xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-600 7-78-139
July 1978
Survey of Projects
Concerning
Conventional
Combustion
Environmental
Assessments
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-78-139
July 1978
Survey of Projects Concerning
Conventional Combustion
Environmental Assessments
by
W.E. Thompson and J.W. Harrison
Research Triangle Insitute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Contract No. 68-02-2612
Task No. 19
Program Element No. EHE624A
EPA Project Officer: Wade H. Ponder
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
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ABSTRACT
This report summarizes information on activities relating to the environmental
assessment of stationary conventional combustion processes (SCCP). The information
was gathered on a nationwide basis and includes activities sponsored by government,
industry, universities, and trade associations. Many abstracts of such work are given in
this report. The information obtained was analyzed to determine its significance
relative to the planning, coordination, and implementation plan being developed for
EPA by MITRE Corporation. This report includes the Research Triangle Institute (RTI)
input to the first annual report on the conventional combustion environmental assess-
ment program.
11
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CONTENTS
Abstract ii
Foreword iv
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Activities 2
Information Collection 2
Engineering Analysis 6
Coordination 15
Appendixes
A. Current Studies Related to Impacts of Pollutants
and Control Technology . A-l
B. Existing and Proposed Federal Regulations for
Conventional Combustion Sources B-l
C. Summary of Past CCEA Activities C-l
D. Summary of Current Activities D-l
iii
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FOREWORD
In January 1977, IERL/RTP established the Conventional Combustion Environmental
Assessment (CCEA) program under the direction of the Utilities and Industrial Power
Division. A major objective of the first year of the program was to study and evaluate
the current conventional combustion work of the Laboratory and other organizations in
order to formulate methods for guiding and coordinating the future work of the
Laboratory in this area.
As a part of the overall program, the Research Triangle Institute was assigned two
major goals:
• to survey, evaluate, and report Conventional Combustion Environmental Assess-
ment related projects being carried out by government, industry, trade organizations,
and universities.
• to prepare parts of the First Annual Conventional Combustion Environmental
Assessment Report.
This report describes the work carried out to meet the above goals.
John K. Burchard
Director
IERL/RTP
iv
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) was given a work assignment to
obtain information with as much detail as possible on activities, sponsored
by government, industrial, and other organizations, related to the environ-
mental assessment of conventional combustion processes. This information
was analyzed to determine its significance relative to the planning, coordi-
nation, and implementation of a comprehensive Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) program for the environmental assessment of conventional com-
bustion processes. The data and analyses were reported to the EPA Project
Officer and to the MITRE Corporation, which was charged, under a separate
work assignment, with the responsibility for overall program planning and
implementation. In addition, RTI was to assist the MITRE Corporation in
the preparation of the first annual report of Conventional Combustion Environ-
mental Assessment (CCEA) activities.
This report summarizes RTI activities in meeting the objectives of the
work assignment in Section 2, briefly describes the nature of the outputs
from these activities in Section 3, and presents, in the Appendixes, RTI's
input to MITRE for the first annual report on CCEA activities, following the
detailed outline dictated by MITRE.
2.0 ACTIVITIES
Activities performed under this work assignment are summarized under
the headings of information collection, engineering analysis, and coordina-
tion in this section. These were all performed in parallel during the
course of the assignment.
Information Collection
Information on the scope and some of the details of CCEA research
activity was collected by various methods: telephone contacts, a computer
data base literature search, published project inventory data, contractor
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reports, and technical discussions with researchers at symposia or at their
respective institutions. These sources and their characteristics are dis-
cussed briefly in this section and more completely in Appendix A.
Telephone Contacts--
Initially a number of telephone calls were made to organizations that,
based on RTI's past experience, were known to be performing CCEA-related
work. However, telephone calls were found to be a poor method of eliciting
any details. Later the telephone was used only to request specific pieces
of information or to arrange technical meetings.
Literature Searches--
All literature searches were carried out for RTI by the North Carolina
Science and Technology Research Center (a NASA Industrial Applications
Center). The information produced was then evaluated by RTI technical
personnel for relevance. From searches, approximately 450 citations were
selected as being relevant. Summaries of these results are given in
Appendix C. The sources for the search are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1. DATA FILES SEARCHED FOR PAST CCEA RESEARCH ACTIVITY
Data base name
Subject and source
Coverage
from
Number of
citations
Engineering Index
(Compendex)
Energy Data Base
Pollution
Smithsonian Science
Information Exchange
(SSIE)
Worldwide engineering 1970 500,000
literature
(3,500 publications)
Complete energy 1974 100,000
information (ERDA)
Pollution and environment 1970 37,700
(pollution abstracts)
Research projects in 1966 200,000
progress; emphasizes
federally funded projects
and includes many
privately funded projects
(Smithsonian Science
Information Exchange)
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ERDA Inventory--
A considerable amount of information was obtained from the publication
Inventory of Federal Energy-Related Environment and Safety Research for FY1976
- ERDA 7750, Volume 1 of 4.
This document provides overviews of federally funded, energy-related
environment and safety research projects. The four volumes summarize some
2,500 projects of which about 150 were identified as relevant to the CCEA
program. Some of these summaries appear in Appendix A.
EPRI--
A visit was made to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) where
technical discussions were held with several program directors. These
provided an overview of the very extensive research programs being carried
out under EPRI funding. Some idea of the magnitude of this effort can be
obtained by considering the proposed 1977-1981 EPRI budget, shown in Table
2. For example, the proposed combined expenditures in fossil fuel controls
and environmental assessments over the 5-year period amount to about $143
million, or 13 percent of the entire EPRI budget for the period. Some of
EPRI's research efforts are briefly described in Appendix A.
EPRI plans to spend approximately $1 billion in electric generation
research over the next 5 years. They estimate that 50 percent of this
budget will be relevant to combustion pollution. Considering the magnitude
of this effort, it seems imperative that the IERL/RTP CCEA Program establish
improved coordination with EPRI.
Symposia—
Two symposia were attended during the course of the project. These
were the Second Stationary Source Combustion Symposium, July 1977, and the
Symposium on Flue Gas Desulfurization, November 1977. From the two symposia
a broad perspective on work on emissions assessments and control methods was
obtained.
Reports were prepared from the papers presented in support of both the
CCEA plan and the First Annual Report. Descriptions of some of the projects
covered in the symposia appear in Appendix A. Symposia were judged to be an
efficient and inexpensive means of collecting project information.
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TABLE 2. EPRI SUMMARY OF PROPOSED PROGRAM PLAN ($ MILLIONS)*
PROGRAM
FOSSIL FUEL AND ADVANCED SYSTEMS
Fluidized combustion and coal cleaning
Air quality control
Water quality control and heat rejection
Fossil plant performance and reliability
TOTAL - Fossil fuel power plants
Clean gaseous fuels
Clean liquid and solid fuels
Power generation
Power plant requirements and analysis
TOTAL - Advanced fossil power systems
Fusion
Solar
Geothermal
TOTAL - New energy resources
Energy storage
Fuel cells and chemical energy conversion
Energy utilization and conservation technology
1977
4
14
1
2
23
11
14
5
0
32
4
4
2
11
5
9
1
.8
.3
.9
.4
.4
.1
.9
.8
.7
.5
.7
.4
.2
.3
.2
.0
.0
1978
8.
10.
2,
2,
23.
9.
14,
7.
1,
32.
3.
3.
2.
8.
7.
8.
1.
.1
.2
.4
.8
.5
,5
,8
,0
.0
,3
, 4
,4
.0
.8
. 1
.5
,4
1979
8
10
2
3
24
10
14
7
1
33
3
3
2
9
9
6
2
.8
.2
.6
.0
.6
.0
.D
.5
.0
.0
.8
.7
.0
.5
.0
.7
.3
1980
9
10
2
4
26
10
14
9
1
35
4
4
2
10
8
6
2
.4
.4
.6
. 1
.5
.0
.5
.5
.0
.0
.3
.0
.2
.5
.9
.6
.5
1981
10.
10.
2.
4.
27.
10.
14.
10.
1.
36.
4.
4.
2.
11.
8.
7.
3.
0
8
/
4
9
0
5
b
0
0
4
3
3
0
2
8
0
Total
41.1
55.9
12.2
16.8
126.0
50.5
73.3
40.3
4.7
168.9
20.6
19.3
10.7
51.1
38.3
38.7
10.1
TOTAL - Energy management and
utilization technology
TOTAL - FOSSIL FUEL AND ADVANCED SYSTEMS
15.2 17.0 18.0 18.0 19.0 87.1
32.4 81.6 85.1 90.0 93.9 433.0
NUCLEAR POWER
Water reactor systems technology
Reliability, availability, and economics
Fuels, waste, and environment
Developing application and technology
TOTAL - NUCLEAR POWER
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
AC transmission
Underground transmission
DC transmission
Distribution
Systems planning, security, and control
Rotating electrical machinery
TOTAL - ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ENERGY ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENT
Environmental assessment
Demand and conservation
Supply
Systems
Electric utility rate design study
TOTAL - ENERGY ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENT
TOTAL FUNDS ALLOCATED
Nonprogrammed expenditure
TOTAL INSTITUTE
14.8
14.1
8.0
9.1
46.0
7.0
7.5
10.9
5.2
1.9
0.5
33.0
10.4
2.1
3.1
1.5
.8
17.9
179.3
_
179.3
18.8
16.4
9.0
7.0
51.2
7.5
7.5
4.4
6.4
2.7
2.8
31.3
12.5
2.7
3.8
1.6
.3
20.9
185.0
5.0
190.0
17.9
16.9
9.7
9.0
53.5
7.9
8.0
3.9
6.7
2.9
3.2
32.6
14.8
2.6
3.7
1.7
-
22.8
194.0
9.0
203.0
18.0
16.0
10.7
11.8
56.5
8.3
8.4
4.0
7.3
3.1
3.4
34.5
17.0
2.6
3.7
1.7
-
25.0
206.0
28.0
234.0
17.9
13.9
12.2
15.0
59.0
8.7
8.8
4.2
7.6
3.2
3.5
36.0
20.1
2.6
3.7
1.7
-
28.1
217.0
61.0
278.0
87.4
77.3
49.6
51.9
266.2
39.4
40.2
27.4
33.2
13.8
13.4
167.4
74.3
12.2
18.0
8.2
.3
114.7
981.3
103.0
1,084.3
^Funding entries represent planned contractor expenditures stated in current dollars
including an adjustment for inflation.
4
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Other--
Work plans, monthly project reports, interim reports, and final reports
were all used extensively. However, the most detailed information was
gathered by visits to various organizations involved in CCEA research for
direct discussions with the researchers.
One of the most significant information-gathering activities was to
identify and list, from an Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
(IERL) Management Information System printout of current projects, those
which pertained to CCEA. From this list, subsequently, a group of about 25
projects were selected in joint meetings with MITRE personnel and the EPA
Project Officer to obtain programmatic information for MITRE's analysis in
their Program Management scheme for the CCEA Program. This information was
developed through interviews with IERL Project Officers to fill out special
forms devised by MITRE (later revised by RTI).
Engineering Analysis
Very early in the course of work on this assignment discussions were
held with personnel of the Process Measurements Branch of the Industrial
Processes Divison of IERL. The position of PMB/IPD was that projects acquir-
ing environmental assessment data could be compared for overlap or gaps only
by a detailed analysis which included information on:
1. The specific source types being considered,
2. The points in the process at which samples were
being taken,
3. The sampling procedures used, and
4. The analysis procedures used.
Preliminary forms were designed to elicit this information from Project
Leaders, Project Officers, and others. However, these forms were not used,
due to several reasons.
First, there was a problem of combustion source type classification.
At least two different classification schemes were in use in major IERL
projects. Neither of these used the standard NEDS source classification
code. This problem is discussed in detail in Appendix A.
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Secondly, from the beginning of the project, one of the major questions
was: What constitutes an "environmental assessment"? This was answered by
the MITRE Corporation by using the methodology shown in Figure 1 as the
basis for classifying project activity. The key features of this classifi-
cation scheme were transposed by MITRE to the form shown in Figure 2. This
was used by RTI in structuring and reporting contacts with CCEA researchers
at IERL and elsewhere.
A third reason for not using the more detailed forms was that the level
of information needed to fill them out placed a large time burden on both
the interviewer and interviewee and developed information that probably
would not be used in the comparative analysis and program structuring exer-
cises of MITRE. Furthermore, in the initial efforts to grasp the extent and
nature of CCEA activity throughout the country, such detail was probably not
justified.
Therefore, the problems of devising a usable source classification
scheme and suitable forms for structuring and reporting the specifics of
project sampling and analysis schemes were left to follow-on efforts, as
necessary.
The results of a computer-based literature search to determine the
extent of recent CCEA activity were analyzed as presented in Appendix C.
Since this was planned for inclusion in the first annual report on CCEA
activities and it was desired to give a balanced view of prior IERL research
on CCEA, Appendix C also includes a detailed list of reports of prior IERL
work grouped into the categories:
Reports on Emissions Characterization, Measurement
Methodology, and Measurements;
Reports on SCL Control Processes;
Reports on NO Control Processes;
A
Reports on Particulate Matter Control Properties;
Reports on Economic, Energy, and Resource Recovery or
Conservation Factors; and
Reports on Multi-Media Impacts and Goals.
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CURRENT EMVIRDNMEN
1*1 BACKGROUND
• POTENTIAL POUUI
ANTS AND IMPACTS
IN All MEDIA
• OOSEfflESPONSE DATA
• FEO.ISTATE STOS CRI
TERIA
• TRANSPORT MODELS
• SUMMARIZE INDUS
THY RELATED OCCUPA
TIONAl HEALTHJEPI
DEMI010GICA1 1ITEH
ATUHE
_ ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING _
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
ENVIHdNMENTAl SCIENCES
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
CONTROLIECHN01DGV
DEVELOPMENT
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
BASIC AND APPLIED PROCESSES
DEVELOPMENT
SPECIFIC PROCESS DEVELOP
MENT AND EVALUATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
ACQUISITION
EXISTING DATA FOR EACH
PROCESS
IDENTIFY SAMPLING AND ANA
LVTICAl TECHNIQUES INCLUO
ING giDASSAVS
TEST PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
COMPREHENSIVE WASTE
STREAM CHARACTERIZATION
IIEVEIS I, II. Illl
INPUT OUTPUT MATERIALS
CHARACTERIZATION
CONTROL ASSAYS
ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES
DEVELOPMENT
ESTABLISH PERMISSIBLE MEDIA
CONC FOR CONTROL DEVELOP
MENT GUIDANCE
DEFINE DECISION CRITERIA
FDR PRIORITIZING SOURCES.
PROBLEMS
DEFINE EMISSION GOALS
PRIORITIZE POLLUTANTS
NDNPOLLDIANT IMPACT GOALS
BIOASSAI CRITERIA
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
CONTROL SYSTEM AND DISPOSAL OPTION
INFORMATION AND DESIGN PRINCIPLE
CONTROL PROCESS POLLUTION AND
IMPACTS
PROCESS ENGINEERING POLLUTANTI
COST SENSITIVITY STUDIES
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE. MALFUNCTION.
TRANSIENT OPERATION STUDIES
FIELO TESTING IN RELATED APPLICA
TIONS
DEFINE BEST CONTROL TECHNIDUE FOR
EACH GOAL
POLLUTANT CONTROL SYSTEMS STUDIES
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY RtD PLANS AND
GOALS
ENVIRONMENTAL ALTERNATIVES ANALYSES
EFFLUENTSICOSTS
CHARACTERIZED
FOR EACH CONTROL
OPTION
SELECT AND APPLY
ALTERNATIVE SOURCE
ANALYSIS MODELISI
SELECT AND APPLY
ASSESSMENT ALTERNATIVES
ALTERNATIVE SETS OF MUL
TIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS (MEG'SI
• BEST TECHNOLOGY
• EXISTING AMBIENT STOS
• ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE
CONCENTRATIONS
• NATURAL BACKGROUND
(ELIMINATION OF DIS
CHARGE)
- SIGNIFICANT OETERIORA
TION
• MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC
ITV EFFLUENT
QUANTIFIED CONTROL USD
NEEDS
OUANIIFIED CONTROL ALTERNA
TIVES
OUANIIFIED MEDIA OEGHAOA
TION ALTERNATIVES
OUANTIFIED NONPOLLUTANI
EFFECTS AND SITING CRITERIA
ALTERNATIVES
DEFINED RESEARCH DATA BASE
FOR STANDARDS
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES BIO
• HEALTH/ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
RESEARCH
• TRANSPDRTITRANSFORMATION
RESEARCH
MEDIA DEGRADATION AND
HEALTHfECOLOGICAl
IMPACTS ANALYSIS
AIR. WATER. AMD IAND QUALITY
INCREASED SICKNESS AND
DEATHS
ECOIOGVHEIATED EMEUS
MATERIAL REIATH) EFFECTS
QUANTIFIED EFIECIS
AITERNATIVES
Figure 1. Environmental assessment/control technology development diagram.
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PROGRAM:
DURATION: PROGRAM MANAGER:
CONTRACTOR: PROJECT OFFICER:
CONTRACT #: ANSWERS RECORDED BY:
FUNDING: DATE:
A. CURRENT PROCESS TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND
1 - This program will identify sources and gather information on:
Processes (list specific processes; for example, opposed wall
fired burner, 1C, engine, stoker):
Fuels (bituminous, lignite, residual oil, refuse, etc.):
Use sector: utility I I , residentialLJ , commercial I I , indus-
trial D
B. CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND
1 - This program will identifyLJ potential pollutants andO impacts of
pollutants.
The pollutants of major concern are:
The pollutants of secondary concern are:
Figure 2. MITRE form for CCEA projects (sheet 1 of 5)
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Analytical Methods and Instruments:
The media area investigated in the program are:
2 - This program I I identifies ( I | develops) sources of data for pollutant
dose/health I 1 and ecological 1 I response for the given pollutants (if
not for all pollutants and media given above, list appropriate pollutants)
3 - This program identifies I | actual and I I proposed standards for the
following pollutants and media:
4 - This program I I identifies existing ( | | or develops) transport/fate
models (list pollutants/media if not the same as those identified in
Bl):
5 - This programLJ identifies ( LU or develops) industrial related occupa-
tional health epidemiological data (if not the same as listed in Bl,
please list):
C. ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES DEVELOPMENT
1 - This program I | does ( | | does not) define criteria for ranking of:
II processes or sources
1 I pollutants
2 - This program ranks [J processes and |_J pollutants (list):
Figure 2 (sheet 2 of 5).
-------
3 - This program | | does ( I I does not) define emission goals for:
I I processes (list if not same as Al)
I I pollutants (list if not same as Bl)
4 - This program defines nonpollutant impact goals (energy, economics,
commercial development).
Q Yes Q No
5 - This program EUdefines ( II does not define) bioassay criteria.
6 - This program does I I , does not I J establish ( I I use previously estab-
lished) permissible media concentrations for control development guid-
ance for pollutants.
D. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA ACQUISITION
1 - This program will[ 1 identify and/or j I develop all [ | , some I I ,
1 I sampling andLJ analysis techniques (including L_J bioassay) for
pollutants from the given processes.
2 - This program LJ develops ( LJ does not develop) a test program and
outline procedures for waste stream characterization:
and LJ conducts comprehensive screening, |I performs level 1 measure-
ments
1 I conducts detailed analysis, | ] performs level 2 measurements
I I conducts continuous monitoring of selected pollutants, 1 I per-
forms level 3 measurements
(list selected pollutants if determined):
Comment:
3 - This program D develops ( D utilizes existing) input/output material
characterization for given processes (performs material balance Q ) :
Figure 2 (sheet 3 of 5).
10
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4 - This program LJ develops ( LJ does not develop) bioassay data to evaluate
effectiveness of controls on process streams (if different from Al, list):
5 - This program II identifies data gaps
I I designs a program to develop required data
LJ develops required data.
Comment:
E. CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
1 - This program will evaluate LJ control process effectiveness, LJ pollu-
tion by the control process, and I 1 disposal options (tradeoffs).
2 - This program I I will ( I I will not) study process control economics.
3 - This program I—I will ( I I will not) investigate transient operation LJ ,
malfunctions | | , and accidental release possibilities LJ within the
processes and control processes.
Comment/qualification:
4 - This program LJ will determine when field test is required and I I
perform the testing in related areas for the control processes.
Comment/qualification:
5 - This program I I will ( I I will not) complete or take part in control
system demonstration programs.
6 - This program will define II plans and I] goals for the control technol-
ogies and identify optimum control methods to meet these goals.
7 - This program I I will ( I I will not) investigate the impact of nonpollut-
ant parameters (economic, energy, aesthetics) and their effects on the
processes and control technologies.
Comment:
Figure 2 (sheet 4 of 5) .
11
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F. ENVIRONMENTAL ALTERNATIVES AND OUTPUTS
1 - This program I I will ( LJ will not) characterize effluents and costs
for the control options.
Comment/qualification:
2 - This program I] will ( D will not) select and apply media degradation
alternatives (alternative sets of effluent standards based on background,
health, and ecological effects and technology). Please list actual
basis for alternatives if known:
3 - Comparison of analytical models for control alternatives for all media,
based on technology, costs, nonpollutant constraints, and multimedia
environmental goals I 1 will (1 I will not) be made.
Comment/qualification:
4 - The results of this program will:
I I quantify control R & D needs
I—I quantify control alternatives
I I quantify media degradation alternatives
I—I quantify nonpollutant effects and site selection criteria
I I define research data base for standards.
Comment (if the above do not apply to those areas identified in Al,
Bl, and El, please qualify):
Figure 2 (sheet 5 of 5).
12
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Based on the information obtained on current activities through the
methods discussed in Section 2, a summary of these activities, grouping
projects into the following categories, was prepared for the annual report:
Multi-Source Emissions Measurements;
Emissions Measurements on Utility Sources;
Emissions Measurements on Industrial Sources;
Emissions Measurements on Commercial, Institutional, and Residen-
tial Sources;
Fuel Characterization;
Measurement Methods;
Transport and Fate of Pollutants;
Health Effects;
Ecological Effects;
Multi-Media Goals;
Economic and Energy Factors;
SCi Control Technology;
NO Control Technology;
Particle Control Technology; and
Thermal Pollution Control.
This summary is reproduced in Appendix D.
Appendix A of this report reproduces Chapter VI, "Current Studies
Related to Impacts of Pollutants," and Chapter VII, "Current Studies Related
to Control Technology," which were submitted to MITRE and EPA for inclusion
in the annual report. This appendix presents detailed discussions of on-
going CCEA project activity showing that many organizations in addition to
IERL are investing considerable resources in such research and that the
current effort by IERL to carefully coordinate and plan its CCEA activities
is indeed timely.
In order to provide perspective on the laws and regulations pertaining
to conventional combustion sources, a summary of existing and proposed
regulations was prepared for inclusion in the annual report. This summary
is reproduced in Appendix B.
Coordination
Throughout the course of this work assignment a determined effort was
made to keep the EPA Project Officer and MITRE personnel informed. The
13
-------
MITRE forms, shown in Figure 2, were forwarded as completed. In addition,
many narrative trip reports and other contact reports were compiled and
submitted. Although it was appreciated that the detail of many of these
required a great deal of time on the part of the reader, it was felt that
such details were necessary to bring out the broad scope and nuances of CCEA
activities. Comprehending and managing research activities of the broad
range of disciplines and phenomena encompassed in the methodology of Figure 1
is a very demanding task.
In addition to written reports, the EPA Project Officer was kept in-
formed by telephone and short meetings of the highlights of the survey
activity. Longer meetings to coordinate RTI activities with those of MITRE
were held periodically by the EPA Project Officer. These offered many
opportunities for constructive discussions as to what courses of action
should be taken and provided opportunities for the EPA Project Officer to
adjust priorities and redirect efforts as necessary.
14
-------
APPENDIX A
CURRENT STUDIES RELATED TO IMPACTS OF POLLUTANTS
AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
A-l
-------
APPENDIX A*
VI. CURRENT STUDIES RELATED TO IMPACTS OF POLLUTANTS
A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The information contained in Sections VI and VII (and Appendixes B, C,
and D) was obtained as part of an approximately 6-month study by RTI. The
objective was to identify organizations conducting work on at least one of the
elements of combustion pollution assessment. It was not known at the begin-
ning of our study how extensive the work on CCEA was, however, it was soon
apparent that a relatively large number of organizations were performing such
work. Although many have been identified, no pretense is made of completeness.
The RTI work needs to be extended with the objective of producing as complete
a compendium of CCEA-related work as possible and also to store the information
obtained in a computer system which can be readily updated.
Section VI gives typical examples of current work by some of the organiza-
tions studying the impacts of pollutants and Section VII surveys some of the
research work in control technology. By no means are all of the organizations
identified discussed in these two sections. Rather, typical examples are
chosen to illustrate the types of relevant work being carried out on a broad
front. More complete listings of the organizations and projects identified
may be found in Appendixes C and D.
B. INFORMATION COLLECTION
Information on the scope and some of the details of CCEA research activity
was collected by various methods: telephone contacts, a computer data base
literature search, published project inventory data, contractor reports, and
technical discussions with researchers at symposia or at their respective
institutions. These sources and their characteristics are discussed briefly
in this section.
1. Telephone Contacts
Initially a number of telephone calls were made to organizations that,
based on RTI's past experience, were known to be performing CCEA-related work.
However, telephone calls were found to be a poor method of eliciting any
details. Later the telephone was used only to request specific pieces of
information or to arrange technical meetings.
^Sections VI and VII of the CCEA Annual Report are reproduced here as
Appendix A.
A, L.
-------
2. Literature Searches
All literature searches were carried out by the North Carolina Science
and Technology Research Center (a NASA Industrial Applications Center). The
literature information produced was then evaluated by RTI technical people for
relevance. From searches, approximately 450 citations were selected as being
relevant. Summaries of these results are shown in Appendix C. The sources
for the search are shown in Table VIB-1.
3. ERDA Inventory
Most of the following information has been abstracted from the publication
Inventory of Federal Energy-Related Environment and Safety Research for FY1976 -
ERDA 7750, Volume 1 of 4.
The purpose of the inventory is to provide a data base for providing
overviews of federally funded, energy-related environment and safety research
projects. The inventory can be used to assist planning for future research by
aiding in the determination of the adequacy of current environmental, health,
and safety research programs to meet the needs of developing energy technology.
The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, PL93-438 authorizes the administrator
of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) to establish
programs to minimize the adverse environmental effects of energy development
and utilization. It further directs that these programs will utilize research
and development efforts supported by other Federal agencies in a cooperative
manner to avoid unnecessary duplication.
A comprehensive plan was required to be submitted to Congress by the
Federal Non-Nuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974, PL93-577,
Section VI.
The inventory complies with these requirements.
The FY1976 inventory was improved over those of Ffl974 and FY1975 by
standardization and computerization of the data input. The requested informa-
tion was expanded to include environmental control technology.
A questionnaire was developed to obtain uniform descriptive material for
the inventory (OMB Form 294). To obtain as complete an inventory as possible,
all Federal agencies likely to be involved "in energy-related environment,
health, and safety research programs were contacted.
Fourteen Federal agencies responded to the questionnaires to provide
information for the inventory. They are limited to research conducted during
A-3
-------
TABLE VIS-1. DATA FILES SEARCHED FOR PAST CPA RESEARCH ACTIVITY
Data base name
Subject and source
Coverage
from
Number of
citations
Engineering Index
(compendex)
Energy Data Base
Pollution
Smithsonian Science
Information Exchange
SSIE
Worldwide engineering 1970
literature
(3,500 publications)
Complete energy 1974
information (ERDA)
Pollution and environment 1970
(pollution abstracts)
Research projects in 1966
progress; emphasizes
federally funded projects
and includes many
privately funded projects
(Smithsonian Science
Information Exchange)
500,000
100,000
37,700
200,000
A-4
-------
FY1976. Table VIB-2 gives the names of the agencies, the number of projects
for each agency, and the FY1976 funding level for research for the total
dollars spent on research in biomedical and environmental research, environ-
mental control technology, and operational safety. About 84 percent of the
total Federal funding is represented by the sum of the budgets of ERDA, NRC,
EPA, and DOC.
The following data are presented to show the distribution of research
efforts in the field of biomedical and environmental research (BER). The
category is divided into five subcategories: (1) characterization, measure-
ment, and monitoring; (2) environmental transport, physical and chemical
processes, and effects; (3) health effects; (4) ecological processes and
effects; and (5) integrated assessment. Table VIB-3 gives the technology
funding distribution for each of these five subcategories. Note that ERDA
funding dominates all five categories. Table VIB-4 shows the breakdown of
funding by technology areas for projects on environmental control technology.
Note that EPA dominates the fossil fuel area and ERDA the nuclear area.
The four volumes of the ERDA inventory summarize approximately 2,500
projects, of which approximately 150 were identified as relevant. Some of the
summaries appear in Sections VI and VII while more complete listings appear in
Appendix C.
4. EPRI
A visit was made to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) where
technical discussions were held with several program directors. These pro-
vided an overview of the very extensive research programs being carried out
under EPRI funding. Some idea of the magnitude of this effort can be obtained
by considering the proposed 1977-1981 EPRI budget, shown in Table VIB-5. For
example, the proposed combined expenditures in fossil fuel controls and envi-
ronmental assessments over the 5-year period amount to about $143 million, or
13 percent of the entire EPRI budget for the period. Some of EPRI's research
efforts are briefly described in Sections VI and VII and many projects are
tabulated in Appendix D.
EPRI plans to spend approximately $1 billion in electric generation
research over the next 5 years. They estimate that 50 percent of this budget
will be relevant to combustion pollution. Considering the magnitude cf this
A-5
-------
TABLE VIB-2. FEDERAL AGENCY RESPONSES
Agency
Department of Agriculture
(DOA)
Department of Commerce (DOC)
Department of Defense (DOD)
Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare (HEW)
Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD)
Department of the Interior
(DOI)
Department of Transportation
(DOT)
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
Energy Research and Develop-
ment Administration (ERDA)
Federal Energy Administration
(FEA)
National Science Foundation
(NSF)/RANN
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC)
Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA)
Total
No. of projects
reported
7
93
3
263
1
80
9
305
1,467
20
18
5
200
65
2,536
Funding by agency
(in millions)
$ 7.6
41.0
1-4
22.6
*
25.9
.4
63.0
197.5
1.7
1.2
1.3
77.5
11.8
452.9
*Less than $0.05M
A-6
-------
TABLE VIB-3. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH SUBCATEGORY
FUNDING BY FEDERAL AGENCY, FY 1976 ($ In millions)
Energy technology
DOA
DOC:
OEA
NBS
NOAA
DOD
HEW:
N10SII
NIEHS
> NCI
"-1 HUD
DOT:
FWS
BLM
uses
REC1.AM
BPA
DOT
EPA
EHDA
FEA
NSF/RANN
NASA
NUC
TVA
Total
Characterization,
measurement,
and monitoring
0.3
-
1.9
4.3
-
0.9
A
-
-
0.2
-
7.4
0.1
*
0.1
5.6
20.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.6
1.2
45.1
Environmental
transport
0.8
-
*
8.5
-
_
A
-
-
-
-
4.2
-
A
-
1.9
21.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
3.5
1.3
42.1
BER subcategory
Health effects
-
-
0.1
0.2
-
1.0
13.2
6.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
A
4.6
78.4
A
A
A
0.6
A
104.8
Ecological
effects
1.8
-
A
19.0
-
-
0.5
-
-
2.3
-
2.5
0.1
A
-
3.9
19.6
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.7
1.9
52.9
Integrated
assessment
0.9
0.2
-
6.3
-
-
0.1
-
A
A
-
3.6
-
0.3
-
3.1
13.7
1. 1
0.2
0. 1
1.0
1.5
32.1
Total
3.8
0.2
2.0
38.2
-
1.9
13.8
6.7
A
2.5
-
17.8
0.2
0.4
0.1
19.1
153. 8
1 .6
1 .)
0.6
7. /i
S.9
277.1
*LesB than $0.05M.
-------
TABLE VIB-4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FUNDING (ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
BY FEDERAL AGENCY), FY 1976 ($ in millions)
Technology
Oil
Fossil and Oil Bio- Nuclear
Agency general Coal gas ahale mass general
IH1A 2.9 0.5 - 0.2 - O.I
DOC :
OEA - -
NDS - -
NOAA - 0.1
DOD O.I -
HEW:
NIOSH - -
N1E11S - -
NCI - -
Hill) - -
IK) I:
> FWS - -
00 BLM - -
USCS - 2.8 0.3 0.3
RECLAH - -
BI'A - * *
DOT - -
El'A 3.5 27.7 3.3 0.8 0.9 *
ERDA O.I 2.4 1.1 0.1 - 30.5
FEA - _____
N.SF/RANN - -
NASA - 0.2 - *
NRC - - - - - 1.3
TVA 0.8 4.0 -
Total 7.4 37.6 4.7 1.5 0.9 32.0
Geo- Hydro- Conser- Hiiltl- General
Fission Fusion thermal Solar electric vatlun tech science Other Total
-1.7
_____ _ ____
__-** * ___ 0.2
----- 1.3 - - - 1.4
----- - __-_
_____ _ ____
----- — ____
_____ _ ____
_
----- 0.2 - 0.4 0.1 4.1
_____ _ ____
0.1 - - O.I
O.I - 0.1
0.4 0.4 - 2.6 3.1 0.4 0.7 4J.9
0.7 0.2 0.7 * - 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 36.9
_____ _ ____
----- - __**
* - 0.4 - - 0.7
*_--- - - - - 1.3
0.1 0.5 - 0.3 * 5.7
0.7 0.2 1.1 0.4 0.2 5.0 4.1 1.3 1.1 98.2
*Less than $0.05 M.
-------
TABLE VIE-5. EPRI SUMMARY OF PROPOSED PROGRAM PLAN (S MILLIONS)*
PROGRAM
FOSSIL FUEL AND ADVANCED SYSTEMS
Fluidized combustion ar.d coal cleaning
Air quality control
Water quality control and heat rejection
Fossil plant performance and reliability
TOTAL - Fossil fuel power plants
Clean gaseous fuels
Clean liquid and solid fuels
Power generation
Power plant requirements and analysis
TOTAL - Advanced fossil power systems
Fusion
Solar
Geo thermal
TOTAL - New energy resources
Energy storage
Fuel cells and chemical energy conversion
Energy utilization and conservation technology
TOTAL - Energy management and
utilization technology
TOTAL - FOSSIL FUEL AND ADVANCED SYSTEMS
NUCLEAR POWER
Water reactor system technology
Reliability, availability, and economics
Fuels, waste, and environment
Developing application and technology
TOTAL - NUCLEAR POWER
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
AC transmission
Underground transmission
DC transmission
Distribution
Systems planning, security, and control
Rotating electrical iarh1nery
TOTAL - ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ENERGY ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENT
Environmental assessment
Demand and conservation
Supply
Systems
Electric utility rata design study
TOTAL - ENERGY ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENT
TOTAL FUNDS ALLOCATED
Nonprogrammed exnenditure
TOTAL INSTITUTE
1977
4.8
14.3
1.9
2.4
23.4
11.1
14.9
5.8
_P_..7
32.5
4.7
4.4
2.2
U.3
5.2
9.0
1.0
15.2
82.4
14.8
14.1
8.0
9.1
46.0
7.0
7.5
10.9
5.2
1.9
0.5
33.0
10.4
2.1
3.1
1.5
.3
17.9
179.3
_
179 3
1973
3.1
10.2
2.4
2.8
23.5
9.5
14.8
7.0
_i-.o
32.3
3.4
3.4
2.0
a. a
7.1
8.5
1.4
17.0
81.6
18. 8
16.4
9.0
7.0
51.2
7.5
7.5
4.4
6.4
2.7
2.3
31.3
12.5
2.7
3.3
1.6
.3
20.9
185.0
5.0
190.0
1979
8.8
10.2
2.6
3.0
24.6
10.0
14.5
7.5
1.0
33.0
3.8
3.7
2.0
9.5
9.0
6.7
2.3
18.0
85.1
17.9
16.9
9.7
9.0
53.5
7.9
8.0
3.9
6.7
2.9
3.2
32.6
14.8
2.6
3.7
1.7
—
22.8
194.0
9.0
203.0
1930
9 . i
10. 4
2.6
4.1
26.5
10.0
14.5
9.5
1.0
35.0
4.3
4.0
2.2
10.5
8.9
6.6
2.5
18.0
90.0
18.0
16.0
10.7
11.8
56.5
8.3
3.4
4.0
7.3
3.1
3.4
34.5
17.0
2.6
3.7
1.7
—
25.0
206.0
28.0
234.0
1981
10. j
10.8
i i
4,4
27.9
10. 0
14.5
10.5
1.0
36.0
4.4
4.3
2.3
11.0
8.2
7.8
3.0
19.0
93.9
17.9
13.9
12.2
15.0
59.0
8.7
8.8
4.2
7.6
3.2
3.5
36.0
20.1
2.6
3.7
1.7
-
28.1
217.0
61.0
178.0
Tocal
-l.l
55.9
12.2
16.8
126.0
50.5
73.3
40.3
4. 7
168.9
20.6
19.8
10.7
51.1
38.3
33.7
10.1
87.1
433.0
87.4
77.3
49.6
51.9
266.2
39.4
40.2
27.4
33.2
13.8
13.4
167.4
74.8
12.2
13.0
8.2
.3
114.7
981.3
103.0
1084.3
*Funding entries represent planned contractor expenditures stated in current dollars
including an adjustment for inflation.
