January-March 1973
vol.1 nos.1-3
abstract nos. 73-3554 to 73-4451
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
for January, Februaiy, and March 1973
vol.1 nos.1-3
abstract nos. 73-3554 to 73-4451
This publication (SW-513.1) was compiled
under the direction of John A. Connolly
from the worldwide 1973 literature
available as abstracts
from EPA's Solid Waste Information Retrieval System
u.s. environmental protection agency
1976
-------
preface
The Federal program in solid waste management has maintained a strong interest in bibliography
throughout its history, which dates back to the beginnings of Public Health Service activity in this field in
1941. At present the program's bibliographic work is based on the Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System (SWIRS), a data bank storing abstracts, now totaling 36,000, of the worldwide literature on solid
wastes and their management. The scanning of the literature, the abstracting and indexing, and the resultant
data bank are kept current on a daily basis, and hundreds of requests from the public for information
retrieval service are filled each year.
The January 1973 issue of the Monthly Abstracts Bulletin marks the beginning of a new effort to
make the information acquired by SWIRS available to the public on a regular basis. The Bulletin replaces
several documents«a publication on patents, the annual abstracts, which were published from 1964 through
1968 but not since then because of lack of resources, and the Accession Bulletin, a monthly annotated
listing published from January 1970 through December 1971.
Although the Monthly Abstracts Bulletin does not cover all the literature being published on solid
waste, numerous periodical and nonperiodical titles in both the foreign and domestic literature are screened
for inclusion. No effort was made to separate strictly technical material from that which is more general.
The bibliography is arranged in categories corresponding to the various administrative, engineering, and
operational phases of solid waste management. Subject and author indexes are included in each issue,
and a cumulative author and subject index will be issued as the 13th volume for each year.
The pages of the Bulletin were typeset from computer tapes. As will occasionally be noted, the sys-
tem is not yet foolproof, but rather than go to the relatively high expense of bringing down the error rate
further, it was decided to use the present copy, with apologies to the reader, since it serves the intended
purpose adequately.
The project was the result of the combined efforts of the Solid Waste Information Retrieval System
(SWIRS) and the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, under contract 68-01-0447.
—JOHN A. CONNOLLY
Compiler
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solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
January 1973 vol.1 no.1, abstract nos. 73-3554 to 73-3853
contents
Subjects Abstract Numbers
Agricultural wastes 73-3554 to 3566
(crop residues, manure, timber slash/other vegetation)
Analysis of solid waste 73-3567 to 3568
(data, methods)
Automobiles 73-3569
Collection 73-3570 to 3575
Compost/Composting 73-3576 to 3578
Disposal 73-3579 to 3593
Economics 73-3594 to 3595
(disposal costs, financing of facilities, pollution control costs,
marketing information, taxes and incentives)
Hazardous wastes 73-3596 to 3597
Health/Safety 73-3598 to 3604
Incineration 73-3605 to 3624
Industrial wastes 73-3625 to 3676
Institutional wastes 73-3677 to 3679
Laws/Regulations 73-3680 to 3685
Litter 73-3686
Management 73-3687
(municipal, regional, rural, State)
Packaging wastes 73-3688 to 3707
Processing/Reduction 73-3708 to 3718
Recycling 73-3719 to 3789
(incinerator residues, industrial wastes, mining wastes,
municipal refuse, scrap metal)
Sanitary landfill 73-3790 to 3802
Separation 73-3803 to 3807
Sludge 73-3808 to 3847
Training, Education, and Public Relations 73-3848 to 3852
Transport 73-3853
Subject index
Author index
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
January 1973 vol.1 no.1, abstract nos. 73-3554 to 73-3853
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
73-3554
BULKE, P. Kotbeseitigung in der massentierhal-
tung. [Manure disposal in large feeding opera-
tions.] Hohenheimer Arbeiten, Schriftenreihe der
Universitaet Hohenheim, Allgemeine Reihe,
1971(58):63-67,1971.
A great problem of livestock raising in densely
populated areas is the disposal of manure. The
traditional method of using manure as fertilizer
on the fields is not suitable in most cases as the
quantity of manure is too large for the available
area. Composting of manure can be effected by
mixing it with organic substances like turf,
straw, or foam material. This mixture is then
sterilized, stabilized, and rendered odorless and
can then be sold as valuable humus manure. Ar-
tificial drying is mostly applicated for fowl ex-
crements owing to its high content of plant
nutrients and is performed in slowly rotating
drums. A disadvantage of this method is the
development of odors which might be decom-
posed in biological filters by means of microor-
ganisms, a system which however does not work
satisfactorily owing to the sensitivity of the bac-
teria. The incineration of manure is of no im-
portance owing to the problem of air pollution
and the development of odors. The method to
produce methane gas from liquid manure by
means of an anaerobic procedure is no longer
used because it is not economic. Tests showed
that up to 40 percent of dried fowl manure could
be fed to the cattle without impairing the quality
of the meat. (Text in German)
[22804]
73-3555
COUNCIL FOR THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT. Ton
(buta) funnyo no shori shobun ni kansuru hosaku.
[Policy for the treatment and disposal of pig
manure.] YosuitoHaisui, 13(2):247-253,1971.
Five tons of fresh hog manure per year can be
reduced to soil per 1,000 sq m of land. However,
this is a result obtained under laboratory condi-
tions, and in reality, the method of land dispersal
and the agricultural product to be planted on
such land must be chosen very carefully; also
such an amount will easily pollute the rivers and
other waterways. Approximately 2 tons of
manure is produced by a hog per year, and one
hog per 1,000 sq m will be well within the land's
load capacity. An average farmer's land is 11,000
sq m, and 48 percent of all farmers keeping hogs
have less than 5 sq m. Fresh manure should be
composted by adding straw, rice straw, dry saw-
dust, or hay, and the volume will reduce to ap-
proximately 30 to 25 percent. The floor of a pig-
sty should be smooth, and the manure should be
collected on a wheeled container, and the struc-
ture should be such that the pressure of jet
water can easily wash down the entire building.
In the past, the amount of dissolved manure
while washing was approximately 30 percent
with a carefully chosen structural and method
improvements, this can be reduced to 10 percent.
For a larger scale farm, a high speed composting
facility is recommended. The compost produced
does not have to be consumed on the grounds,
but rather establishing of a distribution system
in the area will be advantageous. It is desirable
-------
to establish this large-scale facility where there
is much demand so distribution and transporta-
tion costs will be minimum. (Text in Japanese)
[22805]
73-3556
Dispose of dead animals properly. Wallaces
Farmer, 97(16):27, Aug. 26,1972.
This article discusses the disposal of dead
animals, a big problem for many Iowa livestock
men. Dead animals can spread disease among
livestock and also affect public health. Many
states have laws governing the removal of dead
animals and they have been followed adequately
except in areas where rendering plants are now
charging for their services. If a red rendering
truck is not available, animals should be buried
where surface water will not be contaminated or
where other animals will not uncover the body.
If burying is impossible, animals should be
burned. An incinerator made from a 50-gal bar-
rel with a grate works well for small animals.
Larger animals can be burned with logs, old tins,
and fuel oil to aid incineration.
[22806]
73-3557
High rise poultry houses. New Zealand Journal
of Agriculture, 125(3):71, Sept. 1972.
The advantages and disadvantages of high rise
poultry houses are discussed as applicable to
New Zealand's poultry industry. The advantages
include: only annual manure removal is needed
(sometimes extended to longer intervals);
freedom from offensive poultry odors and flies;
easy servicing and cheaper running costs; ac-
ceptability to pollution-conscious public. The dis-
advantages include: higher initial capital costs;
vermin control is not easy in the pits; and keep-
ing the pit area free of water can be difficult.
[22807]
73-3558
HRUBANT, G. R., R. V. DAUGHERTY, AND R. A.
RHODES. Enterobacteria in feedlot waste and ru-
noff. Applied Microbiology, 24(3):378-383, Sept.
1972.
This article discusses the examination for en-
terobacteria of samples of beef cattle feed lot
waste (FLW), runoff from the pens, and water
from a large drainage ditch at the feed lot. The
drainage ditch receives the runoff but contains
primarily subsurface drainage from fields on
which FLW is spread for disposal. Plating and
enrichment techniques with seven different
media were used to isolate 553 cultures of en-
terobacteria. Application of enrichment
techniques broadened the spectrum of en-
terobacteria isolates. The wide spectrum of en-
terobacteria in FLW may be a hazard if unsteril-
ized waste is refed. Fewer enterobacteria oc-
curred in the runoff and in the drainage ditch;
the most numerous species in FLW also were
most numerous at these sites.
[22808]
73-3559
KUMAR, M., H. D. BARTLETT, AND N. N. MOH-
SENIN. Flow properties of animal waste slurries.
Transactions of the ASAE, 15(4):718-722, July-
Aug. 1972.
This article reports on work done to develop a
coaxial cylinder viscometer for determining the
shear diagrams and viscosities of animal waste
slurries with respect to dilution, sawdust con-
tent, and temperature. The effect of dilution on
the flow properties was determined. Because
sawdust is a commonly used bedding material,
its effect on flow properties was included in this
investigation. The study of flow properties of
manure slurries in relation to temperatures is
also included. It was found that the coaxial
cylinder type viscometer is suitable for
rheometry of organic waste slurries. It was
further noticed that the viscosity of fresh
manure slurry decreases with an increase of
temperature.
[22809]
73-3560
LAURA, R. D., AND M. A. IDNANI. Composting of
agricultural waste materials with spent-slurry as
a starter for decomposition. Indian Journal of
Agricultural Science, 42(3):246-250, Mar. 1972.
This article discusses the results of an investiga-
tion on the composting of nitrogen-deficient
wheat straw and sorghum fodder under anaero-
bic conditions, with spent slurry as a source of
-------
additional nitrogen. These tests showed that
both wheat straw and sorghum fodder alone
decomposed 10 and 15 percent, whereas the addi-
tion of spent slurry caused a loss of 30 to 40 per-
cent of the dry matter within 45 days. When the
amount of added spent slurry was low, a part of
the organic carbon of the material was hu-
midified and stabilized. In sorghum fodder the
loss of organic carbon because of decomposition
decreased with increasing amounts of added
slurry. In wheat straw a little variation was ob-
served. When the amount of added slurry was
high, there was a loss of nitrogen during com-
posting.
228100
73-3561
MAREI, A. Preparation of furfural from local
waste agricultural products and its use to refine
lube oils. UAR Journal of Chemistry,
14(l):85-94, 1971. This article discusses the
evaluation of some United Arab Republic waste
agricultural products as raw materials for the
production of furfural. Batch scale preparations
from corn cobs and bagasse were carried out and
the furfural produced was used to extract aro-
matics from two waxy oil distillates. The effect
of variations in extraction temperature, solvent,
and addition of water to the solvent was studied.
High grade lube oils were obtained by this
technique. Data and tables are provided.
[22811
73-3562
PETERSON, 0. H. Method of controlling odor.
U.S. Patent 3,706,663 owned by Salsbury
Laboratories. Issued Dec. 19,1972.
This patent relates to a method of controlling the
odors emanating from large bodies of animal
waste. The odors in animal waste are produced
by compounds formed from microbial action in
organic compounds present therein. This inven-
tion controls the formation of these malodorous
products by treating the waste with a compound
which will selectively inhibit undesirable types
of microbial decomposition. The compounds used
are the sulfa drugs. The compound is typically
applied as a solid mixed with an inert diluent
when used on a feedlot, and as an acid solution
when used to treat the sewage in the sump of an
animal house.
[22812]
73-3563
RANDOL, K. B., AND R. L. REDFOKD. Trash
plate. Canadian Patent 900,774 owned by Inter-
national Harvester Co. Issued May 23,1972.
This patent relates to agricultural implements
and particularly to plows. The invention is an at-
tachment for a moldboard plow to improve the
capacity of the plow bottom to bury trash when
the furrow is turned over. An object of the
present invention is to provide an economical
and efficient trash plate attachment for mold-
board plows wherein the soil-engaging face of
the plate offers minimal frictional resistance to
soil flow. Another object is the provision of an
improved trash plate attachment for a plow hav-
ing inherent flexibility combined with a substan-
tially frictionless soil-engaging face, providing
maximum scouring properties.
[22813]
73-3564
Report of the Committee on Dairy Farm
Methods. Journal of Milk Food Technology,
35(9):508-513, Sept. 1972.
This article reviews the 1970-1971 report of the
Farm Methods Committee of the International
Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental
Sanitarians. The papers outlined discuss an-
tibiotics, pesticides, and other adulterants; clean-
ing and sanitizing of farm milk equipment; edu-
cation; plastics; sediment; proper milking prac-
tices; cleaning and sanitizing of farm milk pick-
up tankers; sampling of bulk tank milk; water
protection; and animal waste disposal. A list of
committee members is also included.
[22814]
73-3565
Short cuts from muck to meals. New Scientist,
56(821):456, Nov. 23,1972.
This article outlines ways of using farm waste as
feedstuff. One way is to push farm effluent into
a pond to produce plankton which in turn sup-
ports fish, which are then harvested. Another
possibility is to use not fish but bivalve mollusks,
-------
whose entire anatomy and physiology is
designed to filter out nutritious particles. The
nutritional value of these effluent-fed mollusks,
which could be fed to livestock, would comple-
ment their possible value as water purifiers.
Nutritionally valuable algae could also be raised
on effluent. The algae would also be useful as
generators of oxygen. Beef cattle are already
being fed on pellets of chicken dung. This not
only disposes of unpleasant wastes, but also
saves the farmer feed costs.
[22815]
73-3566
SOBEL, A. T. Olfactory measurement of animal
manure odor. Transactions of the ASAE,
15(4):696-699,703, July/Aug. 1972.
This article discusses utilizing the human nose
for odor measurements in a manure manage-
ment system. It is concluded that the use of a
rating method utilizing the human nose for odor
evaluation provides valuable information for
comparing manure handing and treatment
systems; the rating for odor presence and odor
offensiveness are very similar; descriptive terms
help in categorizing odors; olfactory observation
along with visual observation produces a dif-
ferent rating in comparison with olfactory obser-
vation alone (visual observation may introduce
some bias); and since there is no right answer to
an olfactory test, it must be set up and run under
conditions such that the results can be used for
comparison only.
[22816]
ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
spectral analysis of solutions and aerosols are:
the spectral analysis of solutions reduces the ef-
fect of structure molecular composition and ir-
regular distribution of the elements in the sam-
ple; the effect of tractionation is eliminated; the
choice and introduction of internal standards are
simplified; and the effect of the third element is
greatly minimized.
[22817]
73-3568
RUMMERFIELD, P. S., AND I. H. GOLDMAN.
Some practical observations on liquid scintilla-
tion counting. International Journal of Applied
Radiation and Isotopes, 23(8):353-360, Aug.
1972.
This article presents general information relat-
ing to the savings which are available to large in-
stitutions through buyer's agreements and
refunds, and quantity discounts for local and
Statewide institutions. Cost data for some com-
mon liquid scintillation mixtures are given. Cost
figures are detailed for large and small plastic
and glass vials and for acceptable lower cost
pharmaceutical vials. Inter-comparisons for vari-
ous brands of vials are shown for two common
mixtures with reference to background,
swelling, and figure of merit. Waste-disposal
savings which are possible with minivials are
mentioned. Some of the criteria useful in decid-
ing when to reuse vials are given. Safety precau-
tions and handling techniques are also con-
sidered.
[22818]
AUTOMOBILE
73-3567
MOSELHY, M. M. Spectroscopic determination
of traces of some elements in cadmium car-
bonate. Proceedings of the Indian Academy,
76(5):217-226,1971.
In this article a comparative study is provided
for the determination of traces of some elements
in cadmium carbonate in solution and powder
form. In the powder form the sensitivity was
found to be lower. Special atomizers were used
for the production of aerosol. Some of the
reasons for the importance of the method of
73-3569
Planes, convicts used to speed junk car cleanup.
Waste Trade Journal, 68(38):2, Sept. 23,1972.
A 2-year program to collect junk cars and sell
them to a crusher operation has been launched in
northern Michigan. Hopefully, this program will
spread throughout Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Minnesota. These states are members of the
Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission which
is helping to fund the first year of this program,
along with the nation's major auto makers. For
this collection campaign, airplanes are being
-------
used to bird-dog the automobiles, students to
tabulate and locate them on a map, local volun-
teers to get the release forms signed, and sur-
plus equipment and prison labor to go in after
the cars. The first year will cost $99,650.
[22819]
COLLECTION
73-3570
Cringle Dock refuse transfer station. Public
Cleansing, 62(7):307-310, July 1972.
This article announces the opening of the
Greater London Council Refuse Transfer Sta-
tion at Cringle Dock. As part of a program of
river improvements, the Council decided to in-
corporate refuse pulverization equipment in the
plant with the objects of improving barge
payload and obtaining a cleaner method of load-
ing. Pulverized refuse is also more suitable for
land reclamation purposes. The plant is designed
to receive 800 tons per day and a large part of
this intake will be from the London borough of
Lambeth. A detailed description is provided of
the plant and the pulverization process. In order
to prevent the escape of dust into the at-
mosphere and to improve working conditions in
the station, four wet-type dust collectors are
located in the two main dust extract plant rooms.
The sludge scrapers are operated locally at each
dust extraction unit.
[22820]
73-3571
EINSTEIN, C. Who's going to take out the gar-
bage? In Politics and environment; a reader in
ecological crisis. Pacific Palisades, California,
Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc., 1970. p. 100-
106.
The problem of refuse collection has become a
very complete one which entangels itself in
many aspects of our political and social system.
In the United States a ton of solid waste is
generated for each person per year. Nationally it
costs $3 billion to collect and dispose of this
refuse. One problem which must be dealt with is
the tendency to create short range solutions
which allow us to have a false sense of security.
The tendency of the packaging industry has been
to create new forms of packaging that the waste-
processing industry cannot handle. Then the
disposal industry must act to keep up with the
abundance of refuse. One possible solution is
compression of refuse into bales, but these must
then be dumped somewhere. Abandoned au-
tomobiles are becoming an immense problem.
Sanitary landfill seems to be the solution to the
solid waste disposal problem, but it is difficult to
find enough places to dig holes near the major
sources of refuse. A new solution is to ship
refuse on special trains to remote areas for land-
fill purposes. This solution has caused protest
from environmentalists and from residents of
the areas scheduled to receive this landfill. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22821]
73-3572
LONGO, J. F. Compaction apparatus. Canadian
Patent 905,210 owned by International Dynetics
Corp. Issued July 18,1972.
This patent relates generally to improvements in
compacting equipment and particularly to an im-
proved device for automatically compacting
waste material in accordance with adjustable
parameters to facilitate the packaging of the
waste material and to expedite the disposal
thereof. This waste compactor includes a
horizontally extending compacting chamber with
a cantilevered open-ended front section closed
by an openable first gate and a chute commu-
nicating with a rear upper feed opening. A ram is
hydraulically motivated along the chamber
between advanced, retracted, and intermediate
positions. An electrical network controls the
ram. Upon opening of the first gate the ram can
be fully advanced.
[22822]
73-3573
Look ma, no hands. Heavy Duty Trucking, p. 24-
27, Sept. 1970.
This article discusses the first fully-automated
refuse collection rig which has started work on a
residential rubbish route in Scottsdale, Arizona.
It carries only one driver who need never leave
the seat of the air-conditioned one-man cab. For
the system to work effectively, all trash con-
-------
tainers must be identical and of a special design
which the City of Scottsdale is supplying for re-
sidents. The truck can carry nearly 7 tons. This
large capacity means fewer trips to the dump.
The design and operation of this rig and the fol-
lowing equipment are described in detail: con-
tainer trucks; self-packing trucks; dieselization;
and cab-forward design. Illustrations and dia-
grams are provided.
[22823]
73-3574
MAYALL, W. Magnetic junk collecting ap-
paratus. Canadian Patent 900,952. Issued May
23,1972.
This patent relates to drilling apparatus of the
kind used in the drilling of oil wells. When a well
is being drilled, it sometimes happens that metal
cuttings and metal swarf are produced down the
well Accordingly, it is an object of this invention
to provide drilling apparatus with means for col-
lecting this magnetic waste before it sinks into
the vicinity of the drill head. This invention in-
cludes an assembly for collecting magnetic waste
material and a plurality of magnets. These mag-
nets and the tubular member are so arranged as
to form a plurality of recesses extending
between the magnets parallel to the longitudinal
axis.
[22824]
73-3575
THORNE, J. G. M. Control and elimination of pol-
lution. Chemical Processing, 18(7): 15,17,19, July
1972.
This article summarizes selected papers
presented at the Spring Seminar of the National
Society for Clean Air in Manchester, England.
The conclusions arising out of this conference
are also presented. The specific topics covered
include: reduction of pollution; onsite incinera-
tion; centralized incineration; incineration of
rubber and plastic wastes; incineration of
sewage sludge; and furnaces. Some of the conclu-
sions follow: heat recovery in small disposal
plants is not an economical proposition; the ulti-
mate disposal of both household and industrial
wastes will be the responsibility of government
and industry; and to save and improve the en-
vironment will take great mental, physical, and
financial resources.
