xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory
P 0 Box 15027
Las Vegas NV 89114
FPA 600 ; /', 227
N-//' : />
Research and Development
Energy-Related
Air Quality
Monitoring in the Western
Energy Resource
Development Area
Interagency
Energy-Environment
Research
and Development
Program Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad categories
were established to facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster
technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to 'the INTERAGENCY ENERGY—ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the effort
funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and Development
Program. These studies relate to EPA'S mission to protect the public health and welfare
from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy systems. The goal of the Pro-
gram is to assure the rapid development of domestic energy supplies in an environ-
mentally-compatible manner by providing the necessary environmental data and
control technology. Investigations include analyses of the transport of energy-related
pollutants and their health and ecological effects; assessments of, and development of,
control technologies for energy systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range
of energy-related environmental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
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EPA-600/7-78-227
November 1978
ENERGY-RELATED AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN THE
WESTERN ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AREA
by
M. L. Pitchford, R. N. Snelling, J. Bowen,
M. Pearson and D. N. McNeils
Monitoring Operations Division
Enviromental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada
ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory-Las Vegas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
Protection of the environment requires effective regulatory actions which
are based on sound technical and scientific information. This information
must include the quantitative description and linking of pollutant sources,
transport mechanisms, interactions, and resulting effects on man and his
environment. Because of the complexities involved, assessment of specific
pollutants in the environment requires a total systems approach which
transcends the media of air, water, and land. The Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas contributes to the formation and enhancement
of a sound monitoring data base for exposure assessment through programs
designed to:
• develop and optimize systems and strategies for monitoring
pollutants and their impact on the environment
* demonstrate new monitoring systems and technologies by applying
them to fulfill special monitoring needs of the Agency's
operating programs
This report describes a program designed to establish an environmental
data base which will be used to assess the air quality impact of existing and
proposed energy developments throughout the Western Energy Resource
Development Area. The purpose of this report is to provide information
concerning this program to those persons who are actively involved in the
study of the environmental impacts of energy utilization. Additional
information on this and related programs can be obtained by contacting the
Air Quality Branch of the Laboratory.
George Bl Morgan
Director
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas
iii
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ABSTRACT
This report describes a program designed to create an environmental data
base which will be used to assess the air quality impact of energy
development in an eight-state region (Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico,
North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming). The program was designed to use
and augment existing monitoring activities as well as create new monitoring
systems. Some of the activities described are an airborne air quality
monitoring system, a regional particulate sampling network, a quality
assurance program, a visibility monitoring system, an air quality simulation
modeling program, and a program to investigate weather modification effects
of energy-related pollutants. This report covers a period from January 1975,
to April 1977, and work was completed as of August 1977.
IV
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
List of Figures and Tables vi
INTRODUCTION 1
BASELINE MONITORING 3
FOUR CORNERS MONITORING NETWORK 6
ANALYTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM 9
WIDE-AREA MONITORING 10
MODELING PROGRAM 14
VISIBILITY MONITORING PROGRAM 15
WEATHER MODIFICATION EFFECTS OF
ENERGY-RELATED AIR POLLUTION 17
Appendix A - 20
Summary of Present and Proposed Fossil Fuel
Electric Generating Facilities
Appendix B - 30
Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Appendix C - 43
Air Quality and Meteorology Monitoring Activities
by Industrial Oil Shale Developers - a Summary
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1 The Western Energy Resource Development Area 1
2 Particulate sampling in the WERDA 7
3 New sulfate-nitrate monitoring sites 7
4 Ute Research Laboratory Hi-Vol Network 8
LIST OF TABLES
1 Summary of WERDA Air Quality Monitoring Sites 4
2 Analyses Performed, WERDA Air Quality Monitoring 4
Sites
3 Classification of WERDA Air Quality Monitoring 5
Sites
4 Laboratories in Systems Review and Quarterly 11
Performance Surveys
5 Air Quality Monitoring Stations that Received
Initial Site Visits 12
6 Instruments Installed in the B-26 Monarch Aircraft 13
7 List of Instruments NOAA Aircaft 19
VI
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INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory-Las Vegas (EMSL-LV) is engaged in a comprehensive program
to evaluate the real and potential air quality impacts of energy-related
developments in the Western Energy Resource Development Area (WERDA)
(Figure 1). (EMSL-LV is also conducting other energy related programs.) Of
particular interest are proposed developments in the eight-state region
encompassing the Northern Great Plains, the oil shale regions of Colorado and
Utah, and the Four Corners area. Monitoring is oriented ch'iefly to nitrogen
dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, reactive hydrocarbons, fine
particulates, trace elements, and visibility.
|1} WESTERN ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AREA
AREA OF PRIMARY INTEREST
Figure 1. The Western Energy Resource Development Area
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The primary objectives of the program are to establish an energy-related
air quality baseline, evaluate air quality trends, assess the impacts of
specific energy-related development activities, and predict the impacts of
proposed energy developments. Six major program tasks have been identified
to meet these objectives:
1. Prepare and maintain a source and monitoring network inventory
and establish an energy-related air quality data base. This
includes the evaluation and augmentation of present networks in
terms of sampling location, frequency of sampling, procedures,
and analyses being performed.
2. Establish an analytical quality assurance program to determine
the accuracy and precision of data obtained from networks being
run by different organizations and programs.
3. Establish a monitoring network in the Four Corners region and
augment stations in other study states to monitor for total
suspended particulates, particulate nitrate and sulfate, and
trace elements.
4. Perform wide-area monitoring over regions of potential energy
development. This will require use of an airborne air quality
monitoring system.
5. Develop and deploy a system for the quantitative measurement
of atmospheric visibility.
6. Develop a regional scale atmospheric diffusion model for
predicting the impact of energy development scenarios on the
Four Corners region.
In addition to the above six major program tasks, a research program
designed to investigate the potential effects of energy-related air
pollutants on weather and climate has been initiated. This work is being
performed for the EPA by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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BASELINE MONITORING
In initiating any comprehensive impact analysis program, it is essential
that a source and monitoring network inventory be prepared and maintained.
To determine the adequacy of existing monitoring efforts, the nature and
extent of those efforts must be known and compared with anticipated
monitoring requirements. The existing and projected source characteristics
and configurations provide the bases for estimating the monitoring
requirements. An analysis of this nature identifies monitoring deficiencies
which must then be eliminated if possible or diminished through remedial
monitoring network augmentation.
Existing and proposed electric power generating facilities, proposed oil
shale development sites, and proposed coal conversion facilities have been
identified along with their schedule for implementation. Coal-fired power
plant development represents the most immediate and extensive potential
impact on air quality. A 10-year scenario outlining the development programs
of present and proposed electric generating facilities as of January 1, 1977,
is shown in Appendix A.
An inventory of state and federal air quality monitoring stations within
the eight states comprising the Western Energy Resource Development Area is
shown in Appendix B. Both energy-related and non-energy related stations are
listed. The stations are further classified as representing background,
population, or source-related sites. A summary of energy-related air quality
monitoring sites is shown by state and classification in Table 1. Table 2
summarizes these same stations according to analyses performed. Table 3
further classifies the stations as to the city center, suburban, rural or
remote locations. A program will be designed to verify and refine these
station classifications.
Air quality and meteorological monitoring is also being performed by
private industry. These activities are not reflected in the tables. This is
due primarily to the problems(associated with obtaining data from and
applying a quality assurance program to private monitoring activities. The
most extensive industrial monitoring is being done at the Federal Oil Shale
Lease Sites in Utah and Colorado. A summary of these activities is presented
in Appendix C.
Most of the existing air monitoring programs were not specifically
designed to characterize energy development impacts. Power plant emissions
represent the greatest energy-related impact to air quality. The air quality
parameters which best characterize these emissions are particulate sulfates
and fine particulates. The greatest impact of increased levels of these
pollutants in the west will likely be a degradation of visibility. Sulfates
are monitored at a few locations (Figure 2) but neither fine particulates nor
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TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF WERDA AIR QUALITY MONITORING SITES
(Based on SAROAD listing. December 1975)
STATE
Arizona
Colorado
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
Total
Survei'
Population
6-6
19-19
11-2
7-4
9-8
3-1
2-2
18-14
75-56
1 lance Classification (Stations-Locations)
Source
6-6
_
2-2
11-7
-
3-3
2-1
5-2
29-21
Background
13-13
7-5
12-11
4-4
11-9
8-7
14-10
11-6
80-65
Totals
25-25
26-24
25-15
22-15
20-17
14-11
18-13
34-22
184-142
TABLE 2. ANALYSES PERFORMED, WERDA AIR QUALITY MONITORING SITES
By States
Arizona
Colorado
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyomi ng
Total
By Classification
Population
Source
Background
Total
TSP
24
26
21
18
20
14
18
34
T75~
72
24
79
175
Analysi
TE
23
19
-
4
11
1
9
3
70
33
4
33
70
s Performed*
504
11
-
-
-
11
1
-
3
26
17
2
7
26
S02
4
_
8
8
6
5
7
15
53
17
13
23
53
N02
3
_
7
2
6
3
3
8
32
10
2
20
32
03
_
2
-
-
-
-
-
~2
1
-
1
"2
CO
_
2
2
-
-
-
-
~4
3
-
1
~$
HC
_
2
-
-
-
-
-
~2
1
-
1
~2
* TSP - total suspended part icul ate
TE - trace elements
$04 - sulfate
S02 -
N02 -
03-
sulfur dioxide
nitrogen
ozone
dioxide
CO -
carbon
monoxide
HC -hydrocarbon
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TABLE 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WERDA AIR QUALITY MONITORING SITES
City Industrial
Center
Residential
Commercial
Mobile
Total
Suburban Industrial
Residential
Commercial
Mobile
Total
Rural Near Urban
Agricultural
Commercial
Industrial
Unqualified
Total
Remote
/.
