United States Industrial Environmental Research EPA-600/7-78-223b
Environmental Protection Laboratory November 1978
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
SRC Site-Specific
Pollutant Evaluation;
Volume 2. Appendices
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports m this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of. control technologies for energy
systems: and integrated assessments of a wide-range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service. Springfield. Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-78-223b
November 1978
SRC Site-Specific Pollutant
Evaluation;
Volume 2. Appendices
by
Homer T. Hopkins, Kathleen M. McKeon, Carolyn R. Thompson,
and E. Earl Weir
Hittman Associates, Inc.
9190 Red Branch Road
Columbia, Maryland 21045
Contract No. 68-02-2162
Program Element No. EHE623A
EPA Project Officer: William J. Rhodes
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
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APPENDIX - CONTENTS
Figures v
Tables vi
A-I MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS FOR
ASSESSMENT A-I-2
A-I.l The MEG Approach A-I-2
A-I.1.1 Discussion of the MEG Chart . . . A-I-3
A-I.l. 2 Derivation of the MEGs A-I-5
A-I.l.3 Apparent Reliability of MATE,
EPC, and EOD Values A-I-9
A-I.l.4 MATEs for Totals A-I-13
A-I.l.5 Application of the MEGs A-I-13
A-I.1.6 MEG for Non-Chemical
Pollutants A-I-14
A-I.2 Source Analysis Models A-I-14
A-I.2.1 SAM/IA Format A-I-17
A-I.2.2 SAM/IA Calculation Procedure . . A-I-19
A-II MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS FOR
ASSESSMENT: DETAILED DISCUSSION AND
EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS A-II-2
A-II.l Multimedia Environmental Goals for
Assessment: Detailed Discussion . . . A-II-2
A-II.l.1 MEGs A-II-4
A-II.l.2 Apparent Reliability of MATE,
EPA, and EOD Values A-II-16
A-II.l.3 Background Information
Summaries for the MEGs .... A-II-17
A-II.l.4 MATEs for Totals A-II-27
A-II.l.5 Emission Level Goals Based on
Ambient Level Goals A-II-28
A-II.l.6 Elimination of Discharge (EOD)
Emission Level Goals A-II-29
ii
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CONTENTS (continued)
A-II.1.7 Application of the MEGs A-II-31
A-II.1.8 MEGs for Nonchemical
Pollutants A-II-31
A-II.2 Existing Environmental Regulations . . A-II-37
A-II.2.1 Monitoring and Modeling
Requirements in PSD Areas . . . A-II-45
A-II.2.2 Other Federal Statutory
Requirements A-II-49
A-II.2.3 State Requirements A-II-52
A-III RADIOACTIVITY A-III-2
A-IV ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION, WHITE COUNTY . . . A-IV-1
A-V ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS INFORMATION, WHITE
COUNTY, ILLINOIS A-V-2
A-V.1 Site Factors Affecting Environmental
Distribution and/or Acting to
Dissipate/Exacerbate Ecotoxicological
Effects of Pollutant A-V-2
A-V.1.1 Abiotic Site-Specific Factors . . A-V-2
A-V.1.2 Ranking A-V-20
A-V.1.3 Characteristics of Chemical
Pollutants A-V-24
A-V.2 SAM/IA Analysis of Projected SRC
Facility as Discussed in This
Report A-V-44
A-V.3 Cost for Environmental and Economic
Impacts A-V-58
A-VI POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
APPROPRIATE GOALS A-VI-2
A-VI.l Introduction A-VI-2
A-VI. 2 Air A-VI-15
A-VI.2.1 Inorganics A-VI-15
A-VI.2.2 Organics A-VI-28
A-VI.3 Water A-VI-28
iii
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CONTENTS (continued)
A-VI.3.1 Inorganics A-VI-28
A-VI.3.2 Organics A-VI-36
A-VI.4 Solid Wastes A-VI-37
A-VI.4.1 Inorganics A-VI-37
iv
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FIGURES
Number Page
A-II-1 MEG chart for phenol A-II-3
A-II-2 Derivation of MATEs A-II-5
A-II-3 Derivation of EPCs A-II-6
A-V-1 Schematic diagrams of typical stack plume
patterns under four identifiable stability
categories A-V-8
A-V-2 Generalized plot of stack emitted
pollutant concentration near ground at
various wind speeds for STAR stability
Class E for a 213 meter stack A-V-10
A-V-3 Generalized plot of stack emitted
pollutant concentration near ground at
various wind speeds for STAR stability
Class D for a 213 meter stack A-V-11
A-V-4 General plot of stack emitted pollutant
concentration near ground under all STAR
stabilities at near critical wind speeds
for a 213 meter stack A-V-12
A-V-5 Illustration of relationships within the
hydrologic system A-V-14
A-V-6 Cone of depression created by pumping in
a water-table aquifer A-V-16
A-V-7 Flow in a water-table aquifer (humid
region) A-V-19
A-V-8 Diagrammatic representation of
hypothetical SRC facility in White County,
Illinois A-V-51
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TABLES
Number Page
A-II-1 Adjusted Ordering Numbers for Several
Inorganics and Organics A-II-15
A-II-2 Reduction of the Toxic Effects of One
Compound by Another Compound A-II-18
A-II-3 Increase in Toxic Effects of One
Compound by Another Compound A-II-23
A-II-4 Parameters Affecting Dilution Factors . . . A-II-30
A-II-5 Ranking of the Materials Addressed by
the Current MEGs According to Potential
Environmental Hazard A-II-32
A-II-6 Epidemiological Mortality/Morbidity
Studies A-II-38
A-II-7 Densities of Wildlife Species in Various
Habitats in Kentucky A-II-39
A-II-8 Major Stationary Sources Subject to PSD
Review A-II-39
A-II-9 Listing of 65 Classes of Toxic
Pollutants A-II-40
A-II-10 Specific Pollutant Limitations A-II-41
A-II-11 Monitoring Requirements for Issuance of
Permits A-II-44
A-II-12 Principal EPA Rulemaking Relative to
Stationary Sources A-II-44
A-II-13 Non-Numerical Standards and Criteria for
Hazardous Substances in Surface Waters . . A-II-52
A-IV-1 Historical Structures, Markers, Trails
and Centennial Farms in White County,
Illinois A-IV-2
vi
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
A-IV-2 Representative Aquatic Plants Found or
Likely to be Found in the Wabash River
or Its Tributaries in or Near White
County A-IV-7
A-IV-3 Terrestrial Plants Which May be Found
in White County, Illinois A-IV-9
A-IV-4 Phytoplankton Species in Several
Tributaries of the Wabash River in and
Around White County, Illinois A-IV-24
A-IV-5 Distribution of Phytoplankton Population
in Several Tributaries to the Wabash
River in and Around White County A-IV-25
A-IV-6 Representative Aquatic Macroinvertebrates,
With the Exception of Clams and Mussels,
Present in the Wabash River or its
Tributaries in or near White County,
Illinois A-IV-26
A-IV-7 Clams and Mussels Which May be Observed
in the Wabash River or its Tributaries
in or near White County, Illinois A-IV-27
A-IV-8 A Complete Summary of the Kinds and
Amounts of Commercial Fishes Caught
During the Period 1956-1975 A-IV-28
A-IV-9 Spawning Habits of Commoner Fish Species
That Exist Near White County A-IV-29
A-IV-10 Bony and Cartilaginous Fishes Present in
the Wabash River or its Tributaries in
or near White County, Illinois A-IV-30
A-IV-11 Fish Diversity Index at Locations Along
the Wabash River in or near White County,
Illinois A-IV-34
A-IV-12 Fish Diversity Index in the Little
Wabash River A-IV-37
A-IV-13 Fish Diversity Index in Tributaries to
the Wabash River A-IV-38
vii
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
A-IV-14 Change in Species of Fishes Found in
the Wabash River 1967-1975 A-IV-39
A-IV-15 Amphibians Which May be Present in
White County, Illinois A-IV-40
A-IV-16 Reptiles Which May be Present in White
County. Illinois A-IV-41
A-IV-17 Birds Likely to be Found in White
County and Their Habitats A-IV-42
A-IV-18 Percentage of Total Count of Species
Making up Approximately 85 Percent of
Birds Counted in the Summer in Southern
Illinois A-IV-47
A-IV-19 Mammalian Species Which May Occur in or
near White County, Illinois A-IV-48
A-IV-20 Small Game Hunting in White County as
Compared to the Rest of the State A-IV-50
A-IV-21 Rare and Endangered Species That May
Occur in or near White County, Illinois . . A-IV-51
A-V-1 Local Climatological Data Annual Summary
for Evansville, Indiana in 1976 A-V-3
A-V-2 Stability Categories A-V-6
A-V-3 Relative Frequency of Occurrence, Five
Stability Classes by Season (7.) A-V-9
A-V-4 Relative Frequency of Occurrence, Five
Stability Classes by Wind Speed (%) .... A-V-9
A-V-5 Hittman Ranking System for Potential
Toxicity for Various Elements A-V-21
A-V-6 Comparison of the Absolute Toxicity
Potential of Trace Elements as Estimated
by the Hittman System and the MEG System
and Estimation of the Relative Toxicity
of These Materials in Illinois No. 6
Coal A-V-22
viii
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
A-V-7 Solubility of "Insoluble" Inorganic
Substances A-V-25
A-V-8 Solubility of "Insoluble" Halides A-V-34
A-V-9 Solubility of Inorganic Substances with
Well-Studied Anions A-V-35
A-V-10 Melting Points, Boiling Points, and
Solubilities of Selected Inorganic
Compounds A-V-45
A-V-11 Abiotic and Biotic Factors Influencing
the Environmental Transport of Trace
Elements in Soil A-V-49
A-V-12 SAM/IA Summary Sheet for the
Hypothetical SRC Facility Discussed in
This Report A-V-52
A-V-13 SAM/IA Work Sheet for Effluent Stream
Number 201 (Coal Pile Drainage) for the
Hypothetical SRC Facility Discussed in
This Report A-V-55
A-V-14 Costs for Environmental and Economic
Impacts A-V-59
A-VI-1 MEGs for Inorganic Air Pollutants (Units
are Micrograms Per Cubic Meter) A-VI-3
A-VI-2 MEGs for Inorganic Water Pollutants .... A-VI-6
A-VI-3 MEGs for Inorganic Solid Wastes (Units
are Micrograms Per Gram) A-VI-9
A-VI-4 Multimedia Environmental Goals for
Organic Categories, Using Lowest MEG
Values Listed for Each Category of
Compounds A-VI-12
A-VI-5 Fluoride Effects on Man in Relation to
Air Concentrations in or near Aluminum
Plants A-VI-16
A-VI-6 Toxicity Information on Some Elements or
Their Compounds for Which the MEGs Have
Not Yet Been Calculated A-VI-25
ix
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APPENDIX I
MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS
FOR ASSESSMENT: AN INTRODUCTION
A-I-1
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A-I MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS FOR ASSESSMENT
A-I.l The MEG Approach (1,2)
Multimedia Environmental Goals (MEGs) are levels of
significant contaminants or degradants (in ambient air,
water, or land, or in emissions or effluents conveyed to the
ambient media) that are judged to be (1) appropriate for
preventing certain negative effects in the surrounding
populations or ecosystems, or (2) representative of the
control limits achievable through technology. MEGs are
currently projected for more than 650 pollutants. Unfor-
tunately, only 200 pollutant MEGs were completed at the
time this report was written. This list, to be expanded and
revised as emergent data warrant, was compiled on the basis
of descriptions in the literature of fossil fuels processes
and of hazardous substances.
Both Ambient Level Goals and Emission Level Goals based
on ambient factors are addressed in the MEGs. Existing or
proposed federal standards, criteria, or recommendations are
acknowledged as previously established goals and have been
utilized wherever applicable. For those substances not
addressed by current guidelines, empirical data indicating
(1) toxic potential, (2) reactions and associations of the
substance within the various media, (3) natural background
levels, and (4) conditions under which the substance may be
emitted and dispersed have been utilized for the purpose of
describing MEGs.
The MEG work represents an important step in EPA's
efforts to address systematically many chemical substances
for the purpose of establishing priorities for environmental
assessment programs. By establishing MEGs, a solution is
offered for a ranking system to provide decision criteria in
A-I-2
-------
source assessment. The MEGs may also be used for estab-
lishing priorities among the pollutants to be ultimately
addressed by regulations, and thus may influence control
technology development in the future. There are numerous
gaps within the current MEGs. These gaps result from
either the nonexistence of required data, or its existence
in other than the readily available literature.
The MEGs can be put to use by environmental assessors
including engineers, chemical analysts, toxicologists,
industrial hygienists, system modeling experts, and inspec-
tors or plant monitoring personnel. They can be used as a
manual or workbook as they stand, and future supplements
will augment this type of application. The MEGs offer a
beginning for goals that address pollutant hazards for a
large number of substances, establishing a baseline of
information presented in summary form. Continued research
and reviews are obviously necessary to fill the many infor-
mation gaps that still exist.
A-I.1.1 Discussion of the MEG Chart
The MEGs are presented in chart form. An example of a
MEG chart is found in Figure A-II-1. A more detailed dis-
cussion of the MEG chart is found in Appendix A-II.
Emission Level Goals are part of the MEGs and are
presented in the top half of the MEG chart. Emission Level
Goals are levels of contaminants in point source or fugitive
environmental discharge which are thought to be tolerable in
that they will probably cause no significant environmental
harm. Discharge streams addressed by Emission Level Goals
may be gaseous, aqueous, or solid in nature. Emission Level
Goals for chemical contaminants may be described on the
basis of technology factors or ambient factors. Technology-
A-I-3
-------
based Emission Level Goals have not been addressed by the
current MEGs, hence the remainder of the discussions in this
section will focus on Emission Level Goals based on ambient
factors.
Five specific criteria for Emission Level Goals based
on ambient factors have been included in the MEG method-
ology. These are (1) Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluents
(MATEs) based on human health effects, (2) MATEs based on
ecological effects, (3) Ambient Level Goals based on human
health effects, (4) Ambient Level Goals based on ecological
effects and, (5) concentrations representing Elimination of
Discharge (EOD).
The MEG values are intended to serve both as relative
hazard indicators and as estimated absolute indicators of
levels of contaminants in waste streams that will prevent
serious acute toxic effects. As such, the values should
serve a useful purpose for those involved in environmental
assessment by furnishing emission-level goals, potential
environmental hazard levels, and ultimately control tech-
nology goals.
In general, MATEs are derived from estimations of
hazards to human health or to ecology induced by short-term
exposure to pollutants in waste streams (less than 8 hours
per day). In addition to a relative hazard indicator, the
MATEs are intended to serve as an estimate of levels of
contaminant considered to be safe for short-term exposures.
The MATE values should provide an increasingly useful tool
for comparisons in environmental assessment.
Ambient Level Goals are concentrations of pollutants in
waste streams which, after dispersion, will not cause the
level of contamination in the ambient media to exceed a safe
A-I-4
-------
continuous exposure concentration. They are derived from
three distinct data sources: (1) the most stringent current
or proposed federal ambient standards or criteria, (2)
empirical data concerning the adverse effects of chemical
substances on human health and ecology, and (3) a system
relating the carcinogenic or teratogenic potential of
specific chemical substances to media concentrations con-
sidered to pose an acceptable risk upon continuous exposure.
Elimination of Discharge (EOD) levels are concentra-
tions of pollutants in waste streams which, after dilution,
will not cause the level of contaminant to exceed levels
measured as "natural background."
For estimating goals for emission levels, the method-
ology developed was designed to make use of (1) the con-
centrations described as ambient level goals based on haz-
ards posed to public health and welfare as a result of long-
term or continuous exposure to emissions, (2) natural back-
ground levels which provide goals for elimination of dis-
charge, and (3) hazards to human health or to ecology
induced by short-term exposure to emissions. The need is
clear for further research and development of simple but
effective models incorporating data pertinent to (1) quality
of the receiving media before introduction of the substance,
(2) characteristics of transport and dispersion of emis-
sions, (3) considerations of location and abundance of
sources emitting a given pollutant, (4) number of popula-
tion groups affected, and (5) secondary pollutant formations.
A-I.1.2 Derivation of the MEGs
MATE and Ambient Level Goal values that serve as Emis-
sion Level Goals are derived by multiplication factors which
translate empirical data for each specific chemical substance
A-I-5
-------
into concentrations describing minimum acute toxicity
concentrations. The rationale behind the numerical value of
each of the factors is described in Reference 1. A complete
discussion of the mathematical manipulations, including the
numerical values of the factors described, can be found in
Appendix A-II.
The use of mathematical formulas for translating animal
toxicity data into Ambient Level Goals or MATEs requires
that certain assumptions be made. A worst-case approach has
been taken to keep the MEG values conservative.
The laboratory or empirical values on which the MATEs
and Ambient Level Goals are based include: the LDcQ (usu-
ally oral for rat or from a source which can be converted to
an oral, rat LDc/j) ; Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) estab-
lished by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH); NIOSH recommendations; lowest effective
dose causing plant damage; lowest lethal dose reported for a
species/route combination (LDT ); lowest lethal concentra-
LiO
tion for 50 percent of the exposed organisms (LC.-Q) ; lowest
dosage reported to result in a specified response (TDL );
lowest lethal concentration reported (TL^); lowest concen-
tration which was found toxic to any organism (LC, ); lowest
LiO
toxic concentration reported to result in a specified
response (TC. ); lowest fish tainting level; and laboratory
or epidemiclogical evidence regarding carcinogens, mutagens,
or teratogens. In this discussion, "dose" refers to the
amount of a substance taken internally, while "concentration1
refers to ambient levels. It is understandable that some
readers may question the reliance on TLVs in the methodology
developed for describing MEGs. The TLVs and the NIOSH
recommendations represent the opinions of experienced physi-
cians, toxicologists, and industrial hygienists regarding
safe levels for workroom contamination. However, these
A-I-6
-------
judgments are not infallible. The ACGIH has made clear its
intention that the TLVs are to be used solely in the prac-
tice of industrial hygiene; it does not recommend their use
as a relative hazard index or in continuous exposure appli-
cations. However, because the TLVs comprise the most com-
prehensive body of recommendations currently available
regarding levels of human exposure to chemical contaminants,
and are widely accepted as valid indicators of permissible
levels for occupational exposure in the continuing absence
of data more reliable than the TLVs, their use in the MEG
methodology, balanced as it is by consideration of such a
wide array of other factors, is justified.
Estimation of the Ambient Level Goals and MATEs for
"zero threshold pollutants" is difficult. Zero threshold
pollutants are defined as substances that affect genes such
as carcinogens, mutagens, and some teratogens (collectively
called genotoxins). There may be no concentration of these
compounds for which a no-effect response exists. In other
words, a "single hit" by a single molecule of one of these
compounds at a single specific cellular site may result in
carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, or teratogenesis. An accep-
table level for one of these compounds is usually considered
to be one such that the chance of a specific hit is so low
that the incidence of carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, or
mutagenesis will not be significantly increased (at the 95
percent level) over the situation in which the compound is
not present. In other words, at the 95 percent level of
statistical significance, the rate of carcinogenesis, muta-
genesis or teratogenesis would quite probably be less than
or equal to 1.05 times the rate when no genotoxin is present
The chance of a "single hit" at a specific site by any one
particular chemical is dependent on the availability of the
site to that chemical, and the reactivity of that chemical
at the site. The factors influencing the availability of
A-1-7
-------
the site to the chemical range from stereochemical consid-
erations of the site and the chemical, to the route and
efficiency of absorption of the chemical into the organism.
The routes and efficiencies of absorption of chemicals are
dependent on the form and availability of the chemical to
the organism, and the general health and nutritional status
of the organism. Thus, the potency of chemical genotoxins
differs greatly. Unfortunately, the LD and other acute
toxic parameters discussed previously give no indication of
the carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects of a
compound. Thus, the Ambient Level Goals for genotoxins must
be based on parameters which are different from the toxi-
cological parameters discussed previously.
Ambient Level Goals for genotoxins based on genotoxic
effects are derived from a model which translates adjusted
ordering numbers, based on a ranking system for suspected
carcinogens, into permissible air concentrations. The
system for establishing adjusted ordering numbers is a
refinement of an ordering plan developed by the EPA Office
of Toxic Substances, and reported in An Ordering of the
NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List Based on Data Contained in
the List (1). EPA's ordering plan resulted in the assign-
ment of four-digit ordering numbers (hereafter referred to
as EPA-NIOSH ordering numbers) for all those substances
entered in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The
numbers assigned to the EPA plan are an "indication of the
relative degree of concern that might be warranted for a
particular substance regarding its possible carcinogenic
potential." It is not appropriate, however, to conclude
that all the substances which are assigned a number are
carcinogenic.
A-I-8
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A-I.1.3 Apparent Reliability of MATE. EPC, and EOD
Values
The ultimate Emission Level Goal is to limit contam-
inant levels in waste streams to the extent that natural
background concentrations in ambient media will not be
increased. This would mean that the emission concentration
for a particular contaminant (with appropriate dilution
factors applied) should not significantly exceed the level
of that contaminant in ambient air, water, or land, measured
in areas containing only natural background concentrations
(i.e., no anthropogenic contamination). Concentrations
appearing in the column designated EOD under Emission Level
Goals are reported levels of chemical species in rural
atmosphere, surface waters, or typical soils. Where these
concentrations are not reported, levels measured in urban or
industrial atmosphere and in drinking water, groundwater, or
seawater may be listed, since they give at least some indi-
cation of background concentrations.
Figures A-II-2 and A-II-3 of Appendix II give the
impression that the MATEs and Ambient Level Goals are based
on very little actual data. In reality, very little data
exist, except as listed in these figures, which can be
applied to the environment. This state of affairs arises
from the fact that meaningful experiments are difficult to
conceive, expensive to carry out, and time consuming.
A few general comments are required to permit some per-
spective on the methodology for determination of the MATE
and Ambient Level Goal. First, all modeling schemes require
that certain assumptions be made and a worst-case approach
has been taken to keep the MEG values conservative. In some
instances, arbitrary constants are incorporated in an effort
to correlate the various sets of Ambient Level Goals and
A-1-9
-------
MATEs. Efforts have been made to incorporate judgments of
others relative to the levels of pollutants safely tolerated
by human beings.
It should be emphasized that the MATE and Ambient Level
Goal concentrations derived through this methodology are
based on the empirical data presently available in general
secondary references. Time limitations precluded a thorough
search of the literature pertinent to each specific com-
pound. It is certain that many of the values will be
eventually revised, especially as data gaps are filled. In
light of the general nature of the references used, some
qualifications should be made regarding the reliability of
the MATE and EPC values.
(1) Information reported in the NIOSH Registry of
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (3) has
been used extensively in calculating MATEs.
NIOSH, in compiling the Registry, has made no
attempt to report the numbers of animals tested,
quantity or site of tumors produced in carcino-
genicity studies, or precise conditions under
which the data were obtained. The level of con-
fidence to be associated with toxicity data such
as LD5Q, LDLo, TDLo, LC5(Ji or LCLo is heavily
dependent on this information. It follows that
the level of confidence to be associated with
MATEs, based on information from the NIOSH Registry
(3), is also imprecise.
(2) LDcQ values may vary widely for a given compound
in relation to species, sex, and age of the ani-
mals tested, the route of administration of the
toxicant, and other test conditions. Because they
are available for most compounds, oral LD,-Q values
A-I-10
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have been employed rather than LD5Q values
derived from other routes of administration.
While this procedure allows for consistency in the
calculations, obvious complications involved in
the use of oral LD5Q arise (e.g., differences in
the oral absorption factors among the various
chemical substances) . Oral LD,-0 values also do
not take into account different absorption rates
across lung epithelium or skin. However, oral
LDcQ values are certainly desired over LD
values obtained from injection when the possible
environmental impact of a compound is being con-
sidered.
(3) LCcQ or TL^ values for aquatic life reported in
the NIOSH Registry as well as in other sources,
indicate lethal concentrations of toxicants for a
specific laboratory test procedure. The numbers
are greatly dependent on conditions of the test
such as: species of aquatic life monitored,
static or flow-through conditions, temperature,
pH, and the presence of additional toxicants. The
lowest LCcn values reported in the data base
underlying this report were used in the calcula-
tions of ecology-based MATEs for water. Extension
of the data base will probably yield additional,
possibly lower, LC50 values representing more
sensitive species.
(4) No consideration has been given to additive
effects from simultaneous exposure through dif-
ferent media; in addition, synergistic and antag-
onistic effects have not been incorporated in de-
scribing MATE values.
A-I-11
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Table A-II-2 of Section II of this appendix shows
the reduction of toxic effects of one trace ele-
ment by another. Table 122, UNADJUSTED RATIOS OF
PREDICTED TO OBSERVED LD5Q VALUES OF 350 PAIRS OF
CHEMICALS MIXED 1:1 BY VOLUME, of reference (4)
shows the synergistic or antagonistic effects of
one organic compound on the action of another.
Table A-II-3 of Appendix II shows the increase of
toxic effects of one trace element by another.
These tables demonstrate that the interaction
between pollutants may be quite significant, but
not always predictable.
(5) It is recognized that carcinogens react biologi-
cally in a number of different ways, and the
incidence of synergisms, cocarcinogenicity, pro-
motion, and metabolic alterations into more or
less active metabolites cannot be resolved in the
scheme employed here for describing MATEs for
suspected carcinogens. Also, the role of co-
carcinogens which may be present in the effluent
streams is not addressed.
(6) The possibility of a metabolite or combustion
product from an innocuous substance being an
environmental hazard has not been addressed.
MATEs and EPCs for substances not addressed specifi-
cally by either TLVs or available toxicity data are in some
cases based on data pertinent to a related substance or
group of compounds (i.e., having a common parent element).
In these cases, appropriate adjustments for molecular weight
are made, or where the parent element is of most concern,
this will be indicated. For example, the air, health MATEs
for all antimony compounds (except antimony trioxide) are
A-I-12
-------
3
500 |j.g/m , as Sb, based on the TLV for antimony and antimony
compounds, as Sb. The MATE for antimony trioxide has a
different basis because of its association with cancer.
While the limitations described above must be empha-
sized, benefits from the preliminary tabulation of Minimum
Acute Toxicity Effluents will still be realized by those
involved with environmental assessment. The methodology
developed should provide preliminary decision criteria for
emerging systems from other projects exploring methodologies
for environmental assessment. At the very least, the con-
cept of MATEs should generate further comments on possible
applications for the system, as well as suggestions for
refining the models used to calculate MATEs and Ambient
Level Goals.
A-I.1.4 MATEs for Totals
MATE values for specific chemical contaminants, al-
though valuable, are not sufficient to characterize an
environmentally acceptable emission stream. Ceiling values
for certain totals associated with gaseous, aqueous, or
solid waste emissions are also required. Such totals are to
be used in conjunction with the MATEs for specific chemical
contaminants and provide a secondary check for effluent
contaminant levels.
A-I.1.5 Application of the MEGs
A system has been developed for assigning indicators to
designate potentially hazardous substances based on values
generated by the MEG methodology. This system provides one
simple means of identifying through cursory inspection those
pollutants most likely to pose a human threat. All substances
A-I-13
-------
which have been ranked are found in Table A-II-5 of
Appendix II.
A-I.1.6 MEG for Non-Chemical Pollutants
Cornaby and coworkers (2) report that non-chemical
pollution factors such as heat, noise, microorganisms, and
land usage can be adapted to the MEG approach. They also
report that complex effluents (i.e., entire waste streams)
should be amenable to the MEG approach. Other factors such
as radionuclides, electromagnetic radiation, and water usage
may also be amenable to the MEG approach. The levels as
recommended by these authors are found in Appendix II.
A-I.2 Source Analysis Models (5)
The Source Analysis Models (SAMs) are a methodology
which allows the quick identification of possible problem
areas where the suspected pollutant exceeds the MEG. The
SAM format focuses on each separate waste stream which
arises during energy production by industrial processes.
Such streams may exist because of the process itself, or
because of the application of pollution control technology
to a process-generated stream.
SAMs, as currently envisioned, address source iden-
tification and goal comparison questions; MEGs, by defini-
tion, address goals. Various members of the set of SAMs
will provide rapid screening, intermediate, or detailed
approaches to relate effluent stream pollutant emission
levels to the MEGs. Later members of the sequence of SAMs
will couple to techniques for effluent transport and trans-
formation analyses. Together they are intended to provide a
coarse screening of effluent stream impact for use in envi-
ronmental assessments.
A-I-14
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This discussion describes the rationale and framework
of the simplest SAM., the SAM/IA. This SAM is designed for
rapid screening with no effluent transport and transforma-
tion analysis. Rapid screening of the degree of hazard and
the rate of discharge of toxic pollutants may occur at any
level or depth of chemical and physical analysis.
In the SAM/IA, waste streams from any process or appli-
cable controls are not assumed to interact with the external
environment (i.e., transport of the components in the waste
stream to the external environment occurs without transforma-
tion of these components). No assumption is made about
pollutant-specific dispersion from the source to a receptor.
It is assumed, however, that such dispersion would, in
almost all cases, be equal to or greater than the safety
factors normally applied to acute toxicity data to convert
them to estimated safe low-level, longer-term chronic am-
bient exposure levels.
SAM/IA thus:
• Is on a waste stream concentration basis
• Uses only one potential assessment alternative
(the MATE)
• Does not include transport/transformation analysis
• Includes only degree-of-hazard/toxic-unit dis-
charge calculations.
Such rapid screening requires understanding of the
assumptions being made. These assumptions include:
A-I-15
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• The approximately 650 substances currently in the
MEG list, or soon to be added, are the only com-
ponents of a waste stream which have been addressed
at this time. Unknown components may be sources
of environmental impact which are modified or
modifiable by the control technology. Therefore,
Level 1 bioassay results will be important as a
companion data base for interpretation of SAM/IA
results.
• Dispersion of effluents will be adequate and will
also offset any transformation to more toxic
substances.
• The MATE values (or the basic data on which they
are based) are a good set of criteria.
• No synergistic or non-additive effects are con-
sidered. The bioassay results are an important
aid to interpretation of this point.
These assumptions are built in to SAM/IA. No provision
has been made for modification of the SAM/IA calculation
method for specialized circumstances. In many cases,
perhaps most, the assumptions are conservative. However,
these factors should be kept in mind in evaluating the need
for more detailed assessment.
In SAM/IA, major simplifying assumptions have been made
about pollutant transport and transformation in the environ-
ment prior to impact on a receptor. The criteria against
which pollutant concentrations are judged have also been
subject to simplifying assumptions. As a result, SAM/IA is
designed for use by experienced and qualified project
officers and environmental assessment contractor personnel
A-I-16
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who will, on a case-by-case basis, review these assumptions
to ensure the correct application of the model. In addi-
tion, at the time of this report, many pollutants exist for
which MATEs have not yet been established. The user must,
therefore, exercise judgment in flagging these omissions and
bringing them to the attention of the EPA in terms of:
• Their importance to the particular environmental
assessment being conducted
• Requirements for the continuing development of
additional MATE values.
A-I.2.1 SAM/IA Format
SAM/IA has two forms on which to enter and process
data. On the first, each process is analyzed into component
effluent streams. Then, for each such stream, a second form
is used to compare each pollutant in each stream against an
environmental goal, and to sum over all such comparisons to
determine the degree of hazard which this stream poses. A
slightly different second form is used for Level 1 than for
Level 2 analysis. Further entries on the first form then
allow summation of the degree of hazard over all gas,
liquid, or solid waste streams. As an example, a SAM/IA
analysis has been performed on the theoretical environmental
discharges of a SRC-II facility located at Grayville, White
County, Illinois. The results of this study, which show the
SAM-IA forms properly filled out, are included in Appendix V.
In the SAM approach to environmental assessment, Level
1 is the initial waste stream analysis and is used to dis-
tinguish very hazardous waste streams from those which are
less hazardous or are relatively innocuous. Level 1 data,
consisting of identified organic classes of compounds and
A-I-17
-------
inorganic elements, generate the semiquantitative infor-
mation which is then used to select the detailed and speci-
fic analyses required in Level 2.
SAMs can be used to do one or more of the following:
• Rank waste streams. In this application, the SAM
is used to compare the toxic-unit rate of dis-
charge of each waste stream; these toxic-unit
summations can then be ranked by magnitude.
Examination of the relative magnitudes generated
by different streams immediately shows the rela-
tive hazard of the different waste streams.
Unfortunately, this summation as yet does not
indicate absolutely if the waste stream will be
environmentally hazardous.
• Establish specific Level 2 and additional Level 3
sampling and analysis priorities in performing
environmental assessments.
• Determine problem pollutants and pollutant prior-
ities. In this application, use of the SAM can
lead to an understanding of which pollutants are
most likely to cause major environmental impact
because they remain poorly controlled under all
equipment options currently available.
• Determine which control technology options are the
most effective. In this application, the SAM is
used to examine a given process stream with first
one and then another control approach. The impact
of alternative control equipment choices can be
compared on the basis of:
A-I-18
-------
The differing reductions which can be expec-
ted to occur in the original process stream
pollutants
The ways in which concentration of certain
pollutants into particular control equipment
waste streams will occur.
• Determine the need for control/disposal technology
development.
A-I.2.2 SAM/IA Calculation Procedure
The steps included in the SAM/IA approach are as fol-
lows:
(1) Identify specific unit operations within the
overall system or process.
(2) Identify the various waste streams from that
unit operation. Each gas, liquid, or solid waste
discharge is included as a separate waste stream.
(3) Determine the concentration of each sample frac-
tion (Level 1) or specific pollutant species
(Level 2) to be considered in each waste stream.
In Level 1 assessments, the set of species poten-
tially present which would lead to hazard is
established at this point for each sample frac-
tion.
(A) Each class of compounds or specific pollutant
concentration in a given waste stream is then
divided by its corresponding health-based MATE if
this value is available. This quantity is,
A-I-19
-------
henceforth, called a "degree of hazard". A second
quotient is formed using the corresponding eco-
logical MATE. For example, the concentration of
phenol in the aqueous waste stream from the pro-
posed SRC facility will average 0.4 mg/1 (range 0-
0.6 mg/1). The MATE based on health effects is
5.0 nig/I. Thus, the degree of hazard based on
health effects is 400 T 5 = 80 based on the aver-
age and 600 T 5 = 120 based on the maximum.
Obviously, a degree of hazard value greater than
one indicates that the pollutant concentration in
a particular waste stream is greater than the
corresponding MATE and, therefore, probably will
cause environmental problems. Thus, phenols in
the aqueous waste stream may represent a signifi-
cant environmental problem.
(5) At this point, each pollutant entry for which the
health or ecological degree of hazard is greater
than unity is flagged. These flags have been put
on the form specifically for later ease in spot-
ting potential problem pollutants.
(6) The final calculation for each pollutant species
or small fraction in each stream takes the product
of its degree of hazard and the waste stream
flow rate to establish health (or ecological)
toxic unit discharge rates (TUDR).
(7) The total stream degree of hazard is then cal-
culated as the sum of the health or ecological
degree of hazard for each pollutant. Further, the
total stream TUDR is calculated by summing the
individual pollutant entry toxic unit discharge
rates.
A-I-20
-------
(8) Degrees of Hazard and Toxic Unit Discharge Rates
are then grouped and summed by gaseous, water, and
solid waste streams.
(9) Finally, if a Level 1 assessment is being per-
formed, any additional data which can be used to
rule out the presence of a chemical species is
noted.
It should be noted that the third step requires an
enumeration of all of the components of a given effluent
stream which are to be considered. If a component is not
included in the enumeration, any environmental impact which
results from its discharge will not be included in the
results.
The SAM/IA format will ordinarily be used for rapid
screening of the difference between an uncontrolled process
and the results of the application of various control
options. Thus, it will ordinarily be applied to confined or
ducted sources.
A-I-21
-------
APPENDIX II
MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS
FOR ASSESSMENT: DETAILED DISCUSSION
EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
A-II-1
-------
A-II MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS FOR ASSESSMENT:
DETAILED DISCUSSION AND EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS
A-II.l Multimedia Environmental Goals for Assessment:
Detailed Discussion
Figure A-II-1 is an example of a MEG chart. Emission
Level Goals, which are listed in the top half of Figure A-
II-1, are desirable levels of contaminants in point source
or fugitive emissions. Discharge streams addressed by
Emission Level Goals may be gaseous, aqueous, or solid in
nature. Emission Level Goals for chemical contaminants may
be described on the basis of technology factors or ambient
factors. Technology-Based Emission Level Goals (Section I,
top half of the figure) have not been addressed in the
current MEGs.
Five specific criteria for Emission Level Goals based
on ambient factors have been included in the MEG method-
ology. These are (1) Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluents
(MATEs) (Column II-A, top half of Figure A-II-1) based on
human health effects; (2) MATEs based on ecological effects;
(3) Ambient Level Goals (Column II-B, top half of Figure A-
II-1) based on human health effects; (4) Ambient Level Goals
based on ecological effects; and (5) concentrations repre-
senting Elimination of Discharge (EOD).
The Ambient Level Goals found in Column II-B of the top
half of Figure A-II-1 are simply transcriptions of the
lowest current or proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria or
Estimated Permissible Concentrations (EPCs) which are found
in the lower half of the figure. These Current or Proposed
Federal Ambient Standards or Criteria, or EPCs, are derived
from literature values and are based both on health and
A-II-2
-------
EMISSION LIV6L COALS
i». «Vm3
'MxnVoll
am. -»1
IponWIt
UM. i»f
iKpmWfl
1. BMM 01 B*u Tidinglan
A t..t»»ttl !•«•"•«
*WS. MI. BAT
• On. IK .!?•••
luacuhi
II. B»«.l an A/ntom Fxton
A MMMMM ActoU
r««Miiv iffw«*i
•«<•>
H«J* ll(*cn
1.9E4
(5)
5.0EO
1.0E-2
•»<••
(CDUW
5.0E2
l.OEO
• AjafcMii LM! H»
100
0.2
C tl.i*«««i»i W
D>Mf»«fi
ruiwfy B«>r«MM'
AMBIENT LEVEL COALS
Ajf.M»-I»J
UmmVoll
wtw. ^4/1
IpanWD
Un4..»/«
IppmWtl
»««Un»OfCn»rti
A I«W»
Hwtf* trrMu
It
m. I«M««
• •hp.a iH^
loot
II To.oly BaMtf Etthiuud
Pvmru.oUCominnan
A.feM4«*
Itadtfi tflim
45
(0.01)
260
0.002
•. *«rf<»
fUiUilIfUQl
500
t
0.2
III. Z«oTh«***id»aiiwi*'»»i
few* •• Mttf « iNMta
•^Phenolic compounds.
Figure A-II-1. MEG chart for phenol
A-H-3
-------
ecological effects. The specific mechanism for derivation
of these MATEs and EPCs is given later in this appendix.
A-II.1.1 MEGs
MATE and EPC values that serve as Emission Level Poals
are derived by multiplication factors which translate
empirical data for each specific chemical substance into
concentrations describing minimum acute toxicity concen-
trations. The rationale behind the numerical value of each
of the factors is described in Reference 1. 1IATE and EPC
values related to human health effects and those related to
ecological effects are presented separately in the MEG
chart, allowing a maximum of six MATE and 15 EPC values to
be specified for each substance addressed.
Figures A-II-2 and A-II-3 show how the MATE and EPC
values for the MEGs are derived. For either the MATE or EPC
value the first subscript letter denotes the medium addressed
(A = air, W = water, L = land). The second subscript letter
indicates the application (H = human health effects, F =
ecological effects, C = carcinogenicity, T = teratogenicity).
The third subscript may be the letter "s," indicating that
the EPC or MATE reflects current or proposed federal stan-
dard criteria or recommendation, or it may be a number
indicating the particular model being applied. "Model
numbers" are assigned in this subscript only when more than
one conversion factor has been described to translate a
particular data base. A fourth subscript, "a," indicates
the EPC or MATE is expressed in parts per million.
In Figures A-II-2 and A-II-3 the conversion factors to
convert from one data base to an EPC or MATE, or to inter-
convert from EPCs or MATEs, are given on the arrows. For
A-II-4
-------
I
in
A - All
H • WATtl
I • LAM* (Will
• • IAIIB OB MfUiM irrtcn
I . (At |B OH [COlMICAi (fllttl
; • CAICIMKCK
f • rcufocm
1 - IAI|» m Mtf IQOTLT IX r I MO tl
. „.."'
» ( ADJHSUB XN'IM *W*n
TMt UNITS Of TlW. NI01H
OR INK IMG UATt" STAMDAROS OR CHITCiU. AMD MTU Of
LAIOMTOAr OR EPIDCMIOLOtlCAxiV OETEftNINCO DATA IHCLOSCD IN OOTK9 BOX («**•)
Figure A-II-2. Derivation of MATEs
-------
- MATH
I (MIL)
> MUB OK MfMTM tf'fCTl
• M«o CM UOLMICM. irr
• TIIATOCCU
• UUP •* »
Ail E»Ci III «/•' lAI*). U9/I (HATE*). OK t4/« (SOIL)
LMOWTOn 01 (PIDCHIOlOCieiUT DnUWKED DATA EnCLOSIO III DOTTED K» I""-:
. MTWAT USED ONLY If IHUFFICIfKT DATA UIST TO USE PHIKAUT PATHMAY
Figure A-II-3. Derivation of EPCs
A-II-6
-------
Q
example, the TLV for ammonia is 18 mg/nr (25 ppm) or 18,000
yg/m3. The corresponding air EPC based on health effects
based on this TLV is:
- 18.000 _ ,o
AH1 £20" 43
or
EPCAHla = °'06 ppm
The land EPC. for ammonia would then be:
= 0.2 x 43 or 8.6 yg/g
o
EPCs and MATEs are given in units of yg/m for air, yg/1 for
water, and yg/g for soil when using the factors shown on the
arrows in Figures A-II-2 and A-II-3. In order for the units
to be correct when using the factors shown in Figures A-II-2
and A-II-3, the TLV or NIOSH recommendation and lowest
effective atmospheric dose causing plant damage must be
o
expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (yg/m ). The LCcQ,
TL , LC, or TC- must be expressed in micrograms per liter
(yg/1) f°r water, or micrograms per cubic meter (yg/m ) for
air, and the LD^g in micrograms toxicant per gram animal
(yg/g) which is equivalent to milligrams toxicant per kilo-
gram animal (mg/kg). The lowest fish-tainting level is the
concentration in the water where the fish was caught, ex-
pressed in micrograms per liter (yg/1). The lines connec-
ting TLVs and NIOSH recommendations to experimental data are
presented to indicate data on which these values are based.
The air EPCs based on health effects are the Threshold Limit
Values (TLVs) established by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) or the NIOSH
Recommendations, whichever is lower, divided by 420. The
A-II-7
-------
air MATE based on health effects is simply the lower of the
TLV or NIOSH recommendation when either of these two values
is available. The TLVs represent time-weighted safe expo-
sures based on 8 hours per day or 40 hours per week exposure
for working adults. The NIOSH recommendations are thought
to be maximum concentrations for the workroom atmosphere.
In the absence of an applicable TLV or NIOSH recommendation,
the values may be based on oral LDc0 for the rat.
It is understandable that some readers may question the
reliance on TLVs in the methodology developed for describing
MEGs. The TLVs were established by the ACGIH as guidelines
for prevention of adverse occupational exposures. The TLVs
and the NIOSH recommendations are based on both animal
studies and epidemiological findings and inferences repre-
senting the opinions of experienced physicians, toxicolo-
gists, and industrial hygienists. Their judgments regarding
safe levels for workroom contamination, however, are not
infallible. The ACGIH has made clear its intention that the
TLVs are to be used solely in the practice of industrial
hygiene; it does not recommend their use as a relative
hazard index or in continuous exposure applications. How-
ever, because the TLVs (1) comprise the most comprehensive
body of recommendations currently available regarding levels
of human exposure to chemical contaminants, and (2) are
widely accepted as valid indicators of permissible levels
for occupational exposure in the continuing absence of data
more reliable than the TLVs, their use in the MEG method-
ology, balanced as it is by consideration of such a wide
array of other factors, is justified.
The use of mathematical formulas for translating animal
toxicity data into EPCs or MATEs requires that certain
assumptions be made. A worst-case approach has been taken
to keep the MEG values conservative. Generally, MEGs
A-II-8
-------
derived from models which use LD5Q or other acute toxicity
animal data are more conservative than MEGs based on TLVs
or NIOSH recommendations. In addition to the assumptions
required for translating animal data to human health
effects, arbitrary constants are employed in several cases
as safety factors.
The types of experimental data to which these multipli-
cation factors apply are as follows:
LD5Q -- Dosage resulting in death (lethal dose) for 50
percent of the animal population tested
LD. -- Lowest lethal dose reported for a species/route
combination
LC5Q -- Lethal concentration to 50 percent of the animals
tested
TD, -- Lowest toxic dosage reported to result in a
specified response (for example, a carcinogenic
response)
-- Threshold limit median, i.e., concentration to
which 50 percent of aquatic population exposed
exhibited the specified response
LC. -- Lowest lethal concentration reported
TCLo -- Lowest toxic concentration reported to result in
a specified response.
In derivation of the MEGs, the preferred LD,-n is for
oral administration of the compound to a rat. When this
parameter has not been measured, the most closely related
A-II-9
-------
LD
50
or LDLo is used; a subjective decision as to which is
the most closely related LD5Q or LD. is required.
The water EPC value derived from information in the
Water Quality Criteria document is calculated by use of one
of the following formulas:
EPCWE3(yg/l) = Application factor x lowest TLm (yg/1).
where the application factor is specified
in recognized criteria
EPCWE3(yg/l) = Hazard level (yg/1) x 0.2, where hazard
level is specified in recognized criteria
The ecological EPC for water, based on cumulative
factors (EPCj™,), incorporates the reported concentration
factor for a given chemical substance and the maximum allow-
able concentration of that contaminant in fish flesh. The
following formula is used:
_ maximum allowable concentration (yg/kg)
concentration factor
Estimation of the EPCs and MATEs for "zero threshold
pollutants" is difficult. Zero threshold pollutants are
defined as substances that affect genes such as carcinogens,
mutagens, and some teratogens (collectively called geno-
toxins). There may be no concentration of these compounds
for which a no-effect response exists. In other words, a
"single hit" by a single molecule of one of these compounds
at a single specific cellular site may result in carcino-
genesis, mutagenesis, or teratogenesis. An acceptable level
for one of these compounds is usually considered to be one
such that the chance of a specific hit is so low that the
A-II-10
-------
incidence of carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, or mutagenesis
will not be significantly increased (at the 95 percent
level) over the situation in which the compound is not
present. In other words, at the 95 percent level of statis-
tical significance, the rate of carcinogenesis, mutagenesis,
or teratogenesis would quite probably be less than or equal
to 1.05 times the rate when no genotoxin is present. The
chance of a "single hit" at a specific site by any one
particular chemical is dependent on the availability of the
site to that chemical, and the reactivity of that chemical
at the site. The factors influencing the availability of
the site to the chemical range from stereochemical con-
siderations of the site and the chemical, to the route and
efficiency of absorption of the chemical into the organism.
The routes and efficiencies of absorption of chemicals are
dependent on the form and availability of the chemical to
the organism, and the general health and nutritional status
of the organism. Thus, the potency of chemical genotoxins
differs greatly. Unfortunately, the LDcQ values and other
acute toxic parameters discussed previously give no indica-
tion of the carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects
of a compound. The EPC for genotoxins must therefore be
based on parameters which are different from the toxico-
logical parameters discussed previously.
The EPCAC2 is derived from a model which translates
adjusted ordering numbers, based on a ranking system for
suspected carcinogens, into permissible air concentrations.
The system for establishing adjusted ordering numbers is a
refinement of an ordering plan developed by the EPA Office
of Toxic Substances, and reported in An Ordering of the
NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List Based on Data Contained in
the List (1). EPA's ordering plan resulted in the assign-
ment of four-digit ordering numbers (hereafter referred to
as EPA-NIOSH ordering numbers) for all those substances
A-II-11
-------
entered in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The
numbers assigned to the EPA plan are an "indication of the
relative degree of concern that might be warranted for a
particular substance regarding its possible carcinogenic
potential." It is not appropriate, however, to conclude
that all the substances which are assigned a number are
carcinogenic.
The derivation of EPA-NIOSH ordering numbers follows:
• First digit -- the number corresponding to the
highest-priority species giving a response is
assigned as the first digit of the ordering num-
ber. Priorities are delineated below:
Species (in order of priority) Number
Human 7
Monkey 6
Cat, dog, pig, cattle, or other 5
domestic animal
Rat 4
Mouse 3
Guinea pig, gerbil, hamster, 2
rabbit, squirrel, or
unspecified mammal
Bird 1
Frog 0
• Second digit -- the number of different species
reported to have developed tumors as a result of
exposure determines the second digit of the order-
ing number. (The highest number that can be
entered is 9).
• Third digit -- the third digit is designated 0, 1,
or 2, according to the most significant route of
administration eliciting an oncogenic response.
A-II-12
-------
Various routes of administration and the corres-
ponding digit assignment are:
Inhalation, ocular, or skin 2
application
Oral administration 1
All other routes 0
The highest number applicable is assigned.
• Fourth digit -- the total number of species/route
combinations reported is entered as the fourth
digit of the ordering number. (The highest number
that can be entered is 9).
As an example, the first digit of the EPA-NIOSH order-
ing number for dibenz(a,h)anthracene will be 4, since the
rat is the highest priority species in which a carcinogenic
response is reported. Oncogenicity has been demonstrated in
five different species. Thus, the second digit of the
ordering number is 5. The third digit is 2, since the data
indicate that one route of administration affecting an
oncogenic response is skin application. Since 9 species/
route combinations are reported, the fourth digit of the
ordering number is 9. The complete four-digit EPA-NIOSH
ordering number therefore is 4529.
The EPA-NIOSH ordering numbers have been modified in
the MEG methodology to incorporate effective dosages indi-
cating carcinogenic potential of chemical substances. As
described above, the EPA-NIOSH ordering number successfully
incorporates information related to animals and routes
of administration with arbitrary, but carefully considered,
weighting given to each item. However, no consideration has
been given in such ordering numbers to effective dosages
required. By incorporating lowest effective dosages, the
A-II-13
-------
reliability of the system for ranking suspected carcinogens
is strengthened.
EPA-NIOSH ordering numbers have been modified to
dosage-adjusted ordering numbers, hereafter referred to as
adjusted ordering numbers. The following equation describes
the modified ordering numbers:
Adjusted ordering number = EPA-NIOSH ordering number
0 Lowest dosage resulting
in an oncogenic
response (mg/kg)
Adjusted ordering numbers determined for various substances
usually range from less than 0.1 to greater than 3,000,000.
Very large adjusted ordering numbers indicate that a small
dosage was required to affect the response. On the other
hand, a small number indicates a high dosage was required.
Thus, adjusted ordering numbers increase with the expected
potency of a chemical carcinogen. Substances with adjusted
ordering numbers lower than one are generally not treated as
suspected carcinogens in the calculation of the EPCs as
part of the MEG methodology.
The adjusted ordering numbers just described provide an
effective system for ranking genotoxins. Furthermore, it
may be assumed that EPCs for suspected carcinogens and
teratogens will be inversely proportional to such ordering
numbers:
K
carcinogen adjusted ordering number
K (for model EPC.C2) is arbitrarily assigned a value of 1/6
in order to establish EPCs lower than 1 nanogram for the
most potent carcinogens:
A-II-14
-------
103
EPCAC2^ug/'m ^ 6 x adjusted ordering number
The adjusted ordering numbers for several compounds are
given in Table A-II-1.
TABLE A-II-1. ADJUSTED ORDERING NUMBERS FOR
SEVERAL INORGANICS AND ORGANICS
Substance Adjusted ordering no.