[22825]
COMPOST / COMPOSTING
73-3576
GRAY, K. R., K. SHERMAN, AND A. J. Bro-
DLESTONE. Review of composting, part 20 the
practical process. Process Biochemistry, 6(10):7,
Oct. 1971.
This article assesses the chemical and physical
parameters which are involved in the compost-
ing process. It is concluded that there are at
present sufficient experimentally determined
data in the literature on these topics for
reasonably accurate process designing of com-
posting plants. Extensive diagrams, data, and
bibliographic materials are provided. The topics
covered include: preparation of feed material;
moisture content; agitation; aeration and tem-
perature; pH control; and a summary of the ideal
conditions for composting.
[22826]
73-3577
LOSSIN, R. D. Compost studies, part III, dispos-
ing of animal wastes. Compost Science, 12(2):31-
32, Mar.-Apr. 1971.
This article discusses the measurement of the
extent of biological oxidation in a system by
measuring the extent to which the refuse is ox-
idized by chemical means. There is no published
standard method for the determination of the
chemical oxygen demand of compost. A
procedure is presented in this article which was
developed after extensive research at the U.S.
Public Health ServiceO Tennessee Valley
Authority Composting Project as part of the in-
house research on the characterization of com-
post and the composting process. The sample
procedure is outlined. The reliability of the test-
ing procedure is checked by taking several dif-
ferent samples from the same sample compost
pile and performing the same test on all of them
[22827] m-
-------
73-3578
WILES, C. C., AND L. W. LEFKE. Solid waste
composting. Journal of the Water Pollution Con-
trol Federation, 44(6):1104-1107, June 1972.
This article discusses the lack of public interest
in composting because the economics have been
a major deterrent to its effective use as a solid
waste management method for municipalities.
The low dollar value for the compost product,
and the nonexistent market for it have been the
deterrents. On the other hand, some poultrymen
have substantially decreased costs for labor and
handling of poultry manure by composting
directly in the poultry house. Also, composted
bark can be used by home owners and farmers as
a mulch. Composting efforts in many communi-
ties in the United States and Great Britain are
presented. It is concluded that composting has
appeared to be so economically unattractive in
the past because of the application of a double
standard when comparing composting with other
disposal methods; that the demand for compost-
ing will develop in future years; and that learn-
ing how to apply the process best under present
circumstances is the way to make composting
the method of choice for recycling organic
wastes.
[22828]
DISPOSAL
73-3579
BKAUER, R. C. Waste disposal system. U.S.
Patent 3,705,851. Issued Dec. 12,1972.
This patent relates to an above-grade waste
disposal system in which refuse is combined with
earth fill to form an elevated recreational facili-
ty, such as a ski slope. The ground area or base is
graded and sloped toward a low zone. The
graded surface is made substantially impervious
to the penetration of liquid. Earth fill is utilized
to construct dikes on the base which define a se-
ries of cells. The cells are individually filled with
refuse, and earth fill is employed to cover the
refuse. As the cells of the tier are filled, addi-
tional tiers of cells are formed on the filled cells
to ultimately form a hill or small mountain for
use as a recreational facility. All leachate from
the fill is collected by a drainage system at the
low zone of the base for subsequent disposal.
[22829]
73-3580
DUTTA, M., AND S. NIYOGI. Refuse disposal of
Calcutta City: a case study. Indian Journal of
Environmental Health, 14(3):268-270, July 1972.
This article discusses an investigation which
resulted in recommendations for the ultimate
disposal of mixed refuse produced in Calcutta,
India. It is recommended that sanitary landfill be
the primary method of ultimate disposal. Also
recommended are pilot-scale composting and in-
cineration systems. The density of Calcutta's
refuse and an extensive survey on sanitary land-
fill practices in the United States which was con-
ducted between 1959 and 1961 are also discussed
in detail.
[22830]
73-3581
HARMSEN, H. Was traegt de einzelne/zur
belastung der umwelt bei? [What is each in-
dividual's contribution to environmental pollu-
tion?] Staedtehygiene, 23(7):161-164, July 1972.
Not only industry, but each individual con-
tributes to pollution of the environmentO each
household, each driver. Cars have become the
major polluter of air. The carbon monoxide con-
centration which accumulates during rush hour
is already so great that it impairs the capacity of
the driver. While all hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide and the oxides of nitrogen are decom-
posed by solar radiation, the lead additive to the
fuel which is emitted cannot be destroyed and
tends to become concentrated in the environ-
ment. The reduction of the lead concentration in
the fuel is no real help although such a step is to
be welcomed. A real solution would be provided
solely by the development of the electric drive.
Paper consumption in the Federal Republic of
Germany is 99 kg per capita which is far less
than the Swedish per capita consumption with
179 kg. Sweden recycles one quarter of the
waste paper. It is primarily used for producing
packing material and paper sacks for trash. In
the Netherlands with a per capita paper con-
sumption of 108 kg more than 40 percent is recy-
cled. The use of synthetics, primarily of polyvi-
nyl chloride will have to be limited. The only
-------
means to achieve this goal will be heavy taxation.
Clean air and less trash are more important
nowadays than convenience. (Text in German)
[22831]
73-3582
HERSHAFT, A. Solid waste. Environmental
Science and Technology, 6(5):412-421, May 1972.
This article considers treatment technology to be
one of the three fundamental aspects of solid
waste management. The other two (waste
generation and waste management operations)
are also mentioned in the article, but only secon-
darily. This survey attempts to draw attention to
recent advances in equipment and techniques
used for treating solid wastes. The topics
discussed in detail include: storage and removal;
fragmentation and sorting; bulk reduction; con-
version by pyrolysis, composting, and other
chemical and biochemical processes; reclamation;
mining and agriculture; and disposal.
[22832]
73-3583
LOEWA, 0. Meist proteste gegen die staedt-
planung. [Mostly protests against city planning.]
Umwelt, 2(5):38-42,1972.
Hamburg's garbage collection department with
about 1,400 employees collected 4 million cu m of
refuse in 1970. In the next few years this quanti-
ty will double. Therefore, two new incinerators
shall be added to the existing two at a cost of 300
million deutsche marks. Eventually all refuse
that is collected shall be incinerated since Ham-
burg has no room for dumps. One sanitary land-
fill is still in operation in Hoeltigbaum. Here the
garbage is dumped in layers of 2 m in height. At
temperatures of 70 to 80 C the refuse decom-
poses. It is planned to turn the entire dump site
into a recreation area some day. (Text in Ger-
man)
[22833]
73-3584
MICHAELS, A. National refuse disposal survey,
Israel. Geneva, World Health Organization, Re-
gional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean,
Mar. 1969. 7 p.
This paper discusses the progress being made in
Israel's national refuse disposal survey. The data
collection activities are described in detail.
Several significant changes in the solid wastes
operations have taken place in various parts of
the country, and these are also noted. The
present phase of the survey started with the in-
spection of refuse pulverization operations in
England and pneumatic solid wastes handling
facilities in Sweden. Solid wastes studies have
been undertaken for several municipalities in
Israel. Cost data are being developed. Future
plans include defining the recommended national
solid wastes plan regions, developing administra-
tive organization systems and fiscal concepts for
review and evaluation, and submitting specific
national plan recommendations to the concerned
government ministries with a request that the
national plan be established. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22834]
73-3585
MICHAELS, A. National refuse disposal survey:
State of Israel. Orientation and survey phase.
Geneva, World Health Organization, Regional
Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Mar. 1968.
12 p.
This paper discusses the Health Ministry of
Israel's determination that solid wastes storage,
handling, and disposal practices in the State of
Israel should be reviewed and evaluated. Future
changes in quantities and characteristics are also
being forecast, and a national plan is being
developed. National policy considerations are
discussed. The present solid wastes management
practices outlined included composting, dump-
ing, and landfilling. It was agreed that to develop
a national plan it is first necessary to inventory
present practices, sample and analyze refuse
throughout the country, and inventory potential
solid waste disposal sites. The work described in
this report is a part of the overall program which
will lead to the development of the national plan.
Other activities currently underway which are
related to the plan are briefly commented upon
in this report. The appendices include a master
plan for town refuse disposal, and the organiza-
tion of local authorities. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library)
[22835]
-------
73-3586
MICHAELS, A. Solid wastes national plan: State
of Israel. Keport of evaluation and recommenda-
tions. Geneva, World Health Organization, Re-
gional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean,
Nov. 1969.30 p.
This report outlines a solid wastes plan for the
State of Israel. Data and text are provided on
the following topics: physical and climatological
constraints; present disposal practices; solid
waste quantities and characteristics; refuse
storage and collection; processing and disposal;
special problems; the regional distribution; and
the administrative organization. A map of the
proposed national solid wastes plan regions is in-
cluded. Tables provide data on municipal collec-
tion and haul costs, investments and cost of
refuse disposal by various methods, and bull-
dozer landfill operation time. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22836]
73-3587
MICHAELS, A. Solid wastes national plan: State
of Israel. Report of implementation visit~Aug.
to Oct. 1970. Geneva, World Health Organization,
Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean,
Nov. 1970.17 p.
This paper discusses an implementation visit
conducted to assist with the carrying out of
Israel's national plan for the management of
solid wastes. The World Health Organization
consultant met with representatives from the
three regions experiencing the most acute refuse
disposal problems. This was followed by
meetings with the Interministerial Committee to
discuss details of the new law and the status of
other aspects of the national plan. Regional
meetings were held in Tel Aviv. The status of
several solid wastes activities related to the na-
tional plan was reviewed with the individuals
concerned with the activities. The appendices
cover the following topics: the argument for new
legislation; factors to consider when preparing
the new solid wastes law; alternative plans for
district committee representation; and long-
range planning feasibility of incineration. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22837]
73-3588
New solid waste disposal system. Modern
Plastics, 49(3):104,108, Mar. 1972.
This article discusses the development of mu-
nicipal solid waste disposal technology for trou-
ble-free handling of plastics. Patent applications
have been filed on a system which uses pyrolysis
to convert such organic wastes as plastics, paper,
and garbage into premium fuel gas. The system,
known as the Oxygen Refuse Converter System,
will also melt and fuse such inorganic wastes as
metals and glass into slag. The slag has potential
uses as an aggregate in road construction, or as a
sterile landfill. The fuel gas produced is carried
away from the top of the furnace while the slag
is collected at the bottom. Operating efficiencies
are said to permit the use of equipment which is
much smaller than that required for conven-
tional municipal incineration. Computer cost
analyses indicate substantial capital and operat-
ing cost savings.
[22838]
73-3589
SIRACUSA, G. Garbage disposal system. Canadi-
an Patent 890,182. Issued Jan. 11,1972.
This patent relates to an apparatus and process
for disposing of finely divided refuse such as
garbage by incineration which proceeds on a con-
tinuous basis in a preheated incinerator which is
first brought up to a predetermined temperature
by one or more gas-fired burners. Thereafter the
incineration process is maintained by the burn-
ing of the finely divided refuse itself. Another
object of this invention is to provide for the
disposal of garbage by incineration in an in-
cinerator into which the finely divided refuse is
propelled and in which it is agitated by air; or by
incineration in an incinerator which is provided
with a wall structure shaped to enhance the
draft therethrough by which the gases of com-
bustion and suspended ash are moved from the
incinerator and into a settler chamber.
[22839]
73-3590
STEWART, R. G. Apparatus for reducing accu-
mulation of waste and disposing of waste in card-
-------
10
ing machines. U.S. Patent 3,707,020 owned by
Parks-Cramer (Great Britain) Ltd. Issued Dec.
26, 1972. 01 This patent covers an apparatus to
reduce the liberation of dust and fly from the
taker-in and adjacent areas of a carding machine.
The controlled removal of such fiber waste is a
practical necessity not only to improve the
operation of the carding machines and the quali-
ty of the carded stock being produced, but to
reduce danger to the health of the cardroom at-
tendants. The usual taker-in cover is eliminated
in this invention and a housing means is posi-
tioned between the revolving flats, the taker-in
feed roll, the taker-in and the main cylinder back
plate. Air is continuously exhausted from the
taker-in and the expansion chamber to relieve
pressure incident to rotation of the taker-in. This
helps remove any liberated dust and fly from the
chamber.
[22840/
73-3591
TAYLOR, A. -World focus on waste.
lOlSurveyor,** 1039(4178):22-248 July 7,1972.
This article discusses a 6-day conference on
waste disposal, pollution, and public cleansing
which was held in Prague. This was the first
global conference since the merging of IN-
TAPUC (the international public cleansing as-
sociation) and cleansing's International Research
Group. There were about 1,600 participants from
34 countries. Topics which received special at-
tention were the world's need to restrain en-
vironmental pollution and the importance of
recycling materials. Short summaries of 19 of the
presentations made are included in the article.
An exhibition of equipment was held in conjunc-
tion with the conference and it reflected the in-
ternational nature of design in appliances for
refuse collection and street sweeping.
[22841
73-3592
TINKER, J. Must we waste rubbish? New
Scientist, 54(796):389-390, May 18,1972.
This article discusses the Department of En-
vironment's proposed survey of pollution
created by Great Britain's municipal rubbish
dumps. Such topics as sanitary landfill as a
method of getting rid of refuse, and the affect of
the growing tide of plastics on disposal methods
are discussed. Treatment methods and costs for
British and U.S. municipal waste are compared
in tables. The methods listed include: incinera-
tion; controlled sanitary landfilling; open dump-
ing; ocean dumping; pulverization; and compost-
ing. Recycling is also considered.
[22842]
73-3593
WELLFORD, W. L., JR. Non-polluting waste
reducer and method. U.S. Patent 3,706,662. Is-
sued Dec. 19,1972.
This patent relates to an apparatus and method
for heating and decomposing organic and inor-
ganic household, industrial, and commercial
wastes to quickly and economically decrease
their volume without polluting the air. The
device comprises a housing with a removable
cover for inserting refuse. Heating of the wastes
is accomplished by an ignition and burner system
which combines hydrogen and oxygen gases and
applies the heat generated by their combustion
directly to the waste material. The housing in-
cludes a grating for collecting any solid residues
which are not vaporized in the heating process.
These solid materials are periodically removed
from the system and either used for commercial
purposes or disposed of.
[22843]
ECONOMICS
73-3594
SORIA, S. M. Survey of cost saving possibilities.
In The feasibility of using abandoned quarries
as sites for the disposal of solid waste.
Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University
Environmental Research Group, 1971. p. 36-44.
This paper provides a cost analysis for use of a
sanitary landfill. In order to place the method of
disposal in persepective with respect to cost
analysis, collection is by far a greater expense
than disposal. The city of Middletown, Connec-
ticut, pays $200,000 to collect 10,000 tons of
refuse, $20 per ton. About 80 percent of this cost
is attributable to labor, 13 percent to equipment
and operation, and 7 percent to administration.
-------
11
Residential and commercial collection fees are
discussed. A detailed time-cost study of collec-
tion in Middletown using 16-cu-yd packers is
presented. Alteration of the present system in
order to minimize man hours without reducing
service could be done by using a different collec-
tion vehicle, an alternate crew size, or a new col-
lection system. These methods are analyzed.
Detailed economic data on the use of a transfer
station are also provided. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22844]
73-3595
SORIA, S. M. The world outside the quarry; civic
sector; economics. In The feasibility of using
abandoned quarries as sites for the disposal of
solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan
University Environmental Research Group,
1971. p. 29-36.
This paper discusses the economic barriers to
establishing a sanitary landfill in Connecticut.
The economic needs of Middletown, Connecticut
were considered before any solutions were
proposed. The yearly production of solid refuse
in Middletown is approximately 28,000 tons.
Middletown requires a disposal system capable
of handling a daily generation of 75 tons of
refuse. For a city of Middletown's size a sanitary
landfill seemed the cheapest method of disposal.
The city is not so large as to justify operating its
own incinerator, nor is it small enough to try
other methods, such as pylorization or compost-
ing. Only a small amount of capital investment is
required. Also, sanitary landfill need not be a
waste of resources. It is possible that some day
sanitary landfills will be mined and the useful
products salvaged. It is estimated that the total
disposal cost in a sanitary landfill would be $4
per ton of refuse. If feldspar tailings could be
used for cover, then the cost of the quarry site
could be lowered to only $3 per ton. Comparative
costs of other disposal methods are provided. If
the quarry site is used, the land is free and the
value of the land involved would be raised. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22845]
HAZARDOUS WASTES
73-3596
SCHINDEWOLF, U. Ein neues verfahren zur ver-
nichtung von cyanid-abfaellen. [A new method
for the destruction of cyanide wastes.] Chemie-
Ingenieur-Tecknik, 44(10):682-683, June 1972.
A new method for the safe destruction of cya-
nide wastes is described. The method is based on
the saponification of cyanides at elevated tem-
perature and under pressure to form ammonia
and formates. The reaction is continuous at tem-
peratures above 150 C, and the residual cyanide
content is reduced to below the threshold of de-
tectability, while the cyanide content in the
wastes to be treated may range from a few mg
per liter to very high values. The reaction for
concentrations up to 300 mg per liter is of first
order with an activation energy of about 23 kilo-
calories. Impurities such as barium chloride,
sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and sodium
hydroxide do not interfere with the conversion.
Even cyanide complexes of transition metals can
be converted at elevated temperature or in-
creased reaction time. The method, though
requiring high-alloy steel for the reactor, has the
advantages that the reaction products are harm-
less, and that oxidants can be reduced and aux-
iliary salts, e.g. of barium, can be recovered. The
destruction costs are expected to be lower than
those for other known methods such as incinera-
tion or conversion by means of iron salts,
chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, or ozone. (Text in
German)
[22846]
73-3597
Solutions for PCB pollution. Chemical En-
gineering, 79(24):47, Oct. 30,1972.
This article discusses the problem of destroying
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Japan's In-
stitute of Physical and Chemical Research has
developed a procedure that causes dechlorina-
tion of PCB. A solution is prepared by dissolu-
tion of metallic sodium in alcohol so that part of
the alcohol changes into alcoholate. PCB is added
to this solution, air is removed from the quartz
glass containers, and the material is then ex-
posed to ultraviolet light. The mechanism of
reaction is absorption by PCB of the ultraviolet
rays. A recent U.S. research project showed that
-------
12
PCB in waste sludges can be decomposed over
99.9 percent in a multiple-hearth furnace
operated at an exhaust-gas temperature re-
ported in recent U.S. government studies involv-
ing PCB incineration.
[22847]
HEALTH/SAFETY
73-3598
GLEASON, M. N, R. E. GOSSELIN, AND H. C.
HODGE. Clinical toxicology of commercial
products; acute poisoning (home and farm). Bal-
timore, Maryland, Williams and WiMns Com-
pany, 1963.1,211 p.
The purpose of this book is to assist physicians in
dealing with acute chemical poisonings in the
home and on the farm which arise from misuse of
commercial products. This document contains a
list of trade name products together with their
ingredients; addresses, and telephone numbers
of firms to be used when the ingredients are not
listed; sample formulas of many types of
products with an estimate of the toxicity of each
formula; toxicological information including an
estimate of the toxicity of individual ingredients;
recommendations for treatment; names and ad-
dresses of manufacturers; and a system of stan-
dard nomenclature for the classification of
poisons. An illustrative chart is provided which
explains the organization and use of the eight
sections in the book. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[22848]
73-3599
KLEE, A. J. The role of decision models in the
evaluation of competing environmental health al-
ternatives. Management Science, 18(2):B(52-67),
Oct. 1971.
This article discusses the problems faced by the
Solid Waste Management Office in evaluating
competing environmental health alternatives.
The concepts of scoring models are reviewed.
Techniques for the implementation of a linear
scoring model are critically examined; and a new
method, termed DARE, is discussed. This
method is a rational, orderly procedure that
minimizes the number of decisions required of
the decisionmaker. Regardless of the method
used, consistency checks are recommended, and
the decision-maker should assure himself that
the numbers supplied to the scoring model are
adequately supported by objective evidence.
Preliminary analyses of alternatives are essen-
tial if the computations and decisions are to be
held to a minimum. The preliminary ranking
procedure discussed is most helpful. The sen-
sitivity analysis is outlined. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22849]
73-3600
NIOSH recommends exposure standards.
Foundry, 100(10):22, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses recommended federal
criteria for employee exposure to noise and car-
bon monoxide. The National Institute for Occu-
pational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has sent its
recommendations to the U.S. Department of
Labor. The criteria call for retention of existing
noise exposure limits but these standards need
to be enforced for all places of employment. A
delay in carrying out this recommendation is
necessitated in order to conduct an extensive
feasibility study. The carbon monoxide recom-
mendation would reduce the present standard by
almost 50 percent. Also included are criteria for
taking air samples in the work place, analysis,
and instrument calibration. Recommendations
for ammending the present law were submitted
and the following was also recommended: issue a
publication containing all relevant standards
pertaining to distinct industrues; and develop
uniform interpretations of standards to insure
consistent application throughout the nation.
[22850]
73-3601
PURVES, D. Consequences of trace-element
contamination of soils. Environmental Pollu-
tfon,3(l):17-24, Jan. 1972.
