PROCEEDINGS
                         VOLUME 2
Conference

In the matter of Pollution of
the Interstate Waters of the
Mahoning River-and its Tributaries
                       February 16-17, 1965
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

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                                                        318
             UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

       DIVISION OF WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
In re:

ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE ON THE

      MAHONING RIVER
                            Voyager Motor Inn,
                            129 Market Street,
                            Youngstown,  Ohio,
                            Wednesday, February 17,  1965
     MURRAY STEIN,  Chairman.
CONFEREES:
     Leonard Weakley - Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
          Commission
     Edward Cleary - Ohio River Valley Water  Sanitation
          Commission
     H.  W. Poston - United States Department  of Health,
          Education, and Welfare
     Richard Boardman - Pennsylvania Department of
          Health
     Dr. E. W.  Arnold - Ohio Department of  Health

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                                                        319
                        INDEX
Statement by:




Samuel McBride




Kenneth s. Watson




John E. Richards




Larry Cook




Fred Wampler




Walter Brazon




F. W. Kittrell




H;ayse Black




F. W. Kittrell




Kenneth M. Mackenthun




Dr. Graham Walton




Maurice LeBosquet




F. W. Kittrell




Robert Horton




Clyde Cupps
Page




329




357




368




377




388




402




413




437




456




490




504




525




536




555




373

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                                                         320




                        PROCEEDINGS



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          May we reconvene.  We



have some communications here which we have been asked to



put in and without objection of the conferees, we will



place them in.  One is by Verne Harris, Acting Chairman



of the Pollution Committee, League of Ohio Sportsmen, with



a brief history of the League of Ohio Sportsmen.



          Without objection, we will put that in the record.



          (The communication referred to is as follows):



          Conference on the Mahoning River.



          I, Verne L. Harris, of 635 National City Bank



Building, Cleveland, Ohio> have been appointed to take



the place of W. Harold Yost who passed away in January of



this year.



          Harold Yost has been chairman of the pollution



committee for the past 25 years and did a wonderful job



working with all of the Ohio state departments.



          He has printed a report every year for the League



of Ohio Sportsmen and I am including the last year's report



with this statement.



          The League of Ohio Sportsmen has been in exis-



tence since 1908 and one of our principal aims is to have



good clean water in the State of Ohio.  I am also including



in my report a brief history of the League of Ohio Sportsmen.



          The League has for a number of years made a special

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                                                           321




study of strip mining and the disposal of the mine runoff



water.



          This I understand is one of the principal objects



of this meeting and the League has some ideas on its



control.



          The League is having a special program on



strip mining Friday afternoon and evening, February 19, 19^5,



at our annual convention at Columbus, Ohio and you are



all welcome to attend.                       .,,....



          Respectfully submitted, Verne L. Harris,



Acting Chairman Pollution Committee, League of Ohio Sportsmen.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          And the other is a



statement of Mr. Dale Whitesell of the. Ohip Department of



Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, and he was. here



yesterday and he left this statement to go in.



          Without objection, we will put that in.



          (The statement referred to is as follows):



          Mahoning River Basin Hearing Statement of. the



Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife,



Youngstown, Ohio, February 16, 1965..



           The duty of the Ohio Department of Natural



Resources, Division of Wildlife, in cases of pollution

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                                                       322
killed fish is set by law. : All the wild animals in Ohio




not legally confined are held in trust by the state for




the benefit of the people, by virtue of Section 1531.02.




Revised Code0  Section 1531.04 places the responsibility




upon the Divsion of Wildlife through the chief for




enforcing by proper legal action or proceeding the laws




of the state protecting these wild animals.




           Starting in May 1964, a review was held of.




the Divisions success in pollution fish kill cases.




It was determined that improvements were in order.  The




pollution investigation procedure which had been in




effect for about 15 years.was completely reworked.  A




written procedure was 'developed in standardizing the




investigative effort at a,quality devel; the collection




and preservation of legal evidence was particularly




strengthened.                    ...   .. ;          .




           Since that time there have been 64 instances




wherein the Division has investigated wild animals




killed by water pollution.  The estimated total animals




killed number more than 9,800,000 and consist mainly of




fish.   About 46,000 of these wild animals were killed




in the Mahoning basin; 43 in Greenwalt Ditch on June 18




(insufficient evidence) and 46,170 in the West Branch




of the Mahoning River on August 13 (evidence being




evaluated).

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                                                       323
           Trained law enforcement agents were added to




the investigative team which has consisted of the local




game protector and a fisheries biologist.  Photographs




are taken, witnesses interviewed and those in charge of the




apparent source of pollution are contacted.  A case file




is prepared.  The biologist also prepares a biological




interpretation based upon water tests conducted at the




site, laboratory tests of water samples, kill counts




and fish autopsies.  This is then related to data in




"Water Quality Criteria" published by the California




State. Water Quality Control Board.




           The State Department of Health is contacted




at the outset of each investigation and is provided




copies of initial reports.  That Department conducts




the laboratory analysis of water samples and provides




a copy of the analysis as well as an interpretative




statement of the findings.




           Evidence is evaluated by staff personnel and,




when determined sufficient to proceed in civil court,




a claim is presented to those causing the kill.






           Here is a summary of the statewide results



since last May compared with those of the preceding




17 years.

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                                                        324
               Comparison with preceding 17 Years



                                     since             1947
                                   May 1964         thru 1963


Investigations resulting in

    damage claims                     28               44


Investigations inconclusive           26              685


Investigations under way              11


Investigation results under

    evaluation                         4


Total wild animal kills

    investigated                      64              729


Total investigation where

    a kill did not occur               9              582


Total of all investigations           73            1,311


Number of damage claims collected      5               25


Total amount of damage claims

    collected                   $27,133.58       $52,137.35

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                                                      325



          The law provides that the people of Ohio are



to be compensated for the loss of their property whether



it be 1 or 100,000 wild animals.  In the past, damage



claims were not made when only a few fish were killed



by pollution.  However, at the same time a licensed



sport fisherman taking one fish illegally was arrested



and subjected to a fine of from $15 to $200 plus court



costs.  Therefore, damage claims supported by sound evi-



dence are being pursued in all cases of pollution killed



fish regardless of the quantity involved.



          Statewide fish killing pollution came in



many forms:  treated sewage, untreated sewage, acid



coal mine waters, oil, meat packing plant wastes, food



processing wastes, farm silo drainage, livestock wastes,



pesticides, herbicides, road paving materials, industrial



materials or wastes including cyanide, ammonia, various



acids, phenol, heavy metals and other compounds.



          Now let us briefly review the instances



of fish kills occurring in the Mahoning Basin since



1950.

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                                                        326
     Pollution Source         1950-54      1955-59    1960-64
                               Kills        Kills      Kills
        Industrial            '10'          4        '  3


        Sanitary,                4           1          3


        Strip Mine               4           3   ;       3


        Sand 8: Gravel            Oil


          Industrial pollution cases involving fish kills

declined 70 percent from 1950 to 1964.  Sanitary pollution

cases declined 25 percent, with a sharp reduction from

1950 to 1959.  Strip mining pollution indicated a slightly

lesser decline.

          In closing I will now briefly review the status

of the pit) lie fishery in this basin.  The Mahoning River

below Leavittsburg has been polluted sufficiently to

eliminate it from any of Ohio's past fisheries management

programs.  The present water conditions from Newton Falls

to Leavittsburg are better than they were during the

industrial boom and the last war.  The large amount of

dilution water from the reservoirs on the tributaries

has also contributed to the improvement.

          The fish pollution in the upper end of the Mahoning

River and the accompanying recreation have improved in recent

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                                                        327






years.  White bass and walleye populations have been developed




as the result of the introduction of these species into Lake




Milton and Berlin Reservoir.  Berlin is one of the best




inland walleye lakes in Ohio.  The movement of these fish




downstream over the spillways at Berlin and Milton has




resulted in good fishing downstream.  Deer Creek Reservoir,




upstream from Berlin, has been developed by the Division for




rauskellunge fishing.  A fine population is present but




fishermen have not yet taken full advantage of it.  Lake Park




in Alliance was purchased, developed, and opened to public




use by the Division.  Its fish population has recently been




rehabilitated and good bass angling is expected to result




fromthis action.  The walleye, perch, and crappie angling



in Mosquito Creek Reservoir and in Mosquito Creek below is



a result of fish management work by the Division.



          Finally, I must say, water pollution is recognized




as a problem throughout the nation, a problem of the States




and their individual citizens.  The need for improving the




quality of our surface water was the theme of National




Wildlife Week several years ago and is being repeated again




this year.



          The Ohio Division of Wildlife is not a pollution




abatement agency.  However, the authority which the law




provides for pollution work by this agency is being used in




a full and effective sense.

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                                                        328
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          What is your judgment on




these brief histories?  Shall we just take that as an exhibit




or print it in the record?




          MR.  CLEARY:              As you see fit.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Well, let's see if this




brief history will be made an exhibit and we will include




the statement of the League of Ohio Sportsmen for the record.




At this point, we would like to call on Pennsylvania for




a continuation of the statement and Mr. Richard Boardman,




as you know, is with us as conferee from Pennsylvania.




          Before we start, though, I would like to give you




our tentative schedule for the day and we hope we will be




able to adhere to this depending on the length of the




presentation.   I think Mr. Boardman of Pennsylvania has




one person to make a statement.  Then we will have the




Federal Government presentation.  Other Federal agencies




other than the Department of HEW will be asked to make




statements first, then the HEW statement will follow.




          This should take us, if we are lucky, hopefully




until about one o*clock.




          DR.  ARNOLD:              Ohio still has four




participants.   We yielded yesterday so Pennsylvania could




get out.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          I stand corrected.

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                                                        329
Ohio still has four participants.  Do you have any notion




how long this will take?




          DR. ARNOLD:              I think not too long.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Well, in that, case, we




would hope for at least 1:30,  Then the conferees will




adjourn and we will make an announcement at that time as




to when we may come back.  If at all possible, I think




this is the consensus that we would try to be completed




today and hopefully we can conclude the conference." But




I think this will have to wait on developments and state-




ments.




          Now, may we have Mr. Boardman?




          MR. BOARDMAN:            Our final invitee is




Mr. Samuel McBride who is Manager of the Beaver Falls Water




Authority.  Mr. McBride is representing the Pennsylvania




section of the American Waterworks Association.




          MR. McBRIDE:             'Before I start, there




seemed to be a lot of discussion yesterday as to who called




this conference and why0  I want to assure you that Beaver




Falls Municipal Authority has not put in a complaint.




The appearance of the writer1 at this conference was




requested by the Ohio River Sanitation Commission and the




Pennsylvania section of the American Waterworks Association.




The writer also welcomes the opportunity to appear and present




these statements on behalf of Beaver Falls Municipal Authority,

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                                                     330




the only public water supply purveyor, obtaining its source




of supply from the Beaver River.



          Description and History.



          The Beaver Falls Municipal Authority provides



water service to approximately 15,600 customers comprising




a population of about 65,000 persons in the.City of Beaver




Falls, the Boroughs.of Fallston, Eastvale, Freedom, East.



Rochester, New Brighton, Patterson Heights,.Rochester, West



Mayfield, West Bridgewater, Big Beaver and six surrounding



townships, all in Beaver County, Pennsylvania.  The district



that served the Water Authority is roughly 30 miles down



the Ohio River from Pittsburgh and about midway between  .




Pittsburgh and Youngstown,-Ohio.




          In 1902 the Beaver Valley Water Company was




formed and consolidated the several water companies in the.



Beaver Valley. . All of these waterworks were interconnected



and served by the new company which operated two pumping



and purification plants.,. one in Eastvale, across the Beaver




River from Beaver Falls, and the,other in New Brighton.




In 19^0 the Beaver Falls Municipal Authority was created



and it purchased the Beaver Valley Water Company.



          Description of- Existing Plant Facilities.



          The Authority operates the two plants, whose



source of supply is the Beaver River which is formed by the




Mahoning River and the Shenango River and whose drainage

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                                                        331
area is slightly in excess of 3,000 square miles.


          The Eastvale plant, enlarged in 1957 by the con-


struction of a 4.0 mg settling and filtering facility,


brought the filtration capacity to 10.0 mgd.  The treatment


consists of coagulation, primary and secondary sedimentation,


filtration and chlorination.  The finished water is pumped


to the distribution system and storage facilities by


hydraulic electric or diesel powered pumps.


          The New Brighton plant which has a filtering


capacity of approximately 3.5 mgd. also contains facilities


for the same type of treatment as practiced at Eastvale.


An interconnecting line and pumping facilities make it


possible to pump approximately 210 mgd from the Eastvale


plant to the New Brighton system.


          Early History of Taste and Odor Problems.


          The writer has been acquainted with the operation


of the water system since 1937 when employed as chemist


of the Shenango Valley Water Company of Sharon, Pennsylvania.

rj
 oth water companies were owned by the same holding company.


The late Mr. E. C. Goehring, chemical engineer for the


Beaver Valley Water Company, was consultant to the Shenango


Valley Water Company.


          The early history of taste and odor problems


in the Beaver River can best be told by including in this


statment excerpts from a paper presented by Mr. Goehring

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                                                        332
at a meeting of the Pennsylvania Water Works Operators




Association June 4, 1942, entitled "Taste and Odor Control




for Phenols with Activated Carbon."




          The Beaver Falls Municipal Authority, formerly




the Beaver Valley Water Company, started using activated




carbon in October 1931.  Inasmuch as it was still in an




experimental stage at that time, the normal dosages recom-




mended as being sufficient to control ordinary taste and




odor conditions, as given by the manufacturers, were




applied.  While some benefits were obtained from its use




with relatively small dosages, it was indicated that with




our water considerably larger dosages would have to be




applied in order to get a complete, or at least a satis-




factory, removal of the taste and odor producing materials




which are found in the Beaver River, particularly phenols.




          The first several years of its use must be




considered as experimental, during which time a gradual




increase in dosages was applied with proportionately




better results in the finished quality of the water.




During this experimental period, the industrial activity




in the Youngstown area, on the Mahoning River, was




relatively low.  It wasn*t until 1937, and thereafter, that,




with the increase in industrial activity, a greater con-




centration of taste producing substances, particularly phenols,




made it necessary to increase carbon dosages.

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                                                         333
          In order to graphically indicate.the carbon




requirements and the fluctuation in carbon dosages  at our




plant, the curve called "Carbon Dosage Fluctuation" was




plotted for the years 1938 through April 1942.  This




curve shows the average moiithly dosages, as well as the




maximum and minimum daily dosage for. that particular month.




This curve clearly shows that during the winter months,




starting in November and running through March, as being




our most critical period in which the higher dosages -are




used.  It is during these months that we are affected by




the phenolic wastes from the Youngstown. steel area, which




is introduced by way of the Mahoning River.into the Beaver.




The highest dosage on record is that of 948 pounds per




million gallons for a.single day.




          Because of the increased cost involved in the




use of such high carbon dosages, considerable experimenta-




tion was carried out during the years .starting April 1938




to March 1940, to determine whether or. not some other method




of purification might not be available to remove the taste




and odors, not only more effectively but also at a more




reasonable cost.  Mr. John R. Baylis, the well known water




consultant, was employed during that.period of time and laid




out experimental work which was carried on for a considerable




period of time.  Some of the taste and odor removal,processes




tried were;  aeration, superchlorination, potassium permanganate^

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                                                         334
 bleaching-clay,  ozone,  and storage,  as well as a thorough




 study on activated carbon requirements.  The most effective




 method  found for taste and odor removal, especially for




 phenols, was activated  carbon.




           The effect of the temperature of the raw water




 on the carbon dosage is graphically  shown on the curve




 on which is  plotted the four-year average monthly carbon




 dosage for the years 1938, 1939, 1940 and 1941,  along




 with  the temperature of the water for an average year.




 These two curves show very plainly that whenever the water




 drops to about 40 degrees Fahrenheit the carbon dosage




 increases very markedly and, conversely, when the temperature




 increases above 40 degrees Fahrenheit, the carbon dosage




 drops very rapidly.  The period coincides with the before-




 mentioned 'period, November to March, when phenolic wastes




 are present  at our intakes.  This phenomenon has been




 observed "fb'r. the past 17 years  and is a good index of when




 we can expect our troubles.  The explanation for this has been




 offered by the fact that with temperatures above 40 degrees,




 the biological activity in the  stream removes the phenolic




 compounds or reduces them to non-taste and non-odor pro-




 ducing substances.  our most critical periods are during




the time when the river  is frozen over, and even the maximum




amounts of carbon applied have proven uneffective in com-




pletely removing the phenols.

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                                                        336
          After several years* study of our problem, in




the report made by Mr. John R. Baylis, he makes the




following statement concerning the pollution of the




Mahoning River as follows:






          "No water, regardless of its use, should be




     so highly polluted,  if the pollution is lessened,




     water of good quality can be supplied without




     difficulty in the treatment all of the time.




     This is now being done but sometimes at a cost




     more than any waterworks should be required to




     expend for water treatment."






          While this conclusion is quite a criticism on




the type of water with which we have to start, some




recognition must be given to the State Health authorities




for the remarkable work which has been carried out during




recent years.  Along with the lessening of the wastes in




the Mahoning River and the increased fl-ow of water from




the Pymatuning Reservoir, a beneficial effect has been




felt in the Beaver Valley plants.  This is effectively




shown in the decrease in the carbon dosage required in




the year 1941 and 1942 when it would have been expected




that due to  increased industrial activity, a more critical




problem should have been present under the conditions




formerly found.  We are very much encouraged in this decrease

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70*
    I
     loo
rk  >»
«   S

30° 160
    I
C    o
                        \
                          \
                            \
\
  \
                                  \
                of  temperature  of

                       on
               Carbon  Dosage .

                   EXHIBIT
                                       .
 -«	•-
                                                                                                         U)
                                                                                                         U)
                                                                      -*	»-
4       -f
                 A/
                                                ol/

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                                                         338
and hope that with continued efforts being applied, not




only by our aggressive State Health Department but also by




the continuation of Interstate and Federal regulations,




that our problems at the Beaver Valley plants ^will decrease




to the extent that our carbon dosages will more nearly




approach normal.  So states Mr. Goehring in his 1942




paper.  I will just break here for just a minute.




          When I was asked to appear here, I tried to




find a common element whereby I could compare the waters




previously and at the present time and due to various




methods of treatment used and types of treatment, changes,




I have come up with a cost of purification analysis which




I think is an indication as to the condition of the river.




          From the above report and an analysis of the




records with regards to the cost of chemical treatment,




Figure 3, entitled "Chemical Treatment Costs - Eastvale




plant" shows graphically the treatment costs from 1927




through 1964.  All chemicals are priced at the 1964




prices.




          Assuming that the same quality of water has




been produced at Beaver Falls, the curve indicates that




the cost of  treatment has decreased considerably from




1940 to 1954.  The cost from a high of $25.59 per million




gallons to a low of $7.43 per million gallons.  From 1954




to 1957 the  treatment cost was stabilized at about $8.28

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                                                        339
per million gallons.  From 1958 through 1964 the costs of



treatment have been increasing.



          The methods of treatment used at the Eastvale



plant over the years are as follows:






          1927 to 1931 - Aluminum sulphate or alum for



     coagulation, lime for pH correction and chlorine



     for disinfection.



          1931-1949 - Same as above with the addition



     of activated carbon for taste and odor control



     and a small amount of ammonia for chloramine



     treatment, also for taste and odor treatment.






                     (See next page.)

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                                       Chemical Treatment Costs
                                       Eastvale Plant
$25.00
$20.00
$15.00
$10.00
$5.00
        Total Chemical Cost
                       Alum & Carbon Cost
            1925      1930       1935
                                                                                                                       CO
                                                                                                                       o
                             Fig. 3
191*0        19U5        1950         1955        I960        1965

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                                                           341
                       TABLE NO. 1
                    Chemical Costs

Year   Alum  Lime  Chlorine   Carbon
 Sodium  Potassium
Chlorite Perman-
         ganate     Total
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
• 1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
4.38
3.60
3.16
2.86
4.13
4.00
3.46
3.70
4.20
4.04
5.95
6.26
7. .20
6.16
4.65
4.63
4.06
4.30
3.92
3.98
3.92
4.14
4.31
4.56
3.63
3.38
3.03
3.89
3.79
3.97
3.87
4.57
4.70
4.81
4.16
4.17
4.6.2
3". 80


1.29
1..26
1.30
.98
..93
1.32
1.01
1.11.
.95
.93
1.09
1.22
1.06
.99
.90
.87
.94
.88
.91
1.27
•1.47
2.09
1.87
1.78
1.91
1.89


.89
.97
.80
.87
.93
1.01
1.00
1.06
.94
.98
.96
1.01
.95
1.01
.97
1.10
1.06
1.27
1.27
1.18
1.79
3.23
3.52
3.90
3.27
3.59
.81
1.46
1.87
1.96
2.00
5.46
10.72
16.15
16.25
9.60
4.79
3.27
5.56
5.60
3.26
1.73
2.70
3.15
2.96
2.43
2.06
2.14
1.97
2.04
1.79
1.98
1.53
1.36
.64
1.27
1.58
1.36
.61












.22
.54
.72
.43
.39
.47
.32
.33
.29
.34
.36
.13
.29
.42
.26
.20
4.38
3.60
3.16
2.86
4.13
4.81
4.92
5.57
6.16
6.04
11.41
16 . 98
25.59
;;; 24.57
16.45
11.27
9.19
12.19
11.53
9.41
7.54
8 . 75
9 . 73
10.2.8
8.78
7.86 '
7.43
8.30*
8.15
8.24
8.32
8.89
9.68
10.91
11,12
.20 12.04
1.85 13.27
1.97 12.06
                   All costs based on 1964 prices
                   Alum - $2.49 cwt
                   Lime -  1.14 cwt
                   Chlorine - 0.05 per Ib.
                   Carbon   - 0.08 per Ib.
                   Sodium Chlorite - 0.53 per Ib.
                   Potassium permanganate - 0.32 per Ib.

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                                                        342
          1949 to 1958 - Same treatment with the exception




     of chlorine dioxide being used on the finished water




     instead of chloramine.  The use of chlorine dioxide,




     has been very.beneficial in the control of taste and.




     odor.




          Late in 1956 the Beaver Falls Municipal Authority




began construction of a 4.0 mgd addition to the Eastvale  :




plant which increased the capacity from 6.0 mgd to 1.0 mgd.




The additions consisted of a new chemical feed house, a new




settling basin and two 2.0 mgd filters.  This plant began




operation December 1957.  With this addition, the plant




became very flexible for various types of treatment.  The




general treatment consisted of coagulation, primary and




secondary sedimentation, filtration and chlorination.




          Immediately after operations of the new addition




began, along with new chemical control tests, it was




found that a clearer water with less residual color could




be produced at an increased alum dosage, along with the




additional alum being used, the lime requirements increased.




In addition to this, for years the plant effluent had a




pH of about 7.2 and red water conditions began to appear




throughout the distribution system, the pH was raised to




7.6 and again raised to a pH  8.4 in 1960.  Since:1961




the pH has been controlled by the stability point as




determined by the calcium carbonate test.

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                                                         343
          In 1959 we began  the practice  of break-point




chlorination for taste  and  odor  control, bacterial  quality




and manganese removal,  and  in 1963 we began using potassium




permanganate for manganese  removal in the wintertime when




break-point chlorination is discontinued.




          Figure 4 shows graphically the manganese  content




of the raw and finished waters from 1960 through 1964.




It also indicates the pre-chlorination dosage  in relation




to the finished water manganese  content  along  with  the




potassium permanganate  use.  This graph  clearly indicates




the effect of break-point chlorination and potassium




permanganate in the removal of manganese.  It  also  shows




that we are providing a better water consistently in



relation to the manganese content.




          The use of break-point chlorination  in the



warmer seasons of the year has been very effective  in



taste and odor control  and  the potassium permanganate in




the colder waters has also  effected some taste and  odor




reduction., along with manganese removal.




          The above statements concerning the  present




methods of treatment also explain the increased cost in




chemical treatment since 1957.




          The writer does not wish to convey the thought




that we do np.-t experience any taste and odor in the finished




water.  We still have problems and cannot control it as we

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                                                        344
would like to.  On occasion we have had an algae taste in




the summer for very short periods.  We also have some




difficulties in the winter especially when the river is




frozen over and the water does not receive natural aeration,




we still at times produce an unsatisfactory water as far as




taste and odor is concerned.  Also, on occasions, we




experience taste and odor in the finished water after a




heavy rain and a rise in the river, probably due to




washouts along the river banks.  Pipe line breaks of oil




carrying transmission lines and breakdowns in waste




treatment facilitde s of plants in the Youngstown area will




give us additional problems.  Mr. Wallace of the Youngstown




Sheet and Tube Company has been very cooperative in notifying




us about spills or pipe line breaks that he is aware of.








                  (See next page.)

-------
                                                                         345
160
   1.	
•<=••(-—
          ••rt^y^rtT
                           ...        FIG, k j- i
                          Beaver T*llf> Muhioipsl; Airt^crrity
                                     JL^T..f AP * Oul-0 Ittftfll vXQll.
                                            .pbtaiasiua; Renuaoganata



                                     i—i-rtr-'-i'l
                                     1   ^T7   1
                                                     HHs I III 5!
• •BB» B^bCrii"
? 5 ! 5 J 5 3 3 S S § S

-------
                    TABLE NO. 2
            '   Manganese - Sastyale..

I960          1961          1962

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
R



.60
.70
.51
.34
.42
.30
.39
.31
T



1 02-"
0
0
.01.
.03 :
.04
.15
. 14:
R
.51
,68
..54t,
:.45.
.30-
.35
.30
.50
.48>
.47
.46
.36
T
.20
.15
0. '•'
: • .6 :
0
0
0
.01
f-\ r* -
.05
.15
.13
.10
R
.74
•&
.88
.44
.44
.31
.33
I " r^
.49
.34
.,30
.29
.- -T -
.09
.11
.08
.06
.05
.06
.01
r\r"
.05
0
.04
,o4
                                        -R. .  : •-; T .-.    R      T
                                       .37    .12    .38     .02
                                       .31    .02    .38     .01
                                       .1,5    .02    .52     .03
                                       .51    il'O    .39     0
                                       .32 ;    0 :    .29     0
                                       .28     0     .37     .06
                                       .40    .04    .45     .06
                                       .39.   .04    .36     o
                                       .28     0     i33     o.
                                       .40     0     .39     0
                                       .30     0     .36     0
                                       ,35    .01    .46     .01
                                                                        U)

-------
                                   TABLE NO. 3
                                                                        347
             I960
                           Pre Chlorination in p.p.m.
     1961
1962
                     1963
                           19614.

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Pre 01
1765"
1.28
1.39
5.35
9.50
9.60
12.01
12.65
lit. 32
9.35
2.53
2.75
PH
£714-
8.3
8.U
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.9
7.9
Pre Cl
1.83
3.73
It. 75
it. 95
7.1Ut
10.20
12.70
16.20
20.25
3.5/t
3.1|.o-
2.87
PH
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.7
7.7
7.5
7.6
7.7
8.2
8.2
8.3
Pre Cl
3.21
3.01
1.73
2.26
14-.96
3.50
16.50
17.70
22,. 00, -
16.60
2.56
2.05
PH
7.9
7.7
7.5
7.it
7.it
7.8
7.5
.7.it. •
.7.5....
7.5
7.5
7.5
Pre Cl
2.09
1.62
1.13
1.58
3.3it
3.73
16.05
-l£;,90'.-
18.30 ....
16.14.0
3.80
3.02
PH
775
7. it
7. it
7. it
7. it
7.6
7.5
•-7;5r
,7;.S-
7.5
7.5
7.5
Pre Cl
"23*3-
1.70
it. 35
6.71
8.95
7.90
114..20
19.V70.
23v60; •
U.it2
3.614.
2.83
PH
775
7,5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.it
7.'it
7vit
7.5
7.5
7.5
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
            I960
       Pre Cl   PH
                          Potassium Permanganate Usage
     1961
Pre Cl   PH
     1962
Pre Cl   PH
                 .9itO 6-30
                1.16
)ays
           1963
      Pre Cl   PH
                                1.17
                                0.9U
                                1.014.
           1.05
           1.10
           1.16
                               19614-
                         Pre  Cl    PH
                          1.32
                          l.:3it
                          2.00
                                 .98
                                1.51
                                l.Tlj.
                                1.614-

-------
                                                        348
          On a few occasions the past two years while




operating on break-point chlorination, we have experienced




considerable difficulty.  For instance on September 9, 1964,




the pre-chlorination dosage was at 17.20 ppm with a satis-




factory free chlorine residual, the demand for chlorine




kept increasing to 58.51 ppm on September  14th and a satis-




factory free chlorine residual could not be obtained; that




is in the pretreated water.  After a day or two the chlorine




residual was satisfactory -and the dosage decreased.  The




writer has not been able to explain this, however, it was




noted from the ORSANCO robot monitor located at our plant




that the dissolved oxygen content of the river water was




running considerably lower than normal.




          The conclusions, from the data studied and pre-




sented by the writer covering a period of 37 years from




1927 through 1964, from personal knowledge and discussions




with the operating personnel from 1937 to 1957 and employed




by the Beaver Falls Municipal Authority as its manager from




1957 to date, it is my opinion that the water of the Beaver




River is quite difficult to treat in order to produce a




satisfactory product at all times.  It is also believed




considerable improvement has been shown in the raw water




between 1940 and 1954 along with improved quality of water




delivered to our customers as a result of the method of




treatment used.

-------
                                                        3^9
          With the new facilities and the increased



flexibility of the treatment plant since 1957, the intro-



duction of break-point chlorination, free chlorine residual



and the use of potassium permanganate, has enabled us to



produce a better quality water than had been produced in



the preceding years.  The increased cost amounts to approxi-



mately $4e25 per million gallons over the 1955-57 costs.



          I would also like to state here in this con-



clusion that the number of times that we have had taste



and odor problems has greatly decreased over the period of



years along with our treatment of the way we are doing it.



          While the Beaver River has improved in the years



to about 195^, it appears that a static condition has



existed since that time and in order to improve conditions



of the river water, considerable improvements in waste



treatment processes and sewage treatment facilities must



be considered.



          From our experience, the quality of water received



at Beaver Falls is below the accepted standards.  However,



we will favor any program which would improve the water



quality for the Beaver River Basin and I was very delighted



to have been here yesterday to hear all of the improvements



that have been made.



          The fact that the Youngstown sewage treatment



plant is now in operation and the fact that the New Castle

-------
                                                       350
sewage treatment plant will be enlarged, they have asked




for bids for that, that makes us very happy down in Beaver




Falls.                                               .




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:      =    Thank you, Mr.




McBride.






                     (See next page.)

-------
                                                        351
Without objection, your charts and tables will be included




in the presentation.  There may have to be one adjustment.




We reproduce in black and. white and you used a little color.




           With your permission, we will ask the people who




handle the reproduction to see if they can make that meaning-




ful.  I think it won*t change your chart.




           MR. McBRIDE:             It was black and white,




I colored it up so you could see it better.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          It will appear in black




and white.




           MR. McBRIDE:             That's all right.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Are there any questions




or comments?



           MR. POSTON:              I think Mr. McBride is



to be commended for a very fine report that he has presented



here this morning.  I know that he works hard at producing




the best possible water for the people of Beaver Falls.




Having been a waterworks operator myself, I am appreciative




of some of his problems and some of the things that he has




done here and I note particularly-on page 9 where he has




used some 58.5 parts per million of chlorine.  I think this



is somewhat of a record for the country.




           While I am sure that he has produced safe water at




all times, I would submit that his factor of safety decreases




with every increased demand on the treatment capacity of his

-------
                                                        352
plant.  I would like to ask Mr. McBride how many times




during the past year he has received reports from Mr. Wallace




of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company relative to a




pollution spill coming down the river toward them.




           MR. McBRIDEs             Well, to tell you the




truth, I don«t keep track of them but he has called me




and he stated yesterday that he called three times in «64,




and I would -••< agree .with him. .-I don^t; have: "the. exact number.



I don*t keep a count on them.




           MR. POSTON:              Mr. McBride, I stopped



in your office on Monday and talked with you briefly and




you indicated that there is a type of grass that has




appeared in the river in the last two or three years since




1963.  Would you describe what the situation is and how




this influences your operation?




           MR. McBRIDE:             During the summer



of 1963, we noticed a lot of green flowers, you might say,




or seeds or pods on the Beaver River.  It was so prolific




that the newspaper -- one of the newspapers called and



said "What»s the green on the river?"  We had noticed a




few times before that.  There is long grass, maybe that



long (indicating) in great big clumps that would come




down the river.  A friend of mine took me in an airplane




trip up the river and we found this green pod or the seeds



prevalent all the way up on the western -- on the eastern

-------
                                                         353
bank of the river above the Conoquenessing.  From fiere on




we did not have the green seeds on it.




           Then on up the river to New castle and on up




the Mahoning it was very prevalent; although the color




of it was not green, it was gray, more or less.  It was




a septic condition, you might say, where the effluents of




sewage plants and so on had accumulated on the grass.




Now, with the rise of water we get a lot of it that still




comes down,  we have a boat dock there, a boat club by




the plant.  They have a cable across the river and at




times we have had to have them cut the cable in order to




let the grass through.  It comes in our intake.  We




operate by hydraulic power partially and this grass



shuts it down as far as hydraulic power is concerned.




           .It doesn*t seem to have caused any taste and




odor problems to amount to anything.  It is more a




mechanical problem of clogging.




           MR. POSTON:              Your experiences



with chloririationn of some 58 parts per million, do you




know of any other waterworks in this area or to your




knowledge where they use these quantities of chlorine?




           MR. McBRIDE:             No, I don«t.  Thatts



the highest we ever used and that was four a day during a




24-hour period with an increase a few years earlier.

-------
                                                          354
A few years earlier, we had one up to 35 parts per million.


          MR. POSTQN:          .    That's all I have.


          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Do you have any, Mr.


Cleary?

          MR. CLEARY:              Mr. McBride, I am ;


wondering if you have an opinion as to why the water


between 1940 and '5^ showed some improvement, which I

would presume that the pollution was increasing, and then


after that period you have experienced more difficulties.


Have any theories been elicited as to why this period of
                                   j
19^0 to '5^ might have been different than before?


          MR'i McBREDE:             I am talking chemical


costs.  Over the years I feel that the taste and odor


condition at Beaver Falls has been improved greatly. No,


as far as I am concerned •— as far as my analysis shows,


we still have some treatment problems.  We are trying


to put out a better water and I think we have, since we


have made our addition to the Eastvale plant.  The cost


of lime is higher when you are watching that closely.


The permanganate and manganese removal pre-chlorination,


it naturally will cost more at the basic point chlbrination.


          We try to put but-the best water possible arid


in order to put it out, you pay for it.


          MR. CLEARY:              I wondered if any

theories had been stated if the water before  195^ was  better

-------
                                                        355
after 1954 which was the period in which the improvement




program was set forth in Ohio.  I am just curious as to




what might have happened during the great war activity




and the industrial development, that the water might have




been better than afterwards.




           MR. McBRIDE:             Well, on my basis,




the only way I can figure I could do it was on a cost basis,




now, assuming that the quality of the finished product was




the same.




           MR. CLEARY;              I see.  Thank you




very much.




           MR. POSTON:              I have one more question.




I noticed your last sentence in yo.ur statement, you say that




you would recommend higher standards be developed for the




Ohio River basin both in Ohio and Pennsylvania.  I wonder




whether you or the Pennsylvania American Water Works




Association would;have any suggestions or thoughts on what




these higher standards might be.




           MR. MeBRIDE:             Well, I didn«t make




that statement.  That's in my written statement but I didn't




read it.  I changed that last sentence.




           MR. POSTON:              Do you care to comment



on that?




           MR. McBRIDE:             Well, yes, I will




comment, on .that.  I :had submitted this or .given a copy of

-------
                                                            356
this report to a member of the State Health Department in



Pennsylvania and he says, "Do you want the standards, the



water standards increased?"



          I said, "I Just want better water coming to our



intake."  He says, "Well, the standards are set up on the



drinking water standards," and he says we have to get down,



If we meet those standards, we are doing a fine Job; and



then I eliminated the increase in standards.



          MR. POSTON:              That's all.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          As I understand it,



then, I think I know what the drinking water standards



are.  That deals with the quality of water you get in a



water intake, is that what you are talking about?



          MR. McBRIDE:             Yes.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          And you would like



to have water of that caliber coming past your intake?



          MR. McBRIDE:             I sure would.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Okay, thank you.



Dr. Arnold.



          DR. ARNOLD:              I have no questions.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you very much,



Mr. McBride.  Do you want to continue?



          DR. ARNOLD:              Ohio would like to



continue with their participation and would call on Mr.



Kenneth Watson, Water Consultant of the General  Electric

-------
                                                         357
Companyj Niles, Ohio.



           MR. WATSON:              Mr. Chairman, conferees,




ladies and gentlemen of the conference:  My name is Kenneth




S. Watson.  I am 'the Manager of the Water'Management Labora-




tory, General Electric Company, Louisville, Kentucky.  I




have worked for the company for over 14 years serving as  the




consultant on water management arid waste control for the




first 11 years of this period.




           Perhaps before starting my presentation, for




the benefit of the record, I should briefly outline my




qualifications for appearing before such a conference.




I have Bactilor and Master*s degrees in Chemical Engineering




with Sanitary Options.  I am registered as a"professional




engineer in New York, Ohio and West Virginia.  The American




Sanitary Engineering Intersociety Board has certified me




as a Diplomat in the American Academy of Sanitary Engineers.




           Prior to going to work for General Electric,




I served as Executive Secretary-Engineer of the West Virginia




Water Commission and Assistant Director of the Ohio River




Valley Water Sanitation Commission.  It has further been




my privilege to. serve as President of the'Water pollution




Control Federation and the Chairman of the National Tech-



nical Task Committee/on Industrial Wastes.



           The.General Electric. Company has oper.ated




manufacturing facilities in Ohio, since 1912.  The company's

-------
                                                          358





lamp operation came into being in Cleveland as of that date



and its headquarters has been"based there since.



          There are at present 2l| lamp plants, based in



13 cities operating in Ohio." Five of these plants have



been operating under permits from the Ohio Water Pollution



Control Board since 1953-  The' remainder of the plants- or



19 are connected directly to municipal sewer systems so



the permit procedure does not apply oh these plants.



          In addition to our lamp plants, we have a



number of other operations in Ohio.  The company's jet



engine headquarters and manufacturing plants are located



in Evendale.  Company vacuum cleaners are manufactured in



Cleveland.  The Laminated Products Department, where



Textolite is manufactured, is located in Coshocton.  All



of these plants discharge into the city sewer system, but



most of the process water from Coshocton and Evendale is



discharged to the stream.  Evendale and Coshocton are



operating under permits from the Ohib Water Pollution



Control Board.



          PUrther, the company operates a distribution



assemblies department plant at Blue Ash near Cincinnati.



Since this plant is not connected to a city sewer system,



it is operating under permit from the State for discharge



of both sanitary and process waste water into a small



stream.

-------
                                                          359




          Company Efforts.



          General Electric has a large stake in the water



resources of the nation.  Adequate water of the proper



quality is absolutely necessary in the operation of most



of our plants.  Recognising the importance of this water



resource, the company has had a water management program



under way for many years.  This program is to a large



degree concerned with the conservation and re-use of water



so that this valuable water resource will not be squandered.



          About 15 years ago, the company re-emphasized



her interest in the importance of the Nation's water



resources and .stepped up her efforts to properly control



pollution.  Under this program, when a new plant is built,



if stream discharge is planned, necessary waste treatment



facilities are built along with the manufacturing facilities



to properly protect the environment.  If the discharge is



into a city sewer system, pretreatment facilities are



built when necessary to protect the sewerage system.



          In existing plants, it is the company policy



to cooperate fully.and comply with all stream pollution



control programs.  .Under both phases of this program, the
           j ' •                 •


company has built and is operating numerous rather expensive



waste treatment facilities in many .parts of the country.



