Tennessee
Valley
Authority
Office of Power
Energy Research
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Industrial Environmental Research
Office of Research and Development Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
LIME/LIMESTONE SCRUBBING
\ -"
SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION
SHAWNEE TEST FACILITY
Interagency
Energy-Environment
Research and Development
Program Report
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PRS-28
EPA-600/7-77-123
October 1977
LIME/LIMESTONE SCRUBBING
SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION -
SHAWNEE TEST FACILITY
by
J.L Crowe (TVA/Chattanooga)
and S.K. Seale (TVA/Muscle Shoals)
Tennessee Valley Authority
Office of Power
Energy Research
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
Interagency Agreement No. EPA-IAG-D7-E721
i Subagreement No. 17
Program Element No. INE624A
EPA Project Officer: Julian W. Jones
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
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ABSTRACT
This report summarizes the work completed during the period March 13, 1975,
to June 31, 1976, whose main emphasis has been to determine the range of
variability of the solids from scrubbers operated at the Shawnee Test Facility
and to attempt to correlate this variability with plant operating conditions.
Slurry and solids characterization studies have been conducted on 84 samples
received from the TCA and Venturi-spray tower scrubbing systems.
Solids samples obtained from the TCA and Venturi-spray tower scrubbing process
loops generally consist of calcium sulfite hemihydrate and fly ash with
trace quantities of gypsum, unreacted absorbent, and quartz. The calcium
sulfite hemihydrate species is generally the major component (50-707o) of
the solids.
The specific form in which the sulfite species appears was found to be
directly related to the type of absorbent used (lime or limestone) and to be
independent of the scrubber configuration (TCA or Venturi-spray tower).
When limestone is used as the absorbent, the sulfite crystallizes pre-
dominantly as well-formed single plates; while on the other hand, when
lime is used as the absorbent, the sulfite appears as spherical, closely
interpenetrating aggregates. The average size of the sulfite plates
formed from the limestone system appears to be inversely related to the
system stoichiometry. No relationship has been seen in the lime system.
Besides the sulfite, fly ash is the most important of the accessory
components in sludge samples, comprising 20-40 percent by weight of the
solids composition. The fly ash spheres may be solid or hollow and consist
of an amorphous aluminosilicate material sometimes containing calcium
and/or iron.
The sedimentation behavior of the sludge slurries may be described
generally by three basic modes: clarification, zone settling, and com-
pression settling. Solids morphology was found to exert a strong
influence on settling behavior. In samples with large proportions of
very small plates or complex crystalline forms, settling is inhibited
because more liquor is entraped upon reaching the compression stage.
This report was submitted by,the Tennessee Valley Authority Power Research
Staff in partial fulfillment of Energy Accomplishment Plan No.
under terms of Interagency Energy Agreement No. EPA-IAG-D7-E721 with the
Environmental Protection Agency.
iii
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CONTENTS
Abstract ill
Figures V
Tables VI
Section
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions and Recommendations ... 2
3. Instrumental Techniques of Characterization 3
k. Solids Morphology 4
Sulfite Morphology 4
Morphology of Accessory Components 6
5. Slurry Settling Behavior 7
6. Solids Surface Area Measurement 9
7- Thermal Analysis of Scrubber Solids 10
8. Data Handling and Analyses 12
9. References 14
IV
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FIGURES
Number
1 Photo micrographs of limestone product calcium
sulfite platelets, aggregates, and rosetts 15
2 Photo micrographs of lime product spherical
sulfite aggregate 16
3 Photo micrographs of limestone product flat
sulfite platelets 17
k Photo micrographs of lime product sulfite aggregate 18
5 Photo micrographs of limestone product sulfite
platelets 19
6 Photo micrographs of lime product sulfite aggregate 20
7 Photo micrographs of stoichiometry effect on
sulfite plate size 21
8 Photo micrographs of mixed crystal from TCA system 22
9 Photo micrographs of mixed crystal from venturi-
spray tower 23
10 Limestone product settling curve 2h
11 Photo micrograph of solids from Figure 10 25
12 Thermograms for lime/limestone product sludges . . 26
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TABLES
Number Page
1 TCA slurry analyses 27
2 Venturi slurry analyses 35
3 Settling rate determinations U2
4 Shawnee Schedule 43
VI
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
In the past, sludges produced by flue gas desulfurization processes have
been extensively characterized, both physically and chemically, but
usually this type of effort has only been of limited scope, not defining
the total range of variability of the solids or relating any of the
characteristics back to the scrubber operation. With the increasing use of
sludge treatment processes requiring relatively consistent sludge character-
istics, this lack of research in solid characterization presents problems
in designing such systems, especially since the chemical and physical makeup
directly impacts the disposal requirements.
Thus, the main purpose of this study has been to determine the range of
variability of the solids produced from scrubbers operated at the Shawnee
test facility and to attempt to correlate this variability with plant
operating conditions. The plant operating conditions that have been evaluated
in this study include the liquid/gas ratio, presence of fly ash, hold tank
residence time, percent solid oxidation, calcium to sulfur stoichiometry,
and the process slurry pH, temperature, and percent solids.
These initial studies, both qualitative and quantitative, have used compara-
tive optical, X-ray, infrared, and scanning electron micrographic investiga-
tions of the sludges from the Shawnee scrubbers and provide a good base for
describing the range of variability observed in sludge phases. Settling
rates and bulk densities provide data on the physical properties of sludges.
This report presents data collected from samples acquired between March 13,
1975, to June 31, 1976. (Refer to Table IV, Schedule of Shawnee test runs.)
The various types of data obtained from these samples have been evaluated
to determine the effects of significant variables on the properties of the
solids produced.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
At this point in the project, the data collection is incomplete and in
many cases no firm conclusions can be drawn between data trends and
process variables. In some cases, definite relationships have emerged,
but these are still subject to further refinement or modification upon
completion of the sampling program.
The type of absorbent used (lime or limestone) has a direct effect on the
specific form of the sulfite species. The form of the sulfite species is
independent of the scrubber configuration (TCA or Venturi-spray tower).
An absorbent of lime causes the sulfite to appear as spherical, closely
interpenetrating aggregates. When an absorbent of limestone is used, the
sulfite crystallizes predominantly as well-formed single plates. The
average size of the sulfite plates appears to be inversely related to the
stoichiometry of the system. No relationship has been found in the lime
system.
An important factor that needs further evaluation is the response time
of the solids for showing change in characteristics. This plays a decisive
role in characterization of the solids since they are a function of liquor
chemistry and scrubber operation averaged over a preceding period of time
as opposed to one specific increment of time. The time required for the
solids as a mass to adjust to a specific change and establish a new equilibrium
in terms of chemical composition or morphology can range from one to three
days. Because of this, time correlations will be meaningful only if com-
position or morphology factors are representative of some prior finite period
of operation.
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SECTION 3
INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES OF CHARACTERIZATION
During the period March 13, L975, to June 31, 1976, slurry and solids
characterization studies have been conducted using 84 samples received from
the TCA and Venturi-spray tower scrubbing systems located at the Shawnee
Test Facility. A number of different instrumental techniques have been
employed in this characterization. Scanning electron microscopy and optical
microscopy have provided both qualitative and quantitative information
concerning bulk solids composition, as well as the specific morphological
from in which various individual components occur. Infrared spectrophotometry
and X-ray powder diffraction measurements have been used for semi-quantita-
tive analyses of the dried solids, and their specific surface area was
determined as an indication of solids component morphology. Since a portion
of this study involves investigation of the degree to which the calcium
sulfite hemihydrate component may have been substituted by sulfate or
carbonate species, several techniques have been used to reflect any changes
in crystal structure caused by this substitution. Optical microscopy was
used to provide the index of refraction of this component, while its
specific unit cell parameters which are sensitive to compositional changes
were obtained from X-ray powder diffractometry. In addition, differential
scanning calorimetry is being evaluated as an indicator of the ease with
which the sulfite component will undergo dehydration, since the temperature
of dehydration should, in general, vary inversely with the degree of sub-
stitution of sulfate for sulfite.
Slurries obtained from the scrubbing systems were characterized by static
settling tests; values for the settled bulk densities and settled percent
solids also were determined.
The results of the chemical and physical examination of the slurries and
solids are summarized in Tables I and II. A discussion of specific areas
of investigation follows.
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SECTION 4
SOLIDS MORPHOLOGY
Solids samples obtained from the TCA and Venturi spray tower scrubbing
process loops generally consist of calcium sulfite hemihydrate and
fly ash with trace quantities of gypsum, unreacted absorbent, and
quartz.
Sulfite Morphology
The calcium sulfite hemihydrate species was generally the major component
(50-70%) of the solids; therefore, a study of its morphology and
occurrence is important as these factors bear heavily on applied considera-
tions such as sludge filtration, clarification, and disposal. The
crystalline species referred to as calcium sulfite hemihydrate may be more
appropriately described as Ca(S03) x (SO.)yzH 0 or (CaSO_) x (CaSO,)y • zH.O
where x is much greater than y, and z approaches 0.5.
The specific physical form in which the sulfite species appears is directly
related to the type of absorbent used (lime or limestone) and is
independent of the scrubber configuration (TCA or Venturi-spray tower).
The calcium sulfite hemihydrate component of the solids samples received
during this period occurs in several forms as seen in Figure 1. When lime-
stone is used as the absorbent, the sulfite crystallizes predominantly as
well-formed single plates with a length-width-thickness average ratio of
approximately 25:20:1 (Figures 1A and IB). While within a given sample the
crystallite size distribution will range over an order of magnitude, the
average size may differ only by a factor of two to three from one sample to
another within the same run. The sulfite crystals in Figure 1A and IB
show the general maximum and minimum sizes observed in limestone scrubbing
systems. While the flat plates described above are the major form observed,
aggregated forms of the sulfite crystals are also seen. An example of a
form appropriately described as a flat or two dimensional "rosette" in which
many small plates grow outward in all directions, particularly at low angles,
around an axis perpendicular to the plane of growth is shown in Figure 1C.