This article discusses the chemical composition
of the food we eat. The content of food has been
modified by the intensification of the means of
food production and because of the contamina-
tion of the environment. Contamination of the
soil in urban and industrial areas is discussed
-------
13
along with the toxic elements in the soil which
can affect the composition of food. It is explained
that contamination of the soils with elements
such as copper, lead, and zinc seems to be largely
irreversible. Evidence is presented that the
trace-element content of plants grown on con-
taminated soil can be enhanced, and that
deleterious effects on plant growth are possible.
It is also pointed out that the kind of contamina-
tion discussed in this paper is only one aspect of
a more general problem.
[22851]
73-3602
STRAUCH, D. Hygienische probleme der
beseitigung kommunaler und landwirtschaft-
licher abfallstoffe. [Hygienic problems con-
nected with the disposal of municipal and rural
refuse.] Hohenheimer Arbeiten, Schriftenreihe
der Universitaet Hohenheim, Allegemeine
Reihe, 1971(58):63-67,1971.
Many hygienic problems will have to be solved in
connection with the disposal of refuse and
sewage sludge. When disposing of domestic
refuse in a sanitary landfill, the refuse should be
covered with earth at the end of the day so that
bad odors, fires and vermin are controlled. At
the present time the refuse of the 1.6 million in-
habitants of the Federal Republic of Germany is
treated in 19 composting plants. Hygienic tests
showed that the composting procedures destroy
nearly all pathogens. A difficult problem is the
disposal of sewage sludge which even when
decomposed contains a lot of pathogens which
endanger livestock, and farmers, if the sewage
sludge is sold as fertilizer. Only pasteurization,
hot drying or the addition of chemical agents can
destroy the pathogens. Experiments are being
conducted at the moment to find out whether
sewage sludge can be disinfected by composting
procedures. Dried sewage sludge is composted
without adding refuse with the use of special ac-
tivators. Attention must be paid that the sewage
sludge is heated sufficiently. It may be necessa-
ry to increase the temperature artificially in
order to attain satisfactory sterilisation. Bad
odors which are caused by animal excrement can
be controlled using chemicals which are masking,
covering, or decomposion agents. Technical
methods like ozone washing of the air, biological
filters or burning of the air can also be used.
(Text in German)
[22852]
73-3603
VAN BEEK, G. Safety in solid waste, basic ele-
ments of a sound accident prevention program.
Waste Age, 3(5):38,40, Sept.-0ct. 1972.
This article is part of a series on the basic ele-
ments of a sound accident prevention program.
This article deals particularly with the establish-
ment of safety training. It is stressed that all su-
pervisory personnel should take as much safety
training as their subordinates have received.
Safety organizations and the courses they offer
are discussed in detail. The National Safety
Council's Home Study Courses have been highly
successful in training supervisors inexpensively
and without taking time away from their work
duties. This group's Key Man Development Pro-
gram is also designed to improve the accident
prevention efficiency of supervisors. It covers
accident prevention and investigation, safety in-
struction, employee health and morale, personal
protective clothing, materials handling, industri-
al housekeeping, fire prevention, and loss con-
trol. The National Safety Council also offers a
number of week-long training courses at their
headquarters in Chicago. The Environmental
Protection Agency is offering two courses enti-
tled, Operation ResponsibleO Safe Refuse Col-
lection, and Sanitary LandfillO You're the Opera-
tor.
[22853]
73-3604
Waste paper firesO hints on prevention. Materi-
als Reclamation Weekly, 121(15):19, Oct. 7,1972.
This paper discusses the causes and prevention
of fires in stacks of baled waste paper. Stacks of
waste paper are particularly vulnerable to igni-
tion from external sources. Such research and in-
formation reports as are available on this subject
blame spontaneous combustion; but this answer
is not sufficient. Paper problems include the fol-
lowing: paper may be impregnated with drying
oils; the paper may have held vegetable matter,
food, or chemicals; coated paper is subject to bac-
terial decomposition and oxidation; and mixed
-------
14
with waste paper may be foreign substances
which could generate heat and lead to com-
bustion. Some safety hints follow: stacks should
be placed far from known sources of ignition;
there should be selective sorting, dry storage,
good ventilation, and monitored thermometer in-
spections; wire netting should be kept to a
minimum and spacing to the maximum possible,
consistent with economic use of the storage
space available.
[22854]
INCINERATION
73-3605
FLOWERS, G. H., JR. Apparatus for burning
combustible products in exhaust gases and
removing fly ash therefrom. Canadian Patent
901,389 owned by Waste Combustion Corp. Is-
sued May 30,1972.
This patent relates to an incinerator of the type
used in burning large volumes of rubbish or
waste material from commercial establishments
and apartment houses. An object of the present
invention is to provide an improved apparatus
for burning combustible products of exhaust
gases received from a combustion zone as well as
removing fly ash from such gases to thereby
substantially reduce the emission of obnoxious
and polluting products to the atmosphere. It is a
further object of this invention to provide an in-
cinerator using an apparatus for burning com-
bustible products and removing fly ash from ex-
haust gases of the main combustion chamber.
73-3606
GREEN, C. L. Incinerator. U.S. Patent 3,703,732.
Issued Nov. 28,1972.
This patent relates to a combustion toilet for in-
cinerating human waste which has a lower in-
cinerating chamber and an upper chamber. The
waste falls on a butterfly valve which is mounted
between the two chambers and is mechanically
linked to the lid so as to deposit the waste into
the lower chamber when the lid is closed. A mer-
cury switch is mounted for rotation with the
valve so as to be electrically closed when the lid
is closed and is electrically connected to a
manually actuable timer and gas valve so that
the gas valve admits gas into the lower chamber
to incinerate the waste only. Combustion toilets
represent one especially satisfactory way of
disposing of human wastes, particularly at such
locations where conventional sewage systems
are impractical.
[22856]
73-3607
Hai-purasuchikku shokyaku no kaihatsu jittai
chosa. [Investigation on the development of
plastic incinerators.] Kagaku Kojo, 16(7):53-58,
July 1972.
Questionnaires were sent to 83 incinerator
manufacturers to examine how many of them
were involved in designing, developing, and
manufacturing of incinerators specially made for
plastics or for waste containing plastics. The
present urban waste is said to contain 9 to 12
percent plastics. Only 34 replies were received,
of which 18 were involved in manufacturing of
plastic incinerators. These answers are
presented in a table form with regard to the
design specifications, capacity, methods of com-
bustion, scale, performance, construction cost,
maintenance cost, construction material, and
various other features. (Text in Japanese)
[22857]
73-3608
HOWES, L. D. System for controlling the burn-
ing or stock piling of refuse according to operat-
ing conditions of an incinerator. U.S. Patent
3,702,594 owned by Garland Steel Co. Issued
Nov. 14,1972.
This patent relates to an automatic monitoring
system for burning or stock piling refuse imple-
mented by controlling the operation of an im-
proved incinerator according to its operating
conditions at any given point of time. One object
of this invention is to provide a new and im-
proved system for burning refuse. Another ob-
ject is to provide an improved system for either
burning or stock piling an uneven flow of refuse
according to the operating conditions of an as-
sociated incinerator.
[22858]
-------
16
73-3609
KAWASHIMO, K., ET AL. Method and apparatus
for disposing of refuse, U.S. Patent 3,707,129
owned by Ebara Infiko Kabushiki Kaisha. Is-
sued Dec. 26,1972.
This patent relates to an improved method for
disposal of refuse comprising the successive
steps of drying, gasifying, and combustion, each
step being carried out in a separate chamber.
The refuse is dried in the top chamber, gasified
in the middle chamber, and burned in the bottom
chamber. Exhaust gases from the bottom
chamber pass upwardly through downwardly
moving refuse to effect gasification in the middle
chamber and drying in the top chamber. Exhaust
gases from the top chamber are treated to
remove noxious and corrosive components prior
to recycling to the apparatus and to venting. The
method and apparatus are suitable for use with
mixed refuse containing glass, metal, and gar-
bage.
[22859]
73-3610
Krro, S. [Plastic waste disposal apparatus.]
Nenryo Kyokai-shi, 51(541):284-290, May 1972.
A test plant plastic incinerator was constructed
by the Takuma Boiler Manufacturing Co. for
Sekisui Chemical Industries, and the use of a
continuous feed spreader was found to be most
effective for prevention of black smoke, and the
use of a venturi scrubber proved to be effective
for elimination of hydrogen chloride gas. The in-
cinerator was designed for combustion of poly vi-
nyl chloride exclusively, but it is also applicable
for combustion of other plastics. When burning
polyethylene, polypropylene, or polystyrene,
(those plastics which do not produce toxic gases),
the incinerator requires no scrubber for the com-
bustion gas. The system may or may not have a
pretreatment apparatus. For an incinerator with
a pretreatment system, the flow chart comprises
a pit, a supply crane, a vibration feeder, a metal
eliminator, a rotation shredder, a continuous
screw feeder with a quantitative supply hopper,
a pretreatment chamber (300 C dry distillation),
a quantitative supply hopper, and the incinera-
tor. The incinerator is a flat non-grid type com-
bustion chamber with an oil burner and many air
nozzles. From the incinerator, ashes are sent by
an ash conveyor to an ash bunker. The com-
bustion gas goes to the boiler, and the water sup-
plied the boiler water pump creates steam. The
heat from the gas is sent back to the pretreat-
ment system through a heat exchanger. The gas
then goes to a venturi scrubber and goes out
from a stack. (Text in Japanese)
[22860]
73-3611
KURIHAEA, S. Seikatsukei kotai haikibutsu no
seijo to sono shori no kosatsu. [Character of
domestic refuse and examination of treatment
methods. Part 6.] Yosui to Haisui, 14(8):983-987,
Aug. 1972.
The water squeezed out of domestic refuse and
the composition of such liquid are discussed. The
garbage water collecting at the incinerator pits
at five locations in Tokyo were studied. Water
gathered mostly during summer months (June
and September), whereas winter months from
November through February or March did not
produce water in the pits. These incinerators
treat from 350 to 600 tons of waste daily. Three
of them are continuous incinerators and two are
batch type. They had 5 to 9 tons of water collect-
ing daily through the summer months, and at one
incinerator in particular, there were as much as
20 tons per day of water in the pit during August
and September. There were large amounts of
nitrogen, BOD, COD, and organic acids in these
liquids. Much of the organic acids was lactic acid
(72 percent), then acetic acid (approximately 25
percent), then traceable amounts of formic acid
and propylene acid. (Text in Japanese)
[22861]
73-3612
LANG, J. M. Anti-pollution solid waste burning
incinerator. U.S. Patent 3,707,128 owned by
Care, Inc. Issued Dec. 26,1972.
This patent relates to incinerators capable of
burning waste material. More particularly, this
invention involves an antipollution incinerator
which is effective in controlling the amount of
byproducts of combustion introduced into the at-
mosphere. The incinerator includes a pressurized
flame means directed across a flue entrance
-------
16
opening whereby the pressurized flame
produced a restrictive air block of the flue open-
ing thereby increasing pressure within the com-
bustion chamber.
[22862]
73-3613
MOLL, W. Problem: Muelluerbrennung.
[Problem: refuse incineration.] Staedtehygiene,
23(10):236-237, Nov. 1972.
According to recent studies the incineration of
refuse causes serious dangers to human health.
The volume of refuse is considerably reduced by
incineration and the weight of the ash amounts
to one-third of that of the unburnt refuse. How-
ever, the ash still contains 3 to 8 percent of com-
bustible substances and is not sterile. The slag
produced contains 0.6 to 4.3 percent of soluble
substances of which 0.2 to 0.9 percent is lead, and
1.6 percent is zinc, manganese and other metals.
The unburnt organic material probably contains
substances which may cause cancer. Therefore,
the utilization of incinerator slag in road con-
struction may be dangerous, since the metal salts
may be dissolved by rain. Due to these problems
the refuse incineration process must be im-
proved so that a more complete combustion
takes place and the slag must be sintered so that
it will be possible to dispose of it without any
dangerous consequences. (Text in German
[22863]
73-3614
Muellbeseitigung. [Conversion of garbage into
low-sulfur fuel by pyrolysis.] Chemie Ingenieur
Technik, 44(20):A 1339,1972.
Refuse and municipal refuse can be transformed
into fuel oil containing only a small percentage of
sulfur by means of a pyrolytic process. After
magnetic separation of metallic parts, the refuse
is shredded, dried, and classified in an air stream,
into organic and inorganic substances. The or-
ganic substances are comminuted and then
cracked by means of heat and atmospheric pres-
sure in the absence of oxygen. In addition to oil,
this process furnishes tar which can be burnt or
transformed into activated coal. One ton of
refuse furnishes about one barrel of oil. Another
method of refuse removal provides for mixing
municipal refuse in a ratio of 1 to 10 with pul-
verized coal and burning it in a steam boiler
plant. (Text in German)
[22864]
73-3615
MULLIN, J. R. Incinerator-heating plant. The
Military Engineer, 64(422):418-421, Nov.-Dec.
1972.
The article describes Frankfurt, Germany, in its
attempt to cope with the problems of solid waste
disposal. It was decided by the city approximate-
ly a decade ago to experiment with incineration
of its waste as an answer to the problem. An
agreement was reached between Frankfurt and
the new town of Nordweststadt in which Frank-
furt would provide heat and light for the new
community through use of its refuse treatment
and power plant. Designs called for a maximum
capacity of 1,000 tons per day of waste for in-
cineration. The chimney, water, sewer, and
drainage installations were used by both cities,
although the incinerator operation and heating
operation are run by each city separately. The
plant constructed at Frankfurt stresses minimal
noise and air pollution, use by the new satellite
town of the excess heat generated, and residue
recycling which approaches 100 percent. The
main structures of the plant are the heating unit,
the refuse incinerator, and the central repair
shops. A major consideration in designing the
plant was a determination of the type of refuse
to be handled. The higher a community's stan-
dard of living, the greater the waste. It was
proposed for Frankfurt that the minimum heat
for garbage burning be 4,550,000 Btu per Ib.
Because of this large figure, it was decided that a
heating/power plant was more beneficial than a
heating plant alone. Operation of the plant has
not been completely successful. Expanding
requirements for iron recycling were not con-
sidered. Also, some industrial waste is not han-
dled because of size limitations
[22865]
73-3616
NIPPON KOKAN KABUSHIKI KAISHA. Haikibut-
su shokyaku purant. [Waste incinerating plant ]
Kotai Haibutsu, (8):90-93, Dec. 1972.
-------
17
This plant is provided with a NKK-Ferunst type
reciprocating stage fire lattice which has a good
ventilating effect and a proper stirring and
loosening effect, achieving a high combustion
rate, and has also a gas flow system by which gas
can flow in the reverse direction to adjust its
flow for seasonal variations in the quality of
waste. Also, a room in which the exhaust gas is
mixed is provided in this plant as a help for the
complete neutralization and combustion of acid
gas such as hydrogen chloride and imperfect
combustion gas from plastic waste contained in
wastes. In this system, waste can accept a suffi-
cient radiant heat from the combustion gas, the
furnace wall, and the ceiling; even on the post
combustion fire lattice the ashes are given heat
enough to complete the post combustion, so that
it can be completely reduced to ashes. For these
reasons, this type of incinerator is suitable for
the combustion of low-calorie wastes such as city
wastes. The harmful gases resulting from the
combustion of wastes are treated completely by
desulfurization equipment which can remove the
oxides of sulfur. This type of plant also can
dispose of a wide variety of wastes, and is availa-
ble in several capacities from 30 tons per 8 hr to
1,200 tons per 24 hr. (Text in Japanese)
[22866]
73-3617
NIPPON SHARYO SEIZO KAISHA, LTD. Nissha-
shiki gomi shokyakuro. [Nissha-type waste in-
cinerator.] Kotai Haibutsu, (8):94-97, Dec. 1972.
The mechanism of combustion within this type of
incinerator, consisting of a drying zone, com-
bustion zone, and post combustion zone, involves
all the operations of the transfer, turnover, and
stirring of waste by outside automatic remote
control, in which, since no excess air is required
and the combustion is made after complete dry-
ing, combustion at high temperatures of more
than 750 C is possible, and therefore the occur-
rence of offensive odors and dust can be
prevented. And, because the combusting air at
high temperature is sent into the furnace from a
special hot air generator, even non-combustible
wastes can be completely burned. The charging
of wastes is so performed by the pit-crane
system with a pit shutter rapidly working by the
button operation that the accumulation of waste
can be avoided and also offensive odors do not
permeate the air. Furthermore, because the noz-
zles of the smoke-washing and temperature-
reducing equipment can automatically adjust the
amount of gas passing through the fire flue and
the amount of water supplied, the water to be
discharged is very small, and the exhaust gas at
reduced temperature is sent to multicyclones for
the complete removal of dust. This type of in-
cinerator is available in various capacities rang-
ing from 10 to 100 tons per day (8 hr). (Text in
Japanese)
[22867]
73-3618
PASICHNYK, P. G. Incinerator hood. U.S. Patent
3,703,070. Issued Nov. 21,1972.
This patent relates to outdoor refuse-burning
containers and more particularly to such con-
tainers incorporating a hood for improved filtra-
tion of burned products, for ordinary outdoor
refuse burning barrels. A conical hood for such a
barrel is provided. The hood has a combustion
product discharging vent with a removable filter
cartridge inserted therein. The combustion
products are forced to pass first through the in-
terior of the cartridge which is constituted of
strips of expanded metal stuffed into the interior
of the cartridge.
[22868]
73-3619
REINER, J. R., W. J. PREUSCH, AND W. G.
DAVENPORT. Incinerator charging cut-off gate.
U.S. Patent 3,707,130 owned by Beaumont Birch
Co. Issued Dec. 26,1972.
This patent relates to incinerator apparatus
generally, and more particularly to improve-
ments in charging cut-off gates for opening and
closing as required the hopper through which
charges of rubbish to be burned are introduced
into the incinerator combustion chamber and in
gas relief gates for opening and closing as
required exhaust ports through which gases of
combustion may be exhausted externally of the
incinerator furnace. The closure gate is of an ar-
ticulated construction having a pair of hinged-
together sections. The fore section of the gate is
upwardly and rearwardly inclined as an exten-
-------
18
sion of the back wall of an incinerator charging
hopper with which the gate may be associated to
deflect back into the hopper rubbish which
would otherwise not be received by the hopper.
[22869]
73-3620
SANKI ENGINEERING Co., LTD. Sanki no
haikibutsu shori shisetsu. [Sanki type waste
disposing facilities.] Kotai Haibutsu, (8):74-77,
Dec. 1972.
Continuous combustion incinerator, semi-con-
tinuous combustion incinerator, mechanized
batching combustion incinerator, and sanki type
waste incinerator are outlined. The continuous
combustion incinerator is a completely
mechanized furnace in which the processes of
throwing in, drying, burning, post burning, ash
ladling, and dust collecting are automatically and
integratedly mechanized and the drying process
which is the heart of the plant is provided with a
rotary dryer, the burning process being provided
with a movable stoker. The semi-continuous fur-
nace is one in which the processes of throwing in,
drying, and burning are simplified and the auto-
matic control system is omitted. The semi-
mechanized furnace with a quarterly throw-in
system has a furnace structure in which full con-
siderations are taken of the changeabilities of
the furnace temperature and the amount of ex-
haust smoke. The SanM type incinerator has the
two types, a rotary kiln type and a sludge burn-
ing type. The sludge incinerator has a process by
which metallic sludge of 85 percent water con-
tent can be burned out by utilizing waste heat
from the incinerator, and the exhaust gas is in-
troduced into the kiln through an automatic tem-
perature control room where the exhaust gas is
adjusted to a definite temperature, 500 to 600 C.
The sludge thrown into the kiln is transferred
while being stirred and burned with the exhaust
gas. The disposing capacity is 1,748 kg per 2.4 cu
m. (Text in Japanese)
[22870]
73-3621
TOKYO KIEYOKU Co., LTD. Sky-View tokushu
shokyakuro. [Sky-View special incinerator.]
Kotai Haibutsu, (8):82-85, Dec. 1972.
This furnace, developed for polyvinyl chloride,
other plastic wastes, waste solvents, and so
forth, is so designed that hydrochloric acid of
about 100 percent can be absorbed in a washing
liquid to discharge into the atmosphere in a
harmless state, and any corrosive hazard can be
eliminated. The combustion room carries out
preliminary combustin to give off the dry-
distilled gas which is in turn introduced into the
next combustion room through the layers of
waste and live coal. Thus, the amount of gas in
the main combustion room is almost constant and
admixture of gas with the jet air from the noz-
zles can be constantly performed, allowing high
temperature combustion to continue in spite of
intermittent change. A two-stage system is used
in which the melted waste falling from above or
imperfect combustibles can be completely
burned out. The hydrogen chloride contained in
the exhaust gas is almost completely removed by
special washing equipment which can carry out
concurrently the lowering of temperature, the
collection of dust, and the absorption of gas, pro-
vided for the special furnace. The disposing
capacities of this type furnace are 1,000 to 10,000
kg per 7 hr. (Text in Japanese)
[22871]
73-3622
TOKYO TAINETSU SANGYO Co., LTD. Totai-shiki
gomi shokyakuro. [Totai-type waste incinerator.]