In spite of this type of diligence, emergencies do occur



occasionally resulting in the discharge of some objectionable

-------
                                                        360
materials.  In such cases, plant management corrects the




situation as soon as discovered and attempts to develop a




procedure for preventing a future reoccurrence.




           Many of the company*s plants in Ohio are small




and not of the type of which would have serious pollution




problems, nevertheless, consistent with the company*s




general philosophy, every effort has been made to keep




wastes under control whether the plant discharged into a



stream or city sewer system.  This policy is just as much in




effect today as it has been in the past as is borne out by




one of our lamp operations in Cleveland.  Modernization of




these manufacturing facilities are in the planning stage




for this plant connected to the city sewer system.  About




$200,000 worth of waste treatment facilities are projected



in th:E  modernization program.




           Under the company approach, facilities within




the Ohio plants range from a single limestone neutraliza-




tion bed to a complex facility in Conneaut in which acids




are neutralized, an oil emulsion is broken and solids are




removed from the effluent by precoat filtration.  In




this-largest treatment facility which had a cost of




roughly $276,000, we worked closely with engineers from



the State Department of Health and the company was issued,




after appropriate review procedures, a permit for operation^




This treatment facility was built at an existing plant in

-------
                                                        361
1958 to comply with an area program impelled by the state.




At about the time our facility went into operation the




city also began operating a new treatment plant.  The




plant's sanitary wastes here discharge into the city




system.




           In the. Blue Ash plant already mentioned, where




electrical distribution equipment and motor control centers




are manufactured, the sanitary sewage is passed through a




package plant and then combined with the treated process




water.  The industrial wastes treatment facilities consist




of a system for alkaline chlorination of cyanide concen-




trates and rinses and.facilities for neutralization of




acid and alkaline wastes.  The combined wastes are then



passed through a lagoon where .stabilization and final




settling takes place.




           Monthly reports are submitted to the state on



the quality and quantity of the effluent being discharged




from this facility which .was placed ,in operation in 1961.




This Blue Ash .system is somewhat comparable to a number




of other Ohio locations where either sanitary sewage or



process waste discharges or both are.taking place under




permits from the State of Ohio..




         .  Mahoning River.  The company is at present




operating, five plants in the Mahoning River,basin.  There




are two plants located at Niles on sites adjacent to each




other.  Both of these operations have their sanitary sewage

-------
                                                        362
connected into the city sewer system.  The process waters




from the lamp glass plant flow into Mosquito Creek and




thence into the Mahoning River proper so this is the




only plant in the basin at present operating under permit




from the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board.




           This glass plant uses considerable quantities




of hydrofluoric acid to clean and frost glass.  By



analyzing, in cooperation with the Ohio Department of




Health, the load going to the creek, a decision was reached




in 1956 to provide treatment facilities for the plant waste



water0  This was thus another treatment facility provided




for an existing plant.  The treatment unit was placed in




operation in 1957 and has been inoperation since that date.




The treatment consists of neutralizing the waste water




stream with lime and then passing it through a clarifier




to remove most of the solids.  Periodically the solids




which have been removed must be trucked to a dump.




           The plant's monthly effluent reports to the




state, covering daily analyses, show thgtt the plant




averages a removal of about 96.5 percent of the fluoride




from the waste water before discharge.  This treatment




facility has an annual operating cost of about $20,000.



           The remaining three plants, two in Warren



ard one in Youngstown, are connected to the city sewer




systems and are thus not covered by state permits.  No.

-------
                                                        363
pretreatment of these wastes is necessary except for a small



limestone neutralization bed or two.



           Before 1964 the company operated another rather



extensive treatment facility in the Mahoning basin at the



Mahoning Valley Steel Company.  This industrial wastes



facility which had a cost of over $250,000 was put into
                                  \


operation in 1962.  It provided treatment for spent pickle



liquor, spent cyanide baths and rinse waters from pickling



and plating operations.  We have had no responsibility for



this operation since 1963 when the plant changed ownership.



           During the planning of this treatment facility



for an existing plant we worked closely with the engineers



from the State Department of Health.  After appropriate



review procedure the plant was issued a permit to discharge



waste waters after treatment.



           During the period while the industrial treat-



ment facility was being built a major alignment of the



plant sanitary sewer system was made so it could be broken



loose from septic tanks and discharged into the city system.



The building of the treatment facility at Mahoning Steel



was part of a cleanup program for the whole area directed



by the state.  As a part of this program, the City of Niles



also provided a new sewage treatment plant.



           Progress in Ohio.



           The company operates plants in many states and

-------
                                                         36U





thus is familiar with numerous pollution control programs.



We have been impressed with the pollution control efforts



and progress in the Ohio basin.  The Ohio River compact has



been in place for many years coordinating and correlating



the total effort for the basin.



          Under this regional program, the State of Ohio,



following up on groundwork laid even before the compact



came into being, is doing a good job.  It would seem that



the permit approach represents a sound method of administer-



ing a proper program.  We have further been impressed with



the dedication and competence of the engineers from the



State and ORSAWCO with whom we have worked.



          The point can always be made that progress in



polution control is not rapid enough and I, at times, also



have this feeling.  In thoughtful review of the subject,



however, it should again be realized that the pollution



problem has developed over a period of years and some time



is going to be required to bring it reasonably under control.



Progress in the Mahoning basin, which is part of the regional



effort also, would tend to indicate that the Water Pollution



Control Board is keeping pace with its responsibility.



          The presentation from the state and municipali-



ties which we heard here yesterday certainly abundantly bear



out that statement.



          In thinking of the National Welfare and pollution

-------
                                                         365
control progress nationwide, it would seem that the Ohio basin




now has the machinery in place well ahead of many other sec-




tions of the country to cope with the problem.  ORSANCO is




the organization which permits the basin to be considered




as a total watershed and interstate matters can be .resolved




at this level.  Complementing and supplementing this




basin-wide effort are the programs .of the individual states




working with their contributory citizens.  Therefore, if




we as reasonable men conclude that progress in the Mahoning




is too slow, our efforts should be in the direction of




supporting the agencies leading the program by soliciting




additional funds from state and Federal levels to permit




the pertinent regulatory organizations to step up the pace.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN;          Thank you, Mr. Watson.




           Are there any comments or questions?




           MR. POSTON:              Mrc Watson, I would



like to ask you whether or not General Electric Company




would be willing to give to the Federal Government that




information on effluents from its, plants?




           MR. WATSON:              Well, let's see if



I can kind of put that into context for you.  As many of




you know, the General Electric Company is fairly extensively



decentralized and our local plants have a large degree




of autonomy but when you stop to think of the situation,




they have to face the matter of fact day-to-day situation

-------
                                                        366
of producing products which have appeal and will sell to


our customers and deliver a reasonable return to our


shareholders; and in this kind of a climate, duplication


of effort is not one of their strong points.
                      I       '         .-       -   -

           So they could, if they so elected, make this


information available to the Public Health Service.  They


would normally work in the direction of cooperating fully


with the duly constituted authority if this was a plant


connected to the city sewer system; this would be the city.


if it were a plant discharge into the waters of the state,


it would be the state.  And if they had any questions


about the situation, there is an organizational structure


at company level to which they could come for counsel.


           And again, as I say, the information has


been presented through normal channels and they would


see no need for duplication of either.  And if I may


editorialize here a little bit -- in thinking in terms of


a sound program for the benefit of the-citizens, duplica-


tion of effort does not represent a sound expenditure of


the taxpayer»s money.


           MR. POSTON:              Specifically, then,


I would like to ask in this Mahoning River interstate area


if we were to ask for information on the effluents from


plants in this area, tying it down a little bit closer


here, would we anticipate that we can get information?

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                                                        367






           MR. WATSON:              Well, again, I might




say the plant manager could decide to make this information




available.




           MR. WEAKLEY:             Mr. Chairman, could




I interrupt a moment?  It seems a lot of time was taken up




yesterday on this same exploration and it looks like more




time is likely to be devoted to the same sort of inquiry




today.  I think it is completely out of order for this




sort of discussion to take place in this particular confer-




ence.  There is nothing in the Act or nothing under the




authority for the conference that justifies going into



this kind of an investigation or exploration, and I think




it is completely out of order.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Mr. Weakley, your



remarks certainly bear on the record but I think the procedure




we carry out under the conference is that we give the greatest




latitude to people we ask questions.  No one has to answer




a question and I don»t know that questions have to be




asked, but I would suggest that Mr. Poston heard your




remarks and he is a free agent here and can determine what



to do.




           MR. WATSON:              Well, I really don't



think I have to answer that question today for the reason




that we have a reasonable standard operating procedure and



this procedure would be followed, and this procedure, I think,

-------
                                                        368
would indicate that most plant managers would not turn over




that information if they came to company level for counsel




on the matter.




           We would again counsel them in the direction




of working closely and cooperating fully with the duly




constituted regulatory agency and I think we both understand




who that agency is today.




           MR. POSTON:              Thank you, Mr. Watson.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          I am not sure I do.




Do you mean ORSANCO?




           MR. WATSON:              No, I do not mean




ORSANCO.  if the plant is connected into a municipal sewer




system, it is that municipality.  If it discharges in the




streams of the state, it is that state.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Okay, thank you, Mr.




Watson.




           Are there any further questions or comments?




If not, thank you very much.




           DR. ARNOLD:              Mr. John E. Richards,




of the Ohio Department of Health staff, will present the




statement of Mr. Tom Anderson, who is the production engineer




of the Packard Electric Division, General Motors Corpora-




tion, Warren, Ohio.




           MR. RICHARDS:            Mr. Chairman, conferees,




ladies and gentlemen:  My name is John E. Richards.  I am

-------
                                                         369
engineer in charge of the sewage industrial unit of the



Ohio Department of Health, and the title of this paper is



Statement on the Waste Treatment Facilities at Packard



Electric Division, General Motors Corporation, prepared by



Thomas D. Anderson, Production Engineering, Packard Electric



Division, General Motors Corporation, Warren, Ohio.



          Since December, 1961, the plating facilities at



Packard Electric Division, GMC, have been located in



Howland Township, Trumbull County.  Plating and,allied



finishing solutions used on a production basis include



zinc, cadmium, silver, and cooper cyanide plating solutions;



cyanide, alkaline, and acid cleaning solutions; and chrornate



conversion coating solutions.  A sulphuric acid pickling



system for cleaning drawn copper rod is also located in



this general plant area, and has been operating since




1956.



          Treatment facilities were placed in operation



at the beginning of production in both of these areas.



The Lacy Integrated Treatment System is used for treatment



in the plating area while a conventional lime feeder-



cyclator-filtration system is used for the treatment of



pickling waste.  Other waste materials such as oils,



solvents, and sludges, are hauled away and either buried



or burned.



          The plating area is divided into four separate

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                                                        370
sections, which are production, waste treatment, chemical


storage, and a small control laboratory.  In addition to


the treatment section of the plating area, the waste


treatment facilities include a settling tank, a chlorine


storage building, and two sludge beds.


           The integrated system for plating waste is a


closed system in which the treatment solution is pumped


from a reservoir tank to treatment rinse tanks in each


plating line.  The solution gravity drains from the


rinse into a collection tank and is then pumped back


into the reservoir, thus forming the closed system.  All


parts leaving a tank containing cyanide or chrome solution


are rinsed in treatment solution before being rinsed
                 .'                           ; .            I

in running water.  Fresh chemicals to maintain the


treatment solution are added in the reservoir tank.


           There are four separate treatment systems serving


the plating department.  In the first system cyanide is


oxidized in the two-step alkaline chlorination reaction.


The raw cyanides are first oxidized to  cyanates and the


cyanates are then broken down to carbon dioxide and nitrogen,


In the second system, hexavalent chrome is reduced to


trivalent chrome by the use of sodium hydrosulfite, and


the trivalent chrome is then precipitated with sodium


carbonate.  The third system treats floor spill, which is


primarily alkaline cyanides, by collecting it in a hold

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                                                         371
tank and chlorinating the solution batchwise to oxidize




the cyandies to carbon dioxide and nitrogen.  The fully



treated floor spill solution is then pumped a sludge




pond behind the plant, where the sludge settles out and



the supernatant liquid either evaporates or drains off.



Acid waste is neutralized in the fourth system. Spent




acids are pumped from the plating lines into a hold tank



in the treatment area.  Sodium bisulfate is added to



neutralize the acid and precipitate the chrome.  The



neutralized and treated acid is then pumped to the sludge



pond.



          All effluent rinse water from the plating




department flows into a sewer settling tank just outside



the building.  The minimum design retention time is two



hours, and the present flow rate is about 105 g.p.m.



Rinse water leaves the plating department, flows into



the retention tank, then flows over a weir.  The weir



has two outlets, and the water can either be sent to the



plant salvage water system or be diverted to the city



storm sewer.  The effluent rinse water in the settling



ank is analyzed once a week during normal operating



conditions and the monthly report sent to the State



Board of Health.  The  average analysis of the effluent



rinse waters is pH 8.2, chlorides 30 p.p.m., CN less

-------
                                                        372
than 0.2 p.p.m., hexavalerit chrome less than 1.0 p.p.m.,




and copper 0.00 p.p.m.  Two sludge beds, primarily for




floor spill and acid waste, are located behind the plant.




Treated solutions flow into the first bed, then overflow




into the second bed with the second bed overflowing




periodically to a storm sewer.




           The treatment facilities for the copper rod




pickling system consist of a plating-out system, a




cyclator and lime feeder, a filtration system, and a




sludge bed.  Rinse waters from the pickling operation,




flowing at 25-30 g.p.m., are pumped through a sump to the




cyclator where a lime slurry of about 20 percent solids




is fed by pH meter.  The treated water overflows the rim




of the cyclator, is pumped through a set of sand filters,




and flows into the storm sewer.  Periodically, sludge is




collected from the bottom of the cyclator and pumped to




a separate sludge bed behind the plant.  Here the solids,




primarily copper hydroxide and lime, settle out, and the




water either drains off or evaporates.  In addition, the




pickle solution is constantly recirculated through a




plating-out system which regenerates the acid and also




reduces the amount of copper which must be treated in




the rinse water.




           Samples of effluent water are analyzed once per

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                                                         373





week during normal operating conditions, and a report is




sent each month to the State Board of Health.  The average




conditions during normal operation are raw wastes:  92.0



p.p.m. copper and a pH of U.^j and treated water, after




filtration:  0.1? p.p.m. copper and a pH of 8.5-



          Packard's waste treatment facilities are complete



in their capability to destroy or otherwise render harmless



all waste materials generated by Packard's production



processes.  Packard's goal is the continued successful



operation of its waste treatment facilities in full



compliance with the requirements of the Ohio State Board



of Health.  A positive program of industrial waste treat-



ment is a major factor in solving the water pollution



problem, and Packard has given its full support to the



State of Ohio's water pollution control drive in the



Mahoning River Valley.



          Thank you.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you, Mr. Richards.



Are there any comments or questions?  If not, thank you



very much.




          DR. ARNOLD:               We see now,  Mr. Clyde



Gupps,  plant engineer  of the  bumper division  of Rockwell



Standard Manufacturing Corporation,  Newton Palls.




          MR. CUPPS:                Mr.  Chairman,  conferees,



and ladies and gentlemen:  I  am Clyde Cupps.   The correct

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                                                         374
name of the company is Rockwell Standard Corporation.




           Rockwell Standard Corporation Bumper  Manufacturing




Plant presently employs  850 people with an  annual  .payroll




of $5 million and is located at:Newton Falls  between the




east and west branch of  the Mahoning  River  about one mile




south of the confluence  of the  two rivers.  The  predecessor




company, The Standard Sted Spring Company,  purchased what




was formerly the Newton  Steel plant  and started,to manu-




facture automobile bumpers  in 1947.   To date,  24  million




bumpers have.been produced at this plant.        ,




           The various operations that  are  performed..in,




the manufacture of an automobile bumper consist  of:   .• ,_ •




           1.  Rolled sheet steel as purchased from the




 ;teel mills are pickled  to remove mill  scale




           2   sheets are.-polished with abrasive belts




to remove surface imperfections.  •• .   •




           3.  Bumpers are.formed on dies  using  two and




three thousand presses.      ......




           4.  Finish polished  to remove die  marks and other




surface defects.  ...  .- .       •  ,   ,  v ... -  ,   ;:,     ,..-..-.




           5.  Cleaning  operations in a sequence of,.alkali




and acid baths with intermediate .rinses in running-water.




           6;  Nickel plate in  semi-brite  and. brite nickel




baths.           •        .     .'--."...



           7.  Buff the  nickel  to a  high  luster  on cloth

-------
                                                          375
wheels.



          8.  Chromium plate.



          9.  Pack and ship.



          Water for processing and cooling is pumped at a




rate of three million gallons per day from the east branch



of the Mahoning River, and is used without treatment.



Three-quarters of a million gallons a day is purchased



from the Newton Palls municipal plant for sanitary use



and for operations requiring filtered water.  The quality



of the water from these sources has been satisfactory,



and no problem with water quality is anticipated in the



foreseeable future.



          The waste waters are segregated and discharged



to three separate sewer systems.



          First, storm, cooling and uncontaminated water



is discharged directly to the river.




          Two, waste water containing alkalis, acids,



soaps and heavy metals are collected in a sump and pumped



to the waste treatment plant.



          Three, sanitary wastes are discharged to the



Newton Palls sewers and sewage plant.



          The treatment of the metal finishing wastes,



about eight-tenths million gallons per day consist of:



          1.  Reduction of hexavelent chromium using



waste pickle liquor with continuous O.R. and pH control.

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                                                        376
          2.  Neutralization of the chromium wastes combined


with other wastes to a pH of 7-5  -  8.5 using dolomitic

lime.

          3.  Continuous setting.

          ij..  The clarified effluent is discharged to  the


river.

          5.  Sludge is pumped to an earthen lagoon for

further dewatering and settling.  Uj,0 acre feet sludge has

been accumulated in the abandoned lagoons.  A new lagoon

was constructed and started in service during 1961j..  New

treatment facilities at today's prices would amount to

about a quarter million dollars.

          The lime requirements for the treatment of wastes

averages about five tons per day of dolomitic oxide.

          The treatment produces an effluent of pH value

of about 7.5 to 8.5 and substantially free from heavy

metals — iron, 1-3 ppm, chromium, less than one part per

million; and nickel, 5-10 ppm.  Effluent analyses are

submitted periodically to the Ohio Department of Health.

          Disposal of sludge is a major problem with
                                                        )
this method of treatment.  Our Research and Development

Division located in Birmingham, Michigan, is currently

working on the sludge problem.

          The Ohio Department of Health and ORSANCO have

furnished excellent leadership and the company has

-------
                                                         377
unhesitantly responded to demonstrable needs for the




protection of the Mahoning River.




           The Ohio Department of Healti  program for




the abatement of pollution in the Mahoning Valley is




realistic and will best serve the interests of its people




and industry.  Any Federal action that is not coordinated




with Ohio State agencies would, in our opinion, only add




confusion and unduly delay the cleanup program.




           Thank you.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you, Mr. Cupps.




Are there any comments or questions.  If not, thank you



very much for your statement.




           DR. ARNOLD:              The Secretary of the




Ohio Coal Industry Water Pollution Committee would wish




to make a statement.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Would you identify



yourself for the conferees?




           MR.  COOK:                My name is Larry Cook.




I am appearing as Secretary of the Ohio Coal Industrial




Water Pollution Committee on behalf of the Ohio coal industry




in the Mahoning' Valley.




           The Ohio segment of the Mahoning River watershed




embraces most of Mahoning County and portions of Trumbull,




Portgage, 'stark and Columbiana.  The area of the basin in




the above counties amounts to 1076 square miles.

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                                                         378
           Mineable coal beds underlie  the  entire  basin.




The earliest recorded mining in the:area occurred  in  1835.




Since then the area has produced over 50 million tons  of




coal.  AH of this production prior  to  1920,  and practically




all of it prior to 1938, was by underground mines.   Since




1950 practically all of the production  has  been by strip




mining, and there are now no underground mines reported




in the area.  The present  annual production is approximately




600,000 tons, all by strip mining'.             .-




           Historically, the iron  and steel and the coal




industries of the Mahoning Valley  are intimately related.




The discovery of the Sharon .conglomerate .beneath the




Sharon coal along the Mahoning and Shenango Rivers led




to the location of the second blast  furnace in the .United




States at:Youngstown in 1846.  It was.not until the Civil




War that the pattern changed and iron ore brought  in  from




the upper Great Lakes demanded coking coal.   Since then




most of this type coal has come from Pennsylvania,  and




most of the steam coal has been produced in Ohio.




           It is significant to note that in  spite of,




coal mining in this. area, of Ohio, a.cid.  drainage from




coal mines is not listed as a contributor to  the pollu-




tion of the M.ahoning River by the Public Health Service




in its January 1965 pre-conference report on  the quality




of these waters.  This is  taken to be silent  evidence  of

-------
                                                        379
the effectiveness of the controls exercised by the industry



and the State of Ohio both through reclamation procedures



and ORSANCO Resolution 5-60.



          (Slide 1)



          There are at present 15 active mines in the Valley.



The coals produced are the Bedford, the Brookvllle No. 4,



the Lower Kittanning No. 5* the Middle Kittanning No. 6



and the 6A or 7, as it is known locally.  Although some



of these seams are overlain by limestone or calcareous shales,



others are associated with iron sulphide bearing materials



which produce acid upon contact with the air.



          In spite of this, tests of the effluent from



each of these mines taken between October 1 and December 1,



1964, showed the following pH's:



          1.  Carbon Limestone - Poland Township, Mahoning



County - 7.3.



          2.  R & T Enterprises - Springfield Township,



Mahoning County - 6.5.



          3.  Marshall Mining - Springfield Township,



Mahoning County - 7.5.



          4.  East Pairfield Coal Co. - Springfield Township,



Mahoning County - 6.5.



          5.  East Fairfield Coal Co. - Beaver Township,



Mahoning County - 6.0.

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                                                        380
           6.  American Fire Clay & Products, Inc. - Beaver




Township, Mahoning County - 6.9.




           7.  G & K Coal Go. - Green Township, Mahoning




County - 6.0.




           8.  Buckeye Coal Mining Co. - West Township,




Columbiana County - 7.1.




           9.  East Fairfield Coal Co. - West Township,




Columbiana County - 7.2.




          10.  Sunnyside Coal Co. - Smith Township,




Mahoning County - 7.0.




          11.  H. S. Peterson & Son - Smith Township,




Mahoning County - 5.5.




          12.  Sunnyside Coal Co. - Lexington Township,




Stark County - 7.0.




          13.  Keller Mines - Smith & Lexington Townships,




Mahoning and Stark Counties - 8.0.




          14.  M & G Coal Co. - Lexington Township,




Stark County - 6.5.




          15.  Peterson Coal Co. - Atwater and Deerfield




Townships, Portage County - 5.5.




           As an illustration of the close check maintained




by the coal industry on the chemistry of both the earth




and the water associated with the mining operations, are




the following actual analyses.  Dr. Charles Riley, head




of the Department of Biology at Kent State University,

-------
                                                         381
who serves as a consultant to the industry, has over 120

of these tests for the strip mine region of Ohio.

       (Slide 2)

                        Analyses of Spoil
           #5 Coal, Springfield Twp. , Mahoning County
                         August, 1962
       pH

       Organic Matter %

Plant Foods - lbs./acre

       Nitrate N. (N03)

       Ammonia N.
       Phosphate (P205)

       Magnesium

       Potassium
       Calcium

Trace Elements - Ibs./acre
                                 #1 Sample    #2 Sample
   5.0

   3.3



   0.2

  51.0

   3'. 3

 186.0



1330.0
   6.4

   1.7



   0.9

  19.0

   3.7

 298.00




8400.0
Iron Ferric
Manganese
Boron
Copper
Zinc
Molybdenum (PP2B)
Sulphate (S04>
Chloride
Aluminum
Total Soluble Salts
0.4
2.98
0.34
2.8
T
50.
267.0
14.0
2.5
1600.0
0.4
8.69
0.33
4.8
14.0
200.0
85.0
3.9
3.54
1300.0
       PP2B equals parts per 2 billion.

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                                                            382
      (Slide 4)
                         Water Analyses
                  #7 Coal, Water  Impoundment
                             1956
Age of Pond and Size
PH

Specific Conduc-
  tance (MMhos/cm)
     1 year
     1 acre
6 yrs.
1.5 acs,
21 yrs,
 2 acs,
      7.28
7.60
7.86
    245
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)      9.6

Free C02 (ppm)              5.8

Total Acidity(ppm CaCC-3)    3.5

Total Alkalinity (ppm CaCO,3 ) 57.0

Total Hardness ppm(CaCO3) 120.

Sulfates (ppm 864)         71.7

Total Iron (ppm)            0.15

Silicia ppm (SiC-2)          2.4
    (Slide 5)
     Water Analyses
Lexington Twp., Stark County
         1962
*F. Pond
 0. 5 aefc.
  7.8
525
7.96
3.2
2.5
36.0
290.
243.
1.05
6.5
330
8.80
1.52
1.0
54.0
174.0
119.7
0.55
6.0
145
9.54
1.10
5.0
35.0
72.0
35.8
1.00
0.90
     PH

     Total Acidity

     Total Alkalinity

     Sulfate (So-^)

     Calcium.

     Magnesium
  #4 Coal Pit Pond

      •   7.5

         0.0

       170.0 ppm

        28.8 ppm.

        65.0 ppm.

        15.5 ppm.
            *Deer Creek

                 7.8

                 0.0

               180.0 ppm.

                64.0 ppm.

                84.4 ppm.
                    %

                25.6 ppm.

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                                                        383
                           #4 Coal pit Pound      * Deer Creek
Total Iron                       1.0 ppm.             0.5 ppm.

Total Solids                   261.6 ppm.           400.8 ppm.

Total Chlorides (NaCl)          32.7 ppm.           152.1 ppm.

           The Ohio strip mine reclamation law requires,

where feasible, the impoundment of water in the last cut

of an operation for, among other purposes, that of con-

trolling water pollution.  The efficacy of this procedure,

where the water impounded is acid, had been questioned.

Certain of the scientists who had worked with the problem,

among them Dr. Charles Riley, who had experience to prove

his point, contended that in a period of a few years the

acid impounding would lose its acidity.

           In the fall of 1958, at the request of the state's

Strip Mine Board of Review, the Ohio Coal Industry Water

Pollution Committee set up an experimental project at an

abandoned pre-law, strip mine near North Lima, in Mahoning

County, on site which was described as practically hopeless.

Offering technical assistance were Dr. S. A. Braley,

Mellon Institute; Russell. A. Brant, Division of Geology,

Ohio Department of Natural Resources; Ernst P. Hall,

Secretary, Coal Industry Advisory Committee to ORSANCO;

Dr. Charles V. Riley, Kent State University, and Ned E.

Williams, Chief Engineer, Ohio Department of Natural Resources,
* Deer Creek sample collected upstream from where pit effluent
 entered the stream.

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                                                        384
It was known as the Sheban Project after the company which




had originally carried on the mining.




           For one year, exhaustive tests were made of




the entire area.  Then in September 1959 an earthen dam




was placed in the final cut as required on all areas strip




mined in Ohio since 1949.




           (Slide 6)




           Before impoundment, this area had been bleeding




acid for 10 years at the rate shown in the series of tests




made in 1958 and 1959.  Since the entire overburden was




acid there was no opportunity to seal it other than by




water, and without the impoundment it would have continued




to bleed acid indefinitely.  Less than five years after




the impoundment was made, you will note the phenomenal




drop in both acidity and sulphates.  As the note says,




this has been a steady decrease.




                  Sheban Experimental Impoundment




           Before impoundment, water analyses by Dr. Braley,




between dates of October 1958 and September 1959 were as




follows:




           pH                       2.7 to 3.4 range




           Acidity                  3523. to 5240. ppm.




           Sulfates S03             4393. to 5676. ppm.




Impoundment was made in the fall of 1959.




           On June 18, 1964, tests by Wadsworth Testing Lab.,

-------
                                                         385
Canton, Ohio, showed the following results:




           pH                       3.1




           Acidity                  850. ppm.




           Sulfates                 1670.8 ppm.




           Whether it will remain at this point or become




progressively better, remains to be seen.  Tests were made




in 1959, after impoundment, then in 1960, 1961, 1962, and




1964.  A progressive decrease in acidity was noted.




           (Slide 7)




           Fortunately, most of the water in strip mine




impoundments in Ohio is good and clean from the beginning.




This final cut strip mine lake in Springfield Township,




Mahoning County, is a half mile long, 35 feet deep, and




a hundred feet wide.




           (Slide 8)




           Over 225 acres of water have been impounded in




the strip mine pits of the Mahoning Valley.  This lake in




Canfield Township has a pH of 6.8.




           During the last 20 or more years, many of the old




underground mine workings in the Mahoning River' watershed




have been stripped around or into.  The acid effluents




from these workings have complicated the pollution problems




of the strip mine operator, but in the process of correcting




them he•:'ha-s'. lessened the acid'mine-drainage problems of the




basin manyfbld for many years.

-------
00
Ul

-------

>  :
                        •«.  t
        ,    '
                                             CO
                                             oo

-------
                                                        386
           Occasionally a situation arises which is unfore-




seen, and requires more than the ordinary measures to correct.




Such a condition has devloped above Dun Eden Lake in Goshen




Township, Mahoning County, in an area of former mining opera-




tions.  Apparently, although all parties carried out their




obligations in good faith at the time, pollution has developed.




There are now legal as well as physical and financial obstacles




in the path of an easy solution.  A court decision may be




necessary to resolve certain facets of the problem before




direct action can be employed.  This is as regrettable to




the coal industry as to the other parties concerned.




           The Ohio Coal Industry Water Pollution Committee




will,in the future as in the past, exercise its best efforts




to help correct the extraordinary situations which arise,




as well as to resolve the run of the mine pollution problems




of the industry.  We are convinced of the soundness of the




measures for the control of acid mine-drainage contained in




ORSANCO Resolution 5-60, and we offer our support to both




ORSANCO and the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board in the




implementation of these measures throughout the Ohio coal




industry.




           Thank you.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you, Mr. Cook,




for an enlightening statement of your work on what we all




know is a very difficult problem, you are to be commended

-------
                                                         387
for that.




           Are there any comments or questions?   If  not,




thank you very much, Mr. Cook, and may we have the lights




again, please.




           DR. ARNOLD:              Mr. Stein, this  concludes




Ohio's presentation at  this conference.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          The next presentation




will be by the Federal Government and we hope to  push on




and see how much of that we can'accomplish.  We would like




to take a short break of scarcely more than five  minutes.




However, I should tell  you that the management has coffee




and rolls outside but we are going to start and if you  are




interested in that, go  ahead.




           Thank you.




           (Recess had.)




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          I wonder if we can




reconvene.  As is inevitable"with a roomful of engineers,




the sound system has gone off and I understand there is




an electrician to come  up.  We will try to talk more




loudly, so you can either come up front or rest peacefully




in the rear but I don't guarantee you will hear everything




that is said.




           We will now  call on Mr. poston from the Federal




Government.

-------
                                                        388
           MR. PQSTON:       ...... .   In line with the confer-




ence procedures that,the conferees.invite persons with




whom other Federal interests are involved in the case of




Federal agencies, I have.written letters to the Federal




agencies and invited them to participate and to give a




statment relative to their interests in this matter of




the Mahoning River.




           I would like  to call on, at this time, Mr. Fred




Wampler, Regional Coordinator for the Ohio River-Appalachian




area, U. S. Department of the Interior.  Mr. Wampler will




talk to you about the Department of Interior interests in




the Mahoning River.




           MR. WAMPLER:             Mr. Chairman, members




of the conference, I am  Fred Wampler, Regional Coordinator,




Ohio River-Appalachian Area, U. S. Department of the




Interior, and it is a pleasure  to come before this committee.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Mr. Wampler, I thought




I recognized you.  Mr. Wampler  formerly was a member of




Congress, I understand,  and has always been a strong




advocate of pollution control and interested in water




resources.  It is a pleasure to see you again.




           MR. WAMPLER:             Thank you, I appreciate




it very much.  With me today I  have two members of the




Geological Survey.  One  is George Dove, the District




Geologist and Mr. Charles Collier, the District Engineer of

-------
                                                       389

water quality, and their headquarters are in the Mid-Continent
Sub Area in Cincinnati, Ohio.  I wonder if you gentlemen
will stand so you know them.  In order to clarify the
duties of the Regional Coordinator with the Department of
Interior, may I say that we divide the United States into
nine areas and within the Department we have a total of 29
bureaus.  We try to integrate the activities of each and
every bureau with that of other Federal and local and state
agencies in developing resources.
          With our headquarters in Cincinnati, why, we
feel this is a very vital spot in developing a five-state
area.  To save time and not infringe on the presentation
of my distinguished colleagues, I shall give a concise
picture of the chief interests and concerns of the various
bureaus within the Department as it relates to water
pollution.
          Each of these agencies has a direct concern with
aspects of water quality and are conducting programs in
this broad field.
          Water, the problems and opportunities it carries,
ignores state, regional, and international boundaries.  It
is important that the interrelationships of water use be
recognized, and that state, Federal and local government
agencies charged with various aspects of water management
and development work harmoniously  in  solving these many

-------
                                                        390
problems.  The Department is pleased to meet with the States




of Ohio and Pennsylvania, and the Ohio River Valley Water




Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) are concerned with the matter




of pollution on the Mahoning River.  We pledge our assistance




and cooperation to these agencies and to the Public Health




Service in the specific action designed to meet the pollu-




tion problems existing in the Mahoning River.




           I know of no better way to express the views of




the Department of the Interior than to revert back to a




statement of Secretary Udall when he appeared before a




subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations,




during the first session of the Eighty-Eighth Congress early




in 1963.  This statement expresses the Departments interest




in maintenance of clean water, as follows:




           "...the focus of Interior effort is directed




      to the maintenance of adequate national water




      supplies and adequate water quality for whatever




      uses man may wish to make of this valuable resource.




      The Interior approach emphasizes the coordination




      of and interrelation between uses, and the effect




      of these uses on management and quality of the total




      water supply system.




           "Maintenance of water quality involves not




      only the quality levels for human use but also




      quality levels for use by other animal and plant

-------
                                                        391
      life, for development of other natural resources,




      and for industrial processes.  These quality con-




      siderations are interrelated.  They can be understood




      and controlled best from the point of view of water




      as a resource, rather than from the point of view




      of a particular quality need."




           While each bureau has its own program in the




field of water quality, the Department exercises the




administration necessary to assure that all programs are




coordinated to avoid duplication and to achieve maximum




results.  Therefore, I will attempt to outline briefly the




functional responsibility of those bureaus concerned in




the matter of pollution of the interstate waters of the




Mahoning River.




           Mr. Chairman, during the statement that is to




proceed, should any questions be directed involving any of




our specific bureaus, the point will be well taken and with




your permission, we will ask each bureau to submit, for the




record, the reply to this specific question.




           CHAIRMAN STEIN:          We will certainly do




that.                                                  •




           The Geological Survey provides scientific informa-




tion on the physical environment of; water that is required




for the successful development, use, and control of water.




All phases' of the survey*s work are designed.to obtain

-------
                                                        392
timely and appropriate water facts needed for the solution




of water problems.  Topographic quadrangle maps prepared




by the survey give information on the surface features




of river basins; its geologic maps give information on rock




types and structure which, control ground water occurrence




and movement.  Hydrologic maps and reports based on these




topographic and geologic data present information on the




quantity, quality, and distribution of the water resources




of the United States.  Programs and individual projects are




designed cooperatively with state and local governments




and other Federal agencies; the survey has responsibility,




also, for the design of the national network of hydrologic




data collection.  Results of these projects are available




to all in the form of maps and reports.  The Geological




Survey wishes to continue its cooperation with Federal and




state agencies in the Mahoning River basin to obtain the




information on water and its environment that is most needed




in the solution of the pressing water problems.  These




agencies and those to which data and information have been




furnished include ORSANCO, Ohio Department of Health, Ohio




Department of Natural Resources, Pennsylvania Department of




Forests and Waters, U. S. Public Health Service and the




Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh District.




           In the Bureau of Mines, the water problems with




which we are concerned today involve many situations which

-------
                                                       393
must be dealt with comprehensively in order to achieve co-



ordinated progress.



          The Bureau of Mines is concerned with water both



as a commodity and because of its utility in the mineral



production and processing industries.  Over a period of



years the Bureau has accumulated the experience, facilities,



and qualified manpower to deal with a wide variety of these



problems.  The studies with which we are concerned are



chiefly those requiring knowledge of chemistry, geology,



metallurgy, engineering, and in some degree bacteriology.



We are particularly concerned with the effect of water



quality in the processes of developing and using mineral



resources and with the nature of water effluents from



operations Of the mineral industries.



          In common with other agencies, the Bureau of



Mines has interests and responsibilities in the economic



and social aspects of water quality management.  Quantity



requirements and competitive uses must be given considera-



tion in programs for multiple-purpose water development



projects.  Particular account is taken of the economic



effect and other values that protection of water quality



and pollution abatement will have on the community.



          In the Mahoning River basin minerals have been



produced and processed for many years.  As mineral industry



activities and products play vital roles in our economy,

-------
                                                        394
it is obvious that this nation must continue to meet its




growing mineral demands.  Output of these mineral products




requires process water and often generates waste effluents




that degrade the quality of the stream.




           Stream pollution from process wastes and from




coal mine drainage now are generally recognized to be




serious problems.  Enlightened management in the mineral




industries recognizes the need for meeting responsibilities




to the public.  Within the limits of available technology




and economics, it adopts controls on its waste discharges.




However, pollution abatement programs take time to become




effective and sometimes industry, understandably so, does




not welcome controls for which current technology affords




no economically practical means of compliance.




           For example, acid mine drainage problems often




are baffling.  From laboratory research and field studies




a number of methods have been developed for control of




acid mine drainage.  These measures generally fall into




the following categories:




           (1)  Reducing water entry into mines




           (2)  Minimizing the contact time between




      water and acid-producing materials




           (3) Regulating the flow of waste water to




      the streams

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                                                        395
           (4)  Regulating the flow of receiving




      streams




           (5)  Neutralizing acid water




           (6)  Covering the acid-producing materials




      to prevent water flowing through them at the end




      of mining operations.




           Federal, state and private organizations all have




contributed to the progress that has been made.




           But the means at hand have not yet solved the




problem as a whole.  Further studies are being conducted




by the Bureau to demonstrate and appraise the effectiveness




of current methods, to develop new methods, and to increase




knowledge of the fundamental chemical and physical factors




that influence acid generation.  Jn this work the Bureau




of Mines is cooperating with the Ohio River valley Water




Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO), the U. S. Geological Survey,




the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and other




agencies.  The Bureau is accelerating its water programs and




is confident that technically feasible solutions can be found




for most of the problems that are presently involved,  it




welcomes opportunities to assist or cooperate with other




organizations that have similar objectives.




           The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.  The Mahoning




River basin encompasses an area of 1?133 square miles and




contains four reservoirs open for recreation use - Milton,

-------
                                                        396
Berlin, Mosquito Creek, and Deer Creek.  These four impound-




ments have a total water surface area.in excess of 13,500.




acres.  One additional reserved r, Meander, contains over




2,000 surface acres .of water but is .closed to recreation




use.




           Total visitation at Berlin and Mosquito Creek




Reservoirs exceeded 1.5.million during 1963.  Visitation




figures are not available at this.time for .Milton and Deer




Creek Reservoirs.  Youngstown»s Mill Creek Park, containing




four small.lakes which total 175 acres on Mill Greek,




attracted over one million visitors in 1963.




           In spite of a relatively high water-land ratio  .




within the Mahoning River basin, water oriented recreational




opportunities are inadequate for the large population con-




centrations of nearby industrial centers.  Seven major




metropolitan areas with population .of over six million




people are within one hour's driving time of the basin.