Unspecified
Surveillance
Population
1
9
24
2
36
0
8
3
0
IT
3
3
3
0
3
12
1
15
Classification
Source
0
2
0
0
~2
5
1
0
1
"7
0
5
0
3
2
10
4
6
Background
0
0
0
0
~0
0
3
0
0
~3
0
19
1
1
2
23
45
9
Total
75
29
80
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visibility degradation is monitoried on a regular basis at any location. A
further deficiency becomes apparent when the locations of monitoring sites
are plotted on a map of the Western Energy Resource Development Area. The
density of sites is low in the Four Corners region and other areas in the
vicinity of anticipated large-scale energy activities.
The actions being taken to remedy many of these problems are discussed in
other sections of this report. Briefly, these are the initiation of an
airborne air quality monitoring program, the operation of a Four Corners
particulate characterization monitoring network, the development of a
visibility monitoring capability and the use of regional scale air quality
simulation modeling.
Two recently initiated programs are the development of an expanded
sulfate network and the development of a fine particulate monitoring
capability. The States of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Colorado
are now performing sulfate analysis on particulate samples collected at
32 selected stations. This is being funded in part by the EMSL-LV through
EPA Region VIII grant programs to these states. The Ute Research Laboratory,
under contract to the EMSL-LV, is performing sulfate and nitrate analysis on
the Four Corners Network (28 stations) and will expand the program to include
samples from sites in the States of Utah and Wyoming (16 stations). These
additional 76 sites (Figure 3) along with those already performing this
analysis constitutes the Western Energy Sulfate Nitrate Monitoring Network.
The EMSL-LV is engaged in a program of field testing several
size-segregating particulate samplers to determine which instrument or
combination of instruments can be most effectively used in the Western Energy
Resource Development Area. The ultimate goal of this program is the
establishment of a fine-particulate sampling network. Two types of sampler
are being field tested. One is a three-stage device which collects daily
samples automatically over a 1-week period. A modest network of these
samplers is now being deployed in the Four Corners region (six instruments).
The other sampler being field tested is a less sophisticated device which
is simply attached to a high volume (HiVol) sampler, making it possible to
collect particulates in two size ranges. The results from field tests of
this sampler, the size-segregating sampler and other instruments will provide
information necessary to the planning of a fine particulate monitoring
network.
FOUR CORNERS MONITORING NETWORK
The Ute Research Laboratory (URL) at Fort Duchesne, Utah, is under
contract to EMSL-LV to operate and analyze samples collected from an
extensive network of HiVol samplers covering the Four Corners area of Utah,
Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico. The 28-station network has been
operational since January 1976 and represents the most comprehensive
background particulate monitoring program in the Four Corners area
(Figure 4).
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o HIVOL-TSP
• HIVOL-TSP.
SUFATE.NITRATE
Figure 2. Participate sampling 1n the WERDA (1976)
Figure 3. New sulfate-nitrate monitoring
sites (Added during 1977)
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CANYONLANDS ;
NAT L PARK /
D im"...
• UTE NETWORK SITE
• EXISTING POWER PLANT
D EXPANDING POWER PLANT
D PROPOSED POWER PLANT
ZION NAT L PARK ;f
a
GRAND CANYON
NAT L PARK
LAKE MEAD NAT L
RECREATION AREA
Figure 4. UTE Research Laboratory Hi-Vol network
Filters (24-hour time-averaged) are collected three times each week in
the URL network. Each filter is subjected to gravimetric analysis for total
suspended particulates as well as trace element analysis (cadmium, cobalt,
chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum and nickel) using atomic
absorption spectroscopy. The data collected are entered into SAROAD, the
EPA's air quality data base. A summary of these data is presented in
Appendix B. Because of the interest in long range transport of particulate
sulfate, sulfate as well as nitrate analysis was implemented during the
summer of 1977.
The Ute Research Laboratory is also a primary participant in the field
testing of the fine particulate monitoring instrumentation discussed in the
previous section. The URL role in that program is to perform the majority of
the feasibility and performance field tests. The monitoring network which
the URL operates is a prime candidate for inclusion in a future fine
particulates monitoring program.
8
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To aid in the interpretation of the trace element analysis data, a soil
sampling and analysis program for the Four Corners Monitoring Network is
underway. The identification of an elemental constituent signature for
wind-suspended soil is the goal for this project. A tool of this type can be
used to assess the contribution from local sources of windblown dust to which
the periodic high values of total suspended particulates in the southwest are
commonly attributed. This project is the initial step in a more
comprehensive program to develop trace element signatures for all of the
major particulate sources influencing the Four Corners region.
ANALYTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
A number of agencies at the federal, state, and local level as well as
private industry are collecting the aerometric data which are becoming the
data base from which an impact analysis will be performed. To assure
accuracy and data comparability between these programs, an analytical quality
assurance program has been initiated. Rockwell International, under contract
to the EPA, is performing this function (This contract is managed through the
Quality Assurance Branch, Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory-Research Triangle Park).
The analytical quality assurance program consists of four tasks:
Task 1. Laboratory and sampling site system review.
Under this task the contractor performs on-site system
reviews of all laboratories and selected sampling sites involved in the
energy program. Reports are prep'ared indicating the positive aspects of the
laboratory, deficiencies found, recommendations for corrective action, and
judgement as to the ability to support the energy project. All laboratory
visits were completed by December 1976.
Task 2. Quarterly performance audit.
Concurrently with Task 1, the contractor initiated a
program of quarterly performance surveys of all participating laboratories
using the following test materials: nitrogen dioxide (5 concentrations),
sulfur dioxide (5 concentrations), carbon monoxide in air (5 concentrations),
non-methane hydrocarbon in air, and a HiVol flow measurement device. The
following devices will also be included when they become available: a
nitrogen oxide-nitrogen dioxide-nitric oxide dynamic calibration device, an
ozone calibration device and a sulfur dioxide dynamic calibration device. In
addition, 10 percent of the Ute Research Laboratory's samples are being
reanalyzed for trace elements. Reports on the performance audit program are
being prepared on a quarterly basis.
Task 3. Dynamic calibration.
Quarterly on-site dynamic calibration audits are being
performed for all energy-related continuous monitoring stations.
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Task 4. Technical assistance.
The contractor is providing technical assistance to
participating laboratories. This also helps the Quality Assurance Program to
promote improvements in data quality.
A list of laboratories and field stations participating in the Quality
Assurance Program is shown in Tables 4 and 5.
WIDE-AREA MONITORING
Understanding the relationships between energy development and air
quality in the Western Energy Resource Development Area requires a knowledge
of the production, transport and dispersion of air pollutants. Standard
ground-level air quality monitoring provides only point measurements at the
earth-atmosphere interface. Information gathered at this interface is of
vital importance because of the direct impact the area of interface has on
most human endeavors. However, the interface is an inadequate source of
information about the mechanisms which affect air quality. In situ sampling
and measurements with an aircraft provide the necessary additional
information by providing a view of the 3-dimensional distributions of air
pollutants.
A knowledge of pollutant distributions adds to the value and meaning of
data gathered by ground-based monitoring instruments. Such information can
be used also to select optimum sites for surface monitors. A long-term
airborne air quality monitoring project, incorporating a schedule of regular
flights over the same paths, also makes the monitoring of air quality trends
possible. Finally, the data gathered with an aircraft can be of value in
regional scale model validation.
Wide-Area monitoring is the term applied to the program involving
airborne air quality monitoring in the Western Energy Resource Development
Area. Flights over a large area, as often as one a week, are planned for the
Four Corners area. On a less regular basis, the aircraft is scheduled to be
based in the Northern Great Plains where it can fly daily missions over a
prescribed route in the region.
An EMSL-LV B-26 Monarch air quality monitoring aircraft is used to
perform this monitoring task. The aircraft has the necessary range and is
large enough to carry the required gaseous and particulate monitoring
instrumentation.
Sulfur dioxide, ozone, and oxides of nitrogen are measured. However,
with the exception of ozone, the concentrations of the gaseous pollutants
monitored are expected to be near the minimum detectable limits of the
instrumentation. Flights made to date bear out this expectation.
Consequently, emphasis is placed on the study of fine particulates. In
addition to these measurements, several meteorological and navigational
parameters are monitored from this aircraft. A list of the airborne
instruments is shown in Table 6.
