United States      Office of
Environmental Protection Research and
Agency         Development
Environmental Sciences Research      EPA-600/7-77-076
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 August 1977
            AEROSOL RESEARCH BRANCH,
            ANNUAL REPORT FY 1976/76A
            Federal Interagency
            Energy/Environment
            Research and Development
            Program

            Interagency
            Energy-Environment
            Research and Development
            Program Report

-------
                RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional  grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:

     1.  Environmental Health Effects Research
     2.  Environmental Protection Technology
     3.  Ecological Research
     4.  Environmental Monitoring
     5.  Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
     6.  Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
     7.  Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
     8.  "Special" Reports
     9.  Miscellaneous Reports

This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded  under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
 mental issues.
 This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
 tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

-------
                                             EPA-600/7-77-076
                                             August  1977
           AEROSOL RESEARCH BRANCH
          ANNUAL REPORT FY 1976/76A
   Federal Interagency Energy/Environment
      Research and Development Program
                  Edited by
   William E. Wilson and Christine Danskin
 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Division
 Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711
 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
     OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA  27711

-------
                                 DISCLAIMER

     This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  and approved for
publication.  Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                    ii

-------
                                  ABSTRACT

     The research program of the Aerosol Research Branch includes research
grants and contracts at institutions in many parts of the United States, in
addition to an intramural program.  The purpose of these projects is to
study the chemical and physical properties of aerosols, identify the mecha-
nisms of aerosol formation and removal, and conduct experiments to measure
these rates.
     The results of the research are being used . (1) to establish the contri-
bution of the various sources to the ambient atmospheric aerosol loading,
(2) to characterize urban, natural, and primary and secondary aerosols,  (3)
to develop quantitative descriptions of the generation and removal rates
associated with each major aerosol source and sink, (4) to quantify the
effects of aerosol on atmospheric chemical reactions, and (5) as a scientific
basis for recommending regulatory actions concerned with air quality
improvements.
     In addition to base funding through EPA's Office of Research and Develop-
ment, the Aerosol Research Branch (ARB) also receives funds from the Federal
Interagency Energy/Environment Research and Development Program.  This pro-
gram is coordinated by the Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry, Dr.
Steven Gage, Deputy Assistant Administrator.  The tasks conducted by ARB
under this program relate to the transport and fate of pollutants associated
with energy sources.
     Tasks funded by the base program are not described in this report but
are listed by title and principal investigator.  The FY 1976/76A annual
report of the base program is found in EPA Report 600/3-77-080.
                                     iii

-------
                               CONTENTS


Abstract	    ill

Abbreviated Functional Statements	.'	    vii

Acknowledgements	    viii

     1.   Introduction 	     1

     2.   Summary of Aerosol Research Branch Fiscal Year 1976
          Program by Project 	     2

     3.   PROJECT MISTT Project Reports

          Direction of MISTT Field Studies, by W.E. Wilson ...     4

          Management of MISTT, by W.E. Wilson	     6

          Aircraft Monitoring and Analysis for an Aerosol
            Characterization Study in St. Louis, by
            D.L. Blumenthal	    11

          Project MISTT Field Program, by R.B. Husar  	    13

          Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols—Aerosol
            Characteristics Measured at Glasgow, MO and in
            the St. Louis Urban Plume during the Summer 1975,
            by K.T. Whitby	    17

          Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols—Coal Fired Power
            Plant Plume Studies in St. Louis, Summer  1976,
            by K.T. Whitby	:  20

          Project MISTT - Synoptic Scale Haziness and Air
            Pollution, by R.B. Husar	    22

          Processing and Analysis of Project MISTT Data, by
            R.B. Husar	    27

          St. Louis Plume Study - Halocarbon and Hydrocarbon
            Measurements, by R.A. Rasmussen	    32

          Application of Statistical and Mathematical Methods
            to Air Pollution Problems, by J.H. Over ton	    34

          Atmospheric Boundary Layer Measurements in  Project
            MISTT; MISTT-II, by B. Hicks	    38

          Field Sampling and Analysis of Airborne Particulate
            Material in Conjunction with MISTT, by
            P.T. Cunningham	    40

-------
          Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols—Aerosols Produced
            by Combustion,  by K.T. Whitby	    43

          Aerosol Formation and Removal in Plumes, by
            J.R. Brock	 .  . .    47

          Mobile Laboratory Operations in Support of Project
            MISTT, July-August 1975,  by T.G.  Ellestad  	    51

          Gas Calibration Support for 1976 MISTT Summer Field
            Program, July 1976, by T.G. Ellestad	    52

          Data Processing Support for 1976 Summer Field Program,
            July 1976, by K. Fuchs	    53

          Relationships among Ground-level Sulfate Concentrations,
            Visibility Reduction, and Meteorological Conditions,
            by D. Fondario	    54

          Mesoscale Sulfate Concentration Study, by
            R.K. Patterson	    55
Appendices
     A.   List of ARE Projects funded by ORD base funds (Titles
          and Principal Investigators) 	    56
                                 -vi

-------
                   ABBREVIATED FUNCTIONAL STATEMENTS

     The Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory  (ESRL) conducts -research
programs in the physical sciences to detect, define, and quantify the effects
of air pollution on urban, regional, and global atmospheres, and the sub-
sequent impact on air and water quality and land use.  ESRL is responsible
for the planning, implementation, and management of research and development
programs designed to quantitate the relationships between emissions of
pollutants, from all types of sources, air quality, and atmospheric effects.
ESRL also plans, implements, and manages a research and development program
to provide needed techniques and instrumentation for the measurement and
characterization of pollutants in the ambient air and in the emissions from
all types of sources.  ESRL's research and development program consists of
grants, contracts, and in-house work.

     The Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Division  (ACPD) conducts research
programs (1) to characterize the chemical and physical properties of ambient
air pollutants and (2) to relate quantitatively the chemical and physical
properties of emissions from mobile, stationary, and natural sources to the
effects on air and water quality and land use.  ACPD also develops techniques
and instrumentation for the measurement and characterization of gaseous and
aerosol pollutants.

     The Aerosol Research Branch (ARB) studies the chemical and physical
properties of aerosols, identifies the mechanisms of aerosol formation and
removal, and conducts experiments to measure these rates.  The properties-
of atmospheric aerosols are related to health and welfare effects for the
purpose of selective control of pollutant sources.
                                  vii

-------
                           ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
     The program of the Aerosol Research Branch is under the scientific
direction of A.P. Altshuller, Director, Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory.  EPA funds are provided through OALWU, Thomas Murphy, DAA
(Transport and Transformation Program) and OHEE, Delbert Barth, DAA
(Catalyst Program).  Federal Interagency Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program funds (Project MISTT) are provided through OEMI, Steven
Gage, DAA.  We also thank Robert Papetti and Deran Pashayan, OALWU, and
Greg D'Alessio, OEMI,  for management support.
                                  viii

-------
                             INTRODUCTION

     The Aerosol Research Branch (ARE), as part of the Environmental
Sciences Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
administers an extramural research program consisting of grants and contracts
at institutions in many parts of the United States.  In addition to the
extramural program, ARB conducts a modest in-house program.  Since the major
responsibility of ARB is to conduct an extramural research program, the
in-house program is designed to support the extramural program.  It has three
major functions:  1) to provide rapid-response capability to respond to
agency needs, 2) to test out concepts prior to establishing extramural pro-
grams, and 3) to maintain the scientific competence of the EPA project
officers.  It is considered extremely important that the scientific competence
and reputation of ARB's project officers be such that grant and contract
principal investigators consider them as scientific peers rather than funding
clerks.
     This progress report presents results of tasks which were active during
fiscal years 1976 and 1976A and funded through the Federal Interagency
Energy/Environment Research and Development Program.  This work represents
a portion of ARB's program as shown in the Summary of Aerosol Research
Branch Fiscal 1976 Program by Project.  ARB tasks funded through the base
program are listed by Title and Principal Investigator in the Appendix.

-------
                  SUMMARY OF AEROSOL RESEARCH BRANCH
                  FISCAL YEAR 1976 PROGRAM BY PROJECT


Project MISTT  (Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation and Transport)

     A study of pollutant transformations and removal during atmospheric
transport over various scale lengths.
          Urban scale (50 km):  Tracer and portable chamber studies.
          Power plant plumes (250 km):  Aircraft measurements.
          Urban plumes (500 km):  Aircraft and ground measurements.
          Blobs (2000 km) :  Weather Service visibility reports and a ground
               network of 14 stations extending from eastern Kansas to
               New England.
          Model Development and Data Analysis.

     Funded by the Federal Interagency Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program through USEPA, ORD, OEMI.  Program Element 1NE625.

Auto-Exhaust Catalyst Program

     Determination of chemical and physical properties of sulfuric acid
aerosol produced by automobile catalysts.

     Funded by USEPA, ORD, OHEE.  Program Element 1AA601.

Atmospheric Processes and Effects

     Aerosol Formation, Growth and Removal.  Identification of physical and
chemical mechanisms for aerosols processes in the atmosphere, measurement
of important rate constants, and development of models for formation, growth
and removal of atmospheric aerosols.

     Aerosol Characterization and Sources.  The utilization of physical
properties, elemental and chemical analyses, and microscopy for the charac-
terization of atmospheric aerosols and the use of this information to
determine the primary and secondary source contributions to urban pollution.

     Visibility and Radiation Effects.  Measurement of pertinent aerosol
properties and determination of relationships between concentration, com-
position, size and effects.

     Heterogeneous Reactions.  Measurement of the rates and mechanisms of
reactions involving gases with surfaces or condensed phases.

     Technique Development.  Development of new instruments or techniques
required for the aerosol research program.

     Funded by USEPA, ORD, OALWU.  Program Element 1AA603 and 1AD712.

-------
                             PROJECT MISTT
       (Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation and Transport)
     A study of pollutant transformations and removal during atmospheric
transport over various scale lengths.
          Urban scale (50 km):  Tracer and portable chamber studies.
          Power plant plumes (250 km):  Aircraft measurements.
          Urban plumes (500 km):  Aircraft and ground measurements.
          Blobs (2000 km):  Weather Service visibility reports and a
               ground network of 14 stations extending from eastern
               Kansas to New England.
          Model Development and Data Analysis.
   Funded by the Federal Interagency Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program through USEPA,_ORD, OEMI.  Program Element 1NE625,

-------
1.  Task Title:   Direction of MISTT Field Studies

2.  Objective:

         To provide on site EPA technical direction to insure integration
    of the ten  groups involved in the field study  phase of MISTT:   Washington
    University,  St. Louis - field director, data manager,  communications air-
    craft, instrumented aircraft; University of Minnesota  - aircraft-aerosol-
    size distribution, ground-mobile laboratory; Meteorology Research,  Inc.  -
    fully instrumented aircraft; Environmental  Quality Research  -  pilot
    ballons, forecasting; Rockwell  International-pilot ballons;  Environmental
    Monitoring,  Inc. - S0? burden with ground and  airborne correlation
    spectrometer; Stanfora Research Institute - ground mobile lidar;  Washington
    State University, Pullman - detailed hydrocarbon analysis; Argonne  National
    Laboratory  - boundary layer studies, dry deposition; EPA - Las Vegas -
    helicopter  measurements, aircraft lidar; EPA-RTP - calibration, quality
    control, data reduction.

3.  Institution:  ARB, ESRL, ORD, EPA
    Investigators:  William E. Wilson, Jack Durham

4.  EPA Project Officer:  William E. Wilson

5.  Progress:

         Three  successful field studies were conducted - a four-week  study
    during summer - 1975, a two-week study during  winter-1976, and a  six-week
    study during summer 1976.  Measurements were made of power plant  and urban
    plumes.  During the summer-!976 study the ERDA-funded, DaVinci ballon was
    used as an air mass marker to measure the St. Louis plume in  a  LaGrangian
    manner.  During the last week a prototype study of a "big blob" was made to
    determine optimum flight patterns for studying the development of secondary
    pollutants  in stagnating anticyclones.

6.  Presentations, Publications, and Thesis:  None

7.  Plans:

         Jack Durham will serve as EPA field manager for a winter-1977  field
    study of an oil-fired plume.

-------
7.   Plans:

     1.   An oil-fired plume will be studied during FY 77.

     2.   The major emphasis during FY 77 will be on data analysis and
          reporting.  An investigator's meeting will be held during the
          winter of FY 77.  Results will be presented at the June 1977
          FIE/E Meeting and the Dubrovnik Conference, "Sulfates fn the
          Atmosphere" during September 1977.

-------
1.   Task Title:  Management of Project MISTT

2.   Objective:

          To plan and direct Project MISTT, an integrated, multidisciplinary
     program to study the transformation and fate of sulfur compounds
     during transport.