A-9
-------
effort, it seems imperative that the IERL/RTP CPA Program establish an im-
proved coordination, with EPRI.
5. Symposia
Two symposia were attended during the course of the project. These were
The Second Stationary Source Combustion Symposium, July 1977, and the Sym-
posium on Flue Gas Desulfurization, November 1977. From the two symposia a
broad perspective on work on emissions assessments and control methods was
obtained.
From the papers presented we were able to prepare numerous Mitre forms in
support of both the CPA plan and the First Annual Report. Descriptions of
some of the projects covered in the symposia appear in Sections VI and VII.
6. Other
Work plans, monthly project reports, interim reports, and final reports
have all been used extensively. However, the most detailed information was
gathered by visits to various organizations involved in CPA research for
direct discussions with the researchers.
C. DESCRIPTION OF BURNER TYPES
The types of sources considered under the heading of "conventional combus-
tion sources" are briefly described in this section for the reader who may not
be familiar with the terminology used. It is convenient to divide the discus-
sion according to the use sectors of utility and the combined grouping of
industrial, commercial/institutional, and residential. The utility sources
constitute the largest fuel consumption, much of which is coal, and therefore
the largest pollution potential.
1. Utility Boilers
The utility boiler category encompasses all field-erected water tube
boilers with a generating capacity of about 25 MW or more. This includes the
vast majority of field-erected boilers used for electric power generation.
Fuels used in utility boilers include pulverized bituminous, subbitumi-
nous, and lignite coals; residual and crude oil; and natural gas. Coals are
burned in either dry bottom or wet bottom furnaces. Dry bottom furnaces
operate at combustion temperatures below the ash fusion point and ash is
removed as a solid. Wet bottom furnaces melt the ash and remove slag through
a bottom tap. Wet bottom furnaces are no longer being manufactured due to
A-10
-------
operational problems with low sulfur coals and because their high combustion
temperatures promote NO formation.
A
The major combustion-related difference between boilers in this sector is
furnace design, which leads to differences in emission characteristics. The
primary burners/furnace configurations and their manufacturers are:
Single-wall firing: Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation (FW),
Babcock and Wilcox Company (B&W), and Riley Stoker Corporation (RS)
Opposed-wall firing: B&W, FW, and RS
Tangential-firing: Combustion Engineering, Inc. (CE)
In single-wall firing furnaces, burners are mounted normal to a furnace
wall. These units are typically limited in capacity to about 400 iMW because of
furnace wall area. Use of these boilers is being phased out as a result of
recent trends toward boilers with larger capacity.
When larger capacity is required, horizontally opposed wall-firing fur-
naces are normally used. In horizontally opposed wall-firing furnaces, burners
are mounted on opposite furnace walls. This is the most recently developed
firing configuration, and is found on the newer units.
Individual burners on single and opposed wall units are usually of the
register type, with up to 72 burners mounted on the furnace walls. The pul-
verized coal is entrained by about 20 percent of the primary air and intro-
duced into the combustion chamber at a velocity of about 25 m/s where turbu-
lent mixing with the remainder of the combustion air occurs. Natural gas is
injected at velocities up to sonic through nozzles located in the register
throat. Residual oil is preheated and injected through atomizers using high
pressure steam or mechanical means. For all of these fuels, secondary pre-
heated air enters at speeds of about 60 m/s for oil and gas and about 37 m/s
for pulverized coal.
In a tangential furnace, arrays of fuel and air nozzles are located at
the same elevation in each of the four corners of the combustion chamber.
Each nozzle is directed tangentially to a small firing circle in the center of
the chamber. The resulting spin of the four flames creates high turbulence
and thorough mixing of fuel and air in the combustion zone. Additional levels
of nozzles are mounted 2 to 3.5 m apart in larger capacity furnaces.
Three other firing methods exist but are seldom encountered in new units.
These are discussed below.
A-ll
-------
Cyclone furnaces were originally developed by B&W to burn low ash fusion
temperature Illinois coal, and they have recently been used successfully with
lignite. In this design, fuel and air are introduced circumferentially into
the water-cooled cyclone furnace to produce the highly swirling, high tempera-
ture flame. The cyclone furnace must operate at high combustion temperatures
since it is designed to operate as a slagging furnace. Since high tempera-
tures result in high thermal NO formation, the cyclone furnace has lost its
X
market and is seldom encountered in new units.
Vertical-firing furnaces were developed for pulverized coal before the
advent of water-walled combustion chambers. They were used to a limited
degree to fire anthracite coal. Anthracite, because of its low volatile
content, is difficult to burn in conventional boilers. The long residence
time resulting from the downward firing pattern in vertical furnaces was
effective in achieving ignition and char burnout for anthracite. With the
decline of anthracite as a utility fuel, vertical furnaces are no longer sold
and few are found in the field.
Stoker-fired furnaces are also seldom found in the field primarily due to
trends toward larger capacity boilers. Design capacity limitations and high
costs have prevented widespread use of stokers in utility boilers.
In Section VI, the above three firing types are grouped together under
the heading of Other.
The distribution of utility boilers by firing type and fuel for the year
1974 is shown in Figure VIC-1. The totals listed were derived from a systems
study by GCA and a boiler inventory by Battelle. Note that over 86 percent of
the number of installed boilers is represented by wall-fired boilers and
tangentially fired boilers. Since Figure VIC-1 is based on the number of
installed units of each design type, it does not accurately reflect the dis-
tribution by installed capacity.
Figure VIC-2 shows the distribution by installed capacity for coal-fired
boilers. Note that wall-fired and tangentially fired units account for approx-
imately 90 percent of the coal consumed by utility boilers.
Gas turbines are rotary internal combustion engines fueled by natural
gas, diesel, or distillate fuel oil and occasionally residual or crude oil.
These units range in capacity from 108 MJ/h (40 hp) to over 270 GJ/h (100,000
hp) and may be installed in groups for larger power output. The basic gas
A-12
-------
60 -
56 -
52 -
48 -
44 -
40-
36 -
32 -
28 -
24-
20 -
16 -
12 -
-
4 -
Wall firing
2,212 units
(59.25)
Dual fueled
Gas
Oil
Coal
Total: 3,738 units
Tangential
724 units
(19. 4Z)
Dual
Gas
Vertical and
Oil stoker
371 units Horiz. opposed
(9.9~) 307 units
(8.2S)
Dual
_ , r,a. Cyclones
Coal r , uas 1-5,, un1t.
Oil (3 3»)
inn ~*f
Coal 1 and dual
Figure VIC-1. Utility boiler equipment population based
on number of installed units.
A-13
-------
1.0 r
Vertical and stoker
o
100 200 300 400 500 600
Boiler size (megawatts)
700
800
900
1000
Figure VIC-2. FirJng method versus boiler size for pulverized
coal-fired (dry bottom) utility boilers.
-------
turbine consists of a compressor, combustion chambers, and a turbine. The
compressor delivers pressurized combustion air to the combustors at compres-
sion ratios of up to 20 to 1. Injectors introduce fuel into the combustors
and the mixture is burned with exit temperatures up to 1,370 K (2,000° F).
The hot combustion gases are rapidly quenched by secondary dilution air and
then expanded through the turbine, which drives the compressor and provides
shaft power.
Regenerative cycle gas turbines also use hot exhaust gases of up to 870 K
(1,100° F) to preheat the inlet air between the compressor and the combustor.
This makes it possible to recover some of the thermal energy in the exhaust
gases and to increase thermal efficiency.
A third type of turbine is the combined-cycle gas turbine. This is a
simple-cycle unit that exhausts to a waste heat boiler to recover thermal
energy from the exhaust gases. In some cases, this waste heat boiler is also
designed to burn additional fuels to supplement steam production.
Gas turbines have been extremely popular in the past decade because of
the relatively short construction lead times, low cost, ease and speed of
installation, and low physical profile including low buildings, short stacks,
little visible emissions, and quiet operation. By far the largest use of gas
turbines is for peaking power.
Stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines use two methods to
ignite the fuel air mixture in the combustion chamber. In compression igni-
tion engines, air is first compression heated in the cylinder and then diesel
fuel is injected into the hot air where ignition is spontaneous. In spark
ignition engines the combustion is spark initiated, with the natural gas or
gasoline being introduced by injection or premixed with the combustion air in
a carbureted system. Because reciprocating internal combustion engines char-
acteristically have a low physical profile, they are frequently located in or
adjacent to urban centers where power demands are greatest and pollution
problems most acute. Seventy-three percent of 1C engines are fueled by nat-
ural gas, 16 percent by diesel oil, and 11 percent by gasoline. The oil and
gas industry is the leading user of stationary 1C engines for pipeline and
production applications followed by general industrial users, electric power
generation, and agriculture.
A-15
-------
2. Industrial, Commercial, Residential Combustion Equipment
Combustion equipment for these three sectors can be divided into (a)
packaged boilers and (b) warm air furnaces.
Packaged boilers are constructed in water tube, fire tube, cast iron, and
shell designs. Each of these designs has a fairly distinct capacity range.
These units are fueled primarily by residual and distillate oil, natural gas,
and stoker coal. In terms of installed units, packaged boilers far outnumber
field-erected boilers. They consume about 91 percent as much fuel as field-
erected boilers. Packaged boilers are primarily used for industrial process
steam, commercial and residential heating, and hot water supply.
Water tube boilers are essentially the only packaged boiler design avail-
able of about 32 GJ/h (30 MBtu/h) and above. Packaged water tube boilers are
fueled by residual or distillate oil, natural gas, process gases, stoker and
pulverized coal, and waste fuels. Most packaged water tube boilers are burner
fired. Only about 15 percent are stoker fired. Fuel oil is used in about 50
percent of the burner fired units and about 40 percent of the units have dual
gas and oil capabilities. Units limited to natural gas firing make up the
remaining 10 percent. Steam is used as the atomization method for 70 to 80
percent of oil-fuel boilers. Gas burners are usually of the register type.
Coal and other solid fuel stokers are used. In the past, pulverized coal has
seldom been used in packaged water tube boilers due to capital costs involved.
The availability and competitive cost of coal compared to oil are leading to
the increased use of pulverized coal in the larger packaged water tube units.
Water tube boilers smaller than 108 GJ/h are fired by single burners and use
primarily distillate oil or natural gas. The most common atomization method
for these units is mechanical pressure atomizing. Coal firing is available
only in stoker units.
In fire tube boilers, the products of combustion are directed from the
combustion chamber through straight tubes which are submerged in water.
Because of the sensitivity to fouling with this design, fire tube boilers
normally burn fuel oil and natural gas. The firing is by single burner.
Rotary, mechanical, or air atomization is used for oil firing; power burners
are predominantly used for natural gas firing. Fire tube boilers are used for
commercial and domestic space heating with larger units being used for indus-
trial process steam.
A-16
-------
Cast iron boilers are available in capacities up to 14 GJ/h (13.5 MBtu/h).
They operate almost exclusively on distillate oil and natural gas fuels. They
are designed to supply low pressure steam or hot water and are used primarily
for air or water heating systems. The primary advantage of cast iron boilers
for heating is that they require a very low level of maintenance and have a
high reliability and long lifetime.
Other package boilers used for residential and commercial heating or hot
water include shell boilers and residential steam and hot water units.
The large majority of warm air furnaces (about 60 percent of new units)
are forced air central furnaces with capacities up to about 317 MJ/h (approxi-
mately 300,000 Btu/h). These heaters are operated either by gravity or by a
pressure blower (forced air system) for air discharge and return. Central
gravity-operated furnaces rarely exceed 159 MJ/h (150,000 Btu/h). The furnace
in these central heaters is enclosed in a rectangular steel casing and fuel is
burned in the primary combustion space of a metal-wall heat exchanger. Heat
exchangers in these warm-air furnaces have a single combustion chamber, which
is usually cylindrical or divided into a series of individual sections.
Cylindrical combustion chambers are normally used with a single-port oil-fired
burner, and the sectional type is used with multiple gas-fired burners. Com-
bustion products pass through secondary flue gas passages of the heat exchanger
and exit through a flue to the atmosphere.
D. DISCUSSION OF SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION
The present study seeks to identify those organizations performing various
elements of combustion pollution assessment and to compare these elements in
order to determine the degree of overlap or areas that are not being adequately
addressed. Such a comparison, in order to be accurate, must include at least
the following information:
fuel type,
burner type,
sampling point(s),
pollutants identified, and
analytical methods used.
These data should be unambiguously specified. One problem encountered
early in the present survey was the use of various methods of fuel-burner type
A-17
-------
classificatioa which made direct comparison of programs, e.g., through work
plans, difficult. This difficulty may be illustrated by consideration of the
work plans for the current contracts of TRW (EPA Contract No. 68-02-2197) and
the Aerotherm Division of the Acurex Corporation (EPA Contract No. 68-02-2160).
The TRW system is based on a system used by GCA, which is based on the
NEDS system. The GCA classification code for coal-fired utility boilers is
shown in Table VID-1. Table VID-2 shows the classification system for oil-
fired electric utility boilers for 1972 and Table VID-3 for gas-fired electric
utility boilers. A similar classification code exists for industrial, commer-
cial, institutional, and residential burner systems.
The classification method shown in the cited tables is relatively precise.
Furthermore, the numerical code facilitates storage and retrieval from a com-
puter data base, which is essential for detailed comparison of a large number
of projects.
However, GCA reduced the detail of its boiler classifications for the
purpose of emission tables in its report, as shown in Table VID-4, by dropping
the last two digits of the codes shown in Table VID-1 and one digit from those
in Tables VID-2 and 3. For coal type fuels this simplification eliminates all
consideration of single-wall fired boilers, opposed-wall fired boilers, and
tangentially fired boilers from the coal type fuels category. It also elimi-
nates consideration or distinguishing of wall-fired burners for petroleum and
gas fuels. Yet all three of these important subcategories produce varying
emissions.
A similar code is being used by TRW in its work plans and reports, as
shown in Table VID-5. The same difficulty is encountered here.
The categorization used by Aerotherm and by Exxon will now be considered.
Figure VID-1 demonstrates the system for utility boilers. As may be seen,
this categorization is relatively simple. Although the entire fuel-burner
system to be considered can be taken in at a glance for any given array of the
category shown, the system has no subcategories for relative size. This
system, as presently being used, has not yet been reduced to a numerical
coding system, although one similar to the TRW scheme could readily be de-
vised.
For coal-fired utility boilers in comparison, problems are obvious. As
shown, for example, in the TRW-GCA system, the first major subdivision of
A-18
-------
TABLE VID-1. CLASSIFICATION CODES FOR
COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS
1.1.10.0-0 Coal
1.1.10.1.0.0.0 Pulverized dry
1.1.10.1.1.0.0 Tangential
1.1.10.1.1.0.1 With fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.1.1.0.2 Without fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.1.1.1.2 >5000 10s 3tu/h
1.1.10.1.1.2.2 1500-5000
1.1.10.1.1.3.2 500-1500
1.1.10.1.1.4.2 <500
1.1.10.1.3.0.0 Front
1.1.10.1.3.0.1 With fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.1.3.1.1 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.10.1.3.2.1 1500-5000
1.1.10.1.3.3.1 500-1500
1.1.10.1.3.4.1 <500
1.1.10.1.3.0.2 Without fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.1.3.1.2 >5000 105 Btu/h
1.1.10.1.3.2.2 1500-5000
1.1.10.1.3.3.2 500-1500
1.1.10.1.3.4.2 <500
1.1.10.1.4.0.0 Opposed
1.1.10.1.4.0.1 With fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.1.4.1.1 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.10.1.4.2.1 1500-5000
1.1.10.1.4.3.1 500-1500
1.1.10.1.4.4.1 <500
1.1.10.1.4.0.2 Without fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.1.4.1.2 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.10.1.4.2.2 1500-5000
1.1.10.1-4.3.2 500-1500
1.1.10.1.4.4.2 <500
1.1.10.2.0.0.0 Pulverized wet
1.1.10.2.1.0.0 Tangential
1.1.10.2.1.0.1 With fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.2.1.1.1 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.10.2.1.2.1 1500-5000
1J1.10.2.1.3.1 500-1500
1.1.10.2.1.4.1 <500
A-19
-------
TABLE VID-1. (con.)
1.1.10.2.1.0.2 Without fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.2.1.1.2 >5000 10° Btu/h
1.1.10.2.1.2.2 1500-5000
1.1.10.2.1.3.2 500-1500
1.1.10.2.1.4.2 <500
1.1.10.2.3.0.0 Front
1.1.10.2.3.0.1 With fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.2.3.0.2 Without fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.2.3.1.2 >5000 10'5 Btu/h
1.1.10.2.3.2.2 1500-5000
1.1.10.2.3.3.2 500-1500
1.1.10.2.3.4.2 <500
1.1.10-2.4.0.0 Opposed
1.1.10.2.4.0.1 With fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.2.4.1.1 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.10.2.4.2.1 1500-5000
1.1.10.2.4.3.1 500-1500
1.1.10.2.4.4.1 <500
1.1.10.2.4.0.2 Without fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.2,4.1.2 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.10.2.4.2.2 1500-5000
1.1.10.2.4.3.2 500-1500
1.1.10.2.4.4.2 <500
1.1.10.3.0.0.0 Cyclone
1.1.10.3.0.0.1 With fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.3.0.1.1 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.10.3.0.2.1 1500-5000
1.1.10.3.0.3.1 500-1500
1.1.10.3.0.4.1 <500
1.1.10.3-0.0.2 Without fly ash reinjection
1.1.10.3.0.1.2 >5000 10'6 Btu/h
1.1.10.3.0.2.2 1500-5000
1.1.10.3.0.3.2 500-1500
1.1.10.3.0.4.2 <500
1.1.10.4.0.0.0 All stokers
1.1.10.4.0.1-0 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.10.4.0.2.0 1500-5000
1.1.10.4.0.3.0 500-1500
1.1.10.4.0.4.0 <500
1.x.xx.x.x.x.x Other
A-20
-------
TABLE VID-2. CLASSIFICATION CODES FOR
OIL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS
1.1.20.0-0-0 Petroleum
1.1.20.0.1.0 Tangential
1.1.20.0.1.1 >5000 105 Btu/h
1.1.20.0.1.2 1500-5000
1.1.20-0-1.3 500-1500
1.1.20.0.1.4 <500
1.1.20.0.2.0 All others
1.1.20.0.3.0 Front or back
1.1.20.0.3.1 >5000 10s Btu/h
1.1.20.0.3.2 500-5000
1.1.20.0.3.3 500-1500
1.1.20-0.3.4 <500
1.1.20-0.4.0 Opposed
1.1.20.0-4.1 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.20.0.4.2 1500-5000
1.1.20.0.4.3 500-1500
1.1.20.0.4.4 <500
1.1.20.0.9.0 Other
1.1.20.0.9.1 >5000 106 Btu/h
1.1.20.0.9.2 1500-5000
1.1.20.0-9.3 500-1500
1.1.20.0.9-4 <500
A-21
-------
TABLE VID-3. CLASSIFICATION CODES FOR
GAS-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.30.
.30.
.30-
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
-30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
.30.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.0
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.0
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.0
-1
.2
.3
.4
Gas
Tangential
>5000 106
1500-5000
500-1500
<500
All others
Btu/h
Front or back
>5000 106
500-5000
500-1500
<500
Opposed
>5000 10s
1500-5000
500-1500
<500
Other
>5000 106
1500-5000
500-1500
<500
Btu/h
Btu/h
Btu/h
A-22
-------
TABLE VID-4. CONDENSED CLASSIFICATION CODE FOR
ELECTRIC UTILITY SOURCES
Classification Combustion system
system number category
1.0.00.0.0 Electric generation
1.1.00.0.0 External combustion
1.1.10.0.0 Coal
1.1.11.0.0 Bituminous
1.1.11.1.0 Pulverized dry
1.1.11.2.0 Pulverized wet
1.1.11.3.0 Cyclone
1.1.11.4.0 All stokers
1.1.12.0.0 Anthracite
1.1.12.1.0 Pulverized dry
1.1.12.2.0 Pulverized wet
1.1.12.3.0 Cyclone
1.1.12.4.0 All stokers
1.1.13.0.0 Lignite
1.1.13.1.0 Pulverized dry
1.1.13.2.0 Pulverized wet
1.1.13.3.0 Cyclone
1.1.13.4.0 All stokers
1.1.20.0.0 Petroleum
1.1.21.0.0 Residual oil
1.1.21.0.1 Tangential firing
1.1.21.0.2 All other
1.1.22.0.0 Distillate oil
1.1.22.0.1 Tangential firing
1.1.22.0.2 All other
1.1.30-0.0 Gas
1.1.30.0.1 Tangential firing
1.1.30.0.2 All other
1.1.40.1.1 Refuse
1.2.00.0.0 Internal combustion
1.3.00-0.0 Turbine
1.3.20.0.0 Petroleum
1.3. 30.0.0 Gas
1.4.00.0.0 Reciprocating
1.4.20.0.0 Petroleum
1.4.30.0.0 Gas
A-23
-------
TABLE VID-5. CLASSIFICATION CODES USED BY TRW
No.
GROUP I A
3
4
7
8
9
10
11
GROUP I B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
GROUP I C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
GROUP II A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
I.D. code
4.1.22.0.0
4.1.30.0.0
3.1.21.0.2
3.1.21.0- 1
3.2.22.0.0
3.1.22.0.1
3.1.22.0.2
3.1.30.0.2
3.2.30.0.0
3.1.30.0.1
3.1.12.4.0
3.1.11.4.0
3.1.11.1.0
3.1.11.2.0
2.1.21.0.2
2.1.21.0.1
2.1.11.4.0
2.1.11.2.0
2.1.11.3.0
2.1.30.0.2
2.4.30.0.0
2.3.30.0.0
2.1.30.0.1
1.1.11.2.0
1.1.11.3.0
1.1.11.4.0
1.1.21.0.2
1.1.21.0.1
1.3.22.0.0
1.4.22.0.0
1.3.30.0.0
1.4.30.0.0
1.1.30.0.2
1.1.30.0.1
Source type
Residential ext. comb- dist. oil
Residential ext. comb, gas
Comm. /ins tit . ext. comb, resid. oil, other
Comm. /instit. ext. comb, resid. oil, tang
Comm. /instit. int. comb. dist. oil
Comm. /instit. ext. comb. dist. oil, tang
Comm. /instit. ext. comb. dist. oil, other
Comm. /instit. ext. comb, gas, other
Comm. /instit. int. comb, gas
Comm. /instit . ext. comb, gas, tang
Comm. /instit. ext. comb, anthracite, stoker
Comm. /instit. ext. comb, bituminous, stoker
Comm. /instit. ext. comb, bituminous pulv. , dry
Comm. /instit . ext. comb, bituminous pulv., wet
Industrial ext. comb, resid. oil, other
Industrial ext. comb, resid. oil, tang
Industrial ext. comb, bituminous, stoker
Industrial ext. comb, bituminous, pulv., wet
Industrial ext. comb, bituminous, cyclone
Industrial ext. comb, gas, other
Industrial int. comb, gas, recipr. eng.
Industrial int. comb, gas, turbine
Industrial ext. comb, gas, tang
Elect, gen. ext. comb, bituminous, pulv., wet
Elect, gen. ext. comb, bituminous, cyclone
Elect, gen. ext. comb, bituminous, stoker
Elect, gen. ext. comb, resid. oil, other
Elect, gen. ext. comb, resid. oil, tang
Elect, gen. int. comb. dist. oil, turbine
Elect, gen. int. comb. dist. oil, recipr. eng.
Elect, gen. int. comb, gas, turbine
Elect gen. int. comb, gas, recipr. eng.
Elect, gen. ext. comb, gas, other
Elect, gen. ext. comb, gas, tang
A-24
-------
TABLE VID-5. (con.)
No.
GROUP II B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
GROUP II C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
I
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
.D. code
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
3
1
1
1
1
.22
.22
.12
.12
.13
.13
.13
.13
.40
.22
.22
.22
.22
.40
.12
.13
.0.
.0.
.4.
.1.
.1.
.2.
.3.
.4.
.0.
.0.
.0.
.0.
.0.
.0.
.4.
.4.
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
Elect, gen.
Elect, gen.
Elect, gen.
Elect, gen.
Elect, gen.
Elect, gen.
Elect, gen.
Elect, gen.
Elect, gen.
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
ext.
ext.
ext.
ext.
ext.
ext.
ext.
ext .
ext.
int.
ext.
int.
ext.
ext.
ext.
ext.
Source type
comb .
comb .
comb.
c omb .
comb .
comb.
comb .
comb .
comb.
comb - ,
comb . ,
comb . ,
comb . ,
comb . ,
c omb . ,
comb . ,
dist. oil, other
dist. oil, tang
anthracite, stoker
anthracite, pulv. , dry
lignite, pulv., dry
lignite, pulv., wet
lignite, cyclone
lignite, stoker
, refuse
dist. oil, recip.
dist. oil, other
dist. oil, turbine
dist. oil, tang
refuse
anthracite, stoker
lignite, stoker
A-25
-------
Utility
boilers
r-Tangentially fired
Single
"wall fired
Horizontally
^opposed wall
"fired and
Turbofurnace
_Cyclone
"furnace"
_Vertical and
"stoker fired
r— Pulverized coal
Residual fuel oil
- Natural gas
Pulverized coal
•Residual fuel oil
Natural gas
Pulverized coal
•Residual fuel oil
•Natural gas
rCrushed coal
Residual fuel oil
1— Natural gas
Coal
Figure VID-1. Utility boiler equipment categories used by Aerotherm.
A-26
-------
— Watertubes
Packaged
boilers
105.5 - 263.8 GJ/hr
•Watertubes —
<105.5 GJ/hr
— Fi retubes
<31.7 GJ/hr
— Cast iron boilers
Miscellaneous
•residential hot
water units
— Scotch
HRT
—Firebox-
-Gas
-Oil
-Pulv coal
-Stoker coal
•Gas
• Oil
•Stoker coal
•Oil
• Gas
Oil
Gas
•Stoker coal
•Oil
•Gas
•Stoker coal
•Oil
• Gas
r-Oil
Gas
- Stoker coal
Figure VID-2. Packaged boiler equipment categories used by Aerotherm.
A-27
-------
TABLE VID-6. GCA INDUSTRIAL SOURCE EXTERNAL COMBUSTION CATEGORIES
2.0.00.0.0 Industrial
2.1.00.0.0 External Combustion
2,1.10.0.0 Coal
2.1.11.0.0 Bituminous
2.1.11.1.0 Pulverized dry
2.1.11.2.0 Pulverized wet
2.1.11.3.0 Cyclone
2.1.11.4.0 All stokers
2.1.11.5.0 Overfeed stokers
2.1.11.6.0 Spreader stokers
2.1.11.7.0 Underfeed stokers
2.1.12.0.0 Anthracite
2.1.12.1.0 Pulverized dry
2.1.12.2.0 Pulverized wet
2.1.12.4.0 All stokers
2.1.13.0.0 Lignite
2.1.13.1.0 Pulverized dry
2.1.13.2.0 Pulverized wet
2.1.13.4.0 All stokers
2.1.13.5.0 Overfeed stokers
2.1.13.6.0 Spreader stokers
2.1.13.7.0 Underfeed stokers
2.1.20.0.0 Petroleum
2.1.21.0.0 Residual oil
2.1.21.0.1 Tangential firing
2.1.21.0.2 All other
2.1.22.0.0 Distillate oil
2.1.22.0.1 Tangential firing
2.1.22.0.2 All other
2.1.30.0.0 Gas
2.1.30.0.1 Tangential firing
2.1.30.0.2 All other
2.1.41.0.0 Bagasse
2.1.42.0.0 Wood/bark
A-28
-------
coal-fired boilers is by pulverized dry and pulverized wet bottom furnaces.
In the Aerothenn-Exxon system, pulverized dry and pulverized wet bottom furn-
aces are a subcategory under the major breakdown of tangentially, single-wall,
and opposed-wall fired burner designs.
Similar and perhaps even more difficult problems in comparing the boiler
types being studied under different programs may be seen by examining the
breakdowns for industrial categories. These are readily apparent from compar-
ison of Figure VID-2 with the GCA breakdown for industrial classes as shown in
Table VID-6.
From the above discussion it is clear that IERL/RTP needs to develop a
standardized coding system for all sectors (utilities, industrial, commercial/
institutional, and residential). Such a system is particularly needed for
management and control purposes, including use in such documents as proposals,
work plans, and project reports.
E. EMISSIONS MEASUREMENTS
This section will briefly survey some of the significant projects in
which measurements are being made of emissions from conventional combustion
sources. A more complete listing of recent and current project activity can
be found in Appendix D. For convenience, the survey is grouped to consider
projects in which measurements are being made on a variety of source types and
those in which measurements are being made on a single source type.
1. Multisource Programs
Three large projects sponsored by EPA in which emissions from a variety
of conventional sources are being determined are:
TRW--Emissions Assessment of Conventional Combustion
Systems, EPA Contract No. 68-02-2197
Acurex/Aerothenn—Environmental Assessment and Systems
Analysis of Stationary Source Combustion Control
Technology, EPA Contract No. 68-02-2160.
Exxon—The Effect of Combustion Modification on
Pollutants and Equipment Performance of Power
Generation Equipment, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1415.
There are numerous similarities among these three programs. For example,
they are all making emissions measurements on similar source types, all three
A-29
-------
current programs are for approximately 3 years duration, and all are signifi-
cantly funded (Exxon $1.4 million, Aerotherm $2.7 million, and TRW $3.8 mil-
lion) .
However, there are significant differences. These include:
a. TRW and Aerotherm are making significant literature
studies assessing the adequacy of existing data.
Exxon is not, although they are well aware of literature
data from past studies dating from the late 1960's.
b. Both TRW and Aerotherm are considering all of the
sectors (utilities, industrial, commercial/institutional, and
residential) while the Exxon study is limited to utility
boilers.
c. All are considering at least some units using coal, oil,
or gas. Exxon has, in addition, two units that are using
dual fuels (coal-gas and coal-oil) both of which are
tangentially fired units. These may be important fuel
types in the future.
d. The Exxon program is limited to 14 boilers. These are
single-wall fired boiler (3), horizontally opposed (4),
tangential (4), and turbines (3). As we have seen, TRW
plans to assess over 50 categories at 170 sites. The number
and definition of sites that Aerotherm will assess are not
known as yet but are presumed to be numerous.
e. Both TRW and Aerotherm are examining air, water, and
solid waste streams while Exxon is limited to air emissions
(flue gas).
As has been discussed previously, in order to compare programs it is
vital to know the pollutants identified, the sampling point, and the analyt-
ical methods used. Table VIE-1 gives a typical measurement program array for
the Exxon project. The Aerotherm and TRW plans are similar to this, but there
are some differences. For example, Aerotherm and TRW are using atomic absorp-
tion methods for trace elements in place of the neutron activation analysis
used by Exxon. Exxon is the only one of the three that has clearly specified
its sampling points to date. It should also be noted that Exxon has only been
A-30
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TABLE VIE-1. EXXON'S ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Pollutant
Instrument
NO
N02
NO
x
CO
so2
Trace elements
Organics
S04
N03
HC1
HCN
Sampling point
Coal analyses
Particulates
Nondispersive IR
Nondispersive UV
Chemiluminescence
Nondispersive IE
Nondispersive IR
Neutron activation analysis
Spark source mass spec.
Level 1
Level 1
Level 1
Level 1
Between economizer and air heater
Coal from feeder
SASS Train
A-31
-------
analyzing for this array of pollutants since early 1977. But its history of
measurement of criteria pollutants covers a span of almost 10 years.
In addition to baseline measurements of the pollutants indicated, Exxon
and Aerotherm have a counterpart heavy emphasis on the effect of various forms
of NO control methods on pollutant emissions.
Furthermore, the present Exxon program concerns itself with the effects
of NO control methods on boiler corrosion problems.
x r
Table D2 in Appendix D lists research projects in which emissions measure-
ments from many types of sources are being made.
2. Utility Sources
EPA is sponsoring a 4-year study by TVA to characterize and quantify air
and liquid waste emissions from full-scale operating coal-fired utility boilers,
including coal pile drainage, ash pond effluent, cooling water, and ash pond
leachate to ground water. An ash monitoring program has been designed and is
being evaluated for effectiveness. Also under EPA sponsorship, Brookhaven
National Laboratory has studied the S02 and SO, content of power plant stack
emissions.
Another area of recent research interest has been the extent of high
molecular weight organic compounds in power plant emissions. EPA has recently
sponsored two projects in this area, both carried out by Southern Research
Institute. ERDA has also sponsored a similar study by Ames Laboratory.
Another ERDA-sponsored project has been carried out by the University of
New Hampshire to investigate the mechanisms of fly ash formation in coal-fired
utility boilers.
The Environmental Division of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory of the
University of California is conducting a continuing multisource emissions
measurement program entitled "Trace Element Emissions from Western U.S. Coal-
Fired Power Plants" (ERDA). Funding is approximately $300,000 a year. Single-
wall, opposed-wall, and tangentially fired units are being studied.
Emissions are being sampled simultaneously both in the stack and the
plume. They contend that they are one of the few organizations fully realiz-
ing the importance of simultaneous stack and plume sampling. Plume samples
are being collected by airplane at various intervals for a distance of 40
miles from the stack to determine transport and fate effects.
A-32
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The effects of the use of venturi scrubbers and electrostatic precipi-
tators are also being studied. Although the major effort is on trace elements,
emission rates for high molecular weight organics, radioactive nuclides, and
sulfur- and nitrogen-containing species are also being determined.
The major analytical methods being used are shown in Table VIE-2. These
methods are analogous to those of EPA Level II.
During the course of the project several conclusions have been reached
that may be quite important to CCEA. These are:
a. The particle size distributions of trace elements and stack
emissions are significantly different in different power
plants and also for the different emission control systems
at the same power plants.
b. Generalizations are not valid in determining the potential
inhalation effects from coal-fired power plants. Each particular
set of stack emissions must be examined.
c. Comparison of pulmonary deposition of several toxic particulate
species from the two devices suggests that the use of venturi
scrubbers, as opposed to electrostatic precipitators, for
particulate emission control may result in increased potential
for pulmonary exposure.
Future work is planned at a utility that has available a hot side elec-
trostatic precipitator and a Wellman-Lord unit for control of SO . The sul-
X
fites used in the Wellman-Lord process are known to have mutagenic properties.
