compute E
Compute (>/AP)avg, for (AP,, Rj)
a. Sum data sets
(Do i = 1 ->N)
b. Compute (-y/Sp)avg
Compute 7
(For different f, store new values
as required then proceed to
Step 5)
LINE
NO.
01
12
28
DATA
H
B
d
(H)
(B)
(d)
(E)
APj
RJ
(VSP)avg>
(E)
N
KEYS
[ f | [PRGM]
rni i
( ' f ] [PRGM]
rnr i
rnr~i
IR/S 1 1 I
rsToinn
fsToirri
riToinn
r^rii i
[sToirn
mi i
CR/TII i
[GTO| L28H
r^/rirn
r^oim
(Ho] |~4~j
IR/S i I I
CZIEZ:
LZDEI]
en en
DISPLAY
4
E
avg
7
To follow the instructions, start with line 1 and read from left to right, performing the indicated
operations as you proceed.
Steps are read in sequential order except where the INSTRUCTIONS column directs otherwise.
Repeated processes used in most cases for a long string of input/output data are outlined with a
bold border together with a "Do" instruction. For example,
Do i = 1 -* N
means to execute the loop N times. On the first pass, the dummy variable i takes on the value 1;
on the second pass i takes on the value 2, etc.
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Introduction 3
Some instructions are self contained and can be carried out by simply reading the INSTRUCTIONS
column alone. But most instructions depend on the information supplied by the DATA and/or
KEYS columns. In Step 3 of the example "Store variables" appears in the INSTRUCTIONS section
and H, B, and d appear in the DATA section. They keystroke symbols JT] and |R/Sj appear in the
KEYS section. This means that to "Store variables", one must load the appropriate value for the
variable H and press [Tj. load the appropriate value for the variable B and press [Tf, then load the
appropriate value for the variable d and press [R/S|. The number "4.00" will be displayed when
this sequence of program instructions has been completed.
The LINE NO. column is included for the convenience of the user. Each time manual branching
is required, an entry in the KEYS column of the program instructions informs the operator of
this requirement (e.g., Step 5b: GTO 28). It should be noted that the GTO command requires
a two digit address code (i.e., 01 not 1). The command R/S restarts program execution from
wherever the program pointer is positioned.
The DATA column specifies the input data to be supplied. Symbols are defined in the test and
correct units are shown in the Example section.
A special notational format has been adopted which allows the operator to modify the sequence
of operating instructions. The use of parentheses around a variable (as shown in the DATA column
for line 4) indicates that when operating instructions are followed in the indicated sequence the
appropriate value will have already been loaded in the correct storage register. Operations shown
in parentheses are only used to change the magnitude of variables already stored by previous entry
or calculation. OPERATIONS SHOWN IN PARENTHESES ARE OMITTED FOR NORMAL
OPERATION.
For the convenience of the reader, Appendix A gives a brief review of operating instructions for
the HP-25. For more extensive instruction the reader is referred to the HP-25 owner's handbook.
-------
4 APol-01
SECTION II
METHOD 1
SAMPLE AND VELOCITY TRAVERSES FOR STATIONARY SOURCES
TRAVERSE POINTS-CIRCULAR DUCT
For a circular duct, the distance from flange to traverse point (tj as shown below) is given by:
J \ 2/
where
where
d = distance from the inside of the duct to the top of the flange
D = inside diameter of the duct
aj = is given by:
«i = (D/2)
fornj = 1, 2, ... fi
K = number of traverse points on a given axis, an even integer
8 = K/2
nj = an integer having values 1 , 2, ... 6
FLANGE
PORT
OUTSIDE WALL
INSULATION
INSIDE WALL
-------
APol-01 5
Thus for K traverse points on a given axis (i.e., horizontal or vertical) we have "flange to point"
distances, tj, as follow:
(let C = d + D/2)
ll = C- afi tk = C + «£
t2 = C- ac_} tk_i = C + «J2_1
t3 = C - ac_2
c-2J C +
•
= C + !
= c +
- = C -
Note: • The output (displayed) values of distances to traverse points alternate symmetrically
across the stack centerline beginning at the outermost point from the stack centerline
as R/S is actuated.
• The choice of units for D and d fix the units of tj. Do not mix units.
• If "d" is the same for both ports (horizontal axis and vertical axis, see
illustration) the same tj values may be used on either axis. If d ^ d', a new set
(tj') must be calculated using d'.
Reference: Standard Method for Sampling Stacks for Particulate Matter, D 2928-71. In: 1971
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23. Philadelphia, Pa., 1971, p. 835.
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 03
02
71
01
51
23 00
24 01
24 02
02
71
51
23 04
24 00
01
41
15 71
13 40
23 00
02
61
01
41
24 03
71
KEY
ENTRY
RCL3
2
-r
1
+
STOO
RCL1
RCL2
2
-=-
+
STO4
RCLO
1
—
gx=0
GTO40
STOO
2
X
1
—
RCL3
-f-
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
14 02
24 02
61
02
71
23 06
24 04
24 06
41
74
24 04
24 06
51
74
13 13
00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
f-V/x"
RCL2
X
2
-r
STO6
RCL4
RCL6
—
R/S
RCL4
RCL6
+
R/S
GTO13
0
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOQO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
K
RI d
R2
RS
R4 (d
RG
D
K
+ D/2)
"i
R?
-------
6 APol-01
STEP
1
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initalize
a. Store variables
b. Compute distances
Do i = 1,£
0.0 indicates END
LINE
NO,
01
35
DATA
d
D
K
KEYS
( f | | PRGM]
CDC I
]_f J | PRGM]
[srolQn
riioirn
| STO | [ 3~~1
r^nr i
f R/S 1 | |
LZULZ]
DISPLAY
*i
*
* 'K + 1 -i
Example:
d = 1.5 feet
D = 20 feet
K = 10 (i.e., 10 points on the horizontal axis)
= D
t! = 2.01
t2= 3.13
t3 = 4.43
t4 = 6.02
ts = 8.34
(K - 10)
0.00 indicates END
tio
tg
- 20.99
= 19.87
= 18.57
= 16.98
= 14.66
-------
APol-02 7
METHOD 2
DETERMINATION OF STACK GAS VELOCITY AND VOLUMETRIC
FLOW RATE (TYPE S PITOT TUBE)
As described in Volume 36, No. 247, Part II of the Federal Register, December 23,1971, the
coefficient (Cp) for a Type S pitot tube can be determined by simultaneous readings from a standard
type pitot tube from the following equation:
C = C J Apstd
Ptest Pstd T Aptest (2-1)
where
Cp = pitot tube coefficient of Type S pitot tube, dimensionless
Cp , = pitot tube coefficient of standard (if unknown use 0.99) type pitot tube,
dimensionless
= velocity head measured by standard type pitot tube, inches H2O
Aptest = velocity head measured by Type S pitot tube, inches H2O
Usi ig a calibrated Type S pitot tube, the stack gas velocity, (Vs)avg, can be calculated from:
(Vs)avg = Kp
where
(Vs)avg = average stack gas velocity, actual f.p.s.
Kp = 85.48 for the units given herein
Cpt . = pitot tube coefficient, dimensionless
(Ts)avg = average absolute stack gas temperature, °R
(\/Ap)aVg = average velocity head of stack gas, inches H2O
Ps = stack gas pressure, absolute, inches Hg
Ms = molecular weight of stack gas, wet, Ib/lb-mole, given by:
Ms = Md(l-Bwo) + 18BWO
where
Mj = dry molecular weight of stack gas (from Method 3), Ib/lb-mole
"wo = fraction by volume of water vapor in the gas stream (from Method 4),
dimensionless
-------
8 APol-02
The stack gas volumetric flow rate, Qs, is given by:
wl ere
QS = 3600 U-BWOXVSW
(2-3)
Qs = volumetric flow rate, dry basis, standard (normal) conditions (528°R, 29.92
inches Hg), ft3/hr (i.e., DSCFH)
A = cross-sectional area of stack, ft3
Tstd = 528°R, absolute temperature at standard (normal) conditions
^std = 29.92 inches Hg, absolute pressure at standard (normal) conditions
BWO> (Vs)avg> (T$)avg ar>d ^s are as defined above
Note: • J.OO ft/sec = 0.3048 rn/sec
• 1.00 ft3/hr = 28.32 1/hr = 0.02832 m3/hr
• For longer display of point velocities, replace g NOP lines 18 through 21 with
f PAUSE as desired. For halt to display point velocities replace f PAUSE, line
17, with R/S.
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
71
14 02
61
23 03
74
24 01
61
21
23 06
34
01
24 01
41
24 00
61
51
14 74
15 74
15 74
15 74
15 74
24 06
21
L_ 71
KEY
ENTRY
-r
f v/*~
X
STO 3
R/S
RCL 1
X
x=^y
STO 6
CLX
1
RCL 1
—
RCL 0
X
+
f PAUSE
gNOP
g NOP
g NOP
g NOP
RCL 6
x^y
-7-
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
24 04
71
14 02
61
24 03
61
24 02
61
23 07
74
61
24 04
61
24 06
71
24 05
61
24 07
61
01
24 01
41
61
74
13 06
KEY
ENTRY
RCL 4
-r
f \/X~
X
RCL 3
X
RCL 2
X
STO 7
R/S
X
RCL 4
X
RCL 6
-r
RCL5
X
RCL 7
X
1
RCL 1
-
X
R/S
GTO 06
REGISTERS
RO
Rl
R2
RS
Md
Bwo
85.48
CP
R4 Ps
RB
Re
R?
A
avg
avg
-------
APol-02 9
STEP
INSTRUCTIONS
LINE
NO.
DATA
KEYS
DISPLAY
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute cp
test
01
Pstd
i i
IR/S 1 1 1
Ptest
Compute
%CO
r i
%N2
CD CD
0.28
i i
%O
0.32
m
%C02
i i
0.44
Md
Compute (Vs)avg
06
Md
85.48
(cp)
| 4 |
i i
m
avg
i i
460
CZDCD
18
IR/S 1 i 1
[Ms]
1 1
(V
savg
Compute Qs
35
(P.)
«T5>avg>
sro
<«v«W
3600
17.71
i i
-------
10 APol-02
STEP
7
8
INSTRUCTIONS
Convert SDCFH -»SDLPH
For subsequent traverse sets where
Ptest and Md are the same
"GTO 06" and start at Step 5.
LINE
NO.
DATA
28.32
KEYS
CD EH
1 II 1
acu
LZDCH
DISPLAY
liters
Example:
CPstd - °-"
APstd = 0-31 inches H2O
APtest ~ °-42 inches H2O
%CO = 1%
%N2 - 79%
0.28
%02 = 6%
0.32
%CO2 = 13%
0.44
Bwo= 0.10
85.48
Ps = 29.00 inches Hg
(x/Ap)avg= °-59 inches H2°]
(Ts)avg = 350"F
1 s'avg
460
18
A= 1,200 ft2
3600
17.71
Cn. . = 8.51 x 10'1
Ptest
Md = 3.00 x 101 Ib/lb-mole
STO 0
[Ms] = 2.88 x 101 (pause)
(vs)avg = 4-22 x 1Q1 f-P-s-
Qs = 1.04 x 108 SDCFH
( = 2.95 x 109 SDLPH)
-------
APol-03 11
METHOD 3
GAS ANALYSIS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE, EXCESS AIR, AND DRY MOLECULAR WEIGHT
As described in Volume 36, No. 247, Part II of the Federal Register, December 23, 1971, the percent
excess air, %EA, is given by the following:
(%Q.)- 0.5 (SCO) 10Q%
0.264 (%N2) - (%02) + 0.5(%CO) 7 (3-1)
where
%EA = percent excess air
%O2 = percent oxygen by volume, dry basis
%N2 = percent nitrogen by volume, dry basis
%CO = percent carbon monoxide by volume, dry basis
0.264 = ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in air by volume
The dry molecular weight, Mj, is given by:
Md = 0.44 (%CO2 ) + 0.32 (%O2 ) + 0.28 (%N2 + %CO) (3-2)
where
M(j = dry molecular weight, Ib/lb-mole
%CO2 = percent carbon dioxide by volume, dry basis
%O2 = percent oxygen by volume, dry basis
%N2 = percent nitrogen by volume, dry basis
%CO = percent carbon monoxide by volume, dry basis
0.44 = molecular weight of carbon dioxide divided by 1 00
0.32 = molecular weight of oxygen divided by 100
0.28 = molecular weight of nitrogen and CO divided by 100
Note: 1 .0 Ib/lb-mole = I.Ogm/gm-mole = I.Oanui
%(10 = \%
%N2 = 79%
%O2 = 4%
%CO2 = 16%
-*• %EA = 20.17%
Md = 30.72 Ib/lb-mole
-------
12 APol-03
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 03
24 01
73
05
61
41
24 02
73
02
06
04
61
24 03
41
24 01
73
05
61
51
71
01
00
00
61
KEY
ENTRY
RCL3
RCL 1
.
5
X
—
RCL 2
-
2
6
4
X
RCL 3
_
RCL1
•
5
X
+
-~
1
0
0
X
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
74
24 02
24 01
51
73
02
08
61
24 03
73
03
02
61
51
24 04
73
04
04
61
51
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
R/S
RCL 2
RCL 1
+
.
2
8
X
RCL 3
-
3
2
X
+
RCL 4
•
4
4
X
+
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
%co
R2 %N2
R3 %O2
R4 %C02
RG
R?
STEP
INSTRUCTIONS
LINE
NO.
DATA
KEYS
DISPLAY
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
a. Store variables
%CO
%O
1). Computn %EA
01
c. Compute
26
For subsequent data sets, change
stored values as necessary and
repeat Step 3b and 3c
respectively.
-------
APol-04 13
METHOD 4
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN STACK GASES
As described in Volume 36, No. 247, Part II of the Federal Register, December 23,1971, the volume
of water vapor collected, Vwc, is given by:
Vwc = (0.0472 ft3/ml) (Vf - Vjl (4.1}
where
Vwc = volume of water vapor collected (standard conditions, 528°R, 29.92 inches Hg),
ft3
Vf = final volume of impinger contents, ml
Vj = initial volume of impinger contents, ml
The dry gas volume through the meter, at standard conditions, Vme, is given by:
where
Vme = dry gas volume through meter at standard conditions, ft3
Vm = dry gas volume measured by meter, ft3
Pm = barometric pressure at the dry gas meter, inches Hg
Tm = absolute temperature at meter, °R
The moisture content, Bwo, is given by:
B —\ —I + 0 025
where
Bwo = fraction by volume of water vapor in the gas stream, dimensionless
Vwc = volume of water vapor collected (standard conditions), ft3
0.025 = approximate volumetric proportion of water vapor in the gas stream leaving
the impingers
Vme is as defined in (4-2) above.
Note: 1.00ft3 = 28.32 liters
-------
14 APol-04
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 01
24 02
41
73
00
04
07
04
61
23 06
74
24 03
24 04
61
24 05
04
06
00
51
71
01
07
73
07
KEY
ENTRY
RCL1
RCL2
—
•
0
4
7
4
X
ST06
R/S
RCL3
RCL4
X
RCL5
4
6
0
+
-r
1
7
-
7
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
01
61
23 07
74
24 06
24 06
24 07
51
71
73
00
02
05
51
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
1
X
STO7
R/S
RCL6
RCL6
RCL7
+
-r
•
0
2
5
+
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
R0 28.32
R-l Vf
R2
RS
R4
R6 Vv
R? v
me
STEP
i
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
a. Store variables
<°F>
b. Compute Vwc
c. Compute Vme
d. Compute BWO
LINE
NO.
01
12
29
DATA
vf
vi
vm
pm
Tm
KEYS
f~f | IPRGM]
rni i
[ f ] |PRGM[
HTcirn
fsroim
rsroirn
f7Tc"im
rsroinn
IR/S j j ^\
Le£ll 1
IR/S 1 1 J
DISPLAY
VWC
v
me
Bwo
-------
APol-04 15
STEP
4
5
INSTRUCTIONS
For subsequent data sets, change
stored values as necessary and
repeat Steps 3b, 3c, and 3d,
respectively.
