DOE
EPA
United States
Department
of Energy
Argonne National
Laboratory
Argonne, IL 60439
ANL/WR-78-2
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Energy, Minerals, and
Industry
Washington DC 20460
EPA-600/7-78-125
July 1978
Research and Development
Trace Organics
Variation Across
the Wastewater
Treatment System
of a Class-B Refinery
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program
Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
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tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
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This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
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DOE Distribution Category:
Environmental Control
Technology and
Earth Sciences (UC-11)
ANL/WR-78-2
EPA-600/7-78-125
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH PROGRAM
TRACE ORGANICS VARIATION ACROSS THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
OF A CLASS-B REFINERY
and
Estimate of Removal of Refractory Organics by Add-On Mixed-Media
Filtration and Granular Activated Carbon at Pilot Scale
by
L. A. Raphaelian and W. Harrison
Energy and Environmental Systems Division
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439
June 1978
Prepared under
EPA/DOE Interagency Agreement No. IAG-D5-0681
Program Element 1BB-601
EPA Project Officer: Fred Pfeffer DOE Project Officer: Henry Walter
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development, Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
and
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Office of Environment, Division of Environmental Control Technology
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The facilities of Argonne National Laboratory are owned by the United States Govern-
ment. Under the terms of a contract (W-31-109-Eng-38) between the U. S. Department of En-
ergy, Argonne Universities Association and The University of Chicago, the University employs
the staff and operates the Laboratory in accordance with policies and programs formulated, ap-
proved and reviewed by the Association.
MEMBERS OF ARGONNE UNIVERSITIES ASSOCIATION
The University of Arizona
Carnegie-Mellon University
Case Western Reserve University
The University of Chicago
University of Cincinnati
Illinois Institute of Technology
University of Illinois
Indiana University
Iowa State University
The University of Iowa
Kansas State University
The University of Kansas
Loyola University
Marquette University
Michigan State University
The University of Michigan
University of Minnesota
University of Missouri
Northwestern University
University of Notre Dame
The Ohio State University
Ohio University
The Pennsylvania State University
Purdue University
Saint Louis University
Southern Illinois University
The University of Texas at Austin
Washington University
Wayne State University
The University of Wisconsin
NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored
by the United States Government. Neither the United States
nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their
employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or
their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied,
or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the ac-
curacy, completeness or usefulness of any information, ap-
paratus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its
use would not infringe privately-owned rights. Mention of
commercial products, their manufacturers, or their suppli-
ers in this publication does not imply or connote approval or
disapproval of the product by Argonne National Laboratory
or the U. S. Department of Energy.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2
1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Background 7
1.2 Study Objectives and Scope 7
1.3 Previous Work 9
1.4 Refinery Selection 9
2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 11
2.1 Pilot-Scale Equipment 11
2.1.1 Setup 11
2.1.2 Operation 12
2.2 Wastewater Sampling 14
2.3 Isolation of Organics 15
2.4 GC/MS Analytical Procedures 16
2.4.1 General Description of the GC/MS System 16
2.4.2 Capillary-Column GC/MS 16
2.4.3 Specific Problems Encountered in the Analysis
of Extracts 18
2.4.4 Techniques for Identifying Organics in the
Extracts 20
2.4.5 Column Effects and Semi-Quantitative Analysis
of the Extracts 26
2.4.6 Sources of Error in Determination of the
Absolute Amount of Organics in the DAF, FC,
and AC Extracts and the Percent Removal of
Organics by Activated Sludge and the Add-On
Treatment System 29
2.5 Determination of Ancillary Parameters 31,
3 RESULTS 33
3.1 Neutral-Fraction Organic Compounds 33
3.2 Acid-Fraction Organic Compounds 44
3.3 Base-Fraction Organic Compounds 46
3.4 Treatment-System Performance Data 48
REFERENCES 53
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 54
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.)
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
Organic Compounds Found in Neutral Fractions
of the Effluent from the Dissolved Air
Flotation (DAF) Unit and Their Presence or
Absence in the Effluents from the Final
Clarifier (FC) and the Add-On Mixed-Media
Filter/Activated-Carbon (MM/AC) Units .
Organic Compounds Found in the Acid Fraction
of the Effluent from the Dissolved Air Flota-
tion (DAF) Unit and Their Presence or Absence
in the Effluents from the Final Clarifier (FC)
and Add-On Mixed-Media Filter/Activated Carbon
(MMF/AC) Units
Al
Organic Compounds Found in the Base Fraction
of the Effluent from the Dissolved Air Flota-
tion (DAF) Unit and Their Presence or Absence
in the Effluents from the Final Clarifier (FC)
and Add-On Mixed-Media Filter/Activated Carbon
(MMF/AC) Units
Massgram Plots for Compounds in the Neutral
Fraction of the DAF Effluent
Mass Spectra for Various Compounds in the
Neutral Fraction of the DAF-Effluent Sample
Listed According to Increasing Retention Time
Bl
Cl
Dl
El
^V
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LIST OF FIGURES
No. Title
1.1 Schematic Diagram Showing Proposed Sampling Points
at the Plant Intake(l) and in the Full-Scale(2,3)
and Pilot-Scale(4,5) Wastewater Treatment Systems
of a Class-B Refinery ...
2.1 Pilot-Scale Activated-Carbon Columns and Mixed-
Media Filters 11
2.2 Schematic of Add-On Treatment System and Sampling
Points for Effluent from Final-Clarifier(l), Mixed-
Media Filter Unit(2), and Carbon-Column Unit(3) 13
2.3 Groupings of Major Classes of Compounds Present in
the Neutral DAF Fraction as a Function of Retention
Time, Chromatographed on a 50-m OV-101 Capillary
Column Programmed at 2°C/min from 20-240°C with
2-min Hold at 20°C 22
2.4 Massgram Plots of Key Ions of C-j-Benzenes Used in
Identifying the Specific Isomers 24
2.5 Retention Time Versus Boiling Point of C -Benzenes .... 25
3.1 Total-Ion Chromatogram of Neutral Fraction of DAF
Effluent (Diluted 100-Fold) Made Using a 50-m
OV-101 Column Programmed from 20-240°C with a
2-min Hold at 20°C 34
V
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Title
2.1 Number of Possible Isomers of Alkylated Benzenes
and Some PNAs Commonly Found in the Neutral DAF
Fraction 21
2.2 Abundances of Key Ions of C--Benzenes 23
2.3 Area Counts of 50-Fold and 100-Fold Diluted DAF
Samples for Some Compounds in the DAF Effluent 27
2.4 Ions Used for Massgram Plots 28
3.1 Concentration of n-Alkanes in the Neutral Fraction
of the DAF Effluent and Percent Removal by the
Activated-Sludge and Activated-Carbon Units
(50-m OV-101 Column, 3 yL Injection) 36
3.2 Concentration of Alkenes and Alkanes Other than
n-Alkanes in the Neutral Fraction of the DAF
Effluent and Percent Removal by the Activated-
Sludge and Activated-Carbon Units (50-m OV-101
Column, 3 yL Injection) 37
3.3 Concentration of Alkylated Benzenes in the
Neutral Fraction of the DAF Effluent and Percent
Removal by the Activated-Sludge and Activated-
Carbon Units (50-m OV-101 Column, 3 yL Injection) 3g
3.4 Concentration of Indan and Tetralin and Related
Compounds and Their Alkylated Derivatives in the
Neutral Fraction of the Effluent and Percent
Removal by the Activated-Sludge and Activated-
Carbon Units (50-m OV-101 Column, 3 yL Injection) 39
3.5 Concentration of Naphthalene and Alkylated
Naphthalenes in the Neutral Fraction of the DAF
Effluent and Percent Removal by the Activated-
Sludge and Activated-Carbon Units (50-m OV-101
Column, 3 yL Injection) 40
3.6 Concentration of Alkylated Benzothiophenes and
Dibenzothiophenes in the Neutral Fraction of the
DAF Effluent and Percent Removal by the Activated-
Sludge and Activated-Carbon Units (50-m OV-101
Column, 3 yL Injection) 41
3.7 PNAs and Alkylated PNAs Other than Naphthalenes in
the Neutral Fraction of the DAF Effluent and Percent
Removal by the Activated-Sludge and Activated-Carbon
Units (50-m OV-1,01 Column, 3 yL Injection) 42
v^
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LIST OF TABLES (Contd.)
No. Title Page
3.8 Comparison of Percent Removal by Activated-Sludge
and Activated-Carbon Units for Various Classes of
Organic Compounds 43
3.9 Raw Data Output from GC/MS Data System of 57, 97
and 142 Ions Demonstrating the Drastic Reduction
by the Activated Carbon of Alkanes (57 Ion) and
Alkenes (97 Ion) and Only Partial Removal of
Methyl Naphthalenes (142 Ion) 45
3.10 Concentration of Phenols in the Acid Fraction of
the DAF Effluent and Percent Removal by the
Activated Sludge and Activated Carbon Units
(50-m OV-17 Column, 3 yL Injection) 47
3.11 Alkylated Pyridines in the Base Fraction of the
DAF Effluent and Percent Removal by Activated
Sludge and Activated Carbon Units (50-m OV-17
Column, 3 yL Injection) 49
3.12 Alkylated Quenolines in the Base Fraction of the
DAF Effluent and Percent Removal by Activated
Sludge and Activated Carbon Units (50-m OV-17
Column, 3 yL Injection) 50
3.13 Alkylated Anilines in Base Fraction of the DAF
and Effluent and Percent Removal by Activated
Sludge and Activated Carbon Units (50-m 0V 17
Column, 3 yL Injection) 50
3.14 Daily Performance for Common Wastewater Parameters 51
3.15 Average Performance over 4-Day Study Period for
Common Wastewater Parameters 52
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TRACE ORGANICS VARIATION ACROSS THE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEM OF A CLASS-B REFINERY
and
Estimate of Removal of Refractory Organics by
Add-On Mixed-Media Filtration and Granular
Activated Carbon at Pilot Scale
by
L. A. Raphaelian and W. Harrison
ABSTRACT
Wastewater at SOHIO's Toledo refinery was sampled every
four hours for four successive days in December, 1976. Efflu-
ents from the full-scale system (dissolved-air-flotation [DAF]
unit and final clarifier for the activated-sludge unit) and an
add-on pilot-scale unit (mixed-media filter and activated-carbon
columns) were sampled for analysis of common wastewater para-
meters and trace organic compounds. Grab samples taken every
four hours were composited daily. Organics were isolated into
acid, base, and neutral fractions. Four-day composites of these
daily extracts were analyzed by capillary-column gas chromatog-
raphy/mass spectrometry. Some 304 compounds were identified in
the neutral fraction of the DAF effluent and removal of these
organics by the activated-sludge and add-on treatment units was
estimated. Numerous data for the approximate concentration of
organic compounds are presented. Common wastewater parameters
are also presented for comparison to specific organics concen-
tration data.
The activated-sludge unit removed aromatic compounds bet-
ter than it did nonaromatics whereas the activated-carbon unit
was better at removal of nonaromatic compounds. Average per-
centage removal of those organics present in the DAF effluent
was: >99% (activated sludge), -0% (mixed-media filter), and
<1% (activated carbon). Of the -1% of trace organics remaining
in the final-clarifier effluent, 81% (by weight) were removed
by the activated carbon. Because of variations in extraction
efficiencies, amount of sample injected, losses on the GC column
and transfer lines, and other sources of error, these are only
approximate removal estimates.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the results of research conducted by Argonne
National Laboratory jointly for the U.S. EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory and for the U.S. DOE's Division of Environmental Control
Technology, Office of Assistant Secretary for Environment. The primary aim
of the research was to evaluate the efficiency of pilot-scale granular acti-
vated carbon for the removal of organic compounds refractory to the activated-
sludge treatment system of a Class B petroleum refinery that met BPT ("best
practicable technology") in 1977. In order to achieve this goal, it was
necessary to characterize the trace organic compounds present not only in the
effluent from an add-on mixed-media/activated-carbon pilot-scale unit, but
also those compounds in the effluents from two of the wastewater treatment
steps (the dissolved-air-flotation and activated-sludge treatment steps) that
preceded the pilot-scale unit. The research approach that was adopted and
the major results are as follows.
a) Add-on pilot-scale setup at Class-B refinery
Argonne assisted the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
(RSKERL) in setting up its mobile, pilot-scale equipment at SOHIO's Toledo
refinery, a 120,000 BPSD refinery having crude topping, catalytic cracking,
and coking. The RSKERL pilot-scale equipment consisted of two 6-in.-ID glass,
up-flow carbon columns, with a total bed depth of 6 ft, preceded by one 6-in.-
ID, mixed-media filter. A constant flow rate of 0.25 gpm was maintained and
a carbon analyzer was used to confirm that TOG breakthrough (carbon-column
overloading with organics) did not occur.
b) Wastewater sampling and organics extractions
Grab samples of wastewater taken every 4 hr were composited every
24 hr at each of the four sampling points mentioned earlier (the effluents
from the dissolved-air-flotation, final-clarifier, mixed-media-filtration,
and activated-carbon units). Each day's composite samples were iced and air
shipped to RSKERL for extraction. This procedure was followed for four con-
secutive days. Organic compounds were isolated by a liquid-liquid extraction
technique using methylene chloride followed by extract concentration and
ampuling for shipment. RSKERL supplied Argonne with 1-mL solutions of the
acid, base, and neutral fractions composited over the 24-hr sampling periods.
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c) Identification of wastewater organic compounds
The 12 fractions of the composited extractions were analyzed by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), using capillary columns of the wall-
coated variety and Grob-type splitless injection. Comprehensive identifica-
tion of organics in the effluent from the dissolved air flotation (DAF) unit
was undertaken. Over 300 compounds were identified in the neutral fraction
using (primarily) single-ion chromatograms. The concentrations of the or-
ganics in the final clarifier (FC), mixed-media filtration (MMF), and acti-
vated-carbon (AC) effluents were so low that a special procedure had to be
instituted for their identification. It was necessary to assume that each
organic compound identified in the DAF effluent was present also in the FC,
MMF, and AC effluents, but at much lower concentrations. This assumption was
equivalent to using the extract of the DAF effluent as a "standard mixture."
Identification of each organic in the FC, MMF, and AC extracts was based on
retention time, presence of major ions, and semi-quantification of the area
or peak height of each major ion.
d) Results (neutral-fraction organics)
Predominant types of compounds in the neutral fraction of the DAF ef-
fluent were n-alkanes, toluene, C2, C« and C, benzenes, naphthalene, methyl
naphthalenes and C -naphthalenes, phenanthrene, anthracene, and methyl phenan-
threnes and anthracenes, present in concentrations of about 10-700 ppb (ex-
pressed as concentration in the wastewater, and not corrected for extraction
efficiency).
There was extensive removal of trace organics by the activated sludge
unit, no measurable removal by the add-on mixed-media filter unit, and varying
removal, where measurable, of the remaining (refractory) organics by the add-
on activated-carbon unit. With regard to the n-alkanes, Cg through C~, the
percent removal by activated sludge was greatest for GI and fell off gradu-
ally as carbon number increased. With activated carbon, there was again a
gradual decrease in percent removal as carbon number increased, due probably
to less adsorption ability for higher alkanes.
Percent removals of branched alkanes by the activated sludge and by the
activated carbon, where measurable, are in the same range as the n-alkanes.
Cycloalkanes (or alkenes) were removed by the activated-sludge unit
in much the same way as the n-alkanes but none could be detected in the
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activated-carbon effluent, probably because of their extremely low concentra-
tions in the final-clarifier effluent.
Alkylated benzenes were drastically removed by the activated sludge;
additional removal by activated carbon appeared to be limited. Indan and
tetralin-type molecules exhibited similar behavior.
Naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes were substantially removed by
activated sludge and only partially removed by activated carbon.
Alkylated benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, PNAs, and alkylated PNAs
were present in very small quantities and removal percentages were difficult
to estimate.
In general, the activated-sludge unit removed aromatic compounds better
than nonaromatic compounds whereas activated carbon showed greatest removal
efficiency on nonaromatic compounds of the neutral fraction.
e) Results (acid-fraction organics)
Over 30 phenols were found in the acid fraction of the DAF effluent,
ranging in concentration from 1 to 50 ppb. Predominant phenols were phenol,
the cresols, an unidentified xylenol, and 2,3-xylenol. The activated-sludge
unit was very effective in removing phenols. Three alkylated phenols were
removed at levels of >99.9%. A measure of the efficiency of the activated-
carbon unit for removal of phenols was not possible due to the extremely low
concentrations (or absence) of phenols in the effluent from the final clari-
f ier.
f) Results (base-fraction organics)
More than 70 compounds were found in the base fraction of the DAF ef-
fluent. Some of these were not organic bases, reflecting incomplete separa-
tions in the extraction process. Very small amounts of alkylated pyridines
were present, such as picolines, ethyl pyridines, lutidines, ethyl picolines,
collidines and ethyl lutidines. Small amounts of alkylated quinolines, C.. ,
C , and C s, and appreciable quantities of aniline and alkylated anilines
were present. Although analysis of the data showed that the activated-sludge
unit did remove base-fraction organics, little can be said owing to the very
small concentrations involved.
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g) Results (common wastewater parameters)
Also reported herein are the results of a parallel effort at wastewater
characterization that was conducted by SOHIO's Warrensville Research Center.
Common wastewater parameters were run daily on composites of 4-hr grab samples
collected in parallel with those taken for trace organics characterization.
Average performance data for the 4-day study showed either no effect or only
a minor effect of the mixed-media filter, but a major effect of activated-
carbon unit, on final-clarifier effluent. The activated-carbon effluent was
of a quality equal to or better than the plant intake water (from Maumee Bay)
for all seven parameters measured. The final clarifier effluent was slightly
higher in concentration with regard to cyanide, COD, BOD, and TOC and equal
or better with regard to 0 + G and suspended solids than the intake water and
activated carbon effluent. However, since only very low levels (ppb range)
of organics were found by GC-MS analysis of the final clarifier effluent, the
organics contributing to the BOD, COD, and TOC concentrations are compounds
not amenable to extraction and/or GC-MS analysis and probably consist of high
molecular weight compounds such as humic acids and natural by-products of
bacterial action.
h) Removal of trace organics by granular activated carbon (GAG) at
pilot scale
A limitation of this study is that data were obtained from the pilot-
scale GAC unit for only four days on fresh carbon. These data permit infer-
ences about refractory organics removal only when a GAC adsorber is started
up. It was not possible to speculate on 1) compound breakthrough character-
istics with respect to percent GAC bed saturation as a function of TOC or COD
adsorbing capacity or 2) when regeneration is necessary.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
At the time this study was initiated, the 1983 BATEA model for waste-
water treatment for the petroleum refining industry, as proposed by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), consisted of the following treatment
sequence: biological treatment, mixed-media filtration, or its equivalent,
and granular activated carbon. Thus, the proposed 1983 model consisted of
fixed-bed activated-carbon adsorption added onto the 1977 "best-practicable-
technology" (BPT) which consisted of biological treatment followed by final
polishing. (The U.S. Court of Appeals Ruling of August 11, 1976, however,
remanded for reconsideration by the EPA Administrator the 1983 guidelines for
petroleum refining including the requirement for granular activated carbon in
the treatment sequence.)
An important step in evaluating the efficacy of the BATEA model in-
volves documentation of the ability of fixed-bed activated carbon to remove
trace organic compounds that are refractory to the biological plus mixed-
media treatment steps. This study was carried out to try to determine the
relative organic compositions of the effluents from the biological, mixed-
media (polishing), and granular-activated-carbon treatment steps. An effort
was made to characterize the trace organic compounds in these effluents at a
Class B refinery having treatment meeting BPT limitations. The results would
serve primarily as guidance for determining the need for a larger-scale study
and would not necessarily be used to predict the performance of a full-scale
system.
1.2 STUDY OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
The objectives of this study were
a) characterization of trace organic compounds across the
full-scale wastewater treatment system at a Class B petro-
leum refinery that met BPT,
b) characterization of trace organics in effluents from add-on
filtration and carbon adsorption at pilot scale, and
c) estimation of the ability to remove trace organics by the
full scale and the add-on pilot-scale units.
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The scope of the study involved taking water samples every four hours
for four days at the following points (Fig. 1.1):
1) the refinery's raw-water intake main,
2) the effluent stream from the dissolved-air-flotation (DAF)
unit,
3) the effluent stream from the final clarifier (FC),
4) the pilot mixed-media filter (MMF) effluent stream, and
5) the pilot activated-carbon (AC)-column effluent stream.
The four-hour grab samples were to be composited daily. Trace organics
from the composited samples were to be extracted as acid, base, and neutral
fractions for characterization by capillary-column gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/MS).
Comparisons of the trace organic compositions of the effluents listed
above were undertaken by
a) attempting a comprehensive identification of the organics
in the DAF effluent,
b) determining the retention time and the major ions associ-
ated with each organic compound in the DAF effluent,
c) measuring the peak height (or area) of the major ions of
each organic in the DAF effluent,
d) measuring, in the FC, MMF, and AC effluents, the peak
height (or area) of the previously-determined major ions
of each organic, and
/PLANT'V!
i INTAKE
I VWATER,
I
PROCESS^
WATER ""
Fig. 1.1.
©-
1
CARBON
LJ
r~i r~
CARBON
FILTER
f © 1
FINAL
"EFFLUENT
FULL
rSCALE
PILOT
SCALE
Schematic Diagram Showing Proposed Sampling
Points at the Plant Intake(1) and in the Full-
Scale(2,3) and Pilot-Scale(4,5) Wastewater
Treatment Systems of a Class-B Refinery
-------
e) calculating the percent reduction of peak height (or area)
of each major ion in going from the DAF to the FC, MMF, and
AC effluents.
The above assumes that extraction efficiencies are equivalent (not
necessarily 100%) for each organic compound in the DAF, FC, MMF, and AC ef-
fluents.
1.3 PREVIOUS WORK
Burlingame (1977) characterized the organic compounds in three grab
samples of wastewater from an unspecified Class-B refinery. The wastewater
samples were taken subsequent to the API separator, subsequent to the Pasveer
oxidation ditch and clarifier, and subsequent to the non-aerated lagoons.