3.   Institution:  ARB, ESRL, EPA
     Investigator:  William E. Wilson

4.   EPA Project Officer:  W.E. Wilson

5.   Progress:

          A critical review of plume studies was completed.  The study
     pointed out the necessity of studying plumes in four dimensions, time
     as well as space.  Measurements must be made as a function of time of
     day as well as distance from the plume source.  Conversion rates must
     be determined from differences in mass flow rates.  Techniques used
     previously are inadequate.  The S32/S34 isotope ratio technique
     cannot be used because of the variety of reaction mechanisms involved;
     the particulate sulfur/total sulfur ratio cannot be used because of
     surface removal of gaseous sulfur dioxide.

          Field studies were planned and implemented in the St. Louis area
     during summer-1975, winter-1976, and summer-1976.  Results from the
     summer-!975 study were summarized and presented at the June 1976
     Federal Interagency Energy/Environment Meeting and the June 1976 APCA
     meeting.  Numerous presentations of Project MISTT were made to scientific
     organizations.

6.   Publications, Presentations, and Thesis:

     1.   Wilson, W,E.  Transformation and Transport of Energy Related
          Pollutants.  Presented at:  EPA-OEMI Health Environ. Effects and
          Control Tech. Aspects of Energy Research and Development Symp.

     2.   Wilson, W.E., R.J. Charlson, R.B. Husar, K.T. Whitby, and
          D. Blumenthal.  Sulfates in the Atmosphere.  Presented at:  69th
          Annual Meeting of APCA, June 27 - July 1, 1976, Portland, Oregon.

     3.   Project MISTT:  Presentation to Maryland Academy of Sciences.

     4.   Wilson, W.E., R.B. Husar, K.T. Whitby, and D. Blumenthal.  Sulfate
          Formation in Power Plant Plumes.  Presented at:  7th International
          Tech. Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application,
          Sept. 7-10, 1976, Airlie, VA.

     5.   Wilson, W.E.  Sulfate Formation in Power Plant Plumes.  A Critical
          Review.  To be published.

-------
    Comparison flights were performed with the correlation  spectrometer  of
    Environmental  Measurements, Inc.,  Washington University's  sampling  aircraft,
    and the instrumented balloon of ERDA's Project DaVinci.

        The plurne  was sampled regularly by the MISTT sampling team to distances
    greater than 150 km and, on occasion,  to 300 km.  The Labadie plume  was found
    to be transported long distances at night with little dilution in layers which
    were separated from the ground.  S02 concentrations  of  0.75 ppm were observed
    on one occasion at night at a distance of 50 km.  Preliminary indications are
    that the sulfate formation rate in the plume varies  with air mass characteristics.

6.  Publications,  Presentations and Theses:

    1.  White, W.H., D.L. Blumenthal, J.A. Anderson, R.B. Husar, and W.E.  Wilson, Jr.
    Ozone Formation in the St. Louis Urban Plume.  In:  Proc.  of the International
    Conference on  Photochemical Oxidant Pollution and Its Control, Raleigh, NC,
    September 1976.

    2.  White, W.H., J.A. Anderson, D.L. Blumenthal, R.B. Husar, N.V. Gillani,
    S.B. Fuller, K.T. Whitby and W.E. Wilson, Jr.  Formation of Ozone and  Light-
    Scattering Aerosols in the St. Louis Urban Plume.  In:  Proc. of the Div.
    Environ. Chern., 171st National ACS Meeting, New York, NY, April 1976.

    3.  White, W.H., J.A. Anderson, D.L. Blumenthal, R.B. Husar, N.V. Gillani,
    J.D. Husar and W.E. Wilson, Jr.  1976.  Formation and Transport of Secondary
    Air Pollutants:  Ozone and Aerosols in the St. Louis Urban  Plume.  Science.
    194:187-189.

    4.  White, W.H., D.L. Blumenthal, J.A. Anderson, R.B. Husar and W.E. Wilson, Jr.
    Formation and  Transport of Light-Scattering Aerosols in the St. Louis  Urban
    Plume.  In:  Proc. of the Symposium on Radiation in  the Atmosphere,  Garmisch-
    Partenkirchen, Germany, August 1976.

    5.  White, W.H.  Photochemistry in Power Plant Plumes:  A Comparison of Theory
    with Observation.  Submitted to:  Environ. Sci. and  Tech.

    6.  Husar, J.D., R.B. Husar, and E.S.Macias, W.E. Wilson, Jr., J.L.  Durham,
    W.K. Shepherd  and J.A. Anderson.  1976.  Particulate Sulfur Analysis:  Applica-
    tion to High Time-Resolution Aircraft  Sampling in Plumes  Atmos. Environ.
    10:591-595.

    7.  Whitby, K.T.', B.K. Cantrell, R.B.  Husar, N.V. Glllani,  J.A. Anderson,
    D.L. Blumenthal and W.E. Wilson, Jr.  Aerosol Formation in  a Coal-Fired
    Power Plant Plume.  In:  Proc. of the  Div. Environ.  Chem.,  171st National
    ACS Meeting, New York, NY, April 1976.

    8.  Husar, R.B., N.V. Gillani and J.D. Husar.  Particulate  Sulfur Formation
    in Power Plant, Urban and Regional Plumes.  Presented at:   Symposium on
    Aerosol Science and Technology, 82nd National Meeting of AIChE, Atlantic
    City, NJ, August-September 1976.

    9.  Wilson, W.E. Jr., R.B. Husar, K.T. Whitby, D.B.  Kittleson, W.H.  White.
    Chemical Reactions in Power Plant Plumes.  In:  Proc. of the Div. Environ.
    Chem., 17Tst National ACS Meeting, New York, NY, April  1976.

-------
     10.   Wilson, W.E.  Jr., R.J.  Charlson, R.B. Husar, K.T. Whitby and D.L. Blu-
      menthal.   Sulfates in the Atmosphere.  In:  Proc. of the 69th Annual
      Meeting  of APCA,  Portland,  OR, June 1976.

     11.    Husar, R.B., J.D.  Husar,- N.V.  Gillani,  S.B. Fuller" W.H. White, J.A.
     Anderson,  W.M.  Vaughan,  and  W.E.  Wilson,  Jr.   Pollutant Flow Rate Measurement
     in Large  Plumes:   Sulfur Budget in Power  Plant and Area Source Plumes in
     St.  Louis  Region.   In:  Proc.  of the Div.  Environ. Chem., 171st National  ACS
     Meeting,  New York, NY, April  1976.

     12.    White, W.H., J.A.  Anderson, W.R. Knuth,  D.L. Blumenthal, J.C.  Hsuing,
     and R.B.  Husar. Mapping Large  Pollutant  Plumes by Instrumented Aircraft:
     Support for Project MISTT, 1974.   Final Report to USEPA on Contract No.
     68-02-1919 1976.

     13.    Meterology Research, Inc.,  Altadena, California.  Aircraft Monitoring
     Support for an Aerosol Characterization Study in St.  Louis-1976 MISTT Program;
     Volume I,  1976 MISTT Sampling Summary. 1975;  Volume  II, 1975 MISTT Data
     Volume.  1976.

     14.    Wilson, W.E., Jr., R.B.  Husar, N.V.  Gillani, S.B. Fuller, W.H. White,
     J.A. Anderson,  and D.L.  Blumenthal.   Characterization of Urban Plumes.
     In:   Proc. of the  Third Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion and
     Air Quality, Raleigh, NC, October 1976.

     15.    Gillani,  N.V. and R.B.  Husar.   Mesocscale Model for Pollutant Transport,
     Transformation  and Ground Removal.   In:   Proc.  of the Third Symp. on Atmos.
     Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Quality, Raleigh, NC, October 1976.
7.   Plans:
          1.    Sulfate flow rates will  be calculated and used to estimate S02-»-S04
     conversion rates.  Data on hydrocarbon  composition and aerosol  composition
     and size distribution will be studied for clues to conversion mechanisms.

          2.    The impactor samples will  be  analyzed for trace elements to document
     the characteristics of the plume aerosol.   Detailed meteorological analysis
     will be  performed to document the long  range trajectories of the air masses
     sampled  and to document the age of the  plume for each pass on selected days.

-------
  SCALE, kilometers
  1—200
   1-150
       SPRINGFIELD
   MOD
  r50
  ILfl
                                                                  ILLINOIS
                                                              WINDS
                                                            A POWER PLANT
                                                            • REFINERY
                                                            	OZONE
Figure 1.  Ozone concentration  and  light-scattering coefficient, bscat,
downwind of St. Louis on July 18, 1975.   Data are taken from horizontal
traverses by MRl's instrumented aircraft.   Graph baselines show sampling
paths; note that baseline concentrations are not zero.

-------
              0
                    DISTANCE   DOWNWIND,  km
                  50              100             150
™ 	 1 1
A
v&2- - ""
tji\^5-t>" o
r"" ° •
• • o
0915 l?30 MOO
r ,..,..-...
^^. - " ~~ ~~* ^^ ••"• ^™" - --r
0 O


0 0
1645 1815
1
                                                                          -1.0
                                                                          -0.5
                                                                          -200
                                                                          -100
                                                                                 -
                                                                                0
                                                                          m
                                                                           h-*
                                                                           <
                                                                                    JO
             0
                  50             100             150
                   DISTANCE   DOWNWIND ,km
                                                                       76-356
Figure 2.  Traverse altitudes and pollutant flow rates  in St. Louis urban plume on July 18,
          1975.  Data are plotted against distance downwind of the St.  Louis Gateway Arch.
           (a)  Location of horizontal traverses;  solid dots correspond to  traverses shown
          in Figure 1.  Mixing  heights were determined from aircraft soundings.  Approxi-
          mate time (CDT) of sampling is shown at bottom.   (b)  Flow rates  (in excess of
background) of ozone (O3) ,  light-scattering coefficient
sulfur (S  ) .
        P
                                                                     ^
                                                                      ) ,  and particulate

-------
1.  Task Title;  Aircraft Monitoring and Analysis for an Aerosol  Characterization
    Study in St. Louis, Missouri.

2.  Objective:

        To study the transport and tne transformations undergone  by sulfur
    dioxide and other pollutants in urban and power plant plumes.

3.  Institution;  Meteorology Research, Inc. (MRI), Altadena, California
    Investigator;  W.H. White, D.L. Blumenthal, J.A. Anderson

4.  EPA Project Officer:  W.E. Wilson

5.  Progress:

        As part of Project MISTT (Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation and
    Transport), MRI has used an instrumented aircraft to characterize the three-
    dimensional flow of aerosols and trace gases in the St. Louis area.   The
    aircraft, a modified Cessna 206, was equipped for continuous  monitoring of
    gas concentrations (S02, 0-j, NO, NOX), aerosol indices (condensation nuclei
    count, electrical chargeability, light-scattering coefficient), and  meteo-
    rological characteristics (temperature, relative humidity, dew point, and
    turbulent energy dissipation).  A sequential filter system collected high
    time-resolution samples for sulfate analysis, while an array  of four cascade
    impactors obtained size-differentiated aerosol samples for chemical  and
    microscopic analysis.  An onboard electrical mobility analyzer/optical
    particle counter system determined the in situ size distributions of grab
    samples, and evacuated canisters collected air samples for hydrocarbon
    analysis.

        Sampling flights were carried out on a total of thirty-nine days during
    the July 15 - August 15, 1975 and July 1-31, 1976 study periods.  Flight
    patterns were designed to characterize cross-wind sections of large  pollutant
    plumes at discrete distances downwind from their sources (Figure 1).'  These
    cross-sectional concentration fields were then combined with  data on winds
    aloft, to calculate mass flow rates through each cross section (Figure 2).
    Changes in the flow rate of a given pollutant with increasing distance from
    the source reveal the effects of the chemical and physical transformations
    occurring in the atmosphere.

        The 1975 experimental program documented the existence, under steady
    meteorological conditions, of a well-defined "urban plume" downwind  of
    metropolitan St. Louis.  This plume was mapped in detail out  as far  as 160 km
    downwind of St. Louis and was characterized at long distances by reduced
    visibilities and, during the daytime, by excess ozone.  Analysis of  aerosol
    and sulfate flow rates indicated that most of the excess light-scattering
    aerosol in the plume was sulfate of secondary origin.  Sulfate concentrations
    in excess of 60 yg/m3 were measured during one overnight flight.
                                       11

-------
    The 1976 experimental  program characterized the plume from the 2200 MW
coal-fired power plant at Labadie, MO.  Measurements were made under a
variety of meteorological  conditions during all phases of the diurnal  cycle.
Instrumental calibration procedures were tightened this year, with calibrations
by EPA personnel of the gas monitors before and after each sampling mission,
and cross-calibration of the aircraft and RAPS systems.  An improved hydrocar-
bon sampling technique eliminated difficulties encountered in the 1975 program.
                                  12

-------
!•  Task Title:  Project MISTT Field Program

2.  Objective:

         To design, direct and implement a field program, based primarily
    on aircraft sampling of precursor gases and-secondary aerosols, for
    the study of transport, transformation and ground removal  of atmospheric
    sulfur.