10
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TABLE 4. LABORATORIES IN SYSTEMS REVIEW AND QUARTERLY PERFORMANCE SURVEYS. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
Arizona (Region IX)
Ai-r Quality Division
Arizona -State Department
of Health
Phoenix, Arizona
Colorado (Region VIII)
Air Pollution Control Division
Colorado Department of Health
4210 E. llth Avenue
Denver, Colorado
(303) 288-6111, X241
Oil Shale Tract C-a
Rio Blanco Oil Shale Project
Denver, Colorado
Contractor:
EG G
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Oil Shale Tract C-b
Shell Oil Company
Denver, Colorado
Contractor:
Radian
Austin, Texas
Montana (Region VIII)
Air Quality Bereau
Department of Health and
Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building
Helena, Montana 59601
(406) 587-3454
Yellowstone County Laboratory
Billings, Montana
Northern Testing Laboratory
Billings, Montana
New Mexico (Region VI)
State Of New Mexico
Environmental Improvement Agency
Albuquerque, New Mexico
North Dakota (Region VIII)
Division of Environmental
Engineering
State Department of Health
State Capitol
Bismarck, North Dakota 58501
South Dakota (.Region VIII)
Air Quality
Department of Environmental
Protection
State Office Building 2
Pierre, South Dakota 57501
(605) 224-3351
Utah (Region VIII)
Air Quality Section
Bureau of Environmental Health
44 Medical Drive
Salt Lake City, Utah 84113
(801) 328-6108
Oil Shale Tract Ua Ub
SOHIO
Vernal, Utah
Contractor:
Aerovironment
Pasadena, California
Wyoming (Region VIII)
Air Quality Division
Department of Environmental Quality
State Office Building, West
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002
(307) 777-7391
EPA
Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon
Air Quality Monitoring Trailer
Col strip, Montana
Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada
Aircraft Monitoring
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
Atmospheric Physics and Chemical
Laboratory
Boulder, Colorado
UTE
Ute Research Laboratories
Fort Duchesne, Utah
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Table 5. AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS THAT RECEIVED INITIAL SITE VISITS
State Location Measurement Agency
Arizona
Colorado
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyomi ng
Davis Dam
Oil Shale C-a
Oil Shale C-b
Grand Junction
Rifle
Grand Valley
Denver
Col strip
Lame Deer
Billings
Farmington
San Juan County
Shiprock
Kirkland
Bismarck
Stan ton
Beulah
Rapid City
Belle Fourche
Spearfish
Huntington
Price
Oil Shale U-a, U-b
Rock Springs
Gillette
Newcastle
Part., N02, S02
Part., N02, S02
Part., N02, S02
Part icul ate
Particulate
Part icul ate
Part., N02, S02, CO
Part., N02, S02
Particulate
Part., N02, S02
Part., N02, S02
Part., N02, S02
S02
S02
Part., N02, S02
Part., N02, S02
Part., N02, S02
Part., S02
Part., S02, N02
Particulate
Part., S02
Part., S02
Part., S02, N02
Part., S02
Part., S02, N02
Part., S02, N02
State
Commercial
Commercial
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
Commercial
State
State
State
12
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TABLE 6. INSTRUMENTS INSTALLED IN THE B-26 MONARCH AIRCRAFT
PARAMETER
Visibility
(scattering)
Nitric oxide
Ozone
METHOD
Integrating
Nephel ometer
Chemi luminescent
Chemi luminescent
INSTRUMENT
MANUFACTURE MODEL
MR I 1550B
TECO 14B
(modified)
Bendix 8002
Dasibi 1003-AAS
TYPICAL OPERATING
RANGE
BscatO-10 * lO-Vl
0-50 ppb
0-500 ppb
0-1000 ppb
MINIMUM DETECTABLE
CONCENTRATION
0.2 x KHm-1*
1 ppb*
5 ppb**
8 ppb**
Sulfur dioxide
Temperature
Dew point
Altitude
(pressure)
Position
Hydrocarbons
Condensation
Nuclei
Particulate size
Distribution
Pulsed Flourescence TECO 43
Rosemount 102AU
EG G 137C3
National Semiconductor
Collins DME 40 and
Bendix RVA-33-A VOR
Special ly designed
Bag Sampler
0-500 ppb
-50° C to +50° C
2 ppb
***
Automatic
Cloud Chamber
Environment one
' Rich 100
Two-stage impactor Modified Sierra
and final filter Instruments Model
462 OC
300 - 107 particle cm3
Stage 1 - greater than
3.6 micrometers
Stage 2 - greater than
0.65 micrometers
After filter - greater than
0.1 micrometers
*Estimated from measurements made on actual instrument
** Source: Development and Testing of an Air Monitoring
*** Source: ThermoElectron Corporation
System, Research Triangle Institute
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For particulate measurements, the aircraft carries an integrating
nephelometer, a condensation nuclei counter, and a three-stage
size-fractionating sampler. The nephelometer and condensation nuclei counter
offer sensitive real-time monitors of fine particulates, but are lacking in
their ability to provide information which could be used to distinguish the
probable sources of the particles measured. The size-fractionating sampler
helps fill this void. This instrument provides two important parameters of
interest in the study of particles—size distribution and composition. Size-
distribution is made available through the sampler's ability to divide the
particles into three distinct fractions by their aerodynamic size. The
composition will be determined by a sensitive trace element analysis which
will be performed on each of the three sample fractions. The analysis
technique, an ion-excited x-ray emission analysis, will be conducted by the
University of California at Davis. All elements of atomic number 11 and
larger are simultaneously analyzed with a detectable limit from 10 to 200
nanograms per square centimenter of sample area.
MODELING PROGRAM
Air quality models are applied to nearly all the existing and proposed
energy-related sources of air pollutants in the West to estimate their impact
on the environment. These modeling efforts are performed by a variety of
private and governmental organizations using a number of different
techniques. These techniques are being inventoried and evaluated.
These modeling studies, while valuable, ahve two limitations: they are
confined to the immediate environs of the source (usually within
10 kilometers) and the majority do not consider the possibility of the
cumulative impact of several sources. A regional scale modeling effort is
necessary to investigate the effects of emissions at some distance from their
sources. Region VIII of the EPA is presently involved in such a program for
the Northern Great Plains area through contractual agreement. The Region is
investigating the long-range transport of pollutants from the larger power
plants that exist in the area.
Environmental Research and Technology, Inc., has been awarded a contract
to model the emissions in the Four Corners region. The contract which is
being managed through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, will be performed in two stages.
The first stage, which is nearly complete, will consist of an examination
of the state-of-the-art or regional scale modeling, and of a compilation
of topographical, climatological, and air quality data. Various models
and techniques are being assessed for their applicability to complex
terrain, wet and dry removal processes, conversion of sulfur dioxide to
sulfates, multiple emission sources, and their availability in the public
domain. The models must cover spatial scales from 100 to 1,000 kilometers.
The results of the modeling effort must give average hourly, maximum hourly,
maximum 24-hour, and average annual surface concentration distribution of
sulfur dioxide, sulfates, and particulate matter within 1,000 kilometers of
the plant. The assessment of the various available models will clarify their
14
-------
limitations and lead to the choice of those models which are best suited to
meet the requirements. It is recognized that a single model cannot cover all
the temporal requirements.
In the second stage of the study, models will be selected and applied to
various meteorological, emission, and plant-siting scenarios defined by the
emissions inventory. These scenarios include the effects of the proposed
increase in emissions over the next 10 years and the various meteorological
conditions that can exist. Data acquired from the Wide-Area Monitoring
flights and from the ground-based sulfate network can be used to verify the
models selected.
One goal of the modeling effort is to provide an estimate of the impact
of future energy development in the Four Corners region. While pollutant
levels are unlikely to reach the primary standards, there does exist the
possibility of exceeding the significant deterioration regulations in the
Class I areas in the region, such as the national parks. The modeling can be
used to direct the energy development along the least detrimental path. A
further use is to assess the deployment of the existing monitoring network
and to develop a more effective monitoring system.
VISIBILITY MONITORING PROGRAM
Visibility degradation by the addition of large numbers of fine
particulates to the air represents one of the most significant deterimental
effects of energy development in the Western Energy Resource Development
Area. Congress, through the Clean Air Act of 1977, has established as a
national goal the elimination of visibility degradation in selected Class I
areas. Many of these Class I areas are in the Western Energy Resource
Development Area.
Light scattering by particles is the primary cause for visibility
degradation. In a clean, dry atmosphere only the air molecules would scatter
the light. If the light distribution and object were both ideal, the visual
range in this clean air case would be about 350 kilometers. The addition of
less then 10 micrograms per cubic meter of particulate matter into this
atmosphere would cut the visual range in half. This same small increase in
particulate loading in a dirtier atmosphere has a proportionately lesser
effect on the visual range. In other words, pristine regions of the country
as exist in many parts of the Western Energy Resource Development Area are
much more vulnerable to drastic changes in visibility than regions normally
carrying more particulate material.