Burlingame used capillary-column GC and high-resolution MS to identify and
inventory the major compound types in the neutral fraction of the three sam-
ples. Pfeffer, Harrison, and Raphaelian (1977) reported on the preliminary
results of the present work, for SOHIO's Class B refinery at Toledo, Ohio-
With the exception of these two preliminary studies, we are unaware of
any published works that attempt to characterize all of the measurable trace
organics across a full-scale refinery wastewater treatment system. Nor have
we found any material in the literature regarding the removal efficiencies of
activated carbon for trace or refractory organics in biologically treated re-
finery wastewater.
Matthews (1978) has prepared a comprehensive review of the treatment
of selected industrial wastewaters, including petroleum refinery wastewater,
with activated carbon. No studies such as the present were uncovered in
Matthews' search of the literature.
1.4 REFINERY SELECTION
Considerable time was allocated to refinery selection, as there was
sufficient funding to study only one refinery. Repeated discussions and meet-
ings were held with members of the API's W-20 Task Group to arrive at a
"representative" refinery; however, all agreed that a truly representative
refinery did not exist. It was agreed to acquire permission from a Class B
refinery whose final effluent quality met BPT. Other selection criteria in-
cluded intake water quality and variability, refinery turnaround plans,
-------
10
final-effluent quality, raw-waste loading, and hydraulic detention times
typifying the activated sludge process at a Class B refinery.
Agreement was reached in September 1976 to conduct the study at SOHIO's
Toledo refinery. This is a Class B refinery (crude topping and catalytic
cracking) with coking, having a crude capacity of 120,000 BPSD. The treat-
ment train at that time consisted of an API Separator, a dissolved-air-flota-
tion (DAF) unit, an extended aeration type activated sludge unit, and a final
clarifier. The final effluent quality routinely satisfied BPT requirements
with the exception of suspended solids. Following a 1-month turnaround period,
the wastewater treatment system returned to steady state in November 1976, one
month before sampling for this study began.
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11
2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
2.1 PILOT-SCALE EQUIPMENT
2.1.1 Setup
EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL) fur-
nished a mobile laboratory trailer that was positioned near the final clari-
fier. Facilities aboard the trailer included 6-in.-ID glass columns for
filtration and carbon adsorption (Pig. 2.1), a TOG analyzer for monitoring
organic carbon breakthrough, pumping and distribution capability, and sampling
gear. The sampling equipment, pumps, and distribution lines were fabricated
and so installed that the only materials in contact with water moving through
the pilot treatment system were stainless steel, glass, Teflon, and polypro-
pylene. A stainless-steel reservoir
was used for backwashing (Fig. 2.2).
Pumps had polyethylene impellers and
housings. Sampling points 2 and 3
(Fig. 2.2) were removable steel plugs.
A 25-ft inlet line connected the clar-
ifier weir trough to the primary pump.
Sampling points aboard the trailer
were: 1) SOHIO's final clarifier
effluent, 2) pilot mixed-media filter
effluent, and 3) pilot carbon-column
effluent (Fig. 2.2).
Two, parallel, down-flow mixed-
media filters (Fig. 2.1) were used.
While one was operating for 24 hr, the
second, having been backwashed, was
ready for use the next day. Figure
2.2 shows the configuration of the
filtering bed: anthrafilt, washed un-
graded sand, and washed gravel. Sand
used had an Effective Size of 0.2 mm
and a Uniformity Coefficient of 4.5.
Fig. 2.1.
Pilot-Scale Activated-
Carbon Columns and
Mixed-Media Filters
-------
12
Backwashing was accomplished by alternately pulsing with air and pumping
carbon-column effluent.
Two up-flow carbon columns (Fig. 2.1) were packed as shown in Fig. 2.2
and operated in series to achieve a total bed depth of 6 feet. A constant
flow rate of 0.25 gpm was maintained. The reactivated carbon used was Cal-
gon's Adsorption Service Carbon. Calgon's analysis of a sample from the lot
used at Toledo gave these results:
»3
Apparent Density, (g/cc): 0.51
Molasses Number: 282
Iodine Number:0 821
Sieve Result (mesh) 8x40
Column packing was accomplished by trickling material into each water-filled
glass column.
2.1.2 Operation
Following packing, the filters were cleaned by back flushing with plant
tap water for about one hour. Each filter was backwashed prior to usage by
pulsing with air, to kick up the anthrafilt and the top few inches of sand,
and then backwashing with final-clarifier effluent to sweep out the dislodged
suspended solids. This operation was performed for about one hour. During
the run, backwashing was performed in a similar manner using carbon effluent;
then the column was allowed to stand for about 23 hours while full of the
carbon-column effluent.
On the day prior to the study, the system was operated for about one
hour on final-clarifier effluent and then shut down until the study. Flow
control was accomplished by mechanical constriction (Fig. 2.2) on the carbon-
column discharge line. This eliminated H2S bubbles released in the carbon
weight per unit volume of homogeneous activated carbon.
Calculated from the ratio of optical densities of the filtrate of a molasses
solution treated with standard activated carbon and the test activated car-
bon. This is the test method of Pittsburgh Activated Carbon Co. Molasses
number is assumed to reflect transitional-pore surface area.
°The milligrams of iodine adsorbed by one gram of carbon at an equilibrium
filtrate concentration of 0.02N iodine. It is measured by contacting a
single sample of carbon with an iodine solution and extrapolating to 0.02N
via an assumed isotherm slope. Iodine number can be correlated with ability
to adsorb low-molecular-weight substances and is assumed to reflect small-
pore surface area.
-------
13
WASTE
(3)
PH
.GRAVEL",
Fig. 2.2.
WASTE
Schematic of Add-On Treatment System and Sampling Points
for Effluent from Final-Clarifier(l), Mixed-Media Filter
Unit(2), and Carbon-Column Unit(3)
columns when flow control was attempted at the discharge side of the pump
feeding final clarifier effluent to the filter.
The add-on treatment system was operated at 1/4 gpm, resulting in about
36 min contact time for the carbon at a surface loading rate of 1.27 gpm/ft2.
The residence time (36 min) is the empty-bed residence time, V/Q. No biologi-
cal growth was noted on the carbon during the study.
Flow to the columns was initiated at 4:00 A.M. on the first day of the
study. Following the 8:00 A.M. sampling each day, the system was shut down.
The filters were reversed; the backwashed filter was switched to the filtra-
tion mode, and the previously used filter was plumbed for backwash. The
columns were started again, and the flow adjusted. Total shut-down time was
about 15 min.
During the study, there were no significant recorded changes in flow
through the plant wastewater treatment system, as measured by the biofeed
pumping rates (that is, the wastewater influent to the aeration basin). Note
that, waste sludge being insignificant, the final-clarifier effluent and
-------
14
biofeed flows were assumed to be equal. Aeration time was of the order of
16-18 hours and mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids concentration in the
aeration basin was 4440 mg/L, during the study. These values are noted here
because the performance and operating conditions of the activated sludge unit
can have a significant effect on the organics removal capabilities of granular
activated-carbon columns (Kim, et^ al., 1976).
2.2 WASTEWATER SAMPLING
Samples of wastewater (-420 mL each) were taken and iced every four
hours (8A, 12N, 4P, 8P, 12M, and 4A) at each of the five locations given in
Sections 1.2 and 2.1. Plant intake water was sampled at a wet well on the
negative side of the pump that lifts water to the process units. The well
receives water by gravity flow from Maumee Bay, Lake Erie. Effluent from the
dissolved air flotation (DAF) unit was sampled from a valve on the discharge
pump that lifts DAF effluent to the aeration basin. This valve remained open
during the 4-day study.
Every 24 hr a composite sample (-2.5 L) was made up, from the previous
day's 4-hr individual samples, for each of the five sampling points. Each
daily set of composited samples was transported in ice chests to Detroit for
air shipment to Ada, Oklahoma. The samples arrived at RSKERL in Ada within
9 hr of final compositing in Toledo.
Attention was given to decontaminating material coming in contact with
water samples. All glassware was cleaned by firing, maintaining 550°C for
1 hour. Sample-bottle caps contained Teflon liners which had been cleaned by
Soxlet extraction with methylene chloride, the solvent later used in the lab-
oratory for extracting the organics from the water samples.
Two problems occurred which should be noted. The 12N grab was missed
during the first 24-hr compositing period owing to a power failure. Secondly,
the validity of the composite sample of carbon-column effluent for the first
day and for 1/6 of the second day is somewhat doubtful owing to an error in
sampling. The flow being only 1/4 gpm and the total volume of sample required
for SOHIO and Argonne analyses being over 2 gallons, the flow restriction was
removed during sampling. The flow was probably 1 gpm at this time. However,
soluble total organic carbon values recorded before and after this point
showed no appreciable differences. Total organic carbon values were measured
-------
15
to assure that no break-through occurred during the study. (Samples were
taken of the final-clarifier, mixed-media, and carbon-column effluents
(usually at 8:00 A.M. and 12:00 N) for determination of soluble total organic
carbon.)
2.3 ISOLATION OF ORGANICS
Personnel at EPA's RSKERL prepared the composited water samples for
GC/MS analysis by Argonne. This involved the following tedious liquid-liquid
extraction sequence using methylene chloride.
pH 2
(lx!25ml; 2x75ml C
I
ACIDS/NEUTRALS
EXTRACT
(3x50ml 5% NaOH)
AQUEOUS PHASE
pH 11
(3x75ml CH2C12)
AQUEOUS
PHASE
|~pTT2
(3x50ml CH0C1,)
i2 2
BASES EXTRACT
ACIDS EXTRACT
Again, all glassware was fired for organics decontamination. A major
problem was emulsion formation, requiring emulsion breaking and phase separa-
tion by various techniques. Each organic extract was dried by passing through
anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was stripped, resulting in 1 mL of
concentrated extract which was sealed in a glass ampul. A period of 9 man-
hours was involved in preparing each sample to the ampul stage; there were
20 samples requiring this preparation.
-------
16
Of the 24-hr-composited 3780-mL water samples from each of the sampling
points, 2500 mL were extracted to give 200 mL each of neutral, acid, and base
fractions. Of the 200-mL extract of each fraction, 125 mL were concentrated
to 1 mL extracts (one for each of 4 days, 3 fractions, and 5 sampling points -
a total of sixty 1-mL extracts). For use in GC/MS analysis, 0.2 mL of each
of four 1-mL extracts (one for each day) were combined to give a 4-day compos-
ite extract which was evaporated in a 1-mL, cone-shaped vial to 50 uL.
2.4 GC/MS ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
2.4.1 General Description of the GC/MS System
Analysis of the specific organics in the extracts was performed on a
Hewlett-Packard 5982A GC/MS equipped with a Hewlett-Packard 5933A Data System
consisting of a 2100S Computer with 16K, 16-bit-word core memory, 7900A Dual
Disc Drive with 2.5M bytes/disc memory, 5948A A/D Converter, 6131C D/A Con-
verter, and a Tektronix 4012 Display Terminal. A 5930 HP GC was used in place
of the 5700 Series HP GC normally delivered with the 5982A GC/MS. Peripheral
equipment included a Tektronix 4631 Hard Copy Unit and a Zeta 130-10 Incre-
mental Plotter. Discs with the Aldermaston AWRE Spectral Library, the HP
Contributed Libraries, and the EPA/NIH Spectral Library were also available
along with an Anderson Jacobson AD 342 Acoustic Coupler for connecting to the
Cyphernetics Mass Spectral Search System in Ann Arbor, Michigan. During the
course of the study, it was found that the time required for analysis and
workup of data far exceeded that required for collection of data. This was
due partly to the great complexity of the samples and partly to the high
resolution of peaks by the capillary columns used. Thus, a time sharing data
system, the HP 5934A, was obtained; it consisted of a 21MX Computer with 32K,
16 bit word core memory, 7900A Dual Disc Drive with 2.5M bytes/disc memory,
5948B Data Subsystem (A/D and D/A Converters), and a Tektronix 4012 Display
Terminal. With this data system, data could be collected during GC/MS runs
while previously collected data could be analyzed. Also, the 5933A Data
System could be used for analyzing previously collected data.
2.4.2 Capillary-Column GC/MS
Due to the anticipated complexity of samples that were to be analyzed,
it was felt that capillary columns of the wall-coated variety should be used
-------
17
to afford the greatest resolution possible. Although support-coated open
tubular (SCOT) type columns are simpler to use, the wall-coated open tubular
(WCOT) columns were used because of their greater resolution, less suscepti-
bility to tailing due to adsorptive effects, and their ability to pass higher-
boiling components such as PNAs, which were of interest in this study. With
WCOT columns, leak-proof and low-dead-volume connections are required to avoid
tailing of peaks and care was taken to ensure that this was the case. A modi-
fied split/splitless Hewlett-Packard Grob-type injection system was used for
the capillary columns. The end of the column was connected to glass-lined
stainless-steel tubing with an ID of 0.5 mm. The glass-lined stainless-steel
tubing was connected directly to a line going to the mass spectrometer source.
Since no separator, such as a jet or membrane separator, was used, all compo-
nents of a mixture exiting the column entered the mass spectrometer. There-
fore, there could not be discrimination in the amount of each component reach-
ing the mass spectrometer as there is with separators. Assuming the individ-
ual components are not lost in the injection system, the column, or the glass-
lined stainless-steel-tubing transfer line, the amount of each component in
the mixture reaching the source of the mass spectrometer is a true represen-
tation of the quantity injected on column.
The glass-lined stainless-steel-tubing transfer line was wrapped care-
fully with insulated nichrome wire, insulated with glass wool and glass elec-
trical tape. With this method of heating, the transfer line could be left at
lower temperatures due to the more uniform heating and compounds passing
through the transfer line were less likely to decompose due to hot spots
typically found in commercial instruments where other devices are used for
heating the transfer line. As a result, gains in sensitivity, particularly
of the higher boiling components, are noticeable.
Since the sample extracts consisted of small amounts of organics in a
solvent, it was found necessary to use Grob-type splitless injection. As
opposed to split operation, the Grob system avoids the loss of large amounts
of the sample and the discrimination of components of the mixture. Also,
peaks tend to be sharper due to the so-called "solvent" effect whereby the
plug formed at the beginning of the column is smaller because the solvent acts
as a barrier to diffusion of the plug and tends to concentrate the plug.
Moreover, in splitless operation, the septum is continuously purged during
-------
18
the run thereby avoiding components of the septum to enter the column. How-
ever, it was found that, between runs, septum-bleed would enter the column,
deteriorating the resolution of the column during runs. Thus, a modification
of the system was made whereby the injection port was automatically put into
the purged state between runs or overnight.
Aside from the well-known increased resolution of capillary columns
over packed columns, there are other aspects of capillary column GC/MS that
make the use of capillary columns desirable. First, since in mass spectrom-
etry, the mass spectrum, or abundance of each ion, is recorded at a specific
instant, there is no integrating effect. Thus, even if one can see a total-
ion chromatographic peak, one does not necessarily get an interpretable mass
spectrum. With capillary column GC/MS, because of the narrowness of the peak,
the actual amount of compound reaching the source per unit time is consider-
ably higher than with packed columns and, therefore, sensitivity is increased
and possible interpretation is enhanced. Second, capillary columns have dras-
tically reduced column bleed as compared to packed columns. Although present
data systems are equipped with methods for subtracting background, this pro-
cedure never works very well, particularly with trace amounts of organics.
From the outset, it is better to have as little background as possible.
Third, all the compound exiting the capillary column enters the mass spec-
trometer, whereas with packed columns, only part (typically less than 50%)
gets through the separator to the mass spectrometer source. There are cer-
tain high-boiling compounds that never get through packed columns due either
to adsorptive effects or to decomposition. On the other hand, capillary
columns pass the same high-boiling compounds at considerably lower tempera-
tures.
2.4.3 Specific Problems Encountered in the Analysis of Extracts
In initial capillary column GC/MS studies of the neutral fraction of
the DAF, FC, MMF, and AC samples, it was found that, whereas there were appre-
ciable amounts of organics in the DAF samples, the concentration of organics
in the FC, MMF, and AC was well below the detection limit by typical GC/MS
procedures, except for a very few organics. For example, a major component
in the DAF is n-pentadecane; it was present at a concentration of approxi-
mately 240 ng on column (that is, when injected onto the column at 100 times
-------
19
dilution). It was reduced by the activated sludge to approximately 90 ng on
column and, by the activated carbon, to approximately 8.1 ng on column. The
majority of organics in the DAF have a lower concentration than that of n-
pentadecane. Since the lower limit of detection under ideal conditions by
typical GC/MS procedures is approximately 10 ng on column, it would appear
that a study of the reduction of the organics in the DAF effluent by the
activated-sludge and activated-carbon units might be impossible with the pos-
sible exception of a very few compounds. Even with single-ion techniques
(mass fragmentography), the detection of most of the organics would at best
be difficult in the FC and AC effluents. Also, due to the large number of
different organics (over 300) in the DAF, the use of single-ion techniques
would be cumbersome; present-day data systems for GC/MS are set up for moni-
toring only a limited number of ions and are, therefore, adaptable to looking
at only a few compounds during a run. Based on these observations, it appeared
that the identification of organics in the FC and AC samples would be impossi-
ble.
Because of the foregoing problems an assumption had to be made; namely,
those organics that are present in the DAF effluent are present also in the FC
and AC effluent, but at much lower concentrations. Under such an assumption,
one can examine the FC- and AC-effluent GC/MS data for those specific organics
present in the DAF effluent. This method is equivalent to using the extract
of the DAF effluent as a "standard mixture," and requires a comprehensive
identification of the organics in the DAF-effluent extract and documentation
of the mass spectrum, major ions, and retention time of each component. The
identification of the organics in the FC and AC effluents is, therefore, based
on retention time and the presence of major ions and the semi-quantification
on the area or peak height of the major ions. (Of course, in identifying a
component in the FC and measuring its concentration, one can not differentiate
between whether the component had arisen from incomplete removal by the acti-
vated sludge or from bacterial decomposition of another component.) Although
the method is simple in principle, it is difficult to carry out because most
of the more than 300 components in the DAF effluent are present in only minute
quantities and, in many cases, there is an overlap of peaks even with the use
of high resolution capillary columns. (An exhaustive analysis by massgrams
indicates that there are probably 400-600 components in the DAF effluent and
many of the components overlap in high resolution capillary column GC/MS.)
-------
20
However, with the use of capillary columns, the identification of small quanti-
ties of organics is enhanced since the background due to column bleed is low
and background due to other compounds is often absent because of the high
resolving power of capillary columns. Also, the probability of overlapping
peaks having the same major ions is low, and there are, in practice, rela-
tively few instances in which interferences take place.
2.4.4 Techniques for Identifying Organics in the Extracts
It was found that the major components in the DAF effluent were ben-
zene, toluene, all isomers of C9, C_ and C,-benzenes, naphthalene, alkylated
naphthalenes, alkanes and alkenes. There were also many indans, anthracenes,
phenanthrenes and fluorenes. It would appear that standards would be of use
in identifying what is present in the DAF effluent. However, it was found
that the commercially available standards are only those simpler compounds
that are easily identifiable by GC/MS such as n-alkanes and alkylated benzenes
up to C,, or C,-benzenes and a few indans, naphthalenes, anthracenes, phenan-
threnes, and branched alkanes. One is familiar with the great number of iso-
mers possible with alkanes up to CL,. but listings of aromatic compounds are
less frequently available. A very limited listing of such aromatics, along
with the number actually found in the neutral fraction of the DAF effluent,
is found in Table 2.1.
The retention times of isomers of hydrocarbons occur in groups when
chromatographed on a non-polar column, since separation takes place predomi-
nantly according to the boiling point of each compound. A representation of
this effect is shown in Fig. 2.3, which is taken from data of a GC/MS run of
the DAF-effluent neutral fraction on a 50-m OV-101 column programmed from
20°C to 240°C at 2°C/minute with 2-min hold at 20°C.
The identification of the type of isomer within a group is relatively
easy since the fragmentation pattern of isomers is fairly predictable. For
example, take the C_-benzene isomers; Table 2.2 is a listing of approximate
abundances of key ions useful for differentiating between these isomers. If
one assumes a tendency to reach the stable tropylium ion (from C,HCCH0 ) and
bo /
that the loss of an alkyl group is preferred to the loss of hydrogen, one can
explain the patterns that arise with these C3~benzenes. For example, to reach
a tropylium ion from an ethyl toluene, either a methyl or hydrogen ion could
-------
21
Table 2.1. Number of Possible Isomers of Alkylated
Benzenes and Some PNAs Commonly Found
in the Neutral DAF Fraction
Benzene
Toluene
C9~Benzenes
C~-Benzenes
C,-Benzenes
C,.-Benzenes
C, -Benzenes
b
Indan
C, -Indans
C?-Indans
Tetralin
CL-Tetralins
C9-Tetralins
Naphthalene
GI -Naphthalenes
C~-Naphthalenes
Phenanthrene/anthracene
C -Phenanthrenes/ Anthracenes
C9~Phenanthrenes /Anthracenes
Fluor ene
C,-Fluorenes
C9-Fluorenes
Benzothiophene
C., -Benzothiophenes
C?-Benzothiophenes
Dib enzo thiophene
C, -Dibenzothiophenes
C0-Dibenzothiophenes
Possible
Isomers
1
1
4
8
22
50
135
1
7
29
1
4
16
1
2
12
2
8
51
1
7
29
1
6
21
1
7
28
Found
in DAF
1
1
4
8
19
19
16
1
2
4
1
1
2
1
2
7
2
5
9
1
3
7
1
4
7
1
2
1
-------
22
BENZENE
CT-BENZENES II
C^-BENZENES
CI,-BEI>
ENES r
C5-BENZ
C6
INDAN
"i
tNEb I
-BENZENES
CJ-INDANS |-|
C2-lNDANS f |
TETRALIN |
CJ-TETRALINS [-»- ?
NAPHTHALENE |
C^-NAPHTHALENES )-)
C2-NAPHTHALENES \ 1
CJ-NAPHTHALENES
Ctj-flAPHTHALENES
BRANCHED-CHAIN ALKANES
N-ALKANES I
C9
(-)
C2-BENZOTHIOPHENES | 1
40,
DlBENZOTHIOPHENE |
Cj-DlBENZOTHIOPHENES |-j
C9-DIBENZOTHIOPHENES
FLUORENE |
CJ-FLUORENES H
C2-FLUORENES |(
CJ-FLUORENES
BlPHENYL I
C|-BlPHENYLS H
C2-BIPHENYLS II
C^-BlPHENYLS
ACENAPHTHF.NE |
C-^-AcENAPHTHENES H
C2-ACENAPHTHENES r*~ ?