However, they have been considered to be short-lived because they are easily
oxidized. Additionally, it is hypothesized that the trace elements present in
the gas stream may stabilize the sulfites. The project will seek to confirm
this.
These research projects on utility boiler emissions are listed in
Table D3 of Appendix D.
3. Industrial Boilers
Project activity in this area has primarily been supported by EPA. Table
D4 in Appendix D lists some of the more significant projects in this category.
Over the period 9/74-3/77, KVB carried out, under EPA sponsorship, sig-
nificant pollutant studies on industrial boilers. The program was titled
A-33
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TABLE VIE-2. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY POLLUTANTS AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
Trace element analyses
Particle sizing
Polynuclear aromatic
Sulfur speciation
Instrumental neutron activation analysis
(INAA).
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).
Cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy
(for Hg vapor).
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF).
X-ray microprobe.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) .
Coulter analyses.
Centrifugal sedimentation.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC/MS).
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
(ESCA).
A-34
-------
"Field Testing: Application of Combustion Modifications to Control Pollutant
Emissions" (EPA 68-02-1074).
Forty-seven industrial boilers ranging in size from 3 MW to 147 MW were
tested. The fuels evaluated were coal, oil, and natural gas.
Although the program also addressed combustion modifications, extensive
baseline data were obtained. The combustion modifications will be discussed
in Section VII of this report. The pollutants measured and the instrumenta-
tion used are shown in Table VIE-3. The data collected represent probably the
most extensive air emissions characterization of industrial boilers to date.
The American Boiler Manufacturers Association is sponsoring an interest-
ing program on stoker-fired industrial boilers. The program will be carried
out in cooperation with ERDA and EPA with input from other interested techni-
cal groups such as the National Coal Association. KVB will be the subcon-
tractor for site monitoring and measurements. This is a new program and only
limited details are available. It is planned to assess six stoker-fired
industrial boilers with a range of steam flow from 75,000 to 250,000 Ib/h.
Various types of coal will be selected to be studied including lignite and
anthracite. Some of the objectives of the program are:
To advance boiler and stoker technology.
To refine applications of existing pollution control
equipment.
To contribute to the design of new and improved air
pollution control equipment.
To facilitate reasonable national emissions standards.
To facilitate planning for coal supply contractors.
To promote the increased utilization of stoker coal-fired
boilers by U.S. industry by meeting environmental require-
ments .
The test program is an industry first in that the American Boiler Manu-
facturers Association and associated industries and Federal agencies have
agreed upon a combined effort to encourage design and application of stoker
coal-fired industrial boilers.
Another program to assess stoker-fired boilers has recently been started
by Batellc under EPA Contract No. 68-02-2627. The project title is "Evalua-
tion of Emissions and Control Technology for Industrial Stoker Boilers." The
A-35
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TABLE VIE-3. KVB EMISSIONS MEASURED AND INSTRUMENTATION
Emission
Svmbol Measurement method
Equipment manufacturer
Nitric oxide
Oxides of nitrogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Hydrocarbons
Sulfur dioxide
and trioxide
Total particulate
matter
Particulate size
Smoke spot
Opacity
Trace species and
organics
NO
NO
CO
co2
°2
HC
so2,
SCL
TS &
0
Chemiluminescent
Chemilumines cent
Spectrometer (NDIR)
Spectrometer (NDIR)
Polarographic
Flame ionization
Absorption/
titration
EPA Std Method 5
Cascade impactor
Reflection
EPA Std Method 9
Modified EPA
Method 5
Thermo Electron
Thermo Electron
Beckman
Beckman
Teledyne
Beckman
KVB Equipment Co.
Joy Mfg Co.
Monsanto
Research Appliance
Train design by
Midwest Research
Institute
A-36
-------
units to be studied are a small 20-hp underfeed stoker boiler and a commer-
cially available 600-hp spreader stoker boiler. The major thrust of the
program is to evaluate the effect on emissions of burning various types of
coal.
The coals to be studied in detail include untreated coals; physically
treated (reconstituted) coals; and processed (chemically treated or solvent
refined) coals. This is the only study we have seen in which these three
types of coal are being studied in single firing-type units.
Measurements are projected for both the flue gas and ash. All Level 1
pollutants will be assessed by Level 1 methods. The program is designed to
provide a complete profile of the air pollution potential from this type of
firing equipment.
Another study of stoker-fired industrial boilers entitled "Western Coal
Use in Industrial Boilers," EPA Contract No. 68-02-1863, was carried out by
KVB.
The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of substitut-
ing western subbituminous coal for eastern bituminous coal as a means of
reducing the SO emissions from this class of boiler, and to demonstrate the
A
feasibility of greatly expanded western coal utilization as a means of reduc-
ing the use of oil and gas. Test sites included nine stoker-fired boilers and
one single-wall pulverized-coal-fired boiler. The boilers ranged in size from
10,000 to 250,000 Ib/h of steam. Each boiler was tested on both eastern and
western coals for a period of time sufficient to completely characterize their
individual emissions and operational characteristics. The effect of fuel
switching on SO , NO , CO, particulates, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions
was assessed. The western coals were found to be superior to eastern coals in
terms of lower emissions, but boiler efficiency with western coals was found
to be lower.
KVB recently completed a study called "Application of Combustion Modifi-
cations to Industrial Combustion Equipment" (EPA Contract No. 68-02-2144). In
the course of the work, extensive baseline data were obtained as well as
measurements on the effect of combustion modification. The control results
are discussed in Section VII.
Twenty-two widely varying burners were tested in sixteen facilities. The
combustion devices tested and the fuels burned in each device are shown in
A-37
-------
Table VIE-4. The pollutants measured for these combustion sites and the
measurement method are shown in Table VIE-5.
The Pennsylvania State University has proposed an interesting study on
industrial boilers to ERDA and it is expected that the program will be funded
shortly. The work will be carried out using a small laboratory furnace for
experimental work, a large laboratory furnace (1.5 x 10s Btu/h), and power
plant boilers located at the university. One feature is the study of unusual
fuel systems including oil/water emulsions, oil/coal dispersions, and the
products of coal liquefaction. The fuel-burner combinations are shown in
Table VIE-6. Products of combustion to be measured include CO, CO^, 0^, N0x,
SO , hydrocarbons, and CH,. Measurements will be made both in the combustion
chamber and at the stack.
The Pittsburgh Energy Research Center (ERDA) has significant programs on
a broad area of coal research. There are two active programs on coal combus-
tion as well as programs on coal liquefaction and gasification.
One primary objective of their work in coal combustion is the development
of equipment and procedures for the clean burning of coal-oil slurries for use
in electric power generation. Just this year a highly instrumented coal
slurry combustion test facility with a 700 hp water tube package boiler typi-
cal of medium to large size oil-fired industrial boilers is being brought on
stream. Detailed evaluations of slurry combustion characteristics and pol-
lutant emissions are being made. Also bottom ash removal and pollutant con-
trol techniques will be developed.
A second program is to develop techniques for burning unusual fuels.
These fuels include char produced from coal conversion, solvent refined coal,
synthane char, and agricultural wastes.
Preliminary work has indicated that existing boilers designed to burn oil
or gas can be converted to burn coal/oil slurries at relatively 'low cost as
compared to the higher cost and longer time for conversion to firing coal
alone.
The center has an expansive analytical instrumentation capability.
4. Commercial, Institutional, and Residential Sources
Although these categories of sources collectively consume much less
energy than utility and industrial sources, there is still a potential for
significant adverse health impacts because of the proximity of these sources
A-38
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TABLE VIE-4. KVB INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTIOK TEST UNITS
SELECTED AND SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED
Device type
Natural draft process
heater
Natural draft process
heater
Natural draft process
heater.
Natural draft process
heater
Natural draft process
heater
Forced draft heater,
air preheat
Forced draft heater
Clay tunnel kiln
Rotary cement kiln
(dry process)
Rotary cement kiln
(wet process)
Steel open hearth
furnace
Steel reheat furnace
Steel soaking pit
Aluminum melter
Black liquor recovery
boiler
Wood bark boiler
Wood bark boiler
CO boiler
Fuel
Ref. gas
Ref. gas
Ref. gas
Ref. gas
Ref. gas
Ref. gas
No. 6 oil
Ref. gas
No. 6 oil
Nat. gas
Nat. gas
NG + coke
Nat. Gas
NG +
No. 6 oil
Nat. gas
Nat. gas
Nat. gas
No. 2 oil
Liquor
Wood + NG
Wood + coal
CO gas
Combustion
modification
4/32 BOOS
Air register
adjust
High load,
low 09
2/16 BOOS
Air register
adjust
Baseline
lowest 0
Low 0 no
effect
Low 0
Low 09
Low 0
Fuel switch,
Gas to coke
Low CL, high
air temp .
Low 0
3/27 BOOS
Low 02
Low 02 (NO
Low 0, (NO
£ X
1
increased)
increased)
Secondary air adjust
Low 02
Low O,
Low 02
A-39
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TABLE VIE-4. (con.)
Device type
Fuel
Combustion
modification1
Natural gas engine
Diesel engine
Nat. gas
No. 2 oil
Fuel, air adjust
Low inlet air temp.
Gas turbine combined
cycle
Gas turbine combined
cycle
Ref. gas
Ref. gas
1/8 BOOS
4/16 BOOS
BOOS = Burners out of service.
A-40
-------
TABLE VIE-5. KVB SUMMARY OF EMISSION MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION
Emission parameter Svmbol
Nitric oxide
Oxides of nitrogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Hydrocarbons
Sulfur dioxide
Measurement method
NO
NO
>
CO
CO,
°2
HC
Sulfur dioxide SO,
Sulfur trioxide SO'
Total particulate
matter
Particulate size
distribution
Smoke spot
Opacity
Trace species TS&O
and organics
Chemiluminescent
Chemiluminescent
Nondispersive infrared
Nondispersive infrared
Polarographic
Flame ionization
UV spectrometry
Absorption/titration
EPA Std. Method 5
Cascade impactor,
electro-balance
Field service type
smoke tester ASTM D-2156
EPA Std. Method 9
Source Assessment
Sampling System (SASS)
Equipment
manufacturer
Thermo Electron
Thermo Electron
Beckman
Beckman
Teledyne
Beckman
Du Pont
Shell-Emeryville
Absorption train
Joy Mfg. Co.
Anderson, Brink,
Cahn
Aerotherm
A-41
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TABLE VIE-6. PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY FUEL-BURNER COMBINATIONS
Small Large Power
laboratory laboratory plant
furnace furnace boiler
FUELS:
Natural gas x x
#2 Oil xxx
#4 Oil xxx
Emulsions (oil/water) xxx
Dispersions (oil/coal) x x
Products of coal liquifaction x x
A-42
-------
to densely occupied areas. Consequently, both EPA and ERDA have sponsored
research to determine the pollution from these sources. Table D5 in Appendix
D lists some of the most recent work.
The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California in 1975
started its indoor air pollution research project, funded by ERDA. This is
probably the most extensive continuing study in this neglected area.
The goals of the project are:
To characterize indoor air pollution.
To identify important sources, abundance, and fate of
indoor air pollutants.
To study the abatement of indoor air pollutants.
To characterize exposure of the occupants to the important
air pollutants.
To study the health and welfare effects.
To assess the impact of various energy-conservation
strategies on indoor air quality.
Work to date has concentrated on examining in detail the sources, rates
of emissions, dispersion, transformations, and the fate of gaseous and aerosol
air pollutants in residential buildings. Future work will be expanded to
include commercial buildings.
Both field studies and laboratory studies in experimental buildings are
being carried out.
The staff feels strongly that the public health role of combustion-
generated air pollution from indoor sources has been a seldom studied subject.
Pollutants being measured and the analytical methods used are shown in
Table VIE-7.
Some results to date are interesting. Figure VIE-1 summarizes average
indoor/outdoor data for gaseous air pollutant levels in the six houses under
typical occupancy conditions of cooking and heating that have been studied so
far. The results report, for the first time, elevated indoor SC^ levels
associated with gas stoves. Also shown are the high levels of NO and NC>2
observed in the one house where the effect of a forced-air gas-fire central
heating system was studied.
The Berkeley people are deeply concerned with the Energy Conservation
Standard for New Buildings Act of 1976. They are evaluating the impact on
A-43
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TABLE VIE-7. LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY
POLLUTANT SPECIES AND APPLIED ANALYTICAL METHODS
Pollutant
Analytical method
SO
NO
x
°3
CO
Particulate size
Particle species - (total
sulfur, total N, SO,, NO ~
NH,+, Pb, Fe, Zn, and other
elements, total carbon)
HCN and NH
Organics
Meteorological measurements
Air circulation, ventilation,
and infiltration measurements
UV fluorescence
Chemiluminescence
UV absorption
Nondispersive infrared absorption
Condensation nuclei formation
electrical mobility analysis
X-ray fluorescence, photoelectron
spectroscopy, infrared, wet
chemistry
Methods being developed
Gas chromatography/mass spectroinetry
being developed
Air flow sensors, SF, as tracer gas
for exchange rates
A-44
-------
38 25ZO 1030
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D kitchen- mean value
with pilot light only
CD Kitchen-mean value
during cooking
E3 Kitchen-maximum value during cooking
D Outdoor
20
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a rfte l~h^
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n Kitchen-electric stove ON E3 Bedroom - electric stove OFF.
gos heating OFF gas heating ON continuously SOmin
I | Bedroom-electric stove OFF S Outdoor
gas heating ON intermittently
for approximately 8 hours
X8L75IO-8S6!
Figure VIE-1. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory pollutant
effects from residential gas devices
A-45
-------
indoor air quality of various energy conservation measures for buildings.
State and Federal governments are considering limiting the air exchange rate
in new houses to one-quarter to one-half air changes per hour rather than the
existing rates of two air changes per hour or higher. Table VIE-8 shows the
results obtained in a house measurement at a low air-change-per-hour rate.
A number of supporting projects are going on. One of these is the study
of combustion-generated unknown organic nitrogen compounds. They are working
on the hypothesis that very small amounts of highly carcinogenic materials may
have more serious consequences for human health than the pollutants presently
recognized. Health effects will be assessed. The school of public health is
developing protocol for the conduct of epidemiological studies in support of
the program.
New methods for sampling and measurement for extremely small quantities
of organic nitrogens are being developed to support this program.
5. Fuel Characterization
EPA has sponsored many detailed investigations to relate fuel properties
to their pollution potential. These include trace element and mineral content
determinations in coal, the emissions from hydrothermally treated coal, emis-
sions from residual oil, and alternate fuels.
EPRI has recently initiated a 5-year project to develop methods for the
nondestructive assay of coal.
These projects are listed in Table D6 of Appendix D.
6. Measurement Methods
Both EPA and EPRI are sponsoring major efforts to develop sampling and
analysis methods for POM, other organics, and trace elements. In addition,
EPA is sponsoring research to develop measurement techniques for fugitive
emissions from process and effluent streams. These projects are listed in
Table D7 of Appendix D.
F. TRANSPORT AND FATE
As can be seen from Table D8 in Appendix D, both EPA and ERDA are spon-
soring many projects to determine how various pollutants are propagated through
the environment and what happens to them ultimately in the environment.
Perhaps the most ambitious undertaking is the ERDA-sponsored Multistate Atmos-
pheric Power Production Pollution Study (MAP3S), which is being coordinated by
A-46
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TABLE VIE-8,
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY AIR POLLUTANTS OBSERVED FROM A
GAS STOVE OPERATING IN AN EXPERIMENTAL ROOM AT A CONTROLLED
AIR EXCHANGE RATE OF 1/4 AIR CHANGES PER HOUR-
3-hour measurement period
Parameter
measured
CO (ppm)
NO (ppm)
N02 (ppm)
S02 (ppm)
S (as S04 )
(ug/m )
Aitken nuclei
3
(no. /cm )
Background
Indoor
.7
.005
.045
.005
< 1
20K
Outdoor
.8
.040
.050
.005
< 2
40K
Gas oven on
(1-hour
average)
35
0.8
2.5
.010
13
3000K
Gas oven of
(2-hour
average)
60
1.2
2.5
.020
14
200K
Tvpical peak
f polluted
urban
levels
10
o
.2
.1
10
100
- 20
- .5
- .5
- .5
- 20
- 4000K
Submicron
aerosol mass
median
diameter (ym)
.2-.3
.2-. 3
.08
.2
.2 - .4
*Measurements at center of 27 m room for 3-hour period (gas stove oven
operating for first hour only).
A-47
-------
the University of California's Livennore Laboratory. The MAP3S goal is to
improve understanding of the temporal and spatial relationships between am-
bient levels and emissions from utilities in order to provide a better basis
for modeling more accurately the changes in pollutant concentration and type,
precipitation chemistry, and atmospheric behavior that impact health and
ecology. This would allow evaluation of alternate strategies in the genera-
tion of power with fossil fuel in the northeastern United States. Pollutants
under observation are sulfur dioxide, sulfites, sulfates, and other sulfur
oxides; nitrogen oxides and their secondary reaction products, including
oxidants; hydrocarbons, including POM; trace inorganics; and particles includ-
ing carbon or soot.
The program is divided into three subprograms:
Characterization—measurement of chemical and meteorological
variables that determine pollutant species distribution;
Field experiments—design and execution of atmospheric
research experiments necessary for understanding processes and
mechanisms of pollutant transport and transformations; and
Simulation—mathematical modeling.
Budgeting for FY1977 was approximately $3 million with allocation to
tasks as shown in Table VIF-1. Organizations participating in the program are
shown in Table VIF-2.
The EPA is carrying out a comprehensive air and water pollution monitor-
ing program, the Western Energy/Environment Baseline Monitoring Study, to
determine the long-term impacts of energy resource development in the south-
western United States, emphasizing the Four Corners area, the Northern Great
Plains area, the Oil Shale areas of Colorado and Utah, and the Black Mesa area
of Arizona. Major project components of this program have been listed in
Table D8 of Appendix D. In addition, EPA has sponsored investigations by TVA
of the atmospheric transformation of emissions from coal-fired power plants,
and investigations by several universities of sulfur oxides in aerosols and
plumes and mesoscale sulfur budgets.
EPRI is sponsoring a massive ($5.5 million) program, The Sulfur Regional
Experiment (SURE), to define regional, ambient concentrations of secondary
pollutants (e.g., sulfates) in terms of local emissions of primary precursors
(e.g., SO ). Although the emphasis is on sulfates, other pollutants are being
A-48
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TABLE VIF-1. PERCENTAGE BREAKDOWN OF FUNDING FOR
MAP3S RESEARCH PROGRAM BY TASK*
Task 1:
Task 2:
Task 3:
Task 4:
Task 5 :
Task 6:
Task 7:
Task 8:
Task 9:
Task 10:
Power plant emissions
Other related emissions
Pollutant characteristics
Pollutant distribution
Vertical and long-range transport
Pollutant transformation
Dry deposition
Pollutants and precipitation
Weather and climate effects
Numerical modeling
!> 2.5Z
10.0%
15.0%
10.0%
20-0%
2.5%
15.0%
10.0%
15.0%
*Most of the funding for Task 9 is for completing METROMEX analysis and will
be transferred to Task 8 in FY 1978 for precipitation chemistry analysis
around Chicago.
TABLE VIF-2. PARTICIPANTS IN THE MAP3S PROGRAM, INCLUDING ERDA/DBER-FUNDED
UNIVERSITIES WITH PROGRAMS CLOSELY RELATED TO MAP3S OBJECTIVES
ERDA National Laboratories
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)
Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL)
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL)
Other Organizations
Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS)
NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL)
Universities
Brigham Young University
Cornell University
Drexel University
Pennsylvania State University
State University of New York
University of Michigan
University of Virginia
A-49
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measured. The program elements of SURE are: (1) a ground- and air-based
measurement program; (2) an emissions inventory; and (3) development of a
model to predict regional concentrations as a function of local emissions.
Fifty-four ground stations are more or less randomly distributed across the
eastern States with the westernmost station at Madison, Wisconsin, the east-
ernmost at Fall River, Massachusetts, the southernmost at Atlanta, Georgia,
and the northernmost at Jay, Maine. Four times a year two aircraft will be
used over and near selected ground stations to fly vertical spiral patterns
ranging from 500-ft to 10,000-ft altitudes in order to vertically profile
pollutant distributions. This program was begun late in 1976 and is scheduled
for completion early in 1980- Prior to the field work, EPRI had sponsored a
1-year $250,000 planning study by Environmental Research and Technology.
A study of the interaction of stack gas plumes and cooling water plumes
is being carried out by Pennsylvania State University. The sampling is done
by a completely equipped aircraft including an isokinetic sampler. The forma-
tion of S09 and SCL, as well as particle mass and size behavior, is being
£~ O
measured to determine interreactions. A companion study is the production and
growth of sulfate particles in the emissions from coal-operated power plant
plumes.
Another research project being carried out at Penn State is concerned
with the heterogeneous reactions of various air pollutants in water bodies.
G. HEALTH EFFECTS
Recent major projects are listed in Table D9 of Appendix D. Many of
these are summarized below. The health effects research component Federal
Interagency Energy/Environmental Research Development Program is being coordi-
nated by the Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry (OEMI) with the Office
of Research and Development (ORD) of EPA. The research is organized into five
objective areas: identification of hazardous agents; dose and damage indi-
cators; metabolism of hazardous agents; evaluation of hazards to man; and
damage, repair, and recovery mechanisms. Current research emphasizes those
pollutants associated with fossil fuel combustion (both conventional and
advanced), coal conversion, and energy conservation efforts. A synopsis of
this program giving a complete listing of Federal agency-sponsored research
covering FY1975 to FY1977 has been presented in J. Dorigan and H. Mahar
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"Health Effects Research Program Fiscal Year 1975-1977 Summary," The MITRE
Corporation, METREK Division, August 1977 (EPA Report Number EPA-600/7-77-112,
sponsored by OEMI on Contract Number 68-01-3539).
1. EPRI—Health Effects Program
EPRI is now doing detailed planning for a major study. This may well
turn out to be the most important single health effect project in the country.
All of the work, of course, is on the effect of emissions from utility sources.
The work planned includes animal toxicological studies, human experiments, and
epidemiological studies. The planning document should be completed and avail-
able very shortly. The CPA program should establish contact with EPRI and
follow this project closely.
In all of the following programs funding is on an annual basis.
2. University of California, Livermore—Trace Elements in Major Food Chains
(ERDA, $224K)
Project description: Assess the impact of trace element releases due to
energy production on the water/soil/foliage/cows/milk food chain. The project
will establish the suitability of milk as an indicator of toxic heavy metal
dose to a given area exposed to specific energy-related pollution.
3. ERDA Health and Safety Laboratory-Assessment and Control of Non-Nuclear
Air Contaminants (ERDA, $80K)
Project description: Methods are developed for assessing and reducing
exposures to man from hazardous air contaminants arising from energy produc-
tion. The reliability of techniques for monitoring exposures to toxic sub-
stances is improved through studies of the performance of monitoring instru-
mentation in practical applications. Methods of measurement are developed to
improve definition of hazardous aerosols through proper recognition of the
effects of physical and chemical properties on respiratory tract deposition
and retention.
4. EPA-HERL—Study the Health Effects from NC<2, CO, and Certain Hydrocarbons
in Newly Insulated Homes (EPA, $193K)
Project description: The purpose of this task is to determine if better
insulation of homes will contribute to higher levels of certain indoor air
pollutants with commensurate adverse health effects. Measurement of the
pollutants will be taken at regular intervals, both before and after the
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insulation of the home. Biological specimens and information on certain
symptom states will be collected at the same time.
5. University of California, Davis—Assessment of Health Effects of Energy
Systems (ERDA, $67K)
Project description: The purpose of this study is to analyze and assess
the comparative effects of effluents associated with electrical power genera-
tion as they relate to risks to human health. Data will be collected from
literature and from investigators to develop mathematic models for the predic-
tions of risks to man for scaling from animal species to humans.
6. Battelle-Northwest--Toxicity of CO, NO , SO , and Fly Ash (ERDA)
Project description: This project will evaluate in an animal model acute
and chronic effects of exposure to pollutant atmospheres which could realis-
tically develop around large-scale fossil-fuel-burning power plants. From
these studies it will be determined whether the increased output of a variety
of combustion products from fossil fuel power plants may constitute health
problems of greater magnitude than those anticipated from our present knowl-
edge of the effects of individual pollutants; and whether present air quality
standards for individual agents are adequate when they are released in com-
bination with other agents. Without such investigations the total population
will be chronically exposed to this combination of pollutants without knowl-
edge of the consequences. Pulmonary deposition, physiological alterations,
and early biochemical changes related to impairment of lung functions will be
measured.
7. Battelle-Northwest--Lung Toxicity of Sulfur Pollutants (ERDA)
Project description: This project will provide information on the inter-
action between the physiologic event of bronchoconstriction caused by exposure
to sulfur pollutants and related physiologic and biochemical changes that may
place sensitive individuals at risk from heart attacks or exacerbation of
bronchitis or emphesema. The primary output will be to define biochemical
agents responsible for changes in pulmonary functions caused by exposure to
sulfur pollutants. As a consequence of the initial findings, possible bene-
ficial effects of inhibiting the action of these responsible agents will be
evaluated to determine whether individuals highly sensitive to the pollutants
can be protected. A means of protecting the health of sensitive individuals
in the human population may be available.
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8. Battelle-Northwest—Factors Influencing Cross-Placental Transfer and
Teratogenicity of Metallic Pollutants (ERDA, $80K)
Project description: This project will be concerned with heavy metals
for which there is direct or inferential evidence of deleterious effects on
prenatal development. It will define the specific influences of factors that
affect the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the cross-placental trans-
fer of certain of the heavy metals associated with energy production and their
distribution throughout the feto-placental unit as a function of time after
exposure to define the tissues at risk and provide quantitative estimates of
dose. The intravenous, oral, and inhalation routes of administration, which
will provide a difference in the rate at which the metals are presented through
the placenta as well as a possible difference in their chemical binding in
blood, will be compared. A low dose level as well as one in the teratogenic
range will be studied.
9. Lovelace Foundation—Metabolism of Inhaled Trace Metal Effluents from
Combustion Processes (ERDA-EPA pass thru, $111K)
Project description: Nickel, beryllium, cadmium, tin, animony, lead, and
bismuth have all been identified in environmental air samples and all have
known toxic properties. Since the toxicity of metals such as these is depend-
ent upon both the exposure and deposited doses of the toxicant in lung and
other tissues of the body, it is necessary to develop detailed metal dose
distribution relationships to correlate pathologic observations with inhaled
air observations.
10- Lovelace Foundation--Develop Instrumentation and Methods to Identify,
Measure, and Analyze Energy Related Aerosols and Particulates in Relation
to Direct Effects on Health (ERDA-EPA pass thru, $U1K)
Project description: Fuel source and combustion technologies that most
significantly influence the nature of airborne effluents will be identified
using newly developed analytical procedures and sampling instruments. Mate-
rials collected will be used in a selective way for metabolic and effects
studies in animals.
11. University of California, Davis—Biochemical Effects and Reactions of
Sulfur Dioxide (NIEHS, $33K)
Project description: The first phase consists of a study of the free
radical damage of cell components caused by the aerobic oxidation of bisulfite
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or sulfite ions. The radicals, which are generated during the aerobic oxida-
tion of sulfite, are particularly suspect as toxic agents that may destroy
amino acids, hormones, lipids, and coenzymes. The next phase is to examine
the in vitro effect of sulfate ion on various enzyme and membrane systems and
to characterize sulfite oxidase from plant sources. The third phase will
involve the in vivo effect of SCL on the metabolism of harvested fruits.
12. University of California, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles—
Environmental Trace Metal Intoxications of the Kidney (NIEHS)
This study explores the biochemical pathogenesis of renal dysfunction
secondary to trace metal intoxication. The majority of studies will be per-
formed on experimental animals (rats). The removed kidneys will be examined
by electron microscopy and by emissions spectroscopy or trace metal analysis.
Also, patients with acquired renal dysfunction secondary to industrial expo-
sure from trace metals will be studied in detail.
13. Bowman Gray School of Medicine—Effect of NCL Induced Lesions in Lung
Macrophages (NIEHS, $34K)
The research is designed to study biochemical nature of the lesions
induced by nitrogen dioxide in alveolar macrophages.
14. Harvard University—Factors Effecting Irritant Potency of Gases and
Aerosols (NIEHS, $69K)
The work proposed is part of a long range program of study of the irri-
tant potency of pollutants in urban and industrial environments. Correlations
will be made of the physical or chemical factors of the exposure environment
with observed biological responses. Priority is given to the effect of parti-
cle size on the irritant potency of aerosols and the possible potentiation of
irritant gases by aerosols. The biological assay used is the measurement of
the mechanics of respiration of guinea pigs before, during, and after exposure
to pollutants. Studies will be made of the joint toxic action of SCL and
sulfuric acid for a range of particle sizes of sulfuric acid. Nitrogen diox-
ide alone and in combination with aerosols and sulfur dioxide will also be
studied.
15. Appalachian Laboratory for Occupational Respiratory Disease—Mortality
Study of TVA High Risk Workers (Public Health Service, $236K)
Project description: The primary purpose of this study is to measure
specified effects such as decreased longevity, premature death, deaths from
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pulmonary diseases, and early retirement due to disability attributed to such
diseases on high risk workers in coal-fired steam electricity generating
plants who have been exposed to specific pollutants such as SO and NO for
2 x
varied durations and intensities. Data will also be collected on neoplasms of
the respiratory system and on diseases of the heart.
16. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health—Sulfuric and Acid
Sulfates, Occupational Health Epidemiological Study (EPA pass thru,
$175K)
Project description: EPA, in its test report (1970-1971), indicated that
soluble and insoluble sulfates have a more adverse effect on human health than
particulates or SO,,. The first phase of this project will determine exposures
to a variety of soluble and insoluble sulfates and sulfuric acid in a number
of industries. These data will be used to choose populations for mortality
studies beginning in FY1977.
17. University of Cincinnati, School of Medicine—Chemical Characteri-
zations and Toxicity of Metal Binding Components of Emissions from
Mobile and Stationary Energy Sources (EPA, $115K)
Project description: The overall objective of this study is to isolate
and characterize metal-binding agents from mobile and stationary exhaust
emissions and to assess the biological damage that may be caused by the inter-
action of these agents with essential metals metabolism.
18. University of Cincinnati--Electroencephalographic and Behavorial
Studies of Rats During Long Term Continuous Exposure to Sulfur Dioxide
and Particulate Matter (HERL/Cincinnati)
Project description: Experiments are in progress that were designed to
determine the behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of chronic (90-
day) exposure to sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, sulfate particulates, and
automobile exhaust emissions. Measurements of respiratory function and blood
gas analyses are being done on rats periodically during and following the
90-day exposure period.
19. UCLA, School of Medicine—Effects of Pollutants from Energy Consumption
and Environmental Trace Metals on Lung Metabolism
Project description: The objectives of the work are to determine quali-
tative and quantitative biochemical alterations in the lungs of experimental
animals exposed to pollutants related to energy consumption. The effects of
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nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur oxide, sulfuric acid, and other energy
consumption-related pollutants will be studied. Lung effects will be delin-
eated using sensitive biochemical parameters. The results may form a basis
for making predictions of possible effects of short-term and long-term expo-
sures to these pollutants and to help establish environmental quality stand-
ards. The effects of trace metals will also be studied.
20. Merlin University—Study of the Effects on Asthmatics of Pollutants
Resulting from Converting to Coal Combustion in a Power Plant (EPA,
Washington, $86K)
Project description: A group of asthmatics living in close proximity to
a power plant will be followed for daily symptoms, reporting for 3 months
prior to and 1 month after conversion from combustion of oil to coal in the
power plant. Aerometric measurements will be made and health data will be
correlated with the aerometric data.
21. Northrop Service, Inc.--Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Selected Sulfates
and of Source and Ambient Air Samples (HERL/RTP, $100K)
Project description: The relative cellular toxicity of selected com-
pounds including inorganic metallic sulfates and crude samples from stationary
sources and ambient air will be determined. An assessment will also be made
of the potential carcinogenicity of these samples by use of neoplastic trans-
formation bioassay systems.
22. IIT Research Institute—Evaluate Effects of Chronic or Intermittent
Exposure to Respirable Particles and Mists Using Mouse Pulmonary
Infectivity Model
Project description: The effect of acute chronic and intermittent expo-
sure to respirable particles (carbon and sulfuric acid mists) on the resist-
ance of mice to pulmonary infections will be examined. Exposures will be for
6 hours per day. At various times the animal will be removed and challenged
with an infectious microorganism. A no-effect level will be determined.
Also, mortality rates will be determined. Host defense alteration measure-
ments will include humeral and cell-mediated immunity response, phagocytic and
bacteriocidal activity of lung defense cells.
23. HERL/Cincinnati—Comparative Toxicological Assessment of Fly Ash from
Western and Eastern Coal (In-house, $69K)
Project description: The potential hazards of emissions from western
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versus eastern coals will be evaluated. Apparently no data are presently
available from western coal sources. Fly ash samples will be collected di-
rectly from the effluent of power generation plants downstream from an elec-
trostatic precipitator. The ash samples from both eastern and western coal
will be analyzed for trace elements as well as major components. One study
will establish lethal concentrations from acute exposure (1-7 days). Another
study will be on chronic effects (6-11 months), with concentrations of fly ash
aerosols ranging from just below lethal levels down to that found under ambi-
ent conditions in the immediate vicinity of the generating plant. At least
three species of animals will be tested. Measurements will include survival,
growth, pathology, and blood analyses. Tissue analysis for trace metals will
also be made.
H. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1. The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Air Environment Studies
The center was established in 1963 in recognition of the need for inter-
disciplinary attacks on environmental problems and the necessity for inter-
college cooperation. The technical staff includes university personnel who
receive all or part of their salary from the center funds or grants. During
the 1976 fiscal year, 45 faculty members representing 20 academic departments
conducted air pollution research and participated in the development of air
pollution courses. Research areas are heavily weighted toward the effects of
air pollutants on vegetation and on small particle technology. A few of the
projects dealing with ecological effects are discussed below to illustrate the
nature of the research conducted.
One project, entitled "Air Pollution Effects on Woody Plants," has the
long-range objectives of development of air quality criteria with respect to
the effects of photochemical air pollutants on woody vegetation; an under-
standing of the influence of various environmental factors on the response of
plants to photochemical air pollutants; the development of a list of woody
ornamental plants that are resistant to photochemical air pollutants under a
variety of environmental conditions, which could be used as a basis for recom-
mendation to land owners, home owners, nurserymen, foresters, municipalities,
and governmental agencies in areas of potential air pollution problems; and,
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ultimately, the development of models that could be used to predict the occur-
rence of vegetation injury and damage in a given area.
Another study is titled "The Establishment of a Vegetation Exposure
Facility and Initiation of Energy Related Research Involving Sulfur Dioxide."
The facility is now in operation. Plants may be exposed at various,
carefully controlled and monitored levels of SO , temperature, humidity, and
light. A study has been completed in which the influence of SO- on 13 vari-
eties of Christmas trees was determined. Bean plants are now being exposed to
different dosages of SO at varying humidities and temperatures. Dosage
response curves vary with leaf age, leaf stage, humidity, and temperature.
The center's efforts are probably typical of those of a number of other
universities.
Funding for the following projects, except 9., is on an annual basis.
2. Tennessee Valley Authority—Characterize and Quantify the Transfer, Fate,
and Effects of SO , NO , and Acid Precipitation in the Terrestrial
X A
Ecosystem Representative of the Tennessee Valley Region (EPA, $184K)
Project description: A series of forested watersheds is being estab-
lished, instrumented, and calibrated in order to evaluate atmospheric inputs
of SO and NO . An acid rain simulator will be utilized to evaluate plant and
xx f
soil response to precipitation pH. A compartmental mass balance will be
developed for selected elements in several biotic and abiotic compartments.