This form is not uncommon. Most samples examined from limestone scrubbing
operation will contain some incidence of this rosette form, and a few samples
have shown this form as the predominant sulfite occurrence. A more open
form of aggregate resulting from the use of limestone is shown in Figure ID.
These forms consist of interpenetrating plates forming relatively open
structures of varying sizes and shapes. Their occurrence in small amounts
is a common feature.
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The characteristic form of the sulfite precipitated from scrubbing
liquors where lime is used as the absorbent is shown in Figures IE
and IF. These generally spherical, closely interpenetrating aggregates
are found almost to the total exclusion of other forms. Unlike the flat
plates occurring during limestone scrubbing, the spherical aggregates do
not show a wide variation in size distribution within a given sample, al-
though incompletely developed forms and fragments are often seen.
To clearly demonstrate that the sulfite habit is scrubber-independent
and absorbent-dependent, the samples obtained from the Venturi-spray
tower scrubber over the period March 13, 1975, to June 27, 1976 may
be subdivided into five separate groups:
(a) 3-13-75 to 10-5-76, lime scrubbing, Figure 2
(b) 10-12-75 to 1-31-76, limestone scrubbing, Figure 3
(c) 2-15-76 to 3-2-76, lime scrubbing, Figure 4
(d) 3-6-76 to 4-21-76, limestone scrubbing, Figure 5
(e) 5-1-76 to 6-27-76, lime scrubbing, Figure 6
During this period the use of limestone as the absorbent was alternated
with that of lime as shown. The results repeatedly show the spherical
sulfite aggregate occurrence (Figures 2, 4, 6) when lime is used. When
limestone is used, however, flat plates are seen to predominate (Figures 3,5).
While this morphology-absorbent relationship is clearly established, no
explanation for this effect is offered at this time.
Special attention may be given to Figure 6F in which the aggregates are
seen to consist of much smaller, more densely interpenetrating plates
than previously observed. Although the exact cause of this differentiation
has not been determined, it should be noted that the level of the chloride
ion in the scrubbing liquor is much higher for the time at which this sample
was taken (2.137o) than for any other sample studied in this system.
In lime systems, no definite relationship has yet been found between
aggregate size and either chemical composition or physical operating
parameters. When limestone is used as the absorbent, however, the average
size of the plate crystals formed in this environment appears to be inversely
related to system stoichiometry, as shown in Figures 7A-F. The micrographs
show a steadily decreasing average crystallite size with increasing Ca:S
stoichiometry. While no precise mathematical relationship between crystal
size and stoichiometry has yet been derived, this observation nevertheless
argues in favor of stoichiometries approaching 1.0 in order to promote faster
slurry filtration and clarification.
For both lime and limestone systems, average crystallite or aggregate size
has been compared to slurry pH, hold tank residence time, make/pass, L/G,
and slurry temperature. No defined relationship has been observed between
any of these parameters and the size of either crystals or aggregates.
-5-
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During the course of examination of samples received, a previously
unreported form of "mixed crystal" was observed occurring during
the period January 1, 1976, to January 10, 1976, in both the TCA
and Venturi-spray tower systems and is shown in Figures 8 and 9. The
usual appearance is that shown in Figures 8A, 8C, 9A, and 9B where
a sulfite rosette appears in intimate physical association with a
well developed, although often imperfect, gypsum crystal. The
gypsum crystals often show a large number of surface cracks and
longitudinal crystal defects. Enlarged views of the areas of contact
between the two forms show what appear to be CaSO-'O-SH^O plate
crystals growing from the body of the gypsum prism. Figure 8E is
such an enlargement of a contact zone of the crystal shown in 8A;
note also the arrows in Figures 8D, 9C, 9D. Occurrence of these "mixed
crystals" has not been routinely observed in samples other than
those included in the time period quoted above, and in these samples
only in minor quantities (less than 5 percent). These forms may be related
to the gypsum-calcium sulfite hemihydrate solid solutions reterred
to by Borgwardt. Comparison of sample chemical composition and scrubber
operating data for the period of time during which these samples were
taken indicates no excursions from normal values which might be helpful
in explaining the sudden appearance of these mixed forms. No explanation
for their presence is offered at this time.
Morphology of Accessory Components
Fly ash is the most important of the accessory components in sludge
samples examined to date, comprising 20-40 percent by weight of the
solids composition. It is normally present in the form of feature-
less spheres ranging in diameter from submicron sizes up to those
greater than 100 microns. The spheres may be solid or hollow and
consist of an amorphous aluminosilicate material sometimes containing
calcium and/or iron. A portion of the fly ash is magnetic and ranges
in quantity from 5-60 percent by weight. A small fraction of the fly
ash constituent is not spherical but appears as irregularly shaped,
vesicular particles. Rarely, CaSO_.0-5H 0 flat plates will be
observed to have been precipitated on the surface of a fly ash sphere.
Gypsum and unreacted absorbent are generally observed in very small
quantities (less than 5 percent total). The CaSO.-ZH-O occurs
primarily as broken and partially decomposed prisms (left center,
Figure 3C) or as twinned forms (Figure 5B). Unreacted absorbent
will be seen as partially or almost completely dissolved irregular
forms (right center, Figure 5A, and bottom center, Figure 7B).
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SECTION 5
SLURRY SETTLING BEHAVIOR
The settling behavior of slurries received during this reporting
period has been determined by a static method. The samples
(approximately 1 liter in volume) are transferred to 1 liter
graduated cylinders (with an inside diameter of 6 cm and with a
depth of 42 cm), mixed thoroughly by stirring and repeated
inversion of the cylinders, and then allowed to settle. The
height of the solids-liquid interface is tabulated and plotted as
a function of time.
The sedimentation behavior of particulate (non-flocculant) slurries
may be described generally by three basic modes: clarification, zone
settling, and compression with clarification applying at low solids
concentration and compression applying at very high percents of solids.
In the clarification mode, individual particles settle independently
at constant rates which are primarily dependent on particle size
and shape (Stokes Law applies). Considerable particle size
differentiation occurs with the larger particles settling first and
the smallest last. In the zone settling mode, because of the
higher percent of solids, the particles are conceived to be locked
into a plastic structure with very little independent settling. Here,
the solids subside as a consolidated structure so that ideally a
single settling rate may be ascribed to all particles; this settling
rate will be a function of solids concentration. Ultimately, with
very high solids percent or towards the end of any static settling
test, the regime of compression settling will be reached. In this
mode, the hydrostatic bearing capacity of the settled solids,
including entrapped liquor, is assumed to be approximately equal to
the load produced by the settled solids plus any overlying liquid.
Under these conditions subsequent subsidence will occur primarily
through the formation of dewatering channels or the rake action at
the bottom of the clarifier.
Under the conditions in our tests (limiting cylinder diameter, static
settling, 12-25 percent solids in slurry), zone settling applies in
that there is very little particle size or shape differentiation
during settling, i.e., the entire body of solids settles simultaneously
by dewatering. There is very little free particle settling. Rather,
all particles settle together, their combined weight gradually forcing
the water contained within the slurry past them to the top of the
interface. As the settling slurry approaches compression "dewatering
-7-
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channels" may be seen in cross section through the glass cylinder
walls. These channels give the appearance of dendtitic or tree-
like structures arising from many small channels at a depth of
7-8 centimeters beneath the interface and gradually coalescing
into a single channel which allows the water to escape from the
settling solids.
Settling rates and behavior for samples of similar particulate
composition are generally dependent on slurry percent solids with the
thicker slurries settling more slowly. This may be illustrated through
reference to Figure 10A, in which the settling rates for some
limestone slurries are shown by a plot of interface position as
a function of time. Individual curves are labeled for sample
identification and original slurry percent solids. It is observed
that thicker (higher percent solids) slurries have lower settling
rates and take longer to reach the compression stage.
No precise relationship between slurry percent of solids and slurry
settling rates may be expressed because sample solids morphology
also exerts a strong influence. As an example of this effect,
we may compare the behavior of slurries obtained from the TCA
system on May 14, 1976 and April 12, 1976 (Figure 10B). Although
the weight percent of solids in both slurries is essentially the same,
the sample taken on April 12, 1976, settles more than three times
as fast and attains, when settled to compaction, an ultimate solids
weight percent of 68 percent as compared to 38 percent for that sample
taken on May 14, 1976. Inspection of the micrographs of these
solids (Figure 11) reveals that while both contain a predominance
of single plates, the sample taken on May 14, 1976, consists of a
large proportion of very small plates and plate fragments. These
smaller particles inhibit settling and entrap more liquor upon
reaching the compression stage due to a much higher incidence of
interparticle touching. This limits the amount of liquor that may
flow past them during settling and increases the difficulty with
which dewatering can occur.
Due to sample handling and shipping, the static settling tests
performed at Muscle Shoals are conducted from 3 to 10 days after the
samples are originally taken from the process loop. Settling tests
conducted at the Shawnee Test Facility, however, are generally
performed within a short time after acquisition. In addition, settling
data at Shawnee are generated by the Dorr-Oliver method which differs
from a static test because the bottom of the test cylinder contains
a rake rotated at 1/6 rpm during the settling test. In order to
compare data generated by the two methods and to evaluate any effects
caused by the delay in testing, a program of comparison tests has been
conducted. The results of this work are contained in Table III.
Based upon this information, it may be concluded that no significant,
systematic difference is seen between the two procedures given the
range of sample percent of solids studied and within the context of
the types of slurry samples included in the tests.
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SECTION 6
SOLIDS SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS
The size, shape, and complexity of individual solid particles in the
scrubbing slurry are important because these factors may influence or
control processes such as chemical reaction speed and filtration or
dewatering rates. A direct indication of the average particle size
and complexity of the slurry solids is available in measurements of the
solids surface area. The equipment and methodology necessary to perform
this measurement has been developed in the laboratory and implemented
for routine characterization of dried scrubber solids. The specific
technique used is a nitrogen desorption method based on a variation
of the single point B.E.T. Method and is adequately described by Grob.