All visibility monitoring techniques fall into three categories. These
are contrast measurements, scattering measurements, and light transmission
measurements. Each category is distinctive in the physical parameter
monitored, yet each is related to the other and can provide a measure of
visual range.
15
-------
Since the eye is a contrast measurement instrument, all contrast
monitoring techniques correlate well with human observation. A camera system
can replace an observer and provide a permanent and more accurate record.
The film is examined with a densitometer from which the contrast between the
target object and background sky can be determined. The cost of processing
and quality control, which is essential with the photographic techniques,
can become somewhat restrictive. To avoid these problems, a photoelectric
device in the focal plane of the optics allows a telephotometer to
electronically process and record contrast measurements.
All contrast monitoring techniques, the eye included, are affected by
non-pollutant related parameters. These include the distribution of light
and the nature of the target object. The angle of the sun, amount and •
distribution of clouds, and the nature of other reflecting surfaces such as
snow-covered areas will all influence a contrast measurement. This influence
quite often will totally overwhelm any pollutant-related impacts on
visibility. The reflective properties of the target, which if ideal would be
totally non-reflective black, have similar large effects. Another deficiency
in the contrast monitoring technique is the inability to operate at night,
thus making it useless during a large portion of the day. This limits one's
ability to investigate the phenomena controlling visibility degradation.
The scattering of light by airborne particles is the primary factor
contributing to visibility degradation in the atmosphere. This then provides
the basis for light-scattering measurement techniques. The principal
instrument which employs this technique is an integrating nephelometer.
Unlike contrast measurements which monitor over long paths, the nephelometer
makes a point measurement which may not always be representative of
visibility. A nephelometer is unaffected by the distribution of light or the
nature of the target object. The visual range it determines is equivalent to
the visual range under ideal lighting conditions to a "perfect black body"
target.
Transmission measurements are also related to visibility. The ratio of
the intensity of light which traversed a known distance of the atmosphere to
the intensity of the light at its sources is the transmission. Many large
airports have transmissometers for making this type of measurement. These
have a short path length which results in accurate measurements only in the
low visual ranges (0 to 30 kilometers). Extending the path length to extend
the usable range has been done. However, in doing this, other non-visibility
parameters begin to influence the measurement. Optical discontinuities (not
related to pollutant discontinuities) tend to bend and break up the light
beam. These effects are unnoticed over short distances but can cause
problems in multi-kilometer paths. The EMSL-LV supported a month-long field
study to demonstrate that a transmissometer can be designed to minimize the
problems associated with these effects.
The EMSL-LV is developing a monitoring system which will use all of the
more promising instrumental techniques for determining visual range. These
visibility monitoring instruments are to be located at one site in central
Utah where extensive side-by-side comparison and feasibility tests can be
performed. The goals of this activity are to develop procedures for the
16
-------
operation of each instrument to discover its limitations and utility, and
finally gain insight into the phenomena controlling visibility in the
vicinity of the station. The following instruments are being incorporated
into this project: an integrating nephelometer; a long-path length
transmissometer; an automatic and a manual telephotometer; a
size-fractionating particulate sampler; and meteorological sensor for wind
speed, wind direction, temperature, and humidity.
In addition to the visibility monitoring platform described above, the
EMSL-LV is preparing to establish a small network of stations using manual
telephotometers. This is being done in order that regional scale visibility
phenomena can be studied and so that a data base of visual range values can
be initiated. The National Park Service has agreed to operate manual
telephotometers for the EPA in the parks of the Four Corners region. The
planned network contains six sites located in Arizona and Utah. Both the
monitoring platform and the regional network are scheduled to be in operation
early in 1978.
WEATHER MODIFICATION EFFECTS OF ENERGY-RELATED AIR POLLUTION
Emissions from energy development activities may produce important though
subtle effects on weather and climate. The normal variability of weather is
such that a weather monitoring program designed to investigate inadvertent
modifications of climate would require a trend analysis of data collected
over a period of several decades. There is no question of the importance of
this type of analysis, yet the development of energy resources cannot be
slowed to keep pace with this type of impact assessment program. Another
approach is required.
By studying the physical and chemical nature of energy-related emissions
and merging this information with the state of knowledge of meteorological
phenomena, it becomes possible to predict the impact of these emissions on
the climate. The EPA is involved in a program to investigate the climate
modification potential of energy-related emissions. This research is being
conducted for the EPA by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The program is designed to investigate the two processes which are
thought to be most influenced by air pollutants. They are the production or
depletion of cloud and ice nuclei and the modification of the Earth's
radiation balance. Cloud and ice nuclei particles are responsible for cloud
and precipitation generation. The Earth's radiation balance is the phenomena
which determine planetary cooling and heating.
Both airborne and ground-based measurements near typical energy emission
sources are being made on a periodic basis. The field program is designed to
investigate dispersion, coagulation, sedimentation, dry deposition, and
washout to determine the residence times of aerosols. The gas-to-particle
conversion processes particularly with respect to sulfate production is also
being studied. By combining an Aitken nuclei counter, a diffusion cloud
chamber and an ice nuclei counter, it is possible to determine not only total
aerosol concentrations but the number fractions of cloud and ice condensation
nuclei.
17
-------
The effects of pollutants on short and long wave radiation are being
evaluated by making measurements of the absorption and scattering by all
pollutants plus the size-distribution and elemental composition of aerosol
pollutants. A list of instruments used in the aircraft and ground-based
systems is shown in Table 7. Plumes from two large coal-fired power plants,
a copper smelter and a large urban area have been investigated to date as
part of this study.
18
-------
TABLE 7. LIST OF INSTRUMENTS NOAA AIRCRAFT
PARAMETER
METHOD
INSTRUMENT
MANUFACTURE MODEL
TYPICAL OPERATING
RANGE
MINIMUM
DETECTABLE
CONCENTRATION
CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI
AITKEN NUCLEI
LIGHT SCATTERING COEFFICIENT
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
OZONE
NITROGEN OXIDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
SULFUR DIOXIDE
AEROSOL FILTER SAMPLER
AEROSOL FILTER SAMPLER
AEROSOL SIZE
AEROSOL COMPOSITION
ICE NUCLEI
AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION
POTENTIAL GRADIENT
INFRARED RADIATION
THERMAL DIFFUSION CHAMBER
PHOTOGRAPHY
EXPANSION CHAMBER
INTEGRATING NEPHELGMETER
PLATINUM RESISTANCE
THERMOELECTRIC DEW POINT
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
UV PULSED FLUORESCENCE
AEROSOL FILTRATION
AEROSOL FILTRATION
ICE CRYSTAT COUNTS
AEROSOL FILTRATION
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
AEROSOL FILTRATION
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
X-RAY SPECTROMETRY
AEROSOL FILTRATION
HE-NE LASER LIGHT
SCATTERING
ELECTRIC FIELD MILL
BEAD THERMISTOR
NOAA
ENVIRONMENT-ONE RICH 100
GARDNER 7000 4 G 2
MRI 1550
ROSEMOUNT 102 AN 1 AF
GE 1011
ML 8410
ML 8440
ML 8440
TECO 43
NOAA SAMPLER, RCA TEM
THERMAL DIFFUSION CHAMBER.
(CAR
NOAA SAMPLER
RCA TEM
NOAA SAMPLER
COATES WELTER SEM
KEVEX 5000
THERMAL DIFFUSION CHAMBER.
NCAR
PARTICLE MEASURING SYSTEMS
ASASP-X, FSSP
NOAA
BARNES. PRT-5
20-2000 CM'3
300 TO 10? CM'3
0 - 10 x
-40°C TO
-75°C TO 50°C
0 - 5 PPM
0 - 5 PPM
0 - 5 PPM
0 - 5 PPM
5-106 CM-2
1-103 CM-2
0.08-SOuH
METER
20 CM-3
1 x 102 CM-3
.15 x 10~4M-1
5.0 PPB
5.0 PPB
5.0 PPB
<2.0 PPB
5 CM-2
.1 CM-3
5.0 CM'3
5.0 CM-3
.5 CM-3
1 VOLT METER
-20 - +75 C
-------
APPENDIX A
SUMMARY OF PRESENT AND PROPOSED FOSSIL FUEL ELECTRIC
GENERATING FACILITIES AS OF JANUARY 1, 1977
Data Source:
Western System Coordinating Council
Reply to Federal Power Commission
Docket R-362, April 1, 1977
(Figures shown for all years indicate megawatts)
20
-------
Abbreviations Used in Appendix A
AEPC - Arizona Electric Power Cooperative, Inc.