This information will be used to evaluate atmospheric input in relation to
system alteration and response.
3. Tennessee Valley Authority—Filtered and Filter/Unfiltered Exposure
Chamber Studies of Effect of Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions on Crop
and Forest Species of Economic Importance in Southeastern United States
(EPA, $150K)
Project description: Impacts will be determined on yield and crop appear-
ance through the use of field (polluted) air exclusion system and charcoal
filtered air greenhouses. The relationship between exposure, dose, and yield
will be determined. The effect of other environmental parameters modifying
plant response to S02 will be determined. In its first year, 30 air filtra-
tion systems were established and exposure data obtained for soybeans and
cotton. In the second year, conifers and small grains were added for study.
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In the future, other varieties of soybeans and cotton, other locations, vary-
ing soil fertility, and soil pH will be tested.
4. Tennessee Valley Authority—Determine Dose-Response Kinetics for
Effects of Atmosphere Emissions from Coal Fired Power Plants on
Soybeans and Other Crop and Forest Species of Economic Importance
in Southeastern United States (EPA, $45K)
Project description: Determine the individual and combined effects on
vegetation of SC>2, NC"2, and 0 exposures at concentrations, dosage rates, and
environmental conditions typically occurring during surface exposures in the
vicinity of large coal-fired power plants. A fumigation chamber within a
growth chamber and a pollutant injection system capable of duplicating actual
field fumigations will be used. Crop plants will be exposed to power plant
effluents and other atmospheric pollutants to determine their effects on yield
and plant sensitivity.
5. Tennessee Valley Authority—Evaluate the Beneficial Effects of SO
and Other Pollutants Emitted from Steam Plants on Crops and Forest
Species, Particularly Soybeans and Pines
Project description: Sulfur and other plant nutrients in rainfall and
dry particulates are collected and analyzed. In addition, four methods of
measuring SO,, taken up by vegetation will be evaluated and the best selected
for use at various locations to measure SO uptake by soil. Samples of native
soil will be collected on different radials from coal-fired power plants and
the sulfur content compared with samples selected from areas remote from the
power plant. The consequences of a possible sulfur deficiency occurring if
this source of sulfur is eliminated can be evaluated.
6. UCLA—Effects of Non-Nuclear Pollutants on Arid Environments (ERDA, $71K)
Project description: The main objective of this study is to examine the
potential effects of coal ash deposition on desert ecosystems. Field plots
will be established at the Nevada test site. Ash from plant precipitators
will be applied to plots each month. Application rates are set so as to
achieve target levels in 2 years. Each set of three perennial plants is
treated, and control plots will be compared in terms of growth, reproduction,
and survival. Work will evaluate the relation of effects of ash on desert
plants (both stimulative and deleterious) to varying dose regimens and will
contrast these levels to those expected as a result of operation of coal-
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burning power plants in deserts. The levels will be related to those actually
encountered in the vicinity of the plants or to projected levels following 30
years of plant operation.
7. University of California, Livermore—Effects on California Marine Biota
of Effluents of Power Plants (ERDA, $51K)
Project description: The objectives are to determine the toxic effects
on marine organisms of pollutants released from power plants. Both the effects
of corrosion products that are leached into the water circulating in the
cooling systems and of chemicals that are added to it and the effects of
particles released from the stacks and deposited directly or indirectly into
the water are being considered. Organisms are selected representative of
different trophic levels and different feeding types. Mortality, pollutant
concentrations in tissue, and the effects of the pollutants on important
physiological processes such as respiration, circulation, and reproduction are
monitored. Experiments are being carried out to establish the toxicity of
copper to abalone and mussels, and the effects of temperature and increased
level of copper toxicity in mussels and abalone are being measured. The
sensitivity of adult pacific herring to copper will be established also.
8. Johns Hopkins University—The Effects of Energy Related Activities
on the Plankton of the Chesapeake Bay (ERDA, $130K)
Project description: The project attempts to identify the major factors
regulating phytoplankton primary productivity during each season in Chesapeake
Bay and on the adacent continental shelf. Also, the effects of heated power
plant effluents and cooling tower effluents on bacterial processes in Chesa-
peake Bay are measured. Populations of phytoplankton and bacteria employing
both experimental introduction of selected pollutants, such as heat, acid,
biocides, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals, and measurements on natural popu-
lations subjected to power plant effluents are measured.
9. University of Wisconsin—The Impact of Coal Fired Power Plants on the
Environment
This is a long-term study of the effects of operation of a large coal-
fired power plant on the ecology of a wetlands area. The site is the area
around the Columbia Generating Station of the Wisconsin Power and Light Com-
pany, located near Portage, Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin River. From January
1, 1971, to July 21, 1975, the study was funded by a consortium of the Wiscon-
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sin Power and Light Company, Madison Gas and Electric Company, and Wisconsin
Public Service Corporation at about $45,000 per year. In 1975, a grant was
negotiated with EPA that increased annual funding approximately tenfold and
greatly expanded the scope and depth of research coverage. The objectives of
the EPA grant include:
detailed modeling of the flow of chemical species
through the coal-fired generating station and into
the wetlands ecosystem;
assessment of the impact of the generating station
on the aquatic and terrestrial environment; and
development of a data base and siting criteria
protocol for similar future facilities.
The work from 1971 through 1974 established baseline data for flora and fauna
indigenous to the area and monitored for any discernable effects of the con-
struction phase. In 1974 a 525-MWe unit was put into operation. This plant
burns low sulfur (< .75 percent) western (Montana) coal. A second 525-MWe
unit is scheduled to start operation in March 1978.
Because of the low sulfur content of the coal, the only flue gas pollut-
ant control equipment presently used is an electrostatic precipitator.
Project activity is grouped into four major areas:
identification and quantification of chemical species,
mass balances, transport, and fate;
determination of biological effects in aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems;
synthesis and integration of subproject results to
provide a comprehensive assessment of ecological
impact; and
development of siting criteria for similar installa-
tions .
The chemical species area has included mass balance studies for the ashpit and
cooling lakes, studies of seepages of metallic elements and sulfate into
nearby wells, and a plume chemistry study. In the biological effects area,
detailed studies of the accumulation and metabolic transformation in several
types of fish of typical organic species have indicated that bile accumulation
provides a very large degree of concentration for some species and may be a
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very sensitive indicator of the presence of organic pollutants. Bioassays of
various species in small streams and the wetlands adjacent to the cooling lake
and ashpit drain are being used to determine what effects, if any, seepage and
drainage are having on nearby fauna. To assess effects on flora, alfalfa,
white pines, and lichens in the area are being monitored.
To date, research efforts have resulted in over 100 publishable manu-
scripts .
10. Argonne National Laboratory—Energy-Related Environmental Research
on the Great Lakes. Fate and Effects of Non-Nuclear Pollutants (ERDA,
$26K)
Project description: Some objectives are to describe the biogeochemical
cycling of pollutants, to define hydrodynamic transport of pollutant types,
and to assess the ecological and human health effects of these pollutants.
The most biologically active and toxic pollutants will be identified. Their
transport and fate in the Great Lakes will be delineated. Emphasis will be
placed on the highly populated, industrialized southern basin of Lake Michigan
where measure sources and sinks are known.
11. Argonne National Laboratory—Land and Fresh Water Environmental Sciences,
Impact of Fossil Fuel Utilization on Terrestrial Ecosystems (ERDA, $147K)
Project description: The objective is to gather information needed to
assess the impact of fossil fuel pollutants on agricultural crops in the
midwest. Both gaseous and particulate pollutants are considered. Both con-
trolled experiments (growth chambers) and field studies will be carried out.
The effects of interest are photosynthesis and growth, uptake and biotrans-
formation of pollutants, and parietal sensitivity. Chronic effects, uptake-
response relationship, and mechanisms of toxicity of sulfur oxide on important
crop plants will be described. Also, interactions between pollutants, envi-
ronmental factors, and parietal sensitivity will be studied.
12. Brookhaven National Laboratory—Effects of Acid Rain on Terrestrial
Ecosystems (ERDA, $176K)
Project description: Poorly buffered, sandy soil ecosystems such as
those on Long Island are especially affected by energy-related acid rainfall
and acid particulates. It will be determined what the effects are on plant
systems, soil chemistry, soil microflora and the interrelationship of these
three. Constituents and rates of local (Long Island) rainfall will be deter-
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mined. Plant foliage will be exposed to simulated acid rain/aerosols of
various concentrations for various durations/intervals to determine physical/
chemical injury effects, threshold limits with no injury effects, changes in
plant growth, and vegetative yields. Studies will be made of the changes in
plant cell permeability by monitoring foliage leachates.
13. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory—Ecological Fate and Effects of Trace
Contaminants from Coal Combustion and Processing
Project description: The objectives of this project are to define mete-
orological influence on the source of airborne contaminants from coal-fired
power plants, assess the effects of localized and widespread deposition of
contaminants upon the ecosystem of the airshaft surrounding the Four Corners
Region, integrate several disciplines in a systems approach to a sensitive
environment in such a way as to mitigate the extraction utilization and export
of resources for the Los Alamos region.
14. Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory—Plant Heat and Chemical Effluent
Effects on Selected Marine and Estuarine Communities (EKDA)
Project description: The objectives are to identify the forms of chemi-
cals in power plant effluents, e.g., chlorine, copper, chromium, and nickel,
that are biologically active, to determine how they are modified by physical
parameters such as heat, and to determine their single and combined effects on
important marine and estuarine species and communities. Short-term laboratory
experiments will lead into long-term low-contaminant-level investigations.
These will be compared to field verification studies of existing power plant
effluents. The anticipated results are the establishment of realistic water
quality criteria for thermal discharges, the optimization of biocide dosages
when combined with other chemicals having known toxic effects, the relative
toxicities of chemical releases and how they are modified by heat, and long-
term, low-level effects of combined releases on marine and estuarine communi-
ties.
15. Du Pont de Nemours—Trace Metal Cycling and Effects on Terrestrial
Ecosystems in the Southeastern United States (ERDA, $130K)
Project description: The objectives of this study are to determine the
influence of trace metals released from coal-fired power plant stacks upon
terrestrial ecosystems typical to the southeastern United States and to evalu-
ate the possibility of reclaiming abandoned ash basins for agricultural use.
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One study is focused on the environs of a large power plant that has consumed
about 400,000 tons of coal per year since 1952 and that operated without
electrostatic precipitators until near the end of 1975. Stack gas sampling
and coal consumption will be used to estimate total releases during 23 years
of operation. The concentration of minor trace elements in soil, ground-
water, and terrestrial vegetation and animals will be determined. Secondly,
reclamation of a large ash basin abandoned about 10 years ago will be studied.
Growth and chemical composition of trees, grasses, and legumes grown on an
abandoned ash basin with the same grown on agricultural soil will be compared.
16. Argonne National Laboratory—Assessment of Environmental Conditions of
the Great Lakes in Relation to Power Production.
Project description: The objectives are to: (a) develop, synthesize,
and integrate information for baseline characterization of regional environ-
mental resources within each of the Great Lakes watersheds; (b) assess the
current and projected impacts of regional power developments on these re-
sources; and (c) evaluate control technology and resource management options
for mitigating adverse impacts associated with power supply and conservation
technology developments in each region.
17. Oak Ridge National Laboratory—Environmental Effects of Cooling Tower
Drift (ERDA, $90K)
Project description: The key objective is to develop knowledge necessary
to assess the impacts of cooling power operation on terrestrial ecosystems.
Primary tasks are directed at obtaining a predictive capability of drift
transport, deposition, interception, and retention by vegetation and soil and
the effects of trace contaminants in drift on biota. An additional objective
is that of comparing model estimates of drift deposition with biological data.
Studies include quantification of drift toxicant, i.e., chromium and zinc, in
air, soil, groundwater, plants, and small animals in the vicinity of large,
megawatt-size cooling towers. Response of biota is determined through labora-
tory and field studies. The results are intended for integration to resolve
ecological questions concerning drift toxicant contamination, cycling, and
potential for adverse effects. Products of the research will be applicable to
utilities and industries in siting of cooling towers, to establishing monitor-
ing programs and guidelines, and to State and Federal regulatory agencies in
environmental impact assessments.
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18. Oak Ridge National Laboratory-Environmental Fate of Emissions from Coal
Combustion Plants (ERDA, $200K)
Project description: (a) Evaluate the role of a forested landscape in
the removal of airborne trace contaminants, (b) Determine the physical/chemical
characteristics of source emissions and atmosphere inputs of selected trace
contaminants to a terrestrial landscape. (c) Optimize the use of an atmos-
pheric transport model to compute inputs of trace contaminants of terrestrial
landscape from selected point sources for determining if atmospheric emission
and landscape deposition of trace contaminants derived from coal-fired power
plants result in significant net annual and/or long-term accumulation of these
contaminants on a representative east Tennessee watershed. The technical
approach involves use of an intensively instrumented and well characterized
forested catchment located within 15 km of two large coal-fired power plants.
Measurements of selected trace contaminants in air, rain, on leaf surfaces,
and in stream water are made on a basis designed to elucidate transport,
deposition, and cycling of these contaminants on a landscaped scale. Full-
scale aerosol-canopy interactions studies were begun in August 1976. Initia-
tion of plume sampling for source characterization was begun in September
1976. Note that this program as well as probably many other ecological studies
provides emissions assessment data frequently with emphasis on trace emissions
such as trace elements. Thus, we have another source for emissions data
banks.
19. Oak Ridge National Laboratory—Ecological Effects of Coal Combustion:
Response of Vegetation to SO , 0 , and Acid Precipitation (ERDA, $69K)
Project description: The project will examine physiological responses of
plants as indicators of acute and subacute response of plants to air pollution
stress. Primary emphasis will be placed on determining the physiologically
significant features of pollutant doses. Exposures will be made through use
of a programmable acid rain simulator as well as in the field.
20. Tennessee Valley Authority—Fisheries Impact of Steam Electric Power
Plant Operation (TVA, $1,575K)
Project description: If the funding we have recorded is correct, this is
certainly the largest single ecological study we have seen. The project
objectives are to determine the magnitude and significance of impact on the
fisheries resource of TVA reservoirs resulting from operation of steam-
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electric power plants. Impacts considered include effects of thermal dis-
charges and effects of intake design and operation. The approach is as fol-
lows: (a) field sampling of adult fish to determine abundance, avoidance/
attraction to thermally influenced areas, effects of thermal discharge on
growth, reproduction, parasites, and disease; (b) weekly impingement counts
with data (annual basis) related to standing stock bioraass and annual produc-
tion; and (c) sampling ichthyoplankton in reservoir and intakes to estimate
percentage entrainment.
I. MULTIMEDIA GOAIS
Multimedia Environmental Goals (MEG's) are levels of contaminants or
degradents (in ambient air, water, or land or in emissions or effluents con-
veyed to ambient media) that are judged to be (l) appropriate for preventing
certain negative effects in the surrounding populations or ecosystems, or (2)
representative of the control limits achievable through technology.
Establishing Multimedia Environmental Goals is an integral part of the
environmental assessment methodology that is currently being developed under
the guidance of the Fuels Process Branch of IERL/EPA at RTF. Environmental
assessment involves:
1. The determination of contaminant levels associated with
emissions and effluents from a point source.
2. Comparison of those determinations with desirable control
levels.
The need for MEG's arises in this latter aspect of environmental assessment.
The MEG's program has been conceived to supply sets of control goals for
specific chemical contaminants, complex effluents, and nonchemical degradents
based on some of the criteria options that might be considered in defining
"desirable control levels." These sets of goals, then, provide the values to
be compared with actual contamination, levels for environmental assessment pur-
poses. Work to date has been performed by the Research Triangle Institute on
EPA contract 68-02-2612.
The first year of MEG's development was devoted largely to selecting the
options to be used as MEG's criteria and investigating ways to approach the
problem of defining MEG's for a multiplicity of chemical substances. Ini-
tially, the objective of this work was to describe MEG's for chemical pol-
lutants associated with coal conversion processes. However, the value of an
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expanded list of contaminants was recognized, and the potential for extended
application of a MEG's methodology called for the development of a broad,
systematic, and adaptable approach for addressing a much larger number of
chemical and nonchemical pollutants. Hence the scope of the MEG's program has
been expanded to encompass a broad range of objectives which include:
1. Compiling a Master List of all chemical contaminants,
complex effluents/mixtures, and nonchemical degradents
(such'as visual effects, subsidence, heat, and noise)
to be addressed by MEG's. (The list is to include but
should not be limited exclusively to contaminants from
fossil fuels processes.) At present more than 600 chem-
ical substances and physical agents have been listed for
consideration.
2. Arrangement of the chemical substances appearing on the
Master List into a practical catalog to provide a useful
tool for environmental assessment.
3. Design of a format conducive to the concurrent presenta-
tion of sets of Emission Level Goals and Ambient Level
Goals. (The format should allow ready comparison of the
MEG's within a set as well as facilitating comparison of
different substances.)
4. Determination of the kinds of data pertinent to desirable
control levels and the availability of that data. A for-
mat for presenting background information should be estab-
lished to accompany MEG's specified for each chemical sub-
stance.
5. Development of a methodology to establish meaningful values
to serve as MEG's for each chemical substance on the Master
List. (The methodology should incorporate as MEG's those
Federal standards, criteria, and recommendations pertinent
to chemical substances.)
6. Presentation, according to the format prescribed, of a set
of Emission Level Goals and Ambient Level Goals for each
chemical substance appearing on the Master List. (These
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MEG's should be accompanied by qualitative supporting
data.)
The central purpose of the project remains the derivation of Multimedia
Environmental Goals as estimates of desirable levels of control for those
chemical contaminants and nonchemical degradents included in a master list.
J. ENERGY AND ECONOMIC FACTORS
Table D12 in Appendix D lists some of the recent projects funded by EPA,
EPRI, and others to study energy and economic factors associated with control
processes for conventional combustion sources. This is actually only a small
fraction of the effort in this category since many of the projects dealing
with controls, which are discussed below in Section VII, will deal with eco-
nomic and/or energy factors during the course of their analysis. Also, many
of the general, or integrated, assessments address both energy and economic
factors.
K. GENERAL ASSESSMENTS
Argonne National Laboratory (ERDA)- began a major program in March 1976 to
assess the environmental protection issues associated with electric power
generation from coal. The program reportedly has a budget of $1 million per
year. The program objection is to produce a continuing series of engineering
reports evaluating the performance, costs, and availability of technologies
for abating the environmental impacts of coal-to-electricity processes.
Direct impacts being studied include: those resulting from atmospheric
emissions such as particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons,
and trace elements; pollutants in process waste water such as polyaromatic
hydrocarbons and trace metals; ground water contamination by the infiltration
of pollutants from landfill burial of waste ash, coal fines, and scrubber
sludge.
The control technologies are evaluated within the context of existing and
anticipated emission regulations for coal-fired plants and current under-
standing of the health and ecological effects of coal combustion pollutants.
The assessments will consider the availability dates of various technol-
ogies, capital and operating costs, operating reliability, adaptability of
existing facilities to retrofitted control systems, the potential for improved
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pollution control, the availability of needed hardware, manpower, materials,
transportation facilities, and site specific factors.
Projects are being carried out by a number of contractors to meet the
program goals. All of the projects are limited to literature assessments.
The average project size is $40,000-$90,000/year. Contractors include:
Bechtel—coal cleaning; TVA—scrubbers; Southern Research Institute—partic-
ulates; KVB—burner design for NO control; Foster/Wheeler--gasification/
X
combined cycle.
Technekron is carrying out a program titled "An Integrated Technology
Assessment of Electric Utility Energy Systems." The program period is from
7/1/75 to 12/31/78. Total funding is reported as being approximately $2.0
million (OEMI, EPA). The best program description we have at present is the
following one by Technekron to ERDA.
(1) To assist the Environmental Protection Agency in developing environ-
mental control policies and implementation strategies for mitigating the ad-
verse impacts of various electrical generating technologies; (2) to assist
EPA's Office of Research and Development in evaluating the portion of its
environmental research program dealing with the problems of electrical gen-
erating technologies.
Annual technology assessments are made of the electrical utility sector
(conventional coal combustion, flue gas cleaning, fluid bed combustion, low-
Btu gasificatio"n, sulfates, thermal control, waste as fuel, nuclear and geo-
thermal), paying particular attention to the residuals resulting from alter-
native facility siting options and emission control levels, and to the effects
of these residuals upon the human and natural environment.
The above two major programs should be more thoroughly investigated
and carefully followed by the CCEA program. Consideration should given to over-
all coordination and technology exchange.
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VII. CURRENT STUDIES RELATED TO CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
A. INTRODUCTION
The control of pollutant emissions has been the foremost research task of
EPA's Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory (IERL) since its inception.
Emphasis in this research has been primarily on S02, NO^ , and particle controls,
Although it has long been recognized that thermal pollution can have adverse
effects on aquatic ecosystems, precedence has been given to the criteria
pollutants that are well known as detrimental to human health.
Although only recently founded, the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI) has also vigorously moved into research on control of S0~, NO , and
£* X
particle emissions from utility plants. In 1977 it budgeted over $16 million
for air quality control, water quality control, and heat rejection. Although
this figure will be reduced to about $13 or $14 million per year for the
1978-1981 period, it still represents a very significant research thrust and
is evidence of the utility industry's determination to develop the control
measures necessary to meet Federal and State air and water quality standards.
All funding given below is on a fiscal year basis unless otherwise noted.
B. S02 CONTROL
Flue gas desulfurization is a mature technology, with approximately
23,500 MW of "first generation" controlled units in operation or under construc-
tion and approximately 30,000 MW in the planning stage. Second generation
technology is moving into the demonstration-commercialization stage. Industry
is assuming an increasing share of the burden in testing, which has been
reflected by a drop in the IERL budget for FGD work from approximately $9
million budgeted in FY1976 to $4.6 million budgeted in FY1977. IERL/RTP and
EPRI are preeminent in the field of FGD development technology. Table D13 in
Appendix D lists many of the research projects. A brief description of some
of the most significant projects is presented below.
1. IERL/RTP Projects
Bechtel Corporation—Shawnee Prototype Study of Lime/Limestone Scrubbing-
Advanced Testing and Data Evaluation (EPA, $799K)
Project description: Based on testing which was almost continuous from
1972 on at Shawnee, Bechtel is conducting an advanced test program to supply
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information and optimize lime and limestone scrubbing systems in the areas of
improved sludge disposal properties, improved system control and reliability,
variable load operation, and improved process economics. The present program
will cover at least 3 years. Advanced scrubbing concepts which have shown
promise during tests at lERL/RTP's Research Triangle Park pilot plant will be
studied on a larger scale. Both high alkali utilization and high oxidation of
sulfite to sulfate is being obtained now. This would favorably affect both
the economics and the quantity and quality of sludge produced. Accumulation
of mud-type solids is drastically reduced with high alkali utilization elimi-
nating many of the persistent reliability problems, especially in the mist
eliminator area.
Louisville Gas and Electric—Full-Scale Utility Double Alkali Demon-
stration
Project description: This project is a full-scale demonstration (278 MW)
of the double alkali flue gas desulfurization process in pulverized-soft-coal-
fired utility boilers. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the
removal of SC- , organic material, and particulates. Operational parameters
will be varied to optimize effectiveness. Soluble materials produced by the
process will be evaluated for possible leaching potential from solid waste
materials disposed of in landfill. Entire cost of installation, $16,300,000,
is being borne by LG&E. However, performance testing and a year's operational
study is being funded by IERL/RTP at $4,500,000. The EPA support contractor
is Bechtel Corporation. SO removal efficiencies of greater than 95 percent
are guaranteed by the vendor, Combustion Equipment Associates. Restricted use
of soda ash to 0.045 moles/mole of sulfur removed is required.
Tennessee Valley Authority--Lime/Limestone and Advanced Concepts; TVA's
1-MW Pilot Plant ($450K)
Project description: The objective is to develop reliable closed loop
mist eliminator systems for lime/limestone systems now in operation or planned
in the near future and also, to develop, to the extent possible, less costly
advanced systems.
Aerospace—Study of Disposal of Byproducts from Non-Regenerable FGD
Systems ($363K)
Project description: The project will compare chemical and physical
characteristics of the waste with current, proposed, or potentially applicable
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environmental standards; assess feasibility, performance, and costs of proposed
methods by measuring physical/chemical properties of waste; provide engineering/
analytic support for a field disposal operation at TVA's Shawnee plant; evalu-
ate other field data, and conduct engineering cost studies; make recommenda-
tions regarding alternate disposal approaches; and assemble, assess, and
report on an annual basis all EPA, TVA, and private industry R&D in the FGD
waste area.
Tennessee Valley Authority—Processing Sludges from Lime/Limestone Wet
Scrubbing, etc. ($375K to date)
Project description: This project is a pilot scale evaluation of sludges
from lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization processes in terms of physical
characterization of sludge solids for ease of dewatering, utilization of the
sludge as a fertilizer for its sulfur and filler value, and growth on sludge
piles for site reclamation potential.
A. D. Little—Evaluation of Alternatives for Disposal of FGD Sludges
($599K)
Project description: This project evaluates coal mine and ocean disposal
of sludge from lime/limestone and dual alkali FGD processes. The full-scale
mine disposal is evaluated in terms of potential health effects from ground
and surface pollution from the site and for SO. emissions from the site. The
pilot scale ocean disposal is evaluated in terms of ecological effects on fin
and shell fish. This project could just as well have been considered either
under the health effects or ecological effects sections.
Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO)—Sodium Sulfite/Bisulfite
Scrubbing with Thermal Regeneration (Wellman-Lord/Allied Chemical) (IERL/
RTF, $8 million; NIPSCO, $8 million)
Project description: In the Wellman-Lord process, SO is absorbed in a
sodium sulfite solution to yield sodium bisulfite. Upon heating, the sodium
bisulfite regenerates sodium sulfite and releases a concentrated stream of
S02. The Allied Chemical SO- reduction process uses natural gas as a reductant
in a proprietary catalytic reactor system producing elemental sulfur. The
demonstration system has been retrofitted to a 115-MW coal-fired boiler. The
plant acceptance test was successfully completed on September 14, 1977. The
plant is presently beginning a 1-year demonstration test period during which
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information will be collected and reported regarding pollution control per-
formance, secondary effects, economics, and reliability of the system.
Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation, Atomic International
Division of Rockwell International—Advanced Regenerable FGD Demonstration
(Aqueous Carbonate Process)
Project description: In the aqueous carbonate process, sodium carbonate
is contacted with the flue gas in a spray dryer to yield sodium sulfite as a
dry powder which is collected and regenerated. The sodium sulfite is fed,
along with carbon (either coal or coke), to a molten salt bath. The sulfite
is reduced to sulfide; carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide. The sodium
sulfide is then dissolved in water and the solution filtered to remove ash.
The clarified solution is contacted with the carbon dioxide-rich off gas from
the reduction step to regenerate sodium carbonate and evolve hydrogen sulfide.
The hydrogen sulfide is fed to a Claus plant where elemental sulfur is pro-
duced. IERL/RTP and Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation are
jointly funding a demonstration of the Atomic International sulfur-producing
aqueous carbonate process. The project cost is estimated at $22 million with
the IERL/RTP share being $8 million. Design and cost estimates were completed
on May 20, 1977. Construction completion and the acceptance test are expected
in late 1979 following which a 1-year test and evaluation program will be
initiated.
U.S. Bureau of Mines—Demonstration of the Citrate Process FGD System
Project description: IERL/RTP and the U.S. Bureau of Mines have entered
into a cooperative agreement to pool funds and technical talent to demonstrate
the citrate process, which has been developed through pilot scale by the
Bureau of Mines. Together they have initiated the demonstration on a 53-MW
coal-fired boiler. A contract between U.S. Bureau of Mines and St. Joe Min-
erals was signed in June 1976 and initial design and cost estimation was
completed in November 1976. The Morrison-Knudsen Company has been awarded a
"turnkey" design/build/operate contract for the project. In this process an
aqueous solution of sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, and
other sulfur compounds absorbs SO.. The solution is buffered with citric acid
to maintain pH at an optimum level for high-efficiency scrubbing and high-S02
loading capacity. It is then fed to reactors where gaseous H2S is added. Net
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reaction is the combining of SO- and H S to form elemental sulfur, which
precipitates and is separated by flotation.
2. EPRI Projects
Battelle Columbus—RP209
Project description: EPRI's Air Quality Control Program has funded a
number of projects that will provide a firm data base for lime/limestone
scrubber design. In this project, Battelle Columbus evaluated the scrubbing
installations across the United States, summarized the state-of-the-art of
lime/limstone scrubbing technology, and highlighted the number of major ge-
neric problems that restricted the performance reliability and cost of this
technology. The approach has been to focus on each of the subsystems that
make up a scrubber. These subsystems, which include reheaters, demisters,
contactor absorbers, recycle tanks, and dewatering devices, must be designed
to insure their individual reliability and thus the reliability of the entire
scrubber system. In an initial report, available from EPRI, Battelle eval-
uated 15 parameters that must be considered in designing a reliable and ef-
ficient mist eliminator. It also summarized the operational experiences with
mist eliminators of all the scrubber systems presently operating in the United
States. In a second unit's study recently completed, guidelines are given on
how to select the most efficient (energy input) reheater system for reheating
a stack gas. As a final result of the Battelle project, a continuing stack
gas emission coordination center was established. The center supplies infor-
mation on currently operating SCL cleanup systems with the data base continu-
ally updated by visits to utilities, hardware vendors, and technology devel-
opers. A computer information storage and retrieval system is maintained
using this data base.
Tennessee Valley Authority—Development of Improved Lime/Limestone
Scrubbing Technology
Project description: This project made use of the TVA 1-MW pilot FGD
plant. The project: (a) studied reheaters as a function of both technical and
economic performance to establish a design basis; (b) evaluated the corrosion/
erosion resistance of critical scrubber system components as a function of
material design and selection; (c) fabricated, operated, and evaluated new
lime/limestone scrubber modes including the horizontal and cocurrent scrub-
bers; and (d) established the relationship between the physical and chemical
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characteristics of scrubber sludge and full-scale scrubber and boiler opera-
tion and characterized scrubber sludge from five operating scrubbers.
Southern California Edison and Stearns-Roger--Evaluation of Improved
Process Control Capability for Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes
Project description: The objective is to define the best process control
methods for lime/limestone scrubbing, from both the standpoint of control
design and instrumentation dependability. The project seeks to define and
quantify the factors influencing the performance and reliability of chemistry
process control for lime/limestone scrubbing and define the state-of-the-art
in flue gas desulfurization chemistry process control in terms of these fac-
tors.
Arthur D. Little—Characterization of Low Sulfur/Alkaline Ash Western
Coal for Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes
Project description: The study has confirmed that simple chemical analy-
sis of a fly ash by titration with an acid does not totally describe how a
specific fly ash will react in a scrubber. A need is indicated to develop a
highly reliable, accurate, and consistent reactivity test to measure the
available alkalinity in a fly ash. The test could then be universally applied
to develop confident designs for scrubbers planning to use fly ash as a scrub-
bing agent and could minimize piloting efforts to screen a large number of fly
ashes for possible use.
Radian Corporation, Michael Baker, Jr.--Byproducts/Waste Disposal for
Flue Gas Cleaning Processes
Project description: The objective is to provide the utility industry
with a sound data base to permit confident selection of the methods commer-
cially available for disposal of flue gas cleaning waste products. The fol-
lowing tasks are being carried out to: (a) review and assess the existing
data base regarding flue gas cleaning wastes; (b) prepare a test program to
quantify the variables that affect the physical and chemical stability of
scrubber sludge; (c) document the state-of-the-art of sludge fixation and
determine its practical significance to the utility industry; and (d) develop
a set of sludge disposal guidelines structured in such a manner as to be a
useful tool for evaluating alternative approaches and making practical plan-
ning decisions.
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Envirotech--Sludge Dewatering Equipment
Project description: The objective is to evaluate and define numerous
techniques available for sludge dewatering. Envirotech is concentrating on
evaluating various bench scale and pilot dewatering devices such as centri-
fuges, filters, and clarifiers. They also are trying to determine what vari-
ables in the sludge affect and determine design of dewatering devices.
RTF—Study of Alkali Scrubbing Chemistry
Project description: This project will attempt to quantify the chemical
phenomena of lime/limestone slurry scrubbing processes. The objective is to
develop integrated models and correlations of the chemical behavior of lime/
limestone scrubbing systems. With these models it is hoped to optimize design
and operating variables such as the number of scrubber stages, L/G, limestone
utilization, and hold tank residence time with respect to the type of scrub-
bing contactor used. These models will make it possible to provide reliable
design without large, costly safety factors in equipment size, expected per-
formance, and high reagent use. Also, using new data, the result will be
potential process improvements involving the use of additives, modified hold
tank configurations, modified scrubber vessel design, and/or intentional
oxidation.
Tennessee Valley Authority—Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization Development
and Test Facility.
Project description: This project allows continued operation of TVA's
Shawnee Test Facility in Paducah, Kentucky. Test modules of 310 MW have been
operated since 1971 at Shawnee under sole EPA sponsorship. EPRI will take
over some funding and testing of new equipment at the site beginning in 1978.
The EPRI project is initially directed at (a) designing and constructing a
10-MW flexible concurrent/countercurrent spray scrubber module, and (b) modi-
fying the TVA scrubber system to operate in a limestone regenerable double
alkali mode. EPRI will direct the project in consultation with the estab-
lished utility Shawnee advisory committee. EPRI welcomes EPA participation on
this committee. This is an opportunity for the EPA program to promote in-
creased coordination with EPRI for overall planning purposes. Such an effort
is badly needed throughout all the areas of CPA.
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Southern Company Services—Evaluation of Three Prototype Flue Gas
Desulfurization Processes
Project description: 320-MW advanced FGD systems were tested at the
Scholz Plant of Gulf Power. The Chiyoda 101 system scrubs with dilute sul-
furic and externally reacts as with limestone to produce commercial gypsum.
While the system was plagued with many mechanical problems, the overall proc-
ess performance was excellent. Process limitations of large equipment size,
high L/G, high auxiliary power, and stainless steel construction may be over-
come in the Chiyoda 121 process, which is being considered for follow-on work
at Scholz. The Combustion Equipment Associates/Arthur D. Little process is a
sodium-based concentrated mode dual alkali system with lime regeneration and
sulfite-sulfate sludge production. The most important limits are its require-
ment of lime and makeup sodium and the sludge character with sodium and sul-
fite leaching potential. Overall system performance was excellent and follow-
on work at Scholz involving limestone rather than lime for regeneration is
also under consideration. The Bergbau Forschung/Foster Wheeler resox process
absorbs S0_ and promotes oxidation to sulfuric acid on char pellets, uses hot
sand and a fluid bed to reconvert to a concentrated SO stream, and then
reacts the SO- with coal in the resox generator to form elemental sulfur. The
mechanical design at Scholz is complex and differs from the German configura-
tion. This U.S. design would require major modification in order to achieve
operational success.
Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation—Regenerable Flue Gas Desulfurization-
Resox
Project description: EPRI has authorized the design, construction,
operation and testing of a 42-MW size resox unit at the Lu'nan, West Germany,
plant of Steag A.G. This resox unit will react concentrated SO with coal to
form sulfur. The plant has an operating Bergbau-Forschung unit and gas-
blending facility that can simulate alternate process "front-end" streams of
rich SO . EPRI will receive detailed information on the operating BF unit.
Advantages of this project include: (a) completion of 1 year's testing by
mid-1979, and (b) operation of the resox on an operating coal-fired boiler FGD
process front end.
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Atomics International—Aqueous Carbonate Flue Gas Desulfurization Process
Development
Project description: This project supports the EPA-Empire State Aqueous
Carbonate Process Demonstration plant at Niagara-Mohawk, which has been dis-
cussed above. The support project will test tapping and quench, solution
chemistry and ash dissolution/reprecipitation, and component corrosion. The
questions to be addressed are the system's ability to handle coal, the tapping,
quenching, and dissolution of a salt/ash melt, and the ability to operate
liquid chemical loops that contain silicon and iron compounds and precipitate
ash out of solution.