Values in square meters/gram for the surface area of samples received
during this period are reported in Tables I and II; areas determined
range from 1.6 to 7.6 square meters/gram. The average specific area
for samples obtained during lime scrubbing is greater than that measured
for samples taken from systems employing limestone (for lime, 5.4 + 1.3
compared to 3.3 + 1.0 for limestone). The sludge which results from
lime scrubbing is more difficult to dewater than sludge from limestone
scrubbing. This data agrees with the observation that lime scrubbing
tends to precipitate the sulfite crystals as more complex, interpenetrating
forms. The tabulated values of specific surface area are not readily
correlated with variations in sulfite crystal size or complexity,
even though this component may comprise (by weight percent) the majority
of the sample, due to masking effects caused by the wide variation in
quantity and particle size distribution of the fly ash fraction. Work
in progress is intended to explore possible relationships between the
specific area of a sample and its filterability. In addition, the
series of "fly ash-free" runs begun on the Venturi-spray tower system in
June 1976 should provide samples displaying less of the fly ash masking
effect referred to above and thus simplify further correlational studies.
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SECTION 7
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF SCRUBBER SOLIDS
Thermal analysis of the dried scrubbing solids has been employed using
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the range 330-500 degrees
centigrade. This temperature range was selected in order to study the
thermal dehydration of the CaSO-'O-SH^O component. It is felt that
substitution of carbonate of sulfate into the sulfite structure will
result in either a shift of this compound's desolvation temperature
away from that deserved in the pure compound or in an increase in
complexity of the normally straightforward endothermic desolvation
reaction. All samples received since March 20, 1976, have been analyzed
using a Perking-Elmer DSC-2 differential scanning calorimeter. The
temperature scan rate used was 10°C/min and dry nitrogen at a rate of
20 cc/min was used as the purge gas. Prior thermal history consisted of
preheating the samples in the instrument at a temperature of 330°C for
a period of 15 minutes. All samples were analyzed in nonvolatile sample
pans (small aluminum containers approximately 0.25 inches in diameter
and 0.125 inches in depth with aluminum cover discs lightly crimped in
place to prevent sample loss, but not hermetically sealed).
Two types of thermal activity have been observed. The type of behavior
illustrated in Figure 12A has been observed to predominate in samples
taken from lime systems. Here a generally straightforward endothermic
desolvation of the sulfite occurs only after an initial reaction which
may represent a gradual desolvation or decomposition of an unknown
compound.
Figure 12B shows a type of thermal activity which is representative of
limestone systems. In this case we see no initial thermal activity,
but the endothermic reaction generally attributed to the sulfite
decompsoition clearly consists of at least two components, although
inadequately resolved. The hashed curve superimposed upon Figure 12B
represents the thermal dehydration of the pure CaSO^-O-SH-O as
prepared in our laboratory.
To date no correlation has been found between the temperature of
reaction as measured here and quantities which would measure either
SO, substitution (infrared spectrophotometrie determination of
substituted CaSO,), or disturbances in the CaS03«0-5H 0 structure
(the index of refraction, length of crystal axes, etc.)
-10-
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Thermal analysis of lime/limestone scrubbing materials has been reported
previously by Taylor.3 In these studies synthetic sludges were prepared
by the addition of fly ash to mixtures of the pure components normally
found in such sludges (CaSOyO-SH 0, CaSO.-ZH-O, CaCO-, etc.). These
mixtures were studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermo-
gravimetric analysis (TGA); the CaSOyO-5H 0 was found to undergo de-
hydration in the region 350-410°C. This compares favorably with our
results which indicate an average decomposition temperature of approximately
390°C. These values represent a deviation from the dehydration temperature
of 367°C for the pure compound as reported by Schropfer utilizing DTA.
DSC investigation of the pure compound as prepared in our laboratory indicates
a decomposition temperature of 364°C.
It is not clear which aspects of the complex thermal behavior of the
samples examined to date are a result of matrix effects and which may
be assigned to reactions of carbonate- or sulfate-substituted CaSO_-0-5H-0
species. Studies in progress are intended to clarify this information.
The resolution of the thermograms may be improved by increasing the partial
pressure of CO- or tLO in the purge gas. Assuming that the thermally
induced reactions include those that liberate CO- or H.O, an increase
in either of these components in the sample atmosphere should act to displace
the reaction equilibrium temperature and thus "spread out" the various
components of the thermogram.
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SECTION 8
DATA HANDLING AND ANALYSIS
A system of computer programs has been written to establish and maintain
a slurry sample data base containing all numeric data obtained from this
characterization study and selected analytical and operating data supplied
by the Shawnee Test Facility. The purpose of this data is to provide
machine readable files which may be used in ongoing statistical data analysis
and report generation while also allowing interactive file updating and
correction capabilities. TVA installation and laboratory-supplied software
is used to access the information in these files for the above purposes
via a time-sharing computer terminal located in the laboratory.
Numerical or statistical analysis to determine relationships between the
chemical and physical properties of the scrubbing slurries and solids and
scrubber operating parameters has proceeded along the following lines:
1. Attempts to determine relationships between factors
associated with sludge handling (i.e., settling rates,
settled bulk densities, ultimate settled percent solids)
and operating or chemical parameters (percent fly ash,
average particle size and morphology, absorbent used,
hold tank residence time, etc.).
2. Efforts to relate sulfate substitution (as indicated by
variations in the index of refraction, length of
crystallographic axes, etc.) to chemical composition
(measured by weight percent sulfate, stoichiometry,
saturation ratio, pH, etc.).
3. An evaluation of general system operation as functions of
absorbent used, make/pass ratio, L/G ratio, etc.
In the analyses performed to date some trends have been indicated, but no
unusual significant results have been observed. A factor that plays
an extremely strong role in masking possible correlations is the
solids response time. Assuming an abrupt change in adsorbent or
additive feed or in scrubber operating conditions, the time required
for the solids as a mass to adjust to this change and establish a
new equilibrium in terms of chemical composition or morphology will
range from one to three days. The importance of this effect is that
a chemical analysis of components in the scrubbing liquor, or a
synopsis of scrubber operating conditions at a given point in time
-12-
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may have little to do with the chemical composition and morphology
of the solids at that time. Rather, the characteristics of the
solids will be functions of liquor chemistry and scrubber operation
averaged over a preceding period of time. Under these conditions,
time correlations of solids properties with liquor chemistry and
scrubber operating conditions will be meaningful only if the chemical
composition and morphology are representative of some prior finite
period of operation.
Analyses of this data are continuing, particularly with regard to
point 1 above, concerning sludge handling properties. Multivariate
relationships between variables such as slurry percent fly ash,
settling rates, settled percent solids, etc., are currently under
investigation.
-13-
-------
REFERENCES
1. Borgwardt, H. R., "Limestone Scrubbing of SO- at EPA Pilot Plant,"
Progress Report, June 11, 1973.
2. Grob, et al. (American Laboratory, 1(6), 13-25 (1975)).
3. Taylor, (Combustion 45(4), 15-22 (1973)).
4. Schropfer, (Zeitschrift Fur Anorg. Und Allg. Chemie 401 (1), 1-14 (1973)).
-14-
-------
Figure 1A
•7851KX1M6 11/13/7
Figure IB
Figure 1C
Figure ID
Figure IE
Figure IF
15
-------
Figure 2A
Figure 2B
Figure 2C
Figure 2D
10.
Figure 2E
Figure 2F
16
-------
Figure 3A
Figure 3B
Figure 3C
Figure 3D
Figure 3E
Figure 3F
17
-------
Figure 4A
Figure 4B
Figure 4C
Figure 4D
1CL
Figure 4E
Figure 4F
18
-------
10-
Figure 5A
Figure 5B
10a
Figure 5C
Figure 5D
Figure 5E
Figure 5F
19
-------
Figure 6A
Figure 6B
Figure 6C
Figure 6D
Figure 6E
Figure 6F
20
-------
Figure 7A
Stoic.=0.98
Figure 7C
Stoic.=1.13
Figure 7E
Stoic.= 1.43
Figure 7B
Stoic.=1.06
Figure 7D
Stoic.=1.27
Figure 7F
Stoic.= 1.63
21
-------
Figure 8A
Figure 8B
Figure 8C
Figure 8D
22
-------
Figure 9A
Figure 9B
Figure 9C
Figure 9D
23
-------
36
100
200 300
MINUTES
FIGURE IDA
400
500
100
ZOO 300
MINUTES
FIGURE IOB
400
500
24
-------
Figure 11A
Figure 11B
25
-------
(A) 1816 6/9/76 0730
HEATING RATE > 10 DEO. MIN."