ANHM - City of Anaheim
APS - Arizona Public Service Company
BEPC - Basin Electric Power Cooperative
BHPL - Black Hills Power & Light Company
BURB - City of Burbank
C (Fuel Type) - Coal
C (Unit Type) - Combined cycle and/or combination of types
CCS - City of Colorado Springs
COL - City of Lamar
CPA - Cooperative Power Association
CSG - City of St.\George
CUC - Citizens Utilities Company
CUEA - Colorado-Ute Electric Association
EPE - El Paso Electric Company
F - Fuel Type
G - Gas Type
GLEN - City of Glendale
I - Internal combustion or combustion turbine
IID - Imperial Irrigation District
LAS - Los Alamos Systems
LDWP - Los Angeles Department of Water & Power
LE - Lincoln Electric
MBM - Missouri Basin Municipal
MDU - Montana-Dakota Utilities Company
MPC - Montana Power Company
MPL - Minnesota Power & Light Company
NEVP - Nevada Power Company
NSP - Northern States Power Company
NWPS - Northwestern Public Service Company
0 - Oil
OTP - Otter Trail Power Company
PASA - City of Pasadena
PEGT - Plains Electric Generation and Transmission
Cooperative, Inc.
PGE - Portland General Electric Company
PNM - Public Service Company of New Mexico
PPL - Pacific Power & Light Company
PRPA - Platte River Power Authority
PSC - Public Service Company of Colorado
PSPL - Puget Sound Power & Light Company
S - Steam Turbine
SCE - Southern California Edison Company
SCPC - So. Colorado Power Division, Central Telephone
Utility Corporation
SDGE - San Diego Gas & Electric Company
SNEV - State of Nevada
SRP - Salt River Project
21
-------
T - Unit Type
TGE - Tucson Gas & Electric Company
TSGT - Tri-State G & T Association
UPA - United Power Association
UPLC - Utah Power & Light
USBR - Bureau of Reclamation
WWPC - Washington Water Power Company
22
-------
ARIZONA
ro
GO
PLANT NAME
Springervllle
Apache
Coronado
Choi la
Navajo
Citizens
Fair-view
Axis
Crosscut
North Loop
Demoss Petrle
Yuma
Kyrene
San Tan
Saguaro
Ocotlllo
Phoenix
Irving ton
Agua Fr1a
LOCATION
Sprlngerville
Cochise
St Johns
Joseph City
Page
Nogales
Douglas
Yuma -
Tempe
Marana
Tuscon
Yuma APS
Tempe
Gilbert
Red Rock
Tempe
Phoenix
Tucson
Glendale
UTILITY
TGE
AEPC
SRP
APS
SRP
cue
APS
SCE
SRP
TGE
TGE
.SCE.IID
SRP
SRP
APS
APS
APS
TGE
SRP
F
C
CO
C
C
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
s
C
s
s
s
I
I
I
s
I
C
I
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
312
168 175 175
350 350
116 235 242 347 347
2250
3
21
23
32
98
145
157
284
288
324
342
445
496
596
TOTAL
312
518
700
1287
2250
3
21
23
32
98
145
157
284
288
324
342
445
496
596
COLORADO
Durango
Bullock
Durango
Montrose
CUEA
CUEA
C
C
s
s
5 -5
12 -12
(Continued)
0
0
-------
COLORADO (Continued)
ro
PLANT NAME
Oliver
Nucla
W.N. Clark
Cameo
Rawhide
Arapahoe
Martin Drake
Ray D. Nixon
Hayden ._
Valmont
Pawnee
Comanche
Cherokee
Southeastern
Craig
Pagosa
Rocky Ford
Frulta
Al amosa
Fort Lupton
Burlington
LOCATION
Somerset
Nucla
Canon City
Grand Junction
Wellington
Denver
Colorado
Springs
Fountain
Hayden
Boulder
Fort Morgan
Pueblo
Denver
Southeastern
UTILITY
CUEA
CUEA
SCPC
PSC
PRPA
PSC
CCS
CCS
CUEA
PSC
PSC
PSC
PSC
PSC
Craig CUEA,
SRP.TSGT,
PRPA
Pagosa Springs
Rocky Ford
Fruita
Al amosa
Fort Lupton
Burlington
CUEA
SCPC
PSC
PSC
PSC
TSGT
F
C
C
CG
C
C
C
G
C
C
CGO
C
C
C
C
C
0
OG
0
0
0
0
T
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
C
S
S
S
S
S
I
C
I
C
I
I
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
3 -3
36
43
76
200
236
297 -6
200 200
436
304 171 8
500
700
709
500 500
760 380 380
2 -2
18
19
34 21
90
102
TOTAL
0
36
43
76
200
236
291
400
436
483
500
700
709
1000
1520
0
18
19
55
90
102
(Continued)
-------
COLORADO (Continued)
r\>
en
PLANT NAME
Zuni
Republican
Delta
Lamar
Pueblo
George Birdsal
LOCATION
Denver
Wray
Delta
Lamar
Pueblo
1 Col orado
Springs
UTILITY
PSC
TSGT
USBR
COL
SCPC
CCS
F
0
0
G
G
GO
G
T
S
I
I
S
C
S
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
107
216
5
41
45
57
TOTAL
107
216
5
41
45
57
MONTANA
Lewis and
Clark
Corette
Col strip
L1bby Turbine
Bird
Miles City
61 endive
Sidney
Billings
Col strip
Libby
Billings
Miles City
Gl endive
MDU
MPC
MPC,
PSPL, PGE,
WWPC, PPL
PPL
MPC
MDU
MDU
C
C
C
0
0
G
G
S
S
S
I
S
I
S
51
180
660 700 700
28
70
29
7 29
51
180
2060
28
70
29
36
NEVADA
Reid Gardner
Allen
Mohave
Moapa
Las Vegas
Lauflin
NEVP
NEVP
SCE.SDGE,
LDWP.NEVP,
SRP
C
C
C
S
S
S
330
500
1580
330
500
1580
(Continued)
-------
NEVADA (Continued)
ro
PLANT NAME
Westside
Diesels
Stauffer
Chemical
Sunrise
Clark
Gas Turbine
LOCATION
Las Vegas
Henderson
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
UTILITY
NEVP
SNEV
NEVP
NEVP
NEVP
F
0
G
G
G
G
T
I
C
C
C
I
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
30
25
152
252
70 70 70 70
TOTAL
30
25
152
252
280
NEW MEXICO
San Juan
Four Corners
Santa Fe
Prager
Los Alamos
Las Vegas
Farmington
A1 godones
Person
Reeves
Water Flow
Farmington
Santa Fe
Al buquerque
Los Alamos
Las Vegas
Farmington
Al godones
Al buquerque
Albuquerque
PNM.TGE
SCE.APS.PNM,
SRP.EPE.TGE
PNM
PNH
LAS
PNH ,
USBR
PEGT
PNM
PNM
C
C
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
S
S
S
S
S
I
S
S
S
S
660 -32 486 450
2167 5
13 -13
32 -6 -14 -12
16
20
30
45
114
175
1564
2172
0
0
16
20
30
45
114
175
NORTH DAKOTA
Williams J.
Neal
Knife River
Dakota
Voatalre
Beulah
Beulah
BEPC
MDU
MDU
C
C
C
S
S
S
36 -36
6
8
0
6
8
(Continued)
-------
NORTH DAKOTA (Continued)
ro
PLANT NAME
Franklin P.
Wood
Heskett
Stanton
Coyote
Milton R.
Young
Lei and Olds
LOCATION
Grand Forks
Mandan
Stanton
Beulah
Center
Stanton
Antelope Valley Beulah
Coal Creek
Underwood
UTILITY
MFC
MDU
UPA
OTP.MPC
MDU, NWPS, MPL
MPL.MPC
BEPC
BEPC
CPA.UPA
F T
C S
C S
C S
C S
C S
C S
C S
C S
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
23
101
167
412
240 408
650 ;
416 416
469 466
TOTAL
23
101
167
412
648
650
832
935
SOUTH DAKOTA
Lawrence
Mitchell
Mobridge
Aberdeen
K1rk
Ben French
Big Stone
Woonsocket
Hlghmore
Salem
Faulkton
Sioux Falls
Mitchell
Mobridge
Aberdeen
Lead
Rapid City
NSP
NWPS
MDU
NWPS
BHPL
BHPL
Big Stone Lake OTP,
MDU, NWPS
Woonsocket
Hlghmore
Salem
Faulkton
NWPS
NWPS
NSP
NWPS
C S
C S
C S
C S
C S
CO C
C S
0 I
0 I
0 I
0 I
45 -45
9 -9
11 -9
8 20
31
32 54 27 27
440 13
1
2
2
3
45
0
2
28
31
140
453
1
2
2
3
(Continued)
-------
ro
CO
SOUTH DAKOTA (Continued)
PLANT NAME
Clark
Webster
Redfield
Armour
Chamberlain
Yankton Old
Yankton New
Huron
Pathfinder
Spirit Mound
LOCATION
Clark
Webster
Redfield
Armour
Chamberlain
Yankton
Yankton
Huron
Sioux Falls
Gayville
UTILITY
NWPS
NWPS
NWPS
NWPS
NWPS
NWPS
NWPS
NWPS
NSP
BEPC
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
s
I
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
3
3
4
4
7
7
11
15
65
120
TOTAL
3
3
4
4
7
7
11
15
65
120
UTAH
Cal . Pac.
Utll. Co.