To convert ft3 -*• liters
a. Store
b. Convert
LINE
NO.
DATA
28.32
ft3
KEYS
CHEZ]
LZHLZH
I II I
aa
CHd]
fsTo~iro~i
fRcTH~o~|
nnr i
DISPLAY
liters
Example:
Vf = 12.5 ml (total)
Vi = 10.0 ml (total)
Vm = 1.00ft3
Pm = 29.00 in. Hg
T™ = 100°F
V.
wc = 0.119 ft3 (= 3.36 liters)
mp = 0.917 ft3 (= 26.0 liters)
Bwo = 0.14, dimensionless
-------
16 APol-05
METHOD 5
DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
As described in Volume 36, No. 247 Part II of the Federal Register, December 23, 1971, the
sample volume measured by the dry gas meter, corrected to standard conditions (68°F, 29.92
inches Hg) is given by:
_AH
/ °D \ / PKar j. 1
Vmstd
where
= (I7.65 ^R ) y /pbar+13.6 ) (5-1)
y in. Hg / m \ Tm /
3
3
Vm , = volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter (standard conditions), ft
Vm = volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter (meter conditions), ft
Tm = average dry gas meter temperature, °R
^bar = barometric pressure at the orifice meter, inches Hg
AH = average pressure drop across the orifice meter, inches H2O
The volume of water vapor in the gas sample, corrected to standard conditions, is given by:
= (0.0472
Vwstd V ml ) ¥*c (5-2)
where
Vw , , = volume of water vapor in the gas sample (standard conditions), ft3
V p = total volume of liquid collected in impingers and silica gel, ml
x c
The fraction by volume of water vapor in the gas stream is given by:
D _ Vwstd
wo - v , Y
vmstd + vwstd (5_3)
where
Bwo = fraction by volume of water vapor in the gas stream, dimensionless
Vm , and Vw , are as given in equations (5-1) and (5-2) respectively.
-------
APol-05 17
The concentration of participate matter in stack gas, dry basis, is given by:
C-S = (0.015411
V m§
mstd (5-4)
where
c's = concentration of particulate matter in stack gas, gr/S.C.F., dry basis
Mn = total amount of particulate matter collected, mg
Vm , is as given by equation (5-1).
Changing units, we can express c's in terms of lb/S.C.F., dry basis, as follows:
cs = (2.205 x 10 ~6~-)
"std (5-5)
where
cs = concentration of particulate matter in stack gas, lb/S.C.F., dry basis
Mn and Vm ., are as given in equation (5-4).
We can also express c's in terms of gm/SCM, dry basis, as follows:
Q3532
'03532
Vr
where
c"s = concentration of particulate matter in stack gas, gm/SCM, dry basis
Mn and Vm ,, are as given in equation (5-4).
The percent isokinetic sampling is given by:
(o.00267 in" ,H£ft" ) v£ - + 4™- (Pbar
[(
(
(5-6)
where
I = percent of isokinetic sampling, %
Vp = total volume of liquid collected in impingers and silica gel, ml
Vm = volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter (meter conditions), ft3
Tm = absolute average dry gas meter temperature, °R
Pbar = barometric pressure at sampling site, inches, Hg
AH = average pressure drop across the orifice, inches H2O
Ts = absolute average stack gas temperature, °R
6 = total sampling time, min
Vs = stack gas velocity (calculated by Method 2, Equation 2-2), ft/sec
Ps = absolute stack gas pressure, inches Hg
An = cross-sectional area of nozzle, ft2
-------
18 APol-05
Note: • l.OOgr/ft3 = 2.288 gm/m3
• l.OOlb/ft3 - 1.602 x 104 gm/m3
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 03
24 02
51
24 04
71
24 01
61
61
23 07
74
24 05
61
74
31
31
24 07
51
71
74
23 00
34
24 03
24 02
51
KEY
ENTRY
RCL3
RCL2
+
RCL4
-r
RCL1
X
X
ST07
R/S
RCL5
X
R/S
t
t
RCL7
+
-i-
R/S
STOO
CLX
RCL3
RCL2
+
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
24 01
61
24 04
71
24 05
73
00
00
02
06
07
61
51
24 00
71
01
73
06
07
07
61
61
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
RCL1
X
RCL4
-i-
RCL5
•
0
0
2
6
7
X
+
RCLO
-r
1
-
6
7
7
X
X
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
(work)
R1 Vm
R2
R3
Pbar
AH
R4 Tm
RB
Re
R?
Vp
c
Mn
Xtd
-------
APol-05 19
STEP
INSTRUCTIONS
LINE
NO.
DATA
KEYS
DISPLAY
PRGM mode; clear program then
f PRGM
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
a. Store variables
''bar
AH
13.6
(F)
460
b. Compute Vmstd
01
17.71
mstd
c. Compute vwste|
11
0.0474
wstd
d. Compute Bwo
14
e. Compute c' (gr/ft )
0.0154
f. Compute c
(AH)
-------
20 APol-05
STEP
INSTRUCTIONS
LINE
NO.
DATA
KEYS
DISPLAY
i i
460
QDEZI
i i
i i
Example:
Vm = 100 ft3
bar = 29.5 inches Hg
AH = 5.0 inches H2O
13.6
Tm = 100°F
460
V£c = 50 ml
Mn = 100 mg
17.71
0.0474
0.0154
(Mn)
2.205 x 10-6
(Mn)
0.03532
(Mn)
= 9AS x 101 SDCF
VWstd = 2.37 SDCF
Bwo = 2.45 x 10"2 (dimensionless)
c's = 1.63 x 10-2 gr/SDCF
cs = 2.33 x lO'6 Ib/SDCF
c"s = 3.74 x 10-2 gm/SDCM
-------
APol-05 21
Ts = 300T
460
6 = 100 min
Vs = 15.00 ft/sec
Ps = 29.00 inches Hg
An = 0.00136 ft2
I = 1.18 x 102%
(Note: In the above example I > 110%, thus the test results would be rejected and the
tes: repeated.)
-------
22 APol-06
METHOD 6
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
As described in Volume 36, No. 247, Part II of the Federal Register, December 23,1971, the volume
of the gas sample through the dry gas meter, corrected to standard conditions (528°R, 29.92 inches
Vmstd'isgivenby:
U / (6-1)
\
where
Vm , = volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter (standard conditions), ft3
Vm = volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter (meter conditions), ft3
Tm = average dry gas meter temperature, °R
I>bar = barometric pressure at the orifice meter, inches Hg
The concentration of sulfur dioxide at standard conditions, dry basis is given by:
/Vsoln\
= (7.
\
Cso = 7.05
S°2
mstd (6-2)
where
Cso = concentration of sulfur dioxide at standard conditions, dry basis, lb/ft3
7.05 x 10~s= conversion factor, including the number of grams per gram equivalent of sulfur
dioxide (32 g/g-eq.), 453.6 g/lb, and 1,000 ml/1, lb-1/g-ml
V{ = volume of barium perchlorate titrant used for the sample, ml
Vtb = volume of barium perchlorate titrant used for the blank, ml
N = normality of barium perchlorate titrant, g-eq/1
Vsom = total solution volume of sulfur dioxide, 50 ml
Va = volume of sample aliquot titrated, ml
Vm , = volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter (standard conditions), ft3
mstd
Note: 1.00 lb/ft3 = 1.602 x 104 gm/m3
-------
APol-06 23
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 01
61
24 02
71
01
07
73
07
01
61
23 03
74
24 04
24 05
41
24 06
61
24 07
61
24 00
71
24 03
71
07
KEY
ENTRY
RCL1
X
RCL2
-j-
1
7
•
7
1
X
STO3
R/S
RCL4
RCL5
—
RCL6
X
RCL7
X
RCLO
-r
RCL3
•7-
7
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
00
05
33
32
07
61
74
01
06
00
02
00
61
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
0
5
EEX
CHS
7
X
R/S
1
6
0
2
0
X
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTO 00
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RQ Va
Rl pbar
R2 Tm
RS
R4
RB
Re
R?
Vmstd
vt
Vtb
N
vsoln
-------
24 APol-06
Example:
"bar ~
460
N -
vsoln =
3.
STEP
1
2
3
4
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
a. Store variables
<°F)
b. Compute Vmstc|
Compute ^so2
a. Store variables
b. Compute Cso (Ib/ft3)
c. Convert Ib/ft3 -* gm/m3
LINE
NO.
01
13
32
DATA
Pbar
Tm
460
vm
(V"W
vt
vtb
N
Vsoln
va
Ib/ft3
KEYS
[ f J |PROVI|
rnrn
| f J [PRGM|
RFoirn
mi i
tz:czn
rirTim
FR/TII i
czuzn
[STO | | 3 |
fsTrJirr~|
fsroinn
r^oirrn
[sroinn
ISTO | | o ]
f"7s"li 1
fR/rirn
DISPLAY
Vmstd
CS02
gm/m3
26.00 inches Hg
100°F
1.77 ft3
-*- Vm . , = 1.46 ft3
mstd
5 ml
0.1 ml
0.005 ml
50 ml
2 ml
"SO,
= 2.97 x 10-5 Ib/ft3
( = 4.75 x 10-1 gm/m3)
-------
APol-07 25
METHOD 7
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
As described in Volume 36, No. 247, Part II of the Federal Register, December 23,1971, the sample
volume corrected to standard conditions (528°R, 29.92 inches Hg) is given by:
SC l~ 1ri Ha 111 I \ If I • I C7 ]\
where
Vsc = sample volume at standard conditions (dry basis), ml
Vf = volume of flask and valve, ml
25 ml = volume of absorbing solution
Pf = final absolute pressure of flask, inches Hg
PJ = initial absolute pressure of flask, inches Hg
Tf = final absolute temperature of flask, °R
TJ = initial absolute temperature of flask, °R
The concentration of NOX as NO2 (dry basis) is given by:
C = 16.2 x 10-*
, (7-2)
wh< re
C = concentration of NOX as NO2 (dry basis), lb/ft3, standard
conditions (i.e., Ib/DSCF)
m = mass of NO2 in gas sample, //gm
Vsc = sample volume at standard conditions (dry basis), ml
N
-------
26 APol-07
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 02
24 03
71
24 04
24 05
71
41
24 01
02
05
41
61
01
07
73
07
01
61
23 07
74
24 06
24 07
71
06
KEY
ENTRY
RCL2
RCL3
-r
RCL4
RCL5
-r
_
RCL1
2
5
—
X
1
7
°
7
1
X
STO7
R/S
RCL6
RCL7
-r-
6
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
02
33
32
06
61
74
01
73
06
00
02
33
04
61
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
2
EEX
CHS
6
X
R/S
1
•
6
0
2
EEX
4
X
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
R! vf
R2
RS
R4
Pf
Tf
Pj
R5 Ti
Re
m
R7 Vx
-------
APol-07 27
STEP
1
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
a. Correct sample volume to dry.
standard conditions
<°F)
<°F)
b. Compute concentration of NOX
asN02
c. Convert Ib/DSCF -> gm/DSCM
LINE
NO.
01
21
31
DATA
Vf
Pf
Tf
460
PJ
T|
460
m
Ib/DSCF
KEYS
[ T~\ [PRGM]
me i
| f | [PFJGlvl]
cucn
fsTo]pr|
rsroirn
rni i
CD CH
rsroinn
[Winn
rni i
nni i
| STO | | 5 |
Lf/DCm
| STO] |_ 6j
r^ojr^n
r R7sn i i
r^ii i
DISPLAY
vsc
C
gm/DSCM
Example:
Vf = 2,000ml
Pf = 25.00 inches Hg
Tf = 120°F
460
PJ = 5.00 inches Hg
TJ = 70°F
460
VSl. - 1 IK x Hi'
m = 5.0
C = 2.63 x 1C'7 Ib/DSCF
(= 4.22 x JO'3 gm/DSCM)
-------
28 APol-08
METHOD 8
DETERMINATION OF SULFURIC ACID MIST AND SULFUR DIOXIDE
EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
As described in Volume 36, No. 247 Part II of the Federal Register, December 23, 1971, the dry
gas meter volume corrected to standard conditions (528°R, 29.92 inches Hg) is given by:
= 17.65 -
" (8-1)
where
Vm , _, = volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter, standard conditions, ft3
Vm = volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter, meter conditions, ft3
Tm = average dry gas meter temperature, °R
^bar = barometric pressure at the orifice meter, inches Hg
AH= pressure drop across the orifice meter, inches H2O
The concentration of sulfuric acid (standard conditions, dry) is given by:
CH2S04 == 1-08 x 10- - x tf) (
where
CH SO = concentration of sulfuric acid at standard conditions, dry basis, lb/ft3 ;
(i.e., Ib/DSCF)
1.08 x 10~6 = conversion factor including the number of grams per gram equivalent
of sulfuric acid (49 g/g-eq.), 458.6 g/lb, and 1,000 ml/1, lb-1/g-ml
j3 is given by:
f\r \r \ n;
(VrVtb) N
v
Vmstd
-------
APol-08 29
where
Vt - volume of barium perchlorate titrant used for the sample, ml
Vtb = volume of barium perchlorate titrant used for the blank, ml
N = normality of barium perchlorate titrant, g-eq./l
Vsoln = tota^ s°luti°n volume of:
• equ. (8-2): sulfuric acid, ml (first impinger and filter)
• equ. (8-3): sulfur dioxide, ml (second and third impingers)
Va = volume of sample aliquot titrated, ml
Vmstd = volume of 8as sampled through the dry gas meter, standard conditions,
ft3, see equation (8-1)
The concentration of sulfur dioxide (standard conditions, dry) is given by:
= 7.05 x 10
"s
lb-1
g-ml
(8-3)
where
CSO2 ~ concentration of sulfur dioxide at standard conditions, dry basis, lb/ft3,
(i.e., Ib/DSCF)
7.05 x 10~s = conversion factor including the number of grams per gram equivalent of
sulfur dioxide (32 g/g-eq)
Note: 1.00 lb/ft3 = 1.602 x 104 gm/m3
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
71
24 01
51
24 02
71
61
01
07
73
07
01
61
23 03
74
24 04
24 05
41
61
24 06
61
24 07
71
24 03
71
KEY
ENTRY
-j-
RCL1
+
RCL2
-r
X
1
7
*
7
1
x
STO3
R/S
RCL4
RCL5
-
x
RCL6
x
RCL7
•f
RCL3
*T*
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
74
13 15
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
R/S
GT015
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
VSoln
Rl Pbar
RZ Tm
RS
R4
RB
RG
Vmstd
vt
vtb
N
R? va
-------
30 APol-08
STEP
1
2
3
4
5
6
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
For Vmstd
a. Store variables
<°F)
b. Compute Vmstd
For CH2SO«
(Ib/ft3)
For Csc,2
(change stored variables as
required)
(Ib/ft3)
To convert Ib/ft3 ->• gm/m3
LINE
NO.