Beryllium
Benzo(a)pyrene
Dibenz (a , h) anthracene
7, 12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
3-Methylcholanthrene
Cadmium
Chromium
Selenium
N , N ' Dime thy Ihydrazine
Cobalt
Dibenz (a , i) pyr ene
Benz (a) anthracene
Dibenz (c , g) carbazole
Aminotoluenes
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
Nickel
2-Aminonaphthalene
Dibenz (a , h) acr idine
Dibenz (a , j ) acr idine
Ethylenimine
Lead
1-Aminonaphthalene
Diazome thane
Benzo (b) f luoranthene
Dibenzo(a, 1) pyr ene
4-Aminobiphenyl
4 - N i t r ob ipheny 1
Phenanthrene
Indeno (1,2,3- cd) pyr ene
Formaldehyde
Methyl chrysenes
Tetraethyl lead
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Chrysene
Picene
Nickel carbonyl
16,000,000
3,314,500
754,833
272,809
59,053
18,683
7,329
7,327
6,426
2,208
1,682
1,612
1,562
679
638
577
477
423
312.4
284
210.6
136
124
78
78
64.6
54
54
44
43
42.7
39
36
35
31.5
28
26
(continued)
A-II-15
-------
TABLE A-II-1. (continued)
Substance Adjusted ordering no.
Benzo(e)pyrene 23
Nickelocene 20.2
Copper 8-hydroxyquinoline 20
Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene 18.9
Dibenzo(a,g)carbazole 11.6
Benzo(j)fluoranthene 10.8
Hydrazine 10.6
Mercury 10.5
2,4-Dichlorophenol 10
Dibenz(a,c)anthracene 7 .1
Benz(c)acridine 6.67
Indole 6.5
Dibenz(a,i)carbazole 6
l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane 4.3
Phthalate esters 4.3
Benzo(g)chrysene 4. 3
Benzidine 3.5
Dibenz(c.h)acridine 3.06
Benzo(c)phenanthrene 2.5
a-Chlorotoluene 1.9
Silver 1.7
Anthracene 1.3
Naphthalene 1.2
Monomethylhydrazine 1
Pyrene 0.3
The air EPC for a teratogen (EPCAT), is calculated in a
manner exactly analogous to the method used to calculate the
air EPC for a carcinogen. The EPCs for carcinogenic (EPC^,)
and teratogenic (EPC,™) substances in water are derived from
the EPCs for air for a given substance as shown in Figure A-
II-2. The land EPCs for genotoxins are based on their
respective water EPCs.
A-II.1.2 Apparent Reliability of MATE. EPA, and EOD
Values
Figures A-II-2 and A-II-3 give the impression that the
MATEs and EPCs are based on very little actual data. In
reality, very little data exist, except as listed in these
A-II-16
-------
figures, which can be applied to the environment. This
state of affairs arises from the fact that meaningful exper-
iments are difficult to conceive, expensive to carry out and
are time consuming.
The MEG methodology does not consider synergistic and
antagonistic effects. Tables A-II-2 and A-II-3 list some of
these effects. The biological interrelationships between
elements are so complex that all possible effects of this
type cannot be studied.
A-II.1.3 Background Information Summaries for the
MEGs
The MEG background information summary gives the IUPAC
name of the material, the empirical chemical formula, major
synonyms, a description of the physical properties, the
Wiswesser Line-Formula notation, and a visual structural
diagram. The Wiswesser Line-Formula Notation gives a unique
unambiguous topological description of the structure of each
substance. The natural occurrence, characteristics, and
associated compounds are also catalogued in the background
information summary. The reported toxic properties and
health effects, including the NIOSH ordering numbers for
carcinogens, are given. The potential for bioaccumulation
is given, as well as regulatory actions, standards, cri-
teria, recognition, candidate status for specific recogni-
tion, MATEs and EPCs.
The LD50 and LC5Q values are given in the background
information summary. When the LDcQ is not available, the
lowest published lethal dose (LDLo) is given. When the LC
is not available, the lowest published lethal concentration
(LCLo) is given.
A-II-17
-------
TABLE A-II-2. REDUCTION OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF
ONE COMPOUND BY ANOTHER COMPOUND
Compound
Organism
Effect
Arsenic
Beryllium
Aquatic
organisms
Selenium is carcinogenic and teratogenic, but
is antagonistic to the carcinogenic and tera-
togenic effects of arsenic.3
Increasing the p_H reduces the toxic effects of
beryllium,b»c as does increasing the water
hardness.b»d~k
Cadmium
Humans
Algae
Algae
Rat
Aquatic
organisms
Hamsters
Calcium
Cobalt
Oats
Aquatic
organisms
Selenite is reported to protect reproductive
tissues and mammary glands against the hemorr-
hagic necrosis produced by cadmium, and may
also protect against cadmium-induced hyperten-
sion. 1
The magnitude of cadmium-induced photosyn-
thesis decrease is reduced by ethylene
diamine diacetic acid.m
Zinc, cobalt, and selenium are antagonistic to
cadmium and may act to reduce the response it
evokes.k
The occurrence of rat intestinal cell tumors
induced by injection of 0.03 mmole cadmium
chloride/kg was reduced or eliminated by
simultaneous injection of 3.0 mmole zinc
acetate."
Increasing the water hardness decreases the
toxicity of cadmium,Di*1'1-»°»P-t, as does
increasing salinity,k»d~k increasing pHb>c
and increasing dissolved oxygen^»d~^»(i~t.
Sodium selenate reduces teratogenicity of
injected cadmium if injected within 1/2 hour
(both compounds at 2 mg/kg in mother - sodium
selenate not teratogenic at this concentra-
tion)3.
Both root and shoot weights were restored
when the plants were exposed to nickel in the
presence of calcium.3
Increasing the water hardness decreases the
toxicity of cobalt as does increasing dis-
solved oxygen. ^»d~k»
-------
Compound
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
TABLE A-II-2.
Organism
(continued)
Effect
Algae
Aquatic
organisms
Aquatic
organisms
Aquatic
organisms
Chicks
Oats
Aquatic
organisms
Humans
Rats
Algae,
rats
plants
Aquatic
organisms
Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid reduces
algicidal effects of copper on an equivalent
basis.3
Molybdenum is antagonistic to toxic effects of
copper.3
Increasing the water hardness decreases the
toxicity of copper.b,a-i,o,p-t
Increasing the j>H decreases the uptake of
iron.b»c
Phenobarbital may be beneficial in coping
with the deleterious effects of lead intoxica-
tion."
Increasing the water hardness decreases the
toxicity of lead.Nd-'Uo.P-t as do increasing
dissolved oxygen,**»d~k,q-t an(j increasing
pH.b»c
Selenium to 5 ppm in diet has mildly protec-
tive action against toxic effects of lead.3
Both root and shoot weights were restored when
the plants were exposed to nickel in the
presence of magnesium.3
Increasing the gH decreases the uptake of man-
ganese
b,c
Alcohol consumption was shown to reduce mercury
absorption in the blood.u
Assimilation of arsenic affords partial protec-
tion against mercury.1
Selenium compounds have a protective effect
against the toxic action of mercury com-
pounds. a»D
Increasing dissolved oxygen decreases the
toxicity of mercury,b,d-k,q-t as do increasing
salinityb»d"lc and increasing pH.b.c
(continued)
A-II-19
-------
Compound
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
TABLE A-
Organism
II-2. (continued)
Effect
Aquatic
organisms
Microbe
Plants
Freshwater
algae
Chicks and
rats
Rats
Aquatic
organisms
Freshwater
algae
Chicks
Green algae,
fungi,
bacteria
Rats
Chicks
Aquatic
organisms
Increasing the pH decreases the uptake of
molybdenum.0
Magnesium restored nickel-inhibited acid pro-
duction and glucose utilization.3
Sufficient iron reduces the phytotoxicity of
nickel.3
Toxicity of nickel is eliminated by Na? EDTA
and reduced by zinc.a
Arsenic salts have been shown to counteract
adverse selenium effects.1
Linseed oil offers protection against liver
damage from selenium.
Increasing the pOH decreases the uptake of
selenium.0
Algae grown in media containing sulfur were
less prone to the toxic effects of selenium.3
Addition of dietary copper or silver (1,000
ppm) counteracted the toxic effects of 40 ppm
dietary selenium.3
The algae could compete with chloride for
silver ion (thereby exerting an algistatic
or algicidal effect), but bromine ions par-
tially reduced the toxicity of a given level
of silver to the algae and iodide caused a
drastic reduction.v
Selenium gives some protection against liver
damage by thallium.1
Chromium was found to give considerable pro-
tection against vanadium.1
Increasing the £H reduces the toxic effects
of zinc,k»°~i»w as do increasing the water
hardness^»d~io»P~t increasing the dissolved
oxygenbTd-k,q-1 an<} increasing salinity.D«d~^
(continued)
A-II-20
-------
Footnotes to Table A-II-2
Associates. Environmental Assessment of Effluents from Coal Lique-
faction, Contract No. 68-02-2162/Task Directive 4, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Industrial and Environmental Research Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1977.
bWilkes, D.J. Chapter 9: Animals: Bioenvironmental Effects. In: Environ-
mental, Health, and Control Aspects of Coal Conversion: An Information
Overview, Vol. 2, H.M. Braunstein, E.D. Copenhaver, and H.A. Pfuder, eds.
Information Center Complex, Information Division, Oak Ridge National Lab-
oratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, 1977.
°Carrier, R.F. Chapter 8: Plant Interactions. In: Environmental, Health,
and Control Aspects of Coal Conversion: An Information Overview. Vol. 2,
H.M. Braunstein, E.D. Copenhaver, and H.A. Pfuder, eds. Information Center
Complex, Information Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee 37830, 1977.
Lisk, D.J. Trace Metals in Soils, Plants, and Animals. In: Advances in
Agronomy, Vol. 24, N.C. Brady, ed. Academic Press, New York, 1972. pp.
267-325.
, R. The Toxicity of Zinc Sulphate to Rainbow Trout. Ann. Appl. Biol.
48(l):84-94, 1960.
Cairns, J. , Jr., et al. The Effect of pH, Solubility, and Temperature upon
the Acute Toxicity of Zinc to the Bluegill Sunf ish (Lepomis macrochirus
Raf.). Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. , 74(l):81-92, 1971.
cr
6Jones, M.B. Synergistic Effects of Salinity, Temperature and Heavy Metals
on Mortality and Osmoregulation in Marine and Estuarine Isopods (Crustacea) .
Mar. Biol., 30(1): 13-20, 1975.
^Jegilski, D.S. Acute Toxicity of Zinc, Cadmium, and Chromium to the Marine
Fishes, Yellow-Eye Mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri C. & V.) and Small-Mouthed
Hardyhead (Atherlnasoma microstoma Whitley) . Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.,
27(1): 137-49, 1976.
Elson, P.F., et al. Impact of Chemical Pollution on Atlantic Salmon in
North America. The International Atlantic Salmon Foundation. In: Inter-
national Atlantic Symposium 1973, pp. 83-110, 1973.
^Kinkade, M. , and M. Erdman. Influence of Hardness Components in Water on
the Uptake and Concentration of Cadmium in a Simulated Freshwater Environ-
ment. Environmental Research, 10(2): 308-313, 1975.
Dickering, A.H. and C. Henderson. Acute Toxicity of Some Heavy Metals to
Different Species of Freshwater Fish. In: Proceedings of the 19th Indus-
trial Waste Conference, Purdue University. Lafayette, Indiana. 35:578-91,
1965.
(continued)
A-II-21
-------
Footnotes to Table A-II-2 (continued)
Jenne, E.A. and S.N. Louma. Forms of Trace Elements in Soils, Sediments,
and Associated Waters: An Overview of Their Determination and Biological
Availability. In: Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment.
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Hanford Life Sciences Symposium at
Richland, Washington, H. Drucker and R.E. Wildung, eds. Sponsored by
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories and Division of Biomedical and
Environmental Research, Energy Research and Development Administration,
Washington, D.C. , and September 29 - October 1, 1975, 1977.
Sarsfield, L.J. and K.H, Mancy. The Properties of Cadmium Complexes and
Their Effect on Toxicity to a Biological System. In: Biological Implica-
tions of Metals in the Environment, H. Drucker and R.E. Wildung, eds. Pro-
ceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Hanford Life Sciences Symposium at Richland,
Washington, Sponsored by Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories and Divi-
sion of Environmental Research, Energy Research and Development Administra-
tion, Washington, D.C., September 29 - October 1, 1975, 1977.
Gunn, S.A., T.C. Gould and W.A.D. Anderson. Cadmium-Induced Interstitial
Cell Tumors in Rats and Mice and Their Prevention by Zinc. J. Nat. Center
Inst., 31:745-753, 1963.
°Slonium, A.R. 1973. Acute Toxicity of Beryllium Sulfate to the Common
Guppy. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 45(10):2110-2122, 1973.
^Christensen, G.M., et al. Changes in the Blood of the Brown Bullhead
(Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur)) Following Short and Long Exposure to Copper
(II). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 23:417-427, 1972.
^Pickering, Q.H. Acute Toxicity of Some Heavy Metals to Different Species
of Warm Water Fishes. Air Wat. Int. J., 10:453-463, 1966.
rDilling, W.J., C.W. Healey and W.C. Smith. Experiments on the Effects of
Lead on the Growth of Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Ann. Appl. Biol.,
13:168-176, 1926.
8Biesinger, K.E. and G.M. Christensen. Effect of Various Metals on Survival,
Growth, Reproduction, and Metabolism of Daphnla magna. J. Fish. Res.
Board Can., 29(12):1691-1700, 1972.
'Lloyd, R. Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations on the Toxicity of
Several Poisons to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson). J. Exp.
Biol., 38:447-455, 1961.
"Environmental Health Resources Center. Health Effects and Recommendations
for Atmospheric Lead, Calcium, Mercury and Asbestos. Report No. IIEQ 73-2
(PB 220224), Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, 309 West Wash-
ington Street, Chicago, Illinois 60606, 1973. 101 pp.
VFitzgerald, G.P. The Algistatic Properties of Silver. Water and Sewage
Works, 114:185-189, 1967.
WBowen, H.J.M. Trace Elements in Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York,
1966.
A-II-22
-------
TABLE A-II-3,
INCREASE IN TOXIC EFFECTS OF ONE COMPOUND
BY ANOTHER COMPOUND
Compounds
Organism
Effect
Cadmium
copper
zinc
Fathead
minnow
Cadmium
lead
Corn
Cadmium
zinc
Floating
aquatic
plants
Copper
cadmium
Copper
iron
Copper
mercury
Spinach
Copepod
Citrus
plants
Freshwater
crayfish
A lethal threshold was reached when each
metal in the mixture was present at a
concentration of 40 percent or less or its
individual lethal threshold. Spawning
and hatching success has also been shown
to be impaired to a greater degree under
exposure to several metals than to each
metal singly.3
Corn root elongation was inhibited by
combinations of noninhibitory concentra-
tions of cadmium (2-100 micrograms/gram
of soil) and lead (100-200 micrograms/
gram of soil).')»c
Cadmium and zinc have been found to act
synergistically in inhibiting the growth
of floating aquatic plants. Although
zinc alone was stimulatory, it markedly
increased the inhibitory effect of cad-
mium. The presence of one also increased
uptake of the other, which may account
for their synergistic toxic action.**
Cadmium and zinc showed synergistic
toxicity on photosynthesis by isolated
spinach chloroplasts.6
Growth and development was inhibited to a
greater degree by exposure to combinations
of copper and cadmium than to either metal
ion alone.a
Chlorosis has resulted from an imbalance
between soil copper and iron caused by
accumulated copper from fertilizers and
fungicidal sprays.^
The effect of copper (II) and mercury (II)
is synergistic.*
(continued)
A-II-23
-------
Compounds
TABLE A-II-3. (continued)
Organism Effect
Copper
mercury
detergents
Rainbow The toxicity to rainbow trout of copper,
trout mercury, and three detergents (two anion-
ics and one nonionic) was determined in
14-day exposures. For mixtures of anionic
detergents and metals, a more-than-addi-
tive effect existed, whereas for the mix-
ture of nonionic detergent and metal, the
toxic effect was less than additive.3
Copper
nickel
PH
Copper
silver
Algae
Filamentous
green algae
Copper
zinc
Cyanide
iron
The synergistic toxic relationship be-
tween copper and nickel is enhanced by
low pH levels.d
This algae showed an LC5Q of 200 ppb for
silver alone or an LC5Q of 50 ppb for
silver in the presence of copper. The
LCso of this organism for copper alone
was 600 ppb.8
Rainbow Combined concentrations of 0.04 ppm cop-
trout per and 0.66 ppm zinc show a 50 percent
increase in coughing frequency in fish
over the sum of the responses to 0.04
ppm copper and 0.66 ppm zinc administered
alone. A loss of skin pigment and excess
mucus on the body surface was also noted
in the copper zinc exposures of high con-
centration, whereas copper alone never
caused excess mucus or loss of color."
Rainbow Short-term (seven days) experiments on
trout rainrow trout showed that synergistic
effects occurred in soft water when the
copper concentration exceeded 0.3 ppm
and the zinc concentration exceeded 1.8
ppm, while in hard water the effects of
copper and zinc were additive at all
concentrations.8
Wheat The normal inhibition of wheat leaf
elongation by cyanide was increased con-
siderably at between 0.5 to 1.0 mM cyanide
when iron was present in the nutrient
solution.
(continued)
A-II-24
-------
TABLE A-II-3. (continued)
Compounds
Organism
Effect
Lead acetate
zinc oxide
Manganese
iron
copper
Mercury
lead
zinc
Yorkshire Dietary zinc oxide (4,000 ppm) aggregates
pigs dietary lead acetate (1,000 ppm).8
Plants Plant deficiency of manganese can occur
if amounts of available iron and/or copper
are excessive."
Marine The growth rate was inhibited to a
ciliate greater degree (67.2% reduction) by a
combination of mercury (0.005 ppm as
HgCl2), lead [0.3 ppm as Pb(No3)2l, and
zinc (0.25 ppm as ZnS04) than for any
one, or combination of two, of these
metals. Singly, mercury reduced growth
rate by 12%, lead by 11%, and zinc by
13%.h
Mercury
selenium
Carp
Mutagenic ions
individual metals
radiation
Nickel
manganese
Plants
A greater effect on hatchability of carp
eggs was observed when the eggs were ex-
posed to mixtures of mercury and selenium
than when the eggs were exposed to these
agents singly.3
Additive effects have been observed when
combinations of mutagenic ions and/or
Individual metals were applied with radia-
tion.*3
Nickel toxicity may Increase when there
is an abundance of manganese present.*-
Tfilkes, D.J. Chapter 9: Animals, Bioenvironmental Effects. In: Envi-
ronmental, Health, and Control Aspects of Coal Conversion: An Information
Overview, Vol. 2, H.M. Braunstein, E.D. Copenhaver, and H.A. Pfuder, eds.
Information Center Complex, Information Division, Oak Ridge National Lab-
oratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, 1977.
Folmar, L.C. Overt Avoidance Reaction of Rainbow Trout Fry to Nine
Herbicides. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol., 15(5):509, 1976.
cBazzaz, M.B. and Govindjee. Effects of Lead Chloride on Chloroplast
Reactions. Environ. Lett., 6:175-191, 1974.
Carrier, R.F. Chapter 8: Plant Interactions. In: Environmental, Health,
and Control Aspects of Coal Conversion: An Information Overview. Vol. 2
H.M. Braunstein, E.D. Copenhaver, and H.A. Pfuder, eds. Information Cen-'
ter Complex, Information Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee 37830, 1977.
(continued)
A-II-25
-------
TABLE A-II-3. (continued)
Hampp, R., K. Beulich and H. Ziegler. Effects of Zinc and Cadmium on
Photosynthetic C02~Fixation and Hill Activity of Isolated Spinach Chloro-
plasts. Z. Pflanzephysiol., 77(4):336-44, 1975.
Boutet, C. and C. Chaisemartin. Specific Toxic Properties of Metallic
Salts in Austropotamobius pallipes and Orconectes limosua. C. R. Soc.
Biol., 167(12):1933-1938, 1973.
Unpublished information submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency under Contract No. 77-43-302073.
Gray, J.S. and R.J. Ventilla. Growth Rates of Sediment-Living Marine
Protozoan as a Toxicity Indicator for Heavy Metals. Ambio, 2(4):118-121,
1973.
Callan, W.M. and F.W. Sunderman, Jr. Species Variations in Binding of
63fli (II) by Serum Albumin. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol.,
5(2):459-472, 1973.
At the bottom of each background summary sheet, the
actual calculations for both the MATE values and EPCs of
the substances are given to indicate the derivation of
figures entered in the MEG charts. Only the equations
defining the lowest MATE values in each medium are pre-
sented. By displaying these calculations, the Background
Information Summary offers the reader the opportunity to
relate the values listed on the charts to the data from
which they are derived.
All existing or proposed federal standards, criteria,
or recommendations addressing chemical substances in ambient
media are to be applied to define one set of Ambient Level
Goals. When federal guidelines include more than one value
specifying permissible ambient levels for a given compound,
the most stringent standard is reflected in the MEG chart as
the EPC entered in the appropriate column under the general
heading "Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria."
Information pertinent to the standards or criteria utilized
in establishing EPCs is presented in the background
A-II-26
-------
information summaries under the section entitled "Regulatory
Actions, Standards, Criteria, Recognition, Candidate Status
for Specific Regulation."
A-II.1.4 MATEs for Totals
MATE values for specific chemical contaminants, al-
though valuable, are not sufficient to characterize an
environmentally acceptable waste stream. Ceiling values for
certain totals associated with gaseous, aqueous, or solid
waste are also required. Such totals are to be used in
conjunction with the MATEs for specific chemical contam-
inants and provide a secondary check for contaminant levels.
Selection criteria for totals are:
(1) The parameter must be related to the presence of
more than one chemical substance.
(2) The parameter must be federally regulated in some
context. Federal guidelines surveyed for possible
totals to be addressed include NAAQS, NSPS, efflu-
ent guidelines, drinking water standards, water
quality criteria.
(3) The parameter must be measurable by some estab-
lished method.
The following parameters are classified as totals to
be addressed by MATEs. Ultimately, a MATE value will be
specified for each total listed. MATE values for the land
totals may be based on water MATE totals via a leaching
model.
A-II-27
-------
Air Water Land
Total hydrocarbons Total suspended solids Total leachable organics
Total particulates Total dissolved solids Total leachable substances
Total organic carbon
(TOG)
Biological oxygen demand
(BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand
(COD)
Algorithms designed to generate EPCs and MATEs for
specific chemical contaminants are not applicable to totals.
Instead, attention must be given to each parameter in order
to recommend a MATE value.
Values for totals will be recommended with considera-
tion given to: (1) existing regulations and recommendations,
(2) associated toxicity, (3) dilution factors expected at
the site of dispersion of the effluent, and (4) the nature
of the environmental problems associated with the substances
indicated by the total.
A-II.1.5 Emission Level Goals Based on Ambient Level
Goals
Emission Level Goals more stringent than MATEs are
derived from Ambient Level Goals (which include the EPCs).
Ambient Level Goals are presented in the lower half of the
MEG chart. The most stringent values for each medium, based
on health and on ecological effects, are then entered at the
top of the MEG chart in the appropriate columns under Emis-
sion Level Goals based on Ambient Level Goals (II-B of
Figure A-II-1). These values, multiplied by dilution fac-
tors, then describe control levels for emissions that will
A-II-28
-------
not cause contaminant concentrations in ambient media to
exceed the suggested Ambient Level Goals.
Dilution factors are dimensionless quantities repre-
senting the ratio of the concentration of a contaminant in
an emission or effluent to the resulting contaminant level
in the ambient receiving medium. As an example, consider an
emission from a stack discharged to the atmosphere. The
dilution factor is the concentration of a pollutant in the
stack gas divided by the resulting ground level concentra-
tion of the pollutant.
Since the dilution factors are variable and highly
source specific, no effort has been made to provide the
Emission Level Goals with dilution factors applied. In-
stead, the multiplication exercise is left to the person
applying the charts to a specific industrial situation.
Although dilution factors do not appear on the MEG
charts, consideration has been given to the range of factors
likely to be encountered in most situations. In spite of
the many parameters (listed below in Table A-II-4) affecting
the magnitude of dilution factors, they may be expected to
range between 10 and 10,000 for discharges to air and water.
This range is suggested on the basis of the best- and worst-
case models of pollutant dispersion.
A-II.1.6 Elimination of Discharge (EOD) Emission
Level Goals
Emission Level Goals based on Elimination of Discharge,
Column II-C, Figure A-II-1, like those based on Ambient
Level Goals, incorporate dilution factors. These goals are
the most stringent and imply that ambient concentrations of
A-II-29
-------
TABLE A-II-4. PARAMETERS AFFECTING DILUTION FACTORS
Air Stack flow
Stack temperature
Stack height
Weather conditions: windspeed, sunlight, temperature,
pressure
Site topography
Characteristics of discharge
Photochemical reaction kinetics
Water Flow rate of receiving stream
Turbulence of receiving stream
Temperature of receiving stream
pH of receiving stream
Flow rate of discharge
Location and design of outfall
Temperature of discharge
Characteristics of contaminants in discharge: solu-
bility, reactivity, pH, biodegradability. sorption
characteristics
Land Soil characteristics: permeability. pH, cation
exchange capacity, weathering, sodium absorption
ratio
Characteristics of contaminants: ionization, leach-
ability, biodegradability
Characteristics of bulk solid waste: surface to
volume ratio, density
Method of disposition
Climate: temperature, rainfall.
A-II-30
-------
pollutants should not exceed natural background concentra-
tions.
Values appearing on the MEG chart under Emission Level
Goals, based on EOD, indicate natural background levels.
Concentrations measured in rural atmosphere are entered for
air. When rural atmosphere concentrations are not reported,
urban or industrial concentrations may be entered on the
chart with a footnote to characterize the value. Concentra-
tions entered in the MEG chart for water are for surface
waters unless otherwise specified. Levels identified in
drinking water and in seawater are included, since they pro-
vide some indication of natural background concentrations.
A-II.1.7 Application of the MEGs
A system has been developed for assigning indicators
(X, XX, or XXX) to designate potentially hazardous sub-
stances based on values generated by the MEG methodology.
This system provides a simple means of identifying through
cursory inspection those pollutants most likely to pose a
human threat. The 216 substances which have currently been
addressed by the MEG methodology have been ranked in this
way and classified as relatively non-hazardous (no indica-
tor) , hazardous (X), very hazardous (XX), or most hazardous
(XXX). All substances which have been ranked are found in
Table A-II-5.
A-II.1.8 MEGs for Nonchemical Pollutants
Comaby and coworkers (2) reported that nonchemical
pollution factors such as heat, noise, microorganisms, and
land usage can be adapted to the MEG approach. They also
reported that complex effluents (i.e., entire waste streams)
should be amenable to the MEG approach. Other factors such
A-II-31
-------
TABLE A-II-5. RANKING OF THE MATERIALS ADDRESSED BY THE
CURRENT MEGs ACCORDING TO POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
MOST HAZARDOUS (XXX)
3-Methylcholanthrene
Beryllium
Chromium
Cadmium
Mercury
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Nickel
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Antimony trioxide
Selenium
Arsenic
Arsine
Arsenic trioxide
VERY HAZARDOUS (XX)
Benz(a)anthracene
Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
Cobalt
Nickel carbonyl
N,N'-DimethyIhydrazine
Diazomethane
Lead
Polychlorinated biphenyls
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
2,4,6-Tr initropheno1
Tetramethyllead
Alkyl mercury
Organotin
Thallium
Phosphorous
Phosphine
Antimony
Bismuth
Hydrogen selenide
Copper
Uranium
Ethyleneimine
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
Hydrazine
HAZARDOUS (X)
MonomethyIhydrazine
Dibenz(a,j)acridine
Dibenz(a,h)acridine
Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole
Tetraethyllead
Aminotoluenes
1-Aminonaphthalene
2-Aminonaphthalene
Acrolein
Lithium
Lithium hydride
Barium
Germanium
Tellurium
Vanadium
Formaldehyde
Nickelocene
2,4-Dichlorophenol
N,N-DimethyIhydrazine
1,2-DiphenyIhydrazine
Nitrobenzene
1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene
Dinitrotoluenes
Xylenols
3-Nitropheno1
4-Nitropheno1
Dinitrophenols
Pyridine
Gallium
Hydrogen cyanide
Manganese
Copp er-8-hydroxyquino1ine
Silver
4-Aminob ipheny1
Benzene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
(continued)
A-II-32
-------
TABLE A-II-5. (continued)
RELATIVELY NONHAZARDOUS (NO INDICATOR)
1-Phenyl ethanol
Ethylene glycol
Formic acid
Phthalic acid
Tetramethylsuccinonitrile
Ethanolamine
Butylamines
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Methanethiol
Ethanethiol
n-Butanethiol
Biphenyl
Phenathrene
Chrysene
Methylchrysenes
Benzo(e)pyrene
Picene
Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene
Benzo(j)fluoranthene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
Phenyl phenols
Isophorone
Formamide
Aniline
Phenol
Cresols
Alkyl cresols
Catechol
2-Chlorophenol
2-Nitrophenol
l-Chloro-2,3-epoxy propane
Naphthalene
2,2'-Dichloroethyl ether
Tertiary pentanol
Propionaldehyde
Acetic acid
Hydroxyacetic acid
Acetonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Benzonitrile
Cyclohexylamine
D ime thy1amine
Quinoline, isoquinoline
Pyrrole
Dibenzo(a,g)carbazole
Thiophene
Methyl thiophenes
Potassium
Magnesium
Magnesium oxide
Strontium
Boron
Boron oxide
Aluminum
Aluminum oxide
Alkali cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Titanium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Zinc
Benzidine
<*-Chlorotoluene
Vinyl chloride
Benzo(c)phenanthrene
Pyrene
Benzo(c)phenanthrene
Dibenz(a,c)anthracene
Benz(c)acridine
Dibenz(c,h)acridine
Dibenzo(a,i)carbazole
Methanol
Ethanol
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Indanols
Tetrahydro furan
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butanes
Ethylene
Propylene
Acetylene
Methyl chloride
Methalene chloride
1,4-Dioxane
(continued)
A-IT-33
-------
TABLE A-II-5. (continued)
RELATIVELY NONHAZARDOUS (NO INDICATOR) CONTINUED
Dimethylaniline n-Butanols
N,N-Dimethylaniline Isobutyl alcohol
Benzenesulfonic acid Pentanols (primary)
Indene 2-Propanol
Nitrotoluenes 2-Butanol
Fluoranthene Pentanols (secondary)
Picolines Tert-butanol
Collidines Acetaldehyde
Methylquinolines Butyraldehyde
Methylisoquinolines Benzoic acid
Acridine Toluene
Indole Ethyl benzene
Carbazole Indan
Benzo(b)thiophene Xylenes
Ferrocene Tetrahydronaphthalene
Carbon monoxide Chlorobenzene
Ammonia 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Ozone 2-Chlorotoluene
Carbon disulfide Carbon dioxide
Scandium Carbonyl sulfide
Anthracene
The following compounds have not been assigned hazard potential
values:
Naphthacene Coronene
Triphenylene Fluorene
Dimethyl pyrenes 2,3-Benz-4-azafluorene
Perylene Phosphate
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
as radionuclides, electromagnetic radiation, and water usage
may also be amenable to the MEG approach.
With regard to the heat effect, Cornaby and coworkers
(2) suggested that the ambient air MEG be a wet bulb globe
temperature of 30°C. The MEG for water should be 2.8°C
above the "natural" or ambient temperature for the body of
water. The ambient air temperature MEG should be based on
A-II-34
-------
physiological factors to assure human survival, assuming
continuous light work and proper precautions to avoid the
effects of water and salt depletion. The temperature MEG
for water is thought to be sufficient to protect most
aquatic populations from the many biological effects asso-
ciated with elemental waste temperatures.
Noise values were judged to be adaptable to the MEG
format. A level of 60 dB(A) was recommended as a reasonable
environmental objective. This is the approximate noise
emitted by an air conditioner 6 meters away. The noise of
freeway traffic at 15 meters (70 dB(A)) makes telephone use
difficult and can contribute to hearing impairment. Adverse
effects due to noise include physiological stress reaction,
sleep disturbance, and simple annoyance. The suggested
standard is dropped to 45 dB(A) for noise between the hours
of 10 p.m. and 7 a.m., since significant proportions of the
populations experience sleep disturbances, difficulty in
communication, and subjective annoyance in the range 45-65
dB(A). Studies have indicated that animals other than
humans would not be stressed by this noise level.
The coal liquefaction process is not thought capable of
significantly increasing the microbial populations of efflu-
ents, since the high process temperatures should effectively
sterilize the products and effluents. However, the increase
in ambient temperatures may favor the growth of microor-
ganisms and/or population changes resulting in decreased
species diversity. It is hoped that the temperature-related
MEG mentioned previously should minimize this problem. The
drainage from coal piles is thought to be of little concern
with respect to microbial contamination, since its very low
pH inhibits the growth of all but a few acidophilic bac-
teria. The dry, spent sorbent itself is too barren to
support human pathogenic microorganisms.
A-II-35
-------
There is probably a hazard to health and ecological
systems from microbe-laden aerosols emanating from the
cooling towers. However, the magnitude of the problem is
not yet documented. It is generally assumed that bacteria
are concentrated 4 to 5 times in the cooling towers. The
droplets of less than 10 micrometers in diameter are impor-
tant because of their drift characteristics and inhalation
potential. The survival of harmful microorganisms in these
aerosol droplets is not well defined. Viability was found
to be reduced 96.8 percent at a point 47 m downwind; how-
ever, significant levels were still obtained 200 m downwind.
Other factors such as increased humidity and larger particle
size would tend to increase survival time. Chlorination
would decrease counts in the make-up waters more than counts
in the aerosol. Chlorination sufficient to kill coliforms
may not kill other bacteria such as amoebic cysts and
viruses.
In summary, significant numbers of microorganisms are
capable of surviving and traveling considerable distances in
aerosols. No literature was uncovered on the toxicity of
microbe-laden aerosols to any living system, including man.
Without this information and the species of microorganisms
present in the aerosols, no defensible MEG value can be
advanced. Perhaps each risk will have to be determined on a
site-specific basis. Factors such as temperature, humidity,
composition of water, use of biological controls, microbial
drift, and biological effects must be analyzed for each
operation.
Entire emission streams (i.e., complex effluents)
should be amenable to the MEG approach. However, the lack
of information on the ecotoxicological effects of complex
effluents prevents such calculations.
A-II-36
-------
Some significant mortality/morbidity studies have been
performed and are summarized in Table A-II-6. This type of
information lends itself to the development of MEGs for
impacts on human health; however, more statistical analyses
of such studies need to be performed in order to define a
specific MEG. Mortality studies are currently being per-
formed on the entire coal cycle by the Brookhaven and the
Argonne National Laboratories of the U.S. Department of
Energy.
Land usage can be adapted to the MEG format. There are
many ways of measuring land usage, such as density of human
and non-human organisms, and a MEG chart should be developed
for each. The rationale for using the density of animals to
determine which land tract should be developed is that the
lower the density is, the fewer people and organisms to be
impacted. The wildlife density is related to the quality of
the habitat. The value of 62 or fewer individual wildlife
organisms of those species listed in Table A-II-7 per 40
hectares was chosen to indicate land having poor wildlife
habitat.
A-II.2 Existing Environmental Regulations
Tables A-II-8 through A-II-12 and the accompanying dis-
cussion summarize existing federal and state multimedia
environmental regulations.
A-II-37
-------
TABLE A-II-6. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MORTALITY/MORBIDITY STUDIES1
Reaponae
Pollution Specific*
Hu»«n Sub-Population
Exposed Non-Expoaed
Infant Mortality
Infant Mortality
Adult Mortality
I
00
00
Morbidity (chronic
destructive pul-
monary dlaaaie)
Morbidity (pul-
monary (unction
testing)
Daulphln Co., PA.. U.S.A.
Central Air Pollution
Naahvllle, TM, U.S.A.
City Air: Means (X)
22.4 Bg/m2/ton - Sulfatlon
2.559 gn/B /month - Duatf.U
1.65 COHS/k* -'Soiling
0.0075 24 hr ppn - 24 hr SO}
Country air not reported (aaauned
to be leai).
Coal fired electric power plant In
PA, U.S.A.
151 pg/n3 suspended partlculate
3.70 Bg/a /day aulfatlon
rate
Expoaed was 9 x SO}
6.2 x aulfatlon rale, 3.2 x dust fall,
and 1.4 x auapended particles that of
unexpoaed.
Ontario, Canada
Nickel 4 Copper Snelier
Exposed
32.5 ppb - S02
52.1jig/m3 - Suapended partlculate
Non-Expoaed
16.1 ppb - SOz
90.5;jg/B3 - Suapended partlculate
Ohio, U.S.A.
Urban - Industrial (exposed)
10.1 g/av>/day - SO]
40.98 g/m2/month - dust fall
109.27 ug/B?/24 hr - total auapended
partlclea)
Rural (Non-Exposed)
7.6 - SO3
2.10 - duet fall
63.30 - total auapendvd particles
1. Infanta born during high air
pollution Booths (July, Auguat,
Septenber) represented 50Z(+) of
the total annual infant mortality
or 181 of Infant deaths/month.
(66 cases)
1. White neonatal mortality ratio
(1960) of 18.2/1,000 live births.
Tovn of Seward, PA.
1. Sex 6 age adjusted death rate
of Seward exceeded that of New
Florence for 10 out of 11 yearn.
2.
Three tlaes as nany expected
cirrhosis deaths.
Town of Sudbury:
1. Hale prevalence rate of 11-i/
1,000 for chronic bronchitis.
2. Total nale b female prevalence
rate of 97/1,000. 2208 people
studied.
The vital capacity (VC) 6 Forei-.l
Expiratory Volume (FEV) 0.75 are
significantly lower than for stu-
dents In rural .irons (173 people
studied).
1. The study demonstrated thru
Batched pairs that those born
during non-pollution alerta had
lower Bortallty. (—51 of Infant
deaths/month)
1. White neonatal Bortallty ratio for
neighboring rural county: 14.O/
1,000 (U.S.A. avg. la 10.3/1,000).
Town of New Florence, PA.
(aee exposed)
Town of Ottawa:
I. M.ili' prevalence rate- of 81/1,000
for chronic bronchitis. Total
•ule 6 female prevalence rate of
77/1,000. 3280 people studied.
Higher VC i. FEV's th.m urban
population. . Re,eir
-------
TABLE A-II-7. DENSITIES OF WILDLIFE SPECIES IN
VARIOUS HABITATS IN KENTUCKY
Habitat quality, no./40 hectares
Poor Fair Good Excellent
Deer
Squirrel
Grouse
Turkey
Quail
Rabbit
Totals
2
33
4
1
12
12
64
3
40
5
1
17
25
91
4
66
7
2
25
J>0
154
7
100
14
5
50
100
276
TABLE A-II-8.
MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES SUBJECT TO
PSD REVIEW (5)
Power plants greater than 73 million W/h
Specific sources greater than 91 megagrams/y any pollutant
Power plants
Coal cleaning plants
Kraft pulp mills
Portland cement plants
Primary zinc smelters
Iron and steel mill plants
Primary aluminum ore reduction
plants
Primary copper smelters
Municipal incinerators greater
than 227 megagrams/day
Hydrofluoric acid plants
Sulfuric acid plants
Petroleum refineries
Coke oven batteries
Sulfur recovery plants
Carbon black plants (furnace
process)
Primary lead smelters
Fuel conversion plants
Sintering plants
Secondary metal production
facilities
Chemical process plants
Fossil-fuel boilers greater
than 73 million W/h
Petroleum storage and transfer
facilities greater than 47,695
Taconite ore processing facili-
ties
Lime plants
Phosphate rock processing
plants
Any other source greater than 227 megagrams/y anv pollutant-
Glass fiber processing plants
Charcoal production facilities
A-II-39
-------
TABLE A-II-9. LISTING OF 65 CLASSES OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS (3)
1. Acenaphthene 36.
2. Acroletn 37.
3. Acrylonitrile
4. Aldrin/dieldrln
5. Antimony and compounds8
6. Arsenic and compounds
7. Asbestos
8. Benzene
9. Benzidineb 38.
10. Beryllium and compounds
11. Cadmium and compounds
12. Carbon tetrachlorlde
13. Chlordane (technical mixture and
metabolites)
14. Chlorinated benzenes (other than
dlchlorobenzenes) 39.
IS. Chlorinated ethanes (Including 40.
1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-tri- 41.
chloroethane, and hexachloro-
ethane) 42.
16. Chloroalkyl ethers (chloromethyl, 43.
chloroethyl, and mixed ethers) 44.
17. Chlorinated naphthalene 45.
18. Chlorinated phenols (other than 46.
those listed elsewhere; Includes 47.
trlchlorophenols and chlorinated 48.
cresols) 49.
19. Chloroform
20. 2-chlorophenol 50.
21. Chromium and compounds 51.
22. Copper and compounds 52.
23. Cyanides 53.
24. DDT and metabolites^ 34.
25. Dichlorobenzenes (1,2- 1,3-, and 55.
1,4-dlchlorobenzenes)
26. Dichlorobenzldine
27. Dlchloroethylenes (1,1-, and 1,2-
dlchloroethylene)
28. 2,4-dichlorophenol 56.
29. Dichloropropane and dichloropro- 57.
pene 58.
30. 2,4-dimethylphenol
31. Dinltrotoluene 59.
32. Dlphenylhydrazine 60.
33. Endosulfan and metabolites 61.
34. Endrln and metabolites6 62.
35. Ethylbenzene 63.
64.
65.
Fluoranthene
llaloethers (other than those
Hated elsewhere; Includes chloro-
phenylphenyl ethers, bromophenyl-
phenyl ether, bis(dlchlorolso-
propyl) ether, bis-(chloro-
cthoxy) methane and polychlor-
inated dlphenyl ethers)
llalomethanes (other than those
listed elsewhere; includes
methylene chloride methylchlor-
Ide, methylbromlde, bromoform,
dichlorobromethane, trichloro-
fluoromethane, dichlorodifluoro-
methane)
lleptachlor and metabolites
Hexachlorobutadlene
Hexachlorocyclohexane (all iso-
mers)
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Isophorone
Lead and compounds
Mercury and compounds
Naphthalene
Nickel and compounds
Nitrobenzene
Nltrophenols (Including 2,4-din-
itrophenol, dinitrocresol)
Nitrosamines
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phthalate esters
Tolychlorlnated biphenyls (PCBs)b
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
bons (including benzanthracenes,
benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene,
chrysenes, dibenzanthracenes,
and indenopyrenes)
Selenium and compounds
Silver and compounds
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
dloxin (TCDD)
Tetrachloroethylene
Thallium and compounds
Toluene
Toxaphene0
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Zinc and compounds
aThe term ''compounds" shall include organic and Inorganic compounds.
bEffluent standard promulgated (40 CFR Part 129).
A-II-40
-------
TABLE A-II-10. SPECIFIC POLLUTANT LIMITATIONS (4)
Siibst-mci.-
Ammonia
Arsenic
Asbestos
lla r i urn
Henzlrflne
ftcryl 1 f nm
Cadmium
Carbon
muiu>Xldi>
Chlorine;
chlorides
Chromium
(Cr)
Co) (form
barter la
Copper
Cyanide
Fluoride*
Hv()ror;irl).«ns
HydroRcn
sulfidc;
sulTldc
I ron
l.fud .
Mercury '
.Nickel '
NAAiJS NKSIIAI' Motor vchi.'l.-S
O'riin:irv si;md:ii.l) OS11A (Hazardous (liRht duly
mi;/al n£/ra3 . air pollutant) NSI'S . vehicles)
35 (18)
0.5
. 5 ribers/cc; Fiber-. No visible
length >5 |in col SB ion;
controls
• spec if led
0.5
Oufllltatlvc regul;i-
t ion (human car-
0.002 10 B/'" >'r»7
O.I (0.0ri)
10 (H hrs) 55 0.057. by J.4 K/ralle
volunf'
Chlorhu-:
i.n
SoluhK-:
11.5
Dime: 1,
fume: O.lil (0.2)
5
2.5 5 g m^irlc ton
No n mi 't luinc . llcxano : 160 Cont rol tech- Hydrocarbons : 0.41
hydrurnrhonH: O.lfi Pcntani-: 1800 lo|;y t:|M>ct- fi/mile
O-lir) Butane: 1450 ud rr1.iu>d
• ' Octane:' 1450 v.-ipor pros-
Mept/inc: 1600 re nf hydro-
rbona"''
20 ppm Collins T tal reduced
(15; 15 ppra a Ifur: 5 ppm
eel 1 (HR) by volume18
I ron- ox 1 de fume : 1 0
(5.0) -
0.2 (0.15)
5 . .
0.1 colllnR (0.01) 2100 fl/24
1.0 (0.1)
Drinking • F.f fluent >:taiul:ir
w.-iti-r2 (oiu- day
PR/ I. ' maximum)
0.0126 v |»cr kr.
product-1
0.05 (0.01) 1 .0 mR/l4
No disch.-irKe <>f
process w;istewa(
pol lutnnis tu
navlu.-ihlf wat.-rs
1.0 0.009 R p.-r kj; «
product6
0.01 0.10 mK/!H
Chlori«!i-: )'r<-i- nv.i i InbU-
(250) (CN) O.S m«/lH
(1.0ri lk-\.iv;iK-iU Cr: 1
H/m1 of i.-edsl.',
1 hnrtcrln pt-r 400 counts pi-r 1
100 ml mK (;iny 1 lrni-1 ' '-
(1.0) O.I mft/l' '
(d.OI) 0.0003 K IKT kv.
product *
1.4-2.4 {relnu-il O.OI2ft r./kR ..f
Sulflde: O.OHOl
ppr WK or' protlui
(0.1) Tot.-il: 7 mji/l
dlssolvctl: O.f>
0.05 0.4 on/I13
(0.»5) A.O rap/l'9
0.002 0.002 mR/lU
0.006 p per ku
of product21
vis
.if
IT
f
.ill •
k"
(Id
r.
t'
(continued)
A-II-41
-------
TABLE A-II-10. (continued)
Substance
NO ; nitrate
Oil and/or
grease
Osml ura
Ozone
(oxidants)
Partlculatcs
Phenol,
phenolic
compounds
Phosphorous
Plnttnum
Rhodium
Selenium
Silvt-r
S02, Bulfatc
Tin
Uranium
Vinyl
chloride
Zinc
NAAQS NESHAP Motor vehicles
(Primary standard) OSHA (Hazardous (light duty
mg/rn^ ms/m^ air pollutant) NSPS vehicles)
N0;: 0.1 (annual) N02: 9 N02: 0.20 lb N02: 2.0 g/mlle
per 10^ Btu of
heat input
derived from
solid fossil
fucl22
Mineral oil mist: 5
0.002
O.lfi (1 hr) 0.2
0.075 (annual) Nuisance ^articulate: 0.1 lb per 10
15. (10.) Btu input
derived from
fossil fuel22
0.04 g/dscm25
Phenol: 19
Elemental , ye 1 low:
0.1
0.002
Soluble salts: 0.001
0.2
0.01
SO : 0.08 (annual) SO : 18 S02: 1.2 lb
L per 106 Btu ol
heat input
derived from
solid fossil
fuel 22
2 kR per metric
ton of acid
Inorganic : 2
organic: 0.1
Soluble: 0.05
Insoluble: 0. 25
(nil: 0.2)
1 ppro (200 ppm) 10 ppm
ZnCI; fume: 1
ZnO fume: 5
-•— •• -
Drinking Effluent standards
watcr2 (one day
mg/1 cmxlmum)
Nitrate: 10 (45) 0.017 R per kg ol
product2^
20 ng/1
16 Qp/tn of pro-
duction27
Total suspended
solids: 70/mR/L19
Phenols: (0.001) 0.0006 g per kg
of product-*
105 g per kg of
product2'
16 mg per kg of
product27
16 ng per m of
product27
0.01 0.0015 g per kg of
product'"
0.05 0.001 R per kg of
product26
Sulfate: (250)
160 rag per tn^ of
product27
4 mg/l4
5 0.003 g per kg
of products '^
(continued)
A-II-42
-------
TABLE A-II-10. (continued)
FOOTNOTES
1. Value in parentheses is 1976 ACCIH TLV; given only if value Is different from
existing OSHA stand.ird.
2. Value in parentheses is for 1968 Publi Health Service Drinking Water Standards;
value is given only If different from Primary Drinking Water Regulation.
3. Iron and Steel, By-1'roduct Coke: (BAT. NSPS).
it. Ore Mining and Dressing, Uranium, Radium. Vanadium Ores: Mini- Drainage: (BPT).
5. Asbestos Manufacturing: (BAT, N.r.PS).
6. Inorganic Chemicals, Potassium Iodide Production: (BPT).
7. Based on ambient level of 0.01 ; n/m .
8. Ore Mining and Dres-ing. Base ami Precious Mi-tals: From Mills: (BPT).
9. Petroleum Refining, Catalyst Kegenerat.u~F] uid Catalytic Cracking Inlt.
in. Steam Electric Power r.uner.it ing, Ceneruinfi Unit: From cooling tower blowdovm:
(BPT, BAT, NSPS).
11. Petroleum Refining, Topping: (NSPS).
12. Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables, Citrus Products: (BAT, NSPS).
13. Ore Mining and Dressing, Basi and Precious Metals: From Mine Drainage or Mills:
(BPT).
14. Phosphate Fertilizer Industrv.
15. Iron and Steel, Open Hearth Kurnace: (HAT, NSPR).
16. Storage Vessel.1; for Petroleum Liquid.
17. Oil and Gas Extraction, Offshore-: (BPIi.
18. Kraft Pulp Mills (proposed).
19. Coal Mining, Mine Drainage: (BPT).
20. Bast'iJ on recommend? I ambient levi-1 of I |ig/m .
21. Inorganic Chemicals, Copper Sulf.ite Production: (BPT).
2? Fossil Fuel-Fired S' num Generators.
23. Fertilizer Manufacturing, Nitric Acid: (BAT).
lit. Steam Electric Power
-------
TABLE A-II-11. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS FOR
ISSUANCE OF PERMITS (5)
Activity
Specify monitoring required
Select vendors & contractors
Procure and install equipment
One-year baseline monitoring
Complete data analysis and
Time required
1-2 months
1-3 months
1-4 months
12 months
1-4 months
Cumulative
1-2 months
2-5 months
3-9 months
15-21 months
16-25 months
modeling
(Permit application complete)
Request special model, with
agency hearing and review (if
necessary)
Hearings on application and
final agency review
2-6 months
3-12 months
18-31 months
21-43 months
TABLE A-II-12. PRINCIPAL EPA RULEMAKING
RELATIVE TO STATIONARY SOURCES (5)
Action
Statutory deadline
Listing of AQCRs by attainment status
Short-term N02 standard
Stack height regulations (limiting credit
to 2-1/2 times the height of the source)
Analysis requirements in PSD areas
Revised NSPS for fossil boilers
Ozone protection regulations
PSD regulations for other criteria pol-
lutants (NO . CO, SO . HC)
X *»
Visibility protection regulations
NSPS for stationary sources
February 1978
February 1978
February 1978
February 1978
August 1978
November 1979
August 1979
November 1979
August 1979 -
August 1982*
*EPA is required to list major stationary source categories for
NSPS by August 1979 and promulgate NSPS for 25%, 75% and 100%
of list by August 1981, 1982, and 1983, respectively.
A-II-44
-------
A-II.2.1 Monitoring and Modeling Requirements in PSD
Areas
The time schedules required for the collection of data
to be reported by applications for new facility permits are
shown (conservatively) in Table A-II-11. Baseline monitor-
ing is required at the site of new activities to establish
the baseline air quality. The impact of the proposed facili-
ties will be assessed for the short-term PSD increments by
use of air quality modeling to evaluate the meteorologic or
topographic conditions in a region that has the highest
expected concentration of pollutants. The EPA was required
to issue regulations for the evaluation of facilities pro-
posed for PSD areas, including the required air quality
models.
Since August 1978, about one year of baseline air
quality monitoring has been required as a part of the per-
mitting process for all new facilities and modifications of
existing facilities.
On February 2, 1978, the DOE Office of Coal and Utility
Policy recommended that baseline concentrations for calcula-
tion of PSD increments should be determined at the time of
the first permit application in a given area. This was in
contrast to the EPA proposal that such baseline concentra-
tions be determined as of January 6, 1975. The DOE also
suggested that the 45 megagrams per year exemption from PSD
analysis be extended to new and modified stationary sources
in Class II, III, and nonattainment areas. The DOE recom-
mended that the major stationary sources not on the list of
industrial category types should be analyzed at 227 mega-
grams per year or more, rather than for all pollutants
emitted at 91 megagrams or more per year as reported by the
EPA (6).