Hale
Carbon
Gadsby
Warner Valley
Nephi
Inter-mountain
Emery
Huntington
Cedar City
Orem
Castle Gate
Salt Lake City
UPLC
UPLC
UPLC
UPLC
St. George LDWP
NEVP.CSG
Nephi
UPLC
Wayne County LDWP
ANHM.BURB
GLEN.PASA
Emery
Huntington
Jordan -Salt Lake City
UPLC
UPLC
UPLC
C
C
C
CG
C
C
C
C
C
0
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
7
63
171
246
250 250
500
750
400 400
415 400
24»
7
63
171
246
500
500
750
800
815
24
(Continued)
-------
UTAH (Continued)
PLANT NAME
Logan City
Murray City
LOCATION
Logan
Murray
Bountiful City Bountiful
Provo City
Provo
Little Mountain Ogden
UTILITY
USBR
USBR
USBR
USBR
UPCL
F
G
G
G
G
G
T
I
I
I
S
I
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
4
7
8
14
15
TOTAL
4
7
8
14
15
WYOMING'
Nell Simpson
Os age
Wyodak
Dave Johnston
Laramie
Naughton
Jim Brldger
Lake
Corlett
Cheyenne
Trona
Wyodak
Osage
Gillette
Glenrock
BHPL
BHPL
PPL, BHPL
PPL
Wheat land BEPC.TSGT
MBM.LE
Kemmerer
Rock Springs
Yellowstone
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Green River
UPLC
PPL.IPC
Park MPC
PSC
PSC
PPL
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
0
0
0
G
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
I
I
I
S
23
31
330 330
750
500 500
710 400 400
1500 500
3
3
10
15
23
31
660
750
1000
1510
2000
3
3
10
15
-------
APPENDIX B
AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
Data Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agengy
Air Quality Data System (SAROAD), December 1975
and from
Private Communications between
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
and
EPA Regions VI, VIII and IX
30
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ARIZONA
CO
Map
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Location
AJO
Chandler
C1 aypool
Clifton
Douglas
Page
Hayden
Paradise Valley
Phoenix
Carefree
St. Johns
Guadalupe
Mesa
Miami
Davis Dam
Katharine's Landing
Mineral Park
Florence
Sun City
Tucson
W1 nsl ow
Clarkdale
Camp Verde
Yuma
Eager
Casa Grande
St. David
Flagstaff
No. of
Stations
6
1
1
2
4
1
4
2
9
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance Classification
Popu-
lation
—
X
-
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
Source Back- Special
ground Study
X X
_
X -
X - -
X X
- " X
X - X
-
- -
X
_
-
_
X - X
X -
X - -
X - -
X - -
-
_
X
X - -
X
_
-
-
X - -
-
ISP
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
Type of
Trace
Anal .
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
Sul-
fate
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
Measurement
S02
B*
-
c**
c
CB
B
B
-
BC
-
-
-
-
B
B
-
B
B
-
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
N02 03 CO
K — —
_
_
-
_
B - -
_
_
C X -
_
_
_
_
B
B
_
_
B - -
_
C X X
_
-
_
X X
.
_
B
_
(Continued)
HC
„.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-------
ARIZONA (Continued)
CO
ro
Map
No.
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Location
Winkelman
Glendale
Grand Canyon
Near Morenci
Ki ngman
L1tchf1e1d
Lake Havasu
Show Low
Nogales
Green Valley
Corona de Tucson
Rilllto
Pi ma
Saguaro Nat. Monument
San Manuel
Prescott
Safford
Scott sdale
Sierra Vista
South Tucson
Superior
Redrock t
Teec Nos Pos t
Keams Canyon t
Tuba City t
Cedar Ridge t
Copper Mine t
No. of
Stations
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance
Popu- Source
lation
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
Classification
Back- Special
ground Study
.
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
ISP
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Type of
Trace Sul-
Anal . fate
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
Measurement
502 N02 °3
C - -
C - X
B B
C
-
C X
_
-
-
-
-
_
_
C - -
C
-
-
X
-
_
-
-
_
_
-
_
_
CO HC
_ _
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(Continued)
-------
ARIZONA (Continued)
CO
Map
No.
56
57
58
59
60
Location
Lechee> t
Kaibeto t
Tsa Shizzi Rock t
Pipe Springs Nat.
Monument t
Lee's Ferry t
No. of
Stations
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance
Popu-
lation
_
-
-
-
-
Source
_
-
-
-
-
Classification
Back- Special
ground Study
X
X
X
X
X
TSP
X
X
X
X
X
Type of Measurement
Trace Sul- S02 N02 03
Anal . fate
_ _ _ • _
.
_
.
_
CO HC
_
-
-
-
-
COLORADO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Adams City
ATamosa
Arvada
Aurora
Boul der
Brighton
Canon City
Idaho Springs
Colorado Springs
Craig
Delta
Denver
Castle Rock
Durango
Vail
Edgewater
Englewood
Fl orence
Fort Collins
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_ _
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X -
X -
X - C - X
X ....
X - ...
x ....
x -
X ....
x . ...
X - ...
X - ...
X X C C X
X ....
X - ...
X - ...
X ....
x ....
X ....
X ....
_ _
-
X X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X X
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
(Continued)
-------
COLORADO (Continued)
CO
Nap
No.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Location
Rifle
Grand Valley
Blackhawk
Glenwood Springs
Golden
Kremllng
Grand Junction
Greeley
Gunnlson
Rocky Flats
La Junta
Lakewood
Red Mesa t
La Porta
Littleton
Longnont
Loveland
Manltou Springs
Frulta
Palisade
Mesa Verde Nat. Park
Montrose
Aspen
Puebl o
Meeker
Rangely
Black Sulfer Creek
Rocky Ford
Hayden
No. of
Stations
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance Classification
Popu- Source Back- Special
1 at Ion ground Study
X - - -
X - -
X -
X -
X - -
X -
X -
X -
X -
X -
X - -
X - -
X
X -
X -
X - -
X - -
X -
X - -
X - -
X
X -
X -
X - -
X -
X -
X
X -
X - -
Type of Measurement
TSP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Trace Sul- SO?
Anal, fate
X -
X -
X -
X - -
X -
X -
X -
X -
X -
X -
X -
X -
X -
X -
X
X -
X -
X -
X - -
X -
.
X -
X
X -
-
.
.
X -
X - -
N02 03 CO HC
- - . .
-
....
.
.
.
...
...
...
....
.
....
....
.
....
-
.
.
.
_
....
.
.
.
...
.
....
.
....
(Continued)
-------
COLORADO (Continued)
CO
en
Map
No.
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Location
Steamboat Springs
Sterl 1 ng
Trinidad
Wai senburg
Wei by
Windsor
Johnstown
La Salle
Plattevllle
Westminster
Cortez t
Towaoc t
Ignaclo t
No. of
Stations
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance Classification
Popu- Source Back- Special
1 at ion ground Study
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
_ -
_
_
- -
-
_
_
.
_
.
-
X
X
Type of Measurement
TSP
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Trace Sul - S02
Anal . fate
X -
X - -
X -
X - -
C
X - -
X - -
- -
.
X -
-
.
-
N02 03 CO HC
....
-
_
-
XXX
-
_
...
.
- - -
...
.
- ...
NEVADA (Clark County)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Boulder City
Las Vegas
Logandale
Arden
(Catherine's Landing
Henderson
North Las Vegas
1
11
1
1
1
3
2
X
X
X
X
-
X
_
X X -
_
-
X -
X - -
X -
X
X
X
X
X
X
A
.
-
.
.
-
C
X -
....
BC X X -
...
-
-
.
-
NEW MEXICO
1
2
3
4
Almogordo
Albuquerque
Aztec
Bayard
2
9
1
2
X
X
-
X
X
X -
X -
-
X
X
X
X
-
X X B
-
BC
....
B
....
....
(Continued)
-------
NEU MEXICO (Continued)
CO
Map
No.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Location
Bernallllo Co.
Al ameda
Carlsbad
Demi ng
Anthony
Sun Land Park
Afton
Hatch
La Union
Farmington
Gallup
Hurley
Animas
Las Cruces
Lea Co.
Lordsburg
Los Alamos
White Rock
Shiprock
San Juan Co.
La Plata
Kirtland
Near Teec Nos Pos
Santa Fe
Truth or Consequences
Artesla
Bel en
Clovis
Anapra
No. of
Stations
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
6
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
5
1
1
1
1 •
1
Surveillance Classification
Popu-
lation
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
-
-
X
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
Source Back- Special
ground Study
_ -
.
X -
X -
X - -
X -
X
X
X - -
X - -
-
X - -
X
X
X - -
X -
.
X -
X - -
X - -
X - -
X -
X - -
X
-
.
.
-
X -
Type of Measurement
TSP Trace
Anal .
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Sul - SOg N02
fate
.
_
C
B
B
B
_
...
-
C C
-
B
B
BC
- - -
B
.
.
C
-
B
BC
C
B
-
B
-
.
C
03 CO HC
-. * -
X
-
-
...
-
-
...
X
X
...