01
15
25
DATA
Pbar
Tm
460
Vm
AH
13.6
(Vmstd)
vt
Vtb
l\l
Va
Vsoln
1.08x10'4
Vt
vtb
N
Va
Vsoln
7.05x10-5
Ib/ft3
1.602x10*
KEYS
rnir^i
rnrn
[ f j JPRGMJ
1 II 1
rsroim
rni i
EZldl
rsToim
mi i
mi i
IR/S 1 1 1
rsToim
iTr^im
rsr^im
| STO] L§.._I
R^lfT~|
IR/S) 1 1
EZ3LIZ1
f^roirn
EE3 nn
[F^iro
li^nm
rsroim
fr^Tll I
mi i
mi i
mi — i
DISPLAY
Vmstd
^H2S04
CH2S04
Pso2
CSO2
gm/m3
-------
APol-08 31
Example:
pbar = 29-°° inches Hg
Tm = 100°F
460
Vm = 100 ft3
= 5.00 inches H2O
13.6
Vt = 4 ml
Vtb= 0.1 ml
N = 0.005 g-eq/1
Va = 2 ml
VSoln= 50ml
1.08 x 10"
Vt = 6 ml
Vtb = 0.1 ml
N = 0.005 g-eq/1
Va = 2 ml
= 75 ml
Vm . . = 9.29 x 101 ft3
mstd
0H2S04 = 5.25 x 10-3
CH,S04 = 5.67 x 10-7 lb/ft3
(= 9.08 x lO'3 gm/m3)
= 1.19 x 10-
7.05 x. lO'5
CSO = 8.40 x 10-7 lb/ft
( = 1.35 x 10-2 gm/m3)
-------
32 APol-09 SECTION III
CASCADE IMPACTOR OPERATION: PITOT TUBE DATA REDUCTION, NOZZLE
AND FLOW RATE SELECTION, FLOW METERING PARAMETERS
The following three programs can be used to determine impactor run data parameters. APol-09A
is used to compute point velocities from pitot data, and the average stack gas velocity over the
entire traverse. This is then used to select the correct nozzle for isokinetic sampling. For a low
flow rate impactor set up using two calibrated orifices (Figure 9- A), the run parameters (APSy,
AH, AH') can be calculated with program APol-09B (Example 2). For a high flow rate impactor
se1 up using one calibrated orifice and a gas meter (Figure 9-B), the run parameters (APsy, AH,
t) ;an be calculated using program APol-09C (Example 3).
The mean molecular weight, dry (Md) of flue gas is given by:
Md = 28(BN2 + BCO) + 32 BQ2 + 44
win are
, BQ2 , B(X)2 , are the dry volumetric fractions for N2 , CO, O2 , and CO2
respectively
The mean molecular weight, wet, of flue gas, Ms, is given by:
where
Bwo = volumetric fraction of water, dimensionless
-------
APol-09 33
,
PROBE
DRYING
COLUMN
| 1
i
HEAT EXCHANGER
DN IMPACTOR
AIR
FLOW
METERING METERING
TEE ORIFICE 1 ORIFICE 2
AH
AH'
PUMP
Hg MANOMETER H20 MANOMETER
Figure 9-A. A Typical Setup for Low Flow Rate Impactors
Using Two Calibrated Orifice Flow Meters
-------
34 APol-09
PROBE
PORT
(
-It
AIR FLOW
Hg MANOMETER
— L
i
iK
y
H
j 1
} APsy AH
—
H
I IDAS IVIC 1 til
t
PUMP
H2O MANOMETER
Figure 9-B. A Typical Setup for High Flow Rate Impactors Using a Calibrated
Orifice and a Dry Gas Meter
-------
APol-09 35
The point velocity (Vj) as determined by a Type S pitot tube is given by:
Tj
where
Apj = velocity pressure (inches H2O) at point i
Tj = temperature (°R) at point i
6 = pitot-gas composition factor, given by:
0 = 2.9 CD v/29~9TTT
F rs
where »0 nc
T>, _ 28.95 amu
PS = pbar +
where
/^Ps\
\\3,6]
Pfoar = ambient pressure, inches Hg
±APS = stack pressure differential, inches H? O
Cp = pitot constant, dimensionless
Ms is as defined above.
Average velocity, (Vs)avg, is given by:
(Vs)avg= ± 2 Vi(i=l,n)
Average temperature, (Ts)avg, is given by:
/rr* \ JL V* T t\ — 1 «1
v * S'avg ~" n ** ^iv'"! >nl
The impactor flow rate, Qi, is given by:
Q] = 5.072 x lO'4 (Vs)avg x
where
Qj = impactor flow rate, ft3/min (i.e., CFM)
(Vs)avg = average velocity, ft/sec
= nozzle diameter, millimeters
-------
36 APol-09
The pressure drop across the orifice required to obtain the desired actual impactor flow rate is
given by:
where
AH = pressure drop across the orifice required to obtain the desired actual impactor
flow rate, inches H2O
= ambient pressure, inches Hg
APsy = pressure differential to ambient, inches Hg, immediately upstream
from the orifice
a = intermediate value, given by:
(Qca,F (9'2b)
where
Qcal = calibration flow rate (at APC, Tc, Pc), ACFM
cc = orifice calibration constant given by:
TCAHC
where
Tc = calibration temperature, °R
Pc = calibration pressure, inches Hg
AHC =• pressure drop (inches H2O) for which Qcaj is taken
Mc = MMW of the calibration gas, amu
(Note: MMW of standard air is 28.97 amu, dry
cc - 6.260 for Tc = 5.?5"K, \\. - 2().5() in. I If, Allc lOinrlu-s
H2O, and Mc = 28.97)
j8 = intermediate value given by:
fQ! (1-BWO) Ps"l
* = (T r
L ^l s-'avg J
-------
APol-09 37
where
Ql = desired actual flow rate, ACFM
^Ts)avg = average stack temperature, °R
Bwo = volumetric Fraction of water
Ps = stack pressure (inches Hg) as used with 6 in Equation (9-1)
Md = mean molecular weight (MMW) of the flue gas, dry
To = orifice temperature, °R
In any given sampling situation either a gas meter or a second orifice will be used, but not both.
A gas meter is the preferred instrument when the required sampling flow rate is within the cali-
bration range of the gas meter. Whenever required flow rates are below the minimum flows which
can be accurately determined by using a gas meter, a second orifice should be substituted in place
of the gas meter and positioned in series with and immediately downstream of the first orifice.
Such is normally the case when sampling at the inlet to a gas cleaning device where high concen-
trations require the use of low flo vv rate impactors.
When a second orifice is used in series with the first orifice, the pressure drop across the second
orifice (AH') is given by:
AH' = -5^7 (9-3a)
ro
where
AH' = pressure drop across the second orifice, inches H2O
P0' = absolute pressure at this orifice (in. Hg), given by:
(9-3b)
where
AH = pressure drop (in. Hg) across the first orifice
Pbar and APsy are as defined for equation (9-2) above.
X = intermediate value given by:
fic'c
x = ccv .^ (9-3c)
-------
38 APol-09
where
Q'cal = calibration flow rate for this orifice
c'c = orifice calibration constant for this orifice (see equation 9-2c)
(3 is defined for equation (9-2d) above.
If a gas meter is used (in place of the second orifice), the time (t, in sec) required for one
revolution of the gas meter dial is given by:
t = -^ (9-4)
where
K = Vo x 60 sec/min
V0 = volume for one revolution, ft3
Qm = actual flow rate through the gas meter, ft3/min, actual (i.e., ACFM), given by:
n - * /AH/
Qm = q>
where
AH = pressure drop across the imaginary second orifice (Qm equals Q'orifice) as
determined by setting Q'cai = Qcai and c'c = cc where cc and P'0 are
given by equations (9-2b) and (9-3b) respectively.
(For Qm in CFM and Vo = 0.1 ft3, t in seconds is given by t = 6/Qm)
= intermediate value given by:
0 = Qcal
-------
APol-09 39
Note: • 1.00 inch = 25.40 mm
• 1 gm/gm-mble = 1 Ib/lb-mole = 1 amu
• Program APol-09C assumes a specific value for K. When this value is not
appropriate, a new value should be calculated using equations (9-4) and the
appropriate value for K entered as program steps in place of the assumed
value 6.00.
FOR STACK VELOCITIES AND NOZZLE SELECTION
APol-09A
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 01
51
23 00
61
14 02
24 02
61
14 74
14 74
14 74
14 74
14 74
24 00
21
25
74
15 71
13 20
13 01
14 21
23 00
74
14 22
74
KEY
ENTRY
RCL 1
+
STO 0
X
f \/x~
RCL 2
X
f PAUSE
f PAUSE
f PAUSE
f PAUSE
f PAUSE
RCL 0
x^=y
2+
R/S
g x=o
GTO 20
GTO 01
f X
STO 0
R/S
f s
R/S
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
24 04
24 03
71
74
00
23 03
23 04
23 05
23 06
23 07
13 00
15 02
05
73
00
07
02
33
32
04
61
24 00
61
74
13 36
KEY
ENTRY
RCL 4
RCL 3
-f
R/S
0
STO 3
STO 4
STO 5
STO 6
STO 7
GTO 00
gx2
5
•
0
7
2
EEX
CHS
4
X
RCL 0
X
R/S
GTO 36
Note: Lines 08 through 12 display point velocities briefly.
For shorter display time, replace "f PAUSE" with
"g NOP". To hold the display of the point velocity
a "R/S" may be used in place of the "f PAUSE" on
line 12. Operating instructions should be adjusted
accordingly.
REGISTERS
ROTi.Vj,(VS)avg
R-| 460
R2
R3
R4
6
RB z
Re s v,
R7 S Vj
-------
40 APol-09
APOL-09A
STEP
1
2
3
4
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute Intermediate Values
a. Constant values
b. Compute M^
c. Compute MS
d. Compute 8
(p = p + Aps.
s bar 13^'
Compute velocities from pilot data
(APj, T,);
a. Store constants
b. Compute point velocities
(in. H20)
(in °F)
Do i = 1, n for n points
LINE
NO.
01
DATA
460
BN2
BCO
28
B02
32
BC02
44
(Md)
1
Bwo
Bwo
18
28.95
Ms
29.92
ps
2.9
CP
(9)
APi
Tj
KEYS
I f J [PRGM]
[Ml J
j f [ |PRGM|
nn
fsroinn
mi i
rnr i
mi i
mi i
nnrn
rni i
mi~ri
mi i
n~ii i
mm
rni i
nn rn
rni i
nnr i
mi i
mi i
rnr^n
QDCZ]
nnr i
fsroinn
EDLZD
CZ1CZ1
fsroinn
EULH]
mi i
[~R7s1| |
CZ1CZ1
DISPLAY
Md
Ms
8
[Vj]
i
Note: Ap| = 0 is not permitted as a data point. Ap = 0 signals End
of Data and causes automatic branching. For a data point close
to zero, use small values such as 10"9 rather than zero.
-------
APoi-09 41
APol-09A (cont)
STEP
5
,
6
INSTRUCTIONS
c. Compute (Vs)avg in fps.
avg in °R
d. For a new set of traverse points:
• Clear registers
• Go to step 4a.
Compute QJ:
After all pitot traverse data has
been loaded, select a nozzle and
compute the corresponding Q| '
required for isokineuc sampling.
Repeat as necessary with
different choices for DN to
obtain an acceptable Q|
a. Key in program APol-096 for
(APjy, AH, AH') sets
or
Key in program APol-09C for
(APsy, AH, t) sets
b. Proceed to the appropriate set
set of instructions
LINE
NO.
17
23
25
29
36
DATA
0.00
avg
DN
KEYS
Rill |
fR/^ll I
CR/TH I
dHZH
FR/TII |
nEZI
[STOJ [ oH
IGTOI I I
mm
IR/S 1 i I
CUdl
acu
czmn
i ii i
no
LZDCZl
CD CD
cua
EH CH
EULHl
en en
DISPLAY
(Vs'avg
CTv
avg
0.00
Q,
Example No. 1: For Stack Velocities and Nozzle Selection
1. Key in program APol-09A
3b. BN2 = 0.78, BCO = 0.02, Bo2 = 0.05, BCQ2 =0-15
3c. Bwo = 0.06
3d. Ms = 29.84
Pbar = 29.43 in. Hg, APS = -6.7 in. H2O
Cp = 0.83
Md = 30.60 amu
Ms = 29.84 amu
Ps = 28.94 in. Hg.
9 = 2.41
-------
42 APol-09
4b. (Ap^Tj)
(Ap2,T2)
(Ap3,T3)
(Ap4, T4)
4c. 0
= (0.06 in. H20, 32TF)
= (0.08 in. H20, 329°F)
= (0.08 in. H2O, 330°F)
= (0.07 in. H20, 325°F)
5.
6.
= 1.5 mm
= 2.0 mm
V, = 16.50 ft/sec, n = 1
V2 =19.15 ft/sec, n = 2
V3 = 19.16 ft/sec, n = 3
V4 = 17.87 ft/sec, n = 4
avg =18.17 ft/sec
av = 1.27
lavg = 786.3°R
Qi = 0.0207 ft3/min
Qi = 0.0369 ft3/min
Key in desired program; APol-09B for (APsy, AH, AH') sets or APol-09C for
(APsy, AH, t) sets.
FOR (APsy, AH, AH') SETS; TWO ORIFICES
APol-09B
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
15 02
71
24 05
61
74
13 01
2404
24 01
24 02
24 03
74
41
71
23 07
74
01
03
73
06
71
24 03
51
24 02
21
KEY
ENTRY
gx2
-i-
RCL5
X
R/S
GTO01
RCL4
RCL 1
RCL 2
RCL 3
R/S
—
4-
STO7
R/S
1
3
•
6
-T-
RCL 3
+
RCL 2
x^y
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
41
23 06
71
74
24 06
71
1402
24 00
61
06
73
00
00
21
71
00
73
05
00
23 51 03
22
15 74
13 07
73 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
-
STO 6
•~~
R/S
RCL 6
-i-
fV*"
RCLO
X
6
•
0
0
x=^y
-r
0
•
5
0
STO + 3
R I
gNOP t
GTO 07
GTO 00
GTO 00
REGISTERS
RO
cc, a
R-| a.
R2
pbar
R3 Apsy
R4
R5
RG
R?
c'c,\
J3
p'o
AH
**
***
R/S displays AH'
Enter value as determined
for K from equation 9-4
Increment for AP^
R/S displays t
-------
APol-09 43
APol-09B
STEP
INSTRUCTIONS
LINE
NO.
DATA
KEYS
DISPLAY
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program stjps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute Intermediate Values
CD CD
a. Compute cc
i i
ma
i i
b. Compute c'c
AH'
i i
P'
QDCH
i i
c. Compute |3
-------
44 APol-09
APol-09B (cont)
STEP
4
INSTRUCTIONS
e. Compute X
Compute (APsy, AH, AH')
a. Store Intermediate Values
values
b. For a specific value
of APSy, compute
(APsy, AH, AH')
c. To increment previous
APsy by Steps of
+0.5 in. Hg
LINE
NO.
01
07
12
16
07
12
16
DATA
Q'cal
pbar
(a)
(a)
(X)
Apsy
KEYS
fRcT) j~5~j
rRcqnn
IR/S 1 i 1
rsroinn
Lzncn
ISTO| [ 2 J
Uroiro"!
fsroinn
| STO[ | 4 |
rsToirri
[GTOII 1
i~o"inn
1 R/S 1 1 1
IR/S 1 [ ]
1 R/S 1 1 I
HI] CD
CH EH
[R/S] | 1
|R/s 1 1 1
LR/S ] | 1
DISPLAY
|8
c'c
X
Apsv
AH
AH-
New APsy
AH
AH-
Example No. 2: For (APsy, AH, AH') Sets; Two Orifices
1. Key in program APol-09B
3a. Tc = 535°R, AHC = 10 in. H2O, Pc = 29.50 in. Hg,
Mc = 28.97
cc= 6.26
3b. T'c = 535°R, AH'C= 10 in. H2O, P'c = 29.50 inches,
M'c = 28.97
c'c= 6.26
3c. Qj = 0.0369 ft3/rain, (Ts)avg = 786.3°R, Bwo = 0.06, Ps = 28.94 in. Hg,
Md = 30.60 amu, To - 75°F + 460 = 535°R
-*• j3 = 2.67 x 10-2
3d. cc - 6.26, Qcal = 0.02363 ft3/min -^ a = 299.13
3e. c'c = 6.26, Q'ca\= 0.02509 ft3/min -*- X = 265.33
-------
APol-09 45
4a. Pbar = 29.43
4b. APsy = 1.5 in. Hg -*- AH = 10.7 in. H2O, AH' - 9.8 in. H2O
4c. APsy = 2.0 in. Hg, AH - 10.9 in. H2O, AH' = 10.0 in. H2O
2.5 in. Hg ll.lin. H2O 10.2 in. H2O
3.0 in. Hg 11.3 in. H2O 10.4 in. H2O
3.5 in. Hg 11.5 in. H2O 10.6 in. H2O
FOR (APsy, AH, t) SETS; ORIFICE AND GAS METER
APol-09C
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
15 02
71
24 05
61
74
13 01
24 04
24 01
24 02
24 03
74
41
71
23 07
74
01
03
73
06
71
24 03
51
24 02
21
KEY
ENTRY
gx2
-5-
RCL5
X
R/S
GT001
RCL4
RCL 1
RCL2
RCL 3
R/S
—
-r
STO7
R/S
1
3
•
6
-r
RCL3
+
RCL 2
x^y
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
41
23 06
71
15 74
24 06
71
14 02
24 00
61
06
73
00
00
21
71
00
00
05
00
23 51 03
22
74
13 07
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
—
STO 6
-r
g NOP «
RCL 6
-r
f v^x~
RCL 0
X
6
•
0
0
x^y
-r
0
•
5
0
STO + 3
R i
R/S 1
GTO 07
GTO 00
GTO 00
REGISTERS
RO 0
R! cc,a
R2 AP|jar
R3 AP^
R4
a
R5 f
Re
R?