Kotai Haibutsu, (8):86-89, Dec. 1972.
This incinerator has a double charging hole
which keeps out the flow of cool air from outside
into the furnace when waste is charged, and
which protects workers from falling into the fur-
nace while maintaining high temperatures
within the furnace. The door is operated by oil
pressure, and the high temperature smoke and
gas exhausted when waste is burned go over the
drying rostor on their way to the fire flue,
enhancing the drying effect. Particularly in the
case of high waste content, the hot air-generat-
ing furnace which can produce a hot air of 200 C
can be operated to effect a rapid drying perfor-
mace during an operating time when the tem-
perature within the furnace is still low. About
700 to 800 C temperature of waste heat is in-
troduced into a heat exchanger mounted in the
inside of the fire flue to utilize for cooking, bath,
-------
19
etc. The incinerator incorporates the concrete
castable ceiling which is highly suitable for burn-
ing plastic waste or similar waste, and which is
made of a fire brick which gives a long life to the
furnace. The odor coming from the combustion
of wastes is transferred to the hot air-generating
furnace through a duct to completely eliminate
secondary pollution. The cost of construction for
this type of incinerator is fairly inexpensive, and
the 6 to 70 ton capacities of incinerators are
working throughout the country. (Text in
Japanese)
[22872]
73-3623
WOGROLLY, E. Zum verhalten von PVC-hal-
tigem hausmull in verbrennungs-anlagen.
[Behavior of PVC in household refuse in in-
cinerators.] Kunststoffe, 62(l):53-56,1972.
In this article, the connection between plastics
content of household refuse and composition of
the flue gases generated in a rotary kiln type in-
cinerator is being discussed, based on incinera-
tion tests carried out in a prototype incinerator
of the Oesterreichische Alpine Montan-
gesellschaft in Zeltweg, Austria. It happens that,
with proper incineration, even above-average
percentages of plastics, such as 10 percent
polyethylene (PE) and 5 percent polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) are in no way detrimental to the
incineration process, nor do they have any corro-
sive effect on the equipment, and also do not
represent any risk to the environment. For ex-
ample, on a given day, flue gas obtained from
burning normal household refuse contained 2.0
ppm hydrogen chloride. With 5 percent PVC
added, the hydrogen chloride content went up to
between 4.6 and 7.2 ppm. A carbon monoxide
content of 0.01 percent in normal refuse changed
to 0.05 percent with 10 percent PE, and to 0.02
percent with 5 percent PVC. The nitric oxide
content of the flue gases actually declined with
the addition of plastics. (Text in German)
[22873]
73-3624
WOGROLLY, E., AND H. Burz. Planung und bau
moderner muellverbrennungsanlagen. [Planning
and construction of modern incineration plants.]
Staedtereinigung- Umweltschutz, 9(9): 195-200,
1972.
For the planning of an incineration plant exact
data concerning refuse composition are necessa-
ry. A continuous operation of the incineration
plant, i.e., 168 hr per week, guarantees the best
rate of utilization. The location finding should be
made in consideration of the throughput ex-
pected of the plant, the traffic situation in the
area and the most favorable distance between
the incineration plant and the centers of refuse
collection. A refuse incineration plant should
have a sufficiently large storage bin, mills and
crushers for shredding bulky refuse and special
devices and burners for the treatment of waste
oils. In case of sewage sludge combustion special
furnace constructions must be chosen. The best
system for burning sludge is the rotary kiln fur-
nace. Wet sludge has to be predried by the hot
flue gases before being burned. Another solution
of burning sludges offers a special furnace con-
struction where the wet sludge is sprayed into
the furnace by means of nozzles. Burning of old
tires in incinerating plants is possible if they are
pre-shredded, while the combustion of hospital
refuse and combustible industrial refuse does
not cause any problems. (Text in German)
[22874]
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
73-3625
[A $45 million smelter pollution control project.]
Mining Engineering, 24(9):26, Sept. 1972.
Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. has
awarded a $45 million contract for smelter pollu-
tion control to Wellman-Power Gas, Inc. The
facility will have an Elkem electric furnace, five
Metallurgie Hoboken-Overpelt siphon conver-
ters, and a Lurgi double-absorption sulfuric acid
plant. The project incorporates the most techni-
cally advanced smelter air pollution control
equipment so that fumes and dust arising from
the process will be totally recycled.
[22882]
73-3626
[Fly ash as a cement extender.] Mining En-
gineering, 24(9):26, Sept. 1972.
-------
20
Fly ash, a residue produced by the burning of
finely pulverized coal in large power plants, is
now being used as a cement extender. A year-
long program involving the removal, classifica-
tion, and sale of fly ash from the electrostatic
precipitators of Georgia Power Co.'s plant in At-
lanta has demonstrated how a possible air pollu-
tant can be profitably utilized. The cost of fly ash
disposal, frequently in sanitary landfill, can run
into several dollars a ton. The use of fly ash in
ready-mix concrete and concrete block produces
a stronger and more durable and impermeable
product while reducing raw material costs.
[22881]
73-3627
[Recovery and recycling of sulfuric acid from in-
dustrial waste.] Mining Engineering, 24(9):26,
Sept. 1972.
New Jersey Zinc Co., under a grant from the En-
vironmental Protection Agency (EPA), is study-
ing a new process for the recovery and recycling
of sulfuric acid from industrial wastes. The
process, which has potential application to sul-
furic acid wastes originated by titanium dioxide
pigment and metal treating plants, involves the
evaporation and controlled condensation of
water and sulfuric acid to produce an acid stream
suitable for recycling to the originating process.
The pilot plant will cost over $250,000.
[22917]
73-3628
[Stream channel mitigation project.] Mining
Engineering, 24(9):26, Sept. 1972.
Hecla Mining Co. in Idaho has formulated a
stream channel mitigation project to accom-
modate tailings from its mine and mill. The
proposed stream alteration will fulfill basic
requirements for trout growth and reproduction.
Also planned is an extensive revegetation pro-
gram along the channel banks. The company is
assuming responsibility to finance replanting 75
percent of any vegetation that might fail after
the initial planting.
[22921]
73-3629
ANDERSON, D. Disposal of sludge solids from
food industry waste treatment. Critical Reviews
in Food Technology, 3(l):27-87, Apr. 1972.
This exhaustive study and literature review of
the treatment of wastewaters, the dewatering
and disposal of sludges and the possibility of
resource recovery from food processing wastes
contains a long bibliography. The first section of
the article is devoted to the source and nature of
the wastes produced; the observation is made
that, since, for the most part, these wastes are
amenable to biological treatment, there is
usually a sludge treatment and disposal problem
for the food processor. Typical waste loads for
various industries are given. Various methods of
sludge filtration are discussed, and the draw-
backs and advantages of each outlined. Equip-
ment selection is covered, with suggestions as to
what laboratory evaluation can be made before a
system is tried on stream. Mathematical
procedures for assessing sludge filterability are
provided. Various methods of sludge condition-
ing with chemicals and heat are discussed.
Capital and operating costs for several types of
equipment are set forth in charts. Rotary hearth,
fluidized bed and other forms of incineration are
also discussed as means for sludge disposal, as
are sanitary landfilling, composting, and ocean
disposal. Space is devoted to the hydraulics of
sludge pumping and pipelining for ocean disposal
of sludge. Resource recovery from distillery
wastes, vegetable and fruits is also discussed.
[22875]
73-3630
Automated plant is built for speed. Food En-
gineering, 44(11):80-81, Nov. 1972.
A new pork processing facility in South St.
Joseph, Missouri, owned by Armour Food Co., is
completely automated and equipped to handle
450 hogs per hr along with 15,200 Ib per hr of
lard and 20,000 Ib of inedible fat. Like the rest of
the plant, the waste disposal facilities are the
most modern available. A 250-ft tunnel has been
installed to eliminate accumulation of fat and
meat scraps in containers on the plant floor. Fed
by a series of intake chutes and extending under
slaughtering and cutting rooms, it houses a
-------
screw conveyor that carries these materials to
an inedible rendering tank. Conveyor cleaning is
a simple process. Inedible rendering is carried
out in another department operating at a capaci-
ty of 20,000 Ib per hr of tallow. To minimize
odors, jet condensers and a blood centrifuger are
employed. A 15-by 80-ft clarifier is used in the
inedible fat rendering room to further aid air and
wastewater purity. Fat-bearing wastewater
first passes through two large, fine screens be-
fore it's piped into the concrete clarifying tank.
Fat-free wastewater is then discharged into the
sewage system for further treatment.
[22876]
73-3631
BAYER, G. Moglichkeiten zur wirtschaftlichen
beseitigung von rotschlammen. [Possibilities for
economical red mud disposal.] Erzmetall,
25(9):454-457, Sept. 1972.
In the process of prime aluminum manufacture
from bauxite by the Bayer method, a residue
called red mud is generated. It contains various
degrees of iron oxides. The firm of Biulini in
Ludwigshafen, West Germany, has developed
three groups of techniques for utilization of red
mud. One is production of crude iron or steel
from red mud containing at least 45 percent iron
oxide. This is done by heating the mud-mixed
with fine grain coal and ground limestoneO in a
rotary kiln where the iron oxide is reduced to
metallic iron. A second operational stage consists
of melting and slag separation in a special melt-
ing furnace. A second method is utilization of red
mud with low iron oxide content in the manufac-
ture of high quality building bricks. The addition
of the iron oxide increases the strength of the
brick material to a compressive strength of
about 500 kg per sq cm compared to 150 kg per
sq cm with conventional brick material. Also,
under the trade name Ferri-Floc, Guilini manu-
factures and markets a product for purification
of industrial and municipal wastewater. Ferri-
Floc, produced by reaction of red mud with sul-
furic acid, contains water soluble iron and alu-
minum sulfates which have the effect of inducing
the formation of flakes of the finely dispersed
impurities which can then be easily segregated.
(Text in German)
21
73-3632
BESIK, F. K, AND A. S. LAING. Clarification to
reclaim copper. Water and Pollution Control,
110(9):34-36, Sept. 1972.
This article describes how a wastewater stream
containing copper can be recirculated to provide
a closed loop for the water and to reclaim the
valuable copper and avoid water pollution. The
water is used to lubricate the roll bearings in a
rolling mill. The objectives of the waste treat-
ment process are: to achieve effluent with a
copper concentration of less than 1 ppm; to
recover the copper; to reuse the classified ef-
fluent for lubrication; and to eliminate con-
tamination of the receiving stream. Analysis of
the effluent showed that the copper is in suspen-
sion, in particles with the range of 0.1 to 3.0
microns in a solution with a pH around 8.0. The
selected treatment is coagulationO flocculationO
settling. In the plant used for an example, sodi-
um hydroxide in a 50 percent solution is availa-
ble, so it is used in combination with Hercufloc
817 and another coagulant. This process was
tested in a pilot plant for 10 days; results in-
dicated that the effluent was the clear and the
copper concentration always less than 1 ppm. A
diagram is given showing how the pilot operation
can be scaled up for full plant waste treatment.
According to the proposed layout, the dosage of
chemicals does not require additional personnel
and the necessary tanks for chemicals are as-
sumed to be available. Thus, the price of the
chemicals is the only additional cost to be in-
curred in adopting the new system.
[22878]
73-3633
BOADWAY, J. D. Removal of suspended solids
by centrifugal force. Pulp and Paper Magazine
of Canada, 73(9):97-99, Sept. 1972.
The need for a better method of clarifying
liquids, particularly large volumes with low
levels of solid suspension, has stimulated
research at Queen's University over the past 5
years, resulting in the development of the Vor-
tex Clarifier. The device appears to be an effi-
cient means of removing fiber from paper mill
fluid effluents, in equipment that is small rela-
tive to the gravity clarifier. A further beneficial
-------
22
factor is that separation takes place under pres-
sure. The pressure reduces bubble size so that
they have little or no effect on particle density.
The sedimentation process is described in detail,
and data on performance and components of the
device are given, including design specifications.
Results of tests carried out are also given. The
new device should have an important role in
fiber recovery, particularly since it requires lit-
tle space and could be used inside a paper mill to
salvage fiber effluents before they are con-
taminated by being discharged into the general
mill system. It should also be used in general ef-
fluent clarification. Addition of flocculants would
increase removal efficiency. Increasing the size
of the device will not affect its performance.
[22879]
73-3634
Complete treatment service. Water and Waste
Treatment Journal, 15(8): 16, Aug. 1972.
This article is based on research done recently in
Great Britain on the chemical treatment of
water and provides advice for municipal and in-
dustrial effluent and water treatment plant
operators. A comprehensive range of flocculants
based on polymers have been developed to com-
bat pollution problems. The basic problem in the
chemical treatment of water is one of settlement,
and in industry the nonchemical separation of
solids from water may be achieved by settling
lagoons, thickeners, and fast settling cones.
Treatment of different systems usually requires
individual techniques and therefore any product
development must take into account variable
requirements. Where the reclamation of solids is
concerned several mechanical techniques are
available, such as vacuum filtration, filter
pressing, and centrifuging. Treatment of water
for industrial use generally consists of con-
trolling hardness and iron scale deposits, and
corrosion and organic growths in both the
process and cooling systems. Clarified water is
normally used in particular processes or as boiler
feed water. Vast quantities of untreated water
are used by industry. The use of this raw water
gives rise to serious corrosion problems; how-
ever, a range of highly efficient chromate-based
corrosion inhibitors and low toxicity complexes
is now available for varying industrual require-
ments.
[22880]
73-3635
Der mensch und seine umwelt. [Man and his en-
vironment.] Gesundkeitstechnik,
(ll):237-239, Nov. 1972. The chemical enterprise
BASF has to dispose of about 500,000 tons of
refuse consisting in demolition waste, insulating
material, industrial refuse, etc., annually. Solid
non-hazardous wastes are transported to special
locations where the refuse is classified. From
there the refuse is transported by ship to a 240-
hectare island in the Rhine River of which one-
third serves as a sanitary landfill. In the next 60
years BASF will turn its refuse into a hill 40 m
high on this island. Before starting sanitary land-
fill operations the bottom of the site was
prepared by compacting the soil and applying a
special lime layer to avoid water pollution. The
refuse is deposited and then compacted by
means of the heavy refuse trucks. The refuse
layer is covered with a layer of demolition waste
before distributing another refuse layer. In the
years from 1960 to 1969 BSAF spent about 697
million deutsche marks for environmental pro-
tection measures. The environmental expenses
in 1970 amounted to 120 million deutsche marks
and in the years from 1971 to 1974 BASF will
spend about 490 million deutsche
marks for environmental protection. (Text in
German)
[22908
73-3636
Great Lakes has Copeland system to handle
bark fines and sludge. Paper Trade Journal,
156(41):48-49,0ct.2,1972.
Great Lakes Paper Co. designed and constructed
a kraft primary effluent treatment system in
1965. More recently, in 1971, it introduced the
Copeknd fluid bed solid waste disposal system
to handle the mounting problems of debris and
other solid wastes. The system was installed to
cope with the problems resulting from the mill's
various pollution control systems. These were
the removal of bark fines from woodroom ef-
fluent and the disposal of sludge from the mill's
clarifiers. The Copeland fluid bed system for the
first time is being used for the disposal of
-------
woodyard waste and water treatment sludge in
the pulp and paper industry. Features of the
system include the specially designed reactor
which burns waste liquors without extraneous
fuel at concentrations well below those con-
sidered possible. Another feature is no air pollu-
tion. An economic feature is that the plant
generates hot water which is needed by the de-
icing system. Thus the steam supply for other
uses is increased without the expense of addi-
tional steam generating facilities. The actual
process is described. Basic elements of the
patented system include the reactor with an air
blower and air preheater, feed injection lines, a
discharge screw conveyor, a venturi, and a
scrubber.
[22883]
73-3637
HEIMLICH, S. Kunststoffabfaelle sind kein ab-
falL [Plastic wastes are not waste.] Kunststoff-
Berater, 17(9):734-736,738-739, Sept. 1972.
Methods and equipment for the regeneration of
plastic production wastes are described, with
special regard to plastic foil production. Mixing
production wastes followed by extruding, water-
cooling and subsequent granulation constitutes a
typical recycling process adopted for most of the
equipment reviewed here. The quality of the
regenerated product can be improved by heating
the waste being extruded to below fusion point
by friction. Injection molding is an alternative
for granulation in the recycling of production
wastes. (Text in German)
[22884]
73-3638
HOLCOMBE, J. K., AND P. W. KALIKA. Solid
waste management in the industrial chemical in-
dustry. Rockville, Maryland, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1971.290 p.
This report presents the results of a national
study to evaluate the solid waste management
practices of the industrial chemical industry, em-
bodied by Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) Number 281. Data and information on solid
waste management within the industry were ob-
tained through literature review, a questionnaire
mailed to a selected group of industrial chemical
23
plants, and field interviews with chemical plant
personnel throughout the country. Presented in
the report are the following information and
data for the industrial chemical industry on a na-
tional basis: total number of plants, employment,
value added by manufacture, and quantities and
types of products produced; past development
and production patterns within the industry with
an indication of present trends, new technology,
and future development; flow diagrams for the
basic production processes, showing points of
solid waste generation; location of the industries
with identification of centers of production in the
country; quantity and quality of solid waste
generated; universal parameters affecting solid
waste generation; current storage, collection,
and disposal practices of the industry; annual
operating expense for storage, collection, treat-
ment, and disposal of solid waste management
within the industry; and analysis of the future
trends of solid waste management in the indus-
try and factors which might influence them.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[22885]
73-3639
HORSFALL, D. W., AND A. BAIN. Landau's low
ash plant. Coal, Gold and Base Minerals of
Southern Africa, 20(6):23( 25,27,29,31,33,35,37,
Aug. 1972.
This article discusses the commissioning of
plants to produce low ash coal in South Africa. A
contract was signed between the Japanese steel
mills and the Transvaal Coal Owners Association
in 1971 for six plants, the first to be constructed
in Landau. In addition to providing the first
deliveries of coal promised to Japan, the Landau
plant will serve as the model for the other five
plants. Since the problems of low ash separation
are quite complex the plants are being designed
carefully. The difficulties involved in washing
the coal are discussed as are the tests performed
before the plant was designed and constructed.
(The Landau plant was completed in late 1972.)
The plant contains facilities for screening raw
coal by size and storing it, low and high gravity
washing equipment, and loading equipment. The
following are also described in detail and illus-
trated: the coarse coal washing circuit, the
-------
24
coarse coal medium circuit, the small coal wash-
ing circuit, fine coal treatment, automatic sam-
pling, steam coal, plant specifications, quality
control, plant operation, and a timetable for the
execution of the project. Since South African
plants have, up to the present, only been in-
volved in the production of larger size coal, this
commission is looked upon as an event of histori-
cal importance for the South African coal indus-
try.
[22886]
73-3640
Joint venture anti-pollution schemes in Basle
area. Chemical Age International, 105(2786):10,
Dec. 8,1972.
This article concerns joint anti-pollution efforts
of chemical firms in the Basle area of Switzer-
landO a region with a dense concentration of in-
dustry. The firms are Ciba-Geigy AG, Sandoz
AG, Lonza AG, and smaller firms. The air pollu-
tion control project includes a network of nine
sulfur dioxide monitors on masts, a mobile air
control station and two meteorological stations.
The data thus gained is fed into a computer and
industry takes the necessary steps to control pol-
lution as weather conditions dictate. The system
covers a 60 kilometer area. The chemical compa-
nies are also cooperating with local authorities in
creating a sewage plant for municipal and indus-
trial uses. In addition, the companies are jointly
operating a dump for industrial wastes and
working on recycling projects. These companies
are encouraging France, Germany, and Switzer-
land to cooperate on sewage treatment facilities.
[22887]
73-3641
Kawasaki develop waste plastic disposal unit.
Chemical Age, 105(2773): 15, Sept. 1972.
Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd. have developed
a new process claimed to be capable of disposing
of all types of waste plastic. Using the process,
large-scale plants capable of handling 100 tons
per day of waste plastic are feasible. The com-
pany says that about 70 percent of the waste can
be broken down into a mixture of gasoline and
light oil for use as a fuel. Hydrochloric acid with
a concentration of 20 to 30 percent is also
produced. Methane gas produced is separated
and recycled as the systems own heat source.
Chloride, cadmium, and other toxic substances
are removed during the operation.
[22888]
73-3642
LEVIN, H. C. Twelve months of progress: a
variety of new environmental controls.
Cyanamid News, June 1972. (Reprint) 2 p.
This article discusses American Cyanamid Co.'s
new and enlarged plant treatment systems that
clean their liquid wastes. Many of these new
systems provide odor-free plant operation. The
company's facilities throughout the United
States and the process each plant is using are
discussed in detail. Some of the systems include:
a control system to prevent discharges of
nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere; installation
of scrubbers and a return vent system; a facility
to provide complete secondary treatment; a sep-
cially designed biological treatment facility for
efficiently handling its industrial wastes; a new
sulfur recovery unit which reduces by more than
95 percent the sulfur dioxide waste gases from a
single manufacturing unit; a system for contain-
ing surface water runoffs which prevents con-
tamination of adjacent waterways; and a system
whereby process water used in the production of
alum is recycled back into the system and thus
eliminates effluent discharges.