A-II-45
-------
A-II.2.1.1 Sharing of PSD Increments
Individual new facilities will have to share the PSD
increments among adjacent or nearby stationary sources.
Thus, the permitted emission rates for each facility will be
lower than for the case where a facility was evaluated apart
from a potential future major industrial neighbor (5). A
related policy issue refers to the required separation
distance between facilities in deciding whether to assess
the impacts of each facility independently rather than
additively. Thus, it is conceivable that the production
capacity and size of a major facility may have to be cur-
tailed, or stringent pollutant controls may be required for
862 and TSP. This issue may be seriously confounded in
1979, when PSD regulations will be issued by the EPA for CO,
NO , photochemical oxidants, and hydrocarbons. Principal
X
EPA rulemaking deadlines are shown in Table A-II-12.
A-II.2.1.2 Visibility and Other Air-Quality-
Related Values
The visibility issue likely will serve as the primary
factor affecting variances from the Class I increment limits
(see Chapter 2, Table 2-1). Other items that might qualify
are fugitive emissions, odors, air pollutant effects on crop
yields, and microclimatic changes. The EPA is required to
issue visibility regulations by November 1979 to enforce a
national goal of visibility protection, as specified in
PL95-95.
A-II.2.1.3 Nonattainment Areas
Until July 1, 1979, construction permits for major new
stationary sources in nonattainment areas will be issued in
accordance with EPA's 1976 Interpretive Ruling on emission
A-II-46
-------
offsets. Under some conditions, states may be granted
waivers to this policy. According to the emission offset
policy, new sources that have the potential to emit 91
megagrams per year of any pollutant will be given a con-
struction permit, provided that:
• Emissions from existing areas are reduced by an
amount sufficient to offset emissions from the new
plant.
• The proposed plant attains the Lowest Achievable
Emission Rate (LAER).
• The emission offsets obtained produce a positive
net air quality benefit.
• All of the applicant's existing facilities in the
AQCR are in compliance with applicable emission
standards.
Before a major new source may locate in a nonattainment
area, each state, after June 30, 1977, must have revised its
implementation plan (SIP) to attain primary ambient air
quality standards by December 31, 1982. An extension of
five years (to December 31, 1987) will be available to areas
having CO or photochemical oxidant problems. Because new
sources shall be included in each SIP, new sources operators
are advised to divulge their construction plans to the
applicable state permitting offices at the earliest date.
The State of Texas recently made the first official
application to the EPA requesting a waiver of the require-
ments of the federal emissions offset policy. In this
regard, Texas would be allowed to administer its own growth
policy, provided that in-place programs could assure
A-II-47
-------
incremental emission reductions in compliance with the
national ambient air quality standards by 1982. The grant-
ing of this request would establish a precedent (7).
The EPA stated in September 1977 (7) that all areas
east of the Mississippi River are now presumed to be in
violation of the ambient air quality standard for photo-
chemical oxidants. This presumption was not a flat mandate,
but provided guidance to states in locating which areas met
or exceeded the federal standards. In effect, the action
should assist the states in deciding which air pollution
control requirements apply. Rural fugitive dust will be
discounted in establishing attainment status for total
suspended particulates.
The following guidelines are applicable to TSP, S02, CO
and photochemical oxidants:
• Total suspended particulates: The area should be
designated attainment when a TSP violation can be
clearly attributed to rural fugitive dust.
• Total suspended particulates and sulfur dioxide:
In cases where an area is unclassifiable or is
designated as attainment, major new or modified
sources must be reviewed to ensure consistency
with PSD requirements.
• Carbon monoxide: Specific areas covered by moni-
tors showing violations should be designated as
nonattainment; however, SIP revisions covering
larger geographic areas may be necessary to solve
the nonattainment problem.
A-II-48
-------
• Photochemical oxidants: Ambient data in the
eastern U.S. and Midwest show widespread viola-
tion of the standards. This pervasive problem
has been demonstrated by research studies to be
due largely to transport from urban areas. This
transported ozone has been shown to persist at
levels well in excess of the standard for hun-
dreds of miles downwind of urban areas. There-
fore, in the absence of data showing attainment,
all areas east of the Mississippi River should
be presumed nonattainment. The fact that ozone
is transported from urban areas will be recog-
nized in the development of policies related to
SIP content and approval. Additional monitoring
will be required for areas designated as not
classifiable pursuant to Section 107(d)(1)(E).
If data showing nonattainment become available,
the appropriate change to the attainment status
must be made.
On August 16, 1977, the EPA advised regional adminis-
trators of a new policy for controlling fugitive dust emis-
sions. Priority will be given to urban areas for develop-
ment of comprehensive and reasonable controls of industrial
particulates. In rural areas, control of fugitive dust
would center on sources such as coal piles and mining opera-
tions shown to be causing violations of the NAAQS, as
sources of known toxic or hazardous substances (8). This
policy allows those who wish to construct new stationary
sources to do so without concern for emission offsets.
A-II.2.2 Other Federal Statutory Requirements
Section 311 of the Clean Water Act concerns oil and
hazardous substance liability. This item will be of
A-II-49
-------
particular significance to the coal conversion technology.
While no hazardous substances have been designated by the
EPA under this section, they have developed a list of some
300 chemicals and constituents of oil. Section 311(c) of
the Act stipulates the development of a National Contingency
Plan to minimize damage to the aqueous environment from oil
and hazardous substance discharges. Action plans for con-
tainment, dispersal, and removal are required, with particu-
lar reference to the discharge of oil and hazardous sub-
stances which may affect natural resources belonging to or
under the exclusive management authority of the United States
and those under the Fishery Conservation and Management Act
of 1976 (9).
The Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act of
1972 controls the ocean dumping of matter of any kind, in-
cluding radioactive materials (but excluding oil), sewage
from vessels, and effluents regulated by FWPCA, the 1899
Rivers and Harbors Act, or the Atomic Energy Act. Permits
may be issued by the EPA for the transportation and dumping
of materials (other than radiological, chemical and biologi-
cal warfare agents, and dredged material) should the Admin-
istrator conclude that such dumping will not unreasonably
endanger or degrade human health and welfare.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
controls water pollution indirectly by requiring a regula-
tory system for the treatment, storage, and disposal of
hazardous wastes. Hazardous waste is defined as a solid
waste generated by industrial, commercial, mining and
agricultural operations that, because of its quantity or
characteristics (e.g., bottom ash or fly ash containing
radioactivity and suspected carcinogens), may be hazardous
to human health or to the environment. Subtitle C of the
1976 Act requires the EPA administrator to:
A-II-50
-------
• Promulgate criteria and regulations that identify
the characteristics of hazardous waste, and list
particular hazardous waste
• Promulgate standards, regulations, and manifests
applicable to those who generate, transport,
treat, store, or dispose of hazardous wastes.
These procedures will specify record keeping,
labeling, reporting, monitoring and inspection
practices, and compliance with requirements for
permits. Also required is the promulgation by the
EPA of guidelines to assist the development of
state hazardous waste programs. These programs
must fulfill the criteria of consistency, equiva-
lency, and adequacy of enforcement. For example,
regulations developed by EPA relative to trans-
porters of hazardous wastes subject to the Hazar-
dous Materials Transportation Act, must be con-
sistent with the requirements of that Act. EPA
must also integrate all provisions of the Resource
Conservation Act and avoid duplication (where
practicable) with the Clean Air Act, the Clean
Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and other acts
that grant regulatory authority to EPA.
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976 auth-
orizes the EPA to require the testing of suspected chemicals
to determine the extent of the toxicity. This broad dis-
cretionary power is highly relevant to certain potentially
toxic inorganics and organics known to occur in certain
waste streams and products of the SRC technology. The EPA
administrator may prohibit or limit the disposal of a chemi-
cal or a mixture of chemical substances, when he finds that
there is a reasonable basis to conclude that a chemical
substance or a mixture poses an unreasonable risk of injury
A-II-51
-------
to human health or to the environment as a whole. The term
"chemical substance" means any inorganic or organic sub-
stance of a particular molecular identity. The term "mix-
ture" is defined as a combination of chemical substances
that is not the result of a chemical reaction.
The major importance of TSCA is that it stands as an
alternative statutory control, if adequate controls cannot
be developed for a chemical substance through the Clean
Water or Safe Drinking Water Act (9).
A-II.2.3
State Requirements
Table A-II-13 outlines state standards for hazardous
substances in surface waters.
TABLE A-II-13. NON-NUMERICAL STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN SURFACE WATERS
Region and state
Applicable non-numerical standards
and criteria
Four Corners Region
1. Arizona
2. Colorado
All surface waters shall be free from toxic, cor-
rosive, or other deleterious substances attribu-
table to industrial waste at levels or combina-
tions sufficient to be toxic to human, animal,
plant or aquatic life. As a minimum evaluation for
the presence of toxic substances, use a 96-hour
bioassay based on "Standard Methods for the Exam-
ination of Water and Wastewater." Survival of test
organisms shall not be less than that in controls
which utilize appropriate experimental water.
All state waters shall be free from substances
attributable to ... industrial, or other dis-
charges ... which are toxic or harmful to human,
animal, plant, or aquatic life.
(continued)
A-II-52
-------
TABLE A-II-13. (continued)
Region and state
3. Utah
Fort Union-Powder
River
1. Montana
2. North Dakota
3. South Dakota
Applicable non-numerical standards
and criteria
State waters shall be free from ... toxic, corro-
sive, or other deleterious substances attributable
to ... industrial waste or other controllable
sources at levels of combinations sufficient to be
toxic to human, animal, plant or aquatic life or
in amounts sufficient to interfere with any bene-
ficial use of the water.
Industrial waste shall receive, after maximum prac-
ticable in-plant control, a minimum of secondary
treatment or equivalent ..., and control of toxic
or other deleterious substances before discharge
into state waters. State surface waters are to
be free from substances attributable to ... indus-
trial ... or other discharges that will create
concentrations or combinations of materials which
are toxic or harmful to human, animal, plant, or
aquatic life ... Bioassay median tolerance concen-
trations are to be based on latest available
research results for the materials, by bioassay
test procedures for simulating actual stream con-
ditions as set forth in the latest edition of
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater published by the American Public Health
Association ...
All waters of the state shall be ... free from
substances attributable to ... industrial, or
other discharges ... in concentrations or combina-
tions which are toxic or harmful to human, animal,
plant, or resident aquatic life.
Toxic materials prohibited. No materials shall be
discharged or caused to be discharged to any lake
or stream which produce concentrations of chemicals
toxic to humans, animals, plants, or the most sen-
sitive stage or form of aquatic life, greater than
0.1 times the median tolerance limit for short
residual compounds or 0.01 times the median toler-
ance limit for an accumulative substance or sub-
stances exhibiting a residual life exceeding thirty
days in the receiving waters. Median tolerance
(continued)
A-II-53
-------
TABLE A-II-13. (continued)
Region and state
Applicable non-numerical standards
and criteria
3. South Dakota
(continued)
4. Wyoming
Appalachian Region
1. Kentucky
limits shall be determined in accordance with sec-
tion 34:04:02:06. Concentrations specified for
toxic materials shall be based on daily averages,
but the concentrations shall not exceed one hun-
dred and twenty-five percent of the value speci-
fied in this section at any time or at any point
in the receiving water. Exceptions to prohibition
of toxic materials arise where a numerical criter-
ion has already been established for: a toxic sub-
stance relative to cold water or warm water for
fish life propagation; immersion recreation waters;
limited contact recreation waters; wildlife
propagation waters; irrigation waters; commerce
and industry waters, and trout fishery waters.
Any person owning or having control over ... hazar-
dous material that is (discharged) into public
waters ... shall:
• Immediately stop the discharge
• Immediately collect and remove the ... hazardous
material unless not feasible, in which case the
person shall take all practicable actions to con-
tain, treat, and disperse the same in a manner
acceptable to the Wyoming Department of Environ-
mental Quality in coordination with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and in accordance
with Annex X of the National Contingency Plan.
Cleanup of ... hazardous material spills shall
proceed in a timely and diligent manner until
official notice is obtained from the Water Quality
Division of the Wyoming DEQ that satisfactory
cleanup has been achieved.
Disposal of hazardous materials shall be done in
accordance with procedures approved by the Water
Quality Division of the Wyoming DEQ.
All waters of the Commonwealth of Kentucky shall
be:
(continued)
A-II-54
-------
TABLE A-II-13. (continued)
Region and state
Applicable non-numerical standards
and criteria
1. Kentucky
(continued)
2. Ohio
3. Virginia
4. West Virginia
• Substantially free from substances attributable
to industrial or other discharges ... that
will settle to form putrescent sludge deposits.
• Free from substances attributable to ... indus-
trial or other discharges ... in concentrations
or combinations which are toxic or harmful to
human, animal, plant, or aquatic life.
• Furnish the Ohio Department of Health, Division
of Engineering, with a list of all chemicals
and materials which are toxic.
• Construct emergency holding facilities to prevent
discharge of wastewater which may be accidentally
contaminated with toxins. Toxins are defined as
materials that contain toxic constituents.
All state waters shall be free from substances
attributable to ... industrial waste, or other
waste in concentrations, amounts, or combinations
which ... are inimical or harmful to human, animal,
plant, or aquatic life. Specific substances to be
controlled include, but are not limited to:
toxic substances, substances that ... settle to
form sludge deposits, and heated substances.
The State Water Resources Board declares it manda-
tory that, in order to minimize the adverse effect
which the spills and accidental discharges of ...
industrial wastes may have upon users of water of
the State, the following procedures shall be
followed:
• Each and every municipality, corporation, person
or other entity which or who may cause or be
responsible for any spill or accidental discharge
into the waters of the State, of sewage, indus-
trial waste or other substance of such character
and in such quantity as to be unsightly or dele-
terious to the quality of such waters shall give
prompt notification thereof by telephone to the
Chief of the Division of Water Resources, State
Department of Natural Resources, or an employee
thereof;
(continued)
A-II-55
-------
TABLE A-II-13. (continued)
Region and state
Applicable non-numerical standards
and criteria
A. West Virginia
(continued)
• Such notification shall set forth the time and
place of such spill or discharge, type or types
and quantity or quantities of the material or
materials therein, action or actions taken to
stop such spill or discharge and to minimize the
polluting effect thereof, the measure or measures
taken or to be taken in order to prevent a recur-
rence of any such spill or discharge and such
additional information as may be requested by the
Division of Water Resources;
• It shall be the responsibility of each industrial
establishment or other entity discharging direct-
ly to a stream to have available insofar as prac-
ticable and reasonable the following information
pertaining to those substances that are employed
or handled in its operation in sufficiently large
amounts as to constitute a hazard in case of an
accidental spill and discharge into a public
stream:
(1) Potential toxicity in water to man, animals
and aquatic life;
(2) Details on analytical procedures for the
quantitative estimation of such substances in
water;
(3) Suggestions on safeguards or other precau-
tionary measures to nullify the toxic effects
of a substance once it has gotten into a
stream;
• A written verification of such report shall be
submitted upon request of the Division of Water
Resources.
The following measures for control of acid mine
drainage are hereby adopted by the Water Resources
Board:
• Surface waters and ground waters shall be diver-
ted where practicable to prevent the entry or
reduce the flow of waters into and through work-
ings.
(continued)
A-II-56
-------
TABLE A-II-13. (continued)
Region and state
4. West Virginia
(continued)
Applicable non-numerical standards
and criteria
• Water that does gain entry to the workings shall
be handled in a manner which will minimize the
formation and discharge of acid mine drainage to
streams.
• Refuse from the mining and processing of coal
shall be handled and disposed of in a manner
which will minimize discharge of acid mine drain-
age therefrom to streams. Where acid-producing
materials are encountered in the overburden in
stripping operations, these materials shall be
handled so as to prevent or minimize the produc-
tion of acid mine drainage, taking into consid-
eration the need for stream pollution prevention
and all economic factors involved.
• Discharge of acid mine drainage to streams shall
be regulated insofar as practicable to equalize
the flow of daily accumulations throughout a 24-
hour period.
• Upon discontinuance of operations of any mine,
all practicable mine-closing measures, consistent
with safety requirements, shall be employed to
minimize the formation and discharge of acid mine
drainage.
• Under appropriate circumstances, consideration
shall be given to the treatment of acid mine
drainage by chemical or other means in order to
mitigate its pollution properties.
A-II-57
-------
REFERENCES
1. Cleland, J.G. and G.L. Kingsbury. Multimedia Environ-
mental Goals for Environmental Assessment. Volume 1.
EPA-600/7-77-136a. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 1977.
2. Cornaby, B.W., D.A. Savitz, M.E. Stout, G.E. Pierce,
and A.W. Rudolph. Development of Environmental Goals
for Nonchemical and Nonpollution Factors in Fluidized-
Bed Combustion. Draft Report Technical Directive 31 to
EPA, IERL, RTP, N.C. Contract No. 68-02-2138 by Bat-
telle Columbus Laboratories, 505 King Avenue, Columbus,
Ohio 43201. 1977.
3. Bureau of National Affairs. 65 Specified Toxic Chemi-
cals Listed. Env. Reporter, Current Development 8(40)
1509. 1978.
4. Cleland, J.G. and G.L. Kingsbury. Summary of Key
Federal Regulations and Criteria for Multimedia Envi-
ronmental Control. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Contract No. 68-02-1325, Research Triangle
Institute (RTI) Project No. 41U-893-75. Prepared for
EPA/IERL by RTI, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1977.
5. Goldsmith, B.J. and J.R. Mahoney. Implications of the
1977 Clean Air Act Amendments for Stationary Sources.
Environmental Science and Technology. 12(2):145. 1978.
6. Bureau of National Affairs. DOE Recommends Modifica-
tions in Proposal Clean-Air Area Rules. Environmental
Reporter, Current Developments 8(41):1531. 1978.
7. ibid. Texas Submits First Application to Waive Offset
Policy Requirements. Env. Reporter, Current Develop-
ments 8(23):857. 1977.
8. ibid. EPA Fugitive Dust Policy Focuses on Urban Emis-
sions. Env. Reporter, Current Developments 8(17):664.
1977.
A-II-58
-------
9. Barrett, B.R. Controlling the Entrance of Toxic Pollu-
tants into U.S. Waters. Environmental Science and
Technology 12 (2):154. 1978.
A-II-59
-------
APPENDIX III
RADIOACTIVITY
A-III-1
-------
A-III RADIOACTIVITY
With the long-lived natural isotopes such as thorium-
232, uranium-238, and uranium-235, a condition known as
"radioactive or secular equilibrium" exists. This condition
describes a steady state (and is hereafter referred to as
such in this report) in which the amount of any member of
the series does not change for a long period of time. For
example, the amount of uranium-235 expected in 28,123 Mg of
Illinois No. 6 coal (e.g., 45,000 grams total uranium expec-
ted multiplied by the relative abundance 0.72 percent or 324
grams) would decrease exactly one gram in 3.18 x 10
years. The calculated derivations given in the text of
Chapter 3 should be applicable for this period of time,
after which a correction of 0.3 percent will be necessary.
The time needed to reach the steady-state condition is
determined by the longest half-lived daughter and is 5.0 x
10 years in the case of the decay of uranium-235 (the
actinium series). In the case of the uranium-238, the time
needed to reach steady state is 3.7 x 10 years and the time
required for the thorium series to reach steady state is 211
years. Since the age of the Illinois No. 6 coal deposits is
about 300 x 10 years, the assumption that the steady-
state concentrations of these decay series have been reached
is warranted.
Since steady-state concentrations exist, one can cal-
culate the amount of the various isotopes that would be
associated with 28,123 Mg coal, given the amount of uranium
and thorium. It is interesting to note that the amount of
uranium-234 estimated by this method is 2.4 grains, which
compares favorably to the value of 2.6 grams estimated from
natural abundance data for this isotope.
A-III-2
-------
APPENDIX IV
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION,
WHITE COUNTY, ILLINOIS
A-IV-L
-------
TABLE A-IV-1. HISTORICAL STRUCTURES, MARKERS, TRAILS AND CENTENNIAL FARMS
IN WHITE COUNTY, ILLINOIS
BURNT PRAIRIE
WH-H-1 Morrison's Mill
East Edge of Burnt
Prairie
1881
Grist Mill
CARMI
WH-H-2
WH-H-3
WH-H-4
^ WH-H-5
M
^ WH-H-6
WH-H-7
WH-H-8
WH-H-9
WH-H-10
WH-H-11
WH-H-12
White County Courthouse
Robinson-Stewart House*
Ratcliff Inn*
Revolutionary War
Memorial
Civil War Memorial
Carmi Public Library
John M. Crebs House
Dr. Daniel Berry Home*
Pomeroy Home
North Storms Home*
Col. Everton Conger
Home*
Main Street 1883
110 S. Main Cross 1814
Street
214 E. Main 1828
Corner of Main and erected
Main Cross 1936
Corner of Main and
Main Cross
201 Church Street 1912
311 West Main 1905
210 Stewart 1863
305 West Main 1875
305 South Third 1872
302 West Main 1871
Home of U.S.
Senator
Stage Coach Inn
Memorial
Civil War Cannon
Carnegie Library
Banker
Army surgeon
Grain merchant
Captor of John
Wilkes Booth
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-IV-1. (continued)
CARMI (continued)
WH-H-13 Lincoln Speech Site
Marker
WH-H-14 The old graveyard
NE corner Main &
4th
Kerney and Main
Cross
1840
Harrison campaign
speech
CARMI VICINITY
WH-H-15 James Logan House
SE of Carmi RR #5 1908
ENFIELD
H WH-H-16 Southern Illinois
"p Academy*
U>
GREYVILLE
WH-H-17 Grey-Carey House*
U.S. 45 in Enfield 1875
119 N. Court
1885
Alma Mater of Sen.
William E. Boralt
Founder of Grey-
ville
NEW HAVEN VICINITY
WH-H-18 Old Stage Inn*
1 mile NW of New
Haven
NORRIS CITY VICINITY
WH-H-19 Old Sharon Church*
N of Norris City 1864
Old Presbyterian
Church
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-IV-1. (continued)
NORRIS CITY VICINITY (continued)
WH-H-20 Clarence Pyle House* 2 miles SE of Old Stage Coach
Norris City Inn
HISTORICAL MARKERS
1. "Thy Wondrous Story Illinois" - Plywood - N side U.S. 460 - 4-1/2 miles W of
Indiana state line near Crossville.
2. "Carmi, Illinois" - Plywood - S side of U.S. 460 - 5 miles W of Carmi
(3 signs) E side of Illinois 1 - south edge of Carmi
E side of Illinois 1-2 miles north of Carmi
> 3. "Big Prairie Church" - Cast metal - Blacktop road - SE of Carmi
H
< 4. "Carmi1s Oldest House" - Cast metal - 100 South Main Cross Street - Carmi
•p>
5. "Col. Conger House" - Cast metal - 302 West Main - Carmi
6. "Flow Gently Sweet Afton" - Cast metal - 312 South 1st Street - Carmi
7. "Ratcliff Inn" - Cast metal - 206 East Main Street - Carmi
8. "The First Presbyterian Church in Illinois" - Cast metal - U.S. 45 - N of Norris
City
9. "Liberty's Pioneer Mill (Old Morrison Mill)" - Cast metal - E edge of Burnt
Prairie
10. "Southern Illinois College" - Cast metal - U.S. 45 - Enfield
MAJOR TRACES AND TRAILS
1. Shawneetown - Vincennes Trail
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-IV-1. (continued)
CENTENNIAL FARMS
1. James & Offie Austin - R 1 - Norris City, Illinois
2. Ina Hollerback - R 5 - Carmi, Illinois
3. Roy Aud - R 1 - Norris City, Illinois
4. Paul Knight - R 1 - Omaha, Illinois
5. Noel Marlin - Herald, Illinois
6. Dayton Marlin - R 1 - Norris City, Illinois
7. Arthur Marlin - Box 408 - Norris City, Illinois
>
H 8. Marjorie Marlin - Box 116 - Norris City, Illinois
<
ui 9. Bernard Marlin - Herald, Illinois
10. Sylvester Austin - Norris City, Illinois
11. Charles Smith - R 1 - Burnt Prairie, Illinois
12. Gale Williams - R 3 - Carmi, Illinois
13. Mr. & Mrs. Charles R. Long - R 1 - Crossville, Illinois
14. Morris & Ruth Harper West - R 2 - Norris City, Illinois
15. John M. Campbell, Jr. & John M. Campbell, Sr. - R 1 - Carmi, Illinois
16. Mrs. Myrtle Knight - Norris City, Illinois
17. Rolla H. Stocke - R 2 - Carmi, Illinois
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-IV-1. (continued)
CENTENNIAL FARMS (continued)
18. Marion Mitchell McGinnis - RR - Norris City, Illinois
19. Oren E. Williams & Thelma R. Williams, Charles Williams & Wilma Williams - R 2
Enfield, Illinois
20. Miss I.J. Dartt & Mrs. Marilyn Dartt Price - New Harmony, Indiana
21. Harriet Barnes.Vaught - 210 Stewart Street - Carmi, Illinois
22. Thomas Miller Vaught - 210 Stewart Street - Carmi, Illinois
*Structures of special merit and deserving of immediate attention.
Reference: Illinois Historic Landmarks Survey. Inventory of Historic Landmarks in
White County. Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield,
Illinois, 1973.
-------
TABLE A-IV-2. REPRESENTATIVE AQUATIC PLANTS FOUND OR
LIKELY TO BE FOUND IN THE WABASH RIVER OR ITS
TRIBUTARIES IN OR NEAR WHITE COUNTY
Common Kama
Scientific Name
Reference6
Columbia watermeal
Siar duckweed
Very tiny duckweed
Valdivla duckweed
Smaller duckweed
Giant duckweed
Common catcall
Narrovleaf cattail
Giant bur-reed
Lean (edge
American bulruah
Slendor aplkeruah
Blunt aplkerush
Harsh mermaid weed
Hater-eta rvort
Water hyaaop
American water-willow
Common bladdervort
Humped bladderwort
Common arrowhead
Heart ahapad watar plantan
Braked burhiad
Brittle naiad
Buahy naiad
Slender naiad
Southern naiad
American pondweed
Variable pondweed
Illinois pondweed
Rlbbonleaf pondvaed
Floating leaf pondweed
Wacarthread pondveed
Leafy pondweed
Snail pondweed
Pickerel weed
American elodea
Arrow arum
Sweat flag
Dottad Matermeal
Papillary watermaal
Duckvaad
Sago pondweed
Primrose
Coontail
Stoaevorcs
Stonavorta
Slander rlecla
Purple-fringed rlecla
Blackfooted gullbnrt
Pepparvort
Wolffta colunblana Karst.
Lemna trlaulca L.
Lemna perpuallla Torr.
Leans valdlvlana Phil.
Lemna minor L.
Splrodela polyrhlsa L. Schleidon
Typha latifolia L. '
Typha anguatttolla L.
Sparganlum eurycarpum Engela
Cyperua atrigeaua L.
Sclrpm amerlcanua Pern. '
Eleocharla aclcularla (L)R.iS.
Eleecharia obtuaaa (Wllld)Schult.
Proserpinaca paluatris L.
Callitrlehe heterophylla Pursh
Bacopa rotundifolla (Hlchx)Wettat.
Dlanthera amerlcana L.
Utrleularia vulgarls L.
Utrlcularla glbba L.
Ssgittaria laclfola L.
Allama subcordatum Ratineaque
Echlnodorus roatatus (Nutt)Engelm.
Nalas minor All.
Hajaa gracllllma (A.Br) Magnus
Nalas fla»ilis (Wllld.) R&S
Najaa guadalupenaia (Bprtng)Hagnus
Potamogaton nodosus Polr.
Potaaoteton gramlneua L.
Potamogeton llllnoenats Horong
Potamogaton epthydrus Rafineaque
Potamogeton natana L.
Potamogaton dlvaraifollua RafIneaque
Potamogaton follosua RafInesque
Potamogeton pualllua L.
Pontederla cordata L.
Elodaa canadenata Mlchx.
Peltandra vlrginlca (L.)Kunth
Acorua calamus L.
Wolffla punctata Crlaeb.
Wolffia papullfera Thompson
Lemna sp.
Potamogaton peetinatus L.
Juaslaao sp.
Ceratophyllum damersua L.
Nltalla ap.
Chara ip.
Rlccia flultaoa L.
Rleelocarpua natana (L)Corda
Isoates malannnoda Gay & Dur
Marailaa~quadrlfolla L.
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
A.D
B.C
c
B.C
B.C
C
C
c
c
c
(continued)
A-IV-7
-------
TABLE A-IV-2.. (continued)
Common flame
Scientific Na
Referenceb
Rigid whit* water buttercup
Water shield
Spattardock
White water Illy
American lotus
Prickly coontall
Lake creei
True water crest
Water reartweed
Dutch stonecrop
Water purslane
Falae loosestrife
Broadleaf water milfoil
Whorled water milfoil
Ranunculus longlrostrla Godr.
Brasenla schreberl Gnel.
Nuphar advent Alt.
Nymphaea tuberoea Paine
Nelumbo lutea (Wllld.) Pers.
Ceratophyllmn eehlnatum Cray
Armoracla aquatlca (Eat.)Wleg.
Rorlppa nasturtium-squatlcum(L)Hayek
Polygonum flultana Eaton
Penthorun sedoldaa L.
PepIts dlaodra Nutt.
Ludwlgta palustrla (L.)Ell.
MyrlophyLlum heterophyllua Mlchx.
Myrlophyllua vertieillatun L.
The habitat of this species Indicates tliat It Is likely to be found In this location.
*A plus-minus ("+") sign In this column Indicates that this plant Is BOBetimea emergent.
Reference A: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Electrification Administration. Herom Generating
Station and Associated Transmission — Final Environmental Impact Statement, USDA-REA-ES(ADM)-
76-10-P. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC. 1977.
Reference C: Wlnterrlnger, C.S. and A.C. Loplnot. Aquatic Plants of Illinois. Illinois State Museum
Popular Science Series Vol. VI. Publlahed Jointly by the Department of Registration and Education,
Illinois State Museum Division and the Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries, Illinois
State Museum. Springfield, Illinois. 1977.
Reference D: Beck, R.W., and Aaeoclatea. Environmental Analysis MarOB Generating Station for Hoosler
Energy Division of Indiana Statewide R.I.C., Inc.. 1976.
A-IV-8
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. TERRESTRIAL PLANTS WHICH MAY BE FOUND
IN WHITE COUNTY. ILLINOIS
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference*
Acalypha rhomboidea
Acalypha virginica
Acer negundo L.
Acer nigrum Michx. f.
Acer rubrum L.
Acer saccharinum L.
Acer saccharum Marsh.
Actinomeris alternifolia
Aesculus glabra Willd.
Agastache nepetoides
Agrostis hyemalis
Ailanthus altissima
Allium canadense
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia trifida
Amelanchier sp.
Ammannia coccinea
Anagallis arvensis
Andropogon virginicus
Arabis laevigata
Aralia spinosa
Arctium minus
Three seeded mercury
Boxelder (Ash-leaved
maple)
Black maple
Red maple
Silver maple
Sugar maple
Wingstem
Ohio buckeye
Horsemint
Tickle grass
Tree-of-Heaven
Wild onion
Common ragweed
Giant ragweed
Serviceberry
Scarlet pimpernel
Broomsedge
Smooth rockcress
Devils-walking stick
Common burdock
(continued)
E
E
B.C.D.E.A
B,A
B.E.A
B.E.A
B.C.A
E
B,A
E
E
E
E
E
E
B,A
E
E
E
E
B
E
A-IV-9
-------
TABLE
Scientific Name
A-IV-3. (continued)
Common Name
Reference
Artemisia annua
Aruncus dioicus
Ascyrum hypericoides
Asimina triloba (L.)
Dunal
Asplenium platyneuron
(L.) Oakes
Aster ericoides
Aster lateriflorus
Aster ontarionis
Aster pilosus
Aster simplex
Barbarea vulgaris
Betula alleghaniensis
Betula nigra
Bidens bipinnata
Bidens frondosa
Bidens polylepis
Bidens vulgata
Blephilia hirsuta
Bochmeria cylindrica
Bromus racemosus
Campsis radicans (L.)
Seem
Cardamine bulbosa
Annual Wormwood
Goat's beard
St. Andrew's cross
Pawpaw
Ebony spleenwort
Common wintercress
Yellow birch
River birch
Spanish needles
Beggar ticks
Wood mint
False nettle
Trumpet-creeper
Spring cress
(continued)
A-IV-10
E
E
E
B.D.E.A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
A
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. (continued)
Scientific Name Common Name
Carex abscondita
Carex bushii
Carex cephalophora
Carex cristatella
Carex grayii
Carex hitchcockiana
Carex jamesii
Carex laxiflora
Carex louisianica
Carex muehlenbergii
Carex muskingumensis
Carex nigromarginata
Carex normalis
Carex oligocarpa
Carex rosea
Carex scoparia
Carex shortiana
Carex sparganioides
Carex squarrosa
Carex tetanica
Carex umbellata
Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam
Reference
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
B.E.A
Walt.
(Blue beech)
(continued)
A-IV-11
-------
TABLE A-IV-
Scientific Name
3. (continued)
Common Name
Reference
Carya cordiformis
(Wangenh.) K. Koch
Carya glabra
Carya illinoensis
Carya laciniosa
Carya ovalus
Carya ovata (Mill.)
K. Koch
Carya tomentosa Nutt.
Catalpa speciosa Warder
Celtis laevigata
Celtis occidentalis L.
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cercis canadensis L.
Chaerophyllum tainturieri
Chelone obliqua
Cinna arundinacea
Circaea quadrisulcata
Claytonia virginica
Corallorhiza wisteriana
Corydalis flavula
Cornus alternifolia L.f.
Cornus drummondii
Cornus florida
Bitternut hickory B,C,E,A
Pignut hickory B,E
Pecan B,E
Shellbark hickory B,E
Small-fruited hickory E
Shagbark hickory B,C,D,A
Mockernut hickory B,A
Northern catalpa B,A
Sugarberry E
Hackberry B,C,A
Common buttonbush B
Eastern redbud B,E,A
E
Turtlehead E
Wood reedgrass E
Enchanter's nightshade E
Spring beauty E
Wister's coral-root E
orchid
Yellow fumewort E
Alternate-leaf dogwood B,A
Roughleaf dogwood B,E
Flowering dogwood B,C,D,E
(continued)
A-IV-12
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. (continued)
Scientific Name Common Name
Reference
Cornus obliqua Raf.
Corylus americana
Crataegus crus-galli
Crataegus mollis
Cryptotaenia canadensis
Cuphea petiolata
Danthonia spicata
Delphinium tricorne
Dentaria laciniata
Desmodium glabellum
Desmodium nudiflorum
Desmodium pauciflorum
Dicentra cucullaria
Digitaria sanguinalis
Diodia teres
Diospyros virginiana
Dirca palustris L.
Echinochloa crusgalli
Echinochloa walteri
Eclipta alba
Eleocharis obtusa
Silky dogwood
Hazelnut
Cockspurthorn
Hawthorn
Honewort
Waxweed
Poverty grass
Wild larkspur
Toothwort
Tick trefoil
Dutchman's breeches
Crabgrass
Rough buttonweed
Persimmon
Leatherwood
Barnyard grass
Yerba-de-tago
Spike rush
Elephantopus carolinianus Elephant's foot
Elymus canadensis
Nodding wild rye
(continued)
A
A,E
E
B,A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
A
E
E
E
E
E
E
-A-IV-13
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. (continued)
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference
Elymus virginicus
Erigenia bulbosa
Erigeron annuus
Erigeron canadensis
Erigeron philadelphicus
Euonymus atropurpureus
Eupatorium coelestinum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium rugosum
Eupatorium serotinum
Euphorbia humistrata
Euphorbia maculata
Euphorbia supina
Erythronium albidum
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.
Festuca obtusa
Fraxinus americana L.
Fraxinus nigra Marsh.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
var. subintegerrima
Fraxinus quadrangulata
Galium aparine
Galium circaezans
Harbinger of spring
Daisy fleabane
Horseweed
Eastern wahoo
Mistflower
Joe Pye weed
White snakeroot
Late boneset
Nodding spurge
Milk spurge
White trout lily
American beech
White ash
Black ash
Red ash
Green ash
Blue ash
Goosegrass
Wild licorice
(continued)
A-IV-14
E
E
E
E
E
B,E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
B.C.E.A
E
B.A.E
A
E
E
B
E
E
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. (continued)
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference
Galium concinnum
Galium obtusum
Galium triflorum
Geranium carolinianum
Gerardia flava
Gerardia tenuifolia
Geum canadense
Geum vernum
Geum virginianum
Gledista triacanthos L.
Gratiola neglecta
Gymnocladus dioicus (L.)
K. Koch
Hamamelis virginiana
Hedeoma pulegioides
Hordeum pusilium
Houstonia purpurea
Hydrastis canadensis
Hydrophyllum
appendiculatum
Hypericum punctatum
Hypericum tubulosum
Var. Walteri
Juglans cinerea L.
Juglans nigra L.
Bedstraw
Sweet-scented bedstraw
Carolina cranesbill
False foxglove
White avens
Spring avens
Honeylocust
Hedge hyssop
Kentucky coffeetree
Witch-hazel
Pennyroyal
Small wild barley
Goldenseal
Waterleaf
Butternut
Black walnut
(Continued)
A-IV-15
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
B.E.A
E
B.E.A
E
E
E
E
E
E
Spotted St. John's-wort E
E
B,A
B.C.A
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. (continued)
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference
Juncus tenuis
Juniperus virginiana L.
Lactuca canadensis
Lactuca floridana
Laportea canadensis
Leersia virginica
Lespedeza hirta
Lespedeza violacea
Lespedeza virginica
Lindera benzoin (L.)
Blume
Liparis lilifolia
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liriodendron tulipifera
Luzula bulbosa
Lycopus rubellus
Lysimachia lanceolata
Lysimachia nummularia
Ilex decidua
lodanthus pinnatifidus
Maclura pomifera (Raf.)
Schneid.
Magnolia acuminata
Malus coronaria
L.
Rush
Eastern redcedar
Common wild lettuce
Blue wild lettuce
Wood nettle
White grass
Bush clover
Spicebush
Twayblade orchid
Sweetgum
Yellow-poplar
Woodrush
Water horehound
E
A
E
E
E
E
E
E ,
E
A,E
E
B.C.E
B.E.A
E
E
Narrowleaved loosestrife E
Moneywort E
Deciduous holly E
Purple rocket E
Osage-orange A
Cucumber tree
Sweet crab apple
(continued)
B
B
A-IV-16
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. (continued)
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference
Mimulus alatus
Morus alba
Morus rubra
Muhlenbergia frondosa
Myosurus minimus
Nyssa sylvatica
Oenothera biennis
Osmorhiza claytoni
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.
K. Koch
Oxalis europaea
Oxalis stricta
Oxalis violacea
Panicum capillare
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Panicum lanuginosum var.
fasciculatum
Panicum nitidum
Fanicum oligosanthes
Parietaria pensylvanica
Paspalum pubiflorum
Penstemon digitalis
Phleum pratense
Phlox divaricata
Monkey flower
White mulberry
Red mulberry
Mousetail
Black tupelo
Evening primrose
Sweet cicely
Eastern hophornbeam
Common wood sorrel
Yellow wood sorrel
Violet wood sorrel
Pellitory
Beard tongue
Timothy
Blue phlox
(continued)
A-IV-17
E
E
B.E
E
E
B,E
E
E
A.B.E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. (continued)
Scientific Name Common Name
Reference
Phlox paniculata
Phryma leptostachya
Physalis pubescens
Physalis subglabrata
Physocarpus opulifolius
(L.)Maxim.
Phytolacca americana
Pilea pumila
Pinus echinata Mill.
Plantago rugelii
Platanus occidentalis L.
Poa compressa
Poa pratensis
Poa sylvestris
Polemonium reptans
Polygonatum canaliculatum
Polygonum hydropiper
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Polygonum punctatum
Panicled phlox
Lopseed
Groundcherry
Ninebark
Pokeweed
Clearweed
Shortleaf pine
Common plantain
American sycamore
Canada bluegrass
Kentucky bluegrass
Jacob's ladder
Solomon's seal
Common smartweed
Smartweed
Water smartweed
Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern
(Michx.) Schott
Populus deltoides Bartr.
Populus grandidentata
Populus heterophylla
Prenanthes altissima
Eastern cottonwood
Bigtooth aspen
Swamp cottonwood
Rattlesnake root
(continued)
A-IV-18
E
E
E
E
A
E
E
A
E
B,A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
A
B.A.E
B
B
E
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. (continued)
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference
Prunella vulgaris
Prunus americana
Prunus serotina Ehrh.
Prunus virginiana L.
Pycnanthemum flexuosum
Pyrus angustifolia
Quercus alba L.
Quercus bicolor
Quercus falcata var.
pagodaefolia~
Quercus imbricaria
Quercus laurifold
Quercus lyrata
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus marilandica
Quercus michauxii
Quercus muehlenbergii
Selfheal
Wild american plum
Wild black cherry
Common chokecherry
Mountain mint
Wild crab-apple
White oak
Swamp white oak
Cherry-bark oak
Shingle oak
Laurel oak
Overcup oak
Burr oak
Blackjack oak
Basket oak (Swamp
Chestnut Oak)
Chinkapin oak
Quercus palustris Muenchh. Pin oak
Quercus prinus
Quercus rubra L.
Quercus shumardii
Quercus stellata
Quercus velutina Lam.
Chestnut oak
Northern red oak
Shumard oak
Post oak
Black oak
(continued)
A-IV-19
E
B,E
B.A.E
B,A
E
E
B,C,D,E,A
D,3,E
E
E,B
D
E
A,E
B
E,B
E.B.C
E.B.A
B
E.A.B.C
B,E
E
B,E,A
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. - (continued)
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference
Ranunculus abortivus
Ranunculus recurvatus
Ranunculus
septentrionalis
Rhus copallina
Rhus glabra
Rhus radicans L.
Rhus typhina L.
Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Rosa multiflora Thunb.
Rosa setigera
Rotala ramosior
Rubus allegheniensis
Rubus spp.
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia subtomentosa
Rudbeckia triloba
Rumex altissimus
Rumex obtusifolius
Sambucus canadensis L.
Salix interior
Salix lucida
Salix nigra Marsh.
Kidney-leaf buttercup
Swamp buttercup
Shining sumac
Smooth sumac
Poison ivy
Staghorn sumac
Black locust
Multiflora rose
Climbing rose
Tooth cup
Allegheny blackberry
Raspberry
Golden glow
Fragrant coneflower
Brown-eyed Susan
Pale dock
Bitter dock
Common (American) elder
Sandbar willow
Shining willow
Black willow
(continued)
A-IV-20
E
E
E
B
E
A,E
B,A
C,A
A
E
E
A
A
E
E
E
E
E
B.A.E
B
E
E.B.C.A
-------
TABLE A-IV 3. (continued)
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference
Samolus parviflorus
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanicula canadensis
Sanicula gregaria
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.)
Nees
Saururus cernuus
Scirpus atrovirens
Scirpus lineatus
Scrophularia marilandica
Scutellaria lateriflora
Scutellaria nervosa
Scutellaria ovata
Sedum ternatum
Senecio aureus
Senecio glabellus
Setaria viridis
Seymeria macrophylla
Smilacina racemosa
Smilax rotundifolia L.
Solidago altissima
Solidago caesia
Solidago gigantea
Brookweed
Bloodroot
Black snakeroot
Sassafras
Lizard's tail
Bulrush
Figwort
Skullcap
Three-leaved stonecrop
Golden ragwort
Butterweed
Green foxtail
Mullein foxglove
False Solomon's seal
Common greenbriar
Tall goldenrod
Blue-stemmed goldenrod
Late goldenrod
(continued)
E
E
E
E
B.E.A
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
A
E
E
E
A-IV-21
-------
TABLE A-IV 3. (continued)
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference
Solidago ulmifolia
Spermacoce glabra
Sphenopholis intermedia
Sphenopholis nitida
Stachys tenifolia
Staphylea trifolia L.
Elm-leaved goldenrod
Smooth buttonweed
Common hedgenettle
Bladdernut
Symhoricarpos orbiculatus Coralberry
Taraxacum officinale
Taxodium distichum
Teucrium canadense
Thalictrum dioicum
Tilia americana L.
Tovara virginiana
Trillium flexipes
Trillium recurvatum
Ulmus americana L.
Ulmus rubra Muhl.
Ulmus thomasii Sarg.
Vernonia altissima
Vernonia missurica
Verbascum blattaria
Verbascum thapsus
Verbena urticifolia
Dandelion
Baldcypress
Wood sage
Early meadowrue
American basswood
Virginia knotweed
White trillium
Resurved wakerobin
American elm
Slippery elm
Rock elm
Ironweed
Moth mullein
Common mullein
White vervain
(continued)
A-IV-22
E
E
E
E
E
A
E
E
B
E
E
B.A.E
E
E
E
B,D,A,E
B.A.E
B,A
E
E
E
E
E
-------
TABLE A-IV-3. (continued)
Scientific Name
Common Name
Reference
Virburnum lentago L.
Virbumum prunifolium
Viola kitaibeliana var.
rafinesquii
Viola pipilionacea
Viola pensylvanica
Vitis sp.
Xanthium italicum
Xanthoxylum americanum
Nannyberry B,A
Blackhaw B,A
Field pansy E
Blue violet E
Smooth yellow violet E
Grape B,A
Cocklebur E
Common prickly-ash B
*Reference A: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Electri-
fication Administration. Merom Generating Station and
Associated Transmission -- Final Environmental Impact
Statement. USDA-REA-ES(ADM)-76-10-F. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 1977.
Reference B: Brockman, C.F. Trees of North America. Golden
Press, New York, 1968.
Reference C: Page, L.M. Personal Communication. Illinois
Natural History Survey. Natural Resources Building,
Urbana, Illinois 61801, 1977.
Reference D: Beck, R.W. and Associates. Environmental Analy-
sis Merom Generating Station for Hoosier Energy Division
of Indiana Statewide R.E.C., Inc., 1976.
Reference E: Ashby, W.C. and J.E. Ozmet. Plant Species of
Beall's Woods, Wabash County, Illinois, Transactions,
Illinois State Academy of Science, 60(2):174-183, 1967.
A-IV-23
-------
TABLE A-IV-4. PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES IN SEVERAL TRIBUTARIES
OF THE WABASH RIVER IN AND AROUND WHITE COUNTY, ILLINOIS*
Scientific Name
round
Found Found in Lakes
in Che In Its and
Uabash Tribu Impound
Rlv«r t«rle» ments Reference
Blue-green algae
(example) :
Creen algae
(examples) :
Diatoms
(exsmples) :
Flagellates
(examples) :
Rotifers
(examples) :
Aquatic fungi
Crustacea copepodn
Hsuplll
Copepodlds
Cladocera
Perlphyton-metazoa
Fecal collform
Golden brown flagellate
algae
Ferlpbyton-protozoa
Aphanizomenon sp .
Actinastrum ap.
Anklatrodesmus sp.
Chlorella ap.
Closterldlum
CruclKenaia sp.
Cruclqemala sp.
Oocyatts sp.
Pediastrum sp.
Scenedeamus sp.
Ulothrtx sp.
Asterlonslla ap.
Ca lone Is sp.
Cyabella sp.
Cyclotella sp.
Diatoms ap.
Fragilarla sp.
Gomphonema sp.
Gyroalgma sp.
Meloslra sp.
Navlcula sp.
Heldlum sp.
Nltschla ap.
Pleuroslgmo sp.
Stephanodlscus sp.
Surirells sp.
Synedra sp.
Tabellarla ap.
Chlamydomonas sp.
Euglena sp.
Phaeus ap.
Platylda sp.
Keratella sp.
Branchioua sp.
+• + A.C
+ B
+ + A.C
+ B
+ B
+ B
+ B
+ B
+ B
+ B
+ B
4- B
+ B
+ + A.C
+ B
+ B
+ B
+ B
+ B
+ B
+ B
•«• B
+
+
+
+
+
•#•
+•
+
+
•f
+
•f
+ + C
+ A
+ A
+ A
+ + A.C
+ + C
+ + C
+ + C
+ + C
+ + C
+ C
+ *• C
*1afaraace A; U.S. Depsrtnent of Agriculture. Rural Electrification Administration.
Herosi Generating Station and Associated Trsnaalsslon - Final Environmental
lapact Statement. USDA-UA-ES (AIM)-76-10-F. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Washington, D.C. 1977.
Reference C: Lin, S.D., R.L. Evans, and D.B. Beuscher. Concentration and Genera of
Algae la Selected Illinois Streams, 1971-1975. Report of Investigation 80,
Illinois State Water Survey, Drbana, IL. 197S.
Reference D: Beck. R.H. and Associates. Environmental Analysis Herom Generating Station
for Hooeier Energy Division of Indiana Statewide R.E.C., Inc. 1976.
A-IV-24
-------
I
S3
Ul
TABLE A-IV-5. DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATION IN SEVERAL
TRIBUTARIES TO THE WABASH RIVER IN AND AROUND WHITE COUNTY
^^tjjiritrr-Location
Esbmrroa Klv«r near Cvurgo
Little Uabaoh River near
Little '-abash bolou
Raccoon Creek near Rlnard
Skillet Fork at Uayne City
Little Ifebaah River at
Carol
Nu=ber
of
SBplea "Blueiireen Creen Dlatoa Fla««ll«t* Bluoreci
21 0.8 20.1 74.3 4.8 16.7
14 1.1 31.6 52.8 12.3 33.1
23 0.0 24.6 69.0 6.2 0.0
13 0.0 22.6 72.8 4.6 0.0
Arithmetic
i Creen Flagellatr Mean
63.6 71.5 7100.
90.0 60.0 1720.
72.7 75.0 1800.
100. 17.1 1700.
Geooetry
0.
1100.
1500.
0.
Alnal Den
Arithmetic
Unbiased
Standard
Deviation
1200.
1300.
1200.
900.
Mtv
Standard
Deviation
N/AC
2.54
:.n
N/A
N.D?-4700
160-4900
160-4900
N.D.-4IOQ
niwrfll
Arithmetic n«ematry
1.11 0.00
1.30 0.00
1.21 0.00
l.J4b 0.00
K-*
Arithmetic
Unbiased
Standard
0.68 0.0-1.48
0.18 0.0-1.92
0.10 0.0-1.97
0.12 0.0-1.85
Altai DC
500
a.i
4.3
14.)
8.7
8.7
nalty Occurrer
500-2000
17.5
60.9
50.0
56.6
56.5
ice (Z fl Tine)
54.2
15.7
34. B
,._„
far the period Kovenber 1971 - September 1972
Sopttfabor 1973 for the Little Uabaah River at
-------
TABLE A-IV-6. REPRESENTATIVE AQUATIC MACRO INVERTEBRATES ,
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF CLAMS AND MUSSELS, PRESENT IN THE
WABASH RIVER OR ITS TRIBUTARIES IN OR NEAR
WHITE COUNTY, ILLINOIS
Coaawti MM Scientific Naa«
(Paailly: TublMclda*)
Llanodrllu* claparvdalama (Katul I***!
P«loarolr> •ulclaatoau* (Sailth 1900)
PaloacolM variwtua (Uldy 1851)
•ranehlura aau«rb£l (l«4dard Ifl92)
Tablf«K tublf«« (Mull.r 1774)
(toll*: lUldldaa) HaU eoManla (Plsuat 1906)
lUla «laplOT (Piguct 1906)
: - i
I | s
i S ^ i
• * : £
- s. s s
o , i i t :
SiliS-- .