P'o
AH
***
R/S displays AH'
Enter value as determined
for K from equation 9-4
Increment for AP
t R/S displays t
sy
Note: Programs APol-09B and APol-09C are identical except for Lines 28
and 46. To change from APol-09B to APol-09C: RUN mode, GTO 27;
PRGM mode, g NOP; RUN mode, GTO 45; PRGM mode, R/S; RUN
mode, enter data. To change from Apol-09C back to Apol-09B: RUN
mode, GTO 27; PRGM mode, R/S; RUN mode, GTO 45; PRGM mode,
g NOP; RUN mode, enter data.
-------
46 APol-09
APol-09C
STEP
1
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
Note:
Enter, as program steps, the
correct value for K from
equation (9-4).
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute Intermediate Values
a. Compute Cc
b. Compute /?
c. Compute a
LINE
NO.
01
DATA
Tc
AHC
pc
Mc
Ql
-------
APol-09 47
STEP
4
INSTRUCTIONS
d. Compute 4>
Compute (APsy, AH, t)
a. Store Intermediate Values
b. For a specific value
of APjy, compute
(APsy, AH, t)
c. To increment previous
APsy by steps of
+0.5 in. Hg
LINE
NO.
07
12
16
07
12
16
DATA
To
Md
cc
Qcal
pbar
(a)
(a)
(01
APSV
KEYS
rnm
ODCD
rnr~i
rnrv^n
rni i
[STO | [ 0 |
CD CD
fsroinn
fsroirn
fsroim
fsroiron
fsTQinn
|GTO| | |
nnnn
I^/TII i
FR/TI i i
IR/S 1 1 1
CDEH
CDCD
[ R/sl I i
IR/S 1 1 i
IR/S 1 1 1
DISPLAY
*
APsy
AH
t
New APsy
AH
t
^•^^^^^••H
-------
48 APol-09
Example No. 3: For (APsy, AH, t) Sets; Orifice and Gas Meter
1. Key in program APol-09C
3a. Tc = 535°R, AHC = 10 in. H2O, Pc = 29.50 in. Hg,
Mc = 28.97 amu -»- cc = 6.26
3b. QI = 0.5808 ft3/min, (Ts)avg = 786.3°R, Bwo = 0.06, Ps = 28.94 in. Hg,
Md = 30.60 amu, To = 75°F + 460 = 535°R
-»- 0 = 6.61
3c. cc = 6.26, Qcai = 0.3512 ft3/rnin -+- a =335
3d. T0 = 535°R, Md = 30.60 amu, cc = 6.26, Qcal = 0.3512 ft3/min
-*- 0 = 0.587
4a. Pbar = 29.43 in. Hg
4b. APsy= 1.5 in. Hg -+- AH = 12.0 in. H2O, t = 15.1 sec
4c. APsy = 2.0 in. Hg AH = 12.2 in. H2O, t = 14.8 sec
2.5 in. Hg 12.5 in. H2O 14.5 sec
3.0 in. Hg 12.7 in. H2O 14.2 sec
3.5 in. Hg 12.9 in. H2O 13.9 sec
-------
APol-09 49
STACK VELOCITIES AND NOZZLE SELECTION
HP 25 APol-09A
Velocity Traverse - Inlet/Outlet (Circle One)
Plant:
Location:
Format
Time (Circle One) AM / PM
(Top)
POINT VELOCITIES
Port Number
Depth =
4'
o
Z
c 3
'8
a.
g 4
H
(Bottom)
(VJ
GTO 36
R/S
R/S
fps,
fps
mm
Ql=.
mm
CFM
CFM
INCHES
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
INCHES
.125 =
.1875 =
.250 =
.3125 -
.500 =
MM
3.18
4.76
6.35
7.94
9.5"
-------
50 APol-09
INTERMEDIATE VALUES
460
(STO 1)
28.95
28
32
BC02= _
44
1.00
18
28.95
Me -
Ms =
29.92
pbar = in. Hg ±APS = in. H2Q 13.6
-^Ps = in. Hg
2.9
CP =
0= ( 2.5)
(STO 2)
(over)
-------
APol-09 51
In et/Outlet (Circle One)
CASCADE IMPACTOR OPERATION
HP-25 APol-09B
For (APsy, AH, AH') Sets; Two Orifices
Plant:
Location:_
ID:
Qcal:
AHC =
Mc =
Co npute
1.0
B,
Md -
T =
L0
Orifice No. 1
CFM
°R
in. H2O
in. Hg
amu
CFM
°R
in. Hg
°F + 460 =
°R
Date
Time (Circle One) AM / PM
Orifice No. 2
ID:
Q'cal:
P'c =
M'c =
Compute a
cc=.
Qcal =.
a -
CFM
°R
in. H,O
in. Hg
amu
c'c =
Compute X
c'c =
Q'cal =
CFM
(STO 5)
(STO 0 & 1)
(STO 3)
pbar=.
Compute (APsy, AH, AH')
in. Hg a. =
X =
(STO 2)
(STO 0 & 1)
(STO 4)
APsySTO 3
APsy
(in. Hg)
No. 1
AH
(in. H2O)
No. 2
A'H
(in. H2O)
APSy
AH
AH'
APsy
AH
AH'
-------
52 APol-09
CASCADE IMPACTOR OPERATION
HP 25 APol-09C
For (APsy, AH, t) Sets; Orifice and Gas Meter
Inlet/Outlet (Circle One)
Plant:
Location:
Orifice
ID:
Qcal:
CFM
T =
lc .
AHC =
°R
in. H2O
in. Hg
amu
Compute a
cc ..
Qcal =.
•*- a =
CFM
(STO 1 & 4)
_Date:
Time (Circle One) AM / PM
Compute
Qi =
CFM
°R
1.0
R
D
WO
in. Hg
Md =
To =
°F + 460 =
13 =
Compute 0
TO-.
Md=.
(STO 5)
°R
amu
CFM
(STO 0)
Phar =
Compute (APsy, AH, AH')
in. Hg a - $ =
AP«, STO 3
(STO 2) (STO 1 & 4) (STO 0)
APsy
(in. Hg)
AH
(in. H2O)
t
(sec)
APsy
AH
t
APsy
AH
t
-------
IMPACTOR FLOW RATE GIVEN ORIFICE AH
The actual flow rate through an impactor, Qj, is given by:
APol-10 53
Qi =
Qcal
-APsy) AH
(1-B
wo'
(10-1)
where
Ts = stack temperature, °R
Bwo = volumetric fraction of water
Pbar = ambient pressure, in. Hg
APsy = ambient to system pressure differential at a point immediately upstream
of the orifice, in. Hg
AH = pressure drop across the orifice, in. H2O
To = orifice temperature, °R
cc = orifice calibration factor given by:
cc =
Tc AHC
(10-2)
where
; Tc and Pc),
where
Pc = calibration pressure, in. Hg
Tc = calibration temperature, °R
AHC= pressure drop across the orifice, in. Hg, (at temperature Tc
and pressure Pc) when the calibration flow rate Qc is measured
Mc = mean molecular weight of the calibration gas
Qcal ~ calibration flow rate for a pressure drop A Hc (at conditions
ft3/min, actual (i.e., ACFM)
Ps = stack pressure, in. Hg, given by:
PS = Pbar + APS/13.6
APS = pressure differential, ambient to stack, inches H2O
Pjjar = ambient pressure, inches Hg
= dry mean molecular weight of the flue gas as given by:
Md - 32 B0a +44 BCQ2
Bco)
where
BKT , BO BCO ' and BCO are the dry volumetric fractions for N2, O2,
£, £> i
CO2, and CO respectively.
-------
54 APol-10
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 03
21
41
61
24 02
71
14 02
24 04
61
24 01
61
01
24 05
41
71
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
RCL3
x^=y
-
X
RCL2
-r
f v/x~
RCL4
X
RCL1
X
1
RCL5
—
-r
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTO 00
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
R0 28.32
Qcal
R2
R4 VPS
R5
Jwo
STEP
1
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute Q|
a. Store variables
LINE
NO.
DATA
Qcal
B02
:\-}
"CO,
44
BN
IM2
BCO
28
KEYS
[ f | {PRGM]
mtm
L f I [PRGM]
acn
rsroinn
men
GH L"H
CDCZl
nnrn
mi — i
men
Gnm
DISPLAY
Md
-------
APol-10 55
STEP
4
5
6
INSTRUCTIONS
<°F)
(equation 10-2)
(°F)
(negative for negative duct pressure)
b. Compute Q|j ACFM
(in. H2O)
(in. Hg)
For a second set (AH, APsy)
using the same orifice, repeat
Step 3b above.
For a second set ( AH, APsy)
using a different orifice, store
the new QQ in register No. 1
then go to Step No. 3b above.
Convert CFM -» LPM
a. Store
b. Convert
LINE
NO.
01
DATA
TO
460
cc
Ts
460
Pbar
APS
13.6
Bwo
AH
%
28.32
CFM
KEYS
rnt I
mm
GGI i
ii^rrn
rni i
mi i
IjToiCZ"!
rni i
mm
mi i
rTFoirrn
LSTO] [_5 J
CUCZI
mi i
1 R/S 1 1 1
cum
en cm
i ii i
mm
(Zulu]
mm
CD cm
mm
r^oir°n
| RCL| [ o j
1." H |
DISPLAY
Md'To'cc
PS
Ts/ps
QI
LPM
-------
56 APol-10
Example:
Qcal = 0.420 CFM
BQ = 0.06
32
BC02 = 0-13
44
BNi = 0.78
BCO = 0-03
28
-*- Md = 30.32 amu
T0 = 45°F
460
cc = 6.260 (for Pc = 29.50 in. Hg, Tc = 535°R
AHC = 10 in. H2O, Mc = 28.97)
Ts = 380°F
460
Pbar = 28.04 in. Hg
A Ps = -6.0 in H2O
13.6
Bwo = 0.12
AH = 6.0 in. H2O
APsy = 2.0 in. Hg
-*~ Qj = 0.586 ACFM (stack conditions)
( = 16.6 ALPM, stack conditions)
AH = 6.5 in. H2O
APsy = 4.0 in. Hg
-«- QI = 0.587 ACFM (stack conditions)
( = 16.6 ALPM, stack conditions)
Qc.,l = 0.0494 CFM
AH= 1.4 in. II2O
APsy = 2.0 in. Hg
-*- Ql = 0.0333 ACFM (stack conditions)
( = 0.944 ALPM, stack conditions)
-------
APol-11 57
IMPACTOR FLOW RATE GIVEN GAS VELOCITY AND NOZZLE DIAMETER
For isokinetic sampling, when- the average flue gas velocity (or point velocity if a single point
sample is taken) over a traverse path is known, the actual flow rate through an impactor (Qj)
corresponding to a given choice of nozzle diameter, DN, is given by:
Q! = 5.072 x 10-4(Vs)avg(DN)2 (1M)
where
Q! = actual flow rate through the impactor, ft3/min (i.e., ACFM)
(Vs)avg = average flue gas velocity, feet per second
= nozzle diameter, millimeters
For QI in cm3/sec:
Q! = 0.2394 (Vs)avg(DN)2 (11-2)
For QI in liters per minute (LPM):
Qj = 0.01436 (Vs)avg(DN)2 (11-3)
(All QI are for actual temperature and pressure)
Note: • 1/4 inch = 6.35 mm
• 3/8 inch = 9.53 mm
• 1/2 inch = 12.7 mm
• 1.00 inch= 25.4 mm
• 1.00 mm = 0.0394 inch
-------
58 APol-11
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 01
24 02
61
24 02
61
23 03
05
00
07
02
33
32
07
61
74
24 03
73
02
03
09
04
61
74
24 03
KEY
ENTRY
RCL 1
RCL2
X
RCL 2
X
ST03
5
0
7
2
EEX
CHS
7
X
R/S
RCL 3
•
2
3
9
4
X
R/S
RCL 3
Example:
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
73
00
01
04
03
06
61
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
•
0
1
4
3
6
X
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
R1 aVg
DN
KEYS
| f | | PRGM]
mi i
[ f r| [PRGM|
Csrourn
fsr5irn
1 R/s | | |
IR/S 1 1 i
[R/S"|| 1
DISPLAY
Ql
QI
Qi
(vs)avg = 60 ft/sec
= 2 mm
Q! =0.1217 ACFM
Q] = 57.46 cm3/sec, actual
Q = 3.446 ALPM
-------
APol-12 59
IMPACTOR SAMPLING TIME TO COLLECT 50 MILLIGRAMS
The approximate time (tg) required to collect 50 mg of sample for a mass loading in units of
grains per actual cubic feet is given by:
0.77162
where
(12-1)
% = collection time, minutes
Ql = actual impactor flow rate, ACFM
G = mass loading, gr/ACF
If the mass loading is given in units of milligrams per actual cubic meter, the approximate time
is given by:
' = 1765-7
8 (Ql) (G')
where
Ql = actual impactor flow rate, ACFM
G' = mass loading, mg/ACM
Note: • 1.001b= 7,000 grains
• 1.001b= 453.6 grams
(12-2)
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 03
24 01
71
24 02
71
15 74
06
00
71
14 11 04
14 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
RCL3
RCL 1
-T-
RCL2
-T-
gNOP
6
0
•f
f FIX 4
f-» H.MS
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
R-| G or G'
R2 Q,
R4
* Optional R/S
** 0.77162 or 1765.7
-------
60 APol-12
STEP
1
2
3
4
5
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute t given the grain loading
y
a. Store variables
(grains/ACF)
(ACFM)
b. Compute t
(Note: Output is in the format
HH.MMSS; i.e., hours, minutes,
seconds. Insert optional R/S
for output in decimal minutes.)
Compute t' , given the mg loading
y
a. Store variables
(mg/ACM)
(ACFM)
b. Compute t'
(Note: Same output format as 3b.)
Convert Ibs -*• grains
a. Store
b. RCL
LINE
NO.
01
01
DATA
G
Ql
0.77162
G'
Ql
1765.7
7,000
Ibs
KEYS
| f ] | PRGM]
mi i
[ f [ [PRGMJ
CD ED
cua
n^oim
n^nm
fsfoim
IR/S | 1 1
cua
i 11 i
(ZULU!