3.  Institution:  Washington University (WU), St. Louis, Missouri
    Investigators:  R.B. Husar, N.V. Gillani, J.D. Husar.

4.  EPA Project Officer:  W.E. Wilson, Jr.

5.  Progress July 1975 - October 1976:

         A primary objective of Project MISTT (Midwest Interstate Sulfur
    Transformation and Transport) is to investigate the in situ formation
    and distribution of sulfates in large urban power plant plumes.  The
    design of the field program, conducted in St. Louis during the summers
    of 1975 and 1976, called for a systematic deployment of several sampling
    and communications aircraft, as well as mobile ground-based sampling
    and meteorological support units.  The experimental program was designed
    to provide a data base to determine the total mass flow rate (Q) of
    each measured pollutant across vertical planes normal to plume flow at
    a number of increasing downwind distances from the source.  The downwind
    range covered was well beyond the mesoscale (100 km).  The rates of
    change of Q for gaseous and particulate sulfur during plume transport
    permit the estimation of overall rates of S02 conversion and removal
    (see report on Project MISTT Data).

         Two primary instrumented sampling aircraft have been used in the
    field program:  a twin-engine Aero-Commander instrumented and ooerated
    by WU; and a single-engine Cessna 206 instrumented and operated by
    Meteorology Research, Inc.  With some variations, these aircraft were
    equipped for continuous monitoring of gaseous (SOp, NO, NO , 0-), aerosol
    (light scattering, charge, condensation nuclei count), meteorological
    (temp., R.H., dew point, turbulence), and aircraft position (altitude,
    VOR, DME) parameters.  These data were recorded digitally at 1 or 2 sec.
    intervals on magnetic tapes.  High time resolution collection of seg-
    regated fine and coarse particles was performed by a sequential two-
    stage filter tape sampler developed at WU.  The filter samples were
    subsequently analyzed on the ground by a flash vaporization/flame-
    photometric detection method.  The specific chemical forms of the
    sulfates were also determined by a thermal analysis technique.  Other
    co-ordinated pollutant measureiiients were made from separate mobile
    sampling platforms on the ground (sulfur, b   ., aerosol charge and
    correlation spectrometer [COSPEC] for SO  and NCL) or in the air (COSPEC).
    Ground meteorological support was provided by three mobile pilot balloon
    (PIBAL) units, as well as a trained meteorologist on duty at the oper-
    ations headquarters  (OHQ).  Aerosol size-distribution measurements were
    made with  the MRI aircraft using an electrical aerosol analyzer and
    an optical particle  counter.
                                 13

-------
         All  field operations  were  directed  from  a  stationary OHQ, by WU via
    constant  radio communication  through  a system which  also interlinked the
    field units  themselves.  The  complex  communications  link was facilitated
    by a radio-relay  aircraft, whose  presence was vital  during flights
    ranging beyond 100  km.  The OHQ also  maintained a well-equipped command
    post to receive and translate real-time  data  into graphic plots, and,
    with the  help  of  these  and continually updated  meteorological reports,
    provided  on-line  direction of the entire operation.1

         Alternative  flight patterns  were devised depending on the availability
    of one or two  sampling  aircraft.  In  1975, the  MRI aircraft was the prin-
    cipal sampling unit,  and was  aided by a  WU scout/relay aircraft.  The
    latter, equipped  more sparsely  than the  former  for sampling, performed
    plume searching and similar scouting  work ahead of the MRI aircraft in
    order to  save  valuable sampling time.  In that  year, the urban plume of
    St. Louis was  studied (Figure 1)  out  to  distances of over 160 km during
    daytime,  and over 200 km at night.  The  sampling aircraft performed
    detailed  cross-sectional mapping  of the  plume at each of a number of
    downwind  distances  by making  horizontal  plume traverses at several ele-
    vations within the  plume,  and augmenting these  by vertical soundings.
    In 1976,  the emphasis was  placed  on mapping the Labadie power plant
    plume with both sampling aircraft operating.  The two aircraft were used
    to perform sampling at alternating downwind distances in a leapfrog
    fashion,  thereby  permitting a better  spatial  coverage and a closer
    approximation  of  the  desired  Lagrangian  mode  of plume sampling.  With
    an ultra-sensitive  sulfur  analyzer aboard the WU aircraft, the Labadie
    plume was clearly tracked  down  to 300 kml  During 1976, a long-range
    flight was also made  providing  air support for  the flight of ERDA's
    instrumented balloon  DaVinci.  The field program was extended by one
    week to conduct three long-range  test flights aimed  at investigating
    synoptic  scale hazy air masses  and plume transport in the Ohio River
    valley region.

         These field  studies have yielded much valuable  data in addition to
    the development of  a  sophisticated operational  methodology of detailed
    plume studies  over  a  long  range.  The aircraft  studies have provided
    indirect  estimates  of overall S0« ground removal rates during plume
    transport.  Direct  local measurements of SOo  dry deposition have also
    been performed over a variety of  ground  cover,  under different meteor-
    ological  conditions during day  and at night,  and during summer as well
    as winter.

6.  Publications and  Presentations:

    1.  Husar, R.B.,  N.V. Gillani, J.D. Husar, S.B. Fuller, W.H. White,
    J.A. Anderson, W.M. Vaughan and W.E.  VMTson,  Jr.  Pollutant Flow Rate
    Measurement  in Large  Plumes:  Sulfur  Budget in  Power Plant and Area
    Source Plumes  in  the  St. Louis  Region.   In:   Proc. 171st National ACS
    Meeting,  Div.  Environ.  Chem., New York,  NY,   April 1976.

    2.  Husar, R.B.,  N.V. Gillani and J.D. Husar.   Particulate Sulfur
    Formation in Power  Plant,  Urban and Regional  Plumes.  Presented at:
    Symp. Aerosol  Sci.  &  Tech., 82nd. National Meeting of AlChE, Atlantic
    City, NJ   Sept. 1976.
                                14

-------
    3.  Wilson, W..E., Jr., R.J.  Charlson,  R.B.  Husar,  K.T.  Whltfay  and
    D. Blumenttial.   Sulfates in  the Atmosphere.   Presented  at:   69th Annual
    Meeting, APCA,  Portland, OR,  June 1976.

    4.  White, W.H., J.A.  Anderson, D.L.. Blumenthal,  R.B. Husar, N.V. Gillani,
    J.D. Husar and  W.E.  Wilson,  Jr. 1976.   Formation  and Transport of
    Secondary Air Pollutants:  Ozone and Aerosols in  the St. Louis Urban
    Plume.  Science  194:187-189.

    5.  Vaughan, W.M., R.  Sperling, N.V. Gillani  and  R.B, Husar.   Horizontal
    S02 Mass Flow Rate Measurements in Plumes:  A Comparison of  Correlation
    Spectrometer Data with a Dispersion and Removal Model.  Presented at:
    68th Annual Meeting, APCA, Boston, MA,  June  1975.

    6.  Husar, J.D., R.B.  Husar  and P.K. Stubits  1975.  Determination of
    Submicrogram Amounts of Atmospheric Particulate Sulfur.  Anal  Chem.  47:2062.

    7.  Husar, J.D., R.B.  Husar, E.S. Macias, W.E. Wilson,  J.L.  Durham,
    W.K. Shepherd and J.A. Anderson 1976.   Particulate  Sulfur Analysis:
    Application to  High Time Resolution Aircraft  Sampling in Plumes.  Atm.
    Environ.  10:591.

    8.  Macias, E.S. and R.B.  Husar, 1976.  Atmospheric Particulate Mass
    Measurement with Beta Attenuation Mass Monitor.   Environ. Sci.  & Tech.
    10:904.

    9.  R.B. Husar, 1976.   Thermal  Analysis of  Aerosols.  J. Thermal Anal.
    10:2.

   10.  Dannevik, W., S. Frisella,  L. Granat and  R.B. Husar.  S02  Deposition
    Measurements in the St. Louis  Region.   In Preprint:  3rd Symp.  on Atm.
    Turb., Diff., and Air Quality,  AMS, Raleigh,  NC,  October 1976.

   11.  Husar, R.B.  Determination  of Ambient H^SO, and its Ammonium Salts
    by in situ Aerosol Thermal Analysis.  Presented at:  Symp. on  Radiation
    in the Atm., Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, August 1976.

   12.  Husar, R.B., N.V.  Gillani,  J.D. Husar.  A detailed  report  describing
    the field program of Project MISTT is  presently being prepared.

7.  Plans:

    1.  Aircraft instrumentation must include meteorological and NO measure-
    ments.  The high sensitivity Meloy SA-285 Sulfur  Analyser is currently
    being calibrated for continuous in situ monitoring  of particulate sulfur,
    with possible on-line in situ thermal  analysis of the aerosol.

    2.  The field operation may  be improved by  real-time input of  telemetered
    data into the computer to yield graphics in near  real-time.  Efforts to
    further co-ordinate all the  sampling units  to better attain  Lagrangian
    plume sampling  will  be made  in future programs.

    3.  Longer range flight designs will be seriously considered.
                                15

-------
                          PRIMARY
                          AIRCRAFT
SCOUT
                            ..i
                               QM=ffc(x,y,z)U(z)dydz
                                    plume
Figure 1.  Field program components and methodology -
         urban-industrial  plume.
                         16

-------
1.  Task Title:  Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols - Aerosol Characteristics
    Measured at Glasgow, MO. and in the St. Louis Urban Plume during the
    summer of 1975.

2.  Objective:

         To characterize the aerosol in the St. Louis urban plume using the
    EPA mobile van located 160 km north of St. Louis.

         To characterize the urban plume using an instrument package aboard the
    MRI aircraft.

3.  Institution:  University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
    Investigator:  K.T. Whitby

4.  EPA Project Officer:  W.E. Wilson

5.  Progress:

         Aerosol size distributions measured in the St. Louis urban plume can
    be characterized by a single log-normal mode with ag = 2.2 + 0.2 and a
    volume mean size of 0.45 + 0.06 ym.  There is little contribution from
    a nuclei mode except near ground sources such as the Wood River Refinery.

         Calculated concentrations of aerosol sulfur in the urban plume using
    measured aerosol volume concentrations and assuming sulfur in the form of
    H2S04, yield values about 75% of those obtained by J. Husar using a filter
    collection method.

         Most of the submicron aerosol measured by the EPA van at Glasgow in
    1975 can be characterized by a single log-normal mode with og = 1.78 +
    0.07 and volume mean size of about 0.30 + 0.06 ym.  This accumulation mode
    accounts for most of the particles measured by the Aitken nuclei counter
    and the optical properties of the aerosol.

         Two peak ozone periods observed on August 8 and August 9 show a sig-
    nificant difference in both the amount of visibility reduction and the
    distribution of the associated aerosols.  Table I presented the pertinent
    parameters for the accumulation mode on both days.  Visibility reduction
    is correlated more closely with relative humidity and mean aerosol size (volume
    weight) than SO? or 03.  The high ^scat during the second episode is explained
    by a shift in the mean size of the accumulation mode rather than the amount
    of aerosol present.

         Making the assumption that sulfur in the aerosol measured in situ by
    the MAAS *is in the form t^SO^;, average sulfur content of the aerosol was
    calculated for both days and agrees with amounts measured on August 8
    using filter collection techniques (J. Husar, 1975),  For August 9, however,
    the calculated average amount is only 63% of the measured amount.  This
    could imply either different sources or different conversion processes for
    the two days (Table II.)

6.  Publications, Presentations, Theses:  None
                                      17

-------
7.   Plans:
    1.  Gas calibration constants for this data have been received recently and
    the problem of reading the aircraft tapes has been solved.   Work on the data
    from 1975 will be completed as soon as the Los Angeles roadway study is
    comoleted in October, 1976.
                                   18

-------
                        Table I
         Typical Dist.
            Time of
 Date     Measurement
Aug. 8,


Aug. 9,
19:00 -
20:00

20:00 -
21:00
           Accumulation Mode
  ,     _   Characteristics    ,
  'v    D      o v    RH        scat
um /cc  um      ^      %    (xlO  m~

 48.5   0.254  1.85  51.6       2.91
 78.2   0.367  1.8   70.0
                                        13.2
                                                   Particulate       Gas
                                                     Sulfur     Concentrations
                                                                  0     Sulfur
                                                                 ppm      PPm
                                                  S < 1 um
                                                   yg/m
                                                    7.0      0.104   0.027
14.0      0.106   0.018
                        Table II
Day



August 8

August 9
                             Average Measured
                                 S < 1 um
                                   pg/m

                                   4.75

                                   8.71
                                             Average Calculated
                                            S (accumulation mode)
                                                    Mg/m
                                                    4.81

                                                    5.52

-------
1.   Task Title:   Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols - Coal  Fired Power Plant
    Plume Studies in St.  Louis, summer, 1976.