KVB—Laboratory Evaluation of Dry Alkali or Dry SO Removal
Project description: This project will obtain well characterized data
that will define the dependence of the dry alkali SO removal process on
various system parameters. These parameters will include several sorbants,
temperature-time history, amount of SO removed in suspension versus removal
on baghouse filter cake, effect of stoichiometric ratio and any byproduct
emissions. The results will help define the larger-scale test now contem-
plated for the EPRI Arapahoe particulate test facility in Denver, Colorado.
C. NO CONTROL
x
IERL has long recognized that control of stationary source nitrogen oxide
emissions represents a unique challenge. NO emissions are not restricted to
X
a single class of equipment, nor to a limited range of fuel types, but instead
are a natural consequence of any combustion. Although on a mass emission
basis utility boilers represent the major source of stationary NO , by no
A
means can other source types be ignored. Fuels being utilized range from
natural gas through residual oil to coal. After careful consideration of
alternatives, it appeared that combustion modification offered the most cost-
effective means of achieving NO control for stationary sources. The unique-
ness of the NO challenge was that a control technology development program
X
could not concentrate on a single mode of control such as flue gas scrubbing,
but instead had to address combustion in general. Historically, IERL has
mounted a multifaceted effort in NO control that has involved field studies
on existing and modified equipment, fuels research, and fundamental combustion
research.
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Recently, EPRI has joined EPA in sponsoring NO control research activi-
A
ties. Current and planned programs consider both combustor design and post-
combustion treatment for utility boilers and gas turbines.
Table D14 of Appendix D lists many of the recent and current EPA and EPRI
projects for research in NO control technology.
X
1. EPA Projects
Acurex/Aerotherm—Environmental Assessment of Stationary Source NO
x
Combustion Modification Technology
Project description: The emissions assessment portion of this major
program has been described in Section VI. However, the project is an overall
environmental assessment, the only one of its scope we have seen. The program
seeks to quantify the near-source impacts on human health as well as terres-
trial and aquatic ecology from the change in gaseous, liquid, and solid emis-
sions resulting from the use of NO controls. The overall results are rank-
X
ings of source/control combinations, now and in the future, based on the
potential impacts associated with the use of NO combustion modification
techniques. A systems analysis effort evaluates the priorities and required
schedule for NO control development based on current and projected control
requirements on a regional and national basis. The effort uses air quality
projection models for several NO critical regions. These models, together
with the source-specific impact data from the process engineering task, sug-
gest the most cost-effective and environmentally sound mix of stationary
control techniques for given constraints on source growth, ambient air quality
goals, and mobile source standards. The control methods being assessed are
low excess air, staged combustion, flue gas recirculation, reduced air preheat,
reduced load, water injection, and ammonia injection.
Exxon, Field Testing—Application of Combustion Modification to Power
Generating Sources.
Project description: This large project has also been discussed in
Section VI regarding emission characterization. The program is measuring the
effect of the following combustion modifications: (a) low excess air, (b)
staged combustion (over fire air, off stoichiometric combustion), (c) water
injection, and (d) load reduction.
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KVB—Application of Combustion Modifications to Industrial Combustion
Equipment ($798K)
Project description: This large project assessed the effect of combus-
tion modifications on 22 burners in 16 facilities. The combustion types
included industrial boilers, gas turbines, internal combustion engines, metal
furnaces, mineral kilns, and refinery heaters. Table VIIC-1 summarizes the
combustion units studied, the combustion modifications applied, and the results
obtained in terms of reduction of NO .
x
KVB, Field Testing--Application of Combustion Modification to Control
Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Boilers.
Project description: The use of combustion modification in reducing NO
X
emissions from industrial boilers ranging from 3-MW to 147-MW heat input has
been investigated during a recently completed field test program. The gaseous
and particulate emissions from coal, oil, and natural gas fuels were measured
both before and after the combustion modification. Data were taken on partic-
ulate size as well as concentration. Trace species and organics emissions
were measured on selected units. The principle combustion modification methods
that were investigated were low excess combustion air, staged combustion,
recirculated flue gas, tune burners, and reset burner registers. Staging was
implemented by the use of over fire air ports or by turning off the fuel to
some burners and increasing the fuel to others, thus creating zones of fuel-
rich combustion. All of the combustion modification methods were effective to
varying degrees in reducing the nitrogen oxide emissions and reductions of as
much as 50 percent were obtained with several of the modifications.
Aerothenn--Investigation of Staging Parameter for NO Control in
X
Both Wall and Tangentially Coal-Fired Boilers
Project description: Tests on an EPA 1.5 x 106 Btu/h pilot scale pulver-
ized coal furnace showed that NO emissions of 100 to 150 ppm were achievable
X
with the use of two-stage combustion, corresponding to an 80 to 85 percent
reduction. Comparable NO emission levels were obtained with three different
X
coal types (Montana, Pittsburgh No. 8, Western Kentucky) fired in either a
single-wall or tangential configuration. The combustion conditions leading to
minimum NO appear to be (a) operation of the primary flame zone at 75 to 85
X
percent of stoichiometric air, (b) complete separation of stage air from the
first stage, (c) first stage mean residence time of 3 to 5 s, (d) high first
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TABLE VIIC-1. KVB INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION TEST UNITS
SELECTED AND SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED
Device type
Natural draft process
heater
Natural draft process
heater
Natural draft process
heater
Natural draft process
heater
Natural draft process
heater
ater,
•~at
^
Forced draft heater
Clay tunnel kiln
Rotary cement kiln
(dry process)
Rotary cement kiln
(wet process)
Test site
no.
4
5/1
5/2
7/1
111
12/1
12/1
12/2
12/2
1
3
9
Average
baseline NO
ppm @
Fuel
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
No.
Ref
No.
Nat
Nat
NC
Nat
. gas
. gas
. gas
• gas
• gas
. gas
6 oil
• gas •
6 oil
. gas
• gas
+ coke
. gas
ng/J*
59
50
39
52
49
163
113
109
88
46
1,425
1,319
3% 02
116
97
76
103
98
320
222
214
157
90
2,300
2,250
Maximum
percent
reduction Combustion
in NO
X
18
22
21
8
24
0
0
67
8
41
50
14
modification 1
4/32 BOOS
Air register
adjust
High load,
low 0
2/16 BOOS
Air register
ad just
Baseline
lowest 0
Low Q£ No
effect
Low 0
Low 0,-,
Low 02
Fuel switch,
gas to coke
Low 02, high
a i r temp .
*Lb/10 Btu = 430 ng/J.
I BOOS = Burners out of service.
-------
TABLE VIIC-1. (con.)
Average
baseline NOX
Device type
Steel open hearth
furnace
Steel reheat furnace
Steel soaking pit
Aluminum melter
i, Black liquor recovery
^ boiler
Wood bark boiler
Wood bark boiler
CO boiler
Natural gas engine
Diesel engine
Gas turbine combined
cycle
Gas turbine combined
Test site
no.
14
16/1
16/2
6
6
10/2
10/1
13
11
2
15
7/3
8
Fuel
NG +
No. 6 oil
Nat. gas
Nat. gas
Nat. gas
No. 2 oil
Liquor
Wood + NG
Wood + coal
CO gas
Nat. gas
No. 2 oil
Ref. gas
Ref. gas
ng/J*
1,094
56
52
49
104
—
124
188
65
1,020
830
59
52
ppm @
3% 02
2,070
(avg)
110
101
96
185
52
229
300
126
1,990
1,476
118
103
Maximum
percent
reduction
in NO
X
40
43
69
0
0
30
40
15
8
20
7
14
38
Combust ion
mod i f i cation 1
Low 0»
3/27 BOOS
Low Qy
Low 0 (NO
^ X
increased)
Low 00 (NO
2 x
increased)
Secondary ai r
adjust
Low 0_
Low 0,
2
Low 0
Fuel, air
adjust
Low inlet air
temp.
1/8 BOOS
4/16 BOOS
cycle
-------
stage volumetric heat release rate, and/or (e) first stage combustion preheat.
The first stage stoichioraetry was the most significant variable in NO reduc-
x
tion.
EPA--State of Flue Gas Treatment Technology for Control of NO and Simul-
x
taneous Control of SO and NO .
x x
Project description: Flue gas treatment technology attempts to remove
NO from the gaseous products of combustion. Flue gas treatment techniques
include dry selective catalytic reduction processes and wet scrubbing proc-
esses. Technology should be able to reduce NO emissions by 90 percent and
A.
has the potential for 90 percent control of both NO and SO emissions. NO
xxx
flue gas treatment research and development programs have received a rela-
tively low level of funding since it has not been determined conclusively that
high NO removal efficiencies will be required. Japanese technology has
X
progressed to the point of being commercially applied to gas- and oil-fired
sources. They are also developing sources for application to flue gas from
coal-fired sources. EPA is investigating the Japanese and other worldwide
technology for potential application to the U.S. coal-fired situation to save
both development time and money.
EPA--Evaluation of a Prototype Surface Combustion Furnace
Project description: The emissions characteristics of a prototype sur-
face combustion residential furnace have been evaluated using both propane and
natural gas. The pollutants measured were NO by chemiluminescence, NO by
long path nondispersive infrared, CO and CO,, by NDIR, and hydrocarbons by
flame ionization detector. The combustion of premixed fuel and air takes
place on a refractory surface without a visible flame. Heat is transferred
from the surface to an air-cooled fire box wall by radiation. This maintains
a relatively low surface temperature and reduces the oxides of nitrogen. The
furnace was operated over a range of excess air from 5 to 45 percent and with
heat input from 16,000 to 24,000 W. For a nominal operating point for natural
gas at 10 percent excess air, NO emissions were less than 15 ppm. CO and
X
hydrocarbon emissions were also low. Furnace efficiency was greater than 80
percent. Performance on propane was similar.
Exxon--Non-Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH,
A -J
Project description: Exxon Research and Engineering Company has devel-
oped a postflame injection process for the reduction of N0x to nitrogen with
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ammonia. The feasibility of this technique has been demonstrated for an
oil-fired boiler by Exxon and Exxon's Japanese affiliate. The technology has
been commercialized for oil-and gas-fired boilers. The ammonia injection
technology (thermal denox process) is viewed as potentially a useful supple-
ment to available combustion modification techniques for obtaining low NO
A
levels for installations that require such degree of control.
A contract has recently been negotiated between Exxon and EPA to explore
the application of the technique to coal-fired boilers. The following tasks
will be carried out.
a. An analysis of utility boiler types will be made to determine
what coal-fired boiler types by design, size, or manufacturer are
most likely to be amenable to the thermal denox process.
b. Budget-type cost analysis for the application of the thermal
denox process will be made as a function of utility boiler size,
fuel, appropriate boiler characteristics, and degree of NO reduc-
X
tion.
c. The thermal denox process will be compared with those for extreme
combustion modification that would be required to achieve very low
NO levels.
x
Monsanto Research—Cyclone Boilers - Their NO Emissions and Population
Project description: This project is a paper study. Since cyclonic
combustion takes place at high combustion temperatures, cyclone furnaces
firing utility and industrial boilers are high NO emitters. For this reason,
X
since 1973, the Babcock and Wilcox Company, the major supplier, has not sold a
single cyclone unit. However, there are still 149 in existence. Successful
operation of the cyclone furnace depends on maintaining a liquid or wet slag
within the cylindrical furnace. Fresh coal is introduced tangentially through
a primary burner at the front of the cyclone furnace, thrown to the walls of
the cyclone, and caught in the running slag. Tangentially supplied secondary
air sweeps past the imbedded coal particles, quickly oxidizing them. The
cyclone is operated at temperatures as high as 1,920 K. Large quantities of
fuel are combusted within a relatively small volume, resulting in furnace high
heat release rates. Several combustion modification techniques have been
applied to cyclone boilers in an attempt to lower their NO emissions. These
methods include boiler load restriction, low excess air firing, two-stage
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firing, and switching fuels. Even though significant reductions in NO were
x
achieved, none of the presently known techniques are able to reduce NO emis-
x
sions to the level meeting the EPA's new source performance standards for NO
x'
Combustion Engineering—Over Fire Air Technology for Tangentially Fired
Utility Boilers Burning Western U.S. Coal
Project description: The program was conducted on two steam generating
units designed with over fire air registers, the first unit firing a western
U.S. subbituminous coal and the second firing a western U.S. bituminous coal.
The test program evaluated baseline, biased firing, and over fire air opera-
tions and consisted of approximately 60 steady state tests per unit. The
effect of NO control methods on gaseous constituents was evaluated during all
Ji
tests. N0x, S0x, CO, total hydrocarbons, 0 , and particulate samples were
measured. In an earlier project, Combustion Engineering evaluated a unit
equipped with an over fire air system that was retrofitted. The tests on this
unit were made using eastern coal and midwestern coal. The test programs
showed that over fire air operation is effective in reducing NO emission
2£
levels. This can be done without adversely affecting unit performance. Unit
loading was found to have a minimal effect on NO formation.
X
EPA—Combustion Control Technology for Conventional Combustion Systems
($60K)
Project description: The objective of the project is to develop techni-
cally and commercially feasible combustion control technologies for applica-
tion to package boilers and other area sources. The study provides for evalu-
ation of emissions and performance of new modified and prototype burners fired
with liquid or gaseous fuels. In general, burners having potential for low
emissions and high efficiency will be characterized. When possible, modifica-
tions will be made to further improve emissions performance and efficiency.
Ultrasystems—Fundamental Combustion Research Applied to Pollution Control
Project description: Because of staff limitations IERL has decided to
retain a single contractor to manage and coordinate most of its fundamental
research in combustion. This major program of 70,000 manhours over a 3-year
period is funded at almost $3.3 million.
The majority of the effort expended under this contract to date has
centered around detailed planning of the program and in preparation of work
scopes for upcoming subcontracts. After careful review of the various options,
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EPA and EER have decided to place the primary emphasis on the 3- to 5-year
time scale and to conduct the program in such a way that limited payoffs from
fundamental combustion research investments are received in short order. It
is believed that a significant body of information on the mechanisms control-
ling NO formation currently exists and that careful analysis of that data
will yield results of immediate use to Fuels R&D and perhaps the Process R&D
programs. Such analysis of existing data is also important in scoping the
various programs that will eventually constitute the FCR program.
United Technologies—Advanced Combustion Systems for Stationary Gas
Turbine Engines (SGTE)
Project description: In December 1975, a contract was initiated to
develop low NO combustor technology for stationary gas turbine engines (SGTE).
Though SGTE's represent a small percentage of the annual NO emissions in the
United States (4 percent of the total from stationary sources), the projected
growth patterns, fuel utilization trends, and the emergence of high efficiency
combined cycles place SGTE's as a high priority source. Without a concerted
effort to develop control technology, these projections indicate that NO
emission factors from new SGTE's may increase by more than a factor of five in
the next decade.
Previous research, which was directed toward boiler applications, has
shown that modification to the combustion process can significantly reduce NO
emissions. Though a boiler operates on a different thermodynamic cycle than
the SGTE, the mechanisms controlling NO formation are quite similar. In
formulating the contract program to develop NO SGTE combustor technology,
A
maximum use was made of the existing boiler technology.
Current uncontrolled emissions from SGTE's are typically in the 200 to
300 ppm range at 15 percent exhaust 02 when burning fuels that are free of
chemically bound nitrogen. Only limited data are available from units burning
fuels with bound nitrogen but those limited data suggest a significant increase
in NO . The goals of the SGTE program are to develop combustor modification
technology, which would result in NO emissions below 50 ppm for clean fuels
A
and below 100 ppm for fuels containing up to 0.5 percent bound nitrogen.
These goals represent a 75 percent reduction from uncontrolled NO emissions.
x
To achieve these goals a phased program was developed. In the first
phase, results from previous control technology development on boilers and
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SGTE's were reviewed and a list of candidate combustor design concepts defined.
In the second phase, these concepts have been converted to bench scale hardware
and are currently being rig tested at conditions that would be expected in an
actual engine. In the latter phases, the two most promising corabustor designs
will be scaled up to the 25 MWe size. These full scale units will be thor-
oughly rig tested over a range of typical operating conditions and then in-
stalled in an actual 25-MW SGTE to verify their low NO performance.
X
At the current time the bench scale testing is nearing completion. A
combustion concept producing a fuel-rich primary zone which is then quickly
quenched to overall lean conditions has been shown to better the program goals
for both clean fuels and fuels with significant bound nitrogen. Efforts are
underway to determine how this concept (proven in bench scale equipment) can
be scaled up to full size hardware. It is expected that the performance of
the full scale hardware will be verified by mid 1978.
2. EPRI Program
The EPRI NO Control Program consists of 15 projects and a 6-year budget
of $12 million. The program is directed to four objective areas: (a) anal-
ysis and control of fuel nitrogen conversions, (b) combustion control for
steam generators, (c) combustion control for gas turbine/combined cycle power
plants, and (d) postcombustion control of NO . Three of the major combustion
control projects are summarized below to illustrate some of the scope of the
program.
Babcock and Wilcox—Low NO Boiler Combustion Process Development Project
Project description: Further reduction of NO emissions from the present
X
possible levels of 30 to 50 percent will probably require completely new
burner technology that can provide the proper temperature, time, and stoichi-
ometry specifically for low NO . The system must physically isolate fuel-rich
•X
combustion process from the secondary air injection zone, which is required to
maintain an overall oxidizing condition in the boiler. Babcock and Wilcox
have proposed the development of a primary combustion furnace concept. Pul-
verized coal is introduced into a conventional B&W dual-register burner with
less air than is required for complete combustion. The extended length of the
combustor provides the necessary residence time to partially oxidize the coal
and permit the desirable N -producing reactions to occur. Heat removal will
also occur along the combustion chamber to avoid slagging. Secondary air will
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be added at the exit of the primary combustion furnace as you bring the com-
bustion products to oxidizing conditions for the balance of their passage
through a conventional convector section. The first tests will be at 4 x 10
Btu/h. Heat removal, residence time, and quantity of air in the primary
combustion furnace are major parameters to be defined. Then the research will
be extended to a 50 x 10s Btu/h facility. This will evaluate material require-
ments, mechanical design, and longevity as well as confirming the combustion
process variables determined in the earlier work. These results can be extra-
polated to typical full-scale utility burner ratings (150-200 x 10s Btu/h).
Four coal types will be evaluated: two eastern bituminous, one subbituminous,
and one lignite.
KVB—Laboratory Evaluation of Coal-Fired NO Reduction with Ammonia
Injection
Project description: EPRI is continuing to investigate the direct reduc-
tion of NO with ammonia injection, specifically as it applies to coal combus-
X
tion, by cofunding a project at KVB with Exxon Research and Engineering Company.
Exxon holds a patent on this process. Previous work at KVB established that
up to 80 percent NO reduction occurs under peak reduction conditions. How-
X
ever, a very narrow temperature window, + 250° F at 1,750° F, exists. Also,
the ratio of injected ammonia to initial nitric oxide is the second critical
parameter. Some reductions of up to 92 percent have been obtained at optimum
ratio of ammonia and critical peak temperature. The present research is
directed at determining the levels of NO removal possible for four different
X
coals: (a) New Mexico subbituminous, (b) Pittsburgh seam No. 8 bituminous,
(c) Illinois No. 6 bituminous, and (d) Utah low sulfur bituminous. Tests are
also being performed to obtain data on the type and concentration potential
byproduct emissions, and to determine the extent to which hydrogen can lower
the effective process temperature range. The tests will be conducted in the
KVB 3 x 106 Btu/h facility.
International Harvester Company—Evaluation of a Pre-mixed, Pre-Vaporized
Gas Turbine Combustor
Project description: EPA has issued proposed emission standards of 75
ppm at 15 percent 0 for industrial gas turbines. The only means currently
available for meeting these standards involves water injection into the com-
bustor. Unfortunately this has a high capital cost and necessitates increased
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fuel consumption. EPRI has undertaken a project to evaluate the feasibility
of a low-emission combustor that does not use water or steam. All proposed
dry methods require that the fuel and air be completely mixed prior to com-
bustion. In order to obtain the premixing for very low NO conditions, higher
X
than usual temperatures of the inlet air, which provides the heat of vapori-
zation of the oil, is required. These conditions frequently occasion auto
ignition. Tests will be made in the future to study the effect of increased
initial fuel dispersion through more fuel injection sites and droplet size.
Considerable additional research will be required before a commercially accept-
able solution can be found.
D. PARTICULATE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
lERL-RTP's program for particulate control is designed to establish
engineering design techniques and performance models, and to improve the
collectibility and economics of control devices for particulate matter.
Attainment of the present Primary Standard for particulates in some cases
will be difficult and expensive with existing technology; attainment of the
Secondary Standard (or a more stringent Primary Standard) appears impossible
without improved technology. There are two basic causes for this: particu-
late control technology has limited control capability, in many cases even for
coarse particulate; and technical and economic factors often prevent control
technology from being feasible in specific industrial applications.
IERL-RTP is placing increased emphasis on the control of fine particu-
lates that persist in the atmosphere, comprise a variety of known toxic sub-
stances, and are major contributors to atmospheric haze and visibility prob-
lems. The objective is the development and demonstration of control technol-
ogies capable of effectively removing large fractions of the under-3-p size
particles from effluents. The technical approach is to identify capabilities
of existing equipment (electrostatic precipitators [ESP's], filters, scrub-
bers, and proprietary devices), to determine deficiencies in present design
and operating procedures, and to pursue remedies for the deficiencies in
present design and operating procedures, and to pursue remedies for the defi-
ciencies through research and development. New concepts will be applied as
discovered, and successful advancements in removal technology will be demon-
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strated. Results will be applicable to improvements in high-temperature/high-
pressure particulate removal devices.
Although the EPRI research program on particulate controls is of more
recent vintage than that of EPA, a survey of the projects listed in Table D15
of Appendix D will suffice to show that EPRI regards particle control technol-
ogy as an area that requires a major thrust. As in the EPA programs, EPRI is
considering fabric filtration, hot gas cleanup and electrostatic precipitation
with the objectives of demonstrating the capability of eliminating plume
opacity and controlling fine particles by 1980.
1. EPA Projects
Southern Research Institute—Electrostatic Precipitators for Control of
Fine Particles
Project description: The project consists of eight related tasks with
the overall purpose of defining the parameters of the electrostatic particu-
late collection process to the degree that the precipitator can be effectively
modeled utilizing a computer system technique. Two tasks are for a measure-
ment program to define the actual operating conditions of full-scale indus-
trial electrostatic precipitators. The program consists of measuring the
fractional and overall collection efficiency of the device, the chemical and
physical characteristics of the particulate, and the operating characteristics
of the precipitator. These measurements will provide the inputs to the task
that are associated with improving existing computer systems models.
Midwest Research Institute—Fine Particle Emissions Information Systems
Development
Project description: The fine particle emissions information system is a
computerized information system containing data on primary fine particle
emissions to the atmosphere from stationary point sources and includes data on
applied control devices. The purpose is to provide a centralized source of
comprehensive fine particle measurement information. The system contains
emission test data from a variety of industrial sources. General categories
of information contained in the system include source characteristics; control
system description; test characteristics; particulate mass train results;
physical, biological, and chemical properties of the particulates; particulate
size measurement equipment/method; and particulate size distribution data.
A-90
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The system has been implemented at the EPA National Computer Center at Re-
search Triangle Park, on the UNIVAC 1110 Computer using system 2000, a flex-
ible data base measurement system. The system presently contains data for
more than 1,000 sampling runs. Current estimates indicate there are approxi-
mately 4,000 known sampling runs in existence today. Activities now underway
will enable the system to contain at least three-fourths of the known data by
the end of 1978.
EPA—Demonstration of a High Efficiency/High Throughput Baghouse ($500K)
Project description: The objective is to examine technical and economic
aspects of small, full-scale, reverse air baghouses operated at filtration
velocities up to 9 ft/min, for stoker-fired industrial boilers. The project
will: (a) operate a baghouse for a minimum period of 10 months using Nomex,
Gor-tex, Teflon, and Dralon T fabrics; (b) determine fabric performance and
life; (c) determine system performance and cost; (d) record all pertinent
boiler and filter system operating parameters; and (e) characterize flue gas
streams and fly ash. The scheduled start of the project was 12/76. Options
include testing additional fabrics and testing SCL removal capabilities.
GCA—Fabric Filtration Measuring and Modeling Program ($108K)
Project description: The objective is to characterize the performance of
four different industrial fabric filter systems (2 electric utility boilers,
an electric arc furnace, and a municipal incinerator) and to use published and
laboratory-generated data to develop mathematical models useful for the design
of fabric filter systems. Of particular importance is the particulate removal
efficiency of baghouses as a function of particle size. The fractional effi-
ciency of fabric filters is determined by sampling with inertial and diffu-
sional sizing technique and the total mass efficiency is determined utilizing
simultaneous upstream and downstream method five techniques.
Southern Research Institute—Evaluation of Hot Side Electrostatic Pre-
cipitator
Project description: Electrostatic precipitation (ESP) efficiency de-
pends on, among other variables, the resistivity of the fly ash particles
being removed from the fine gas stream. Particle resistivity depends upon the
types of minerals in the fly ash and upon the temperature of the gas stream.
When low-sulfur coals are burned there is difficulty in obtaining a suffi-
ciently low resistivity for efficient particle scrubbing unless other sub-
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stances, often deliberately added, are present. An alternative method is to
operate the ESP with a hot gas stream rather than with a cooled stream. This
is a relatively new approach with very little information on the collection
efficiency and economics of the process. The objective of this project is to
develop such information. Additionally, the project is developing information
on the trace element content of the particles captured by the ESP. During
1977, field testing was carried out on a hot side ESP unit installed at the
Navajo Station, Page, Arizona. Although these are now complete, work is still
being performed on the trace element and economic analyses.
Air Pollution Technology, Inc.—Effects of Conditioning Agents on Emis-
sions from Coal Fired Boilers
Project description: This research is determining the effect of deliber-
ately added compounds, such as SO , V 0 , and various proprietary mixtures of
organic and inorganic species, in improving ESP collection efficiency by
reducing particle resistivity or enhancing agglomerating characteristics. In
addition to obtaining definitive, quantitative data on the effects of these
agents on collection efficiency, measurements are being made to determine the
decomposition products of these agents and the amount of such material that
may pass through uncollected in order to test the assumption that all such
products are collected, or that at least the emitted material has negligible
pollution potential.
2. ERDA Projects
EKDA—Electrostatic Precipitation of High Resistivity Fly Ash in Stack
Gases ($250K)
Project description: The objective is to improve the design and sizing
criteria of electrostatic precipitation for the high resistivity fly ash as
produced from low sulfur western coals. The submicron particulates from
combustion of lignite containing a high percentage of alkalis will be charac-
terized. The procedures are: (a) fly ash resistivity is measured; (b) col-
lected fly ash is reentrained into flue gas in the laboratory and ESP effi-
ciency is measured with and without additives; (c) a 75 Ib/h burner is being
designed to generate fly ash under control conditions; (d) a new ESP is being
designed and built to measure ESP efficiency under laboratory conditions; (e)
field tests will be conducted to relate lab data to ESP efficiency on commer-
cial size units of known design operating on known coal to establish sizing
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criteria; and (f) collecting and analyzing submicron particulates with the aid
of a scanning electron microscope.
3. EPRI Projects
EPRI projects in the particulate control technology program are funded
primarily in electrostatic precipitator technology. The largest expenditure,
$10.35 million over 1975-1982, is for the fabrication and operation of a pilot
plant at Arapahoe Station. Other research is being carried out on the frac-
tional collection efficiency for ESP ($900K), ESP plate rapping and reliabil-
ity modeling ($265K), and flue gas conditioning to improve collection effi-
ciency ($275K). Also, a high intensity ionizer is being retrofitted on a TVA
plant ($585K).
EPRI is also funding fabric filtration development and hot gas cleanup.
E. THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL
Power plants reject enormous amounts of heat energy that is no longer
able to perform useful work in the power production cycle. Current projec-
tions indicate that waste heat rejection from central power stations in the
year 2000 will nearly equal the total U.S. energy consumption in 1970. Under
the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972,
EPA is required to regulate thermal effluents. lERL-RTP's research and devel-
opment program in the thermal control area supports the Agency's statutory
requirements and falls primarily into two broad areas: combustion source
cooling technology, and waste heat utilization. Programs underway in the
former area include analysis of first generation cooling system performance
and economics, assessment of advanced heat rejection techniques, and devel-
opment of control technology for treatment and reuse/recycle of cooling system
effluent streams. Waste heat utilization studies presently underway involve
primarily agricultural applications. Aquaculture uses may merit future con-
sideration. Some of the major EPA projects are listed in Table D16 of Appen-
dix D.
EPRI is also sponsoring research in this area. As of March 1, 1977, nine
projects were underway. Titles are shown in Table VIIE-1. The combined 1977
budget for the EPRI Water Quality Control and Heat Rejection program was $1.39
million.
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TABLE VIIE-1. EPRI WATER QUALITY CONTROL
AND HEAT REJECTION R&D PROJECTS
(As of March 1, 1977)
Reject Heat Management
RP256
RP373
RP422
RP732
RP733
RP738
RP901
RP905
RP906
Water Quality
RP902
Chalk Point Cooling Tower Project
Agricultural Waste Water for Power Plant Cooling
Power Plant Waste Heat Rejection System Using Dry Cooling
Tower
Modeling and Verification of Near-Field Behavior of Mechanical
Draft Cooling Tower Plumes
Ozone Dosage and Contacting for Condenser Biofouling Control
Performance Testing and Model Development for Wet/Dry Cooling
Towers
Numerical Modeling Techniques for 3-Dimensional, Recirculating
Flows in the Near-Field of Cooling Tower Plumes
Acceptance Test Methodology for Cooling Towers
Survey of Models and Data Bases for Cooling Tower Plume
Prediction
Fundamental Studies of Mechanisms of Biofoulant Film Buildup
and Destruction
RP909 Development of Comprehensive Water Management Methodology
RP910 Trace Element Removal by Adsorption on Iron Hydroxides
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APPENDIX B
EXISTING AND PROPOSED FEDERAL REGULATIONS FOR
CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION SOURCES
B-l
-------
APPENDIX B
EXISTING AND PROPOSED FEDERAL REGULATIONS FOR
CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION SOURCES
Regulatory policy, as it concerns environmental pollutants, is still in
its early stages, as can be witnessed by the very great increase in promul-
gation of regulations in the last 2-1/2 years. For example, during this
period, 40 point source categories have been addressed by Effluent Standards,
and 24 point source categories have received New Source Performance
Standards for emissions to the atmosphere. No Federal regulations for these
categories existed before 1973.
The Environmental Protection Agency has taken the lead in the establish-
ment of most environmental regulations, although the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (through utilization of the threshold limit values
established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
has listed comprehensive limitations for contamination of industrial work-
room air, and the former Atomic Energy Commission provided regulations for
the control of radionuclides.
The terms "standards" and "regulations'* are normally intended to mean
limitations enforceable by law. "Criteria" are used in evaluating standards
but are not legally enforceable.
B.I Current Regulations
Table 1 lists the most important categories of environmental regulations
presently enforceable by Federal law. Table 2 gives a listing of high
priority pollutants keyed to the regulation listing of Table 1 [Bl]. Regu-
lations are forthcoming, covering some 124 elements and compounds, to be
B-2
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TABLE 1. FEDERAL REGULATIONS APPLYING QUANTITATIVE LIMITATIONS TO SPECIFIC,
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS FROM CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION
SOURCES
a. National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards
b. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards for
Air Contaminants
c. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
d. New Stationary Source Performance Standards
e. EPA Effluent Standards
f. EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (Proposed)
B-3
-------
TABLE 2. HIGH PRIORITY POLLUTANTS WITH ASSOCIATED REGULATIONS'
Substance
Regulatory Listing'
Ammonia
x
Arsenic
x
Asbestos
x
x
Barium
x
Benzidine
Beryllium
Copper
x
Cadmium x
Carbon
Monoxide
Chlorine,
Chloride
Chromium x
x
x
x
x
X
Cyanide
Fluorides
x
Hydro-
carbons
x
x
Hydrogen
Sulfide,
Sulfide
x
All addressed by more than one standard or regulation.
TThe letters under regulatory listing apply to the listing in Table 1. X
indicates that the specific pollutant has been addressed and that further
details may be found in Section 3 and/or the Appendices.
^Legal establishment pending (see Subsection h; Section 3).
B-4
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Substance
TABLE 2. (Continued)*
Regulatory Listing'
Iron
x
x
Lead
x
Manganese
X
X
Mercury
X
Nickel x
Nitrogen
Oxides , x x
Nitrate
Oil and/or
Grease
Osmium x
x
x x
x
x
Ozone
f . •, \ X X
(oxidantsj
Particulates x x
x x
Phenol ,
Phenolic x x
compounds
Phosphorus x x
Platinum x x
Radioactive x
Materials
Rhodium
B-5
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Substance
TABLE 2. (Continued)'
Regulatory Listing"
Selenium
Silver x
Sulfur
Dioxide
, , XX
(also
sulfate)
Tin x
Uranium x
Water
Parameters
(BOD, TSS,
pH, COD)
x
X X
X
X
X
Zinc
B-6
-------
applied to almost 300 point source categories, including SIC-4911 (Steam
Electric Power-Plants) over the next two to three years. These will greatlv
change the scope of (proposed) EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards, item
(g) on Table 1.
The application of the regulations listed in Table 1 to conventional
combustion sources will be discussed in the sequence shown in Table 1.
a. National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards
The National Ambient Air Quality Standards are summarized and tabulated
in Table 3. All standards are specified as not to be exceeded more than
once per year. The measurement methods are also specified as Federal
Reference Methods. The air quality standards and a description of the
reference methods were published on April 30, 1971 in 42 CFR 410, recodified
to 40 CFR 50 on November 25, 1972. Primary standards are set for the pro-
tection of health. Secondary standards are set for the protection of Welfare,
which, in the words of the Act "includes, but is not limited to, effects on
soils, water, crops, vegetation, manmade materials, animals, wildlife, weather,
visibility, and climate, damage to and deterioration of property, and hazards
to transportation, as well as effects on economic values and on personal com-
fort and well being." The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 call for the
Administrator of EPA to revise and reissue criteria of N02 concentrations to
be averaged over a period of not less than three hours as he deems appropriate.
This revision, to be performed within six months of the effective date of the
law, will include nitric and nitrous acids, nitrites, nitrates, nitrosamines
and other carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic oxides of nitrogen.
B-7
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TABLE 3. NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
to
00
Pollutant
Particulate matter*
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Photochemical •
oxidants
Hydrocarbons
(nonme thane)
Nitrogen Dioxide**
Averaging Time
Annual (geometric mean)
24-hour
Annual (Arithmetic mean)
24-hour
3-hour
8-hour
1-hour
1-hour
3-hour
(6 to 9 a.m.)
Annual (Arithmetic mean)
Primary Standards
75 yg/m3
260 yg/m3
80 yg/m3
(0.03 ppm)
365 yg/m3
(0.14 ppm)
10 mg/m3
(9 ppm)
40 mg/m
(35 ppm)
160 yg/m3
(0.08 ppm)
160 yg/m3
(0.24 ppm)
100 yg/m3
(0.05 ppm)
Secondary Standards
60 yg/m3
150 yg/m3
1300 yg/m3
(0.5 ppm)
Same as primary
Same as primary
Same as primary
Same as primary
*The secondary annual standard (60 yg/m3) is a guide to be used in assessing implementation plans to
achieve the 24-hour secondary standard.
"^Expressed as ozone by the Federal Reference Method.
'^This NAAQS is for use as a guide in revising implementation plans to achieve oxidant standards.