(ZULU]
CDEH
cnim
fsTQ~in~ i
isroi rrn
Fan rrn
ED cn
i ii i
i it i
[iT5iro~~i
IjRCLJ Cp |
nni i
DISPLAY
^
R/S
grains
-------
APol-12 61
Example:
For mass loading in units of gr/ACF:
G = 2 gr/ACF
Q! = 0.03 ACFM
0.77162
G = 0.006 gr/ACF
Q! = 0.50 ACFM
0.77162
tg= 0.1252
(i.e., 12 min, 52 sec)
(w/opt. R/S: 12.86 minutes)
tg = 4.1712
(i.e., 4 hours, 17 min, 12 sec)
(w/opt. R/S: 257.2 min)
Foi mass loading in units of mg/ACM:
G'= 13 mg/ACM
Q! = 0.5 ACFM
1765.7
t'g 4.3139
(i.e., 4 hours, 31 min, 39 sec)
(w/opt. R/S: 271.6 min)
-------
62 APol-13
IMPACTOR FLOW RATE, SAMPLE VOLUME, MASS LOADING
The average flow rate through the gas meter (Qm), at meter conditions is given by:
Qm = vm/t
where
Qm = average flow rate through the gas meter, meter conditions, ft3/min, (i.e., ACFM)
Vm = measured volume, ft3
t = run time, minutes
The average actual flow rate through the impactor, (Qi)avg> stack conditions, is given by:
™ n
(Ql)avg - Qm
[ Ts 1
|_Tm U-BWO)J
where
(Qj)avg = average actual flow rate through the impactor, as determined by the
gas meter measurement, stack conditions, ft3/min
Pbar = ambient pressure, absolute, in. Hg
Ps = stack pressure, absolute given by Ps = Pbar + APS/13.6
where APS is the stack to ambient pressure differential, in. H2O
Ts = temperature of the stack gas, absolute, °R
Tm = temperature of the metered gas, °R
Bwo = volumetric fraction of water, dimensionless
APm = meter to ambient pressure differential, in. Hg, at the inlet to the gas meter
given by:
APm - APsy + (AH/13.6)
wh3re
APSy = ambient to system pressure differential at a point immediately upstream
of the orifice, inches Hg
AH - pressure drop across the orifice, inches II2O
(Nc te: The above equation for APm is for an equipment set-up such that the gas meter is
immediately downstream from the orifice.)
-------
APol-13 63
Correspondingly, the actual volume, (Vi)avg through the impactor (sample volume) at stack
conditions is given by:
(vl)avg = (Ql)avg * t (B_2)
where
(vl)avg = average actual volume through the impactor, stack conditions, ft3
t = run time, minutes
(QOavg is defined by equation (13-1).
This impactor sample volume corrected to normal conditions (68°F, 29.92 in. Hg) is given by:
where
VN = (Vr)avg corrected to normal conditions, dry, ft3
(Vi)avg, Ps, Ts, and Bwo are as defined above.
Thus the Mass Loading (G^), normal conditions, is given by:
GN = (0.01543) Ms/vN
where
= mass loading, normal conditions, dry, grains/ft3 (i.e., gr/DNCF)
Ms = mass collected on a given stage when stage loadings are desired ; or Ms is
the total mass collected for all stages (plus backup filter) when the total
mass loading is desired, grains
Vj\j is as defined above.
This same mass loading expressed in terms of stack conditions (wet) is given by:
GA = (0.01543) Ms/(VT)avg (13-5)
where
GA = mass loading, stack conditions, wet, grains/actual ft3 (i.e., gr/ACF)
(Vj)avg and Ms are as defined above.
-------
64 APol-13
Note: 1 gr/ft3 = 2.288 gm/m3
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
1
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 04
71
74
71
51
24 01
21
41
61
24 03
71
24 02
71
74
24 04
61
23 07
74
61
24 02
61
23 06
74
23 00
KEY
ENTRY
RCL4
-r
R/S
-r
+
RCL1
x^y
-
X
RCL3
-r
RCL2
-r
R/S
RCL4
X
STO7
R/S
X
RCL2
X
STO6
R/S
STOO
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
24 06
71
24 05
61
74
24 00
24 05
61
24 07
71
74
13 24
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
RCL6
-r
RCL5
X
R/S
RCLO
RCL5
X
RCL7
-r
R/S
GTO24
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
R0 Ms
pbar
R2
'm
R4
R5 0.01543
V
-------
APol-13 65
STEP
1
2
3
4
5
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program sttps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute Q's and V's
a. Store variables
(Negative for negative duct)
<°F)
<°F)
b. Compute Qm
c. Compute (Q|)avg
d. Compute (V|)gvg
e. Compute V^
Compute GN & GA
a. Store
b. Compute GN
<:. (,'lilllpllll) (t]\
d. 1 or now Si aye wavg
(V|)avg
VN
r'N
(;A
gm/m3
-------
66 APol-13
Example:
pbar = 30.00 in Hg
APS - -13.6 in H2O
13.6
Ts = 300°F
460
1
BWO = 0.05
Tm = 70°F
460
t = 20 min
Vm = 10 ft3
Ps= 29.00 in Hg
Qm = 0.50 ACFM (meter conditions)
APsy = 1.6 in. Hg
AH = 5.4 in H2O
13.6
17.71
0.01543
•(Ql)avg = °-73 ACFM (stack conditions)
(Yi)avg = 14.58 ACF (stack conditions)
= 9.36 DNCF (normal conditions)
For Stage One: Mj = 25 mg
For Total Stage weight:
Stage One Mass Loadings are:
GN - 0.041 gr/DNCF (= 0.094 gm/DNCM)
GA - 0.026 gr/ACF (= 0.061 gm/ACM)
= 100 mg
Total Mass Loading is:
= 0.16 gr/DNCF (= 0.38 gm/DNCM)
GA =0.11 gr/ACF (= 0.24 gm/ACM)
-------
APol-14 67
IMPACTOR STAGE Dso
For a given geometry, the impactor stage D50 outpoints are determined by the conditions at which
the impactor is run. The stage D5 0 's can be calculated by an iterative solution of the following
two equations (14-1) and (14-2):
#S:D50 = Ks J S
i ^
p.)c. ,
pp f^j LJ_I (14-1)
where
#S:D50i = the ith iteration for the Dso for Stage #S, cm
Ks = the stage constant, a function of geometry, (see also Tables (14-1)
through (14-5) and equations (14-5)and (14-6))
Ps = local absolute pressure downstream of the stage jet, inches Hg
Q = impactor flow rate, cm3 /sec
PA = absolute pressure at impactor inlet, inches Hg
Pp = particle density, gm/cm3
At = gas viscosity, gm/cm-sec given by:*
H = (174.4 + 0.406 T) x lO"6
where
T = gas temperature, °C
Cj_ i = slip correction factor, i— 1 iteration
An initial guess, Co, is used for D50 jj subsequent Cj, using Dso., are given by:
where
Dso. = #S:DS0. given by equation (14-1) using the previously calculated value
for Cj_ i (for i ¥= 1 and C0 for i = 1)
L = mean free path of the gas, cm, given by:*
L = 1.04 ^--J1 +Q-00367T (14-3)
"s
where
//, Ps, and T are the same as in equation (14-1) and T has units ot C .
* For Standard Air only, 0° to 410T; maximum error, 2%.
-------
68 APol-14
An initial value, Co, is chosen for use in equation (14-1) for i =1, then subsequent calculations for
DSOJ use GJ_I. A closeness criterion is used to determine when D5Qj has adequately approached
the D50. This criterion is satisfied when:
1 -
Ci-1
< 0.001
(14-4)
The impactor stage constant Ks is a function of geometry. For round holes, KSRQ is given by:
SRO =
(14-5)
where
= square root of the Stokes number at 50% collection efficiency (theoretical,
or from calibration data), for stage s, dimensionless1
Xs = number of jets per stage
Ds = jet diameter, cm
The impactor stage constant for rectangular slits is given by:
SRT
(18 w2L)
(14-6),
where
w
L
square root of the Stokes number at 50% collection efficiency (theoretical,
or from calibration data) for stage s, dimensionless
width of slit
total length of slit or slits on stage s
N(»te: • fables 14-1 through 14-5 give tabulated typical stage constants, Ks, for five commercially
available cascade impactors. These values were obtained by using equation (14-5), or
(14-6) and the calibratiorrvahies of ^/^To , '«<' each stage. When a different geometry
'$0 should be recalibrated for the new geometry.
is used the value for
1.00
= 10
"4
cm
Aerodynamic diameter stage cut point as defined by the Task Group on Lung Dynamics2
is calculated by setting the particle density in equation 14-1 equal to unity.
Impaction aerodynamic diameter stage cut points as defined by Mercer and Stafford3 are
calculated by setting the slip correction factor and particle density both equal to unity in
equation 14-1. Calculation of these diameters cannot be made using this program
(APol-14).
-------
APol-14 69
Reference: 1. Gushing, K. M., G. E. Lacey, J. D. McCain, and W. B. Smith. Particle Sizing
Techniques for Control Device Evaluation. Environmental Protection Agency.
Southern Research Institute. Washington, D. C. Environmental Protection Tech.
Series No. EPA-600/2-76-280. 1976. p. 94.
2. Task Group on Lung Dynamics, "Deposition and Retention Models for Internal
Dosemetry of the Human Respiratory Tract", Health Physics, Vol. 12. 1966.
pp. 173-203.
3. Mercer, T.T., Stafford, R.G. "Impaction from Round Jets". Ann. Occupational
Hygiene. Vol. 12. 1969. pp. 41-48.
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
01
51
14 02
21
71
61
24 07
61
23 01
24 03
24 05
24 02
61
14 02
71
23 06
24 01
71
24 04
61
15 07
73
04
01
KEY
ENTRY
1
+
f yT
x^y
-r
X
RCL7
X
STO1
RCL3
RCL5
RCL2
X
1^/x
—•
STO6
RCL1
-r
RCL4
X
ge*
•
4
1
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
61
24 00
51
02
61
24 01
61
24 06
71
01
51
24 02
21
23 02
71
01
41
15 03
73
00
00
01
14 41
13 10
24 06
KEY
ENTRY
X
RCLO
+
2
X
RCL1
X
RCL6
•f"
1
+
RCL2
x=^y
STO2
-j-
1
-
gABS
•
0
0
1
fx< Y
GTO10
RCL6
REGISTERS
RO
1.23
R-j L
R2
Cj
Q -_ V /i >D
3 **sv^ $
R4
-.44
R5 (Q-PP-PA>
Re
D50j
R? n
-------
70 APol-14
Using Standard Air as the carrier gas: (n and L are automatically calculated)
STEP
INSTRUCTIONS
LINE
NO.
DATA
KEYS
DISPLAY
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute #i:DB
a. Store variables
1.23
1.50
-0.44
i i
174.4
i i
0.406
i i
EEX CHS
b. Compute #1:50
i i
i i
(Do i = 1 -»• N)
1.04
r~i
Note: Step 3a need only be done
for i = 1
0.00367
ni i
i i
(cm)
R/S 1 1 1
-------
APol-14 71
Example No. 1: Using Standard Air as the carrier gas;
O and L are automatically calculated)
Store:
1.23
1.50
- 0.44
Q = 236 cm3 /sec
PA= 30.00 in Hg
Pp = 1.35 gm/cm3
174.4
0.406
T = 22°C
io-6
For Stage 1 :
K, = 1.208
P! = 30.00 in. Hg
RCL7
1.04
P! = 30.00 in Hg
0.00367
T = 22°C
-*- #1:DSO = 9.08 x ID'4 cm
= 9.08
For Stage 2:
K2= 1.074
P2 = 30.00 in Hg
RCL7
1.04
P, = 30.00 in. Hg
#2:D50 = 8.07 x IO"4 cm
= 8.07
-------
72 APol-14
For Stage 8:
K8 = 0.0544
P8 = 28.50 in. Hg
RCL7
1.04
P8 = 28.50 in. Hg
0.00367
T - 22°C
-*- #8:D50 = 3.23 x 10'5 cm
= 0.323 urn
Using carrier gases other than Standard Air: (/u and L are entered manually)
STEP
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute #i:Dr;
a. Store variables
b. Compute #i:D5
(Do i = 1 -»• N)
Note: Step 3a need only be done
for i = 1
jUm
LINE
NO.
DATA
1.23
1.50
-0.44
Q
KEYS
LZH
LZH
JGTQl | |
DISPLAY
-------
APol-14 73
Example No. 2: Using carrier gases other than Standard Air:
(M and L are entered manually)
1.23
1.50
-0.44
Q = 236 cm3 /sec
PA = 30 in. Hg
pp = 1.35 gm/cm3
ju = 9.15 x ID'5 gm/sec-cm
L = 3.40 x 10-6 cm
For Stage 1 :
K!= 1-208
P! = 30.00 in Hg
RCL7
— - #1:D50 = 6-43x 10 cm
= 6.43 Mm
For Stage 2:
K2= 1.074
P2 = 30.00 in Hg
PPT 7
— #2;DSO = 5.71 x 10-4 cm
= 5.71
For Stage 8:
K8 = 0.0544
P8 = 28.50 in. Hg
7
#8:DSO * 2.45 x 10"5 cm
- 0.245
-------
74 APol-14
Andersen Mark III Stack Sampler
Andersen 2000, Inc.
Atlanta, Georgia 30320
stage No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
No. of
Jets
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
156
Jet
Diameter
(cm)
.1638
.1253
.0948
.0759
.0567
.0359
.0261
.0251
^
.311
.431
.411
.391
.330
.370
.330
.280
Ks
1.26
1.165
0.731
0.498
0.272
0.154
0.0850
0.0523
Table 14-1
Modified Brink Model BMS-11 Cascade Impactor
Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc.
St. Louis, Missouri 63166
Stage No.
0
1
T
^
3
4
5
6
No. of
Jets
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Jet
Diameter
(cm)
.360
M-l
.1 /f>
.138
.093
.073
.057
Glass Fiber
.30
( >
.11
.29
.38
.41
.27
Ks
Glass Fiber
?-14
I -I'.
'.0750
.0559
.0405
.0304
.0138
Grease
12
'•'.
.38
.34
.26
.33
.27
Grease
:<,n
i '.•>
.106
.0655
.0277
.0245
.0138
Table 14-2
-------
APol-14 75
University of Washington Source Test Cascade Impactor
Pollution Control Systems, Inc.
Renton, Washington 98055
Stage No. No. of Jets
Jet Diameter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
6
12
90
110
110
90
1.824
.577
.250
.0808
.0524
.0333
.0245
Table 14-3
MRI Model 1 502 Inertial Cascade Impactor
Meterology Research, Inc.
Altadena, California 91001
Stage No.
1
2
3
4
5
(>
7
Jet
No. of Jets
8
12
24
24
24
24
12
Diameter
(cm)
.870
.476
.205
.118
.084
.052
.052
.12
.31
.29
.21
.37
.35
.30
.11
.25
.35
.34
.29
.35
.40
1.11
1.25
0.472
0.172
0.175
0.0839
0.0410
0.949
1.07
0.598
0.254
0.130
0.0764
0.0618
Table 14-4
-------
76 APol-14
Sierra Model 226 Source Sampler
Sierra Instruments, Inc.
Carmel Valley, California 93924
Jet Slit Jet Slit
*e No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Width
(cm)
.359
.199
.115
.063
.036
.029
Length
(cm)
5.156
5.152
3.882
3.844
3.869
2.301
V^
.33
.42
.65
.49
.42
.43
KS
1.14
0.805
0.625
0.257
0.126
0.0803
Table 14-5
-------
APol-15 77
CALCULATION - ROUND JETS
The square root of the Stokes number, Y/^, for an impactor stage is a function of geometry and
particle size. For a round hole geometry, this number is given by:
7.07 x 10-2 (Q Pp PA) Q
—
where
A/lTj = square root of the Stokes number for this stage for a particle having
diameter Dp., dimensionless
Dp. = particle diameter (note: spherical particles are assumed), cm
Ps = local absolute pressure downstream of the stage jet, inches Hg
Q = impactor flow rate, cm3/sec
PA = absolute pressure at impactor inlet, inches Hg
Pp = particle density, gm/cm3
Dc = jet diameter, cm
X = number of jets for this stage
7.07 x 10'2 = 4/1 Sir, a constant
n = gas viscosity, gm/sec-cm, given by:*
M = (174.4 + 0.406 T) x 10~6
where
T = gas temperature, °C
C- = slip correction factor for this particle diameter is given by:
9T °I
^ 1.23 +0.41 EXP (-.44 —;
= 1
where
Dp. = particle diameter, cm
L = mean free path of the gas, cm, given by:*
(15-2)
L = 1.04 f- V 1 + 0.00367T 3)
where
H, Ps, and T are the same as in equation (15-1) and T has units of °C.
* For Standard Air only, 0° to 410°C; maximum error, 2%.
-------
78 APol-15
Reference: • Ranz, W. E., and J. B. Wong, "Impaction of Dust and Smoke Particles."