2.   Objective:

         To furnish, calibrate, and reduce data from an in situ aerosol analy-
    zing system aboard the MRI Cessna 206.

         To furnish, operate, and reduce the data from a special mobile van
    that was operated on  the ground under the power plant plumes being studied
    by the aircraft.

3.   Institution:   University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
    Investigator:  K.T. Whitby

4.   EPA Project Officer:   W.E. Wilson

5.   Progress:

         Aerosol  size distributions at the Labadie power plant plume were
    obtained with an instrumented aircraft and the University of Minnesota's
    van.  The intial examination of the aerosol  size distributions shows
    significant formation of ultrafine aerosols in the size range smaller
    than O.Olyrn.   Typical nuclei mode sizes are 0.006 to 0.009pm with con-
    centrations being in  the 40,000 to 100,000 cm range.  Even though sig-
    nificant numbers of nuclei are being formed, most of the aerosol mass
    being formed in the plume is being deposited directly into the accumulation
    mode (Figure 1).

6.   Publications, Presentations, Theses:  None

7.   Plans:
    1.  To reduce and report data by spring 1977.
                                     20

-------
                           AIRCRAFT STUDY' ST. LOUIS,  MO.
xie
2
1
RUN* 15 LOCATION: LftBADIE DATE' 5-JUL-76
FLIGHT TYPE -'TRAUERSE TINE' 12 = 47=18
-WDIR= RH= 57.9 U2= 1.99 32=221.24
WSPD= BSCAT= 2.13E-04 U3= 6.73 S3= 219.67
ALT=1438.2 CNC= 7.96E 04 U3-= 8.72 03= 0.015
NT= 3.23E 04 UT= 10.83 S02= 0.447
K-H)
DU
DLOGDF
0 ' 	
.692


j f ' ' 1
| px
ei
ii rr



:•:$
vX
X-Xv

i iiiiiii i 1111111
R218 - V77771
.-.•.•'.•.
$™^^Wi$M
.1 1 10
                                           DP

Figure 1.  Typical aerosol volume  size  distribution measured at a distance of
           6 Km from the Labadie coal fired power plant near St. Louis, Mo. on
           July 5, 1976.  The  condensation nuclei count in the plume is 80,000
           cm  as compared to  about  8,000  cm   outside of the plume,  indicating
           significant nuclei  formation in the plume.
                                    21

-------
1.  Task Title:   Project MISTT -  Synoptic Scale Haziness  and  Air Pollution

2.  Objective:

         To investigate using the national  yisibility data,  the spatial
extent, temporal  behavior,  secondary pollution content,  and  variability
of synoptic scale hazy air masses ('blobs')  in the U.S.

3.  Institution:   Washington University (WU),  St.  Louis,  Missouri
    Investigators:   R.B. Husar, N.V. Gillani,  J.D. Husar.

4.  EPA Project Officer:  W.E. Wilson,  Jr.

5.  Progress July 1976 - October  1976:

         Recent observations of high background sulfate  and  ozone levels
over wide rural  areas  of eastern  U.S. have  raised  concern about the long
range transport and interaction of effluents  from  many sources.  Project
MISTT field studies have already  evidenced  the in  situ formation and
transport of aerosols  and ozone in St.  Louis  plumes over a range of about
200 km, and the associated reduction of visibility over the  exposed areas.
The study of synoptic  scale air pollution is  hampered by the  absence of  an
adequate national data base for secondary pollution.   This study investigates
the suitability of national visibility  data as an  effective  surrogate for
regional scale  secondary pollution data.

      Ground level  visual range observations  are made hourly  at hundreds  of
airport stations  operated by the  National Weather  Service (NWS).  The data
become immediately available via  long-line  telephone service, generally  on
paper or paper-tape output, and are also stored on magnetic  tapes for sub-
sequent delivery  to the user.  The spatial  density of data permits meaning-
ful computer contour plotting of  visibility or light extinction.  A
comprehensive package  of computer software  has been developed which may  be
driven by hourly  real-time input, or stored magnetic tape input of an entire
month's data.  Within  minutes, the computer yields graphic visibility
contour plots,  as well as surface wind  plots.   The programs  also perform
differential shading of different visibility regions.

      A detailed case  study has been made of a synoptic scale air pollution
episode affecting various parts of the  eastern U.S. over a period of nearly
two weeks during Summer 1975.  The formation and long range  transport of a
synoptic hazy 'blob1 were documented for this episode using  sequential
visibility plots  (Figure 1), surface winds, long-range post-facto air parcel
trajectories, national weather maps and detailed local air quality data.
It was observed that a stagnant meteorological condition, persisting for
more than two days over the high  sulfur emission region of the Ohio River
valley, led to the accumulation of large amounts of aerosols  and visibility
reduction to less than 6 miles over a synoptic region.  Subsequent cir-
culatory air motion associated with a high-pressure cell  in  the region
caused the motion of the 'blob1 westward to Kansas, then up  through Iowa
and Minnesota,  and back to the southern Great Lakes region.   At that time,
the hazy blob (<6 mile visibility) extended up to 2000 km.  A subsequent
rapid southward movement of a cold Canadian front swept the  blob to Florida
within two days.
                               22

-------
         The motion  of the  blob  as  seen  from  visibility  plots was  consistent
    with long-range  air parcel trajectories.   Satellite  pictures also substan-
    tiated the existence and scale  of the  haziness.   Local  air pollution
    data in Missouri  and Illinois verified the temporal  behavior of  the blob
    motion and were  consistent with its  synoptic  dimensions.  Aerosol light
    scattering as  measured  by nephelograms, and daily ozone data in  St. Louis
    showed remarkably good  correlation with light extinction based on visibility
    data.  In St.  Louis, 40% of  the aerosol mass  in  the  blob was measured as
     sulfuric acid.   Finally, hand  contour plots  of  ozone  and sulfates  for
    days of available data, Figure  2)  showed  the  existence  of synoptic ozone and
    sulfate blobs  of high concentrations coinciding  closely with the hazy blobs.
    A limited analysis was  also  performed  to  show the predominance of pollution
    over water content as the source of  haziness  for R.H.  <70%.

         The utility of visibility  reduction  data as an  excellent  qualitative
    surrogate for  aerosol mass has  been  demonstrated.  The  use of  this very
    convenient tool  in visualizing  synoptic scale pollution has important
    implications  and should be exploited.

    Publications  and Presentations:

    1.   Husar, R.B.,  N.V. Gillani,  J.D.  Husar, C.C.  Paley.  Large  Scale Haziness
    over Midwestern  and Eastern  U.S.  Presented at:   Symp.  on Radiation in the
    Atm., Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, August 1976.

    2.   Husar, R.B.,  N.V. Gillani,  J.D.  Husar. A Study  of Long Range Transport
    from Visibility  Observations, Trajectory  Analysis  and Local Air  Pollution
    Monitoring Data.   Presented  at:  NATO/CCMS 7th Tech. Meeting on  Air
    Pollution Medeling and its Applications.   Airlie,  VA , September  1976 (Proc.
    to be issued).

    3.   Husar, R.B.,  D.E. Patterson, C.C.  Paley,  N.V.  Gillani.  Ozone in Hazy
    Air Masses.  Presented at:   EPA Intl.  Conf. on Photochemical Oxidant and its
    Control, Raleigh, NC , September 1976 (Proc. to be issued),

    4.   Husar, R.B.,  N.V. Gillani,  J.D.  Husar, C.C.  Paley,  P.N. Turcu.  Long
    Range Transport  of Pollutants Observed Through Visibility Contour Mapjs,
    Weather Maps  and Trajectory  Analysis.   In Preprint:   3rd Symp. on Atm. Turb.,
    Diff. and Air Quality,  Amer. Met.  Soc., Raleigh, NC, October 1976.

    5.   Gillani,  N.V. and R.B. Husar.  Synoptic Haziness Over the  Eastern U.S.
    and its Long  Range Transport.   Invited Paper: 4th National Conf. on Fire
    and Forest Meteorology, Soc. Amer. Foresters/Amer. Met. Soc.,  St. Louis, MO,
    November '1976  (Proc. to be issued).
7.  Plans:
    1.  Further automation will  permit direct input of real-time  data  from
    weather telephone service terminal  into computer memory.

    2.  Visibility plots will be prepared at fixed intervals  daily  to  provide
    a larger scale pollution perspective, as well  as to signal  the  onset of blob
    conditions.
                                   23

-------
3.  To collect data for a second detailed case study of a suspected blob
episode relative humidity and visibility reduction during the single episode
period.

4.  To assess the role of relative humidity in light extinction and visual

range reduction.
                               24

-------
i     JUNE 25, 1975

i      *
 <-,
         Figure 1. Sequential  computer contour .plots for noon ground visibility:
                   solid black,  <4  miles;  shaded grey, 4-6 miles.
                                            25

-------
     •V..,..-
Jo.\'(£ 23, J9V5     (  \
                                                 JUNE  23, »975
                                         -•—-"*

            JULY 5, J975
                                    JULY 5, 1975    f\
                                           Ml  >30
                                           ^  20 to 30
                                           IZZJ  10 lo 20
                                                 
-------
1.   Task Title:  Processing and Analysis of Project MISTT Data

2.   Objectives:

          To develop and implement an interactive, graphics-oriented
     computer software package for rapid processing of aircraft data.

          To design the basic strategy for data analysis, and provide
     guidelines for the design of an appropriate field program.

          To determine rates and mechanisms of SC^-to-sulfate conversion
     and pollutant removal  by dry deposition.

3.   Institution:  Washington University (WU), St. Louis, Missouri
     Investigators:  R.B. Husar, N.V. Gillani, J.D. Husar

4.   EPA Project Officer;  W.E. Wilson, Jr.

5.   Progress July 1975 - October 1976:

          The data processing objective has been fully achieved with great
     success.  A comprehensive and versatile minicomputer software package
     has been developed which permits systematic processing, and basic
     analysis of the data logged on magnetic cassettes aboard aircraft,
     (WU, MRI) or instrumented ground vehicles (EMI, roadway study).  Parti-
     culate sulfur (Sp) data are merged into the permanent data files
     as soon as filter sample analyses are completed.   A special feature of
     the software is the rapid initial turnaround of the data within hours
     of the sampling mission.  This processing includes data transfer to
     computer memory, calibration and instrument response time corrections,
     data averaging, and production of hard copies of graphical data dis-
     plays in engineering units.  It provides immediate data quality check,
     indicates sampling instrument malfunctions, and provides a basis for
     daily interaction between the scientists and the field crew.  Meteor-
     ological data (pibals, visibility, etc.) are processed simultaneously.
     User-oriented interactive data display-edit-integration procedures
     have also been developed and used.  A new software package, designed
     for highly-automated production of hard copy graphics for the data
     volume, is nearing completion.

          The field program, as well as data analysis, are based on the
     mass flow rate (Q) approach.  AQ values for S02 and Sp at successive
     downwind sections permit the evaluation of SOp loss-to-conversion and
     to other forms of scavenging.  The application of our dispersion-trans-
     formation-removal model then permits the estimation of overall rates
     of conversion and of removal, consistent with the observed changes in
     Q.  The measurements also permit the determination of pollutant ratios
     (e.g. S02/sulfate).  The analysis based on Q is viewed as the more
     rational approach for non-conservative species.  These basic concepts
     have been used in a field program designed to provide detailed pollutant
     measurements, as well  as a completely co-ordinated meteorological data
     base.
                                   27

-------
     Project MISTT data analyzed so far have indicated a substantial loss
     of S02 to the ground in the mesoscale transport of low-level plumes
     (e.g. urban-industrial).  Tall stack emissions remain airborne for
     longer distances (Figure 1).  The data for both types of plumes on
     hot, sunny, summer days tend to implicate the presence of ozone,
     (either from in situ formation in the plume (Fig. 2a), or from
     entrainment of the background air (Fig. 2b)) as being conducive to
     in situ aerosol formation.   The highest observed aerosol and sulfate
     concentrations (bSgat>10xlO~lfm-1 and [$04] >60 yg/m3) were under night-
     time conditions, with no direct evidence of ozone participation in the
     reactions forming the aerosols.  Data of this type are rich in informa-
     tion regarding rates as well as mechanisms.  Furthermore, both urban-
     industrial and power plant plumes have been tracked downwind to 300
     km (1976), with detailed data of direct possible significance in
     regional models.