**To be reassessed pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977.
-------
Another feature of the Clean Air Amendments of 1977 (Section 127) is
the requirement for the EPA Administrator to propose within two years new
regulations for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants and
nitrogen oxides in "clean air areas" where significant deterioration must be
prevented. Increments and ceilings for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide
are specified in areas of various classification in Section 127.
b. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards for Air
Contaminants
Most of the standards for air contaminants in workroom atmosphere,
established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), are
based on the Threshold Limit Values (TLV's) published by the American Con-
ference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) in 1968. Specific
regulations have been established for asbestos and vinyl chloride. The
standards for air contaminants including asbestos and vinyl chloride, are
set forth in 29 CFR, Part 1910, Subpart G, of the Code of Federal Regulations.
c. National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants have been
established by EPA to limit emissions of certain very hazardous substances
from specific source categories. Pollutants addressed by these standards
have been shown to cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or to an
increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness. The
first standards, promulgated in Part 61, 40 CFR, pertain to asbestos, beryl-
lium, mercury and vinyl chloride. The emissions standards for mercury and
beryllium are derived from ambient concentrations which are considered to be
safe, i.e., levels that will not adversely affect human health. Lead and
fluorides are under study for National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
B-9
-------
Pollutants, with the proposed standard for lead scheduled for publication,
for public comment, in December 1977.
In addition, Section 122 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 require
the Administrator of EPA to review all relevant information on health effects
of cadmium, arsenic and polycyclic organic matter to determine, by September
1978, whether these should be added to the list of regulated, hazardous pol-
lutants or to the list of criteria pollutants. Radionuclides are to be
considered by September 1979.
d. New Stationary Source Performance Standards
New Stationary Source Performance Standards (NSPS) have been promulgated
for a number of industries. This category of regulation prescribes standards
of performance for sources for which construction is commenced after the
publication of applicable standards.
The term "standard of performance" means a standard for emissions of air
pollutants that reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable through
the application of the best system of emission reduction which (taking into
account the cost of achieving such reduction) EPA determines has been adequately
demonstrated. EPA is not attempting to define averages or representative
emission rates. Consideration of cost is applied as a modifier to avoid
extremes. In the words of the Committee on Public Works, "the technology must
be available at a cost and at a time which the Administrator determines to be
reasonable."
Individual standards are not intended to be protective of health or wel-
fare effects; that is, they are not designed to achieve any air quality goals.
The standards are designed to reflect the best technology for each individual
B-10
-------
source. The long-range goal and overriding purpose of the collective body of
standards is to prevent new pollution problems from developing. To achieve
this end, the standards must be an incentive for technological change, and
the justification for the standards must allow for technology transfer.
Part 60, 40 CFR, Subparts D and E, which apply NSPS to fossil fuel fired
steam generators and to incinerators, respectively, are the regulations
having the most impact on conventional combustion sources. These are sum-
marized in Table 4.
e. EPA Effluent Standards
Standards promulgated or proposed under 40 CFR, Parts 402 through 699,
prescribe effluent limitations guidelines for existing sources, standards of
performance for new sources, and pretreatment standards for new and existing
sources. The standards are applicable to particular classes of point sources
and pertain to discharges into navigable waters without regard to the quality
of the receiving water.
Limitations based upon application of the best practicable control
technology currently available (BPT) apply to existing point sources and must
be achieved by July 1, 1977. Limitations based upon application of the best
available technology economically achievable (BAT) which will result in
reasonable further progress toward elimination of discharge must be achieved
by July 1, 1983. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) apply to sources
for which construction is commenced after publication of proposed regulations
prescribing standards of performance for new sources of a point source cate-
gory.
B-ll
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TABLE 4. NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR FOSSIL FUEL FIRED
STEAM GENERATORS AND INCINERATORS
New Stationary Sources Performance
Standards
Pollutant
No Discharge in Excess of Regulation
Opacity
Subpart D - Fossil Fuel Fired Steam
Generators
Generating more than 63 million
Real per hr heat input (250 million
Btu/hr)
Particulates
0.18 g/million cal input (0.10 lb/
million Btu) derived from fossil
fuel
20%
Sulfur Dioxide
I
I—'
N3
(When lignite or a solid fossil
fuel containing 25% by wt. or more
of coal refuse is burned in com-
bination with other fuels, the
standard for nitrogen oxides does
not apply.)
Subpart E - Incinerators
1.4 g/million cal heat input (0.80 lb/
million Btu) derived from liquid
| fossil fuel
| 2.2 g/million cal heat input (1.2 lb/
I million Btu) derived from solid
' fossil fuel
Nitrogen Oxides ' 0.36 g/million cal heat input (0.20 lb/
| million Btu) derived from gaseous
i fossil fuel
I 1.25 g/million cal heat input (0.70 lb/
' million Btu) derived from solid fossil
| fuel (except lignite)
20%
20%
Particulates
0.18 g/dscm
0.08 gr/dscf/corrected to 12% CO,
-------
Tables 5 and 6 show the pollutants and other water quality character-
istics addressed by the current effluent standards and Table 7 shows the
standards pertaining to steam electric power generation plants. As mentioned
previously, new water quality criteria and effluent standards addressing
some 124 elements and compounds will be forthcoming over the next two years.
f. EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (Proposed)
The first Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards were to have been promulgated
by EPA by February 1977. These standards are to be established for specifically
designated toxic substances, and they are set without regard to the quality of
the receiving water or the technology applicable to the source of the toxic
effluent.
Efforts to promulgate standards under this provision have been underway
since 1973, when the initial list of nine toxic pollutants was published in
the Federal Register. Significant milestones in these efforts are described
below.
1. July 6, 1973 List of nine toxic pollutants published:
aldrin/dieldrin
benzidine
cadmium
cyanide
DDT (ODD, DDE)
end r in
mercury
PCB's
toxaphene
B-13
-------
TABLE 5. POLLUTANTS ADDRESSED BY EFFLUENT STANDARDS
Aluminum
Ammonia
Ammonia (as N)
Arsenic
Asbestos
Barium
Cadmium
Chlorine; (free available)
Chrome
Chromium: total
Chromium; dissolved
Chromium VI
Copper
Copper; dissolved
Cyanide (total)
Cyanide (amenable to
chlorination)
Fluorides
Gold
Iridium
Iron
Iron; dissolved
Iron; filtrable
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrate
Nitrate (as N)
Organic Nitrogen
(as N)
Osmium
Palladium
Phenol
Elemental
Phenolic Compounds
Phosphorus
Phosphorus.
Platinum
Radium 226
Rhodium
Ruthenium
Selenium
Silver
Sulfate
Sulfide
Uranium
Zinc
Zinc; A
TABLE 6. OTHER WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS ADDRESSED
BY EFFLUENT STANDARDS
COD
pH
TSS
BODr
Oil and grease
Temperature
Fecal coliform
Settleable solids
B-14
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TABLE 7. EPA EFFLUENT STANDARDS FOR STEAM ELECTRIC POWER GENERATING PLANTS
Category
Subcategory
Basis
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
Steam Electric Power
Generating (Part 423)
[Regulations concen-
trations expressed in
A. Generating Unit
BPT, BAT
NSPS
I
I—>
Ln
pH, all dis-
charges
6-0-9.0
Polychlorinated
Biphenyl com-
pounds
No discharge
TSS
100
Oil and Grease
20
Total Copper
from metal
cleaning wastes
or boiler blow-
down
Free available
chlorine from
cooling tower
blowdown
1.0
0.5
30
15
1.0
0.2
Materials added
for corrosion
inhibition in
cooling tower
blowdown
No detectable amount
-------
2. December 27, 1973 Proposed toxic pollutant effluent
standards published for each of the
nine substances on the list.
3. April and May 1974 Hearing was held. Following the
hearing, the agency concluded that,
because of problems and data gaps, it
could not promulgate the proposed
standards.
The decision was made to gather additional data and repropose standards,
treating the nine substances individually or in small groups.
4. June 10, 1976 Standards proposed for:
aldrin/dieldrin
DDT (DDD, DDE)
end r in
toxaphene
5. June 30, 1976 Hearings held regarding proposed stan-
dards for:
aldrin/dieldrin
DDT (DDD, DDE)
endrin
toxaphene
6. July 12, 1976 Standards proposed for :
benzidine
7. July 23, 1976 Standards for polychlorinated biphenyls
proposed.
B-16
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8. July 30, 1976 Hearings held regarding proposed stan-
dards for benzidene.
Adooted standards were to be added at 40 CFR, Part 129.
The following substances have also been examined for possible addition
to the toxic pollutants list:
arsenic ortho-chlorophenol
selenium beta-naphthol
chromium alpha-naphthol
lead beryllium
asbestos nickel
antimony
heptachlor
camphor
methyl parathion
parathion
di-n-butyl phthalate
sevin
zinc
chlordane
lindane
acridine
hydroquinone
chlorinated hydrocarbons heavy metals
organophosphates
materials listed as carcinogens by the Department of Labor.
With the passage of the Toxic Substances Control Act, a much broader
range of materials has been mandated for EPA investigation and possible regu-
lation. This has considerably altered the regulatory approach for toxic
substances in effluents and as a result the standards which were to become
Part 129, 40 CFR are not yet promulgated.
B-17
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B.2 Regulations Under Consideration
Possible changes in regulations due to the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1977, and the Toxic Substances Control Act have been cited above in the
context of existing or proposed regulations. In addition to these, several
other major changes in regulations are being considered. These include:
1. Fuel Analysis Regulations for Existing Fossil Fuel-
Fired Steam Generators - establishing procedures
for monitoring of S0~ emissions from these sources
by analysis of the fuels burned;
2. Performance Standards for New and Modified Gas
Turbine Facilities; and
3. Performance Standards for New and Modified
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines.
These are currently scheduled to be published as proposed standards by mid-1978.
B-18
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APPENDIX C
SUMMARY OF PAST CCEA ACTIVITIES
C-l
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APPENDIX C
SUMMARY OF PAST CCEA ACTIVITIES
In order to establish some idea of the scope of research activity dealing
with the assessment of the effects of pollutants from conventional combustion
sources, a literature search was performed through the North Carolina Science
and Technology Research Center, using the computer data bases of the following
files: ERDA, ENGINEERING INDEX, SSIE, ENERGY LINE and POLLUTION. The search
was keyed on air pollution associated with fuel combustion, seeking articles
and reports published in the period 1970-1976. Some 477 citations were
identified as pertinent.
From these citations, several items of interest were distilled. The
first was a list of domestic organizations involved in such research, shown
in Table C.I. This list is by no means exhaustive. The next item of interest
was the subjects addressed in the research. These were categorized by assess-
ment element, as shown in Table C.2. It should be pointed out that the sum
of the right hand column of Table C.2 greatly exceeds 477 because many of the
articles and reports dealt with several assessment element topics.
A third item of interest was a comparison of activity in the sectors
addressed over the period of the survey. This was obtained by a census of
articles by sector/media: utilities/air, industrial/air, residential/air.
The commercial-institutional sector did not appear to be covered. Another
category in which there was a very large amount of activity was in the rela-
tionship of pollutants emitted or control methods suitable for the emissions
associated with various fuel types. The results of this crude census are
shown in Figure C.I. From this figure it can be seen that fuel-related CPA
C-2
-------
research has been consistently strong. Research reporting on air emissions
and controls for utilities peaked in '73 and '74 and has since subsided to
some extent. Research on air emissions and controls for industrial sources
has overtaken and passed that for utilities. Compared to the other categories
research on residential source emissions and controls has been low key.
Consideration of the data in Table C.2 shows that discussion of oollution
controls received the largest attention, with the identification of pollutants
and determination of pollutant loadings coming next. Fuel and source charac-
terization were next in order of attention.
Several caveats must be stated with regard to this data. The first is
that the computer data bases used have not existed for many years. Conse-
quently, the tendency has been to store only current literature citations.
Hence, the small number of citations for 70--72 are probably an artifact. A
second caveat is that the archival storage in such data bases is not exhaustive.
Coverage grows as support and need grows. A third caveat is that searches of
computer data bases depend heavily on selection and combination of the proper
keywords for access. Keywords assigned by various authors or programmers do
not always agree completely. A fourth caveat is that this particular search
was keyed primarily on air pollution. It did not explicitly mention water,
effluents, solid wastes, health effects, or ecological effects.
With these caveats in mind, the most defensible conclusion that can be
drawn from this preliminary survey is that from 1970 through 1976 a large
number of domestic organizations have been involved in research on what kinds
of pollutants are emitted, how they can be controlled and what their impacts
might be. Further, it seems that the tempo of the research has increased as
C-3
-------
public and institutional awareness has increased and as Federal and State
pollution regulations have been promulgated.
A better defined data base for CCEA activity is provided by the record
of projects sponsored by EPA's Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory.
Up until mid-1975, IERL program activities were primarily directed to process
characterization and pollution control development directed primarily to air
pollution from stationary sources. Following the re-organization of EPA's
Office of Research and Development (ORD) on June 30, 1975, lERL's pollution
control activities began to span a wider range, a multimedia approach con-
cerned with pollution in air, water, solid waste, thermal discharge and energy
conservation vls-a-vls pollution control. In addition, cooperative efforts
with other EPA laboratories and other Federal agencies have been undertaken to
build programs which consider and include all aspects of environmental assess-
ment in order to make explicit the alternative approaches to balancing the
demands of minimum environmental quality degradation, economic constraints,
and energy constraints. This maturation into a broader outlook can be seen in
tracing the topics dealt with by IERL project reports.
In the following pages in this Appendix is a series of Tables giving IERL
project report titles. The tables are organized into the following categories:
Table C.3 Reports on Emissions Characterization, Measurement
Methodology and Measurements.
Table C.4 Reports on SO- Control Processes
Table C.5 Reports on NO Control Processes
Table C.6 Reports on Particulate Matter Control Processes
Table C.7 Reports on Economic, Energy and Resource
Recovery or Conservation Factors
C-4
-------
Table C.8 Reports on Multi-Media Impacts and Goals
Within each category the project reports are arranged by date of publication
to show the sequence of research coverage.
From Table C.3 it can be seen that a variety of sources were investigated
in order to characterize steady-state and transient operation emissions:
utility boilers, industrial boilers, municipal incinerators, residential
heaters. The effects of a variety of fuels were examined: coals, oils and
solid wastes. Measurement methodology progressed from that for the criteria
gases and particulate matter to that for organics and trace materials. Par-
ticular attention was given to development of methods for measurement of fine
particles, determination of particle size distributions, measuring fugitive
emissions, and measuring sulfate, nitrates and acid aerosols.
The intensive effort to develop economic and effective methods for flue
gas SO- removal can be traced in Table C.4. The projects ranged from studies
of the basic chemistry and mass transport factors involved in SO- control
processes, through pilot plant studies, through studies on large scale plants,
to studies of how to deal with the by-products from the SO control processes.
Economic studies of S0? control processes are shown in Table C.7, along with
studies of the economic feasibility of recycling scrubbing reagents and
resource recovery.
A similar evolution can be seen in the research efforts to develop N0x
control methods, traced in the report titles given in Table C.5. Early
studies investigated post-combustion removal methods by sorbents, catalytic
converters or scrubbers. Fundamental research on flame chemistry, however,
indicated that NO control might be effected in the combustion process itself.
C-5
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This approach began to be evaluated in field studies as well as in the
laboratory.
Research on effective particle collection processes for conventional
stationary combustion sources has been carried out along several routes:
electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), fabric filtration, wet scrubbing,
agglomeration techniques to convert fine particles to the more easily
captured larger sizes, and high gradient magnetic separation.
As the engineering problems in developing effective control methods
and pollutant measurement methods to quantitate control process effectiveness
have become more manageable, the transition to a broader outlook can be
traced through the topics addressed in IERL research reports which have been
given in the tables in this Appendix and was shown to be even more apparent
in Sections VI and VII which discussed more recent and current IERL research
programs.
C-6
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TABLE C.I DOMESTIC ORGANIZATIONS PERFORMING CCEA RESEARCH
IGT
Battelle, Columbus
KVB
Perm. State Univ.
Wash. State Univ.
Univ. Arizona
Exxon Res. & Engr. Gov't
Res. Lab
CEA, Inc.
Radian Corp.
U. Missouri
Iowa Pub. Ser. Co.
W. F. Libby Labs
TRW
UCLA, School Engr.
Federal Power Commission
Sandia Labs
Shell Dev. Co.
Anes Lab., Iowa
Consolidated Edison Co.
Acurex Corp.
Argonne National Labs
MIT
Westinghouse Res. Lab
Conn. Dept. Env. Protection
Marshall and Williams Co.
Pope, Evans & Robbins, Inc.
Applied Technology Corp.
New England Power Service Co.
Walden Res. Corp.
Bechtel
Rockwell International
Penn. Power and Light
Inland Steel
ERDA, Pittsburgh
Bu. Mines, Metal Res. Center
Gulf Res. & Develop. Corp.
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft
Purdue Univ.
Envirotech
U.S. Utility Service Corp.
A. D. Little, Inc.
General Motors, Warren Mich.
ORNL
I. U. Conversion Syst., Inc.
U. Pittsburgh
So. Cal. Edison
Peabody Engr. Sys.
Skelly and Loy, Harrisburg, Pa.
National Lime Assoc.
Chas. T. Main, Inc.
Fluor Engr. & Construction Co.
Betz Lab, Inc.
Apollo Chem. Corp.
Clemson Univ.
VPI
Enviro-Syst. and Res., Inc.
Foster-Wheeler Energy Corp.
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Smith Tool, Irvine, Calif.
U. Colorado
ASARCO, N.J.
Babcock & Wilcox
Alcoa
Inland Steel
Abcor, Inc.
Nat. Steel Corp., W.Va.
W.Va. Univ. Coal Res. Bur.
W.Va. Univ.
Minn. Power & Light
Am. Gas Assoc.
Midland-Ross Co.
U. Illinois
Rensselaer PolyTechn.
Nat. Coun. Pulp & Paper Ind.
Salem Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Reynolds Met. Co.
Weyerhauser
Long Island Light Co.
Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago
Union Camp Corp., Savannah
Univ. Oil Prod.
IBM, New Orleans
Stone & Webster Engr. Co.
Maxon Corp.
Riley Stoker Corp.
Inspiration Copper Co.
SUNY
Bitum. Coal Res., Pa.
Stevens Inst. Techn.
Chemetron Corp.
Union Carbide
Nat. Coal Assoc.
Amer. Iron & Steel Inst.
C-7
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TABLE C-2 DISTRIBUTION OF ARTICLES AND REPORTS BY ASSESSMENT ELEMENT CATEGORY
Number of Articles
Assessment Element and Reports
1. Source Characterization 70
2. Determination of Material Inputs 60
3. Identification of Pollutants 93
4. Identification of Media for Each Pollutant 11
5. Determination of Pollutant Loadings 83
6. Fugitive Emission Analysis 4
7. Operating Parameter Sensitivity Analysis 71
8. Controls 342
9. Combined Effects Assessment 3
10. Cross-Media Effects Assessment 1
11. Environmental Conversion Assessment 5
(Secondary Pollutants)
12. Health Effects 1
13. Ecological Effects 15
14. Energy Analysis 28
15. Economic Analysis 28
C-f
-------
o
ex
0)
"O
c
01
I—I
-------
TABLE C.3 REPORTS ON EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION, MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
AND MEASUREMENTS ON CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION SOURCES
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
A. D. Little APTD 1283
Systems Study of Air Pollution from
Municipal Incineration, Vol. I - 3/70
A. D. Little APTD 1284
Systems Study of Air Pollution from
Municipal Incineration, Vol. II - 3/70
A. D. Little APTD 1285
Systems Study of Air Pollution from
Municinal Incineration, Vol. Ill - 3/70
Aerojet General APTD 1111
Systems Evaluation of Refuse as a Low
Sulfur Fuel, Vol. I - 11/71
Aerojet General APTD 1112
Systems Evaluation of Refuse as a Low
Sulfur Fuel, Vol. II - 11/71
IERL-RTP
AP-87
Effects of Fuel Additives on Distillate
Oil-Fired Furnaces - 6/71
Thermo-Systems APTD 0733
State of the Art: 1971: Instrumentation
for Measurement of Particulate Emissions
from Combustion Sources: Particulate
Mass - 1971
Thermo-Svstems APTD 0734
State of the Artr 1971: Instrumentation
for Measurement of Particulate Emissions
from Combustion Sources: Particulate
Mass, Vol. II - 1971
Walden Research APTD 1106
Improved Chemical Methods for Sampling
and Analysis of Gaseous Pollutants from
the Combustion of Fossil Fuels: SOV - 6/71
X
Walden Research APTD 1108
Improved Chemical Methods for Sampling
and Analysis of Gaseous Pollutants from
the Combustion of Fossil Fuels: SOX,
Vol. II - 7/71
Walden Research APTD 1109
Improved Chemical Methods for Sampling
and Analysis of Gaseous Pollutants from
the Combustion of Fossil Fuels: SOX,
Vol. Ill - 7/71
C-10
-------
TABLE C.3 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Walden Research APTD 0924
Systematic Study of Air Pollution from
Intermediate-Size Fossil Fuel Combustion
Equipment - 7/71
Thermo-Systems APTD 1524
State of the Art 1971: Instrumentation
for the Measurement of Particulate
Emissions from Combustion Sources:
Vol. Ill, Particulate Size - 7/72
TRW
R2-73-172
Instrumental Analysis for Wet Scrubbing
Processes - 1/72
Processes R2-73-241
Research
Air Pollution from Fuel Combustion in
Stationary Sources - 10/72
W. C. McCrone 650/2-73-024
Measurement and Characterization of
Particles in the Wet Scrubbing Process
for SOX Control - 7/72
Battelle
Battelle
R2-73-084a
Field Investigation of Emissions from
Combustion Equipment for Space Heating
6/73
Battelle R2-73-084b Field Investigation of Emissions from
Combustion Equipment for Space Heating;
Data Supplement - 6/73
R2-73-216
Chemical Composition of Particulate Air
Pollutants from Fossil Fuel Combustion
Sources - 3/73
Southern
Research
Institute
650/2-73-035
Field Measurements of Particle Size
Distribution with Inertial Sizing Devices
10/73
Thermo-Systems 650/2-73-022
State of the Art 1971: Instrumentation
for the Measurement of Particulate
Emissions from Combustion Sources: Vol. IV
Final Report - 9/73
Thermo-Systems 650/2-73-031
Effectiveness of Selective Fuel Additives
in Controlling Pollution Emissions from
Residual-Oil-Fired Boilers - 10/73
C-ll
-------
TABLE C.3 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
UltraSystems, R2-73-292a
Inc.
Experimental Combustor for the Development
of Package Boiler Emission Control Tech-
niques: Phase I - 7/73
Walden Research R2-73-191
Systems Study of Conventional Combustion
Sources in the Primary Aluminum Industry
4/73
Walden Research R2-73-192
Systems Study of Conventional Combustion
Sources in the Iron and Steel Industry -
A/73
Aerotherm
650/2-74-067
Design, Development and Fabrication of a
Prototype, High-Volume Particulate Mass
Sampling Train - 5/74
Battelle
Monsanto
650/2-74-026
Investigation of Particulate Emissions
from Oil-Fired Residential Heating Units
3/74
IERL-RTP
Midwest
Research
Monsanto
650/2-74-003
650/2-74-073
650/2-74-117
A Study of Air Pollutant Emissions from
Residential Heating Systems - 1/74
St. Louis/Union Electric Refuse Firing
Demonstration Air Pollution Test Report
8/74
Sources and Characterization of Fine
Particulate Test Dusts - 11/74
[not in APTIC]
Briefing Document on SO,, Emissions Data
Base - 6/74
Radian
650/2-74-024
Development of Sampling and Analytical
Methods of Lime/Limestone West Scrubbing
Tests - 3/74
Rockwell 650/2-74-047
International
Design of an Optimum Distillate Oil
Burner for Control of Pollutant Emissions
6/74
C-12
-------
TABLE C.3 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Southern
Research
Institute
650/2-74-102
Particulate Sizing Techniques for Control
Device Evaluation - 10/74
TRW
650/2-74-031a
Application of Holographic Methods to the
Measurement of Flames and Particulate -
4/74
TRW
650/2-74-031b
Application of Holographic Methods to the
Measurement of Flames and Particulate,
Vol. II - 4/74
TRW
Midwest
Research
RTI
Southern
Research
Institute
TRW
Aerospace
Battelle
Battelle
Battelle
650/2-74-064
650/2-75-066
600/2-75-022
650/2-74-102a
600/2-75-012
600/7-76-012
650/2-76-029
600/2-76-056
600/2-76-102
Instrumental Analysis for Wet Scrubbing
Processes - 7/74
Hazardous Emission Characterization of
Utility Boilers - 7/75
Effects of Transient Operating Conditions
on Steam-Electric Generator Emissions -
8/75
Particulate Sizing Techniques for Control
Device Evaluation - 8/75
Continuous Measurement of Gas Composition
from Stationary Sources - 7/75
Inventory of Combustion Related Emissions
from Stationary Sources - 9/76
Emissions from Residential and Small Com-
mercial Stoker-Coal-Fired Boilers Under
Smokeless Operation - 10/76
Comparison of Fossil and Wood Fuels - 3/76
Environmental Aspects of Retrofitting Two
Industries to Low and Intermediate Energy
Gas from Coal - 4/76
C-13
-------
TABLE C.3 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Battelle
600/2-76-268
Blast Furnace Slips and Accompanying
Emissions as an Air Pollution Source -
10/76
ERDA
600/2-76-075
Analysis of Polycyclic Organic Matter in
Coal, Coal Ash, Fly Ash and Other Fuel and
Emission Samples - 3/76
GCA
600/2-76-046a
Preliminary Emissions Assessment of Con-
ventional Stationary Combustion Systems,
Vol. I, Exec. Summary - 3/76
GCA
600/2-76-046b
Preliminary Emissions Assessment of Con-
ventional Stationary Combustion Systems,
Vol. II - 3/76
GCA
600/2-76-046c
Preliminary Emissions Assessment of Con-
ventional Stationary Combustion Systems,
Vol. Ill - 8/76 •
IERL-RTP
600/7-76-027
Effect of Fly Ash Conditioning Agent on
Power Plant Emissions - 10/76
Institute of 600/7-76-022
Gas Technology
Survey of Emissions Control and Combustion
Equipment Data in Industrial Process
Heating - 10/76
KVB Engrg.
600/2-76-086b
Field Testing: Trace Element and Organic
Emissions from Industrial Boilers - 10/76
Midwest
Research
600/2-76-209
Performance of Emission Control Devices
on Boilers Firing Municipal Solid Waste
and Oil - 7/76
Mitre
600/2-76-137
Evaluation of Selected Methods for Chemi-
cal and Biological Testing of Industrial
Particulate Emissions - 5/76
Monsanto
600/7-76-028
PCB Emissions from Stationary Sources -
10/76
Monsanto
600/2-76-201
Utility of Solid Sorbents for Sampling
Organic Emissions from Stationary Sources
7/76
C-14
-------
TABLE C.3 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Radian
600/2-76-092
Total Suspended Particulates•
Analysis - 4/76
Review and
Southern
Research
Institute
600/2-76-280
Particulate Sizing Techniques for Control
Device Evaluation: Cascade Impactor
Calibration - 10/76
TRC
600/2-76-089a
Technical Manual for Measurement of
Fugitive Emissions: Upwind/Downwind
Sampling Method for Industrial Emissions
5/76
TRC
600/2-76-OS9b
Technical Manual for Measurement of
Fugitive Emissions: Roof Monitor Sampling
Method for Industrial Fugitive Emissions -
5/76
TRC
600/2-76-089c
Technical Manual for Measurement of
Fugitive Emissions: Ouasi-Stack Sampling
Method for Industrial Fugitive Emissions -
5/76
TRC
600/2-76-246
Symposium on Fugitive Emissions Measure-
ment and Control - 9/76
TRC
600/2-76-284
Development of Procedures for the Mea-
surement of Fugitive Emissions - 12/76
TRW
600/2-76-283
Measurement Techniques for Inorganic Trace
Materials in Control Stream Systems -
12/76
Aerospace
600/2-77-066a
Inventory of Combustion Related Emissions
from Stationary Sources (First Update) -
3/77
Battelle
600/2-77-008a
Combustion Additives for Pollution Con-
trol — A State-of-the-Art Review - 1/77
Battelle
600/2-77-008b
Experimental Evaluation of Fuel Oil
Additives for Reducing Emissions and
Increasing Efficiency of Boilers - 1/77
C-15
-------
TABLE C.3 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Battelle
600/7-77-041
A Survey of Sulfate, Nitrate, and Acid
Aerosol Emissions and Their Control - 4/77
Catalytic, Inc. 600/7-77-081
Process Technology Background for Environ-
mental Assessment/Systems Analysis
Utilizing Fuel Oil - 8/77
GCA
600/2-77-077
Design, Development and Fabrication of a
Fine Particulate Measuring Device - 4/77
IERL-RTP
600/2-77-115
Environmental Assessment Sampling and
Analysis: Phased Approach and Techniques
for Level I - 6/77
TVA
600/7-77-010
Characterization of Ash from Coal Fired
Power Plants - 1/77
C-16
-------
TABLE C.4 REPORTS ON S02 CONTROL PROCESSES FOR CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION SOURCES
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Aerojet General APTD 0619
Applicability of Aqueous Solutions to the
Removal of S0? from Flue Gases, Vol. I -
10/70
Aerojet General APTD 0620
The Development of New and/or Improved
Aqueous Processes for Removing S0« from
Flue Gas, Vol. II - 10/70
Allied Chemical APTD 0659
Applicability of Reduction to Sulfur Tech-
niques to the Development of New Processes
for Removing SO,, from Flue Gases - 11/70
Allied Chemical APTD 0660
Applicability of Reduction to Sulfur Tech-
niques to the Development of New Processes
for Removing S09 from Flue Gases, Vol. II
11/70
Ambient
Purification
Technology
[None]
Wet Scrubber Systems Study - 1/70
Atomic
International
APTD 1238
Development of a Molten Carbonate Process
for Removal of SO- from Power Plant Stack
Gases - 1/70
Atomic APTD 1239
International
Development of a Molten Carbonate Process
for Removal of S02 from Power Plant Stack
Gases, Part II - 1/70
Atomic APTD 1240
International
Development of a Molten Carbonate Process
for Removal of S02 from Power Plant Stack
Gases, Part III - 1/70
Atomic APTD 1241
International
Development of a Molten Carbonate Process
for Removal of S02 from Power Plant Stack
Gases, Part IV - 1/70
Atomic
International
APTD 1242
Development of a Molten Carbonate Process
for Removal of S02 from Power Plant Stack
Gases, Part V - 1/70
Atomic
International
APTD 1243
Development of a Molten Carbonate Process
for Removal of S02 from Power Plant Stack
Gases, Part VI - 1/70
C-17
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Atomic
International
Babcock &
Wilcox
Babcock &
Wilcox
Babcock &
Wilcox
General
Electric
M. W. Kellogg
Mitre
Monsanto
APTD 1244
APTD 1176
APTD 0648
APTD 0649
APTD 1259
APTD 0688
APTD 0843
APTD 0675
Development of a Molten Carbonate Process
for Removal of 502 from Power Plant Stack
Gases, Part VII - 1/70
Additive Injection for SO- Control —
Pilot Plant Study - 3/70
Magnesia Base Wet Scrubbing of Pulverized
Coal Generated Flue Gas - Pilot Demonstra-
tion - 9/70
Magnesia Base Wet Scrubbing of Pulverized
Coal Generated Flue Gas, Addendum - 12/70
Immobilized Liquid Membranes for SO,,
Separation - 3/70
Removal of 502 from Power Plant Flue Gases
Using the Alkalized Alumina Process - 2/70
An Examination of Alkali Injection — Wet
Scrubber Demonstration Project - 11/70
Applicability of Catalytic Oxidation to
the Development of New Processes for
Removing SO- from Flue Gases - 7/69
Monsanto
APTD 0675
Applicability of Catalytic Oxidation to
the Development of New Processes for
Removing SC>2 from Flue Gases, Literature
Review - 8/70
Monsanto
APTD 0677
Applicability of Catalytic Oxidation to
the Development of New Processes for
Removing 862 from Flue Gases, Bibliography
8/70
National Acad.
of Eng. & Nat.
Res. Council
APTD 0571
Abatement of SOX Emissions from Stationary
Combustion Sources - 1970
Radian Corp.
APTD 1287
A Theoretical Description of the Limestone
Injection — Wet Scrubbing Process, Vol. I
6/70
C-18
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Radian Corp. APTD 1288
Stone & APTD 1271
Webster
UniRoyal APTD 0584
Battelle APTD 0802
Chemical APTD 0768
Constru [sic]
Chemical APTD 0769
Constru [sic]
Consolidation APTD 1157
Coal
Cottrel APTD 1070
Environmental
Systems , Inc .
IERL-RTP APTD 0737
A Theoretical Description of the Limestone
Injection — Wet Scrubbing Process,
Vol. II - 6/70
S02 Scrubbers: Stone & Webster Ionics
Process - 1/70
Development of Regenerable Fibres for
Removal of S02 from Waste Gases, Final
Report - 7/70
Final Report on the Investigation of the
Reactivity of Limestone and Dolomite for
Capturing SC>2 from Flue Gases - 10/71
High Sulfur Combustor Study: Vol. I:
Narrative Summary - 2/71
High Sulfur Combustor Study: Vol. II:
Descriptive Detail - 2/71
Development of the COo Acceptor Process
Toward Low-Sulfur Boiler Fuel - 11/71
Pilot Scale Investigation of a Venturi
Type Contactor for Removal of S02 by the
Limestone Wet Scrubbing Proc . - 10/71
Selected Studies on Alkaline Additives
for SOX Control - 12/71
Illinois State
Geological
Survey
APTD 0920
Petrographic and Mineralogical Character-
istics of Carbonate Rocks Related to SC^
Sorption in Flue Gases - 7/71
M. W. Kellogg
APTD 0807
Evaluation of S02 Control Processes -
10/71
Monsanto
APTD 0676
Applicability of Catalytic Oxidation to
the Development of New Processes for
Removing S02 from Flue Gases - 1/71
C-19
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
MSA Research
APTD 0723
Inorganic Liquids for Removing S02 from
Flue Gases: Phase II - 7/71
North American APTD 0752
Rockwell
Processes [Not in NTIS]
Research
Radian Corp. APTD 1183
Radian Corp. APTD 1184
Radian Corp. APTD 1185
Stanford APTD 0622
Research
Institute
Stanford APTD 0623
Research
Institute
Stanford APTD 0624
Research
Institute
Stanford APTD 0625
Research
Institute
Development of a Molten Carbonate Process
for Removal of S02 from Power Plant Stack
Gases - 1/71
Neutralization of Abatement Derived Sul-
fur ic Acid - 10/71
A Study of the Limestone Injection Wet
Scrubbing Process, Vol. I - 11/71
A Study of the Limestone Injection Wet
Scrubbing Process, Vol. II - 11/71
A Study of the Limestone Injection Wet
Scrubbing Process, Vol. Ill - 11/71
Feasibility of New SOX Control for Appli-
cation to Smelters and Power Plants: Part
I: Monsanto Cat-Ox Process: Smelter
Gases - 2/71
Feasibility of New SOX Control for Appli-
cation to Smelters and Power Plants: Part
II: Wellman-Lord S02 Recovery Process,
Smelter Gases - 2/71
Feasibility of New SOX Control for Appli-
cation to Smelters and Power Plants: Part
III: Monsanto Cat-Ox Process, Power Plant
Flue Gases - 2/71
Feasibility of New SOX Control for Appli-
cation to Smelters and Power Plants: Part
IV: Wellman-Lord Recovery Process: Power
Plant Flue Gases
TVA
APTD 0699
Investigation of the Reactivities of Lime-
stone to Remove S02 from Flue Gas - 1971
C-20
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
U.S. Bureau
of Mines
Ambient
Purification
Technology
Ambient
Purification
Technology
Applied
Technology
Applied
Technology
IERL-RTP
M. W. Kellogg
M. W. Kellogg
Processes
Research
Stanford
University
West Virginia
University
APTIC 34429 Evaluation of Some Solid Oxides as
Sorbents of S02 - 1971
R2-72-118a Wet Scrubber Systems Study, Vol. I - 8/72
R2-72-118b Wet Scrubber Systems Study, Vol. II - 8/72
R2-72-035 S02 Free Two Stage Coal Combustion Process
8/72
R2-72-035a S02 Free Two Stage Coal Combustion Process
Appendices - 8/72
APTD 1161 Procedings of Second International Lime/
Limestone Wet Scrubbing Symposium 11/8-
12/71 - 6/72
R2-72-100 Applicability of S02 Control Processes to
Power Plants - 11/72
APTD 1136 Review of the Dry Limestone Injection
Process - 5/72
APTD 1066 Recent Developments in Desulfurization of
Fuel Oil and Waste Gas in Japan - 1/72
[Not in System] Sulfation Kinetics in S02 Absorption from
Stack Gases - 6/72
R2-72-027 Pilot Scale-Up of Processes to Demonstrate
Utilization of Pulverized Coal Fly Ash
Modified by Addition of Limestone Dolomite
S02 Removal Additive - 3/72
Bechtel
650/2-73-013
EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility:
Sodium Carbonate and Limestone Test
Results - 8/73
C-21
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
IERL-RTP
R2-73-186
Regeneration Chemistry of Sodium-Based
Double Alkali Scrubbing Process - 3/73
IERL-RTP
650/2-73-012
Properties of Ammonium Sulfate, Ammonium
Bisulfate, and SC^ Solutions in Ammonia
Scrubbing Process - 8/73
IERL-RTP
IERL-RTP
Illinois State
Geological
Survey
M.I.T.