Ind. Eng. Chem., 44:1371-1381, June 1952.
• Gushing, K. M., G. E. Lacey, J. D. McCain, and W. B. Smith. Particulate
Sizing Techniques for Control Device Evaluation. Environmental Protection
Agency. Southern Research Institute. Washington, D. C. Environmental
Protection Tech. Series No. EPA-600/2-76-280. 1976. 94p.
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
61
01
51
14 02
24 06
61
24 02
71
01
73
00
04
61
23 04
24 01
71
31
15 22
73
04
04
61
32
15 07
KEY
ENTRY
X
1
+
f /~v"
RCL6
X
RCL2
-r
1
•
0
4
X
STO4
RCL1
•f
t
gl/x
•
4
4
X
CHS
g ex
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
73
08
02
61
02
73
04
06
51
61
01
51
24 05
61
24 00
61
24 06
71
24 02
71
24 03
71
14 02
24 01
61
KEY
ENTRY
••
8
2
X
2
•
4
6
+
X
1
+
RCL5
X
RCLO
X
RCL6
^
RCL2
-r
RCL3
-r
f A/X"
RCL1
X
REGISTERS
RQ 0.0707
'Pj
R2 ps
R3
-------
APol-15 79
Using Standard Air as the carrier gas: (M and L are automatically calculated)
STEP
1
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute -y/^j
a. Store variables
(in. Hg)
<°C)
(in. Hg)
b. Compute V*j
(Mm)
(Do j = 1, N for N different
particle diameters)
LINE
NO.
01
DATA
ps
DC
3
X
174.4
0.406
T
Q
PA
Pp
0.0707
°P)
0.00367
KEYS
Q f I IPRGM]
CDEH
f f J [PRGM]
ED ED
CZDED
[STO I C~2~l
mi i
mfvn
nni i
[srqirn
nnr~i
mi i
iiToirri
nnnn
[EEX | [CHS j
fsnnn
rSTO] f 6 "1
mi i
nni i
mi i
fsroinn
ISTO] foH
i ii l
IEEX] ICHS]
1 4 II |
ISTO J 1 i J
IRCLJI? 1
R/S 1 1 1
DISPLAY
V^T
-------
80 APol-15
Example No. 1: Using Standard Air as the carrier gas:
0 and L are automatically calculated)
Ps = 29.00 in. Hg.
Dc = 0.0353 cm
3
X = 264 holes
174.4
0.406
T = 20°C
io-6
Q= 236 cc/sec
PA = 30.00 in. Hg
Pp = 1.35 gm/cc
0.0707
Dpi = 1 urn
x ID'4
0.00367
RCL7
—*" v/^7 = 0.358, dimensionless
Dp2 = 5 urn
x IO-4
0.00367
RCL7
= 1 -69, dimensionless
-------
APol-15 81
Using carrier gases other than Standard Air: (M and L are entered manually)
STEP
1
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute y^j
a. Store variables
(in. Hg)
(in. Hg)
b. Compute \/&\
Urn
(Do j = 1, N for N different
particle diameters)
LINE
NO.
15
DATA
ps
DC
3
X
It
L
Q
PA
PP
0.0707
DPJ
KEYS
L f j [PRGM]
GDCD
[ f~| [PRGM]
(ZULU!
cm CD
[sjoj
rr~i
rn
CD
mr^n
m
CD
F5"irr"i
ISTO |
LsyqJ
rn
nn
f6~l
cm
LZH
cm
rrirn
rsroim
[STOj
cm
1 II 1
[jEEXj
[ 4 1
[STOj
IGTO j
I 1 I
|RCL|
IR/S
[CHSj
cm
r 1 i
cm
1 5 1
UiJ
-J
DISPLAY
V^"
-------
82 APol-15
Example No. 2: Using carrier gases other than Standard Air:
(p. and L are entered manually)
Ps = 29.0 in. Hg
Dc = 0.0353 cm
3
X = 264 holes
ju = 9.15 x 10~5 gm/sec-cm
L= 3.40 x 10-6 cm
Q = 236 cm3/sec
PA = 30.00 in. Hg
pp = 1.35 gm/cm3
0.0707
Dpi = 1 urn
x ID'4
= 0.487, dimensionless
Dp2= 4 Mm
x 10-4
= 1.89, dimensionless
-------
APol-16 83
CALCULATION - RECTANGULAR SLOTS
The square root of the Stokes number, v/*", for an impactor stage is a function of geometry
and particle size. For a rectangular slot geometry, this number is given by:
, n /Q.Q556 (Q Py PA)
where
\/*j = square root of the Stokes number for this stage for a particle with
diameter Dp., dimensionless
Dp. = particle diameter (note: spherical particles are assumed), cm
Ps = local absolute pressure downstream of the stage jet, inches Hg
Q = impactor flow rate, cm3/sec
Pp = particle density, gm/cm3
PA ~ absolute pressure at impactor inlet, inches Hg
w = width of the slot, cm
£ = total slot length, cm
0.0556 = 1/18, a constant
ju = gas viscosity, gm/cm-sec, given by:*
d = (174.4 + 0.406 T) x 10~6
where
T = gas temperature, °C
Ci = slip correction factor for this particle diameter as given by:
Cj - 1 + g^k L23 + 0.41 EXP (-.44 -f-) (16.2)
Pj L -I
whire
Dp. = particle diameter, cm
L = mean free path of the gas, cm, given by:'
L = 1.04 -£ V 1 + 0.00367 1 (16-3)
"s
wl ere
pi, Ps, and T are the same as in equation (16-1), and T has units of °C
* -or Standard Air only, 0° to 410°C; maximum error, 2%.
-------
84 APol-16
Reference: • Ranz, W. E. and J. B. Wong. "Impaction of Dust and Smoke Particles," Ind. Eng.
Chem.. 44:1371-1381. June 1952.
• Gushing, K. M., G. E. Lacey, J. D. McCain, and W. B. Smith. Particulate Sizing
Techniques for Control Device Evaluation. Environmental Protection Agency.
Southern Research Institute. Washington, D. C. Environmental Protection Tech.
Series No. EPA-600/2-76-280. 1976. 94 p.
DISPLAY
LINE
00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
61
01
51
14 02
24 06
61
24 02
71
01
73
00
04
61
23 04
24 01
71
31
15 22
73
04
04
61
32
15 07
KEY
ENTRY
X
1
+
f 1y/"x~
RCL 6
X
RCL 2
-r
1
•
0
4
X
STO4
RCL 1
-7-
t
gl/x
•
4
4
X
CHS
g ex
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
f 37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
73
08
02
61
02
73
04
06
51
61
01
51
24 05
61
24 00
61
24 06
71
24 02
71
24 03
71
14 02
24 01
61
KEY
ENTRY
.
8
2
X
2
°
4
6
+
X
1
+
RCL 5
X
RCLO
X
RCL 6
-r
RCL2
-7-
RCL3
f>/x"
RCL 1
X
REGISTERS
RO
0.0556
Rl DPj
R2
PS
R3 (w2£)
R4
RB
L
(Q-Pp-PA)
Re v-
R?
T
-------
APol-16 85
Using carrier gases other than Standard Air: (M and L are entered manually)
STEP
1
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute \/^j
a. Store variables
(in. Hg)
<°C>
(in. Hg)
b. Compute v^Pf
(jUm)
(Do j = 1 -* IM for N different
particle diameters)
LINE
NO.
01
DATA
PS
w
c
174.4
0.406
T
Q
PA
PP
0.0556
DPj
0.00367
KEYS
[ f I [PRGM]
ran
r f I [PRGM]
emeu
CDCZ]
Uroirn
rnnn
mr~~i
rs?cnm
mi i
mi i
riroinn
nnnn
LEEX] [CHS |
mm
ISTO] [ 6 1
mi i
mi i
nni i
fsroi m
CDdl
rEE?T| [CHS]
1 4 || |
[STOj LlJ
[RCI.J | 7 |
i R/S 1 | I
DISPLAY
M
mmfmmmmm^t^
v^T
-------
86 APol-16
Example No. 1: Using Standard Air as the carrier gas:
GU and L are automatically calculated)
Ps = 29.0 in. Hg
w = 0.036 cm
£ = 3.912 cm
174.4
0.406
T = 20°C
io-6
Q = 236 cm3 /sec
PA - 30.00 in. Hg
pp = 1.35 gm/cm3
0.0556
Dn - 1 Mm
Pi
x lO'4
0.00367
RCL7
-*- \/*~i = 0.481, dimensionless
x 10'4
0.00367
RCL 7
= 2.26, dimensionless
-------
APol-16 87
Using carrier gases other than Standard Air: (^t and L are entered manually)
STEP
INSTRUCTIONS
LINE
NO.
DATA
KEYS
DISPLAY
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
f IPRGMJ
Compute
cutui
a. Store variables
I I
i i
i i
(in. Hg)
PA
i \
b. Compute
i n
(/Im)
i i
[GTC-1 [ 1
(Do j = 1, N for N different
particle diameters)
15
-------
88 APol-16
Example No. 2: Using carrier gases other than Standard Air:
(ju and L are entered manually)
Ps = 29.0 in. Hg
w = 0.036 cm
fi= 3.912 cm
H = 9.15 x 10'5 gm/sec-cm
L = 3.40 x 10'6 cm
Q = 236 cm3/sec
PA = 30.00 in. Hg
Pp = 1.35 gm/cm3
Dp = 1 jum
x 10-4
^Ifj = 0.654, dimensionless
Dp2 = 4
x lO'4
'^2 = 2.54, dimensionless
-------
APol-17 89
CUMULATIVE CONCENTRATION vs. D™
AND
AM/AlogD vs. GEOMETRIC MEAN DIAMETER
The cumulative concentration for stage index number i (q cum) is defined to be the sum of the
concentrations for all stages having a D5 „ smaller than the'Ds „ for stage index number i. Thus
for an impactor having a cyclone, six stages, and a backup filter (where the stage index numbers
are assigned such that the D5 0 's are decreasing for increasing index numbers, i.e., Dj+1< Dj) the
cu nulative concentration for stage index number five (c5;Cum) is the sum of the concentrations
for stage index numbers eight, seven, and six (i.e., cs + c,'+ c6). This is expressed by the following:
cj,cum
where
N
i = j-i (17-1)
cj,cum = cumulative concentration of all particles having diameter smaller than the
Ds o for stage index number j
Cj = mass concentration (mass per unit volume) for stage index number i
N = total number of stage index numbers where stage number N has the
smallest Ds 0
A cumulative concentration curve plots cumulative concentration against the D5 0 for the index
number (i.e., Cj)Cum vs. Dp.
The differential of a cumulative mass curve is given by:
c;
(AM/AlogD)j =
where
(AM/AlogD)j = differential of the cumulative mass curve for the size band (Dj_ls Dj)
DJ = Ds o for stage index number i
Dj-i = DSO for stage index number i- 1 (Dj_!>Dj)
Cj = mass concentration for stage index number i, given by:
cj = mi/VT (17-3)
where
m = stage weight for stage index number i
= total volume of gas sampled through the impactor, as given in APol- 13
Choice of units for Vj (i.e., stack conditions, wet; engineering standard conditions, dry; etc.)
and mj (i.e., mg, grams, grains, etc.) determine the units for (AM/AlogD); and cj aim (i.e., MIR/ ACM,
mg/DSCM, etc.).
-------
90 APol-17
The geometric mean diameter, GMDj, is given by:
i = \DixDi-i
A AM/AlogD curve plots (AM/AlogD)j against GMDj.
(17-4)
NOTE: • Choice of units for Vf and nij determine the units of (AM/AlogD)j and q cum
• By convention, a minimum diameter for the filter catch is usually assigned a
value of one half that of the Ds 0 for the last stage of the impactor.
• For i = 1, DJ.J is taken to be the maximum particle diameter as determined by
microscopic examination of the particles collected on the first stage (or cyclone
when used).
• 1.00 Ib = 7,000 grains
• 1.00 gm = 2.505 x 10'3 Ibs
• 1.00 m3 = 103 liters = 35.31 ft3
• 1.00 mg/m3 = 4.371 x 10'2 gr/ft3 = 6.242 x 10'8 lb/ft3
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
23 06
22
23 05
24 02
74
24 03
74
24 07
74
24 03
24 05
61
14 02
74
24 04
24 02
71
23 51 07
24 05
14 08
24 03
14 08
41
71
KEY
ENTRY
STO6
FU
STO5
RCL2
R/S
RCL3
R/S
RCL7
R/S
RCL3
RCL5
x
f \/x~
R/S
RCL4
RCL 1
-r
STO + 7
RCL 5
flog
RCL 3
flog
—
-7-
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
01
23 41 02
24 05
23 03
34
24 06
23 04
22
22
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
1
STO-2
RCL 5
STO3
CLX
RCL 6
STO4
R|
IU
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTO 00
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
R-l VT
R2
i
RS Di
R4
RB
rrij
DM
R6 mj-1
R?
cum
-------
APol-17 91
STEP
1
2
3
4
5
6
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute values for Stage
Index No. i
a. Store variables
(ft3)
(Mm)
(mg)
b. Compute for Stage Index No. i
(Mm)
(mg)
(Mm)
(mg/m3)
(Mm)
(mg/m3)
Do i = N ->• 1, decreasing
Convert mg/m3 -* gr/ft3
Convert mg/m3 -*• Ib/ft3
Convert ft3 ->• m3
LINE
NO.
. 01
06
08
10
15
DATA
VT
.0283
N
DN
mN
0.00
DM
•"M
mg/m3
0.4371
mg/m3
6.242x10-
ft3
0.0283
KEYS
GD
IPRGM]
mr~i
rn
[PRGM]
CD CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
nni i
CD CD
ISTO
CD
CE3CD
Uroirri
n^nm
JSTO
1 ' !
CD CD
rr~
TR/S
CD
CD
r^ni i
fR/sir~i
[R/S
IR/S
ICD
CD
CD CD
I t 11 i
| X
1CD
mi i
1 x 11 |
1 1 M i
Ix 11 1
DISPLAY
i
D|
°i,cum
GMDj
(AM/AlogD);
mmm^emmm^
gr/ft3
Ib/ft3
m"
-------
92 APol-17
EXAMPLE:
For a six stage impactor, with cyclone, D50's and stage weights are as follow:
STAGE
ID
Cyclone
SO
SI
S2
S3
S4
S5
Filter
* maximum particle diameter
** by convention; D50 = Vi D7
INDEX
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
D50
(Aim)
55*
9.00
6.60
3.73
2.20
1.52
0.79
0.55
0.28**
STAGE WEIGHT
(mg)
1.13
0.63
0.21
0.20
0.49
3.38
2.04
0.45
= 0.40 ft3, dry, standard conditions
Store variables:
VT = 0.40 DSCF (from equation (13-2))
0.0283
N = 8
D8 = 0.28 jum
m8 = 0.45 mg
0.000
For Stage Index No. 8 (i.e., Filter):
D7 = 0.55 jum
m7 = 2.04 mg
-»- i = 8
D8= 0.28 jum
C8,cum= °-°° rng/DSCM
GMD8 = 0.39 jum
(AM/AlogD)H = 1.36 x IO2 ing/USCM
-------
APol-17 93
For Stage Index No. 7:
D6 = 0.79 urn
m6 = 3.38 mg
-*- J = 7
D7 = 0.55 jum
C7, cum = 3.98 x 10' mg/DSCM
GMD7 = 0.66 /um
(AM/AlogD)7 = 1.15 x 103 mg/DSCM
For Stage Index No. 1:
Dc = 55
m, = 55***
-*- i= 1
D,~ 9.00
ci,cum~ 6-54 x 1Q2 mg/DSCM
GMD, = 22.25 /mm
(AM/AlogD), = 1.27 x 102 mg/DSCM
For Stage Index No. 0:
D0 = 0.00
m0 = 0.00
i = 0
Do = 55 jum
co> cum= 7.53 x 102
Unit Conversions:
5.50 mg/DSCM = 2.40 gr/DSCF
( = 3.43 x 10-4 Ib/DSCF)
0.40 ft3 = 1.13 x lO'2 m3
**! The value used for mo is arbitrary since this entry is only used to position the st;ick so
that Do will be correctly stored.