> * • * * c
» » « c
I * * » C
• c
> + » » c
t » t C
* » « c
» » » c
StTlirU fouulxrli (LUdy 1852)
Cruatacaa
Crajrflah
Uatcrbux*
Ltachaa
Cwldlafllaa
Pllaa. «wqultou
B««tlaa
Siooaf!!•»
Noaa an law 1*
Dragoafllra
DobaonflUa
Sagavatad MOFM
Aquatic vorma
Safcmca A: 0.8.
fa(>r*nc« •:
R»f«r«oc* C:
Rcf«r«ncr D;
t«f.r»r»r, p:
tMcnt of A«rlaiUur«, Rural Ilcctriflcatlm Adala-
licratlm. HvraH C«M»tln| Sucloa «u) A««ocl«t«d Tr«t»-
•iMloa ~ Piul EevlracB*at«l I^cct Suc«Mnt. OSM-UA-
ES(AHO-?6-10-P. O.S. D«p«rtB«ot of A|rlciUturB. Washington.
B.C.. 1»77.
rUUr. I.E. md H.P, Brovn. Vhlu Cowcy Surface V«t«
•••euro*. Illlnola DcpirtBMt o< CoaHrvacloti. Olvlcten of
ri«h«rlaa Publication. 1971.
MM 10*7. L.fl. , Prof •••or of Zoolafjr, Pvraotwl Coaauoicatioo.
Divlalon of Lif* Sclaacaa. C*»trrn Illlnola Unlvaralcy.
Charlaatea, Illlaola, 1971.
ParaalM. P.M. TTM rrnb-Waur FftUMta of 111 loot* , Poeul«r
Scianc* fvrvor. Vol. VIII. Print ad by Authority of tb« 3 tat a
of IlliDola. Sprlngflald, IlllDola. 1967.
Tounacad. L.E. Prr»«a«l €=• uulcatloo. U.S. Eavlrooawntal
Prat act loo Acancy. Central Ola ir let Offie*. 53* S. Clarck
Stra«t. CM cage. IlKaola 606O*. 1978.
Pag*. L.M. and P.u. »lth. Th- Llf« HIafory of Ih. Duaky
Oarc*r, Parctaa at-iafa la th* bbcrraa Blvtr. Hllnola.
Illlaola Natural Klatorjr Survey , I te logical loin No. 69,
Seat* of llllaela. topartamt of laglatratloti *n4 Education.
natural HI •cory Survvy DUtaloo. Uroaoa. Illlnolt. S^t«e«r
1970.
A.Q.F
A.O.r
A-IV-26
-------
TABLE A-IV-7. CLAMS AND MUSSELS WHICH MAY
BE OBSERVED IN THE WABASH RIVER OR ITS TRIBUTARIES
IN OR NEAR WHITE COUNTY. ILLINOIS
COM
yellcw cand aKell LaapalUa anodontoldea nk*y face Quadrul* Mtanevra (Hmf lm-«qu»>
plnple back Quadrula puatuloaa (L*«)
butterfly Placlola llneolaea (fcaf fnrtque)
waahboard Hegalonala* glfantea (Barneal
buckhom; platol
grip Trltogonla vcrrucoaa (Bamea)
hickory out Obovaria ollvarla (R*f ln*»o,u»)
uartv beck Quadrula nodulata (Bat Inesqu*)
bullhead; cheepnoie Flethobaaua cvphyue (Raf Lncaquc)
tnra* horned warty
back Ob H qua r La refleid Rafln*Bqu*
»P*ctacle-ca** Cunfcarlandla •noodonta (Sin)
bltM-polnt tablc«« perwlana (Laawrck)
rurvla *arty back Cyclonala* tub*rculata RariaeBO.ua
elavhant'a «ar Elliptic craaaldena (Laaurck)
Vabaah pig-toe Fuaconala Maua h«U Anadont« Ufe«cllll« (S*y)
rock pocket book Arcldra* confruosu* qu»
•guav root Strofhltua rugo»u» fsw:«rln*t* (Same*)
1 lllpuc ahcll Carunculina P*rv*
DT cicala £«rpl««* (L*a)
•lough aand ah«l] l^Bpailla f'alUcioca [Raf ln**qu«)
La^allU orbiculita (Hlldr*th)
tae mucf.fi i-tmfmlll* itllquoldcj (A*roca)
poclMEbcok LjapfULa ovaea vc"tr.' .-___!
oink MP«r «h«ll Lcptodaa l«cvimtM (Lea)
black land ih«ll Lli^t. r*ctla (Lavrk)
ObovarU aubrotuada (laf ln»<]u«)
pink h««liDlltC«r frojiara alata (Say)
fat DOC k*t book Froptara capa« (Creco)
kldnavahcll Ft ye hob ranchua faaclolarl* (Kaf ln*aqu«)
rava'B foot TrtawlLU Jooae 1 foniia (L*«)
d*«r-to« Trtacill* triacata (fcaf ln*aqu«)
FuaeooaU •ubrotuida (U«)
Laatcna l«ta $DA-REA-ES(A»0-7'>-10-F. U.S. Dapartawnt of Agriculture.
ater Ir^.turcaa. Illlnola Dvpartvmt of Conservation. Olvlaloo
leaf Ion. Olvlaion of Ufa Science*. Caacarn Illlnola Uolveralty
Popular ScUmr Surv.r. Vol. V1H. Printed by Authority of th«
oriental t'r.-t»ct loo A«ency. Central District njflee. ^16 S. CU
Duaky Dartrr. Parclna «clera In th» bbarra* River, Illlnola.
. 69t Slat* of IlllQoi*. Deparwent of Raslatraclon and
Illlnola. Septe*b«r 1 •"<>.
-nj of thr Coeverclally Valuable Huavela of the Uabath and
Acadeaiy of Sctenc* for I9«9. ?•» J05-22ft. 1970.
B.D.C
B.D.G
B.D.C
B.D.C
B.D.C
B.D.C
B
B.D.C
B.o.r.
B.D.C
B.D
B,D,C
B.D.C
D
D
D.C
0
D.<;
D,c
D
D.C
0
D
0>C
D
D
D.C
D.C
D.C
D.B.C
D
0
o.c-
0
D
D
D
D.C
D.C
D.i
D.<".
D
D
D.C
D.C
D
D
D
D.C
D
D
D
D
0
D
D
0
D
D
D
D
D
rck
A-IV-27
-------
TABLE A-IV-8 A COMPLETE SUMMARY OF THE KINDS AND AMOUNTS
OF COMMERCIAL FISHES CAUGHT DURING THE PERIOD 1956-1975a
(Numbers Represent Pounds Per Year)
Number of
Years With Arithmetic
Values >0* Mean
Fish taken by
seine
Fish taken by
trap and hoop
nets
Fish taken by
baskets
Fish taken by
troutline (hooka)
Total fish taken
Carp
Buffalo
Drum
Catfish
Bullheads
Sturgeons
Paddleflflh
White carp
Suckers
Cars
Bovfin
Mooneye and
goldeye
Eel
Grapples
Number of
commercial
fishermen
10
20
5
8
20
20
20
20
20
6
20
19
20
20
5
6
2
14
1
20
3.510
73,000
510
620
75,000
28,000
U.900
3,700
U.900
110
2,000
420
9,600
600
2,000
140
75
130
25
23
Geometric
Mean
1.910
68,000
300
300
70,000
24,000
13.800
3,200
14,100
60
1,400
320
7,500
290
310
90
71
80
25
22
Unbiased
Standard
Deviation
4,300
30,000
550
770
30,000
18,000
6,800
2,000
5,200
150
1,900
280
5,900
780
3,100
110
35
140
0
4
Baoge (Year)
350(1974) -
40,805(1966) -
60(1964) -
20(1974) -
40,805(1966) -
9,992(1967) -
6,905(1966) -
1.303(1962)
7,810(1962) -
20(1969) -
210(1967) -
50(1962} -
1,850(1959) -
20(1972)
6(1962) -
20(1971)
50(1973)
6(1962) -
25(1962) -
17(1959) -
14.600(1957)
170,775(1973)
1,400(1956)
2,350(1956)
173,030(1973)
82,230(1973)
34,176(1973)
8,965(1956)
27.668(1973)
400(1974)
8,620(1956}
1,149(1974)
19,487(1973)
3,200(1956)
7,300(1965)
310(1970)
100(1975}
535(1973)
25(1962)
30(1963)
*A value of cero may indicate that this parameter was not measured. These values are
not included in the subsequent statistical treatment of the data.
"Johnson, T. Personal Communication. Southern Streams Project Biologist, State of
Illinois, Department of Conservation, 1327 South Lincoln. Centralia, Illinois 62801
1978.
A-IV-28
-------
TABLE A-IV-9. SPAWNING HABITS OF COMMONER FISH SPECIES
THAT EXIST NEAR WHITE COUNTY*
Species
Spawning Habitat
Probability of
Spawning in
Intake Channel
or Arm
Gizzard shad
Goldeye
Carp
Channel
catfish
Black
bullhead
Largemouth
bass
Bluegill
Shallow water; broadcasts eggs near sur- Low
face
Shallow and firm bottom sites Low
Shallow water; broadcasts eggs over vege- Low
tation, debris and rubble
Semi-dark, secluded nests in holes, under- Moderate
cut bank, log jams, rocks
Nests in shallow water in moderate to Low
heavy vegetation
Nests in shallow water or soft mud or Low
marl in vegetated areas
Nests in shallow water (<75 cm) Low
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Electrification Administration.
Merom Generating Station and Associated Transmission — Final Environ-
mental Impact Statement. USDA-REA-ES(ADM)-76-10-F. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 1977.
A-IV-29
-------
TABLE A-IV-10. BONY AND CARTILAGINOUS FISHES PRESENT
IN THE WABASH RIVER OR ITS TRIBUTARIES
IN OR NEAR WHITE COUNTY, ILLINOIS
Common Nane
Golden shiner
Ul low bullhead
Si 1 verjaw minnow
Emerald shiner
Bluntnose minnow
Northern bullhead slnnci.
Creek chub
White sucker
Blackstrlpe topalnnow
Spotted sucker
Snallaouth bass
Johnny darter
Pumpklnseed
Bl it t bullhead
Rede a r sunf ish
Yellow bass
Western silver alnnow
1 •. 1 1 ver v ainnow)
dhi'st shiner
Spotfln shiner
f.reenalde darter
Northern madton
Northern dusky darter
Steelcolor shiner
Stonerol ler
Northern hog sucker
Ra Inbow darter
Orange-throat darter
Darter
Slough darter
Fantail darter
Harlequin darter
Eastern sand darter
Blackside darter
Chestnut lamprey
Brook laaprev
Lake sturgeon
Paddlefish
Sp..t ced gar
Northern blgeye chub
Ri-.r chub
r.ravel chub
Bigeye shiner
Striped shiner
Rcdfln shiner
PuRnose ainnow
Scientific Name
Notemig r 1 cas
(Mitchlll)
Notroplh atherlnoides +
Piaephale* notatus (Rafinesque) +
Piaep hales vlgllax perspicuus +
Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque) +
Miny treem nelanops (Rafinesque) *
Hicropterus doloaieui (Lacepede) + +
Etheostoraa ntgrua (Rafinesque)
Lepoats gibboaus (Linnaeus)
Ictalurus nelas (Rafinesque)
Lepoais microlophus (Hunther) •
Roccus aisslssipplenals (Jordan
and Eigenaann)
Hybognathus nuchal U nuchal Is +
(Agassiz)
Notropis buchananl +
Notropis spilopterus (Cope) *
Etheoatoma blenniodefl
(Raf Inesque)
Noturus stigaosus (Tavlori •
Percina sciera sclera (Swain)
Notropis whipplet (Cirard) +
Caapostona anomalum
Hypentellua nlgricans
Etheostoma caeruleua (Storer)
Elheostoma apectabile spt-ctabt ] >
(Aftasslz)
Etheostooa chlorosonum
Ehteostoraa graclle (Cirard)
Ehteostoma flabellare
Etheostoma histrio
Amaocrypta pelluclda (Balrd)
Percina maculata (cirard) -
Ichthvonycon caataneus (Hlrard) -
Laapetra laaottel (Lesueur)
Aclpenser f ulvescens (Raf inesqu?)
Polyodon spathula (Ualbaum)
Lep^i»o«teus oculatus (Wlnchell) •
Hy bops is aablops amblops (Raf ) . «
Hy bops is x-punctata •
Notropis bo ops (Gilbert t
Notropib chrysocephal.ua
chrysocephalus (RatinesqueJ
Notropis uabratilis (Cirard)
Opsopoeodus ealltae (Hay)
a. b. h. u. b
Reference
+ B.A.C.J
+ + B.K.A.C.F.r.. I
+ + A.C.H.I.J.K
+• + A.D.E.J.K
* * A.D.C.J.K
+ * A,D.E,H,1,J,K
*• + A.F.C.J.K
• + * A.C.r.J.K
* + A.D.E.J.K
* A.F.C.J
+ *- A.D.F.J.K
* +• A.D.E.F.C, J.K
+ * A.F.H.J.K
*- H , 1
* * * ('. , J
* * C.J.k
• + • C.C.J.K
+ -t- D,J,K
+ D.J.K
+ + N.E.H.J.K
r.J.H
+ * H
+ + H.J.K
+ * H.J.K.E.t
+ H.K
+ * H.l.J
4- H. I
+ H,J
. H
+ H.J
+ H
+ H.J
+ H.J
* + H.J, I)
+ + H.K.M
* J
* J
* 4 J.K
* 4- * I,K
+ + 1
+ I.K
+ + J
J
J.K
* J
(continued)
A-IV-30
-------
TABLE A-IV-in. (continued)
Comnon Name
Tadpole madton
Brindled madton
Mud darter
Slender head darter
Skipjack herring
Silver chub
River *hlner
Northeastern sand shiner
Mlrlc shiner
Suckernouth nlnnov
Mountain nadtom
Brook allverslde
Shortnose gar
Silver lamprey
Hlghfln carpaucker
Golden redhorae
Blgmouth buffalo
Speckled chub
Mosquito flah
ThreadCln shad
Fl.ithead minnow
White catfish
Rock base
Grass pickerel
Blue sucker
Western creek chubsucker
Lake chubeucker
Black buffalo
Stone cat
Pirate perch
White bass
Filer
Orangeapotted sunflsh
Bluabreaat darter
Iowa darter
Stripe tall darter
Spottall darter
River darter
Chancel darter
Stargazing darter
Alabama shad
Goldfish
Sllverband shiner
Black redhorne
Hybrid sun flah
Shortnose gar
Hornyhead chub
Qulllbeck carpsucker
Black crapple
fl
C
o
1
t:
u
V «~
Scientific Name " °
Noturus gyrlnus (Mltchlll) 4
Noturua aiurus (Jordan) +
Etheoatooui .r.prljjene (Forbes)
Perclna phoxocephala (Nelson)
Aloaa chrysochlorls (Raflnenque)
Hybopsls atorerlana
Notropnls blennlua (Glrard) +
(Cope)
Notropsls volucclluB (Cope)
PhenacobluB mlrabllls (Glrard)
Noturus eleutherua (Jordan) ?
Labldesthesls alcculus (Cope) ?
LeplBOSteus platostomus (Raf.) ?
Ichlhyomyzon unlcuspla -
Carplodes vellfcr (Raflneaquc)
Moxoatona erythruruai (Raf Inesque) ?
Ictlobus cyprlnellua
(Valenciennes)
Hybopsls aestlvalls (Clrard)
CaBbusla afflnla afflnla (Balrd
& Clrard)
Dorosoma petense (Gunther)
IctaluruR catus (Linnaeus) •
AmbloplUes rupestrls (Raf.)
Eaox anorlcanuB vernlculatus
(Leaueur) "
Cycleptus e longatus (Leaueur)
Erlmyron oblongus clavlforals
(Clrard)
Erlmyron sucetta (Lacepede) -
Ictlobus nlger (Raflneaque)
Noturua flavus (Raflnesque)
Aphredoderua sayanua (Cllliams) -
Roccua chrysopa (Raf Inasque) -
Centrarchus nacropterua
Leponla hunllls (Clrard)
Etheostoma camurum (Cope)
Etheostoma exile (Clrard)
Etheostona kennlcottl (Putman)
Echeostoma squamlceps (Jordan) »
Perclna shumardt (Glrard)
Perclna cope land 1 (Jordan)
Perclna uranldea (Jordan &
Gilbert)
Alosa alabamae (Jordan a
Everman) -
Caraaslua auratua (Linnaeus) •
Notropla ahuaardl (Glrard) *
Moxostoma dugueanel (Leaueur) -
Leplaoateua platoatoaiua (Raf.)
NoccaUs blguttatua (Klrtlsnd) •
Carpoloes cyprlnua
Pomoxls nlgronaculatua (Leeueur) 4
Of interest to coonercl
Prefers slower waters
Found In the Wabash Rlv
+
4-
4
4
4
4
4-
4
4
++
-+•
4
+
+•
+ f
*
+
+
+
+
•f
•f
*
ft
+
+
•f
+
+
41 Q
*~> a
4 1-1
I 1
*4 a
w
a M
*-• m
c c
1 1
Reference
+ D,r.,J,K
+ D,r.,J,K
4 D.F..H.J.K
+ D.E.H.J.K
4- D.E.J.K F
D.E.J.K
D.E.J.K
4- D E I J
4. D!K',E. H.I.I
4- D.E.J.K.
4- D.G.J.K
4 D.F.J.K
+ D.G.J.K
+ D.J.K
* A.D.J.K
n.J.K
4 E.J
E,J,K
E.K
F
F
+ G
4 G.J.K..E
+ J.K
+ J.<
• J,
J
+ J
J,K
• * J
4 J.K
4 J.K
• J
• J
* J.K
J
* J
K
K
K
K
K
4 K
K.M
K.H
+ B.D.C.K
* * B.C. D.F.J.K
(continued)
A-IV-31
-------
- TABLE. A-IV-10. (continued)
Common Name
Gizzard shad
Northern redhorse
Flathead catfish
Channel catfish
Sauger
Centra rchlds
Vhlte bass
Carp
Goldeye
Mooneye
Freshwater drum
Largemouth blSK
Northern bluegtll
Kentucky spot i i-d bass
Uarmouth
White crapple
Creen sunflsh
Small mouth buffalo
Spotted bass
Paddlefish
Vhitecarp
B, win
Blue catfisf:
SI Ivt-r redhorse
Short head redhorse
i1 r .1 n .• i- 1 h r o .1 1 d .1 r t e r
- n
•L o
•f. y
V O
p;
C — •->
o -. t/
7 c c '
Sclent f f Ic Sane
Dorosoma cepedlanun (Lesueur) +-» +
Hoxostoaa macrolepidotua
(Lesueur) ?
Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) 44+
Stlzostedlon canadense (Snlth) »
Monrone chrysops * +
Cyprinus carplo (Linnaeus) + *
Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque) ?
Hiodon tergiaus 7
Aplodlnotus grunnlcns (Raf.) * + +
Micropterus salnoides salnoldes
(Rafinesque) - +
l.epomis macrochlrus nacrochlrus ? +
Ponoxis annularis (Rafinesque) *
Lepoais cvinellus (Rnflnesquej *
Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque) *
Micropterus punctularus (Raf.) - +
Scaphirhynchus platorvnchus (Raf.)* +
Polyodon spathula (UalbaunO - +
Am la calva (Linnaeus) « ?
Ictalurus furcatus (Lesueur) « * 4
Moxostoaa anlsurun •
Hoxostooa dureolua
F.theoitomj spectabUe (Apasslz)
m
j
c
1
*
4-
4-
+
*
4-
4-
4-
*
4-
4-
4-
+
t
•*•
»
*
tn trlhutar
c
•o
c
3
0
+
4-
4-
4-
+
+
^
4.
4-
*
4.
4-
4-
+
E
-3
C
fl
a
•j
c
|
0
A,K,D,E,F,C,J
A.D.C.J
A K B C D E J
A.J .B.K.D.E.F.n
A.j.B.K.n.E.r.r.
A.C.E.J.K
A
A.C.D.E.K
A B D J K
• A,K,B,C,D,F.r.,J
A.J.K.r
A.J.K
* A.B.C.D.E.J.K
+ E,C.D,r.,J.K
t B,C.D,r..J.K
B.C.D
* B C J V
* B,K,A,C,D.r.,J
* B,K.A.C.D,F,r..j
B.II.J.K
B.J.A.K.l),E.r.,H,
1
B,n,J,k
B.k.M
B.K
* B.J.K
B.J.K
K
K
K.M
Th<- habitat of thin species Indicates chat 1C is likely to be found In this location.
*A plus sign <+i In this column indicates that this species comprised at least 5 percent of at least one
collection. A double alnus siRn (•) Indicates that this specif* coaprl^'d less than 0.5 percent of all
collections. A question nark (?) Indicates that this species -.1- very conaon at one and very scarce .it
different location, time of the year, or when studied by a different author.
Reference A: I'.S. Department of Arglcul turr. Rural Electrtftrnilon Admin lstr.it Ion. Heron Oenerat Ins
Station and A-.«orlated Transnisslon — Final Environmental I op at t Statement. I SDA-REA-ES(ADM)-76-10-F,
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C. 1977.
(continued)
A-IV-32
-------
TABLE A-IV-10. (continued)
Reference B: Fisher, R.E. and H.P. Brown. White County Surface Water
Resources. Illinois Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries
Publication, 1971.
Reference C: Illinois, State of Illinois Outdoor Recreation. Department
of Conservation, 605 State Office Building, AGO South Spring Street,
Springfield, Illinois 62706, 1974.
Reference D: NHS Fish Collection. Little Wabash River and Wabash River
in White County, Illinois, 1950-Present.
Reference E: Page, L.M. Personal Communication. Illinois Natural
History Survey, Natural Resources Building, Urbana, Illinois 61801, 1977.
Reference F: Beck, R.W. and Associates. Environmental Analysis Merom
Generating Station for Hoosier Energy Division of Indiana Statewide R.E.C.,
Inc., 1976.
Reference G: Townsend, L.E. Personal Communication. U.S. EPA Central
District Office, 536 S. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois 60604, 1978.
Reference H: Page, L.M. and P.W. Smith. The Life History of the Dusky
Darter, Percina sciera in the Embarras River, Illinois. Illinois Natural
History Survey Biological Notes No. 69. State of Illinois, Department of
Registration and Education, Natural History Survey Division, Urbana,
Illinois, 1970.
Reference I: Page, L.M. and P.W. Smith. The Life History of the Slender-
head Darter, Percina phoxocephala. in the Embarras River, Illinois, Illinois
Natural History Survey Biological Notes No. 74, Urbana, Illinois, State
of Illinois, Department of Registration and Education, Natural History
Survey Division, 1971.
Reference J: Smith, P.W. A Preliminary Annotated List of the Lampreys and
Fishes in Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey, Biological Notes No.
54, Urbana, Illinois. State of Illinois, Department of Registration and
Education, Natural History Survey Division, 1965.
Reference K: Johnson, T. Personal Communication. Southern Stream Proj-
ect Biologist, State of Illinois, Department of Conservation, 1327 South
Lincoln, Centralia, Illinois 62801, 1978.
Reference L: Smith, P.W. A Key to the Fishes of Illinois. Fishery
Bulletin No. 6, Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries, Spring-
field, Illinois 62706, 1973.
Reference M: State of Illinois. Rare and Endangered Fish of Illinois.
Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries, Springfield, Illinois,
62706, 1973.
A-IV-33
-------
TABLE A-IV-11. FISH DIVERSITY INDEX AT LOCATIONS ALONG
THE WABASH RIVER IN OR NEAR WHITE COUNTY, ILLINOIS
Capture
Loijtlon Technique
8.0 ka s .if Darwin elect tot IshlnR
•innow seining
aua of above
0.8 ka N of Parvln electrof Ishing
•Innov seining
n«ct Ing
«UB of above
8 kli S of Darwin clcctrof Ishing
•Innow seining
SUB of above
Darvln power plant electrof ishlng
•Innow aelnlng
SUB of above
Old York elaxtroflshlng
•Innov seining
sim of above
Hutftonville power plant electrof Ishlng
•Innow seining
susi of abovt
Hutsonvllle electrof Ishlng
nlnnow seining
netting
sua of abavf
HeroB. Indiana elcctrof ishlng
electro-fishing
•Innow aelnlng
mum of latter 2
8 ka N of Ruucllvllle electrof Ishlng
•Innow seining
tarn of sbove
ftussellvl lie electrof Ishlng
•lonow seining
netting
SUB of above
10 k» S of Russellvllle electrof Ishlng
•Innow seining
aim of above
Vlncenn-'^. Indiana electrof Ishlng
•Innow seining
netting
SUB of above 3
electrof Ishlng
St. Franclsvllle elect rc-flshlng
ainnow seining
SUB of above
• k. S of Pu lives Hill eleccroflshlng
•Innov seining
sua of above
Total
nif fsrent
Kinds of
Species
17
«
21
14
9
3
22
16
11
24
10
10
20
12
8
19
12
12
21
1 „
5
3
IB
24
9
18
17
7
22
1}
a
18
4
8
6
IS
12
8
17
14
4
5
19
14
12
6
16
10
1
11
Total
Individual*
00
109
236
345
77
1 ')-.
2)
*""•
142
171
313
71
175
:4*
70
202
272
103
56
159
121
36
3
163
229
296
399
67
23
90
3)
64
97
9
494
18
521
SO
99
\-i
55
177
26
258
200
39
73
112
50
2
52
Date Collected
July 17. 1975
July 17, 1975
July 17. 19/5
July 17, 1975
July 17. 1975
July 17. 1975
July 17. 1975
July 17. 1975
July 17, 1975
July 17, 1975
July 1975
July 1975
July 1975
July 18, 1975
July 18. 1975
July IB. 1975
July 1975
July 1975
July 1975
July 17, 1975
July 17, 1975
July 17, 197',
July 17, 1975
July 14, 1977
August 1975
".•tober 1975
July 22. 1975
July J2. 1975
July 22. 1975
July 1975
July 1975
July 1975
July 21. 1975
July 21. 1975
luly 21. 1975
July 21, 1975
July -M, 1975
Jul. 21. 1975
July 21. 1975
July 22. 1975
Jul\ 22, 1975
July 22. 1975
July 22, 1975
luly 13, 1977
July 23. 1975
July 23, 1975
July 23, 1975
July 1975
July 1975
July 1975
Diver- 1 ( y
Index
(D)
2.691
2. 181
2.912
(2.344)'
1.551
(0.9I2)«
2.836
2.050
1.947
2.56~
<2.u; •
2.303
1.114
(2. J6JI*
2.4"
3.206
2.234
(2.699I*
5.095
1.961
(1.954)«
(1.585)«
2.685
3.123
2.017
2.147
O.445)«
<2.403)«
(3.9161*
(1.4.'7|.
(2.m)"
(3.356)«
(1.658)*
1.411
(l.88'ii>
1.686
(2.984)«
(l.730)»
2.913
(3.075)*
1.402
(l.582)«
2.826
2.654
(3.099)'
(1.409)'
2.851
(2.972)*
(0.000)'
(3.09»«
Reference*1
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
L
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
U
D
D
D
D
D
B
B
D
D
n
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
0
D
D
D
D
D
(continued)
A-IV-3.4
-------
TABLE A-IV-11. (continued)
Capture
Luc«t ton Technique
Hi, Camel Han electrof Ishlng
•Innow Mining
netting
sum of above 3
electrofiahlr.fr.
•Innow seining
s\m of above 2
Princeton power plane electrof 1 thing
ntnnow seining
SUB of above 2
Rochester riffle .-lectroM -Mtv.
•Innov seining
sua of above 2
II kn E of Cowling electrof Uhlng
m Innow seining
SUB of above 2
Grayvllle
electrof UhlnR
' • i nn ow ae 1 n 1 ng
netting
SUB of above 3
electrof ishlng
Sew Harmony. Indians
electrof ishlng
•Innow seining
netting
SUB of above 3
electrof 1 [thing
•Innov seining
sua of above 2
1.1 ka HE of Maunle
e Icctrof Ishinp
netting
sua of. above 3
electrof Ishlng
13 ka E ui -;,.-w Haven, electrof Uhing
Indiana minnow seining
SUB of above 2
9.6 ka K of New Haven.
Indiana
Confluence of Little netting
Wabaah and Wabash River
ft ka S of s.-u Haven electrof Ishlng
n Innow aelnlng
sim of above 2
electro! Ishlng
•Lraiov aelnlng
sua of Above 2
14 ka NE "t Shovneetovn electrof Uhlng
•Innov seining
netting
sua of above
4.B ka S of Rising Sun
Total
Different
Kind* of
Species
9
2
4
11
IS
7
19
11
M
19
7
7
14
13
10
19
20
IS
10
12
3
7
15
15
12
19
9
5
26
19
a
22
13
17
12
A
10
17
12
16
5
19
12
8
9
7
15
17
8
19
1)
8
*
16
20
Total
Individuals
(N)
33
11
31
75
107
19
126
39
112
151
38
21
59
10-
73
177
186
45
10
132
88
21
241
109
27
249
83
22
J5-.
203
211
414
149
126
90
35
16
141
41
70
65
135
18
34
48
30
98
103
163
266
70
100
20
190
228
Date Collected
July 25, 1975
July 25, 1975
lulv 25, 1975
July 25, 1975
July 13. 1977
July 13, 1977
July 13. 1977
July 1975
July 19 7 'j
July 1975
July :), 1975
July :3. 1973
July 23. 1975
July 1975
July 1975
July 1975
Julv 9, 1964
August 9. 19^"
Augu-,t 1970
lulv 28, 1975
Julv 28. 1975
Julv 28. 1975
lulv 28, 1975
Julv 12, 1977
August 9, 1977
July 28. 1975
July 28. 1975
July 28. 1975
July 2i. 1975
July 12. 1977
July 12. 1977
July 12. 1977
Sept. 6, 1961
August 9, 1967
July 28, 1975
July 28, 1975
July 28. 1975
July 28. 1975
July 12, 1977
July 29, 1977
Julv 29, 1977
Julv 29, 1977
August 8. 1967
JuU 1975
July 29, 1975
July 29. 1973
July 29. 1975
July 11. 1977
July 11. 1977
July 11, 1977
August 1, 1975
August 1, 1975
August 1. 1975
August 1, 1975
August 20. I9f>4
Diversity
Index
(D)
(2.17H.-
(0.84'j.'
(I. ue.-
(2 .<*'>- 1*
2.635
< 2 .)'»:)•
2.9-.M
:. ••• •
2. i.- . '
3.265
(2.3U)«
(2.392)«
(3.209)'
2.510
i : . \nj i •
3.311
2.638
(3.1781-
(3. )2T i *
1.49)
(1. m->«
2.498
2.417
5- -'••
>«
(3.1711*
3.337
2.365
3.250
(::*;r
3.218
2.834
Hcf erennf*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
0
D
D
D
A
A
A
D
D
D
D
D
D
a
0
E
D
D
D
A
A
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
A
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
n
A
(continued)
A-IV-35
-------
TABLE A-IV-11. (continued)
*The sample size makes the significance of this particular diversity index
questionable.
Reference A: NHS Fish Collection. Little Wabash River and Wabash River
in White County, 1950-present.
Reference B: Beck, R.W. and Associates. Environmental Analysis Merom
Generating Station for Hoosier Energy Division of Indiana Statewide
R.E.C., Inc., 1976.
Reference C: Townsend, L.E. Personal Communication. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Central District Office, 536 S. Clark Street,
Chicago, Illinois 60604. 1978.
Reference D: Johnson, T. Personal Communication. Southern Stream
Project Biologist, 1327 South Lincoln, Centralia, Illinois 62801.
State of Illinois, Department of Conservation, 1978.
A-IV-36
-------
TABLE A-IV-12. FISH DIVERSITY INDEX IN THE
LITTLE WABASH RIVER
LoCBtlOfl
1.2 l*. 1. of c*ni
4.0 KB. 1. of •rovonllU
1.4 Km, I.V. ut IBBB
4.0 u. S.W. of Co 14*0 e>t>
«.0 KB. •. of Coital tel«
1. J KB. E rnwl 1.6 KB 1 of
Uyaoe<«
).: KB. S.W of gUck
4.0 KB W. of KfrinihoB
4.1 IB. «. of U. lUry.
1.1. KB • of Loul«»lll«
New HBTOQ
IJBU lrU|>
4.B KB. N.W. Herald
4.0 KB. S.w. of UaCBMi
• I. ..Hi
4.0 l». S.u. ol Horil
3,1 KB P. ol CUy CUy
6.1 KB. S.I. of CUT City
2.4 KB. ». of C4r«l
Carnd
4.« KB S.t. of LoelrrtlU
9.7 IB. E. of Creyvlll.
4.4 KB. ». of Cnanillo
CarBl
SIM of all location* «bov«
•xccBt fitot tor**
Tool
Htfomt
Kind* at
C«ptur« Tocanlau*.
1M
111
242
114
»
150
)9
-
16!
16%
332
71
1!
U
69
5
74
a
•4
45
205
70
2S
1335
147}
2110
»~_».r 14. 1973
iugiut 3, 1M2
Auguct 16. I960
JulT !'. 1976
JolT 27. 1976
J»1T 27, 1976
iult It. 1976
Jolr 2«. 1976
Jill; -:'. 1976
July .'». 1976
JulT IS. 1976
J»lr !«. 1976
July 19. 19T6
laf,i 1, 1976
Aofusl i, 1976
*,,<»-. 6. 197t
Augiut 6. 1976
tugu.t 6. 1976
luaiut 9. 1976
lugiiil (. 1976
luguit 9. 1976
AiKiui (. 1176
Auguoc 9, 1976
Augu.t 10, 1976
luguic 10. 1976
AURUII 10. 1976
AUI..-I 10. 1976
JLug<..t 11, 1976
bllpul 11. 1976
!»,...( 11. 1976
•moot 11. 1974
«Bgu*t 11, 1976
Avgiul 12, 1976
V«u«t U, 1*76
toguot 13. 19T6
Aaguat 16. 1976
4ugu>[ 16. 1971
JUBpiit 19, 197*
July-4ugut 1976
JulT-AixtKt 1976
Jaly-4«o«t 1(76
1 516
<).!]»•
(1.7151-
2.855
(1.000)*
2.919
3.204
(2. 5941*
3.676
(1.11!)>
(1.94JC
5.274
(l.(M>*
2 MO
3. MI
3.733
1.123
3.176
J.50J
(0.60»*
).3n
3.071
(3. 044)*
3.30*
2.724
3.722
(J.290I*
(1.611)-
(3.2J4>«
«.1I3)«
(0.732)"
8
g
1
8
ft
>
1
g
>
1
g
I
>
g
g
>
8
•
•
t
g
g
g
g
g
1
g
g
1
>
g
1
*Tlu outUrlril •tolflcoBcc of MBfUi ol IBM th» 100 IivlHrlltwli U open to •..ntloB.
*lftamc* A: mi run Collection, little Unkub U<*r XK! Uokuli Uru U Vklt* Cotaty. 195O-fI««cot.
g
,, T. rotBDBBl CiiBBHilmtQB. South.r« tttttm rr»]*ct Uolocut. fuu of IlllaoU.
o( CBBBO.rx.tlo>. 1317 Soytb UaeeU. C—tr.lu. llllBolo. 61M1. 1971.
A-IV-37
-------
TABLE A-IV-13. FISH DIVERSITY INDEX IN TRIBUTARIES TO THE WABASH RIVER
i
H
<
U>
00
Total Different
Location Kinds of Species
Turtle Creek near Merom 9
At three locations on Clear Creek 5a
North of Monroe Reservoir approad- 6
mately 17 km S of Blooorington, IN 12
salt creek iron a point approxi- iy
mately 0.5 creek km SE of the
Monroe Reservoir Dam extending
approximately 38 creek km to a
point approximately 4.2 km WSW
Total Individuals
(N)
63
118
43
30
269
Date Collected
August 1975
January 30, 1976
March 12, 1976
February 25, 1976
March 1976
D
(2.287)*
0.873a
(2.162)*
(3.133)*
3.128
Reference^
B
C
C
C
C
Bedford
Unite River from a point ca. 0.2 km 18
SSW of Williams extending ca. 30
river km to a point ca. 5.7 km SSE
of Bedford
96
March 1976
3.376
Clear Creek between New and Old
bridge on Highway 37 at Harrodsburg
33
September 9, 1976 (2.827)*
a "Minnows" included as a species without attempting individual species identification
* Based on insufficient data.
Letters refer to footnotes to Table A-IV-9.
-------
TABLE A-IV-14. CHANGE IN SPECIES OF FISHES FOUND IN
THE WABASH RIVER 1967-1975*
Species Present in 1967 Survey; Absent in 1975 survey
Wabash River
Number of Number of
Species Stations Fish
Mimic shiner 3 3
Bigmouth buffalo 2 2
Black buffalo 2 2
Northern redhorse 2 2
Yellow bullhead 1 1
Smallmouth bass 5 8
Longear X Green 2 2
Sauger 4 4
Species Present in 1975 Survey; Absent in 1967 Survey
Wabash River
Number of Number of
Species Stations Fiah
Chestnut lamprey
Shovelnose sturgeon
Paddle fish
Spotted gar
Threadfin shad
Mooneye
Silver jaw minnow
Bigeye chub
Gravel chub
Homyhead chub
Steelcolor shiner
Creek chub
Silver redhorae
Black redhorse
Golden redhorse
Mountain madtom
Tadpole madtom
Blackstripe topminnow
Mosquito fish
Brook silverside
Mud darter
Bluebreast darter
Johnny darter
Spottail darter
Duaky darter
3
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
6
2
1
2
1
3
1
2
4
3
1
3
1
2
2
25
2
1
13
2
3
20
12
1
1
7
2
1
7
2
3
1
2
5
4
1
*Johnson, T. Personal Communication. Southern Stream Project
Biologist State of Illinois, Department of Conservation, 1327
South Lincoln, Centralia, Illinois 62801, 1978.
A-IV-39
-------
TABLE A-IV-15 AMPHIBIANS WHICH MAY BE PRESENT IN
WHITE COUNTY^ ILLINOIS3
•
Common Name
Mudpuppy (uaterdog)
Dwarf siren (Western
lesser siren)
Spotted salanander
Marbled salamander
Snail-mouthed
salanander
Eastern tiger
salamander
Newt
Dusky salamander
Bad-backed salanander
Zigzag salamander
Slimy salanander
Midwest two-lined
salamander
Long*tall.ed sala-
mmnder
Cave salatnander
Anerican coad
Uaodhouse's Coad
Cricket frog
Spring peeper
Coonon tree frog
Swoop tree frog
Nuiaia.li crawfish
free
Bullfrog
Hood frog
Leopard frog
Hellbender
Central newt
Dark-aided salamander
Slimy salamander
Fbwler'e coad
Upland chorus frog
Western chorus frog
Scientific Nane
Necturus maculosus (Rafineaque)
Siren intermedia
Anbrystonp maculaCum (Shaw)
AntnrysComa opapjr~^GravmlmBt)
Anbryscoaa cexanum (Matches)
Ambrvstoma tigrinum tlgrirom
(Green)
Dianictylus viridescens
DeamoKnachus tuscus
Flethodon cinereua (Green;
Plethodon dorsal is Cope
Plethodon gtudnosus
Eurycea buUneata rivlcola
(Mitel eman;
(Green)
Buto terrestrS^
Bufo woodhousel
Acris crepitanB 'Harper
Hyla cruciter
Hvia versicoior
Pseudacria nigrita
Rana areoiaCa clrculosa (Rice &
Davis)
Rana catesbeiana Shaw
Rana svrvatlca sytvatica LeConte
Rana pip*'*r»i sphenocephata Schreber
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
alleaanlensifl (DoudinT"
Mftftyi^tiMiiiiM viridescens
iouisianenais (WbTEerstortt;
Eurycea longicauda nelanopleura
Plethodon fllutinosus (Green)
Bufo woodtousel fovTeri Hlnckley
PaeudacriB triserTata terlazum
(Baimi
Pstudacris trlseriaca crlseriaCa
(Hied;
Herbivorous
Carnivorous
Found in Che Wabash River
Found in its Tributaries
Found in lakes and impoundments
+ + + + *
+ * + *
+ + *
+ 4- *
+ + *
+ *
*
+ + *
* * *
+ * * *
* it
* *
+ * + *
* * *
+ * * +
+ *
+ + *
Hundreds of eggs laid/female
(Number in parenthesis is Che
eggs/clutch)
i?
*-»i
o>
0.6-1.4
1
0.5-2(1)
7(4-30)
10(50)
2-3.5
0.12-0.26
(8-10)
(10-20)
0.3(12-30)
40-200
200
2.5
8-10(1)
18(30-40)
(1+)
70
100-200
20-30
30-65
3-4(300-400)
0.2-0.3
1
A.B
A.B
A,B
A
A.B
A.B
A
A.B
A,B
A
A,B
A.B
A
A
A
A.B
A.B
A.B
A
A.B
A.B.C
A.B
A.B
A.B
B
B
B
B
B
B
The habitat of this species indicates chat it is likely to be found in these locations.
aReference A: Parmlee. P.W. Agpntbians of Illinois, Story of Illinois Series No 10
Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois. Illinois State Museum
Springfield, IL 19S4.
Reference B: Smith, D.W. The Anphibians and Reptiles and Illinois. Illinois Natural
History Bulletin 28 (1). State of Illinois. Department of Registration and
Education, Natural History Survey Division, Urbana, IL 1%1.
Reference C: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Electrification Administration Meron
Generating Station and Associated TraantLssion - Final Environamtal Innact
SCatenenC. USQA-lES-ES(AnO-76-10-F. 1977. ^^
A-IV-40
-------
TABLE A-IV-16. REPTILES WHICH MAY BE PRESENT
IN WHITE COUNTY. ILLINOIS
Coamon (ana
Coamon enappint turtl.
Alligator anapplns turtla
Coamon muak turtle
(Stinkpot)
fnmrnnn mud turtle
Eaatarn ben turtla
Common map turtla
Falaa map turtla
HldLacd palntad turtla
Southern terrapin
Pond terrapin (Cooter)
Seft-ahallad turtle
IplaeUa. (amooth) aoft-
ahallad turtla
Northern fence lizard.
Swift
•eotora alandar graaa
anaka (lefleaa Heard)
Little brown aklnk
Iln-llnad aklnk
Craatar five-lined aklnk
Green water eoaka
Ead ballled water .naka
Diamond-backed water make
Common water anake
DaKay'a anaka (Midland
brown anaka}
northern red-ball lad
anaka
llbbon anake
Eaatarn (tartar anake
Valary'e (round anake
•ortharn ringed-necked
anaka
Kldwaat worm anaka
We. tarn mud enakt
Ucar
lough green anake
Fllot black anaka
Tallow-bellied kin, make
BUck kin* anake
lad milk anaka
Scarlet anaka
Northern copperhead
Eaatarn eptnjr aoftehvll
Ground akink
Ueat.ro earth anake
Timber rattleanake
5
O
r I
•» ft
Scientific KemTM J 5
(Llnnacua)
Hemcrochrlyi tcafeBlnlckl (Trooat) + * +
KinoataTnon aubrubrw * +
Tarrap«nt Carolina earoLlna + +
(Cray)
f aaml aaj » floridana h t arog 1 y ph i ea * +
TrlooTet farm * * - *
TrlooTV aultlcua autteua (LaSu-turV » + *
Scaloporua mdulacua hj^aclnchlnua - +
LyioaatmW lata ra 1 e *
CtmtMca* faaclatua (Llona«ma) - +
EiMMeaa latlctpa (Schnaldrr) + *
Matrix eye lop loo *> + -
Matrix arTCbrocaatcr na^lecta * * +
(Cooaot)
Matrix rhonblf-ra rhomblfara + * *
(Hallowll)
Storarla dakayl wrlghcoria* - *
(Trapldo)
Scorarla oeelpltoasaculaca *
oeei£ieor..aeulata (Storar)
Thamnophia aaurlcua (Llnnaeua) * * '
(Llnaaeua)
Haldaa v.lerlae • * ~
Batarodon platjrhlnoa (Utrellle) » *
Fladophla punctatua edwnrd.l • *
(Nerren)
Canhophla amonenua helenae »
(Eanalcott)
Farancla ahacura ralnwardtl * *
^Schlaital)
Coluber conatrlctor • +
Ophaodry. aaatitfua - *
Elaoha obioleta *
Lampropeltia calllKaater *
ealllmtar (Earlan)
lamprmvelrlT Katulua nlfer »• +
Harrow)
Laaipropeltla dellata ay. pile *
(Copal
Camophora cocclnea *
Anclatrodon contortrU mokeaon *
(Oaudln)
Trionw aplnlfar aolnltar » «
(USuaur)
Sclncalle lateral. (Say)
Vlnlaln nlarlaa aleaana *
(Eaanleott)
Crotalua horrtdui herrldua +
round In or n..r It.
tTlbu:«i lea
Inpoundnvnt.
EBt*/clutch
t • 15-50
2-5
» • .-10
• 10-U
5-31
* 18-20
* 12
1-5
* 6-15
6-10
• 12
• 15
• • 25-32
5-23
7- 1-
• 5-20
25- 10
• 10
15-2«
2-6
• 2O-100
0-25
7-22
3-li
6-16
S
2-11
+ 5
leferenc.*
A.B.C
A!B
A
A. A
A.B.C
A.B
A.B
A
A.B
A
A.B
A.B
A.B
A
A.B
A.B
A
A.B
A.B
A.B.C
A.B
A.B
A.B
A.B
A
A.B
A.B
A.l
A.B
A
A
A
A.B
A.B
A.B
A
A.B
B.C
B
I
B
•tba habitat of thla apaclaa lodtcacta that It li llkaly to ba found ID thaaa locatlona.
Vafarasca A: Parmalaa. T.V. laptllaa of Iltlnola. Popular Scl«nc« Sanaa. Voluma V. Prlntad br Authority of tha
tataranca »• Smith %.U. Tha AaBhlblana and Raptllaa of llllnol.. Ulloola »atural Hlatory Survay Bull.cin 21(1).
Stata of lllUola. Dapartmant o( «a|latratlon and Education, natural Hlatory lurvay Divlaton. ttrhana. IL.
lataranca C. i's! tM^Tnant iriirlcultura, Hural ElactrtdcatIon »d«lnlatratton. Harom Cnaratlnt Station and
la Aa.ocUtadtraM.ta.lon - Final En,»ro=mantal 1^-ci Sl.tamant. USBA-«A-IS (A»1)-76-10-F. U.S.
Dapartmant of Agrlcultura. Va.Mniton, D.C. 1977,
A-IV-41
-------
TART.F. A-IV-17. BIRDS LIKELY TO BE FOUND IN WHITE COUNTY AND THEIR HABITATS1
1
I,
>
i
rO
Croat blue lurch. Ardea herodiae
Cr«n heron, BUtfiltllCf vireec,gni
Lltrl* blue heron, Florida eaerulea
Jack-crowned night heron, Nyctlcorax
Bait bittern, Ixobrychua eKilie
Blue gooie, Chen eaeruleecena
Mallard, Ana* olatyrhynchoa
Blue-winged teal. Anat dlecore
Hood duck. Alx eponaa
Leaaer acaup. Aythva afflnla
Turkey vulture. Cathartei aura
Black vulture, CoragyGa atratua
Red-tailed hawk. Buteo jaaalcenaia
Ked-ehouldered hawk, Buteo platypteru*
Golden eagle, Aqulla chryaaetoa
Bald eaale. Ballaeetul leucocephalua
Ma rah hawk, Clrcua cyaneue
Sparrow hawk. Falco aparverlu*
Bobwhlte. Colinus vlMlnlanue
CoB*on galllnule, Calllnula chloropua
American coot. Fullca aaericana
Kllldeer. Charidrlua voclferu*
Aaerlcan -woodcock. Phllohela minor
Upland plover, Bartramla longlcauda
Spotted aandplper. Ac title aacularla
Herring gull, Larua argent* tua
Una-billed null. Larua delawaranale
Rock dove, Coluaba llvia
MournlnK dove. Zenaldura macroura
Tellov-bllled cuckoo. Coccysua anericanua
Black-billed cuckoo. Cocc'yzua erythropthalau*
Great horned owl. Bubo vlralnlanu*
Barred owl. Strlx varla
Long-eared owl, Aalo otua
3
»
i,W
f
f
j.H
f,W
f»-
!
i
i.W
S
w
s
s
s
s
s.w
>
V
w
§,'
s
s
5.'
f)
f
^
w
w
§iH.
V
5
s.w
s
>
>
>.w
w
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w
5,w
5,w
?f,w
S*
$
9*
s
S
s
»
s*
s
s
w
s.w
f*.W
s
s
f*,W
s
s
s.w
s
s.w
?*,w
5,w
s*
s.w
s
s*
s
s
s
s*
s
s
s
s
c
s*
s*
s*
s*
s*
s
5
s
w
s.w
s.w
s.w
s
w
s
s
ii
5
1
I
w
s,w
s,H
5.V
s.w
s.w
i.W
s
s
srw
s
w
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
0.1
Oil
0.6
0.4
1,0
2.0
.
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-IV-17. (continued)
u>
V
• T»
2 g
« s ;
3 5 a
» - .
5 — •-< *H JO
s
•-<
U
^
2
§1
i is
b 3 n
«s
!
|
f
1 I
u
2
»* w »«
*• e o
< 3 n
Short-eared owl. Aalo flaaneua
Whip-poor-will. CaorimulRua voclferua
CosjBon nlghthawk. Chlordellea ninor
Chlney swift, Chaetura pelag,lca
Ruby-throated huSBlngblrd. Archllochua colubrla
Belted kingfisher. Megaceryle alcoyon
Yellow-shafted flicker. Colaptea auratue
Plicated woodpecker. Dryocopus plleatua
Red-bellied woodpecker. Centurus carollnua
Red-head woodpecker. Melanerpea erythrocephalua
Tellow-bellled sapaucker, Sphyraplcua varius
Ualrv woodpecker, Dendrocopoa vlllosua
Downv woodpecker. Dendrocoooa oubeacena
Eastern kingbird. Tjrannus tyrannus
Great created flycatcher. Mylarchua crlnltua
Eastern phoebe, Sayornls phoebe
Acadian flycatcher, Bvpldonax vireacena
Train's flycatcher, Empldonax tralllll
Eastern wood pswee, Contopue vlrens
Horned lerk, Ereaophlla alpescris
Bank swallow, Riparia riparla
Rough-winged swallow, Stelgldopteryx ruflcollls
Barn swallow. Blrundo rustics
Cliff swallow, Petrochelldon pyrrhooota
Purple aartln, Progne aubls
Blue jay, Cyanocltta crietats
Cooaon crow, Corvus brachyrhynchoe
Chickadee. Parus spp_.
Black-capped chlcadee. Parua atrlcaplllua
Carolina chickadee. Parua carollnenala
Tufted tltaouie. Parus blcolor
White-breasted nuthatch. Sltta carollnenalg
Brown creeper, Certhla faailllarla
House wren. Troglodytes aedon
Winter wren. Troglodytes troglodytes
Bewick's wren, Thryomaoaa bewlckll
Carolina wren, Thryothorua Indovlclanua
W
s
U
w
s.W
s.w
s
s
s_
S
S*.H
ft
s
S.W
1
f
s
S.W
s
w
s*.w
s
s
J
w
u
w
w
J
*
1
{
f
f
f
w
H
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w
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s
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s
s
s
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s
s
s,w
s
s
s
s
s,w
^
s
s
s
s,w
S.W
s
s,w
S.W
5*
s
5
5
s
s
s
s
s,w
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»
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g
s
s
s
s
s
g
s
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s
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s
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s*
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y
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s
s
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c
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s
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ll
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s*
s
s
s*
s
s
s
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s|w
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s*
s
s
s
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s
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s
s,w
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s*.w
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s*
s*
s*
s
s.w
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- - J
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s.w 1
s
s
s
s.w
s
s
s.w
s
w
1
s
s*
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s*.w
j
s.w
s
s*
s
s*
s
s
s
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5
0.9
0.6
1.0
0.7
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2.9
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o,;
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J.7
1
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0.6
0.7
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7.4
4.5
4,7
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5.1
4. a
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1.1
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5-12
3-5
3-6
4-6
3-6
3-6
3-6
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•*
XV
.7-4
27
l-7i
1
.2...