The ORRRC report has indicated that the majority of




recreation use to water-oriented recreation areas originates




from high pollution centers.




           Preliminary demands and needs studies being




undertaken by this office in connection with the Corps of




Engineers* Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Study indicate




the demand for recreation within this portion of the Ohio




River basin will double by 1980 and quadruple by the year

-------
                                                        397




2010.



          It should be noted that pollution of the Mahoning



River below Warren, Ohio, will seriously hamper efforts



to meet existing and projected recreation demands.  Waters



of this river are subjected to thermal changes and entry



of polluting substances from industrial, municipal and



storm sewers which create a health hazard to persons



attempting water contact activities and cause visual



nuisancea, noxious odors and a near total destruction of



opportunities for water-based recreation.



          The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife reports



that no original water quality analysis of this river has



been made directly by that bureau.  Their information



is based on data gathered by other agencies.



          The reservoirs of the Upper Mahoning basin pro-



vide considerable fishing opportunity adjacent to the most



heavily populated portion of Ohio.  These include Pymatuning,



Lake Milton, Berlin, Mosquito, and Deer Creek Reservoirs.



West Branch and Shenango Reservoirs, which are presently



under construction by the Corps of Engineers, will provide



additional fishing opportunity.  We estimate that in 1960,



impoundments supported 580,000 fisherman days use annually



in the Mahoning-Beaver River basin.  These reservoirs are



all located out of the heavily polluted areas of the basin.




          The Mahoning River itself, not including

-------
                                                        398





impoundments, supports a lightly used .fishery upstream from



Warren, Ohio.  Water quality in the Mahoning River is so



poor downstream from Warren to its confluence with the



Shenango River to form the Beaver, that no sport fishery



exists in this reach.



          The public land connected with the reservoirs



of the basin, especially at Berlin, Mosquito, and Pymatuning,,



sports a great deal of hunting pressure.  The land along



the Mahoning, especially downstream from Warren, is so



heavily developed by industry and urban dwelling that



hunting is not possible or practical.  Waterfowl use of



the Mahoning River upstream from Warren and on the



reservoirs of the basin is extensive especially during



spring and fall migrations.  However, pollution and indus-



trial and urban development severely limit waterfowl use



of the Mahoning downstream from Warren.



          Considerable improvement in water quality would



be necessary before a significant fishery can exist in



the Mahoning downstream from Warren.  It is unlikely that



wildlife can be greatly benefited by pollution abatement



in this reach of the river due to extensive industrial



and urban development adjacent to the stream.




          The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries reports that



there is no commercial fishery in the Mahoning River at



present.  Potential for future development as part of a

-------
                                                        399
modernized  commercial  fishery  operation  throughout  the  Ohio




basin would require  substantial  abatement  of  the  serious




existing pollution (including  thermal  pollution)  situation




below Warren.




          Mr. Chairman,  the Department of  the  Interior




assures the conferees  that every effort  will  be  extended




toward achieving  the goal of acceptable  water  quality in




the Mahoning River basin.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Thank  you, Mr.  Wampler,




on  the very excellent  presentation  of  the  matter  of the




Interior's  activities.   As you can  see,  the Department  of




Interior is one of the major Federal water pollution




controls of water resources agencies and has  a vital




interest in this  area.




          Are there  any  comments or questions?




          MR. CLEARY:               Mr.  Chairman, may I




make a few  comments?




          I simply wanted to indicate  that the measures




that Mr. Wampler  set forth for the  Bureau  of  Mines  with




respect to  ameliorating  the mine drainage  problem,  I




think the record  might, indicate  that .those, measures




that are set forth are precisely, those, which  were




enunciated  by the eight  states some years  ago  and I




think for the first  time was set into  form for practical




means whereby we might attempt familiarization, and  I

-------
                                                       400


think that the eight states have demonstrated that respect.


Certainly very sympathetic, and in fact, imaginative


development of these practical means which heretofore


in the Ohio Valley I think we should remind each other


that none of our states are actually affected by acid


drainage in the enunciation of these principles that


Mr. Wampler has set forth.  There was no basis in the


states for requiring control.


          Now, that situation has changed.  That is to


the effect that we acknowledge that there are some practical


means available.


          I would only comment further with respect, Mr.


Wampler, to the recreational opportunities.  On the one


hand, yesterday we heard witnesses, notably the Mayor


of Youngstown and also Congressman Kirwan, saying that


here a decision had to be made.  Some years ago locally,
                           (

fish factories — you might take the liberty of using that


term — and the people made the decision that to maximize


their opportunities in this valley they would prefer to


spend their money as they did in building these reservoirs


and utilize the Mahoning as the workhorse.  That was a


local decision and it was backed up with local funds and


I am a little uncertain with respect to what the antici-


pation may be in terms of planning on the degree of



cleanliness in the Mahoning River,

-------
                                                       401
          Is it expected to support, for example,  a  commer-




cial fishery?  Here again, we run into the matter  of




what are the maximum or the optimum, I may say, uses




of the river and, as I say, I am -- I don't know what




the criteria will be for this sort of thing, but the




implications I get from the fish and wildlife service




commentaries that you have quoted here may be that




efforts ought to be made to restore this to a fishing




stream, commercial fishery, and so forth and from  testi-




mony we heard yesterday, why, local decisions seem




to indicate otherwise.




          I just wanted to make those comments in view




of the fact that here we have on one hand some implica-




tions that things ought to be, abatement programs ought




to be carried out to the point of fish -- and yesterday




they say the decision was made that fish are less




important than people.   I was simply commenting along




those lines, Mr. Wam'pler.




          I do appreciate the fine resume you provided




for us.  Thank you.




          MR. WAMPLER:              Mr.  Cleary, I think




I might add that the interests of commercial fisheries




is in the Ohio River basin as a whole and they have




activated some interests.

-------
                                                       402
          Now, in trying to see what potential, inasmuch




as this particular over-all river basin would yield,




and I think in order to keep their interest in general




terms, they have included all of the sub areas as well




and I am sure that this analysis is not to the state




where they would be deciding this.




          Thank you .




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Are there any further




comments or questions?  If not, thank you, Mr. Wampler.




          Mr. Poston.




          MR. POSTON:               I would like to call




next on Mr. Walter Brazon with the Corps of Engineers




from Pittsburgh District Office.  Mr. Brazon.




          MR. BRAZON:               Mr. Chairman, members




of the conference:  My name is Walter Brazon.  I am with




the U. S. Army Engineers District, Pittsburgh,PennsyIvania.




The Pittsburgh District has prepared a statement to be --




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           The reporter can't




hear you.




          MR. BRAZON:               The statement is entitled




The Responsibilities and Program of the Corps of Engineers




in the Mahoning River Basin as Related to Water Quality




and Water Supply.




          The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Public




Law 660, as amended by Public Law 87-88 in 1961, Section 2

-------
                                                         403
(b), provides authority to the Corps of Engineers to



consider in the planning of any reservoir inclusion of



storage for regulation of stream flow for the purpose of



water quality control.  Where storage for regulation of



stream flow is made available, the costs of water control



features are to be determined and where the beneficiaries



can be identified they are to be assessed a portion of



the cost commensurate with the benefits received.  How-



ever, if the benefits are widespread or national in scope,



the costs of such features shall be nonreimbursable.



          By this legislation, there is now a direct



provision for inclusion of storage for regulation of



stream flow for purposes of water quality control.  Before



providing such storage, however, it is expected that



primary effort in water pollution abatement should be



oriented toward the reduction or elimination of polluting



wastes at the source by waste treatment plants or other



means.  Dilution is not to be considered a substitute



for waste removal but should be looked upon as a supple-



ment to a program of adequate treatment.



          Where storage for municipal or industrial water



supply is made available by multi-purpose projects, water



users are required to pay the costs allocated to such



storage.  The water supply Act of 1958 (Title III, Public



Law 85-500), approved 3 July 1958, provides authority to

-------
                                                       404
the Corps of Engineers to include municipal and industrial.



water supply storage for immediate and 'anticipated future  .



demand in any reservoir project, provided state or local



interests contract or give assurances that they will



contract for the use of such storage.



          Basin Water Supply Storage.



          Major water supplies in the Mahoning .River basin



are now obtained directly from reservoir storage or  .



from stream flow as augmented by such storage.  The



first such development was made by the Ohio Water Service



Company when it constructed Lake Hamilton in 1905.  This



company has continued its program of .reservoir construe-  .



tion and operation and now has eight, reservoirs in its



system. .                 ...



          The City of Youngstown a few years later provided



Milton Reservoir to augment stream flow for water supply



purposes.  Construction of Milton Dam.was initiated in



1916 and storage in the reservoirs was begun in 1917.



Primarily> the project provided for augmentation of low



river flows with some flood control.  No provision was



made for direct water supply distribution.
     v - •   . -                  . :       -        _


          In 1926, the Mahoning Valley Sanitary District



was formed and, in 1929, began construction of Meander



Reservoir for municipal water supply purposes.  The dam



was completed and water supply storage began in 1931.

-------
                                                        405



          The Corps of Engineers constructed Berlin and



Mosquito Creek Reservoirs during the period 1941-1944 to



provide flood protection and low water-augmentation to



aid World War II industrial production.  They were put



in operation in July 1943 and April 1944, respectively.



Under contract arrangements with the United States,



municipal water supply storage was set aside at Mosquito



Creek Reservoir for the City of Warren and at Berlin



Reservoir for the Mahoning Valley Sanitary District.



          The City of Alliance, for many years, obtained



its water supply directly from the Mahoning River above



a dam within the city limits.  Because of pollution and



difficulty encountered in treatment of this water, a



dam was built on Deer Creek and put in operation in 1954.



It provides the city with an assured supply of six million



gallons per day.



          Low Plow Regulation Program.



          The low flow regulation program in the Mahoning



River basin of Ohio includes the municipally developed



Milton Reservoir, the two existing Federal projects,



Berlin and Mosquito Creek, and the Corps of Engineers



reservoir now being constructed on the West Branch, Mahoning



River.  A contribution toward the cost of the latter project



commensurate with the low flow regulation function is being



made by Trumbull and Mahoning Counties.

-------
                                                         4o6



          In the adjoining Shenango River basin the
                         / i~-> -'•-.,

Shenango River Reservoir, now under construction by the


Corps of Engineers, will complement the Commonwealth of


Pennsylvania's Pymatuning Reservoir, the existing multi-


purpose reservoir in the basin.  As its primary objective,


the Shenango Reservoir will supplement Pymatuning Reser-


voir in providing flood control in the Shenango River


Valley below Sharpsville, and in the Beaver and upper


Ohio Rivers.  Of secondary importance, it will provide


effective seasonal storage for supplementing the Pymatuning


Reservoir in augmenting the low flows in the Shenango


and Beaver Rivers.


          Berlin Reservoir has a maximum storage capacity


of 33,600 acre-feet in winter and 56,600 acre-feet in


summer reserved for storage of excess runoff for sub-


sequent release to increase low flows in the Mahoning


River and for direct water supply.  Berlin Reservoir was


built at a total cost, all Federal money, of $6,444,000.


          Mosquito Creek Reservoir has a maximum


capacity reserved for low-water regulation and water supply


of 80,400 acre-feet in the summer and 69,100 acre-feet


in the winter.  Mosquito Creek Reservoir was built at a


total cost of $4,035,000, all Federal money.


          West Branch, Mahoning River Reservoir, is now


under construction.   Its total cost will be about  15.3

-------
                                                      407

million dollars.  Of that sum, 5.2 million dollars for

low-water flow regulation is paid by local interests.

Mahoning County's share is $3*449,842 and Trumbull County's

share is $1,750,158.  The maximum capacity reserved for

low-water storage in summer is 52,900 acre-feet and in

winter 41,700, acre-feet.

          Prior to construction of Berlin and Mosquito

Creek Reservoirs, the average of the minimum monthly

low flows over the period of record was 125 c.f.s.  Plows

as low as 28 c.f.s. had occurred at Youngstown.  After

Berlin and Mosquito Creek Reservoirs were placed in

operation, the flow on the same basis has averaged 275

c.f.s.  When West Branch, Mahoning River Reservoir is

completed, it is expected that flows at Youngstown will

average 325 c.f.s., again on the same basis.

          In order to compare storage cost with other

reservoirs, the following information is provided:

                            Total            Total
                           Storage          Cost Per
Reservoir                 Acre-Feet        Acre-Foot

Berlin                      91,200          $  70.65

Mosquito                   104,100             38.75

West Branch, Mahoning       78,.700            194.40
  River

-------
                                                  408






          The Shenango River Reservoir is scheduled for



completion in the late fall of 1966 at a total estimated



Federal cost of $34,800,000,  The flow regulation storage



available in the summer will be 29,900 acre-feet.  This



reservoir storage will augment the minimum discharge in the



Shenango and Beaver Rivers, as currently regulated by the



Pymatuning Reservoir operation, by 50 c,f.s. during May



and October and by 100 c.f.s. from June through September.



          CHAIRMAN STEINi          Thank you, Mr. Brazon.



          Are there any comments or questions?  If not,



thank you very much, sir, for your presentation.  Mr.



Poston.



          MR. POSTON:              I would like to ask



if there are any other Federal agencies here today who



care to make a statement?  The Soil Conservation Service



had indicated that they would make a statement.  I have



not talked to anyone today.  The Soil Conservation Service



has already left their statement which was submitted to



the reporter.



          This concludes the part of the other Federal



agencies and now the Public Health Service will present



their narrative of the part which has been prepared for



this conference.  I can't resist, after the fine presenta-



tions yesterday, to tell you a little bit about the




national interest in water.

-------
                                                       409
          President Johnson recently, in his State of the




Union Message, indicated that we must stop poisoning our




rivers.  He talked about water pollution in several of




his other talks, and most recently in his talk on America-




the-Beautiful, he indicated that we must prevent pollution




from occurring rather than abating pollution after it has




occurred.  He is in sympathy with this theory and I think




that there is already legislation in our Congress.  Our




Congress is greatly interested and has been interested




in the matter of water resources and particularly water




pollution control.




          I would like to review with you -- first I




might say that Congress presently has a bill before them.




This bill has already gone through the Senate and passed




with a vote of some 68 to 8, this is Senate Bill 4.




This is the first bill that came before the Senate in




this present session of Congress.




          This bill presently is to be heard, have a




hearing in the House of Representatives.  Congress,




since 1948, has been increasingly interested and has




passed several amendments to the Water Pollution Control




Act to this time and it appears that now they will pass




additional amendments.




          The Federal Water Pollution Control Act provides




tools, tools that will help in this abatement program.

-------
                                                         410





It will help the state agencies which Congress recognizes



as having the primary responsibility for control of water



pollution.  These tools I would like to elaborate on a



little bit on how they help you here in the Mahoning



Valley and how they are utilized to help in this matter



of water pollution.



          First off, we have a tool of grants, and these



grants are given to the State Water Pollution agencies



and to the interstate water pollution agencies.  The



Federal grants amount to some 1.4 million dollars over



the period of this Act since 1956 to the State of Ohio



Water Pollution Control Board to help them extend and



expand their program.  About 1.6 million dollars has



been given to the Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board



to help them extend and expand their program and over



$940,000 has been provided to the Ohio River Valley



Sanitation Commission to help them in their overran



program of pollution abatement.



          The grants additionally are provided to



municipalities to help them construct sewage treatment



plants and interceptor sewers and in this Mahoning



River interstate area, I would say that there have been 3.9



million dollars given to communities as grants to help



them in this abatement program.  This has been for some



16 plants, total construction cost of some 14.6

-------
                                                       411
million dollars.




          We think that this has been a decided assis-




tance in this pollution program.




          Another area whe^re we are interested in and




another tool that is available to industry, to the states,




to industries, is in the area of research.  Research to




assist in solving water pollution problems, and we have




the Sanitary Engineering Center located in Cincinnati




where they do the major work for the Public Health Service




in this area of water pollution, water supply, and pollu-




tion control.  This Center being located as it is in Ohio,




Ohio probably reaps the major benefits from their activities




in terms of assistance in research pertaining to the area.




          Congress has also decided that this isn*t enough




and they have provided for seven regional research labora-




tories, one of which will be located in Ann Arbor, Michigan,




and it is anticipated that there will be some 150 people




employed just to do research on this problem of water supply




and pollution control.




          Another area is comprehensive planning and it is




felt that it is needed to develop long-range plans.




President Kerinedy said that he wanted these completed by




1970.  I think it will require to 1975 to complete these




comprehensive programs for all of the major river basins




in the country.  Such study is being made by the Public

-------
                                                       412
Health Service in the Ohio River'basin-and this study is



presently under way.  I might 'say that these comprehensive



studies have been cooperating with the state agencies, with



the interstate industries> and municipalities involved in



these programs are very well accepted by the state and the.



local agencies and by industry.



          We come now to another tool in our program and



that's why we are meeting here today, /and"that is the



enforcement activities of our water pollution control programs,



and we have for purposes of pointing out the conditions as



we have seen them and as our technical people from the



Sanitary Engineering Center who have prepared this report



for us to see those, and we have here today Mr. P. W. Kittrell



who is going to start off this discussion and presentation



and he will talk about our main stream investigation plan,



and then followed by Mr. Hayse Black, industrial waste



expert; Mr. Ken Mackenthun, biologist; Mr. Graham Walton,



water supply investigator and expert; Mr. Maurice LeBosquet,



who you heard about yesterday and who had a part in the



preparation of this report will appear in sequence.



          I would like to say -- make one other comment and



that is that I view this river as a kind of a living thing;



a thing tha:t we can expect to work for the people in this



area, work for you.



          I heard the comments yesterday about how the

-------
                                                       413





river is used in major purpose, but then I also heard that



they are thinking of still further uses for this river,



namely, navigation.  And I am sure that the people in this



community and the other communities nearby will look to this



river for the capabilities which it has for the area.  I



think this river is to serve the people in their certain



way of life.



          I would like to call on Mr. Kittrell now to



start our presentation.  Mr. Kittrell.



          MR. KITTRELL:            Mr. Chairman, conferees,



ladies and gentlemen:  I will present the report which Mr.



Poston has called for.  I would like to say that there will



be a few departures from the report as prepared.  First I



will cut out some of the material that I do not consider



essential in the interests of saving time.  Secondly, there



are a few errors in the report which I would like to call



attention to and correct as I go along.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Mr. Kittrell, do you



want the whole report as prepared put in the record as read



or will you delete a portion?



          MR. KITTRELL:            I would like the whole



report included in the record.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          That will be done without



objection but you better make sure that the reporter gets the



corrections.

-------
                                                       414
          MR. KITTRELL:             And finally, we




received additional data on stream conditions from the




Ohio Health Department while the report was in process




of reproduction, and I have a few places in the report




where I would like to insert some comments on the addi-




tional data that we have received.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Be sure you indicate




when that is done for the purpose of the record.




          MR. KITTRELL:             Introduction;  On the




basis of reports, surveys, or studies, having reason to




believe that pollution from sources in Ohio was endangering




the he'aTth or welfare of persons in Pennsylvania, and in




accordance with Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution




Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.), the




Secretary of Health, Education, and .Welfare called a




conference of the States of Ohio and Pennsylvania, the




Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, and the




Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, on inter-




state pollution of the Mahoning River, to be held in




Youngstown,  Ohio, on February 16, 1965.




          This report on interstate pollution of the




waters of the Mahoning and Beaver River system is based on




previous reports; official records of the Public Health




Service; information furnished by interested state and




local agencies, individuals, and industries; and data

-------
                                                       415
obtained by the Public Health Service from limited field




studies conducted during January 1965, involving biological




aspects, industrial water supplies and wastes, municipal




water supply, ard selected indicators of stream quality.




          The cooperation of the numerous agencies and




individuals is gratefully acknowledged.




          The Area.




          The Mahoning River drains an area of 1,131




square miles (See Figure I), of which 1,076 square miles




are in northeastern Ohio, and 55 square miles in western




Pennsylvania.  The headwaters of the Mahoning River are




in the vicinity of Alliance, Ohio.  It then flows north-




easterly to Warren, Ohio, where it continues southeasterly




through Youngstown, Ohio, crossing the state line about




nine miles downstream from Youngstown.  The Mahoning River




flows through Pennsylvania for a distance of about 12 miles,




before it joins the Shenango River near New Castle, Penn-




sylvania, to form the Beaver River.  The Beaver River then




flows in a southerly direction about 20 miles, before it




becomes confluent with the Ohio River at Rochester, Penn-




sylvania.




          Little Yankee Creek receives wastes from metal




processing industries in Hubbard, Ohio, just north of




Youngstown, and flows northeast across the Ohio-Pennsylvania




state line to join the Shenango River southwest of Sharon,

-------
                                                        416
Pennsylvania.  Also southwest  of  Sharon the Shenango River,


carrying the wastes from  the Sharpsville-Sharon area, loops


across the Pennsylvania-OhjLp state line into Ohio for about


one-half mile and then  returns' to Pennsylvania.


          The Beaver River  drainage area,  including the


tributary areas of the  Mahoning and Shenango rivers, is.


about 3,145 square miles.   The Shenango River drains 1,080

square miles of which are in Ohio,  and 795 square miles in


Pennsylvania.


          The economy of  the.region is heavily dependent


on manufacturing.  The  perqerrtage of total employment, engaged


in the manufacture of primary •'metals-is 12 times greater   V
                          :      *;-^-:i'?.V;    :",.  ......   "^ ;-<;•;•  "
than the national average.  Mucti\pf7"the' industry is located


along the 25-mile reach of  Mahoning River  between Warren  •"


and Lowellville, Ohio.  Other  important industrial areas


are in and near Sharon  and  New-Castle, Pennsylvania.


          (See next page.)

-------
                                                                                                 417
RAVENNA
   WEST BRANCH
    RESERVOIR
          ALLIANCE
                            FIGURE  I


                       LOCATION MAP

                MAHONING- SHENANGO S BEAVER RIVERS
                                  8
                                        12
                              MILES

-------
                                                       418
          Water Uses.  Reservoirs.



          As shown on Table 1, several major reservoirs



now operating or under construction are located in the



Beaver River basin.  The Corps of Engineers has constructed



four of these reservoirs, including Berlin, Mosquito Creek,



and West Branch Reservoirs, in the Mahoning River watershed,



and Shenango River Reservoir in the Shenango River basin.



These four reservoirs provide over 466,000 acre-feet of stor-



age capacity for flood control, water supply, and stream flow



regulation.  Plow regulation in the Mahoning River has been



designed to meet water quality objectives which are highly



complicated by the many uses made of the stream, such as the



assurance of industrial water supply, for the control of the



temperature of industrial supplies, and for the disposal of



municipal and industrial wastes.



          Milton Reservoir, located on the Mahoning River,



was constructed in 1917 by the City of Youngstown and private



interests for flow regulation purposes.  This reservoir is



now operated in coordination with Berlin Reservoir.  Meander



Creek Reservoir, on a tributary of the Mahoning River, was



constructed by the Mahoning Valley Sanitary District in 1931.



This reservoir serves as a source of municipal water to



communities served by the sanitary district, including Youngs-



town, Niles and other communities in this general area.



Arrangements have been made to augment the capacity of this

-------
                                                        419
reservoir by diverting water by pipeline from Berlin Reservoir.




Mosquito Creek Reservoir, located on Mosquito Creek, a




tributary of the Mahpning River, serves as a source of water




for the City of Warren, Ohio.  P.ymatuning Reservoir was




developed by Pennsylvania in 193.3:.  It is located in the




headwaters of the .Shenango River,, upstream of the Shenango




River Reservoir.  This reservoir serves a number of purposes,




and is used intensely for recreation.




          :There ,are several important smaller reservoirs




in the basin, such as Mill Creek, Yellow Creek, Dry Run




and others that are operated for water supply purposes.




          (See next page.)

-------
Table 1

Date
Completed
Reservoir year

Ml It en 1917

Berlin 19^3

Pyaatunlng 1933

Meander Creek 1931

Mosquito Creek 19W»

Heat Branch Under
Construction

g>~*~"er< fllTor Under
Construction


Hajor Stora,
Beaver-Mahoning am

Location
of
Dam

ifahnT^nfl River
5 miles above
Bewton Falls
Mahon-fng River
35 miles above
Warren
Shenango River
1.6 miles above
Jamestown
Meander Creek
2 mllea above
mouth
Mosquito Creek
9 miles above
month
Wort Branch
11 Biles above
mouth
2 Kile* abowa
amrggrtlle
Total
gs Reservoirs
d Grand River '*•"<'«"

Drainaee Storaae Capacity, acre-feet
Area - ~~~~
sqoare Uoter flat Total*
miles Supply Regulation
276 29,150

8? 19,1*00 58,800 91,200

158 L9,l*00 159,900 196,200

2«»9 3O,8OO - 32,'»00

97 11,000 69,«»00 104,100

81 - 32,900 78,700

589 - 30,000 ise.'wo
-__ __^___ __^__^ — — _
1,537 80,600 371,000 726,150

OUBP t or Operator

City of Toungatown

Corps of- Engineers

CoBBonvealtb of Pennsylvania

i*»>»-ii ng Valley Sanitary
District

COTpS of EQ01 OBQ1TS

Carps of Kn^tneers

Cofpt of ffyg* "^*rff


•include* rtormfle for tilt, flood control, and otter pnrpoM*.



4=-
ro
o

-------
                                                       421
          Municipal Water Supply.




          The Mahoning River was used as a source of munici-




pal water for the Warren-Niles-Youngstown area for many years,




but was abandoned because of gross pollution, and the increased




demand for water.  Supplies were developed in upland tribu-




taries that were relatively free of pollution.




          On the lower Beaver River, the Beaver Falls




Municipal Authority and New Brightonvater plants use water




pumped from pools formed by lowhead dams and serve an esti-




mated 65,000 persons.  Water supplies from this source are




difficult and costly to treat.  High iron and manganese con-




centrations, oils, phenol-like and other taste and odor



producing substances, are some of the causes of water treat-




ment complications.



          Industrial Water Supplies.



          Industrial between Warren and Lowellville, Ohio,




use large quantities of Mahoning River water.  The largest




use is for industrial cooling purposes, primarily in the




production of basic iron and st.eel in this highly developed




industrial complex.  Average industrial use of Mahoning




River water by the principal firms has been reported to be




in excess of 1,500 mgd during peak production periods.  As




the average annual flow of the Mahoning River at Youngstown




is less than half this quantity, it is obvious that reuse




of stream flow is often very high.

-------
          Recreation.



          Water-oriented recreation activities have increased



rapidly across the nation, especially near centers of pollu-



tion.  The great recreational potential of the Mahoning and



Beaver Rivers for pursuits such as boating, swimming, and  .



fishing, has not been realized, under present circumstances



because of the high degree of pollution that exists in these



waters.



          The main stem of the Mahoning River, from Warren,



Ohio, to the confluence with the Shenango River in



Pennsylvania, is so polluted that it is practically unin-



habitable for fish.  Thick black sludge deposits, floating



solids, greases, and oils are prevalent throughout, causing



the stream to be unusable for recreational activities.



          Farther downstream on the Beaver River, and in the



general vicinity of the Beaver Palls area, there is a limited



fisher for carp, bullheads, and suckers, and the river



recently has been stocked with black crappies, bass, and



channel catfish.  This is indication of downstream improve-



ment in the stream quality to support fish, although the



sanitary quality remains poor.  Despite this fact, some



boating and aquatic sports take place in the pools created



by the dams in this area.



          Sources of Municipal Water.



          A summary of the principal municipal waste discharge^

-------
                                                       423
to the stream between Warren, Ohio, and the mouth of the Beaver




River is given in Table 2.  The bacterial content and bio-




chemical oxygen demand of the was.te discharges are expressed




as population equivalents; one. population equivalent is that




quantity of a constituent that would be contained in the




daily untreated sewage produced by one person.




          Bacteria.




          Coliform bacteria that originate in the intestines




of warm-blooded animals, including man, are normally used




as indicators of bacterial pollution and accompanying health




hazards.  The estimated bacterial loadings discharged from




principal municipal sources are shown on Table 2 and Figure II.




          All of the principal municipal sources of sewage




receive some treatment at this, time, or have treatment




facilities under construction.  The total sewered population




of the principal sources of municipal wastes in the study




area is about 467,000 and the waste treatment facilities




have a capability of reducing the bacterial content of the




sewage about 61 percent .(assuming.that the Youngstown primary  .




waste treatment plant, now being constructed, is operating).




Of the estimated total waste load of 184,000 .bacterial .popula-




tion equivalents (BPE) originating in the study , are a, 78




percent is discharged in Ohio and 22 percent- in -Pennsylvania..




          Biochemical Oxygen Demand.




          Oxygen-demanding organic waste loads, discharged

-------
                                                       424
from municipal systems to the Mahoning River by communities




from Warren, Ohio, to the Pennsylvania state line, are




estimated to have sa population equivalent of 200,400 after




treatment.  This constitutes about 71 percent of the total




organic wastes discharged in the study area via municipal




waste outfalls (see Figure III and Table 2).




          A stream that is excessively depleted of oxygen,




because of overloading with oxygen-demanding wastes will not




support a good fish population and if the dissolved oxygen




is totally depleted, the decomposition of organic matter




will produce offensive odors.




          (See next page.)

-------
                  Table 2
Estimated Characteristics of Municipal  Wnstes
Jurisdiction
Warren
Nlles
McDoHld
Girard
Mahonlng Co.
Austintovn S.D
Mahonlng Co.
Boardoan S. D.
State
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Receiving Stream
Ms honing
Mahonlng
Ma honing
Mahoning

Mahoning
River
River
River
River

River
Mahonlng Co.
Pine Hollow S.D. Ohio
Youngstovn
Campbell
Poland
Strut here
Lovellvllle
Union Tvp.
Nev Castle
MB honing River
Hubbird
Sharon
Farrell
Hickory Tvp.
West Middlesex
Sbenango River
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Pa.
Pa.
Total
Ohio
Pa.
Ohio
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Fa.
Total
Ohio
Pa.
Ma honing
Mahoning

MB honing
Mahoning

Ma honing

River
River

River
River

River

L. Yankee Creek
Sbenango
Sbenango
Sbenango
Sbenongo

River
River
River
River

Type of
Treatment
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Youngstovn
Secondary
Youngstovn
Primary
Primary
Strut here
Prlnary & Cl.
Primary
Nev Castle
Primary & Cl.

Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary

I960
Population
59,61*8
19,51*5
2,727
12,997
(11*00)
(12,250)
(180)(2)
166,689
13,1*06
2,766
15,631
2,055
7,161
H1*,T90
361,21*5
309,291*
51,951
7,137
25,267
13,793
12,635
1,301
60,133
7,137
52,996
POPUWTJOH EQUIVAUSTS
Population
Served
53.000*1)
26,000<1>
2,730(1)
12,995(2)
(ll*00)(2)
12,250(2)

168,270(2)
llt,ltOO(l)
(2,765)(2)
18,UOO(3)
2,200(1>
(x) (2)
1*7,000<2>
357,21*5
7,135(2)
25,270(3)
15,000(2)
1»,000(2)
1,300<2>
52,705
Brcteris Oxygen Demand River
Humber 
-------
                                                                             Table  2 (Cent. )

                                                              Estimated Characteristics of Municipal WaBtes
Jurisdiction
Taylor Twp.
Wampum
Ellwood City
Koppel
Chlppewa Twp.
Davson Ridge
Patterson Hts.
Patterson Twp.
West Mayfield
White Twp.
Beaver Falls
New Brighton
Total Beaver River
Total for Basin


State
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
(All In Pa. )

Ohio
Pa.
Receiving Stream
Beaver River
Beaver River
ConnoqueneEBlng Cr.
Beaver River
Brady River
Beaver River


Beaver River
Beaver River




Type of
Treatment
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Beaver Falls
Beaver Falls
Beaver Falls
Beaver Fells
Primary
Primary




I960
Population
1,402
1,085
12,413
1,389
6,051
550
817
2,930
2,201
1,437
16, 240
8,397
54,911
476,289
309,294
166,995
Population
Served
900<2)
14, 000* 2^
1,390(3)
$
(x) (2)
(x) (2)
(x) (2)
(550)(2)
30, 000^ 2'
10, 000^ 2>
57,105
467,055
65*
35*
POPUIATIOH EQUIVALEHTS
Bncterix Oxygen
Number % of Total Dumber
450
350
7,000
700
40
20


15,000
5,000
28,560
184,010
144,500
39,510
1.6
1.2
24.5
2.5
0.1
0.1


52.5
17.5
100

78
22
600
450
9,100
900
50
30


19,500
6,500
37,130
283,300
200,370
82,430
Demnnd
% of Total
1.6
1.2
24.5
2.5
0. 1
- i-
0.1


52-5
17.5
100

71
29
River
Miles
21
14
12-2
11
7-2
6


5
?




(l)  From Sewage Treatment Plant Operation and Maintenance Questionnaire, Reg. V.
(2)  From 1962 Inventory of Municipal Waste Facilities.
(3)  Estimated from I960 population figures.
                                                                                                                                                                         ;o
                                                                                                                                                                         ov

-------
WARREN
                                                                        FIGURE n
                                                              ESTIMATED  BACTERIAL  LOADS
                                                    BACTERIAL POPULATION EQUIVALENTS DISCHARGED
                                                           SHARON

                                                          PARRELL
                                                          HICKORY TWP
                                                          WEST MIDDLESEX
     DIAMETER =
     2O.OOO BPE
                                                                            NEW CASTLE
                                                                           ELLWOOD CITY
                                                                           CHIPPEWA  TWR
                                                                         ^BEAVER FALLS
                                                                          NEW BRIGHTON
     I
ro
 LEGEND
O  246  8
    MILES

-------
                                                                              FIGURE nr
                                                                   ESTIMATED OXYGEN DEMAND  LOADS
                                                        OXYGEN DEMAND POPULATION  EQUIVALENTS  DISCHARGED
WARREN
                                                                    SHARON

                                                                    FARRELL
                                                                    HICKORY  TWP

                                                                    WEST MIDDLESEX
               DIAMETER:
               2O.OOO PE
                                                                                      NEW CASTLE
                                                                                    ELLWOOD CITY

                                                                                  •  CHIPPEWA  TWP.


                                                                                     BEAVER FALLS
                                                                                    NEW BRIGHTON
CO

-------
                                                       429
          MR. POSTON:               Mr. Kittrell, on page




14 you talked about --in the report it says 200,400.  You




commented 20,000.  What is the correct figure?




          MR. KITTRELL:             200,400 is correct; that




was a slip on my part.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Do you want to reserve




the questions to the end?




          MR. POSTON:               I would prefer, but I




will suit your pleasure.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           How long is your report




going to be?




          MR. POSTON:               It will take approximately




two hours.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Well, I think we better




delouse this.  Let*s see if anybody has any questions?




          MR. POSTON:               Are there questions?




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           I have one that I want




to have a clarification on.  And I might say that this has




been prompted by a conversation I had yesterday with Fred




Waring who used to have Mr. Eaglet job in Ohio, and I am




not sure, in reading this, what the situation is in Ohio.




Maybe you can help me with it.




          As I understand it, after the plants are to go in,




the new treatment plants, there is some.disinfection.  Is




this supposed to take place all year around or just in the

-------
                                                       430
summertime or intermittent periods?




          MR. KITTRELL:             My understanding of that




is planned only for summer periods.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Is this correct, for




summer periods, or when needed?




          Now again -- and I just raise this as a question




that the conferees may consider -- if the stream is not used




for recreational purposes, you won*t necessarily have these




recreational periods.  As I understand this, as I say, this




was based on a conversation with an old friend -- in fact,




he said that when the program was set up, the thinking was




to have this chlorination continuously.  Has there been




any change in their thinking, or if there has, should this




be or what?  I wonder, perhaps we can ask Ohio for its view




on this, or Mr. Kittrell what he thinks about this.




          MR. KITTRELL:             Well it is my opinion




that for the production of the bacterial quality at the




Beaver Falls water plant, that chlorination year around




would be desirable.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Well, I think there is




probably a lot closer agreement on this than maybe I thought.




I am sure your thinking is all the same.  Thank you.




          Mr. Boardman.-




          MR. BOARDMAN:             A little while ago you




made a statement about admitting the entire report into the

-------
                                                       431
record and I was going to wait until you finished "but, as




you recall, yesterday when Dr. Wilbar made his statement,




he made a specific request and nothing more was said about




it.




          I would again like to make that statement and ask




each of the conferees for their views on this statement and




that is that Secretary Celebrezze*s conference call indicated




the subject of the conference would be the interstate pollu-




tion of the Mahoning River.  The Public Health Service report




goes far beyond this question and also includes the following




material presumably as a subject for discussion at this




conference:




          One waste sources in Pennsylvania on the Shenango




River; two, waste sources in Pennsylvania on the Beaver River;




three, alleged interstate pollution on Little Yankee Creek,




a tributary of the Shenango River; four, alleged interstate




pollution of the Shenango River below Sharon.




          Since this material is not in any way pertinent to




the question before this conference, it seems appropriate at




this time to request that all this material be stricken from




the record of this conference.  We realize that in order to




determine the effect on the Mahoning River that the quality




of the Shenango immediately before its confluence with the




Mahoning and the water quality of the Beaver River may have




to be considered.

-------
                                                       432
          I do hot wish to imply by my statement that all




persons who are interested and concerned with waste sources




on the Shenango or the Beaver are not free to obtain this




information from the Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board.




This; information is available to the Public Health Service




and to anyone else who has legitimate interest in this infor-




mation.  This information does not appear to be a pertinent




part of the subject of this conference and has nothing to do




with any pollution that may flow over the Ohio-Pennsylvania




line into the Mahoning River.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Thank you, Mr. Boardman.




          MR. POSTON:               In order to be fair  in




our evaluations of the Mahoning River, you can see that




there are tributaries, the Shenango, even tributaries to




the Shenango which come from the State of Pennsylvania,  but




they do contribute to the total flow of the Beaver River and




the Mahoning which comes from Ohio carrying the principal




waste sources and is probably -- which is the concern of




this conference -- requires a careful evaluation.




          We would not like to construe that all of the




wastes that come down as far as Beaver Falls comes from  the




Youngs town-Warren area, but we would like to show that there




is a waste contribution from other areas so that we might be




fair in our total evaluation of the problem.




          MR. BOARDMAN:             May I make an answer to

-------
                                                       433
that question?  We  certainly realize, but the  statement  we




pointed out, we realize you have to  consider water  quality




at the mouth of the Shenango and its effect on the  Beaver




if you are going to compare effects  of pollution.




          What we are objecting to is the inclusion of




information on specific waste sources in Pennsylvania,




Shenango, waste sources in the Pennsylvania Shenango, waste




sources on the Beaver.  There is in Mr. Kittrell«s  statement




interstate pollution of Yankee Creek and interstate pollution




of the Shenango which we do not feel is a subject in this




conference.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Mr. Kittrell is shaking




his head but I would like to make this comment.  I  donTt



know that we should get into the technical details  here.




I think you have to remember that this is a conference.




Now, we have not made any rulings nor have there been any




objections as to the germaneness of material put in by the




various people making statements.




          I think one of the key points in the conference is




when the states or the Federal Government to the interstate




agency makes a statement or their invitees, we allow them to




make a determination of what is appropriate and what  is not.




The conferees then will be able to take that and make its own



determination on the call of the conference.




          Now, I would not attempt to dispute  the views that

-------
                                                       434
you have expressed on the substantive matter.  I think the




Secretary  of Health, Education, and Welfare did call a




conference in the matter of pollution of the interstate




waters of the Mahoning River but I do think that we should




give every participant to the conference the courtesy we




gave every other participant and that is the initial




determination for germaneness and appropriateness to them,




because if we are going to make these other judgments,  I




think this could very well have been questioned by many




of the participants in the conference up to now.




          MR. BOARDMAN:             May I go just a little




further then?  When statements are made concerning the




Shenango River and other statements, we didn*t have very




much of an opportunity to record a report on the Shenango.