PHENANTHRENE/ANTHRACENE |
CI-PHENANTHRENES/ANTHRACENES H
CT-PHENANTHRENES/ANTHRACENES | 1
C^-PHENANTHRENES/ANTHRACENES
C-pPYRENES/FLUORANTHRENES
12 ,
PYRENE
ORANTHRE
C2-PYRENES/FLUORANTHRENES (--
CHRYSENE/L2-3ENZANTHRACENE |~)
45. C16. 47, 43, 49. C20. C21, C22, C23.
42
I
43
I I
I
I
C15 46 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23
10
20
60
70
30
90
100
110
120
Fig. 2.3. Groupings of Major Classes of Compounds Present in the Neutral
DAF Fraction as a Function of Retention Time, Chromatographed
on a 50-m OV-101 Capillary Column Programmed at 2°C/Min from
20-240°C with 2-Min Hold at 20°C
-------
23
Table 2.2. Abundances of Key Ions of C -Benzenes
Ions
Compounds
1, 2,3-Trimethyl benzene
1, 2,4-Trimethyl benzene
1,3,5-Trimethyl benzene
o-Ethyl toluene
m-Ethyl toluene
p-Ethyl toluene
n-Propyl benzene
i-Propyl benzene
91
5
5
5
5
5
5
100
5
105
100
100
100
100
100
100
85
100
119
10
10
10
Trace
Trace
Trace
None
None
120
45
50
60
25
25
25
45
25
be lost but methyl loss is preferred and only a trace of the 119 ion is formed.
With i-propylbenzene, the loss of a methyl group is further enhanced with the
formation of a relatively stable secondary carbonium ion, and thus there is
no perceptible 119 ion. With n-propyl benzene, the loss of ethyl leads to the
tropylium ion with a mass of 91. Finally, with the trimethyl benzenes, there
are appreciable amounts of 119 formed due to the loss of a hydrogen. These
patterns (Table 2.2) can be seen nicely in the 91, 105, 119, and 120 massgram
plots of the DAF in Fig. 2.4. The trimethyl benzenes (numbers 16, 18, and 25)
have appreciable amounts of the 119 ion. The n-propyl benzene (number 13)
has an appreciable 91 ion. The ethyl toluenes (numbers 14, 15, and 17) have
predominantly the 105 ion and traces of the 119 ion. Finally, i-propyl ben-
zene (number 13) has a 105 ion but no 119 ion.
Also, as shown in Fig. 2.5, it can be seen that the retention time is
related to the boiling point of the CL-benzenes.
It can be shown that similar identifications, based on the fragmenta-
tion pattern and boiling point, can be made for other alkyl-substituted ben-
zenes and alkyl-substituted naphthalenes, anthracenes, phenanthrenes, etc.,
provided a non-polar liquid phase is used for the GC column. [As the alkyl-
substituted aromatic becomes more fully alkylated (such as C.-, C,, etc.),
D b
correlations with boiling point break down because the molecules are more
alkane-like and, therefore, similar to the liquid phase and partitioning with
or solubility in the liquid phase is greater.]
-------
24
TIME
SPECTRUM NO.
12
TOTAL ION
120
119
105
91
SPECTRUM NO.
Fig. 2.4.
14 16
13 Il5 I 17 18
30
TOO] 750 800 :85Q 91
550 600 650 700 750 800 850 9
Massgram Plots of Key Ions (91, 105,
119, and 120) of C^Benzenes used in
Identifying the Specific Isomers
Approx.
X2
Approx.
X3
XI
Approx.
XI
-------
25
o
Q.
O
CD
156 _
152
24
26
27 28 29 30
RETENTION TIME (MINUTES)
32
33
Fig. 2.5. Retention Time Versus Boiling Point of CL-Benzenes
The major components of the neutral fraction of the DAF were identi-
fied by their mass spectra and the amount present was determined by measuring
the peak area of the peak in the total-ion chromatogram and comparing it to
the peak area of a standard from the same class of compounds. (Of course, it
should be noted that generally GC/MS is not suitable for truly quantitative
measurements and data generated must be considered only semi-quantitative.
Also, percent recoveries with liquid-liquid extraction, stability, etc. are
difficult parameters to determine, particularly with such complex mixtures as
the neutral fraction of the DAF effluent.)
Whereas the amount of a major component in the neutral fraction of the
DAF effluent was derived from the peak area of its peak in the total-ion
chromatogram, the determination of the amount of the same compound in the FC
and AC effluents was measured by determining the peak area of its major ion
because, with the extremely low concentration of these compounds in the FC
and AC effluents, major ions are more selective and impurities can be "fil-
tered out."
-------
26
In addition to identifying the major components in the neutral fraction
of the DAF effluent by their mass spectra, an exhaustive massgram analysis of
minor components was undertaken. It was found that most of the compounds in
the DAF effluent were alkylated benzenes, naphthalenes, anthracenes, phenan-
threnes, chrysenes, pyrenes, fluorenes, acenaphthenes, biphenyls, acenaphy-
lenes, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, indans, and tetralins. There were
also n-alkanes, branched alkanes and some cycloalkanes (or alkenes). Identi-
fication of alcohols was, at best, difficult because of their lack of molecu-
lar ion. It was found convenient to do a plot of four ions at a time:
Ion Identification
M, molecular ion
M - 1 molecular ion minus one hydrogen
M - 15 molecular ion minus one methyl
M - 29 molecular ion minus one ethyl
Most alkylated aromatics gave peaks of at least two of these ions and, in
general, identification of the compound was not difficult. To make certain
that the massgram peaks associated with a compound were, in fact, from the
same compound, a line could be drawn through massgram peaks with relatively
high accuracy since the Zeta plotter is accurate to one-hundred of an inch.
If the peaks were coincident in retention time, it was assumed that those
ions were from the same compound (see Fig. 2.4 for an example of this). Ions
used for massgram plots are shown in Table 2.3.
In conclusion, the identification of organics in the neutral fraction
of the FC and MMF/AC effluents by typical GC/MS procedures is difficult at
best, since most of the compounds are present at concentrations approaching
the limit of detection. However, by doing a comprehensive study, identifying
each organic in the DAF efffluent and determining the retention times of the
major ions associated with each organic in the DAF-effluent extract, it was
found that organics in the DAF effluent also could be identified in the FC
and MFF/AC effluents.
2.4.5 Column Effects and Semi-Quantitative Analysis of the Extracts
Whereas the analysis by capillary-column GC/MS of components in a mix-
ture, with concentrations of each component ranging from 50-150 ng on column,
is relatively simple, problems were encountered with the extracts because the
range of concentrations was from well below 1 ng to 300 ng on column. It is
-------
27
Table 2.3. Ions Used for Massgram Plots
Ions
Group
91
105
119
133
Group
117
117
131
Group
127
127
141
155
169
Group
153
153
167
Group
151
151
165
179
Group
177
177
191
Group
201
201
Group
227
227
Group
57
1
105
119
133
147
2
118
131
145
3
128
141
155
169
183
4
154
167
181
5
152
165
179
193
6
178
191
205
7
202
215
8
228
241
9
99
119
133
147
161
131
145
159
141
155
169
183
197
167
181
195
165
179
193
207
191
205
219
215
229
241
255
83
120
134
148
162
132
146
160
142
156
170
184
198
168
182
196
166
180
194
208
192
206
220
216
230
242
256
97
Compound Type
CL-benzenes
3
C, -benzenes , benzothiophene
C -benzenes, C -benzothiophenes
C,-benzenes, C^-benzothiophenes
indan, Ci-indans, tetralin
CL-indans, (L -tetralins
2 1
C.,-indans, C?-tetralins
naphthalene, C^-naphthalenes
C^-naphthalenes
C., -naphthalenes
C, -naphthalenes , dibenzothlophene
C,- -naphthalenes , C1 -dibenzothiophenes
biphenyl, acenaphthene , Ci-biphenyls,
C?-biphenyls, C^-acenaphthenes
C_-biphenyls, C_-acenaphthenes
C-i -acenaphthenes
acenaphthylene, C-^-acenaphthylenes , fluorene
C -acenaphthylenes, C.. -fluorenes
C~-acenaphthylenes, C9-fluorenes
C, -acenaphthylenes, C -fluorenes
phenanthrene/anthracene, C^-phenanthrenes/anthracenes
C,,-phenanthrenes/ anthracenes
C -phenanthrenes/anthracenes
a
pyrene, C-^-pyrenes
C9~pyrenes
chrysene, C..-chrysenes
C9~chrysenes
alkanes , alkenes
a
Also includes fluoranthenes, aceanthrylenes, acephenanthylenes
DAlso includes tetracenes, triphenylenes, tetraphenes
-------
28
well known, in packed-column GC, that the peak height (or area) does not fall
off linearly with the concentration, but that, as the concentration becomes
low, the peak height (or area) falls off precipitiously. When no peak is ob-
served with the injection of a small amount of compound, we say that the com-
pound was lost in the column. Actually, what is really happening is that the
compound is tied up by adsorption sites in the liquid phase or support and
elutes gradually from the column, possibly with a long tail. It is, there-
fore, lost in the baseline. (Actually, the same phenomenon occurs with larger
quantities of compound injected on the column, but the effect is not notice-
able because the perecentage loss is small.) With capillary columns, adsorp-
tion can be a severe problem, since the glass surface is quite large relative
to the amount of compound passing through the column. Thus, at low concentra-
tions, measurements of concentration tend to be too low.
Additionally, a second problem can arise with capillary columns.
Since the liquid phase is small per unit volume, band spreading can occur
when a compound saturates the liquid phase and codissolves additional com-
pound. Typically, an overloaded capillary-column GC peak rises slowly, reaches
a maximum and quickly goes back to baseline much like a sawtooth wave. Thus,
at higher concentrations, concentration can not be accurately measured by peak
height. On the other hand, normally, area measurements are not affected.
However, there are saturation effects that take place in a GC/MS system.
Table 2.4 shows an example of this. The on-column concentration of the 100-
fold diluted DAF-effluent sample of 2-methyl naphthalene is approximately
170 ng based on a 60 ng standard. This turns out to be approximately 380
Table 2.4. Area Counts of 50-Fold and 100-Fold Diluted Samples
for Some Compounds in the DAF Effluent
Compound
2-Methyl naphthalene
Naphthalene
1-Methyl naphthalene
p,m-Xylenes
o-Xylene
Ethyl benzene
Ion
142
128
142
91
91
91
DAF
50-Fold
Dilution
82889
68867
50633
45806
27903
12637
DAF
100-Fold
Dilution
64351
56201
37639
29896
17283
7516
Ratio
of Area
Counts
1.29
1.23
1.35
1.53
1.61
1.68
-------
29
counts per nanogram. It would be expected that the area counts would double
in each case for the 50-fold versus the 100-fold dilution. However, as can
be seen in Table 2.4, the ratio is low for high counts and increases for
lower counts. Thus, at high concentrations the measurements of concentration
tends to be low.
With the measurement of concentration being too low, at both high
concentration due to overload and low concentration due to adsorption on the
column, it would seem desirable to make corrections for these effects. How-
ever, since the DAF, FC, MMF, and AC effluent samples contain so many com-
pounds, such an approach would be cumbersome. Also, it would seem feasible
to dilute the sample to measure the strong peaks and concentrate the sample
to measure the weak peaks. However, this introduces a new set of variables.
In any case, considerable effort would be expended in doing standards at
various concentrations and looking for interactions.
There are many techniques used for making capillary columns and these
varied techniques lead to columns that are different in their resolution and
adsorption. In this study, three capillary columns were used: a Perkin-Elmer
50-m OV-101, a Perkin-Elmer 50-m OV-17, and a LKB 20-m SE-30. The intention
was to use the non-polar 50-m OV-101 for the neutral fractions, the 50-m OV-17
for the acid and base fractions, and the 20-m SE-30 for the higher boiling
neutral compounds such as the PNAs.
2.4.6 Sources of Error in Determination of the Absolute Amount of Organics
in the DAF, FC, and AC Extracts and the Percent Removal of Organics
by Activated Sludge and the Add-On Treatment System
It is well known that measurement of the specific amount of each com-
ponent in a mixture by GC/MS is at best semi-quantitative; however, this
study required some idea of the effectiveness of full and pilot-scale treat-
ment systems in removing trace organics from the wastewater stream. In
determining organics removal from GC/MS data there are several potential
sources of error; a few will be cited here. First, there is the problem of
extraction efficiency. It would be expected that, in those samples with high
concentrations of organics, such as the DAF effluent, extraction efficiency
would be relatively high ("like dissolves like"). Thus, in samples with low
concentrations of organics, such as the AC effluent, extraction efficiency
would be relatively low. Moreover, the extraction efficiency would vary from
-------
30
compound to compound depending upon the solvent used, the concentration of
the component to be extracted, and the polarity of the component. Second,
the amount of sample injected, in this case 3 yL, can vary from sample to
sample. This variation is usually in the range of ± 3% for a 3 yL injection.
Third, in splitless operation, a small portion of the sample, usually less
than 1%, is lost during purge. A more difficult parameter to measure, in
this regard, is whether any discrimination has taken place in this loss.
Fourth, in preparing the DAF extract, it was necessary to dilute the sample
100-fold relative to the FC and AC extracts. Fifth, as mentioned previously,
the measurement of concentration tends to be low at both high concentrations
(due to overload) and at low concentrations (due to adsorption on the column).
As a result, at very low concentrations, there is often no measurable signal,
although a compound may have been injected onto the column. Sixth, there is
a peculiarity in the mass spectrometer and data system that leads to inaccu-
racies. The data system makes a comparison of the shape of a peak of an ion
with a theoretical quadrupole peak shape (non-Gaussian). If that peak is
similar and above a certain threshold in area (to reject noise), parameters
set by the user, the peak is accepted. Since a typical peak in a quadrupole
or, for that matter, in a magnetic-sector instrument, is truly a mixture of
pulses of ions concentrated around the centroid of the peak, noise, and other
types of pulses can destroy the shape of the peak and, thereby, the peak is
rejected. An example of this can be seen in Table 3.9 (Section 3) in the
142 ion column under "Activated Carbon Effluent" where one sees unexpected
zeros in the data: 12, 27, 56, 69, 50, 0, 24, 9, etc. These occurrences lead
to inaccuracies in the measurement of the area of such a peak. They occur
most often with weak and/or high mass peaks.
Taking into consideration all these sources of error, it would appear
difficult to obtain an accurate or absolute measurement of the amount of each
component in the extracts and, indeed, this is the case. However, within any
one sample or injection, it is possible to make comparisons of the amounts of
the various components. Also, it is possible to make comparisons of percent
removal by activated sludge (or the add-on treatment system) for different
components within a mixture since it would be expected that the errors intro-
duced are generally the same for all components within said mixture. That is,
although the actual values for percent reduction of each compound in a mixture
might be quite inaccurate, comparisons of percent removal of compounds within
-------
31
a group and also of groups of compounds can be made. For example, whereas
the reported percent removal of n-alkanes and alkyl benzenes might be inaccu-
rate in an absolute sense, the relative removal of n-alkanes might be reason-
ably precise. Likewise, whereas the reported percent removal of each member
of a series of n-alkanes might be inaccurate in an absolute sense, the rela-
tive differences in percent removal could be reasonably precise. To carry
out these comparisons and to uncover trends, it was found necessary to report
more significant figures than is warranted considering the potential sources
of error. For example, a percent reduction of n-decane of 99-98% does not
mean that it is accurate to four significant figures or even three significant
figures. However, it is useful to use such a number for comparison with other
n-alkanes such as n-octadecane (99.54%) and n-pentacosane (99.36%) showing a
trend of reducing percent removal as the carbon number increases. Likewise,
it is useful for comparison with branched alkanes which range from 99.73% to
99.96%, as described in the next section.
2.5 DETERMINATION OF ANCILLARY PARAMETERS
Personnel from the SOHIO Research Center, Warrensville, Ohio, collected
samples for determination of standard wastewater parameters at the same times
and locations as were sampled by Argonne and RSKERL personnel for the trace
organics study. The SOHIO samples were iced and transported by car from
Toledo to Warrensville each morning. All analyses were started within 5 hr
after the daily composited samples left Toledo.
The following standard wastewater parameters were determined according
to U.S. EPA-recommended procedures (U.S. EPA, 1974): oil and grease, cyanide,
phenol, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and
total suspended solids (TSS). Total organic carbon (TOC) was determined
according to an ASTM procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials).
-------
32
-------
33
3 RESULTS
3.1 NEUTRAL-FRACTION ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Appendix A lists 304 compounds identified in the neutral fraction of
the DAF effluent. Only a very few of these compounds could be identified
directly by their mass spectra. However, with the use of massgrams, the
majority of compounds were identified. (In certain cases, the exact isomer
was not determined.) Appendix D presents massgram plots and tentative iden-
tifications of organics found in a GC/MS run with a 50-m OV-101 column pro-
grammed from 20° to 240°C at 2°C/min, whose total-ion chromatogram is shown
in Fig. 3.1. Appendix E presents mass spectra for various compounds in the
neutral fraction of the DAF effluent, listed according to increasing retention
time.
It can be seen (Appendix A) that the predominant types of compounds in
the neutral fraction of the DAF effluent were n-alkanes, toluene, C , C and
C,-benzenes, naphthalene, methyl naphthalenes and C~-naphthalenes, phenan-
threne, anthracene, and methyl phenanthrenes and anthracenes. These compounds
were present in the DAF effluent at concentrations from approximately 10 ppb
to 700 ppb.
Generally, there was substantial removal of organics by the activated
sludge unit, no measurable removal by the add-on mixed-media filter unit, and
varying removal, where measurable, of many organics by the add-on activated
carbon unit. (For purposes of this study, it will be assumed that all of the
removal of organics by the entire add-on pilot-scale unit was due to the
activated carbon. Therefore, all results referred to as percent removals by
activated carbon represent, in fact, organics removal by the entire add-on
treatment system.)
Tables 3.1-3.7 list the major organics found in the neutral fraction
of the DAF effluent. In Table 3.1, which is a listing of the n-alkanes, Cg
through C - , it can be seen that there is very significant removal of organics
by the activated sludge (in the range of 99.33%-99.98% removal) and a substan-
tial additional removal of organics by the activated carbon (in the range of
70.2%-97.9%). It is interesting to note that percent removal is greatest for
Cin and falls off gradually as the carbon number increases. It appears that
either the bacteria are more efficient in degrading lower alkanes or there is
-------
TIME
SPECT
Tl
SPECT
TIME i.
SPECT -35"
M!"
OJ
CMt time tiw IIH nn ma 1300 fua t«»
n» noo xif» MM m 9100 IIH MOT MM nw 9111 MOB
SPECT "" ""
Fig. 3.1. Total-Ion Chromatogram of Neutral Fraction of DAF Effluent (Diluted 100-Fold) Made Using
a 50-m OV-101 Column Programmed from 20-240°C with a 2-min Hold at 20°C.
-------
35
wastage in sludge, or, possibly, there is considerable loss into the air of
the lower alkanes due to their greater volatility. With the activated carbon,
here again, there is a gradual decline in the percent removal as the carbon
number increases. Apparently, the higher n-alkanes are less readily adsorbed
onto the activated carbon. Possibly, as the size of the molecule increases,
the molecule can not get into the pores of the activated carbon surface and
is, therefore, less readily adsorbed.
In Table 3.2, branched alkanes are listed. Percent removals of these
alkanes by the activated sludge and by the activated carbon, where measurable,
are in the same range as the n-alkanes.
Cycloalkanes (or alkenes) are removed by the activated sludge in much
the same way as the n-alkanes but none can be detected in the activated car-
bon effluent, possibly because of the low concentrations in the final-clari-
fier effluent.
The removal of alkylated benzenes (Table 3.3) by the activated sludge
is drastic and ranges from 99.87-99.99%. Additional removal by activated
carbon appears limited, ranging from 51.4-84.1%; however, data are scarce due
to the low concentrations being measured. With indan and tetralin-type mole-
cules, similar behavior is found (Table 3.4).
There is substantial reduction (99.69-99.99%) of naphthalene and alkyl-
ated naphthalenes by the activated sludge and varying reduction (37.7-91.7%)
by the activated carbon (Table 3.5).
With alkylated benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes (Table 3.6), which
were present in small quantities, the percent removal by the activated sludge
was in the range of 99-81-99-93% and the percent removal by activated carbon
was in the range of 71.4-82.9%.
With PNAs and alkylated PNAs (Table 3.7), the picture is not clear,
since generally these compounds were present in very small quantities. Mea-
surable removal figures for the activated sludge were in the 99.65-99.99%
range and PNAs were not detectable in the activated-carbon effluent with the
exception of phenanthrene and anthracene which were reduced 52.8% by the
activated carbon.
The results in Tables 3.1-3.7 are summarized in Table 3.8. It can be
seen by inspection of Table 3.8 that the percent removal by the activated
-------
36
Table 3.1. Concentration of n-Alkanes in the Neutral Fraction of the
DAF Effluent and Percent Removal by the Activated-Sludge
and Activated-Carbon Units (50-m OV-101 Column, 3 yL
Injection)
Compound
n-nonane
n-decane
n-undecane
n-dodecane
n-tridecane
n-tetradecane
n- p ent ad e c ane
n-hexadecane
n-heptadecane
n-octadecane
n-nonadecane
n-eicosane
n-heneicosane
n-docosane
c
n-tricosane
c
n-tetracosane
n-pentacosane
n-hexacosane
c
n-heptacosane
c
n-octacosane
c
n-nonacosane
c
n-triacotane
c
n-heneitriacotane
Concentra-
tion in
DAF (ppb)
32
128
349
544
675
683
651
493
355
261
205
160
107
64
61
43
32
27
19
13
11
NM
NM
On-Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)a
12
48
131
204
253
256
244
185
133
98
77
60
40
24
23
16
12
10
7
5
4
NM
NM
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Sludgeb
NM
99.98
99.97
99.83
99.74
99.63
99.61
99.59
99.55
99.54
99.55
99.55
99.60
99.40
99.55
99.41
99.36
99.33
99.43
99.36
NM
T
T
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Carbon
ND
ND
T
97.9
95.9
93.7
91.3
90-9
87.6
86.9
88.4
85.3
79.4
80.3
82.6
79.5
70.2
77.9
T
T
T
T
T
Neutral DAF fraction diluted 100 times.