1
1
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-IV-17. (continued)
I
* 3
Ui I
S ! *
•J! S t*
Long-billed lurch wren. Telucodyteg paluscrla
Short-billed urah wren, Clstothorus platenals
Hocklngblrd, Mlania poljrglottoa
Catbird. Duawtella carollnenala
Brown Chraaher, Tojcoatoma rufua
Robin, Turdui Blgratorlua
Hood thruah, Ryloclchla auatellna
Herat t thruah, Hyloclchla guttata
Sumer tanager, Plranga rubra
Cardinal, UchBondena cardlnalla
Blue groabeak. Gulraca caerulea
Indigo bounting, Paaierlna cyanea
Dlckclaaal. Splia aaerlcana
Aawrlcao goldfinch, Splnue' trlatla
Kiifouroua-alded tovhaa. Piplle erythrophthalaua
Savannah acarrow. Paaaarculua aandvlchenalB
Graa«boppar aparrov. Aaaodrami* aavannarun
LeConta'a aparrow. Paaaerherbulue candacutus
Veaper aparrow. Pooacatea ^raolncua
Lark aparrov, Chondaatea gramaacus
Bacbjaan'a aparrow, Aiawphila aeatlvalle
Slate-colored lunco. Dnco nyesalla
Tree aparrov. Spliella arborea
Chipping aparrow, SplielU pasaerlna
Field aparrow, Splsella puallla
Uhlta— crowned aparrow, Zonotrlchla leucophrya
White-throated aoarrow. Zonotrlchla alblcollla
Fox aparrov, Paaaerella lllaca
Svaap aparrow. Keloaplia georgtana
Song (parrow. Heloaplta nelodla
Lapland longapur, Calcarlua laooonlcua
Starling, Sturnua vulcarla
Aaerlcan keatrel
Leaat flycatcher, gpapldonax Blnlmua
Tree awallov. Irldoprocne blcolor
Swalnion'a thruah, Rrloclchl* guttata
Veery, Catharus fusceacena
S
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(continued)
-------
TABLE A-IV-17. (continued)
I 1 I
I
>
M
<
Ln
BMtern bluebird, Sl«li« al«li«
Blu*-gr«y gutcmtclwr, Polioptila c«erule«
«uby-crovned kinglet. to»ulu» calendula
Water pipit, tethua apinoletta
Sprague's pipit. An thus aprafluetl
C«Ur wajwlog. Bombycllla cedrorua
Loggerhead ihrlke, Lanlua ludovlclanua
White-eyed vlreo, Vlreo grlaeua
Bell'e vlreo, Vlreo bellll
Yellow-throated vlreo, Vireo tlavlirons
Red-eyed vlreo, Vlreo ollvaceus
Warbling vlreo, Vlreo gilvus
Black-and-vhlt« warbler, Mnlotllta varia
Prothoootary warbler, Prptonotarla citr^g
Wor«-eatlng warbler, Btl»ltheroa vtralvorua
Swalnaon a warbler. Llano thlvoi. awalnsoqil
Parula warbler, Pjrula
Yellow warbler, Dtndrolca
Hyrtle warblar, Dendrolca corona ta
Cerulean warbler, Dendrolca
Prairie warbler. Dendroica
Loulalana waterthruah. Selurue •oi-.r]ii,
Kentucky warbler, Oporornla formoam
Yellowthroat. Ceothlypla triehag
Yellow-breaated chat, Icteria vlrena
Hooded warbler, Wllaonia cltrlna
Aaerlcan redicart, Setophaga rutlcllla
Houte iparrow, Paaaer doaeatlcua
Headowlark, Sturnella app.
Eaetern •eadowlark. Sturnella -aKn«
Redwlnged blackbird, Agelaiiia
,
Orchard oriole, Icterus apuriua
Baltimore oriole, Icterua galbula
Ruaty blackbird, Euphagua carollous
Coemon grackle, Qulacalua qulecula
Brown-headed covblrd, Molothrue ater
Scarlet tanager, Plranga ollvacea
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s,w
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-------
TABLE A-IV-17. (continued)
I
• • tf
ill
•8
H
f
•P-
Coldenvinged warbler, Vermlvora chrreoptena
Tenneecee warbltr, Vermivore p«re«rin«
Naihvllle warbltr, Veralvora rufic«nill«
Magnolia warblar, Dendrolca mtanolla
Yellow moped warbler
Black-throated green warbler, Deodrolca vlrene
Blackburlan warbler, Dendrolo fusc«
Yellow-throated warbler, Dendrocia dominlct
Blaekpoll warbler, Dendrolca etrUto
Pala warbler, Dendrolca Mlatrua
Ovenblrd, Seiurue durocaoillue
Northern waterthruah, Seiurue nov«bor«c«n«ie
northern oriole
loee-breaeted grosbeak, Pheuetieui ludevlclana
6,1
l!§
OT?
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
n.b
0,9
0,1
1.2
0.4
0.4
jThis information was obtained from Graber, J.W., and R.R. Graber. Environmental Evaluations using
Birds and Their Habitats. Biological Notes No. 97, Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois,
1976 and a personal communication from the authors of this paper. In this table "S" signifies that
this avian species can be found in this habitat in the summer. A "W" indicates that this species can
be found in this habitat in the winter, and "S*" indicates that this species nests in this habitat.
-------
TABLE A-IV-18. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL COUNT OF SPECIES MAKING
UP APPROXIMATELY 85 PERCENT OF BIRDS COUNTED IN THE
SUMMER IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS*
Specie*
Meadow lark
Comon greek 1*
Bnbwhite
Barn swallow
Dickciaiel
Craa (hopper aparrow
Redwing blackbird
Mourning dove
Indigo bunting
Field tparrov
Yellow-braaated chat
Brown-headed cowblrd
Cardinal
Rufoua-elded towhee
Yellowthroat
Tufted tltaouie
Chickadee
Orchard oriole
American goldfinch
Carolina wren
Prairie warbler
Wood thruah
Bell'* vlreo
Houae aparrow
Starling
Brown thraaher
Acadian flycatcher
Kentucky warbler
Blue-gray warbler
Red-eyed vlreo
Whice-eyed vlreo
Eat tarn wood pewee
Comon crow
Red-bellied woodpecker
Sumer tanager
Worn-eating warbler
Downy woodpecker
Ceulean warbler
Yellow-throated vlreo
Blue jay
American red* Cert
Robin
Purple martin
lock dove
Chinney awift
Catbird
TOTAL PERCENT
Number of Specie*
h
% s '= i
•O « Wt X
** *u * ^4
S u g »
>* • o •
S> * A *o
o eo • C
.3 • -0 »£>
•O 0 .A * ~* >*
• 3 • -o n
K TJ k .C O 0
-4 0 £ U O W
X of t» O » •
54 22 2
16 S 13
8 - 2
5 - 4
5 11 2
5 ...
30 4 8
17 4 11 1
17 3 7
14 6 2
7-1
7 - 3
6 5 10
4-3
it -
3 9
3 5
3
221
2-4
2
2 2
1
16
8
3
7
It
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
-
.
_
-
93 85 S3 85 85
6 5 17 14 27
•;
u
£
TJ
V
u
c •
.a v
3 «
•
_
-
_
34
23
-
.
•
.
_
13
S
5
3
3
86
7
Centue taken in the turner of 19S7
Camua taken in the lunar of 19S7 and lumner of 1958
cCen*u* taken In the tuner of 1958
Craber, R.R., and J.H. Graber. A Cooperative Study of Bird Popula-
tion* in Illinois. 1906-1909 and 1956-1958. Illlnol* Rational
Hletory Survey Bulletin. 28(3):383-528. 1963.
A-IV-47
-------
TABLE A-IV-19. MAMMALIAN SPECIES WHICH MAY
OCCUR IN OR NEAR WHITE COUNTY. ILLINOIS*
Cotmon Name
Scientific Name
Preferred Habitat
Opossum
Eastern Hole
Masked Shrew
Southeastern Shrew
L*;.isr Shrew
Short c.i 11 Shrev
Little Brown Hyotta
Indiana Myotis
Keen Myotla
Sllver-Halred Bat
Eaitern Plpistrel
Big Brown Bat
Evening Bat
Red Bat
Hoary Bat
Raccoon
Longtall Weasel
Mink
River Otter
Striked Skunk
Red rox
Cray Fox
Covi. ' .-
Woo.l hu, k
Thirteen Striped Ground
Squirrel
Dldelphtg marsupialIs
Scalopug aquattcua
Sorex clnereua
Sorex longlrostrli
Myotla lucifugus
MyntlB sodalla
Myotla keenl
Laelonycterls noctlvaRans
Plplatrellua subflavus
Epteaicua funeus
Hycticeius humeralIn
Laslurus borealis
Laalurua clnereui
Procyon lotor
Must Ma frenata
Muatela vlaon
Ultra canadeosls
Mephltla mephitis
Vulpei fulva
Urocyon argeoteus clnereo
Canis latrana
Mamota •onnx
Citellua trldece»llneatug
Wooded area-;. Foragp at water's edge
.ind ilong drainage ditches. Travel
.ilonfi streams, ditches and f encerovs.
Wherever soil is not excessively coarse
or wet.
Overgrown fields and mature voodlanda.
Dense grasses and sedges. Forage along
snail streams and edges of marshes.
Brushy, ovi-rgrown fields and feru-envr..
Heavy ground cover In woods, open fields
and marsh areaa.
Hollow trees, caves and buildings.
Wooded areas, streams and ponds.
Coves, near streams and ponds.
Borders of wooded areas near ponds.
Caves and trees.
Woodlands.
Woodlands and ponds.
Wooded and brushy areas.
Wooded areas.
All habitats near water.
Woodlands and overgrown fields near
water.
Woodlands near streams and lakes.
Along streams and lakea.
Fencerows, overgrown fields and stream
borders.
Opri, dry areas.
Bruihy and wooded areas.
Brushy portions of farmlands.
Wo..,| lands, open wood lots, fencerowfl,
railroad beds and pastures.
Open grassland.
(continued)
A-IV-48
-------
TABLE A-IV-19. (continued)
Common Name
Scientific Name
Preferred Habitat
Eastern Chipmunk
Rad Squirrel
Eastern Cray Squirrel
Eastern Fox Squirrel
Southern Plying Squirrel
Beaver
Prairie Deer House
Woodland Deer House
White-Footed House
Eastern Woodrat
Southern Bog Leaning
Meadow Vole
Prairie Vole
Fine Vole
Muskrat
Norway Hot
Meadow Jumping House
Woodland Jumping House
Esscern Cottontail
White Tall Deer
SWSJDP Rabbit
Bouse House
Tamlas strtatua
Tamlasclurus hudsonlcus
Sclurus carolinenomeaats
Sclurus nlger
Glaucomys volana
Castor canadensls
Peromyscus manlculatus balrdi
Peromyacus maniculatua graellle
Peromyscus levcopus
Meotoma maalater
Synaptomya cooperi
Mtcrotus pennsylvanlcus
Pedomys ochrogaster
Pltymua pinetorum
Ondatra ilbethlca
Rattus norveglcus
Zapua hudsonius
Napaeorapua Insignis
Svlvilagua tloridanus
OdocoIleus virglnlanus
Sylvilagua aquatlcua
Mua muaculua
Overgrown fields, fencerovs, open woods
and woodlots with heavy underatory.
Wood Lands.
Wooded sreas with good understory Inter-
spersed with overgrown fields.
Open woods, woodlots, windbreaks and
wooded feccerows.
Kature wooded areas.
Wooded stream and lake shores.
Dry open grasslands.
Wooded areas.
Marsh borders, fencerovs and woodlands.
Rocky areas.
Daap grassy meadows.
Hoist areas supporting dense grasses,
fencerows, woodlot borders and strean
banks.
Dry, Callow fields with good cover.
Mature wooded areas.
Bodies of water with heavy growth of
cattails or bushes.
Human habitations.
Damp audovs.
Forests bordering lakes and streams.
Overgrown fields and other areas with
deaae ground cover.
Brushy areas, woodlands and woodland
borders.
Hear cane atands in dense woods or brush
which Is seasonally flooded.
Human habitations.
*B«ck. R.W. and Associates. Environmental Analysis Herom Generating Station for Booster Energy
Division of Indiana Statewide R.E.C.. Inc.. 1976.
A-IV-49
-------
TABLE A-IV-20.
SMALL GAME HUNTING IN WHITE COUNTY AS COMPARED
TO THE REST OF THE STATE**
M
<
Ln
O
Mean number Percentage of
harvested annual lv total Illinois
Animal (In 100' i)" harvest8
Dove 162 0.9
Pheasant *
Bobvhlf 303 1.4
Gray & fox 255 0.9
squirrel
Cottontails 275 0.7
Combined 975 0. 7
Mean nuaiber
hunter-trips
annually
(In lOO's)"
32
A
92
127
116
3fi7
Percentage of Kills per Kills per
total Illinois hunter-trip hunter-trip
hunter-trips8 White County statewide"
0.7 4.44 3. .ft (1956:3.36 to
1968:3.95)
0.82 (1967:0.57 to
1963:0.99)
1.2 3.29 2.75 (1960:2.32 to
1958:3.34)
0.9 2.01 2.00 (1958:1.85 to
1957:2.22)
0.6 2.37 1 .83 (1965:1.38 to
1958:2.38)
0.7 2.66 1.98 (1965:1.70 to
1958:2.21)
Total killed
statewide
1956-1969
Increased
Fluctuates
Fluctuatea
ca.
unchanged
Decreased
1956-1965
ea.
Unchanged
1966-1969
Decreased
1956-1960
ca.
Unchanged
1960-1969
Less than 50 cock pheasanta were shot annually In the county with less than 50 hunter-trips.
Preno. W.L. and K.F. Lablaky. Abundance and Harvest of Doves, Pheasants, Bobuhltes, Squirrels, and Cottontails in Illinois, 1956-1969.
Technical Bulletin Number 4, State of Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield, Illinois, 1971.
* During 1956-1969, the arithmetic average by county percentage of Illinois combined total harvest Is 1.0 (std. dev. - 0.5 range: 0.2 to
Boone County to 2.5 for Madison County) for the 102 Illinois counties. Average percentage of Illinois combined total hunter-trips per
county is 1.0 (std. dev. 0.5, range 0.3 for H.irJtn and Henderson Counties to 2.3 for Will County).
Arithmetic mean (range).
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES THAT MAY
OCCUR IN OR NEAR WHITE COUNTY, ILLINOIS**
Plants (A.B)
Plant species that are federally endangered (*) or threatened
that occur in Illinois.
*Apios priceana Robins. - Price's Potato Bean
*Asclepias meadii Torr. - Mead's Milkweed
Astragalus tennesseensis Gary - Milk Vetch
Boltonia asteroides var. decurrens (Torr. & Gray) Engelm. -
False Aster
Carex socialis Mohlenbr. & Schwegm.
Cirsium pitcheri (Torr.) Torr. & Gray - Dune Thistle
Cladrastis lutea (Michx. F.) K. Koch - Yellow-wood
*Cyperus grayioides Mohlenbr.
Cypripedium candidum Muhl. White Lady's-slipper orchid
Dodecatheon frenchii (Vasey) Rydb. - French's shooting-star
Hydrastis canadensis L. - Goldenseal
*Iliamna remota Greene - Kankakee Mallow
*Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Raf. - Small Whorled Pogonia
*Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm. - Prairie Bush-clover
Panax quinquefolius L. - Ginseng
*Petalostemum foliosum Gray - Leafy Prairie Clover
*Plantago cordata Lam. - Heart-Leaf Plantain
Platanthera (Habenaria) flava - Tubercled Orchid
Platanthera (Habenaria) leucophaea - White Fringed Orchid
Platanthera (Habenaria) peramoena - Purple Fringeless Orchid
(continued)
A-IV-51
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Sullivantia renifolia Rosend. - Sullivantia
Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Baill. - Synandra
*Thismia americana N.E. Pfeiffer
Plant species that have not been collected in Illinois in 50
or more years, or were known from only a few sites which have
been destroyed or altered and are apparently extirpated from
the state.
Andromeda glaucophylla Link. - Bog Rosemary
Arabis drummondii Gray - Rock Cress
Arethusa bulbosa L. - Dragon's Mouth
Asplenium ruta-muraria L. - Wall-rue Spleenwort
Bergia texana (Hook.) Seubert
Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House - Spurge
Corallorhiza trifida Chat. - Pale Coral-root Orchid
Delphinium virescens Nutt. - Prairie Larkspur
Elatine brachysperma Gray - Waterwort
Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Blake - Spike Rush
Eleocharis equisetoides (Ell.) Torr. - Horsetail Spike Rush
Epigaea repens L. - Trailing Arbutus
Equisetum scirpoides Michx. - Dwarf Scouring Rush
Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. - Brown Plume Grass
Eriophorum gracile Koch. - Cotton Sedge
Eriophorum tennellum Nutt. - Cotton Sedge
Gaura filipes Spach. - Slender Gaura
Gratiola aurea Muhl. - Goldenpert
(continued)
A-IV-52
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Hook. - White Fringed Orchid
Habenaria dilatata (Pursh.) Hook. - Round-leaved Orchid
Isoetes engelmannii A. Br. - Engelmann's Quillwort
Linnaea americana Forbes - Twinflower
Malaxis monophylla (L.) Sw. - Adder's Mouth Orchid
Malaxis unifolia Michx. - Adder's Mouth Orchid
Oenothera missouriensis Sims. Missouri Primrose
Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. - Rice Grass
Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchcock - Rice Grass
Paspalum dissectum (L.) L. - Bead Grass
Pinus banksiana Lamb. - Jack Pine
Poa paludigena Fern. & Wieg. - Marsh Bluegrass
Polygala paucifolia Willd. - Flowering Wintergreen
Polygonum arifolium L. - Tear Thumb
Potentilia tridentata Ait. - Three-toothed Cinquefoil
Rhynchospora globularis (Chapm.) Small - Beaked Rush
Rumex hastatulus Baldw. - Sour Dock
Sabatia campestris Nutt. - Prairie Rose Gentian
Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. - Tumble Grass
Scirpus subterminalis Torr. - Bulrush
Scirpus torreyi Olney - Bulrush
Sparganium minimum (Hartm.) Fries. - Least Bur-reed
Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail. - False Bugbane
Trillium cemuum L. - Nodding Trillium
(continued)
A-IV-53
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Valerianella intermedia Dyal. - Corn Salad
Valerianella patellaria (Sulliv.) Wood - Corn Salad
Valerianella umbilicata (Sulliv.) Wood - Corn Salad
Vemonia arkansana DC. - Ironweed
Xyris jupicai L. Rich. - Yellow-eyed Grass
Plant species that are represented by disjunct or relict popu-
lations in Illinois
Aristida desmantha Trin. & Rupr. - Three-awn Grass
Aster schreberi Nees. - Schreber's Aster
Camassia angusta (Engelm. & Gray) Blankinship - Wild Hyacinth
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. - Spotted Wintergreen
Gymnocarpiuin dryopteris (L.) Newm. - Oak Fern
Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. - Beach Heath
Lesquerella ludoviciana (Nutt.) S. Wats. - Silvery Bladder Pod
Lycopodium clavaturn L. - Running Pine
Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. - Ground Pine
Pinus resinosa Ait. - Red Pine
Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen. - False Melic Grass
Schrankia uncinata Willd. - Cat-claw
Scirpus hallii Gray - Bulrush
Sorbus americana Marsh. - Mountain Ash
Spiranthes lucida (H.H. Eaton) Ames - Yellow-lipped Ladies'
Tresses
Stylisma pickeringii (Torr.) Gray - Patterson Bindweed
(continued)
A-IV-54
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Thuja occidentalis L. - Arbor Vitae
Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. - Barren Strawberry
Woodsla ilvensls (L.) R. Br. - Rusty Woodsia
Plant species that are restricted to a specialized and limited
habitat in Illinois
Amelanchier humilis Wieg. - Low Shadbush
Ammannia auriculata Willd. - Scarlet Lousestrife
Ammophila breviligulata Fern. - Beach Grass
Arenaria patula Michx. - Slender Sandwort
Aronia prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd. - Purple Chokeberry
Asplenium bradleyi B.C. Eaton - Bradley1s Spleenwort
Aster furcatus Burgess. - Forked Aster
Aster junciformis Rydb. - Rush Aster
Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. - Yellow Wild Indigo
Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. - Screw-stem
Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP. - Yellow Bartonia
Betula pUTnlla L. - Dwarf Birch
Buchnera americana L. - Blue Hearts
Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook - Sea Rocket
Ceanothus ovatus Des. F. - Red-root
Chamaesyce polygonifolia (L.) Small - Seaside Spurge
Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. - Twig Rush
Corispermum hyssopifolium L. - Common Bugseed
Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. - Pink Corydalis
(continued)
A-IV-55
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Cypripediuin calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern -
Small yellow Lady's-Slipper Orchid
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. - Tufted Hairgrass
Dirca palustris L. - Leatherwood
Dodecatheon amethystinum Fassett - Jeweled Shooting-star
Drosera intermedia Hayne. - Narrow-leaved Sundew
Prosera rotundifolia L. - Round-leaved Sundew
Eleocharis olivacea Torr. - Spike Rush
Eleocharis rostellata (Torr.) Torr. - Spike Rush
Eleocharis wolfii (Gray) Patterson - Spike Rush
Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. - Bog Willow Herb
Epilobium strictum Muhl. - Downy Willow Herb
Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. - Cotton Sedge
Eriophorum virginicum L. - Cotton Sedge
Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robins. - Queen-of-the-prairie
Gaultheria procumbens L. - Wintergreen
Gentiana crinita Froel. - Fringed Gentian
Gentiana procera Holm. - Small Fringed Gentian
Gerardia pedicularia L. - Clammy False Foxglove
Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. - Green Orchid
Habenaria lacera (Michx.) Lodd. - Green Fringed Orchid
Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Her.
Hymenoxys acaulis (Pursh) Parker - Lakeside Daisy
Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. - Beach Pea
Lycopodium inundatum L. - Bog Clubmoss
(continued)
A-IV-56
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining Clubmoss
Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw. - Cliff Clubmoss
Mimulus glabratus HBK - Yellow Monkey-Flower
Oryzopsis racemosa (J.E. Smith) Ricker. - Rice Grass
Panicum ravenelii Scribn. & Merr. Ravenel's Panic Grass
Parnassia glauca Raf. - Grass-of-Parnassus
Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. - Snake-mouth
Potentilla fruticosa L. - Shrubby Cinquefoil
Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. - Alder Buckthorn
Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. - Beaked Rush
Rhynchospora capillacea Torr. - Beaked Rush
Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl. - Beaked Rush
Rhyncospora macrostrachya Torr. - Beaked Rush
Ribes hirtellum Michx. - Northern Gooseberry
Ruppia maritima L. - Ditch grass
Salix Candida Fluegge - Hoary Willow
Salix pedicellaris Pursh. - Bog Willow
Sanguisorba canadensis L. - American Burnet
Sarracenia purpurea L. - Pitcher-plant
Saxifraga forbesii Vasey - Forbe's Saxifrage
Scheuchzeria palustris L. - Arrow-grass
Scleria reticularis Michx. - Nut Rush
Scleria verticillata Muhl. - Nut Rush
Selaginella apoda (L.) Fern. - Small Spikemoss
(continued)
A-IV-57
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring Rock Spikemoss
Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. - New York Fern
Trichomanes boschianum Sturm. - Filmy Fern
Trichostema dichotomum L. - Blue Curls
Triglochin maritima L. Arrow-grass
Triglochin palustris L. - Arrow-grass
Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. - False Asphodel
Ulmus thomasii Sarg. - Rock Elm
Viburnum molle Michx. - Arrowwood
Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. - Chain Fern
Xyris torta Sm. - Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass
Zigadenus glaucus Nutt. - White Camass
Plant species that are scattered throughout Illinois but are
not common
Brasenia schreberi Gmel. - Watershield
Cyperus engelmannii Steud.
Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roem. & Schultes. Square-
stemmed~Spike Rush
Elymus riparius Wiegand. - Wild Rye
Isoetes melanopoda Gay & Dur. - Black Quillwort
Medeola virginiana L. - Indian Cucumber Root
Monotropa hypopithys L. - Pinesap
Polygala incarnata L. - Pink Milkwort
Polytaenia nuttallii DC - Prairie Parsley
Sagittaria cuneata Sheld. - Arrow leaf
(continued)
A-IV-58
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. - Bulrush
Scirpus purshianus Fern. - Bulrush
Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong-Bur-reed
Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. - Green-fruited Bur-reed
Talinum rugospermum Holz. - Fameflower
Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson Long Beech Fern
Trifolium reflexum L. - Buffalo Clover
Veratrum woodii Robbins. - False Hellebore
Wulfenia bullii (Eat.) Barnh. Kitten Tails
Clams and Mussels
Fat Pocketbook Pearly Mussel, Potatnilus (Proptera) cap ax
This species has been listed as an endangered species by
the Secretary of the Interior in accordance with provisions of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973. A fresh shell of this
species was found in the Wabash River at Vincennes, Indiana, on
September 20, 1961 (C).
Tuberculed-Blossom Pearly Mussel, Epioblasma (Dysnomia)
torulosa torulosa
This species has been listed as an endangered species by
the Secretary of the Interior in accordance with provisions of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973. This species may be found
in the Wabash River downstream from Terre Haute, Indiana (C).
Rough Pigtoe Pearly Mussel, Pleurobema plenum
This species has been listed as an endangered species by
the Secretary of the Interior in accordance with the provisions
of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. This species may be
found in the Wabash River downstream from Terre Haute, Indiana
(C).
(continued)
A-IV-59
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Blue-Point, Amblema peruviana (Lamarck)
This species was previously found in the White and Wabash
Rivers; however, the survey of Krumholz and coworkers failed to
find any specimens left in 1969 (D).
Spike, Lady Finger, Elliptio dilatatus (Rafinesque)
This species was once common throughout Indiana Rivers;
however, the 1969 survey of Krumholz and coworkers of the White
and Wabash Rivers uncovered only isolated dead shells of this
species (D).
Rabbit's Foot, Quadrula cylindrica (Say)
This species was once common throughout the rivers of
Indiana; however, the survey of Krumholz and coworkers found
only dead shells of this species in 1969 (D).
Pleurobema cordatum (Rafinesque)
This species is much less abundant and has a much more
restricted patterns of distribution in the White and Wabash
Rivers than recorded prior to 1969 (D).
Purple Warty Back, Cyclonaias tuberculata (Rafinesque)
This species is much less abundant and has a much more
restricted pattern of distribution than recorded prior to 1969
for the White and Wabash Rivers (D).
Fan-Shell, Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea)
This species is much less abundant and has a more re-
stricted distribution in the Wabash and White Rivers than
recorded prior to 1969 (D).
Obovaria subrotunda (Rafinesque)
This species is much less abundant and has a much more
restricted pattern of distribution than recorded prior to 1969
(D).
Bullhead, Sheepnose; Plethobasus cyphyus (Rafinesque)
In Illinois the Bullhead is restricted primarily to the
Mississippi River above St. Louis and in the lower Wabash and
Ohio Rivers. It is usually found in current on a mud bottom at
(continued)
A-IV-60
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
depths of 90-180 cm, although this large river species may live
at much greater depths (E).
This species may be found in the Little Wabash and
Vermilion Rivers in eastern Illinois. Although this species
may be locally numerous in parts of its range, Carunculina
glans is apparently uncommon to rare in Illinois and restricted
to tributaries of the Wabash and Ohio Rivers. It may be found
on mud, but this mussel has been reported as thriving best on
sand or fine gravel beds, in shallow running water (E).
Carunculina texasensis (Lea)
This is the largest and most sporadic in distribution of
the three species of Carunculina found in Illinois. This
species has apparently been taken at only three localities:
North Fork, Saline River (Galatin Co.), and in the Big Muddy
River and Crab Orchard Lake (Williamson Co.). At Crab Orchard
Lake, this mussel was very numerous in several areas, living on
a soft mud bottom in 30-60 cm. of water; the largest specimens
measured 5.7 cm. in length (E).
Fan-Shell, Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea)
This attractive mussel is now restricted to the lower
Wabash River in Illinois where it is relatively uncommon to
rare. Shells recovered from Indian middens along the banks of
the Ohio River in the southeastern part of the state attest to
its former occurrence in that stretch of the river, but recent
collections have failed to recover living specimens. In the
Wabash River in Illinois, this species has been found living on
a coarse sand and gravel bottom, in current, and at depths of a
few centimeters to 60 cm. (E).
Dysnomia perplexa (Lea)
Presently Dysnomia perplexa is an uncommon or rare mussel
in Illinois, occurring rather sporadically in the lower Wabash
and Ohio Rivers. Although typically a small species, shells
collected by mussel fishermen in the Ohio River near Metropolis
are large and measure 8 cm. in length. It is usually found in
a coarse sand and gravel bottom, in current and at depths
varying from 8 to 180 cm. (E).
(continued)
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Pink Mucket Pearly Mussel, Lamps!lis orbiculata orbiculata
This mussel is limited in its habitat to large rivers, and
in Illinois it occurs in the Ohio River and the lower Wabash
River downstream from Terre Haute, Indiana. Apparently little
is known concerning typical depths and bottom types in which
this species occurs except that it is taken by mussel fishermen
usually in deep water. Lampsilis orbiculata is an uncommon to
rare mussel in Illinois.This species has been listed as an
endangered species by the Secretary of the Interior in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(C,E).
Butterfly, Plagiola lineolata (Rafinesque)
One of the most attractive mussels found in Illinois, the
Butterfly occurs primarily in the lower Wabash, Ohio and
Mississippi Rivers. It is only moderately common, living on a
sand or gravel bottom, especially on bars, in current at depths
of 180 cm. or more. Plagiola is apparently less tolerant of
silting and pollution than many species; it was once fairly
common and widespread in the Illinois River, but has now com-
pletely disappeared as a result of these factors. Uniform
thickness of shell, and good color and luster of the nacre made
the Butterfly a valuable button shell (E).
Kidney-Shell, Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque)
This mussel typically inhabits small to medium-sized
rivers, although it may become established in large rivers in
sections (riffles) or normally shallow water. In Illinois, it
is now apparently confined to the lower Wabash River where it
is an uncommon to rare mussel. Specimens of Ptychobranchus
attain maximum size (11 to 13 cm. in length) and thickness in
the larger rivers. A few individuals collected recently in the
Wabash River were taken on a coarse sand and gravel bottom, in
current and at a depth of 60-90 cm. of water (E).
Fusconaia subrotunda (La).
This large river species was once (1944) found in the Ohio
and its tributaries, and in larger portions of the Wabash
River. It may still be of rare occurrence in these rivers (E).
(continued)
A-IV-62
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Lastena lata (Rafinesque)
In 1944 this species was found in the Ohio and Wabash
Rivers. It is a rare shell throughout its range. The shell is
thin but fairly strong, greatly elongated, and compressed (E).
White Warty-Back Pearly Mussel, Plethobasis cicatricosus (Say)
This species has been listed as an endangered species by
the Secretary of the Interior in accordance with provisions of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973. This species may be found
in the Wabash River downstream from Terre Haute, Indiana (C).
Orange-Footed Pimpleback, Plethobasis^ cooperianus (Say)
This species has been listed as an endangered species by
the Secretary of the Interior in accordance with provisions of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973. This species may be found
in the Wabash River downstream from Terre Haute, Indiana (C).
Pleurobema clava (Lamark)
Mature specimens rarely exceed 8 cm. in length (E).
Simpsoniconcha ambigua (Say)
This species has been found in the Wabash River, but it is
very sporadic in distribution (E).
Dysnomia foliata Hildreth
The shell is heavy, solid and somewhat compressed. It is
generally squarish in outline in the male and "leaf-like" in
the female (E).
White Cat's Paw Pearly Mussel
Epioblasma (Dysnomia) sulcata delicata
Epioblasma (Dysnomia) sulcata delicata has been listed as
an endangered species by the Secretary of the Interior in
accordance with the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of
1973. This species may be found in the Wabash River downstream
from Terre Haute, Indiana (C).
A very closely related species, Dysnomia personata (Say),
which might be considered only a transition form between
Dysnomia foliatus and Dysnomia sulcata occurs (rarely) in the
(continued)
A-IV-63
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
lower Wabash River. It very closely resembles - and is nearly
inseparable from - Dysnomia sulcata (E).
Sampson's Pearly Mussel, Epioblasma (Dysnomia) sampsoni
The shell of this species has the posterior ridge sharply
angled, the row of knobs high, and the umbones large and
greatly inflated and elevated well beyond the hinge line.
Dysnomia sampsoni may be a large river form or variant of
Dysnomia perlexa~(E). v
This species of mussel was listed as endangered by the
Secretary of the Interior in accordance with the provisions of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Its known range includes
that portion of the Wabash River which forms the common bound-
ary between the states of Illinois and Indiana (C).
Leptodea blatchleyi (Daniels)
This species has been found only at "Grand Chains," Wabash
River, Posey Co., Indiana (E).
Villosa (= Micromya) fabalis (Lea)
The Wabash River is the only known locality for this
species in Illinois (E).
Obovaria retusa (Lamarck)
In Illinois this large river species has been reported
from the Wabash and Ohio Rivers (E).
Fish
Bigeye Chub, Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque)
The Bigeye Chub is a member of the minnow family. At
present the Bigeye Chub can be found in the Middle Fork and the
Salt Fork of the Vermilion River in Vermilion County. It has
also been found recently (post 1950) in the Little Wabash River
and in a tributary to the Embarras River. Prior to 1905, it
was abundant throughout eastern and southern Illinois. It is
extirpated or decimated in parts of its range, but it is common
in other parts. In the state of Illinois it is considered
endangered and possibly extinct. The reasons for its decline
are thought to be siltation, turbidity, and lack of aquatic
vegetation (F,G).
(continued)
A-IV-64
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
A proposal has been made to place this species on the
endangered species list of the Illinois Fish Code and prohibit
by law taking of this species. Management recommendations
include purchase of the streams, where the fish is presently
found, as state-owned property and improve the habitat to
enhance the species (F).
Ohio Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon bdellium (Jordan)
The Ohio Lamprey has apparently been extirpated from the
Wabash and Ohio drainage systems (H). This species has not
been collected in Illinois since 1917 (H). Extirpation of
species of lamprey is not considered environmentally damaging
in most circles.
River Chub, Hybopsis gilidxa
The River Chub is only known from the Wabash River in
Lawrence and Clark Counties (G).
River Redhorse, Moxostoma carinatum
Rare in Illinois and most parts of its range, the River
Redhorse has declined due to siltation, pollution, and deter-
ioration of preferred habitat. It is presently found in
eastern Illinois in the Vermilion and Fox River systems (G)
Northern Madtom, Noturus stigmosus Taylor
This member of the catfish family reaches a maximum
length of about 10 cm. It is found at one locality in the
Lower Vermilion River and one in the Wabash River (in Wabash
County). Its former range is similar to its present range.
Throughout the United States this fish is rare in some parts of
its range and common in other parts. This species has always
been rare in Illinois, and there is no evidence of a recent
decline. The fecundity of this species is not known (F).
It has been proposed to place this species on the en-
dangered species list of the Illinois Fish Code and to prohibit
taking this species. Management recommendations include
acquisition of streams where most abundant and improvement of
the habitat for the species (F).
(continued)
A-IV-65
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Banded Pygmy Sunfish, Elassoma zonatum Jordan
This sunfish reaches a length of about 3.8 cm. The sun-
fish is sexually mature at one year and spawns annually. The
number of eggs produced is not known (F).
At present, this sunfish is found in Illinois in swamps in
Union and Johnson Counties. Its former range included these
swamps and swamps in the Wabash Valley and in White County.
The fish seems to have disappeared from these latter two loca-
tions due to drainage of the swamps and oil field pollution in
White County. This species is rare in the northern part of its
range but common on the Gulf Coast; indication that restocking
of the sunfish in swamps in manmade impoundments or natural
swamps in White County may be feasible (F).
The sunfish is presently protected in the Illinois Fish
Code as an endangered species. The habitat of this species is
under protection of the Forrest Service and the Nature Con-
servatory; thus, they are out of immediate danger (F).
Bluebreast Darter, Etheostoma camurum (Cope)
The present distribution of this species in Illinois is a
19-km stretch of the Middle Fork of the Vermilion River in
Vermilion County. Previously, it was also found in the Salt
Fork of the Vermilion River in Vermilion County. The reason
for the decline of this species is listed as pollution. The
occurrence of this fish is sporadic throughout its range in the
United States. It is considered rare and endangered in
Illinois (F).
At present, this species is protected by the Illinois Fish
Code as an endangered species. Management recommendations
include acquisition of the stream where the species is located
and improvement of the habitat (F).
Harlequin darter, Etheostoma histrio Jordan and Gilbert
The Harlequin darter attains a length of 6.4 cm. It
reaches sexual maturity at one year and spawns annually. The
number of eggs that it produces is not known (F).
(continued)
A-IV-66
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TABLE A-IV- 21. (continued)
The present distribution is a 16-km stretch of the
Embarras River in Cumberland and Jasper Counties. Its for-
mer range corresponds to its present range. This fish has
always been rare; there is no evidence of a recent decline.
The occurrence of this fish in the United States is sporadic
throughout its range (F).
This fish is considered rare in Illinois. It is pro-
tected by the Illinois Fish Code as an endangered species.
Management recommendations include acquisition of the
stream where the species occurs and improvement of the
habitat (F).
Pugnose Minnow, Notropis emiliae
The pugnose minnow was formerly found in the Wabash River
and its tributaries in and near White County. This species
requires clear water and has been decimated in these locations
primarily due to the disappearance of aquatic vegetation due to
siltation (I).
Bigeye Shiner, Notropis boops Gilbert
The Bigeye Shiner reaches a maximum length of about 8 cm.
The shiner reaches sexual maturity at one year and spawns
annually. The number of eggs produced is not known (F).
At present, this species is considered rare in Illinois
with a few populations in the southwestern and east-central
parts of the state and in Grundy County. Recent records (post-
1950) show the species to be present in the Little Wabash and
the Little Vermilion Rivers. Prior to 1905, the species was
widespread and abundant in the Vermilion River system. It is
considered rare in some parts of its range but is abundant in
the Ozarks. The reasons for the decline of this species are
thought to be siltation, turbidity, and disappearance of
aquatic vegetation (F,I).
At present, no measures have been taken to protect this
species. A proposal has been made to place this species on the
endangered species list of the Illinois Fish Code and to
prohibit taking of this species. Proposed management recom-
mendations include the purchase of streams where the species is
most abundant and improvement of the habitat and watershed (F).
(continued)
A-IV-67
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Reptiles
Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrochelys temmincki
The Alligator Snapper is the largest turtle inhabiting
Illinois waters: The largest snapper may attain a weight of
over 90 kg and possess a carapace measuring more than 60 cm in
length (J).
This species is known to inhabit large permanent rivers
and their tributaries, swamps, streams, sloughs and canals,
preferring the deep, muddy-bottomed sections in which to seek
protection and to lie in wait for prey. There is a remarkable
structure on the tongue that serves as a lure for prey. It is
a cylindrical, pinkish, worm-like growth that can be moved
whenever the snapper wishes. The turtle, resting motionless on
the bottom with its mouth held open, moves this structure
giving it the appearance of a wriggling worm, and thus attract-
ing the fish (its principal food) to the waiting jaws. On land
it is awkward and slow-moving. In Illinois this species can be
considered endangered and only a very few specimens have been
taken. This may be due, in part at least, to its relatively
secretive habits; however, some consider pollution to be wiping
out this species (G,J).
Little is known of the breeding habits of this species in
Illinois. In the southern extremes of the range, the eggs,
averaging about 20 in number (range 15 to 50), are laid during
April, May, or June, and hatching occurs about three and one-
half months later. Little is known of their rate of growth;
length of life in captive specimens has been recorded as 65
years, although it is thought that they may live to consid-
erably older than this (J).
The Alligator Snapper occurs in the Mississippi, lower
Illinois, Ohio, and Wabash Rivers and their associated tri-
butaries and may occur in swamps and streams throughout the
southern fifth of the state (J).
At least one specimen of this species has been taken from
White County (G,L).
(continued)
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Common Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum
This is another small species of turtle, the carapace
of adults averaging about 7-8 cm. in length (J).
This is a rare turtle in Illinois and locality records
are few. Apparently fairly shallow, muddy ditches, ponds
and weedy lakes are the preferred habitats. It is not
completely aquatic, and often wanders about on land a consid-
erable distance from water. Little information is available
on the food habits of this species, although they have been
known to feed on small fish and a variety of insects (J).
Breeding is known to occur in early spring and egg-
laying takes place from the last of March through July. Two
to five eggs may be laid by a single female, although three
is the usual number. The eggs are deposited in holes on the
banks of ponds or in moist soil along the open edges of the
water. This species is not too particular as to the exact
site of the nest or in concealing it after the eggs have
been deposited (J).
Common Map Turtle, Graptemys geographica
This species is a moderately large aquatic turtle
(maximum carapace length of males, 13 cm.; females, 28 cm.).
Large rivers, lakes and marshes that are of a permanent
nature constitute the main habitat types for this species.
Such bodies of water having mud bottoms and vegetation are
especially preferred. In Illinois the Map Turtle is confined
primarily to the large rivers, but even in such habitats it
is not common. The Map Turtle feeds almost exclusively on
aquatic insects, snails, mussels (fresh water clams) and
crayfish. The powerful jaws are provided with broad crushing
surfaces which enable the turtle to utilize such hard-
shelled foods.
Mating takes place in early spring; and the eggs, 10 to
16 being the usual clutch, are laid in May, June or July.
Those eggs laid early in the spring hatch during August and
September, while those deposited in late spring or early
summer may remain in the nest throughout the winter and then
hatch the following spring. The nests are dug in soft,
loose soil or sand, and may be found as far as half a kilometer
from the nearest body of water.
Like many aquatic turtles, the Map Turtle enjoys sunning
itself on logs and other objects in the water. Although it
is an edible species, apparently it is little used by man
for food (J).
A-IV-69
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
False Map Turtle, Graptemys pseudogeographica
Adult males and females of this species show marked dif-
ferences in size (maximum carapace length about 23 cm.)- The
False Map Turtle is an aquatic species and inhabits streams and
rivers with considerable current, and like the Map Turtle is
uncommon in most areas. It is a shy turtle and, although it
spends many hours on a stranded log or protruding deadhead
basking in the hot sun, it remains wary and on the alert,
sliding into the water at the slightest disturbance. The food
habits of this species closely parallel those of the Map Turtle,
except that the False Map Turtle is somewhat more omnivorous,
feeding to a greater extent (as adults) on vegetation (K).
Relatively little information is available concerning egg-
laying, nesting and the incubation period of this turtle.
Apparently egg-laying does not commence before July. The
number of eggs laid by a female varies from 7 to 13, although 9
or 10 constitutes the usual number. Newly hatched young have
been taken in August and September (K).
Hieroglyphic Turtle, Pseudemys floridana hieroglyphica
This is a moderately large turtle, having a maximum cara-
pace length of about 38 cm. (J). Permanent bodies of water
such as large, rather shallow ponds, sloughs and slow-moving
rivers provide the best habitat for this species. Bodies of
water possessing a mud bottom and plenty of aquatic vegetation
are especially preferred. This turtle is extremely rare in
Illinois, and little is known of its life history in the state.
The Hieroglyphic Turtle feeds almost entirely on animal matter,
especially insects, crayfish, tadpoles, small fish and carrion
(J).
Almost no information is available on the breeding and
nesting habits of this turtle. The few available records
indicate that nesting occurs in June, and that the number of
eggs laid will average 10 to 12 (J).
Hieroglyphic Turtle, Pseudemys coneinna
hieroglyphica x floridana hoyf
This hybrid which is also known as the hybrid slider is
very rare in Illinois and is restricted to the large rivers and
adjacent lakes in southern Illinois. The range extends south-
ward from Illinois. The Hieroglyphic Turtle is only known to
leave the water to bask on logs or lay eggs (J).
(continued)
A-IV-70
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' TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Graham's Water Snake, Natrix grahami
This moderately large water snake, which averages about 60
cm. in length, is characterized by a broad yellow stripe along
either side with an irregular narrow black border below (along
the edges of the belly scales).
Graham's Water Snake is uncommon in Illinois. It is
apparently more secretive than most of the other water snakes,
and it is said to be considerably more docile than the majority
of Natrix which usually possess a rather excitable disposition.
Small fish, salamanders, frogs and crayfish are eaten, although
crayfish seem to be the preferred food (J).
This species inhabits backwater sloughs, ponds and
streams, often hiding under driftwood, brush piles along the
water's edge or in crayfish burrows. The young, which average
about 12 in number, are born alive in late August (J).
Red-bellied Snake, Storeria occipitomaculata
This reptile is restricted to moist areas, quite often in
wood sections, and utilizes boards, logs, stones and similar
objects for hiding places. It is rather uncommon in Illinois.
Although the Red-bellied Snake is known to climb, most of its
activity takes place on the ground where it obtains slugs which
are eaten in preference to almost all other foods. The young
are born usually during late July and August and average about
seven in number (J).
Red Milk Snake, Lampropeltis doliata syspila
The Red Milk Snake is a fairly slender snake, having an
average length of 60 cm. The Milk Snake is relatively uncommon
in Illinois and shows little preference as to habitat, occur-
ring in open fields, wooded areas and even in city lots. They
appear to be primarily nocturnal, and their food consists
chiefly of small rodents, although some small snakes and lizards
are occasionally taken (J).
The eggs, which vary in number from 6 to 16, are thought
to be laid primarily during June and July in the ground or
refuse piles. The young, which are about 23 cm. long at hatch-
ing appear in September and are usually redder than the adults
(J).
(continued)
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TABLE A-IV- 21. (continued)
Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum x hippocrepis
The Mud Turtle is extremely rare in Illinois although
habitats in southern Illinois are identical with habitats in
the southern United States where it is common. The population
that is present in Illinois is an intergrade population between
the eastern and western subspecies (J).
Slender Glass Snake, Ophisaurus attenuatus
The Glass "Snake" is perhaps one of the most unusual of
all the lizards in that it is completely without legs and has
an extremely long tail that constitutes almost two-thirds of
the total length of the animal. Adults will average about 60
cm. in length.
The Glass Snake is a rare lizard in Illinois. It was
considered on the verge of extirpation 70 years ago. Appar-
ently it is found most often in open or semi-open country, and
in either dry or moist situations. The slender glass snake is
terrestrial and somewhat fossorial, most often found on dis-
sected hills. Insects, as well as small snails, slugs and
spiders are consumed. The tail of this lizard is easily broken
if the animal is injured or handled carelessly; hence the
common name, Glass Snake (G,J).
Like most other species of lizards, the Glass Snake hiber-
nates during the unfavorable winter months. An average of 12
eggs are laid during June or July, in most cases being brooded
by the female, and hatched approximately two months later (J).
Scarlet Snake, Cemophora coccinea copsi
The only known specimen in Illinois was taken in Union
County in 1942. None has been collected since, although it may
occur on the slopes of Pine Hills, Union County. It is con-
sidered endangered in Illinois and may have already been extir-
pated from Illinois (G).
Western Mud Snake, Farancia abacura reinwardti (Schlegel)
This species is also called the Stinging Snake or the Hoop
Snake. This species is a large (average length about one
meter; record length: 12.54 meters) aquatic snake is one of
the more attractively marked species found in Illinois. In
this species, the male differs from the female in having a
large, bulbar tail, conspicuous suranal zone of reduced scales,
and keels on the suranal scales (L).
(continued)
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
This species inhabits shallow ponds, swamps, marshes, and
sloughs with many partially decayed and water-soaked logs. It
is a rather secretive species that spends much of its time
buried in soft earth or rotted logs. The food consists pri-
marily of amphibians, although some insects and worms are also
eaten. The number of eggs laid by this snake varies from about
20 to as many as 100, although the average clutch would prob-
ably contain 30 to 35 eggs (J).
Mud Snake, Farancia abacura
This large (average length about 0.9 m, largest Illinois
specimen 1.254 m) aquatic heavy-bodied snake is one of the more
attractively marked species found in Illinois (I,J).
The Mud Snake, or Stinging Snake, Hoop Snake or Horn Snake
as it is also sometimes called, is a rather secretive species
that spends much of the time buried in soft earth or rotted
logs. It occurs around muddy lakes and sloughs, swamps and
marshes and is an uncommon to rare snake in Illinois. Its
food consists primarily of amphibians, although some insects
and worms are also eaten. The number of eggs laid by this
snake varies from about 20 to as many as 100, although the
average clutch would probably contain 30 to 35 eggs (I,J).
Amphibians
Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis
The hellbender is a large aquatic salamander found in
fast-running waters of rivers and large creeks. It is en-
dangered in Illinois and is found in the southeastern portion
of the State in the Ohio and Wabash Rivers including White
County (G).
Eastern Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica sylvatica
This frog is extremely sporadic in occurrence, restricted
to relatively mesic forests with permanent or semipermanent
pools. It may be aquatic during the spring and fall, but
during the summer it stays away from the water (G).
(continued)
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TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica
In comparison to other frogs included in the family
Ranidae, the Wood Frog is somewhat smaller and seldom reaches a
length of over 5 cm. The Wood Frog is restricted to wooded
sections and does not inhabit open areas. It is a relatively
uncommon frog in Illinois (K). Breeding occurs in woodland
pools rather early, usually during March and April. The eggs,
varying in number from 2000 to 3000, are laid in masses and are
normally attached to submerged vegetation of some type. The
eggs hatch within one to three weeks, depending upon the tem-
perature of the water. The development and eventual trans-
formation of the tadpole requires six weeks to about three
months. It is believed that, unlike most other members of the
Ranidae, the Wood Frogs hibernate on land under logs, stones
and other objects (K).
Birds
Black-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
This species was a common summer resident, nesting colon-
ially in trees or swampy areas among reeds. Now the Black-
crowned night heron occurs statewide, but with spotty distribu-
tion. The population size is decreasing each year due to
changes in its environment (G).
Hooded Merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus
Formerly the hooded merganser was a common summer resident
on ponds and streams, nesting in hollow trees near water. It
was also a common winter resident on Lake Michigan. Now it is
rare as a nesting species in Illinois. Preferred habitats are
swamps and flooded river areas. It is suspected to nest along
the Ohio, Sangamon, Illinois, Mississippi, Wabash. and Rock
Rivers (G).
Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperi
This species was formerly common as a summer resident in
Illinois. It is now endangered in Illinois. Cooper's hawk is
most often found in the Shawnee Forest, but it is statewide in
occurrence. Nesting occurs in the wooded hill country (G).
(continued)
A-IV-74
-------
TABLE A-IV- 21. (continued)
Red-shouldered Hawk, Buteo lineatus
This hawk was formerly a common summer resident. It is
now endangered in northern and central Illinois. In Illinois
it occurs in bottomland forest and is found as a breeding
species in the Shawnee Forest and southward (G).
Upland Sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda
Around 1900 the status of this species was given as moder-
ately common, becoming less so every year. It is now endan-
gered in Illinois. Its distribution is statewide, occurring in
relatively short-grass prairies, sunny, dry uplands, and summer
pastures (G).
Barn Owl, Tyto alba
The barn owl was formerly an uncommon permanent resident
throughout the State, of casual occurrence in northern Illinois
and breeding regularly in the southern part of the State. The
population crashed in the early 1960's for unknown reasons.
Now there are only scattered records mostly from southeast and
northeast, and occasionally from northwest Illinois (G).
Saw-whet Owl, Aegolius acadicus
This species was formerly common in Illinois. There are
no recent breeding records (G).
Bewick's Wren, Thryomanes bewickii
Formerly a common breeder in southern Illinois, Bewick's
wren is now known to occur in Sand Ridge State Forest (Mason
County) and southern Illinois as a rare resident (G).
Swainson's Warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii
This warbler is a rare summer resident in southern Illinois
It is found in the southernmost eleven counties where there is
canebrake, deciduous vegetation, or swampy areas next to creeks
and rivers. One pair is known from as far north as southern
Monroe County or western Randolph County along the Mississippi
River (G).
(continued)
A-IV-75
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Pine Warbler, Dendroica
Nesting populations of this species occur in pine trees in
southern Illinois. There are no known northern nesting popu-
lations (G) .
Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
The range of this species in Illinois has been steadily
receding to the north, leaving only relict populations in a few
places. The decline in cliff swallows is probably due to
competition by house sparrows for nesting sites (M) -
Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius ludovicianus
Formerly a common summer resident in central Illinois and
less common in the northern part of the State, the loggerhead
shrike is now very scarce north of Springfield. It is more
common in southern Illinois and can be found along highways.