In our limited review, we have found errors in the informa-




tion that  has been presented especially on this table from




which the  bacterial contributions were indicated, and the




treatment plants in Pennsylvania, the primary plants of




chlorination.  This allowance wasn*t made at the table.




          The figures are not correct but if the information




is deleted on the Shenango, it-will remove most of the errors




that we found.




          MR. POSTON:               I think we would be




very happy to include any corrections that we find indicated




here.

-------
                                                       435
          MR. BOARDMAN:             Our request is not for




corrections, our request is for deletions.  I would like




to hear the comments from the other conferees on this




request.




          DR. ARNOLD:               I have to admit that I




have had this report such a short time that I haven*t




been able to give any great deal of study to it.  This




report, my own copy of this report was made available to




me late last Thursday afternoon.  In the Public Law, it




states that the Secretary may call a conference on a




pollution problem where a river from one state is flowing




into another and may be endangering the health of the people




in the other state.




          I think primarily the Shenango River is a




Pennsylvania river.  I think what we are primarily con-




cerned with here is the quality of the water at the state




line.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Does ORSANCO want to




comment or not?




          MR. WEAKLEY:              Mr. Chairman, I think the




observation of Mr.. Boardman is quite appropriate that this is




a conference called for the purpose of considering just one




area.




          Now, I think it would be out of order to go beyond




that.  I recognize that the Chairman has pointed out the

-------
                                                       436
rather broad privileges that have been given to other spokes-




men in presenting material but this still seems to me that




most of the material that has been presented by other spokes-




men has pretty much been aimed at the Mahoning problem.  And




it seems to me that once you start going into areas beyond




the Mahoning itself, that you are really broadening the base




of the conference beyond not only what the call prescribed




but what the other spokesmen have aimed their remarks to-




wards themselves.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           I am not disagreeing




with what you say, sir, -- I would not like to specify other




groups here, or other statements made here -- but there have




been statements by others here dealing with programs outside




this area; achievements outside this area and the programs




which do not materially affect the Mahoning River problem.




          I think with this in mind as the sense of the




Board, let»s see if we can proceed, and if this gets to be




an area where we have a problem, we can bring this up at the




time.  I think the feelings of the conferees are made clear




and if there is any question you have on the appropriateness




or the germaneness of a particular issue as it develops,




you may raise that question.




          These matters, of course, are matters of opinion




and they differ.  I have glanced at this report myself, sir,




and on the basis of your criteria if you thought all the

-------
                                                       437
statements made heretofore were reasonably concerned with  the




Mahoning River problem, I don*t know that this  is  any  farther




afield, but if it is at any particular point in the presenta-




tion, I would welcome the conferees coming in and  we will  see




what we will do at that time.




          I wonder if we could continue on that basis,  if




that«s agreeable.  Mr. Kittrell.




          MR. POSTON:               Is there any other




question of Mr. Kittrell?  Mr. Kittrell will be on a little




bit later again.  We will now hear from Mr. Hayse  Black who




will talk about sources of industrial waste.




          MR. BLACK:                Mr. Chairman,  conferees,




ladies and gentlemen:  There are some errors in the part




that I will present.  They are not typographical errors, they




are changes that have come to our attention, some  of them




as recently as yesterday.  In making this statement, I am  not




unmindful of the fact that over the years I have worked with




many of you people and in this contact have perhaps a  better




appreciation of the conditions observed in the  Mahoning River




than some of our other investigators.  I hope that in  making




this statement no information will be revealed  that will




embarrass anyone.




          Concerted effort has been made to interpret  what




we have seen, to understand what is going on, to appreciate




what has been done, and to better understand what  still needs

-------
                                                       438
to be done.

          The streams under consideration drain one of the

most highly industrialized areas in the United States.  Some

seven percent of this country*s steel production is concen-

trated in the Mahoning River Basin.  Production of iron and

steel and fabrication of various steel products overshadow

all other manufacturing in this area.

          Cognizance is taken of the waste control measures

and water pollution abatement programs that have been developed

at the steel mills operating in the Warren-Youngstown area.

However,  residual steel mill wastes dis charged to the Mahoning

River are still cause for concern.

          The principal industries discharging waste to the

Mahoning  River and its tributaries are listed in Table 3.

This tabulated information indicates the types of wastes and

the approximate volumes.  Effluent data for most of these

industries were not available.

          Steel is produced from iron ore at the following

mills:


           Community                    Name


          Warren, Ohio                 Republic Steel Co.


          McDonald, Ohio               U. S. Steel Corp.
          Youngstown, Ohio             Youngstown Sheet &
                                         Tube Co.

-------
                                              439
Community                      Name
Youngstown, Ohio               Republic Steel Co.
Campbell, Ohio                 Youngstown Sheet &
                                 Tube Co.
 (See next page.)

-------
               Tthle 3
Data on Sources of Industrial Foliation
	 Sfi — — r.-— — ...—
1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9-
Silas,
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
IT.
18.
19.
l==j ft Location
ij Ohio
Aaerlcan Welding ft Mfg. Co.
Copparveld StMl Co.
Arlstoloy DlT.
Daman Robber Co.
Pittsburgh StMl Co.
Them Strip DlT.
Republic BtMl Corp.
Sharon StMl, Corp.
Bnlnard Strapping DlT.
n"1"J"rfl'"c-»-
Van Huff*! Tab* Corp.
Varran Tool Corp.
. OMo
Aaerlcan Welding ft Mfg. Co.
Jonas "ft Laughiin StMl Co.
Conduit DlT.
Mahonlng Olasa Plant DlT.
O.E. Co.
Bllas Class Plant DlT.
O.B. co.
Bat'l Oypsua Co.
ReaetlTa Ketals, Inc.
Republic BtMl Corp.
Container Dlf,
Republie StMl Corp.
tiling mils
Valley rabrlcators. Inc.
U. S. StMl Corp.
McDonald Mill*
Procesa

Welding ft Asarably
Prod, of Carbon ft
Alloy StMla frOB Scrap
Mfg. Tires, Tubes
Cold Rolled Strip
StMl
Tin Plate, Hot ft Cold
Strips ft Stevta, G*lT.
SbMtS' .
StMl Strapping
SI. - OalT. Strip
Welding Machinery
ft Control*
StMl Tubing ft Rolled
Metal SnepM
Railroad Tools

StMl Fabrication, •
DOOM, rraoes
StMl Dnot ft TDbing
Glass Part* for
Clear ft Treated
Olajs Envelope*
Fair, of Metal Prod.
Metal Lath
Tltanlm Ban ft Sb**t*
Zireonlua Toblnc
Steel Container!
Rolling MUU
StMl Stampings
Blast Pome* StMl
Works ft Rolling MillJ
Production

I
35,000 tons/no.
Max. 2500 HIM/
day
X
X
X
z
z
z

z
lift Billion ft.
ft. duct
X
X
X
H.400 T/BO.
Zr 30-50 TA».
X
z
z
X
Vater

0.10
24.53
0.18
1.40
119.5
0.12
0.05T
O.OT
0.038

0.03T
0.49
0.033
0.43
1.44
1.5
0.30
4.82
0.025
56.5
Source
of
VstCT

Mahonlng R.
ft Veils
Mahonlng R.
ft Warren
Well*
Kahooing R.
ft tfarran
Kfthoning R.
ftVarm
warr«
Varra
Warm
Warm

Biles
.a..
BilM
Bile*
aim
Bila*
Bllae
Mosquito
Cr.
Bile*
Mabonlng R.
ft Municipal
We eta Voluae. ogd
Cooling 'ZHdnstnal Tre*taent

0.10
».5
0.03
O.Jk
Tll.k
0.11
0.05
0.05
0.036

0.036
o.ts
z
X
1.2


0.03
-
0.91
"•'
0.0004
50 a/a
400 g/d
-



to Silas
Glass Pit.
0.20
0.04
0.9 0.6 +
BttckDlBp.
0.19
1.79
0.025
T.O
0.003
3.02

48.0

Boa*
Cooling - Settling
Znd. . Baut. ft Settling
Bow
Cooling - Bone
lod. . Cn.Trt.(Alk.
Color.)
Cooling - Bona
lad. . Clarlf., Beat.
ft Settling Pits
Cooling . SOB*
Znd. - Controlled Dlsch.
Bone
Cooling - Bone
lod. . Chsn. ft llo-
tat loo
Bona

Boa*
All. Color, for Of
Distraction
Bon*
L!B*S B*at. ft
Settling
Bone
Bon*
Bon*
Cooling - Boo*
led. . LIB* Bant.
. Bone
(Vailing . FlTIt
Znd. - Scale Pita,
Discharge CJ| Cr T Top. Oil Acid 8*3 Phenol re Susp. Sol.

Svander Cr. - - - Z Z --__ x
Mabonlng H. - - - XX x.-x I
Maboning R. - - - 120- ....
Mahonlng R. K- - I I I - - x X
Manning H. XX X X I XXXX X
RadRttD XX - X X i._x X
Mahonlng R. - - - X X ....
RedRun XX - X X X--X X
RadRua -- - X X .-..

Mahonlng R, - - - X X -...
Cr. to . > 0.49 19 . XXx-.X X
Hahonlng R.
Mosquito ... - i 3 x--- i
Cr.
MO*qOitO -- >SD X X XX-- X
Cr.
Habonlng a. .- - X X -.-.
Mabonlng R. - - 12,000-19,000 I X 1,000 + 3-5 - - - Z
f/BO in 3-5 Batch Dtop/
Batch Acid BO.
Duops
Mahonlng R. - Z I x . . » x
Mabonlna R. - - - X X Z . . X X
Z - - I X X . . x x
«•*•»* .^ R. X- X Z X X.-X Z
BOD e°^*

1
z visit
X Visit
1, 2
Z 1, 2
1
1
1, 2
1

1
Vlmlt
Visit
Visit
1
X Visit
Z 1
Z 1
1
X" i. a
                                                                                                                                                                            o

-------




Bsae a Location
ToOTtow. Ohio
20. Allied Cbsalcal Corp.
21. ntzslffions Steel Co.. Inc.
22. Boom Product*, IDC.
23. CeBBlsr Products Co., IDC.
A. Eoppers Co., IDC.
Ter Prodocts Mv.
29. MscKarizlB Muffler Co.
26. Republic Steal Corp.
27. U. 3. Steel Corp
Ohio Steel Works'
28. VlUtoff Co.
Brier Rill Works
C°T'"U- °M°

atntthars^ Ohio
31. ^ragatovn Bbavt ft Tuba Co.
BdlBbnTg. Pa.
32. Aaerlcan Cyananld Co.
Soarcei.of Data:
1. I960 Indostnal awstlocnaU
2. Ohio OepajCineul. of Bealtb.
3. Pennsylvania Ds,«rtnent of 1
HotMt •
"O.W.8." - Ohio Wst.tr Service
"X* - Constituent ll*»ly to
'-• - Constituent not llkal;




ProceBB Production

Coal Tar oil X
Fractions ft Pitch
Cold Rollad Sheet, X
Strip ft BUB
GO*, ft Tors X
HlBC. Plaatlo Prod. X
Asphalt frits ft X
Coatings
Auto Parts ft X
Accessories
Blast Furnaces, Cake X
Rolling Hills
jt«*l Uorks ft
Rolling Hills
Fab. Hrtal Protect* X
Onus, 8t*el Vorks ft
Rolling Hills

Owns, 9tMl Works ft
Rolling Hills

Stml Conduit. Wlra. X

Bltroglmrlfi X
r». Stat* of Ohio, Dgyartagut of Ibtual Rcsou
1932-54 Kabonliig-Snsnaago River 8unvr D«t*.
tealth, Fkte. 3 Offlc* Rectirds.
. A prlnta mmsmj suppljlng «at«r to eonam«
oonor In vast* dlscbargss. Ho data awllabl*.
r to b« pratMOt in vmstsj dUchargs/s.
Data on Scarce* of Industrial Foliation


Ustcr Source Wssts Volase, ned TMicUrao OT Cr*6 T
Use, mgd Vm£r Cooling lodMtrlal TreaHaent ^ j/day ff^y f^f

X X 0.025 Oil Separator Ms honing R.
0.0*2 Ohio Vatvr 0.019 0.019 Cooling - Bon* Dry Run -
Service ft Ind. - Cotrtr. Dlsch.
Well
0.12 City 0.16 - Rone Stona Sever -
0.13 City 0.13 - Bone Stom Sever - -
Z X O.lk Oil Separator Craa Cr. to
Kabonlng R.
0.21 City 0.16 . BODS Store 8***r -
23k. k Hsboolns R. 165.6 ^9.9 Cooling - Bone
City ' . - ng ing R.
O.W.S. ft Xad. - Clarifying
City 9unps. Scale Pits
0.019 City ft 0.011 0.008 Bone Dry Rm -
O.V.3.
oirsAJ To., ' ""
Pimping

Vsst*s, Cok* Qomcb.
Ing, Acid SlrigB Ra-

l6-3 Kabonlng H. X X X Ksboalng R. X X X

X Mahonlng R. . 0.002 Beut. of Add Wash Kahoalng B.
Water
rees. Division of Water.
•"— »— — -^ "— -



Pl«nol S Sol BOD Sourc*
*?' g.Vd.y r/ilr r?3y v£? ,/5.y "%'*?" */Sy „£.

IXI-I-X 11
X X X - - X X - 1, 2
X . ..... - 1
I ------ - 1
X I - - I . I I 71.lt
X .--.-. .1



I I X - - X X .1, 2




XX I . - X I 12

X - - - X X 3



-------
                                                         442


          In addition to the steel mills listed above, there

are three other large industrial water users.  These are:


     Community                     Name

     Warren, Ohio                  Copperweld Steel Co.

     Niles, Ohio                   Republic Steel Corp.

     Struthers, Ohio               Youngstown Sheet &
                                      Tube Co.

          There are a number of satellite industries in

the Mahoning River basin that fabricate steel products.

Other types of manufacturing include coal tar products,

titanium and zirconium products, rubber goods, and glass

lamps.

          Based on available information, the total water

used by industries discharging wastes directly to the

Mahoning River and its tributaries amounts to 820 mgd.

It is significant that the nine industrial plants listed

above account for 99 percent of this total water use.

Review of effluent data for manufacturing plants, other

than steel, reveal them to be relative minor sources of

industrial wastes.  Industrial pollution evidenced by

Mahoning River data originates primarily at the steel

manufacturing and fabricating plants.

          Now as to acid wastes, the removal of oxide

scale from steel prior to further processing is an essential

step in the manufacture of many steel products.  Such major

-------
                                                          443




items as sheets, strip, wire and pipe are descaled "by immer-



sion in an acid "bath for a short period.  This operation is



called pickling.  Dissolution of part of the scale and some



of the base metal results in depletion of the acid and



accumulation of iron scale in the bath; for this reason the



solution eventually loses its effectiveness and must be dis-



carded.



          Spent pickling solutions and acid rinse waters



continue to be major sources of acid discharged to the



Mahoning River.  Sulfuric acid is generally used for steel



pickling, accordingly these discharges are high in dissolved



iron salt and sulfates.  It has been reported that some of



the steel mills treat spent pickle liquor with lime to



neutralize free acid.  Other mills discharge spent pickle



liquor onto slag dumps.  Drainage from these neutralizing



processes would be expected to be high in magnesium sulfate



and calcium sulfate.  These sulfate salts contribute un-



desirable permanent hardness to the Mahoning River waters.



Rinse water following pickling operations are a continuing



source of acid.  The oxygen demand of ferrous sulfate dis-



charged to the Mahoning River may be a significant factor in



reducing oxygen levels in this strean.



          Hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid are employed



by two manufacturing plants in the Niles, Ohio, area.



These are recognized as minor sources ofacid.  These acid

-------
                                                         444





wastes are neutralized at one of the plants and a pilot plant



for acid recovery is. presently, being installed at the other



plant.



          Now as to iron wastes, acid wastes from cleaning



steel are a major source of iron in solution.  Inert iron



particles originate in rolling mill scale and in blast



furnace flue gas wash water.  It is customary to provide



sedimentation facilities for recovery of mill scale and iron



ore from the blast furnace flue gas wash water.  However,



significant quantities of these suspended solids still reach



the Mahoning River.



          As to oil wastes.  Type of bearings and their lubri-



cation in rolling mills are important to water pollution



because of oil which may appear in the mill discharge.



Information is lacking on the quantities of oil originating



at these sources.  However, oil slicks on the Mahoning



River downstream from some of these rolling mills is evi-



dence of this oil waste.



          Phenol Wastes.



          Phenol originates from the by-product coke plants



and the coal tar processing plants which operate in the



Warren-Youngstown area.  It is understood that concentrated



wastes at the by-product plants are used to quench coke.



Phenol adsorbed on the coke carries over and appears in the



blast furnace flue gas wash water.

-------
                                                       445
And that*s one of the principal sources of phenol that we




still observe in the Mahoning River.  It is a closed system




but it still bursts out when you use the metallurgical coke




in the blast furnace.  The Mahoning River data reveal con-




siderably more phenol than can be accounted for from the




effluent of the plants processing coal tar.  This means




that the steel mills continue to discharge significant




quantities of phenol.




          Cyanide Wastes.  By-product coke plants are recog-




nized as a potential source of cyanide wastes.  The highest




concentration of cyanogen compounds occurs in the gas final




cooler water.  It is understood that the by-product coke




plants operate essentially closed systems.  This would mean




that cyanide wastes would be released .to the Mahoning River




only at times when the water system was out of balance




resulting in overflow.




          Blast furnace flue gas wash water is another




source of cyanide.  The cyanide concentrations in these




waters are low but tiie volume is considerable.




          There is some metal finishing in the Warren- ^




Youngstown area.  Rinse waters from these metal plating




departments constitute another source of cyanide wastes.




          Heavy Metal Wastes.  Metal finishing operations




referred to in the Warren-Youngstown area are also a source




of heavy metals.  One of the plants in the Niles area was

-------
                                                       446
reported to discharge some quantities of hexavalent chromium.




Such materials are highly pollutional in character,




          Shenango and Beaver Rivers.




          The principal industrial activity in the valleys




of Beaver River and Shenango River is the production of iron




and the fabrication of steel products.  There is some




electro-plating and sand and gravel washing.  The principal




industries discharging wastes to the Shenango-Beaver Rivers




are listed in Table 4.




          Acid and Iron Wastes.




          Quantities of acid and iron in steel pickling




rinse waters are discharged to  tiie Shenango River below




the dam of the Shenango Valley Water Company at Sharon,




Pennsylvania.  Major sources are Sharon Steel Company,




Republic Steel Company, and Babcock and Wilcox Tube Company.




Waste pickle liquor is collected and treated off site except




at Sharon Steel where it is discharged to hot slat piles.




The oxygen demand of ferrous sulfate discharged to the




Shenango River is recognized.




          One small plant at Greenville, Pennsylvania,




neutralizes hydrofluoric acid wastes prior to discharge




to the Shenango River.

-------
Data on Sonrcea of Industrial Foliation

Ben ft Location
M^. rote
1. General AJt. Traneport. Corp.
2. Valley Mould a Iron Co.

It. Blazon, Inc.
3adley,_ PennsylTenta
5 . Atlai Sand ft Orenl
3reenvllle. Pennsylvania
6. aeascas Tube
**. Vestingboaae Electric Corp.
aharps-rtlle. Pennsylvmle
£. *«=«.,:--=.
Ha TOD. Pennsylvania
>. Sajt'-onal Castings Co.
10. Sharon Steel Co.
11. Sharon Tube Co.

Process Production

bevy Metal Fibr. X
Cart Molten Iron X-
Ei**e*^R*^E. X.
Electroplating Parti X
for Gym Set*

SanA & Gravel Wainlng X
StalnleiB Steel Tub In* x
Etching Transformer X
Parta

Blait Furnace 600 T/day
Steel Foundry X
Blast Furnacei a 70.000 T/ao.
Steel Kill
Butt Welded Pipe X
12. Vestlngaouse Electric Corp. Electroplating of X
Train former Parts
1^. Sevblll Tubular Prod. (Mercer Pipe MY) Steel Tubing 9,000 T/oo.
13. Vestrac Co.
•aw YllBington. Peuuajl »aul«
1$V Be* VilBlogton Cbeeee Co.

Tractor Parti X
— «

Shenango and. Beaver Rivers

rmtor Scarce Waste Volnae, npA mctorci OT " fr*6
0*«» =8* u S* Cooling Indnrtrtal Treataent ^ #/day #/day
, -— - Water -

X 0.* 'Oil Separation of Tinkee Cr.
Wish Water
X 0.1 Cooling Watec, n.t. Tenkee Cr.
Water, n.t. Oas Yankee Cr.
Scrubber Overflew
X - ' Acid ft Alk. Etinaes Shenango R.
Codbined & Micharged
Through Lagoon. Zinc
Cyanide Waitei ere
Chlorinated ft Preci-
pitated. Cfarcuate
Wastei are Reduced »
Precipitated.

I . 0.28 Sedlarotetloa Little
Shenango R.
X 0.02 E9D3 ft E? Wastes Shenango R.
Treated vlth Llse
X 0.001 • neutralize Acid
Wastes Sbenango R.

X 29.0 - Gas Scrubber Water Shenango R. * og/li
Treated by SedlDen-
tation. Intlolation
for Discharge of Of.
X 0.216 SedlBentatlon of Send Sbenugo R.
R*clo»tlon Waste
Water. Furnace Cooling
z "Water doae not Require
Treatment.
lt.0 Acid. Rinses not Treated Bbenugo R.
30.0 Steelvorks not Treated
X - Acid Rinses not treated Shenango B.
O.fe3 Cooling Weter fron
Scale Flti not treated
X • 0.12 • Bentralize Acid i Sbenango R.
C*u*tlo Vaitei. Cos-
plete Chlorinatloa of
Cyanide Waste*.
X * Secondary Acid Rlnsei.n.t. Sbenango R.
Cooling Water, n.t.
X 0.10 Oil Separation of Oil- Otter Cr.
bearing Waste Water
X SG»U Trickling Filter Uttle
Beshannoek


T Tenp. Ml Acid HH3 Phenol fe Suep. Sol. BOD Bonrce
#/day -P gal/day */day #/day #/day #/day #/day #/day ^

X X 1,2
X 1*2
JC X
3

3
X i 3
3

I X 3
U Dg/1 200 mg/l± 3
X
1 X 3
XI.. X 3
1 * 3
1 X
3
x X * 3
X 3
3
1

-------
                                                                                                                         Thbl. » (Coct.)
tat* OB BOOTCM of Inftutrtal Pollution
.
V«t*r Soure* tert* Tolnai. ngl T.+U— .A ' Ol-eh"** CT ^^ F Tta*»' °11 *eld '
(tew Ccrtla. Ptnn*£Lranla
Ik. Blair Strip StMl StMl Boiling Kill Z Z 0.268 Oil Bntntoi* on Cool- Big Ron
ing W»t*r. Acid ItaatM
Bfeul«d Off Bit*.
15. Cram Co. Cut Iron FDUndry Z Z O.268 Ion*, to Tlolatloo Bl* Rm Z
16, novlltM Co. V«U*A nttlan Z Z 0.005 Add RlBMi Hot Bl« Rm Z
IT. ghmncp Cuwlca Dlimnvmn Z Z 0.1* Eon. to nolitloB **—"•«•• A*
IB. auwml RMllo Vlfrlflod BHUteiy Z z 0.2L6 SM^Mntetloe • BbRu«o a.
19. aQMOCk k Vlloax TOta Co. TBbol*r Btwl Pnd. 11,000 t/»o,. Z 1^2 CooUaa Itater FuMd BHTW B.
5-1D Add RliUM «dt z
Tkwted
BMW Tfcll*. p«aB»glT«nia
20. tapAlle StMl Coapuy towing BtMl B-r. 7,OOO T/mo. Z 0.029 Acid RlitM* Bert BMW B. Z

fH3 Phnol P» Ba«. Sol. BOD ^^J"
3
1 3
Z 3
Z 3
3
3
Z
X 3
1. 1960 todnrtrtml QnutloBmliv. Stet* of Otto, D«t*rtMait of fctnrml BMoareM, Olfl«lon of totvr.
8.  Ohio Pi^artamt of BMltb.  1992-54
3.  tamqlmaljk rn^tuml of BMlth, B^.  3 Offle*
1"  -  CcBrtittmt likely to occur la v
'-•  .  Coutltanrt not lltely to b« prnnt ID

-------
                                                       449

          Cyanides Wastes.
          There is one recognized source of untreated
cyanide-bearing waste water discharged to the Shenango;
this is waste water from the blast furnaces at Sharpsville.
          Oil Wastes.
          The cooling water used in rolling mill operations
may pick up some oil from oil-lubricated bearings.  These
cooling waters are discharged to the Shenango River below
the dam at Sharon without benefit of oil separation.
          Suspended Solids.
          The cooling waters from rolling mill operations
is passed through scale pits for recovery of mill scale
but fine material is not completely removed.  Additional
discharges of suspended solids occur from foundry and
ceramic operations.
          Ceramic Operations.
          No mention is made at this point of thermal
pollution; that was covered yesterday by one of the indus-
trial reports.  I believe it is mentioned further along in
this report.  Certainly we are all aware of the fact that
the industries have been plagued for several decades on
hot water although we don't need to go further into that.
          Mr. Chairman, this concludes my portion of the
report.
          MR. WEAKLEY:             I was just curious about

-------
                                                           450
the wide variance in those two figures that you called
attention to.  Could you explain that, please?  The 800
some odd million gallons per day that you referred to as
compared with the 1500 million gallons per day of water
used that was referred to by the speakers that preceded
you.
          MR. BLACK:               May I refer that question
to Mr, Kittrell, please?
          MR. KITTRELL:            The first figure, that
of 15*500 million gallons per day is for peak production
by all plants.  The other value of something like 800 or a
little more than 800 is an average water use.
          MR. WEAKLEY:             On page 12, your figure
referred to as average industrial use.  The first figure
is described as an average figure, also, isn't it?
          MR. KITTRELL:            That is peak production,
at time of peak production.
          MR. WEAKLEY:             I see the distinction
that you make but I am still confused.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Would you try your hand
at that again, Mr. Kittrell?  Take both figures and let's
see if we can get an explanation.  I am not sure I under-
stand.
          MR. KITTRELL:            On page 12:  "Average
industrial use of Mahoning River water by the principal firms

-------
                                                        451
has been reported to be in excess of  1,500 million gallons

per day during peak production periods."                -   :

          This means7.-when all plants  are ^operating at  full  '

capacity.  The ot-ffer value on page-  16  deals  with  the  average

use of water during periods when -- this  is  the  over-all

average use of water including those  periods when, produ'ction

is not at its peak.  I think it was unfortunate-that  the

word "average" was used at the beginning  of  ,the "sentence

on page 12..  -This refers to a daily average  but  it is  some-

what confusing when it says, "average  water us.e."   It

actually should be average daily water use during peak

production.

          And the other figure might .be referred  ,to ,  the

one on page 16, as average annual use.

          CHAIRMAN .STEIN:           Is that  satisfactory,

sir?

          MR. WEAKLEY:              I  understand  what  he

said.

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  .         Are there  ariy comments

or questions?  Mr. Boardman.

          MR. BOAFtDMAN:             Again, the information

on the Shenango and Beaver we don»t feel  is  appropriate
                                i
to discussing the Mahoning pollution.   The specific informa-

tion in the report seems to deal with  the Shenango and the

general information on the Mahoning.

-------
                                                           452
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          I don't know if I under-

stood that.  Do you want to answer that?

          MR. KITTRELL:            That would appear to be

a personal observation.

          MR. CLEARY:              Mr. Black, I have a

couple of questions.  On page 18, you commented about the

phenol and, if I understood in what you said, your remarks

as interpreted, that the phenol that was adsorbed by the

coke, when this was put into the blast furnaces, this
              '  <\ '            ' -
residual or what was left over would ultimately find its

way in the stream.  Is that a fair-interpretation?

          MR. BLACK:               This interpretation is

correct.  This phenol shows up in the flue gas wash water

and amounts to 20 or 30 pounds of phenol for each thousand

tons of pig iron, so you can multiply that by the tons of

pig iron produced in this area and you have got a number.

          MR. CLEARY:              The reason I asked

the question is because I thought the intense heat in the

blast furnace, I thought this phenol would be burnt out.

          MR. BLACK:               That is documented in

the literature.  I can give you the records if you would

like.

          MR. CLEARY:              No, that's not necessary.

On page 19, there is some comment about cyanide, and the
                                  ' .               V       1. •'..
statement that the cyanide concentrations in the waters are

-------
                                                       453
low but the volume is considerable.
          Now, from — and I presume what we are working up
to is a health hazard indication and from that standpoint,
what are we most interested in, the concentration in the
stream' or the volume that is produced?  In other words, the
implication there may be that this is a health hazard because
you say the volume is considerable although the concentration
is low.  It is really the concentration we are interested in,
isn't it?
          MR. BLACK:               Permit me to respond
to your comment in this way:  We are endeavoring in this
report to explain some of the observations in the Mahoning
River and we found some cyanide and here we have a source
of cyanide, although the concentration is low enough to be
of limited concern, yet here it is and when you multiply it
out in pounds, you see, here is a source and I thought we
ought to include that in all fairness to the plating depart-
ments, the electro-plating.
          MR. CLEARY:              I think you made it
quite clear.  It is of limited concern, that's the point.
          Now, I have one other question.
          MR. BLACK:               It's of concern.
          MR. CLEARY:              All right.  The other
question is will these changes that have been made here
result in any changes in your general conclusions, do you

-------
                                                        454
think?




          MR. BLACK:                Not at  all.




          MR. CLEARY:               Thank you .




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Are there  any  comments




or questions?  Mr. Black, I have one question  that  I




believe at least would help me.




          I watched with interest the presentation  of




Mr. Doolittle on the works that the steel industry  in




particular were putting in to deal with their  pollution




problems and their waste disposal problem.  I  wonder if




you would, with your experience in industrial  waste, relate




this to the effect on the river.




          Now, what is your opinion?  Is the river  in




good shape or will it be in good shape when this program




is completed?




          MR. BLACK:                Industry has spent




tremendous sums of money in this area; we all  know  that,




Mr. Doolittle confirmed it.  We still have  to  look  at




the stream and, frankly, it has been a bit  difficult to




explain the condition of the Mahoning River.   It would




seem that we would have to take a very hard look at the




residual wastes coming from the industries  in  this  area.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN :           Do you  think these




residual wastes are still significant?




          MR. BLACK:                Considering all water

-------
uses, we would have to answer in the affirmative.  People



are drinking this water and you have — you will soon have



phenol results at the state line and at Beaver Palls.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you.



          MR. DOOLITTLE:           Mr, Chairman, could I



make just one observation?  I will stick my neck out only



slightly, I hope, but I would like it to appear in the record



that during the course of one of the studies we made, which



I referred to yesterday, some time during the years 1953 to



•56 when we were trying so very much to determine more about



the relationship between phenolic discharges and taste and



odor at Beaver Palls.  With the cooperation of the Beaver



Palls works and with the knowledge of the State of Ohio and



under very close monitoring at one point, in order to run a



test which we thought would really be conclusive, we dis-



charged the full untreated steel wastes at our coke plant



running concentrations up to 14,000 ppm in the wintertime



when you would expect the least possible die-away because



of the cold temperatures.



          We measured passage of time, as I told you, and



had very careful controls to determine when those discharges



reached Beaver Falls.  And by the time this tremendous con-



centration, 14,000 parts per million, reached Beaver Palls,



somewhere above Beaver Falls it had been dissipated to a



biological oxidation or dilution or whatever means to as

-------
                                                       456
low as 18 parts per million.         .




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Mr. Black, do you  care




to respond or not?




          MR. BLACK:                No.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Are there  any further




comments or questions?




          MR. POSTON:               if there are no further




comments, we will proceed and Mr. Kittrell  again will  tell




us about the effects on water quality, and water uses.




          MR. KITTRELL:             The effects of pollution




on water quality and water uses.




          Bacteria.  The density of coliform bacteria  is




used in evaluating bacterial pollution of streams and  as




a basis for water quality objectives for various water




uses.  The results of coliform bacteria determinations




are expressed in terms of most probable number, or MPN,




per 100 milliliters (ml) of water.  One hundred ml is  a




little less than one-half cup.  .The coliform group usually




is designated as total coliform.




          A commonly used water quality objective limits




average coliform'densities to a' maximum of  5,000 MPN/100 ml .




in raw water .that .is used for municipal water  supply.  <• .  • ••• •




The same limit is used for water sports that do not 'involve




body contact.  Where there is swimming-or. other water  con-




tact activities, it is common practice to set  the upper

-------
                                                       457
limit on average coliforms in raw water  at 1,000 MPN/100 ml,




Where there is suitable water, some of the people who live




near the strea, and others who visit the river to enjo.y




being near water, will swim on an unorganized basis.




Probably few venture into the highly polluted Mahoning




River, but boating and water contact activity, in the form




of water skiing, are known to take place along the  lower




Beaver River in the vicinity of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.




          The Pennsylvania State Health  Department  con-




ducted a water quality study of the lower Mahoning,




Shenango, and Beaver Rivers from 1959 to 1961.  The  loca-




tions of the sampling stations are shown in Figure  IV.




Samples were collected on a monthly basis for the two-year




period, beginning and ending in the month of September.




Table 6 is a summary of the findings.  At Station 2, a few




miles below the state line in the Mahoning River, the




Pennsylvania data indicate that the annual average  density




of coliform bacteria in the stream was 566,000 MPN/100 ml.




At Station 8 about four miles downstream from the Beaver




Falls municipal water intake on the Beaver River, the




average coliform density during the two-year study  period




was repo'rted as 143,900 MPN/100 ml.  This value,, based




on a limited number of samples, probably is not so




representative of average conditions as  are the water plant




daily operating records.  The bacterial  data of the  1964

-------
                                                        458




operating records of the Beaver Palls Municipal Authority,



Eastvale Waterworks, included in Table 7, reveal a maximum



monthly average of 170,000 MPN/100 ml, and an annual mean of



31,300 MPN/100 ml, or more than six times the previously



cited water supply source objective.  Such high bacterial



densities indicate the existence of a hazard to health



to all who come in contact with the water, including



water supply consumers in the event of a failure in water-



works equipment or operation.



          Dissolved Oxygen.



          Organic materials in the processes of decomposition



in a stream reduce the dissolved oxygen.  In addition added



heat reduces the capacity of the stream to retain oxygen.



The ability of the stream to assimilate waste loads dis-



charged to it without excessive reduction of dissolved



oxygen is an important factor in the ability of the stream



to sustain a desirable aquatic life, including fish.



Optimum warm water fish production in streams generally



requires dissolved oxygen levels of about 5 mg/1.  Lower



levels of D. 0. may support a less desirable fishery and



when D. 0. levels drop below 3 mg/1, especially in the



presence of other contaminants, it is probable that few



if any fish can long survive.  The State of Ohio•„and Penn-



sylvania have established objectives for the minimum



dissolved oxygen concentrations which may be allowed in

-------
RM 22.9

  RM 22.0
                            LOCATION OF STREAM SAMPLING
                           STATIONS-PENNSYLVANIA HEALTH
                                   DEPT.  SURVEY

-------
Table 6
Surface Water Quality
Beaver-Mancmlng and Shenango Rivers In Pennsylvania
September 1959 -September 1§61 "" "~

JS,
•
, D.0. 4 mg/1 Collform, MPN/100 ml Phenol, ^gfl
Stationer Avg". rax. MID. flSV'S*),-** Min. avg.
1 6.6 11.0 4.4 15
2 4.9 13.8 1.8 11,000,000 230 29
3 4.8 13.2 1.3 4,600,000 9,300 38
4 8.3 15.8 4.6 20
5 5.7 13.3 2.0 20
6 7.3 13.6 4.1 06
7 7.8 10.6 4.1 35
8 8.5 10.9 5.0 1,100,000 230 28
fi/See Figure IV for location of sampll ng stations.

Max.
100
100
150
100
150
100
300
300


Mln.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0





Alkalinity, mg/1 Total Iron, mg/1
AVg.
70
72
72
71
69
70
65
65


wax.
120
110
115
125
115
126
110
110


ran. Avg. Max. tun.
32 1.6 3-4 0.2
44 3-5 16.0 0.2
44 3.0 20.0 0.3
32 1.2 2.8 0.5
44 1.8 8.4 0.2
32 1.0 3.4 0.2
34 1.5 8.0 0.3
32 1.4 5.0 0.3

£
0

-------
                                             Table 7
                                         Water  Quality Data
                                            Beaver River
                                 Eastvale Waterworks  - Pennsylvania
                                                1961*


Jan.


peb.


March

April


May


June


July


Aug.


Sept.


Oct.


HOT.


Dec.


Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Temp.
(Sf)
37
"»3
3U
39
ho
35
Us
1*7
39
52
60
1*2
67
71*
60
75
80
67
82
87
7>*
78
82
73
76
83
69
63
70
60
58
63
U5
1*2
1*7
39
Alk.
(mg/D
51
77
27
U6
69
36
37
68
X
36
U6
27
1*4
&
35
50
58
1*3
1*6
66
32
Ui*
58
30
37
"*5
2<*
36
.51
23
1*2
51
32
39
1*7
30
Turb.
35
250
8
19
1*0
11
191
20OO
12
56
210
12
23
95
10
22
90
8
20
29
10
19
32
10
16
23
10
10
18
7
11
22
7
28
155
10
Color
15
32
7
20
30
11*
25
1*5
16
28
55
10
28
1*5
15
18
1*3
8
19
26
9
16
31
8
10
20
6
9
21
7
10
18
7
18
32
9
pH
7.1
7-3
6.9
7.0
7-3
6.9
7-2
7.3
6.9
7.2
7.8
7-0
7.2
7.5
7-0
7-2
7-5
7.1
7.2
7.1*
7-0
7.1
7-5
6-9
7-0
7-3
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.5
6.8
6.9
6.7
6-9
7.2
6.8
Bard.
(ng/1)
200
2U6
130
198
231*
156
133
11*6
88
131
161*
111*
153
202
120
191*
201*
178
188
206
162
188
202
180
208
222
196
221
21*8
210
212
230
188
166
208
138
Iron
(WD
0.28
1.25
0.08
O.Si*
0.52
0.11
2.57
50.00
0.12
0.82
2.00
0.15
0.87
2.75
0.18
0.82
1.12
0.32
0.78
1.18
0.1*5
0.7!*
0.93
0.52
0.71
1-25
0.18
0.78
1.68
0.38
0.69
1.00
0.1*0
1.18
5.00
0.28
Hang.
(«*/l)
0.1*7
1.00
0.23
0.36
0.50
0.25
0.50
1.35
0.25
0.38
0.80
0.25
0.29
0.70
0.10
0.37
0.60
0.25
0.1*5
0.90
0.20
0.36
0.75
0.20
0.33
0.1*5
0.18
0.39
0.52
0.30
0.36
0.50
0.25
0.1*6
0.85
0.25
Bacteria Odor
(MPH/100 ml)
13,900
1*0,000
5,1*00
11,200
3U.OOO
3,100
3"*,800
105,000
7,300
39,600
85,000
9,600
33,500
11*0,000
2,000
26,100
65,000
6,000
32,600
100,000
8,000
1*3,000
77,000
11,000
31,600
55,000
10,000
2l*,800
6l*,ooo
9,000
15,000
1*6,000
8,000
70,200
170,000
8,000
.
85
20
-
50
25
-
250
30
200
30
-
90
30
-
60
30
.
60
30
-
60
30
-
60
30
-
50
25
-
60
25
-
70
30
Annual Average
                                                                                0.87
                                                                                          0.39

-------
                                                       462
their respective streams.  Ohio has established 4 mg/1 as




the minimum acceptable concentration of D. 0. in the Mahoning




River above Warren, Ohio.  Pennsylvania has selected the same




objective for the lower Mahoning, Shenango, and Beaver




Rivers.  Because heat and other pollutants presently dis-




charged to the reach from Warren to Lowellville, Ohio,




prevent the maintenance of desirable aquatic life in the




stream, Ohio permits a minimum of 3 mg/1 from Warren to the




Pennsylvania state line.  This lower concentration is




expected to prevent excessive odor nuisance conditions,



even though it may not maintain optimum fish productivity.