S
o
>-
K
>
I
111
m
I -
600
625
650
675
TEMPERATURE.*K
700
725
750
(B) 1816 4/3/76 0730
HEATINO RATE « IODE6.MIN.'1
o
Id
-------
TABLE 1. UA SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER 539-2A
ANALYSIS POINT 2816
DATE 031375
TIME 1300
ADSORBENT LS
FIGURE
ON-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (WT t) 32.08
CA (WT %) 31.33
502 (WT U 15.81
SD3 (WT X) 7.08
C02 (WT X) 11.36
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (WT t. ACID INSOLUBLE! 25.0
CAC03 tWI t, BY IRI 32.0
CAS03 X .5 H20 INT t. IRI 36.0
CAS04 X 2H2D (WT %, IRI 6.8
SURFACE AREA (SO H/GHI 3.8
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS * 15.5
SETTLED * SOLIDS 44.7
SETTLED BULK DENSITY ICM/CC) 1.22
SETTLING RATE (CH/HR) 5.0
TVA CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSES
SULFITE REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.590
SULFITE A AXIS 9.790
STD. ERROR 0.017
SULFITE B AXIS 10.678
STD. ERROR 0.010
SULFITE C AXIS 6.503
STD. ERROR 0.008
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
* SOLID OXIDATION 26.40
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.I 0.0
STOIC. RATIO 1 .67
SLURRY PH 6.00
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (C) (5Q.O
HAKE/PASS (MOLES/THOUS GAL) 0.0
LIQ/GAS IGAL/THDUS CFMI 0.0
rfT t CL IN LIQUOR 0.19
UT * MG IN LIQUOR 0.03
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (HINSI 25.0
539-2A
2816
031475
1300
LS
-
32.12
31.36
18.11
6.05
11.25
33.0
28.0
39.0
0.0
4.4
13.5
35.6
1-24
4.7
1.590
9.796
0.016
10.661
0.009
6.492
0.008
0.0
0.0
1.56
6.00
52.0
0.0
0.0
0.16
0.03
25.0
541-2A
2816
032675
1500
LS
-
26.90
34.96
19.91
8.11
12.06
29.0
33.0
29.0
8.7
3.5
13.9
34.3
1.25
3.4
1-591
9.780
0.028
10-640
0.014
6.491
0-012
28.90
1.08
1.7k
5.85
52.0
0.0
0.0
0.15
0.03
15.0
546 -2 A
2816
061175
1500
LS
-
51.50
23.92
19.03
3.46
2.55
43.3
11.6
34.7
10.4
2.8
14.9
54.4
1.28
6.6
1.590
9.795
0.006
10.695
0.007
6.551
0.004
12.70
1.21
1.25
5.70
50.0
60.0
33.4
0.33
0.02
15.0
546-2A
2816
061275
0700
LS
-
44.20
25.84
22.05
4.42
3.78
43.3
13.3
32.1
11.3
2.6
15.9
38.8
1.28
4.8
1.590
9.790
0.010
10.694
0.012
6.51B
0.010
13.80
1.10
1.15
5.65
52.0
86.5
34.1
0.26
0.03
15.0
54 6 -2 A
2816
061775
0700
LS
36.21
30.18
25.95
3.66
5.21
26.7
16.9
48 .0
8 .4
2.5
15.6
40.6
1.32
5.3
1.593
9.800
0.015
10.680
0.014
6.515
0.012
10.10
0.40
1.14
5.95
50.0
107.4
33.9
0.20
0.03
15.0
NOTE: A VALUE OF >0.0* INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE OR WORK IN PROGRESS
27
-------
TABLE 1» CONTD. TCA SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER 557-2A
ANALYSIS POINT 2616
DATE 080875
TIME 1426
ADSORBENT LS
FIGURE -
ON-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (WT X) 44.42
CA (WT X) 27.05
S02 (WT X) 14.80
S03 (WT XI 5.61
C02 (WT X) 8.50
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (NT X, AGIO INSOLUBLE) 4? .0
CAC03 tWT X, RY IR) 14.6
CA503 X .5 H20 thT X, IR 1 32.5
CASD4 X 2H20 IriT X, IR ) 10.9
SURFACE AREA (SO H/GH) 2.4
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS X 15.5
SETTLED X SOLIDS 46.7
SETTLED BULK DENSITY (GH/CC) 1.32
SETTLING RATE (CH/HR) 7.3
TVA CRYSTALLD&RAPH1C ANALYSES
SULFITE REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.591
SULFITE A AXIS 9.791
STD. ERROR 0.009
SULFITE B AXIS 10.730
STD. ERROR 0.010
SULFITE C AXIS 6.517
STD. ERROR 0.008
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAKETFRS
X SOLID OXIDATION 23.27
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.I 0.97
STOIC. RATIO 1.60
SLURRY PH 5.95
SLURRY TEMPERATURE CC» 54.0
SAKE/PASS (HQLES/THOUS GAL) 83.5
LIU/GAS (GAL/THOUS CFM) 40.9
WT X CL IN LLCUOR 0.18
riT X HG IN LIQUOR 0.03
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (HINSI 15.0
559-2A
2816
091475
0700
LS
—
39.77
28.93
17.30
4.9S
8.66
35.0
20.1
35.9
9.0
3.7
16.2
39.9
1.30
4.3
1.589
9.786
0.008
10.700
O.OOB
6.520
0.006
18.60
0.46
1.55
6.05
52.0
85.9
40.3
0.18
0.03
15.0
559-2A
2816
092175
0700
LS
—
44.49
27.89
15.01
5.84
8.65
30.0
16.1
42.2
9.7
2.8
16.1
39.6
1-28
4.7
1.591
9.787
0-003
10.697
0.005
6.517
0.004
23.70
0.43
1.62
5.40
53.0
92.8
40.0
0.19
0.04
15.0
560-2A
2816
092875
0700
LS
—
37.52
30.29
21.32
3.70
7.78
35.7
35.7
30.7
8.4
3.4
9.7
35.8
1.24
7.9
1.590
9.792
0.017
10.693
0.012
6.510
0.010
12.10
0.37
1.42
5.70
50.0
0.0
42.0
0.17
0.04
15.0
561-2A
2816
100575
0700
LS
—
37.82
28.73
22.42
5.02
6.13
29.0
16.1
46.2
8.7
2.5
15.1
40.9
1.26
5.8
1.589
9.797
0.006
10.697
0.006
6.514
0.005
15.10
0.35
1.24
5.95
50.0
89.8
40.0
0.0
0.0
15.0
562-2H
2816
101275
0700
LS
1C
33.47
30.42
20.18
7.43
7.26
26.0
18.6
45.6
7.7
2.7
15.3
39.8
1.29
5.0
1.590
9.794
0.006
10.697
0.006
6.514
0.005
22.80
0.49
1.33
5.85
54.0
79.2
40.5
0.22
0.03
12.0
NOTt: A VALUE OF '0.0' INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE OR WORK IN PROGRESS
28
-------
TABLE 1. CON7D. TCA SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER
ANALYSIS POINT
DATE
TIME
ADSORBENT
FIGURE
OY-SITE S3LIOS ANALYSES
ASH (WT is)
CA (WT %)
S02 (WT *)
S33 (WT *)
C32 (HT *)
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (WT *. ACID INSOLUBLE)
CAC03 (WT '<, BY IR)
CAS03 X .5 H20 (WT «, IR]
CAS04 X 2H20 (WT *, IR)
SURFACE AREA (SO M/GMJ
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS \
SETTLED * SOLIDS
SETTLED BULK DENSITY (GH/CC)
SETTLING RATE (CK/HR)
562-2A
2816
102175
0700
IS
—
0.0
31 .20
16 .62
6.12
6.15
29.0
21.3
41.2
8.5
3.5
1^.2
39.4
1.25
4 .6
562-2A
2816
102875
0900
LS
7F
34.32
32.78
20.53
3.06
10.10
27.0
29.2
38. 7
5.1
2.4
21.9
45.2
1.35
3.6
562-2A
2816
110675
0700
LS
ID
3d. 91
29.27
23.13
4.48
6.73
33.0
18.5
39.3
8.2
3.0
15.2
38.7
1.28
5.7
563-2A
2816
I1I375
0700
LS
—
32.80
30.71
19.59
5.01
11.75
25.0
30.1
35.4
10.0
3.0
15.4
43.8
1.36
6.7
564-2A
2816
111875
0700
LS
78
48.57
24.18
22.93
3.78
1.35
40.0
2.0
48.1
13.8
3.3
13.6
41.0
1.29
7.5
565-2A
2816
112875
0700
LS
-
36.36
28.89
20.98
7.35
5.55
24.0
9.8
54.2
11.0
3.7
14.0
34.0
1.27
4.6
TVA CRYSULLOGRAPHK ANALYSES
SULFITE REFRACTIVE INDEX
SULFITE A AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE B AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITb C AXIS
STD. ERROR
1.589
9.788
0.007
10.702
0.007
b.512
0.005
1.590
9.802
0.005
10.683
0.005
6.506
0.004
1.589
9.774
0.007
10.690
0.006
6.518
0.004
1 .593
9.799
0.004
10.S83
0.004
6.508
0.003
1.592
9.790
0.004
10.665
0.004
6.510
0.003
1.590
9.T79
0.003
10.665
0.004
6.510
0.002
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
* SOLID OXIDATION
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.)