The disappearance of this species may be due to destruction of
hedge rows and the disappearance of hay fields (G).
Loggerhead strikes are carnivorous. They eat diplopoda,
insects, spiders and small vertebrates. An average of 93
(range 88-97) percent of their diet is insects (N). Since the
shrikes are carnivorous, the possibility that their decline is
due to the bioaccumulation of a toxic substance in their diet
must be considered.
Southern Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus 1^ leucocephalus (0)
Arctic Peregrine Falcon,
Falco peregrinus tundrius (0)
Manirnals
Gray Bat, Myotis grisescens
This bat is only known from Pike and Hardin Counties, but
the presumed range is the entire southern half of Illinois.
During the summer the gray bats congregate in limestone cav-
erns. In the winter only a few remain to hibernate in Illinois
caverns (G).
(continued)
A-IV-76
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Indiana Bat, Myotis sodalis
This bat is endangered in Illinois and throughout its
range. The population size has decreased substantially in
Illinois over the past few years. Its range includes the
entire State; specimens have been taken from Hardin, LaSalle,
Jo Daviess and Union Counties. Some of these bats may live in
small colonies in caves during the summer. In the winter they
hibernate in large compact clusters (G).
Southeastern Big-eared Bat, Corynorhinus rafinesquii
This bat possesses distinctive large ears. It is rare in
the State of Illinois, the range extends southward from
Illinois. Known only from Wabash, Union and Alexander Counties,
the big-eared bat lives in caves during the winter and summer
(G).
River Otter, Lutra canadensis
The river otter is sporadic in occurrence throughout most
of Illinois. At one time it was fairly common along large
Illinois streams. Streams and lakes provide suitable habitats
for the river otter. The den is never far from water (G).
Bobcat, Lynx rufus
The bobcat is now endangered in Illinois, found only in
certain regions of the southern and northwestern parts of the
state. Wooded bottomlands and timbered bluffs along the major
rivers bordering the state, and slopes interspersed with open
areas are the preferred habitats (G).
References
**Reference A: Sheviak, C.J. Semifinal List of Endangered
and Threatened Plants. January 18, 1978 Memo to
Endangered Plants Workshop Participants from the
Natural Land Institute, 819 North Main Street, Rockford,
Illinois 61103, 1978.
Reference B: Paulson, G.A. and T. Schwegman. Endangered,
Vulnerable, Rare and Extirpated Vascular Plants in
Illinois. Interim List of Species. October 1976.
Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, 819 N. Main
Street, Rockford, Illinois 61103, 1976.
(continued)
A-IV-77
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Reference C: Johnson, T. Personal Communication, Southern
Stream Project Biologist, State of Illinois, Department
of Conservation, 1327 South Lincoln, Centralia, Illinois
62801, 1978.
Reference D: Krumholz, L.A., R.L. Bingham, and E.R. Meyer.
A Survey of the Commercially Valuable Mussels of the
Wabash and White Rivers of Indiana. Proceedings of the
Indiana Academy of Science for 1969, 79:205-226, 1970.
Reference E: Parmalee, P.W. The Fresh-Water Mussels of
Illinois, Popular Science Series, Vol. VIII, Printed by
Authority of the State of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois,
1967.
Reference F: State of Illinois. Rare and Endangered Fish of
Illinois. Department of Conservation, Division of
Fisheries, Springfield, Illinois 62706, 1973.
Reference G: Ackerman, K. Rare and Endangered Vetebrates
of Illinois. Illinois Department of Transportation,
2300 South Dirksen Parkway, Springfield, Illinois,
1975 (with 1977 Modification).
Reference H: Smith, P.W. A Preliminary Annotated List of the
Lampreys and Fishes of Illinois. Illinois Natural
History Survey, Biological Notes No. 54, Urbana, Illinois,
State of Illinois, Department of Registration and Educa-
tion, Natural History Survey Division, 1965.
Reference I: Smith, P.W. Illinois Streams: A Classification
Based on Their Fishes and an Analysis of Factors Re-
sponsible for Disappearance of Native Species. Biologi-
cal Notes No. 76, Illinois Natural History Survey,
Urbana, Illinois. State of Illinois, Department of
Registration and Education, Natural History Survey
Division, 1971.
Reference J: Parmalee, P.W. Reptiles of Illinois, Popular
Science Series, Volume V, Printed by Authority of the
State of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, 1955.
Reference K: Parmalee, P.W. Amphibians of Illinois. Story
of Illinois Series, No. 10. Printed by Authority of
the State of Illinois, Illinois State Museum, Springfield,
Illinois, 1954.
(continued)
A-IV-78
-------
TABLE A-IV-21. (continued)
Reference L: Smith, P.W. The Amphibians and Reptiles of
Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
28(1). State of Illinois, Department of Registration
and Education, Natural History Survey Division, Urbana,
Illinois, 1961 (Reprinted 1971).
Reference M: Graber, R.R., J.W. Graber and E.L. Kirk.
Illinois Birds: Hirundinidae. Biological Notes No. 80.
Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois, 1972
Reference N: Graber, R.R., J.W. Graber, and E.L. Kirk.
Illinois Birds: Laiidae. Biological Notes No. 83,
Illinois History Survey, Urbana, Illinois, 1973.
Reference 0: Beck, R.W. and Associates. Environmental
Analysis Merom Generating Station for Hoosier Energy
Division of Indiana Statewide R.E.C., Inc. 1976.
A-IV-79
-------
APPENDIX V
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS INFORMATION,
WHITE COUNTY, ILLINOIS
A-V-1
-------
A-V ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS INFORMATION. WHITE COUNTY,
ILLINOIS
A-V-1 Site Factors Affecting Environmental Distribution
and/or Acting to Dissipate/Exacerbate
Ecotoxicological Effects of Pollutant
A-V-1.1 Abiotic Site-Specific Factors
A-V.1.1.1 Atmospheric Factors (1.2,3)
Table A-V-1 is the 1976 annual summary of climatologi-
cal data for Evansville, Indiana. Evansville is the closest
first-order weather station to White County and the data
contained in this table on winds and precipitation are the
best available which are applicable to White County, Illinois.
The accuracy of any prediction as to the possible
atmospheric pollution in the region of White County can be
improved by use of the computerized "Climatological Analysis
of Pasquill Stability Categories Based on 'STAR' Summaries."
These computer analyses are prepared by the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Center,
Federal Building, Asheville, NC 28801. The computer pro-
gram, called "STAR" (STability ARray), utilizes the metero-
logical variables, wind and cloudiness. The STAR program
has been widely applied throughout the United States in
making diffusion calculations.
The STAR program has been found to give a good first
approximation of the stability (instability) of the atmos-
phere where no low-level temperature and wind profile data
exist. Stability near the ground is dependent primarily
upon net radiation and wind speed. Wind direction is not a
factor in the objective determination of stability categories
A-V-2
-------
TABLE A-V-1.
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA ANNUAL SUMMARY FOR EVANSVILLE,
INDIANA IN 1976 (1)
Meteorological Data For The Curre
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-------
TABLE A-V-1. (continued)
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1900
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A-V-4
-------
Without the influence of clouds, insolation (incoming radia-
tion) during the day is dependent upon the solar elevation,
which is a function of time of day, time of year and station
location. When clouds exist, their cover and thickness
decrease incoming and outgoing radiation. In this system,
insolation is estimated by solar elevation and modified for
existing conditions of total cloud cover and cloud ceiling
height. At night, estimates of outgoing radiation are again
based on total cloud cover and ceiling height.
The STAR classification of stability is broken down
into categories A through F, which are described along with
typical plume behavior in Table A-V-2. Figure A-V-1 graphi-
cally illustrates plumes under these various stability
categories.
Atmospheric stability conditions for the Evansville,
Indiana area were tabulated by the National Climatic Center.
Since Evansville is the closest reporting station to White
County for which stability data are available, this station
must be used to determine the air stability of White County.
The stability conditions at Dress Regional Airport in Evans-
ville, on both an annual and seasonal basis, are as shown
in Table A-V-3.
Stability Classes E and F were combined into a single
Class E in the above table of Evansville stability because
urban areas do not become as stable in the lower layers as
nonurban areas such as White County.
The joint probability distribution of stability and
various wind speed ranges (11.0 meters per second is 24.6
miles per hour) for Evansville on an annual basis, are as
shown in Table A-V-4.
A-V-5
-------
TABLE A-V-2. STABILITY CATEGORIES
Stability Class
Description
Plume Behavior
A - Extremely Unstable
B - Moderately Unstable
>
<
C - Slightly Unstable
D - Neutral
E - Slightly Stable
This classification is associated
with conditions of low surface
wind speeds and strong solar radi-
ation.
This stability class is most com-
mon when the wind speeds are
slightly higher (6 to 10 km per
hour) and the solar radiation is
still strong.
This category is typified by wind
speeds from 11 to 16 km per hour
with moderate to strong radiation
or lower wind speeds coupled with
slight radiation.
Conditions which produce this type
of stability are fairly high wind
speeds during a period of slight
solar radiation or at night.
This classification is associated
with wind speeds from 6 to 10 km
per hour at night.
There are rapid changes in wind direc-
tion with time. Surface heating has
eliminated all temperature inversions
near the ground. Wind speeds are gen-
erally less than 18 km per hour. Rap-
idly rising parcels of warm air from
near the earth's surface are replaced
by equal amounts of air moving down-
ward nearby. A plume is carried with
this "looping" motion. It is typical
that cumulus clouds will be seen above
terrain. Highly transitory maxima in
ground-level concentration relatively
near the source occur with this cate-
gory.
This category includes most cases with
winds stronger than 19 km per hour.
Duration is 2 hours or more. The ver-
tical temperature profile is near the
adiabatic lapse rate. A plume is dis-
persed rapidly with a "coning" motion.
Coolest air is located at the earth's
surface and stack plumes more horizon-
tally at effective stack height. Al-
most no pollution can be measured at
the ground.
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-V-2. (continued)
Stability Class _ Description _ Plume Behavior _
F - Moderately Stable This level of stability is found
at night when wind speed is even
lower than in Class E.
Transition Conditions which change in a rela- A portion of the plume will experience
tively short period of time from limited mixing prior to complete
stable to neutral or unstable. linkage of surface airflow to synoptic
airflow, which is controlled by pres-
sure pattern winds.
-------
WIND
Top of Temperature Inversion Lid
Equi*il«nt Buoyancy Level ' Long Meandering Flat Dlume
y*~
i AJmoit No Mining o' Plume to Ground
ColdiitAir /Near Ground
STABLE
WIND
WIND
Mixing Depth Increases
TRANSITION
Density Oecrenet
Increased Tempt.
NEUTRAL
UNSTABLE
Figure A-V-1. Schematic diagrams of typical stack plume
patterns under four identifiable stability categories (3)
A-V-8
-------
TABLE A-V-3. RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE,
FIVE STABILITY CLASSES BY SEASON (%)
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Annual
Dec.
Mar.
Months
, Jan. ,
, Apr . ,
June, July,
Sept
All
. , Oct.
months
Feb.
May
Aug.
, Nov.
A
0.0
0.7
2.8
0.0
0.9
B
1
5
15
5
7
.4
.9
.4
.1
.0
Class
C
6.7
10.1
16.2
9.5
10.6
D
64
53
29
46
48
.4
.5
.5
.9
.5
E
27.
29.
36.
38.
33.
5
8
1
5
0
TABLE A-V-4. RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE,
FIVE STABILITY CLASSES BY WIND SPEED (%)
Stability
class
A
B
C
D
E
0.0-1.5
0.34
1.90
1.56
2.58
14.89
21.27
Wind
2.0-3.0
0.56
3.22
2.33
9.25
13.29
28.65
speed (meters per second)
3.5-5.0 5.5-8.0
1.84
5.73 0.99
18.26 16.21
U 81
30.66 17.20
8.5-11.0 11.0
0.04
2.03 0.13
2.07 0.13
Figures A-V-2, A-V-3, and A-V-4 are generalized plots
generated by the STAR program showing the pollutant disper-
sion expected for various atmospheric stability conditions
for a 213 meter stack in White County, Illinois. These
dispersion characteristics can be used to calculate the
specific atmospheric concentrations at specific downwind
distances of the numerous specific air pollutants mentioned
A-V-9
-------
KEY
1
2
3
WIND VELOCITY
TOP OF STACK
2 m/sec
3 m/sec
5 m/sec
<
I
10
20
30
40 50 60
KM DOWNWIND
70
80
90
100
Figure A-V-2. Generalized plot of stack emitted pollutant concentration near ground
at various wind speeds for STAR stability class E for a 213 meter stack (3)
-------
5—
KEY
1
2
3
4
5
6
WIND VELOCITY
TOP OF STACK
2 m/sec
3 m/sec
5 m/sec
7 m/sec
10 m/sec
15 m/sec
10
20
30
40 50
KM DOWNWIND
60
70
80
90
Figure A-V-3. Generalized plot of stack emitted pollutant concentration
near ground at various wind speeds for STAR stability class D
for a 213 meter stack (3)
100
-------
CLASS
A
B
C
WIND VELOCITY
TOP OF STACK
2 m /sec
4 in/sec
4 m/sec
KM DOWNWIND
Figure A-V-4. General plot of stack emitted pollutant concentration
near ground under all STAR stabilities at near critical
wind speeds for a 213 meter stack (3)
-------
in Chapter 3 of this report. A wind speed of 15.0 meters/
sec is approximately equal to 33.6 mph.
Downwash of the plume into the low-pressure region in
the wake of a stack can occur if the exit velocity is too
low. If the stack is too low, the plume can be caught in
the wake of associated buildings. A similar effect can also
occur in the wake of a terrain feature. Two rules of thumb
are generally accepted as proper methods for eliminating
downwash. One, if the exit velocity from the stack is
greater than 1.5 times the average wind speed at the top of
the stack, downwash is slight. Two, if a stack is built at
least 2.5 times the height of surrounding buildings and
designed with sufficient exit velocity to avoid downwash,
the plume is normally carried above the region of downflow
in the wake of the building.
A-V.1.1.2 Groundwater Hydrologic Factors
A-V.1.1.2.1 Aquifer Recharge and Discharge (4)
Water infiltrates the ground under the influence of
gravity, moving first through an unsaturated zone known as
the "zone of aeration." Passing downward, the water arrives
at the zone of saturation referred to as groundwater.
Figure A-V-5 illustrates the relationships within the hydro-
logic system.
The type of aquifer underlying the site area is important
in terms of evaluating the degree to which contamination is
likely to occur. The two major types of aquifers are: un-
confined or water-table aquifers, and confined or artesian
aquifers. Less permeable zones are called aquitards or
confining layers (see Figure A-V-5). When an aquifer is
unconfined, the water is under atmospheric pressure. The
A-V-13
-------
>
<
I
EVAPORATION
^/* ',/f/ ////T7
s ////// x///7//
/ ' / p/fe^iaiTtTi**
Hi .'•--
/
V
EVAPO TRANSPIRATION
\ \
WATER-TABLE AQUIFER
CONFINING LAYER
ARTESIAN AQUIFER
Figure A-V-5. Illustration of relationships within the hydrologic system (4)
-------
upper surface of the aquifer is known as the water table and
is free to rise and fall with changes in volume of stored
water. Confined or artesian aquifers are bounded below by
geologic formations of relatively low permeability, and
separated from the zone of aeration above or from shallow
aquifers by geologic formations of low permeability.
The mechanism of recharge differs between the water
table aquifer and the artesian aquifer. The principal
source of natural recharge to a water table aquifer is pre-
cipitation. Perennial through-flowing streams can also be
areas of recharge to or discharge from water table aquifers.
An artesian aquifer, however, does not receive recharge
everywhere uniformly, but is recharged in one or more gen-
eral areas.
Groundwater is constantly moving from a point of re-
charge toward a point of discharge. If a particular region
is a recharge area, the recharging water exerts a stress on
the aquifer in the form of increased hydrostatic head. This
head seeks release in areas of low head, which are desig-
nated discharge areas. Thus, movement of groundwater is
from regions of high hydrostatic head toward those of low
hydrostatic head. Head differences can be induced artifi-
cially by pumping wells. As water is withdrawn from a well,
a hydraulic gradient is produced, which causes water to move
toward the well. A cone-shaped depression in the water
table or potentiometric surface is produced (Figure A-V-6).
A-V.I.1.2.2 Hydrogeologic Conditions Affecting
Groundwater Contamination (4)
The rate at which water percolates through the ground
is highly dependent on soil and bedrock properties as well
as other conditions. Unlike the rapid dissipative rates
A-V-15
-------
WELL CASING
<
LAND SURFACE
t-»-RADIUS OF INFLUENCE
PONE OF
DRAWDOWN
CURVE-
PUMPING LEVEL
WELL SCREEN
Figure A-V-6. Cone of depression created by pumping
in a water-table aquifer (4)
A-V-16
-------
characteristic of surface waters, groundwater contamination
tends to move very slowly through the soils and aquifers,
maintaining a bulb-like mass.
Two related parameters are commonly used in dispersion
studies. The first, dispersivity, may be described as the
inherent capability of the aquifer to cause disperson.
Dispersivity multiplied by groundwater flow velocity gives
the dispersion coefficient, which is the dynamic equivalent
under actual aquifer conditions. Both are given for longi-
tudinal (in the direction of groundwater flow) and trans-
verse directions.
The rate of groundwater movement within an aquifer is
obviously of great importance. It is governed by the
hydraulic gradient and aquifer permeability, the latter of
which varies far more widely than any other physical prop-
erty encountered in contamination studies. The U.S. Geolo-
gical Survey has determined permeabilities for a gravel
through which, under a gradient of 2 m/km, water would move
at the rate of 18 m/day, and for a clay through which, under
the same gradient, the rate of movement would be 0.3 m in
about 30,000 years. Flow rates in most aquifers, however,
range from a few meters per day to a few meters per year.
Although groundwater travels through an aquifer slowly,
it is in constant motion and must eventually discharge to
the surface because all aquifer systems are being recharged
to some degree. In humid areas, discharge of contaminants
is relatively quick for shallow water-table aquifers and
slow for deep artesian aquifers. In arid regions, recharge
and discharge are so slow that some aquifers can actually be
considered sinks similar to the ocean. Points of discharge
include wells and springs used for water supply, and sur-
face-water bodies such as rivers and lakes.
A-V-17
-------
The configuration of contaminant entry into, and move-
ment within the underground is unique for each individual
source of contamination. However, typical flow patterns of
groundwater contaminants for a variety of common situations
can be described.
Where the local hydrogeology is known, paths of prob-
able contaminant movement can be defined. Site evaluations,
including tests to determine the permeability and hydraulic
gradient of the area, would be utilized to ascertain the
movement. The permeability of the soils affects the rate at
which leachate will percolate into the groundwater. As
described in Chapter 2, the coefficient of permeability of
the site soils can be used to calculate the containment time
or seepage rate for landfilled wastes at a particular site.
In order to make such determinations, however, field samples
and studies would be required for the specific site. Rates
of contaminant movement are based on groundwater flow rates ,
chemical interactions with aquifer materials, and changes in
water chemistry. Thus, contaminants travel at velocities
equal to, greater than, or less than that of average ground-
water flow. The adsorptive potential of a soil affects the
movement of a contaminant through the soil column. In
general, the more finely divided the soils, the greater the
adsorptive capacity. To estimate the soil adsorptive poten-
tial at the site, however, knowledge of the specific soils
involved would be required.
The mechanisms of groundwater contamination are illus-
trated by the flow paths of contaminants for a variety of
situations. The flow of groundwater within underground
formations affects the sizes and shapes of typical zones of
contaminated groundwater. An idealized flow pattern, shown
in Figure A-V-7. illustrates that the contaminated water
moves to its discharge area by a definite route, and is not
A-V-18
-------
DISPOSAL AREA-
>
I
GROUND-WATER
DIVIDE
w.' - •' V£&:-;'*"£'^^^
^^^•^^^^^^^^f^^^i^^
LEGEND
- FLOW LINES
- EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES
3 CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER
NOTE: DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
CONSIDERABLE VERTICAL
EXAGGERATION
Figure A-V-7. Flow in a water-table aquifer (humid region) (4)
-------
(as is often imagined) subject to dilution by the entire
body of groundwater lying between the disposal area and the
area of discharge.
A-V.1.2 Ranking
The ranking of many of the elements with respect to
their absolute toxicity can be found in Tables A-V-5 and
A-V-6. Table A-V-5 is a ranking system which simply counts
the number of plus signs in Tables 5-11 and 5-12. This num-
ber is then called the Hittman Ranking System Number. The
MEG Hazard Potentials (Table A-V-6) derived by use of the
MEG methodology are obtained by a system which performs
mathematical manipulations on the MEGs. The former system
is partially inadequate since, for example, the syndrome
"carcinogenesis" is ranked equally with "nausea" while the
latter system is partially inadequate since it neglects all
chronic toxic effects (except carcinogenesis) such as
(chronic) brain and nervous system pathology, behavioral
modification, reproductive effects, and shortened life span,
et cetera. In spite of the fact that these two types of
inadequacies seem contradictory, the ranking of the ab-
solute toxicities of elements using these two systems are
remarkably consistent (see Table A-V-6).
A "composite ranking number" was calculated according
to the following formula:
_ , . ., , Hittman Ranking x 30 , ,_., „ , _ . ,
Composite Ranking Number = 77 + MEG Hazard Potential
2
This formula normalizes Hittman Ranking Numbers (maximum 46)
to MEG Hazard Potentials (maximum 30). These numbers, found
in Table A-V-6, have been calculated for all elements on
which information is available. Since the inherent
A-V-20
-------
TABLE A-V-5. HITTMAN RANKING SYSTEM FOR POTENTIAL
TOXICITY FOR VARIOUS ELEMENTSa
Number of "Plus'1
(+) Signs, Both
Element Tables
Cadmium
Mercury
Lead
Arsenic
Selenium
Thallium
Nickel
Beryllium
Copper
Zinc
Antimony
Chromium
Fluorine, Manganese
Sulfur (Hydrogen Sulfide)
Nitrogen (Nitrate/Nitrite)
Iron
Cobalt
Vanadium
46
31
31
29
29
28
26
25
23
20
19
15
7
6
6
6
5
2
Number of "Plus"
(+) Signs, Human
Pathology Table
16
13
9
14
8
12
8
12
3
1
6
5
5
6
3
1
0
2
Number of "Plus"
(+) Signs, Animal
Pathology Table
30
18
22
15
21
16
18
13
20
19
13
10
2
0
3
5
5
0
This ranking is somewhat arbitrary. As an example, the syndrome "carcinogenosis"
is given equal weight with "nausea". Inclusion in this list indicates that an
element is of environmental concern regardless of its relative rank. Exclusion
of a substance does not imply that it is safe for the environment in all forms.
A-V-21
-------
TABLE A-V-6 COMPARISON OF .THE ABSOLUTE TOXICITY POTENTIAL OF
1 TRACE 'ELEMENTS AS ESTIMATED BY THE HITTMAN SYSTEM
AND THE MEG SYSTEM AND ^ESTIMATION OF THE RELATIVE J.TOXICITY
OETHESE MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS NO. 6 COAL
Element
*Cadmium
*Mercury
*Lead
*Arsenic
*Selenium
*Thallium
*Nickel
*Beryllium
*Copper
*Zinc
* Antimony
*Chromium
Manganese
Fluorine
Sulfur (Hydrogen sulfide)
Nitrogen (Nitrate/Nitrite)
Iron
Cobalt
Vanadium
Bismuth
Uranium
Lithium
Barium
Tellurium
Germanium
Gallium
*Silver
Potassium
Magnesium
Strontium
Boron
Aluminum
Titanium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Nitrogen (Ammonia)
Scandium
*
On EPA' s list of 65 toxic
Hittman
Ranking
System
46
31
31
29
29
28
26
25
23
20
19
15
7
7
6
6
6
5
2
Not ranked
Not ranked
Not ranked
Not ranked
b
Not ranked
b
Not ranked
Not ranked
Not ranked
Not ranked0
Not ranked
Not ranked
c
Not ranked
Not ranked0
Not ranked
Not ranked
Not ranked
Not ranked
Not ranked0
substances.
Antimony trioxide. Elemental antimony
b
Too little information was
MEG
Hazard
Potential
30
30
22
25
26
20
26
30
20
12d
26a
30
15
Not ranked
12d
Not ranked
Not ranked
24
16
20
20
16
16
16
16
15
14
12d '
12d
12d
H
12
12d
12d
12d
12d
8d
8d
ranked at
Hittman
Ranking
X Avg.
Cone.
111. #6
Coal
180.
5.6
840.
170.
64.
19.
570.
38.
300.
8,400.
19.
300.
370.
440.
2.1xl05
7.7x10*'
l.lxlO5
33.e
66.
•
—
20.
Hittman
Ranking
X Max.
Cone.
111. #6
Coal
3,000.
16.
6,500.
930.
220.
36.
1,100.
98.
600.
l.lxlO5
93.
900.
1,300.
840.
3.9xl05
l.lxlO5
2.1xl05
75. e
110.
MEG
Hazard
Potential
X Avg.
Cone .
111. #6
Coal
120.
5.4
600.
150.
57.
13.
570-.
45.
260.
5,000.
25.
600.
800.
4.2xl05
79. e
530.
3.2. e
1,800.
90.
"•
0.42
2.0xl04
6,100.
. 430.
1,600.
1.6xl05
8,400.
110.
8.4
l.OxlO5
21.
MEG
Hazard
Potential
X Max.
Cone.
111. #6
Coal
2,000.
16.
4,600.
800..
200.
26.
1,100.
120.
520.
6.4xl04
130.
1,800.
2,700.
7.7xl05
180. e
880.
90. e
1.2xl04
420.
68.
0.84
2.9xl04
1.3xl04
1,600.
2,800.
3.6xl05
l.SxlO4
350.
25.
1.4xl05
33.
Composite
Ranking
X Avg.
Cone.
111. 06
Coal
120.
4.5
570.
130.
49.
13.
470.
35.
230.
5,300.
19.
400.
520.
2.8xl05
50.e
. 290.
^ —
Composite
Ranking
X Max.
Cone.
111. 116
Coal
2,000.
13.
4,400.
700.
170.
25.
900.
90.
460.
6.6xl04
94.
1,200.
1,800.
S.lxlO5
114. e
480.
-
•
_•
•
available to rank these elements.
Not considered a sufficient environmental risk.
d
.
Hazard potentials less than 13 are not considered to be associated with
Based on chemical rather than radiological effects.
,s material.
A-V-22
-------
deficiencies of the two ranking systems seem to partially
cancel each other, the composite ranking number may be the
best indicator of possible environmental toxicity in absolute
terms.
However, many of the elements which have been ranked
high using either ranking system are present in minute
amounts in Illinois No. 6 coal. For example, cadmium is
ranked highest in absolute toxic potential, using both the
Hittman System (Table A-V-5) and the MEG Hazard Potential
(Table A-V-6). However, the average concentration of cad-
mium in Illinois No. 6 coal is less than 4 ppm, while the
range is from less than 0.5 to 65 ppm (Chapter 3). As
another example, mercury is ranked second highest in absolute
toxic potential using both the Hittman System and the MEG
Hazard Potential; however, the average concentration of mer-
cury in Illinois No. 6 is 0.18 ppm with a range of 0.04 to
0.52 ppm. On the other hand, aluminum is relatively in-
nocuous (unranked by the Hittman System, a Hazard Potential
of 12 by the MEGs system); yet, aluminum is relatively abun-
dant in Illinois No. 6 coal (average: 13,500 ppm; range
10,000 to 30,400 ppm). Since aluminum is known to damage
living systems when present at higher concentrations, the
environmental impact of aluminum may be greater than the
environmental impact of cadmium or mercury. There are
approximately 3,500 times more aluminum than cadmium, and
approximately 75,000 times more aluminum than mercury in
Illinois No. 6 coal. The lowest the aluminum/cadmium ratio
can be is the minimum concentration of aluminum found over
the maximum concentration of cadmium found, or approximately
150. The lowest the aluminum/mercury ratio can be is 20,000.
In order to provide a more realistic ranking of the
relative environmental hazard potential of using Illinois
No. 6 coal, the values provided as indices of absolute
A-V-23
-------
toxicity were multiplied by the concentration of the indi-
vidual pollutant in Illinois No. 6 coal. The results of
these calculations are given in Table A-V-6. Since the
deficiencies of the Hittman System and the MEG System tend
to cancel each other, the calculation using the Composite
Ranking Number may be the most significant indicator of
possible environmental hazard. The elements and compounds
have been ranked according to the Relative Hazard Potential
using the Composite Ranking Number when both the MEG Hazard
Potential and the Hittman Ranking Number were available
(thus, making calculation of the Composite Ranking Number
possible). When either the Hittman Ranking Number or the
MEG Hazard Potential was unavailable, the Relative Hazard
Potential was calculated using the available ranking number.
A-V.1.3 Characteristics of Chemical Pollutants
Tables A-V-7, A-V-8, and A-V-9 show the solubility
product constants (pK 's) for elements, inorganic com-
pounds, and complexes associated with SRC technology. In
general, information of this type can be used to predict if
an element in an effluent stream will be in a soluble form
or in an insoluble form. The presence of an element in a
soluble form implies that the element will travel at the
same rate as that of the receiving water, and thus will be
more subjected to exposure, absorption, and assimilation by
aquatic biota. Elements in insoluble forms are more likely
to be absorbed with sediments. However, "soluble" is a
relative term and significant concentrations of solvated
ions can occur for the more toxic elements, even if they
occur as insoluble forms.
Unfortunately, the solubility characteristics of the
elements can be changed from the behavior predicted in
Tables A-V-7, A-V-8, and A-V-9 by environmental interactions.
A-V-24
-------
TABLE A-V-7. SOLUBILITY OF "INSOLUBLE"
INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (5,6,7,8,9,10)
Compound
Aluninun borate
Aluninun boride
Aluninun fluosilicate
Aluninun metaphosphate
Aluninun hypophosphite
Aluninun silicate
Amnoniun calciun arsenate
Anmoniun calciun phosphate
Anmoniun magnesiun arsenate
Amnoniun magnesiun phosphate
Anmoniun manganese phosphate
Antimony hydride
Antimony iodosulfide
Antimony (III) oxychloride
Arsenic hemiselenide
Arsenic selenide
Arsenic pentaselenide
Arsenic triselenide
Earn"' hexaboride
Bariun biphosphate
Bariun bromate
Bariun chromate
Bariun fluogallate
Bariun fluorosilicate
Bariun molybdate
Bariun pyrophosphate
Bariun selenate
Bariun metasilicate
Bariun sulfite
Bariun thiosulfate
Berylliun carbonate, basic
Bismuth aluminate
Bianuth carbonate, basic
Bianuth dichromate, dibasic
Bismuth gallate, basic
Bianuth iodide, oxide
Bianuth nitrate, basic
Bismuth oxybronri.de
Formula
A1203-B203.
A1B12
2AlFD-Si02
A1(P03)3
Al203-Si02 or 3Al203-2Si02
NH4CaAs04.6H20 (*W + + CaAsO^)
NH4CaP04-7H20
NH4MgAs04-6H20 (=W/(+ + >fe+ + As04")
t«4^P04-6H20 (-W4+ + *%+ + P04~)
NH4hhP04-H20 <1H4+ + ft»+ + P04")
8*3
SbSI
SbOd or Sb40,Cl2
As^e
As2Se3
^5
BaB4
BaHP04
BaCrO,
Ba3(GaF6)2-H20
BaSiFg (^a+^ + SiFg=)
BaMoO, («*a"H" + MoO.=)
4 U
BaSe04
BaSi03
BaS03
BaS203
Bi003 + BaOH
BijCAl^j
8120,00,
(BiO)2Cr207
Bi(OH2)C7HcOc (approximately)
BiOl
BiOO^O
BiOBr
pKsp
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
6.4
ins.
8.6-9.2
9.1-9.3
11.3-7.7
4.5
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
6 to 29
2.0-5.8
9.5 to 9.9
ins.
5.0-6.5
7.4
10.4
4.6-6.8
4.6
6.1-8.1
4.2
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
(continued)
A-V-25
-------
TABLE A-V-7. (continued)
Conpound | Formula
Bismuth oxychloride
Bismuth oxyfluoride
Bismuth oxyiodide
Bismuth selenide
Bismuth silicate
Bismuthic acid
Brcmoform
Boron carbide
Boron nitride
Boron phosphide
Cadmiun arsenide
Cadmium chromLte
Cadmiun selenide
Cadmiun telluride
Cadmiun tungstate
Tricalciun aluninate
Calciun biphosphate
Calciun boride
Calciun chromate
hbnocalcion ferrite
Calciun magnesiun carbonate
Calciun magnesiun metasilicate
Calciun molybdate
Calciun hypophosphate
Calciun metaphosphate
Calciun molybdate
Calciun pypophosphate
Calciun orthoplunbate
Calciun metasilicate
Calciun silicide
Calciun tungstate
OaiHun silicate
Calciun sulfite
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrabronri.de
Dicarfaon tetrabronri.de
Carbon tetraiodide
Carbon diselenide
Carbon selenide, sulfide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monosulfide
BiOCl ins.
BiOF ins.
BiOI ins.
Bi2Se3
2Bi203-3Si02
HBi03 j
CHBr, (no dissociation)
B4C
BN
HP
Cd3As2
CdSe
CdTe
cd»4
Ca3Al204
CaHP04
So
CaO-Fe,0
- -H- -H- =
CaO 'NfeO' 2Si02
Catt>04
CaP~0,-2R,0
Ca(P03)2
CaMo04
Ca2Pb04
CaSi03
CaSi
CaW04
CajSiO^ and Ca.jSi05
CaS03
CC1, (no dissociation)
CBr4 (no dissociation)
C2Br4
€5*2
CSeS
cs2
cs
ins.
ins.
ins.
2.3
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
5.7
ins.
4.7-5.5
ins.
ins.
ins.
11.0
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
6.2
ins.
4.3-10.8
ins.
7.1-8.3
2.5
2.1
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
2.2 g/1
ins.
(continued)
A-V-26
-------
Coopound
TABLE A-V-7. (continued)
Formula
pKsp
Cerium hexaboride
Cerium oxychloride
Cerium silicide
Cesiun aluninum sulfate
Cesiun chloraurate
Cesiun chloroplatinate
Cesiun gallium sulfate
Cesium gallium selenate
Cesiun permanganate
Cesiun mercury brocri.de
Cesiun mercury chloride
Cesiun vanadiun sulfate
Chromiun monarsenide
Chrcmiun nDnobrocri.de
Irichrcniium dicarbide
Chromium carbonyl
Chromium nitride
Chromium pyrophosphate
Chromium monophosphide
Hexaureachrcmiun (III)
fluo silicate
Chloropentanmine chromium
chloride
Cobalt aluminate
Cobalt arsenide
Cobalt tetracarbonyl
Cobalt nitrosylcarbonyl
Cobalt phosphide
Cobalt (II) orthosilicate
Cobalt (II) sulfite
Cobalt (II) tungstate
Hexanminecobalt (III) sulfate
Aquapentannrinecobalt (III)
sulfate
Chloropentanninecobalt (III)
chloride
Trinitrotrianminecobalt
Copper anrine azide
Copper (I) azide
Copper (II) azide
Copper trioxybronlde
CeB6
CeCd
CeSi2
CsAl(S04)2-12H20 (-Cs+ + Al"1"3 + 2S04"2)
CSjPtCl,
CsGfl(Se04)2-2H20
CsBr-2HgBr2
CsCl-HgClj
CrAs
CrB
Cr3C2
Cr(00)6
CrN
Cr4(P207)3
CrP
ff^rffTN H ^ ^ • /C-ll? ^ • ^U f\
\V*t ^VAJM™n. J f / A \&iF fj M JflnV
(Cr^^Cl.C^^.CD-^Cl-)
caiCoAl204
COjAs
(Co(CO)4)2 or Cb2(CO)8
Co(ND)(CO)3
CofiiO^
CaBQ^Sty
(CbOBj) g) 2 (S04) 3 • SHjO^ (Co (ML) 6)%fl04")
(Cb(M3)^20)2(S04)3-2fl20
(CbdB3)5a)o2
Cb(NH3)3(ND2)3(-(CO(NH3) 3)+3+3N02")
Cu(NH3)2(N3)2
CuN3 (-CU+ + N?-)
Cu(N3)2 (-Gi1* + 2N3")
CuBr2-3Cu(OH)2
ins.
ins.
ins.
0.5-8.9
1.4-11.8
20.3-31.0
6.8
4.9
2.6-4.8
8.07 g/1
14.4 g/1
8.4
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
10.0
4.1
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
Ins.
ins.
Ins.
6.5
7.0
4.8
7.2
ins.
ins.
8.3
9.2
ins.
(continued)
A-V-27
-------
TABLE A-V-7- (continued)
Compound
Fonmla
pKsp
Copper (II) chlorate, basic
Copper chromate
Copper (II) chromate, basic
Copper (I) chroraite
Copper hydride
Copper (II) trihydroxychloride
Copper (II) trihydroxynitrate
Copper paraperiodate
Copper mercury iodide
Copper (II) tungstate
Copper (II) nitrite, basic
Copper (II) hyponitrite, basic
Tricopper phosphide
Copper (II) selenide
Copper selenite
Copper (I) sulfite
Copper (I,II) sulfite, dihydrate
Copper (I) thiocyanate
Tetrapyridine copper (II)
perrhenate
Cu(Cl03)2-3Cu(OH),
CuCr0
CuH
CuCl2-3Cu(OH)2
Cu(N03)2-3Cu(OH)2
Qysprosiun chromate
Galliim oxychloride
Germanium hydrides
Gertnaniun selenide
Hafnium oxychloride
Hafnium carbide
Iron (IV) biphoaphate
Iron (II) biphosphate
Iron carbide
Iron carbonyl
Iron chromate
Iron (II) chromLte
Iron nitrosyl carbonyl
Iron (III) pyrophosphate
Diiron phosphite
Triiron phosphite
Iron (III) hypophosphite
Iron orthosilicate
Cu(N02)2-3Cu(OH)2
Cu(NO)2-Cu(OH)2
Cu.jP
CuSe
CuSeOj-a^O
Cu-jSCyHjO
CUjSCyCuSCya^O
CuSCN
GaOCl
; GeH
GeSe2
HfOCl
WC
Fe(HP04)2
Fe(HP04)
FeC
FeCr204
Fe(ND)2(CO)2
Fe4(P207)3- 9H
Fe2Si04
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
5.1
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
8.8
6.0
7.6
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
12.6
8.3
ins.
Ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
9.6
ins.
(continued)
A-V-28
-------
TABLE A-V-7. (continued)
Conroind
Fotnula
pKap
Lanthanun hexaboride
Lonthamm nolybdate
Lead chromate
Lead diantimonate
Lead orthoantimxiate
y,Pfl^ azide
Lead metaborate
Lead biphosphate
Lead chloride, sulfide
Lead chlorite
LnHd chromate, basic
ifaA fluorochloride
Lead paraperiodate
Lead nclybdate
Lead oxychloride
Lead oithophosphite
Lead pyrophosphace
T^aH selenate
Lead selenide
IfnA mpraciUc^rt.
Lead orthosilicate
Tgarf mil faro basic
^^>aH sulfate hydrogen
Lead sulfite
Lead thiosulfate
Lead metaticanate
T/*fl<1 tungstate
Lithiun metaaluninate
Lithiun metaphosphate
Lithiun metasilicate
Lithiun orthosilicate
Lithiun sodiun fluoroaluninate
Luretiin fluoride
Lutetiun oxalate
LaB,
1-20*04)3
PbCrOA
Pb3(Sb04)2
PbN3
PbHP04
PbCl2-3PbS
Pb(d02)2
PbCrOA PbO or Pb2(CH)2Cr04
PbPCl
PbZOOj
PbClj-SPbO
PbCl2'7PbO
PbCl2-Pb(CH)2
Pba2-2PbO
PbHP03
FbSe04
PbSe
PbSi03
PbS04-PbO
PbS03
PbS203
PbTlD3
4
UA102
Uf03
Li4SiD3
IXjUa-j (ATF6)2
LuF6
Lu(C204)3.6H20
ins.
19.8-21.1
13.5-13.8
ins.
ins.
6.9-8.7
ins.
9
ins.
5.1-7.1
ins.
7.2-8.5
ins.
ins.
0.056-0.7 g/1
ins.
0.095 g/1
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
0.044 g/1
16.3
ins.
6.1
ins.
6.4
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
0.74 g/1
ins.
ins.
(continued)
A-V-29
-------
TABLE A-V-7. (continued)
Compound
Magnesiun antimonide
Magnesiun metaborate
Magnesium orthoborate
Magnesiun carbonate , Ivfflr
Magnoaiim orthogeitnanate
Magnesiun orthophosphate tetra-
hydrate
Magnesiun pyrophosphate
Magnesiun metasilicate
Magnesium orthosilicate
Magnesiun tungstate
Manganese arsenides
Manganese pyrophosphate
Manganese phosphides
Manganese selenide
Manganese (II) metasilicate
Mercury (I) azide
Mercury (II) biphosphate
Mercury (II) bronate
Mercury (II) oxybromide
Mercury (II) oxychloride
Mercury (II) ojcycyanide
Mercury (II) selenide
Mercury (II) sulfate. basic
Mercury tungstate
Mercury (II) chloride amnonobasic
Mercury (II) iodide aquobasic
amnonobasic
Molybdenum carbides
Molybdenum carbonyl
Molybdenum hydrotetraehloro-
dihydroxide
Molybdenum metaphosphate
Molybdie acid
Fomula
Hg3Sb2
MgCBO^-jd^O
Mg3(B03)2
SfcOOyM^OHVSiy)
MgjGet^ (=2%* + Ge04~)
Mg3^P04^2'^H2°
h*2P2°7
llgSi03
MSjSiO^
M^»4
MnAs or MruAs or to,As
tfajP^
MnP or Mn.jP2
tilSe
MnSiO.,
Hg2(N3)2
HgHP04
Hg(Br03) ^ZHjO
HgBr2-3HgO
Hgd2-3HgO
Hg(G'I)2-HgO
HgSe
HgS04-llgO
Hg2MD4 or HgWD4
HgOWjJCl (-Hg(NH2)+ + Cl")
OHg^I
»y_/l -^_, Vt- f*
not* or MD«L.
Mo(00)6
Oto3a4(H20)2)(OH)2.6H20
Mo(P03)6
H2MD04-H20
pKsp
ins.
ins.
ins.
0.4 g/1
11.6
14.0
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
14.4
13
3.9-6.9
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
0.03 g/1
ins.
4.5
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
5.8
(continued)
A-V-30
-------
TABLE A-V-7. (continued)
Conpound
Fomula
PK8P
Nickel arsenide
Nickel orthoarsenite acid
Nickel carbonate, basic
Nickel carbonyl
Nickel chlorate
Nickel phosphides
Nickel selenide
Nickel subsulfide
Nickel (II. Ill) sulfide
Nickel sulfite
Niobiun carbide
Niobiun nitride
Yellow phosphorous
Phosphorous pentasulfide
Phosphorous sesquisulfide
Potassiun alurdnosilicate
Potassiun aluoinun mo^ani licatp
Potassiun peroxylanmine
Potassiun calciun sulfate
Potassiun chromiun chronate, basic
Potassiun cobaltinitrite
Potassiun fluogermanate
Potassiun fluosilicate
Potassiun fluotitanate
Potassiun iodoiridite
Potassiun trimolybdate
Potassiun osmyloxate
Potassiun tetraoxylate
Potassiun sodiun nitrocobaltate
Samariun chromate
Samariun sulfate, basic
Seleniun carbide
Seleniun nitride
Silicic acids
Silicon carbide
Silicon hydride
Silicon nitride
NiAs
NiJlXAsOO.-HjO
2NiC03-3Ni(OH)2-4H20
Ni(CO)4
Ni(C103)2-6H20
Ni^ or Ni3P2
NiSe
N13S2
N13S4
NiSCL-ffljO
r*c
*N
P4
P^ (or P4S1Q)
P4S10
KAl3Si3010-(OH)2 or KjO-SAl^Oj-eSiOj-ZHjO
KAlSi206
(KS03) JW (=2KSO + NO)
K3(Co(N02)6)(-3K+ + Oo(N02)6 "3)
KjGeFg (-21^ + GeF6")
K_SiF, (=2K+ + SiF,")
I b , t
v ISP .vU n f^ftf j_ ix TT ^
!v~ 11T ,- juiMW ^"tlv. T 11_T .. )
K-IrI6
K^-SMoOj-SHjO
K«(OsO— (C«w/ )«) *2Hj«Ov™2K ^(OsOn\CnU«yA )
KHC204.H2C204-2H20
K2Na(Co(NW-H2°
SmCr04 or Snu(Cr04)3
SeC2
HjSiOj or H^iOj
SiC
SIH4
«A
ins.
ins.
ins.
12.5
4.1
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
0.003 g/1
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
4.3
2. 5 g/1
ins.
5.4-9.5
2.4-4.5
0.9-6.2
2.0-4.4
ins.
2-2 g/1
3.1-4.9
18 g/1
0.7 g/1
14.3
ins.
ins.
ins.
Ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
(continued)
A-V-31
-------
Compound
TABLE A-V-7. (continued)
Formula
pitep
Silver orthoarsenite
Silver azide
Silver bronate
Silver chromate
Silver dichronate
Silver iodcmercurate
Silver mercury iodide
Silver metaphosphate
Silver pyrophosphate
Silver selenate
Silver selenide
Silver thioantincnite
Silver thioarsenite
Silver tungstate
Sodium aluminum silicate
Sodium metaantimonate
Sodium antimonate, hydroxy
Sodium pyroantimonate, dihydro
Sodium metabisnuthate
Sodium hypophosphate
Sodium trititanate
Sodium metauranate
Strontinum biphosphate
Strontinum hexaboride
Strontium molybdate
Strontium selenate
Strontium netasilicate
Strontium sulfite
Strontium tungstate
Sulfur
Tetrasulfurdinitride
Trisulfurdinitrogen dioxide
Tantalum carbide
Tantalum nitride
Tellurium diiodide
Tellurium oxides
Tellurium sulfide
Tellurous acid
Tellurium
Terbium peroxide
Ag^O,
AgN3
AgBr03
Ag^CrO,
Ag2Cr207
AgjHgl^
Ag^l^
AgP03
Ag4P2°7
AS2Sc°4
AggSe
Ag3SbS3
AgjAsS3
Ag^
^OAl^-xSiO,
HaSb03
NaSb(OH)A
Na^Sb^-xHjO
NaBi03
Ha. P^O.. ' lOftjO (=4Na + P-O,.";
Na^Ti,07
Naj^
SrHPO^
r 6
SrMsO^
SrSe04
SrSi03
SrS03
SrVC4
S
S&2
S3N2°2
TaC
TaN
TeI2
Te02 or TeO or Te03
TeS
l^TeOj
Te
^4°7
16.9
ins.
4.2
10.3-12.5
10.5
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
6.8
ins.
ins.
ins.
8.3
ins.
ins.
0.3-3.0 g/1
ins.
ins.
2.1-4.9
ins.
ins.
28
ins.
6.8
ins.
ins.
ins.
4.8
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
12.7
ins.
ins.
A-V-32
-------
TABLE A-V-7. (continued)
Ccnpound
Formula
jKsp
Thallium azide
Thalliun chronate
Thalliun dichronate
Thalliun tnolybdate
Thalliun selenide
Thalliun pyrovanadate
Thoriun borides
Thoriun oxysulfide
Thoriun hypophosphate
Thoriun selenate
Thoriun pyrovanadate
Thuliun
Thuliun fluoride
Thuliun oxalate
Tin biphosphate
Tin pyroarsenate
Tin phosphides
Tin selenide
Tin tellurldes
Titanium carbide
Titaniun nitride
Titanium phosphide
Tungsten arsenide
Tungsten diboride
Tungsten carbides
Tungsten carbonyl
Tungsten phosphides
Uranium hydride
Uranyl phosphate, nrmo-H
Vanadic acid meta or tetra
Vanadiun carbide
Vanadiun nitride
Vanadiun oxychloride
TIN. (-XT1"1" + N.~)
n2cr2o7
Tl2Se
nAv2o7<-«n+ + v2o7-*)
ThB
ThOS
ThP^-lll^O
Th(Se04)2-9H20
Ttn
TlnF
TVWs'^0
SnHP04
SnP,SnP3
SnSe
SnTe, SnTe2
TIC
TIN
TIP
WAS,
WB,
WC andW2C
W(QO)6
UP and WP2
IHj
U02HP04-«H2°
HVO* or HjV/ 0* «
vc
VH
voa
3.8-4.3
3.7-9.1
ins.
ins.
ins.
10.6-11.2
ins.
ins.
ins.
4.0-5.8
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
Ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
(continued)
A-V-33
-------
TABLE A-V-7. (continued)
Conpound
Fornula
Ytterbiun (III) selenide
Yttriun hexaantipyrine perchlorace
Zinc alunrinate
Zinc arsenide
Zinc chronate
Zinc gallate
Zinc pyrophosphate
Zinc silicate
Zinc selenide
Zinc sulfite
Zinc cellurace
Zirconlvm biphosphate
Zirconiun carbide
Zirconium carbonate, basic
Zirconiun nitride
Zirconium phosphide
Zirconiun selenite
Zirconiun orthosilicate
Zirconiun sulfide
Yb2(Se03)3 ins.
(Y(C11H12N20) 6} (C1 V 3 8 ' 3
ZnAl204 ins .
Zn-jAs- ins-
ZnCrO^ ins.
ZnGajO^ ins .
Zn-PjOy ins .
ZnS103 21.0
ZnSe ins .
ZnS03-2H20 4.1
Zn-TeO^ < ins .
Zr2(HPOA)3 18
ZrC ins.
3Zr02-002-H20 ins.
ZrN ins.
ZrP2 ins.
Zr(Se03)2 ins.
ZrSiO^ ins .
ZrOS ins.
TABLE A-V-8. SOLUBILITY OF "INSOLUBLE" HALIDES (5,6,7,8,9,10)
Cation
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Molybdenum
Silver
Thallium
Strontium (II)
Cl
Br
6.4 - 7.0 (I)
2.2 - 3.7 (II)
dec. (IV)
17.5 - 20.3 (I)
-1.2 - 1.3 (II)
ins. (11,111)
7.7 - 10.4 (I)
2.0 - 3.8 (I)
-1.34 to -1.75
8.0 - 8.3 (I)
2.1 - 5.1 (II)
5.2 (IV)
22 - 27 (I)
2.3 - 4.7 (II)
ins. (II,III)
9.4 - 12.4
4.1 - 5.7 (I)
-2.4 to -3.5
8.8 - 12.0 (I)
5.6 - 8.5 (II)
8.0 (IV)
28 (I)
10.4 (II)
ins. (II)
? (HI)
13.8 - 18.3 (i)
4.9 - 9.5 (I)
3.6 to 8.5
a
Oxidation state.
A-V-34
-------
TABLE A-V-9. SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES WITH
WELL-STUDIED ANIONS (5,6,7,8,9,10)a
Name
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
QnDoiiijn
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Europium
Gallium
Hafnium
Holndum
Indium
Iron
lanthanum
Lead
Lutecium
Magnesium
Possible
Oxidation
States
III
III.V
III.V
II
II
III.V
III
II
II
III. IV
II.III.VI
II, III
I. II
III
II, III
1,11,111
IV
III
III
II. Ill
III
II, IV
III
II
Florides C
(F-)
3.3
' dec. (Ill), sol. (V)
dec. (III.V)
4.1 to 6.0
sol.
dec. (Ill); ins.(V)
-6.2 to -8.1
1.0 to 1.1
10.4 to 10.5
?b (III, IV)
ins. (Ill); sol. (II),
dec. (IV)
-1.2(11) ;dec.,
sol. (Ill)
0.4 to 6.8 (II);
ins. (I)
ins.
ins. (II, III)
13.8(11)
0.3 to 9.1(111)
sol. (II, III)
7.1 to 7.4 (II);
7.5 (IV)
ins.
5.7 to 3.2
arbonates
(COi-> 1
7.0 to 8.3
8.7 to 14
7.4 to 8.3
ins. (Ill)
ins. (II)
10.0
ins.