          A mesoscale parametrized dispersion model has been developed to
     include the effects of dry deposition, as well as pseudo-first order
     gas-to-particle conversion and precipitation scavenging.  The conversion
     rate is allowed to depend on plume transport time, thus permitting
     simulation of changing plume composition.  The model  also permits free
     interaction between meteorology and chemistry in a non-homogeneous!y
     turbulent atmosphere.  Comparison of model results with measured
     pollutant flow rates have yielded realistic overall rates of conversion
     and removal.

6.    Publications  and Presentations:

     1.   Gillani, N.V.   1975.  Data Processing, Management and Analysis
     Related to Project MISTT, 1975.  Report submitted to EPA Project Officer.

     2.   Husar, R.B., N.V. Gillani, J.D. Husar, S.B. Fuller, W.H. White,
     J.A. Anderson, W.M. Vaughan and W.E. Wilson, Jr.  Pollutant Flow Rate
     Measurement in Large Plumes:  Sulfur Budget in Power Plant and Area
     Source Plumes in the St. Louis Region.  In:  Proc. 171st National ACS
     Meeting, Div. Environ. Chem., New York, NY, April 1976.

     3.   Husar, R.B., N.V. Gillani and J.D. Husar.  Particulate Sulfur
     Formation in Power Plant, Urban and Regional Plumes.   Presented at:
     Symp. Aerosol Sci.  & Tech., 82nd National Meeting of AIChE, Atlantic
     City, NJ, September 1976.

     4.   Wilson,  W.E.,  Jr., R.J. Charlson, R.B. Husar, K.T. Whitby and
     D. Blumenthal.  Sulfates in the Atmosphere.  Presented at:  69th Annual
     Meeting, APCA, Portland, OR, June 1976.

     5.   White, W.H., J.A. Anderson, D.L. Blumenthal, R.B. Husar, N.V.
     Gillani, J.D. Husar and W.E. Wilson, Jr.  1976.  Formation and Transport
     of Secondary Air Pollutants:  Ozone and Aerosols in the St. Louis
     Urban Plume.   Science.  194:187-189.
                                  28

-------
     6.   Vaughan, W.M., R. Sperling, N.V. Gil lam" and R.B. Husar.  Horizontal
     S02 Mass Flow Rate Measurements in Plumes:  A Comparison of Correlation
     Spectrometer Data with a Dispersion and Removal Model.  Presented at:
     68th Annual Meeting, APCA, Boston, MA, June 1975.

     7.   Whitby, K.T., B.C. Cantrell, R.B. Husair, N.V. Gillani, J.A. Anderson,
     D.L. Blumenthal and W.E. Wilson, Jr.  Aerosol Formation in a Coal Fired
     Power Plant Plume.  In:  Proc. Div. of Environmental Chemistry, Amer.
     Chem. Soc., NY, April 1976.

     8.   Wilson, W.E., Jr., R.B. Husar, K.T. Whitby, D.B. Kittleson and
     W.H. White.  Chemical Reactions in Power Plant Plumes.  In:  Proc. Div.
     of Environmental Chemistry, Amer. Chem. Soc., NY, April 1976.

     9.   Gillani, N.V. and R.B. Husar.  Analytical-Numerical Model for
     Mesoscale Transport, Transformation and Removal of Air Pollutants.
     Presented at:  NATO/CCMS 7th Tech. Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling
     and its Applications, Airlie, VA, September 1976 (Proc. to be issued).

     10.  Gillani, N.V. and R.B. Husar.  Mesoscale Model for Pollutant
     Transport, Transformation and Ground Removal.  Presented at:  3rd Symp.
     on Atm. Turb., Diff. and Air Quality, Amer. Met. Soc., Raleigh, NC,
     October 1976.

     11.  Husar, J.D., R.B. Husar, E.S. Macias, W.E. Wilson, J.L. Durham,
     W.K. Shepherd and J.A. Anderson.  1976.  Particulate Sulfur Analysis:
     Application to High Time Resolution Aircraft Sampling in Plumes.  Atm.
     Environ.  10:591.
7.   Plans:
          During the past year  analysis of aircraft data has been quite
     limited.  However, it will be the area of major emphasis and effort
     in the next year.

     1.   The production of detailed data volumes will be completed for all
     1975, 1976 field data collected by WU, MRI, Univ. of Minnesota and
     EMI.  These packages will consist of edited, averaged data in engineering
     units on magnetic tape storage; tape format documentation; data volumes
     of hard copy graphical displays with integrations, flight logs, sampling
     and meteorological summaries, and pibal data.

     2.   Mass flow rates, appropriate pollutant ratios, meteorological
     analyses, and model calculations and comparisons will be performed for
     all appropriate data of 1975 and 1976 field programs with the following
     principal objectives:  a) extraction of S02-to-sulfate conversion rates
     and S0£ removal rates; b) determination of dominant factors governing
     the conversion rates; c) quantitative relationships between conversion
     rates and incluencing factors (i.e. models of mechanisms).

     3.   The main mathematical model will be extended to include:  temporal
     variability, full utilization of meteorological data, and non-linear
     conversion processes.
                                  29

-------
    7.5

u
0>
CO

cr>
*.   5.0
    4.0




    3.0


    2.5



    2.0




    1.5





    1.0
       CO
       <
       01
       D
       U_
       _l
       ID
       co
                T	1	1	1	r	1	T	i	1    r~  r

                     URBAN a  INDUSTRIAL PLUMES
                             -AEROSOL
                                           20%/HOUR LOSS RATE
                                                AT u«5 m/sec
                 10   20   30  40   50   60   70  80   90  100   110   120


                       DOWNWIND  DISTANCE,  X (km)
       o
       UJ
       f-
       CO
          4.0
          3.0
           2.0
       a:   1.5
       o
       u.

       co   i.O
       CO
       cc
       ^
       u.
           0.5
                           POWER  PLANT PLUMES
                                                         B
                 10   20   30   40   50  60   70   80  90   100  110  120

                        DOWNWIND  DISTANCE,  X (km)


Figure 1.  Mesoscale depletion of sulfur mass flow rate in large plumes.
          a)  Rapid ground loss from urban-industrial plumes.
          b)  Slow depletion from power plant plumes.
                           30

-------
                 HOURS
                                                       - 250     25OO
                               PARTICIPATE SULFUR

                                   i          i
        KRI8S5 8-14-74 10--00 LABAOIE
                                                       180
                    SCO
                    ONZ
                    2UO
                      CN
                                               OZONE
                     A-'P  L   U  H  E
                                          •*<*
*•«•«.«•«.
                      3
                   '030

                    538
                    833
                                                                 1
                                                                068

                                                                260
                                                                574
 068

 000
 000
i

 SQZ
         123433
             124  2
Figure 2. Indication of role of  ozone  in plume aerosol formation.
          a) In situ ozone and aerosol formation in St. Louis urban
             plume,  7/18/75.
          b) Possible homogeneous nucleation processes (increase in
             Condensation Nuclei £ount) by entrainment of background
             ozone at plume edges, Labadie, 8/14/74.
                                 31

-------
1.  Task Title:   St.  Louis Plume Study - Halocarbon and Hydrocarbon Measurements

2.  Objective:

         To make continuous halocarbon and hydrocarbon measurements at a rural
    site 100 km northwest of St. Louis in order to identify the source and age
    of the air mass.   This information will  be used, in conjunction with EPA
    measurements of pollutants and Argonne measurements of meteorological  para-
    meters, to study the transformation of pollutants during transport.

         To examine ozone concentrations in terms of the source, age, and
    hydrocarbon concentrations, natural  and anthropogenic, of the air mass.

3.  Institution:  Washington State University
    Investigator:  R.A. Rasmussen

4.  EPA Project Officer:   W.E. Wilson

5.  Progress:

         In July and August of 1975, Washington State University carried out an
    intensive measurement program to determine the species of hydrocarbons and
    their concentrations  in a clearly  rural  location that was often influenced  by
    emissions from the St. Louis urban area as well  as other more distant  pollu-
    tant sources.  An instrumented field laboratory was operated at the field
    site near Glascow, 111. for thirty days.

         Real-time quantitative analyses of the following halocarbons were
    conducted using an automated electron capture gas chromatograph:  CCloF
    (F-ll), CC12F2 (F-12), CHC13, CH3CC13 and CC14-   Detailed C2-to-C5 and 63-
    to-Ci2 hydrocarbon analysis were performed at two-hour intervals on a  24 hr.
    basis, seven days a week.  The intent was to discriminate natural from
    anthropogenic hydrocarbons and to  apply this understanding to the involved
    chemistry that results in hydrocarbon oxidation products such as ozone and
    aerosols.

         A data report for use by other investigators was provided.  An inter-
    pretive report concentrating on the general character of the hydrocarbons
    measured at the rural site and on  the oxidant behavior in the air masses
    that passed over the  study site was also prepared.  From the data at this
    one site, four distinct situations illustrating the interplay of meteorology
    and chemistry in the photolysis of urban and rural hydrocarbons, and the
    consequent production of elevated  rural  ozone levels can be recognized:

         1)  Remote or background air:   unambiguously clean and therefore
             accepted as characteristic of air unaffected by any discernable
             urban contamination;

         2)  Young plumes:  urban pollutant plumes with easily measurable levels
             of primary pollutants still reacting in transit over the rural study
             site;

         3)  Old plumes:   clearly marked fluorocarbon plumes, with most of
             the reactive hydrocarbons consumed;

         4)  Regional  pollution:  no plumes noticeable, but clear evidence of
             photochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons and elevated oxidant.
                                      32

-------
         Fluorocarbon-11,  hydrocarbon,  and weather data  were used  to identify
    and describe these situations and to interpret the observed concentrations
    of hydrocarbons and oxidant resulting from local  photochemistry and transport.


6.  Publications, Presentations, Theses:

    1.  Robinson, E. and R.A.  Rasmussen.  Identification of Natural  and Anthropogenic
    Rural Ozone for Control  Purposes.  Presented at:   APCA Speciality Conference  on
    Ozone/Oxidants:  Interactions with the Total Environment, March  10-12,  1976,
    Dallas, TX.

    2.  Rasmussen, R.A., D.J.  Pierotti, and J.P. Krasnec.  Analysis  of Halocarbons
    in the Atmosphere.  Presented at:  69th Annual Meeting APCA, June 27-July 1,
    1976, Portland, OR.

    3.  Chatfield, R. and  R.A. Rasmussen.  An Assessment of the Continental  Lower
    Tropospheric Ozone Budget.  To be published in:  Proc. of OCED-EPA Inter,
    Conf. on Photochemical Oxidant Pollution and Its  Control, Raleigh, NC,
    September 12-17, 1976.

    4.  Rasmussen, R.A.  Atmospheric Halocarbon Monitoring Techniques.  Presented
    at:  WMO Technical Conference on Atmospheric Pollution Measurement Techniques,
    Gottenburg, Sweden, October 11-15,.'1976.

    5.  Rasmussen, R.A.  1976.  Surface Ozone Observations in Rural  and Remote
    Areas.  J. of Occupational Medicine.  18(5):346-349.

    6.  Rasmussen, R.A., R.B.  Chatfield and M.W. Hoi den  Transport of Hydrocarbon
    and Oxidant Chemistcies Observed at a Rural Mid-West Site.  Presented at:
    "Non-Urban Tropospheric Composition."  Symposium, Miami Beach, FL, November
    10-12, 1976.

7.  Plans

         This task has been completed.
                                       33

-------
1.  Task Title: Application of Statistical  and Mathematical  Methods  to
                Air Pollution Problems
2.  Objective:

         To determine the feasibility of using the IBM Model  to simulate tracer
    experiments.

3.  Institution:  Northrup Technical  Services
    Investigator:   J.H.  Overton

4.  EPA Project Officer:  W.E. Wilson

5.  Progress:

         A diffusion model developed  by IBM for EPA has been modified and used to
    simulate the results of SFg tracer experiments carried out in St. Louis
    during August  of 1975.  Initially, the  input/output parts of the IBM model
    computer program had to be modified to  make it useful  for the SF^ simulations.
    These modifications  allow for minute-by-minute input of source strengths,
    and minute-by-minute output of concentrations at specified locations.  The
    results of four SFs  tests, tests  #1, 3, 4, and 5 have been simulated (Figure
    1  and Table 1).  During the tests SFs was released at a location, at a constant
    rate, for a given period of time.  Meanwhile, an automobile traveling at a
    constant rate  downwind of the release point collected air samples at equal
    distance intervals.   The samples  were later analyzed for SF5.  The plots are
    of concentration versus distance  along  the collecting automobile's path.