STOIC. RATIO
SLURRY PH
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (C)
MAKE/PASS (MOLES/THOUS GAL I
LIU/GAS IGAL/THOUS C FM I
WT % CL IN LIOJOR
WT * HG IN LIQUOR
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (KINS)
20.80
0.0
1 .52
5.80
50.0
84.6
40.3
0.0
0.0
12.0
10.60
0.19
1.63
5.82
51.0
86.6
40.0
0.30
0.04
12.0
13.40
0-39
1.25
5.66
52.0
88.6
40.2
0.25
0.44
12.0
16.90
0.32
1.49
6.15
52.0
99.1
39.5
0.17
0.04
12.0
11.60
0.10
1.06
5.25
50.0
63.6
40.2
0.21
0.03
12.0
21.90
0.67
1.22
5.95
51.0
84.0
41.2
0.29
0.05
14.8
NOTE: A VALUE OF '0.0* INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE DR WORK IN PROGRESS
29
-------
TABLE It CONTD. TC» SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER
ANALYSIS POINT
DATE
T IKE
ADSORBENT
FIGURE
ON-MTt SDL IDS ANALYSES
ASH (HT t)
C» (WT *)
S02 (WT Ss)
S03 (HT %)
C02 (WT %)
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (HT *, ACID INSOLUBLE)
CAC03 (WT *, BY IR)
CAS03 X .5 H20 (WT %, IR)
CAS04 X 2H20 (it! *, IR)
SURFACE AREA (SO M/&M)
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS *
SETTLED t SOLIDS
SETTLED BULK DENSITY(GM/CCJ
SETTLING RATE (CM/HR }
TVA CRYSTALLO&RAPHK ANALYSES
SULF1TE REFRACTIVE INDEX
SULF1TE A AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE B AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE C AXIS
STD. ERROR
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAM
X SOLID OXIDATION
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.I
STOIC. RATIO
SLURRY PH
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (Cl
MAKE/PASS IMOLES/THOUS GALJ
LIO/GAS (GAL/THOUS CFM)
HT % CL IN LIQUOR
rfT % MG IN L10JOR
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (HINS)
567-2A
2816
120775
0700
LS
7E
35.80
30 .57
20.82
4.36
8.69
30.0
19.7
43.9
6.4
2.8
15.7
42.8
) 1.34
. 6.3
k
ES
1.590
9.789
0.002
10.662
0.003
6.495
0.002
TERS
14.30
0.26
1 .43
6.02
50.0
> 84.1
40.9
0.24
0.05
14.8
568-2A
2816
12»475
0700
LS
7A
51 .86
21.48
21.5
-------
TABLE li CONTD. TCA SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER 577-2A
ANALYSIS POINT 2816
DATE 012376
TIME 0700
ADSORBENT LS
FIGURE 7D
OS-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (WT *l 46.83
CA (WT *l 25.98
S02 (UT *) 21 .58
S03 (UT t) 2.20
C02 (MT *) 4.66
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (WT X, ACID INSOLUBLE) 29.2
CAC03 (WT *, BY IR) 14.2
CAS03 X .5 H20 IWT %. IR) 47.4
CAS04 X 2H20 (WT *, IR J 9.2
SURFACE AREA ISO H/GH) 3.1
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS t 14.4
SETTLED * SOLIDS 37.0
SETTLED BULK DENSITY IGH/CC 1 1.26
SETTLING RATE (CM/HR) 6.0
TVA CRYSTALLOGRAPH1C ANALYSES
SULFLTE REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.591
SULFITE A AXIS 9.800
STD. ERROR 0.003
SULFITE B AXIS 10.674
STD. ERROR 0.003
SULFITE C AXIS 6.511
STD. ERROR 0.002
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
* SOLID OXIDATION 7.54
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.) 0.69
STOIC. RATIO 1.27
SLURRY PH , 5. 61
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (Cl 50.0
HAKE/PASS (MOLES/THOUS GAL) 96.0
LIU/GAS (GAL/THOUS CFHI 41.1
WT * CL IN LIQUOR 0.34
MT % HG IN LIQUOR 0.05
HOLD TANK RES. TlHt (KINS) 14.6
579-2A
2616
020176
0730
LS
-
49.16
22.05
16.72
8.64
1 .37
44. 5
1.4
47.3
6.8
3.3
15.7
44 .6
1.32
7.7
1.591
9.795
0.004
10.674
0.005
6.515
0.003
29.20
1.12
1.06
5.16
50.0
56.0
41.0
0.24
0.04
10.8
581-2A
2816
020876
0730
LS
—
56 .89
25.47
19.63
5.8B
2. fa 3
38.5
7.5
46.0
8.0
4.9
18.3
45.6
1.31
5.0
1.589
9.793
0.004
10.665
0.005
6.512
0-003
19.30
1.24
1.20
0.0
0.0
73.3
40.3
0.48
0.05
12.0
fACT.
2816
021676
0730
LS
-
36.20
31.01
12.36
4.16
13.62
30.5
44.5
25.0
0.0
3.6
20.3
55.6
1.29
5.5
1.587
9.762
0.003
10.667
0.004
6.508
0.002
21.20
1.14
2.26
5.82
52.0
73.1
24.9
0.61
0.05
6.0
FACT.
2816
022276
0730
LS
-
45.43
25.20
IS. 93
6.99
5.01
35.0
12.0
42.6
!0.4
2.4
20.3
53.6
1.31
7.3
1 .565
9.788
0.003
10.655
0.003
6.512
0.002
26.60
1.26
1.33
5.67
52.0
68 .4
36.2
0.65
0.04
6.0
FACT.
2616
030176
0730
LIME
—
0.0
0.0
c.o
0.0
0.0
30 .0
3.0
57.0
10.0
5.0
16.3
46.4
1 .38
11.1
1.586
9.775
0.004
10.653
0.004
6.507
0.003
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
C.O
55.7
48.5
0.0
0.0
12.0
NOTE: A VALUE OF *0.0* INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE OR hORK IN PROGRESS
-------
TABLE 1, CONTD. TC« SLUtRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER
ANALYSIS POINT
DATE
TIME
ADSORBENT
FIGURE
ON-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (VI *)
c» m M
S02 IUT *)
S03 (WT *)
C02 (WT *)
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH IUT *( ACID INSOLUBLE)
CAC03 (UT *, BY IR)
CAS03 X .5 H20 (UT *, IR)
CASD4 X 2H20 (HT *, IR )
SURFACE AREA (SO M/GM)
TVA SLURRY CHIRAC TERI IAT10N
SLURRY SOLIDS *
SETTLED * SOLIDS
SETTLED BULK DENSITY (GM/CCI
SETTLING RATE ICH/HR )
FACT.
2816
030776
0730
LIME
IE
46.38
25.02
20.53
5. 7i
0.93
39.0
3.0
49.0
9.0
7.3
16.7
42.6
1.30
3.6
FACT.
2816
031576
0730
LS
-
48.67
23.32
15.75
8.86
1.32
38.0
4.0
46.0
12.0
4.2
15.6
40.4
1.30
3.7
FdCT
2816
032276
0700
LS
-
48.81
2*. 70
16.48
7.53
1.10
39.0
7.0
40.0
14.0
5.3
18.0
47.7
1.31
3.8
FACT
2816
033076
0730
LS
-
43.32
27.46
16.56
6.40
5.93
35.0
14.0
41.0
10.0
4.2
17.7
46.1
1.37
3.5
FACT
2B16
041276
0730
LS
MB
39.52
30.39
20.08
5.30
4.78
30.0
9.0
51.0
10.0
3.3
16.6
68.3
1.42
7.6
FACT
2816
042276
0730
LS
—
37.69
27.91
15.56
10 .58
5.50
30.0
14.0
44.0
12.0
5.3
16.6
45.6
1.28
2.4
TtfA CRYSTALLOtRAPHIC ANALYSES
SULF1TE REFRACTIVE INDEX
SULF1TE A AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE B AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE C AXIS
STD. ERROR
1.585
9.772
0.002
10.662
0.002
6.504
0.001
1.588
9.791
0.002
10.670
0.003
6.510
0.002
1.5B7
9.774
0-003
10.667
0.003
6.521
0.002
1.588
9.791
0.001
10.650
0.001
6.522
0.001
1.590
9.787
0.002
10.667
0.003
6.517
0.002
1.589
9.799
0.003
10.675
0.003
6.504
0.002
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
X SOLID OXIDATION
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN $0 C.I
STOIC. RATIO
SLURRY PH
SLURRY UMPERAIURE (C)
MAKE/PASS IMOLES/THOUS GAD
L1Q/GAS IGAL/THOUS C FM I
•H it CL IN LIQUOR
WT * MG IN LIQUOR
HOLD TANK KES. TIME (HINJJ
13.50
1.42
1.14
5.73
50.0
54.4
47.3
0.78
0.04
6.0
31.10
1.13
l.lfc
5.03
50.0
37.6
48.3
0.88
0.04
6.0
26.77
1.57
1.25
5.24
51.0
50.1
48,4
1.39
0.23
6.0
23.40
1.02
1.45
5.53
52.0
82.4
30.7
1.61
1.04
9.0
17.40
0.93
1.42
5.83
50.0
78.7
36.6
0.98
0.45
9.0
35.00
1.22
1.33
5.41
52.0
80.1
41.7
0.48
0.68
12.0
NOTE: A VALUE OF '0.0* INDICATES EITHER DATA HOT AVAILABLE OR UORK IN PROGRESS
-------
TABLE 1. CCWTD- TCA SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER
ANALYSIS POINT
DATE
TIME
ADSORBENT
FIGURE
ON-SITC SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASM (WT U
CA (MT *)
S02 IWT %)
S03 (WT *J
C02 (WT *I
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (WT X, ACID INSOLUBLE)
CAC03 (WT *, BY IR)
CAS03 X .5 H20 (UT *, IR 1
CAS04 X 2H20 «HT *, IR)
SURFACE AREA (SQ M/GH)
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS *
SETTLED * SOLIDS
SETTLED BULK DENSI T Y (GH/CC »
SETTLING RATE ICH/HR)
583-2B
2816
043076
0730
IS
-
35.63
23.16
19.90
9.41
5 .06
25.0
9.0
53 .0
13.0
4.6
15.9
34.4
1.25
2.4
S84-2A
2816
050776
0730
LS
-
37.27
31.27
16.14
5. BO
10.02
28.0
19.0
45.0
9.0
3.5
20.0
41.6
1.26
2.1
584-2A
2816
051476
0730
LS
IIA
36.00
33.29
19.82
8.79
12.01
25.0
31.0
37.0
7.0
4.1
16.9
36.1
1.31
1.5
586-2A
2816
052276
0730
LS
-
50.67
14.47
17.37
2.36
6.16
40-0
16.0
35.0
8.0
2.7
15.6
42.3
1.31
3.5
587-2A
2f>16
060176
0730
LS
-
54.55
26.62
8.68
0.01
12.04
45.0
33.0
12.0
10.0
4.1
10.5
25.8
1.17
2.5
587-2A
2816
061076
0730
LS
-
42.46
26.7i>
10.47
10.69
5.99
33.0
3.0
56.0
8.0
5.7
10.1
34.0
1.26
5.6
TVA CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSES
SULFITE REFRACTIVE INDEX
SULFITE A AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE B AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE C AXIS
STD. ERROR
1.589
9.794
D.004
10.666
0.004
6.514
0.002
1 .587
9.803
0.003
10.656
0.003
6.499
0.002
1.586
9.786
0.003
10.656
0.004
6.529
0.002
1.589
9.802
0.003
10.663
0.003
6.513
0.002
1 .589
9.803
0.004
10 .649
0.004
6.484
0.002
1.587
9.793
0.002
10.677
0.003
b.497
0.002
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
H SOLID OXIDATION
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN SO C.)