Neutral fraction of final-clarifier effluent.
°20-m SE-30 column.
T Trace
NM Not measurable due to interferences
ND Not detectable
-------
37
Table 3.2. Concentration of Cycloalkanes and Alkanes Other than
n-Alkanes in the Neutral Fraction of the DAF Efflu-
ent and Percent Removal by the Activated-Sludge and
Activated-Carbon Units (50-m OV-101 Column, 3 yL
Injection)
Compound (number)
Alkanes
C13-Alkane (97)
C13-Alkane (117)
C14-Alkane (151)
C14-Alkane (169)
Pristane
Phytane
Q
Cycloalkanes
(19)
(21)
(44)
(45)
(49)
(83)
(86)
(127)
(129)
(176)
Concentra-
tion in
DAF (ppb)
159
77
196
246
157
67
30
21
57
31
41
29
27
71
42
43
On- Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)a
60
29
74
92
59
25
11
8
21
12
15
11
10
27
16
16
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Sludgeb
99-92
99.94
99.80
99.96
99.73
99-94
99.96
99.94
NM
99.76
99.98
99.88
99.86
99.93
99.95
99.83
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Carbon
T
ND
T
78.7
78.1
58.8
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Neutral DAF fraction diluted 100 times.
Neutral fraction of final-clarifier effluent,
/-
Also includes alkenes.
T Trace
ND Not detectable
NM Not measurable due to interferences
-------
38
Table 3.3. Concentration of Alkylated Benzenes in the Neutral Fraction
of the DAF Effluent and Percent Removal by the Activated-
Sludge and Activated-Carbon Units (50-m OV-101 Column,
3 yL Injection)
Concentra-
tion in
Compound DAF (ppb)
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
p and m-Xylenes
o-Xylene
i-Propyl benzene
n-Propyl benzene
m-Ethyl toluene
o-Ethyl toluene
1,3,5-Trimethyl benzene
1, 2,4-Trimethyl benzene
1,2, 3-Trimethyl benzene
n-Butyl benzene
m-n-Propyl toluene
o-n-Propyl toluene
m-Diethyl benzene
l,3-Dimethyl-5-ethyl benzene
l,3-Dimethyl-4-ethyl benzene
l,2-Dimethyl-4-ethyl benzene
l,3-Dimethyl-2-ethyl benzene
l,2-Dimethyl-3-ethyl benzene
1,2,4,5-Tetramethyl benzene
1, 2,3,5-Tetramethyl benzene
1,2,3,4-Tetramethyl benzene
101
35
187
101
5
13
93
32
43
176
96
8
19
13
13
29
37
43
16
13
27
48
64
On- Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)
38
13
70
38
2
5
35
12
16
66
36
3
7
5
5
11
14
16
6
5
10
18
24
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Sludgeb
99.87
99-95
99.97
99.97
ND
99.94
99.98
99.98
99.97
99.98
99-98
T
99.97
99.96
T
99.98
99.98
99-99
ND
T
99.98
99.98
99-99
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Carbon
84.1
66.7
76.6
77.3
ND
T
71.2
T
ND
44.9
60.0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
T
51.4
aNeutral DAF fraction diluted 100 times.
Neutral fraction of final clarifier effluent.
T Trace
ND Not detectable
-------
39
Table 3.4. Concentration of Indan and Tetralin and Related Compounds
and Their Alkylated Derivatives in the Neutral Fraction
of the Effluent and Percent Removal by the Activated-
Sludge and Activated-Carbon Units (50-m OV-101 Column,
3 yL Injection)
Compound (number)
Indan
1-methyl indan
2-methyl indan
Ethyl indan
Dimethyl indan (100)
Dimethyl indan (106)
Dimethyl indan (111)
Trimethyl indan (118)
Tetralin
Methyl tetralin (104)
Ethyl tetralin (126)
Dimethyl tetralin (131)
Ethyl styrene (39)
Ethyl styrene (41)
C3-Styrene (71)
C -Styrene (72)
C^-Styrene (74)
C^-Styrene (77)
Concentra-
tion in
DAF (ppb)
93
104
61
27
61
11
35
35
11
64
27
21
19
48
19
72
21
53
On- Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)a
35
39
23
10
23
4
13
13
4
24
10
8
7
18
7
27
8
20
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Sludgeb
99.98
99.98
99-99
T
99.98
ND
99.97
T
ND
T
99.93
T
ND
99.98
T
99-99
99.97
99.99
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Carbon
50.0
T
ND
ND
T
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Neutral DAF fraction diluted 100 times.
^Neutral fraction of final clarifier effluent.
T Trace
ND Not detectable
-------
40
Table 3.5. Concentration of Naphthalene and Alkylated Naphthalenes
in the Neutral Fraction of the DAF Effluent and Percent
Removal by the Activated-Sludge and Activated-Garbon
Units (50-m OV-101 Column, 3 yL Injection)
Compound (number)
Naphthalene
1-Methyl naphthalene
2-Methyl naphthalene
Ethyl naphthalene (146)
Dimethyl naphthalene (149)
Dimethyl naphthalene (153)
Dimethyl naphthalene (154)
Dimethyl naphthalene (155)
Dimethyl naphthalene (158)
Dimethyl naphthalene (160)
C -Naphthalene (166)
C3-Naphthalene (168)
C.,-Naphthalene (172)
C3-Naphthalene (173)
C -Naphthalene (174)
C3-Naphthalene (175)
C -Naphthalene (177)
C3-Naphthalene (178)
C3-Naphthalene (180)
C3-Naphthalene (181)
C--Naphthalene (183)
Concentra-
tion in
DAF (ppb)
197
448
259
77
192
NM
267
203
96
45
24
21
160
45
37
51
99
- 125
85
80
93
On- Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)a
74
168
97
29
72
NM
100
76
36
17
9
8
60
17
14
19
37
47
32
30
35
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Sludgeb
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.94
99.74
99.69
99.91
99.76
99-90
99.95
99.97
99.96
99.97
99.97
99.97
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Carbon
37.7
44.9
33.3
55.8
38.3
26.8
I
12.0
37.5
T
87.7
91.7
T
T
69.8
61.2
45.2
T
T
Neutral DAF fraction diluted 100 times.
Neutral fraction of final clarifier effluent.
NM Not measurable due to interferences
T Trace
I Increase in concentration
-------
41
Table 3.6. Concentration of Alkylated Benzothiophenes and Dibenzothiophenes
in the Neutral Fraction of the DAF Effluent and Percent Removal
by the Activated-Sludge and Activated-Carbon Units (50-m OV-101
Column, 3 \i"L Injection)
Concentra-
tion in
Compound (number) DAF (ppb)
Methyl benzothiophene (109)
Methyl benzothiophene (114)
Methyl benzothiophene (119)
Methyl benzothiophene (121)
Ethyl benzothiophene (156)
Dimethyl benzothiophene (143)
Dimethyl benzothiophene (148)
Dimethyl benzothiophene (150)
Dimethyl benzothiophene (152)
Dibenzothiophene
21
16
13
32
11
11
16
8
8
13
On- Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)a
8
6
5
12
4
4
6
3
3
5
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Sludgeb
T
99.91
99.87
99.92
99.85
99-93
99.91
99.81
99.83
T(N)
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Carbon
ND
71.4
ND
82.9
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Neutral DAF fraction diluted 100 times.
Neutral fraction of final clarifier effluent.
T Trace
N Noisy, possibly due to column bleed
ND Not detectable
-------
42
Table 3.7. PNAs and Alkylated PNAs Other than Naphthalenes in
the Neutral Fraction of the DAF Effluent and Per-
cent Removal by the Activated-Sludge and Activated-
Carbon Units (50-m OV-101 Column, 3 yL Injection)
Compound (number)
Phenanthrene/ Anthracene
Methyl phenanthrene (250)
Methyl phenanthrene (251)
1-Methyl anthracene
2-Methyl anthracene
C~-Phenanthrene/
Anthracene (262)
C2-Phenanthrene/
Anthracene (264)
C^-Phenanthrene/
Anthracene (265)
Cp-Phenanthrene/
Anthracene (267)
Cj-Phenanthrene/
Anthracene (268)
C -Phenanthrene/
Anthracene (272)
Fluorene
Methyl fluorene (214)
Methyl fluorene (216)
Methyl fluorene (218)
Acenaphthene
Methyl acenaphthene (186)
Methyl acenaphthene (190)
Methyl acenaphthene (193)
Biphenyl
Methyl biphenyl (164)
Methyl biphenyl (167)
Pyrene
C17 H12 PNA (such as
methyl pyrene) (287)
Chrysene
1 , 2-Benzanthracene
Concentra-
tion in
DAF (ppb)
168
72
80
27
27
5
5
16
37
40
11
27
29
35
16
3
35
24
16
24
19
11
29
11
5
13
On- Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)a
63
27
30
10
10
2
2
6
14
15
4
10
11
13
6
1
13
9
6
9
7
4
11
4
2
5
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Sludgeb
99.97
N
N
99.98
99.99
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
99.95
99.93
99.91
I
N
N
N
T(N)
T(N)
T(N)
99.88
99.67
99.69
99.65
Percent
Removal by
Activated
Carbon
52.8
T
T
T
T
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
T
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
T
ND
76.1
ND
ND
ND
Neutral DAF fraction diluted 100 times.
Neutral fraction of the final clarifier effluent.
N Noisy, possibly due to unresolved interfering organics
T Trace
ND Not detectable
-------
Table 3.8. Comparison of Percent Removal by Activated-Sludge and Activated-Carbon
Units for Various Classes of Organic Compounds
Compound Class
Alkanes
n-Alkanes
Branched Alkanes
Cycloalkanes
Alkylated Benzenes
Toluene
C2-Benzenes
C_-Benzenes
C,-Benzenes
Alkylated Indans,
Tetralins
Alkylated Naphthalenes
Naphthalene
Methyl Naphthalenes
C^-Naphthalenes
C--Naphthalenes
Alkylated Benzothiophenes
& Dibenzothiophenes
Alkylated PNAs
Concentration
Range in DAF
Effluent (ppb)
11-683
11-683
67-246
21-71
5-187
101
35-187
5-176
8-64
(27)
(21)
(6)
(10)
(23)
(1)
(3)
(7)
(12)
11-104(18)
21-448
197
259-448
45-267
21-160
8-32
3-168
Percent Re-
moval Range
by Activated-
Sludge Unit
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
.33-99
.33-99
.73-99
.76-99
.94-99
.87
.95-99
.94-99
.96-99
.93-99
.69-99
.99
.99-99
.94-99
.69-99
.81-99
.65-99
.98
.98
.96
.98
.99
.97
.98
.99
.99
.99
.99
.98
.97
.93
.99
Average Per-
cent Removal
by Activated-
Sludge Unit
99.65
99.58
99.88
99.81
99.97
99.87
99.96
99.97
99.98
99.98
99.93
99.99
99.99
99.98
99.89
99.88
99.86
(25)
(19)
(6)
(10)
(18)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(8)
(10)
(20)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(11)
(8)
(10)
Percent Re-
moval Range
by Activated-
Carbon Unit
58.
70.
58.
44.
84.
66.
44.
51.
50.
12.
37.
33.
12.
45.
71.
52.
8-97.9
2-97.9
8-78.7
NM
9-77.3
1
7-77.3
9-71.2
4
0
0-69.8
7
3-44.9
0-55.8
2-69.8
4-82.9
8-76.1
Average Per-
cent Removal
by Activated-
Carbon Unit
83
85
71
66
84
73
58
51
50
49
37
39
34
71
77
64
.5 (18)
.9 (15)
.9 (3)
NM
.5 (8)
.1 (1)
.5 (3)
.7 (3)
.4 (1)
.0 (1)
.4 (13)
.7 (1)
.1 (2)
.1 (5)
.1 (5)
.1 (2)
.5 (2)
NM Not measurable
( ) Number of compounds
-------
44
sludge of organics Is greatest with aromatic compounds and relatively low
with nonaromatic compounds. On the other hand, with activated carbon, great-
est removal is with nonaromatic compounds. A striking example of this can be
seen by looking at the raw data stored on disc (Table 3.9). In this table,
the actual counts (or relative current generated by ions hitting the electron
multiplier of the mass spectrometer) are recorded for 57, 97, and 142 AMUs
for the final-clarifier effluent and the activated-carbon effluent. The 57
ion is typically used to look at alkanes, the 97 ion for cycloalkanes (and
alkanes) and the 142 ion, here specifically for 2-methyl naphthalene (the
first peak) and 1-methyl naphthalene (the second peak). The data are tabu-
lated for successive scans and the 62 scans represent a little less than two
minutes in the GC/MS run. It can be seen that the 142 peak for the final-
clarifier fraction rises to 100 and then drops off and again rises to 55 and
drops off, while in the activated-carbon fraction, the 142 ion rises to 69
and then drops off and again rises to 28 and drops off. One can visually in-
spect these data and see that there is only about a 30% removal for 2-methyl
naphthalene and a 50% removal for 1-methyl naphthalene. Conversely, compared
to the final clarifier, there are very large removals of alkanes (57) and
cycloalkanes (97) by the activated carbon. In fact, looking at the raw data,
one gets the impression that the activated carbon has adsorbed most of the
organics and many of the organics that cannot be identified directly in the
final clarifier because they are there in very small quantities. By adding
up all the actual counts on the page, one can get a picture of what is hap-
pening. With ion 57, there are 15975 counts in the FC fraction and 449 counts
in the AC fraction. This represents a "removal" of 97.2% of the 57 ion, pre-
sumably alkanes. With the 97 ion, there is a "removal" of 98.0%, representing
cycloalkanes (and alkanes). These values are probably fairly representative
of how effective the activated carbon is in removing organics. It seems to
be relatively more effective in removing the nonaromatic compounds than aro-
matic compounds of the neutral fraction.
3.2 ACID-FRACTION ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Over thirty phenols were found in the acid fraction of the DAF efflu-
ent. Also, several neutral compounds, which were present in large quantities
in neutral fraction, were found in the acid fraction apparently due to incom-
plete separation during the extraction. A listing of compounds found in the
-------
45
Table 3.9. Raw Data Output from GC/MS data System of 57, 97 and
142 ions Demonstrating the Pronounced Removal by the
Activated Carbon of Alkanes (57 Ion) and Cycloalkanes
(97 Ion) and Only Partial Removal of Methyl Naphtha-
lenes (142 Ion)
Spec-
trum
No.
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1900
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
ioie
1O17
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1033
1034
1025
1056
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
10&3
Final Clarifier Effluent
(Neutral Fraction)
Ion Counts/
57
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
Ion
110
130
139
132
131
221
375
543
510
350
222
147
151
131
150
123
131
98
130
188
366
602
508
203
155
90
128
163
186
245
600
1314
1654
1123
382
156
164
222
232
148
142
152
167
183
256
271
232
159
172
110
132
127
157
183
181
208
145
97
113
Ion Counts/
97
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
lon
60
58
62
55
85
73
68
84
98
61
54
55
75
76
89
53
62
75
77
64
58
71
81
70
79
77
81
55
72
62
88
109
120
96
54
55
49
54
54
48
58
56
71
72
84
87
75
62
0
87
98
114
147
207
SSI
148
102
86
97
Ion Counts/
142
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
na-
14B-
i4a-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
lon
«
0
0
0
0
11
0
29
58
100
78
99
53
45
25
27
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
28
45
55
52
21
19
18
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
Activated Carbon Effluent
(Neutral Fraction)
Ion Counts/
57
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
S7-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
57-
Ion
0
8
6
0
0
0
9
0
0
21
11
11
19
12
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
21
10
0
0
0
0
14
8
18
35
37
33
21
18
7
7
7
11
8
0
12
10
8
6
8
0
10
9
12
0
7
0
0
0
6
Ion Counts/
97
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
97-
lon
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
10
0
8
8
9
0
Ion Counts/
142
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
148-
142-
142-
143-
142-
142"
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
148-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
142-
Ton
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
27
56
69
50
0
24
9
14
10
0
11
6
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
13
44
28
0
18
18
16
0
0
0
7
0
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
46
acid fraction of the DAF effluent can be found in Appendix B. It can be seen
that, along with phenol itself, there are cresols, xylenols, ethyl phenols,
CL-phenols, C,-phenols, and an unidentified plasticizer. The predominant
phenols are phenol, the cresols, an unidentified xylenol, and 2,3-xylenol.
In Table 3.10, the approximate concentration in the acid fraction of
the DAF effluent of these phenols is listed, along with percent removal by
the activated sludge and activated carbon. The range of concentration in the
DAF effluent is from below 1 ppb to about 50 ppb. Because of the extremely
low concentrations of these phenols, it was difficult to find any phenols in
the final-clarifier or activated-carbon effluents. Removal by activated
sludge for three alkylated phenols was in the range of 99.89-99.98%. Most
likely, the other phenols were practically completely degraded by the acti-
vated sludge. This is not unexpected, since phenols are oxidized readily not
only by bacteria but also by oxygen, which was continuously fed into the
activated-sludge unit. No evidence of the intermediates, such as quinones,
was found in the neutral fraction of the final-clarifier effluent. With the
great efficiency of removal of phenols by the activated-sludge unit, it was,
of course, impossible to find any trace of phenols in the activated-carbon
effluent. Thus, a measurement of percent removal by the activated carbon was
not possible.
3.3 BASE-FRACTION ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Over 70 compounds were found in the base fraction of the DAF effluent
(Appendix C), several of which were not organic bases. Extraneous organics
included those compounds present in large quantities in the neutral fraction
of the DAF effluent, which apparently were not separated completely in the
extraction process. In addition, there were considerable quantities of phe-
nol and alkylated phenols such as cresols, ethyl phenol, and xylenols. These
compounds probably formed acid salts with many of the organic bases present
in the DAF effluent and were carried into the base fraction during extraction.
This salt formation can sometimes cause problems during a GC/MS run. If the
salts decompose during standing, or in the hot injection port, the retention
time is not altered. If, however, decomposition takes place on the column or
in the transfer line to the mass spectrometer, results are unpredictable.
-------
47
Table 3.10. Phenols in the Acid Fraction of the DAF Effluent and
Percent Removal by the Activated Sludge and Activated
Carbon Units (50-m OV-17 Column, 3 yL Injection)
Compound (Number)
Phenol
Cresol (2)
p-Cresol
Ethyl phenol (6)
Ethyl phenol (10)
Dimethyl phenol (7)
2,3-Dimethyl phenol (9)
Dimethyl phenol (13)
n-Propyl phenol (11)
i-Propyl phenol (5)
i-Propyl phenol (12)
i-Propyl phenol (14)
i-Propyl phenol (15)
i-Propyl phenol (16)
n-Propyl phenol & methyl
ethyl phenol (19,20)
n-Propyl phenol & methyl
ethyl phenol (22,23)
Methyl ethyl phenol (17)
Methyl ethyl phenol (18)
2,4,5-Trimethyl phenol
Methyl ethyl phenol &
C4-phenol (24,25)
Methyl ethyl phenol &
C4-phenol (27,28)
C and C4-phenol (31,32)
C and C4-phenol (34,35)
Diethyl phenol (21)
Diethyl phenol (36)
Concentra-
tion in
DAF (ppb)
22
33
50
4
7
29
16
8
1
2
4
10
1
1
4
<1
2
3
3
1
<1
1
1
1
<1
On Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)a
83
124
186
16
26
109
61
30
5
8
15
37
3
4
16
1
9
12
10
4
2
3
3
3
2
Percent Re-
moval by
Activated
Sludgeb
ND
99.98
ND
ND
ND
ND
99.98
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
99.89
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Percent Re-
moval by
Activated
Carbon
ND
NM
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Acid DAF fraction diluted 10 times.
Acid fraction of the final clarifier effluent.
ND Not detectable
NM Not measurable
-------
48
It was found that there was a variety of very small amounts of alkyl-
ated pyridines such as picolines, ethyl pyridines, lutidines, ethyl picolines,
collidines, and ethyl lutidines and small amounts of alkylated quinolines, C-,
C-, and C 's, and appreciable quantities of aniline and alkylated anilines
(Tables 3.11, 3.12, 3.13). Although a few isolated values for percent remov-
als by the activated-sludge and the activated-carbon units have been reported,
because of the small quantities involved, not much confidence should be placed
in the values. It can be said, however, that the activated sludge does reduce
the amount of organic bases, but little can be said about the degree of re-
moval .
3.4 TREATMENT-SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DATA
Performance of the full-scale biosystem and the add-on filtration/car-
bon train for the common wastewater parameters is shown in Tables 3.14 and
3.15, from Pfeffer, Harrison, and Raphaelian (1977). Some values are reported
as less-than (<), reflecting lower limits of detectability as a function of
the sampling and analytical protocol.
During the study, refinery crude oil throughput was 115,641 BPSD, the
water inlet rate from Maumee Bay was 47.3 MGD, and the wastewater-treatment-
plant throughput was 8.6 MGD. There were no significant recorded changes in
flow through the plant wastewater treatment system, as measured by the bio-
feed pumping rates (that is, the wastewater influent to the aeration basin).
Note that, waste sludge being insignificant, the final-clarifier effluent and
biofeed flows were assumed to be equal. Aeration time was of the order of
16-18 hours and mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids concentration in the
aeration basin was 4440 mg/L, during the study. Water temperature in the
aeration zone averaged 76°F and settleable solids averaged 35% in the aeration
zone and 95% on the clarifier recycle.
-------
49
Table 3.11.