-------
94 APol-17
Tabulated Results
Stage
ID
Cyclone
SO
SI
S2
S3
S4
S5
Filter
Index
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Size
Gim)
55
9.00
6.60
3.73
2.20
1.52
0.79
0.55
0.28*
Cum. Cone.
(mg/DSCM)
7.54 x 102
6.54 x 102
5.98 x 102
5.80x 102
5.62x 102
5.19x 102
2.20 x 102
3.98 x 101
—
GMD
Gum)
22.25
7.71
4.96
2.86
1.83
1.10
0.66
0.39*
AM/AlogD
(mg/DSCM)
1.27 x 102
4.13 x 102
7-49 x 101
7.71 x 101
2.70 x 102
1.05 x 103
1.15x 103
1.36 x 102*
* values are somewhat arbitrary and may not be meaningful.
-------
SECTION IV APoi-18 95
MEAN, STD. DEVIATION, 90/95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS, MEAN ± Cl
The mean (x) for a set of N numbers, jxjj, is given by:
(2 xj)
x =
N (18-1)
The standard deviation (a) for this set of numbers is given by:
a = V X/(N- 1) (18-2)
where
X = (Sxj2 ) - N(x)2
The relative standard deviation is given by:
RSD = a/x (18-3)
The 907f (or 95%, depending on our choice of cj, c2, & c3) confidence interval (CI) is
approximated by:
CI = T(o/v/rT)
= [cj + c2 (N-1)C3] UA/N~) (18-4)
where
cj, c2, and c3 are constants for N > 3:
For the 90% CI; cj = 1.645, c2 = 2.605, c3 = -1.186
For the 95% CI; cj = 1.960, c2 = 5.550, 03 = -1.346
The lower confidence limit (LCL) is given by:
LCL = x - CI
The upper confidence limit (UCL) is given by:
UCL = x +C1
Note: • Units are determined by the choice of units for{x,}
• For N = 2 or 3, T has the following value:
90% CI: N = 2, T = 6.314; N = 3, T = 2.920
95% CI: N = 2, T = 12.71; N = 3, T - 4.303
• For 50% confidence intervals:
cj = 0.674 c2 = 0.32, c3 = -1-072
-------
96 APol-18
Reference: Dixon, W. J., and F. J. Massey, Jr. Introduction to Statistical Analysis. Second ed.
New York, McGraw-Hill, 1957. p. 127, 128, 384.
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
23 51 05
15 02
23 51 06
01
23 51 04
24 04
13 00
24 06
24 05
24 04
71
23 07
74
15 02
24 04
61
41
24 04
01
41
71
14 02
23 00
74
KEY
ENTRY
STO + 5
gx2
STO + 6
1
STO + 4
RCL4
GTOOO
RCL6
RCL5
RCL4
4-
STO7
R/S
gx2
RCL4
X
_
RCL4
1
_
4-
f ,/x"
STOO
R/S
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
24 07
71
74
24 00
24 04
14 02
71
24 04
01
41
24 03
14 03
24 02
61
24 01
51
61
23 04
74
24 07
51
74
24 07
24 04
41
KEY
ENTRY
RCL7
4-
R/S
RCLO
RCL4
f >/~x
4-
RCL4
1
—
RCL3
fyX
RCL2
X
RCL1
+
X
ST04
R/S
RCL7
+
R/S
RCL7
RCL4
-
REGISTERS
RO
a
R1 c,
R2
R3
R4
R5
Ca
C3
n, Cl
S Xj
R6 EX,*
R?
X
-------
APol-18 97
STEP
1
2
3
4
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Load Constants
a. For 90% confidence intervals
or
b. For 95% confidence intervals
Compute values
a. Initalize S registers
b. Enter data points Xj
(To correct for erroneous Xj, see
Step 5.)
(Do i = 1, N)
c. Compute x
d. Compute a
e. Compute BSD
f. Compute Cl
g. Compute UCL
h. Compute LCL
LINE
NO.
01
08
14
25
28
44
47
DATA
1.645
2.605
-1.186
1.960
5.550
-1.346
0.00
0.00
0.00
xi
KEYS
|_f J IfRGMJ
mem
[ f | fpRGMJ
OCZ3
I STO I | T~|
fsroin~i
[sToirri
(ZULU]
tsToirn
GEDCD
Uroirn
LZUtZU
RTcnm
LsjoJ I__5.J
ISTO | 6
r^rii i
Lmczi
czmu
CD EH
[GTOJ j os J
fR/n i i
[R/S ] [ |
IR/S I i 1
I R/sJ 1 1
IR/S 1 1 |
IR/S 1 j |
DISPLAY
i
IT
a
O/X
Cl
UCI
LCI
-------
98 APol-18
STEP
5
6
INSTRUCTIONS
To determine the effect of omitting
a point X: from the data set:
(Proceed as in 4c above)
For a new data sets, go to Step 4a.
LINE
NO.
DATA
N
1
XJ
KEYS
IHDEH
mi i
GUd]
fsToinn
mi i
1 STol 1~- 1
rmm
1 STO| | - |
mi i
| GTOJ [ 08 |
tR/s 1 [ I
CDED
DISPLAY
X
Example:
Initalize 2 registers:
0.00
Given the following set of 4 numbers:
xj = 0.395
x2 = 0.384
x3 = 0.383
x4 = 0.385
N = 4
x = 3.87x 10'1
a - 5.56 x ID'3
a/x = 1.44x 10-2 (i.e., 1.44%)
For 90% CI:
CI = 6.54 x ID'3
UCI = 3.93x ID'1
LCI = 3.80x ID'1
For95%CI:
CI = 8.97 x 10-3
UCI = 3.96 x 10-'
LCI = 3.78x ID'1
-------
APol-18 99
If xj (i.e.. xj = 0.395) is eliminated from the set:
N = 4
1
xi = 0.395
-*- x = 3.84 x lO'1
a = l.OOx ID'3
ff/x = 2.60 x 10-3 (i.e., 0.260%)
95% CI = 2.39 x lO'3
-------
100 APol-19
RESISTIVITY AND ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH
For a point plane resistivity probe, the resistivity, (p) of a layer of fly ash collected on the probe
is given by:
V A
P I L (19-1)
where
V = voltage across the layer of fly ash, volts
I = current through the layer of fly ash, amps
A = area of the layer of fly ash, cm2
L = thickness of the layer of fly ash, cm
The electric field strength (E) is given by:
E_ v.
— T
(19-2)
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
23 04
21
23 03
21
71
24 01
61
24 02
71
74
24 03
24 02
71
74
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
STO4
x^y
STO3
x^y
-j-
RCL 1
X
RCL2
-r
R/S
RCL3
RCL2
-r
R/S
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO A
R2
RS
R4
HL
*L
R?
-------
APol-19 101
STEP
1
2
3
4
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute p and E
a. Store variables
b. Compute p and E
To compute E only
LINE
NO.
01
11
DATA
A
L
V
i
V
L
KEYS
LT ] JPRGM]
rnrn
Qr"j [PRGMJ
nn
jTQjpn
jjnxppr]
nnr i
r^sii i
r^ii i
rni i
EGO
DISPLAY
P
E
E
Example:
A = 5.00 cm2
L = 0.100 cm
V = 1,000 volts
I = 0.00100 amps
p = 5,00 x 107 ohm-cm
E = 1 x 104 volts/cm
-------
102 APol-20
CHANNEL CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE KLD DROPLET MEASURING
DEVICE (1-600 jum), DC-1
As described in EPA-650/2-75-018, Environmental Protection Technology Series, "Design,
Development, and Field Test of A Droplet Measuring Device," the droplet concentration, nj
for each of the six channels is given by the following:
where
N;
ni V t £ (2Df
d)
(i = 1,6)
(20-1)
nj = droplet concentration for the i^h channel, droplets/cm3
NJ = total number of droplets counted In the itn channel
V = flow velocity, cm/sec
t = time interval, sec
J2 = sensor length, cm
DJ = average droplet diameter for the i^h channel, cm
d = sensor wire diameter, 5 x 10~4 cm
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
24 02
71
24 01
71
24 03
71
21
02
61
24 04
51
71
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
RCL2
-f-
RCL 1
-r
RCL3
-r
x^y
2
X
RCL4
+
-7-
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
R-| t
R2
RS
R4
RS
Re
V
£
d
DJ
NJ
R?
-------
APol-20 103
STEP
1
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute rij
a. Store variables (sec)
b. Compute r\-t
Do i = 1 ->• 6
LINE
NO.
01
DATA
t
V
X
d
Di
Ni
KEYS
|_"t 1 [PRGM]
rnrn
C V J [PRGM]
CZDCD
CsrolCG
fsroinn
fibrin
uToim
r~nr~i
LR'/S 1 [ 1
DISPLAY
ni
Ex imple:
Stx re variables:
t = 130 sec
V = 311 cm/sec
£ = 0.10cm
d = 5 x lO'4 cm
Channel No. 1:
D, = 1.40 x lO'4 cm
N, = 505
Channel No. 2:
D2= 2.15 x ID'4 cm
N, = 290
n\ = 160 droplets/cm3
= 77 droplets/cm3
-------
104 APol-21
AEROTHERM HIGH VOLUME STACK SAMPLER
STACK VELOCITY, NOZZLE DIAMETER, ISOKINETIC AH
As detailed in the operation manual for the Aerotherm High Volume Stack Sampler, the stack
velocity (as given by the Type S pitot) is given by:
Vs = K' CD
S P 1 Ms (21-1)
where
Vs = point velocity of stack gas, m/sec
Cp = pitot tube coefficient, dimensionless
Ap - velocity head of the stack gas for the pitot at this point, (pitot Ap), cm H2O
Ts = absolute stack gas temperature at this point, °K
Ms = molecular weight of stack gas (wet basis), gm/gm-mole
K' = an intermediate value, given by:
\ %
j
^•^ sec \ gm-mole-°K / ^ (21-2)
where
Ps = pressure of the stack gas, absolute, cm Hg
For Ps = 75 cm Hg (29.53 inches Hg), K' has the value 4.037
When the velocity is known and a desired flow rate chosen, the appropriate nozzle can be
selected from the following:
in' CM-3!
= correct nozzle diameter for obtaining the desired isokinetic How rate, cm
1/2 / m/sec \ 2
Cm(l7mTr7J
a
TT / 60 x 10J
-------
APol-21 105
Qm = the desired flow rate, meter conditions, 1/min
Tm = absolute meter temperature, °K
Vpm = ratio °f absolute stack pressure and absolute pressure at the meter
B(j = dry gas fraction given by:
Bd = (i-Bwo)
where
Bwo = proportion by volume of water vapor in the stack gas (Method 4,
equation (4-3))
Ts and Vs are as given in equation (21-1) above.
The next smaller available nozzle size should be used in the particular sampling application.
The correct pressure drop, AHj, for isokinetic sampling is given by:
AH. = Tm ApjpDN')2 Cp Bd1 RPs/Pm) Md 1
1 Ts L JDo2 J L Ms J (21-4)
where
AHi = required velocity head across the orifice, cm H2O, to obtain isokinetic
sampling with the given nozzle diameter, DN' , at traverse point i
A Pi = velocity head of the stack gas for the pitot at traverse point i, cm H2O
DN' = diameter of the nozzle selected, cm
JD02 = orifice constant given by:
JD02 = (J) (D0)2
where
J = orifice constant, dimensionless
Do = diameter of sharp edged orifice, cm
M Ms> Ts> cp> and vs are as defined for equation (21-1) and (21-3)
above.
PROCEDURE
Step 1 Select all traverse points on the duct to be sampled. Let N be the total number
of points selected.
Step 2 Obtain pitot data for each of these N points {(Apj, Tj); i = 1,N)}
Step 3 Using the extremes from this set, select a nozzle, DN', using equation (21-3). In
selecting the desired meter flow rate, Qm, be sure that adequate pump capacity
will be available for maintaining isokinetic sampling when the pressure drop across
the filter increases as the filter loads up.
-------
APol-21 107
STEP
1
2
3
4
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Compute stack velocity
a. Store variables
<°C)
b. Compute Vs
(cm H2O)
Select nozzle size
a. Store variables
(°C)
b. Compute DN
c. Sijlecl Ihe next smaller available
nozzle size
(DN' < DN)
LINE
NO.
01
08
DATA
Ts
273.2
CP
Ms
34.96
ps
Ap
Tm
273.2
ps
pm
Bd
'Ts'
°m
DN'
KEYS
[f I [PRGM]
mo
I r~j (PRGMJ
CHLZ:
CHEZ:
mi i
ED CD
LsroJ | 0 J
mi i
COGS
mi i
fsroirn
mi i
rnf^n
C3C~D
IB/S | j 1
fsroinn
CZ3CD
CZ]CZ]
mi i
rni i
mi i
men
ISTO 1 [ 4 _J
ISTO It 5 j
[STO I I 0 "1
.RCLir? 1
IR/S 1 ( |
CUCZD
CDCZ3
[ STO | | 3 J
DISPLAY
K'
vs
vs
DN
-------
108 APol-21
Example:
Given the
(AHi5 APi
Port
STEP
5
INSTRUCTIONS
Compute isokinetic run data
a. Store variables
b. Compute isokinetic run data
(AH:, Ap|)
\' *^\
(°C)
(cm H2O)
LINE
NO.
DATA
tCp/v^)
JD02
*
-------
APol-21 109
Selecting DN' Based on Maximum V,:
Max TS1 = 149T
sk
273.2
Cp = 0.85
Ms = 26.80 gm/gm-mole
34.96
Ps = 75.95 cm Hg
Max Apk = 10.15cmH2O
-»- Max Vs = 4.31 x 101 m/sec
(STO 7)
Tm = 37.8°C
273.2
Ps = 75.95 cm Hg
Pm= 76.00 cm Hg
Bd = 0.80
RCL7
Qm= 113 C/min
-*- DN = 9.73 x 10-' cmH2O
Thus we would select DN' = 0.9525 cm (STO 3)
Selecting J D02 For Best AH, Given
For Maximum AH:
(JD02)! - 0.159cm2 (first guess)
= 29.00 gm/gm-mole
Max Apk = 10.15 cm H2O
TSR = 149T
273.2
-»- MaxAHk = |.22x I02 unlljO
AH is too high thus we will try a different orifice, (J Do2 )3
(JD02)3 = 0.819cm2
Max Apk = 10.15cmH2O
TSk = 149°C
273.2
-*- Max AHk = 4.59cmH20
-------
110 APol-21
For minimum AH:
(J D02)3 = (already stored in No. 2)
min Apj = 9.25 cm H2O
Ts. = 145°C
SJ
273.2
-*- min AHj = 4.22 cm H2O
Thus we would select (J D02 )3 as our orifice.
Computing Run Data:
For Port A:
= 9.50 cm H2O
Ts = 147°C
si
273.2
-»- AH! = 4.31 cmH2O
Ap2 = 10.15 cmH20
Ts2 = 149°C
273.2.
-*- AH2 = 4.59 cm H2O
Ap3 = 9.75 cmH2O
TS3 = 147°C
273.2
-*- AH, = 4.43 cm H,O
Tabulated A Hi (cm H2O)
Port A
PortB
1
4.31
4.39
2
4.59
4.46
3
4.43
4.43
4
4.37
4.41
5
4.30
4.29
6
4.22
4.24
-------
APol-22 111
FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR CALIBRATION BY PERMEATION TUBE TECHNIQUE
The calibration of a flame photometric detector (FPD) by use of a permeation tube has been
described by R. K. Stephens.1 For a continuous flow of gas over the permeation tube, the con-
centration, in parts per million (ppm), of permeand contained in the carrier gas flowing over the
tube is given by:
c = Pr G
M x L (22-1)
where
C = concentration of permeand transferred to a gas flowing over the permeation
tube, ppm
Pr = permeation rate (from gravimetric determination of weight loss due to
permeation), /ng/min
M = molecular weight of the gas inside the permeation tube, g/g-mole
G = volume per g-mole, as given by the ideal gas law, for this gas at a stated
temperature and pressure, liters/g-mole (G = 24.1 1/g-mole at
20.3°C and one atm)
L = flow rate of the clean dilution air, liters/min
By adjusting the dilution air flow rate (L) one can obtain the desired permeand concentration.
For sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and carbon disulfide the instrument
response (of the FPD) and the concentration (of the gas) are linear in the natural log, thus:
In C = m x In (Instrument Response) + B (22-2)
where
In C = natural logarithm of the concentration of the gas, for C in ppm
m = slope of the line as determined by calibration data
B = background value (i.e., y-intercept) as determined by calibration data
Instrument Response = magnitude of the response of the FPD to a certain concentration as
given by the product of the attenuation and scale fraction (SF)
Thus the concentration associated with an instrument response (IR) is given by:
C = exp { m x In (Instrument Response) + B }
1 (22-3)
-------
112 APol-22
where
C, m, Instrument Response, and B are as defined above.
For a given instrument the value for "m" and "B" are determined by calibration with a
permeation tube. Equation (22-1) is used to calculate the concentration Cj that gives rise to
an instrument response IRj. By using several concentrations and ploting In Cj vs In IRj the
value of "m" and "B" can be determined from a least squares curve fit. Once "m" and
"E" have been determined from the calibration data, equation (22-3) can be used to calcu-
late unknown concentrations of this gaseous compounds.
Note: R = 0.08205 liter-atm/mole-K0
Reference:
1. Stephens, R. K., A. E. O'Keefe and G. C. Ortman, "Absolute Calibration of a Flame
Photometric Detector to Volatile Sulfur Compounds at Sub-Part-Per-Million Levels".
Environmental Science & Technology, 3, No. 7, pp. 652-55 (1969).
DISPLAY
LINE
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CODE
61
21
24 00
21
71
14 07
21
14 07
25
13 00
24 05
24 07
24 04
61
24 03
71
41
24 06
24 07
15 02
24 03
71
41
71
KEY
ENTRY
X
x^y
RCLO
x^y
-r
fln
x^y
fin
2 +
GTOOO
RCL5
RCL7
RCL4
X
RCL3
-f
—
RCL6
RCL7
gx2
RCL3
-i-
-
-r
DISPLAY
LINE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
CODE
23 01
24 07
24 03
71
61
24 04
24 03
71
21
41
23 02
24 01
74
61
14 07
24 01
61
24 02
51
15 07
74
13 38
13 00
13 00
13 00
KEY
ENTRY
ST01
RCL 7
RCL3
-j-
X
RCL4
RCL3
-:-
x^y
—
STO2
RCL 1
R/S
X
fin
RCL1
X
RCL 2
+
g ex
R/S
GTO38
GTOOO
GTOOO
GTOOO
REGISTERS
RO
PrG
1 M '
R-| m
R2
RS
R4
B
n
Sy
R5 Sxy
Re
R?
Sx2
Sx
-------
APol-22 113
STEP
1
2
3
4
INSTRUCTIONS
PRGM mode; clear program then
key in program steps
RUN mode: Initialize
Determine calibration constants
m & B
a. Initialize Registers
b. Store permeation tube constants
c. Enter calibration data
(when IR is known directly;
enter 1.00 for Attn and enter
the value for IRj in place of
SFj)
Do i = 1, N for N calibtation pts
d. Calculate m and B
Calculate unknown concentrations
(When IRj is known directly; enter
1.00 for Attnj and enter the value
for IRj in place of SFj)
Do j = 1 , K for K unknowns
LINE
NO.
01
11
38
DATA
Pr
G
M
L
Attnj
SFj
(m)
(B)
Attnj
SFj
KEYS
nn
[PRGM]
CD EH
[PRGM]
1 — II — 1
m
m
[REG]
mi i
mi i
mi i
UToim
mi i
mi i
CD
CD
CD CD
01 i
i j
CD
[CLIO]
| [R/SJ
CD
rm
CD
r _i. i I |
[STO
I STQ
DP
m
mi i
i 11 i
[R/sl 1 i
1
r I
DISPLAY
m
8
Ci
-------
114 APol-22
Example:
Cal ib ratkm_ L> a t a_
SO2 Permeation Tube No. 2 Instrument ID No. A96257
Pr = 2 n
G= 24.1 1/min (20.3°C and 1.00 atm pressure)
M = 64 g/g-mole
( L , Attn, SF)
(0.81 fi/min, x 1Q-5,0.75)
(6.85C/min, x lO'7, 1.00)
( 10e/min, x 10-7,0.54)
-— m= 0.504
B = 5.88
Unknown Concentrations
(Attn , SF)
(xlO-8,0.65) -^ C= 0.0267 ppm
(x IP6, 0.90) -*- C = 0.321 ppm
Calibration Data
(when IR is known directly)
Pr= 2 jUg/min
G = 24.1 1/min (20.3°C and 1.00 atm pressure)
M = 64 g/g-mole
( I , 100, IR )
(O.S4 V/m\i\, 100, S.(> x 10")
(3. SO V/min, 100, .^.2 x 10 ')
(23,0 t/min, 100, I. Ox 10 K)
-*- m= 0.523
B = 6.21
-------
Appendices 115
SECTION V
APPENDICES
PAGE
A. Brief Operating Instructions 116
B. Unit Conversion Table , 120
-------
116 Brief Operating Instructions
APPENDIX A
BRIEF OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
The following gives a brief review of operating instructions for the HP-25. For more extensive
instruction the reader is referred to the HP-25 owner's handbook.
The
ENG keys are used to set the display mode to fixed decimal
notation, scientific notation, or~engineering notation, respectively. The HP-25 uses RPN logic,
rather than algebraic logic, thus the negative number "-24" would be entered as follows:
[4], |CHS|, |T|. The number "2.4 x 10"6" would be entered as \2\, Q 0, |EEX|, |CHS
To clear a number from the X register (display register) without shifting the stack,use| CLX
Numbers are stored and manipulated in the machine "registers". Each number, no matter how
few digits or how many, occupies one entire register. The displayed X-register, which is the only
visible register, is one of four registers inside the calculator that are positioned to form the auto-
matic memory stack. We label these registers X, Y, Z, and T. They are "stacked" one on top of
the other with the X-register on the bottom as illustrated below.
Name
T
Z
Y
X
Register
34J
A two number function, such as [ + |, [~jj, [x], and p], would perform the specified operation
on the contents of the Y and X registers, thus both numbers must be in the calculator before
the function key is pressed. If the stack were loaded as shown above and the Qkey were
pressed, the contents of the X-register would be subtracted from that of the Y-register.
14
-3
11
Our new stack would look like this:
Name
Register
T
Z
Y
X
_3J
~n
Notice that the 14 and 3 have been replaced by the 11 and the contents of the Z and T dropped
down. The T maintains its old number even though it was dropped down to the Z-register. Thus
a calculation such as 4 + 5 (2 x 7 - 3) could be performed from left to right by: [4~|, [T), [5],
EL [H EL 0> S> OIL 0 (at this point the stack is as shown above), [x], [T]. The answer
59.00 is displayed (X-register).
-------
Brief Operating Instructions 117
The above paragraph illustrates manipulations of the 4-register stack. Genera! practice how-
evor, is to start with the inner-most parentheses first and work outward, (the same way one
would approach the problem if working it by hand solving for intermediate results first). Thus
the above problem would normally be approached as follows: \2\, PR, IT), [x], \3\, P), IT],
[>Q> H' ED- which requires only 10 key strokes rather than 12.
A program is simply a sequence of keystrokes stored in program memory and executed auto-
matically on the contents of the stack (and/or the eight storage registers) when the operator
presses (in RUN mode) the |R/S| button. The bulk of the programmed steps are the same
keys that one would press manually in RUN mode in order to solve the equation. The pro-
gram memory of the HP-25 consists of forty-nine labeled and addressable subdivisions refer-
red to as program lines, each of which causes the execution of one or more key strokes. Pro-
gram execution is controlled by means of an internal program pointer. Pressing the |R/Sj
button (in RUN mode) causes execution of the program to begin from that program line number
(inclusive) where the pointer is positioned and to continue sequentially to higher line numbers
until either a branch command or a halt command is encountered. A halt occurs when either
a programmed |R/S| command (74) is encountered or an invalid operation is attempted (result-
ing in an | ERROR [display; see page 109 of the Owner's Handbook). Program execution is
also halted when line number |QO | is encountered. A branch command would cause
the program pointer to shift to a specific line number and continue execution sequentially
from that point in memory.
To enter a program set the PRGM-RUN switch to PRGM. Clear the program memory of
previous programs (and position the program pointer to the top of memory — LINE NO. 00)
by pressing (T| [PRGML then key in the desired sequence of keystrokes. Switch back to RUN
mode. Position the program pointer back to the top of memory by pressing iTf|PRGM|(while
in RUN mode).
Once the keystroke procedure for solving a particular problem has been written and recorded
in the program memory, one need no longer devote attention to the individual keystrokes
that make up the procedure. To execute the program simply position the program pointer
at the proper location in memory, enter the specific values for all DATA variables as directed
by the program INSTRUCTIONS and press |R/S|. The sequence of keystrokes is executed
automatically and the result is displayed in the X-register when the program pointer comes to
a command that halts execution.
The contents of the program memory m:iy be ivvk-weil at any lime by using Hie fSSTj key
(single step) and IhefBSTj key (back step). In PRGM mode these keys cause the location
(line number) and key strokes codes (row and column) to be displayed. For example, if the
key stroke |R/S | was stored on line five of program memory, the display would
show 105 74J because we are on line 05 (two digit address required) and this key is
located on the 7th row and 4th column. If the merged key stroke | STQ |, P-1> [T| were stored
on line seven, the display would show 107 23 41 05|. In a RUN mode, when thejSSTJkey is
pressed the location and key stroke code of the upcoming operation is displayed and when the
button is released this one line of program memory is executed. The resulting contents of
the X-register is now displayed. The top of memory marker (line number 00) is represented
by (00 J . To correct an erroneous command stored in program memory, switch to
-------
118 Brief Operating Instructions
PRGM mode and use either|SST| or | BST| to position the program pointer so that the error-
eous command is displayed. Press BST |, then enter the correct command. Since each key-
stroke stored in program memory is fixed to a given line number, corrections are made by
directly overwriting the erroneous command with the new command.
For example, if one desired to change a [R/SJ command stored at LINE No. 07 to a [gJ|NOP|
command, the following sequence should be used: RUN mode,|GTQ[,[01,f6l, PRGM mode,
|NOP|(note that the display now shows [07
15 74]), RUN mode.
The key [gj NOP[ means simply "do not perform any operations, pass on to the next
instruction". A multiple decimal point display indicates that only one minute of opera-
tion time remains in the battery pack. 'The keys |x^y|, and JR|| are used to manipulate
the contents of the four register stack. [ CLX|is used to clear the contents of the X-register,
[TJ |STK|to clear the contents of all four registers and [?]|REG[ to clear the contents of all
eight storage registers. When [f] I PRGM I is pressed in a PRGM mode it clears all stored key-
strokes. When used in a RUN mode,[f||PRGM| returns the program pointer to the top of
memory (LINE No. 00).
The obvious advantage to using a programmable calculator is that for a large number of data
sets we need only program the calculator once. We then enter each data set and push a
button to display the corresponding answer (or whatever sequence of operations the User/
Instruction section specifies), reloading only those values that change from set to set. One
major disadvantage of the HP-25 is that it is not card programmable, thus each program must
be entered by hand, introducing the possibility of including an error in the program memory.
For this reason it is suggested that the following procedure be followed before using the
programs in this manual on real data:
I. PRGM mode: Clear program memory ([f], |PRGM ) then enter those keystrokes
shown in the program listing.
II. PRGM mode: Using the| SST|button, review the program and check the displayed
keystroke code numbers against those code numbers shown in the program listing.
Correct errors as necessary by directly overwriting any erroneous commands.
III. RUN mode1 Filler the dnt;i shown in Ihr l\\:implc six lion ;ind follow Hit- slrps
listed in Ihr use: insl i iiclions sivlion. Wnly Ilial usu nisi nu lions ;nv coinvllv
understood by romn;inng (In- r;ilrulalc
-------
Brief Operating Instructions 119
THE HP-25C has the distinct advantage that the programs stored in memory, as well as the
contents of both the four-register stack and the eight storage registers are retained when
the OFF/ON switch is moved to the OFF position. A similar advantage can be obtained
by using an AC adapter and simply not turning the power off. If one wishes to move this
calculator from one location to another^ simply unplug the adapter from the AC power out-
let and carry the calculator with you (the calculator operates off of battery power) then
reinsert the power plug into a live power outlet at the new location.
-------
120 Unit Conversion Table
APPENDIX B
UNIT CONVERSION TABLE
English to Metric
Metric to English
1 in
1 ft
1 ft3
1 Ib
1 grain
1 Ib/ft3
1 gr/ft3
25.40 mm = 2.540 cm
0.3048 m
0.02832 m
453.6 gm
0.06480 gm
1.602 x 10" gm/m3
2.288 gm/m3
28.32 liters
m
1 cm
1
1
1
1
gm
gm
1 gm/m3
1 gm/m3
0.3937 in.
3.281 ft
35.31 ft3
0.002205 Ib
15.43 grains
6.243 x 10'5 Ib/ft3
0.4370 gr/ft3
Others
1
1
1
1
R
1
"R
°K
°C
UF
1
m3
tim
Ib
in. Hg
gm/gm-mole
ft/ sec
=
=
=
ss
SK
3=
S=
=
=
=
Si
103 liters = 106
10'6 m = 104 A
7,000 grains
13.6 in. H2O
cm3
0.08205 liter-atm/mole-K
1 Ib/lb-mole = 1
°F + 460
°C + 273.2
(5/9) ("F - 32)
(9/5) °C + 32
0.6818 miles/hr
amu
Engineering Standard or Normal conditions are 20.0°C, 760 Torr, (68°F, 29.92 in. Hg) on a dry basis.
= 1-0038V(20.0°C)
= 0-9962V(21.fC)
-------
121
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(flease read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
EPA-600/7-77-058
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
T,TLEANDSUBTITLEHp_25 programraable POCket
lator Applied to Air Pollution Measurement Studies;
Stationary Sources
5. REPORT DATE
June 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
James w Ragland, Kenneth M. Gushing
Joseph D. McCain, and Wallace B. Smith
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
SORI-EAS-77-329
TPERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2131
Technical Directive 10201
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Indus:rial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
TD Final: 12/76-4/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer for this report is D. Bruce Harris, M~ail
Drop 62, 919/549-8411 Ext 2557.
16. ABSTRACT
repOrt snOuld be useful to persons concerned with Air Pollution Mea-
surement Studies of Stationary Industrial Sources. It gives detailed descriptions of
22 separate programs, written specifically for the Hewlett Packard Model HP-25
manually programmable pocket calculator. Each program includes a general descrip-
tion, formulas used in the problem solution, program listings, user instructions, and
numerical examples. Areas covered include: Methods 1 through 8 of the EPA Test
Codes (Federal Register , December 23, 1971), calibrating aflame photometric
detector by the permeation tube technique , determining channel concentrations for a
droplet measuring device, resistivity and electric field strength measurements ,
determining stack velocity, nozzle diameter, and isokinetic delta H for a high- volume
stack sampler, and several cascade impactor programs. Cascade impactor programs
include; determining impactor stage cut points, calculating the square root of the
Stokes number for round jet and for rectangular slot geometries, nozzle selection
and determining delta H for isokinetic sampling, determining sampling time required
to co.lect 50 mg total sample, determining impactor flow rate, sample volume, and
mass loading, and calculating cumulative concentration curves and their differentials.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Gioup
Air Pollution
Measurement
Calculators
Photometry
Flue Gases
Sampling
Impactors
Kinetics
Stokes Law (Fluid
Mechanics)
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Pocket Calculators
Hewlett Packard (HP-25)
Cascade Impactors
13B
14B
09B
21B
2 OK
20D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
127
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
------- |