[22889]
73-3643
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Case study-plant 1.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 45-52.
This plant mainly produces electric ranges and
range tops. The surroundings are 90 percent
light industrial and 10 percent residential. It is
located within a municipality and within half a
mile of the nearest residential area of any size. It
operates 5 days a week. The lines of responsibili-
ty of the staff are outlined as are the scrap and
waste generating operations. In-plant con-
veyance to the disposal area is by forklifting
truck. Containers are emptied at least once a
-------
day. The disposition agent is a contractor. The
methods are incineration and sanitary landfill.
The handling of streams from the various scrap
and waste generating operations and the equip-
ment used are also described. Methods of quality
computation; labor hours and costs; equipment
operation, maintenance, and costs; and contract
disposal costs are discussed in the text and ta-
bles. The management foresees major changes in
equipment and operations will be necessary for
solid waste handling because of the increasing
stringency on water pollution. The plant is now
engaged in designing these changes. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22890]
73-3644
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Case study-plant 3.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 72-95.
This plant is part of a multiplant complex and
.produces household refrigerators and room air
conditioners. The plant is located within a mu-
nicipality and half a mile from a residential area.
The surroundings are 100 percent light industri-
al. The plant operates 5 days a week. Responsi-
bility for waste management planning and en-
gineering is with the Superintendent of Manu-
facturing Process Development. At the mul-
tiplant level, there is a Director of Environmen-
tal Services whose function is the overall coor-
dination of operations involving pollution control
in air, water, solid waste, noise, and industrial
health. The scrap and waste generating opera-
tions and the primary collection containers are
discussed in detail. In-plant conveyance to the
disposal areas is by forklift truck and by flat bed
power vehicles. The company has its own dump.
How the streams from the various scrap and
waste generating operations are handled is also
discussed in detail. Methods of quality computa-
tion; labor hours and costs; equipment operation,
maintenance, and costs; and contractor fees are
described in the text and tables. This plant has
recently installed a larger size compactor and in-
tends to segregate the card-board by sorting it
from the conveyor belt to the compactors. The
company also has plans to install electrostatic
25
precipitators on the power plant stacks which
will completely eliminate the pollution by the
loss of fly ash in the stack gases. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22891]
73-3645
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Case study-plant 4.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 96-104.
This plant produces household refrigerators and
freezers. The plant is located within a municipali-
ty and 500 ft from a residential area. The sur-
roundings are 75 percent light industrial and 25
percent residential. This plant operates 5 days
per week. Responsibility for waste management
planning and engineering is with the manager of
manufacturing and engineering, the general
foreman of Production Control, the maintenance
foremen, the purchasing department, and
Production Distribution in the Traffic Depart-
ment. The scrap and waste generating opera-
tions and the primary collection containers are
discussed in detail. In-plant conveyance to the
disposal areas is by fork lift truck and sometimes
hauling containers in trains. The disposal agents
are the railroad and another contractor. The
methods are incineration and landfill. How the
streams from the various scrap and waste
generating operations are handled is also
discussed in detail. Methods of quality computa-
tion; labor hours and costs; equipment operation,
maintenance, and costs; and contractor fees are
described in the text and tables. Extensive
changes in the solid waste handling and an in-
crease in the total quantities is foreseen by plant
officials within the next 2 years because of the
restrictions being placed on the discharge of
solids to sewers. Included is the removal of solu-
ble and insoluble oils from the present sewers. In
addition steps are being taken which will help
consolidate the responsibility for waste handling
operations which are now rather fragmented.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[22892]
-------
26
73-3646
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Case study-plant 5.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 105-115.
This plant manufactures primarily household
dryers. The plant is located in a light industrial
area about 200 yd from the municipal boundary
and 500 yd from a residential area. The plant
operates 5 days per week. Responsibility for
solid waste management comprising both opera-
tion and planning is spread rather widely in this
plant and the staff and their duties are discussed
in detail. The scrap and waste generating opera-
tions and the primary collection containers are
also discussed in detail. In-plant conveyance to
the disposal areas is by fork lift truck and muleO
a standup motorized buggy operated by one man.
The disposition agents are two contractors.
Some of the disposal is to a municipal sanitary
landfill about 2 miles away from the plant. How
the streams from the various scrap and waste
generating operations are handled is also
discussed in detail. Methods of quality computa-
tion; labor hours and costs; equipment operation,
maintenance, and costs; and contractor fees are
described in detail in the text and tables. As a
result of the interest and information developed
out of the present survey of the plant, paper and
cardboard will be sorted from the collected
waste, shredded, baled, and sold directly by the
company; and management control and record
keeping for solid waste will be concentrated to a
much greater extent in a single individual. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22893]
73-3647
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Case study-plant 6.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 116-122.
This plant manufactures primarily electric
shavers. It is within a municipal boundary and
across the street from residential areas. The sur-
roundings are 30 percent light industrial, 20 per-
cent commercial, 30 percent residential, and 20
percent parks. The plant operates 5 days per
week. Solid waste management and planning
responsibility is with the Manager of Plant En-
gineering who reports to the Plant Manager. The
scrap and waste generating operations and the
primary collection containers are discussed in
detail. In-plant conveyance to the disposal areas
is by hand trucks. The disposition agents are a
number of contractors. The methods of disposal
are incineration and conveyance to a municipal
open dump. How the streams from the various
scrap and waste generating operations are han-
dled is also discussed in detail. Methods of quali-
ty computation; labor hours and costs; equip-
ment operation, maintenance, and costs; and con-
tractor fees are described in detail in the text
and tables. Since early in 1971 changes have
taken place in solid waste management in this
plant. The open container and the paper baler
were replaced with a compactor which is rented
from the contractor. A cafeteria has been in-
stalled in a separate building and the wastes are
picked up twice a week by the contractor who
handles the compactor wastes. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22894]
73-3648
Case study-plant 7. Case studyO plant 7. In
Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 123-128.
This plant manufactures all the small electrical
appliances including some equipment for outdoor
use. It is inside a municipal boundary about 1,000
ft from a residential area. The surroundings are
75 percent light industrial and 25 percent re-
sidential. It operates 5 days per week. The waste
management responsibility is with the Superin-
tendent of Maintenance who reports to the Vic-
President of Manufacturing. Operations are han-
dled by a maintenance manager, a janitor
manager, and a manager for raw materials and
scrap. Scrap sales are handled by the Director of
Purchasing. The scrap and waste generating
operations and the primary collection containers
are discussed in detail. In-plant conveyance to
the disposal area is by fork lift truck. The
disposition agent is a contractor and the disposal
-------
methods are incineration and sanitary landfill.
How the streams from the various scrap and
waste generating operations are handled is also
discussed in detail. Methods of quality computa-
tion; labor hours and costs; equipment operation,
maintenance, and costs; and contractor fees are
described in detail in the text and tables. This
establishment formerly had its own incinerator
facility which it abandoned due to increasingly
stringent air pollution regulations. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22895]
73-3649
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Case study-plant 8.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 129-137.
This plant produces household vacuum cleaners,
and other products related to floor care. The
plant is inside a municipal boundary and within a
high-class residential section, the plant being so
artistically landscaped that it blends into the re-
sidential pattern around it. The noise level out-
side the plant fence is that of a quiet residential
neighborhood. The plant operates 5 days per
week. The entire responsibility for waste
management, planning, engineering, and opera-
tion is with the plant engineering. Scales of scrap
and management of the disposal contract are
handled by the purchasing department. The
scrap and waste generating operations and the
primary collection containers are discussed in
detail. In-plant conveyance to the disposition
areas is by forklift truck. The disposition agent
for the detachable container is a contractor. All
the waste from the plant goes to the town dump
where some of it is incinerated. How the streams
from the various scrap and waste generating
operations are handled is also discussed in detail.
Methods of quality computation; labor hours and
costs; equipment operation, maintenance, and
costs; and contractor fees are described in detail
in the text and tables. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[22896]
27
73-3650
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Case study-plant 9.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 138-152.
This plant manufactures primarily sewing
machines. The plant surroundings are 50 percent
light industrial, 20 percent commercial, 25 per-
cent residential, and 5 percent parks. The plant is
inside a municipal boundary and within 200 yd of
a residential area. The plant operates 5 days per
week. Solid waste management and planning and
engineering responsibility is with the Supervisor
of Plant Engineering. Actual solid waste opera-
tions are under the Manager of Maintenance and
his foremen who report to the Manager of En-
gineering. The scrap and waste generating
operations and the primary collection containers
are discussed in detail. In-plant conveyance is by
wheeled containers, hand powered, and a roll-
over forklift truck. The wastes are taken to a
city sanitary landfill both by the plant operator
and a contractor. The sand and paint wastes in
drums are taken to a plant disposal area just out-
side the plant fence where the drums are buried
and the sand is used, in part, for cover. How the
streams from the various scrap and waste
generating operations are handled is also
discussed in detail. Methods of quality computa-
tion; labor hours and costs; equipment operation,
maintenance, and costs; and contractor fees are
described in detail in the text and tables. The
plant has replaced its packer truck with a sta-
tionary compactor. The management is not con-
sidering the sale, rather than the give-away of
its corrugated cardboard because the market for
it in this area has proven so poor. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22897]
73-3651
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Method used in in-
terview campaign. In Solid waste management
in the household appliance industry. Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Solid Waste Management, 1972. p. 40-42.
In order to obtain an overall view for this survey
of the industry, the Association of Home Ap-
-------
28
pliance Manufacturers, the Gas Appliance Manu-
facturers Association were contacted. They
assisted in obtaining preliminary statistical
material about the industry, and in paving the
way for contacts with the establishments to be
surveyed. State manufacturers directories
furnished identification of individual establish-
ments for the sample. This source was replaced
by a Dun & Bradstreet listing of establishments.
Only firms with more than 1,000 employees were
included in the interviews. After the firms to be
interviewed had been selected, letters describing
the project and asking permission to interview
were sent to a high executive of the firm. All ini-
tial correspondence contained a letter from the
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs of-
ficially describing the project. The interview was
accomplished in one full day. Persons inter-
viewed included not only the establishment's em-
ployees but also the contractors, local officials,
and other outside parties who might provide in-
formation. A rough draft of the case study for
each establishment was sent back to the firm for
review and checking. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[22902]
73-3652
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Scope of solid waste
management. Part 2. In Solid waste manage-
ment in the household appliance industry.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management,
1972. p. 18-21.
This paper explains some of the organization of
subject matter and terminology used. The path
of solid waste from the time of generation to the
time of ultimate disposal is broken down into the
following stages: generation; collection; in-plant
conveyance; preparatory processing; storage;
disposition; and disposal. Generation comprises
the production of the solid waste. Collections
refers to the activities of gathering together the
solid waste from the generating points. In-plant
conveyance signifies the conveyance of the col-
lected waste through the plant to a waste dock.
Preparatory processing refers to operations
which reduce the volume or weight of the waste;
disposition refers to the transfer of the waste
from the disposal dock to the ultimate disposal
facility. The disposition agent is the agent im-
mediately responsible for the disposition. Ulti-
mate disposal refers to the permanent disposal
of the waste. There are three types of containers
discussed in this study: containers at the work
site which are typically dumped into some other
container for in-plant conveyance; containers
primarily used for hauling waste from the
production points to some central disposition
point; and containers into which the waste, after
in-plant conveyance, is dumped and in which the
waste is conveyed to the disposal site. In this re-
port the first two types of containers are called
collection containers. The third type is called a
disposal container. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[22903]
73-3653
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Solid waste manage-
ment in the household appliance industry.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management,
1972.152 p.
This report dealt mainly with a survey of solid
waste management in the household appliance
industry. The following topics are covered: a
summary and analysis of the results of the sur-
vey; a discussion of the scope of solid waste
management in this industry; an outline of the
household appliance industry; and the methods
used in the interview campaign. Detailed case
studies of nine establishments are included in
this report. A great deal of data are provided in
the form of diagrams and tables. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22904]
73-3654
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Summary and analy-
sis. In Solid waste management in the
household appliance industry. Washington, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste Management, 1972. p. 2-14.
This paper discusses a project which in-
vestigated solid waste management in the
household appliance industry by characteristics
and statistics of the industry, especially as re-
lated to solid waste management, data being ob-
-------
tained from statistical sources; and an in-plant
survey of nine establishments having more than
1,000 employees providing case histories of the
in-plant and out-of-plant management of solid
wastes in these establishments. The industry is
divided into categories according to the equip-
ment manufactured. Input to typical plants is
discussed as well as the size of the industry, and
fabrication of the metals used. Tables are used to
summarize the quantitative data obtained in the
nine in-plant surveys. The general mode of in-
plant conveyance is discussed as is the waste
generation per employee. The percentages of the
total scrap and waste which was utilized, the
disposal agencies used by plants, and cost break-
downs for the individual plants are also included.
The accuracy of the data, input-output relations,
general observations on solid waste management
in the industry, and environmental impact are
also discussed in detail. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22905]
73-3655
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. The household ap-
pliance industry—outline of the industry. Part 1.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 22-24.
This paper explains the household appliance in-
dustry's industrial classification code 363. The
code categories include: household cooking
equipment; household refrigerators and
freezers; household laundry equipment; electric
housewares and fans; household vacuum
cleaners; sewing machines; and other household
appliances. The growth of the industry is also
discussed, as are the major trade associations
covering the industry. Code 363 products are
termed primary products and other products
manufactured are termed secondary products.
An equation is given for calculating the primary
products specialization ratio. A coverage ratio
equation is also given and explained in detail. It
has been found that there is a tendency toward
less specialization in code 363 manufacturers and
also more manufacture of code 363 products by
other manufacturers. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[22898]
29
73-3656
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. The household ap-
pliance industry-outline of the industry. Part 2.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 24-26.
This paper researches the possibility that the
larger plants may have significantly lower spe-
cialization ratios. To check this possibility use
was made of the manufacturers directories from
14 states which happen to present data adequate
for such an analysis. Products specified for code
363 establishments were classified. The
establishments were then divided into employee
size classes and the number of codes per plant in
each size class was computed. It was determined
that there is no trend in codes per plant with
upper class boundary. This survey also deter-
mined how many County Business Patterns
establishments could be found in the manufac-
turers directories. It was found that in general
the state manufacturers directories achieved a
rather high coverage of the County Business
Patterns universe. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[22899]
73-3657
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. The household ap-
pliance industry-outline of the industry. Part 3.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 26-31.
This paper describes a generalized code 363
plant which embodies most of the operations in-
volved in waste generation and in a particular
flow pattern for the household appliance indus-
try. A generalized flow chart is provided and ex-
plained in detail. Metals are received in rail cars
from which there is generated shoring and
strapping waste. The press department
generates cutoffs, punch-outs, and reject pieces.
The oils and lubricants used in these operations
become waste oils and are sometimes sold for
reclaiming. Other incoming metals may go to the
iron foundry or die casting departments where
-------
30
scrap is recycled and remelted. The metal work
pieces undergo a number of finishing operations
which are described in this paper also. Plastic
parts are used; most of the scrap plastic is re-
melted. After the metal pieces have been formed
and finished they may pass through coating
operations. Enamelling and painting operations
are outlined. Plants differ in the degree to which
they completely manufacture their products;
some plants make extensive use of purchased
parts and sub-assemblies. In addition to the
process materials, raw materials generating
waste also enter the plant in support functions,
e.g., food and food containers for the cafeteria.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[22900]
73-3658
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. The household ap-
pliance industry-outline of the industry. Part 5.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 36-39.
This paper considers the materials usage per
unit based on the 1958 and 1963 Censuses of
Manufactures, and provides the tonnage of
major materials used in each household industry
category together with the number of units
produced. Tables are used to show that ranges,
refrigerators, and laundry units are categorized
as heavy and general housewares; and vacuum
cleaners and sewing machines as relatively light.
It is concluded that the great preponderance of
household industry activity is in the North; east
of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio and the
Mason-Dixon line. Tables are also used to show,
for each category, the percentage of the total
employees in establishments in the North. In
some manufacturing categories for this industry
over 90 percent of the total employees are in the
North, even up to 98 and 99 percent. For all
household appliance industry categories about 83
percent of the employees are in the North. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22901]
73-3659
MACDONALD, R. Life with the blob. In Politics
and environment; a reader in ecological crisis.
Pacific Palisades, California, Goodyear Publish-
ing Co., Inc., 1970. p. 123-132.
This article describes the reaction to the Santa
Barbara oil spill in 1969. It was estimated that
20,000 barrels of oil were contained in the slick
that formed. The spill polluted 1,200 sq miles of
water and shoreline. The federal government
had granted leases to oil companies to drill in the
Santa Barbara channel. After the spill there was
great pressure to forbid the drilling of such
wells. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[22906]
73-3660
MEINECKE, A. Neues verfahren zur aufbe-
reitung von schleifergrobstoff. [New method for
treatment of coarse wood pulp.] Wochenblattfur
Papierfabrikation, 100(19):717-718,1972.
In the process of wood grinding for pulp manu-
facture, about 3 percent coarse material is
generated which, for economic reasons, has to be
separately treated so as to become usable wood
fiber material. A typical method employed in the
past was crushing in a hammermiU, which has
certain disadvantages. With the new process,
briefly described by the author, the coarse sub-
stance is brought into a solubilizer where it is
dissolved to the point of becoming pumpable, and
is then transferred in a continuous manner to a
disk type refiner for further attenuation. The
equipment can be so arranged that the refiner
takes care of the coarse material derived from
the grinder incombination with that obtained
from the sorting operation. By separate treat-
ment of the coarse material the yield of the pulp
production goes up, and the quality of the
product is improved. The installation can be ar-
ranged for fully automatic operation. (Text in
German)
229070
73-3661
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Handbook of
emissions, effluents, and control practices for
stationary particulate pollution sources. Cincin-
-------
nati, Ohio, U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Division of Process Control
Engineering, Nov. 1,1970.600 p.
This huge document is of interest primarily to
those concerned with air pollution. The major
divisions of the study are entitled: emission fac-
tors and rates: control equipment; effluent
characteristics; data for specific industriesO sta-
tionary combustion processes; crushed stone and
gravel industries; agriculture; iron and steel; ce-
ment; forest industries; lime manufacture; pri-
mary nonferrous metallurgy; clay products; fer-
tilizer manufacture; asphalt; ferroalloy manufac-
ture; iron foundries; coal preparation plants; car-
bon black manufacture; acid manufacture; and
incineration. Incineration, although not strictly
an industrial process, is included since many in-
dustries use this process to dispose of wastes.
The section on incineration is divided into mu-
nicipal, commercial, and apartment house in-
cineration. Appendix A presents economic con-
siderations in air pollution control; Appendix B
relates to minor sources of air pollution, such as
the chemical process industry. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22909]
73-3662
New tactics help fight pollution. Canadian
Pulp and Paper Industry, 25(10):50, Oct. 1972.
This article concerns the new approaches being
used by the Spruce Falls Power and Paper Co.,
Ltd. at Kapuskasing, Ontario to fight river pollu-
tion. It is using a log ejector to hurl 4-ft pulp-
wood onto the river ice, avoiding crushing it by
bulldozing. At the sawmill sawdust will be kept
down by chipping debarked sawlogs before saw-
ing them. Both chips and sawdust will be used as
fuel. The paper mill has also put in a clarifier to
take out wood waste. A special sludge press
prepares recovered material for fuel.
[22910]
73-3663
NICOLAY, C. E. Integrated refuse disposal. In-
dustrial Wastes, 18(5):44-45, Sept./0ct. 1972.
Oscar Meyer and Co. was faced with the problem
of disposing of more than 500 cu yd of bulk
refuse daily, while having access to the landfill
31
only during the day. Although the refuse con-
sisted mostly of plastic film and corrugated
board and contained no meat or animal products,
the wastes had to be removed continuously. To
eliminate the past practice of transporting the
wastes from the nine-floor building by elevator,
a chute was installed. This innovation alone
saved the firm $62,000 a year in labor costs. The
heart of the new system is a 5.2 cu yd stationary
refuse compactor located at the bottom of the
chute. When sufficient refuse collects in the
hopper, the compactor automatically forces the
waste into a detachable container located outside
the building. When the compactor reaches a pre-
set 2,000 Ib per sq in. limit, the unit sends a signal
that the container is full. The loaded container is
then removed to a holding area for hauling by
tractor to the landfill and an empty container is
locked into place. The tractor is equipped with
controls in the cab so that the operator does not
leave the tractor at the landfill. With a 3 to 1
compaction ratio, only three 40-cu-yd containers
are need to handle the entire plant operation.
Only four trips are made to the landfill each day.
The reduced labor requirements for hauling
refuse have saved the firm another $24,000 an-
nually. Several unique safety features have been
incorporated into the system.
[22911]
73-3664
Output of pollution control equipment. Chemi-
cal Economy and Engineering Review, 4(53):48,
Sept. 1972.
This article concerns the output of pollution con-
trol equipment by Japanese industry in the fiscal
year 1971. The equipment was worth 300,268
yen, an increase of 54.3 percent over the previ-
ous year. The equipment was for air and water
pollution control, noise abatement, and trash
disposal. Largest users of pollution control
equipment were government agencies. Ten
major companies share in the account for the
production of most of the equipment.