Alkylated Pyridines in the Base Fraction of the DAF
Effluent and Percent Removal by Activated Sludge
and Activated Carbon Units (50-m OV-17 Column, 3 yL
Injection)
Compound (Number)
Picoline (1)
Ethyl pyridine (5)
4-Ethyl pyridine (8)
Lutidine (4)
Lutidine (7)
Ethyl picoline (9)
2-Ethyl picoline (17)
Ethyl picoline (36)
2,4,6-Collidine (14)
2,3,6-Collidine (16)
2,3,5-Collidine (18)
Collidine (28)
Collidine (38)
C3-Pyridine (27)
C3-Pyridine (29)
Ethyl lutidine (20)
Ethyl lutidine (22)
Ethyl lutidine (24)
Ethyl lutidine (26)
Ethyl lutidine (49)
Concentra- On Column
tion in Concentra-
DAF (ppb) tion (ng)a
<1 2
<1 2
<1 2
<1 2
2 9
NM NM
1 4
6 24
2 8
<1 2
<1 1
<1 2
2 9
<1 2
<1 1
1 4
<1 1
1 4
<1 <1
<1 2
Percent Re-
moval by
Activated
Sludgeb
-
ND
92.6
ND
97.6
NM
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
67.0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Percent Re-
moval by
Activated
Carbon
-
ND
ND
T
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
99.6
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Base DAF fraction diluted 10 times.
Base fraction of the final clarifier effluent.
NM Not measurable due to interferences
ND Not detectable
T Trace
-------
50
Table 3.12. Alkylated Quinolines in the Base Fraction of the DAF Effluent
and Percent Removal by Activated Sludge and Activated
Carbon Units (50-m OV-17 Column, 3 yL Injection)
Concentra-
tion in
Compound (Number) DAF (ppb)
Quinoline (45)
Methyl quinoline (50)
Methyl quinoline (51)
Methyl quinoline (52)
Methyl quinoline (54)
Methyl quinoline (56)
Methyl quinoline (58)
Ethyl quinoline (55)
Dimethyl quinoline (62)
Dimethyl quinoline (63)
Dimethyl quinoline (65)
Dimethyl quinoline (67)
Dimethyl quinoline (68)
Dimethyl quinoline (69)
C -Quinoline (71)
C_-Quinoline (72)
6
4
1
<1
<1
2
1
<1
2
1
2
<1
2
1
2
2
On Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)a
23
16
4
2
2
8
4
2
6
4
6
2
6
4
6
6
Percent Re-
moval by
Activated
Sludgeb
ND
ND
ND
ND
85.1
ND
ND
ND
93.6
ND
ND
ND
91.9
ND
96.8
96.7
Percent Re-
moval by
Activated
Carbon
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
88.9
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Base DAF fraction diluted 10 times.
Base fraction of the final clarifier effluent.
ND Not detectable
Table 3.13. Alkylated Anilines in Base Fraction of the DAF Effluent
and Percent Removal by Activated Sludge and Activated
Carbon Units (50-m 0V 17 Column, 3 yL Injection)
Compound (Number)
Aniline (23)
o-Toluidine (31)
Toluidine (33)
N,N-Dimethyl
aniline (25)
Concentra-
tion in
DAF (ppb)
27
29
10
<1
On Column
Concentra-
tion (ng)a
101
109
38
2
Percent Re-
moval by
Activated
Sludgeb
99.5
NM
NM
88.6
Percent Re-
moval by
Activated
Carbon
T
ND
ND
ND
Base DAF fraction diluted 100 times.
Base fraction of the final clarifier effluent.
T Trace
ND Not detectable
NM Not measurable due to interferences
-------
Table 3.14. Daily Performance for Common Wastewater Parameters'
mg/L Intake
Oil and
Grease
Cyanide
Phenol
COD
BOD
TOG
TSS
Oil and
Grease
Cyanide
Phenol
COD
BOD
TOG
TSS
Day 1 Day 2
<10 <10
<0.02 <0.02
0.03 <0.01
<15 18
<10 <10
19 19
35 29
mg/L MMF
Day 1 Day 2
<10 <10
0.16 0.15
0.02 0.01
42 38
<10 11
19 26
<10 <10
Day 3
<10
<0.02
0.03
<15
14
17
11
Effluent
Day 3
<10
0.20
0.02
51
22
23
12
Day 4
10
<0.02
0.01
<15
10
15
<10
Day 4
<10
0.10
0.02
44
27
18
12
mg/L DAF Effluent
Day 1 Day
22 33
0.19 0.
3.2 2.
122 172
82 127
39 56
31 56
mg/L AC
Day 1 Day
<10 <10
<0.02 <0.
<0.01 <0.
<15 <15
<10 <10
10 12
<10 <10
2 Day 3
21
25 0.31
6 5.2
154
108
72
37
Effluent
2 Day 3
<10
02 <0.02
01 <0.01
<15
<10
11
<10
mg/L FC Effluent
Day 4 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
22 <10 <10 <10 <10
0.16 0.12 0.20 0.10
4.5 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.02
154 49 50 51 44
96 <10 15 21 24
60 22 29 27 17
30 12 <10 <10 <10
Day 4
<10
<0.02
<0.01
<15
<10
<5
<10
3The data of this table were provided by SOHIO's Warrensville, Ohio, Research Center.
Leader), Robert Munko, David Rulison, and Jeffery Smola determined the parameters.
Rodger McKain (Study
-------
52
Table 3.15. Average Performance over 4-Day Study Period for
Common Wastewater Parameters
Oil & Grease
Cyanide
Phenol
COD
BOD
TOG
TSS
mg/L Intake
<10
<0.02
0.02
<15
<10
18
21
mg/L DAF
24
0.25
3.9
150
103
57
38
mg/L FC
<10
0.14
0.02
48
17
24
<10
mg/L MMF
<10
0.15
0.02
44
17
22
<10
mg/L AC
<10
<0.02
<0.01
<15
<10
9
<10
-------
53
REFERENCES
American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM-D2579, Total Organic Carbon
in Water by Combustion-Infrared Analysis, ASTM Standards, Pt. 23 (n.d.).
Burlingame, A.L., 1977, Assessment of the Trace Organic Molecular Composition
of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater Effluents by Capillary Gas Chroma-
tography/Real-Time High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Preliminary
Report: Ecotoxicology and Environ. Safety, 1, p. 111-150.
Kim, B.R., et al., 1976, Influence of activated sludge CRT on adsorption:
Jour. Environ. Eng. Div., Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., v. 102, p. 55-70.
Matthews, J.E., 1978, Treatment of Petroleum Refinery, Petrochemical, and Com-
bined Industrial-Municipal Wastewaters with Activated Carbon (Literature
Review): R.S. Kerr Environ. Res. Lab., U.S. EPA, Ada, Okla.
Pfeffer, F.M., and W. Harrison and L.A. Raphaelian, 1977, Organics Reduction
Through Add-on Activated Carbon at Pilot Scale: Proc. Second Open Forum
on Management of Petrol. Refinery Wastewater, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati,
p. 403-408.
U.S. EPA, 1974, Manual of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes,
U.S. EPA-625/6-74-003, Cincinnati.
-------
54
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the following personnel of EPA's RSKERL, Ada, Oklahoma, for
their guidance, assistance, and encouragement in the various phases of this
study: F- M. Pfeffer (Project Officer), L. H. Myers, and M. L. Wood. We
also appreciate the assistance of the Calgon Corporation relating to activated
carbon and the efforts of the API's Water Quality Committee and W-20 Task
Group in selecting a suitable refinery. We wish to thank Messrs. C. Tome,
L. S. Van Loon, and J. H. Walters for assistance in the wastewater sampling
program and R. J. Wingender and C. S. Chow for help with the GC/MS analyses.
Most important, the study would not have been possible without the cooperation
of SOHIO personnel at the refinery in Toledo and in the Department of Envi-
ronmental Affairs in Cleveland, in particular R. K. Hoffman, Refinery Manager,
and R. N. Simonsen, SOHIO1s Environmental Coordinator.
-------
Al
APPENDIX A
Organic Compounds Found in Neutral Fraction of the Effluent from the
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Unit and Their Presence or Absence
in the Effluents from the final Clarifier (FC)
-------
A2
Compound
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Retention
Time (Min)
7.0
7.8
8.3
8.4
9.1
13.1
19.7
20.4
20.4
22.1
24.3
24.9
27.3
28.0
28.2
28.7
29.4
30.65
30.8
31.0
31.75
31.9
32.05
32.65
32.7
33.0
33.3
33.3
33.4
33.6
33.95
35.1
35.35
35.65
35.7
35.9
36.4
37.25
37.25
37.4
37.6
37.9
Compound Name
chloroform
1,1, 1-tr ichloroethane
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
cyclohexene
toluene
ethyl benzene
p-xylene
m-xylene
o-xylene
n-nonane
i-propyl benzene
n-propyl benzene
m-ethyl toluene
p-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-trimethyl benzene
o-ethyl toluene
1,2,4-trimethyl benzene
cycloalkane
cycloalkane
cycloalkane
i-butyl benzene
s-butyl benzene
n decane
1,2,3-trimethyl benzene
m-isopropyl toluene
o-isopropyl toluene
p-isopropyl toluene
indan
indene
m-diethyl benzene
m-n-propyl toluene
p-n-propyl toluene
n-butyl benzene
l,3-dimethyl-5-ethyl benzene
o-n-propyl toluene
l,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl benzene
ethyl styrene
l,3-dimethyl~4-ethyl benzene
ethyl styrene
l,2-dimethyl-4-ethyl benzene
Relative Presence(+),
Concentration Presence(+), Absence(-)
in DAF Neu- Absence (-) (MMF/AC
tral Fraction (FC Effluent) Effluent)
high + +
high + +
medium + +
med ium + +
high + +
high + +
low + +
high + +
high + +
medium + +
low +
trace +
low +
medium +
medium +
low + -
low + T
high + +
low +
trace T
low +
trace +
trace +
medium +
medium + +
trace T
trace
trace
medium + +
trace
trace +
low X
low +
low 4-
trace T
low +
low +
low NM NM
low
low +
medium +
low 4.
-------
A3
Compound
Number
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Retention
Time (Min)
38.25
38.85
39.1
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.7
40.0
40.35
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.85
41.7
42.0
42.35
42.5
42.7
42.9
43.05
43.25
43.6
43.9
44.2
44.3
44.45
44.8
44.9
45.1
45.55
45.6
45.75
46.0
46.05
46.2
46.35
46.4
46.6
46.7
46.8
47.0
47.2
47. ,3
Compound Name
l,3-dimethyl-2-ethyl benzene
cycloalkane
cycloalkane
1 ,2-dimethyl-3-ethyl benzene
C -benzene
C -benzene
cycloalkane
Cj. -benzene
1,2,4,5-tetramethyl benzene
C.-benzene
1,2,3,5-tetramethyl benzene
n-undecane
C.-benzene
2-methyl indan
C.-benzene
1-methyl indan
C.-benzene
C,--benzene
1, 2,3,4-tetramethyl benzene
tetralin
C -benzene
C -benzene
C -benzene
C.-benzene
C.-benzene
naphthalene
C.-benzene
C,-benzene
D
C.-styrene
C.-styrene
C,,-benzene
o
C.-styrene
C -benzene
C, -benzene
0
C.-styrene
C, -benzene
Q
C_-benzene
cycloalkane
cycloalkane
C^-benzene
b
C.-benzene
Relative Presence(+),
Concentration Presence Absence(-)
in DAF Neu- Absence (-) (MMF/AC
tral Fraction (FC Effluent) Effluent)
low
low +
low +
low T
trace NM NM
trace
low +
trace
low +
trace
medium -H 4-
high +
trace NM NM
medium T 0
trace -
medium +
trace
trace + -
medium +
low - -
trace +
trace +
trace
trace +
trace
high + +
low +
trace +
low
med ium +
trace
low 4-
trace T T
trace T
med ium T
trace +
trace
trace
trace +
trace ~
low +
trace
trace
-------
A4
Compound
Number
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Retention
Time (Min)
47.4
47.45
47.8
47.8
48.1
48.2
48.4
48.6
48.7
48.85
49.05
49.3
49.4
49.7
50.0
50.1
50.3
50.5
50.85
51.1
51.2
51.6
51.85
51.9
52.0
52.15
52.2
52.35
52.45*
52.55
52.7
52.8
52.85
53.0
53.1
53.35
53.4
53.4
53.65
53.7
53.8
54.2
54.3
Compound Name
cycloalkane
C,.-benzene
C, -benzene
b
Cf benzene
6
n-dodecane
C, -benzene
b
ethyl indan
C, -benzene
b
C -benzene
GI .-alkane
dimethyl indan
C, -benzene
b
C, -benzene
o
methyl tetralin
C, -benzene
b
dimethyl indan
C. -benzene
b
C,-indan
methyl benzothiophene
C, -benzene
b
dimethyl indan
methyl ethyl indan
C- -benzene
b
methyl benzothiophene
2-methyl naphthalene
C13-alkane
trimethyl indan
methyl benzothiophene
trimethyl indan
methyl benzothiophene
trimethyl indan
C, -benzene
b
C,-indan/C--tetralin
4 3
1-methyl naphthalene
ethyl tetralin
cycloalkane
C,-indian/C3-tetralin
Relative Presence(+),
Concentration Presence(+), Absence(-)
in DAF Neu- Absence(-) (MMF/AC
tral Fraction (FC Effluent) Effluent)
low +
trace
low +
trace +
trace +
high + +
trace
trace +
low
trace T
trace T -
high +
trace
trace
medium T T
trace
trace -
trace
med ium x
trace T
low
trace
trace
low +
trace
low +
trace _ _
trace
low + 4.
trace
high + +
medium +
trace
low + _
trace _ _
low + .j
trace
trace
trace
high + +
low 4.
medium 4.
trace +
-------
A5
Compound
Number
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
Retention
Time (Min)
54.55
54.55
54.95
55.05
55.2
55.4
55.45
55.55
56.4
56.85
57.6
58.15
58.35
58.95
59.1
59.4
59.55
59.55
59.95
60.05
60.4
60.6
60.75
61.1
61.15
61.3
61.5
61.6
62.25
62.55
63.0
63.4
64.75
64.95
65.35
65.45
65.65
65.8
65.95
66.3
66.4
66.5
66.75
66.9
Compound Name
cycloalkane
ethyl tetralin
dimethyl tetralin
C4-indan/C3~tetralin
C--benzene
0
n-tridecane
C,-indan/C3~tetralin
C.-indan/C.-tetralin
C.-indan/C.-tetralin
C^-indan/C3~tetralin
C,-indan/C -tetralin
biphenyl
C, -indan/C^-tetralin
4 3
dimethyl benzothiophene
ethyl benzothiophene
dimethyl benzothiophene
ethyl naphthalene
dimethyl benzothiophene
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl benzothiophene
C, , -alkane
14
dimethyl benzothiophene
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
ethyl benzothiophene
n-tetradecane
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
acenaphthene
methyl biphenyl
C,,-naphthalene
methyl biphenyl
C. -naphthalene
C, .-alkane
C_ -naphthalene
C, . -alkane
14
C_-naphthalene
Relative Presence (+),
Concentration Presence(+), Absence(-)
in DAF Neu- Absence (-) (MMF/AC
tral Fraction (FC Effluent) Effluent)
low +
trace NM
low T
trace x -
trace
high + +
trace +
trace +
trace
trace -
trace
low
low + T
trace
trace + -
trace +
trace NM
med ium + +
trace + -
low + -
high + +
trace + -
high + +
trace -f -
medium MM +
high + +
high + +
trace +
high + +
medium + +
low
low 4- +
low
trace +
low - -
low + -
trace - -
low + +
low +
low +
high + +
trace + T
trace + T
high + T
-------
A6
Compound
Number
i/J
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
Retention
Time (Min)
67.2
67.45
67.85
68.05
68.25
68.6
68.65
69.45
69.7
70.1
70.55
71.15
71.35
71.7
71.75
72.05
72.1
72.3
72.6
72.7
72.8
73.1
73.35
73.7
73.9
74.1
74.45
74.5
74.6
74.8
75.0
75.2
75.3
75.8
76.6
77.0
77.4
77.5
77.85
78.05
78.05
78.1
78.35
78.4
Compound Name
C, -naphthalene
C, -naphthalene
C, -naphthalene
cycloalkane
C. -naphthalene
C,-naphthalene
n-pentadecane
C -naphthalene
C, -naphthalene
C, -naphthalene
fluorene
C_ -naphthalene
methyl acenaphthene
C -naphthalene
Cj-biphenyl
methyl acenaphthene
methyl acenaphthene
C --biphenyl
C.-naphthalene
methyl acenaphthene
C.-biphenyl
C.-naphthalene
C.-naphthalene
C -biphenyl
C.-naphthalene
n-hexadecane
C.-naphthalene
C, -naphthalene
C -naphthalene
C.-naphthalene
C -naphthalene
C.-naphthalene
C -biphenyl
methyl fluorene
C--acenaphthene
me,thyl fluorene
Relative Presence (+) ,
Concentration Presence(+), Absence (-)
in DAF Neu- Absence(-) (MMF/AC
tral Fraction (FC Effluent) Effluent)
low + -
low +
medium +
trace + NM
med ium + T
med ium + T
high + +
medium + +
medium + T
low
med ium + T
low NM NM
trace +
low NM
trace + -
trace NM
trace NM
low NM
trace +
low +
low +
trace - -
trace
trace NM
trace T
trace
trace NM
trace +
trace +
high + +
trace
trace
trace +
low +
trace NM
low NM
trace
trace
low +
trace NM
trace NM
low +
low NM
low + T
-------
A7
Compound
Number
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
Retention
Time (Min)
78.95
79.0
79.05
79.1
79.15
79.2
79.45
79.55
79.75
80.05
80.4
80.55
80.65
80.7
81.1
81.35
81.8
82.2
82.95
83.5
83.6
84.05
84.6
84.95
85.3
85.55
85.9
86.0
86.25
86.3
86.75
86.9
87.35
88.5
88.8
89.3
89.35
89.65
89.95
90.85
91.2
91.3
91.65
92.4
Compound Name
C, -naphthalene
methyl fluorene
C--biphenyl
C.-acenaphthene
C, -naphthalene
C --acenaphthene
C, -naphthalene
C2~acenaphthene
C--acenaphthene
C,-biphenyl
n-heptadecane
dibenzothiophene
C.-biphenyl
pristane
C -biphenyl
anthracene/phenanthrene
C -fluorene
0,,-f luorene
C_-f luorene
C.-fluorene
C_-fluorene
n-octadecane
methyl dibenzothiophene
C.-fluorene
phytane
C -fluorene
methyl dibenzothiophene
methyl phenanthrene
methyl phenanthrene
methyl phenanthrene
2-methyl anthracene
1-methyl anthracene
C- fluorene
C, fluorene
n-nonadecane
Relative
Concentration
in DAF Neu-
tral Fraction
trace
low
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
high
low
trace
high
trace
trace
high
trace
trace
trace
trace
low
low
low
trace
trace
high
low
trace
medium
trace
low
med ium
medium
trace
trace
low
low
trace
trace
high
trace
trace
Presence (+) ,
Presence (+), Absence (-)
Absence (-) (MMF/AC
(FC Effluent) Effluent)
NM
+
NM
-
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
+ +
T
NM
+
-
NM
+ +
-
-
-
-
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
+ +
NM
NM
+ +
NM
+
NM T
NM T
NM T
-
+ T
+ T
+ T
+
+ +
-
-
-------
A8
Compound
Number
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
Retention
Time (Min)
92.65
93.35
93.55
94.1
94.35
94.4
94.7
95.6
95.9
96.1
96.3
96.5
97.2
97.4
98.8
98.9
99.35
99.95
101.1
101.1
101.45
102.0
102.25
102.45
103.5
104.4
104.7
105.65
105.7
106.05
109.1
110.0
110.0
110.1
110.8
111.2
111.45
113.9
114.2
114.45
117.05
118.8
119.75
120.0
Compound Name
Cj-dibenzothiophene
C, -phenanthr ene/anthracene
C.-phenanthrene /anthracene
C.-phenanthr ene /anthracene
fluoranthrene
C.-phenanthrene /anthracene
C,, -phenanthr ene /anthracene
C, -phenanthr ene /anthracene
C -phenanthracene / anthracene
n-eicosane
C.-phenanthr ene/anthracene
C.-phenanthrene /anthracene
C, -phenanthr ene /anthracene
pyrene
C, -phenanthr ene/anthracene
n-heneicosane
C.-phenanthr ene /anthracene
C,-phenanthrene /anthracene
C^-phenanthrene /anthracene
C -phenanthr ene/anthracene
C H PNA
C H PNA
CI?H 2 PNA
C H PNA
n-docosane
C17H12 PNA
C17H12 PNA
C H PNA
n-tricosane
phthalate
C H PNA
CigH PNA
chrysene
1 , 2-benzanthracene
n-tetracosane
n-pentacosane
phthalate
Relative
Concentration
in DAF Neu-
tral Fraction
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
low
low
trace
trace
high
trace
trace
low
trace
low
trace
trace
med ium
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
low
medium
trace
trace
trace
medium
high
trace
trace
trace
low
trace
low
low
trace
trace
low
med ium
Presence (+) ,
Presence(+), Absence(-)
Absence (-) (MMF/AC
(FC Effluent) Effluent)
-
T
-
T
T
NM
+
+
T
NM
+ +
NM
NM
-
T
+
-
T
+ +
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
T
NM
+
+ +
+
NM
T
+ +
+ +
T
-
+
-
+
+
+ +
-
-
+ NM
+ +
T Trace
NM Not measurable
due to interferences
-------
Bl
APPENDIX B
Organic Compounds Found in the Acid Fraction of the Effluent from the
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Unit and Their Presence or Absence
in the Effluents from the Final Clarifier (FC) and Add-on
Mixed-Media Filter/Activated Carbon (MMF/AC) Units
-------
B2
Compound
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Retention
Time (Min)
49.0
51.9
54.3
54.8
56.9
57.2
57.7
58.5
60.6
60.9
62.2
62.5
62.7
63.6
64.2
64.4
65.4
65.9
66.4
66.4
66.7
68.0
68.0
68.9
68.9
69.4
69.4
69.4
70.2
70.7
70.7
70.7
71.1
71.4
71.4
71.5
73.6
76.3
77.2
82.2
87.8
93.2
99.4
100.0
100.4
Compound Name
phenol
cresol
naphthalene
p-cresol
i-propyl phenol
ethyl phenol
dimethyl phenol
2,4,5-trimethyl phenol
2,3-dimethyl phenol
ethyl phenol
n-propyl phenol
i-propyl phenol
dimethyl phenol
i-propyl phenol
i-propyl phenol
i-propyl phenol
methyl ethyl phenol
methyl ethyl phenol
n-propyl phenol
methyl ethyl phenol
diethyl phenol
n-propyl phenol
methyl ethyl phenol
methyl ethyl phenol
C,-phenol
dimethyl naphthalene
methyl ethyl phenol
C,-phenol
alkene
dimethyl naphthalene
C,-phenol
C,-phenol
dimethyl naphthalene
C, -phenol
C,-phenol
diethyl phenol
n-heptadecane
C, -benzene
o
n-octadecane
n-nonadecane
n-eicosane
plasticizer
plasticizer
plasticizer
Relative Presence(-f-) ,
Concentration Presence(+), Absence(-)
in DAF Acid Absence (-) (MMF/AC
Fraction (FC Effluent) Effluent)
medium - -
high
trace + -
high
trace
low - -
medium -
low +
med ium + -
low - -
trace
low - -
low
low -
trace -
trace -
trace -
low
low -
low - -
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace +
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace -
trace - -
trace
trace
trace +
trace +
trace +
trace +
trace +
low + +
low + +
med ium + _(.