6.5 to 10.7(11)
ins.
10.8 to 13.3(11)
ins.
5.0 to 5.8(11)
lydroxides (OH")
32 to 33
41 (III)
-2 to 1.7
20
20 to 30 (III)
13 to 14 (II)
4.2 to 5.3
20.2 (III)
19 (II); 30 (III)
12.8 to 15.7(11);
22.2 (III)
19.2 to 19.6(11)
ins.
Ins. (Ill)
14 to 15 (II) ;
38.8(111)
ins.
9 to 16 (II)
8.9 to 11.2
Sulfates (S0^°)
-1.8 to -8.1
Ins. (III.V)
9.5 to 10.0
sol. (II)
dec. (Ill)
-0.33 to -1.12
3.4 to 5.0
1.7 to 9.2(111);
dec. (II)
0.7(11); -3.2(111)
-1.5 to 24.7(11);
sol. (Ill)
-1.8 to 0.1(11);
dec. (I)
3.8 to 4.7
lns.(II);5.3 to 5.9
sol.
sol. (Ill)
17. 2(11) ;-6. 5(111)
4.3 to 7.6 (III)
5.7 to 7.8 (II)
-0.7 to 1.3
-1.0 to -0.7
Sulfldes (S°)
dec.
.ins. (V), 19.5 to 93(111)
26. 4(111) ;33.4(V)
dec. (II); 97 (III); -3. 2 (IV)
30 to 91 (III)
dec. (Ill ,V)
4.1 to 28
4.4 to 5.1
ins. (Ill)
9 to 27
10.9(II);45 to 48 (I)
dec. (1 ,111); ins. (II)
ins. (Ill)
22
10.9 to 28.1 (II)
dec.
I
u>
Ul
dec. = decomposes; ins. = insoluble, sol. = soluble (exact data not available)
Cerium (III and IV) floride is reported by different authors to be soluble, insoluble or to decompose in aqueous solutions.
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-V-9. (continued)
Name
tlanganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Niobium
Radium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Strontium
Tantalum
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
uranium
Vanadium
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Possible
Oxidation
States
II to VII
I, II
III.IV.VI
II, III
III.V
II
III to VI, VIII
II, III
III
ii, rv, vi
i to rv
I, II
II
V
III
1,11,111
rv
in
ii, rv
ni.rv
VI
II to VI
III to V
II.III
III
II
IV
Florides
(?")
2.8 to 3.3(11);
dec. (Ill)
dec. (I, II)
dec. (VI)
0.5 to 0.8(11)
dec.(V)
dec.(V)
ins. (Ill)
dec. (TV, VI)
dec. (Ill, IV)
-2 to 16(1);
dec. (II)
8.6
sol.
ins.
-l.l(I);dec.(III)
14.3
ins.
sol. (II, IV)
sol.; dec. (IV)
dec.
ins.avhdec.ail.1
ins. (Ill); sol. (IV/
Ins. (II, III)
ins.
1.8 to 8.6
2.2 to 3.0
Carbonates
(CCh=)
6.5 to 10.7(11)
20. 4(1)
6.2 to 9.0(11)
ins.
5.5 to 11.2(1)
4.7 to 9.9
-0.1 to 2.6
ins.
/I)
0
ins.
8.2
Hydroxides (OH-)
12.8 to 14.0(11);
ins. (Ill)
23(1); 25(11)
6.0(111)
8.0 to 18.0(11)
sol.
ins. (Ill)
ins. (Ill)
7.7(1)
-1.4 to 3.8
-0.1 to 1.0(I);43(III)
ins.
25(11)
15(II);34(HI);23CV)
-1.2 to 3.6 ail)
ins.
16.7 to 17.0
12 to 52(IV)
Sulfates (S0,=)
-2.6 to -1.1(11)
dec. (II) ;4. 6 to 8.2(1)
-0.6 to -2.5(11)
13.6 to 14.4(11)
4.1 to 5.8(111)
<0.8
4.8 to 4.9(11);
4.6 to 6.4(1)
6.2 to 6.4(11)
4.6 to 5.3
0.7 to 2.5;,
1.4 to 4.1
-0.4(11); sol. (TV)
ins. (Ill)
-0.7 to 1.5(IV)
sol. (Ill)
4.8-6.9
-2.7 to 24
-0.34
Sulfides (S=)
8.5 to 22(11); ins. (TV)
52 to 54(11) ; ins. (I)
ins.(rv,V,VI);
sol. (Ill)
8.8 to 27(11)
ins. (TV)
ins. (II, TV)
dec. (I, II, IV)
46 to 49(1)
sol.
ins.
9 to 23 (I); ins. (Ill)
ins.
14.3(TV); 14 to 25(11)
ins. (II, III); dec. (TV)
sol. (VI); ins. (IV)
dec. (TV)
ins. (III.V)
8.3 to 22.8
ins.
I
to
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-V-9. (continued)
NAME
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Europium
Gallium
Hafnium
Indium
Iron
Phosphates
(P04~3)
18.2
ins.
38(11)
22.9(111)
32.
18.4 to 19.9(cold);dec.(hot)
Ina.
22.6 (III)
Ins. (II)
35.1 (II)
Ins.
ins. (II);2. 9(111)
Ar senates
ins.
16
18
6 to 50
20
9.4(III);29(V)
2.1(111)
32.7
15.4 to 18.2
Ina.
ina.
20.2(111)
Element
Ins.
Ina.
Ins.
dec.
Ins.
ins.
sol.
Ins.
dec.
dec.
Ins.
Ins.
ins.
Ins.
Ins.
Ins.
Ins.
Ins.
ins.
Oxide
(0°)
23.1
13.9(111); 20.9(V)
sol. (IV)
-9.8 to -7.8 (III);
-1.0 to -1.6 (V)
-1.5 to 1.3
10.2
ina. (Ill to V)
-3.8 to 2.0(111); dec. (II)
ins.
dec.
ins.
-4.7 to ins.
ins. (Ill, IV)
Ins. (I, II)
Ins. (I)
ina.
ins. (II, III)
ins.UI,IV);sol(III)
Oxylate
ins.
6.0 to 7.8
-0.81
dec.
6.9 - 7.8
7.9 - 8.9
sol.
sol. (II, III)
ins. (II)
7.6 to 7.7(11)
ins.
8.3
Very sol. (Ill);
5.7 to 5.8 (II)
lodate
(io3=)
-2.4 to 10.8
Ins.
sol.
4.2 - 7.2
16.3(IV);9.1(III)
3.0 to 3.9
5.3(11)
5.7 to 7.3(11)
10.5(IH)
sol.
Silicide
Si°
dec.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-V-9. (continued)
Lanthanum
Lead
Lutetlura
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Niobium
Radium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Strontium
Tantalum
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
32-42 (II)
Ins.
Ins.
30(11)
17.8 to 20(11)
27 to 31 (II)
6.7 to 7.2 (I)
'ins.
35.4(11)
19.7
28.7(11)
sol.
Ins. (Ill)
17.5 to 22(1)
18 (II)
dec.
Ins.
dec.
dec.
Ins.
Ins.
Ins.
Ins.
dec.
ins.
Ins.
dec.
Ins.
Ins.
dec.
Ins.
Ins.
Ins.
1.6 to 1.9
Ins. (II); 22.5(111)
8.0-8.2(11); Ins. (Ill)
5.3 - 7.6
ins. (Ill, IV, II) ; sol (VII)
ins. (I); 3.5 to 7.2 (II)
Ins. (IV); sol.(V); 2.0 to
7.1(111)
Ins. (II)
dec. (IV), Ins. (II.V)
Ins. (IV), sol. (VIII)
Ins. (Ill)
ins.
-3.2 to l.O(IV); sol. (VI)
Ins. (II, IV); 7.9 (I)
10.3 to 12.2 (I)
-0.7 to 2.4
ins. (IV, V)
dec. (I); Ins. (Ill)
ins .
27.7
10.5 to 11.1 (II)
ins.
4.1 to 4.7
5.4 to 15.0
ins. (I);6. 9(11)
ins. (II)
28.7 (III)
dec.
11.3
1.2 to 9.2
Ins.
1.6 to 4.0
12.5
4.9 (III)
12.2 to 13.4(11)
0.5 to 1.3
ins.(II);13.7(I)
4.0 to 4.3(11)
9.9
6.3 to 7.9(11);
7.5(1)
4.6 to 8.9
5.5 to 5.6
ins.
dec.
Ins. (II to VII)
Ins.
ins. (IV)
CO
00
(continued)
-------
TABLE A-V-9. (continued)
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Ytterbium
Yttiura
Zinc
Zirconium
ins. (II)
24(V)
32.0(11)
27.9(11)
ins.
Ins.
ins.
ins.
Ins., dec.
ins.
ins.
dec.
ins.
ins.
ins. (II, IV)
ins. (Ill, IV)
ins. (IV to VI)
ins. (IV, VI)
ins.
sol. (Ill)
Ins. (II, VI); 5.4(V); sol. (Ill)
ins. (Ill)
23.5(111)
9.4
8 (IV)
24.9(111)
26.9
8.8
3.0 to 4.5
ins.
ins.
ins.
ins.
I
u>
vO
-------
For example, elemental mercury is considered to be quite
"insoluble"; however, microbial methylation in sediments can
change the form of mercury to a compound which is quite
soluble and easily adsorbed by aquatic biota. This mercury
is then in a form which can be easily absorbed by predators
of the aquatic biota, including fish- eating birds and
humans .
PKsp is a measure of the solubility of a compound
in moles per liter -- the higher the pK . the more insol-
sp
uble the compound. However, if two compounds have the same
molecular weight and solubility in grams per liter, the
mathematical calculations will show the compound which
dissociates into the most ions to have a higher pK
0 sp
In some cases, the dissociation which is more likely to
occur is not obvious. In some of these cases a dissociation
was assumed and is shown in Tables A-V-7 and A-V-9. In
other cases the solubility was given in grams per liter
rather than pK In all other cases where the solubility
is given in pK and no dissociation is shown, the compound
sp
is assumed to be completely dissociated.
Exact quantification of the solubility of many inor-
ganic compounds is not possible if these compounds are
reported as "practically insoluble," "very slightly sol-
uble," etc. Examination of the literature for a few com-
pounds for which such comparisons can be made has shown that
compounds which are reported as "practically insoluble" by
one author may have been found by another author to have
pK 's ranging from 5.7 to 54. "Insoluble" compounds have
pK 's ranging from 10 to 54. "Slightly soluble" compounds
have pK 's ranging from 4.2 to 28.7- One compound reported
as "very slightly soluble" by one author was found to have a
pK of 15.7 by another author, while an "almost insoluble"
* sp
A-V-40
-------
compound had a pK of 7.2. "Sparingly soluble" compounds
have pK ' s ranging from 7 to 23, while a "very sparingly
sp
soluble" compound was found to have a pK of 5.7 and an
sp
"extremely insoluble" compound was found to have a pK of
10. Incidentally, the pK 's of "soluble" compounds range
sp
from approximately -10 to 24.
Unfortunately, specific information on the solubility
of most compounds is not available. This makes practically
impossible the determination of the form in which the ele-
ment is likely to be found. For example, both cobalt (II)
phosphate and barium phosphate are "insoluble." From this
information, it is not possible to determine which of these
compounds will precipitate from an equimolar solution of
barium chloride and cobalt (II) phosphate. All that is
known for certain, given this information, is that a pre-
cipitate will form in which the anion is the phosphate and
the cation is either barium, cobalt, or an undefinable mix-
ture of the two.
For the remainder of this discussion, "insoluble" will
be defined as any compound which has a pK greater than 4
sp
or is listed as "insoluble" in the literature. The term
"soluble" refers to any compound which has a pK of 4 or
sp
less or is listed in the literature as "soluble." Those
compounds which have adverbs associated with this designa-
tion (i.e., "very slightly soluble") are considered as
soluble. Solubility information on any compound described
in the literature as "insoluble" with an associated adverb
(such as "practically insoluble"), is considered to be too
vague for categorization. When the pK 's are available or
can be calculated from information contained in the litera-
ture, they will be dealt with preferentially.
A-V-41
-------
Tables A-V-8 and A-V-9 are companion tables. All
chlorides of the elements listed in Table A-V-9 decompose or
are soluble with pKsp's ranging from less than -7.5 to 1.8,
with the exception of copper (I) chloride (cuprous chlor-
ide) , lead (II) chloride (cotunite). mercury (I) chloride
(mercurous chloride), silver (I) chloride (cerargyrite). and
thallium (I) chloride. The chlorides of the other oxidation
states of these metals are soluble or decompose. Except as
noted the bromides are soluble with pK's ranging from -1.6
to -5.0. The pK 's for the iodides not listed in Table
A-V-8 range from 2.3 to 4.1 (both for tin (II) iodide) to
-5.5. All compounds found in the indicated references of
Table A-V-9 of potassium, rubidium, lithium (except lithium
phosphate, pK = 8.5), ammonia, sodium, cesium, germanium,
and iodine of the anions listed in Table A-V-9 either are
soluble or decompose in aqueous media. All nitrates and
nitrites of the elements listed in Tables A-V-8 and A-V-9
are soluble in water. Table A-V-7 lists insoluble inorganic
compounds in which only a few elements are known to give
insoluble compounds with the particular anionic species.
The values of the pK shown in Tables A-V-7, A-V-8,
sp
and A-V-9 are ranges of numbers expressed to two significant
figures. This results in part from the difficulty in de-
termination of the exact solubilities of some of the more
insoluble compounds. A compound of two ions with a pKg of
48 has an average of less than one molecule dissolved in a
liter of water at any particular instant.
The molecular formula assumed for the compound also
affects the pK . For example, gold (III) chloride dis-
solves at a rate of 680 grams per liter. Calculation of the
pK using the formula AuCl3 gives a pKgp of -2.83 while
calculation of the pK using the formula Au2Cl6 gives a
pKgp of -5.67.
A-V-42
-------
The degree of hydration also affects the pK . Indium
fluoride, InF,, has a pK of 9.1. Indium fluoride trihy-
•J ®P
drate, InF3-3H20 has a pK of 0.3, while indium fluoride
nonahydrate, InF3'9H20 is listed as "slightly soluble." In
calculation of the ranges of pK 's found in Tables A-V-7,
A-V-8, and A-V-9, the hydrated forms were included.
The crystalline form of the compound also affects the
solubility. Zinc sulfide (alpha), ZnS, (natural wurtzite),
has a solubility of 0.0069 g/1 at 18°C (pK = 8.3); zinc
sulfide (beta), ZnS, (Natural sphalerite) has a solubility
of 0.00065 g/1 (pKSp = 10.4) while zinc sulfide monohydrate,
ZnS-H90 is "insoluble" (4). Other authors report a pK for
z. sp
this compound of 24.
The decomposition products of the element or inorganic
compound must be considered in evaluation of the possible
effect of the element in the environment. Unfortunately,
the decomposition products often are not specified and may
not be known. In general, elements of the first two groups
of the periodic table decompose on exposure to water to
their corresponding base with the evolution of hydrogen:
Ba + 4H20 = 2Ba(OH)2 + 2H2 (gas).
Arsenic tribromide forms arsenic trioxide and hydrogen
bromide when in contact with water. Arsenic trichloride
forms arsenic trihydroxide and hydrogen chloride. Bismuth
tribromide forms bismuth oxybromide and bismuth trichloride
forms bismuth oxychloride. The compounds of phosphorus in
general decompose to phosphoric or phosphorous acid on
contact with water. Silicon tetrachloride gives silicic
acid and hydrogen chloride. Boron hydroxide gives H~BO~
and hydrogen (4). Generally, hydrides decompose in aqueous
media except as noted. In general, these are redox
A-V-43
-------
reactions and such reactions are observed with the other
elements.
The melting points, boiling points, and solubilities of
selected inorganic compounds are presented in Table A-V-10.
In order to be included in this table, a particular inor-
ganic compound had to have a boiling point less than 100°C
and not decompose when contacting water.
The abiotic and biotic factors influencing the envi-
ronmental transport of trace elements in soils are discussed
in Table A-V-11. The appropriate references are found in the
footnotes to this table.
A-V.2 SAM/IA Analysis of Projected SRC Facility as
Discussed in This Report (11)
Figure A-V-8 and Tables A-V-12 and A-V-13 are the
SAM/IA analysis for the SRC facility described in this
report. Table A-V-11 is an example of a SAM/IA worksheet
for Level 2. A similar worksheet was prepared for each
waste stream as listed in Table A-V-11. In many cases
estimates of the quantity of a particular waste stream could
not be done. Thus, complete SAM/IA analysis of our hypo-
thetical facility could not be carried out. The values
determined from these worksheets have been transcribed onto
Table A-V-12. Table A-V-13 demonstrates some of the prob-
lems of a SAM/IA analysis. The pollutant species listed
first on the worksheet (Alkalinity through pH) are so gen-
eral that: (1) the MATEs are not available and (2) specific
environmental impacts cannot be predicted anyway. Of the
more than 250 materials for which MATEs are available, the
analyses of only six are available for coal pile drainage.
The MATEs are unavailable for four of the 10 specific sub-
stances analyzed in the coal pile drainage. No information
A-V-44
-------
TABLE A-V-10. MELTING POINTS, BOILING POINTS, AND
SOLUBILITIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Haw
Ammonia
Amaonla carbonate
Anoonla hydrogen sulftde
Amnonia cyanide
Antimony hydride
Arsenic pentafluorldc
Arsenic hydride (Aralne)
Beryllium borohydride
Boriooaminoborlne
Dlboronbromlile, mono-
pen tahydrlde
Borlne carhooyl
Boron trlfluorlde
Boron hydride
Dlborane hydrobromide
Boron hydride
Te c rahydropentabo rane
Trlborlne crlaalne
Bromine
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Carbon cetrafluorlde
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon oxysulflde
Carbon aelenlde, sulfide
Carbon dl sulfide
Carbonyl bromide
Chlorotrl f 1 uoromethane
Cyanogen
Cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen chloride
Cyanogen fluoride
Dichlorodlf luoromethane
Dlchlorofluoromethane
Ch lorodif luo roBcthane
Trichlorof luoromethane
Formula
NH
NH^HS
NH^CN
SbHj
A,F5
AsHj
BeB2H8
•2*7"
BHjCO
BF,
B2»6
B4H10
B5H11
B3H6M3
",
CCl^
CP4
C°2
CO
COS
CSeS
OOBrz
CClFj
CBrti
CC1N
era
CC12F2
CBCljF
CHC1F
CC1 F
M.F.
-77
36
-88
-8
ca.-116
-66
-104
-127
-166
-104
-120
-58
-7
-23
-184
-199
-139
-85
111
c«.-30
58.
-6.
-135
-160
Solubility (g/1)*
Cold Hot Organic
B.P. Water Water Solvent!
-33 899 7410° sol.
58 v. sol. dec. Ins.
33 1,281 dec. sol.
£a.36 v. sol. dec. v. sol.
-17 4.1°
-53 sol .
££.-60 SOl. SOl.
90"
76
ca. 10
-64
ca.-105 1060 dec.
-92
16
16 si. sol. sol.
67
51
59 35. 820 35. 250 sol.
77 ins. sol.
128 al. sol.
-78b 3.48° 0.97*° aol.
-192 sol.
-50 sol.
84 Ins. ins. si. sol.
46 2.222 1.45° sol.
64
-81
-21 1020 sol.
62.
13
73b
-30
9
-41
24.
(continued)
A-V-45
-------
TABLE A-V-10. (continued)
Solubility (g/1)
lame
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine monoxide
ChloroteCroxyf lunrldf?
Chlorylperfluorldr
Cubolt nitmayl carhunyl
Cobalt nit rosy! tri-
carbonyl
Kluorlne
Fluorine monoxide
Fluorine dioxide
Germanium tetrahydrlde
Tetramethylgeraanl urn
Hydroaiolc ucld
Hydrogen
R 1 foiuthlde
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen Iodide
Hydrogen phosphide
Hydrogen phosphide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen selenlde
Hydroxyl mine
Nickel enrbonyl
Nitric acid
Nitrogen trichloride
Nitrogen trlfluortde
Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen ppntoxlde
Nitrosyl fluoride
Nitrogen tetroxlde
Formula
ci2
cio
CljO
C1V
C103F
Co(NO)(CO)3
Co(CO),NO
L
F2
F2°
F2°2
CeH^
r.e(CH4)4
HN3
H2
H,B1
3
HBr
HC1
HCN
HF
HI
HjP
H4P2
H2Se
NHjOH
NH OH'CH-CO
NI(CO)4
HN03
NC!3
HF3
NO
NjO
N?05
NOF
N2°4
M.P.
-103
- 60
-167
-146
- 1
11
-223
-224
-164
-165
- 86
- 80
-259
88
-115
14
- 83
- 51
-134
- 90
- 86
- 64
33
87
- 25
- 42
<- 40
ca.-ZOO
CS.-164
- 91
30
-134
9
B.P.
-34
10
4
-16
-47
49
BO
-118
-145
57
- 88
44
37
-253
22
- 67
- 85
26
20
- 35
- 87
58
61
41
56
90b
43
83
<71
-129
-152
- 88
ca. 32
- 56
21
Cold Hot Organic
Water Water Solvents
14.6° 5.73° sol.
62 dec.
0.8 dec.
ins. sol.
dec.
si. sol. Ins.
ins. Ins.
sol. s->l. sol.
1.5xlO~5 6.0xlO"6 Ins.
a 100
2210 1300 sol.
823° 5616° sol.
sol. sol. sol.
sol. sol.
2 sol. sol.
0.4 ins. sol.
Ins. Ins. sol.
4370° I86040 sol.
sol. dec. sol.
sol.
0.18 sol.
v. SOl. V. SOl. SOl.
ina. dec. sol.
«1. sol.
-4 -4
9.8x10 3.2x10 sol.
2.6 1.1 sol.
•ol. dec. sol.
-192
-112
(continued)
A-V-46
-------
TABLE A-V-10. (continued)
Solubility (g/1)*
Name Formula
Phosphorus crlhydrlde PH3
(Fhosphlne)
Rhenium oxytetraf luorlde ReOF
Selenium hydride H_Se
Broaosilane S1H Br
Chlorosllane SIHjCl
Bronodlchlorof luorosilane SlBrCl,F
Hromotri fluorosl lane SiBrF
1)1 Tluorosilane SUI.F-
DfbroBochlororiuorosilane SIBr C1F
DlbroBodifluoroBllane SIBr2F2
Dial lane SI2H6
Dlslloxaiie (SiH )20
i luorotrlchlorosllane SiCl.F
HcxafluorodlBllane Sl.F,
2. o
Trtraeilane Si,H
4 10
Tribromofluorosllane SIBr F
Trlsllane S'lH8
Dislla^ane (SiH.).N
Silicon hydride SIH^
Slllcyl oxide (S1H3)20
Silicon tetrachlorlde S1C14
Silicon tetraf luorlde S'F*
Sulfur hexafluortde SF.
vulfur dioxide S02
Tl.lonyl chloride SOClj
Tellurium liydrlili- H.Te
Tin hydride SnH,
av. sol. - very soluble
sol. • soluble
dec. - dcconposes
ins. • insoluble
si. sol. - slightly soluble
H.P.
-133
40
60
- 94
-118
-112
70
- 99
- 67
-133
-144
-121
19
- 94
83
-117
-106
Cold Hot Organic
B.P. Water Water Solvents
88 200
63
A 2? S
41 37.7* 2700
2
30
35
42
78
60
14
14
15
12
19b
100
84
53
49
-185 -112 ins.
-144
69
90
- 51
73
-104
- 49
-150
15 .. si. R. si. d.
57
95b
64 si. a. si. s.
10 228.° 5.890
75
2 sol . sol .
52
Hupersc rlpts show temperature In degrees centigrade
bSubllneu
(continued)
A-V-47
-------
TABLE A-V-10. (continued)
MATE
Element
Baled Baaed on
on Health Ecological
Effecti Effects
AMBIENT LEVEL COAL
Based Based on
on Health Ecological
Effecta Effecta
Tantalum and compounds
Tellurium and compounds
Thallium and compounds
Thorium and compounds
Tin nnd compounds
Organotln compounds
Tin hydride (SnH4)d
Titanium and compoundR
Tungptcn and coapounds
Uranium and compounds
Vanadium and compounds
YtterMun and compounds
Yttrium and compounds
Zinc mid compounds
Zirconium and compounds
>675.c
1,500.
1.500.b
>675.c
1.500.
>0.c
90.000.b
15.000.
60.000.b
2,500.b
>675.c
>675.c
25,000.b
>67.5C
820.
500.
150.
100.
1.4
>1.6
63.
14.
3.
7.
>1.6C
M.6C
5.000.h
,100.
100.
75.
20.
'Except as noted below.
bThese HER values may *>e "unreasonable." They are dealt with on an Individual basis In the text.
^tlmated from the information contained In Table VI-2.
dThli compound (or clement} is very toxic and should not be tolerated. Also included In this
group are the rarer radioactive elements including radium and radon.
A-V-48
-------
TABLE A-V-11. ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOIL
i
•F>
lO
Solublllzed by Poor Soil
Microbes Capable of Bound by Soil Acid Production Drainage Increases
Element Changing Chemical Form Organic Matter or Chelatlon Availability
Aluminum +
Arsenic + +
Barium +
Beryllium +
Boron - (b) +
Bromine +
Cadmium + +
Calcium + (a)
Chromium + +
Cobalt + +
Copper + +
Gallium + (?)
Germanium +
Iodine + +
Iron + + +
Lead + +
Magnesium + (a)
Manganese + + (a) + +
Mercury + +
Molybdenum + + +
Nickel + +
Nitrogen + - (c)
Phosphorous + +
Plutonium +
Selenium + +
Sulfur + - (d)
Tellurium +
Thallium +
Tin + +
Uranium + +
Vanadium + +
Zinc + (a) +
Zirconium +
Reference
A,B
A.B.C
D
D
A.B.D
A,B
A,C
A,B
A.B.E
A.B.D
A.B.F.G.H
D
A,B
A,B
A.B.H
A.B.C.I
A.B
A.B.E.H
A,B,C
A,B,E,H
A.B.E
A,B
A,B
J
A,B
A,B
A,B
A.B.D
A.B.D
B
A.B.H
A,B,H
D
(a) Relatively easy to leach from soil organic matter. (b) As borate
,
-------
TABLE A-V-11. (continued)
*Reference A: Weir, E.E., L. Parker, H. Hopkins, K. McKeon, H.E. Lipsitz, C.R. Thompson, J. Robbins, D. Dov, V. DiPasquale,- and B.May.
Chapter IX. Environmental Effects after Treatment. In: Environmental Assessment of'Effluents from Coal Liquefaction, Hittman Associates',
ed. Contract No. 68-02-2162/Task Directive 4, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial and Environmental Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1977. • :
Reference B: Bowen, H.J.M. Trace Elements in Biochemistry. New York: Academic Press, 1966.
Reference C: Gehrs, C.W. A Conceptual Approach to Evaluating Liquid Effluents from Synthetic Fuel Processes. Preprint:;Proc. of Symposium
on Management of Residuals from Synthetic Fuels Production. Denver Research Institute, May 23-27, 1976. •
Reference D: Lisk, D.J. Trace Metals in Soils, Plants, and Animals. In: Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 24, N.C. Brady ed. Academic Press,
New York, 1972. pp. 267-325. . .
Reference E: Dvorak, A.J., C.D. Brown, E.H. Dettman, R.A. Hlnchman, J.D. Jastrow, F.C. Kornegay, C.R. LaFrance, B.C. Lewis, R.T. Lindy,
R.D. Olsen, J.I. Parker, E.D. Pentecost, J.L. Saquinsin and W.S. Vinkor. The Environmental Effects of Using Coal for Generating
J> Electricity. NUREG-0252 (PB 267-237), 1977.
' .' • - .--' ...... - - :.
<3 Reference F: National Academy of Sciences. Copper. National'Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1974.
~J Reference G: European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish. Report on
Copper and Freshwater Fish. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1976, 16 pp. • ••
Reference H:, Ross, R.H. Environmental Interactions. , In:i Environmental, Health, and Control Aspects of.,Coal Conversions: An Information
Overview. Vol. 2., H.M. Braunsteln, E.D. Copenhaver, and H.A. Pfuder, eds. Information Center Complex, Information Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1977. - . ' : ! . :
i . . : ' ' ' • .
Reference I: Bolter, E., D. Hemphill, B. Wlxson, D. Buthers, and R. Chen. Geochemical and Vegetation Studies on Trace Substances from Lead
Smelting. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health - VI, 1973. pp. 79-86i
Reference J: Robinson, A.V., T.R. Garland, G.S. Schnelderman, R.E. Wildung, and H. Drucker. Micrpbial Transformation of a Soluble Organo-
plutonium Complex. In: Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Hanford Life Sciences
Symposium at Richland, Washington, September 29-October 1, 1975. H. Drucker, and.K.E. Wildung, eds.- Sponsored by Battelle, Pacific
Northwest Laboratories and Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research, Energy Research and Development Administration, Published
by the Technical Information Center, Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, D.C., 1977.
-------
ROH COAL
SULFUR
AMDNIA
202. 103.10*
PHENOL
Figure A-V-8. Diagrammatic representation of
hypothetical SRC facility in White County, Illinois (12)
A-V-51
-------
TABLE A-V-12. SAM/IA SUMMARY SHEET FOR THE HYPOTHETICAL
SRC FACILITY DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT
SAM/IA SUMMARY SHEET
MOl
SOURCE AND APPLICABLE CONTROL OPTIONS
Hypothetical SRC-I1 facility using the control options described
In the SRC Standards of Practice Manual
PROCESS THROUGHPUT OR CAPACITY 28,123 Hg Illinois No. 6 coal per day
USE THIS SPACE TO SKETCH A BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SOURCE AMD CONTROL ITEMS SHOWING ALL EFFLUENT
STREAMS. INDICATE EACH STREAM WITH A CIRCLED NUMBER USING 101-199 FOR GASEOUS STREAMS.
201-299 FOR LIQUID STREAMS. AND 301 399 FOR SOUD WASTE STREAMS.
Sec Figure A-V-11
4 LIST AND DESCRIBE GASEOUS EFFLUENT STREAMS USING RELEVANT NUMBERS FROM STEP 3.
101 Boiler flue gas
102
Coal preparation
103 Flare
154 Stretford Tail Gas
105
106
107
5 LIST AND DESCRIBE LIQUID EFFLUENT STREAMS USING RELEVANT NUMBERS FROM STEP 3.
201 Coal pile runoff
202 Foul process water
203
204 _—
205 —
206 .
6 LIST AND DESCRIBE SOLID WASTE EFFLUENT STREAMS USING RELEVANT NUMBERS FROM STEP 3,
30! Raw water treatment sludoe 307. B1o-un1t sludge
302
303
304
SRC solid residue.
308. .Fly-ash from steam
fn»1 Hii«t roll PC ted from control devices
generation
API separator bottoms
305 Recovered sulfur
306
Bottom ash from steam generator
7 IF YOU ARE PERFORMING A LEVEL 1 ASSESSMENT. COMPLETE THE IA02 LEVEL I FORM FOR EACH EFFLUENT
STREAM LISTED ABOVE. IF YOU ARE PERFORMING A LEVEL 2 ASSESSMENT. COMPLETE THE IA02-LEVEL 2 FORM
FOR EACH EFFLUENT STREAM LISTED ABOVE.
(continued)
A-V-52
-------
TABLE A-V-12. (continued)
8 LIST SUMS FROM LINE 7. FORMS IA02. IN TABLE BELOW
DEGREE OF HAZARD AND TOXIC UNIT DISCHARGE RATES BY EFFLUENT STREAM
GASEOUS
STItAU
COM
JOl
102
ina
104
A
DCGKCO*
HA2AKO
MU1TH
•AMD
-
2484
2 -3J
129
87-9!
B
tea.
BOKO
-
_
40
4-221
i
c
raocuwt
MCNAMI (Alt*
HtAlTH
•AMD
cox
•AUD
(m'/uc)
2.6E'
A*
34
B*
D
_
_
5.4
C*
E
LIQUID
«nc*M
COM
291
202
F
9 SUM SEPARATELY GASEOUS. LIQUID AND <
(IE,. SUM COLUMNS)
HEALTH 8AS
GASEOUS (I COL B) 9
LIQUID (I COL. G) 9
SOLID WASTE £ COL, I) 9
10 SUM SEPARATar GASEO1
LINE • (I.E.. SUM COLUMI
CASEOUS (»V»cc)
LIQUID (I/Me)
SOLID WASTE (f/MC
JS. LIQUID AND
«)
HEALTH-BA
a COLO)
a COL 0 i
a COL N)
DtflKHOf
HAIAW
HU4.TN
MHO
-
26
F*
G
ceoi
•AMD
-
1127
4950
H
TOW UNIT
OnCMMMMTU
MALIK
BAHO
(1/1
D*
G*
'
ICCOL
•MtO
K)
E*
!.8E5
J
SOLID WASTE STREAM DEGREES
TOTAL DEGREE OF HAZARD
£D ECO
. 2.7 X 103 *r
o «;«_1?4<;
r 12064
ac
(1C
SOLID WASTE STREAM TOXIC LH
TOTAL TOXIC UNIT OK
SEO E«
,»* 3.2-4.2 X TO4 r
n» 1.9-4.4 X 10* ^
inr 4.4 X 107
(X
SOLID WASTE
STHAM
caaf
301
302
303
304
305
306
3Q7
MR
K
Of HA,
LOGKAl
OLO !
OLH)<
OL M)<
MITOIS(
iCHARGI
X.OGKA
SOLO
COL J)
WLO)
atOKtor
HAZARD
MALTM
•AMD
-
43
910
390
1892
168
1597
697
R3K7
L
ICOL
auto
-
44
I.5E4
>.8E4
5.9E4
1692
>065
29
L9E4
M
tone UNIT
MCMAKf «ATtl
HU1TH
•ABO
ten.
•AMD
(t/uc)
24120
3.9E7
2^3S£
H*
8.6E!
1.2E6
4034
2.7EJ
N
2495
I.1E9
7.7E6
I*
J.7E6
3.9E6
168
4.1E7
0
EARO FROM TABLE AT LINE 8
•BASED
« 44-221
IB 6077. ,
^. 2.28 X 10s
XARGE RATES FROM TABLE AT
E RATES
1-BASED
in*' 266-14515
inn- 2.8 X ID5
inr- 1.2 X 1C9
11 NUMBER OF EFFLUENT STREAMS
GAWK MA i,
LIQUID
SOLID WASTE
118
11C
12 LIST POLLUTANT SPECIES
See the specific
2
a
KNOWN OR SUSPECTED TO BE EMITTED FOR WHICH A MATE IS NOT AVAILABLE.
quantltatlon In Chapter 3of this report.
*See footnote 11st.
A-V-53
-------
Footnotes to Table A-V-12
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
G:
H:
I:
671-10
5,734-
261-14
26-28b
1,127-
519-1,
,149a
6,017a
,510a
1 , 240b
219C
18,600-43,800°
219-1,
971d
4, 521-40, 700d
In stream 306, cadmium is not included in ecology-based
calculated values and zinc and vanadium are not included in
any calculated values due to the uncertainty in the analysis
of these materials.
a
The range shown by A, B, and C is due to differences in the
efficiency of control technologies which may be applied.
The range shown by D and E results from calculation of these
values using two different techniques to estimate the runoff.
The range shown by F and G results from uncertainty in
quantitation of certain organic compounds .
range shown by H and I results from difficulty in esti-
mation of the waste stream flow rate.
A-V-54
-------
TABLE A-V-13. SAM/IA WORK SHEET FOR EFFLUENT STREAM NUMBER 201
(COAL PILE DRAINAGE) FOR THE HYPOTHETICAL SRC FACILITY
DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT
SAM/IA WORKSHEET FOR LEVEL 2
<
Ul
Form IA02 Lmri 2
1. SOURCE/CONTROL OPTION
Hypothetical SRC facility using
Standards of Practice Nanual
2
4
I
EFFLUENT STREAM
201 Coal Pile Drainage
CMCI MMK
Pi«e l / 9
the control options described 1n the SRC
3.
EFFLUENT STREAM ROW RATE
q. 1.0-1.1 //sec
(gat • mVMC - liquid • 1
/sac -
fdid • i/uc)
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE FOR THE EFFLUENT STREAM OF LINE 2 (USE BACK OF FORM FOR SCRATCH WORK)
A -
rauuTAHf
vtcct
UNTK
Alkali nit v
BOD
COD
Total Dlssolv
Jnnri*
Total Suspend
d
id
B
MUUMNT
eiwcut-
ruricN
unn
?n,nnn
3,300
8.2 X iO!
1.3 X 10;
8.3 X 10!
2.0 X 10!
9.9 X 10*
B.n x in!
4.4
c
MtAlTH
UATt
COHCCN-
TMinN
aa/l
P MOM SMCE 8 PKEDCa UK * CONTWWnON SHOT
5. EFFLUENT STREAM
HEALTH MATEBAS
ECOLOGICAL MATE
(ENTER HERE AND
DEGREE OF HAZARD
f p If
-------
TABLE A-V-13. (continued)
J-n
CONTINUATION SHOT FOR ITCH NO. 4. FORM 1*02, LIVEl 2 Page 1/2
SOUflCC'CONTPOl O«ION Hypothetical SRC Facility rmiirNT STBFAU NO 201
A
MUUMNT
VK*>
UMT*
Aluminum
Chromium
Copper
Ma ones 1 urn
AimnnlQ
7inc
Sulfate
Chloride
Iron
Sodium
CAtfGORY
—
B
FOUUTANT
COHCfH-
TM110N
uq/1
1.0 X 10(
2700.
2100.
|l.3 X 10!
690.
SQ.OC
6.9 X 106
.3 X 10S
.1 X 10?
a. 9 x io£
c
NU1TH
n*n
cmctM-
T1UTKW
Ma/1
80000.
250.
5000.
90000
?«;nn
?>;nfln
0
CCOLOQUU.
UATt
CONKH-
nunoN
IIQ/1
1000.
250.
50.
87000
VI
inn
E
occMior
HMMO
(HCM.TH)
t»/O
'
12.5
10.8
0.42
1 A
0.3
n ?t
r
KGKIV
MUMO
(ECOIOQCAL
IMD
—
1000
10.8
42
1.5
13.8
SO
G
Vw
HCMTH
IWtl
—
•f
•f
+
H
v/»
(COL
HATt
—
+
+
•f
•f
+
•f
' 1 '
TOnCUMTIMCHIMtlMrt
OCM.TM
»iam
(tiuNc n
i/sec
12.5-13.
10.8-11.
). 42-0. 46
1.4-1.6
.28-0.30
.24-0.26
itcaumrH
•MOD
CiUNCA
1/sec
1000-110
10.8-11.
42-46
1 5-i.K
3.8-15.;
59-65
(continued)
-------
•o
0)
I
•H
o
o
NOTES
2.6E4 equivalent to 2.6 X 104
ASSUMPTIONS
> LIST ALL ASSUMPTIONS MADE REGARDING FLOW RATE. EMISSION FACTORS AND MATE VALUES.
1. Assume no fugitive emissions.
2. For coal pile drainage for one calculation of
the two presented, assume all the rain on the
coal pile ran off.
A-V-57
-------
is available which would indicate the identity and quantity
of organic species in coal pile drainage. The volume of the
coal pile runoff (Q) was estimated using the formula in
Chapter 3, or by assuming all of the 102.8 cm precipitation
(annual average at Carmi, Illinois) falling on a 3.24 ha
coal pile actually ran off.
A-V.3 Cost for Environmental and Economic Impacts
Table A-V-14 shows the cost of the environmental and
economic impacts of siting an SRC coal liquefaction facility
in White County. Illinois.
A-V-58
-------
TABLE A-V-14. COSTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Category*
Geology
Seismology
Meteorology
Population:
Population
centers
Population
|> density
1
I
(_n Hydrology:
vo Floods
Quality
Supply Cost
Ecosystems:
Impingement
and entrap-
ment
Migratory
species
Typical .
design options
All
Nuclear
Fossil
Nuclear
Nuclear
Nuclear
All
All
Once through
Once-through
X: Impact Variable
Slope, percentage
"gV'for safe shutdown
earthquake
Ug/m3 or other concen-
tration variables for
pollutants
Inverse distance,
mlle-1
2
Persons/mile
Depth below HPF level
in feet (plus 1 foot)
Concentrations of
pollutants
Distance, height
Percentage of new
water used
Percentage of water-
way Impacted
Extrapolation
formula, type
Linear
Logarithmic
Step function
Logarithmic
"
Logarithmic
A
Quadratic
Step function
(no formula;
use graphic
solution)
Logarithmic
Logarithmic
Extrapolation parameters
y'c»$2.S/kWe/percent
slope
X(l)-0.15 g X(co) -
0-5 g, y(l) - $10/kWe
X(«) - standards value
_i
X(l)-0.25 mile
X(=o)-0.4 mlle-1
Y(l)- $2/kWe
X(l)-500 mile"2
X( oo)- 1000 mile
Y(l)-$2/kWe
Y'(X)-$0.015 (1 +
0.25X)/kWe
X(«o)- standards value
Use New York PSC
curves
X(l)- 20. X (»)- 30,
Y(l)- $70/kWe
X(l)-67, X(oo)-80,
Y(l)-$70/kWe
Remarks
Uses cost of
earth-moving
for average
highways
Rough estimate
Use state and
federal stan-
dards
2 months delay,
8 $10°/month,
used aa surro-
gate measure
2 montha delay.
-------
TABLE A-V-14. (continued)
<^
o
Typical
Category design options
Habitats All
Land Use:
Special public All
areas,* direct
Special public Cooling toners
areas,6 indirect
Specialty Cooling lakes
Cropland
Extrapolation
X: Impact Variable formula, type
Percent of habitat Logarithmic
impacted
Co-location or con- Step function
version
Visual angle sub- Logarithmic
tended, ateradlans
Percentage of total Logarithmic
specialty cropland
Extrapolation parameters
World: X(eo) - 1.
X(l) - 0.5
Nation: X(«) - 5,
X(l) - 2.5
State: X(n) • 10,
X(l) - 5
Y(l) - $70/kWe
(aquatic)
Y(l) • $70/kWe - p. A
(terrestrial)
X(oo)-0
X(l)-0.5 steradlan
X(»)-l steradlan
Y(l)-p.Ae/-$70 kWe
World: X(oo). 1,
X(l) - 0.5
Nation: X(oo)-5
X(l)-2.5
State: X(oo)-10
X(l) -5
Y(l) - value of lost crop
Remarks
Cooling tower
costs less
cooling lake
costs where
applicable
No conversion
allowed
Hypothetical
replacement of
tower by lake
Use revenue
lost as ap-
proximation
to disbeneflt
Only those factors are shown that were approximately quantified or that represent legal standards.
b
Design options will in'general have more overlap than shown: a study of typical plant performance
characteristics may be necessary.
Formulas are given below In note d for the total cost y. Note extrapolation for many factors is
tentative and could be replaced by other types of functions.
Extrapolation formulas and parameters are: Linear (or quadratic, for which y'c • y'c(X)):y - y'c-Xj
Logarithmic: y - y(l) log (1 - ( oo ))/log (1 - X(1)/X( oo ); Step funtlon: y - 0 for X ( «c ), y
for X X (oo).
8p is the price of land, adjusted for construction costs where applicable. A is the acreage Involved
for a hypothetical or real cooling lake, plant, etc., as applicable.
-------
REFERENCES
1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
National Climatic Center, Federal Building, Ashville,
North Carolina, 1978.
2. Doty, S.R., B.L. Wallace and G.C. Holzworth. A Cli-
matological Analysis of Pasquill Stability Categories
Based on 'Star' Summaries. NOAA, National Climatic
Center, Federal Building, Ashville, North Carolina,
1976.
3. Beck, R.W., and Associates. Environmental Analysis
Merom Generating Station for Hoosier Energy Division
of Indiana Statewide R.E.C., Inc., 1976.
4. Office of Solid Waste Management Program. The Report
to Congress: Waste Disposal Practices and Their
Effects on Ground Water. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C., 1977. 512 pp.
5. Weast, R.C. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 57th
Edition, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1976.
6. Bard, A.J. Chemical Equilibrium, Harper and Row,
New York, 1966.
7. Unpublished information submitted to the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency under Contract No. 77-43-
302073.
8. Bennett, H. Concise Chemical and Technical Dictionary.
Chemical Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1962.
9. Pauling, L. College Chemistry. W.H. Freeman and
Company, San Francisco, California, 1957.
10. Stecher, P.G., M. Windholz, D.S. Leahy, D.M. Bolton
and L.G. Eaton. The Merck Index. Merck and Company,
Rahway, New Jersey, 1968.
A-V-61
-------
11. Schalit, L.M., and K.J. Wolfe. SAM/IA: A Rapid
Screening Method for Environmental Assessment of
Fossil Energy Process Effluents. EPA-600/7-78-015,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, 1978.
12. Hittman Associates, Inc. Standards of Practice
Manual for the Solvent Refined Coal Liquefaction Pro-
cess, EPA 600/7-78-091, EPA Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, June 1978. 353 pp.
13. Ramsay, William. Siting Power Plants. Environ. Sci
and Technol. 11(3)=238. 1977.
A-V-62
-------
APPENDIX VI
POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN AND
SUGGESTIONS FOR APPROPRIATE GOALS
A-VI-1
-------
A-VI POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
APPROPRIATE GOALS
A-VI.l Introduction
As discussed in Appendices I and II, the background
report for the MEGs represents the most thorough literature
search uncovered to date. The MEGs are then derived from
logical mathematical considerations using federal standards
or original experimental data uncovered in this literature
search to give numbers which indicate levels in waste
streams (MATEs) or in environmental compartments (ambient
level goals) which should not cause environmental harm.
In particular, MEGs derived from original data are quite
likely to give environmental goals which are "reasonable"
in that these goals, if realized, will prevent further
deterioration of the environment.
Since the MEGs represent the most thorough literature
search and the best attempt uncovered to date to objectively
define concentrations which would not cause environmental
damage, they should be followed when setting environmental
goals. The MEGs which have already been determined are
found in Tables A-VI-1, A-VI-2, A-VI-3, and A-VI-4. In
these listings, an "emission MATE" refers to the concentra-
tion in a gaseous waste stream emitted to the atmosphere,
and an "effluent MATE" refers to a liquid waste stream which
will end up in the waters in the environment. The term
"selenium compounds (as selenium)" means that the selenium
content of the material is given in the concentration cal-
culation. For example, a concentration of 100 yg/1 SeCl^,
molecular weight of 221.03, contains 35.72 yg/l Se, and it
is this latter concentration to which the MEGs would refer.
A "nutrient solution" in the case of a terrestrial plant,
may mean that the plant was grown in the solution or that
A-VI-2
-------
TABLE A-VI-1. MEGs FOR INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
(UNITS ARE MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER)
Element
Aluminum and compound**
Aluminum oxide (Al.O,)
Antimony and compounds
Antimony Trloxlde (Sb.O..)
Arsenic and compounds
Barium and compounds
Beryllium and compounds
Blsmjth and compounds
Boron and compounds
Boron oxide (B.O.)
Bromine and compounds .
[Except elemental Bromine (Br.) J
Cadmium and compound*
Calcium and compounds
Carbon
Carbonyl sulflde (COS)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
C.irbon dlHulflde (CS2>
Ci-Hiua and c impounds
CliJxrlne and compounds (Except CIO ,
ClOj-d. Cljd or hydride0)
Chrumlum and compounds
Cobalt and compounds
Copper and compound**
Topper 8-hydroxyqulnollne
[(CijHi2N207Cu) (8-qulnollnol Copper
11 chelate)J
Gallium and compounds
Germanium and compounds
Hafnium and compound*
Iodine and compound* (Except Hydrlded)
Iron and compound**
Ferrocene [(»C,H,)-PeJ
Uinthanlum and compound*
MATE
Based Based on
on Health Ecological
Effects Effect*
5.200.
10.000.
500.
50.
2.0
500.
2.0
410.
3,100.
10.000.
>450.C
io.b
>450.fc
4.4 x 10S
40.000. 1.2 x 103
9.0 x 106
60,000. b
>450.C
>450.c
1.0
50.
200.
3.000.
5,000.
560.
>45.e
>*5.c
>4.5C
60.000.
>*5.C
AMBIENT LEVEL GOAL
Based Based on
on Health Ecological
Effects Effect*
12.6
24.
1.2
0.1
0.005
1-
0.001
0.7
74.
24.
>,.1C
0.02
>l.le
800.
10,000. 10,000.
143.
>1.1C
>1.1C
0.002
0.1
0.5
5.
9.
1.3
>o.ut
>0.11C
>0.011C
107.
>o.nc
(continued)
A-VI-3
-------
TABLE A-VI-1. (continued)
KATE
AMIPTT LEVEL COM.
Element
Lead and compound**
Tetreethyllead |(C.H,).Pp]
Lithium and compound**
Lithium hydrid* (L1H)
MaKn**lum end compound*
M«gne*lum oxide (Mgfi)
Mnnfttneie «nd compound*
Mercury end compounds'1
Mkyl mercury (f^Hxl
Holybdenum and compounds
Nvodymlum and compound*
Nickel and compound**
Nickel carbonyl [Ni(00)Jd
Nlckeloci'ni' [(i-c^H^Hl]
Nitrogen and compounds
Ammonle (Nll^)
Hydrogen cyanide (HOI)
Sodium or Pot** si urn cyuldi- (NaCN
or ECU)
Hvdratlm* (HJfMH ,)
Ozone (Oj)
Phosphorous .ind compound*
Klemcnt.il pli»*ph»r«uH (P)
l'ho*phlne (CH^)
. d
ivlonlum .ind com|»oiindH
riita**lum .ind compoundM
1
Prsieodymlum nnd compound*
Rubidium and compound* (except oxide*
Samarium *nd compounds
Scnndlum and compound*
Selenium and compound**
Hydrogen »rlenldi- (HjSe)
Silicon and compound*
Sllwer end compound*
Sodium and compound*
Strontium and compound*
Sulfur and cumpoun«t*
Mydrogrn *ulfldf c
15. 0.035
43. 0.1
1.500. »•
16.000.' 350. 43. 35.
11.000. 14.000. 26. l.»00.
5.000. 12-
150. 0.36
200." 10. 1*0.* >«°-b
i b
100.'- 0.24b
400. °-»s
>o.' ^-c
2,000. 5-
>45.' >0.1IC
) >*5.r >0.11C
>45/ N°-llC
51,000. '*•
200. °-03
200. °'5
>45.'
10 °-02*
1U-
>A30.' >1'1
1.000. "
... b
15.000. "'
(continued)
A-VI-4
-------
TABLE A-VI-1. (continued)
MATE
AMBIENT LEVEL GOAL
Element
Tantalum and compounds
Tellurium and compounds
Thallium and compounds
Thorium and compounds
Tin and compounds8
Organotin compounds
Tin hydride (SnH4)d
Titanium and compounds
Tungsten and compounds
Uranium and compounds
Vanadium and compounds
Ytterbium and compounds
Yttrium and compounds
Zinc and compounds
Zirconium and compounds
Based Baaed on
on Health Ecological
Effects Effects
>45.c
100.
100.
>45.c
100.
>0.c
6,000.b
1,000.
9.
S00.b 1.
>45.c
>45.c
4.000.
>4.5r
Baaed Baaed on
on Health Ecological
Effects Effects
>0.11C
0.24
0.24
>O.UC
0.24
>0.c
14.
2.4
0.5
1.2b 0.1
>0.11C
>0.11C
9.5
>0.011C
Except as noted below.
These MEG values may be "unreasonable." They arc dealt with on an Individual basis In the text.
*" End luted Iron the Inform-itlon contained In Table Vl-Z.
This compound (or element) Is very toxic and should not be tolerated. Also Included in this
group are the rarer radioactive elements Including radium and radon.
A-VI-5
-------
TABLE A-VI-2. MEGs FOR INORGANIC WATER POLLUTANTS
(UNITS ARE MICROGRAMS PER MILLILITER)
Element
Aluminum and compounds
Aluminum oxide (Al-0.)