[22912]
73-3665
Pollution problem is eased by throwing logs into
river. Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry,
25(10):62-63, Oct. 1972.
-------
32
This article concerns an invention of Don David-
son and Don Romanowich at the Spruce Falls
Power and Paper Co., which prevents waste of
wood at a logging operation and the consequent
pollution. The usual method was to cut the trees
into 4 ft lengths and bulldoze them to the river,
crushing and wasting much wood. The new in-
vention hurls the wood from a paddlewheel type
device directly onto the frozen river.
[22913]
73-3666
PRADT, L. A. Developments in wet air oxida-
tion. Chemical Engineering Progress, 68(12):72-
77, Dec. 1972.
As regulations against air and water pollution
become more stringent, wet air oxidation, as ex-
emplified by the Zimpro process, will become a
more popular and economical method of treating
industry's waste streams. This article presents a
review of the basic design, economics and appli-
cations of wet air oxidation for various types of
wastes. Figure 1 is a basic flowsheet for wet ox-
idation. This flowsheet can be varied almost in-
finitely. Figures 3 and 4 show variations for
energy recovery, and Figure 5, a version for the
treatment of rather strong, aqueous stream, that
is, with an organic content of about 10 percent or
more. Factors affecting the cost of this method
of treating wastes are discussed, as are ways in
which it can be combined with other treatment
methods, such as biotreatment. Factors to be
taken into consideration in choosing between
wet oxidation and incineration are outlined.
Costs for typical installations are estimated.
Although any materials, including inorganics,
with a COD can be wet oxidized, some of the
more advantageous applications are listed.
Caustic streams, such as spent caustic and soda
pulping black liquor, dangerous, and toxic
materials such as cyanides and phenols, and
waste biological sludges are examples of wastes
suitable for wet oxidation. Inorganic chemicals
can easily and profitably be recovered from ox-
idized waste streams. For example, photographic
film subjected to wet oxidation can be the source
of silver.
[22914]
73-3667
Printing industry pollution: minor but possibly
expensive. Inland Printer/American Lithog-
rapher, 170(2):51, Nov. 1972.
The printing industry is not a major source of
pollution, and that which does occur can be con-
trolled without enormous expense. There are
emissions from solvents used in ink and coatings,
but a variety of systems are on the market to
deal with these. Spent solvents can be burned in
special incinerators, some of which are capable of
recovering the heat if needed. Solvents can also
be drummed and hauled away by scavengers,
possibly for recovery. Large printing concerns
may find it economical to reclaim their solvents
onsite. The pollution question that bears most
heavily on the printing industry is primarily one
that is outside their controlO paper recycling.
With the current interest in paper recycling, it is
essential that the paper industry establish plants
to treat and recycle waste paper. At present
there is a woeful shortage of such plants and this
situation results in limited markets for waste
paper. Corrugated and newsprint enjoy the most
active market, but even these grades cannot al-
ways be sold by municipalities interested in
reclaiming their wastes. Many pilot projects are
underway now, and surely more will follow to
solve this imbalance. Then the printer will find
that more and more of his customers will ask for
recycled paper. From the viewpoint of the
printer this is an advantage, since recycled paper
has qualities that make printing easier. It is easy
to handle, stable, and has good capacity.
[22915]
73-3668
Reclaiming zinc from an industrial waste
stream. Environmental Science and Technology,
6(10):880-881, Oct. 1972.
As effluent standards rose for the State of
Delaware, NVF Co. found that the zinc-bearing
wastewater from its vulcanized fiber plant had
to be treated before they were discharged into
either the county sewer or the Red Clay Creek.
The firm constructed a $1.2 million zinc reclama-
tion plant, sewer and pumping station capable of
handling 0.5 million gal of wastewater per day.
The plant now handles 350,000 to 400,000 gal per
-------
day. Waters containing 1.0 ppm zinc are pumped
to the county sewer. The bulk of the zinc is
removed and reused in the production process.
Wastewater containing 100 to 300 ppm dissolved
zinc is brought to a wet well where lime is added
to control pH and maximize precipitation. The
slurry is then passed to a flocculating chamber
and on to settling basins. The sludge, now con-
taining 2 to 4 percent solids, is precipitated again
with polymers. After centrifuging, it is treated
by hydrochloric acid (to form zinc chloride) and is
returned to the evaporator system for further
concentration before it is reused in manufactur-
ing vulcanized fiber. The discharge water goes to
the county sewer, and fish have returned to the
Red Clay Creek for the first time in 50 years.
The cost of zinc recovery is about the same as
the purchase price of 50,000 Ib of zinc chloride
that the company uses per month.
[22916]
73-3669
Refiners discuss chemical cleaning and main-
tenance. Oil and Gas Journal, 70(42):132, 137,
140-141, Oct. 16,1972.
This article covers the National Petroleum
Refiners Association's discussion on chemical
cleaning and disposal. Representatives from
many refineries discussed the particular
methods their plants use. The varied topics
discussed included: chemical cleaning to remove
coke, deposits in boiler tubes, acid cleaning, bun-
dle-burning oven, gum formation in compressors,
pump-seal life, flanges and bolting, stud ten-
sioner, electric heat tracing, tank bottoms, the
Occumpational Safety and Health Act, contrac-
tor safety, vacuum trucks, and how to avoid
trapping men in vessels. Various dumping
methods and areas were also outlined.
[22918]
73-3670
REGAN, W. J., III. An approach to ferrous solid
waste. In Proceedings; Solid Waste Demonstra-
tion Projects, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 4-6, 1971.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, p.
221-235.
This paper briefly examines solid waste in
general and ferrous solid waste in particular. It
33
discusses its sources, its markets, and the scrap
industry. Demand is defined as the key factor in
making ferrous solid waste an asset rather than
a liability. Recycling is the approach to ferrous
solid wastes which is held forth in this paper.
Although solid waste processing and recovery
may never become economic, it is recommended
that this should not be a deterrent to continued
development of solid waste recovery technology.
The specific topics which are discussed in detail
include: establishing a study of ferrous solid
waste; industrial use of ferrous scrap; factors af-
fecting demand for ferrous solid waste; growth
of consuming industries; iron and steel-making
technology; junked autos; steel cans; and ad-
dional obstacles to recycling ferrous solid waste.
Flow charts are provided for clarification of the
text. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[22919]
73-3671
REINSHAGEN, P. Afbreekbare kunststoffen
komen in commercieel stadium. [Degradable
plastics being launched.] Chemische Weekblad,
65(36):K(7-8), Sept. 1972.
Special incinerators for plastic wastes, the Fu-
nabashi plastic waste recycling project as well as
the 1,2-PBD and Eslen-P degradable plastics
developed in Japan, are reviewed. Direct com-
bustion, combustion under controlled tempera-
ture and air supply conditions for smokeless in-
cineration, and indirect process with a first stage
for dry distillation and dechlorination as well as
with a second stage for complete combustion are
applied in different types of special plastic waste
incinerators. Plastic wastes, thermoplastic and
thermosetting together, are recycled to pellets
used for a variety of purposes in the Funabashi
project. After contaminants are separated by air
and electromagnet, the wastes are washed,
dried, heated to 200 C for the liberation of
hydrochloric acid, and fused for pelleting. The
photodegradable 1,2-PBD (1,2-polybutadiene) by
the Japan Synthetic Rubber Co. containes 25
percent crystal, and is not cross-linked in its
structure. Also mixtures of at least 50 percent of
1,2-PBD with other, regular plastics are
photodegradable. The photodegradable Eslen-P
polystyrene by the Japanese Sekisui Chemical
-------
34
Co. contains a small amount of catalyst to in-
crease degradability. (Text in Dutch)
[22920]
73-3672
Sulfur dioxide fly ash scrubbing system in
Japan. Mining Engineering, 24(9):26, Sept. 1972.
A full-scale calcium oxide additive sulfur dioxide
fly ash scrubbing system in Japan has been an-
nounced by Chemico. The system is installed to
handle the total flue gases of a 156 MW coal-
fired steam electric generating unit which burns
coal with sulfur contents as high as 3.5 percent.
All guarantees for 90 percent sulfur dioxide
removal performance and outlet dust loading
less than 0.1 grains per standard cu ft dry have
been achieved using an electrostatic precipitator
in conduction with the scrubbing system.
[22922]
73-3673
Too clean to qualify for credit. Chemical Week,
lll(10):53-54, Sept. 6,1972.
Shell's Reichstett refinery in France is building
an $800,000 flocculation unit, designed to help
meet future pollution control requirements. The
new flocculator will be added to lower biological
oxygen demand (BOD), phenol content, and
suspended solids in the waste. The flocculator
can be fully automated and requires little main-
tenance. The tank has a capacity of 1,270 cu m
and a 1,000-cu m storage unit has been included
for emergency situations. The refinery has also
been paying considerable attention to the air pol-
lution problem. The boilers are operated on ex-
cess air. Solid wastes are carted away for
disposal by private contractors, but will be
burned in Strasbourg's new incinerator when it
goes into operation in 1973.
[22923]
73-3674
UDALL, S. Can we save our sick Great Lakes?
In Politics and environment; a reader in ecologi-
cal crisis. Pacific Palisades, California, Goodyear
Publishing Co., Inc., 1970. p. 109-123.
The Great Lakes are beginning to show signs of
old age, even while they are geologically young.
This article discusses the things that are killing
the Great Lakes and the methods being used to
rectify the situation. Lake Erie is at least one-
fourth dead in summer. However, since the Lake
is flushed constantly with water from Lake
Huron, it would be possible to restore it within
10 years. Lake Michigan could not be cleaned up
so easily. The biggest single industrial and mu-
nicipal polluters of the Lakes are U.S. Steel and
the city of Detroit. Both of these are trying to
improve. The aquatic life of the Lakes has been
contaminated with pesticides. Another problem
is the combined storm-sewage sewers which
tend to overload on rainy days and discharge raw
sewage into the lakes. Other dangers to the lakes
come from oil and gas drilling, paper-mill
discharges, TNT wastes, ore residues from
taconite processing, and agricultural runoff. Mu-
nicipalities, States, and the Federal government
are working together to find solutions to these
problems. Secondary treatment is required by
the 1965 Lake Erie Federal Enforcement Con-
ference. The installation of this equipment could
cost municipalities $1 billion. Procedures for the
removal of phosphates, separation of storm and
regular sewers, and other refinements will cost
much more. More stringent laws are needed as
well as enforcement of the existing ones. The Oil
Pollution Act is inadequate; the Water Quality
Act of 1956 must receive more careful enforce-
ment. The United States and Canada should
begin to cooperate more on the effort to clean up
the Great Lakes. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[22924]
73-3675
Verbrandingsproces voor afvalprodukten.
[Combustion process for waste materials.]
Procestechniek, 20(27): 675-676, Sept. 1972.
A slurry incinerator with a capacity of 0.6 to 1
ton per hr, manufactured by Winterschall AG,
Kassel, West Germany, is described. The in-
cinerator is suitable for the incineration of liquid
wastes such as refinery wastes, spent oil, acids,
together with solid wastes with a maximum par-
ticle size of 8 mm. The liquid and solid wastes are
mixed and homogenized by a centrifugal pump in
a common tank, and preheated before injection
into the combustion chamber. The combustion
air supply is controlled as a function of the com-
-------
bustion process. The incinerator has the ad-
vantages of being simple, inexpensive in opera-
tion, and reliable. (Text in Dutch)
[22925]
73-3676
Waste treatment at Port Talbot. Effluent and
Water Treatment Journal, 12(8):420-421, Aug
1972.
This article concerns the methods of the
Redland/Purle Co. which specializes in industrial
waste treatment. The company is building a new
combustion unit with a thermal release of one
hundred million Btu and a maximum tempera-
ture of 1,150 C. Vapors produced in the com-
bustion process will be passed through a gas
scrubber before being released. Following
preliminary treatment liquid and dry wastes are
disposed of in clay lined voids, forming the basis
for a landfill operation. There must be sufficient
solid waste to absorb the liquids. When liquid
wastes containing degradable organic wastes are
deposited along with solid wastes, it provides
conditions where bacterial degradation of the
wastes is possible. In order for this to occur a
steady pH level is maintained. This requires the
storage of the liquid wastes hi neutralization
tanks. Oil wastes are incinerated after removal
of a large solid materials.
[22926]
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
73-3677
KESNER, B. Labor is most significant saving
with disposables. Modern Hospital, 118(6):94-95,
June 1972.
This article describes how City Hospital Center
in Queens, New York, has been converting its
patient food service from conventional chin-
aware to a system using disposable dishes, flat-
ware, trays, and banquet covers. According to a
study performed in September of 1971, by an in-
dependent systems engineering firm, the
disposable products the hospital is using saves 29
cents per patient per day, or $107 per patient per
year. Among the cost data analyzed, labor costs
were found to be the most significant. The
methods used to establish costs are discussed in
35
detail. It is further noted that use of single ser-
vice products has not caused problems with
storage facilities of waste disposal systems.
[22927]
73-3678
PERRY, T. E. Apparatus for transferring mol-
ten metal. U.S. Patent 3,708,158 owned by
Republic Steel Corp. Issued Jan. 2,1973.
This patent relates to apparatus for transferring
molten metal, such as steel, from one location to
another, including a paper tube through which
the molten metal passes. This invention is useful
in the deslagging of steel and incorporates a
cheap and easily replaceable paper tube for
transferring molten slag out of a ladle. An up-
take tube is included which may contain inner
and outer walls, the outer wall being comprised
of steel tube, and the inner wall of thermally in-
sulating paper which may be readily and periodi-
cally replaced. An additional wall fabricated
from multiple layers of paper may be disposed
about the lower portion of the outer wall.
[22928]
73-3679
REAVELY, G. H., AND P. G. WARWICK. The
disposal of infectious hospital waste. Hospital
Administration, 14(7):27-30, July 1972.
This article discusses procedures designed to
reduce the hazards of infectious waste to the
community. Early in 1971 the London Hospital
Planning Council sponsored a study to review
present methods of disposal of infectious waste
by London, Ontario, hospitals, and to recommend
procedures designed to reduce the hazards of
such waste. This article summarizes the detailed
report submitted to the Council in December of
1971. Eight hospitals were studied which
disposed of then- waste by sanitary landfill For
this study infectious waste was defined as: all
substances which cannot be resterilized or
reused, originating within, or brought into pa-
tient care, laboratory or autopsy areas. Infec-
tious waste ranged from 5.2 Ib per patient per
day for the largest hospital to 1.6 Ib for one of
the smaller hospitals. Alternative methods of
disposal are considered from the standpoints of
safety and economy and it is recommended that
-------
36
hospitals incinerate all waste on site. The invest-
ment required would be $65 to $75 per bed for an
incinerator that can handle all types of waste.
The operating costs would be $44 to $28 per bed
per year.
[22929]
LAW / REGULATIONS
73-3680
FREEMAN, A. M., Ill, AND R. H. HAVEMAN.
Residuals charges for pollution control: a policy
evaluation. Science, 177(4046):322-329, July
1972.
This article considers alternate strategies for
controlling environmental pollution. One is the
strategy of creating economic incentives for pol-
lution control by levying taxes or charges
(residuals) on wastes discharged to the environ-
ment. The following topics are covered: the ra-
tionale for residuals charges; the regulation-en-
forcement strategy; residuals charges are not
licenses to pollute; would charges hinder indus-
trial abatement; discharges can be measured;
residuals, charges, regulation, and inflation; mar-
ket power and residuals charges; and adminis-
tration of residuals charges. It is concluded that
there should be a federally established tax or
charge on emissions of sulfur oxides and a syste-
matic use of residuals charges in the form of a
smog tax or charge on actual auto emissions.
[22930]
73-3681
LIVINGSTONE, D. Pollution Control; an interna-
tional perspective. In Politics and environment;
a reader in ecological crisis. Pacific Palisades,
California, Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc.,
1970. p.319-335.
Most areas of environmental protection would
benefit from international cooperation. Those
aspects of the pollution problem which fall under
international law are subject to statutory regula-
tion. Those areas not so covered will require the
development of new agreements. Nations adher-
ing to the Geneva Convention on the High Seas
of 1958 are required to pass laws aimed at
preventing the oil pollution of the high seas that
can result from uses made of the waters, the
seabed and the seabed's subsoil. The Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil
of 1954, amended in 1962 lays out various restric-
tions on the discharge of oil from ships.
Nevertheless, the enforcement of this treaty de-
pends on individual nations, some of whom have
not even signed the treaty. The Geneva Conven-
tion also prohibits the use of the High Seas for
dumping radioactive waste. The Brussels Con-
vention on the Liability of Operations of Nuclear
Ships of 1962 makes the operator of a nuclear
ship liable for any kind of radioactive contamina-
tion. The United States is not a party to this
treaty. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 requires
that the signatory states refrain from polluting
that continent and its waters. Various compacts
have recognized that all sources of air pollution
may be subject to international control.
Similarly, agreements mostly bilateral, have con-
trolled the pollution of international rivers and
lakes. Of particular note are carefully devised
plans to prevent the use of fresh water to
dispose of nuclear wastes. There is still much to
be done in the area of real international control
of the environment. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[22931]
73-3682
ROBINSON, R. Refuse collection and disposal in
rural areas. Public Cleansing, 62(8):406-417,
Aug. 1972.
This article discusses the effects of coordination
or integration following local government reor-
ganization on refuse collection and disposal in
rural areas. The paper gives a brief, generalized
description of refuse collection and disposal ser-
vices operated by rural authorities in Great
Britain. The legislation amalgamating these
authorities is also discussed in terms of its
benefit to the public in general. The following
topics are also covered: economics; the problems
of indiscriminate and illegal dumping; the need
for a national disposal policy; transport main-
tenance; the use of raido control for gritting and
snow clearance services; and rural district
budgets.
[22932]
-------
73-3683
SHEPHERD, P. M. The use of universal main-
tenance standards in public cleansing. Public
Cleansing, 62(8):417-427, Aug. 1972.
This article discusses the following objectives
for equipment maintenance management in
public cleansing: increase the productivity of the
maintenance force; plan and control engineering
work; increase management control through
valid control information; decrease plant
downtime and increase vehicle availability. The
approach is based upon these five principles,
which are discussed in detail: the application of
valid and practicable work measurement; good
organization as the foundation for good main-
tenance engineering; work planning; preventive
maintenance; and effective and meaningful
management reports and controls.
73-3684
SORIA, S. M. The world outside the quarry; civic
sector; government. In The feasibility of using
abandoned quarries as sites for the disposal of
solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan
University Environmental Research Group,
1971. p. 11-29.
This paper elaborates on the legal basis of mu-
nicipalities in Connecticut to control refuse
disposal, and on the history of the neighborhood
unit. The major legal question was whether or
not crystallization of citizen discontent with a
sanitary landfill site could be sufficient to have
the dumping operation halted by court action.
Such a court case would be termed a neighbor-
hood suit. This paper deals in detail with sections
of the General Statutes of Connecticut that bear
upon efforts to improve techniques and methods
of disposal of solid wastes and covers the follow-
ing: the power of municipal governments to deal
with refuse disposal; the formation of
metropolitan districts; agreements between mu-
nicipalities which provide for the establishment
of agreements between any public agencies of
the state; and public health and safety. Some
Connecticut court cases concerned with refuse
disposal are summarized. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22935]
37
73-3685
SOULSBY, J. Effluent treatment survey. Part 1.
Legal aspects of treatment and disposal. Metal
Finishing Journal, 18(211):223-224, 227-228,
Aug. 1972.
This article examines some of the latest develop-
ments in the various methods of effluent treat-
ment and disposal. This field is of particular
relevance to metal finishing and treatment. This
article also discusses one of the most difficult
and complex questions surrounding industrial ef-
fluent, the development and application of legal
controls. Also outlined are some of the various
legal controls in England over the treatment and
disposal of waste. Civil sanctions, statutory con-
trols, acts covering the disposal of effluent into
drains and streams, and the Deposit of Poisonous
Waste Act of 1972 are also discussed in detail.
[22934]
LITTER
73-3686
Highworth of getting the young in on the act.
Public Cleansing, 62(10):533-536, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the organizing of Keep
Britain Tidy campaigns in Highworth. This was
carried out by sending display literature to fac-
tories, shops, parish councils, women's groups,
schools, and similar organizations. The problem
of litter in the area was that common to all rural
authoritiesO indiscriminate dumping of all sorts
of household rubbish in the remote rural areas.
In order to engender publicity, a competition
among schools was organized, based on the Keep
Britain Tidy theme in its widest sense to include
not only litter, but all forms of pollution. Twelve
schools participated. The local press gave good
coverage and reports from the librarian showed
that the displays attracted a considerable
number of visitors. One positive result of the
competition is that the number of special litter
collections has increased almost threefold.
[22936]
MANAGEMENT
-------
38
73-3687
KIRBY, M. W., AND E. HIRSCH. Analysis of
solid-waste systems in a rural setting. Highway
Research Record, (391):10-16,1971.