-------
Cl
APPENDIX C
Organic Compounds Found in the Base Fraction of the Effluent from the
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Unit and Their Presence or Absence
in the Effluents from the Final Clarifier (FC) and Add-On
Mixed-Media Filter/Activated Carbon (MMF/AC) Units
-------
C2
Compound
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Retention
Time (Mln)
22.5
23.3
25.7
27.2
29.3
30.9
31.9
33.4
33.4
33.7
34.5
34.8
35.2
36.2
36.8
37.5
38.3
39.6
40.0
42.0
42.2
42.2
42.7
43.6
43.6
43.9
44.3
45.4
45.7
46.5
48.9
49.2
49.7
52.2
54.3
55.0
55.1
55.7
56.9
57.4
Compound Name
picoline
lutidine
ethyl pyridine
C,-benzene
lutidine
4-ethyl pyridine
ethyl picoline
C^-benzene
n-undecane
2,4,6-collidine
C, -benzene
2,3,6-collidine
2-ethyl picoline
2,3,5-collidine
ethyl lutidine
n-dodecane
ethyl lutidine
aniline
ethyl lutidine
N,N-dimethyl aniline
ethyl lutidine
C^-pyridine
collidine
C,-pyridine
o-toluidine
phenol
toluidine
p-cresol
naphthalene
ethyl picoline
cresol
collidine
n-tetradecane
Relative Presence(+),
Concentration Presence(+), Absence(-)
in DAF Base Absence (-) (MMF/AC
Fraction (FC Effluent) Effluent)
trace
trace
trace
trace - T
trace
trace T
low + -
trace +
trace NM NM
trace
trace
trace - T
trace
trace - -
trace
trace
trace
trace - -
trace
trace
trace
trace
medium + T
trace
trace +
trace
trace
trace + +
trace
trace -
medium NM
low -
low NM
low - _
trace
low - _
low
trace - _
trace
trace _ _
-------
C3
Compound
Number
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49'
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Retention
Time (Min)
57.8
60.7
60.9
61.1
61.6
62.2
63.7
63.9
64.3
65.6
65.8
66.9
67.6
68.4
68.7
69.3
69.4
69.8
70.2
70.8
71.1
71.5
71.8
72.4
72.9
73.9
74.6
75.1
75.5
76.3
78.7
79.6
82.2
87.8
93.2
97.9
98.2
98.6
98.6
Compound Name
xylenol
xylenol
xylenol
ethyl phenol
quinoline
2-methyl naphthalene
n-pentadecane
1-methyl naphthalene
ethyl lutidine
methyl quinoline
methyl quinoline
methyl quinoline
methyl quinoline
ethyl quinoline
methyl quinoline
dimethyl naphthalene
methyl quinoline
n-hexadecane
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl quinoline
dimethyl quinoline
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl quinoline
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl quinoline
dimethyl quinoline
dimethyl quinoline
n-heptadecane
C_-quinoline
C_-quinoline
n-octadecane
n-nonadecane
n-eicosane
plasticizer
n-heneicosane
plasticizer
alkane
Relative Presence (+) ,
Concentration Presence(+), Absence(-)
in DAF Base Absence (-) (MMF/AC
Fraction (FC Effluent) Effluent)
trace
trace
trace
trace
low
trace
trace
trace
trace
low -
trace
trace
trace +
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace + +
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace -
trace +
trace
trace
trace +
trace +
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
T Trace
NM Not measurable due to interferences
-------
C4
-------
Dl
APPENDIX D
Massgram Plots for Compounds in the Neutral Fraction of the DAF Effluent
Compound Type Page
Alkylated Benzenes
Toluene, C2-Benzenes, and C3~Benzenes D2
C,-Benzenes D3
C^-Benzenes D4
Alkylated Indans, Styrenes, and Tetralins
Indans, Ethyl Styrenes, and Tetralin D5
C2~Indans, C^-Styrenes, and C1-Tetralins D6
C -Indans and C2-Tetralins D7
Alkylated Naphthalenes
Naphthalenes, Methyl Naphthalenes, and C7~Naphthalenes D8
C -Naphthalenes D9
C,-Naphthalenes DlO
Alkylated Biphenyls and Acenaphthenes
Biphenyl, Acenaphthene, Methyl Biphenyls, and Methyl Acenaphthenes Dll
C2~Biphenyls and C^-Acenaphthenes D12
Alkylated Fluorenes
Fluorene D13
Methyl Fluorenes D14
C -Fluorenes D15
Alkylated Phenanthrenes and Anthracenes
Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Methyl Phenanthrenes,
and Methyl Anthracenes D16
C--Phenanthrenes and C2-Anthracenes D17
Alkylated Pyrenes
Pyrenes and Methyl Pyrenes D18
Miscellaneous PNAs
Chrysene and 1,12-Benzanthracene D19
Alkylated Benzothiophenes
C..-Benzothiophenes
C9-Benzothiophenes
6,t
Alkylated Dibenzothiophenes
Dibenzothiophene
GI-Dibenzothiophenes D22
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes D23
-------
D2
HASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (91, 105, 119, AND 120) FOR IDENTIFYING
TOLUENE, C2-BENZENES, AND Cj-EENZENES
TIME (MIN)
SPECTRUM NO,
TOTAL I
8,9
I I0
12
14 16
13 Il5 I 17
18
25
, ,
too
15
i .1 i .1 i i.... .
ISO JDO 350 400
20
iiliu
4
....I i
50 SC
?
' i
0 SSO
5
' 1 '
iOD 6SO
. ...,l
1
700
,,
Illllnu
750
...l.u 1 Ll I..U
1
BOO 850 91
1
91 ^^
SPECTRUM NO. ''zoo" Is? "300" "' Vsd ' ' '400
500 SSO 600 6SO 700 750 BOO BSD
CrBEMZENES
6 TOLUENE
C2-BENZENES
7 ETHYL BENZENE
8,9 p AND M-XYLENES
10 O-XYLENE
C3 BENZENES
12 I-PROPYL BENZENE
13 N-PROPYL BENZENE
14 M-ETHYL TOLUENE
15 P-ETHYL TOLUENE
16 1,3,5-TRIMETHYL BENZENE
17 O-ETHYL TOLUENE
18 1,2,1-TRIMETHYL BENZENE
25 1,2,3,-TRIMETHYL BENZENE
-------
D3
flASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (105, 119, 133, 134) FOR IDENTIFYING C,,-BENZEHES
34,35
33|
2? 27,28 32l 37 3842
22
26\
5|
' I 1 36 40 [43 46 J53
61
TIME (HIM)
SPECTRUM NO.
TOTAL
BOO!I BSD 900 I I 95
1000 1050 illOD 1150
105
SPECTRUM NOr^^o
850 900 950 LOGO 1050 1100 USD
fy-BENZENES
22 I-BUTYL BENZENE 38
23 S-BUTYL BENZENE 40
26 M-IsOPROPYL TOLUENE 42
27,28 P AND 0-ISOPROPYL TOLUENE 43
32 M-BlETHYL BENZENE 46
33 M-N-PROPYL TOLULNE 51
34,35 P-N-PfiOPYL TOLUENE AND N-BUTYL BENZENE 53
36 l,3-DlMETHYL-5-ETHYL BENZENE 61
37 O-N-PROPYL TOLUENE
l,4-DlMETHYL-2-ETHYL BENZENE
l,3-DlMETHYL-4-ETHYL BENZENE
l,2-DlMETHYL-4-ETHYL BENZENE
l,3-DlMETHYL-2-ETHYL BENZENE
l,2-DlMETHYL-3-ETHYL BENZENE
1,2,4,5-TETRAMETHYL BENZENE
1,2,3,5-TETRAMETHYL BENZENE
1,2,3,4-TETRAMETHYL BENZENE
-------
D4
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (119, 133, 147, 148)
FOR IDENTIFYING C5-BENZENES
66
48 52 59 63 65 69 80 88
47! 50 I 55 57 60 164' 67 I 75 I 85 I 96
I | I | | || I I I I I I
TIME (MIN)
SPECTRUM NO.
TOTAL ION
SPECTRUM NO. 1050 noo uso izoo izso 1300
-------
D5
NASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (117, 118, 131, 132) FOR IDENTIFYING
INDANS, ETHYL STYRENES, AND TETRALIN
41
T 35 3,9
TIME (MIN) ' ' ' i '.-1. L.I i j
SPECTRUM NO. ' U
40
58
56 62
TOTAL ION
132
131
118
117 r-i i 'iVi'fTi i i vrn i i 1' i
SPECTRUM NO. a BSD soo sso 1000 ioso noo USD 1200
29 INDAN
56 2-PlETHYL INDAN
58 I-METHYL INDAN
ETHYL STYRENES
39 ETHYL STYRENE
41 ETHYL STYRENE
TETRALINS
62 TETRALIN
-------
D6
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (117, 131, 145, 146) FOR
IDENTIFYING C2-INDANS, Cj-STYRENES, AND
Ci-TETRALINS
71. 74
TIME (MIN)
SPECTRUM NO.
TOTAL ION V
117
SPECTRUM NO, uoo 1250 1300 1350 uoo i+so i
94 ETHYL INDAN
100 DIMETHYL INDAN
106 DIMETHYL INDAN
111 DIMETHYL INDAN
Ci-TETRALINS
C5-STYRENES
71 CJ-STYRENE
72 CJ-STYRENE
74 CJ-STYRENE
77 CT-STYRENE
104 METHYL TETRALIN
-------
D7
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (131, W5, 159, 160)
FOR IDENTIFYING tyiNDANS AND
C2-TETRALINS
122 131
108 118 1126 1301 135 138
!|12 120 ! 1^1 |S7I
TIME (MIN) i"; ;",",
SPECTRUM
i i i i i > ii i i i i i t i i i
00 1+50 I | 1SOO | 1550
i I I
i i i i i i i
TOTAL ION
160
1600
131
SPECTRUM NO.
145° 1SO° 15SO 160°
C3-INDANS
108 C3-INDAN
112 METHYL ETHYL INDAN
118 TRIMETHYL INDAN
120 TRIMETHYL INDAN
122 TRIMETHYL INDAN
C2-TETRALINS
126 ETHYL TETRALIN
130 ETHYL TETRALIN
131 DIMETHYL TETRALIN
137 DIMETHYL TETRALIN
138 C^-TETRALIN
-------
D8
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (127, 111, 155, 156) FOR IDENTIFYING
NAPHTHALENE, METHYL NAPHTHALENES, AND C2-NAPHTHALENES
TIME (TUN)
SPECTRUM NO,
154
I
153
146 149 || 155 158 160
60 I .111 , I
TOTAL ION
SPECTRUM NO,
1SOO 1550 1600 1650 1700 |U750 1800 1BSO
1*00 11SO 1300 1350 MOO 1450
ItOO
12SO
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
ISSO
1600
16SO
nob
1750
NAPHTHALENE
68 NAPHTHALENE
Ci-NAPHTHALENES
116 2-flETHYL NAPHTHALENE
125 1-PlETHYL NAPHTHALENE
145 ETHYL NAPHTHALENE
149 DIMETHYL NAPHTHALENE
153 DIMETHYL NAPHTHALENE
154 DIMETHYL NAPHTHALENE
^-NAPHTHALENES
155 DIMETHYL NAPHTHALENE
158 DIMETHYL NAPHTHALENE
160 DIMETHYL NAPHTHALENE
-------
D9
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (141, 155, 169, 170)
FOR IDENTIFYING C3-NAPHTHALENES
TIME (MIN)
SPECTRUM NO.
TOTAL ION
170
170 17,4
168 173 177
181
185
1661 |I72 11751178 180 183 I 187
6.5 ...LLU.J..J..1.!........!.1. ' '
169 ~
155
141 r^rr. ^r .......
SPECTRUM NO. r> 'IBSD' ' 'isob' ' 'ibso VofooT ' 'zbs'o
-------
D10
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (155, 169, 183, 184) FOR IDENTIFYING
(^-NAPHTHALENES AND DIBENZOTHIOPHENE (NUMBER 229)
199 205 207 2l
224
2221
TIME (MIN)
192 197201 1 206 |208 212 217 I 229
, 1 , J.,j.i?5 j. I , i ; ].,i i.J..i..?°... ]..,,
I II
I I
I
I
Mn i i i i r i i i i T
1MU. :oso 2100
TOTAL ION
^^T r r n^i i i r i i
2250 2300 2350
2400
SPECTRUM NO. ,
1050
2100
£150
2200
-------
Dll
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (153, 154, 167, 163) FOR IDENTIFYING BIPHENYL,
ACENAPHTHENE, METHYL BIPHENYLS, AND flETHYL ACENAPHTHENES
162 167
141
60
TIME (MIN) i i..J. ....i i i i i
SPECTRUM NO.
TOTAL ION
I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I l|
ill i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
50 1700 L7SO 1800 1850
1900 1950 2000 2050
u^ ^vA^Jw uj^^
SPECTRUM N01670 16SO
1700 1750 1BOO
i v rr i i i i
18SO 1900 ISSO
2000 2050 2100
BIPHENYL METHYL BIPHENYLS ACENAPHTHENE METHYL ACENAPHTHENES
164, 167 162 186, 189, 190, 193
-------
D12
HASSGRAH PLOTS OF KEY ICNS (153, 167, 131, 132) FOR
IDENTIFY IMG C9-BIPHEMYLS AND C9-ACENAPHTHE?IES
TIME (MIN)
SPECTRUM NO.
191 200
188 | 196
i 75
215
225
223
221 226
JiL
D50 2100 2150 2200 2250 23001 2350 2400
TOTAL ION
^J^^J^^^
153
SPECTRUM NO.
ISO 2100 2150
C2-BIPHENYLS
188, 191, 196, 200
2200 2250 2300 ' "235o" 2400
C,-ACENAPHTHENES
215, 221, 223, 225, 226
-------
D13
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS
(165, 165) FOR IDENTIFYING
FLUORENE
TIME (PUN)
SPECTRUM NO.
70
184
2000
2050
2100
TOTAL ION
166
165
152
151
SPECTRUM NO. '2000 Voso 2100
-------
D14
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (151, 165, 179, 180)
FOR IDENTIFYING METHYL FLUORENES
TIME (MIN).
SPECTRUM NO.
216
I
214' 218
80
I I I
2200 22501 " 2300 2350 2400
TOTAL ION
^-~*J*s^**ji*~J Y|fv>
SPECTRUM NO, zzoo zzso zado 2350 2400
-------
D15
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS
(165, 179, 193, 194) FOR
IDENTIFYING C2-FLUORENES
241 246
240J 2431
TIME (MIN)
SPECTRUM NO.
239! 242i
1851 I I
248
TOTAL ION
SPECTRUM NO. ' 'z\so Vsoo zsso
-------
D16
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (177, 178, 191, 192) FOR IDENTIFYING
PHENANTHRENE, ANTHRACENE, METHYL PHENANTHRENES,
AND METHYL ANTHRACENES
TIME (MIN)
SPECTRUM NO.
TOTAL ION
SPECTRUM NO. 2350
234
252
251 1254
I ' '
250 I 255
85
i i i I r ii IT iiii n 11111 i i i i i i i i i
Z35D *400 2450 Z500 2550 2600)
i i i i i i i i
2650 270
{400
2450 2500 2550 Z6DO 2650 270
PHENANTHRENE/ANTHRACENE
234 PHENANTHRENE/ANTHRACENE
METHYL PHENANTHRENES
250 METHYL PHENANTHRENE
251 METHYL PHENANTHRENE
252 METHYL PHENANTHRENE
METHYL ANTHRACENFS
254 2-METHYL ANTHRACENE
255 I-METHYL ANTHRACENE
-------
D17
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (177, 191,
205, 206) FOR IDENTIFYING
C2-PHENANTHREMES AND C2-ANTHRACENES
267 270
265| 269 273
TIME (MIN)
SPECTRUM NO,
TOTAL ION
SPECTRUM NO.
W K-.Wto!luUu_Jrv .
-------
D18
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (201, 202, 215, 216) FOR
IDENTIFYING PYRENE AND METHYL PYRENES (INCLUDES
METHYL FLUORANTHENES, ACEANTHRYLENES, ACEPHENANTHRYLENES)
287
286 289
276 284 285
TIME (MIN) ..... ..! °°. i i i i..
n* 1290
1 05 !
1 ..!..,. !..
i
SPECTRUM NO, i I i i I
2900
TOTAL ION \ (
\ - A '
»' " V
21R - . .
215
202 J
201 J
2950 3000
-- ^
1
^V <»f%^v«^/^Y^ **T>
I 1 1
3050
-«~ s-
IN ,/
K^y
SPECTRUM NO. ' 'zLoo ' 'tsso' ' Yooo' ' '35so
~
\_v
Ly
1
91
/
/
^
/
vl
00
u
L,
k^y
i
3
I
S^,
f*-
1 1 1 i i 1 1
3100 3
1 1 1
ISO
h-^- ^^^
k
>JN^>*«rf-j.
1 TT"
ISO
PYRENE
276
MFTHYL PYRENFS. FLUQRANTHENES. ACEANTHRYLENES. ACEPHENANTHRYIFNFS
284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290
-------
D19
KASSGRAH PLOTS OF KEY IONS (227, 228) FOR
IDENTIFYING MISCELLANEOUS PNA's
TIME (MIN) t
SPECTRUM NO.
299
298
. ...JI.JL. .,
115
I I
350
$400
IT I
345C
TOTAL ION
242
241
MISCELLANEOUS PNA's
298 CHRYSENE
299 1,2-BENZANTHRACENE
SPECTRUM NO,
35 3oo
-------
D20
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (119,
133, 147, 148) FOR IDENTIFYING
METHYL BENZOTHIOPHENES
114 121
109 I 119
TIME (HIM) ....i ! I....!.
SPECTRUM NO.
00
TOTAL ION
1500
/ \
SPECTRUM NO.
400 USD 1500
-------
D21
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS
(133, W, 161, 162) FOR
IDENTIFYING C2-BENZOTHIOPHENES
TIME (MIN)
SPECTRUM NO.
TOTAL ION
133
SPECTRUM NO,
1650 1700 1750 1
-------
D22
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (169,
183, 197, 198) FOR IDENTIFYING
METHYL DI8ENZOTHIOPHENES
245 249
TIME (MIN) i
SPECTRUM NO. "
9(
I I I I I I I 1 I ,1 I I I I I I I I I I !
2450 2500 2550 2600 J
TOTAL ION
24SO 2500 25SO
-------
TIME
SPECT
Tl
97
83
99
57
SPECT
MASSGRAM PLOTS OF KEY IONS (57, 99) FOR IDENTIFYING ALKANES AND KEY IONS (83, 97)
FOR IDENTIFYING CYCLOALKANES
/
/ '
o
N5
CO
TIME
S P ECT 3 1100 USD 1100 1«SO I
Tl
97
83
-W-w/1
99 « .
57 swJ
SPECT r"T
Jl 1 " 'i "
t] n ^ "
! i
i ' '' ' * *
^^^^r-^^i '.