          The Aquatic Life Advisory Committee of the Ohio




River Valley Water Sanitation Commission has recommended




that "dissolved oxygen content of warm water fish habitats




shall not be less than 5ppm during at least 16 hours of




any 24-hour period.  It may be less than 5 ppm for a period




not to exceed eight hours within any 24-hour period, but at




no time shall the .oxygen ibe Less than 3 ppm.  To sustain a



coarse fish population, the dissolved oxygen conc.emt.ratLon




may be less than 5 ppm for a period of not more than eight




hours out of any 24-hour period, but at no time shall the




concentration be below 2 ppm."




          Available stream data from an Ohio report




indicate that D. 0. levels in the Mahoning River immediately




below Warren, Ohio, drop as low as 3.2 mg/1 and continue

-------
                                                       463
to deplete as the water progresses downstream about 25




miles to Lowellville.  At Lowellville, about a mile up-




stream fromthe state line, a continuous monitoring station




is operated by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation




with the Ohio Department of Health.  For the calendar




year of 1964 there were 162 days in which the D. 0. dropped




below 1 mg/1, and 219 days when the D. 0. was less than




2 mg/1.  For 63 days the record shows zero D. 0., and




here the stream is biologically dead, except for the




most pollution-tolerant organisms.




          No recent D. 0. data were available immediately




downstream from the state line, but from the previously




mentioned 1959-61 Pennsylvania study, D. 0. as low as




1.3 mg/1 was reported in this  vicinity.  Above the point




of discharge of sewage from New Castle, Pennsylvania,




about 10 miles downstream, the minimum dissolved oxygen




was 1.3 milligrams per liter, also.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Mr. Kittrell,




I wonder if we can stop there.  We have a consensus among




the Board, at least the conferees, and they, I suspect,




would like to eat at regular times.  And this may be




shared with the rest of the room.




          I was checking the length of this .  I wonder




if we can split now and we can get back here at half past




2;00 and resume again.

-------
                                                       464
          We will stand recessed until half past 2:00.




          MR. KITTRELL:             I had hoped to insert




some of the data from Ohio at this point before completing




this section.  Can we do that before we adjourn?  This will




only take a few seconds.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           All right.




          MR. KITTRELL:             A record of water




quality observation made by the Ohio Health Department




during 1964, the most recent data that we have showed




that dissolved oxygen at Lowellville was below their




stated objective of three milligrams per liter, 18.9




percent of the time, and the dissolved oxygen was below




the Pennsylvania objective just below the state line of




4 milligrams per liter, 47.2 percent of the time.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Thank you.  Mr. Kittrell,




          (Whereupon,a luncheon recess was had to reconvene




at 2:30 p.m.)

-------
                                                         465
                      AFTERNOON SESSION




                                               2:40 p.m.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           May we reconvene.




Mr. Poston.




          MR. POSTON:               Mr. Kittrell will




continue.




          MR. KITTRELL:             I would like to start




in making a slight change in the final statement I made




just before I completed the reading of the section on




dissolved oxygen.




          I quoted certain percentages of the time where




dissolved oxygen was less than certain values.  I would




like to change that to certain percentages of the obser-




vations were below these percentages.  There were about




52 or -3 observations, approximately once a week, for the




year of 1964 by the Ohio Department of Health and there-




fore it does not cover the entire time.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Would you repeat that




again, Mr. Kittrell?




          MR. KITTRELL:             I say I would like to




change the last statement I made about the new data that




we obtained from Ohio.  I said that the dissolved oxygen




had been below certain values, certain percentages of the




time.  Actually, I would prefer to say,that certain per-




centages of the observations were below certain values.

-------
                                                       466
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Would you continue.




          MR. KITTRELL:             Heat.  Several public




and private concerns have observed Water temperatures in




the Mahoning River in the Youngstown area for many years.




River temperatures are related to air temperatures, stream-




flow, and the heat added through industrial cooling opera-




tions.  Heated discharges to the Mahoning River are a form




of pollution, since high river temperatures adversely affect




aquatic life, the use of the river for industrial cooling




purposes, production costs, and the streamTs ability to




assimilate organic wastes.  The waste assimilative capacity




is affected by reducing the dissolved oxygen available at




saturation, and increasing the rate at which biochemical




oxidation of organic wastes with accompanying D. 0. depletion,




takes place.




          Following extensive study, the Aquatic Life




Advisory Committe of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation




Commission has recommended that "... in order to maintain




stream conditions capable of producing an annual harvestable




fish crop comparable to that pro'duced in natural waters of




the particular area under consideration, waste discharges




be so controlled that the temperature of the receiving




water:                                      .




          (1) Shall not be raised above 34 degrees C. (93




degrees F.) at any place or at any time;

-------
                                                       46?



          (2) Shall not be raised above 23 degrees C. (73

degrees F.) at any place or at any time during the months

of December through April;

          (3) Shall not be raised in streams suitable

for trout propagation."

          Temperature influences physiologically all the

vital processes of fish, including activity, feeding, growth,

and reproduction.  Higher temperatures often favor the
  >
coarse and less desirable fish species.  While high tempera-

tures may not prove immediately lethal, they may impair

metabolic activity of the fish to such an extent that any

additional stress, such as pollution, may increase the

adverse effects of temperature, and result in a high level

of mortality.

          A shift in algal populations has been correlated

with the introductions of heated waters; as the temperature

increases, the diatoms normally associated with unpolluted

streams decrease, with a resultant rise in green algae

and finally blue-green algae.  These may increase the

problem of tastes and odors in water supplies.  It has

also been found that there is tolerance limit close to

90 degrees F. for a "normal" population structure of

bottom dwelling fish food organisms accompanying further

temperature rise,

-------
                                                       468






          Flow regulation resulting from the operation of




Berlin and Mosquito Creek Reservoirs has accomplished some




reduction in river temperatures.  However, the temperatures




are still extremely high.  West Branch Reservoir when in  .




operation, is expected to further reduce the river tempera-




tures in the industrial area along the Mahoning River.




It is estimated that this reservoir will effectively



reduce the average annual water temperature in the stream '.



at Youngstown by about 4 degrees F. -




          As shown in Table 8 maximum river temperatures



at Lowellville exceeded 93 degrees F. during seven months




in 1964, in May through November.  The average temperature




was 94 degrees F. over the four-month period between June




and September. Temperatures in .excess of 100 degrees F.




occurred in June, July, and September.  They exceeded 73




degrees F. in April and December.  Even after the West




Branch Reservoir goes into operation, the river tempera-




tures will not be reduced below levels harmful to fish




and other aquatic life.



          (See next page.)

-------
             Table 8



Mahoning River Temperatures



        Lowellville,  Ohio
196U
Max. Mln.

Jan.


Feb.


March


April


May


June


July


Aug.


Sept.


Oct.


Nov.


Dec.

Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
Avg.
Max.
Mln.
59
66
1*5
61*
69
58
51
66
1*0
62
78
1*5
82
S*
61
91*
102
86
95
101
89
93
99
88
91*
102
87
91
97
87
88
91*
77
72
81
56
55
63
1*1
61
65
55
1*9
63
39
58
72
1*1*
78
90
59
89
96
81*
89
96
81
89
96
82
90
96
87
87
93
82
83
90
7U
68
77
53
1963
Max. Mln.
58
65
50
58
62
1*9
1*7
61
38
70
80
60
85
91*
73
92
99
86
90
95
81*
85
89
81
8U
89
80
82
86
75
72
77
61
63
69
56
55
61
50
55
60
1*8
1*5
56
38
66
76
56
80
86
69
87
92
81
81*
93
78
81
85
78
79
81*
71*
78
83
72
69
7!*
59
60
68
5>»
1962
Max. Mln.
53
59
1*5,
53
58
1*2
1*9
60
1*1
61*
82
53
83
90
76
88
' 91
81
86
90
83
89
91
86
82
88
75
79
87
68
68
75
58
61
71
52
51
56
1*3
51
51*
1*0
1*7
60
1*0
61
79
52
80
86
72
85
88
78
83
88
78
85
87
83
80
87
7V
76
83
66
65
71
57
58
68
51
1961
Max. Mln.
63
67
57
60
67
1*7
50
56
1*7
53
60
1*7
71
82
58
82
86
77
87
89
82
90
93
88
92
97
87
82
89
77
69
80
56
58
6k
52
61
66
57
58
65
1*6
1*9
55
1*7
51
59
1*7
69
78
56
80
86
7U
85
87
81
88
90
85
89
93
81*
79
86
TU
67
77
5"*
57
63
52
1960
Max. Mln.
_
.
-
_
-
-
_
-
-
_
-
-
_
.
-
_
-
-
87
89
86
90
91*
86
89
91*
86
80
87
70
66
69
63
59
6>*
55
_
-
-
.
-
-
_
-
-
.
.
-
_
-
-
.
-
-
86
87
85
88
91
85
87
91
81*
78
85
67
61*
68
59
57
63
53
1959
Max. Min.
1*5
62
37
1*2
1*9
36
52
61
1*2
72
81*
5l»
88
100
6U
90
100
78
83
91
79
79
81
75
75
80
70
_
-
-
.
.
-
.
-
-
1*2
58
36
1*0
1*8
35
1*9
61
1*2
69
81*
53
85
97
61
87
97
77
82
88
79
78
81
75
71*
79
70
_
-
-
.
.
-
_
-
-
                                                                                                       vo

-------
          Phenols.


          Phenols in industrial wastes, especially from


coke plants in steel mi-lls, discharged to the Mahoning


River present a pollution problem which has particular


significance in the use of the Beaver River for municipal


water supply.  There is evidence of Phenol in the stream


system below the industrial areas along the Mahoning and


Shenango Rivers and particularly at the water plants


serving the Beaver Palls area.  Water containing even very


small quantities of phenolic compounds may, after chlor-
                        •£

ination, carry obnoxious medicinal tastes and odors.


Special methods of water treatment, which add to treatment


costs, are necessary to combat phenolic tastes.


          Commonly used water quality objectives in rivers


call for controlling sources of phenolic wastes to assure


that phenolic concentrations to not average more than two


parts per billion, and that no maximum value exceeds


5ppb.  It has been reported that odor tainting of fish


flesh begins to persist at phenol concentrations as low


as 15 ppb.  The Ohio Health Department has stated that it


is believed that known practical methods of phenol control


will reduce phenol concentrations in the Mahoning at the


state line to not more than 75 PPb.


          During the week of January ij., 1965, phenol con-


centrations as high as 25>0 to 280 ppb were found in a set

-------
                                                         473



of samples collected by the Public Health Service in the

Mahoning River, in and below the Warren-Lowellville indus-

trial area along the Mahoning River, and a value of 14.5 ppb

near the Beaver Palls water intake.

          The 1959 to 1961 Pennsylvania study revealed con-

centrations as high as 220 ppb, and an average of 38 ppb

near the mouth of the Mahoning River, and an average of

28 ppb at Beaver Falls.

          During a 16-week period in 1959, virtually the

entire steel mill industry in the Beaver River watershed
                                         y
was closed by a strike.  Other industries were not sub-

stantially affected.  Subsequently, the Ohio River Valley

Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) compared levels of

pollutional constituents in the Mahoning River at Lbwell-

ville, and the Beaver River at the Beaver Falls water

intake, with levels of the same constituents at these

points in earlier years (1952, 1953> and 1957) when the

steel mills were in operation.  Phenols were among those

constituents.

          During the 1959 strike, phenols at Lowellville

averaged 10 ppb, compared to averages in the range of 5

to 44 ppb in the three previous years, for an over-all

average of 21 ppb.  At Beaver Falls, the average for the

1959 period was 3 ppb.

-------
                                                       472
          Taste and Odor.




          Taste and odor, in municipal water supplies may




result from many causes.  Among.these are oils, phenols,




naphthalenes, and other organic materials associated with




coke by-production, which may b.e.discharged in wastes, from




the coke plants normally associated with steel mills.




          An indication of the odor potential of water




is measured approximately by, the threshold odor (T.O.)




determination.  This is an involved method and is not often




used, unless odor in a municipal water supply presents  a




problem.  The ORSANCO report referred to above included




data on threshold odor of the Beaver Falls raw water.




During the 1959 strike, the T. 0. number of the raw water




was 19.  Even this value is relatively high for a clean




stream, except in those situations where the odor is caused




by algae.  During previous years, while the steel mills




were operating, the T. 0. number ranged from 41 to 202,




for an average of 137, which is seven times the relatively




high value that occurred when the steel mills were closed.




          To combat tastes and odors, the Beaver Falls water




treatment plant is forced to use methods far beyond those




of the conventional water treatment plant that obtains




water from a source of good quality.  These measures




require correspondingly increased costs of treatment.

-------
                                                           473



          Alkalinity, Acidity and pH.



          Natural surface waters normally are moderately



alkaline, containing calcium bicarbonate and carbonate



and other minor alkaline constituents dissolved from the



soil and rock through and over which the water flows.



The water also contains mildly acidic salts of certain



metals, and the mild carbonic acid, which is derived from



carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and from decomposing



organic matter.  The balance between these mild alkalies



and acids controls the pH, or hydrogen ion concentration,



of the water.  At the pH of 7.0 the opposing alkaline and



acidic constituents are in exact balance, and the water is



said to be neutral.  Natural waters rarely are more



alkaline than pH 8.5, or more acidic than pH 6.5.



          As a result, fish and other aquatic life



generally are acclimated to water with pH in the range of



6.5 to 8.5»  Drastic variations jnpH outside this range



can reduce or eliminate desirable aquatic life.  A moderately



alkaline water is desirable as a source of water supply,



since it is less corrosive to concrete and to pumps, piping,



and other metallic equipment than an acidic water.  Alka-



linity also is essential in the chemical reactions employed



in conventional water treatment processes.



          Strong acids are used in some industrial processes,



such as the sulfuric acid used in large quantities by steel

-------
                                                           474




mills.  The acid may be discharged untreated, or may be



neutralized with lime before discharge.  If not neutralized,



the acid reduces the natural alkalinity and reduces the pH



correspondingly.  If all natural alkalinity is destroyed,



the pH drops to about 4.2.  Additional waste acid will reduce



the pH below even this value.



          The Aquatic Life Advisory Committee of ORSANCO



has concluded that lethal effects on aquatic life are not



produced until the pH is reduced below 5.0, but from the



standpoint of productivity, it is best to maintain pH



above 6.5.  Objective by the State of Ohio of pH 6.3



and alkalinity of 30 mg/1 have been selected as applicable



to the Mahoning River at the state line.



          It was estimated by ORSANCO in 1959 that 200 tons



per day of acid (as equivalent 00003) was wasted by the



steel mills in the Beaver River watershed.



          In 1959 the alkalinity of the Mahoning River at



Lowellville averaged 80 mg/1 during the steel mill strike,



and in the range of 8 to 30 mg/1 in the previous 3 years.



Alkalinity was adequate at Beaver Falls during all periods,



averaging 69 during the strike, compared to about 54 in



previous years, but reflected some effect of acid wastes



from upstream.



          In 1959 the pH averaged 7.3 at Lowellville, com-




pared to a range of 5.9 to 6.1 in the three previous years.

-------
                                                       475
All pH averages were above 7.0 at Beaver Falls.




          The U. S. Geological Survey -- Ohio Department of




Health monitoring station maintain a continuous record of




pH at Lowellville, with occasional gaps because of  instrument




failure.  The record indicates that there were 28 days  in




1964 when the pH dropped below 5.0, with a minimum  value of




3.6 on two days.  These acidic conditions would retard and




probably destroy.aquatic life at and below the state line.




The record shows 187 days when the pH was below the Ohio




objective of 6.3.




          All average monthly pH values at the Eeaver palls




raw water intake were in the range of 6.8 to 7.2 during




1964.  The lowest single daily value was 6.5.  These values




reflect only slightly the effects of the acid wastes dis-




charged upstream.  This represents an improvement over  the




1952, 1953, and 1957 values in the range of 5.9 to  6.1




reported by ORSANCO, as noted above.  Average monthly




alkalinities ranged from 36 to 51 mg/1, which is adequate,




but below the 80 mg/1 in 1959 when the steel mills  were




closed.  Daily minimum values were below 30 mg/1 in four months,




with the lowest being 20 milligrams per liter.




          At this point I would like to insert the  most




recent data from the Ohio Department of Health.  In 1964,




11.3 percent of the observations were below the Ohio objective




of 6.3.  1.9 percent of the observations were below the 5

-------
                                                       476
point value.




          In the results obtained on the single set of




samples collected by the Public Health Service during the




week of January 4, 1965, the pH ranged from 6.0 to 6.5 in




the vicinity  of the state line, and was 7.1 at Beaver Falls.




Corresponding alkalinities were in the range of 13 to 23 mg/1




near the state line, and 26 mg/1 at Beaver Falls.  The pH




at three stations in the Niles to Youngstown reach of the




river ranged from 3.6 to 4.2, the natural alkalinity at




these three stations being totally destroyed by the acid




wastes.




          Adverse effects of the acid wastes range from severe




to moderate in the river system from Warren to Beaver palls.




The pH was low enough to destroy much of the aquatic life




in the Mahoning River below Warren, and the alkalinity was




below the level desirable in sources of municipal and many




industrial water supplies in the Mahoning and in the Beaver




River at Beaver Falls.




          Hardness.




          Hardness of water is caused primarily by the salts




of calcium and magnesium.  As hardness increases, the soap




and other detergents necessary for effective cleaning in-




crease.  Hard water produces scale in household hot water




tanks and in metallic equipment in high temperature indus-




trial processes, which reduces the effectiveness of heating.

-------
                                                       477
Hard water can toughen vegetables during cooking.  Natural




surface waters exhibit various degrees of hardness, depending




on the soils and rocks with which they come in contact.




The natural alkalinity discussed earlier usually is largely




calcium and magnesium carbonate and bicarbonate, which are




hardness constituents.




          Many heavy industries, including steel mills, use




large quantities of limestone, which consists of calcium,




and frequently magnesium, carbonate.  The principal waste




from steel mills that contributes to hardness of the




receiving stream is the calcium and magnesium sulfate that




result from neutralization of waste acid pickle liquor




with limestone or lime.




          In the report on river water quality during the




1959 steel mill strike, ORSANCO estimated that the steel




mills discharged 90 tons per day of hardness.




          The hardness of surface waters varies so widely




throughout the country that no limit has been set on hard-




ness in municipal water supplies.  Water with hardness less




than 125 mg/1 usually is considered reasonably soft.  In




many cases where hardness is in excess of 125 mg/1, special




treatment to reduce hardness is considered justified.  When




softening is employed, it is common to produce water with




a hardness of 70 to 80 mg/1.  Industries can use water for




various processes that may vary in hardness over a wide

-------
                                                       478
range.  Most of the required limits fall in the range of 100




to 300 mg/1, but others require hardness less than 100 mg/1.




For example, the hardness of water used for cooling and for




steel manufacturing, which are major uses in the Beaver




River Valley, preferably should not exceed 50 mg/1.




          At present, data are not available to establish




the natural hardness of waters in the Mahoning and Beaver




Rivers, but it appears that it may be in the range of 100




to 150 mg/1.  The hardness of raw water at the Beaver Falls




intake averaged 183 mg/1 in 1964.  The 90 tons per day of




hardness estimated by ORSANCO to be added by the steel mills




would account for a moderate addition of 15 mg/1 of hardness




to the average annual flow of the Beaver River at Beaver




Falls.  ORSANCO data indicated that the hardness was 43 mg/1




less during the steel strike than it was during comparable




flow periods in previous years when the mills were operating.




The increase in hardness concentrations caused by steel mill




wastes would be less during higher stream flow periods.




          While there undoubtedly are moderate adverse effects




of hardness added by industries on municipal and industrial




water supplies on the Mahoning and Beaver Rivers, presently




available data do not allow a full evaluation of effects.




          Iron.




          Iron is relatively insoluble in the presence of




oxygen and of the alkalinity within the normal pH range of

-------
                                                       479
most natural surface waters.  Such waters frequently have




low iron concentrations of only a few hundredths to a few




tenths of a mg/1.  When wastes containing dissolved ferrous




iron are discharged to a stream, the iron depletes the D.O.




of the stream, adding to the depletion of D.O. by organic




wastes.  In the process, the iron precipitates and settles




to the stream bed, where it coats exposed surfaces, or forms




sludge banks that may cover and destroy aquatic life.  If




the D.O. is totally depleted and if accompanying acid wastes




neutralize the alkalinity of the stream, the dissolved iron




may remain in solution for many miles downstream and cause




difficulties in stream reaches far removed from the point of




discharge.




          Insoluble forms of iron are relatively inert in



water, and usually cause only those difficulties typical



of natural silt and other inorganic suspended solids, which




destroy the clarity of the water and settle to form bottom




deposits.



          Even small quantities of dissolved iron in municipal




and industrial water supplies can cause problems.  It can




cause difficulty in water treatment through staining of




equipment, especially chlorinators and filter sand.  It can




cause false readings of chlorine residuals, and thus interfere




with the chlorination process that is essential to destroy




pathogenic bacteria and protect health.  The iron may

-------
                                                       480
precipitate as a reddish floe, in the distribution system,




causing the familiar "red water" that flows from some faucets.




It stains bathroom fixtures and laundry, turns tea black, and




may impart an unpleasant taste to water.  It can interfere




with a variety of industrial processes.  Recommended limits




for iron are 0.3 mg/1 for domestic water supplies and 0. mg/1




for industrial supplies.




          Much of the data available on iron in the Mahoning




and Beaver Rivers does not lend itself to sound interpretation




because most of the determinations have been for total iron,




both dissolved and in suspension.  Since the effects of the




two forms on water use are different ,• it is not possible >:to  .'




evaluate fully the effects on the basis of total iron alone.




          For example, the ORSANCO report shows that steel




mills in the Beaver River watershed discharged 72 tons per




day of dissolved iron and 225 tons per day of iron in sus-




pension.  Most of the insoluble .iron probably settles to




the stream bed withi.n a few miles from the points of dis-




charge.  The dissolved iron, on the other hand, undoubtedly




carries farther downstream until.oxidized.




          There is no doubt that the bed of the Mahoning




River from Warren to its mouth in Pennsylvania is a




depository of large quantities of iron.  Reclaiming opera-




tions in the Mahoning River at Youngstown are being employed




to separate iron deposits from river bottom sludge.

-------
                                                           481
Concentrations of iron (chiefly mill scale discharges from

steel mills) are apparently great enough to make this

operation economical.  A hydraulic dredge is employed

to remove the deposits from the river, after which the

heavy iron materials are settled out and thereby reclaimed.

The remaining materials are then respread on the river

"bottom under surveillance by the Corps of Engineers.  The

amount of iron recovered is not known, although one report

indicated that in one area recovered particles tested from

40 to 52 percent iron.  Approximately 4£ river miles have

been covered by the recovery operations thus far, and plans

call fortan.additional 2^ miles to be, recovered in the near

future ,.'-....•

          Manganese.  Manganese is quite similar to iron
                                                         o
in many of its reactions, and most of the above discussion

on iron applies to manganese.  Manganese probably reacts

more slowly than iron, but the discolorations and deposits

of various kinds that it can cause are black, and therefore

even more objectionable than those caused by iron.

          Interferences by manganese with domestic and

industrial water uses are even more severe than those by

iron, and therefore a lower limit of 0.05 mg/1 has been

proposed for manganese in both domestic and many industrial

supplies.

-------
                                                  482
          The ORSANCO report estimated that the steel mills



normally discharged 1.8 tons per day of dissolved manganese.



The 1964 operating records of the Beaver Palls water



treatment plant show that manganese in the raw water ranged



from 0.10 to 1.35 mg/1* with an annual average of 0.39



mg/1.  This is far above the manganese level of most



natural surface waters, which rarely exceed a few



hundredths of a mg/1.



          Fluorides.



          It is recognized that fluorides, within optimum



limits of 0.7 to 1.2 mg/1 in drinking water, are beneficial



in protecting the teeth of children against decay, or caries,



Continuous ingestion of water containing fluorides much



in excess of the upper limit can cause unslightly mottling



of teeth.



          Fluorides are discharged in the wastes from steel



mills, electric lamp manufacture, and zirconium production



in the Beaver River Valley.  Although a few values reported



for the Mahoning River have been in the range of 2.4 to



3.2 mg/1, which is above the desirable limit for drinking



water, there is no evidence that the limit has been exceeded



at the Beaver Falls water intake, but rather that fluorides



have been below the optimum lower limit.



          It may be assumed that children drinking water



from the Beaver Falls municipal  supply may have received

-------
                                                        483
some protection of their teeth because of the fluorides



discharged upstream.  It should be realized, however, that



the fluoride concentrations vary considerably and presumably



rapidly at times.  If the municipality should desire to



provide maximum protection of the children's teeth through



controlled fluoridation, as is practiced in many cities, .



the varying concentrations in-"the-raw water would render it



difficult to ensure proper dosage of fluorides to  .achieve



the optimum concentration in the treated water.



          Ammonia."                         .



          Ammonia in surface waters comes from the decom-



position of organic matter, and in clean water rarely



exceeds a few tenths of a mg/1.  Ammonia is a.constituent



of municipal sewage and of wastes from coke plants commonly



included in steel mill operations.



          A concentration of 2.5 mg/1 of ammonia is



considered to be harmful to fish if the pH of the water



is in the range of 7.^ to 8.5.  Toxicity decreases with



decreasing pH.  It has been found that concentrations  ...



of 1.5 mg/l> or less are not harmful to most varieties



of fish.::-.Ammonia in .the, raw water.: of -treatment plants:



requires^ compensating quantities of chlorine in plants



where free residual chlorination> the most effective



method of bacterial^ disinfection,, is practiced.  Each



mg/i of ammonia requires about 8 nig/1 of chlorine before

-------
                                                       484
a free chlorine residual can be obtained.  This can cause




a significant increase in the cost of water treatment.




          Data on ammonia in the Mahoning River at




Lowellville are available in the U. S. Geological Survey




Records for the water years (October through September)




1958, 1959, and 1960.  The annual average concentrations




of ammonia (as NH3) are remarkably constant, at 3.3, 3.3,




and 3.2 mg/1.  Individual values, however, frequently have




been in the range of 6.0 to 8.0 mg/1.  Such concentrations




almost certainly would destroy any fish that might be




present in the Mahoning.  Even after dilution with the




Shenango River to form the Beaver, the resulting concen-




trations of ammonia probably would be harmful to fish.




          Although no data on ammonia at the Beaver Falls




water intake are available, it is certain that ammonia




concentrations sufficiently high to add significantly to




the chlorine requirements of water treatment persist to




the intake.




          Cyanides.




          Cyanides in water are toxic to fish in low




concentrations.  Cyanides are included in the wastes from




coke plants and, therefore, frequently occur in steel




mill wastes.  Cyanides also are used extensively in




metal plating operations.




          The Aquatic Advisory Committee of the Ohio River

-------
                                                        485
Valley Water Sanitation Commission recommended that free




cyanide, in excess of 0.025 mg/1 be considered unsafe in




the Q.hio River.  In the Mahoning River, which has low




!>., 0"i.. and! pH, and relatively high ammonia, all of which




increase.- the toxicity of cyanides, a given concentration




of cyanide would be expected to be even more toxic than




the same concentration in the Ohio.




          Few data on cyanides in the Mahonig River have




been found.  The results of 15 determinations on the river




at Lowellville during the period of November 1952 through




September 1953 have been reported by ORSANCO.  The values




ranged from 0 in one-third of the samples to as high as




1.0 mg/1.  The average of all results was 0.25 mg/1,




which is 10 times the recommended limit.  All 10 of the




positive results exceed the limit by factors of 4 to 40




times.




          Some of the cyanide concentrations reported at




Lowellville in 1952-1953 would have been lethal to any




fish that might have been in the river at that time.  There




is no known reason to assume that cyanide wastes have been




reduced significantly since that time.




          Here, I would like to recognize the fact that




Mr. George Eagle said that treatment had been provided




for the cyanide sources on the Mahoning River.

-------
                                                        486
          There is no evidence that cyanides have occurred




in the raw water at Beaver Falls in concentrations




sufficient to be harmful to consumers of  the water supply.




          Visual Evidences of pollution.




          During the week of January 4, 1965, Public




Health Service personnel observed the Mahoning, Shenango,




and Beaver Rivers at numerous points in connection with




the collection of stream samples.




          From Warren, Ohio, to the mouth of the Mahoning,




from Sharon, Pennsylvania, to the mouth of the Shenango,




and from the confluence of these two streams, the sur-




faces of the three streams were covered with an oily film.




          Along the Mahoning River black, oily sludge lined




the banks, and masses of these materials hung from bushes




and tree limbs near the water*s edge.




          In and below the Youngstown area, gobs of dark




greasy material bobbed up and down in the water as they




moved along with the current.




          The scenic values of the Mahoning River below




Warren have been destroyed, and those of the Shenango




and Beaver seriously damaged.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           Thank you, Mr. Kittrell.




Are there any comments or questions at this point?  And




maybe we will have an opportunity to question Mr. Kittrell




at the conclusion of his report.

-------
                                                        487
          Mr. Boardman.

          MR. BOARDMAN:            Back on page 24 of

Mr. Kittrell!s statement it was indicated that Pennsylvania

has a water quality, — I object to that it was indicated

that Pennsylvania has a water quality objective of 4 milli-

grams per liter dissolved oxygen in the lower Mahoning,

Shenango, and Beaver.  Pennsylvania has not established a

definite water quality objective for any of these streams

at the present time*

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Do you have any comments,

Mr. Kittrell?

          MR. KITTRELL:            Mr. Chairman, this

Information was brought to me by one of my field men.

          MR. BOARDMAN:            I believe the information

was obtained from a draft report from our regional office.

There is no official status to that report.

          MR. POSTON:              Thank you, Mr. Kittrell.

          MR. CLEARY:              May I ask a question?

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Certainly.
                                   i     . .
          MR. CLEARY:              I have a couple of

questions of Mr. Kittrell.  On page 28, at the bottom of the

page, it says a value of 14.5 parts per billion near the

Beaver Palls water intake were noted with respect to phenol

concentrations.

          My question is:  Do you have any taste and odor

-------
                                                         488






data that would indicate what happened as a result of that



level of phenols at that time?




          MR. KITTRELL:            No, we have not.




          MR. CLEARY:              The reason I raise it



is because I believe there is a professional difference



of opinion with respect to what constitutes a level



where taste and odors become prevalent.  I notice you



mention three parts per billionj five parts per billion



is another number, and I raise the question simply to



see whether this would help cast some light on the ques-



tion.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN;          Mr. Cleary, I wonder,



we are, I understand, going to have Dr. Graham Walton,



who is our water supply expert, on soon.  It may be



advisable to raise these questions again and check with




him.




          MR. CLEARY:              Would that be also true



with respect to manganese, fluorides?



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          I would suggest that




any effect on drinking water supply may best, in the



interest of our most authoritative information, be directed




to Dr. Walton.



          MR. CLEARY:              Would this be appro-



priate — I was going to ask about the manganese level



in some of the reservoirs.  Would that be a  question  for

-------
                                                          489
Dr. Walton?




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Is this supposed  to




affect public water supplies?




          MR. CLEARY:              What I am getting at,




maybe you better let me proceed, Mr. Chairman.  My




question was simply this:  On page 38, this deals with  the




matter of manganese in the river.  My question, Mr.




Kittrell, was simply this:  Has any information been




developed with respect to the manganese that may be  in




the reservoirs and when flow regulation is attempted,




then the concentrations may reflect what the manganese




level was in the reservoirs?




          MR. KITTRELL:            This is a distinct




possibility.  We do not have any information to show




whether this occurs or does not, but it is a possibility.




          MR. CLEARY:              The reason I raise




the question, Mr. Chairman, is simply where is the




manganese coming from, and I thought this might cast




some light on it.




          And my other question, finally, on page 39




mention was made of some fluoride measurements in the




Mahoning.  Would you recall, Mr. Kittrell, where they




were made?  I heard some testimony this morning that




fluorides, hydrofluoric acid was being discharged by




lamp works, and I was wondering, was this in the vicinity

-------
                                                          490
of the lamp works in the Upper Mahoning or where else?




          MR. KITTRELL:            This was in the




vicinity of the lower U. §. Geological Station at Lowell-




vi lie.




          MR. CLEARY:              Thank you.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you.  Are there




any other questions of Mr. Kittrell at this time?  If




not, thank you.  Mr. Poston0




          MR. POSTON:               Thank you, Mr. Kittrell.




We will now hear from Mr. Kenneth Mackenthun who will  talk




about the biological effects.




          MR. MACKENTHUN:          Aquatic Life.




          Environments in which aquatic organisms live




are often changed by man-produced pollution.  These




changes are reflected in the kinds and numbers of aquatic




plant and animal life that may persist.  Unpolluted water




courses support many different kinds of clean-water-associated




bottom organisms such as stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies




and alderflies.  Pollution-tolerant forms such as certain




leeches arid sludgeworms may be present in unpolluted water,




but usually are few in numbers.  Stream conditions that




permit' the development of an assemblage of clean-water-




associated organisms provide food for fishes and prevent




development of nuisance organisms in large numbers.

-------
                                                        491

          Responses of aquatic organisms to domestic and


industrial wastes depend largely on the amounts and kinds


of such materials entering their environments.  One


response is, manifest by; the loss of a few kinds of organisms


that thrive only in clean water environments, while those


that may "be associated with mildly polluted waters, increase


slightly in numbers.  A more drastic response involves


the disappearance of all clean-water-associated forms


and the development of pollution-tolerant organisms often


associated with sludges and slimes.  Yet another response


is associated with environments that are toxic to certain


organisms and in which there is a substantial reduction


in numbers of most forms and an elimination of many.


In severely toxic environments, no organisms exist.


          A biological survey to evaluate bottom organism


population in the Mahoning, Beaver, and Shenango Rivers


was made during the week of January 4, 1965.


          Bottom organisms were reduced in numbers from


over 2,000 per square foot upstream from Newton Falls,


Ohio, to about 300 per square foot at Lowellville, and 850

                            :                            *>
per square foot at the first bridge crossing downstream


from the Ohio-Pennsylvania state line (Table 9, Figures


V and VI).  Similarly, 9 and 11 different general kinds of


organisms were found in the West Branch and East Branch,

-------
                                                         U92
respectively, upstream from Newton Palls.  Only one kind,




a pollution-tolerant organism, was found at Lowellville,




and three kinds were found at the first bridge crossing




downstream from the state line.




          Although few in numbers downstream from Newton




Palls, clean-water-associated organisms were found down-




stream to the Highway 1|22 bridge just upstream from Warren,




Ohio.  Clean-water-associated organisms were not found



throughout the remainder of the Mahoning River.




          Only pollution-tolerant sludgeworms persisted at




Lowellville, and only pollution-tolerant sludgeworms and




leeches and one kind of tolerant snail were found at the




next station downstream of the state line.




          The absence of clean-water-associated fish food




organisms in the Mahoning River downstream from Warren,




Ohio, the severe decrease in the diversity of bottom




organisms, and the decrease in the bottom organism




population attests to the severely polluted condition of




the river from Warren,  Ohio, to its confluence with the




Shenango River in Pennsylvania.




          The bottom of the Mahoning River  throughout the




reach studied was generally rock and rubble with sludge




along the shores and in many slack water areas.  Such a




rubble substrate would  be expected to support a bountiful

-------
fish food organism population, if not polluted.  In

many areas, oil formed a film on the water's surface,

adhered to twigs, shoreline grasses and debris, and

became mixed with the sludges.  Substrate rocks and

rubble were covered with a thick iron deposit that was

harmful to bottom organisms in the Lowellville-state line
                       i
reach.

          Conditions of existence were only slightly

improved in the Beaver River.  Sludgeworm populations were

reduced from those found in the more polluted reaches

of the Mahoning River indicating a reduction in the

organic food supply.  At New Brighton, Pennsylvania,

partial stream recovery was found.  The different kinds

of organisms had increased and stoneflies were observed

in small numbers on rocks in the shallow water near the

shore.  These were not found in quantitative samples

taken from deeper water where the impact of pollution

would be expected to be greatest.

          Oil was also found throughout the Beaver River.

          (Sae next page,.)

-------
                                                                                              IBile  9

                                                                                Itohoning, Sheaango, and Dearer Rivera
                                                                                  Bottoi Orgnina per Square root
                                                                                           January 1965

Mileage
Ore-mi =na

Vest Branch
Upstream fr.
Hevton Falls
M-55.3-3.5

East Branch
Prieetora
61.3

&a>tn«m
Park fr. Dpstreaa Lonell-
Hy 5 Rd. Pover Da Hy U22 fr. BILaa Glrard vllle
U7.li 113.2 l>1.5 39.5 31.3 23.6 ll.fc

Domatreem
fr.
State Line
9.U

Of 18-108
2.0

Q; 168
18.0

Wonpun
llt.O

	 1 nile-Tfc-
Bev atreaa fr.
Brlchtan Ohio Hirer
2.0 1.0

UjpstreaD fr.
Sborpanile
26.0

upatrean
fr.
Ry 718 Bev Castle
22.0 5.0

Downstream
fr.
Hew Castle
3.0
.itonefllcs *
Mayflies *
Cnd^rfllc. •
.Uderfllea
aim*' Beetles
Cruv file: *
Blicl: File: •
Jcuds
Liaprrr
H run-Ivor:::- •
Jnailr •
r incornr\il Clans
Kl.'Oe: «
Leeches
.:lutevor~
Total Kinds 9
Total Per J-. Foot
-
10
137k
-
-
-
f>
1
20
1
3
31
5*8
1
18
11
2081
-
.
12 b
-
-
- •
1
-
-
3.
-
1
13 1
-
22 15 1
3 * 6
2U 21 10
-
-
3
3
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
57
-
289 323
6 1
35* 323
• - 5
26
U08
.
- 71
-
2 - 85 - .' -
. -
18 - 2 - 5 . - -
.
3- 5 23820- - -7-
' -
31 - U93 ' - .-
3 - l> 56 7 3 - - 20'
329* 850 5 1 - 11* ' 132 - .90 66-
31 3 3!>25 1 731
9 2914 859 63 6* 23 150 132 1093 117 66
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ;.
-
•
-
3
'
2
2
5
• Appeared  in qualitative,saiple only;  counted as  one la total*.

-------
  12
 in
 CT\
 .=}•
  lOh-
   8^
o
z
O  61-

cr
UJ
CD
   4^
   2\-

-=•



•^

—
i
1
<"N

i
SNS
1


cn
-1
Q_

z
p
>
Ul
z







1

z
UJ
(T





I
I










UJ
_J
z





1
o
cr
<





,1

p
}
f
0
r»
-2
o
j

1
70 60 50 40 30




O

I
O



<
z .
^•f
5

(0
z
z
UJ
Q.
I
20 10







W////////////A
020







%

z
O
»-


CC
CD
5
UJ

I
	



•^—

^ 1
10 0
                          MAHONING - BEAVER RIVERS

                          KINDS OF  BOTTOM  ORGANISMS

                                JANUARY  1965
                                   FIGURE

-------
                                                   496
 1500
 1000
O
O
cr
UJ
CL

cr
UJ
m
  500










1 '





—



















to z
d ^
u. cr

O
i-
Ul



(jO
UJ
—
z






Q
cr
(T
o O
X
0





I
TOI 'J^^r^L3 ^
I
ol
o
1°
Y/////////////////A
^ fPOLLUTION
^- TOLERANT
XV FORMS
1
^J Z
L-
r^
< x
> o
d ^
> CD
en
^^ ^^
Z UJ
UJ Z
CL


0
I
1
y/////////////////////









«_-




I
70 60 50 40 30 20 . 10 020 10 0
" MAHUNINb HIVLn 9* ac.Avt.H H. *
DU/tTD 1111 CC
                MAHONING-BEAVER  RIVERS

                 BOTTOM ORGANISM   DATA

                      JANUARY  1965
                         FIGURE

-------
                                                        497




Many of the bottom rocks were red in color and showed



evidence of an iron precipitate.  Colonizing the rock's



surface in shallower waters was a growth of slick, slimy



algae often characteristic of polluted water.