         Test #1 was a low level  release 100 feet above RAMS site 111.   In test
    #3, the SFs was released from the KETC  TV tower 1000 feet above the ground.

         The relationship between the release sites and the traverse routes
    (highway 40 for the  data in Figure 1)  is indicated in Figure 2.

         In addition to  the collection of SFs on tne r°ad, hourly averages were
    obtained at RAMS sites.  Table 1  lists  the experimental  and simulated values
    of hourly averages at those sites.  There is a general lack of agreement
    between simulated and experimental values for test #1, the low-level release.
    In most cases  the simulated values are  far too large.  Better results were
    obtained for the high—level release, test 13.

         An attempt was made to obtain better results by varying the release
    height, source location and the mixing  height.  The results were not
    significant; thus  indicating that the  effects of other parameters, such as
    eddy diffusivity should be investigated.

6.  Publications,  Presentations, Theses:

    1.  Overton, J.H. B.K. Lamb and F.H. Shair.  A Dual Tracer Study for Validation
    of Models with Respect to High and Low Altitude Sources.  Presented at:  The
    7th Inter. Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling, Aulie, VA, September
    8, 1976.

7.  Plans:

    Project completed.
                                      34

-------
       TABLE 1.  COMPARISON OF CALCULATED AND MEASURED
                 Concentrations of SFg (ppt)

Station
Number
101
102
103
104
105
106
109
110
112
113
114
115
116 _
117
118
119
120
121

11-12
0
-
-
0
4/0
12/279
5/0
0
6/9
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0
-
0
Test 11
Time of
12-1
2/0
6/0
0
0
0
13/206
-
2/0
36/65
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
(8/8/75)
Day - CDT
1-2
0
0
0
0
s/o
4/79
1/0
0
63/172
1/0
0
0
0
0
4/0
0
-
0/2

2-3
.
0
0
0
-
0/32
-
0
46/189
2/0
0
-
-
0
0
0
-


11-12
OA
0
0
0
0/1
0/8



0
5/0
0
0

0
6/15
0
0
Test »3
Time of
12-1
2/7
0/17
0/4
0/0
0/1
27/26
V


0
0
0
0

0
22/18
0
0
(8/11/75)
Day - CDT
1-2
0/1
26/17
0
0
0
6A1



9/6
7/12
0/3
0

0
18/22
0
0

2-3
0
8/4
0
0
0
7A



7/21
13/29
0
0

0
44/18
0
0
Single entry:  Both calculated and experimental concentrations
are the same.  Double entry:  Experimental/calculated.  Stations
not included either had faulty data, no sample taken or a value
of zero.
                              35

-------
  350
  300
  250
  200'
  ISO
  100
   50
EXPERIMENT #-1 (8/8/75) HIGHWAY 40
7. 11:58 - 12:08
I



t

i
A
II
• r
i *
/
I





•*•



• .
i i i r . . . . . .
8. 1:32 - 1:42








4.




•V
1
n
i
<\
\
/. »
• \ »
/ •*•
/ ^
' •-.,

9. 1:58 - 2:C8
• EXP
+ CALC

4
\
f\
l\
• fl
/'i
i*1 '
t! '1
+• i *
/ . \

     024681002468100^   woo^u


                     MILES ALONG TRAVERSE





           EXPERIMENT #-3  (8/11/75)    HIGHWAY 40


     3.  12:15 - 12:39           4.  12:56 - 1:20         5.  1:42 - 2:03
1
70 •

,0-
.


50 •



£ ''>:
O.

30
21

10
0.
^
A

• i
IX I
v I
i 1
i i

1
| i
1 .
1 1
It •
i
[ ,
1
1 1
; K',
/' \ l
/ ' \«
/ 1' \
• • • •' • ' ' — i — ' r'l — i 	
i ft B1O1'' lAlft H









«
;• "
*•
J \
i '
< *'
\/T\
'!/ • \ ',
• */ * \ 1
/< i* \

i/'v V
/! " \
tn 1* i/. IA ifl P


• EXP
+ CALC










?/y
f / V • »
/ Y
/' V"1
// ^
i t " . i — r— i — ^-i — -*n — »
1A T » 1 4 1 «. t f 1
                     MILES  ALONG TRAVERSE


Figure 1.   Calculated and  experimental concentrations  of  SF,.
                                                               6
                        36

-------
 • RAPS SITES
t$ INTERSTATE ROUTES
Us) U.S. HIGHWAYS  ,.
© STATE HIGHWAYS
   STATE BOUNDARY
N
                                                                                                        123
                                                 Figure  2

-------
1.  Task Title:  Atmospheric Boundary Layer Measurements in Project MISTT
                 Atmospheric Boundary Layer Measurements in Project MISTT-II.

2.  Objective:

         To investigate the transport and dispersive properties of the Planetary
    Boundary (PBJL) »_£o>l_the_PJJ^pose j5f jjnpj^oving numerical simulations of pb'llu-
    tant di stri but Tori "downwi"nd of emission sources.

3.  Institution:  Atmospheric Physics Section,  Radiological and Environmental
    Research Division, Argonne National  Laboratory (ANL).
    Investigator:  B. Hicks

4.  EPA Project Officer:  W.E. Wilson and G.  Holzworth.

5.  Progress:                                          k

         From July 15 to August 15,  1975, three Divisions of ANL (Chemical
    Engineering, Energy and Environmental Systems, and Radiological  and Environ-
    mental  Research)  cooperated in a research effort to detect pollutants
    emanating  from the St.  Louis industrial complex at a range of 100 km, and  to
    observe and document those atmospheric planetary boundary layer phenomena
    that influence pollutant transport over such distances.

         The six-part 1975 Sangamon  experiment was conducted over relatively
    flat farming country near Auburn, Illinois, in order to investigate the
    evolution  of the  PBL capping inversion between the hours of 0400-1200.   To
    do this, hourly radiosonde (or pibal) ascents were tracked by a digitized,
    double theodolite system, the WHAT System,  to give wind and temperature
    profiles.   Measurements made at  the Galesburg, Champaign, and Auburn stations
    t_o determine the  geostrophic and thermal  winds were supplemented by hourly
    air-ways reports  from the National  Weather Service.   Also, a network of
    four acoustic sounders measured  the mesoscale variations in refractive index
    fluctuations near the inversion  at Glasgow, Palmyra, Waverly, and Auburn.

         Supporting micrometeorological data were gathered over the maize and
    soybean crops grown in that area.  These data included continuous measure-
    ments of wind, temperature, dewpoint, ozone  gradients, and net radiation.
    Direct measurements of momentum and sensible heat fluxes were made by the
    eddy correlation  technique over both crops.  In addition, line-of-sight
    remote sensing of the wind field and the heat and moisture fluxes were.
    made near the surface by laser scintillation and optical blurring methods.

         A third part of the experiment involved measurements from a kytoon.
    Tnese measurements gave high resolution profiles of wind speed and temp-
    erature in the lowest 100m.  Although slow balloon motions created unwanted
    noise in the low frequencies, the high-frequency portion of the kinetic
    energy spectrum was evaluated at various heights in the lowest 100m.  Air
    samples were obtained at heights above and below the inversion at different
    times during the morning hours.

         Besides monitoring the concentration of ozone,  sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
    dioxide,  hydrocarbons, etc., and performing the analysis of the air samples
    taken from the kytoon system, measurements were made of particulates,  sulfate
    specification, and  oxygen-isotope ratios.  An air-chemistry network was also
    established, with stations  at Glasgow, Auburn,  and  near St. Louis.


                                         38

-------
        Finally, measurements were made of turbidity by comparing  the  direct  and  indirect
    components of the solar radiation.   A network  of stations  located  at  St.  Louis,  Glas-
    gow, Waverly, Famersville, Hillsboro and  Auburn  were deployed  for  this  purpose.

        The 1976 Sangamon experiment was conducted from July 13  to August 5,  at the
    same site near Auburn  as the 1975  PBL experiment.   The second field  experiment
    was to describe the diurnal  cycle of the  structure  of the  atmospheric mixed layer,
    particularly in the late afternoon  and evening conditions  of inversion  formation.
    The following details will concern  only those  parts of the experiment that differed
    significantly from the 1975 exercise.

        Automatic acoustic sounding equipment was  operated over  a  3/4  km  triangular
    array in order to record spatial variations in the  behavior  and evolution of
    the mixed layer of the atmosphere.   These sounders  indicated the presence of
    decoupled, stable layers aloft, and provided information on  the behavior  of gravity
    waves on the inversion layers.  The breaking of  such waves near the top of inver-
    sions is a potential  mechanism for  the transfer  of  both pollutant  materials and
    thermal energy through these stable layers.

        Instead of kytoon-borne sampling equipment,  the second Sangamon experiment
    benefited from the participation of aircraft  from  both Battelle Pacific  Northwest
    Laboratories and the EPA.  Other cooperative ventures resulted in  experimental
    programs addressing the surface fluxes of small  particles  (in  cooperation with
    the University of Minnesota) and of ozone (University of Michigan).

        During February 1976, related cooperative  study (in collaboration with
    Washington University of St. Louis  and Environmental Quality Research,  Incorporated)
    was performed downwind of the Wood  River  refinery complex.  This investigation
    resulted in the first successful measurement of  the vertical turbulent  flux of
    small particles.  The measurements  of particle flux, obtained  as a result of
    coupling a fast-response particle detector to  the eddy-correlation apparatus,
    showed deposition velocities that are not substantially different  from  those
    which might be predicted for  S02 flux.        This  casts some  doubt on  the
    advisability of assuming greatly dissimilar values  for these two cases.

6.  Publications and Presentations:

    1.   Wesely, M.L., B.B. Hicks, W.P.  Dannevik, S.  Frisella,  and  R.B. Husar.
    An  Eddy-Correlation Measurement of Particulate Deposition  from the Atmosphere.
    Submitted to:  Atmos. Environ.

    2.   Hicks, B.B. and C.M. Sheih.  Some Observations  of Eddy Fluxes  within
    a Maize Canopy.  Submitted to:  Boundary-Layer Meteorology.

7.  Plans:
                    t
    1.   Further intensive studies of PBL behavior are being  planned in conjunction
    with several other cooperating organizations.

    2.   To complete a series of field experiments measuring deposition velocities
    in natural circumstances.

    3.   To test the parameterizations developed in PBL  programs  over larger spatial
    and-temporal scales.
                                           39

-------
1.    Task Title:   Field Sampling  and  Analysis  of Airborne Particulate Material
     in Conjunction with Project  MISTT.

2.    Objective:

          To determine the frequency  of  occurrence  of acidic sulfate on a
     regional  basis and to attempt to identify those  temporal  and  spatial
     relationships that may exist in  its occurrence.

3.    Institution:   Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne,  Illinois.
     Investigator:  P.T. Cunningham

4.    EPA Project  Officer:   W.E. Wilson

5.    Progress:

          The  Chemical  Engineering Division  of Argonne National  Laboratory
     has developed techniques  for collecting time-resolved,  size-fractionated
     samples of airborne particulate  matter  using Lundgren impactors and
     subsequent chemical analysis  by  Fourier Transform infrared  spectro-
     scopy (FTS).   The analysis is quantitative for sulfate  and  nitrate
     ions.  It also provides qualitative information  on the  relative amounts
     of acidic sulfate (the observation  of bisulfate  ion  and/or  sulfuric
     acid) and other chemical  species found  in the  samples.

          Previous studies have shown ammonium sulfate to be a major consti-
     tuent of  submicrometer-size  ambient aerosol  particles.   Acidic  sulfate
     has also  been shown to occur frequently in the Chicago, IL  area.
     During the MISTT project, these  techniques were  applied for the first
     time on a regional basis  in  order to help elucidate  the long-range
     transport and transformation  of  sulfur  compounds in  the air.  The
     frequency, extent and magnitude  of  acidic sulfate episodes  were to be
     evaluated and correlated  with other data  coming  from the MISTT  project.

          Sampling sites were  established approximately 100  km apart at
     St. Louis, MO; Glasgow, ILjand Auburn,  IL.   By using Lundgren impactors,
     size- and time-resolved samples  of  airborne particulate matter  were
     collected almost continuously at these  sites from July  15,  1975 to
     August 11, 1975.   The samples were  collected with two-hour  time
     resolution and with four  size fractions which  had nominal 50% cut-points
     of 10 ym, 3  urn,     1 ym..and 0.3 pm for impaction stages I, II, III and
     IV, respectively.