JL Ajlv JL^-VMA^L^^U^v^^^j"^^^^^^ '' ' ^A
Til * /
-------
El
APPENDIX E
Mass Spectra for Various Compounds in the Neutral Fraction of the
DAF-Effluent Sample Listed According to Increasing Retention Time
Retention Time
(min. )
13.1
19.7
20.4
22.1
27.3
28.0
28.1
28.6
29.3
32.5
30.6
32.7
33.4
35.3
35.6
35.9
36.4
37.3
37.4
37.9
40.3
40.5
42.8
43.1
44.4
44.7
48.2
50.0
51.9
Compound Name
toluene
ethyl benzene
p- and m-xylene
o-xylene
n-propyl benzene
m-ethyl toluene
p-ethyl toluene
1,3,5-trimethyl benzene
o- ethyl toluene
n-decane & 1,2,3-trimethyl benzene (mixture)
1,2,4-trimethyl benzene
trimethyl benzene
indan
m-n-proply toluene
p-n-propyl toluene & n-butyl benzene (mixture)
l,3-dimethyl-5-ethyl benzene
o-n-propyl toluene
l,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl benzene
l,3-dimethyl-4-ethyl benzene
l,2-dimethyl-4-ethyl benzene
1,2,4,5-tetramethyl benzene
1,2,3,5-tetramethyl benzene & n-undecane (mixture)
1,2,3,4-tetramethyl benzene
tetralin
naphthalene
C -benzene
n-dodecane
dimethyl indan
methyl benzothiophene
Page
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
E9
E10
Ell
E12
E13
E14
E15
E16
E17
E18
E19
E20
E21
E22
E23
E24
E25
E26
E27
E28
E29
E30
E31
E32
-------
E2
Retention Time
(min. )
52.2
52.7
53.0
53.7
55.3
58.3
59.1
59.5
60.4
60.7
61.3
61.5
62.2
62.5
63.3
64.9
65.4
66.0
68.6
71.1
72.3
74.8
75.8
77.0
77.8
78.3
80.5
80.6
82.2
84.6
84.9
85.2
Compound Name
methyl ethyl indan
2-methyl naphthalene
methyl benzothiophene
1-methyl naphthalene
n-tridecane
biphenyl
dimethyl benzothiophene
ethyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
C, --alkane
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
n-tetradecane
dimethyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
acenaphthene
methyl biphenyl
methyl biphenyl
n-pentadecane & some
CL -naphthalene
f luorene
methyl acenaphthene
hexadecane
C,-naphthalene
C, -naphthalene
C, -naphthalene
methyl fluorene
n-heptadecane
dibenzothiophene
anthracene/phenanthrene
CL-fluorene
C2-fluorene
C^-fluorene
Page
E33
E34
E35
E36
E37
E38
E39
E40
E41
E42
E43
E44
E45
E46
E47
E48
E49
E50
E51
E52
E53
E54
E55
E56
E57
E58
E59
E60
E61
E62
E63
E64
-------
E3
Retention Time
(min. )
86.0
86.2
87.3
88.5
88.7
89.6
89.9
91.2
98.9
101.1
105.6
113-9
114.2
Compound Name
n-octadecane
methyl dibenzothiophene
methyl dibenzothiophene
methyl phenanthrene
methyl phenanthrene
2-methyl anthracene
1-methyl anthracene
n-nonadecane
pyrene
n-heneicosane
n-docosane
chrysene
1, 2-benzathracene
Page
E65
E66
E67
E68
E69
E70
E71
E72
E73
E74
E75
E76
E77
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 220
RET. TlflE 13. 1
TOLUENE
100
tirfJL
iiniiiiriii
I I i ""I I I I"" ""I" I I I 'I' ""I I"" "I I"" ""I I"" ""I" ""I"" ""I"" T ""I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 ISO 140 ISO 160 170 180 ISO 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DRF-L234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,D[L LOO-FOLD,REF ORG-
SOM OV-lOt.LP RT 2 OEG-/MIN ,TEHP 1,20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 428 RET, TIflE 18, 7
ETHYL BENZENE
100
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO ISO 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DRF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2.DIL iOO-FOLD.REF ORO
SON OV-LOl.LP RT 2 DEO/MEN,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 4S2 RET. TlflE 20. 4
P I tl-XYLENE
100
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 SO 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 ISO 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DRF-l234-ft-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2.D[L 100-FOLD.REF ORO
SOU OV-LOULP RT 2 DEG/MIN,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC SOS RET, TIME 22. 1
D-XYLENE
100
UJ,
M
-T i'"1 ""I*"1 mT" i"" ""i i i "i i i i "i"" ""i i i11" ""i i"11 ""i rm T- "["""!"" -"j-Tr-
io 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO SO 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 160 100 200 210 220 230 240 250
DRF-l234-fl-NEUTRftL/F-ME/CH2CL2.0IL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
SOM OV-IOULP RT 2 DEG-/MIN.TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 66B
RET. TlflE 27. 3
N-PROPYL BENZENE
100
iiln
t
"I
I ........ I
I
I ........ I
I
I"" ""I ........ I ...... "I
I"" ""I
10 20 3D 40 SO 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 ISO 140 ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DflF-l234-R-NEUTRfiL/F-ME/CH2CL2rDIL LOO-FOLD.REF ORG-
50M OV-IQULP fit 2 DEG-/M£N,TEMP I ,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 691 RET. TlflE 2B. 0
H-ETHYL TOLUENE
100
iMtfWti
rrhM
M
""I I"" ""i""-""! | I"" ""I"" ""p""1"!"" T" ""i - -["" ""!"" ""|"" ""I"" ""I"" ""I"" ""I"" ""[""-""I I"" »»|""-»»| |
ID 20 an 40 so so ")o ao 00 100 110 120 iaa uo iso tea i?a IBD 100 200 210 220 230 2*0 2So
OfiF-l234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2rDLL LOO-FOLD,REF ORO
SOM OV-LOULP RT 2 DEO/MIN ,TEMP L.20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 696
RET. TlflE 28. 1
P-ETHYL TOLUENE
100
mi mi run nrrftm niiniii iiiiTtnl iiiirfHi'ihipflr'iirltTnt tlllrnir tirmiii nnfrlH
LmnUf
l...p...-rtl
1, A . rt,T --, nfi n L m j n n, n in. r. n n n. r
r r T P V T T P P P P" " T" r'" ""I
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO 00 100 110 120 130 UO ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2SQ
DflF-L234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-MEVCH2CL2,QtL 100-FOLD,REP ORO-
SQM OV-lOl.LP RT 2 DEO/MIN,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 712 RET, TlttE 28. 6
1,3.S-TR1METHYL BENSENE
100
ttn
M
t"
t
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO ISO 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DRF-l234-R-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,Q[L 100-FOLD.REP ORO
SOfl OV-lOl.LP RT 2 DEO/fllN.TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 132D1 SPEC 734
RET. TIME 29. 3
D-ETHYL TOLUENE
100
lm^'"l 1 \ I"1' ""[ I '''T '"'I 1 ' I
1, in
Inmiirrm-nrmnr-nnmTriiiiiiiii i i i iiiimir-mTmTT inimii -immn-nnm.i iinniii niir -
I 1 1 "" 1 1 '"1"" ""1 1 1 "1 "" ""]"" " \" ""\
DRF-t234-R-NEUrRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DlL 100-FOLD.REP ORG
SON OV-IOULP RT 2 DEO/MIN ,TEI1P 1,20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 837
RET. TIME 32, S
HIXTURE OF N-DECRNE 4 1 .2,3-TRlflETHYL 8EN2ENE
100
1
SI
l->
U)
""I I' ""I I I I " "I I "I""1 "T ""I"" I I I ""j'""T" ""j"" T"T"ril"l I I1 1 1 "I
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 00 LOO 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
QRF-l234-R-NEUTRRL/F-flE/CH2CL2,DlL 100-FOLD,REF ORG
SOM OV-LOl.LP RT 2 DEO/riIN,TEMP 1,20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 776
RET. TIME 30. 6
1,2,4-TRlnETHYL BENZENE
100
HUH null
n+tm
M
I I I I I I I I I I I
I I
I I I I I ........ I I
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 223 230 240 2SO
DRF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DIL 100-FOLD,REF ORG-
SD.M OV-lOl.LP flT 2 DEO/MEN,TEHP 1.20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 842
RET. TIME 32. 7
1,2,3-TRlflETMYL BENZENE
100
mi urn mini ii Illi iinlllli'llliiiili'iiillliirillliiiilLn ttmHrJf
UJ
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 UO ISO 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 2SQ
DRF-l234-R-NEUTRRL/F-riE/CH2CL2,D[L 100-FOLD,REF ORG
SOU OV-lOi.LP RT 2 DEG/MIN,TEMP 1.20,3 U
-------
FRN 132D1 SPEC 86S
RET. TIME 33. 4
JNORN
1DQ
Pi
' ""I I I "'I I"" ""1"" ""I"'1 ""!"" "I" I' 'I'"'' '!'"' ' T" I ! I" " I ' I '"']"" 'I V" 1"" '"I T"' I
0 10 20 30 40 50 SO "?0 BO SO 100 110 120 130 HO ISO 160 170 180 ISO 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
OflF-l234-F)-NEUrRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,0[|_ 100-FOLD.REP ORG-
son OV-IOI.LP fir 2 oEo/fiiN,rEMp 1,20,3 u
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 927
RET. TIME 35. 3
tt-N-PROPYL TOLUENE
100
i L il II II 1 'ill i 1 'llill! llillll1 li In vl In ll
iilillu'llllr in ilium 'uilllin itmiiil ill i nhn-m-nrir-m-iinnm 1.1111.11 n r LI i j- i
' V ' "I'"' " 1 T'" '"I"'' ""1 ''1"" ""I"'' ' '1 1' I" f'"' *"J""r""|"" ""1
DRF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,OIL 100-FOLD.REF ORG
SOM OV-lOl.LP RT 2 DEO/MIN.TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 935
RET, TIME 35. 6
CtlXTURE OF P-N-PROPYL TOLUENE «, N-BUTYL BENZENE
100
iu. |i rtii i [I li il irtm'll.u ili'llllllni illlHiti u li
1 II , Jl
fc. .H.j-HI
1 1,11 1 1
1 1
T1" 1 1 "''1 1 1'"' ""! 1 1"" 1 1"" ""1
M
00
DRF-l234-fi-NEUTRflL/F-nE/CH2CL2.DIL 100-FOLD,REF ORG-
OV-IOL.LP RT 2 DEG/MtN.TEMP 1.20,3 U
-------
PRN 13201 SPEC 945
RET, TIME 35. 9
1.3-01nETHYL-5-ETHYL
1DO
1 " ""1 -"IT [ 1 1 1 "1 " " 1 1 " I '"'! 1
DflF-l234-R-NEUTRfiL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DIL 100-FOLD,REP ORO
SOM OV-lOl.LP ftT 2 DE&/MIN,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 9S9
RET. TI HE 36. 4
B-N-PROPYL TOULENE
1DD
., , .,, ,.., ihl.lliiinlii'ilik lL.il rn
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 987
RET. TIC1E 37. 3
1,4-01METHYL-2~ETI1YL BENZENE
100
uji mmnrinvnw mimn i iri.li ;in.lllirilnrnli.'ililtliil ilHiliHInililili'iilii(illl't»iip»i'lli
1 II 1 J
....j.m ..,.,.... .,,., ....j, ,, ( ,), j .j._. ,,..j ...j.,, .m.j
OflF»l234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DLL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
50M OV-lOl.LP RT 2 OEO/rilN.TEflP U20.3 U
-------
fRN 13201 SPEC 990 RET. TIME 37,
1.3-01ttEThYL-4-ETHYL BENZENE
100
r I J.lllU ....ll.l.'.I..J.lll'.l.lll .llll..ll'...ll
.. .-.[,... ...,|,«. ,j, ^.JIHJ ,,..(1,1, .I..J.III .1.1(1,., ,IHJ,.II ...Ij
Ni-ldiiilil'initMi'lli
T'1
iSntnv«Hi«.tnjinw,Tmi Jiliimi uijfun-nim)!; iimimi mvpai ^qtw. vinniiu jiinn r
N3
0 10 20 30 40 SO SO 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
ORF-l234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,D[L 100-FOLD,REF ORG
SOfl OV-101.LP flT 2 OEG/fUN.rEflP 1.20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1005 RET. TIflE 37. 9
l,2-OIttETHYL-4-£THYL BENZENE
100
lilJlllillll 'ilillln iini-m i lllllill iiiiimi miinai mil i jinnni uiijimi ujiiij.. mji
Ul III.JMI .Mjl , ,., 4( , ,. (. .,, ,.,,j r~, ,.,,. .«!
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 80 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 ISO 200 210 220 230 2*0 2SO
OflF-l234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2.0tL 100-FOLD,REP ORG
50M OV-IQULP RT 2 OEG-/MIN. TEMP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1082 RET. TIME 40. 3
1.2,4.S-TETRRflETHYL BENZENE
100
M
'"T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I ~l 'I I I 1'" !"" ""I"" T"''"'I""'"T1" -"j"-""j""-""i
10 20 SO 40 SO 60 70 BO 00 100 110 120 ISO UO 150 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 250
DfiF-l234-fl-NEUTRfiL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DIL 100-FOLO.REF ORG
50M OV-LOULP RT 2 DEO/fUN, TEMP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1090 RET, TIttE +0. S HIXTURE OF 1,2,3.S-TETRRflETHYL BENZENE & N-UNDECRNE
100
4
0 10 20 30 40 SO BO 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
QRF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DIL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
SOM OV-IOULP RT 2 QEO/fUN .TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 132Q1 SPEC 1162
RET. TIME 42, 8
1,2,3,4-TETRRMETHYL BENZENE
100
_
""!"" ""1 1"" ""!'"' '"'1 1'" 1"" ""1 1'"' '"'!'"' '"'I'"" '"'1
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 80 100 110 120 ISO UQ 150 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 250
ORF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2.QIL 100-FOLD.REF ORG
SOU OV-lOl.LP RT 2 DEO/MEN,TEMP 1,20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1170 RET. TlttE 43. 1
IETRRLIN
100
0
llll lljll ll'il
10 20 30 40 SO 60 7
iiJjL
o BO ao
nl,i
- "'T
100
110 120 13C
1 II ' II
i ...i|i... ..i.ji |tn | ..|t jt, j. j... j. ! i.pi.. ...j
1 140 ISO ISO 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
M
N3
DRF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DIL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
SOM OV-LOL.LP RT 2 DE&/f1IN,TEriP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1213
RET. T1HE 44, 4
NRPMTHRLENE
100
N)
00
iil'lHiiini iiiii'iiMilli
""I I I I I I' I I" I I" I "'I I I I I I I"" ""I"" ""I"" ""I"" ""I'-^l-^T-^-T^
0 10 20 30 40 SO BO 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 UO ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 250
DflF-l234-fi-N£UTRRL/F-ME/Ch2CL2,D[L 100-FOLD,REF ORG
50M OV-IQULP fiT 2 DEO/MtN.TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1224 RET. TINE 44. 7
CS-BENZENE
100
Id ll
iM.H.^IlL.JlllllllLllljlllllnllll.llllU.I,
hktlLl
Lllm ,.llill.l'.lii|ini lll.l .mum . .,... ,m.
fO
VO
0 10 20 30 40 SO SO 70 80 00 100 110 120 ISO UO ISO ISO 170 180 100 200 2lQ 220 230 240 2SO
OflF-l234-R-NEUTRRL/F-riE/CH2CL2,DIL 100-FOLOrREF ORO
SOU OV-IOULP RT 2 DEO/MEN.TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 5PCC 1320 RET. TIME 48. 2
N-OODECRNE
100
,1
,.,
UutJ
liiillieihHIlim'liilllfll'iiiiiirtl'llliiliii illllllii iniinli Hhi-hli Ini mill inn mi ii 111 imi mum mil
0 10 20 30 40 SO BO 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2CO
ORF-l234-R-NEUTRRL/F-riE/CH2CL2.DIL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
SOU OV-iOKLP RT 2 DE&/MIN.TEMP U20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1387
RET. Tine so. o
OlflEThYL INDfiN
100
mi iniiiiu iiiiin iini iinilili iiii|lili'llii|iiil'iiil|liii'ilil|lill'niii iJiliiiiill'iiiltliii'llilliiii'lIm
"' '"'I1'" ui I1"1 ""i ('" ""1 P1" tnT" P" P I1"1 ""i
10 20 30 40 SO KO 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 150 ISO 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 250
OftF-L234-R-NeUTRAL/F-ME/CH2CL2,0[L 100-FOLDrREF ORO
SOM OV-LOi.LP RT 2 DE&/fUN,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1447-1442
RET. TlflE SI. 9
METHYL BEN20TH10PHENE
100
0
i ll ll- I r HI- i li i Id ll 1 1 J L li' 1 1 'l In I
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 80 100 110 120
(III
""!
13
III ...llull .
0 140
III1 ll III 1 1 J
T P1'1
-------
FRN 132D1 SPEC 14S4-1447
RET. TlnE 52. 2
ttETHYL ETHYL 1NORN
100
0
J.I ... )!
'" 1"" ""1 1 lin I1"' "'Tu J"l
LO 20 30 40 SO 60 70
III!
to
| |
h,l|
80
1 'll li 1 i
100 1
II
,0
u ill
120 13
LWkn
0 UO
1 1 1 ill 1 i i r LI r - i n n i i
'"I1"' ''"I1"1 "'"1 1 f"" ""I"" ""f 1 1 1 i
ISO 160 170 160 180 200 210 220 230 240 250
M
to
SPECT
DRF-12a4~R-NEUTRRL/F-nE/CH2CL2,OlL 100-FOLD,REF ORB
SDH OV-101.LP RT 2 OEQ/f11N,TEnP 1,20,3 UL
-------
FRN 132D1 SPEC 1473
RET. TIME 52. 7
2-METMYL NflPHTHRLENE
100
Illllllll Illllllllttt 1
1 llllj.U. ...Ijllll ...l! |.... ..[.. ,.,.p p .(. ,..ip If.o. ,o.f
w
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
ORF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DEL 100-FOLD.REF ORG
50M OV-IOULP flT 2 OEG/MtN.TEMP 1,20.3 U
-------
TRN 13201 SPEC 1483-1479 RET, TltlC S3. 0
ioa
T T I ""I I 1 I "I
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 80 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 ISO 200 210 220 230 240 250
flVOD SPEC!
DRF~1234-R-N£:UTRflL/r~tl£:/CM2CL2.QlL IDa-FOLD.RCF ORO
son av-ioi.LP RT 2 OEO/riiN.TCrip 1.20.3 UL
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1SOS
RCT. TIME S3
1-nCThYL NflPttTHflLENE
100
w
uj
ON
10
r
70
I
30
i
40
SO
i
60
i
70
i
80
r
fiO
i ....... 'i ..... "'I ...... "i ........ i ..... i ........ i ...... "i" "T" ""I"" I ' ""r" ""i ........ i"" ""i ""i
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 ISO 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
LOO-fOLO ,
OR
SOfl OV-IOL.LP AT 2 Q£&/fUN. TfnP 1,20,3 U
-------
fRN 132Q1 SPEC 1SS7 RET. TlflE SS. 3
100
0
*
10 20 30 40
( ,.t,ji,ll
SO
Umtfe
1.JV.H IN
60 7C
Utt^ll
1 BO
UirrtmHtt tiiirSnttliil'timtill 1 Imiirilllllljl'iliiilill'liilllin i llrcujturuiui 'mini i luiniu i jmn Tnimjmiin uruujrwi r
«Q 100 110 120 130 UO ISO 1GO 170 IBO ISO 200 210 220 230 240 2 SO
DflF-l234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-flE/CH2CL2,DtL lOO-FOLD,REF
son OV-LOL,LP FIT 2 DEO/MIN,TEMP 1,20,3 u
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1648-1640
RET. TIRE SB, 3
B1PHENYL
100
a
. . , , ,,,,i|,,| ,,,,.,,|, ,
1 1 1 1"1 11 r i"
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70
Ill^ll ^LliLpJlhli,,,,',,,,,.,!,),!!,,,! r,lil|l
80 00 100 110 120 130 140 150
1 II1 lllll
""I "I"'1 IUI"" ""I P 1 [">l '"T I1"1 ""1
160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 250
M
00
SPECT
DRF-l234-fi-NeUTRRL/F-nE/CM2CL2.DIL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
SDH OV-101.LP RT 2 OEO/TllN.TEnP 1.20.3 UL
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1672-1667
RET. TIME SS, 1
DIMETHYL BENZOTH10PHENE
100
0
III'
1 \ i r1 I"
10 20 30 40 SO
ill 1,1
I'1" '"T"' "
60 70 B(
|
J
.
1 T
00
llli
" "1jv-"")lllf
LOO 11
0
,juiwi
120 130 1
1 ll|IH
0 ISO I
1
6
, . ..... ,
ll 1 ii 11'
m H,.J,J, ,1,1, ,,i,t ,, ,j.^, ,w,j.wJ-ii/,j.m j,,,% ,v,,f
a i?a mo iso 200 210 220 230 240 250
ftVOD SPECT
ORF-1234-R-NEUTRRUF-ME/CH2CL2,OIL lOO-FOLO.REF ORO
SOU OV-101.LP RT 2 OEQ/HlN,TEttP 1,20.3 UL
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1687 RET. T1HE 59. 5
ETHYL NRPHTHRLENE
100
0
mi nmmniniiiH niiiim iniilih'uiiillH^hiiilliMltliliiHlhillll'ilililm'lhlillii'iitlllili HMiiili'llllllill-iiili
10 20 30 40 SO 60 "70 BO 00 100 110 120 130 14
HiMiiillll1
0 150
1 1 "'1 1 '"I"" '"'1 '"I"" "">'"' ""!"" ""1
160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 2*0 2SO
DflF-L234-F»-NEUTRfiL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DlL LOO-FOLD,REF ORO
aOM OV-LOULP RT 2 DEG/MIN ,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 17U RET. TIME 60. 4
DIMETHYL NRPHTHflLENE
100
M
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 SO 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DflF-l234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,Q[L 100-FOLD,REF ORG-
SOW OV-LOULP fiT 2 DEG/MIN,TEMP U20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1724 RET. TIflE 60. 7
C13 RLKRNE
100
M
nil
ID 20 30 40 SO 80 70 BO 80 LOO 110 120 130 UO ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 250
DflF-l234-R-NEUTRRL/F-riE/CH2CL2.0tL 100-FOLD.REP OR&
SOM OV-LOL.LP RT 2 DEO/MIN.TEMP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1743 RET. TIME 61. 3
DIMETHYL NflPHTHflLENE
100
M
I I I i 'i I '"I I I I i I"" | i I I 1 i | | | "]'"' ""]"' ""i ""j
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 BO 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO ISO 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
OAF-L234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-ttE:/CH2CL2.0[L 100-FOLD ,RET ORG-
OV-IOULP RT 2 DEO/MIN ,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
fRN 13201 SPEC 1749
RET. TIME 61. S
DIMETHYL NBPMTHHLENE
100
_
Lul
Illllll III i II 1 1 1 14 J 4 III 1 1 J
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
w
-p-
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO 60 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
DfiF-L234~fl-NEUTRftL/F-ME/CH2CL2,D[L 100-FOLD,REP ORG
SOM OV-lOt,LP fiT 2 DEO/ri[N.T£MP U20»3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1"H2 RET. TIME 62
N-TETRRCECRNC
100
M
01
A
F vnvivrvr iirriTir* vniiiiri mil »r*jwrir iii***i »* *«i IFI*>I*«*< »*riii><
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO SO 100 UO 120 130 140 ISO ISO 1*70 180 ISO 20C 210 220 230 240 2SO
DRF-L234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-nE/CH2CL2,DLL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
SOM OV-IOL.LP flT 2 DEO/«tN,T£MP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1782 RET.
62. S
OlnETHYL NRPhTHRLDJE
100
If ! l|i 4l- bill. l'lill.tlllL.I Jlll'illl.
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1BOB
RET. TIME 63. 3
DlflEThYL NRPHTHRLENE
100
-
-
m. MI.IIUI .. i ...llil. l...)l.l|l|l.l1.lllM.lll..l'llllitlili...l|lll>!lill|U.!.I.Mll.
lhlll.l|l|il.|lll.".l.li
L Ill
i
Illlllli illlllllI'lllMlllI Illllu . nnri.ll milim iHinin mini in. .».!