Antiraony and compounds3
Antimony TrLoxlde (Sb-O^)
Arsenic and compounds
Barium and compounds
Beryllium and compounds
Bismuth and compounds
Boron and compound
Boron oxide (B_0_)
Bromine and compounds .
[(Except elemental Bromine (Br ) ]
Cadmium and compounds
Calcium and compounds
Carbon
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon dlsulflde (CS2)
Cesium and compounds
Chlorine and compounds (Except CIO" .
CIO "d, Cl, or hydride*1)
3 2
Chromium and compounds
Cobalt and compounds
Copper and compounds
Copper 8-hydroxyp,uinollne [(Ci3Hi2-
N202Cu) (B-qulnolinol copper 1 1
chelate)]
Gallium and compounds
Germanium and compounds
Hafnium and compounds
Iodine and compounds (Except Hydride )
Iron and compounds
Ferrocene [("^CjH^^F^J
Lanthanium and compounds
Lead and compounds
Tetramethyllead [4Pb]
Tetraethyllead [C'j"*^"']
MATE
Based Based on
on Health Ecological
Effects Effects
80, 000. b l,000.b
1.5 x 105
7,500. 200.
7,500. 200.
250. 50.
5,000. 2.500.
30. 55.
6,100.
4b b
'•' x 10 3,800.
b
1.5 i 10
>«,750.C
h b
50. 1.0°
6.750.C
6.0 x 105 60.
9.0 x 105 10,000.
>6,750.C
>6.750.c
250. 250.
750." 250. b
5,000.b 50.
45.000.
74,000.
8,400.
>675.C
>675.C
67. 5C
9.0 X 10
>675.C
250. 50.
2,250.
1.500.b 100."
AHBIEHT LEVEL COAL
Based
on Health
Effects
73.
138.
7.
1.5
1,000.
0.075
3.b
43.
138.
>160.C
b
10.
160.c
552.
830.
>160.C
>160.c
50.b
u. /
1 ,000."
27.
44.
8.
M.6C
>1.6C
0.16C
5JO.
>I.6C
50."
2.
1.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
200. b
40.
40.
10.
500.
11. b
b
750.
b
0.4
30.
5,000.
50.b
50."
10.
10.
50."
(continued)
A-VI-6
-------
TABLE A-VI-2. (continued)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOAL
Element
Lithium and compounds*
Lithium hydride (LtH)
Magnesium and compounda*
Magnealum oxide (HgO)
Manganese and compounds
Mercury and compounds
Alkyl mercury (»xHg)
Molybdenum and compounds
Neodymlum and compounda
Nickel and compounda
Nickel carbonyl [H1(CO)4]
Nlckelocene [(v-C,H ) _Hl]
Nitrogen and compounds
Amaonla (HH^)
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Sodium or Potassium cyanide (NaCM
or KOO
Hydrazlne (H.NNH.)
Phosphorous snd compounda
Elemental phosphorous (P)
Phosphlne (PH )
Polonium and compounda
Potassium and compounds
Praseodymium and compounda
Rubidium and compounda (except OK Ides )
Samarium and compounds
Scandium and compounds
Selenium and compounds
Silicon and compounds
Silver and compounda
Sodium and compounda
Strontium and compounda
Sulfur and compounds
Hydrogen sulflde (HjS)
Based Bused on
on Heslth Ecological
Effecca Effecta
330. 375.
375.
90. 000. b 87,000.b
1.5 x 105 1.0 x 105
250. 100.
10. b 250.b
150. 0.02
75,000. b 7,000.b
•*675 c
230. b 10. b
650. 10.
52,000.
2,500. 50.
500. b 25. b
500. b 25.b
2.3
15,000. O.S
6,000.
>0.c
3.0 x 10* 4.3 x 10*
>675.c
-675.-
>675.c
8.0 x 10S
50. 25.
>675.c
2SO.b S.b
>6,750.c
46,000.
23,000.b 10. b
Based
on Health
Effects
0.3
0.3
81.
138.
50.
2.b
o.u"
70.
>I.6C
0.6"
1.5
120.
500.
100.b
100.b
5.4
1.4
5.5
>0.c
75.
-1.6C
>1.6C
>1.6C
474.
10.
>1.6C
50.b
>160.c
27.
207."
Baaed on
Ecological
Effecta
75.
43, 300. b
50.000.
20.
50."
0.01b
1,400.
2.b
2.
10.
5.
0.1
21,600.
5.
5.b
2.b
(continued)
A-VI-7
-------
TABLE A-VI-2. (continued)
MATE
Element
Tantalum and compounds
Tellurium and compounds
Thallium and compounds
Thorium and compounds
Tin and compounds
Organotin compounds
Tin hydride (SnH4)d
Titanium and compounds
Tungsten and compounds
Uranium and compounds
Vanadium and compounds
Ytterbium and compounds
Yttrium and compounds
Zinc and compounds
Zirconium and compounds
Based Based on
on Health Ecological
Effects Effects
>675.c
1,500.
l,500.b
>675.c
1,500.
>0.C
90, 000. b 820.
15,000.
60, 000. b 500.
2,500.b 150.
>675.c
>675.C
25, 000. b 100.
>67.5C
Based Based on
on Health Ecological
Effects Effects
>1.6C
1.4
1.4b
>1.6C
l.»
-. - c
• j .
83. -i.100.
14.
3. 100.
7. 75.
>1.6C
>1.6C
5,000.b 20.
>0. 16C
Except as noted below.
These MEG values nay be "unreasonable.1' They are dealt with on an Individual basis In the text.
cEstlnated from the Information contained In Table VI-2.
This compound (or element) Is very toxic and should not be tolerated. Also Included in this
group are the rarer radioactive elements Including radium and radon.
(continued)
A-VI-8
-------
TABLE A-VI-3. MEGs FOR INORGANIC SOLID WASTES
(UNITS ARE MICROGRAMS PER GRAM)
Element
Aluminum .ind compounds
Aluminum oxide (Al.O.)
Antimony and compounds*
Ant loony tr (oxide (Sb.O,)
Arsenic and compounds
Barton* and compounds
Beryllium and compounds
Bismuth and compounds
Boron and compounds
Boron oxide (B.O.)
Bromine and compounds .
[(Except elemental bromine (Br,) ]
Cadmium and compounds
Cal.-lum and compounds
Cesium and compounds
Chlorine and compounds (Except CIO .
C10j-d, C121.350.c
10.
>1.350.c
>l,350.c
>l,350.c
50.
150.
1.000.
9.000.
15.000.
1,700.
•>l,350.c
>135.e
>13.5C
180.000.
>135.C
Bnssd on
ecological
effects
200.
40.
40.
10.
500.
11.
5,000.
0.2
50.
50.
10.
AMBIENT
Based
on health
effects
15.
30.
1.4
0.3
10.
20.
0.015
0.7
9.
30.
>3.C
0.06
>3.c
>3.1
>3.C
0.01
0.1
20.
5.4
9.
1.6
>o.ic
>0.3C
>0.03C
100.
M>.3C
LEVEL COAL
Based on
ecological
effects
40.
a.
8.
2.
10.
2.
1.UOO.
0.04
10.
10.
20.
(continued)
A-VI-9
-------
TABLE A-VI-3. (continued)
Element
Lead and compounds
Tf U.imethyllead [(CM ).l'h]
44 '
Te-.raechyllend [(C.H ) Pb]
Lithium and compounds
Lithium hydride (L1H)
Magnet turn and compounds"
Magnesium oxide (MpO)
Manganese and compounds
Mercury and compounds"
Alkyl mercury (R Hg)
Molybdrnum and compounds
Neoilymlua and compounds
Nickel and compounds
Nickel carbonyl [N1(CO)J
Nickelocene [(r-CjK^) jNi]
Nitrogen and compounds
Ammonia (NU^)
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Sodium or potassium cyanide (NaCH
or KCN)
Hydrazlne (H NMH^)
Phosphi-rus and compounds
Elemental phosphorus (P)
Polonium and compounds
Praseodymium and compounds
Rubidium and compounds (Except oxides )
Samarium and compounds
Scandium and compounds
Selrnlum and compounds
Silicon and compounds
Silver and compounds
Sodium and compounds
Strontium and compound!.
Tantalum and compounds
Tellurium and compounds
MATE
Baaed Baaed on
on health ecological
effects effects
50. 10.
450.
300. 20.
70. 70.
75.
18.000. 17,400. .
30.000. 20,000.
50. 20.
2. 50.
30. 0.004
15,000.b l,400.b
>135.c
45. 2.
130. 2.
10,000.
500. 10.
100. 5.0
100. 5.
450.
3.000. 0.1
>o.c
>135.C
>135.C
>135.1-
160,000.
10.b 5-Ob
>135.e
0.5 0.01
>1,350.C
9.200.
*"
300.
AM I EXT LEVEL COAL
Baaed Based on
on health ecological
effects effects
1. 2.
0.4
0.3 10.
O.Of. 15.
0.06
20. 8,700.
30. 10.000.
10. 4.
0.4 10.
0.03 0.002
14." 2.b
>0.3C
0.1 0.4
0.3 0.4
20.
100. 2.
20. 1.
20. 1.
1.
0.3 0.02
>o.c
>0.3l
>0.3C
>0.3U
90.
2." 1."
>0.3'
0.1 0.01
>3.C
5.
>0.3'
0.3
(continued)
A-VI-10
-------
TABLE A-VI-3. (continued)
MATE
AMBIENT LL.'EL
Element
Thallium and compounda
Thorium and compound*!
Tin and compounds
Organotln compounds
Tin hydride (SnH. )
Illinium and compounds
Tim(;itun and compounds
Uranium and compounds
Van.idiua and compounds
Ytterbium and compounds
Yttrium and compounds
Zinc .ind compounds
Zirconium and compounds
Baaed Based on
on health ecological
effects effects
300.
>135/
300.
>o.L
18.000. 160.
3.000.
12,000. 100.
500. 30.
>135.C
>135.C
5,000. 20.
>13.5C
Based
on health
effects
0.3
>0.3C
0.3
>o.L
17.
3.
0.6
1.4
>0.3C
>0.3C
1,000.
>O.JC
Based on
ecological
effects
800.
20.
IS.
4.
Except as nored below.
These MEG valuvs nay be ''unreasonable.'* They are dealt with on an Individual basis In the
text.
'"Estimated from the information contained In Table Vl-2.
This compound (01 element) Is very toxic and should not be tolerated. Also Included in this
group jre the rarer radioactive elements including radium and radon.
A-VI-11
-------
TABLE A-VI-4. MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS FOR ORGANIC
CATEGORIES, USING LOWEST MEG VALUES LISTED FOR EACH
CATEGORY OF COMPOUNDS
'
Enl.slun 1.-..-I u.uls - based c.
MlnlouO acuto toxlr.ty offlucnt
1.
4.
h.
7.
tt.
<*.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
•17.
IB.
Compound
Alkyl [milder**
Vinyl chloride
1,4-D.oxan.-
AKohoU
Clycols. fponidi-B
Alduhydutt, ke tones*
Forma l
Acruloln
Car boxy He acid &
dcrlvnt ivi-H*
Phtlialutv esters
imrl IUH
Aol nun*
AalnotuluL-nut.
6-Aminob.|>hc>nyl
1 -Aninonuplitnalene
2-Aninonnphthnl*ne
Etltylcni-lalnc
Azi> compounds:*
X.N'-uiB.-tliylhydraztn.
Hitro^DlncH
N-nl t rosin! 1 nt* t hy 1 no 1 n<
ThlolB
.u!,°.id a''"";
Benzene, substituted
benzene hydrocarbon*
Hulogcnuti'd aromatir.
roo pound**
folychlurinated
blphcny Is
Aritm.it Ic nltri)
I'llL-tlllls
he
Air
2 IxlO5
2.55x10*
I.SxIO5
1.8x10*
I.OxlO*
2.5x10*
l.6xI03
250
6xl03
5xl03
3xlo'
6x10'
110
l.3xlo'
564
165
332
350
32
120
I.OxlO1
4x10*
I.OxlO1
5x10 '
500
I.Jxln3
1.3x10
Based on
ulth effect
Water
2.IXI07
3.2XI06
'3.8x10*
2.7xl06
4.7..05
I.5xl05
1.75XI05
2.4x10°
3.750
9x10*
7.5x10*
4.5x10*
9»IO*
I.65xl03
2x10*
8.5xl03
2.5xl03
5xl03
5.25XI03
500
18
I.8.I03
1.5x10*
6xl05
1.5x10*"
7.5x10*
7.5xl03
2x10*
5.0
«
(wind
6.4xl05
7,600.
5.4xl05
90.000.
54,000.
30.000.
75.000.
4,800.
750.
18,000.
15,000.
9,000.
18.000.
300.
4,000.
1,700.
500.
1,000.
1,100.
1 .000.
36.
360.
3.000.
1. 2x1 1)5
3-.000.
150.
1.500.
4.000.
, '
Baaed on
ecological cffcrlrt he
Air Water Until Air
1.0 .I.Oxld5 3.450
'•1.0x10 20.IHII). 500
I.OxlO5 20,0('(l. 6
1.0x10* 2.000. 428
I.OxlO* 2.000. 71
32
1.000 200. 24
100 20. 60
500 1.00(1 200. 3.9
94 '100 20. 0.6
1 .000 200. 14
1.5 n. 1 12
1. 000 20. 7
I.OxlO3 2(1. 14
0.26
3
100 20. 1.3
100 20. 0.4
0.8
0.8
0.075
0.003
0.29
2.4
72
1.000 200. 2.4
100 20. 12
0.005 0.001 1.2
1,000 200. )
5(10 10(1. 24
n nablent factor
Ambient level goal
Based on
alth efl.'Cts
Water
UK/I
1.9x10*
2.900
90
2,480
414
160
140
345
41 .4
3.5
83
69
41
83
4
45
20
6
12
5
1 . 1
0.045
4.4
13.8
15*
13.8
69
7
45
1
Land Air
.IU)/rt us/"3
580.
20.
50.
80.
30.
3.
70.
8. 49 ,
0.7 9
20.
14.
8. 500
17.
•0.8
10.
4.
1 .2
2.4
1 .
0.2
0.009
0.9
3.
70.
3.
14.
1 .4
II).
0.2
1 ' . .
Based o
'ecological o
' ' Water
ut/l
>5xlO-
50.000
>50.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
500
,'50
500
;50
. 500
0.1
'1
500
50 .
50
250
50'
0.001
" 500 ...
70
n
fleets
Uind
WK/)i
10,000.
10.000.
1 .000.
1 .000.
1,001).
100.
10.
100.
10.
too.
0.06
too.
10.
10.
• 50.
10.
0.0002
too.
10.
(continued)
A-VI-12
-------
Minimum acute
Bnisalon level goals - based on ambient factor
i Ity effluent Ambient level goal
"f
M
1
I-1
CO
Compound
19. Halophenola
20. Nitrophenols*
4,6-dlnltro-o-cresol
2,4,6-Crinltrophenol
21. Fused polycycllc*
hyd ocarbon
Benz(a} anthracene
7 . 12-dlaethylbenz(a)
anthracene
Dlb*nzo(a,h)anthracene
Ben*o(a)pyrene
Dibenzo (a , i ) pyrene
22. Fused non-alternate
polycycllc hydrocarbons
3-nethylcholanthrene
23. Heterocycllc nitrogen*
coapounba
Dlbenz(a,j)acrldlne
Dlbenz(a,h)acridlne
Dibenzo (c.gjcarbazole
2-i. Heterocycllc oxygen
Baaed on
health rffpct-. >
Air Water 1 .ind Air.
tfg/zt3 jig/ 1 Mg/g >ig/o'
7xI03
1,350
200
100
l.OBO
45
0.26
0.093
0.02
43
900
3.8
2.7xl03
246
220
103
-,.9xlOS
5.n
5.0
5.0
5.0
1.6x10*
670
3.9
1.4
0.3
650
L
1.34x10
56
9x10*
3.7xl03
3.36xl03
l.SxlO3
9.0xl06
1.
1.
1.
1.
3,200.
130.
0.8
0.3
0.6
130.
2,700.
11.
BIO.
740.
670.
300.
l.BxlO6
Based on Baaed on
•crlnpir.il effects h. 'tilth effects
Wnter Land Air Water
Hg/l pg/g pg/n3 ug/1
500 ino. 17
500 100. 2.4
500 100. 0.5
500 100. 0.24
2.6
0.11
0.0006
0.0002
SxlO"5
0.1
2.1
0.009
5
0.59
0.53
0.24
1,400
1
1
1
1
39
1.65
0.0009
0.003
0.00075
1.5
31.5
0.14
24
8.85
8.0
3.6
8,100
Land Air
jig/g jjg/™
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
9.
0.3
0.018
6x10*"
l.SxlO'4
0. 3
6.
0.03
5.
2.
1.6
0.7
1.600.
Baaed on
ecologlc.il offsets
Water UnJ
Cg/1 «g/g
o.i n.oni
50 10.
50 10.
IOU 20. g
W
W
>
^j
M
J>
o"
o
It
H-
1 1
^
compounds
tetrahydrofuran
25. Heterocycllc S
confounds
2.25x10* 3.4xl05
70,000.
40
8.
*HEC values listed for coapound category exclude the more hazardous substances (which are Hated Individually), except where no other HATE
values are given.
-------
the solution was added to the soil in which the plant was
growing. However, the exact meaning of this term is usually
open to question. In some cases, the MEG had not been
determined because the substance in question had not been
subjected to MEG analysis, or because the information neces-
sary to determine the MEG was not available. When possible,
a subjective estimate of the environmental levels which
would not present an environmental hazard has been given.
The MEG for organics (Table A-VI-4) is arranged by the
category of compounds as determined by the MEG methodology.
For each category the lowest MEG of the assessed compounds
within that category (excluding compounds listed individ-
ually) is listed under the MEG category heading. In the
following circumstances the MEGs of individual compounds are
listed separately:
• When a compound is given a high hazard potential
value (see Table A-II-5)
• When the span between the lowest and the next
lowest MATE value in a MEG category is not within
1-2 orders of magnitude of each other.
The authors of the present report have attempted to
update the MEG values with more recent information from the
literature. Although this literature search was less exten-
sive than the MEG search, some recent information was un-
covered which will undoubtedly be included in updated ver-
sions of the MEGs. This information is outlined below.
A-VI-14
-------
A-VI.2 Air
A-VI.2.1 Inorganic
A-VI.2.1.1 Cadmium (Cd) (2,3)
Inhalation of 10 to 270 yg/m cadmium has resulted in
pulmonary and renal effects for exposed workers. In the
3
range of zero to 0.062 yg/m there appears to be a signifi-
cant correlation (r=0.76 with 26 degrees of freedom or p
less than 0.001; i.e., less than 1 chance in 10,000 that the
observed correlation is due solely to chance) between the
cadmium concentration and diseases of the heart. In view of
this, the Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality
3
recommends a 24-hour average cadmium level of 0.05 yg/m .
A-VI .2.1.2 Carbon Bisulfide (CSJ (2)
Human central nervous system damage has resulted from
chronic exposure (for seven years) to a concentration of
50,000 yg/m3.
A-VI.2.1.3 Fluorine and Fluorides (F) (2.4.5)
The emission MEGs for fluorides have not yet been cal-
3
culated. Fluorine at levels greater than 2000 yg/m acts
as a direct cellular poison by interfering with calcium
metabolism and enzyme mechanisms. Nosebleed, cough, irrita-
tion of the respiratory tract and of the eye are usually
3
associated with 8-hour exposures greater than 2500 yg/m .
However, several studies suggest that some of these effects
3
can occur at levels down to 240 yg/m . The results of
studies in and adjacent to aluminum facilities in the USA,
Scotland, and the USSR are given in Table A-VI-5. Airborne
fluorides are injurious to corn, sorghum, tomatoes, soybeans,
A-VI-15
-------
TABLE A-VI-5. FLUORIDE EFFECTS ON MAN IN RELATION TO AIR
CONCENTRATIONS IN OR NEAR ALUMINUM PLANTS
I
M
cr>
Atmospheric concentration
Urinary fluoride
Comments
2400 to 6000 pg/m"
(potroom)
3150 pg/m- one plant,
2340 pg/m or less in
another
140 to 3430 pg/m"
(furnace rooms)
15 to 141 pg/m
(elsewhere in plant)
33 to 40 pg/m
(control room)
8.7-9.8 mg/1
9.03 mg/24 hr
(full time) male
5.19 mg/24 hr
(part time) male
3.64 mg/24 hr
(part time)
female
1.83 mg/24 hr
male
1.58 mg/24 hr
female
0.84 mg/24 hrs
male and female
Morbidity rate of potroom workers, except for
osteoarthritis and restricted elbows, varied
little from other employees in plant. Arthritis,
probably traumatic arthritis, was not from fluo-
rides. X-rays indicated slight to severe skeletal
fluorosis in 76 of 107 potroom workers, but cases
were asymptomatic. 26 had advanced fluorosis with
marked restriction of spinal movement.
X-ray examination of 10 pot workers with 7-30
yr. experience showed generalized osteosclero-
sis (not incapacitating) in 2, and areas of
localized densification in 3.
25.4% incidence of X-ray abnormalities among 189
workers; 12.8% incidence of cough.
8.3% incidence of x-ray abnormalities among 60
workers; 6.9% incidence of cough.
4.0% incidence of x-ray abnormalities among 75
subjects.
(continued)
-------
Atmospheric concentration
TABLE A-VI-5.
Urinary fluoride
(continued)
Comments
22-42 Pg/m
(0.18 to 1.6 km from
factory)
ca. 40 yg/m
(1.6 to 2.4 km from a
different factory)
3
600 Mg/m
(0.5 km from factory)
No clinical signs or symptoms found among local
residents, incidence of mottled teeth in chil-
dren not appreciably different from that in un-
affected areas.
No abnormal x-rays. Some teeth mottling.
Floral damage and window etching.
-------
gladioli and a variety of other plants. The Illinois
Institute for Environmental Quality recommends a fluoride
standard of 0.7 yg/m3, based on a 24-hour average. This
value may be a bit stringent, since the health effects are
observed only at much higher concentrations. Furthermore,
atmospheric dilution of factory emissions may occur before
floral contact.
A fluoride emission level of 25 yg/m3 should prevent
the adverse health effects to persons living near the plant;
however, the effect of this fluoride level on cash crops at
some distance from the facility is not known and will prob-
ably have to be determined on a site-specific basis.
A-VI.2.1.4 Lead (Pb) (2.3.4)
•5
At concentrations greater than 150 yg/m lead fumes and
dusts act as a cumulative poison producing behavioral
disorders, brain damage, convulsions and even death. At 1
pg/m , airborne lead produces altered metabolic effects.
The Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality recommends
3
a maximum level of 1.5 yg/m , based on a 24-hour average
sample. Adjusting this for an eight-hour-per-day exposure
o
gives about 4.5 yg/m for eight hours and none for the next
16 hours.
A-VI.2.1.5 Manganese (Mn) (2,4.6)
Manganese oxides in the air have the capacity to act as
catalysts in the oxidation of sulfur dioxide (S02) to sulfur
trioxide (SO.,) which, in the presence of moisture, results
in the formation of sulfuric acid and airborne sulfates.
Recent studies have shown that suspended sulfates are con-
siderably more irritating than either sulfur dioxide or
total suspended particulates.
A-VI-18
-------
The toxic effects from particulate sulfates formed via
manganese catalytic action with SC>2 will occur significantly
before any direct toxic effects caused by ambient manganese.
It was calculated that a conversion rate of approximately
0.12 percent could be achieved if the manganese level was
3
0.006 yg/m . This rate approaches the rate of non-catalytic
conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid (this rate is
approximately 0.1 percent). Based on this information, the
recommendation was made by the Environmental Health Re-
sources Center in Illinois that the environmental standard
for particulate manganese should be 0.006 yg/m .
3
This ambient air quality standard of 0.006 yg/m will
also provide protection to individuals who, because of a
disease, metabolic disorder, or psychological disturbance,
are more susceptible to direct manganese toxicity than the
general population. Individuals with anemia, psychiatric
disorders, and sensitivities to avitaminosis, liver dys-
function, and pulmonary infections are among those who may
be more susceptible to the toxic effects of manganese.
o
Manganese levels at 500 yg/m reportedly lead to emo-
tional instability, apathy, hallucinations, compulsive acts,
muscular hypertonia, muscular fatigue, and sexual depres-
3
sion. Levels as low as 20 yg/m reportedly lead to tremors,
3
facial masking, and reduced blinking. Levels of 100 yg/m
may lead to progressive weakness. These data relate to
occupational exposures. It is well to note in this regard
that occupational exposures are usually on an 8-hour day,
5-day per week basis, where off-work hours and weekends
constitute recovery time from the health effects of hazard-
ous materials.
A-VI-19
-------
A-VI.2.1.6 Nickel (Ni) (2.7)
Nickel carbonyl causes death after 30-minute exposure
to a dose of 30 yg/g. Nickel carbonyl has been implicated
as a respiratory carcinogen. Fortunately, nickel carbonyl
is an extremely labile compound and is subiect to photo-
lysis, air oxidation and other forms of degradation.
A-VI.2.1.7 Nitrogen
A-VI .2.1.7.1 Ammonia
The most sensitive plant species studied thus far
appears to be the mustard plant. Four-hour exposure to
3
2,100 yg/m of ammonia caused 15 percent marking of the leaf
surface. Irritation has been reported in humans at levels
of 14,400 yg/m3.
A-VI .2.1.7.2 Nitrogen oxides (NO ) (4.8)
li
The emission MEG values for this class of pollutants
have not yet been determined. Nitrogen dioxide at levels
3
greater than 5 ppm in ingested material, or 9,000 yg/m
cause corrosion as well as irritation of skin, eyes, diges-
tive tract, or lungs following ingestion or inhalation. At
concentrations of less than 1 ppm (1,200 yg/m ) nitrogen
dioxide caused reduced resistance to infection, emphysema,
and alveolar extension in mice after one year exposure. In
humans, concentrations slightly greater than 0.1 ppm (120
yg/m^) were associated with increased incidence of lower
respiratory tract infection.
A-VI-20
-------
o
aging. A concentration of 60 yg/m causes injury to tobacco
A-VI.2.1.8 Ozone (03> (2,9)
Ozone can cause dye fading and rubber deterioration.
3
Discomfort in humans results from levels of 100 to 200 yg/m
for 13 to 30 minutes. Indications are that long-term expo-
sure to even lower levels of ozone contributes to premature
aging.
leaves.
A-VI.2.1.9 Sulfur
A-VI.2.1.9.1 Hydrogen Sulfide (H^S) (2,11)
A level of 1,000 to 10,000 yg/m hydrogen sulfide is
associated with an increase in the incidence of decreased
corneal reflex (convergence and divergence) after chronic
exposure. Irritation of conjunctiva, fatigue, loss of
appetite, and insomnia have been reported after chronic
3
exposure to 10,000 to 70,000 yg/m hydrogen sulfide. A
3
level of 450 yg/m is associated with increased incidence of
nausea, loss of sleep, shortness of breath, and headaches
3
following chronic exposures, while a level of only 120 yg/m
is associated with increased incidence of mental depression,
dizziness and blurred vision.
Russian studies have indicated that infants may be
particularly sensitive to exposure of HjS at very low
concentrations. Concentrations of H0S in the 100 to 1,000
3
yg/m range have produced a symptom complex usually mani-
fested as undernourishment, delayed growth, general weak-
ness, and retarded physical and neuro-physical development
(e.g., infants began walking late and were slow in cutting
teeth), as well as assorted gastrointestinal disturbances.
Whether the general impaired development and poor health
were the result of direct toxic action or were secondary to
A-VI-21
-------
undernourishment and gastrointestinal disturbances induced
by the gas, was not established. Confirmation of these
studies in the western world is lacking.
Certain individuals, because they are afflicted with a
particular disease, metabolic disorder, or psychological
disturbance; have an enhanced susceptibility when exposed to
hydrogen sulfide. Included among these high-risk categories
are infants and those with eye and respiratory tract ail-
ments, anemia, alcoholism, schizoid or paranoid tendencies,
and those who have been previously exposed to H9S.
Since the standard must protect many high-risk groups
within the general population, the Illinois Environmental
Health Resource Center (EHRC) has recommended a standard for
o
gaseous hydrogen sulfide of 15 ug/m (based on an 8-hour
average sample) to protect the general population. This
concentration, however, does not prevent the human detection
of this gas at considerably lower concentrations, as the
"rotten egg" odor threshold for H^S has been reported to be
as low as 0.00047 ppm (0.65 yg/m ). In addition, no account
has been taken of phytotoxic, animal, or material effects.
However, based on presently available health data, the EHRC
believes that the proposed standard will prevent adverse
health effects from H2S exposure in the general and high-
risk populations.
A-VI.2.1.9.2 Sulfur Dioxide (S02) (4,9)
The MEG values for sulfur dioxide have not been deter-
3
mined as yet. Sulfur dioxide at 13,000 yg/m combines with
water to form a corrosive acid which is an eye, skin, and
mucous membrane irritant. The threshold S02 concentration
below which no injury occurs to alfalfa plants appears to be
260 yg/m3.
A-VI-22
-------
Corrosion of metals by acids derived from airborne S0«
is most important. Zinc and steel are particularly vul-
nerable to attack by atmospheric SO^. Paper and leather
products are strongly influenced by SC^ and tend to disin-
tegrate or discolor after prolonged exposure to relatively
high levels of S02. Concrete, marble, roofing slate, mortar
and limestone are subject to attack from acids derived from
SCv. Most of the concrete and limestone used in the con-
struction of highways and buildings in the United States is
not seriously affected by the present level of atmospheric
S02- The S02 level and the relative humidity are the most
important factors determining the corrosion rate for gal-
vanized products. The relationship between SO^ and damage
to paint is not as clear as it is between SO^ and corrosion
of galvanized products. The threshold or minimum level of
S00 required to produce an economic loss seems to be greater
3
than or equal to 10 pg/m . For lack of better data, it is
q
reasonable to assume a threshold level of 20 yg/m before
any significant loss is achieved.
A-VI.2.1.10 Tin (Sn) (2.4,7,12)
Airborne inorganic tin may be considered nontoxic
(except as tin hydride, SnH,) to most organisms, except at
very high concentrations (500 ug/g of animal for 14 months).
Organic tin compounds, however, are extremely toxic to
mammals, including man. A reasonable upper limit for air-
3
borne inorganic tin (except SnH,) might be 10,000 yg/m .
Tin hydride is very toxic and should not be tolerated at any
level.
A-VI-23
-------
A- VI. 2. 1.11 Titanium (Ti) (2)
Mice were reported to succumb to air levels of 10,000
3
yg/m titanium chloride (TiCl, ) which is equivalent to 2,500
Q ^
pg Ti/m . Thus, a value of 6,000 yg Ti/m could result in
toxicity near the emission source if titanium is present in
the form of the chloride.
A- VI. 2. 1.12 Vanadium (V) (2)
o
Workers exposed to 200 to 500 yg/m vanadium have
suffered negative respiratory symptoms. Eye problems have
o
been reported at vanadium levels of 100 pg/m . Phytotoxi-
city occurs at atmospheric vanadium concentrations of 0.5 to
1.0 pg/m3.
A-VI.2.1.13 Other Elements Having No MEGs (12)
Some elements for which toxicity information is avail-
able, but for which the MEGs have not been determined,
are found in Table A-VI-6. In this table, "very toxic"
indicates that the toxic effects are seen at concentrations
below 1 ppm in nutrient solution of plants or microorganisms
or water for aquatic animals and the dietary LD5Q of animals
occurs in the range of 1-10 mg/kg body weight. "Moderately
toxic" indicates that the toxic effects appear at levels of
1 to 100 ppm in nutrient solutions for plants or micro-
organisms or water for aquatic animals, or the LD5Q for
animals lies in the 10 to 100 mg/kg range. "Slightly toxic"
indicates that toxicity is rarely seen in plants or micro-
organisms or aquatic animals, and the LD5Q for animals
occurs at a dietary level of 100 to 1,000 mg/kg body weight.
"Relatively harmless" indicates that the LD5Q for animals is
greater than 1,000 mg/kg.
A-VI-24
-------
TABLE A-VI-6. TOXICITY INFORMATION ON SOME ELEMENTS OR THEIR COMPOUNDS
FOR WHICH THE MEGs HAVE NOT YET BEEN CALCULATED (12)
to
Element
Argon (Ar)
Bromine (Br)
Calcium (Ca)
Cesium (Cs)
Chlorine (Cl)
Hafnium (Hf)
Helium (He)
Iodine (I)
Iron (Fe)
Lanthanium (La)
Neodymium (Nd)
Polonium (Po)
Praseodymium (Pr)
Plant toxicity
Animal toxicity
Microorganism toxicity
not
Elemental: very
Br~: relatively harmless
BrO :moderately
A
relatively harmless
relatively harmless
relatively harmless as
Cl~, moderately to very
toxic as Cl_, C10~ or
CIO"
slightly
harmless
slightly
moderately to slightly
slightly
slightly
slightly
not
Elemental: very
Br~: relatively harmless
very as hydride
relatively harmless
relatively harmless
see plants
Hydride: very
slightly
harmless
slightly
very toxic as hydride
slightly
slightly
slightly
very
slightly
Elemental: very
Br~: relatively harmless
relatively harmless
relatively harmless
see plants
slightly
harmless
slightly
slightly
slightly
slightly
(continued)
-------
Element
TABLE A-VI-6. (continued)
Plant toxlcity Animal toxicity
Microorganism toxicity
to
Radium (Ra)
Radon (Rn)
Rubidium (Rb)
Samarium (Sm)
Silicon (Si)
Sodium (Na)
Tantalum (Ta)
Thorium (Th)
Tin (Sn)
Titanium (Ti)
Tungsten (W)
Ytterbium (Yb)
Yttrium (Y)
Zirconium (Zr)
scarcely toxic in the
presence of K
slightly
slightly
relatively harmless
slightly
slightly
very
relatively harmless
moderately
slightly
slightly
moderately
the high toxicity to
mammals is probably due
to the radioactivity
the high toxicity to
mammals is probably due
to the radioactivity
see plants
oxides: very
slightly, but large
amounts in mammalian
lungs are harmful
relatively harmless
slightly
slightly
very as SnH,
relatively harmless
slightly
slightly
slightly
slightly
see plants
slightly
relatively harmless
slightly
slightly
relatively harmless
slightly
slightly
-------
Obviously, elements or their compounds which are listed
as "very toxic" in Table A-VI-6 should be restricted to very
low-level environmental concentrations until more specific
information becomes available. Elements or their compounds
listed as "moderately toxic" will probably eventually have
3
an emission MATE greater than 4.5 yg/m , an effluent MATE
3
greater than 67.5 yg/m , and a MATE for land-destined wastes
greater than 13.5 yg/g. The ambient level goals for those
elements and their compounds listed as "moderately toxic"
3
for air probably will be greater than 0.011 yg/m , for water
greater than 0.16 yg/1, and for soil greater than 0.03 yg/g.
Elements and their compounds listed as "slightly toxic" will
3
probably have emission MATEs greater than 45 yg/m , effluent
MATEs greater than 675 yg/1, and MATEs for land-destined
wastes greater than 135 yg/g. The ambient level goals for
those elements and compounds listed as "slightly toxic" for
3
air will probably be greater than 0.11 yg/m , for water
probably greater than 1.6 yg/1, and for land probably
greater than 0.3 yg/g. The emission MATEs for elements and
their compounds listed as "relatively harmless" will prob-
3
ably be greater than 450 yg/m . The effluent MATEs will
probably be greater than 6,750 yg/1, and the MATEs for land-
destined wastes will probably be greater than 1,350 yg/g.
The ambient level goals for those elements and their com-
pounds listed as "relatively harmless" will probably be
3
greater than 1.1 yg/m for air, 160 yg/1 for water, and 3
yg/g for land. Until more specific information is avail-
able, these numbers can be used as the basis for developing
standards. When the actual MEGs are prepared, they will
probably indicate that less stringent standards will be
satisfactory.
A-VI-27
-------
A-VI.2.2 Organics
An assessment of the environmentally hazardous levels
of the vast number of organic compounds potentially emitted
by a coal liquefaction facility is beyond the scope of this
work. Some organic compounds are dealt with on an individ-
ual basis in the MEGs. After careful examination no data
were found indicating that stated MEG values for organic
compounds known to be associated with coal liquefaction were
unreasonable.
A-VI.3 Water
A-VI.3.1 Inorganics
A-VI.3.1.1 Aluminum (Al) (2)
Growth reductions in wheat and orange seedlings were
reporter in nutrient solutions containing 100 yg/1 aluminum.
A-VI.3.1.2 Antimony (Sb) (2)
Concentrations of antimony as low as 1,000 yg/1 have
produced harmful effects in fish.
A-VI.3.1.3 Beryllium (Be) (2)
Some varieties of citrus seedlings show phytotoxic
effects at concentrations in the nutrient solution of 2.5
to 5.0 yg/1 beryllium.
A-VI.3.1.4 Boron (B) (2.7.13)
The LCcn for fathead minnows, (Pimephales promelas) was
316 yg/1 for 3 days of exposure, and 52 yg/1 for 5 days of
A-VI-28
-------
exposure to boron. Although boron is an essential element
for plant growth and flowering, it may exert phytotoxic
effects at concentrations exceeding 1.5 yg/1.
A-VI.3.1.5 Cadmium (Cd) (2,3.7.14)
Five yg/1 cadmium in drinking water of rats for one
year reportedly resulted in hypertension. Reproduction of
grass shrimp (Daphnia magna) was reduced at a cadmium
concentration of 0.5 yg/1. The 7-day LC.-Q for rainbow trout
(Salmo gairdneri) is 0.016 to 0.020 yg/1. Five months'
exposure to cadmium concentrations of 0.02 to 10 yg/1 in-
creased mortality of crayfish (Cambarus latimanus) but had
little effect on growth or temperature tolerance. In fresh
water systems, 0.01 yg/1 cadmium inhibited the growth of
floating aquatic plants.
A-VI.3.1.6 Chromium (Cr) (2,7)
Lethal levels of chromium for algae range from 32 to
6,400 yg/1. The most sensitive marine species seems to be
the oyster with a lethal level of 10 to 12 yg/1.
A-VI.3.1.7 Cobalt (Co) (2.7)
A concentration of 100 yg/1 of cobalt in nutrient
solutions in irrigation waters is near the threshold toxi-
city level of crop plants, whereas a concentration of 50
yg/1 appears to be satisfactory for application on all
soils. Concentrations as low as 50 yg/1 inhibited the
growth of small carp (Cyprinus carpio). At 40 yg/1, cobalt
retarded the growth of algae such as Chlorella spp. and
Euglena spp.
A-VI-29
-------
A-VI.3.1.8 Copper (Cu) (2.7.13)
In general, copper concentrations less than 1,000 yg/1
have been reported as toxic to many kinds of fish, crus-
taceans, molluscs, insects, phytoplankton, and zooplankton.
If the ambient level of 10 yg/1 is realized (based on eco-
logical effects) there should be little harm to the ecosystem,
A-VI.3.1.9 Fluorine (F) (6.7.15)
The MEGs for fluorine in water have yet to be cal-
culated. A level of 2,000 yg/1 in livestock drinking water
may result in some tooth mottling. Chronic fluoride poi-
soning of livestock has been observed when the water con-
tained 10,000 to 15,000 yg/1 fluoride.
A-VI.3.1.10 Iron (Fe) (2,12,15)
The MEGs for ferrocene based on ecological effects, and
those for all other forms of iron have yet to be calculated.
Levels of more than 1,000 yg/1 inorganic iron and compounds
(as iron) are toxic to certain sensitive plants while ani-
mals are unaffected by levels of 100 yg/1.
A-VI.3.1.11 Lead (Pb) (2.7)
Reproductive impairment of grass shrimp (Daphnia
magna) reportedly occurs at concentrations of 30 yg/1.
Since the grass shrimp is virtually at the bottom of every
food chain, a reproductive failure is considered a signifi-
cant problem. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) are adversely
affected by lead at 0.00010 yg/1 in soft water, whereas in
hard water the 96-hour LC5Q value is 442,000 yg/1; this
makes any interpretation essentially impossible.
A-VI-30
-------
A-VI.3.1.12 Lithium (Li) (2)
The most lithium-sensitive plant species studied thus
far appears to be citrus, with the appearance of a slight
toxicity at 60 to 100 yg/1 lithium hydride.
A-VI.3.1.13 Magnesium (Mg) (2)
At 7,200 yg/1, magnesium inhibits the growth of the
(Botryoc_occ_us) . Magnesium is a fairly common element (2.1
percent by weight in the earth's crust) and should not be
an environmental hazard. In U.S. surface waters, the mag-
nesium concentration averages 14,300 yg/1 with a range of
8,500 to 137,000 yg/1.
A-VI.3.1.14 Mercury (Hg) (2.14)
Inorganic mercury at 10 yg/1 has retarded regeneration
of caudal fins in the killifish (Fundus heteroclitus),
but this effect was reduced when the salinity of the water
was decreased or when cadmium chloride was also present in
the water. Mercury concentrations over 3 yg/1 (as mercury
sulfate) are toxic to the eggs of salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka
and Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Biological magnification up to
27,000 times the mercury concentration in water has been
reported. Fish-eating birds and mammals are affected by
excessive mercury in the water because of their position at
the top of the food chain. The proposed EPA 1976 Water
Quality Criteria for mercury is 2.0 yg/1 for health protec-
tion, 0.05 yg/1 for protection of freshwater life and wild-
life, and 0.10 yg/1 for marine life. The NAS/NAE 1972 Water
Quality Criteria recommendations for mercury were essen-
tially identical to the EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria.
A-VI-31
-------
Monomethyl mercury at 0.2 yg/1 is lethal to fathead
minnows in 6 weeks. Some phytoplankton are affected by
organomercury levels of 0.1 yg/1.
A-VI.3.1.15 Molybdenum (Mo) (2)
The 96-hour LC..Q for the fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) is 70,000 yg molybdic anhydride/1 (equivalent to
41,000 yg Mo/1). Molybdosis of cattle is associated with
alsike clover grown in soils that had 10 to 100 yg/1 of
molybdenum in saturation extracts.
A-VI.3.1.16 Nickel (Ni) (2,7)
Nickel is very toxic to many plants especially citrus;
at concentrations above 0.0005 yg/1 it will inhibit plant
growth. Nickel carbonyl has been reported to cause death
after 30 minutes at doses of 30 yg/g animal.
A-VI.3.1.17 Nitrogen
A-VI.3.1.17.1 Cyanide (2)
Cyanide is lethal to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
at 50 yg/1, while swimming ability is affected at levels of
10 yg/1. Free cyanide concentrations ranging from 10 to 50
yg/1 (as CN") have proven fatal to many sensitive fishes.
10 yg CN"/1 is equivalent to 10.4 yg HCN/1. The level of
hydrogen cyanide lethal to brook trout given in the above
paragraph is equivalent to 91 yg/1 sodium cyanide and 120
pg/1 potassium cyanide. The level of CN~ lethal to more
sensitive species (10 yg CN'/D is equivalent to 18.8 yg
NaCN/1 or 25.0 yg KCN/1.
A-VI-32
-------
The problem of additive effects is especially acute for
cyanide. Undoubtedly, the cyanide anion (CN~) causes the
toxicity to the brook trout. For example, a solution of
16.67 yg/1 hydrogen cyanide, 30.33 yg/1 sodium cyanide, and
40.00 yg/1 potassium cyanide each add 16.0 yg/1 cyanide
anion for a total of 48.1 yg/1 cyanide (CN~). A solution of
50 yg/1 hydrogen cyanide contains 48.1 yg/1 cyanide. Hence,
a solution of 16.7 yg/1 hydrogen cyanide plus 30.4 yg/1
sodium cyanide and 40.0 yg/1 potassium cyanide will kill
brook trout as readily as 50 yg/1 hydrogen cyanide. How-
ever, this problem can be circumvented if the effluent stan-
dard specifies the cyanide compound to be measured (e.g.,
"The ambient level goal shall be 5 yg/1 cyanide measured as
hydrogen cyanide").
A-VI.3.1.17.2 Nitrates (NO^) (16)
The current MEGs do not deal with nitrates. A limit of
10,000 yg nitrate nitrogen/1 of drinking water should pre-
vent the nitrate-associated methemoglobinemia in susceptible
populations including infants under three months of age.
Levels two to three times this level have been reported to
cause methemoglobinemia in infants.
A-VI.3.1.18 Phosphorus (P) (2)
A-VI.3.1.18.1 Phosphate
Phosphate anions are not directly toxic to man or to
aquatic organisms. It is an essential nutrient (for algae
as well as higher organisms) and may affect water quality by
enhancement of the rate of eutrophication. A total phos-
phorus criterion to control nuisance aquatic growth is
currently evolving. Unfortunately, no information was
A-VI-33
-------
uncovered in the current literature on which a valid esti-
mate could be based.
A-VI.3.1.19 Silver (Ag) (2.7)
Stickleback fish showed toxic effects at 5 yg/1. The
LC50 for eggs of the African oyster, Crassostrea virginica,
is 6 yg/1. Concentrations of silver as low as 2 yg/1 have
been found to delay development and cause deformations in
sea urchins. Silver may also cause significant respiratory
depression in marine teleosts after exposures to concentra-
tions as low as 0.12 yg/1. Some aquatic organisms report-
edly are sensitive to silver nitrate concentrations as low
as 1 yg/1 (0.63 yg Ag/1).
A-VI.3.1.20 Sulfur (S)
A-VI.3.1.20.1 Hydrogen Sulfide (H^S) (2)
Hydrogen sulfide is toxic to bluegills at concentra-
tions of 1 yg/1. The 96-hour LC,-Q for northern pike (Esox
lucius) is 17 to 32 yg/1.
A-VI.3.1.21 Technetium (Tc) (17)
The MEGs for this radionuclide have not yet been cal-
culated. This is not surprising since the only information
that researchers for this study could uncover in the current
literature indicated that 1.2 yg/1 technetium is toxic to
wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum) and significantly (p
less than 0.05) reduces the tissue yield of shoots in older
plants. This toxicity is probably chemical in nature rather
than radiological, since the amount of technetium in these
experiments represents approximately 0.02 yCi/ml; this
amount of radioactivity does not affect wheat seedlings. In
A-VI-34
-------
chemical toxicity, technetium should resemble iodine, bro-
mine, manganese, and molybdenum, because these elements
occupy similar positions in the periodic table. Until more
specific information becomes available, a maximum of 1.2
yg/1 technetium is suggested as being low enough to prevent
chemical toxicity.
A- VI. 3. 1.22 Thallium (Tl) (2.7)
Thallium is reported to be lethal to fish at concentra
tions of 0.01 to 0.06 yg/1, to aquatic insects and inverte-
brates at 0.002 to 0.004 yg/1, and to tadpoles at 0.0004
yg/1-
A-VI.3.1.23 Titanium (Ti) (2)
The 96-hour LC5Q for the fathead minnow is 8,200 yg/1
in soft water for titanium sulfate; this concentration is
equivalent to 2,730 yg Ti/1.
A- VI. 3. 1.24 Uranium (U) (2)
The 96-hour LCcQ for the fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) is 2,800 yg uranyl sulfate (UC^SO, -3H20)/1 (equiv-
alent to 1,600 yg uranium/ 1) in soft water.
A-VI.3.1.25 Vanadium (V) (2)
Flax, soybeans, and peas showed toxicity to vanadium at
500 to 2,500 yg/1 in nutrient solutions. The relevance of
this observation to the MATE is hard to determine, since
vanadium in the effluent stream would interact with sediment
and, in general, would probably be less effective when
terrestrial crops were exposed to the same concentrations in
soil media.
A- VI- 35
-------
A-VI.3.1.26 Zinc (Zn) (2)
In hard water (200 mg/1 as CaCO-j) , 180 yg/1 zinc re-
duced the fertility of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
Since the toxicity of zinc increases as water hardness
decreases, this effect would probably occur at lower concen-
trations in soft water. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
eggs did not hatch in soft water at a concentration of 40 ug
Zn/1. The 96-hour LC5Q for fathead minnows is 870 ng Zn/1
in soft water (20 mg/1 as CaCO-j) . Zinc concentrations of
400 to 1,600 yg/1 in nutrient solutions are phytotoxic to
certain varieties of soybeans.
A-VI.3.1.27 Other Effluent Elements Having No MEGs
See discussion under "AIR" for the same heading.
A-VI.3.1.28 Dissolved Solids
The MEGs for "Totals" have not been developed yet.
Dissolved solids comes under this category of "Totals."
The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that water con-
taining more than 5.0x10 yg/1 dissolved solids should not
be used for drinking purposes if other less mineralized
supplies are available. However, it is recognized by the
U.S. Public Health Service that a considerable number of
supplies with dissolved solids in excess of the recommended
limit are being used without any obvious ill effects.
A-VI.3.2 Organics
As was found with organic air emissions, no data were
found indicating that stated MEG values for organic com-
pounds known to be associated with coal liquefaction were
unreasonable.
A-VI-36
-------
A-VI.4 Solid Wastes
A-VI.4.1 Inorganic
A-VI.4.1.1 Molybdenum (Mo) (2)
Determination of the applicability of any soil ambient
level goal is quite complex in the case of many elements.
Molybdenum is no exception. There is an interrelationship
between the molybdenum and copper requirements in the nutri-
tion of sheep and cattle. Copper poisoning is associated
with low molybdenum levels in forage, and copper starvation
is associated with high molybdenum levels.
Molybdosis of cattle is associated with alsike clover
grown in soils that had 10 to 100 yg/1 of molybdenum in
saturation extracts.
A-VI.4.1.2 Selenium (Se) (2.7.12)
The concentrations of selenium in plant tissues can
reach to 1,000 times the concentration in the soil without
apparent phytotoxicity. However, these concentrations of
selenium in forage can be toxic to animals. A concentration
of selenium between 0.04 and 2 yg/g in the diet is required
to prevent selenium deficiencies in cattle, while concentra-
tions of 4 to 5 yg/g in the diet causes selenium toxicity.
Assuming a concentration factor of 1,000, forage grown in
soil containing more than 0.004 to 0.005 yg/g selenium would
be toxic to foraging animals, while soils containing 4.0xlO~5
to 0.002 yg/g would be deficient. Since plants grown in
regions poor in selenium generally concentrate selenium more
efficiently, this soil level may be sufficient to prevent
selenium deficiency. Considering that the dietary concentra-
tion of selenium which results in deficiency, and the dietary
A-VI-37
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concentration of selenium which results in toxicity differ
only by a factor of two, and that the dietary concentration
depends on the plant concentration factor and the soil
concentration, the determination of a general soil ambient
level goal would be difficult. However, the ambient level
goal of 0.003 ug selenium per gram of soil appears reasonable.
A-VI.4.1.3 Other Solid Waste Elements Having No MEGs
See discussion under "AIR".
A-VI-38
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-78-223b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
SRC Site-Specific Pollutant Evaluation; Volume 2.
Appendices
5. REPORT DATE
November 1978
G. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOH(S)
Homer T.Hopkins, Kathleen M.McKeon,
Carolyn R. Thompson, and E. Earl Weir
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
). PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Hittman Associates, Inc.
9190 Red Branch Road
Columbia, Maryland 21045
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2162
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 11/77 - 9/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is William J. Rhodes, MD-61, 919/541-
2851.
i6. ABSTRACT
voiume of the report contains appendices supporting the Volume 1
discussion of the environmental effects of the multimedia waste streams from a
standard Solvent Refined Coal liquefaction facility. It provides information on the
methodologies involved, including Multimedia Environmental Goals (MEGs) and
Source Analysis Methodology (SAM). It also summarizes the 1977 amendments to
the Clean Air, Clean Water, and Hazardous Waste Acts. The report provides a
compilation of site-specific information as background for the pollutant effects study
results given in Volume 1.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Coal
Liquefaction
Emission
Waste Disposal
Fuels
Synthesis
Cooling Towers
Boilers
Sulfur
Processing
Leakage
Aromatic Poly eye lie Hydrocarbons
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Solvent Refined Coal
Synthetic Fuels
Sulfur Recovery
Fugitive Emissions
13 B
21D
07D
07C
13A
07B
13H
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (TUt Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
271
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (S-73)
A-VI-39
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