STOIC. RATIO
SLURRY PH
SLURRY TEKPERATURE tC) '
HAKE/PASS (HQLE5/THOUS GAL)
LIQ/GAS (GAL/THOUS CFM»
WT \ CL IN LIQUOR
MT * HG IN LIQUOR
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (M1NS)
27.40
1.12
1.17
5.33
50.0
94.7
41.3
0.35
0.58
3.0
22.30
0.34
1.71
5.71
50.0
96.4
40.6
0.44
1.07
3.0
30.72
1.05
1 .85
5.28
51.0
63.5
40.6
0.61
1.26
3.0
9.80
0.71
1.45
5.16
50.0
58.7
40.0
0.39
0.82
3.0
0.10
0.16
3.49
5.94
50.0
86.0
40.0
0.03
0.7S
3.0
44.90
1.43
1 .60
4.98
51.0
90.9
41.0
0.20
1.02
4.1
NOTE: A VALUE OF '0.0* INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE OR WORK IN PROGRESS
33
-------
TABLE 1, CONTD. TCA SLURRV ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER 588-2A
ANALYSIS POINT 3816
DATE
TIME 0730
ADSORBENT IS
FIGURE
OS-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (HT *) 41.39
CA (HT *) 29.03
S02 (UT *) 9.91
SD3 (HT X) 5.71
CD2 (NT X) 12.55
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (WT X, ACID INSOLUBLE) 30.0
CAC03 (HI X, BY IR) 36.0
CASD3 X .5 H20 (HT %. IR) 20.0
CAS04 X 2H20 (UT \, IR ) 14.0
SURFACE AREA (SO M/GM) 4.6
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS X 15.2
SETTLED X SOLIDS 42.8
•SETTLED BULK DENSITY (CM/CC ) 1.36
SETTLING RATE tCM/HR) 3.0
569-2A
2816
061976 06287k
TVA CRYSTALLOtRAPHIC ANALYSES
SULFITE REFRACTIVE
SULFITE A AXIS
STO. ERROR
SULFITE B AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE C AXIS
STD. ERROR
INDEX
1.567
9.785
0.003
10.668
0.004
6.529
0.002
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
X SOLID OXIDATION
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.I
STOIC. RATin
SLURRY PH
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (C)
MAKE/PASS (MQLES/THOUS GAL)
LIU/GAS (GAL/THOUS CFM)
HT * CL IN LIQUOR
HT % MG IN LIQUOR
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (MINSJ
0730
LS
41.57
27.04
18.03
6.82
5.67
30.0
11.0
48.0
11.0
5.6
15.1
32.0
1.26
2.4
1.588
9.803
0-002
10.667
0-002
6.513
0.001
31 .50
1.15
2.28
5.43
50.0
55.0
60.1
0.51
1.13
4.1
23.20
1.06
1.31
5.32
56.0
97.6
40.7
0.14
1.11
4.1
MOTE: A VALUE OF >0.0» INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE OR WORK IN PROGRESS
-------
TABLE 2. VENTUM SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER
ANALYSIS POINT
DATE
TIME
ADSORBENT
FIGURE
ON-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (WT X)
CA (HT X)
$02 (WT %)
503 (HT X)
C32 (WT X)
TVA SUL1DS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (WT X, ACID INSOLUBLE)
CAC03 (WT X, BY IR)
CAS03 X .5 H20 (WT X, IR)
CAS04 X 2H20 (HT X, IR )
SUKFACt AREA (SO M/GM)
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIIATION
SLURRY SOLIDS *
SETTLED X SOLIDS
SETTLED BULK DENSITY(GM/CC)
SETTLING RATE ICH/HR )
TVA CRYSTALLOGRAPrilC ANALYSES
SULFITE REFRACTIVE INDEX
SULFITE A AXIS
STD. ERROR
SJLFITE B AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE C AXIS
STD. ERROR
SCRUBBER UPtRUlONAL PARAHET
X SOLID OXIDATION
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.)
STOIC. RATIO
SLURRY PH
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (O
KIAKF/PASS (HOLES/THOUS GAL)
LIU/GAS (GAL/THOUS CFH )
^T \ CL IN LIQUOR
HT % HO IN LIOUOR
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (MINS)
623-1A
1816
031375
1300
LIME
—
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
D.O
33.0
3.3
59.0
4.5
7.0
8.8
38.1
1.32
12.4
S
1.592
9.743
0.010
10.630
0.006
6.502
0.005
FRS
0.0
0.98 '
0.0
7.90
51.0
0.0
0.0
0.33
0 .02
17.0
623-1*.
1816
031475
1300
LIME
—
42.80
2*. 66
22.08
6.06
2.08
33.0
5.6
53.0
9.0
5.9
7.3
32.2
1.22
11.5
1.581
9.750
0.012
10.632
0.006
6.495
0.005
16.00
0.71
1.13
7.70
50.0
0.0
0.0
0.31
0.02
17.0
624-1 A
1816
040375
700
Line
—
44.03
25.99
23.11
5.04
2.06
69.0
1.4
27.0
2.0
4.6
11.6
39.1
1.35
8.7
1.584
9.759
0.4)19
10-619
0.011
6.493
0.010
14.80
0.0
1.09
8.80
50.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
17.0
624-1 A
1816
041175
1U5
LIKE
2A
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
45.0
5.0
45.0
7.2
3.0
7.9
46.4
1.45
13.9
1.590
9.799
0.03S
10.665
0.019
6.498
0.018
0.0
1.17
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.43
0.02
17.0
627-1A
1816
080875
1220
LIME
—
49.02
24.34
17.24
5.14
3.76
40.0
10.2
38.4
11.4
8.1
15.6
34.0
1.24
2.4
1.593
9.769
0.003
10.729
0.004
6.510
0.004
19.30
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
20.0
628-1A
1816
091475
0700
LIME
—
44.71
24.81
20.76
6.92
1.97
35.0
8.3
43.3
13.4
4.1
8.7
44.9
1.30
38 .4
1.590
9.776
O.OOb
10.636
0.006
6.531
0.005
21.00
1.03
1.08
7.95
52.0
40.6
90.4
0.31
0.03
12.0
NOTE: A VALUE Of >0.0> INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE OR WORK IN PROGRESS
35
-------
TABLE 2, CONTD. VENTUR1 SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER 626-1B
ANALYSIS POINT 1816
DATE 092175
TIME 0700
ADSORBENT LIME
FIGURE 2D.IF
ON-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (WT X> 44 .57
CA (UT X) 25.32
S02 (UT X) 22.08
S03 (WT X» 5 .66
C02 (WT X) 1 .88
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (UT X, ACID INSOLUBLE) 40 .0
CAC03 (UT X, BY IR) 6.5
CAS03 X .5 H2D (WT X, IRI 47.6
CAS04 X 2H20 (UT X, IR ) 5.8
SURFACE AREA (SO H/GHI 4.3
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS X 9.4
SETTLED X SOLIDS 44.3
SETTLED BULK DENSITY (GH/CC) 1.21
SETTLING RATE ICH/HR) 35.6
TVA CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSES
SULFITE REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.590
SULF1TE A AXIS 9.775
STD. ERROR. 0.006
SULFITE B AXIS 10.673
STD. ERROR 0.006
SULFITE C AXtS 6.521
STD. ERROR 0.005
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAHETERS
X SOLID OXIDATION 17.60
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.) 0.84
STOIC. RATIO l.OB
SLURRY PH 6 .25
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (C) 53.0
HAKE/PASS (HOLES/THOUS GALJ 41.8
LIO/GAS IGAL/THDUS C FM 1 97.4
MT X CL IN LIQUOR 0.33
UT X MG IN LIQUOR 0.03
HOLD TANK RES. TIMfc (MINSI 12.0
628-IB
1616
092875
0700
LIME
2F.2C
45.61
24.63
21.98
4.11
4.19
41.5
3.9
44.8
9.6
5.1
25.7
42.1
1.31
2.1
1.589
9.764
0.010
10-676
0.010
6.514
0.007
13.00
0.69
1.11
8.10
50.0
49.4
82.9
0.37
0.02
12.0
628-1 B
1816
100575
0700
LIKE
2E
45.16
24.61
23.19
5.15
1.90
33.0
3.7
53.1
10.2
4.1
9.5
44.5
1.26
20.5
1.58B
9.778
0.003
10-467
0.003
6. si a
0-003
15.10
0.7)
1.04
7.95
52.0
53.6
68.8
0.44
0.03
12.0
701-1A
1616
101275
0700
LS
3B
32.21
32.05
19.86
7.19
7.54
27.0
21.1
44 .8
7.1
3.4
18.4
37.0
1.27
2.5
1.589
9.798
0.005
10.690
0.005
6.506
0.004
22.40
0.23
1.43
5.85
54.0
50.1
69.2
0.49
0.05
20.0
703-1A
1616
102175
0700
IS
3A
0.0
23.00
21.60
4.10
1.76
45.0
2.6
45.0
7.2
2.2
10.2
44.7
1.29
9.6
1.590
9.769
0.006
10.690
0.005
6.519
0.004
13.20
0.0
1.06
5.25
50.0
0.0
63.7
0.0
0.0
20.0
703-1A
1616
102875
0900
LS
3D
48.51
24.34
22.07
3.44
2.47
45.0
6.0
41.0
8.0
1.8
12.8
45.5
1.96
7.8
1.590
9.799
0.006
10.680
0.006
6.527
0.005
11.10
0.71
1.13
5.31
51.0
42.2
63.6
0.67
0.07
20.0
NOTE: A VALUE OF *0.0• INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE OR MORK IN PROGRESS
-------
TABL6 2i CONTD. VENTUR1 SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER 704-1A
ANALYSIS POINT 1816
DATE 110675
TIME 0700
ADSORBENT IS
FIGURE 3C