Processes
Research
Processes
Research
TVA
TVA
TVA
West Virginia
University
Aerospace
A.P.T. Inc.
650/2-73-029
650/2-73-038
650/2-73-044
650/2-73-047
R2-73-187
R2-73-229
650/2-73-019a
650/2-73-019b
650/2-73-019c
650/2-73-003
650/2-74-037a
650/2-74-119a
Interactions of Stack Gas Sulfur and
Nitrogen Oxides on Dry Sorbents - 9/73
Procedings of the Flue Gas Desulfurization
Symposium, 1973 - 12/73
Petrographic Characteristics and Physical
Properties of Marls, Chalks, Shells and
Their Calcines Related to Desulfurization
of Flue Gases - 7/71
Absorption of 862 into Limestone Slurrys :
Absorption Rates and Kinetics - 12/73
Recent Developments in Desulfurization of
Fuel Oil and Waste Gas in Japan - 4/73
Recent Developments in Desulfurization of
Fuel Oil and Waste Gas in Japan - 5/73
Full Scale Desulfurization of Stack Gas by
Dry Limestone Injection, Vol. I - 8/73
Full Scale Desulfurization of Stack Gas by
Dry Limestone Injection, Vol. II - 8/73
Full Scale Desulfurization of Stack Gas by
Dry Limestone Injection, Vol. Ill- 8/73
Absorption of S0£ by Alkaline Solutions in
Venturi Scrubber Systems - 7/73
Disposal of By-Products from Non-Regener-
able FGD Systems (Initial Report) - 5/74
Entrainment Separators for Scrubbers -
10/74
C-22
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Bechtel
650/2-74-010
EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility: Lime-
stone Wet Scrubbing Test Results - 1/74
Engineering
Science
650/2-74-077
Lime/Limestone Scrubbing in a Pilot
Bustraxtor (sic) - Key West - 9/74
Engineering
Science
[Not in System]
Lime/Limestone Scrubbing in a Pilot
Dustraxtor (sic) - Key West - Addendum
Data - 9/74
IERL-RTP
TVA
650/2-74-050
Measurement of Entrained Liquid Levels in
Effluent Gases from Scrubber Demisters -
6/74
IERL-RTP
IERL-RTP
IERL-RTP
M. W. Kellogg
Radian
Southern
Research
Institute
Stanford
Research
Institute
650/2-74-035
650/2-74-126a
650/2-74-126b
650/2-74-127
650/2-75-006
650/2-74-129
650/2-74-108
Evaluation of Equations for Designing
Ammoniacal Scrubbers to Remove Sulfur
Oxides from Waste Gas - 1/74
Procedings : Symposium on Flue Gas Desul-
furization: Atlanta 11/74: Vol. I -
12/74
Procedings : Symposium on Flue Gas Desul-
furization: Atlanta 11/74: Vol. II -
12/74
Evaluation of S02 Emission Control Options
for Iowa Power Boilers - 12/74
A Theoretical and Experimental Study of
the Lime/Limestone Wet Scrubbing Process -
12/74
Evaluation of Aronetics Two-Phase Jet
Scrubber - 12/74
Wet-Scrubber Liquid Utilization
650/2-74-049a
Pilot Plant Study of an Ammonia Absorption
- Ammonium Bisulfate Regeneration Process
6/74
C-23
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
A.P.T. Inc.
Bechtel
Bechtel
Chemical
Constru (sic)
Combustion
Engineering
GCA
GCA
IERL-RTP
IERL-RTP
EPA Report No.
650/2-74-119b
650/2-75-047
600/2-75-050
600/2-75-057
650/2-75-052
650/2-74-083a
650/2-75-054
650/2-75-010a
650/2-75-010b
Report Title and Date
Entrainment Separators for Scrubbers -
Final Report - 8/75
EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility:
Summary of Testing through 10/74 - 6/75
EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility:
Advanced Program - 9/75
Magnesia Scrubbing Process as Applied to
an Oil-Fired Power Plant - 10/75
Lime/Limestone Scrubbing for SO? and Par-
ticulate Removal in a Marble Bed Scrubber
6/75
Dynactor Scrubber Evaluation - 6/75
Overview of EPA-IERL/RTP Scrubber Programs
9/75
Sulfur Oxide Throwaway Sludge Evaluation
Panel (Sotsep) , Vol. I - 4/75
Sulfur Oxide Throwaway Sludge Evaluation
Panel (Sotsep), Vol. II - 4/75
M. W. Kellogg 650/2-75-098a
Evaluation of R&D Investment Alternatives
for SOX Air Pollution Control Processes -
8/75
Monsanto
600/2-75-045
Method for Evaluating S02 Abatement
Strategies - 9/75
PEDCo
650/2-75-057a
Survey of FGD Systems• Arizona Public
Service Co., Cholla Generating Station -
6/75
PEDCo
650/2-75-057b
Survey of FGD Systems: LaCygne Power
Station, Kansas City Power & Light Co. -
7/75
C-24
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
PEDCo
PEDCo
PEDCo
PEDCo
PEDCo
PEDCo
PEDCo
PEDCo
PEDCo
Southern
Research
Institute
West Virginia
University
EPA Report No.
650/2-75-057c
650/2-75-057d
650/2-75-057e
650/2-75-057f
650/2-75-057g
650/2-75-057h
650/2-75-057i
650/2-75-057k
650/2-75-057J
650/2-74-129a
600/2-75-023
Report Title and Date
Survey of FGD Systems: Phillips Power
Station, Duquesne Light Co. - 7/75
Survey of FGD Systems: Paddy's Run
Station, Louisville Gas & Electric - 8/75
Survey of FGD Systems: Lawrence Power
Station, Kansas Power & Light - 9/75
Survey of FGD Systems: Eddystone Station,
Philadelphia Electric Co. - 9/75
Survey of FGD Systems: Dickerson Station,
Potomac Electric Power Co. - 9/75
Survey of FGD Systems: Hawthorne Station,
Kansas City Power & Light Co. - 9/75
Survey of FGD Systems : Will County
Station, Commonwealth Edison Co. - 10/75
Survey of FGD Systems: Mojave Station,
Southern Cal. Edison Co. - 10/75
Survey of FGD Systems : Reid Gardner
Station, Nevada Power Co. - 10/75
Evaluation of Centrifield Scrubber - 6/75
Absorption of S02 in Spray Column and Tur-
bulent Contacting Absorbers - 8/75
Aerospace
600/2-76-070
Disposal of Flue Gas Cleaning Wastes: EPA
Shawnee Field Evaluation: Initial Report
3/76
Aerospace
600/7-76-018
Control of Waste and Water Pollution from
Power Plant Flue Gas Cleaning Systems:
First Annual R&D Report - 10/76
Battelle
600/2-75-038
Reductant Gases for Flue Gas Desulfuriza-
tion Systems - 5/76
C-25
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
Bechtel
IERL-RTP
IERL-RTP
IERL-RTP
PEDCo
Radian
Radian
EPA Report No.
600/7-76-008
600/2-76-136a
600/2-76-136b
600/2-76-279
600/2-76-013a
600/2-76-281
600/2-76-273a
Report Title and Date
EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility:
Advanced Program - 9/76
Procedings : Symposium on FGD: New
Orleans - 3/76, Vol. I - 5/76
Procedings: Symposium on FGD: New
Orleans - 3/76, Vol. II- 5/76
Equilibrium Partial Pressure of S02
Alkaline Scrubbing Processes - 1976
SC-2 Abatement for Stationary Sources
Japan - 1/76
Desulfurization of Steel Mill Sinter
Gases - 10/76
in
in
Plant
Experimental & Theoretical Studies of
Solid Solution Formation in Lime and Lime-
stone S02 Scrubbers, Vol. I - 10/-6
Radian
600/2-76-273b
Experimental & Theoretical Studies of
Solid Solution Formation in Lime and Lime-
stone SC-2 Scrubbers, Vol. II - 10/76
RTI
600/2-76-008
S02 Control Processes for Non-Ferrous
Smelters - 1/76
RTI
600/2-76-080
A Quality Assurance Program for the EPA/
Shawnee Wet Limestone Scrubber Demonstra-
tion Program - 3/76
Aerospace
600/7-77-052
Disposal of By-Products from Non-Regener-
able FGD Systems, Second Progress Report -
5/77
A. D. Little
600/7-77-005
Evaluation of the General Motors Double
Alkali SC"2 Control System - 1/77
A. D. Little
600/7-77-050a
Final Report: Dual Alkali Test and
Evaluation Program, Vol. I - 5/77
C-26
-------
TABLE C.4 (Continued)
Contractor
TRW
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
A. D. Little
A.P.T. Inc.
Chemico
ERDA
IERL-RTP
600/7-77-051
600/2-77-172
600/2-77-018
600/7-77-075
600/7-77-061
An Evaluation of the Disposal of FGD
Wastes in Mines and the Ocean, Initial
Assessment - 5/77
Venturi Scrubber Performance Model - 8/77
Magnesia Scrubbing Applied to an Oil-Fired
Power Plant - 3/77
FGD Using Fly Ash Derived from Western
Coals - 7/77
Sludge Oxidation in Limestone FGD Scrub-
bers - 6/77
600/7-77-014
Demonstration of Wellman-Lord/Applied
Chemical FGD Technology: Boiler Operating
Characteristics - 2/77
West Virginia 600/7-77-026
University
Analysis and Simulation of Recycle S02
Lime Slurry in TCA Scrubber System - 3/77
C-27
-------
TABLE C.5 REPORTS ON NOX CONTROL PROCESSES FOR CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION SOURCES
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Babcock &
Wilcox
650/2-73-015
Equimolar NO-N02 Absorption into Magnesia
Slurry — A Pilot Feasibility Study - 11/71
Esso
APTD 1163
Systematic Field Study of NOX Emission
Control Methods for Utility Boilers - 12/71
Radian
Esso
APTD 1162
A Theoretical Study of NOX Absorption
Using Aqueous Alkaline and Dry Sorbents,
Vol. I - 12/71
Radian
Catalytic
Inc .
Esso
APTD 1138 A Theoretical Study of NOX Absorption
Using Aqueous Alkaline and Dry Sorbents ,
Vol. II - 12/71
R2-72-072a State of the Art for Controlling NOX
Emissions, Part I, Utility Boilers
APTD 1168 Laboratory Studies and Mathematical
Modelling of NOX Formation in Combustion
Processes - 1972
R2-72-015
Development of the Aqueous Processes for
Removing NO,, from Flue Gases - 9/72
National Acad.
of Eng. & Nat.
Res. Council
APTD 0982
Abatement of NOX Emissions from Stationary
Sources - 1972
Aerospace
650/2-73-014
Investigation of Surface Combustion Con-
cepts for NOX Control in Utility Boilers
and Stationary Gas Turbines - 8/73
Combustion
Engineering
650/2-73-005
Program for Reduction of NOX from Tan-
gential Coal Fired Boilers, Phase I - 8/73
Esso
R2-72-015a Development of the Aqueous Processes for
Removing NO from Flue Gases; Addendum
6/73
Institute of 650/2-73-033a
Gas Technology
Aerodynamic Control of NOX and Other Pol-
lutants from Fossil Fuel Combustion, Vol.
I - 10/73
C-28
-------
TABLE C.5 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Institute of
Gas Technology
Processes
Research
Aerotherm
Babcock &
Wilcox
Exxon
Ultrasystems
Inc.
U.S. Bureau
of Mines
Aerospace
Aerotherm
Babcock &
Wilcox
Combustion
Engineering
Combustion
Engineering
650/2-73-033b
R2-73-284
650/2-74-091
650/2-74-002a
650/2-74-066
R2-73-292b
650/2-74-038
650/2-75-012
600/2-75-046
650/2-74-002b
650/2-73-005a
650/2-73-005b
Aerodynamic Control of NOX and Other Pol-
lutants from Fossil Fuel Combustion, Vol.
II - 10/73
Nitrogen Oxide Abatement Technology in
Japan - 6/73
Systems Analysis Requirements for NO
Control of Stationary Sources - 9/74
Effects of Design and Operating Variables
on NOX from Coal Fired Furnaces, Phase I -
1/74
Field Testing: Application of Combustion
Modifications to Control NOX Emissions
from Utility Boilers - 6/74
Package Boiler Flame Modifications for
Reducing Nitrogen Oxide Emissions - 6/74
Combustion Control of Pollutants from
Multi-Burner Coal Fired Systems - 5/74
Analysis of Test Data for NOX Control in
Gas and Oil-Fired Utility Boilers - 1/75
NOX Combustion Control Methods and Costs
for Stationary Sources - 9/75
Effects of Design and Operating Variables
on NOX from Coal Fired Furnaces, Phase II
2/75
Program for Reduction of NOX from Tangen-
tial Coal Fired Boilers, Phase II - 6/75
Program for Reduction of NOX from Tangen-
tial Coal Fired Boilers, Phase III - 8/75
TRW
650/2-75-OOla Assessment of Catalysts for Control of NO
from Stationary Power Plants, Phase I,
Vol. I - 1/75
x
C-29
-------
TABLE C.5 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
TRW
650/2-75-OOlb
Assessment of Catalysts for Control of NOX
from Stationary Power Plants, Phase I,
Vol. II - 1/75
Aerospace
600/2-76-274
Analysis of Test Data for NOX Control in
Coal Fired Utility Boilers - 10/76
Environics
600/7-76-031
Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides
with Ammonia: Utility Pilot Plant Opera-
tion - 10/76
Exxon 600/7-76-009a Mechanism and Kinetics of the Formation of
NOX and Other Combustion Pollutants, Phase
I, Unmodified Combustion - 8/76
Exxon
600/7-76-009b
Mechanism and Kinetics of the Formation of
NOX and Other Combustion Pollutants, Phase
I, Modified Combustion - 8/76
Institute of
Gas Technology
600/7-76-098a
Burner Design Criteria for Control of NOX
from Natural Gas Combustion, Vol. I - 4/76
Institute of
Gas Technology
600/7-76-098b
Burner Design Criteria for Control of NOX
from Natural Gas Combustion, Vol. II -
6/76
Int. Flame
Research
Foundation
600/2-76-061a Burner Criteria for NOX Control, Vol. I:
Influence of Burner Variables on NO,, in
Pulverized Coal Flames - 3/76
x
KVB Engineering 600/2-76-086a
Field Testing: Application of Combustion
Modifications to Control Pollutant
Emissions from Industrial Boilers, Phase
II - 4/76
PEDCo
600/2-76-013b
NOX Abatement for Stationary Sources in
Japan - 1/76
RTI
600/7-76-033
Technology and Economics of Flue Gas NOX
Oxidation by Ozone - 12/76
U.C.L.A.
600/7-76-026
Parametric Studies of Catalysts for NOX
Control from Stationary Power Plants -
10/76
C-30
-------
TABLE C.5 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Aerotherm
600/7-77-077
EPA Stationary Source Combustion Control
Technology Program, FY1976 - 7/77
KVB Engineering 600/8-77-003a
Guidelines for Industrial Boiler Perfor-
mance Improvement - 1/77
KVB Engineering 600/2-77-122
Field Testing: Application of Combustion
Modifications to Control Pollutant Emis-
sions from Industrial Boilers, Phases I &
II - 6/77
Monsanto
600/7-77-006
Applicability of NOX Combustion Modifica-
tion to Cyclone Boilers - 1/77
Ultrasystems 600/2-77-025
Inc.
Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from
Field Operating Package Boilers - 1/77
C-31
-------
TABLE C.6 REPORTS ON PARTICULATE MATTER CONTROLS FOR CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION
SOURCES
Contractor
Southern
Research
Institute
Southern
Research
Institute
Southern
Research
Institute
Southern
Research
Institute
Babcock &
Wile ox
IERL-RTP
Midwest
Research
Midwest
Research
Midwest
Research
MIT
MIT
National Acad.
EPA Report No.
APTD 0610
APTD 0611
APTD 0612
APTD 0657
APTD 0967
[Not in System]
APTD 0743
APTD 0744
APTD 0745
APTD 0869
APTD 0868
R2-72-042
Report Title and Date
An Electrostatic Precipitator Systems
Study: A Manual of Electrostatic Pre-
cipitator Technology - 3/70
An Electrostatic Precipitator Systems
Study: A Manual of Electrostatic Pre-
cipitator Technology, Part II - 8/70
An Electrostatic Precipitator Systems
Study: A Manual of Electrostatic Pre-
cipitator Technology, Part III - 8/70
An Electrostatic Precipitator Systems
Study: A Manual of Electrostatic Pre-
cipitator Technology, Final Report - 10/70
Conceptualized Fly Ash
System with By-Product Recovery - 1/71
Procedings of the Electrostatic Precipi-
tator Symposium - 2/71
Particulate Pollutant System Study, Vol. I
5/71
Particulate Pollutant System Study, Vol.
II - 8/71
Particulate Pollutant System Study, Vol.
Ill - 5/71
Electrical Induction of Particle
Agglomeration - 8/71
Charged Droplet Technology for Removal of
Particulates from Industrial Gases - 8/71
Abatement of Particulate Emissions from
of Eng. & Nat,
Res. Council
Stationary Sources - 7/72
C-32
-------
Contractor
TABLE C.6 (Continued)
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Southern
Research
Institute
Uni search
A.P.T. Inc.
IERL-RTP
A.P.T. Inc.
A.P.T. Inc.
Battelle
Cottrell
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
Enviro-Systems
and Research
GCA
Midwest
Research
MIT
650/2-74-132
R2-73-258
650/2-73-036
650/2-75-081
650/2-74-093
650/2-74-112
650/2-74-100
650/2-74-053
650/2-74-058
650/2-74-043
650/2-74-027
650/2-74-075
An Electrostatic Precipitator Performance
Model - 7/72
Survey of Austrailian Experience in Col-
lecting High Resistivity Fly Ash with
Electrostatic Precipitators
Feasibility of Flux/Force/Condensation
Scrubbing for Fine Particulate Collection
10/73
Seminar on Electrostatics and Fine
Particles - 9/73
Fine Particle Scrubber Performance Tests
10/74
EPA Fine Particle Scrubber Symposium, 5/74
10/74
Process Modifications for Control of
Particulate Emissions from Stationary
Combustion, Incineration and Metals - 10/74
Particulate Collection Study, EPA/TVA Full
Scale Dry Limestone Injection Tests - 6/74
Applying Fabric Filtration to Coal Fired
Industrial Boilers: Preliminary Pilot
Scale Investigation - 7/74
Procedings: Symposium on the Use of
Fabric Filters for the Control of Sub-
micron Particulates - 5/74
Control Technology for Fine Particulate
Emissions - 5/74
Charged Droplet Scrubbing of Submicron
Particles - 8/74
C-33
-------
TABLE C.6 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Southern
Research
Institute
650/2-74-102
Particulate Sizing Techniques for Control
Device Evaluation - 10/74
A.P.T. Inc.
600/2-75-018
Study of Flux Force/Condensation Scrubbing
of Fine Particles - 8/75
Enviro-Systems 650/2-74-058a
and Research
Applying Fabric Filtration to Coal Fired
Industrial Boilers: Pilot Scale Investi-
gation - 8/75
GCA
600/2-75-013a
Fractional Efficiency of a Utility Boiler
Baghouse: Nucla Generating Plant - 8/75
M. W. Kellogg 650/2-75-016
Symposium on Electrostatic Precipitators
for the Control of Fine Particles - 1/75
M. W. Kellogg 650/2-75-033
Aerotherm
Particulate Collection Efficiency Measure-
ments on Wet Electrostatic Precipitators -
3/75
M. W. Kellogg
Meteorology
Research
Midwest
Research
Mitre
Textile
Research
Institute
600/2-75-056
600/2-75-074
600/2-75-020
600/2-75-037
650/2-75-002
Particulate Collection Efficiency Measure-
ments on Three Electrostatic Precipitators
10/75
Evaluation of a Particulate Scrubber on a
Coal Fired Utility Boiler - 11/75
Particulate Removal from Gas Streams at
High Temperature /High Pressure - 8/75
Test Evaluation of a Cat-Ox High Efficiency
Electrostatic Precipitator - 8/75
Influence of Fibre Characteristics on
Particulate Filtration - 1/75
600/2-76-052
Impact of Clean Fuels Combustion on
Primary Particulate Emissions from
Stationary Sources - 3/76
C-34
-------
TABLE C.6 (Continued)
Contractor
Aerotherm
A.P.T. Inc.
A.P.T. Inc.
A.P.T. Inc.
Battelle
GCA
GCA
GCA
Harvard
University
IERL-RTP
IERL-RTP
EPA Report No.
600/7-76-010
600/2-76-200
600/2-76-154a
600/2-76-282
600/2-76-002
600/2-76-055
600/2-76-035
600/2-76-077a
600/2-76-020
600/2-76-168a
600/2-76-168b
Report Title and Date
Symposium on Particulate Control in Energy
Processes - 9/76
Study of Horizontal Spray Flux Force/
Condensation Scrubber - 7/76
A.P.S. Electrostatic Scrubber Evaluation -
6/76
National Dust Collector Model 850 Variable
Rod Model Venturi Scrubber Evaluation -
12/76
Control of Reclaimation (sinter) Plant
Emissions Using Electrostatic Precipita-
tors - 1/76
Evaluation of Electrostatic Augmentation
for Fine Particle Control - 3/76
Evaluation of Eight Novel Fine Particle
Collection Devices - 2/76
Fractional Efficiency of a Utility Boiler
Baghouse: Sunbury Steam-Electric Station
3/76
High Velocity, High Efficiency, Aerosol
Filtration - 1/76
EPA Fabric Filtration Studies: 1:
Performance of Non Woven Nylon Filter Bags
12/76
EPA Fabric Filtration Studies: 2:
Performance of Non Woven Polyester Filter
Bags - 6/76
IERL-RTP
600/2-76-168c
EPA Fabric Filtration Studies: 3:
Performance of Filter Bags Made from
Expanded PTFE Laminate - 12/76
C-35
-------
Contractor
TABLE C.6 (Continued)
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
IERL-RTP
Midwest
Research
Midwest
Research
Midwest
Research
Midwest
Research
Midwest
Research
Monsanto
Monsanto
Southern
Research
Institute
Southern
Research
Institute
Southern
Research
Institute
Southern
Research
Institute
600/7-76-027
600/2-76-041
600/2-76-001
600/2-76-066
600/2-76-067
600/7-76-133
600/2-76-042
600/2-76-125
600/2-76-142
600/2-76-280
600/2-76-140
600/2-76-141
Effect of Fly Ash Conditioning Agent on
Power Plant Emissions - 10/76
Evaluation of Electric Field Fabric
Filtration - 2/76
Evaluation of Sonics for Fine Particle
Control - 1/76
Evaluation of Turbulent Agglomeration for
Fine Particle Control - 3/76
Evaluation of Thermal Agglomeration for
Fine Particle Control - 1976
Evaluation of Magnetics for Fine Particle
Control - 5/76
Particulate Control Mobile Test Units:
First Years' Operation - 2/76
Application of Foam Scrubbing to Fine
Particle Control, Phase I - 5/76
Wet Electrostatic Precipitator System
Study - 5/76
Particulate Sizing Techniques for Control
Device Evaluation Cascade Impactor
Calibrations - 10/76
Rapping Reintrainment in a Nearly Full-
Scale Pilot Electrostatic Precioitator -
5/76
Particulate Collection Efficiency
Measurements on an Electrostatic Precipi-
tator Installed on a Paper MiH Recovery
Boiler - 5/76
C-36
-------
TABLE C.6 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Southern
Research
Institute
TRW
600/7-76-016
600/2-76-249a
Conference on Particle Collection
in Converting to Low Sulfur Coals
Charged Droplet Scrubber for Fine
Control: Laboratory Study - 9/76
Problems
- 10/76
Particle
TRW
600/2-76-249b
Charged Droplet Scrubber for Fine Particle
Control: Pilot Demonstration - 9/76
TVA
600/7-76-021
TVA's 1-MW Pilot Plant: Verticle Dust
Mist Elimination Testing Program - 10/76
University of
Washington
600/2-76-100
Univ. of Washington Electrostatic Spray
Scrubber Evaluation - 4/76
Aerotherm
600/2-77-067
Evaluation of Molten Scrubbing for Fine
Particulate Control - 3/77
Aerotherm
Mitre
600/2-77-067
Evaluation of Ceramic Filters for High
Temperature/High Pressure Fine Particulate
Control - 2/77
A.P.T. Inc.
A.P.T. Inc.
IERL-RTP
IERL-RTP
IERL-RTP
600/7-77-002
600/7-77-071
600/7-77-095a
600/2-77-197
600/7-77-042
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on
Particle Collection Mechanisms: Theoret-
ical Review - 1/77
High Temperature and High Pressure Par-
ticulate Control Requirements - 7/77
EPA Fabric Filtration Studies: 4: Bag
Aging Effects - 8/77
Evaluation of Foam Scrubbing as a Method
for Collecting Fine Particulate - 9/77
EPA Research in Fabric Filtration Annual
Report on IERL-RTP In-House Programs -
5/77
600/7-77-013
EPA and ERDA High Temperature/High Pres-
sure Particulate Control Programs - 2/77
C-37
-------
TABLE C.6 (Continued)
Contractor
Monsanto
Monsanto
PEDCo
RTI
Southern
Research
Institute
TVA
EPA Report No.
600/2-77-042
600/2-77-110
600/2-77-006
600/2-77-002
600/2-77-084
600/7-77-019
Report Title and Date
Particulate Control Mobile Test Units:
Second Years' Operation - 1/77
Application of Foam Scrubbing to Fine
Particle Control, Phase II - 6/77
Electrostatic Precipitator Malfunctions
in the Electric Utility Industry - 1/77
Comparative U.S. /USSR Tests of a Hot-Side
Electrostatic Precipitator - 1/77
Recent USSR Literature on Control of
Particulate Emissions from Stationary
Sources - 4/77
TVA's 1-MW Pilot Plant: Final Report on
High Velocity Scrubbing and Vertical Dust
Mist Elimination - 3/77
University of 600/2-77-055
Illinois, Urbana
Electric Curtain Device for Control and
Removal of Fine Particles - 2/77
C-38
-------
TABLE C.7 REPORTS ON ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND RESOURCE CONSERVATION OR RECOVERY
FACTORS CONNECTED WITH CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION SOURCES
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
M. W. Kellogg APTD 0689
Economic Evaluation of Metal Oxide Pro-
cesses for S02 Removal from Power Plant
Flue Gases - 3/70
TVA
APTD 0615
Sulfur Oxide Removal from Power Plant
Stack Gas: Conceptual Design and Cost
Study: Ammonia Scrubbing - 1970
TYCO Lab
APTD 1156
Development of the Catalytic Chamber
Process [for Manufacture of H2S04 and
HN03 from Waste Flue Gas] - 10/70
West Virginia APTD 0613
University
West Vaco
[none]
Study for the Potential for Recovering
Unreacted Lime from Limestone Modified Fly
Ash by Agglomerate Flotation - 5/70
Aerospace
Babcock &
Wilcox
TVA
APTD 1068
APTD 0967
APTD 0699
Technical and Economic Factors Associated
with Fly Ash Utilization - 7/71
Conceptualized Fly Ash and S02 Scrubbing
System with By-Product Recovery - 1/71
Sulfur Oxide Removal from Power Plant
Stack Gas; Conceptual Design and Cost
Study: Reactivities of Limestone - 1971
Development of an Activated Charcoal S
Sorption and Sulfur Recovery Process -
6/71
Hittman Assoc. APTD 0919
Cost Nomographs of Selected S02 Abatement
Methods - 1/72
M. W. Kellogg APTD 1104
Detailed Cost Breakdown for Selected
Sulfur Oxide Control Processes - 3/72
TVA
APTD 1137
Sulfur Oxide Removal from Power Plant
Stack Gases: Conceptual Design and Cost
Study: Effect of Organic Acids on Wet
Limestone Process - 2/72
C-39
-------
TABLE C.7 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Tyco Lab
R2-72-038
Development of the Catalytic Chamber Pro-
cess [for Manufacture of H2S04 and HNC>3
from Waste Flue Gas] - 9/72
Catalytic Inc. R2-73-143a
Process Cost Estimate for Limestone Slurry
Scrubbing of Flue Gas - 1/73
Catalytic Inc. R2-73-148b
Process Cost Estimate for Limestone Slurry
Scrubbing of Flue Gas, Part II — Detailed
Estimate Sheets - 1/73
TVA
R2-73-244
Sulfur Oxide Removal from Stack Gas: Con-
ceptual Design and Cost Study: Magnesia
Scrubbing-Regeneration, Prod, of Concen-
trated H2S04 - 5/73
TVA
650/2-73-051
Marketing H2S04 from S02 Abatement Sources
— The TVA Hypothesis - 12/73
Aerotherm
650/2-74-123
Boiler Modification Cost Survey for SOX
Control by Fuel Substitution - 11/74
KVB Engrg.
650/2-74-078a
Field Testing: Application of Combustion
Modifications to Control Pollutant Emis-
sions from Industrial Boilers - 10/74
M. W. Kellogg
Availability of Supplies, Materials, and
Equipment Needed for Electrostatic
Precipitators - 9/74
M. W. Kellogg 650/2-74-098
Evaluation of Investment R&D Alternatives
for SOX Air Pollution Control Processes -
9/74
Aerotherm
600/2-75-046
NOX Combustion Control Methods and Costs
for Stationary Sources: Summary Study -
9/75
Battelle
600/2-75-073
S02 Reduction in Non-Utility Combustion
Sources — Technical and Economic Compar-
ison of Alternatives - 10/75
C-40
-------
TABLE C.7 (Continued)
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
TVA
Wisconsin
Electric
Acres American
Aerospace
Aerotherm
N.B.S.
PEDCo
TRW
600/2-75-006
650/2-75-045
600/2-76-078
600/2-76-024
600/2-76-097
650/2-74-125
600/2-76-150
600/2-76-093b
Detailed Cost Estimates for Advanced
Effluent Desulfurization Processes - 1/75
Stone and Webster/Ionics S02 Removal and
Recovery Process - 5/75
Cost Estimating Methodology for Once-
Through Cooling Water Discharge Modifica-
tions - 3/76
Reuse of Power Plant Desulfurization Waste
Water - 2/76
Feasibility of a Heat and Emission Loss
Prevention System for Area Source Furnaces
4/76
Pollutant Analysis Cost Survey - 12/76
Simplified Procedures for Estimating FGD
System Costs - 6/76
Field Testing Sampling/Analytical Strate-
gies and Implementation Cost Estimates:
Coal Gasification & FGD - 4/76
West Vaco
600/2-76-135a
Development of the West Vaco Activated
Carbon Process for SOX Recovery as
Elemental Sulfur - 5/76
West Vaco
600/2-76-135b
Development of the West Vaco Activated
Carbon Process for SOX Recovery as
Elemental Sulfur, Vol. II - 5/76
C-41
-------
TABLE C.8 REPORTS ON MULTI-MEDIA IMPACTS AND GOALS RELATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL
COMBUSTION SOURCES
Contractor
EPA Report No. Report Title and Date
Monsanto
600/2-76-176
Air, Water, and Solid Residue Prioritiza-
tion Models for Conventional Combustion
Sources - 7/76
Monsanto
600/2-76-032a
Source Assessment: Prioritization of
Stationary Air Pollution Sources — Model
Description - 2/76
Monsanto
600/2-76-032e
Source Assessment: Prioritization of
Stationary Air Pollution Sources: Sever-
ity of Stationary Air Pollution Sources -
2/76
Monsanto
600/2-77-107c
Source Assessment: Overview Matrix for
National Criteria Pollutant Emissions -
7/77
C-42
-------
APPENDIX D
SUMMARY OF CURRENT ACTIVITIES
D-l
-------
APPENDIX D
SUMMARY OF CURRENT ACTIVITIES
This Appendix presents in tabular form a summary of recent and current
project activities in pollution assessment from conventional (stationary)
combustion sources. The methods by which this information was gathered have
been discussed in Section 6.0 of this report. For convenience these tables
are grouped to correspond to the categories of project activity as shown in
Table D.I.
Table D.I. Relation of Tables in APPENDIX D to Sections of This Report.
Table Number Report Section
D.2 VI E.I
D.3 VI E.2
D.4 VI E.3
D.5 VI E.4
D.6 VI E.5
D.7 VI E.6
D.8 VI F
D.9 VI G
D.10 VI H
D.ll VI I
D.12 VI J
D.13 VII B
D.14 VII C
D.15 VII D
D.16 VII E
Brief descriptions of many project activities have been given in Sections
6 and 7 and will not be repeated in this Appendix. As pointed out in Section
6 this listing of projects is not comprehensive, but merely representative of
the extensive research activity on the assessment of pollution from conventional
combustion sources.
D-2
-------
TABLE D2. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON MULTI-SOURCE EMISSIONS MEASUREMENTS
Contract No.
Sponsor Period
EPA 3/77-12/79
EPA 3/77- 1/80
EPA 5/76- 5/79
3)
•** EPA 2/77-10/79
EPA 5/74- 5/78
Funding Organization
743K 68-02-2629
Battelle
3815K 68-02-2197
TRW Inc.
706K 68-02-2155
Catalytic
2727K 68-02-2160
Acurex/
Aerotherm
1400K 68-02-1415
Exxon
Description
Environmental Assessment of Afterburner
Combustion Systems
E/A of Conventional Combustion Systems
Environmental Assessment of the Uses of
Residual Oil
Environmental Assessment and Systems Analysis
of Stationary Source Combustion Control
Technology (NOX)
The Effect of Combustion Modification on Polli
and Equipment Performance of Power Generation
-------
TABLE D3. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON EMISSIONS FROM UTILITY SOURCES
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization Description
EPA 1/76-12/79 750K DXE 721 BB
(to date) TVA
Characterization of Effluents from Coal-Fired
Utility Boilers
TVA
EPA
FY76
FY76
10K 988-15-990-1020 Trace Element Study
TVA, Chatt.
180K
68-02-2272
Southern
Res. Inst.
Identification and Measurement of High M.W.