          Fisheries investigators have reported that the



Mahoning River does not support a catchable fish popula-



tion downstream from Warren, Ohio, to its confluence with



the Shenango River, and that the Beaver River supports



a catchable fish population only in its lower reach in



the New Brighton area.  This was substantiated by an



examination of the bottom organism population.  In those



areas where fishing was not reported, there were no bottom



organisms on which fish normally feed.



          The Shenango River was examined from the



reach near the Sharpsville, Pennsylvania, water plant to



its confluence with the Mahoning River (Table 9).



Downstream from Sharon, few bottom organisms were found



and conditions of existence for the bottom forms were



similar to those observed on the Mahoning River,



          Results of an examination of the phytoplankton



population, which is actually the drifting algae, were



similar to those found for the bottom organism population.



Values of total counts in the East and West Porks of the



Mahoning River upstream from Newton Falls, Ohio, were in



a range that would be expected in an unpolluted stream

-------
                                                         498
during the winter months (Table 10, Figure VII).  Down-




stream from the U. S. Highway 5 bridge (mile 47.4) total




count values were substantially depressed and remained




depressed throughout the remainder of the Mahoning River.




At Lowellville, Ohio, and at the  first bridge crossing




downstream from the Ohio-Pennsylvania state line, total




count values were one-fourth of those upstream of Newton




Falls.  Some recovery was found at the Highway 18 bridge




upstream from the confluence of the Mahoning River with




the Shenango River.  Depressed algal counts demonstrate




the degrading effect of pollution on this primary food




source for aquatic life in the stream.  The low phytoplank-




ton total count values and the low population numbers




found in the bottom organism population is strongly




suggestive of the action of a toxic substance or sub-




stances to aquatic.




          Phytoplankton total count values were likewise




depressed in the Beaver River, but were higher than those




in the severely polluted reach of the Mahoning River.




          In the Shenango River upstream from Sharpsville,




Pennsylvania, phytoplankton counts were comparable to




those found in unpolluted reaches of the Mahoning River




(Figure VIII).  Downstream from Sharon, counts were




severely depressed.  Some recovery was found upstream from




New Castle, but wastes from New Castle reduced the counts

-------
                                                                         499
                                        TABLE U)
                            MAHDN3NG-BEAVER AND SHENANGO RIVERS
                                    PHYTOPLANKTON MIA
                               TOTAL NUMBERS PER MILLILITER
STATION
DESCRIPTION
RIVER MILE   TOTAL/ml
East Fk. Mahoning R.
West Fk. Mahoning R.
Mahoning R.








Beaver R.


Shenaneo R.



Pricetovm Bridge
Upstream from Newton Falls,
Ohio
U. S. Hwy 5 Bridge
Park Road Crossing
Dovmstream from Power Dam
U. S. Hwy U22: Bridge
Upstream from Niles
Girard
Lowellville
Ohio -Pennsylvania State line
1st Bridge downstream from
State Line
Hwy 18 & 108
U. S. Hwy 168
Wampum, Pennsylvania
1 mile upstream from con-
fluence with Ohio River
Upstream from Sharpsville
Hwy 718
Upstream from New Castle
Downstream from New Castle
61.3
55.3-3.5
U7.I*
1*3.2
U.5
39-5
31.3
23.6
n.i*
10.1*
9A
2.0
18.0
ll*.0
1.0
26.0
22.0
5.0
3.0
1,^50
1,300
1,050
550
1*00 .
200
300
650
300
250
950
700
850
650
1,350
UOO
800
' 350

-------
o
o
LO
        1500
     tr
     LU
        1200 —
        900 —
     tr
     UJ
     o.


     cc
     UJ
     CD
600 -
        300 -
                  60
                   50       40

                  •MAHONING RIVER
30  RIVER 20 MILES  10
20.7
10.7
                                                                      -BEAVER RIVER -
0.7

-I
                                  MAHONING-BEAVER RIVERS

                              TOTAL  PHYTOPLANKTON PER MILLILITER


                                           FIGURE IZK

-------
H
O
           I50O
                  UJ
           I20O -
         tr
         LU
         _ 900
         tr
         UJ
         Q.
           600
         CD
         :E
         Z)
           300
                             I
I
                             20  RIVER  MILES

                             SHENAN60 RIVER-
       10
                    SHENANGO RIVER  PHYTOPLANKTON

                      TOTAL NUMBERS PER MILLILITER
0
                                FIGURE

-------
                                                        502
just prior to the confluence of the Shenango River with




the Mahoning River.




          In general, the absence of clean-water-associated




fish food organisms in the Mahoning River, downstream from




Warren, Ohio, the severe decrease in the diversity of




bottom organisms, and the decrease in the total bottom




organism population attests to the severely polluted




condition of the river from Warren,Ohio, to its confluence




with the Shenango River in Pennsylvania.  Conditions of




existence were only slightly improved in the Beaver River




although partial stream recovery was found at New Brighton,




Pennsylvania.  Results of the examination of the phyto-




plankton population were similar to those found for the




bottom organism population.  Where low phytoplankton total




count values and low population numbers in the bottom




organism population were found,  it is strongly suggestive




of the action of a toxic substance or substances to aquatic




life.  The production of a fish population in the polluted




reaches of the Mahoning and Beaver Rivers would be affected




similarly to the bottom organism and plankton populations.




Fish production would be severely curtailed or eliminated




from Warren, Ohio, on the Mahoning River to its confluence




with the Shenango River, and on the Beaver River downstream




to the New Brighton, Pennsylvania area.

-------
                                                      503






          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you, Mr. Mackenthun.



Are there any comments or questions?  If not, thank you.



          DR. ARNOLD:              I would like to ask a



question,  I would like to know, when were these obser-



vations made on the river that you are giving in this



report?



          MR. MACKENTHUN:          These observations



were made during a biological survey conducted during the



week of January 4, 1965.  That was in the report.  I



neglected to read that paragraph.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Mr. Cleary.



          MR. CLEARY:              Mr. Chairman, Mr.



Mackenthun, a question to my enlightenment.  Would you



have any opinion as to what the conditions might be with



respect to the aquatic life at a different season of the



year?  This was measured in an undoubtedly cold period.



Would the conditions be probably worse or better?  Would



you care to express an opinion on that?



          MR. MACKENTHUN:          One could only predict



from experience on a question of that nature.  I would



assume that from the bottom organism population, I



would not expect too drastic a change comparing one



season with another.  This statement might not hold



true for the phytoplankton or the floating algae popula-



tion since it is much more subject, of course,  to season

-------
change.




          MR. CLEARY:              Thank you very much.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Are there any further




comments or questions?  If not, thank you, Mr. Mackenthun.




          MR. POSTON:              We will now hear from




Dr. Graham Walton on Municipal Water Treatment at Beaver




Palls.




          DR. V/ALTON:              The Beaver Palls




Municipal Authority operates the Eastvale and New Brighton




water plants \*hich treat water taken from the Beaver River,




These plants jointly supply water to the City of Beaver




Palls, nine boroughs and six townships.  The population




served is estimated to be 65,000.




          The Eastvale plant, records from which are




analyzed in this report, is located in Beaver Palls, a




few miles upstream from the New Brighton plant.  The East-




vale plant was constructed in 1922.  In 1957 and 195S,




a new chemical house with chemical handling and feed




equipment, new flocculation and settling tanks providing




for two-stage coagulation and settling, and new filters




were added.  Present rated capacity is 10 mgd.




          Raw Water Quality.




          The Beaver River is the source of the water




treated at the Eastvale and New Brighton plants.  Raw




water quality data from the 196L). Eastvale Pilter Plant

-------
                                                          505


operation reports are summarized in Table 7.

          The coliform bacterial density, which  is  a  measure

of sewage pollution, averaged 31,000/100 ml.  This  is  the

same order of magnitude as found for this water  source  in

a study conducted by the Public Health Service during

1954-1956.  That study reports data from 54 water plants,

which were carefully selected in an effort to include

all plants treating water grossly polluted with  sewage

and having adequate data for the study.  When "these  pi-ants-

were coded in order  of decreasing annual average coliform

bacterial density in their raw water, the Eastvale  plant

was No. 14.  Only 13 of these 54 plants treated waters

more heavily polluted with sewage insofar as indicated

by the annual average colifrom densities.

          The threshold odor numbers, whi ch are  reported

to be estimated values, ranged from 20 to 200.  Addition

of one-fourth teaspoonful of water having a threshold

odor of 200 to a cup of odorless hot water would result

in detectable odor.   These odors are described in plant

records by such notations as D (disagreeable), *M (musty),

E(earthy), Ch (hydrocarbon), stale, tar, and Ds  (septic).

          The concentration of iron averaged 0.87 mg/1, with

high values of 5 and 50 mg/1 being recorded for  individual

analyses.  The manganese concentration averaged 0.39  mg/1

*It is assumed that the coding describing the odors is
 that given in Standard Methods, llth Edition.

-------
                                                           506
with individual analyses of 0.80 or more mg/1 in each




of six of tire 12 months.




          Both iron and manganese are highly objectionable




constituents in a municipal water supply.  The domestic




consumer complains of the brownish color that they impart




to laundered goods, and of the impairment of taste of




beverages, including coffee and tea.  Many commercial




and industrial processes are affected adversely by the




iron and manganese.




          The average hardness of the untreated water




was 184 mg/1.




          The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission's




study of the Beaver River at Eastvale during July 20 to




December 7, 1959, showed phenol concentrations ranging




from 0 to 35 mg/1 and fluoride concentrations ranging




from 0.2 to 0.7 mg/1.




          The gross and variable pollution present in




the Beaver River at the  Eastvale intake shows that




abnormal treatment measures are required to produce a




safe and palatable municipal water supply.




          Water Treatment.




          The Eastvale plant has facilities for two-stage




coagulation and settling, for rapid sand filtration and




for handling and feeding alum, lime, chlorine, chlorine'




dioxide, potassium permanganate and activated carbon.

-------
                                                          507
The treatment process is varied as considered desirable




to provide adequate purification, including removal of




iron, manganese and obnoxious taste and odor.  Throughout




three to five months of the year chlorination to provide   •  .




free residual chlorine in the treated water is practiced.




When free residual chlorination is not practiced, extensive




use is made of chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate




and activated .carbon, chemicals which ordinarily are not




required at plants treating a good quality raw water.




Chemical application during 1964 are summarized in Table




11.  Chlorination records at this plant are particularly




interesting..




          Chlorination of water is used primarily to kill




bacteria and other infectious organisms.  At the Eastvale




plant it is used also to reduce taste and odor and to




precipitate iron and manganese.




          The amount of chlorine required to treat a water




is one measure of its pollution;.  The average annual




chlorine applications, which were 8.9, 8.0, and 8.6 mg/1,




for the years 1964, 1963, and 1962, indicate gross




pollution of the source water.  The chlorine requirements at




the Eastvale plant are compared with those at 20 water plants




treating some of the most grossly polluted waters in the




United States.,




          Table 12, tabulates, in order of decreasing, chlorine

-------
                                        Table-11

                     Chemical Applications in Treatment  of Water,  196!*
                     Eastvale Plant, Beaver Palls Municipal Authority
                                                                               508
Month
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Ave.
Max.
Mln.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.

Ave.
Max.
Min.
        Water
       Treated
         mgd
5-21*
J.28

3.81
*.59
2.95

l*.09
                   75
                   73
3.63
1*.1*2
2.86

3-7*
1*.9*
2.81*

U.05
5-38
2.1*6

l*.0l*
1*.82
2.90

3.83
*.37
2.19

1*.01
5.02
3.16

3-77
if.71
3-31

3.62
1*.17
3-12

5-76
1*.1*2
Pound/mg
Alum

133
201
66
108
167
72
211
5*1
90
177
358
86
176
276
82
181
1*1*2
110
155
207
90
128
181*
79
102
133
52
119
213
77
168
367
110
170
292
100
Lime

103
121*
92
83
101*
73
122
165
75
131
210
99
162
222
106
11*5
333
71
216
337
92
293
1*50
171*
327
573
96
139
200
117
11*9
198
121*
ii8
160
93
Chlorine

22.8
25-7
15-*
11*. 1
19.2
12.9
1*1.1
76.9
11*. 7
57-*
93-6
31*. o
79-9
11*5.1*
1*1*. 6
68.1*
220.2
37.6
123.1
221.1*
29.3
161*. 8
267.2
95-8
200.0
506.8
38.2
38.3
1*8.8
29.6
32.3
1*1*. 6
26.5
. 25.3 .
30.3''
23.1
Sodium
Chlorite
1.1*
2.5
0.0
0.8
3-1
0.0
0.8
2.1
0.0
o.b
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.1*
0.0
1.2
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
. 0.0
0.0
0.0
Activated
Carbon
19.6
32.7
15-2
18.1
35.8
0.0
13.8
38.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.9
36.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
27.7
0.0
22.8
31.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Potassium
Permanganate
»//
2.0
0.9
1.1
1.1*
1.0
0.9
2.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.3
0.0
1.3
1.8
0.9
1.1*
1.9
1.1
1.1*
, 1.8 .
1.1 '

-------
                                                                                509
                                       Table 12
         Chlorine Application at Water Plants Treating Grossly Polluted Water
                          (in order of decreasing magnitude)
 Plant No.   Years of  Average Chlorine
              Record   Application, mg/1
    1            2          111-.5
11. k
 9.6
 8.9
 8.6
 8.U
 8.2
 8.0
 7.9
 7.1
 7.0
 6.6

 6.3
 5-9
 5.7
 5-3
 5.3
 5.2
 k.6
 k.6
2
3
Eastvale
Eastvale
k
5
Eastvale
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ik
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
.2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
                                 Comments
                  Industrial supply, total chlorine
                  residual averaged 5 mg/1.
                                              Free residual chlorination
                                              (1961|)  See Footnote
                                              (1962)
                                              Free residual chlorination

                                              (1963)  See Footnote
At the Eastvale Plant the average chlorine application for 15U days in 196^ during
which free residual chlorination was practiced was 16.5 nig/1, and for 10J days in
1963, 22.1 mg/1.

-------
                                                          510
application, data from the 195^-1956 Public Health Service



Study of 51; water plants carefully selected to include



those plants treating grossly polluted waters.



          Plant I applied the greatest amount of chlorine,



14.5 mg/1.  The treated water contained 5 mg/1 of chlorine,



and was used only for industrial cleaning operations.



          Plant 2 applied 11.1} mg/1 of chlorine and Plant



3 was able to practice free residual chlorination with an



average application of 9.6 mg/1.  Only three of these 2,0*



plants applied chlorine dosages greater than the 8.9 mg/1



required at the Eastvale plant in 1961}.  Although some of



these water plants presently may be applying greater



chlorine dosages than at the time of the Public Health



Service Study, the chlorine applications at the Eastvale



plant are among the highest used at water plants in the



United States.  Still more chlorine would be required if



the Eastvale plant continuously practiced free residual



chlorination.



          During 15U days of such operation in 1961}, the



chlorine requirement average 16.5 mg/1; and during the



103-day period in 1963, it averaged 22.1 mg/1.  Maximum



daily chlorine applications of 60.7 and lj.3.3 mg/1 occurred



during 196Ij. and 1963, respectively.



          I might note that that is total chlorination,



both pre- and post-, and not just pre- as I think was cited

-------
                                                          511
by Mr. Mcfiride earlier today.  Given a good water source,




free residual chlorination should be obtainable using




annual average chlorine applications or only 3 or 4 mg/1,




with maximum daily applications about 6 to 8 mg/1.  The




operation reports show substantial increases of chlorine




applications occur from one day to the next.




          The; increase in chlorine, and this  is total




chlorine application, based on daily averages from




September 13, 1964, to September 14, 1964, was better  than 23




milligrams per liter.




          MR. CLEARY:              Excuse me, was that




September 13, 1964?




          MR. WALTON:              T64, both dates were  '64.




Mr. McBride cited a high chlorine application of 58.5,




I believe, this morning, on September 14, 1964.  This  is




pre-chlorination, by the way, only.  I am giving the total




chlorine application, both pre- and post-, on September  13




and September 14 and the difference.




          Rapid and sudden increases in chlorine needs in




excess of 10 milligrams per liter require more than normal




care to insure adequate disinfecti on.




          The orthotiidine colorimetric test for residual




chlorine is used at the Eastvale plant to measure combined




residual chlorine in the treated water throughout approxi-




mately eight months each year.  If iron or manganic manganes'

-------
                                                           512
are present in the treated water in amounts exceeding

0.3 mg/1 and 0.01 mg/1, respectively, the development of

the yellow color upon addition of the orthotolidine cannot

be accepted as being due to chlorine alone.  Unless

allowances are made for such false test results, the plant

operator may be misled into believing adequate disinfection

of the water has been accomplished.

          Chemical costs per million gallons of water

treated are given in Table 13.  This table also shows

the estimated costs attributed to pollution.  For the period

1962 through 1964, this extra chemical cost averages $4.50
                   - •                 _' <
per million gallons, and if applied to two billion

gallons per year of water treated by the two plants operated

by the Beaver Falls Municipal Authority, it would amount

to $9,000 annually.

          (See next page. )•

-------
                                                        513
                       Table 13
                  Chemical Costs per Million Gallon of Water
                  Treated, Eastvale Plant, Beaver Falls
                          Municipal Authority
 Chemical             Costs*                 Year
                     cents/pound

Alum
Lime
Chlorine
Chlorite
Carbon
Potassium Permanganate

2.36
0.93
U.92
53.
7.98
27. 8U
1962
3.9U
1.1*
3-5U
o.ia
1.57
0.21*
1963
U.38
1.56
3.12
0.26
1.35
1.60
196U
3.62
1.5U
3.6U
0.20
0.62
1.65
Cost of Chlorite, Carbon,
  Potassium Permanganate             2.22    3.1^1    2.1;7

Cost of Chlorine for appli-
  cation above i|. mg/1 or
  $1.62/mg                           1.92    1.50    2.02

Cost of chemicals due to
  poor quality water                 U«li|    U.91
^Current costs as given by S. P. McBride, January 20, 1965

-------
                                                         511*

          Quality of Treated Water.
          Data presented in the Eastvale Filter Plant
operation reports show that in spite of the grossly polluted
water source, the plant produced a treated water (at plant
outlet) in which no coliform bacteria were detected, free
from turbidity, practically free from color, and having
an iron content below the limiting concentration considered
acceptable for municipal water supplies by the Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards (See Table llj.) .
          Manganese concentrations in excess of 0.05 mg/1,
which is the maximum concentration considered acceptable
in good public water supplies, was reported for 33 days
during 1961|.  Monthly average concentrations were 0.06 mg/1
during June and July.
          Manganese is an objectionable constituent in a
public water supply.  It stains plumbing fixtures,  imparts
a brownish to black color in laundered goods, and impairs
the taste of coffee and tea.  Many commercial and industrial
processes are affected adversely by the manganese content
of water.
          Threshold odor, which reported to be estimated,
exceeded th'e recommended value of three, but only on 11
days during 196i|.
          An undesirable characteristic of this water is
its hardness, which has increased with time as shown in

-------
                                                                        Table lU

                                                            Quality of Treated Water at Plant
                                                    Eastvale Plant, Beaver Falls Municipal Authority
              Alkalinity    Acidity   Turbidity
              as CaC03,    as CaCOj,
                mg/1         mg/1

       Ave.      56           5           0
Jan.   Max.      82           5           0
       Mln.      50           2           0

       Ave.      50           3           0
Feb.   Max.      75           U    .       0
       Mln.      38           3           0
           '
Mar.   Max.      68           1*           0
       Mln.      20           1           0

       Ave.      37           1           °
Apr.   Max.      1*8           3           °
       Min.      25           0           0

       Ave.      W*           2           0
May   Max.       51*           "*           °
       Mln.      35           1           °

       Ave.       50           5           0
June  Max.       57           **           °
       Mln.       16            1          0

        Ave.       U5            3           °
 July   Max.       5k            5          °
        Mln.       35            3          0

        Ave.     .1*3           "v           °
 Aug.   Max.       57           o           °
        Mln.       32           2           0

        Ave.       to           1*           0
 Sept.  Max.       1*7           7           °
        Mln.      26           2           0

        Ave.      UO           2           0
 Oct.   Max.      VT           1*           0
        Mln.      28           0           0
        Ave

         Ave.       U3           2          0
  Dec.    Max.       52           5          0
         Mln.       33-0          0
Color
.U
3
0
.7
3
0
.6
3 .
0
0
0
0
.5
2
0
1 '
3
0
1
k
0
1
2
0
.9
3
0
.7
2
0
J.
2
0
0
2
0
pH
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.1*
7.5
7.6
7.2
7-5
7.8
T-3
7.5
7.6
7-3
7.5
7.8
7.5
7-5
7.6
7.2
7-1*
7.6
7.0
7-3
7.5
7.0
7.5
7-7
7.1*
7-5
7.6
7.2
7.6
8.1
7.5
Odor
—
3
2
_
2
2
_
3
2
_
2
2
—
1*
2
—
1*
2
_
1*
2
_
1*
2
_ .
1*
2
—
3
2 ,
,.
3
2
_
3
2
Hardness
as CaCOj,
mg/1
215
26<*
11*0
21D
238
171*
158
2!*6
100
11*5
182
128
172
216
132
210
23!*
182
218
232
201*
219
252
196
253
278
218
21*7
262
228
231*
2W*
220
179
212
150
Iron
mg/1
.03
.08
.0
.03
.05
.0
.03
.05
.01
.03
.08
.01
.07
.15
.03
.09
.16
.02
.05
.23
.02
.06
, .10
.03
.05
.15
.01
.03
.09
.00
.03
.08
.00
.02
.05
.00
Manganese
mg/1
0.03
.20
.00
.01
.10
.00
.03
.20
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.05
.00
.06
.20
.00
.06
.20
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.23
.00
,00
.00
.00
.01
.05
.00
Chlorine Coliform
Residual Bacteria
mg/1 per 100 ml P.T
1.3
1.5
. 0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.1*
0.6
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.3
0.5
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.5
0.8
1.7
2.2
1.0
1.5
1.7
1.5 :
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.7"
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

-------
                                                      516
                             FIGURE
                HARDNESS  OF  TREATED  WATER
                         EASTVALE  PLANT
               BEAVER  FALLS MUNICIPAL  AUTHORITY
o

-------
                                                       517



Figure IX.  At least part of this increase is the result



of pollution resulting from sewage, industrial wastes and



other sources.



          Hardness affects the consumer.  Hard water results



in increased use of soaps, synthetic detergents, general



household cleansers, scouring compounds, and bleaches.



An increase of 25 mg/1 of hardness, which is considered



to be a conservative estimate of that attributable to



pollution, would result in increased purchases of soaps,



synthetic detergents, etc., costing about 30 cents per



person per year.  The total increased cost to the 65,000



users of this water is approximately $20,000 per year.



          Other intangible economic damages due to increased



hardness of the water include increased fuel consumption



due to scaling of boilers and hot water tanks, adverse



effects on plumbing, and increased costs of additional



treatment required by certain commercial establishments.

-------
                                                       518
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you, Mr. Walton.



          Are there any comments or questions?



          MR. CLEARY:              Dr. Walton, page 51,



I don't fully understand the implication on the last



paragraph up near the top where you say the gross and variable



pollution shows that abnormal treating measurements are



required, and then just preceding that you mentioned the



fluoride concentrations.



          Now, you would not consider the fluoride in the



word two-tenths to seven-tenths as a gross amount.



          MR. WALTON:              No, I am not, concerning



the fluorides and phenols itself, as particularly gross.



I am considering the bacterial requirement and the fluoride



requirements, particularly the highly variable chlorine



requirements.



          MR. CLEARY:              Well, the reason I



bring it up is the proximity of the two statements.  Now,



on page 5^ — and this is a question for my enlightenment;



Is not part of the hardness increased — that is, the water



served to the consumer — does not part of this represent



an increase that is put in the water-by the municipal



authorities as the result of the types of treatment they



are using; could we attribute part of that?



          MR. WALTON:              There is no question



that the raw hardness in water is increased by the use of

-------
                                                         519

aluminum sulfate. Roughly, this increases rather constantly,

in most cases running 15 plus or minus something milligrams

per liter, depending on the amount of aluminum used.

          MR. CLEARY:              If that were the case,

then the municipal authority is really responsible for an

increased cost to the consumer due to soap because they are
                             /   ,          .
adding the hardness itself, not to the pollution of the

river.  Is that a fair conclusion?

          MR. WALTON:              There is no question

that they increase the hardness but this is an essential

part of the treatment process just like the use of chlorine

is an essential part of the treatment process.  You would

not have them drink uncoagulated water or undisinfected

water.

          MR. CLEARY:              Thank you very much.

          MR. POSTON:              Mr. Walton, just a

minute.  Would you care to comment — you were at Beaver

Palls several times — would you care to comment on the

safety and the attention that this water receives?

          MR. WALTON:              I think that the

management and the individuals involved in the operation of

that plant, I bring in the individuals as well as the manage-

ment because this is a plant that operates 365 days a year,

24 hours a day, the weakest link is the weakest operator and

the fact that they have been able to take a water like this,

-------
                                                         520






turn out what they have, day in and day out, hour after hour



is a very creditable performance.



          MR. BOSTON:              I asked this particularly,



Dr. Walton, because I didn't want anybody to feel that we



were being critical of the Beaver Palls Water Department




in any way but, rather, that we did feel that they have



done an excellent job.



          MR. WALTON:              I think they do an



excellent job.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Are there any further



comments or questions?



          Mr. Walton, I would like to ask you this for my



own information.  The 195U-55 study, you conducted that,



didn't you?




          MR. WALTON:              I did.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Now, as I remember that,



that had a certain notoriety in the business of your picking



5U plants that had the most grossly polluted water that



they were treating;  not to say the water wasn't safe.



You checked, as I understand it, the '6i| data.  Would you



still say that the water source of that Eastvale plant



still retains its place on the honor roll?



          MR. WALTON:              It is in the same order



of magnitude.  I have not tried to place it exactly, fit



it in.

-------
                                                          521
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          But it is  among  the  top




54.  The last time you found that, only 13 places were




getting moiE  bacteria measured by coliform and this ranged




what, three or four in the amount of chlorine they had  to




use and some of this ahead of chlorine, just  using  the




water for industrial water supply?




          MR. WALTON:              Yes.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          And as far as you  can




tell, in *64 at least, physical conditions have not changed




that much?




          MR. WALTON:              Not appreciably.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Now, I would like




again to see if I can understand that point.  You made  a




point about the variation in the chlorine picture.  What




is the significance of that that at times you need  much




more chlorine than others?




          MR. WALTON:              Regardless of the




treatment you give a water supply, it is my opinion that




disinfection is your final treatment on top of the  fil-




tration, coagulation filtration that permits  you to pro-




duce a water conforming with acceptable bacteriological




requirements for drinking water; without disinfection,




you cannot.  Adequate disinfection is a must  of any water




that is polluted at all.




          Where you will have a sudden and rapid change

-------
                                                         522






in the chlorine demand of a water, it may get to your plant



with inadequate disinfection.



          Does that answer your question?




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Yes.



          MR. CLEARY:              Chairman Stein, your



question prompts one on my part now, and I am referring



Dr. Walter to page 1*9.  You mentioned the coliform bac-



terial density.  I will wait until you get that page.  It



is the last paragraph in the measure of sewage pollution,



and averaged 31»000 per 100 ml. and I presume that's for



1961*.



          MR. WALTON:              That is 1961*, correct.



          MR. CLEARY:              In 1963, was it the same



or higher or lower?




          MR. WALTON:              I did not have time



in the preparation of this report to examine all of the



records that I have had, and I cannot tell you.



          MR. CLEARY:              I am in the same posi-



tion you are.  I didn't have a chance to study these



thoroughly.  My impression is -- and this needs to be



corrected -- was that in 1963 it averaged 9,000.  I merely



bring this up because it seems these yearly averages we



are comparing now, 1951* and 1956, which I presume was in



the range and magnitude of 30,000.




          MR. WALTON:              1953 and '51*.

-------
                                                          523
          MR. CLEARY:              And here we have  the



year of 1963 and we may have other years, but I  think
                             x


that T 63 may be in the neighborhood of 9,000, so  I  merely



threw that out.  There was a change in yearly averages



there which  indicates that something happened to give



some improvement to the water from the bacterial stand-



point.



          I want also to add -- and I think you would



readily agree with me -- that both of those years,  T63



and t 64, were really abnormal years in terms of dilution.



These were drought  years.  That's a fair statement,  isn't



it?



          MR. WALTON:              This again, I didn't



have time to study, really.



          MR. CLEARY:              Thank you very  much.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Mr. Cleary, I would



like to -- at least for my own information just in  answer



to this -- but I would like to make a comment on that.



I always considered pollution control, as I pointed  out,



as having to take care of the critical points at the peak



low.  If we have a drought year, that is, the people are



drinking the water during that year and we have to  consider



this.  I have always been entranced by these averages.



          The point is, if swimming water in the beach is



bad during 15 days in August, the average may not mean

-------
                                                            524
anything all year.  If Dri Walton or anyone else found




that in the year of 1964  you could have  a particularly




bad year, certainly the people in Beaver Falls had  to




live through that year and rely on the public water




supply.




          Are there any further comments or questions to




Dr. Walton?




          MR. POSTON:      •        Graham, do these




industrial discharges constitute public health threats  to




Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania water supply?




          MR. WALTON:              The only lead I




would have from my analysis of the data  that I studied,




which was basically the operation reports of the Eastvale




plant, is this extremely  variable chlorine requirement.




This is almost certain to.be due from some industrial
waste sources.




          MR. POSTON:




the questions I have.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:




have any more?




          MR. POSTON:
                                   I think that's all
                                   Mr. Poston, do you.
                                   We will now hear from
Mr. Maurice LeBosquet.  He will talk to us about the




federal reservoirs and waste treatment.




          Mr. LeBosquet.

-------
                                                          525
          MR. LeBOSQUET:           Conferees, I wish to




mention as background that the Public Health service reports,




in justification for the program in Mosquito Creek Reser-




voir, were prepared under my direction and I have always




been interested.  I thought, therefore, that the records




of this conference should maintain -- should include some




details in regard to that experience.  This is probably,




as the Board mentioned, one of the greatest developed low




flow regulation areas in the country.  Well, I felt this




should be in the record.  I really didn*t want to become




personally involved, but I seem to have.




          Mr. Lloyd yesterday probably credited Congressman




Michael Kirwan with expediting the construction of these




two reservoirs.  Hoi/ever, Congressman Kirwan, the Corps




of Engineers, and Public Health Service were prodded




by local interests and in the source of that pride, I




might explain it is Mr. Kenneth Lloyd for whom we worked




very pleasantly for many years.  There are five specific




points I would like to bring out in connection with this




aspect of the situation.




          One is that the policy relative to adequate




treatment as defined in the Act is a. general policy




used throughout the country.  There have been well over




100 reports written in connection with Section 2(b) of




PL 660 since the *61 amendments.  As a matter of fact,  12

-------
                                                            526
are now in the review stage in Washington at this point.
I would like to read various statements of a Review Board
we have in Washington that has considered this particular
policy question in the course of its normal review or
these reports.
          It might be explained that as policies go,
policies change, and we think of one thing today and
somewhat differently tomorrow.  But this probably affects
the current status.  This is a recommendation of the Review
Board of the Water Pollution, Water Supply and Pollution
Control Division.  It is recommended that for purposes
of estimating and evaluating storage for regulation of
streamflow for the purpose of water quality control,
adequate treatment has been defined as at least 85 percent
removal of B.'O.D.  A higher figure may be used when justi-
fied.
          It's strange that the only disagreement we have
had in this regard, 85 percent, is in increase or in decrease.
This is from our own field people.  There are other aspects
of it.  For example, the requirement that adequate treatment
be provided for should recognize the use and validity of
in-plant industrial waste control measures as a means of
pollution reduction.
          This is only natural because this is one of
the most promising and most productive methods that industry

-------
                                                            527




has.



          I might also explain that the question of what



is adequate treatment of hot cooling water has really not



been resolved.  This will no doubt come in due time when



we are confronted with the specific.



          I might say that the 85 percent is what we use



at the present time; however, we permit industrial people



to use higher or lower figures as they see fit as long as



they furnish us with an adequate explanation from this more



or less standard figure«



          The second point is that — going back a little. —



the general concept behind the studies of low flow regulation



is that quality control be accomplished primarily by waste



treatment.  However, in certain places, this is not enough —



and I think this is one situation where that is true — and



flow regulation must be added.



          The Bureau of the Budget — and this I know — and



the Congress — and this I suspect — have had the feeling



that flow regulation should not be used if treatment can do



the job0  In practically all the cases, treatment —• within



these limits —is much cheaper.  Also, local funds from those



responsible for the pollution are involved.



          I might say Columbus, Ohio, has a notable example



of the limitations we give on waste treatment.  Columbus



probably has as complete a treatment plant as any place in

-------
                                                        528
the country.  Not only that, but they have "tremendous inter-




cepting sewers which hold overflow from storms and they have




storm water tanks.  These -are measures that are practiced  at




no other place in this country that I know of.   Still, the




site of the river needs low flow regulation.  Here is a




situation where everyting the local people can do is being




done, and low flow regulation is needed.  This, I think,




is a true place for the use of this particular pollution




control measure.




          The third point.  In the case of the Mahoning




is another place where both treatment and flow regulation




are needed.  I might say in this case that the flow




regulation came first and the treatment came now or some




twenty odd years later.  Those of us who attempt to




justify this one step toward cleaning up pollution get




a little bit discouraged when we have to wait 20 years for




the local corporation to be added.  In the 1940's, when




we studied the Berlin and Mosquito Reservoirs, there




was no specific Congressional aulh orization for this




flow regulation.  We did it on our own.  We tried it and




it worked; at least the reservoirs were justified.




          I might say that the minimum flow as reported




by Mr. Brazon this morning was 28 CFS.  And I think




there is no question in anybody»s mind that this area




would be secondary treatment and then that might not be

-------
                                                         529






enough.  In this suggestion, I would say that  the low




flow regulation is doing at least part of the  job that




treatment could be called upon to do.




          In the earlier reports of the Public Health




Service on the Mahoning Valley and flow regulation, there




was, I believe, in one of those reports -- I don*t have




it here -- a mention of 65 percent degree of treatment.




At that time, this prohibition of the current  law that




it shall not be used as a substitute for treatment was




not in effect and we were, in effect, hunting  for all




the benefits we could get to build these reservoirs, and




one of them was to substitute for secondary treatment.




          This is no longer permissible but I  might explain




why you find a 65 percent treatment on the Mahoning River




in the Public Health Service report.




          I have made a comment about how long it took




to get the sewage treatment plant built here in Youngstown.




This is slightly critical, if I might say so.  I also




would, on the other hand, take this occasion to commend




the local area because I think this is the first time




that I know of that the local people have gone out and




sold a bond issue and actually contributed funds towards




construction of one of these reservoirs.




          The statement is "put your money where your




mouth is," and this is one case where the local areas

-------
                                                        530
have done just that for which they are to be commended,  and




I think they stand ready to do the same on future projects.




          Now, one thing that bothered me at this meeting




and the record is fairly clear.  The local people that




have spoken may think that the river is plenty good




enough.  This has been repeated several times, but what




concerns me is what happens on the next project?  It




seems to, me it may be a little difficult for those of




us who prepare reports on the next project to use as




partial basis for justifying this future project the




matter of water quality control and this is a substantial




part of the justification of some of these reservoirs.




          As I say, this will be difficult when the




record is so clear that the water is very fine.  I think




that some of the people that haven1t spoken may feel




differently.




          I also have some feeling that perhaps some of




the people that have spoken here may change their mind.




I do know that the pressure toward regulation use has




been tremendous and it may be a little difficult to




resist this pressure, the pressure which the Public




Health Service gets all the time, and that is the pressure




from the conservationists.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you, Mr. LeBosquet




Are there any comments or questions?

-------
                                                         531
          MR. CLEARY:              Mr. LeBosquet,  I would




be pleased if the record would show that the Ohio  River




Valley Water Sanitation Commission right from its  inception




had the invaluable professional aid of Mr. LeBosquet  in




guiding it, and we owe, him a debt of gratitude, in  much




counselling in which the interstate activities progressed




and I am happy that we might be able to acknowledge that




publicly.




          I do have another question.  Don*t run away.




If I understand what you just said with respect to the




policy on low flow regulation and the definition of




adequate treatment, I gathered from your remarks that




this still is in a state of evolution and flexibility,




and 85 percent is something that is good to aim at, the




goal to modify it with respect to local conditions, and




what your field men may consider to be an appropriate change




Is that a fair understanding of what you said?




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           That's what I said and




I suspect that this will be in the coming direction as




Dr. McCleary studied the Potomac during his years  off,




and there they are talking about somewhat higher.




          It is more economical to put higher treatments




than to put in low flow regulation.




          MR. CLEARY:              Well, of course, I




think that is a question where you alluded to where a

-------
                                                          532
local regulation may have a determination which we can»t




see.  Now, there is one other matter and I am wondering




if a typographical error appeared in your memorandum,




and I am looking at Appendix A on page 1.  Let*s read




down to where you quote.  It*s about halfway down.   It




says "...the analysis."  Do you have that?




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          It's the last part




of the first paragraph.




          MR. CLEARY:              "... the analysis indicates




a minimum dissolved oxygen content of 3.0 parts per  million




could be maintained in the river during the summer months




with the current flow schedule over the life of the  reser-




voir, provided the organic waste load could be reduced




by 85 percent before discharge to the river."  ThatTs




what was said, and I am asking is it possible there  is a




typographical error?  Our recollection of that report,




October, 1956, was that it said 65 percent instead of 85.




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           No, I looked through




a number of those reports.  I looked for 85 percent  and




I found one.  I also found a 65 too which I also mentioned.




          MR. CLEARY:              Unfortunately, I  don't




have that report with me.  I am going to ask my colleague.




We thought it may have been a typographical error.   I




wonder if you will identify it.




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           There is also 85  percent  •

-------
                                                        533
this is the one I quoted.  It is more recent, incidentally.




          MR. CLEARY:              Excuse me, I don*t  think




I understand.  Is 85 percent correct in your statement here?




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           Yes, I think so.




          MR. CLEARY:              Thank you.




          DR. ARNOLD:              Considering the degree




of treatment that will be provided in the Youngstown-Warren




area and considering further that the people in this area




did put their money where their mouth is, as you chose to




say, and they provided this money or additional storage




in the west branch reservoir, what will be the Federal




policy in using this water low flow regulation?




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           Well, I think that




reservoir was justified under the old ground rules and




I presume that you bought that water and probably have




some control over how it is used, but the present ground




rules and the present law would not permit this even though




you paid for it.  It is the way I understand the law.




          In other words, it says it shall not be sub-




stituted for adequate treatment and it doesntt say unless




it is paid for.




          MR. COMPSON:             That is not a provision




of the law, that is an interpretation of the law.




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           It shall not be used as




a substitute to have adequate treatment.

-------
                                                         534
          MR. COMPSON:             That is correct, but


adequate is defined by your service, I presume.


          MR. LeBOSQUET:           I might say that there


is quite a lot of historic legislative shenanigans and


discussion with the Bureau of the Budget behind this


provision.  This provision was proposed to the Bureau


of the Budget some years before the Act was actually


passed.  We have been trying to get in this in our authority


for some time.  We tried first through the Bureau of the


Budget and they were uncooperative.  Finally, I came


back and found it was in the law, so this is our present


authority.