OM-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (HT * > 34.64
CA (UT X) 33.49
SO 2 (HI X) 20.95
S03 (UT X) 2.64
C02 IWT XI 9.31
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (NT X, ACID INSOLUBLE! 27.0
CAC03 (NT X, BY IR) 30.9
CASQ3 X .5 H20 (HT \, IR) 34. 8
CAS04 X 2H20 IHT X, IR I 7.3
SURFACE AREA (SO M/GN) 2.5
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS * 16.4
SETTLED * SOLIDS 42.2
SETTLED BULK DENSITY (GH/CC J 1.34
SETTLING RATE (CH/HRI 4.3
TWA CRYSTALLOtRAPHIC ANALYSES
SULFITE REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.591
SULF1TE A AXIS 9.795
STD. ERROR 0.006
SULFITE B AXIS 10.683
STD. ERROR 0.006
SULFITE C AXIS 6.511
STD. ERROR 0.005
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
It SOLID OXIDATION 9.20
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.I 0.12
STOIC. RATIO 1 .66
SLURRY PH 5.84
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (C) 52.0
MAKE/PASS (HOLES/THOUS GALI 70.0
LIU/GAS (GAL/THOUS CFMJ 64.3
MT X CL IN LIQUOR 0.54
HT X HG IN LIQUOR 0.11
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (MINS) 20.0
705-1A
1816
111375
0700
LS
IB
41.69
27.42
23.80
1.59
7.47
35.0
16.4
40.1
8.4
1.8
14.5
50.3
1.33
9.0
1.591
9.781
0.005
10.679
0.004
6.509
0.003
5.10
0.25
1.25
6.00
52.0
61.1
67.0
0.34
0.06
20.0
706-1 A
1816
111975
0700
LS
3E.3F
47.87
23.99
23.25
4.12
1.47
40.0
2.0
48.1
10.0
2.2
12.6
40.6
1.40
6.5
1 .59 2
9.790
0.010
10.691
0.006
fc.534
0.005
12.40
1.11
1.03
5.25
50.0
47.1
63.9
0.37
0.07
12.0
708-1 A
1816
112775
0700
LS
-
36.16
29.27
20.17
6.31
6.84
27.0
11.1
54.1
7.8
2.2
14.4
44.6
1.34
4.5
1.590
9.790
0.003
10.657
0.004
6.503
0.002
21.30
0.57
1.30
5.85
51.0
47.5
63.9
0.45
0.09
12.0
709-1A
1816
120775
0700
LS
IA
42.87
26.88
20. 56
4.66
5.12
30.0
13.4
47.5
9.1
2.5
15.2
43.5
1.31
3.6
1.592
9.765
0.002
10.673
0.002
6.505
0.001
15.30
0.57
1.26
5.71
51.0
53.0
63.9
0.42
0.09
12.0
710-1A
1816
121475
0700
LS
-
39.70
28.54
20.43
3.72
8.09
32.0
22.4
39.5
6.1
2.3
16.4
43.5
1.32
3.9
1.595
9.797
0.003
10.660
0.003
6.492
0.002
12.73
0.15
1.39
6.03
55.0
63.3
63.1
0.37
0.08
12.0
MOTE: A VALUE OF *0.0* INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT ArAILABLE OR WORK IN PROGRESS
-------
TABLE 2, LONTD. VENTURI SLURRY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER 710-1A
ANALYSIS POINT 1816
DATE 122275
TIME 0700
ADSORBENT LS
FIGURE
ON-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (WT X) 44.52
CA (NT X) 26.71
SD2 (WT t) 24. 50
S03 1WT X) 1 .82
C02 (WT X) 4 .31
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (HI X. ACID INSOLUBLE) 42.0
CAC03 (WT X, BY IR) 12.4
CAS03 X .5 H20 (WT *, 1ft) 41.5
CAS04 X 2H20 (NT X. IR) 9.1
SURFACE AREA (SO N/GK) 1.9
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS X 16.3
SETTLED X SOLIDS 43.2
SETTLED BULK DENSITY (CM/CO 1.34
SETTLING RATE (CN/HR) 4.6
TVA CRYSTALLOtRAPHIC ANALYSES
SULF1TE REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.S94
SULFITt A AXIS 9.768
STD. ERROR 0.002
SULF1TE b AXIS 10.667
STD. ERROR 0.003
SULF1TE C AXIS 6.501
STD. ERROR 0.002
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
X SOLID OXIDATION 5.62
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.t 0.23
STUIC. RATIO 1.18
SLURRY PH 5.63
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (C) 52.0
HAKE/PASS (HOLES/THOUS GAL 1 63.9
LIU/GAS (GAL/THOUS CFM) 64.1
WT X CL IN LIQUOR 0.37
»T X Hb IN LIQUOR 0.09
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (KINS) 12.0
711-1B
18H
010176
0700
LS
9A.9D
8C
43.05
27.41
17.94
4.43
7.04
37.0
15.2
39.1
8.7
3.1
16.0
40.8
1.29
3.4
1.591
9.800
0-004
10.665
0.004
6.515
0-002
16.50
0.90
I. 4ft
5.57
52.0
56.3
63.7
0.56
0.07
6.0
71 3-1 A
1816
010976
0700
LS
8D
53.73
22.47
17.87
4. OB
1.93
43.0
6.8
41.9
8.3
?.9
15.0
41.8
1.30
4.8
1.590
9.791
0.002
10.673
0-002
6.519
0-001
15.40
1.17
1.21
5.14
46.0
49.6
64.2
0.55
O.OB
6.0
1816
012276
0700
LS
-
40.77
28.28
22.95
3.42
5.56
35.5
11.9
44.7
7.9
3.1
17.2
41.6
1.30
2.8
1.591
9.795
0.003
10.660
0.004
6.517
0.002
10.60
1.11
1.26
5.50
50.0
52.5
65.6
0.44
0.48
6.0
717-1A
1816
013176
0730
LS
-
41.80
27.46
22.49
4.79
3.74
39.0
5.6
50.3
5.1
2.3
15.9
42.7
1.30
3.6
1.591
9.806
0.003
10.665
0.003
6.511
0.002
14.50
0.64
1.19
5.53
50 .0
53.8
64 .1
0-34
0.43
6.0
FACT.
1816
021576
0730
LIME
4A.4B
36.03
28.70
22.62
7.64
1.9P
34.5
4.7
53.8
7.0
5.2
17.2
50.9
1.29
6.3
1.590
9.786
0.003
10.653
0.003
6.450
0.002
21.30
0.54
1.14
7.93
50.0
41.0
85.0
0.49
0.05
12.0
NOTE: A VALUE OF *o.o* INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE OR WORK IN PROGRESS
38
-------
TABLE 2, CONTD. VENTUR1 SLUfcRY ANALYSIS
RUN NUMBER FACT.
ANALYSIS POINT 1616
DATE 022176
TIME 0730
ADSORBENT LIKE
FIGURE 4C.4D
ON-SITf SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (KT %) 58.75
CA (MT *) 19.16
SDi (KT *) 13.71
S03 (WT *) 6.04
C02 (WT %) l.Ib
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (V.T *, ACID INSOLUBLE) 61.0
CAC03 (WT i, BY 1R) 5.3
CAS03 X .5 H20 (MT %, 1R) 27.7
CAS04 X 2H20 (MT «, IR } 6.0
SURFACE AREA
-------
UBIE 2. CUNTD. VENTURI SLUMY ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER
ANALYSIS POINT
DATE
TIME
ADSORBENT
FIGURE
0»l-SITr SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (WT *)
CA (WT *l
502 (WT %)
S03 (WT %)
C02 {WT %)
TV* SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (WT *, ACID INSOLUBLE)
CAC03 (WT *, BY IR)
CASQ3 X .5 H20 (WT «, IR1
CAS04 X 2H20 (MT *, IR)
SURFACE AREA (SO M/GH)
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS *
SETTLED * SOLIDS
SETTLED BULK DEN5ITY IGM/CCI
SETTLING RATE (CH/HR )
TVA CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSES
SJLFITE REFRACTIVE INDEX
SULF1TE A AXIS
STD- ERROR
SULFITE B AXIS
STD. ERROR
SULFITE C AXIS
STD. ERROR
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
* SOLID OXIDATION
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.I
STUlt. RATIO
SLURRY PH
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (C)
MAKE/PASS (MOLES/THOUS GAL)
LIU/GAS IGAL/THDUS CFM)
HT % CL IN LIQUOR
MT \ HG IN LIQUOR
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (MINS)
FACT
1816
041476
0730
LS
—
35.44
30 .65
24 .44
4.8B
7.93
20.0
16.0
56.0
8.0
4.8
20.7
27.9
1.21
2.6
S
1.589
9.797
0.003
10.64B
0.003
6.496
0.002
ERS
13.70
0.51
1.23
5.39
50.0
74.2
61.7
0.91
1 .24
9.5
FACT
1816
042176
0730
LS
5E.5F
38.06
29.98
19.36
5.43
7.09
30.0
14.0
44.0
12.0
3.5
16.5
58.3
1.35
3.0
1.592
9.796
0.003
10.658
0.003
6.513
0-002
18.30
1.10
1.44
5.70
52.0
98.4
23.4
0.45
0.77
0.0
629-1 A
1616
050176
0730
LIME
—
34.90
26.11
25.91
9.64
0.19
30.0
0.0
59.0
11.0
7.6
10.0
43.2
1.35
10.0
1.585
9.793
0.003
10. 675
0.003
6.515
0.002
22.90
0.45
0.95
6.04
54.0
59.7
63.9
0.34
0.45
3.0
629-1A
1816
050876
0730
LINE
6B
37.41
28.34
26.54
7.39
0.19
35.0
1.0
57.0
7.0
5.0
8.6
50.3
1.34
17.3
1.586
9.786
0.003
10.663
0.003
b.511
0.002
13.20
0.46
0.99
6.04
50.0
59.1
64.2
0.35
0.33
3.0
630-1A
1816
051576
0730
LIKE
6A
46.40
24.25
22.38
6.27
0.55
30.0
0.0
70.0
0.0
3.8
9.5
46.7
1.33
14.3
1.591
9.797
0.003
10.669
0.003
6.504
0.002
18.30
0.25
1.01
6.17
51 .0
56.3
63.7
0.55
0.41
3.0
631-1A
1814,
052176
0730
LIME
—
38.83
27.60
26.78
6.59
0.44
35.0
1.0
58.0
6.0
5.4
9.6
46.7
1.31
19.3
1.592
9.794
0.003
10.659
0.003
6.497
0.00?