Solid waste disposal methods are being up-
graded by the U.S. Forest Service in its 153 na-
tional forests. Refuse is collected at camping and
picnicking areas by truck and hauled to con-
veniently located sanitary landfills where it is
compacted and buried. Analyses of this approach
in a test forest showed that cost savings of up to
33 percent are possible. To minimize total cost, a
deterministic crew-scheduling model was con-
structed consisting of a mixed integer linear pro-
gramming formulation. Areas for servicing are
treated as nodes in a network. Connective roads
constitute network links. A set of constraints
consists of the necessity to serve all camp areas,
the limited capacity of trucks, and the limited
working day of crews. Costs include total net-
work coverage and landfill operation under this
scheme. Variables under management control,
including crew size, truck capacity, and collection
frequency, are tested parametrically. In other
words, the optimum schedule is evaluated each
time a parameter is changed. In this way re-
gional and subregional plans can be compared.
[22937]
PACKAGING WASTES
73-3688
ALEXANDER, J. H. Paper industry plans. In
Proceedings; Solid Waste Resources Conference
on Design of Consumer Containers for Re-use or
Disposal, Columbus, Ohio, May 12-13, 1971.
Washington, 1972. p. 135-154.
Recycling seems to be the obvious answer for
reducing the problem of waste paper but there
are limitations to its practical and economic effi-
ciency. With modern tree farming methods
recycling does not necessarily save out timber
resources. Presently, 19 percent of all paper is
made from recycled paper, and 26 percent is
made from lumbering wastes that were not for-
merly used. The wastepaper industry is highly
labor intensive and 90 percent of all cost is in-
volved with collecting, sorting, and transporting
the material. About 12 percent of paper produc-
tion is unrecoverable. Each time paper is reused
it becomes weaker, so it is necessary to add other
materials to strengthen it, or to make heavier
containers. A greater emphasis on recycling
would mean that paper mills would have to be
moved to urban areasO near the source of the lar-
gest supply of waste paper. Recycling creates
special pollution problems. At present only
waste paper that is clean and homogeneous can
be used for recycling; this limits the sources for
this paper. Several steps could be taken, how-
ever, to increase the recyclability of containers.
Certain contaminants could be eliminated or
marked when used on corrugated cartons.
Economic pressures tend to reduce the amount
of overpackaging. Waste paper also has value as
an energy source. Unlike other fuels it is a
replaceable resource. The Environmental Pro-
tection Agency has placed a major contract to
study the relative value of resource recovery in
the form of energy instead of physical products.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[22938]
73-3689
Another legal nip at the PE jug. Modern
Plastics, 49(10):26, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses Canada's antiplastic regu-
lations and their enforcement. Dominion Dairies
in Toronto started selling its milk in disposable
polyethylene jugs. Ontario's Ministry of the En-
vironment told the firm it was in violation of the
province's Environmental Protection Act
against nonreturnable plastic containers. The
company established a $0.05 deposit, but then
the ministry said the container did not meet the
newly defined criteria of being reused for the
same product. This one-way ban has affected
several other Ontario dairies. It is anticipated
that the prohibition of such one-ways is part of a
temporary freeze imposed by Ontario on new
forms of packaging that could add to solid waste
loads. This freeze will probably last until a
government-appointed task force prepares a re-
port on the environmental impact of packaging
waste.
[22939]
-------
73-3690
BURGESS, K. L. Thermoplastics in waste
recycling. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
Resources Conference on Design on Consumer
Containers for Re-use or Disposal, Columbus,
Ohio, May 12-13,1971. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972. p. 94-108.
Thermoplastics, including polystyrene,
polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride can be recy-
cled repeatedly. A key factor in recylcing plastic
is that different types may not be mixed if a use-
ful product is to be created. There are two
methods for recovering thermoplastic materials.
One requires the isolation of a pure plastic com-
ponent. Separating plastics from the total solid
waste stream and then separating them by type
seems to be prohibitively expensive. The Golden
Arrow and Dairy in San Diego, California, has
experimented with putting its milk in disposable
plastic containers. Thus, a large amount of one
type of plastic could be collected and recycled. A
market for the ground polyethylene was hard to
find because government regulations forbid the
use of recycled plastic in food containers and for
certain other uses. The second method requires
finding a compatibilizer that will improve the
properties of an article made from mixed
plastics. This avenue offers more hope for
recycling because pure plastic components are
not readily available. Chlorinated polyethylene
has been experimented with. The scientific
reasons for the incompatibility of plastics and
the effect of chlorinated polyethylene are
discussed. Other methods of recycling include
the use of plastics for nonthermoplastic uses
such as lightweight concrete or building blocks.
Plastic waste may be used in some cases for fuel.
There are tables detailing physical properties of
actual plastics scrap, composition of scrap
plastic, and physical properties of simulated
scrap. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[22940]
73-3691
CHENEY, R. L. Design trends in glass con-
tainers. In Proceedings; Solid Waste Resources
Conference on Design of Consumer Containers
for Re-use or Disposal, Columbus, Ohio, May 12-
39
13,1971. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1972. p. 171-184.
The interests of the packager and the solid waste
manager can conflict. The packager wants a con-
tainer that is sturdy and impermeable; the solid
waste manager wants a package that is easily
destructible when its job is done. The increased
use of prepackaged products has created in-
creased convenience for the consumer and
greater efficiency for the producer. Glass is
made from highly abundant raw materials and if
properly crushed is returned to the soil in vir-
tually their original state. Glass constitutes
about 6 percent of residential solid waste by
weight. Glass containers are chemically inert, im-
permeable, transparent, sanitary and odorless.
Lighter weight glass containers are being
developed which will reduce then* solid waste
load. Glass containers are easily recycled and
reused. Research programs are directed toward
ways to recover greater amounts of glass for
recycling. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[22941]
73-3692
CONNOLLY, H. H. Packaging and solid waste
management. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
Resources Conference on Design of Consumer
Containers for Re-use or Disposal, Columbus,
Ohio, May 12-13,1971. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972. p. 1-15.
The use of disposable packaging has increased
phenomenally in recent years. Today discarded
packaging materials represent 13 percent of the
total residential, commercial, and industrial solid
waste. Only 10 percent of the packaging material
used is returned for reuse or reprocessing. It is
necessary to mitigate the problems of these
materials in waste management. Five ap-
proaches the government may use to accomplish
this are regulation, taxes, incentive, and subsidy
programs, educational efforts, and research and
development. Within the area of research and
development three types of activities are being
carried out, primarily by universities and private
firms with government contracts or encourage-
mentO research on materials and containers,
research devoted to salvaging and reuse, and
research aimed at improving disposal technolo-
-------
40
gy. Rather than restrict the production or use of
certain packaging materials, the Federal
Government plans to encourage the reuse of
packaging materials through legislation such as
the Resource Recovery Act of 1970. Industry
must also share part of the responsibility for
research on materials compatible with recovery
and disposable processes. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22942]
73-3693
EMICH, K. H. Polytrip, the returnable plastic
milk bottle system. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
Resources Conference on the Design of Con-
sumer Containers for Re-use or Disposal,
Columbus, Ohio, May 12-13, 1971. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p. 109-
120.
The U.S. Industrial Chemicals Co. has created a
system with a returnable polyethylene milk con-
tainer and an inspection device, a volatile organic
contaminant detector. The system combines the
advantages of plastic bottles with the cost effi-
ciencies of glass. The basic problem with the use
of plastic bottles on a returnable basis had been
that they absorb hydrocarbon contaminants. If
the homeowner has been using the bottle for
storage of hydrocarbon based chemicals they
cannot be removed and can create a health
problem. The detector that is part of this system
finds and removes any bottles so contaminated.
The Polytrip bottle is specially constructed for
reuse and the resins used in its manufacture
meet special Food and Drug Administration
requirements. Polyethylene containers outlast
glass by about 5 to 1. They make an average of
100 trips, consequently reducing solid waste sig-
nificantly. Polyethylene makes a good landfill
material because it does not decompose; it may
also be incinerated if the incinerator is efficient.
Polyethylene waste may be used for fuel or
added to other solid wastes to aid in combustion
in incinerators. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[22943]
73-3694
HULBERT, S. F. Techniques for self-disposal.
In Proceedings; Solid Waste Resources Con-
ference on Design of Consumer Containers for
Re-use or Disposal, Columbus, Ohio, May 12-13,
1971. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1972. p. 210-230.
Under a grant from the Environmental Control
Administration of the U.S. Public Health Service
Clemson University has been doing research
into the development of a glass container that
will dissolve upon prolonged contact with water.
The glass must be inexpensive and strong
enough to withstand the pressure of carbonated
beverages. In addition, a barrier must be
developed that will protect the bottle from dis-
solution by its contents and will prevent any per-
meation of contaminants into the contents of the
bottle. The barrier must be able to withstand the
heat of sterilization procedures. The whole con-
tainer must be durable and economical. Glasses
prepared from the silicates of alkali metals are
water soluble, among these sodium silicate com-
positions are least expensive. This is called soda
glass. Experimentation has been done with
polymeric coatings, which will shatterproof as
well as form the necessary barrier. It is impor-
tant that very good adhesion persist between
this coating and the glass during all phases of
use. Various approaches have been employed to
alter the surface of soluble glass by reaction with
organic salts. Such procedures can potentially
make surface layers insoluble without producing
conspicuous changes in the appearance of glass
objects. Any broken object of the desired struc-
ture would be almost completely soluble, and
would not leave any polymer residue. Other
research methods have aimed to lay down inor-
ganic barrier coatings on top of the soluble glass
by exposing the latter to suitable vapor streams.
The report contains various charts detailing the
operations of this process.
[22944]
73-3695
LESHER, R. L. Incentives for reuse and disposa-
bility. In Proceedings; Solid Waste Resources
Conference on Design of Consumer Containers
for Re-use or Disposal, Columbus, Ohio, May 12-
-------
13,1971. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1972. p. 155-169.
The National Center for Solid Waste Disposal,
Inc. is a nonprofit corporation, sponsored by
American industry and labor to consider and
make proposals on the solid waste question. This
problem has the attention of top management in
all industries. The Center's purpose is to coor-
dinate the work of industry and labor with
government agencies to establish a total systems
approach. The center centers its program around
four elementsO research, analysis, hardware
demonstrations and applications, and a public
awareness program. The solution may not lie in
materials research or package design, but in im-
proved disposal methods. There is much develop-
ing technology in the field of solid waste
disposalO all of it includes some form of resource
recovery. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[22945]
73-3696
MAKAR, H. V., AND H. S. CALDWELL, JR. Metal-
lurgical aspects of reclaiming container scrap. In
Proceedings; Solid Waste Resources Con-
ference on Design of Consumer Containers for
Re-use or Disposal, Columbus, Ohio, May 12-13,
1971. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1972. p. 271-294.
Both ferrous and nonferrous metals are of value
when recovered from scrap, but their availability
to industry is limited by the metallurgic con-
tamination caused by other metallic elements as-
sociated with these scrap materials. The Bureau
of Mines is trying to develop effective methods
to refine and utilize container scrap. Metallurgi-
cally, the ferrous can scrap is unattractive
because of copper and tin contamination. Cur-
rent studies at the Bureau of Mines College Park
Metallurgy Research Center are directed at
removal and recovery of copper by pyrometal-
lurgical techniques. There is an empirical rela-
tionship between copper removal and the
amount of sodium sulfate added. Studies have
been made to determine the best procedures for
sulfate additions and copper recovery. Other fer-
rous scrap experiments have been undertaken.
These concern: increased use of ferrous scrap in
electric furnace steelmaking; destructive oxida-
41
tion of ferrous scrap; foundry pig iron from fer-
rous scrap; use of ferrous scrap as a reductant;
copper and tin removal by a leach and roast
process; utilization of ferrous urban wastes;
basic studies on iron-copper alloys; noncracking,
copper containing steels. Nonferrous metals that
are available from refuse are aluminum, zinc,
copper, lead, tin, and magnesium. Part of the cur-
rent research concerns the need to identify
metals and alloys in scrap yards. The Bureau of
Mines has developed a process for recycling and
recovering metal and mineral from municipal in-
cinerator residue. Two techniques for separating
the major metallic components of this residue
are heavy media separation and vacuum distilla-
tion. The paper is accompanied by charts and il-
lustrations. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[22946]
73-3697
MARTHA, J. M. Packaging and environmental
protection. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
Resources Conference on Design of Consumer
Containers for Re-use or Disposal, Columbus,
Ohio, May 12-13,1971. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972. p. 30-48.
This paper stresses the necessity of increasing
communication with the consumerO to find out
how great his concern with ecological questions
and to determine his response to more responsi-
ble, but less convenient packaging. Packaging
needs to be redesigned to require less waste,
eliminating multipackages and unneccesarily
sturdy packages. A system for marking the
packages in the store to indicate their recycla-
bility and category could be devised. Cans and
other large containers could be made that would
be easier to crush. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[22950]
73-3698
McMYLER, S. W. Reclamation of plastic-paper
composites. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
Resources Conference on the Design of Con-
sumer Containers for Re-use or Disposal,
Columbus, Ohio, May 12-13, 1971. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p. 121-
134.
-------
42
The riverside Paper Corp. in Appleton, Wiscon-
sin, operates a plant which removes adhesives,
wax and plastic coatings from paper and paper
board in order to recover the wood pulp fiber for
use in the manufacture of paper. The economics
of this process are proven. A savings of 15 to 30
percent over the cost of commercial pulp wood
has been realized. This is a dry cleaning process
which produces wood pulp fiber free of undesira-
ble contaminants, which are themselves disposed
of by utilization fuel in the boiler. The process is
known as the Polysolv Process. The process is a
dry finish process and recovers fiber in the same
form as it entered the reactor. The treatment of
the waste paper and board at high temperatures
softens any wet strength resins present result-
ing in more efficient pulping of the reclaimed
fiber. The process removes polyethylene and
wax coatings, and polyvinylacetate and other ad-
hesives. The system is closed and creates no air
or water pollution. On printed waste, if the ink is
on the coating, solvent extraction dissolves the
coating and simultaneously removes the ink
leaving the reclaimed fiber ink-free. The process
is described; it is a solvent extraction system of
three phases-dissolving, solvent recovery, and
removal and utilization of the reclaimed contami-
nants. There is a diagram of the system. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22947]
73-3699
MIGHDOLL, M. J. Recycling status and opportu-
nities. In Proceedings; Solid Waste Resources
Conference on Design of Consumer Containers
for Re-use or Disposal, Columbus, Ohio, May 12-
13,1971. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office 1972. p. 16-29.
The challenge of recycling lies in closing the gap
between recycling concept and recycling
technology. Of primary importance is giving
recycling priority over disposal activities. It is
also necessary to consider the economic factorO
that recycled solid waste is raw material with a
profit factor, not waste to be destroyed at con-
siderable cost. The secondary materials industry
has already proved that this is possible. This les-
son has not been put to use. In the paper indus-
try the pattern has been one of more production,
greater use, larger waste generation, and less
recycling over the recent years. In the container
business, marketability, not recyclability has
been the main priority. It is necessary to change
public and governmental attitudes toward the
use of recycled products and the necessity to
recycle. Many governmental agencies are now
changing their priorities to encourage the use of
recycled materials. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[22948]
73-3700
MILGROM, J. Incentives for the recycling and
reuse of plastics. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
Resources Conference on Design of Consumer
Containers for Re-use or disposal, Columbus,
Ohio, May 12-13,1971. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972. p. 69-93.
The Arthur D. Little Corp. has just completed a
study on incentives for the reuse or recycling of
plastics. Plastics represent less than 2 percent of
all solid waste, but virtually none are now being
recycled. The physical properties of plastics are
often degraded during recycling. Reuse refers to
the repeated use of the same package. Recycling
implies that the container is reprocessed into its
original form (primary) or into another plastic
form (secondary). Plastics can be pyrolyzed to
yield nonplastic materials. Scrap plastic (SP) is
plastic with future value-nuisance plastic (NP)
has none. This study was limited to ther-
moplastics which can be melted and reused nu-
merous times. These represent 80 percent of all
plastics. Among the criteria for assessing strate-
gies were the economic and aesthetic considera-
tions of environmental damage. It is extremely
difficult to reprocess multiplastics and com-
posites. Any attempt to recover scrap plastic
from the consumer would have to be done by in-
tercepting it before it reaches the disposal area.
Therefore, collectability must be considered.
There are tables detailing: plastic production by
types; objectives for evaluating alternative
strategies; decisions that must be made in
production that influence recyclability; elapsed
time for various plastic products to reach the
disposal area; categories of nuisance plastic in
the disposal area; plastics in the disposal area in
1970 according to the type of plastic; sources of
industrial nuisance plastic; industrial wastes
-------
(NP); types of plastic packaging; plastic bottles
in the disposal area. There are charts of the
plastics cycle, the resin producer's process, per-
cents of types of nuisance plastic in the disposal
area, and the types of packaging wastes over the
years. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[22949]
73-3701
RYDER, R. J., AND J. H. ABRAHAMS, JR. Separa-
tion of glass from municipal refuse. In
Proceedings; Solid Waste Resources Conference
on Design of Consumer Containers for Reuse or
Disposal, Columbus, Ohio, May 12-13, 1971.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972. p. 244-261.
The Glass Container Manufacturers Institute is
carrying out programs dealing with used glass in
three directions: the reclamation and recycling
of used bottles and jars; the development of
secondary products made from waste container
glass; the improvement and modernization of
collection and disposal systems. Crushed waste
glassO culletO can provide the glass industry with
30 percent of the glass industry's raw material
requirements, but reclamation systems must be
unproved to reach this level. One method that is
being developed to separate glass from other
municipal refuse is the Zig-Zag Air Classifica-
tion System which uses air currents to separate
refuse into its components. The Sortex Co. is
developing a system that will sort glass by colors
automatically. The University of Missouri at
Rolla is conducting studies funded by GCMI stu-
dying the use of glass as an aggregate in asphal-
tic concreteO this material may tolerate a certain
degree of impuritiesO thus making the separa-
tion process less difficult. Another secondary
product is brick made from glass-enriched in-
cinerator residue. Glass wool insulation can be
made from up to 50 percent waste glass. Studies
have shown that waste container glass is not, at
present, a problem in disposal systems when
properly handled. There are three major ap-
proaches to separation of municipal refuseO wet
separation, dry separation, and separation after
incineration or pyrolysis. The glass container in-
dustry is experimenting with each of these to
find which will best make glass reclaimable.
43
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[22951]
73-3702
SANDGREN AND MURTHA INC. Insights;
guidelines for good packaging. New York, New
York, 1970. [10 p.]
This pamphlet attempts to survey the prospects
for packaging design in the decade of the seven-
ties. There are sections on industrial packaging,
beverages, drugs and toiletries, and baked goods.
There is also a discussion of convenience packag-
ing and its prospects. No discussion of disposal
or reuse is included.
[22952]
73-3703
SHARPE, E. E., AND J. E. HUGHES. Liquid ap-
plicator for strip material. U.S. Patent 3,707,135
owned by Better Packages Inc. Issued Dec. 26,
1972.
This patent relates in general to strip moistening
and gluing devices and, in particular, to a new
and useful device for moistening or gluing one
side of a strip of material such as a label which is
formed of two housing parts, one of which forms
a pouring reservoir for the material and which
includes simple means for mounting two reser-
voir rollers such that an even feeding of the
liquid material from the reservoir to a strip
material is effected. The construction includes an
open mounting, an upper transfer roller, and a
hoodshaped closing element which is made of
plastic. The two rollers are driven from a gear
which is carried on a shaft for the main hand
feed roller carried on the upper cover portion.
[22953]
73-3704
STORY, W. S. Ferrous scrap recycling and steel
technology. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
Resources Conference on Design of Consumer
Containers for Re-use or Disposal, Columbus,
Ohio, May 12-13,1971. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972. p. 263-270.
Changing technology in steelmaking has meant
that the scrap iron and steel industry has not
kept pace hi the amount of ferritic materials sup-
-------
44
plied to steel mills with the discard of iron and
steel items. In its drive to to make use of the
supply of waste scrap iron and steel, the
recycling industry has developed the automobile
shredder and system of hammer mills, magnetic
separaters, conveyors and furnaces. Shredded
tin cans are used in large scale copper leaching
operations in the West. Nearly 13 percent of the
copper production in the West in 1965 was ob-
tained from the precipitation of copper from
leach liquors by using metallic scrap iron. There
is a shortage of tin cans in the West for this
operation, but transportation costs limit the
shipping of cans from the populated East. Cans
may be detinned in order to recover amounts of
both tin and steel, but the economics of the in-
dustry have limited the use of this process in
recent years. Recycling consumer cans in this
fashion is possible, but not profitable. The steel
industry is experimenting with accepting tin
cans as they are. This will be easier when tinless
cans are perfected and if the use of lead solders
can be eliminated. The scrap industry now has
the means to bale the cans and get them to the
steel mills. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[22954]
73-3705
VANASSE, N. A. Packaging for food systems of
the future. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
Resources Conference on Design of Consumer
Containers for Re-use or Disposal, Columbus,
Ohio, May 12-13,1971. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972. p. 49-68.