          MR. COMPSON:             Well, of course, what


are adequate regulations in a given situation would cer-


tainly depend on the complexity and the problems and cer-


tainly the complexity and the problems in this valley


are much greater than you will find in the average situa-


tion.


          MR. LeBOSQUET:           I wanted to make it


clear that what the Bureau of "the Budget feels, and


this I know because they reviewed these reports of ours,


is that they do not want us to be using low flow regulation


for some treatment that can be accomplished -- some correc-
                                  >

tion that can be accomplished for treatment.  And perhaps


the word"adequate" is unfortunate; it happens to be the one

-------
                                                           535
in the law but I know that this is the feeling within the




Bureau of the Budget and I think it is the feeling, of the




Congress.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Are there any further




comments or questions?  Mr. LeBosquet, I would like to ask




you one for my own clarification.




          As I understand it, you talk in terms of 85




percent treatment.  You are probably talking in terms, of




pro-secondary treatment.  65 percent, as I feel, raises




a new concept with me to the so-called intermediate treat-




ment and, as I understand it, an extra chemical is added




to take some of the solids out.  Is that a brief statement?




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           That is one form of




intermediate treatment.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Is that what they are




talking about in this area here for intermediate treatment




of the removal?




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           I think so but I couldn't




-- you will have to ask.someone else that question.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:         :Well, if you had any




experience with that kind of treatment in other areas




of the country where they put these chemicals in or have'




you heard of it?




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           Yes, but I don't place




great stock.in intermediate treatment.

-------
                                                         536
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Would you care to say




why?




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           Because once the plant




is built and it is approved and the states and other




agencies have gone home, the city fathers discover they




could save a lot of money by not buying chemicals.  This




has been quite common experience.




          MR. BOARDMAN:            I. would like to add




something about Pennsylvania.  You talked about New CastleTs




intermediate plant.  This plant is one part of sewage and




will receive secondary treatment by this process.




          MR. LeBOSQUET:           I am for this because




this will be operated.  Chemical treatment is very seldom




operated.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Are there any further




comments or questions on Mr. LeBosquet's statement.




If not, thank you very much for your contribution.




          MR. POSTON:              We will now ask Mr.




Kittrell again to summarize and make the conclusions.




          MR. KITTRELL:            Summary and Conclusions.




On the basis of reports, surveys, or studies, having reason




to believe that pollution from sources of wastes along the




Mahoning River in Ohio may be endangering the health or




welfare of persons in Pennsylvania, the Secretary of Health,




Education, and Welfare called a conference of the States of

-------
                                                          537





Ohio and Pennsylvania, the Ohio River Valley Water




Sanitation Commission, and the Department of Health,



Education, and Welfare, on interstate pollution of the



Mahoning River, to be held in Youngstown, Ohio, on February




16, 1965.



          Two.  The area covered in this report encom-



passes the Mahoning River from Warren through Youngstown,



Ohio, across the Ohio-Pennsylvania state line to its



mouth, the Shenango River from Jamestown, Pennsylvania,



to its confluence with the Mahoning to form the Beaver



River, and the Beaver from this confluence to Beaver Falls,



Pennsylvania.




          This area is one of the most highly industrialized



in the Nation, with emphasis on the processing of various



metallic products.  Of these, steel production predominates,



with nearly seven per cent of the national capacity in the



area.



          Three.  Water uses revolve largely around indus-



trial needs.  Upstream reservoirs, owned or operated by



Youngstown, the Mahoning Valley Sanitary District, the



State of Pennsylvania, and the Federal Government control



flows principally to insure adequate continuous water



supplies to industries and municipalities,  to lower



temperatures of industrially heated streams,  and to flush



away the wastes of industries and municipalities.  It is

-------
                                                       538
only near the lower end of the Beaver River that the main




stream is used for municipal water supply and for recrea-




tion, such as boating, water skiing, and fishing.




          Four.  Municipalities discharge sewage, most




of it after some degree of treatment, to the streams.




Most of the towns and cities along the Mahoning and Beaver




Rivers provide only primary treatment, which removes




between about 30 and 60 percent of the bacteria, oxygen-




demanding constituents and suspended solids.  Most of




those on the Shenango provide secondary treatment, which




removes about 95 percent of the pollutional constituents.




          The total sewered population is about 467,000.




The bacteria are reduced by treatment an estimated 61




percent, leaving bacteria equivalent to those in untreated




sewage from about 184,000 persons to reach  the streams.




About 78 per cent of the bacterial load is discharged to




the Mahoning River in Ohio, and 22 percent  to the Shenango




and Beaver Rivers in Pennsylvania.  About 71 percent of




the oxygen demand is discharged in Ohio and 29 percent




in Pennsylvania.




          In Ohio attempts to obtain data on industrial




wastes from the Ohio Department of Health, ORSANCO, and




the plants themselves were unsuccessful, with the excep-




tion of a few of the smaller plants that provided informa-




tion when visited.  Ohio law prohibits the  Department

-------
                                                       539
of Health from releasing information on industrial wastes




without permission by the industries.  In Pennsylvania,




data on industrial wastes in the files of the State




Department of Health were made available.  Without data




on Ohio industries, however, a fair and equitable appraisal




of relative contributions to the pollution of the river




system cannot be made.  A detailed study of the industrial




waste streams and the rivers will be necessary to establish




relative responsibilities.




          Despite this handicap, a general knowledge of




locations, types, and sizes of plants, combined with




data available from various stream studies and reports,




provides an adequate basis to establish that interstate




pollution exists and to indicate the areas in which the




pollutional materials are discharged.




          The metal processing industries, with steel mills




predominating, discharge a variety of waste materials that




damage water quality and interfere with water uses.  The




principal industrial area is along the Mahoning River in




Ohio, from Warren to Lowellville, just above the state




line. A secondary industrial concentration is in the




Sharpsville-Sharori area of Pennsylvania on the Shenango




River.   Other more or less isolated plants are scattered




throughout the rest of the watershed.

-------
                                                         540
          Industrial waste-.constituents, that, damage, water  ,

quality are oxygen-demanding materials^ strong  acids.,  lame.

or limestone-,-:-phenols-"and- other, taste-producing materials,

iron, manganes,e, ammonia, cyanides, oil and  greases,  and

suspended .solids.  Heat in cooling water discharges causes

direct damages and intensifies  damages by. other causes.

         . Six..  The Mahoning River has been  abandoned
                                                /
as a source of municipal water  supply because of  pollution.

In the reach from Warren, Ohio , to its. mouth in Pennsyl-

vania, it has been rendered unsuitable for this use by

bacterial pollution from sewage, and by toxic industrial ;

wastes, such as cyanides and metals, by taste-producing

wastes, such as phenols and oils, and by suspended  solids,

ammonia, iron, manganese, acidity, hardness, and  he at,

which render the water difficult and expensive,  to treat

or undesirable for consumption  and use  after treatment.

Fluoride concentrations would  pose the  threat of  mottled  ..

tooth enamel to children who drank the water.

          These effects are modified by dilution  by the

Shenango River, and by natural  purification  in  the  Beaver

River, but some of them persist to Beaver palls,  where

bacterial pollution, taste and  odor, oil, ammonia,  iron
                        Ti
and manganese have been found  to be excessive,  and  difficult

and expensive ,to control by treatment.

          The gross and variable pollution of the Beaver

-------
                                                         541
River at Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, poses a  continuous



challenge to those responsible for using this river as a



source for production of a safe and palatable municipal



water supply.  Unusual treatment measures, such as abnormal



chlorination and extensive use of chlorine dioxide,-potassium



permanganate, and activated carbon, are required.  Annual



chlorine applications, averaging between 8 and 9 milligrams



per liter, and a daily application up to 60 mg/1,  are



among the highest chlorine requirements at water plants



in the United States.  The occurrence of sudden changes



in chlorine requirements in excess of 10 mg/1 requires



unusual care to insure production of a safe water.  Either



human error or equipment failure could result in an unsafe



and unpalatable water.



          Seven.  Tangible economic damages attributed



to pollution include $9,000 per year due to increased cost



of chemicals used at the two Beaver Falls Municipal



Authority's water plants, and $20,000 per year due to



increased use of soap, synthetic detergents,  and other



cleansers by consumers.



          Intangible damages attributable to pollution



include increased fuel consumption due to scaling of
                                         t


boiler and hot water tanks, adverse effects on plumbing,



and increased costs of additional  treatment required for



water used by certain commercial establishments.

-------
                                                          542
          Eight.  While the Mahoning River is extensively




used as a source of industrial water supply in the  reach




from Warren to the state line, it cannot be considered a




satisfactory source for many industrial uses.  Most of the




characteristics that render the water unsuitable for




municipal uses would interfere with certain types of




industrial uses.  The specific problems that undoubtedly




are encountered in existing industrial uses can be  ascer-




tained only from the plants using the water.




          Nine.  From Warren to its mouth, the Mahoning




River is virtually destroyed as a recreational stream.




Oil and grease coat its surface and discolor its banks,




suspended solids destroy its clarity, sludge covers its




bed, and oil clings to tree limbs and bushes.  Oxygen-




demanding materials, acids, cyanides, ammonia, suspended




solids, and sludge depostis, iron and manganese, and heat




have practically eliminated its fish, and the aquatic




organisms on which they feed.  Bacterial pollution  renders




it hazardous to any who might swim in it, and even  to




those who might contact its waters incidentally in  boating




or fishing.                                         >




          The bacterial hazard and oil film, somewhat




reduced, persist in the Beaver River to Beaver Falls.




Effects of other materials on fish and aquatic organisms




persist in the upper reaches of the Beaver, and conditions

-------
improve only as the river approaches Beaver Palls, where



aquatic organisms increase and a cat chat) le fish population



occurs.  It is in this same reach that boating and water



skiing are noted, even though some health hazard is



involved in such uses.



          Ten.  Sewage and industrial wastes discharged



to the Shenango River in Pennsylvania contribute to some



degree to the adverse effects described in the Beaver River.



The Shenango below Sharon is covered with an oily film, its



aquatic organism and fish population are reduced, and it



undoubtedly carries some of the characteristic wastes from



metal processing operations that are carried by the



Mahoning.  In the absence of detailed industrial waste



information and more complete stream data, it is not possible



to specify the relative contributions of the two streams



to the degradation of the Beaver River.  The known dis-



tribution of industry, and the limited stream data



available, however, identify the Mahoning River as a



contributor and, in all probability, the mag'or- contributor



of harmful wastes.



          Eleven.  Partially treated sewage and industrial



wastes discharged to the interstate waters of the. MahQning



River in Ohio cause pollution that endangers the health



or welfare of persons in Pennsylvania, and therefore are



subject to abatement under provisions  of  the Federal Water

-------
                                                        544
Pollution Control Act,  as  amended  (33  U.S.C.  466 et seq.)




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:   '        Thank  you  Mr. Kittrell.




Does that conclude the  federal  presentation?




          MR. POSTON:               That concludes the




federal presentation.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:           We  would  like to now




ask the conferees if they  have  any questions  or  comments




of any of the Federal participants who prepared  presenta-




tions, as we agreed to  at  the beginning.




          MR. POSTON:               I would like  to ask




Mr. Kittrell how he might  categorize the  Mahoning River.




Mr. Kittrell has had wide  experience throughout  the country




and opportunity to see  most of  our  streams and actually




study them.




          Would you care to comment on this,categorize




these?




          MR. KITTRELL:             Well,  as Mr.  Stein said




yesterday, this is a rather difficult  comparison between




streams.  You have on stream where the oxygen is totally




depleted; you have another one  with the.- .>co,liform.:b.acteria




in the millions.  Which would..you  say  is  the  worst stream?




It is almost impossible to compare  one to the other.




However, I would,say that  in the 35 years, I  probably




examined .in the neighborhood of; 200 stre;am reaches in




connection with pollution  studies,  .and I  canno.t  .recall

-------
one where there were more pollutional constituents which



exceeded generally accepted satisfactory levels of water



quality than the Mahoning.



          MR. POSTON:              Thank you.



          MR. WEAKLEY:             Mr. Kittrell, I notice



from reading this report of the' Federal Department of



Health, Education, and Welfare, that it was primarily



prepared way in .advance of this hearing or this conference,



and apparently before you had the opportunity to hear a



description of the things that have been cbne in the



Mahoning Valley and in recent years and recent months5



am I correct in that statement?



          MR. KITTRELL:         ,   That is correct,



we heard of these improvements only yesterday.



          MR. WEAKLEY:             Now, taking those



improvements into account, would you be inclined to change



any of the conclusions that you just expressed?



          MR. KITTRELL:            We have not been



provided enough data on the residual wastes that I can



make any judgment whatsoever.   < • ••               ..   ;    ,   ;



          MR. WEAKLEY:             So that these con-



clusions that you have just expressed would properly



be subject to some revision or amendment if you did have



the opportunity to take into account and the more detailed



account the improvements that you have heard1about yesterday?

-------
                                                           546
          MR. KTITRELL?            I can only  say  that

there is that possibility.  However, without some  knowledge

of what these Improvements actually liave accomplished in

the way of production and waste loads, I can't answer the

question honestly.

          MR.POSTON:               I would  like to ask

Mr. Black a question or  two.  There lias been considerable

conversation in this report reporting on irregularities

in quality in the Beaver palls area and I wondered whether

you might care to outline some of the procedures that

should be instituted to  prevent these irregularities in

water quality.

          MR. BLACK:               May we think of  this in

terms of pollutional constituents observed  in  the  river?

          MR. POSTON:              Yes.

          MR. KITTRELL:            And answer  you  on the

basis of those.

          MR. POSTON:              Yes.

          MR. BLACK:               Permit me to preface this
                              i
statement then with the  thought that any recommendations for

improvement will be based on a proven need.

          Starting with phenol.  We have reached a  limit

beyond which it appears impossible to improve,  based on

Mr. McBridets report this morning where he  essentially

said conditions had been static for the last 10 years.

-------
                                                          547
This holds when t£e by-product coke plants were closed




up; when the concentrated wastes were corralled and  all




included in the quench water systems and then used to




quench coke.  This pretty well took care of the by-product




coke plant., but when we realize that these phenolic




compounds are not all discharged to the air when we




quench coke but instead are absorbed, some of them,  on




the coke and that they do carry over into the blast  fur-




naces and we pick up some of them there.  You see, we




don't have a closed system for phenol.




          Then the question arises, what do we do to




reduce phenol?  We can hardly expect to treat a volume




as large as the blast furnace flue gas wash water, that




is a high volume, and the phenol concentration is low.




So then we must look for some other means of reducing phenol




before we use it to quench the coke.



          Well, the first thought that might occur to




you would be dephenolize the waste before we quench  the




coke.  That has been done but it is a pretty expensive




operation.  You are really taking two cuts at it, aren*t




you?  That recommendation would have to be given a very




careful study by the steel industry and the state, and




I would hope ORSANCO.  You might even ask us in to talk




with you about it, if you like.




          Now, oil wastes.

-------
                                                             548
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Is that the only source



of phenols, from the quenching material?



          MR. BLACK:               No, there is another



source, Mr. Chairman, and it should be mentioned.  In the



processing of coal tar, we get phenols and it is somewhat



less than what we get from the steel industry but we still



do get some phenols from the coal tar processing, and the



dephenolization there is a possibility and should be con-



sidered along with the other sources.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          In other words, there



are two sources.



          MR. BLACK:               There are two principal



sources, as we understand it.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          And you would suggest



that dephenolization would be a possibility for reducing



phenols for both of these?



          MR. BLACK:               That is correct.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Which would be, you



suspect, the easier one to get at?



          MR. BLACK:               The processing from



the coal tar would be certainly the most economic because



of the volume.



          Oil wastes:  We don't have to go far in the



Mahoning River to see some oil.  We have been told yester-



day of the systems  that  are  in use and  proposals  for

-------
additional oil separation facilities.  It is reasonable



to expect that oil separation facilities will be so



designed that we can hope for an effluent concentration



in the order of what we would expect in an oil refinery.



It is a similar type of oil and that's 50 parts per million.



We havenH seen effluent data, I donft know how close



that is being approached.



          There is another source of oil from the mills



and that was pointed up yesterday in the hot rolling mills where



soluble oil is used.  This is a little more difficult



in that emulsion will have to be broken usually by acid



treatment to drop the pH and then gravity separation.



Certainly that would have to be considered along with the



oil from the hot rolling mills.



          Now, there may be other sources of oil and



there undoubtedly are.  The ones we have referred to here



are significant sources, especially for those mills that



have not provided oil separation facilities.



          The acid:  Spent pickle liquor is probably the



most difficult, the most troublesome, shall we say, and



there are various ways of getting relief from this waste.



Ten years ago at the Mellon Institute ORSANCO put out a



very impressive publication on this subject and neutraliza-



tion was recommended in that publication.  It has been



publicized all over the world and certainly  there  are many

-------
                                                         550
steel mills today that are neutralizing spent pickle  liquor




with high calcium, lime.




          The use of side piles is certainly another




desirable and economical way of neutralizing the spent




pickle liquor and it is being used in the area, and I




understand:that neutralization with lime is being used




but only with the free acid and that doesn*t really do




the whole job, does it?  Of course, if we start working




on the combined acid, I refer to. the sulfate that is




tied up as an iron salt, then we get some trouble, some




sludge.  But you might as well get it on your property




as in the Mahoning River.




          So that I think we would have to consider




neutralization, complete neutralization of the spent




pickle liquor.




          Now, we haven't said anything about the rinse




water and that you might hope to dispose of by using the




natural alkalinity in the dilution water.  Let us hope




that that is possible.  There are other ways of getting,




rid of pickle liquor.  We were told just this morning,




I think,  of one steel mill that has drilled a well to




put it into the ground.  That*s another opportunity.




This system of neutralization that we are talking about




will go far in removing iron as well as the sulfates.  True,




it will increase the hardness somewhat.

-------
                                                         551
          Now, the suspended solids,  the  inert  iron.




Here we are thinking of mill scale  and the flue dust




from the last process and we were shown some pictures




yesterday of facilities that have been provided,  expensive




facilities.  We would hope that plant sedimentation could




be provided in facilities that would  approach 90  percent




removal of these inert settleable solids, let's call them




suspended solids, because we are dealing  with a waste  that




has both oil and settleable solids.   The  oil wants to  float




and the settleable solids will settle.  However,  with




adequate retention, both can be accomplished in the same




tank and both are being accomplished; how well, only the opera-




tors can tell us.




          I am sure those data are  available.  We have covered




four constituents.  May we stop there?




          MR. POSTON:               I  think that one thing




ttLa.t; ea.ios,e:s concern at the water works and concern by  the.




steel peo.p.le. is spills or dumps, tank dumps or  tanks,  is




there any way that this might be handled  to minimize this




cause of pollution?




          MR. BLACK:                I  am sure there is.




If you were operating a water plant downstream, you might




seriously consider blocking off sewer connections and




providing temporary storage for some  of these concentrated




wastes that, well, take for instance  the  one that increased

-------
                                                           552
the chlorine demand at Beaver Falls  on September  14th




last year up to about 60 parts per million;  that's  almost




500 pounds of chlorine per million gallons.   That*s a lot




more than we use in treating sewage.




          so my answer to that would be  let's check the




sewer connection and where they  are  located  and serve --




and do receive under certain conditions  overflow  of these




concentrated wastes, that these  sewer connections be




eliminated.




          MR. POSTON:              Thank you.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Are there any  further



questions or comments?




          I think the group here, possibly,  would like to




have you comment on this one further comment. As I under-




stand it, in a technical status  and  preparing the report,




you would ask for the --- tikis effluent data  and attempt  to




secure it.  Hie sojLt Q>£ presentation' of  the  group here,



would you care tQ> cojmme.nt on the  technical status of this




effluent davfca-,,, giv/e your reasons  why you think you  need1, it;;




whether y/o,u are satisfied that that  would be helpful to




you in preparing a report of this kind?




          I think we need that to conclude this record.




          MR. BLACK:               "When  we limit  our



interests to the stream alone, we accept a tremendous




handicap and anyone who limits their interests to the

-------
                                                         553
stream is in the same position.  We  can  take  only  so  many




samples from a river and in  the 'data that we  are famished,




we were told that these samples represented one  gram samples




a week, 52 samples a year., and they  are  gram  samples.




          Well, we know what we giot in those  samples  but




we certainly know what we didm^t .gelt and there  probably




was plenty that we didnTt get.




          Well, how do we learn more about a  pollution




control program?  There is only one  additional  bit of data




that we need and that*s what*s coming from the  principal




sewers.  Now, the industrial people make it a practice,




most of them and I think in this area as well,  to sample,




to monitor their own effluents for their own  protection,




and it is these data that we need to complete the story,




to interpret the observations that you make in  the stream.




It cannot be -- your story is not complete without it.




          This is nothing new.  This is  accepted by most




of the states and I might say that I spent almost nine




years in Illinois and we wouldn*t think of running stream




surveys in Illinois without determining pollution loads




as a part of the study.  And anyone who feels that they




can get the  whole story from the stream should take a very




close look at the value of  determining the pollution  load




at the same  time.

-------
                                                          554





          And while we are on the subject, I would like to



commend the engineering division of the Ohio Department



of Health, that small group of engineers are doing an



impossible task.  They could use three times as many



engineers, and if you were to compare that engineering



staff with some of the other states, you could confirm



what I am saying.  They would need backup support, of



course, from chemists and biologists.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you.  Are there



any further questions or comments?  If not, thank you



very much.



          MR. POSTON:              That's all I have.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          I think Mr. Cleary may



have some presentation at this time.  Mr. Cleary.



          MR. CLEARY:              Mr. Chairman, our



Chairman of ORSANCO, Mr. Bart Holl, said, as ha concluded



his remarks yesterday, that he reserved the right to have



some comments himself or have his staff present what he



requested them to do, to look at this report and provide



an evaluation.  With your consent, Mr. Chairman, we would



like to have about 15 minutes and I am going to ask my



colleague, Mr. Robert Horton, the assistant director of



the Commission, to present these comments.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Mr. Horton.  For those



who are here, I would like to give you our tentative schedule

-------
                                                          555
now as we see it.




          Mr. Morton should be finished about five o'clock,




I assume with questioning.  At that point we will recess for




an hour, reconvene at 6:00 and I hope at that time the




conferees will have an announcement to make.




          Mr. Horton.




          MR. HORTON:              Mr. Chairman and conferees.




My name is Robert Horton and I am the Assistant Director of




the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, ORSANCO.




          The Chairman of the Commission, Mr. Holl, requested




the ORSANCO staff to be prepared to comment on the report




on the quality of the interstate waters of the Mahoning River,




Ohio-Pennsylvania, which was prepared by the Department of




Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,




Region 5, and which was submitted to the conferees as a




basis for deliberations at this conference.  The staff




presumes that the conclusions set forth in the HEW report




which must be of greatest concern to the conferees are




those that assert the Ohio program of pollution control




in the Mahoning River leaves something to be desired with




respect to appropriate quality conditions insofar as-




evaluating health hazards are concerned.




          Obviously,  the conferees lull away all the view-




points that will be assembled concerning this matter.




Therefore the following observations from a sanitary

-------
                                                         556
engineering standpoint with respect to quality objectives



and sewage treatment facilities to meetthem may be useful.



          By way of background, it might first be mentioned



that one of the provisions of the Ohio River Valley Sanita-



tion compact to which Ohio and Pennsylvania are signatory



parties pledges the states to bring about the treatment



of all sewage which flows into waters of the district, at



least to a degree sufficient to result in substantially



complete removal of settleable solids and removal of not



less than four to five percent of the total suspended



solids*  This is a specific case that can be satisfied



by the employment of facilities that provide what is



commonly known as primary treatment.  The compact recognizes



the possibility that under certain circumstances prescribed



by local conditions, a higher degree of treatment may be



required to attain the desired quality conditions in a



stream.  In fact, the compact specifically notes that



none of its provisions shall be construed as limiting



the powers of any signatory state to impose additional



conditions or restrictions on the control of wastes



discharged in streams within its jurisdiction.



          In the case of the Mahoning River pollution



control program, the State of Ohio on its own initiative



did impose requirements that went beyond the basic obliga-



tions specified under the compact.  It stipulated  that  all

-------
                                                          557
sewage must be treated to remove at least 65 percent of the




biochemical oxygen demand instead of the 35 to 45 percent




obtained by primary treatment.




          And in addition, the state is requiring disinfec-




tion of the treated effluent from sewage plants.  In so doing,




Ohio was not unmindful of recommendations adopted by ORSANCO




on April 4, 1951, when the signatory states agreed on the




acceptance of bacterial quality objectives.  This action




on the part of ORSANCO was intended to resolve uncertainties




of practice because in 1951 there were different professional




viewpoints as to what constituted an appropriate yardstick




for the assessment of the bacterial pollution.




          In developing its recommendations, ORSANCO retained




bacterial pollution and its relation to health hazards.




The ORSANCO objectives were developed as a guide for




establishment of treatment requirements for sewage and as




a yardstick for evaluating the sanitary conditions of




rivers used for potable supplies.




          The recommendations of Harold Streitel that were




adopted by the ORSANCO states contained the following




caution concerning their application, and I quote:




          "Methods now available for enumerating bacteria




of the coliform group are subject to errors'far beyond




those of chemical determination or even biochemical tests




such as 'biochemical oxygen demand.  This fundamental- fact   .

-------
                                                         558
should be kept in mind in interpreting and applying




bacterial quality objectives .expressed in terms of most




probable numbers of coliform in organisms.




          "Experience, judgment, and common sense together




with a thorough knowledge of local conditions affecting




sewage pollution are essential to a rational application




of these objectives."




          In brief, Colonel Streitel called attention to




the fact that when dealing with measurement of coliform




organisms, the indication between that and good water did,




at the time, rest on whether the number was above or below




a certain value such as 5,000 per 100 ml.  The objective




with respect to river water was stated in this fashion:




          The monthly arithmetical average most probable




number of coliform organisms in the river at water intakes




should not exceed 5000 per 100 milliliters in any month




nor exceed this number in more than 20 percent of the




samples of such waters examined during any month nor exceed




20,000 per 100 milliliters in more than five percent of




such samples.




          The point to be made is this:  Application of




the objective does not imply that a coliform count in a




river in excess of 5,000 endangers public health from




the standpoint of using the river as a source of water




supply.  The decision of Ohio to require a higher degree




of treatment on the Mahoning River not o^ily satisfied

-------
                                                       559
ORSANCO recommendations with respect to bacterial quality




but stemmed from results of a comprehensive investigation




conducted jointly with the Public Health Service.      ,




          Thus, the remedial program adopted in 19,54.




was designed to provide water quality safeguards appropriate




for uses of the river with interstate as well as injury to




uses in Pennsylvania.




          It is the view of the ORSANCO staff, Mr. Chairman,




that these facts should form part of the record, not the




least of the reasons is this:  On page 2 of the HEW report




in the section entitled "Summary and Conclusions," it  is




stated that most of the cities and towns along the Mahoning




and Beaver Rivers provide only primary treatment.  This




is incorrect.  Sewage treatment facilities for all of  the




municipalities in Ohio on the Mahoning are designed to




provide at least intermediate treatment, that is, 65 percent




B.O.D. removal, and disinfection.  Facilities for munici-




palities on the Mahoning and Beaver Rivers in Pennsylvania,




with one exception, are designed to provide primary treat-




ment plus disinfection.




          The cost of the incorrect assumption in the HEW




report about the degree of treatment provided by Ohio




municipalities, the conclusions derived from it cannot be




valid, especially those relating to the projection of




bacterial conditions at Beaver Falls.  The statement in

-------
                                                         560
the HEW report is that waste treatment facilities have




a capability of reducing the bacterial content of the sewage




about 61 percent.  However, on the basis of studies published'




by Kittrell of the Public Health Service, sewage treatment




plants operated in accordance with stipulations laid down




by the State of Ohio can be expected to remove 90 to 95




percent of the bacterial pollution.




          Using this corrected projection of the capabilities




of waste treatment facilities, it would appear that bacterial




quality in the river at Beaver Falls Waterworks intake would




meet the objectives established by ORSANCO.  This conclusion




is reached on the basis of information in the HEW report




regarding the relative distribution of sewage discharges in




Ohio and Pennsylvania upstream from Beaver Falls on the




basis of existing stream selfpurification characteristics




and on the basis of coliform level now prevailing at Beaver




Falls.




          In the light of this analysis, there is reason




to believe that the conferees will want to weigh most




carefully the HEW conclusion with regard to endangering




public health.  Apparently, there is no clinical or




epidemiological evidence to support such a contention.




At least, there is no data presented in the.HEW report relating




to water borne illnesses or epidemics at Beaver palls now or




in the past; nor have the commissioners from Pennsylvania

-------
                                                         561
or Ohio ever expressed concern on such a matter to ORSANCO.




          While on the subject of health aspects of water




quality, it appears to the ORSANOO staff that the allusion




in the HEW report to fluoride concentrations is irrelevant




and misleading.  On page 4 of the report, it is stated with




respect to conditions in the stretch of the Mahoning River




from Warren to the confluence of the Mahoning and Shenango




Rivers in Pennsylvania that fluoride concentrations would




pose the threat of mottled tooth enamel to children who




drank the water.  Since this stretch of the river is not




used as a source of public water supply, the statement is




irrelevant.  The only public water supply that  may be




influenced by conditions in the Mahoning River is that at




Beaver Falls located about 25 miles below the state line,




but at this place, according to the HEW report on page 39,




and I quote, "there is no evidence that the limits"--




and they are referring here to the limit in the drinking




water standards -- "There is no evidence that the limit has




been .exceeded at the Beaver Falls water intake but rather




that fluorides have been below the optium lower limit."





          In brief, the river water is actually deficient




in fluoride.  The optium range for prevention of dental




caries as represented in the federal drinking water standard






is .7 to 1.2 milligrams per liter.  Obviously, if the river

-------
                                                           562
at Beaver Palls is below the optimum level, there is no



threat of mottled teeth.  The assessment made by HEW



with respect to tangible economic damages at Beaver Falls



water plant attributed to existing conditions are not



shared by the ORSANCO staff.  The report asserts there is



an excess expense of $9*000 per year for chemicals used



at Beaver Palls for water treatment.



          It is difficult to give credence to this conclusion



by virtue of the following considerations:



          First:  The current cost of chemicals for water



treatment at Beaver Palls is no higher than the cost at a



similar size water plant in New Castle, Pennsylvania, whose



supply comes from a different source.  And I think it might



be worth while to point out these places on the map, Mr.



Chairman,



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Mr. Horton, when you



get to the map, remember you are speaking for the record,



try to explain it so it will appear in the record as to



what you are pointing out.



          MR^1 HORTON:              Yes, sir.  Beaver Falls



is down here, as we know —



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Mr. Horton, let me



interrupt.  I think it would expedite this — this is



precisely the point.  When you read "down here" in the



record there, I think you might point in  the lower right-hand

-------
                                                        563
corner of the map, or something of that kind.

          MR. MORTON:              Well, let me put it this

way:  The essential point is that New Castle is located on

the Shenango River and it takes its water supply from the

Shenango which is not affected by the Mahoning River.

          Cost for chemicals in 1963 and 1964 at Beaver

Falls averaged $11.27 in one year, $12.27 in the other year.

Those are dollars for chemicals per million gallons.  The

costs at New Castle in the same year excluding what was

spent for fluoridation at New Castel were $11 even in one

year and $12.30 per million gallons in the other year.

          And second;  The cost of water treatment at Beaver

Falls would seem to compare quite favorably with costs

at the municipalities throughout the United States.  A

survey of 697 water utility operations made by the

American Water Works Association reveals that the average

cost of treating water approximates five cents per thousand

gallons.

          According to the 1963 annual report of the

municipal authority, the cost at Beaver Falls i$ slightly

less than five cents per  thousand gallons.

          The HEW report also asserts that the hardness

of the river water results in estimated monetary damages

of $20,000 a year because of increased use of soap, deter -
                i
gents, and other cleansers by consumers.  It is a fact

-------
                                                         564
that industrial waste discharges to the Mahoning River do




contribute to  the hardness constituents in the river.




However, the water at Beaver Falls can hardly be considered




excessively hard in comparison with surface waters in other




parts of the Mahoning River basin that are not affected




by industrial  discharges.




          Average hardness at Beaver Falls in 1964 was 184




milligrams per liter.  There are many tributaries of the




Mahoning River unaffected by the. industrial discharges




in the range of 200 to 300 milligrams per liter.




          The  preceding discussion on monetary damages




invites comment on the broad economic aspects of maintaining




various degrees of water cleanliness.




          The HEW report cites the lack of recreational




opportunity on the Mahoning River. ,: This indeed is the




case and not the least of the reason is that for miles




of its length, the banks of the river are lined in con-




tinuous array with industrial facilities.              .




          In brief, the locality is hardly one to attract




seekers of recreation.  This is a work shop area.  Not-




withstanding this fact, the municipalities have spent over




$22 million to free the river from raw sewage and equally




substantial investments have been made by industries to




keep wastes out of the stream as we have learned from




earlier testimony of Ohio and industrial representatives.

-------
                                                        565






          Thus, from the standpoint of upgrading water



quality conditions, vast strides forward have been taken



by the people to rid their streams of obnoxious charac-



teristics.  It would be a misconception, however, to



suggest that even this great expenditure for the elimina-



tion of pollution holds promise of adapting the industrialized



section of the Mahoning River to the category of a recrea-



tional stream.  Among other things, the water is too warm



for many species of fish.  The banks of the stream are



occupied by industrial developments.  The channel is



obstructed by tanks and access to the river is curtailed.



This does not imply, however, that the citizens of the



Mahoning Valley do not have it within their power to do



what they will with their river.  However, in pondering



decisions, they should be informed regarding the price



tag attached to various degrees of cleanliness.



          As pointed out by the State of Ohio, the citizens



have already taxed themselves to the extent of $100 per



capita for cleaning up the Mahoning and this does not.



include what the corporate and industrial citizens have



invested in stream cleanup.



          Therefore, when the conferees deliberate on



questions relating to recreational aspects associated



with the Mahoning River, the ORSANCO staff respectfully



suggests that a judgment on this matter not only invites

-------
                                                        566
consideration of the views of the citizens •who must bear




the burden of expense, but economic study as well to elim-




inate the cost and benefits associated with alternative




decisions.




          Mr. Chairman, this concludes our statement.

-------
                                                        567




          Mr. Chairman, this concludes our statement, but



as a final note, we would like to point out that in addition



to the matters just covered, there are some items in the HEW



report that appear to be inaccurate or at least that is



subject to differences of interpretation.  These are minor



matters and since they are so minor, we believe it not



worth while to bother the conferees with details at this



time, and if you approve, we will submit an account of



these items for inclusion in the record.



          CHAIRMAN STEINs          Without objection, that



will be done,



          MR. HORTON:              Fine.  And one more



thing.  I have with me of our staff Robert Boes, David



Dunsmore, and William Klein who will assist in answering



questions if there are any.



          Thank you.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you.  I don't



know if there are any questions.  Maybe I am confused but



I listened to Mr. Doolittle's thesis that we should be



concerned only when it comes across the state line and not



concerned with the sources.  Now, you talk about this



primary treatment plant.  As I understand, Mr. Kittrell's



estimate  of those bugs at the water intake at the Beaver



Palls plant is based on measurements there.

-------
                                                       568
          MR. HORTON:              But the report allows




for 61 percent as it was corrected just a little while




ago.  But the published -- the published research work




indicates that intermediate treatment with disinfection




will achieve a 90 to 95 percent reduction in the coliform
organisms,
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:
          MR. HORTON:
will.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:




to disinfect in the summer.
Not all year .




Well, I understand it








They are just going
          MR. HORTON:              It is my understanding




it is continuous but I can't answer that.  Ohio will have
to answer that question.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:




about that.
All right, we can talk
          MR. CLEARY:              I would like to know,




Mr. Chairman, what is the situation?




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          I don't know.
          MR. CLEARY:




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:
Well, let's ask.




I have asked several
times.
          MR. EAGLE:               The situation is that




these facilities are provided and the figure we are talking




about, Mr. Stein, is that he said capabilities of 61 percent

-------
                                                        569
We claim that the capability is 90 percent or better because




they are provided with intermediate treatment and chlorination




facilities.  Now, these facilities have not been employed  as




yet.  These chemical treatments and chlorination has not been




employed as yet because -- and it will be sort of useless
                  i


if they are dumping in raw sewage in Youngstown -- these




facilities will not be completed until the summer and when




they are completed, all of the plants will be providing




intermediate treatment and chlorination when conditions




require in order to meet the water quality objectives at




Beaver Falls.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          In other words, not



routinely, as far as you can say, as I understand it.




They are not going to routinely chlorinate 365 days a




year.




          MR. EAGLE:               The criteria is meeting




the drinking water standards at the Beaver Falls water




works.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          You mean when the water




gets back, they are going to send a message up and you ar
-------
                                                         570
I am thinking in terms of time -- do you have any specific




points you want to make, Mr. Kittrell, since most of this




dealt with your statement, or not?




          MR. KITTRELL:            No, I don't think I




have any particular comment except that I did not have the




information on intermediate treatment and the chlorination




provisions at these plants.  We failed to obtain that for,




some reason, I don't know why.  But the inclusion that you




pointed out regarding health hazard was based on actual




observations at the Beaver Falls water plant intake.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Does anyone have any




comments or questions on Mr. Horton's statement or not?




If not, we will recess until 6:00 o'clock at which time




we will reconvene.




          Thank you.




          (Recess had.)




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          May we reconvene.




We are going to call on Mr. Boardman first of Pennsylvania.




          MR. BQARDMAN:            You will find, after




Mr. Stein's statement, that my remarks might have a little




more bearing but we are requesting that the record of this




conference be held over for two weeks so that Dr. Wilbar




may have an opportunity to submit a statement in writing.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you.  Without




objection, the record will be held open.

-------
                                                       571
          Mr. poston, do you care to make a statement.




          MR. POSTON:              I have come to some




conclusions in my mind which would satisfy me as far as




a summary of this conference is concerned.  I would like




to read them to you.




          Cognizance is taking significant progress in




pollution abatement in the Mahoning basin.  Further water




resource development is needed to assure full range of




beneficial uses of the Mahoning River.  Pollution of




waters of the Mahoning River damage water uses in Penn-




sylvania and endanger the health or welfare of persons




in Pennsylvania.




          Pollution of the Mahoning is due to both




municipal and industrial waste from Ohio.  Principal




wastes include acids, phenol, oil, solids, tars and heat.




Bacteria and oxygen-consuming compounds are the main




municipal wastes.




          Things that need to be done include:  Immediate




chlorination of all municipal sewage shall be practiced




throughout the full year.  The full capacity of municipal




waste treatment plants shall be utilized the year round,




starting immediately,  plants such as Warren, where the




city awaits the order to go ahead with full treatment by




their existing plan, should do so.




          Item C:  Secondary treatment of all municipal

-------
                                                       572



wastes shall be accomplished within three years.  Six



months of development for preliminary plants, 12 months period



— up to 12 months — for completion.of financing; 18 months



for development of the final plans; and 36 months for comple-



tion.



          Item D:  Industrial effluents shall be monitored



and sampled daily, analysis to include all significant



pollutants found in the raw waste.  Industrial waste treatment



shall be provided to essentially remove all oil, eliminate the



discharge of toxic waste, and to eliminate acid discharges.



          Item F:  River water quality characteristics



shall be maintained by providing of municipal and industrial



wastes treatment to meet the water quality objectives of



the report of the water pollution study of the Mahoning



River basin by the Ohio Department of"Health; that is, the



report of 1954.



          That's a completion of my summary, Mr. Stein.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          May we call on ORSANCO?