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO 90 100 110 120 130 UO ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DflF~l234-R-NEUTRflL/F-ME:/CH2CL2,OlL 100-FOLD .RET ORO
SOM OV-IOULP FIT 2 DEO/niN.TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
fRN 13201 SPEC 18S8 RET. TIrtE 64- 9
RCDJRPHTHENE
100
M
£-
00
»ii»IPI PPHII*** vpr >* «** ii« »*i ( IP'* >f ITII
10 20 30 40 SO EO 70 80 fiC 100 110 120 130 UO ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
ORF-l234-fl-NEUTRRL/F-flE:/CH2CL2,QlL 100-FOLD,REP ORO
SOM OV-IOULP ftT 2 DEO/MIN.TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1872 RET. TIME 6S. 4
C1ETHYL BlPhENYL
100
Illl. i.i
"I i i i i i r r i i i i i i i i i i i -r T" -"|""-""|"" T
D 10 20 30 40 SO 60 90 80 BO 100 110 120 130 UO ISO ISO 170 I BO 160 200 210 220 230 240 2 SO
DRF-l234-R-NEUTRRL/r~ME/CH2CL2,OtL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
SOfl OV-LOULP fiT 2 DEO/PI IN .TEMP U20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 1B91 RET. T1HE 66. 0
tlETHYL BIPHENYU
100
Ill ll
ilJI i I.LB II .
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 UO ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
OflF-l234-R-NEUTRflL/F-flE/CH2CL2.DlL 100-FOLD,REF ORG-
SOM OV-IOL.LP flT 2 OEG-/fUN,TEMP 1,20.3 U
-------
13201 SPEC 1973 RET. TlflE 6B. 6
N-PENTROECRNE *» SOHE C3-NRPHTHRLENE
100
|l!ll .nipili'lil.iMll'iMllM-lltl^lil'LM^.i'illijMli'iiOlllll'll.!!;!!;
H
<_n
ITTTIHIT f If II MM TTTTITTfl flTTI I 1*1111111 * 1111*1 111 111 I11IIIH1 IIMIII1I til 11*11 11* lilt?? * HT I Till Till 1 ***! lllTIf*** I1III1T1T 11T 111 II* IT'I llll Ml'II 111 ITTII1HI TITTI'ITI I IT (I 111 T Till! If IT T RTF I IT* 1TII1 Tilt fTTTI
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 80 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
Dfif-l234-fl~NEUTRfiL/F-flE/CH2CL2,DtL 100-FOLD ,REF ORO
SOM OV-IOULP fiT 2 DEG/MIN.TEriP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2DS2 RET. TIME 71. 1
fLUDRENE
100
...Jill ..... Jll ,h H..I .l.l,ll|l|..i,i.Jllli,...,'lnlll..,lililllill'iillli l.l|lil.Li.llliUl,lll.
hllllli-ililnlil llilluli iliiiini iiiiimi inn mi HIM mil
ID 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 00 103 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 ISO 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DRF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2.DIL 100-FOLD.REF ORO
50M OV-101.LP RT 2 OEG/fUN.TEMP 1,20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2088 RET, TIME 72, 3
HETHYL RCENRPMTHENE
100
M
Ln
OJ
frJd ni.i.il.
10 20 30 40 SO SO 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 250
DflF-L234-R-N£UTRftL/F-ME/CH2CL2,D[L 100-FOLD,REF ORO
50M OV-lQl.LP FIT 2 DEG-/MLN.TEMP 1.20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2167 RET. TlttE 74, 8
HEXROECRNE
100
,. ...|.n. .n.|... ,...y,., ..!...,..,.. ..!.. ._.|... ,_.j
o 10 20 aa «a so ea ?a so 00 100 no 120 iaa ua isa isa no i&a 100 200 210 220 2)0 2*0 2So
DflF-l234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DIL 100-FOLD.REF OR&
50M OV-10ULP FIT 2 OE&/f1IN,TEMP U20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2199
RET. TIRE 7S. B
100
1 111! I I
MMll.ll .H.|l,..'lLiil.-.nlim.'>lil|lll.' IHlWllMl..'...l|lJ.I.IH.Il'J.J Ill* IIILmil'll
UHfcJ
ID 20 SO 40 50 60 70 BO 80 100 110 120 ISO 140 ISO 160 170 IftO 160 200 210 220 230 240 250
DRF-l234-fl-N£UTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DIL 100-FOLD.REF ORG-
SOM OV-lOl.LP RT 2 OEG-/f1IN.TEMP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2235
RET. TIME 77. 0
C4-NRPHTMRLENE
100
ll 1
, .,, ., jl.li ,m|l,J,i,,r, ,i,l|l,,,'ilil|lll|l,i,|,ln,l| M,.,,,'inl,L ii,l|i,l|l||ll|.iliMil|lll,-.i,i|lll',,,,,,,lJll,
""I"1' IJpi i i '"1 1 i
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DRF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,OIL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
SOM OV-lOl.LP RT 2 DEO/MIN.TEMP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 22B1 RET, TlflE 77, 8
C4-NRPHTHRLENE
100
1L
IMH
tnqnt
*L
ft!*! till ((II !! Ill !( ! ! IIII111II IIKIIKI * l*ll«*ll llfllf I*R « « *II1I«*«* I (VIII I !!» (IBM II* I ! ! ! (I III f I fllf tlfTI
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 60 80 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
QRF-L234-fl-NEUTRRL/F-riE/CH2CL2.D[L 100-FOLD.REF ORO
50M OV-IOL.LP RT 2 DEO/fUN.TEflP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 227B RET. TIME 78. 3
J1ETHYL FLUORENE
100
0
L 1 I i II I U 1 1 1 Lllllll 'l
i 1 i- r" 1"" '
10 20 30 40 SO
i hi 1 i-ll i II lU lii 'llil ' i ill 1 ' i lii u'llll u nil It i ill! ' i nl
60 70 60 00 100 110 120 ISO UO ISO 160
Ll!
170 18
1 I 1 li 1 r i
1 '"V- ""i -[ 1 i i 1
0 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
DfiF-l234-fi-NEUTRRL/F-fl£/CH2CL2.D[L 100-FOLO.REF ORG
50M OV-LOULP fiT 2 DEG/MIN.TEMP 1,20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 23*7 RET. TIME 80. S
N-HEPTflOECflNE
100
0 10 20 30 40 SO SO 70 BO SO 100 110 120 130 140 ISO ISO 170 180 ISO 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
OflF-l234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-flE:/CH2CL2,DlL 100-FOLO ,
ORO
SOM OV-LQULP flT 2 QE&/MIN,T£MP 1.20,3 U
-------
TRN 132D1 SPEC 2350 RET. TlnE 80. 5
DIBENZOTHIQPhENE
100
W-nirtMr
pi-f
*Uk4
m'.h.mil'ihiiMiiMHtii
N^
w
ON
o
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 160 160 200 210 220 230 240 250
OflF-l234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2.0[L 100-fOLD,REF ORG-
b'QM OV-lOl.LP PT 2 DEO/fUN. TEMP 1,20.3 U
-------
fRN 13201 SPEC 2399 RET. TIME 82, 2
PNTHRBCENE/PHENBNTHRENE
100
«
lii
-------
FRN 13201 5P£C 2476 RET. TIME 84- 6
C2-FLUORENE
100
,ll,l l..l.l,l..l..l,.l.lll.,..ll.lllll.l...lll..,llllll.....l,
..|.|||,.,.
w
Ov
NJ
LjAA^l
i Tiff|t iir rmif in in i in i MTII IMI iiMiinifiMiifi* inriifti IMIIMM 11*111111 IIIIIIMI iinifni iiiiiiin iniiviiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIKI 11* nni rniiiff iiiiim rrrriiiii if it |i ill HIM HIT mill if I nfTl
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 18G 200 210 220 230 240 250
DRF-l234-R-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,OIL 100-FOLD,REF ORG-
SOM OV-LQl.LP flT 2 DEO-/flIN,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2487 RET. TIME 84. 9
C2-FLUORENE
100
ll. .M....II jJjH.'lil.lll|lnlljnJl|j.MlJ.J|l(lll...l|.J.I|(l.,l.l...l.lllll. .Ull'lil I
Ml
Lit
ill ".I..I.I ...1. MM,
w
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 250
OflF-l234-fl-NEUTRflL/F-flE:/CH2CL2,OIL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
SOM OV-IOULP FIT 2 DEO/MIN,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2+97 RET. TlflE BS. 2
C2-FLUORENE
100
a
. | i
, , , ,1,1, Mll| Ji,,,,! ,|j|L ,1.1, IL ,1,1,1 III,!,,,!,!,!,!,!, ,h,,|Ji ,ill,i,l,' J ll , ll|i,l,,,,,li ,
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 60 SO 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160
, ll
["" '
170 I
ll ll,ll
80 180
i ill ll It
"P T"' ""f1'1' ""1 P"' '"'I
200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DflF-l234-ft-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,0[L 100-FOLD,REf ORO
SOM OV-IOULP fiT 2 0£0/MlN.TEf1P U20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2S21 RET. TIME 86. 0
N-QCTROECflNE
100
I'mnlHii milmi milim IHIIHH imptn mirini mirmi1 inir»»« nniim imiiiu niiimi >niiini imiiiii ininm'niiiiiii HIVIIHI imnm niipnr IMIIIXI iHiiim nnji
2SD 280 270 280 29D 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 300 400 410 420 430 440 4SO 460 470 480 4SO SdO
"I"" '"I"" '"I"
FRN 13201 SPEC 2S21 RET. TIME 86. 0
M-OCTROECflNE
100
-
-
-
.. .J..JI-. .-.J.... j 1
1 .J
Jl
fepMMHf
,Jl
1
1 Jl
'" 1"" "
1 1
1 ll
" "1 """
1., ......ll
1 I
. ,||i. lillj
""1 "" r
.ll III till. ...1,.
lilil -'I1-1 "T- -'"I11" IIJI -!- i 1
M
Ul
OflF-L234-fl-NEUTRfiL/F-ME:/CH2CL2.0tL 100-FOLD.REF ORG
50M OV-IOULP RT 2 DEG/MtN.TEMP 1.20.3 U
-------
fRN 13201 SPEC 2S2B RET. TIME 86. 2
METHYL 018ENZQTHIOPHENE
100
,. ......... ........ ......... ...ii.i. .,..1 Jfl.....«i..iJlL iin,m.Li.i
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2SSB RET. TIME 87, 3
flETMYL OIBENEOTHIQPHENE
100
JipJjJlLih^J
.iii
M
&
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 60 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 250
ORF-l234-fl-NEUrRflL/F-«E/CH2CL2,0[L 100-FOLD,RET ORG
SOU OV-IOULP flT 2 OEO/fUN.TEMP 1.20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2S97 RET. TIME 88. S
METHYL PHENflNTHRENE
100
0 10 20 30 40 SO BO 70 80 00 100 110 120 ISO UO ISO 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
Dflr-l234-R-NEUTRflL/F-«E/CH2CL2,0[L 100-FOLD.REF ORO
SOtt OV-lOl.LP RT 2 OEO/MIN.TEMP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 260S RET. TlflE B8, 1
HETHYU PHENRNTHRENE
100
M
|j»»-u»iHfei,'l^v|<{>Miti)|iKi'8Mmnn»iiim »w»|
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO 00 100 110 120 130 UO ISO ISO 170 160 ISO 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
QftF-l234-fl-NEUrRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,Dtl 100-FOLD,REF ORG-
SOM OV-IOULP flT 2 OEG/f1tN,T£MP 1,20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2631 RET. TlflE 89. 6
2-METHYL RNTHRflCENE
100
A
PJ
^J
o
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO 00 100 HO 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DflF-l234-A-N£UTRflL/F-ME:/CH2CL2,0[L 100-FOLD,REF ORG-
SOM OV-LOULP flT 2 OEO/MIN.rEMP 1.20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2641 RET. TIME 89. 9
1-ttETHYL FlNTHRflCENE
100
»|f
0 10 20 30 40 SO SO 70 BO SO 100 110 120 130 UO ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 250
DflF-L234-fl-N£UTRflL/F~f1E:/CH2CL2,0[L lOO-FOLD.REF ORO
SOU OV-IOULP flT 2 OEG/MtN.TEMP 1.20,3 U
-------
FRN 132D1 SPEC 2684 RET. TIME 81, 2
M-NQNRDECRNE
100
M..|.... ,...| m pm j, j, ...| , .|. r....| )" pnr.mj, '"'I' | |" '| | | |"" '"'I ']"" '"'\'"' '"'I"" '"'I T I
250 260 270 280 280 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 380 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 480 500
FRK 13201 SPEC 2684 RET. TIME 81. 2
N-NONROECRNE
100
m
, ,1
, ,...|..., .
||
1.J...I imp
, » J
1
i H. '1 Mi ' itllr . I'liiiil ill nlil'ii 'HI illllll 1 I'll Jill I ji
M
^J
N5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 80 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 250
DRF-l234-R-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,0[L 100-FOLD.REF ORO
SOM OV-IQULP RT 2 OEG-/MIN,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 2923
RET, TIME 98. 9
PYRENE
100
-
1
S 1
5:T*nraT1H^w' m"r- lUlf
M
U>
DRF-l234-fl-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2rDlL 100~FQLO,REF ORO
SOM OV-LOl.LP RT 2 DE&/fUN,TEriP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 132D1 SPEC -2980*2993+2993-3001
RET, TIME 101. 1
N-HENE1COSRNE
100
250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 3SO 360 370 380 380 400 410 420 430 440 4SO 460 470 480 480 SOD
FRN 13201 SPEC -2980+2993*2993-3001
RET. TIME 101. 1
N-HENE1COSRNE
100
hll
JlLfJl
pfitiiMi *Miii«f iinifiii vfiii i iii*i>i*i i >i>*i* 11*11 « »*B|B*B> >*<> *** HIIIBIII t|**ii iivifiii in*iiifi fffiii*i« vMtiiiit IIIIIIBII iiiiiiiiv iiiiiini'iiiiivni rnrpni ini tnmiiiini iniiini iifll
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 80 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 180 200 210 220 230 240 2SO
DflF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-f1E/CH2CL2,DlL 100-FOLD.REF ORB
SOU OV-101.LP RT 2 OEO/niN.TEflP 1,20.3 UL
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 3138 RET. TIME IDS. 6
tJ-DQCOSRNE
10D
i" r "'! " M " i f T1" r ""i""1 "T ""i -1" " r-" r" i" "i"11 ""i"" "T1 T T"' '"T- ""i" ""r" i r "!
250 260 270 280 200 900 Si 0 320 330 340 3SQ 360 370 3&0 390 400 410 420 430 440 +50 460 470 480 400 SCO
FRN 13201 SPEC 3138 RET. TIME 105. 6
N-DQCQSRNE
100
*
"'T
Un4
,,J
L,.Jl III
{ii i||| 1 .... llll | 1 1 1 1 . rill 1 1 i ll rn 1 1 i f 1 1 'i| 'ml 1 1 1 ri If ji
"" '"'I'" 1"" ""1 "' ""1 1"" ""I 'I '!"" ""['"' imT" 1'"' ""I"" ""l"" '"'1
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 00 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 180 100 200 210 220 230 240 250
DRF-1234-R-NEUTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,DIL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
OV-LOl.LP RT 2 DEO/flIN,TEMP 1,20,3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 3399 RET. TIME 113. 9
CHRYSENE
100
jltllHtyiJ
M
-j
10 20 SO 40 SO 60 "70 BO 00 100 110 120 ISO 140 ISO 160 1?0 160 100 200 210 220 230 240 250
DflF-l234-R-NEUTRflL/F-ME/CH2CL2,OIL 100-FOLD,REF ORO
OV-lOl.LP RT 2 DEO/rilN.TEMP 1.20.3 U
-------
FRN 13201 SPEC 3407
RET. TlflE 114. 2
1.2-BEN2RNTHRRCENE
100
Illl '1 -III -hill1 ll'llll i II Ik iilliliiliiUl ilrilll'i iiiiL -hli mlri 1 1 I1
1 r-1 ""I
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO 80 100 110 120 130 UO 150 160 170 1BO 100 200 210 220 230 240 2 SO
DRF-L234-R-NE:UTRRL/F-ME/CH2CL2,OIL 100-FOLD,REP ORO
50M OV-IOULP RT 2 DEO/MIN,TEMP 1,20.3 U
-------
Fl
Distribution for DOE/EPA Interasency Energy-Environment R«
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DOE-TIC, for distribution per UC-11 (237)
U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Required Distribution (108)
Manager, Chicago Operations Office
Chief, Chicago Patent Group
President, Argonne Universities Association
Energy and Environmental Systems Division Review Committee:
E. E. Angino, U. Kansas
T. G. Frangos, Madison, Wis.
J. H. Gibbons, U. Tennessee
R. E. Gordon, U. Notre Dame
W. Hynan, National Coal Association
D. E. Kash, U. Oklahoma
D. M. McAllister, U. California, Los Angeles
L. R. Pomeroy, U. Georgia
G. A. Rohlich, U. Texas at Austin
R. A. Schmidt, Electric Power Research Inst.
H. E. Allen, Illinois Inst. Technology
D. Armstrong, U. Wisconsin - Madison
R. Bowden, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, Chicago
A. S. Brooks, Center for Great Lakes Studies, U. Wisconsin
R. Byrne, Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, Gloucester Point
T. P. Chang, Indiana State Board of Health, Indianapolis
Chicago U. of, Regenstein Library
L. T. Crook, Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor
R. I. Dick, Cornell U.
J. Dorfman, Evanston, IL
G. Goodman, "Great Lakes Tomorrow," Chicago
Dr. Myron Gottlieb, Div. Environmental Control Technology, USDOE
T. Green III, U. Wisconsin - Madison
Grosse lie Laboratory, Library
C. Hall, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington
L. Hippakka, North Central Division Corps of Engineers, Chicago
B. Hoglund, ETA, Inc., Oak Brook
E. R. Holley, U. Illinois, Urbana
Illinois, U. of, Library
Illinois, U. of, Life Sciences Library, Urbana
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Illinois, U. of, Library, Chicago Circle Campus
C. Johnson, North Central Division, Corps of Engineers, Chicago
P. Keillor, Marine Studies Center, Madison
Library of Congress, Head Librarian
H. MeGammon, Div. of Biomedical and Environmental Research, USDOE
Michigan, U. of, Great Lakes Research Div.
Michigan, U. of, Great Lakes Coastal Zone Lab., Director
Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources, Mich. Water Resources Comm., Exec. Secy.
Michigan State U., Institute of Water Research, Director
C. H. Mortimer, U. Wisconsin - Milwaukee
H. Moses, Div. of Biomedical and Environmental Research, USDOE
Dr. William Mott, Div. of Environmental Control Technology, USDOE
D. Mount, Environmental Res. Lab., U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Duluth
I. Mullaney, Coastal Zone Management, Washington, D.C.
M. Mullin, USEPA Large Lakes Lab., Grosse lie
W. Murphy, Illinois Inst. for Environmental Quality, Chicago
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Admin., Dir., Great Lakes Evt'l. Res.
Lab.
Northwestern U., Library
H. M. Pawlowski, Chicago Department of Water and Sewers
Fred M. Pfeffer, Robert S. Kerr Env. Res. Lab., Ada, Oklahoma (10)
A. Pinsak, Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab., NOAA, Ann Arbor
Purdue U., Library
W. Richardson, USEPA Large Lakes Lab., Grosse lie
R. Robbins, Lake Michigan Federation
G. Saunders, Div. of Biomedical and Environmental Research, USDOE
R. M. Shane, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville
Vernon Snoeyink, Dept. Civil Engineering, U. of Illinois, Urbana
W. C. Sonzogni, Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor
G. E. Stout, Director, U. Illinois, Urbana
Judy Thatcher, American Petroleum Institute, Washington D.C. (10)
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Library
W. Waldrop, Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tenn.
Dr. Henry Walter, Div. of Environmental Control Technology, USDOE (5)
P. M. Wege, Center for Environmental Studies, Grand Rapids
W. L. Wood, Great Lakes Coastal Res. Lab., Purdue U.
H. Zar, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, Chicago
Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Library, Burlington, Canada
D. Mackay, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
M. Palmer, Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Canada
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I lease read Inalnictions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-78-125
4. TITLE AiMDsuBTiTLETrace Orgaiiics Variation Across The
Wastewater Treatment System of a Class-B Refinery
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
July 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
L. A. Raphaelian and W. Harrison
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
ANL/WR-78-2
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Energy & Environmental Systems Division
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, Illinois 60439
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1EB-601
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA-IAG-D5-0681
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Energy, Minerals & Industry
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Office of Environment
Division of Environmental
Control Technology
U.S. Department of Energy
Washington, D.C. 20545
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/17
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This joint project with the Department of Energy is part of the federal Interagency
Energy/Environment R&D Program coordinated by EPA.
16. ABSTRACT
Wastewater from a Class B refinery was sampled every 4 hours for 4
successive days in Dec., 1976. Effluents from the full-scale system (dissolved air
flotation (DAF) unit and final clarifier for the activated sludge unit) and an add-on
pilot-scale unit (mixed-media filter and activated-carbon columns) were sampled for
analysis of common wastewater parameters and trace organic compounds. Grab samples
taken every ij. hours were composited daily. Organics were isolated into acid, base,
and neutral fractions. Four-day composites of these daily extracts were analyzed by
capillary-column gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (GC/XIS). Some 3^>k compounds
were identified in the neutral fraction of the DAP effluent and removal of these
organics by the activated sludge and add-on treatment units was estimated. The
average percentage removal of organics present in the DAF effluent was greater than
99$ for the activated sludge, approximately 0$ for the mixed media filter, and less
than 1$ for the activated carbon. Numerous data for the approximate concentration of
organic compounds are presented. Common wastewater parameters are also presented
for comparison to specific organics concentration data.
(Circle One or More)
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Activated Sludge
Activated Carbon
Chemical
Engineering
Energy Conversion
Environmental
Engineering
Energy Conversion
Mixed-Media Filter
Organic Chemistry
Refinery
Refining
Wastewater
Control Technology:
Energy Extraction
Processes & Effects:
Charac., Meas. & Monit
Energy Cycle; Fuel:
Processing
Conversion
Oil
Gas
c. COSATI Field/Group
10A
97D-F
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
183
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
NTIS; $9.00
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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