          Analysis of the submicrometer-size stage  IV samples, which represent
     the secondary particulate matter, has been completed and some qualita-
     tive assessments have been made.  Ammonium sulfate was  found  in varying
     amounts in all stage IV samples.  Widespread acidic  sulfate episodes
     were observed to have occurred twice during the  sampling period (Fig. 1).
     The time correlation for  the occurrence of acidic sulfate at  the
     three sites  suggests strongly that  such occurrences  are regional in
     nature.  The apparent diurnal variations  in the  degree of acidity
     associated with the acidic  sulfate  episodes appear to be related more
     to the onset of mixing associated with  breakup of the nocturnal
     inversion than to an increase in photochemical activity.

-------
6.   Publications, Presentations and Theses:

    1.   Yang, R.T., P.T.  Cunningham, W.I.  Wilson and S.A.  Johnson.   1975.
    Kinetics of the Reaction of Half-Calcined Dolomite with Sulfur  Dioxide
    Adv. in Chem. Ser.  139:149-157.

    2.   Hubble, B.R., S.  Siege! and P.T.  Cunningham.  1975.  On the Feasibility
    of the CaSO^-Gas REaction for Regeneration of Sulfated Dolomite or Limestone
    in Sulfur Dioxide Pollution-Control  Processes.  J. Air Poll. Control  Assoc.
    25(12):1256.

    3.   Cunningham, P.T.  and S.A. Johnson.  1976 Spectroscopic Observation of
    Acid Sulfate in Atmospheric Particulate Samples.  Science.  191:77-79.

    4.   Cape, T.W., V.A.  Maroni, P.T. Cunningham and J.B.  Bates.  1976.  Raman
    and I.R.-Emission Studies of Some Tungstate- and Molybdate-Containing Melts.
    Spectro. Acta 32A:1219-1223.

    5.   Holt, B.D., A.G.  Engelkemeir, S.A. Johnson and P.T. Cunningham.
    Oxygen Isotopy in the Formation of Sulfate Aerosols.  Second International
    Conference on Stable Isotopes, October 20-23, 1975, Oak Brook,  Illinois.
    (In Press).

    6.   Cunningham, P.T.  and B.D. Holt.   Stable Isotope Ration Measurements in
    Atmospheric Sulfate Studies.  International Symposium on the Development
    of Nuclear-based Techniques for the Measurement, Detection, and Control of
    Environmental Pollutants, March 15-19, 1976, Vienna, Austria.    In Press  .

    7.   Holt, B.D., P.T.  Cunningham and A.G. Engelkemeir.   Aoplication of Oxygen-
    18 Analysis to the Study of Atmospheric Sulfate Formation.  International
    Conference on Stable Isotopes, August 4-6, 1976, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
    In Press.

    8.   Hubble, B.R., S.  Siege!, L.H. Fuchs, H.R. Hoedstra, B.Tani  and P.T.
    Cunningham.  1976.  The Formation of Mc^CatSO.), During the Sulfation
    Reaction of Dolomite.  Submitted to J. Air Poll. Control Assoc.

7.   Plans:

    1.   Data analysis, including quantification of the neutral sulfate and
    correlation with other data, will be completed for the stage IV samples.

    2.   The acidic sulfate episodes will  be examined.
                                    41

-------
                      Sun
Won
Tues
Wed
Thur
Fri
                                                                                         Sat
to
July 13,
1975





20






27




^ Ks^s^l

3






10
HKEC3

^sj l^fclfcs^^

E$oKSS3

14






21






28 .


1



4
1



1

11
IS 1

•si H N

|

15




c

22
[

1



29
^1 ^

E

1^

5
1

1 1

1

12






16


]



23






30
rJ^^^^^^^^^^vl

fll^SSi

b 1^1
•
6






13


1



17




1

24






31
^|^S\1

£



7






14
u





16
1



1

25
1

1 1



August 1


1



8
^^$S

t^|



15






19
1





26
cz



s$^v

2


1



9
?il^ fS^I

I\^IS8^\

|\^^ [N^|

16






                                                                                                                  '          I
                                                                                                 Auburn, 111.  Neutral Sulfate

                                                                                                 Glasgow, 111.
                                                                                                                 Moderately

                                                                                                 St. Louie. MO. AcidicSulfate
                                                                                 Strongly

                                                                Auburn,  111.   Acidic Sulfate


                                                                Glasgow, 111.


                                                                St.  Louis, Mo.




                                                                Auburn,  111.


                                                                Glasgow, 111.


                                                                St.  Louis, Mo.
                                                                                                 Auburn, 111.


                                                                                                 Glasgow, 111.


                                                                                                 St. Louis, Mo.




                                                                                                 Auburn, 111.


                                                                                                 Glasgow, 111.


                                                                                                 3t. Louis, Mo.
                             Figure 1.   Sanpling Periods and Acidic Sulfate Episodes during Project MZSOT.

-------
1.   Task Title:  Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols - Aerosols Produced by
     Combustion.

2.   Objective:

          To study the size distribution and concentration of primary
     aerosols produced by relatively clean combustion sources operated in
     compliance with air pollution emission standards.

3.   Institution:  University of Minnesota, Minneapolia, Minnesota
     Investigator:  K.T. Whitby

4.   EPA Project Officer:  W.E. Wilson

5.   Progress:

          Barsic has studied the interaction of fresh combustion aerosols
     with filtered and unfiltered humid air surrounding a premixed pro-
     pane-air flame.  Two modes were observed in the fine particle size
     range (Fig. 1).  Both modes are in the Aitken nuclei size range.  The
     smallest mode, AN! mode, is more strongly affected by humidity.
     Experiments in which the sulfur content of the fuel was varied suggest
     that the AN! mode consists of sulfur compounds.

          More aerosols were produced when unfiltered air was used around
     the flame (Table 1).

          From particle size distribution measurements made on highly dilute
     diesel exhaust aerosols at idle, 1/4 load, and full load, Dolan  found
     size distributions showing systematic variations in the mean size of
     the combustion nuclei and accumulation modes.  At full load the
     accumulation mode dominated, at 1/4 load both were apparent, and at
     idle the nuclei mode of increased size dominated.

          Verrant has developed an improved system for sampling and rapidly
     diluting diesel aerosols.  Using this system, aerosol size distributions
     on a single cylinder Onan diesel were found to be very similar to
     those measured 9 m behind a Peugeot diesel on the GM test track  in
     Mil ford, MI.  These size distributions have a single mode in the
     volume distribution at 0.2 urn.                   \

6.   Publications, Presentations, Theses:

     1.   Barsic, N.J.  Size Distribution and Concentration of Fine Particles
     Produced by Propane-Air Combustion in a Controlled Humidity Environment.
     Ph.D. Thesis.  Mechanical Engineering Department, University of
     Minnesota, MN.  Estimated completion, January, 1977.

     2.   Dolan, D.F., D.B. Kittelson and K.T. Whitby.  Measurement of
     Diesel Exhaust Particle Size Distributions.  ASME Preprint #75-WA.APC-5.
     Presented at:  The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Annual
     Meeting, November 30 - December 4, 1975.
                                  43

-------
     3.    Verrant, J.A.   Development of a Dilution System for Measuring
     Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter.   M.S.  Thesis.   Mechanical  Engineering
     Department, University of Minnesota, MN,  September,  1976.

     4.    Verrant, J.A.   Sampling and Physical  Characterization  of Diesel
     Exhaust Aerosols.   Submitted to:  Society of Automotive Engineers.   1976.

     5.    Whitby, K.T.,  D.B.  Kittelson,  B.K. Cantrell,  N.J.  Barsic and  D.F.
     Dolan.  Aerosol  Size Distributions  and  Concentrations Measured During
     the General Motors  Proving Grounds  Sulfate Study.  Presented  at:   The
     Division of Environmental  Chemistry, American Chemical  Society, San
     Francisco,  CA, August, 1976.
7.   Plans:
     1.    The sampling  and  size  distribution  techniques  developed will  be
     applied  to  the  study of  other  clean sources of  combustion  aerosol.
                                  44

-------
 S


                .2
      .1
                     60%RH
                              AN1
                            A,
                                                   AN2
                 .001
                              .01
                    Particle Diameter, ym
                                               -a  Dp,ym
          ,0)
          .-)
          O (1)
          vi e
          •U 3
          1-4 l-<
          to o
          .0. >
                .2
                     38%RH
       0
       .001
                                       /\
                                        .01
                              Particle Diameter, ym
                                               -i  D
                                               .1   P
Figure 1.  Aitken nuclei mode volume distributions for fuel-rich combustion
           aerosols diluted (30:1) with filtered, humidity controlled air.
           Since all three distributions are to the same scale, and AV/AlogD
           is plotted vs. logD , the area under each curve is proportional
           to the volume of ae?osol produced.  Volume distributions for lean
           and stoichiometric flames are similar in the AN1 mode but do not
           have the AN2 mode.   The AN1 mode may be due to sulfates, while the
           AN2 mode probably consists of carbon.
                                   45

-------
                            Table I
%RH

 40

 90
         Particle volume (ym /cm )
filtered   unfiltered
  air         air
.003

.12
.015

.23
Number Mean Diameter  (ym)

  filtered   unfiltered
    air         air
                                   .0030

                                   .0050
                .0026

                .0050
                               46

-------
1.  Task Title:  Aerosol Formation and Removal  in Plumes.

2.  Objective:

         To develop comprehensive models to account for dispersion,precursor
    formation, and aerosol dynamics in plumes.   To carry out experimental
    measurements of dry deposition and especially the effects of charge  on
    deposition.

3.  Institution:  University of Texas, Austin,  Texas
    Investigators:  J.R. Brock, P.B. Middleton, and K. de Bower

4.  EPA Project Officer:  J.L. Durham

5.  Progress:

         The adverse effects of the atmospheric aerosol are related to the  many
    and complex rate processes which determine  the characteristics of the
    suspended particles.  Development of rational control  strategies, which
    seek to relate ambient concentrations to primary and secondary sources,
    requires models which deal with these complexities.

         This project is seeking to develop useful models of the various pro-
    cesses which determine the size and composition distribution of the  atmos-
    pheric aerosol.  These various processes are summarized in a general rate
    equation:


       Crate of change in 1           = -       prate of change  )
       f composition or    v                     < due to advectionf
       V.size distribution./                     L                J


    +  f rate of change   >  + frate of change    )     (rate of change    >
       (.due to dispersionj    \due to coagulation)   + {due to condensation J



    +  /rate of change due to )   /rate of primary due to)
       ^homogeneous nucleation/   1 primary sources       J


    +  /rate of change due to)
       \sedimentation        j

         Propesses occurring at surfaces, such  as deposition, appear as
    boundary conditions.  These rate relationships are coupled to rate
    equations for the various chemical species  participating in the aerosol
    growth processes.

         A numerical model, called EPOSOD, has  been developed to provide a
    real time simulation of aerosol size and composition.  As a preliminary
    effort in developing a model for secondary aerosol formation in plumes,
    EPOSOD has been used to study the interaction of a plume containing a
    high NO concentration with ambient levels of ozone (Figures, 1, 2, 3).

-------
         Instrumentation is being assembled to determine the deposition rates
    of aerosols.
6.  Publications, Presentations,  Thesis:
    1.  K.  de Bower.   A Method of Modelling Chemically Reactive  Plumes.  M.S.
        Thesis, University of Texas,  Austin, TX,  August 1976.

7.  Plans
    1.  Improve efficiency and stability  of current numerical  models.
    2.  Carry out dry deposition  studies  using high speed particle size
        analyzer.
    3.  Carry out concurrent measurements of atmospheric electrical
        parameters for direct measurement of dry  deposition.
                                      48

-------
      . o'
     z
     o
     i
     o
     u
        -8-10
 -320
0 meters
320
640
Figure 2.  Simulated  concentration profile of NO for traverse
           through  plume center at 2.3 km downwind of point
           source of  NO.
       -840
-320
                                meters
          320
          640
Figure 3. Simulated  concentration profile of 0, for traverse
          through plume  center at 2.3 km downwind of point
          source of  NO.
                              49

-------
0^-0.08 fp«
                                                               Figure 1.  Simulation with EPOSOD  Reactive Plun
                                                                          Model of NO Plume Reacting with
                                                                          Ambient Level of Ozone.  Point
                                                                          Source of NO Located at 0 KM.
                                                                          Ambient Level of Ozone Assumed as
                                                                          0.08 ppm.