          MR. WEAKLEY:             Mr. Chairman, as the



spokesman for the conferees representing ORSANCO, I wish to



say first'of all that we do not share the views that have



been expressed by'Mr. Post on and we request that the



record be held open for an additional two weeks for us



to be given a little bit more fully the statements'that



have been made here and, at that time, submit our complete



view.

-------
                                                        573
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          I think this will be



done.  May I suggest either you send your remarks to me



or if you don't, send them to the secretary, that you send



the copy of your remarks to me so we can expedite getting




these in the record.



          MR. WEAKLEY:             We will send our drafts



to you with sufficient copies so that you can submit them



to the recorder.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you, sir.  May



we call on Ohio?



          DR. ARNOLD: '             Ohio also appreciates



the fact that you will keep the record open for the next



two weeks so that we too may study the findings of this



report a little more closely and present to the Secretary



our reaction to this conference.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          Thank you, sir.  This



concludes the statements.




          MR. ARNOLD:              Ohio would like to



have a written copy of Mr.  Poston's remarks that he has



just made and we would appreciate receiving them very soon.



          MR. POSTON:              Maybe I can get a



Xerox of them tonight.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          May we go off the record



for a moment?




          (Discussion off the record.)

-------
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          On the record.




          MR. COMPSON:             I cannot resist the




temptation, air, that Mr. Poston's remarks were framed as




a summary.  The way I listened to them they sounded as if




they were orders and I would like to know whether these




are a summary of the conference or orders issued as a result




of the conference.




          CHAIRMAN STEIN:          The summary, as prepared




by the Secretary, contained, I would hope, as the statute




requires, the review of all the conferees.  The conferees




are not empowered to issue orders or make findings.  We




have not had evidence under oath.  We have not had cross-




examination and this is a conference, and as a reading of




the statute will indicate, no orders are given.




          If there is nothing else, I have every hope that




every one of these conferences brings us nearer to a




solution of our pollution problem and I hope this one did.




At least, it gave me an opportunity of seeing such old and




dear friends as Jack Kenney again, and I for one enjoyed




it and we will stand adjourned.




          (Whereupon, at 6:30 o'clock p.m., the conference




     in the above-entitled matter was adjourned.)

-------
                REPORT
                     OF
POLLUTION  COMMITTEE
          COLUMBUS,  OHIO
       January 25, 26, 27, 1963
   POLLUTION REPORT INTRODUCTORY

         "WATER - OUR BASIC NEED"

    The people of the state ot Ohio must still face
the  problem of taking  a look at  where we are, and
where we are going, in pollution control. The con-
stantly increasing need for water  for all purposes
demands that a searching look be given to what has
been  accomplished in the past and  what  will be
needed in the future.
    If we are to have  unpolluted waters for recrea-
tion, clean  waters for industry,  and potable  waters
for human consumption, the demand will be for all of
us to see that  pollution is abated and that water-
shed projects are inaugurated to store and conserve
the run off.
    Statistics tell us that  an average of 4300 billion
gallons of- rain, fall each  day  in the United States.
Most of this is dissipated  by evaporation, by run off
into  the oceans, and by water uses of plants and
animals, it present, only  315 billion gallons  a day
are  available for mans use. Of an  average  of 30
inches of rainfall in  the United States, only  about
two  inches are at present  available  to  man on a
dependable year around basis.
    At the present  time,  industry uses the most
water.  It is  currently  using  160 billion gallons of
water a day in its  production processes including
the  steam, generation of electric power for the nations
industrial  machines.  However,  twenty  years  from
now, industry will be demanding close  to 400 billion
gallons of water a day to keep its  production facili-
ties going. This is not only because production will
increase, but because of  the  newest technologies-
petrochemistry for example --  are  also those  which
will demand larger and larger amounts of water.
    It  takes 770 gallons of water  to refine a  barrel
(42  gallons) of petroleum; 50,000 gallons to test an
airplane engine; 65,000 gallons to  produce a ton of
steel or a ton of paper; 200,000 gallons to make a ton
of viscose rayon; 320,000  gallons  to produce a ton
of aluminum;  and  600,000 gallons  to make a ton of
synthetic rubber.  These are just a few of  the de-
mands of industry for usable water.


         "NEED FOR CONSERVANCY"

    From these facts it becomes quite evident that
we  cannot afford to throw water  away  after we have
used it. It isn't  like  a paper bap or a tin can. Nature
has been fairly  generous with  Ohio and given us an
average yearly rainfall of 38 inches. That is all we
can expect, and we  fell shy of the average in 1962
with only 32.64 inches.  As  a result many  of you
know of the shortages  we  suffered  and of the failing
wells, drained down lakes and low rivers.
    \S1ien our rainfall  is  a normal 38  inches, only
13 inches pets into our lakes  and rivers; the balance
goes into the soil or is evaporated.
                                                                     "PERSONAL USES"

                                                           Most people do not realize that we have a limit-
                                                       ed  amount of water in Ohio that can be ascribed to

-------
personal use. An  individual uses  about  100 gallons
a day  and the majority of Ohio  citizens have never
been  without sufficient  usable water  for  personal
use,  so the  water  supply  problem,  and the water
pollution  problem, Jo  not  seem important to most of
us. We just take for granted  that  we will always have
plenty of  water  for our bath, our  sewage,  washing
our clothes and our dishes, and watering our lawns
and gardens.
    The  average  individual  does  not  realize the
value of a necessary commodity he uses daily, until
he  finds  himself  without  it, or  without  as  much as
he  would like to  use.  Should  he be deprived  of his
allotted  LOO gallons, or even half  that amount, odds
could  be  layed  that he  would immediately go  into a
self-propelled  orbit  and  condemn,  malign,  vilify,
debase,   discredit,  sully,  derogate,  slur,   defame,
stigmatize  and deride every public official   from the
President  and the Governor down  to  the  lowest vil-
lage official for their complete and utter carelessness,
neglect, laxity, default,  indolence, dereliction  and
incompetence  because  they  did  not  have  water
enough for their  daily  ablutions  and their morning
pot of coffee. Such  would  be human nature,  yet  if
each  would give a bit of thought to civic affairs and
aid and assist their public officials to secure suf-
ficient facilities  for pollution control, and, if nec-
essary,   impound and store  water  vital  to the  use of
the community, clean water for the  bath and  the morn-
ing coffee would be guaranteed.
     But  we  must  not  forget  there is not enough
"new" water to meet  all  our water  needs. Water
must   be  used  which has been used before  in the
water systems  of  upstream  cities  and  industries.
At certain times of the  year,  water is  taken from
the Ohio  River,  used,  and dumped back again on an
average of almost 4 times during its  1000 mile course
from  Pennsylvania to the Mississippi.
     As  a  present illustration of  what  we  mean by
using water over again:  the  water  in the  Mahoning
 River,  which  flows  through Newton Falls,  Warren,
Niles,  Girard,  Youngstown, Struthers, Lowellville,
 and past  all the industries on  that river, is  estimated
 to  be  used  ten  (10)  times over  again  during low
 flow.


 "ADDED WATER SUPPLY AND MULTIPLE USE"

     Ohio  and Ohioans are beginning to see the light
and realize the need  of  added water facilities. New
conservancy districts  have been formed, or are in the
process of being  formed,  on many watersheds of the
 state.  Much added  interest and study  is now being
given to  "small  watershed projects'1, which can be-
come a community effort of great benefit.
     Ohio  is the number one user  of  self-supplied
 industrial water  in all  rhe states of the nation. How-
 ever,  with the exception of  Lake Erie,  it is the 46th
 among all  the states in surface acres  of impounded
 waters within the state. The average relationship  of
persons to acres of impounded  water for the  United
 States as a whole is 5-4 persons per acre. In Ohio,
 the relationship is 91 persons per acre of impound-
 ment.
     Of the 26,400,000  acres in Ohio, 1.8% only is in
the  public ownership...The state of Pennsylvania
has  11.8%, and  the state of New  York  11.4% of its
land owned  by the state or federal agencies, and
open to public  use. It  is high time that the people of
Ohio look forward to their needs of more impounded
water for flood control, water needs, pollution con-
trol  and  recreation, for  Ohio's  population  density
is increasing rapidly.
               "THE OHIO RIVER"

    The Ohio River was tediously  born  at the inch-
ing  pace  of glaciers;  its  genesis  took  perhaps
100,000 years. Mans  work was  swifter...In less than
two  centuries, he  turned pure water to  foul. Then
in a single decade of penance, he made it wholesome
again...This  event  will  interrupt  no news cast. The
rebirth of the Ohio lacks the drama of a disasterous
flood,  but  as a geographic melodrama, it ranks as a
major achievement for  the central  United States.
    In  1948, the federal government established the
Ohio  River Valley Sanitation District.  Subsequently,
the eight states  serviced by the Ohio  River  signed
a  compact to control  the  pollution problem. Ohio's
pollution   contiol  law  became   effective  in  1951.
Tbus  the  Ohio  River  Sanitary  Commission,  or
ORSANCO,  came  into   being  and  started  on  the
stupendous task  of pollution control  of  hundreds of
municipalities,   and   upwards   to   1800 industrial
plants discharging  effluent directly into  the  river or
its tributaries; the  administration of the huge task
and  the appropriation of the  vast  sums  of money
needed.
    In the few short years, municipal  plants  servic
ing  1144 communities  in size  and cost from  Pitts
burgh's $100 million plant to village installations o:
337,000  have been installed.  A total  of  1557  in-
dustries,  some of them the largest  of their type in
the  world,  have  completed  installation  of  their
waste control facilities. More than SI billion has been
expended to  date. An  area in which more than  8 mil-
lion  people  live has  now  been approximately 90%
serviced,  both   municipalities   and  industries,  by
water  pollution  control  in  many forms. Last year
brought  the  coal  mining industry into the  picture
after years of study.  Our hats are off to ORSANCO
for having accomplished  90% of a colossal task in
so short a  time.
     More  is  yet to be done before all  the  noxious
effluent now discharged into the river is made  clean.
Constant check of the effluent from operating treat-
ment plants must  be made as  industry finds addi-
tional chemicals for  use  in their manufacturing pro-
cess (Bat do not  lend themselves to present methods
of treatment  and new methods must be found.
     This  is  particularly  true in the municipal dis-
charges where new detergents have caused consider-
able  trouble. The detergent manufacturers are pre-
sently  working on  their product to solve methods
and means of removal  of the noxious  and foaming
element.*


               "OHIO'S PROGRESS"

     Who would have believed in 1951 that the muni-
cipalities  and industries of Ohio would have invested
over  $700 million in  11 years toward  the cleaning
of our waters.  Our highest praise  to the Pollution

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Control Board;  the  Division of Sanitary Engineer-
ing; and the Municipalities and Industries of Ohio.
    All  but two  of the  193 cities in Ohio have
sewage treatment plants operating or under construc-
tion. These two have them in the planning stage. Of
the villages, 185 have treatment plants,  44 are using
facilities  of nearby  cities, and  about  50 more still
need treatment plants.
    Of the  13,000 industries in Ohio, the great ma-
jority use municipal  sewage treatment plants.  Of the
572 industries, 98%  in  Ohio which discharge wastes
directly  into streams,  have  provided   some treat-
ment. ..77% of which are considered adequate. These
problems  are gradually being  corrected. Some few
are in  need of more research.
          "THE LAKE ERIE PROBLEM"

     The  committee  is  unable  to  make  a positive
analysis of this important water facility as detailed
reports on the Lake Erie limnology and  the  effects
of pollution on fish  propagation, are not available at
the time of the writing of this report. When the final
reports of the several agencies studying the situation
are in, the troubles  will be known and steps taken to
abate and rectify.
     Presently the U.S. Public Health Service, with a
branch office staffed by 50 persons will be in opera-
tion  in 1963-.. A  114  foot  research  ship,  "Inland
Sea," is being outfitted  by  the  University of Michi-
gan Great  Lakes Research  Division,  with  a grant
from the National Science Foundation.
     In addition, the Ohio Department of Health,  the
Ohio Department of  Natural  Resources, and the U.S.
Department of Interior will conduct studies.

Following are some quotes  from  specialists in  the
field giving their views on the problem:

 1OHN I. WIRTZ. Superintendent
Easterly Wafer Pollution  Control Plant
Cleveland
     "The south shore of Lake Ene will, in the fu-
     ture, be given a more intensive form  of super-
     vision than now provided by the Department of
     Health.  We can  consider  and anticipate a  simi-
     lar set-up in the State cooperation  on  the Great
     Lakes patterned after ORSANCO. "

     "The 'no sewer -no  water'  rule has  been put
     into effect in Cuyahoga  County. The privilege
     or right to surplus water, now carries the obli-
     gation not to pollute. "

 GEORGE EAGLE. Chief
 Division of Sanitary Engineering
 Ohio Department of  Health

     "I. A   lot  has  been done  toward the abate-
         ment of pollution.
      2* A   lot  is  being done  toward the further
         abatement  of pollution.
      3. A  lot more needs to be done before every-
         body is satisfied that pollution control is
         adequate.

     If any one of these three factors are left out  it
     might lead to unintentional distortion.
      You can compare the pollution control problem
    with preventive medicines. Formerly, something
    had to be  wrong with  you before the doctor
    concerned himself about your welfare.  .Vou/  we
    have  periodic  physical  examinations   and
    shots to safeguard ourselves against diseases
    and many  other forms of  inspection and regu-
    lations to prevent disease.
      We are  beginning  to think,  and  to some ex-
    tent,   act  in  terms  of  preventive  pollution
    control.
      We do not have a  complete public awareness
    for  the need of pollution abatement  and a
    willingness to.pay for the necessary facilities.
      Water can and must be used over  and over
    again. Our  water cycle  includes sanitary  sew-
    ers, storm sewers, and waste treatment plants.
    Our rivers  and lakes of the future  will carry
    more and more used  water. "
DR. W. F. CARBINE,  Regional Director
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries

    "Lake  Erie is a repeatedly changing  lake."

    "Biological changes are becoming very severe."

    "The  population  increase,  industrial  expan-
    sion, agricultural processes, and vast quanti-
    ties of soil washing into our lakes every  year
    are  evidence of these facts.  The  effluent of
    sewage  disposal  plants  contain  a lot  of nu-
    trients.  The biological oxygen  demand (BOD)
    of this water is  very  low.  The enriched water
    increases  plant  growth—when  they  die  and
    fall to  the  bottom  they create a  high  BOD.
    This has caused vast areas of Lake Erie to be
    very low in oxygen.
      The  outlook  is that  that  condition will be-
    come  much  worse  before  it  gets  better.  We
    cannot  predict what might happen to the Lake.
    One of the most troublesome areas is the De-
    troit River."

   In  a recent  report  from  Dr. Carbine, he  said,  in
substance,  that there is evidence that the walleye
population in Lake  Erie is increasing.

GEN.  HERBERT B. EAGON. Director
Ohio Department of Natural  Resources
    "We  can agree that  Lake  Erie  is  a  changing
    lake. It has been  changing since  the glacial
    period and it will continue to change."
      The U.S.  Geological Survey as  to  the pro-
    duction  of walleyes  in Lake Erie  for a period
    of  about 20 years after 1915,  indicates that
    the commercial tonage of walleyes taken was
    about the same as it was  in 1961. In the middle
    50's  there  was a  tremendous  build-up  until
    1956,  the peak year  of walleye  production.
    Then there was a sharp decline. There  is rea-
    son for concern."
      It is not quite a painted picture  to quote the
    figures of 1956 as against today's  figures, and
    ignore the figures back as far as  1915.

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      Commercial  landings of fish at  Ohio Lake
    Erie ports  for September.  1962,  were more than
    double those /or the same month  in  1961. The
    Yellow perch led with 828,775 pounds...much
    higher than 1961. The .Walleye  catch was 20,-
    990  pounds...almost  double   the  September.
    1961  take o/ 11,954 pounds.  However, the total
    season's  catch  of  7962 was  below that  of
    1961. This indicates an improvement, with pos-
    sibly a better year in 196).'"

 ROBERT ].  DRAKE. Feature Writer
 Cleveland Plain Dealer

    "We had better come to terms with what is left
    to us of  the resources of nature.
      The  technical  people are failing  to get their
    message to the public.
      We  who live  along  the shores  of  Lake Erie
    are about where  Cincinnati was in its thinking
    in the 19)0's that led to'ORSANCO.
      The biologists and  limnologists  can argue
    whether  Lake Erie  is dying or only changing.
    When  a  lake  «$ rendered unfit JOT  the legiti-
    mate purposes people want to use it  for,  if it
    is  not dying, it might as well be. What we are
    seeing  in Lake  Erie from  all capable testi-
    mony, is a telescoping into a few decades of a
    natural process  that might  be expected over a
    matter of 50.000 years.
      Like old  cities.  Cleveland has a  combined
    storm and sanitary  sewer system which feeds
    raw  sewage into the Lake  through 388 emer-
    gency  over-flows.  A  hazy guess  is  that  it
    might cost  $300 million to  install separate
    sanitary sewerage.
      We  must expose our children to  an elemen-
    tary  appreciation of conservation of irreplace-
    able  natural resources. They can  learn in grade
    school that water is more than turning on the
    lap.  They will  be the young adults of  the  im-
    mediate future  with twice  our  water problems
    and perhaps they will be more ready than our
    generation  has been  to  vote for the right an-
     swers. "
EDWARD J. CLEARY, Director-Chief Engineer
Ohio River Valley Sanitation Commission

      "The  notional  pollution  problem is nothing
      more than a series of local problems."

   Mr.  Clear)- suggested that  the  "nut and  bolt as-
pect" of  the control of  water pollution  resolves it-
self  into  the  solution  of local problems by local
groups.  When complaints arise as to  pollution prob-
lems in local areas,  committees  should be formed  of
local  people, citizens non-profession, non-political,
where the "nut and  bolt"  expression  comes in;  that
they  get all  facts  and  data;  draw  conclusions, and
chart a course of action  and stick to it.
   lie  emphasized that  respect  is  earned; it is not
inherited  because  you  happen  to  belong  to  some
sportsmen  group. VIe  don't need  any  more  laws on
preventive pollution;  but  we do need more aggres-
sive enforcement of  existing laws.  We are not  handi-
capped  by technical  knowledge, but public agencies
arc under-manned, and they need the  support  of the
citizens' groups.
   The Ohio  Water Pollution  Control  Board ordered
 Cleveland to place  under construction  before  Feb-
 ruary  1, 1963. one-half of the remaining projects for
 cleaning  up  the  lower   reaches  of  the  Cuyahoga
 River...about  a $7 million project.  A public meeting
 December 7,  in Cleveland,  and the formation of  the
 "Lake Front  Action Committee" shows progress in
 the solution of the Cleveland problem.


      "POLLUTION AFFECTING WILDLIFE"


   The Division  of Wildlife  has  entered  into  an
 agreement with  the  Division of Sanitary  Engineering
 by  which the engineers  will provide the consulting
 service, and  chemists  on water problems involving
 fish propagation,  use of chemicals  for various pur-
 poses  such  as weed control,  field  analytical  pro-
 cedures,  and  cooperate  on  investigations of pollu-
 tion  caused  fish kills,  and many other laboratory
 services  and consulting  services relating  to  water
 pollution  problems.
   The field personnel  of the Wildlife Division,  how-
 ever,  must  make  the preliminary investigations and
 report  in all  instances  which causes  fish  kills or
 otherwise affects  aquatic life and wildlife.
   We  again  remind  all our members to immediately
 report any fish kills or other wildlife kills from water
 pollution  to your  local game protector and do every-
 thing  possible to help him obtain  the evidence nec-
 essary to prosecute such  polluters.
    In  1962, a total of 90 instances of pollution were
 investigated  by wildlife  personnel. Of these, 62 re-
 sulted in fish kills, 56 of which represented only  a
 small  part  of the  population,  but  9 represented
 complete  kills.
   One of the largest  kills took place on  Ten Mile
 Creek in  Lucas County.  The source of the pollution
 could not be  ascertained, but thousands of fish were
 lost.  Another of  the  largest  was  in  Cuck Creek,
 Washington County, where  6976 of  the 7326  fish
 killed were minnows.
    A  claim of  $944.43 for  fish killed in the Olen-
 tangy River in Franklin County was presented to  the
 offender  in  July and  paid  in August.  A claim  for
 $li 09(^.08 has  been presented to  one city  for  fish
 losses when  raw  sewage was bypassed around  the
 disposal plant. Settlement has not yet been made.
    One claim for $1,446.79 w-as certified  to the -At-
 torney General's office for collection.
    Again  several  of the  instances  of pollution  were
 due  to periods of repair or break  downs  in sewage
 disposal  operations. Exceptional heavy  loads during
 canning operations also  continued to be a problem.
 Combination  sanitary and storm sewers w-ere  a  prob-
 lem  during  periods of  heavy  rain.  Breaks in  oil
 pip< lines have increased in number but  are one type
 of pollution which is abated immediately.
    A breakdown of the causes  of pollution instances
 in  1962 is as follows:
                               FISH     HABITAT
 SOURCE           TOTAL    KILL  DAMAGE ONLY
Unknown               24       20
Sanitary wastes        22       15
Industrial  wastes       14        9
Oil wastes             11        7

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 Natural causes
 Acid water
 Duck farm wastes
 Gravel washings
 Agr. sprays
 Water plant  wastes
 6
 4
 3
 3
 2
JL
90
                                 62
 0
 3
 1
 3
 0
_P_
28
                 "CONCLUSION"


                     Policing

   We know that everybody does not obey the law all
the time. The  next step in maintaining pollution con-
trol is the  monitoring of all 18 of Ohio's Watersheds.
The Health Department has  entered  into a coopera-
tive monitoring program  with the  U.S.  Geological
Survey and  the Miami Conservancy District. ORSANCO
has developed an automatic monitoring device which
may eventually be  an auxiliary policeman  available
for use on  all  our streams.


                   The Challenge

   The Challenge is  given to  all  outdoorsmen to in-
form  your  own community of  Ohio's vital  need for
more   impounded water  and the fast growing necessity
of keeping the  waters  of our rivers  and lakes clean
so that the water can be used over  and over again.
The demand for clean usable water is growing faster
than  the present supply. The future of Ohio's most
valuable asset -- clean water •- depends upon each
one of you. Learn the facts. Tell the  story.
     - IMPORTANT NOTICE TO ALL CLUBS -
   The   League   of Ohio Sportsmen, through the co-
operation  of  the  State  Health Department,  is  pre-
paring a  series  of colored slides made from car-
toon caricatures, depicting the evils  and control of
water pollution.
   The  slides will  be  accompanied by a tape oar-
rating the slides, the showing time 25 to 30 minutes.
   This  project of the  League will  provide every
member  club  a   worthwhile project providing they
avail  themselves  of the opportunity. Each  member
club  should  purchase  one of these  kits,  form  a
publicity  committee,  and   cover   their community
thoroughly  with  the  information   furnished...Civic
groups,  schools,  women's  clubs,  and non-member
organizations  should all be shown  these pictures...
It  will  be a  worthwhile project  fot  any  club,  and
really one which  all conservation clubs in the state
should actively use in their communities;
   By ordering slides and tapes in quantity,-  we hope
to  reduce the  cost  of the kit containing both slides
and cape  to approximately  $5.00.  If you belong to a
progressive  club wishing   to  do  a community ser-
vice,  place your order  NOW,  as we  would  like to
complete  the printing and make the copies all at  one
time.

   Address order to League  office, M-72, Neil House,
Columbus, or inquire at registration desk.
                          THE POLLUTION COMMITTEE
               Projects For Your Club

    There  are  2.6  million  tons  of top  soil  being
 washed  into Lake  Erie each year.  Why not organize
 units to explore this  waste of top  soil an'd this un-
 necessary pollution of Lake Erie? Nothing much will
 be done unless you do it!
    Avail  yourselves of  the  League's  Pollution pic-
 ture-tape program and  use it.
    The  committee  is  greatly  indebted  to the men
 who  are quoted  and  to the following agencies  for
 much of the factual  data contained in this report:
    The  Ohio  River Valley  Sanitation Commission;
 the Ohio  U'a/err Pollution  Control  Board; Division
 G/.Sonirary Engineering; Ohio Department  o/ Health;
 Ohio Division of Wildlife and the journal  oj the Wa-
 ter Pollution  Control Federation.
                         Respectfully submitted
                         U'. Harold Yost, Chairman
                         pollution Control Committee
                         League of Ohio Sportsmen

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                                                                                                   580
              A Brief History of

   THE LEAGUE OF OHIO SPORTSMEN

 The League of Ohio Sportsmen  is  a non-profit
federation of the united hunting and fishing clubs
of  Ohio. It is dedicated to the restoration and
conservation of wildlife  in our fields, woods and
waters;  to  the abatement of stream  pollution;  to
the rehabilitation  and reforestration of unproduc-
tive  lands;  to further conservation  education  in
our  schools and  the  public; and to defend  the
legal set-up of the Ohio Department of  Natural
Resources  from political exploitation.
 The League was organized in 1908 by  a group
of far-seeing  sportsmen  to  save  the  remnants  of
the  fast disappearing  natural resources  of  the
state. The  constructive program of these pioneers
was  so appealing to  the  numerous "fish and
game" clubs throughout the  state that its member-
ship soon  reached several  thousands. In 1912,
the League  was chartered by the State of Ohio.

         In  Union  There  is Strength
 Early  in  1913 the combined  forces of  big and
little clubs found that in the League they had a
powerful voice in the State Legislature,  willing,
able  and  determined to fight for  constructive
outdoors legislation.  Solely through the  efforts
of the League was the Hunter's License Law en-
acted,   and only  after  the  fiercest opposition
which had.battled such legislation year after year.
 In  1918-19 the  League assisted in  the  re-codi-
fication  of the  game  laws.  In  1928, a  law was
passed  which prevents  the unused  sportsmen's
license  money fron  being  diverted  to purposes
other than  the propagation,  preservation and pro-
tection  of fish and game.
 Since  its  inception  the League pressed  for the
enactment  of a  fishing license law to  improve
fishing  through  additional  revenue. Time after
time such a law was introduced in the Legislature
and  each time it was  blocked or defeated. Once it
was vetoed after  passage.  Finally, in  1925, a
"rod and reel"  license  law was enacted. This
law  penalized the fisherman  who used such equip-
ment. Not  satisfied with the "rod and reel" law,
the League intensified its efforts, to  making fish-
ing licenses  necessary for all.  Later,  through
League efforts,  a  Universal Fishing  Law  was
enacted by which all fishermen  over 18 were re-
quired to purchase a license.

        From "Hunting and Fishing" to
         "Constructive Conservation."

  In  1929, the State of Ohio became truly "con-
servation  minded,"  when  the  League  of  Ohio
Sportsmen promoted and had passed  in the Legis-
lature  a  67-page conservation bill.  This  word
"conservation", little understood and  heretofore
seldom used,  was forcibly  brought to  the  eyes
and minds of Ohio's citizens for the first time. It
brought  enthusiastic support from  citizens who
cared little or nothing for simple "fish and game"
laws  but  were  concerned with the  preservation of
wildlife in all  its phases, as well as wise use of
the soil.  This conservation  bill set up the Divi-
sion  of Conservation and Natural  Resources and
brought   into  existence  the  first  Conservation
Council.  This law was amended  in 1939, giving
the Council authority to promulgate rules and re-
gulations, and the  control  of  seasons  and bag
limits on fish and game. Later, through League
efforts, the Department  of Natural  Resources was
created and the Fish and Game Division was re-
moved from that department and  became  the Wild-
life  Division of the new  Department of Natural
Resources.
  Throughout the life of  the League it has con-
sistently  fought for good outdoors  legislation and
vigorously opposed that  which was bad. It has
fought  to keep  conservation out of politics, it
saw  that the  Hunters  Identification  Law was
enacted,  and  the  League  initiated  legislation
making possible the Ohio Conservation Bulletin.


       Sportsmen's Money Protected by Law

  As  early as  1928, the League obtained promises
from both  political parties that license  money for
the Division of Conservation must  not be diverted
to any other branch of government  as it  had been.
This  was  enacted later into a law.
  In  1939, the League  was  responsible  for  out-
lawing the sale of wild rabbits in Ohio—rabbits
which had formerly been killed by thousands  and,
by any method, and sold on the open market.
  In 1940, the  League played a  major part in the
negotiating of a contract between the Division of
Conservation  and  Natural  Resources  and the
Muskingum Conservancy District.  This contract
made  available to sportsmen all  hunting rights on
48,000 acres  of land, all fishing rights  on the 11
lakes ownec  by  the District, and protected the

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                                                                                                  581
366 miles of shore lines of the lakes. Sportsmen
are now  reaping the benefits of this contract and
it  is  recognized  as one  of the most  outstanding
conservation  jobs  ever done  in Ohio,  or  in the
nation.
       The League and The Outdoor Writers
  In the early 1930's, at a Chicago meeting of the
Isaak Walton League, several  members  in attend-
ance proposed that an organization of individuals
writing  "hunting  and  fishing"  articles  for the
press  should be formed.  The first  officers-of the
new  outdoor writers organization were from Ohio
and affiliated with the League  of Ohio Sportsmen.
  A  few years later these same  League indivi-
duals promoted a state organization of Ohio Out-
door writers. Both theOutdoor Writers Association
of America  and the Outdoor Writers of Ohio were
the results of the concerted efforts of the closely
affiliated officers of the League of Ohio Sports-
men.
      A Major Achievement in Rehabilitation
  It was during this era of the League's activities
that  a project of major  importance  to eastern and
southern Ohio was brought into being. For sever-
al years ardent conservationists in southeastern
Ohio  were  appalled at the havoc wrought in their
counties by the strip mining of coal. Through the
good  offices of the League a meeting was arran-
ged with the strip mine  operators.  The happy re-
sult of this meeting was the formation of the Ohio
Reclamation Association—an enterprise carried oh
voluntarily by the strip  mining  industry to rehabil-
itate  the  marginal  surface lands connected with
the open-cut  operations.  The succeeding years
have  witnessed  most  gratifying  results of the
operations of this  Association. Many  of the un-
sightly spoil banks have been regraded and plant-
ed  in  food  bearing  plants, shrubs  and grasses.
Over  150 million trees  have been  planted. Many
dams  have been constructed across the final cuts
in the  operations,  forming fishing  lagoons, ponds
and lakes. These waters are open to public fish-
ing.  Other reclaimed areas are leased to  sports-
men's clubs for as  little  as one dollar a year.  No
better public relations  endeavor in all  Ohio has
borne  such  success as  has the volunteer  opera-
tions  of the members  of the  Ohio  Reclamation
Association.

          The Fight Against Pollution
  Over a long term of years the League fought for
legislation to control and abate stream pollution.
Despite powerful opposition it  succeeded in 1941
to giving  the then Department of  Fish and Game
the authority to prosecute for the killing  of ani-
mal and vegetable  life in  our streams and lakes
by  pollution.  The  League alone played  an in-
fluential part in the passage  of the  Deddens  Act
which, for the first time, set  up a commission to
control and prevent stream pollution  by industries
and municipalities. We are convinced  that  the in-
fluence of Ohio  sportsmen, exercised  through the
League, contributed largely  to the  increased in-
terest  in the education of  the  public towards the
menace of uncontrolled pollution.

              Quail Reclassified
  The League of Ohio  Sportsmen bears the honor-
ed  scars  of many a legislative battle.  One scar
they carry  to this day  was  caused  by the alarming
scarcity of quail in the early  1900's and the Lea-
gue's efforts to  do something  about it.The  League
proposed  a two-year closed  season on quail for
both  1911 and  1913 but  lost  the  fight  when the
Legislature voted in  1915 to  place the quail on
the  song  bird  list.  Corrective  legislation  has
since been pressed by the  League and resulted in
a  Quail Study Law  being  enacted in  1949- This
law may yet make it possible  for the large  majori-
ty  of  bird hunters  to enjoy  their favorite spor
since the  law reclassifies the quail from  a sonj,
bird to a  game  bird.
           Field Trial  Problems Eased
  As the League continued to grow in  size and in-
fluence it greatly expanded  its activities. It in-
terested itself  in the problems of  sporting  dog
owners  who were finding it exceedingly difficult
to  hold  their  field  trials   on  State-controlled
areas.  Thru the  influence  of the  League,  the
original Field Trial Bill was  introduced and en-
acted into law.  In  1952,  the  League vigorously
opposed  three  bills that  were to be introduced
into the Legislature which would hrfve given con-
trol of field  trials to the state, and  for which the
state  would collect a fee for each day that the
trials  were run. Through League  efforts these
bills were never introduced.
                 Sondusky Bay
  In  1954, the  League called a meeting of state-
wide  organizations  to try to  resolve the  differ-
ences existing between the commercial fishermen,
sports  fishermen,  and pleasure boat owners on
Sandusky  Bay.  After  many conferences, a satis-
factory agreement was reached and unanimously
approved.
  In 1955, the bill  resolving  the differences  was
written, and after consultation withmembers of the
General  Assembly,  was  introduced and passed

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                                                                                                582
  Foremost  in the National Conservation Picture
  The League  was honored several years  ago by
being  selected as the Ohio representative of the
National  Wildlife Federation.  Since the League
was admittedly the oldest and most active  sports-
men's organization in Ohio there was no question
as to the wisdom of the selection.
  We are credited by many national organizations
as having kept Ohio's members of Congress fully
informed,  at all times,  on legislation concerning
conservation (not only in Ohio, but of national
importance) so that they  could vote  intelligently
on such legislation.

             Conservation Education
  Under this heading comes the various activities
engaged in by the League to promote conservation
education among the  youth of  Ohio.  To this end
the League  has cooperated whole heartily withthe
Future Farmers of America.
  The League  entered  into the  book publishing
field in 1952 with its booklet  "Adopt a Stream."
This booklet, well written and handsomely illus-
trated, tells in detail  how to  improve or reclaim
stream  drainage areas by dams, riffles,  pools,
and  contains a diagram  for selected stream banks
and  area  planting. This  free  booklet  has been
distributed  in  every  state in  the  Union  and  in
several foreign countries.
  Another aspect of  conservation  education  re-
cently engaged in by the  League is the distribu-
tion  of wildlife  and conservation books  to  all
Ohio's public and parochial schools.The purchase
of these books is by voluntary  contributions from
the clubs  affiliated with the League.  To date, al-
most 9000  books have  been purchased  and dis-
tributed. It  is  gratifying  to see this worthwhile
program  of conservation  education  growing  by
leaps  and  bounds—it is  more  gratifying to read
the thousands of letters that have  been received
from the recipients of the books. The League is
genuinely proud  of  its member  clubs  who have
made this program possible.
       League Pioneers Gun Safety in Ohio
  The  League was the first sportsmen's organi-
zation in Ohio to realize the importance of teach-
ing gun-safety to  younger hunters—and  they did
something  about  it.  They  sponsored and  intro-
duced  the National Rifle  Association's "Hunter-
Safety Program"  in 1953 and organized schools
and classes. In  1956, this  worthwhile program was
turned  over to the Division of Wildlife, Department
of  Natural Resources, who will conduct  future
schools in hunter-safety.
         Brotherhood of the Jungle Cock

   For over  15 years the League has been the offi-
 cial  sponsor of  the  Brotherhood of the Jungle
 Cock in Ohio. The Brotherhood, an  international
 organization, is aimed at the youth of all  coun-
 tries and is primarily devoted to teaching sound
 sportsmanship.  Any boy or girl,  old  enough  to go
 fishing  and recite the pledge  of membership  is
 welcomed  into  its ranks. The  League  has  been
 honored by  having one  member of its executive
 committee  elected  to the presidency of the In-
 ternational  Brotherhood of the Jungle Cock.
              Legislotive Victory
   Also,  in  1957, the League won a legislative
 victory  when it  defeated  a bill  designed to take
 away   from  conservation clubs the  selling of
 hunting  and fishing  licenses.  Also,  that  same
 year  was initiated  a  state-wide  project to en-
 courage  conservation  clubs,   fraternal  organi-
 zations,  farm granges and individual landowners
 to construct a lake,  or lakes, in their  area. This
 project  would not only  help  solve the dwindling
 water table but  would furnish one of the finest
 recreational  assets  any club or  community  could
 have.  It is hoped that this project will be a life-
 time project  for all conservation  clubs.


           Quail Victory for Sportsmen
  In 1959, a long,  drawn-out battle dating  from
 1915 came  to an end when the  quail,  previously
 classified  as a song  bird,  was  officially re-
 cognized  as  a   game  bird.   League  sponsored
 legislation  now  allows the  hunting of  quail on
 land owned by the State of Ohio and other  lands
 where  the   Division of  Wildlife,  by  lease or
 agreement, has the  authority  to  manage the hunt-
 ing and taking of game.

           A Better and Bigger League
  For  many years, as its activities in the field
 of   conservation  education   increased,  and the
 burden of carrying on  these  and other programs
 in   an  effort to  make  Ohio  more conservation
 minded,   the  League was always hard-pressed
 for  lack of  working capital  to advance these
 endeavors.   In  I960,  was  inaugurated   an ex-
tensive campaign to  secure  sustaining members
 of  the League from the ranks of industry,  busi-
 ness and labor, and from others  who had faith in
 the  integrity and foresight of the  large  mass of
 sportsmen   and   conservationists  within  the
 League. In their  desire to aid in the policies and

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                                                                                             583
the  programs of  the  League  these  sustaining
members,   by their  support,  visibly  improved
the  financial status  of the League.  An  office
has  been  set up  in League headquarters at Col-
umbus.  It  is assured  now  that more  and  better
service will be available to all  member clubs who
have- been .the main  support  of the  League of
Ohio Sportsmen for the past 55 years.

             Constitution Revised
  Due to the rapid growth of the League and the
many changes th^t have occurred in these modern
•times,  it  was  thought advisable to amend and
revise  the  League's  Constitution  and By-Laws
to keep abreast  of the  changing trends in con-
servation   and  recreation.  This  was  first ac-
complished in  1957 and  again in  1963- The re-
vised  articles promise to make the League more
efficient.

              Target for Tomorrow
  After  many,  long .months  of 'earnest  study,
almost  endless conferences and diligent  effort,
the.Chairman of the Policy  and-Program Commit-
tee submitted his completed report.  It is,  by its
extensive coverage, a -remarkable and extensive
guide which is  to be  followed  by the League for
its future  expansion and usefulness. No field of
conservation, restoration,reclamation, recreation,
education,   pollution,  contamination,   or  wild-
life  was  overlooked.  It gives to the  League  a
definite  target to  be  aimed at  and a splendid
goal to be achieved.

                 What Lies  Ahead?
  The  officers and members  of the  League of
Ohio  Sportsmen   are  ,now  engaged in  carrying
out  the forceful  programs  which have made its
name   respected  throughout  the  nation. But,
while   seeking  new  conservation  and wildlife
gains  for th'e future,  we must  remain  strong and
united  lest we lose all that we have  won  in the
past.
                           "IN UNION THERE IS STRENGTH"
                                              WITH JUST ONtSTICK 
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                                 581*
1954
1959
1964
1965
    BLAST FURNACE FLUE DUST
   % OF FURNACES WITH ADEQUATE TREATMENT
          TOTAL FURNACES : 16

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                                   585
                              76%
                                81%
1954
1959
1964
1966
            MILL SCALE
% OF ROLLING MILLS WITH ADEQUATE TREATMENT
       TOTAL ROLLING MILLS '. 63

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                          586
,:•:
  SCHEDULE OF PROGRESS

       MAHONING VALLEY
  1954  1958   1961   1964

 :HEMICAL  TASTE AND ODOR
    NUMBER OF DAVS PER VEAR
    AT BEAVER FALLS EASTVALE
    WATER TREATMENT PLANT

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                              58?
  SCHEDULE  OF  PROGRESS
        MAHONING  VALLEY
1954
1959
1964
1966
100%
SEWAGE FROM STEELMILL POPULATION (35,000)
% COLLECTED AND CONNECTED TO TREATMENT FACILITIES

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588

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                589
v

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590

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              591
1 t1 Ti'J I"
      mm
      ,*{v/j  I
* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1965 O - 795-164

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