-
_
XX-
_
...
-
.
-
-
-
-
_
X
-
_
-
-
_
(Continued)
-------
NEW MEXICO (Continued)
Co
Map
No.
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Location
Organ
Espanol a
Eunice
Hachita
Grant Co.
Grants
Mosque ro
Hidalgo Co.
Hobbs
Jal
Las Vegas Cfty
Lovington
Milan
Raton
Roswell
Silver City
Socorro
Taos
Tucumcari
Paguate
Bosque Farms
Burnham t
Dul ce t
Huerfano t
Tohatchi t
No. of
Stations
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance
Popu-
lation
_
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
-
-
-
Source
_
-
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
Classification
Back- Special
ground Study
X
-
. _
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
TSP
_
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Type of Measurement
Trace Sul- S02 N02 03
Anal . fate
B - -
_
B - -
_
B
_
.
c
BC - -
B - -
.
B - -
. - -
B
B
B - ' -
B - -
_
_
_ - -
.
_
_
_
-
CO HC
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
NORTH DAKOTA
1
2
3
Bismark
Cass Co.
Devils Lake
1
1
1
X
-
X
—
-
-
_ .
X
.
X
X
X
X X B B -
X X
X X
_
-
.
(Continued)
-------
NORTH DAKOTA (Continued)
oo
00
Map
No.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Location
Dickinson
Fargo
Grand Forks
Jamestown
Mandan
M1not
Valley City
Wahpeton
Lake Darling
WilHston
Beulah
Parshal 1
Garrison
Washburn
McClusky
Bowman
Stanton
Mott
Mendora
Mary Vale
No. of
Stations
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance
Popu- Source
lation
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
(-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Classification
Back- Special
ground Study
_ _
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TSP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Type of
Trace Sul-
Anal . fate
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
Measurement
S02 N02 03
. _
_
-
_
.
-
-
- - -
.
.
B B
.
_
B B
-
-
BC BC -
B B
-
-
CO HC
„ ..
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
MONTANA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Anaconda
Bighorn Co.
Billings
Butte
Columbia Falls
Deer Lodge Co.
Glacier Nat. Park
1
1
8
5
1
2
1
-
-
X X
X X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
BC
-
C C X
-
_
BC
B - -
-
-
X X
-
-
-
-
(Continued)
-------
MONTANA (Continued)
Map
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Location
Phillipsburg
Great Falls
Helena
Saddle Mountain
Jefferson Co.
Kali spell
Laurel
Mlssoula
Missoula Co.
Garrison
Col strip
Columbia Gardens
Warm Springs
Fort Howes
Ekalaka
Gl endive
Lindsay
Fort Peck
Broad us
Poplar
Lame Deer
L1bby
Decker
Scobey
Cascade Co.
Flathead Co.
Poison
Lake Co.
No. of
Stations
1
2
4
1
1
2
2
1
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance
Popu- Source
lation
_
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
X
-
-
_
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
Classification
Back- Special
ground Study
_ ...
-
X
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
-
-
-
_
ISP
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Type of Measurement
Trace Sul- S02 N02 03
Anal . fate
_ « _ _ -
B B -
BC
B
B - -
_
.
X X - - -
X X - - -
_
BC BC X
_
BC BC -
_
_
_
_
B B -
_
_
B B -
_ _
_
-
_
_
_
_
CO HC
_ _
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-------
SOUTH.DAKOTA
•£»
o
Map
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Location
Black Hills Nat.
Pierre
Rapid City
Sioux Falls
Belle Four che
Deer-field
Spearflsh
Hot Springs
Brooking s
Huron
Mitchell
Buffalo
Lemtnon
Uatertown
Yankton
Aberdeen
Redlg
Mobrldge
No. of
Stations
Forest 1
1
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
•V
1
3
Surveillance
Popu-
lation
_
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
-
Source
_
-
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
Classification
Back- Special
ground Study
X
-
-
-
X
X
-
X
-
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
Ivoe of Measurement
TSP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Trace Sul - SOg
Anal . fate
X X B
.
B
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.
.
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.
.
.
B
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-
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N02 03 CO
B
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-
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-
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...
...
...
...
_
HC
.
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
UTAH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Glen Canyon
Glen Canyon City
Kearns
Magna
Ogden
Provo/
Salt Lake City
Cedar City
Woods Cross
1
t 1
1
4
1
1
3
1
1
-
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
-
X
-
-
.
-
X
X
X
X
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- -
C
C
X X C
C
X C
C
C
...
...
.
C X X
C X X
C X X
C X X
-" . - . ~ -
C X X
(Continued)
.
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
-------
UTAH (Continued)
Map
No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Location
Leh1
Tooele
Pleasant Grove
Orem
Carbon Co.
Emery Co. t
Escalante t
Henri evil 1e t
Price
St. George t "
Navajo Mt. t
Aneth t
Oljato Train Rock t
Bloomington t
Cainville
Vernal
Bountiful
No. of
Stations
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance
Popu- Source
1 at ion
_ —
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
Classification
Back- Special
ground Study
.
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
Type of Measurement
TSP Trace
Anal .
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Sul - S02
fate
C
C
.
-
C
X
X
-
C
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
NQ2
_
-
-
-
-
X
X
-
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-
-
-
-
-
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C
03 CO HC
. _ •
.
-
.
-
_
-
.
.
-
- - -
-
-
-
...
-
XX-
WYOMING
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Casper
Cheyenne
Converse Co.
Grand Teton Nat. Park
Larami e
Rlverton
Rock Springs
Granger
Yellowstone Nat. Park
Douglas (40 ml. north)
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
_
-
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
-
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X B
X B
-
X
-
B
B
-
B
-
B
B
-
-
-
B
-
-
B
-
_
_
-
_
.
.
-
_
_
.
(Continued)
-------
WYOMING (Continued)
ro
Map
No.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Location
TorMngton
Gillette
Newcastl e
Mashakie Co.
Lovell
Afton
Green River
Buf f al o
Lusk
Moorcroft
Bill
Kemmerer
Wheatland
Story
No. of
Stations
1
2
3
1
1
2
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Surveillance
Popu- Source
lation
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
-
-
X
-
-
-
X
Classification
Back- Special
ground Study
-
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
-
-
-
-
™ —
ISP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Type of Measurement
Trace Sul - 503 N0j> , 03 CO
Anal . fate
_ ...
BC BC -
B B
_
_
.
X
_
B B
. _
.
X
X
™ » » • — «•
HC
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
"
* = Bubbler
** = Continuous
t - Ute Research Laboratory Network
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APPENDIX C
AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY MONITORING ACTIVITIES
BY INDUSTRIAL OIL SHALE DEVELOPERS
-A Summary-
Data Source:
"Summary of Industry Oil Shale Environmental Studies"
by
Rocky Mountain Oil and Gas Association
Oil Shale Committee
March 1975
43
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COMPANY/PERSONNEL
Alantic Richfield Co., Operator
H.M.Dole
Ashland Oil Co.,
C. Hoertz
Shell Oil Co.,
K. Doig
The Oil Shale Corporation
H.M. Spence
AFFILIATION
Colony Development Operation
Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring for sulfur dioxide, total hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen
and particulates commenced in 1970 in the vicinity of Parachute Creek and
subsequently at other locations in valley and plateau locations.
Meteorological Information
Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and
precipitation were taken at 8 stations commencing in 1971, in upper Parachute
Creek, Parachute Creek corridor and near Grand Valley.
Upper Air and Inversion Studies
Studies of inversions commenced in 1972 in Parachute Creek including
tracer releases and meteorological conditions. Continuing.
Atmospheric Diffusion and Tracer Studies
Atmospheric dispersion studies were conducted in 1973 and 1974 for valley
and plateau locations including tracer releases and diffusion modeling.
Additional studies are continuing.
! Trace Element Analyses
Sampling for trace elements in particulates has been conducted
periodically in the area of Parachute Creek as part of the Air Quality
studies.
Other Information
Studies of mine dust, respirable dust concentrations, sampling equipment
evaluation, dust reduction and suppression techniques, settling rates,
control of diesel fumes, size and characteristics of mine dust and TLV
estimates.
44
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COMPANY PERSONNEL
Alantic Richfield Co., Operator
H.M. Dole
Ashland Oil Co.,
C. Hoertz
Shell Oil Co.,
K. Doig
The Oil Shale Corporation
H.M. Spence
AFFILIATION
Tract C-b C-b Shale Oil Project
Ambient Air Quality
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Two-year baseline data acquisition monitored at four station locations,
obtaining data 90 of each year.
Monitoring for oxides of sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and suspended
particulates at four stations.
Monitoring for oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, ozone, methane and
total hydrocarbons at one station.
Additional: A fifth air quality station serves as "back-up" unit and
provides additional data. '
Contractor: Radian Corporation
Meteorological Information
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Two-year baseline data acquisition program at four stations (plus one
back-up unit) and meteorological tower, obtaining data 95 of each year.
Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and humidity measured at 30
feet* at the five stations. Precipitation measured at ground level at the
five stations. Wind speed, wind direction, and temperature measured at four
levels (8, 30, 100 and 200 feet) at 200-foot meteorological tower.
Solar radiation and snow surveys also taken.
Contractor: Radian Corporation
Upper Air and Inversion Studies
I
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Upper air studies conducted twice per day, 15 days per quarter to
altitudes of 6000 feet above the tract.
Acoustic echo soundings to determine inversion heights.
Contractor: EG G
Atmospheric Diffusion and Tracer Studies
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Ground level concentration estimates for 24-hour and 3-hour averages are
planned.
(Continued)
45
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Atmospheric Diffusion and Tracer Studies (Continued)
Diffusion modeling program will be undertaken to predict effect of
estimated plant emissions on ambient air quality in Tract C-b vicinity.
Trace Element Analyses
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Trace element analysis of suspended particulates once per quarter.
Contractor: Radian Corporation
Volatile trace metal analysis once per quarter.
Contractor: TOSCO Labs.
Other Information
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Data requirements for C-a, C-b, U-a and U-b:
Map locations of monitoring facilities.
5-minute averages, 4-hour and 24-hour summaries of data available at each
trailer.
Tabulation of data summarized in accordance with federal and
ambient air quality standards averaging periods.
Monthly air quality and meteorological reports.
Quarterly data and summary reports to the Mining Supervisor.
COMPANY/PERSONNEL
Standard Oil Co. (Indiana),
Ri Schwendinger
Gulf Oil Corporation
AFFILATION
Tract C-a Rio Blanco Oil Shale Project
Ambient Air Quality
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Similar program as C-b.
Monitoring:for oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, ozone, methane, and
total hydrocarbons at two stations.
Contractor: E G & G
(Continued)
46
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Meteorological Information
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Similar programs as C-b.
Three levels (30, 100 and 200 feet) on meteorological tower.
Contractor: EG G
Upper Air and Inversion Studies
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Similar Program as C-b.
Contractor: EG G
Atmospheric Diffusion and Tracer Studies
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Similar programs as C-b.
Two tracer releases - one each year.
Trace Element Analyses
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Similar trace element analysis of suspended particulates as C-b.
Contractor: EGG
Other Information
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Data requirements for C-a, C-b, U-a and U-b:
Map locations of monitoring facilities.
5-minute averages, 4-hour and 24-hour summaries of data available at each
trailer.
Tabulation of data summarized in accordance with federal and state
ambient air quality standards averaging periods.
Monthly air quality and meteorological reports.
Quarterly data and summary reports to the Mining Supervisor.
*1 foot is equivalent to 0.3048 meter
47
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COMPANY/PERSONNEL
White River Shale Oil Project,
E. Ramsey
Phillips Petroleum Co.
W.R. Bohon
Sun Oil Co.
R. McClements, Jr.
SOHIO
H. Pforzheimer
AFFILIATION
Tract U-a Tract U-b White River Shale Project
Ambient Air Quality
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Baseline data measured at 8 locations with one back-up mobile unit.
Contractor: VTN-AeroVironment, Inc.
Meteorological Information
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Baseline meteorological data measured at 12 locations with one back-up
mobile unit.
Meteorological data measured at 3 locations on two 100-foot
meteorological towers.
Contractor: VTN-AeroVironment, Inc.
Upper Air and Inversion Studies
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Similar program as C-b.
Contractor: VTN-AeroVironment, Inc.
Atmospheric Diffusion and Tracer Studies
Perr Federal Leasing Requirements
Similar program as C-b.
Trace Element Analyses
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Similar trace element analysis of suspended particulates as C-b.
Contractor: VTN-AeroVironment, Inc.
Other Information
Per Federal Leasing Requirements
Data requirements for C-a, C-b, U-a and U-b:
Map locations of monitoring facilities.
(Continued)
48
-------
Other Information (Continued)
5-minute averages, 4-hour and 24-hour summaries of data available at each
trailer.
Tabulation of data summarized in accordance with federal and state
ambient air quality standards averaging periods.
Monthly air quality and meteorological reports.
Quarterly data and summary reports to the Mining Supervisor.
COMPANY/PERSONNEL
Union Oil Co.,
J. Hopkins and S. Lipman
Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring for particulates at two stations. Monitoring for sulfur
dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, carbon monoxide, methane,-and total
hydrocarbons at one station. Began operation November 1974.
Contractor: Sterns-Roger
Meteorological Information
Wind speed, direction, temperature and relative humidity measured at 9
stations. Wind speed, direction and temperature measured at two levels
(30, 200 feet) at 200-foot meteorological tower. Precipitation and
evaporation measured at 5 stations. Began operation in July 1974.
Contractor: Sterns-Roger
Upper Air and Inversion Studies
Upper air studies conducted six times per day for 8 days, conducted in
July and October 1974. Expanding to 15 days for January and April 1975.
Contractor: Colorado International Corp.
Atmospheric Diffusion and Tracer Studies
Will be conducted using data gathered upon completion of baseline
studies.
Trace Element Analyses
Program commencing in 1975, to test for trace ambient air contaminants.
Contractor: Union Oil Research
49
-------
COMPANY/PERSONNEL
Chevron Oil Co.
W.A. Tarleton
Other Information
Consideration being given to studies conducted around Roan Creek Basin/
Joint studies with Getty, Cities Service, Chevron and Texaco to provide
information on projected valley versus plateau plant and for Roan Creek
Basin April/1975.
COMPANY/PERSONNEL
Getty
D. Nichols
Ambient Air Quality Meteorological Information
Studies being designed as a result of a preliminary feasibility study
performed in the spring of 1974 to provide information necessary to design a
detailed Meteorology and Air Quality Monitoring Program for its secific
site(s).
Upper Air and Inversion Studies Atmospheric Diffusion and Tracer Studies
Studies being designed as a result of a preliminary feasibility study
performed In the spring of 1974 to describe in detail the mesoscale
circulation patterns and the turbulent diffusion characteristics of the Roan
Plateau Drainage Basin.
COMPANY/PERSONNEL
Cities Service
L.C. Holland
Other Information
See Chevron
COMPANY/PERSONNEL
Texaco
I. Hjort
Other Information
See Chevron
50
-------
COMPANY/PERSONNEL
Superior
B. Weichman
Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring is planned to start this spring for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, ozone, total hydrocarbons, methane and particulates. This station
will be at the proposed plant site.
Meteorological Information
Proposed monitoring of wind speed, direction, temperature, humidity at
3 sites. Precipitation will be measured at ground level at one site.
Upper Air and Inversion Studies
Upper air studies planned for 15 days per quarter for one year commencing
in 1975.
Atmospheric Diffusion and Tracer Studies
Will be modeled at conculsion of baseline data.
Trace Element Analyses
Trace element analysis quarterly from high volume samplers.
COMPANY/PERSONNEL
CER Geonuclear Corp.,
Equity Oil Co.,
P.M. Dougan
AFFILIATION
Project Rio Blanco '
Other Information
AEC Plowshare Project Open File and Environmental Impact Statement
1972-1973 contains descriptive material and reports.
51
-------
COMPANY PERSONNEL
Occidental
.R.D. Ridley
Ambient Air Quality
Study underway, completion date February 1976. One high volume sampler
at point where stack plume is expected to touch down. Also operating one
high volume sampler near existing operation. Since late 1972 performed
in-house under direction of consultant.
Meteorological Information
Study underway, completion date February 1976. One station in operation
near proposed power plant site. Determines wind direction velocity and
temperature 100 feet above the ground. A weather station recording the above
plus precipitation has been in operation at the research plant since late
1972. Study conducted in-house and directed by consultant.
Upper Air and Inversion Studies
Upper air and inversion studies are being run in conjunction with the
meteorological study. Data are collected only during periods of inversions.
Work done in-house under direction of consultants.
Atmospheric Diffusion and Tracer Studies
No in-house studies are currently underway.
Trace Element Analyses
The high volume sampler at the mine workings is aimed at carcinogenic
studies.
52
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-78-227
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ENERGY-RELATED AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN THE
WESTERN ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AREA
5. REPORT DATE
November 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
'. AUTHOR(S)
M. Pitchford, R. Snelling, J. Bowen,
M. Pearson and D. McNeils
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas, Nevada
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE625C
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-Las Vegas, NV
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 39114
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/07
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report describes a program designed tc create an environmental data base
which will be used to assess the air quality impact of energy development in
an eight-state region (Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming). The program was designed to use and augment
existing monitoring activities as well as create new monitoring systems. Some
of the activities described are an airborne air quality monitoring system..
a regional particulate sampling network, a quality assurance program, a visi-
bility monitoring system, an air quality simulation modeling program, and a
program to investigate weather modification effects of energy-related pollutants.
This report covers a period from January 1975 to April 1977 and work was
completed as of August 1977.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
meteorology
air pollution
quality assurance
instrumentation
visibility
fossil fuel
coal
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/GlOUp
WERDA
energy-related effects
air monitoring
04B
13B
14D
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO THE PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
60
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
* U.S. SPtfc
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