Organic Compounds from Power Plants
EPA
FY76
120K 77-ABL-04 Identification and Measurement of High M.W,
Southern Organic Compounds in Emissions from Power
Res. Inst. Plants and Oil Refineries
EPA
FY76
75K
4026
Brookhaven
N.L.
Studies to Determine S02 and SO^ in Power Plant
Stack Emissions
ERDA
FY76
66K AA 06020111
Univ. of N.H.
Investigation of the Mechanisms of Fly-Ash
Formation in Coal-Fired Utility Boilers
ERDA
FY76
281K W-7405-ENG-48 Trace Contaminants from Fossil Fuel Power
California Univ. Stations
ERDA
FY76
66K W-7405-ENG-82 Characterization of Gaseous Molecular Pol-
Ames Labs, Iowa lutants Emitted by Energy Generation Sources
-------
TABLE D4. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
6/77-
161K 68-02-2643 Evaluation of Pollutant Emissions from Indus-
IGT trial Burners Using "Dirty" Low and Medium
BTU Gases
EPA
3/77- 7/79 744K 68-02-2627 Evaluation of Emissions and Control Technology
Battelle for Industrial Stoker Boilers
u
i
Ln
EPA
EPA
1/76- 1/77
FY76
798K 68-02-2144
KVB Engr. Inc.
315K CRB-727
KVB Engr. Inc,
Field Testing—Comb. Modifications of Ind.
Combustion Equipment
Systems Evaluation of the Use of Low Sulfur
Western Coal in Existing Small and Intermediate
Size Boilers
EPA
FY76
68K 68-02-1500
Ultrasystems
Inc.
Low Emission Burners for Package Boilers
EPA
FY76
8K 68-02-1821 A Survey of Emissions Control Combustion
Institute of Equipment Data in Industrial Process Heating
Gas Technology
EPA
FY76
400K 68-02-1488
Ultrasystems
Inc.
Development of Scale-Up Criteria for Burner
Design and Application to Industrial Utility
Boilers
-------
TABLE D5. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND RESIDENTIAL SOURCES
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization
EPA 1/77- 8/78 542K 68-02-2174
Rockwell/
Rocketdyne
EPA FY76 60K CRB-717
EPA-RTP
EPA FY76 38K 68-02-1819
Rockwell/
V Rocketdyne
EPA FY76 25K 68-02-1848
Battelle
EPA FY76 2K 68-02-0251
Battelle
Description
Design Optimization, Construction and Field
Optimization of Integrated Residential
Furnace
Characterization and Design Evaluation for
Commercial Combustion Systems
Oil Furnace System Optimization - Residential
Evaluation of Emissions from Residential and
Small Commercial Stoker Coal-Fired Boilers
Under "Smokeless" Operation
Investigation of the Effect of Combustion
Parameters on Emissions from Residential and
Commercial Heating Equipment
ERDA
U. Cal.
-------
TABLE D6. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON FUEL CHARACTERIZATION
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
5/76- 9/77 225K DXE 685 EJ Trace Element Characterization and Removal/
LASL Recovery from Coal and Coal Wastes
EPA
5/77- 5/79
457K 68-02-2638
Westinghouse
Analytical Support—Residual Oil
a
i
EPA
EPA
9/76-10/78
8/74- 7/77
631K 68-02-2187 Combustion of Hydrothermally Treated Coal
Battelle
395K
R803242
MIT
Combustion Research on Coal Nitrogen and
Particulate Organic Matter
EPA
3/76- 4/79
105K R804403
Univ. 111.
Geol. Survey
Mineral Matter in Coal
EPA
FY76
65K R-803715-02
Arizona Univ.
Effect of Fuel Sulfur on NO Formation in
Combustion Processes
EPA
FY76
60K CB-745 Characterization of Emission and Combustion
EPA-IERL Performance of Alternate Fuels
EPRI
1977-81
1500K RP-983
SAI/McNally
Non-Destructive Assay of Coal
-------
TABLE D7. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON MEASUREMENT METHODS
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
3/76- 3/79
899K 68-02-2150
A. D. Little
Sampling and Analysis Methods for POM and
Other Organic Pollutants
EPA
12/75-12/78
716K 68-02-2133 Development of Measurement Techniques for
Res. Corp. Fugitive Emissions from Process and Effluent
New England Streams
a
oo
EPRI
EPRI
1975-77
1977-79
165K RP-631
Stanford Univ.
400K (RFP)
Characterization of Flyash by Auger Electron
Spectroscope
Trace Element Measurement Guidelines
EPRI
1977-78
300K
(RFP)
POM Source Measurement Technology
-------
TABLE D8. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON TRANSPORT AND FATE OF POLLUTANTS
Sponsor
Contract No.
Period Funding Organization Description
ERDA
FY76
75K EAB-540-77-ADA-1 Airborne Monitoring Study: Hyperbolic Cooling
Maryland Bureau Tower Effluents and Reactions
of Air Quality
Control
ERDA
FY76
150K ANL 57504
Argonne Nat. Lab.
Atmospheric Particle Chemistry and Sulfur
Emission Control Studies
o
i
ERDA
FY76
270K E (30-D-16
Brookhaven
Nat. Lab.
Plume Studies
ERDA
FY76
138K
001781
ERDA
Non-Nuclear Pollutants in Surface Air
EPA
FY76
174K
77BDL
TVA
Atmospheric Transformation of Emissions from
Coal Fired Power Plants. a) Full Scale Studies
ERDA
FY76
477K W-7405-ENG-48 Multistate Atmospheric Power Production
California U. Pollution Study (MAP3S)
EPA
FY76
89K 68-02-1873 Investigation of Aerodynamic Phenomena in
United Aircraft Pollution Control
Corp.
-------
TABLE D8. (Continued)
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
FY76
150K 77ACP-A5
Washington U.
St. Louis
Sulfur Budget in Large Plumes
EPA
FY76
77AE1-3
Florida St. U.
Mesoscale Sulfur Balance Studies
a
i
EPA
EPA
FY76
FY76
77ACO-A3
Texas Univ.
30K 77 ACP-D
Maryland Univ.
Reactions of SC>2 in Aerosols
An Investigation of Oil Reactions of Importance in the
Perturbed Troposphere and an Investigation of Trace
Gases and Particulates in Oil Fired Power Plant Plumes
EPA
FY76
190K BAA/70930-32
NOAA, Boulder
Lidar Techniques for Measuring Particulate
Pollutants and Their Transport and Dispersion
Processes
ERDA
FY76
66K W-7405-ENG-48
California U.
Formation of Oxyacids of Sulfur from S02
ERDA
FY76
35K E(11-1)2161 Energy Generation and the Sulfur Cycle
Wisconsin Univ.
-------
TABLE D8. (Continued)
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
ERDA
FY76
80K W-7405-ENG-26
Oak Ridge
Nat. Lab.
CUMEX Index and Transport Models for
Environmental Pollutants
ERDA
FY76
55K E(40-l)Gen242 Development of Transport Models for
UT-ERDA Environmental Pollutants
o
i
ERDA
FY76
100K E(45-l) 1830
Battelle
Urban Pollutant Characterization, Transport
and Deposition
ERDA
FY76
109K E(45-l) 1830
Battelle
Precipitation Scavenging in MAP35
ERDA
FY76
426K W-31-109-ENG-48 Energy Related Environmental Research on the
Argonne Nat. Lab. Great Lakes: Fate and Effects of Non-Nuclear
Pollutants
ERDA
FY76
105K 4060 Ecological Fate and Effects of Trace
Los Alamos Contaminants from Coal Combustion and
Sci. Lab. Processing
-------
TABLE D8. (Continued)
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization
Description
ERDA
FY76
65K AEC-014-77-
El-AR-1
Nat. Marine
Fisheries Serv.
Impacts Associated with Offshore Power Plants:
Transport and Fate of Ni, Cu and Zn in Coastal
Waters of N.C.
ERDA
FY76
130K 004160
DuPont & Co.
Trace Metal Cycling and Effects on Terrestrial
Ecosystems in the Southeast U.S.
o
i
ERDA
FY76
270K E(30-l)-16 Plume Studies
Brookhaven Nat.
Laboratory
ERDA
FY76
200K W-7405-ENG-26
Oak Ridge
Nat. Lab.
Environmental Fate of Pollutants from Coal
Combustion Plants
EPA
FY76
225K 78 AEI
EPA - Denver
Northern Great Plains and Central Rockies Air
Quality Baseline Network
EPA
FY76
200K 77 ABG-01
EPA - Las Vegas
Regional Ambient Air Monitoring of Energy Related
Toxic Substances and Suspended Particulates in the
Southwestern U.S.
-------
TABLE D8. (Continued)
Sponsor Period
Contract No.
Funding Organization Description
EPA
FY76
125K 78 AEG Energy Related Water Monitoring Data Integration
EPA - Las Vegas
EPA
FY76
450K 77 ABF-01 Ambient Air Monitoring in the Vincinity of
EPA - Las Vegas Energy-Related Sources/Western Energy Development
G
I
EPA
EPA
FY76
FY76
125K 78 ABQ Standardization and Quality Assurance for Water
EPA - Cinn. Monitoring
250K 77 ABP-01 Develop and Maintain Interlaboratory Quality
Rockwell Assurance Program for Air Monitoring Laboratories
-------
TABLE D9. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON HEALTH EFFECTS
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
1/77- 9/77 57K 68-02-2625 Effects of Pathogenic and Toxic Materials
H2M Corp. Transported Via Cooling Device
EPA
FY76
166K ABW-2 Determine Behavioral, Physiologic and Meta-
Akron Univ. bolic Effects for Populations Residing in
Communities where Major Shifts in Pollutants
are Anticipated from Coal Conversion or Com-
bustion
o
i
EPA
FY76
115K 77ABU-04
Cincinnati U.
Chemical Characterization and Toxicity of
Metal Binding Components of Emissions from
Mobil and Stationary Energy Sources
EPA
FY76
(?) 77ABV-05
Cincinnati U.
Electroencephalographic and Behavioral
Studies of Rats During Long Term Continuous
Exposure to S02 and Particulate Matter
EPA
FY76
87K 77ABV-06
UCLA School
of Medicine
Effects of Pollutants from Energy Consumption
and Environmental Trace Metals on Lung
Metabolism
EPA
FY76
86K ABW-2d
Maryland U.
Study the Effects on Asthmatics of Pollutants
Resulting from Converting to Coal Combustion
in a Power Plant
-------
TABLE D9. (Continued)
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
FY76
100K 77-AEE-2-4
Northrop
Services Inc,
Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Selected Sulfates
and of Source and Ambient Air Samples
EPA
FY76
130K 77ABV Investigation of Effects of Prolonged Inhala-
Battelle tion of Ni, B, and Cr, Envriched Western Coal
Fly Ash in Syrian Golden Hampsters
EPA
I
1—'
Ui
FY76
90K 77ABX-3-2
IIT Res. Inst.
Evaluate Effects of Chronic or Intermittent
Exposure to Respirable Particles and Mists
Using Mouse Pulmonary Infectivity Model
EPA
FY76
69K 77-ABV-01/02
EPA
Comparative Toxicological Assessment of Fly
Ash from Western and Eastern Coal
EPA
FY76
193K 77-ACE-3
Geomet, Inc.
Study the Health Effects of N02, CO, and HC,
from Newly Insulated Homes
ERDA
FY76
67K E(40-3)-472
California U.
Assessment of Health Effects of Energy Systems
ERDA
FY76
224K W-7405-ENG-48 Trace Elements in Major Food Chains
California U.
-------
TABLE D9. (Continued)
Contract No.
Sponsor
ERDA
ERDA
ERDA
=)
^ ERDA
Period
FY76
FY76
FY76
FY76
Funding Organization
100K 4117
Battelle
111K 4052
Lovelace Found.
4118
Battelle
80K 4119
Battelle
Description
Toxicity of CO, NOX, SOX, and Fly Ash
Metabolism of Inhaled Trace Metal Effluents
Lung Toxicity of Sulfur Pollutants
Factors Influencing Cross-Placental Transfer
and Teratogenicity of Metallic Pollutants
ERDA
FY76
141K 4056
Lovelace Found.
Develop Instrumentation and Methods to Identify,
Measure, and Analyse Energy Related Aerosols
and Particulates in Relation to Direct Effects
on Health
EPRI
1980-82
2500K
Measurement Support for Determining Utility
Impact on Health and Welfare Issues
NIEHS
FY76
33K R01-ES01045 Biochemical Effects and Reactions of S02
California U.
-------
TABLE D9. (Continued)
Contract No.
Sponsor
NIEHS
Period
FY76
Funding Organization
(?) R01-ES00852
UCLA School
of Medicine
Description
Environmental Trace Metal
of the Kidney
Intoxications of
NIEHS
FY76
34K R01-ES00839 Effect of NC>2 Induced Lesions in Lung Macro-
Bowman Gray phages
School of Med.
o
i
NIEHS
FY76
69K R01-ES00827 Factors Affecting Irritant Potency of Gases
Harvard Univ. and Aerosols
NIEHS
FY76
R01-ES00741 Interraction of S02 and Virus on Respiratory
Johns Hopkins Mucosa
University
Public
Health
Service
FY76
236K EPA-1AG-05-
E773-CX-6
Appalachian Lab
for Occupational
Resp. Disease
Mortality Study of TVA High Risk Workers
NIOSH
FY76
155K
NIOSH
Sulfuric and Acid Sulfates, Occupation,! 1
Health Epidemiological Study
-------
TABLE DIG. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
FY76
125K EPA-TAG-E693
NOAA, Boulder
Cloud and Precipitation Modification Effects
of Pollutants from Energy Production
EPA
FY76
184K
77BDO
TVA
Characterize and Quantify the Transfer, Fate
and Effects of SO
x>
NO
x>
and Acid Precipitation
in the Terrestrial Ecosystem Representative
of the Tennessee Valley
EPA
FY76
150K
I
h-'
00
7 7 EDO
TVA
Fillered and Filtered/Unfiltered Exposure
Chamber Studies of Effects of Coal-Fired Power
Plant Emissions on Crop and Forest Species of
Economic Importance in the Southeastern U.S.
EPA
FY76
45K
77BDO
TVA
Determine Dose Response Kinetics for Effects
of Atmospheric Emissions from Coal Fired
Power Plants on Soybeans and Other Crop and
Forest Species
EPA
FY76
44K
77BDO
TVA
Evaluate the Beneficial Effects of S02 and
Other Pollutants Emitted from Steam Plants on
Crop Species and Forests, Particularly Soy-
beans and Pines
EPA
FY76
110K 68-02-1319
Radian Corp.
Technical Support for Environmental Problem
Definition and Pollutant System Studies
-------
TABLE D10. (Continued)
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization
Description
EPA
FY76
193K R804008-2 Environmental Effect of Utilizing Solid Waste
Battelle as a Supplementary Power Plant Fuel
EPA
FY76
100K 77ACO-D Study the Effects of Airborne Sulfur Pollutants
Rockwell Inc. on Materials
a
ERDA
ERDA
FY76
FY76
91K 6815
Penn. St. Univ.
71K E(04-l)Gen-12
California U.
Field Measurement of the Environmental Impact
of Evaporative Cooling Tower Plumes
Effects of Non-Nuclear Pollutants on Arid
Environments
ERDA
FY76
51K W-7405-ENG-48
California U.
Effects on California Marine Biota of
Effluents from Power Plants: Laboratory Studies
ERDA
FY76
130K E(ll-l)3279
Johns Hopkins U.
The Effects of Energy Related Activities on
the Plankton in the Chesapeake Bay
ERDA
FY76
80K £(11-1)2726
State Univ. Coll.
Environmental Impact of Coal Ash on Tributary
Streams and Near Shore Waters of Lake Erie
ERDA
FY76
75K 7128
Rand Corp.
Investigation of Environmental Effects Caused
by Rejection of Waste Heat from Large Electric
Power Plants Directly into the Atmosphere
-------
TABLE D10. (Continued)
Sponsor
Contract No.
Period Funding Organization Description
ERDA
FY76
426K W-31-109-ENG-48 Energy Related Environmental Research on the
Argonne Nat. Lab. Great Lakes: Fate and Effects of Non-Nuclear
Pollutants
ERDA
FY76
147K
000601
Land and Freshwater Environmental Sciences:
Impact of Fossil Fuel on Terrestrial Eco-
systems
o
ERDA
FY76
176K
E(30-l)-16
Brookhaven
Nat. Lab.
Effects of Acid Rain on Terrestrial Eco-
systems
ERDA
FY76
231K AT(07-2)-l Thermal Effects Program
DuPont & Co.
ERDA
FY76
105K
4060
Los Alamos
Sci. Lab.
Ecological Fate and Effects of Trace Con-
taminants from Coal Combustion and Processing
ERDA
FY76
4112
Battelle,
Pac. N.W.
The Immediate Effects of Effluents from Coal
Utilization on the Behavior and Physiology
of Freshwater Biota
-------
TABLE DIG. (Continued)
Sponsor
Contract No.
Period Funding Organization
Description
ERDA
FY76
65K AEC-014-77-
El-AR-1
Nat. Marine
Fisheries Serv.
Impacts Associated with Offshore Power Plants:
Transport and Fate of Ni, Cu, and Zn in
in Coastal Waters of N.C.
ERDA
FY76
$100 004114 Power Plant Heat and Chemical Effluent Effects
Battelle on Selected Marine and Estuarine Communities
o
i
ERDA
FY76
130K 004160 Trace Metal Cycling and Effects on Terrestrial
DuPont & Co. Ecosystems in the Southeast U.S.
ERDA
FY76
148K 001345 Assessment of the Environmental Condition of
Argonne Nat. Lab. the Great Lakes in Relation to Power Production
ERDA
FY76
90K W-7405-ENG-06 Environmental Effects of Cooling Tower Drift
Oak Ridge Nat.
Lab.
ERDA
FY76
69K W-7405-ENG-26 Ecological Effects of Coal Combustion: Response
Oak Ridge Nat. of Vegetation to S02, 03 and Acid Precipitation
Lab.
-------
TABLE D10. (Continued)
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
NOAA
FY76
11K 04-6-158-44021
California U.
Biological Effects of Waste Heat Effluents
from Coastal Power Plants
Dept. of
Commerce
FY76
55K (?)
Environmental
Res. & Tech. Inc.
Environmental Energy Consumption of the
Fossil Fuel Steam Electric Generating
Industry
N3
NJ
EPA
FY76 1575K (?)
TVA
1975-1978 - R803971010
U. Wisconsin
Fisheries Impacts of Steam Electric Power
Plant Operation
The Impact of Coal Fired Power Plants on
the Environment
-------
TABLE Dll. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON MULTIMEDIA GOALS
Contract No.
Sponsor
EPA
EPA
Period
FY76
3/77- 9/77
Funding
69K
2370K
Organization
68-02-1404
Monsanto
68-02-2612
RTI
Description
Air, Water, and Solid Prioritization Models
for Conventional Combustion Sources
Non-Personal, Quick Reaction, Engineering and
Technical Services [Tasks 10, 26 and 27 have
FEA
FY76
o
ro
to
75K CO-04-60470-00
Environmental
Res. & Tech.
been devoted to various aspects of multimedia
goals development]
Technical and/or Policy Evaluation for Air
and/or Water Environmental Impacts from Energy
Generation and Related Facilities, and from
Energy Intensive Industries
-------
TABLE D12. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON ECONOMIC AND ENERGY FACTORS
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization
EPA 5/75- 9/77 100K DXE 721 BH
TVA
EPA FY76 350K 77 BBI
TVA
EPA 3/77- 2/78 359K 68-02-2196
Ultrasystems
i Inc.
Ni
-P-
EPRI 1977-79 900K RP-1031
(RFP)
EPRI 1977 200K RP-783-2
Stearns-Roger
EPRI FY76 17K (?)
TVA
Description
Energy Requirement Optimization Study of
Selected Processes for Removing S02 from
Power Plant Stack Gases
Develop Comparative Economics of Major Stack
Gas Emission Control Processes
Eval. Comb. Design Concepts for Advanced Low
BTU Gas Fired System
Chemistry Modifications to Improve
Reliability and Cost
Technical/Economic Evaluation of NOX Post
Combustion Control Alternatives
Economic Study of Dry NOX Removal
TVA
FY76
2K 988-15-990-6009 Beneficial Use of Waste Heat: General
TVA
FY76
55K (?) Environmental Energy Consumption of the Fossil
Environmental Fuel Steam Electric Generating Industry
Res. & Tech.
-------
TABLE D13. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON S02 CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
5/75- 9/78
250K
DXE 681 BV
ERDA-GFERC
Develop FGD Technology-Alkaline Ash Scrubbing
EPA
5/75- 9/79 100K DXE 685 DA Demonstration of the Citrate Process FGD
USBM System
EPA
2/76- 3/80 375K DXE 721 BA Processing Sludges from Lime/Limestone Wet
(to date) TVA Scrubbing, etc.
K>
Ln
EPA
6/75-12/77 599K 68-03-2334 Evaluation of Alternatives for Disposal of
A. D. Little FGD Sludges
EPA 3/77- 7/78 223K 68-02-2633 Study of Disposal of By-Products from Non-
Aerospace Regenerable FGD Systems
EPA
6/77-
1415K 68-02-2634 Test Program for the Full Scale Double
Bechtel Alkali FGD Utility Demonstration
EPA
9/76-1/80
4500K
68-02-2189
Louisville
Gas & Elec.
Full Scale Utility Double Alkali Demo
-------
TABLE D13. (Continued)
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
9/76- 7/77
2083K 68-02-2195
Empire State
Energy Res.
Corp.
Advanced Regenerable FGD Demo
EPA
4/77- 8/77
68-01-3528
Aerospace Corp.
Assessment of Effects of More Stringent NSPS
for Power Plant SC>2 Emissions
o
EPA
3/77-10/77
68-01-4147
PEDCo
Survey of Utility FGD Systems
EPA
3/76- 9/77
1800K
68-02-2143
Louisville
Gas & Elec.
LG&E Full-Scale Scrubber Testing and Waste
Disposal Program
EPA
6/76- 5/78
150K R804531
Auburn Univ.
Dewatering Principles and Equipment Design
Studies
EPA
FY76
60K 68-02-2102 Engineering and Analytical Support for the
Radian Corp. Louisville Gas & Electric Scrubber Test
Program
EPA
FY76
450K 77 BAZ Lime/Limestone and Advanced Concepts: TVA's
TVA, Chattanooga 1-MW Pilot Plant (Colbert)
-------
TABLE D13. (Continued)
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
FY76
77 BBK
TVA, Muscle
Shoals
Development of FGD Technology Pilot Plant
Study of the Ammonia Absorption-Ammonium
Bisulfite Regeneration Plant
EPA
FY76
799K 68-02-1814
Bechtel Corp.
Shawnee Prototype Study of Lime/Limestone
Scrubbing - Advanced Testing and Data
Evaluation
a
EPA
FY76
160K
68-02-2171
Resources
Cons. Co.
Effective Control of Secondary Water
Pollution from FGD Systems
EPA
FY76
363K 68-02-1010
Aerospace Corp.
Study of Disposal of By-Products from Non-
Regenerable FGD Systems
EPA
FY76
28K 68-02-2988 Technical Assessment of Air Pollution
TRW, Inc. Control for SOX and NOX and Other End
at Baltimore Demonstration Facility
EPA
FY76
50K 77 BBH Energy Requirement Conservation Study of
TVA, M.S. Selected Processes for Removing S02 from
Power Plant Stack Gases
-------
TABLE D13. (Continued)
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
FY76
3250K 77 BBL Development of Flue Gas Desulfurization
TVA, M.S. Technology, Shawnee Lime/Limestone Scrubbing
Program
EPA
FY76
100K 77 BBM
TVA, M.S.
Advance Concept SC-2 Removal Processes
Improvements
u
ro
oo
ERDA
EPRI
FY76
FY76
100K 800057 Environmental Control Technology for Genera-
Argonne Nat. Lab. tion of Power from Coal
300K TV-42660A
TVA, Chatt.
Development of Improved Lime/Limestone
Scrubbing Technology
EPRI
1977-79
600K
(RFP)
Emission/Collection Characterization for
Scrubbers
EPRI
1976-78
300K
RP982-1
PEDCo
State of the Art Design Guidelines for Lime/
Limestone Scrubbing
EPRI
1977-82
5100K
RP1033
TVA
Commercial System Development and Technical
Field Support (Eastern High Sulfur Coal)
Shawnee
-------
TABLE D13. (Continued)
Sponsor Period Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPRI
1977-78
350K
RP 786-2
Envirotech
Evaluation of Sludge Dewatering Processes
EPRI
1976-77 200K RP 202 Sludge Composition and Leachability
So. Cal. Edison
& Radian Corp.
a
i
to
\o
EPRI
1976-77
150K
RP 786-1
Radian &
Sludge Composition
EPRT
1976-77 1500K RP-784 Comparative Design of Advanced Processes
Stone & Webster [FGD]
EPRI
1977
150K RP-981
Atomics
International
Aqueous Carbonate Process Development
(Niagara Mohawk)
EPRI
1978-80
4500K
(est)
Co-Sponsored Pilot Construction & Operation
of Advanced Processes (Regeneration of Snh-
Systems)
EPRI
1975-77 450K RP-536
Southern Serv.
Pilot Test of Chiyoda, Double Alkali, Bergbau
Processes
-------
TABLE D13. (Continued)
Sponsor Period Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPRI
1977
200K RP-1032
Philadelphia
Electric
Demo of Mag.-Ox. Process
EPRI
1980-82 5500K
100 MW + Demonstration of Advanced Processes
o
i
U)
o
TVA
TVA
FY76
FY76
350K 988-15-994-001 Widow's Creek Unit 8:
TVA, Chatt.
40K 988-15-990-1014 SOX Technology
TVA, Chatt.
Limestone Wet Scrubber
TVA
FY76
5K 988-15-990-1013 Sludge Disposal from SOX and Particulate
TVA, Chatt. Removal Processes
FEA
FY76
55K CO-05-060568-00 Assessment of FGD to be Used in Environmental
Olson Labs Inc. Assessments and ETS's
EPRI
1977-82 3500K (2 RFP's)
Systems Study of PC Boilers with Cleanup
Devices Integrated Emission Control
-------
TABLE D14. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON NOV CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
2/77- 2/80 3271K
68-02-2631
Ultrasysterns
Fundamental Combustion Research Applied to
Pollution Control
EPA
1/77- 1/78
340K 68-02-2624
Ultrasystems
Effects of Fuel Properties and Atomization
Parameters on NOX Control for Heavy Liquid
Fuel Fired Package Boilers
EPA
o
U)
3/77- 2/78
359K 68-02-2196
Ultrasystems
Inc.
Eval. Comb. Design Concepts for Advanced Low
Btu Gas Fired System
EPA
1/77- 4/78
277K 68-02-2188
United
Techn. Corp.
An Investigation of NOX, Nitrate and Sulfate
Production in Laboratory Flames
EPA 12/75- 4/78 1607K 68-02-2136 Advanced Combustion Systems for Stationary
United Tech. Gas Turbine Engines
EPA
6/76- 7/77
R803283
Aerospace
Corporation
Analysis of NOX Control in Utility Boilers
EPA
6/75-11/77
129K
R803715
U. Ariz.
Effect of Fuel Sulfur on Nitrogen Oxide
Formation in Combustion Processes
-------
TABLE U14. (Continued)
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPA
12/76-12/78
65K
R804740
UNC
Photochemical Study of NOX Removal by
Photochemical Oxidation, etc.
ERDA
FY76
150K E(45-l)1830 Reaction Kinetics of Combustion Processes
Battelle
o
EPA
EPA
FY76
FY76
60K CRB-725 Combustion Control Technology for Conventional
EPA-IERL Combustion Systems
80K CRB-721 Emissions Control Technology for High Pressure
EPA-RTP Combustion Systems
EPA
FY76
113K 68-02-1360 Burner Design Criteria for Current and Future
Inst. Gas Tech. Gaseous Fuels
EPA
FY76
65K R-803715-02
Arizona Univ.
Effect of Fuel Sulfur on NO Formation in
Combustion Processes
EPA
FY76
50K TV-37968A Control of NOX Formation in Wall, Coal-Fired
TVA, Chatt. Utility Boilers
-------
TABLE D14. (Continued)
Contract No.
Sponsor
EPA
EPA
o EPA
i j
Period Funding
FY76 17K
FY76 47K
FY76 37K
Organization
68-02-0292
Environics Inc.
Newport, Ca.
68-02-1486
Combustion
Engr. Inc.
68-02-1074
KVB Engr.
Description
Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides with
Ammonia: Utility Pilot Plant Operation
Field Test Program to Study Staged Combustion
Technology for Tangentially Fired Utility
Boilers Using Sub-Bituminous Coal
Application of Combustion Modification
Techniques to Control Pollutant Emissions
from Industrial Boilers
EPRI
1976-78 1550K RP-899 Low NOX Burner/Boiler Development
Babcock & Wilcox
EPRI
1979-80
800K
25 MW Low NOV Burner Evaluation
X
EPRI
1975-78
545K
RP-359
Solar
Low NOX Gas Turbine Combustor Development
EPRI
1977-78
600K
RP-835
Exxon
(Phase I)
Pilot Evaluation of NOX Decomposition
-------
TABLE D14. (Continued)
Sponsor
Period
Funding
Contract No.
Organization
Description
EPRI
1977
200K RP-783-2
Stearns-Roger
Technical/Economic Evaluation of NOX Post-
Combustion Control Alternatives
EPRI
1977-79
1300K
(RFP)
Pilot Evaluation of Catalytic/Scrubbing
Methods (1-5 MW)
EPRI
a
OJ
1980-82
6500K
(RFP)
Prototype (30-100 MW) of Integrated Com-
bustion/Post Combustion NO,, Control on Coal
A.
Boilers
TVA
FY76
20K 988-15-990-1006 NOX Technology
TVA, Chatt.
-------
TABLE D15. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON PARTICLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization
EPA 1/76- 6/79 210K DXE 721 BC
TVA
EPA 5/77- 148K 68-02-2641
MWRI
EPA 3/77- 6/78 259K 68-02-2628
Air Poll.
Techn. Inc.
Ul
EPA 9/76- 3/78 564K 68-02-2193
SRI
EPA 9/76- 9/77 153K 68-02-2184
Air Poll.
Techn. Inc.
EPA 9/76- 1/78 195K 68-02-2185
SRI
Description
Fly Ash Characterization and Disposal
Fine Particle Emissions Information System
Development
Effects of Conditioning Agents on Emissions
from Coal Fired Boilers
Fine Particle/High Res. ESP Development
Scrubber Entrainment Separator Development
and Test at Pilot Scale
Evaluation of Hot Side ESPs
EPA 1/77- 7/77 16.3K 68-01-4139 FPETS Data Acquisition and Quality Assurance
Mid West RI
-------
TABLE D15. (Continued)
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization
EPA FY76 65K R-804233-01
Nashville
Thermal Trans-
fer Corp.
EPA 8/74- 7/77 395K R803242
MIT
0 ERDA FY76 250K AA0602015
i ERDA, Grand
OJ
<^ Forks
Description
Baghouses as Emission Control Devices for
Solid Waste Incinerator/Boiler
Combustion Research on Coal Nitrogen and
Particulate Organic Matter
Electrostatic Precipitation of High Resis-
tivity Fly Ash in Stack Gases
EPRI
1976-78
900K RP-780
Met. Research
Inst.
Fractional Efficiency and Collection
Characterization for ESP
EPRI
1976-78
100K RP-785
A. D. Little
Low Sulfur Alkaline Ash Scrubbing
Characterization
EPRI
1975-77
265K RP-532
Princeton/Res.
Cottrell
Electrostatic Precipitator Plate Rapping and
Reliability Analytical Model
-------
TABLE D15. (Continued)
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization
EPA 2/76- 3/77 190K R804393
U. Wash.
EPA 8/76- 8/79 63K R804700
Harvard U.
EPA FY76 100K 77 BBC
TVA, Chatt.
i
^ EPA FY76 $100 68-02-2114
Southern
Res. Inst.
EPA FY76 108K 68-02-1438
GCA Corp.
EPA FY76 500K 68-02-2148
EPA
Description
Fine Particulate Control with U.W.
Electrostatic Scrubber
High Velocity Fabric Filtration
Fly-Ash Characterization and Disposal
Electrostatic Precipitators for Control of
Fine Particles
Fabric Filtration Measuring and Modeling
Program
Demonstration of a High Efficiency/High
Throughput Baghouse
EPA
FY76
102K 68-02-2124 Mobil Bed Flux Force/CondensaLion Scrubbers
Air Pollution
Tech. Inc.
-------
TABLE D15. (Continued)
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization Description
EPRI
1976-77
377K RP-629 Minicombustor for Electrostatic Precipitator
Babcock & Wilcox Design Support
EPRI
1976-78
275K RP-724 Flue Gas Conditioning for Enhanced Precipi-
So. Res. Inst. tation of Difficult Dusts
o
u>
00
EPRI
EPRI
1976-78
1975-82
585K
TVA
Retrofit Application of High Intensity
Ionizer on Coal Fired Utility Plant
10350K RP-725 Advanced Participate Control Pilot Plant
Pub. Ser. Colo., (Arapahoe) and Technical Field Support
Con. Ed., Westcon
Precip.
EPRI
1977-78
RFP
RFP
Kramer/Cameo Commercial Utility S.O.A.
Fabric Filter (Baghouse) Evaluation
EPRI
1977-81
1800K RFP
Advanced Fabric Filter Dev. (Arapahoe)
EPRI
1977-78
300K RFP
Improved Hopper Ash Removal Systems
-------
TABLE D15. (Continued)
Contract No.
Sponsor Period Funding Organization Description
EPRI 1976-82 1200K RP-725 Dev. of Hot Gas Clean-Up System
Stone & Webster
TVA FY76 10K 988-15-990-1018 Particulate Technology
TVA, Chatt.
-------
TABLE D16. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON THERMAL POLLUTION
Sponsor Period
Contract No.
Funding Organization Description
EPA
1/76-12/79 790K DXE 721 BE Advanced Waste Heat Control
(to date) TVA
EPA
5/75-12/78 520K DXE 721 BF Waste Heat Utilization
(to date) TVA
o
o
TVA
ERDA/U.S.
Geol. Surv.
FY76
FY76
30K 988-15-990-1003 Use of Waste Heat in Sewage Sludge Digestion
TVA, Chatt.
200K WD-75-058 Subsurface Heat Storage
U.S. Geol. Surv.
EPA
FY76
100K - Beneficial Uses of Warm Water from Condensers
No. States of Electric Generating Plants
Power Co.
ERDA
FY76
8AK - Combined Effects of Waste Heat and Environmental
Battelle N.W. Factors Acting in Concert
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Infractions on ike reverse before comniztinz!
EPA-600/7 - 78-139
|3. REClPiEMT'S ACCESSION NO.
NO SU81
"LE
Survey of Projects Concerning Conventional Combus-
tion Environmental Assessments
5. REPORT 3A7
July 1978
'S. PERFORMING ORGANIZAT'CN C23E
W.E. Thompson and J.W. Harrison
|8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPCFT \C.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NC.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT GRANT NO.
68-02-2612, Task 19
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final: 3/77-5/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL_RTp project officer is Wade H. Ponder, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2915.
16. ABSTRAC1
The report summarizes information on activities relating to the environ-
mental assessment of stationary conventional combustion processes. The
information was gathered on a nationwide basis and includes activities sponsored by
government, industry, universities, and trade associations. Many abstracts of such
work are given in the report. The information obtained was analyzed to determine
its significance relative to a planning, coordination, and implementation plan
being developed for EPA. The report includes the RTI input to the first annual
report on EPA's Conventional Combustion Environmental Assessment Program.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATi Field/Croup
Pollution
Combustion
Assessments
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Conventional Combustion
Environmental Assess-
ment
13 B
2 IB
14B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
Unclassified
213
20. SECURITY CLASS /This page;
Unclassified
22. PRICE
209
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