-------
1.   Task Title:  Mobile Laboratory Operations in Support of Project
                  MISTT, July-August 1975

2.   Objective:

          To collect aerosol samples, pollutant gas concentrations, and
     meteorological data at a site 100 km north of St. Louis, MO.

3.   Institution:  EPA-ERC, ESRL-ARB
     Investigators:  T. Ellestad; D. Dale, G. DeJong, K. Fuchs, M. Garneau,
                     G. Shelton (student aids).

4.   EPA Project Officer:  W.E. Wilson

5.   Progress

          Thirteen days of intensive data were collected on schedule,
     with frequent local instrument calibrations and two cross-calibrations
     with the St. Louis-based group.  Aerosol size distribution reduction
     is in progress at the University of Minnesota; gas, filter, and
     meteorological data reduction is in progress at EPA.  Student aids
     performed about 50% of gas calibrations, 70% of data acquisition
     system operation, and 80% of routine instrument operation.

5.   Presentations, Publications, Theses:

          Preliminary summary given at the November 4, 1975, MISTT meeting
     at RTP, NC.

6.   Plans:

          Issue a verified data volume in December 1977.
                                 51

-------
1.   Task Title:  Gas Calibration Support for 1976 MISTT Summer Field
                  Program, July 1976.

2.   Objective:

          To provide accurate and traceable gas calibrations for pollutant
     gas analyzers on board several  mobile sampling platforms.

3.   Institution:  EPA-ERC, ESRL-ARB
     Investigators:  T.  Ellestad, R. Speer, M.  Parrish, M.  Bourke, J. Durham
                     G. She!ton  (Student Aide)
4.   EPA Project Officer:   W.E. Wilson

5.   Progress:

          Calibration systems for delivering NBS-traceable  concentrations
     of S0£, 03, NO and  N0« were assembled and  verified.  Calibration
     services were provided for the  MRI Cessna  206, the Washington University
     Grand Commander, and  the University of Minnesota Mobile Van on a
     demand basis, generally after each flight  or trip.  In addition to
     verifying analyzer  performances and monitoring minor instrument
     drifts, the frequent  calibrations uncovered several serious analyzer
     malfunctions, which were quickly corrected.  Two cross-calibrations
     with the RAPS Mobile  Calibration Van were  performed during the month.
     Student aids were responsible for about 35% of the work.

5.   Publications, Presentations, Theses:  None.

6.   Plans:

          None, project  complete.
                                 52

-------
1.   Task Title:  Data Processing Support for 1976 MISTT Summer Field
                  Program, July 1976
2.   Objective:
          To process aircraft data tapes within hours of landing so that
     instrument problems can be identified before the next flight.
3.   Institution:  EPA-ERC, ESRL-ARB
     Investigator:  K. Fuchs  (student  aid).
4.   EPA Project Officer:  VI.E. Wilson
5.   Progress:
          Aircraft cassettes were read on schedule with the ARB data
     processing system, gas calibration constants were entered, and 10:1
     averaging of the data was performed.  Copies of the data were made
     for Meteorology Research, the University of Minnesota, and ARB-ESRL-EPA.
     Student aids were responsible for 100% of the effort.
6.   Publications, Presentations, Theses:  None
7.   Plans:
          None, project complete.
                                  53

-------
1.  Task Title:  Relationships among Ground-level  Sulfate  Concentrations,
    Visibility Reduction, and Meteorological  Conditons.

2.  Oojective:

         To determine if a high sulfate episode in Wheeling,  W.  Va.  (50  -  80
    ug/m3, July 6-8, 1974) was due to local  sources or long  range  transport.

3.  Institution:  ARB, ESRL, ORD, EPA and University of North Carolina
    Investigators:  D. Fondario, H.  Jeffries, J. Saunders, and Williarp £.  Wilson,

4.  EPA Project Officer:  William E.  Wilson.

5.  Progress:

         Results from Phase I of the  Sulfate  Regional  Experiment (SURE),
    sponsored  by the Electric Power  Research  Institute (EPRI), indicated a
    high sulfate episode at Wheeling, W.  Va.   Daily,  24-hour, high volume
    sampler measurements showed sulfate concentrations in  excess of  30 yg/m3
    from June  5-9, 1974 with a peak  June 8 of 80 yg/m3.  An analysis was
    undertaken to determine whether  this was  due to local  sources  or long
    range transport.  Data utilized  included  long  range  trajectories
    (24-hour and 5-day), surface weather, visibility distances,  mixing heights,
    and emissions.  The analysis indicated that a  stagnant, high pressure
    system in  a high emission region  upwind  of Wheeling  accumulated  pollutants
    which were then transported to Wheeling  by air motion.  Thus it  was con-
    cluded that the high sulfate measured in  Wheeling was  the result of
    pollutant  transformations during  long range transport.

6.  Presentations, Publications, and  Thesis:

    1.   L). Fondario, Master's Thesis:  Explanations for  a  High Sulfate
        Episode at Wheeling, W. Va.,  June 5-9, 1974.   1976.

7.  Plans:

         The thesis will be rewritten with additional  long range trajectories,
    published  as an EPA report, and  submitted for  journal  publication.
                                      54

-------
1.  Task Title:  Mesoscale Sulfate Concentration Study
2.  Objective:
         To obtain 2-hour measurements of particulate sulfur and other elements
    over a large geographic area for one year.
         To analyze this data in terms of sulfur transformation and transport.
3.  Institution:  Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
    Investigators:  W. Berg, W. Nelson, J. Winchester.
4.  EPA Project Officer:  R. Patterson
5.  Progress:
         Sample collection from a 14-station network, ranging from Kansas  to
    New Hampshire, began in early June, 1976 and will be continued until
    June, 1977.  Some 800 separate week-long ''streaker" sample records will
    be collected.  A portion of these will be analyzed for sulfur and other
    heavy elements with 2-hour time resolution by PIXE(Proton Initiated
    X-Ray Emission).  Some test samples have been analyzed.
6.  Plans:
         Several sets of streaker samples will  be analyzed and the data
    interpreted in terms of sources and weather patterns.
         The network will be modified to include the SURE Class I stations
    during summer - 1977.
7.  Publications, Presentations, and Thesis:  None
                                     55

-------
                              APPENDIX A

A.   ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND EFFECTS

     1.   Aerosol Formation, Growth, and Removal

     Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols—Parametric Measurement
       of Submicron Atmospheric Aerosols, by K.T. Whitby . . .
     To Investigate the Atmospheric Contribution of Biogenic
       Sulfur to the Urban Load of Sulfur Aerosols, by
       D.R. Hitchcock  	
     Experimental Study of Aerosol Formation Mechanisms in a
       Controlled Atmosphere, by D.L. Fox  	
     Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols—Smog Chamber Research,
       by K.T. Whitby  	
     Smog Chamber Study of Sulfur Dioxide Oxidation and Aerosol
       Formation Mechanisms, by W.C. Kochmond  	
     Study of Vapor Pressure of Systems Forming Atmospheric
       Aerosols, by G. Brown 	
     Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols—Size Distribution Models
       for Atmospheric Aerosols, by K.T. Whitby  	
     Aerosol Dynamics, by J.R. Brock 	

     Biogenic Emission of Aerosol Precursors, by L.L. Spiller

     Metal Sulfite Complexes, by D. Lawing 	

     2.   Aerosol Characterization and Sources

     Sources and Trace Metals in Urban Aerosols.  Sub-Task Title:
       Urban, Non-urban, and Marine Aerosol Studies, by J.W.
       Winchester  	

     Relationship of the Smog Aerosol to Pollution Sources,
       by S.K. Friedlander 	
     A Study of the Identity and Sources of Atmospheric
       Aerosols, by R.G. Draftz  	
     Analysis of Air Pollutants by Mass Spectroscopy, by
       A.L. Crittenden 	
     Chemical Characterization of Model Aerosols, by D. Mendenhall

     Sources and Trace Metals in Urban Aerosols.  Sub-Task Title:
       Aerosols Properties Relevant to Health Effects, by
       J.W. Winchester 	
                                  56

-------
Aerosol Sources Program, by R.K. Patterson  	

Aerosol Microscopy, by J. Gerhard 	

Field Expedition to Phoenix, AZ, by J.L. Durham  	

Analytical Support for Aerosol Studies, by R.K. Patterson  .  .

3.   Visibility and Radiation Effects

Optical Effects of Atmospheric Aerosol, by A.P. Waggoner   .  .

4.   Heterogeneous Reactions

The Role of Gas-Solid Interactions in Air Pollution, by
  H.S. Judeikis 	

Structure and Reactivity of Adsorbed Oxides of Sulfur and
  Other Small Sulfur-Containing Molecules, by J.H. Lunsford  .

Structure and Reactivity of Adsorbed Oxides of Sulfur,
  by J.H. Lunsford	
Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosols, by D.M. Himmelblau .

Mass Transport Models, by J.H. Overton	• .

5.   Technique Development

Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols—Nonideal Characteristics
  of Impactors, by K.T. Whitby   	
Sources and Trace Metals in Urban Aerosols.  Sub-Task Title:
  Development and Application of Analytical Sampling Techniques,
  by J.W. Winchester   	

Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols—Development of a Sulfur
  Aerosol Analyzer, by K.T. Whitby   	
Simultaneous Comparison of the EAA and the Diffusion Battery
  for Atmospheric Aerosol, by J. Bricard  	
Determination of Sulfate Ion Concentrations in Human and
  Animal Serum using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography,
  by L.L. Spiller 	
Comparison Study of Data Collected with the Dichotomous
  and High-Volume Samplers, by T. McCarthy  	
A Cyrogenic Procedure for Concentrating Rating Trace Gases
  in the Atmosphere, by L.L. Spiller	<
Collection of Atmospheric N0_ by Treated Filters, by
  L.L. Spiller  	
                             57

-------
     Instrumentation for Monitoring Meteorological Data, by
       L.L. Spiller  	
     Improvement of "Streaker" Technique for Automated Appendices
       Collection and Analysis of Aerosols, by W. Nelson 	
B.   AUTO EXHAUST CATALYST PROGRAM

     Roadway Aerosol Studies during General Motors Sulfate
       Dispersion Study, by E.S. Macias  	
     Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols—Aerosol Size Distributions
       and Concentrations Measured During the General Motors
       Sulfate Study,  by K.T. Whitby 	

     Sources and Trace Metals in Urban Aerosols.  Sub-Task Title:
       Freeway Aerosol Aerosol Studies, by J.W. Winchester ....
     Dynamics of Automotive Sulfate, by J.R. Brock
     The General Motor-Environmental Protection Agency Sulfate
       Dispersion Experiment in October 1975 at the General Motors.
       Milford Test Track,  by L.L.  Spiller 	

     Atmospheric Behavior of Catalyst-Generated Aerosols from
       Source to Receptor,  by J.L.  Durham  	
                                   58

-------
                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
 EPA-600/7-77-076
2.
                              3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
AEROSOL RESEARCH BRANCH, ANNUAL REPORT FY1976/76A
Federal Interagency Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program	
                                                           5. REPORT DATE
                                                               August 1977
                              6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)

W.E.  Wilson and C. Danskin,  editors
                              8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S.  Environmental Protection  Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC   27711
                              10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.

                                 1NE-625
                              11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park,  NC   27711	
                - RTP, NC
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED

	Final	
                              14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

                                 EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES A complementary report, EPA-600/3-77-080,  describes research
       activities funded  by EPA's base program.
16. ABSTRACT
      The research program of the Aerosol Research Branch includes research grants and
 contracts at institutions in many parts of the United  States,  in addition to an
 intramural program.  The  purpose of these projects  is  to study the chemical and
 physical properties of  aerosols, identify the mechanisms of aerosol formation and
 removal, and conduct experiments to measure these rates.

      The results of the research are being used  (1)  to establish the contribution of
 the various sources to  the ambient atmospheric aerosol loading,  (2) to characterize
 urban,  natural, and primary and secondary aerosols,  (3)  to develop quantitative
 descriptions of the generation and removal rates associated with each major aerosol
 source  and sink, (4) to quantify the effects of aerosol on atmospheric chemical
 reactions, and  (5) as a scientific basis for recommending regulatory actions concerned
 with air quality improvements.

      The research projects totally or partially  funded by the Federal Interagency
 Energy/Environment Research and Development Program are described.
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                              b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                                             COSATI Field/Group
 *Air pollution
 *Aerosols
 *Research projects
                                              13B
                                              07D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

      RELEASE TO PUBLIC
                 19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)

                  UNCLASSIFIED	
              21. NO. OF PAGES
                   67
                 20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
                  UNCLASSIFIED
                                           22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
               59

-------