16.40
0.09
0.98
6.95
50.0
81.2
43.6
0.57
0.45
3.0
NOTE: A VALUF CF 'O.O1 INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE Oft WORK IN PROGRESS
-------
TABLE 2, CONTD. VEN1UBI SLURRt ANALYSES
RUN NUMBER &32-1A
ANALYSIS POINT 1816
DATE 053176
TIME 0730
ADSORBENT LIME
FIGURE 6D
ON-SITE SOLIDS ANALYSES
ASH (WT *) 51.50
CA (hT *) 23.54
S02 (WT \) 22.44
S03 (WT X) 3.26
C02 (WT I) 0.49
TVA SOLIDS CHARACTERIZATION
ASH (WT *. ACID INSOLUBLE) 40.0
CAC03 CUT t, BY IR) 2.0
CAS03 X .5 H20 (MT t. IRl 51 .0
CAS04 X 2H20 (MT t, IRl 6.0
SURFACE AREA (SO M/GH) 4.5
TVA SLURRY CHARACTERIZATION
SLURRY SOLIDS * 8.4
SETTLED \ SOLIDS 44.2
SETTLED BULK DENSI TV (GH/CC ) 1.29
SETTLING RATE (CH/HR) 19.6
TVA CRYSTALLDtRAPHlC ANALYSES
SULFITt REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.588
SULFITE A AXIS 9.795
STD. ERROR 0.004
SULFITE B AXIS 10.681
STD. ERROR 0.004
SULFITE C AXIS 6.497
STD. ERROR 0.002
SCRUBBER OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
* SOLID OXIDATION 10.40
SAT. RATIO (RADIAN 50 C.I 0.17
STOIC. RATIO 1 .07
SLURRY PH 7.04
SLURRY TEMPERATURE (C) 50.0
MAKE/PASS (MOLES/THOUS GAL) 51.4
LIQ/CAS (GAL/THOUS CFM » 44.7
MT >. CL IN LIQUOR 0.71
MT * MG IN LIQUOR 0 .46
HOLD TANK RES. TIME (MINSI 3.0
633-1A
1816
060976
0730
LIKE
6C
42.96
2».3B
23.96
5.88
1.06
30.0
2.0
56.0
10.0
5.8
8.7
39.7
1.29
13.8
1.591
9.791
0.003
10.669
0.003
6.500
0.002
16.40
0.14
1.05
7.08
50.0
55.6
62.8
0.50
0.44
3.0
634-1 A
1816
062076
0730
LIME
6F
25.69
34.19
26.77
ft. 32
5.33
2.0
20.0
5B.O
20.0
5.9
5.8
55.7
1.46
100.2
1.594
9.795
0.004
10.615
0.004
6.486
0.002
14.90
1.40
1.15
6.12
52.0
29.0
63.5
2.13
0.03
12.0
634-1A
1016
067776
0730
LIME
6E
10.90
40.97
34.54
10.23
2.62
1.0
6.0
80.0
12.0
7.1
4.5
40.6
1.21
90.0
1.595
9.764
0.002
10.656
0.002
6.506
0.001
19.10
1.19
1.09
7.94
53.0
39.8
64.0
0.37
0.06
12.0
NOTE: A VALUE OF »0.0' INDICATES EITHER DATA NOT AVAILABLE OR WORK IN PROGRESS
-------
TABLE 3
Settling Rate Determinations
Muscle Shoals Shawnee
Sample ID % solids S.R. (cm/hrj % solids S.R. (cm/hr)
1816 7-18-75 0900 NA 37.9 8.9 52.5
1816 7-24-75 12JO 8.5 314-.2 8.6 47.5
1816 8-4-75 0700 7-8 46.0 7-5 46.9
1816 8-18-75 1000 11.7 5-4 NA 5-5
1816 9-2-75 0800 8.7 34.5 9-2 32.0
1816 9-16-75 0700 8.1 42.0 NA NA
1816 9-30-75 0700 9-1 19-0 8.7 17-6
1816 10-15-75 0700 15.6 4.4 15.4 4.0
1816 11-4-75 0700 13.3 9-6 15.5 13.1
1816 11-13-75 0700 14.1 8.8 14.7 9-3
1816 11-19-75 1^00 15.6 9-2 14.9 11.2
1816 12-8-75 1500 15.7 4.4 NA NA
1816 12-17-75 0700 16.7 4.1 16.1 4.1
1816 12-30-75 0700 14.8 4.4 NA 4.3
1816 5-4-76 0730 12.0 5-9 NA 6.7
1816 5-17-76 1530 8.8 16.4 NA 22.0
1816 6-21-76 1530 4.1 107.1 NA 160.0
2816 8-1-75 0700 14.5 5-8 14.1 5.7
2816 8-10-75 0715 15-6 7.8 NA NA
2816 8-26-75 0725 14.4 4.5 NA 5.5
2816 9-8-75 1425 15-0 4.8 NA NA
2816 10-8-75 0700 14.8 5.5 14.3 5.6
2816 10-21-75 0700 15.5 4.3 NA NA
2816 11-26-75 0700 14.2 9.1 13.8 10.1
2816 12-3-75 1500 15.7 6.2 15.6 5.4
2816 12-23-75 0700 15.7 6.4 NA NA
2816 1-7-76 0700 15.0 7.0 14.4 7.0
2316 1-19-76 0700 15.3 6.8 14.6 7.0
2816 4-27-76 0800 17.2 2.7 NA 2.7
2816 5-12-76 0845 27.3 1.2 NA 1.7
2816 5-24-76 0730 15-6 3.9 NA 4.4
2816 6-2-76 0800 13.5 2.0 NA 3.5
-------
Table 4
Shawnee Schedule
Venturi / Spray Tower and TCA Systems
Test Program Functions
1 LIMESTONE ADVANCED TESTING WITH TCA
SYSTEM
Mist Eliminator Testing
Magnesium Oxide Addition Testing
Alkali Utilization Testing without MgO Addition
Factorial Testing without MgO Addition
Factorial Testing with MgO Addition
2. LIME ADVANCED TESTING WITH TCA SYSTEM
Factorial Testing
3. LIME ADVANCED TESTING WITH VENTURI/
SPRAY TOWER SYSTEM
Mist Eliminator Testing
Variable Load Testing
Factorial Testing (a)
Fly Ash Free Testing
4. LIMESTONE ADVANCED TESTING WITH
VENTURI/SPRAY TOWER SYSTEM
Mist Eliminator Testing
Alkali Utilization Testing with and without MgO Addition
Magnesium Oxide Addition Testing
Factorial Testing without MgO Addition
Factorial Testing with MgO Addition
1975
Apr
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Sept
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Nov
Dec
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Jan
Feb
—
—
Mar
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'a'Includes "maximizing SOg removal efficiency testing (may include addition of MgO).
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-77-12 3
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
4. lllUCMtNl_7CiUt5MI(_e
Lime/Limestone Scrubbing Sludge Characterization-
Shawnee Test Facility
5. REPORT DATE
October 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7.AUTHOR(S) j L Chattanooga) and
S.K.Seale (TVA, Muscle Shoals)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PRF-28
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Tennessee Valley Authority
Energy Research
1320 Commerce Union Bank Building
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Interagency Agreement EPA-
IAG-D7-E721 (SA 17)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final: 3/75-6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer for this report is Julian W. Jones ,
Mail Drop 61, 919/541-2489.
16. ABSTRACT
The report summarizes progress on a project to determine the range of
variability of the solids from scrubbers at the Shawnee Test Facility, and to attempt
to correlate this variability with plant operating conditions. Slurry and solids charac-
terization studies were conducted on 84 samples from the TCA and venturi-spray
tower. The solids samples generally consisted of calcium sulfite hemihydrate (50-
70%) and fly ash (20-40%) with trace quantities of gypsum, unreacted absorbent, and
quartz. The form of the sulfite crystals was directly related to the absorbent used
(lime or limestone), but independent of the scrubber type (TCA or venturi-spray
tower). With limestone, the sulfite crystallized as well-formed single plates; with
lime, it appeared as spherical, closely interpenetrating aggregates. The average size
of the sulfite plates from the limestone system was inversely related to system stoi-
chiometry; the lime system had no such relationship. The fly ash in the samples con-
sisted of solid or hollow spheres of amorphous aluminosilicate material (sometimes
containing calcium and/or iron). Slurry sedimentation behaved in three basic modes:
clarification, zone settling, and compression settling. Solids morphology exerted
a strong influence on settling behavior. For samples with large proportions of very
small plates or complex crystalline forms, settling was inhibited.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Held/Group
Air Pollution
Scrubbers
Sludge
Des ulfur ization
Calcium Oxides
Limestone
Fly Ash
Gypsum
Quartz
Aluminum Silicates
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Shawnee Plant
Calcium Sulfites
13B
07A
07D
07B
08G
21B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. Of- CAGES
48
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
44
------- |