The challenge to the packaging industry is to
create packaging that is convenient to today's
changing lifestyles and at the same time is
ecologically responsible. Since convenience
means more packaging materials will be used
recycling is the obvious solution. The food indus-
try is working on recyclable materials but this
cannot be accomplished instantaneously. In the
meanwhile, the food industry is trying to
eliminate excess packaging and to develop new
packaging materials that lend themselves to
compaction and pollution free burning. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22955]
73-3706
WILLIAMS, P. Composite bottle design and
disposal. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
Resources Conference on Design of Consumer
Containers for Re-use or Disposal, Columbus,
Ohio, May 12-13,1971. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1972. p. 231-243.
The glass composite package (GCP) was
developed specifically to meet the needs of the
beverage industry. This package is specially
designed to compete with the aluminum can.
GCP consists of a lightweight glass globe sealed
in high density polyethylene. This system allows
a much lighter bottle than would be possible with
an all glass bottle. A totally new manufacturing
system had to be developed in order to make
these new bottles. The Plasti-Shield bottle can
be made on traditional equipment, but it uses
light weight glass with a foamed polystyrene
jacket shrunk onto it. The present system for
distribution of beverages is based on con-
venience and efficiency; banning no-return bot-
tles could reduce convenience and increase cost
for the consumer. Referring to the recyclability
of the composite containers a certain amount of
the polyethylene and polystyrene can be burned
off in the glass melting furnaces. The plastic
could also be separated off using a simple
process of crushing and floatation. The glass is
studying the use of a packaging material made
from ground up GCP packages extruded into a
molded glass-plastic material. The polystyrene
sleeve from the plasti-Shield container is easily
separated and can be reprocessed. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22956]
73-3707
WULTSCH, F., AND R. SCHUT. Technische und
oekonomische vergleiche zwischen rohstoffen
fuer wellpappe aus halbzellstoff und altpapier.
[Technical and economic comparisons between
raw materials for making corrugated cardboard
from mixed stock and waste paper.] Wochenblatt
fuerpapwr fabrication, 100(19):711-716,1972.
The combination of flat top and corrugated part
makes corrugated cardboard sufficiently strong
and resilient to resist shocks, and to assume to a
large degree the place of wood formerly used as
-------
packing material. Its lightness means cost
savings in transportation. After use it can readi-
ly be recycled into new material, unlike wooden
boxes which, at best, can be returned for reuse.
Further, without corrugated cardboard the de-
mand for wood for box manufacture would,
under present conditions, represent an insur-
mountable raw material problem. Flat tops are
subjected to the most stress, and the material
must therefore have a certain minimum tensile
strength, combined with ductility and cohesive-
ness. Various types of paper can be used, of
which kraftliner is the highest quality. West
Germany uses predominantly waste paper as
raw material. The task of the corrugated part is
to resist vertical pressure. It has to be as stiff as
possible, and at the same time possess a certain
elasticity. When the technology of corrugated
board manufacture was first developed, straw
paper was the preferred material. Today, spe-
cially treated Schrenzpaper, waste paper, and
mixtures are employed as raw materials. The
latter is based on so-called semichemical treat-
ment of wood and is very economical, since it
permits the use of several timber varieties, and
results in a pulp yield of up to 80 percent com-
pared with 50 percent with normal cellulose
technology. (Text in German)
[22957]
PROCESSING / REDUCTION
73-3708
CHLAD, K. J. The systems approach to efficient
scrap handling. Secondary Raw Materials,
10(8):88-92, Aug. 1972.
This article discusses the various components of
a scrap handling system which include: crane;
generator; magnet controller; cable; cable reel;
and magnet. Crane capacity is the determining
factor in sizing a scrap handling system. After
determining the rated lifting capacity, one can
select the proper magnet to optimize the effi-
ciency of a job. Ohio Magnetics now makes mag-
nets which are specifically designed for scrap
handling operations. The electrical insulation in-
dustry also produces better materials resulting
in greater coil strength per unit area for this
equipment. The production and pricing of this
equipment is discussed in detail.
45
[22958]
73-3709
Fast textile cutting machine. Materials Recla-
mation Weekly, 121(5):20-21, July 29,1972.
This article discusses the Taylor-Stiles Series
400 and 500 stock cutters which will cut textiles,
hemp, and even rubber tires. Roller-mounted
conveyors, smooth surfaces, and detachable, slid-
ing hoods reduce down time and cleaning. Two
feed designs, pivot arm or overriding conveyor,
are avialable. This design is claimed to be suita-
ble for processing uneven piles of tangles, thread
waste, rags, and similar stock. Three discharges
are offered: conveyor, chute, and suction.
Smooth or rough-top belting in standard or spe-
cial material is also available. There is no break-
ing or shredding and fines, longs, dust, and pul-
verized, irregular material are minimized.
[22959]
73-3710
FUJIO, M. Purasuchikkusei haibutsu o riyo shita
asshuku burokku no seizo hoho. [A method for
production of a compressed block by using
plastic wastes.] Japanese Patent 47-26,145
owned by Fuji Seal Industry Co., Ltd., Osaka,
Japan. Issued July 14,1972.
This invention concerns the production of com-
pressed blocks which do not have former defects
by which the blocks disintegrated through corro-
sion of the wire netting. Binding the capsules
covering the compressed block without using the
wire netting is substituted. In this invention,
plastic wastes of a given quantity, put into a
side-long cylindrical box, are compressed in such
a way that the wastes are placed between the
two half-capsules made of a hot-fusible plastic,
and then both ends of the two capsules are fused
together. The compressed block so formed is
packed so firmly that the peripheries of the cap-
sules covering the block require no more binding
work using the wire netting. For this reason,
there is no likelihood of the breaking up of the
compressed plastic waste block through corro-
sion of the wire netting. Moreover, when the
plastic wastes put in the box (the whole of which
is subjected to heating) are compressed while
being fused, more solid waste blocks can be
-------
46
produced than in the case where the compressive
operation is simply performed. (Text in
Japanese)
[22960]
73-3711
HARADA, Z. Haikibutsu shori hoho. [A method
of disposal for wastes.] Japanese Patent 47-
33,210 owned by Harada, Zenji, Hekinan. Issued
Aug. 23,1972.
This invention concerns a general disposal
method for domestic and commercial wastes.
Wastes are reduced to a small volume for effec-
tive reuse without burning and are also effi-
ciently collected. In this invention, the charged
wastes are led to a conveyor after being ground,
an adhesive is sprayed over the wastes on the
conveyor to give them a stickness while air is
gradually removed, the wastes thus sprayed are
extruded through an extruding die, and a sub-
sequent cutting operation follows. With this
method the volume of the solidified wastes in a
block form is much smaller than with other
methods and will expand no further after being
molded due to the stickiness of an adhesive such
as a rapid-cure cement mortar. Handling of the
blocked wastes cut to an adequate size is very
easy and reuse of these blocks for reclaiming
work, for example, becomes easy. Furthermore,
this method produces no air pollution due to the
generation of poisonous gases as in the case of
the usual methods. (Text in Japanese)
[22961]
73-3712
KlNOMOTO, Z., AND Y. SHIN. Haihin shoriki.
[Waste Disposer.] Japanese Patent 48-6,063
owned by Sharp Co., Osaka, Japan. Issued Feb.
22,1973.
This invention relates to a waste disposer to
compress trash and wastes. Since this invention
has a mechanism to convert the rotating force
from the driving source into a reciprocating
movement of the pressing plate to compress the
wastes in the compression container through the
working mechanism based on a principle of a
combination of the fixed pulley and the mobile
pulley, the disposer is inexpensive to manufac-
ture compared to the former ones which use the
ball screws. Since a principle for the mobile pul-
ley is applied, the power required for the driving
source is only one half the power to which the
pressing plate is subjected, so that a small-
capacity electric motor can achieve its function
sufficiently. Since the pressing plate to compress
the trash and wastes in the compression con-
tainer is fastened to the vibrationless mobile
frame, in the main body with the guiderails pro-
vided in the main body and on the roller mounted
in an adequate place on the outer side, it can
compress adequately without vibrating when it
moves about within the compression container.
(Text in Japanese)
[22962]
73-3713
Lindemann fragmentiser will process 50,000
tons per year. Steel Times, 200(9):648, Sept.
1972.
This article discusses how Norton Barrow
Metals, in Great Britain, is meeting the rising de-
mand for high-quality ferrous scrap. The firm
has purchased a Lindemann fragmentizer plant
which has the capacity to produce clean, fist-
sized scrap from automobiles and similar materi-
al at the rate of 20 tons per hr. The fragmentizer
is located on a split-level site, with the shredder,
magnetic separator, and discharge belt below the
feed area, which helps to cut down the noise level
to surrounding buildings. The demand for fer-
rous scrap is now rising at a rate of 55 percent
yearly. The company's investment in this equip-
ment is tied in with efforts to provide scrap in a
state ready for charging into furnaces.
[22963]
73-3714
RODGERS, W. H. Dravo Corporation's new auto
reduction mill. Secondary Raw Materials,
10(8):131-132, Aug. 1972.
This article discusses the introduction of a verti-
cal shaft shredding machine by Dravo Corp. It
provides low production cost, a minimum of
downtime, low cost maintenance, and reliability.
The Dravo Reduction Mill is designed to accept
40 to 50 automobiles per hr while producing an
end product of excellent quality melting stock. It
is also designed for 16 hr per day of continuous
-------
operation and can produce at $5 to $7 per ton for
labor, power, depreciation, maintenance, ham-
mers, and liners. Only two men are needed for
operation of the mill. The new machine also
chews up solid waste, including commercial, in-
dustrial, and residential refuse at a fast rate
[22964]
73-3715
Shredder takes 90 in wide sheet broke. Materi-
als Reclamation Weekly, 121(7):21, Aug. 12,
1972.
This article discusses a shredder which can han-
dle wide sheets. This shredder can also process
container wastes and is suitable for high
throughputs of telephone directories, archives,
and other waste paper grades. The unit has its
own integral feed belt. The shredding is effected
by a series of nickel-manganese steel alloy ham-
mers which are fixed and rotate at high
peripheral speed. The shaft is fitted with a large
flywheel so that electrical consumption is nor-
mally only about one-third of the installed motor
rating. The pieces produced after shredding are
standardized and ideal for baling. This shredded
material bales to much higher densities than nor-
mal and great savings are realized in transport-
ing and storage.
[22965]
73-3716
TEZUKA, K. Purasuchikku kanpo gomi burokku
no seizo hoho. [A method for production of
packed plastic waste blocks.] Japanese Patent
47-26,144 owned by Tezuka Kosan Co., Ltd.,
Tokyo, Japan. Issued July 14,1972.
This invention concerns a method of almost
completely eliminating offensive odors from
compressed plastic waste blocks covered with a
synthetic resin sheet such as polyvinyl chloride,
polyethylene, etc. This invention is used to form
a predetermined shape by applying the plastic
wastes to a compaction operation, squeezing out
the water contained in the wastes in a compres-
sion box, covering the block so formed with a
plastic sheet, and then subjecting the block to
greater compaction so that the plastic coating
wfll stick closely to the blocks. Then they are
soaked into a hot fused liquid composed of a bitu-
47
minous substance and a waste plastic or sprayed
with the fused liquid. The blocks produced in this
way are sealed so completely with a plastic film
or sheet that offensive odors are completely
eliminated. This method serves as a method for
the disposal of various kinds of waste plastics
and for the prevention of secondary pollution.
(Text in Japanese)
[22966]
73-3717
TSUTSUMI, T. Jinkai nado no asshuku sochi.
[Compression equipment for wastes.] Japanese
Patent 48-3,032 owned by Tsutsumi, Takeo,
Shizuoka. Issued Jan. 29,1973.
This invention describes a small-sized compres-
sion device for wastes, in which considerations
are given to permit small-sized equipment to be
installed in the area where wastes are discarded
and can be disposed of, and to facilitate the
disposal and delivery of wastes. In this inven-
tion, an oil-pressure operation is incorporated to
assure and facilitate the opening and closing
operation of the cover of the compression room
which formerly opened in the case of the usual
fastening means. In this system, in short, the
square slide of the vertical oil pressure equip-
ment is enclosed by the side wall, and the charge
opening is found on the top side. Also, a combina-
tion of the vertical and horizontal oil pressure
machines constitutes the compression equipment
in which the square slide of the horizontal oil
pressure machine can move slowly in the com-
pression room, and the opening is formed on one
side or both sides of the compression room. The
covers for the openings can freely open and
close. The rear part of the covers are fastened so
as to fit perfectly to the openings. (Text in
Japanese)
[22967]
73-3718
U.S.-made cable stripper. Materials Reclama-
tion Weekly, 121(7):21, Aug. 12,1972.
This article announces the manufacture of a
cable stripper that deals with scrap copper and
aluminum power cable of virtually every size and
type of covering. The machine has eight
openings containing one set of insulation crush-
-------
ing rolls and seven sets of vari-sized rotary
feeders and cutters. No special experience or
sorting is required on the operator's part as the
machine does all the work after the cable end has
been inserted into the smallest aperture that will
take it. The spring action adjusts it to suit cable
diameter and construction so no changing of
parts or manual adjustments is necessary. The
cutting rate is faster for smaller diameters and
the average is almost 2 ft per second.
[22968]
RECYCLING
73-3719
[Award for outstanding reclamation achieve-
ment.] Mining Engineering, 24(9):26, Sept. 1972.
Humphrey's Mining Co. has been presented an
award for restoring land that had been surface-
mined for titanium. The level 1400-acre area is
being planted to grass for later reforesting with
pines under the State of Georgia's mined land
reclamation program. The project, under way for
7 years, will restore the land to original or better
condition.
[22971]
73-3720
A housing project for fishO it's built from plastic
waste. Chemical Week, 111(16):47, Oct. 18,1972.
This article discusses fish cultivation reefs which
the Japanese are building from plastic waste.
This 'housing project for fish' is undergoing a 1-
year test off the western coast of Awaji Island in
Japan's Inland Sea. The Plastic Waste Manage-
ment Institute, established by 35 chemical and
petrochemical firms and based in Tokyo, col-
lected used plastic containers from 30,000 homes
in Chiba prefecture. Approximately 300 units,
made from melted plastic which is mixed with
sand and pressed into 10-ft-sq unit houses, are
being tested by the Institute. This organization
is confident that these units will be cheaper and
last longer than the concrete ones which are cur-
rently being used in Japan as fish cultivation
reefs.
[229%]
73-3721
A new process for recovering high-grade
protein. Canadian Chemical Processing,
56(8):79, Aug. 1972.
A new process for recovering high-grade protein
products and lactose from cheese whey has been
developed by Stauffer Chemical in the United
States. As well as providing nutritious food sup-
plements, the process begins by combining low-
acid wheys from the production of the harder
cheeses with the high-acid wheys from soft
cheese production. A clarifier removes
suspended solids from the liquor and it is then
concentrated by a primary evaporator. Next the
concentrate is cooled and lactose crystallizes out.
This is separated and dried in a fluid-bed dryer
to obtain 99 percent or better of lactose, the
highest purity food grade lactose available. The
liquor remaining after the lactose crystallizes is
converted into a variety of protein products by
means of a gel fractionation system. These are
concentrated, spry-dried and packaged. The
protein products contain up to 75 percent protein
and can be used as additives to cereals, breads,
soft drinks and snack items. Stauffer is currently
producing products from this process at its
Rochester, New York, plant.
[23011]
73-3722
A review of the problems affecting the recycling
of selected secondary materials. In
Proceedings; Solid Waste Demonstration Pro-
jects, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 4-6, 1971. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 207-219.
This paper is a review of recycling practices in
six nonferrous metal categories plus textiles and
paper. Discussions of some of the problems in-
volved and a few suggestions for increasing
recycling are also included. Simplif ied diagrams
describing the flow of primary and recycled
metals are provided. The recycling of copper,
nickel, zinc, lead, silver, gold, platinum, paper,
and textiles are discussed in detail in text and ta-
bles. The problems and situations inhibiting the
recycling of waste materials include collections
problems in which transportation prevent or
reduce the flow of scrap materials to a processor,
and technical problems that require more so-
-------
phisticated techniques for identifying and sort-
ing scrap more efficiently and economically. It is
hoped that through a joint industry-government
public effort the economics of recycling can be
improved so that even the waste materials of
marginal value may prove useful. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23020]
73-3723
Acceleration of hydration of calcium silicates by
carbon dioxide treatment. Nature Physical
Science, (97):16-18, Nov. 6,1972.
The carbonation of hydrated portland cement is
discussed. Carbonation is found to significantly
improve compressive strengths and to produce
increased irreversible shrinkage. Concrete
blocks are commonly heated with carbon dioxide
during processing to improve strength and to
provide rapid permanent carbonation shrinkage
thereby reducing subsequent wetting and drying
deformations. Compacted portland cement mor-
tars, with water/cement ratios of about 0.15 or
less, react rapidly with carbon dioxide under
pressure and develop considerable compressive
strength in minutes. The chemistry of the car-
bonation processes is discussed and illustrated in
detail through use of equations. The commercial
value of accelerating the hydration of calcium sil-
icates in portland cements, and its relevance to
the hydration process, makes further work in
this area desirable.
[22969]
73-3724
ALPERT, S. B. Hydroconversion of waste natu-
ral and synthetic rubbers. U.S. Patent 3,704,108
owned by Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. Issued
Nov. 28,1972.
This patent relates to a process whereby a con-
tinuous disposal of rubber is achieved by feeding
particulate rubber in a slurry with a compatible
hydrocarbon upwardly through a catalytic reac-
tion zone together with a hydrogen containing
gas at a rate sufficient to maintain the particu-
late matter in random motion in the liquid in the
reaction zone. The rubber may be suitable
pretreated for removal of metals and fibers and
reduced in size. The particulate rubber is con-
49
verted in the reactor to hydrocarbon liquids
while unconvertible solids originally com-
pounded with the rubber leave unchanged in the
product. The hydrocarbon stream can have a
wide range of properties depending on the objec-
tives of the user of the process.
[22970]
73-3725
BARGMAN, R. D. Urgent need to recycle solid
wastes? Civil Engineering, 42(9): 107-109, Sept.
1972.
In this article, a top Los Angeles sanitation offi-
cial points out that the potentially salvageable
materials in residential solid waste (e.g., glass,
aluminum, iron) are among the most abundant in
the earth's crust. In most cases, the materials
and energy needed to collect and process these
materials exceed that needed to mine and
process from natural resources. However, those
materials in short supply (e.g., copper, tin, lead)
are not present in large amounts in household
refuse. Recoverable solid wastes fall into four
categories: residential; commercial and industri-
al; community maintenance; and construction
and demolition. These four categories are
discussed in detail and tables are provided on
sources of solid wastes generated in Los An-
geles, the salvage content of residential solid
waste in Los Angeles, and the markets for waste
materials in Los Angeles. Trends in resource
usage, future technology, ultimate disposal, and
community group recycling programs are also
discussed.
[22972]
73-3726
BEGLOV, V. M., V. A. BUDKOV, 0. D. RUDNIK, G.
N. MAKAROVA, AND S. SATYBALDYEV.
Poluchenie azotnokaliinykh udobrenii na osnove
nitrata kaltsiya-pobochnogo produkta azot-
nokislotnoi pererabotki fosfatov. [Nitrogen-
potassium fertilizers obtained from potassium
nitrateO a waste product generated during treat-
ment of phosphates with nitric acid.] nitrate-a
waste product generated during treatment of
4:90-91,
The waste product from the production of
nitrophosphates is characterized by weak physi-
-------
60
cal properties and contains nearly 10 percent
nitrogen. Several methods for treating potassi-
um nitrate are described by the article. In one
set of experiments, data on the sorption of water
vapor by the obtained fertilizers attest to their
high sorption capability with atmospheric
moisture contents of 100, 80, and 65 percent.
Even during absorption of 20 percent moisture a
free solution does not form. These fertilizers
were treated with potassium chloride. During
substitution of ammonium carbonate with gase-
ous ammonia or carbon dioxide, equivalent final
products are obtained. The fertilizer resulting
from this exchange contains potassium nitrate,
calcium carbonate, and ammonium chloride. It
can be used in acidic soils. However, the
presence of a toxic chlorine ion does not recom-
mend its use for chlorophobic cultures or for
soils with chlorides. Final end products contain
up to 40 percent nutrient elements, have a
hygroscopic point of 70 percent, and retain their
dispersion ability during bulk storage. (Text in
Russian)
[22973]
73-3727
Bricks from waste. Clay craft and Structural
Ceramics, 45(9):2, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses the production of Tek-
bricks and Tekblocks which are made from
waste. Tekology Corp. of Palisades Park, New
Jersey, makes these bricks from waste material,
cement, water, and a chemical catalyst. They are
molded under high pressure and air dried. These
products are cheaper to make than conventional
bricks and do not require high-temperature kilns
for their manufacture. Their production also
helps solve the pollution problem. A resort com-
plex in the Bahamas which will use ocean-bottom
dredgings is being built with interlocking Tek-
blocks. Tekology Corp. is licensing the manufac-
turing process to users only.
[22974]
73-3728
Britain's first intensive reclamation complex for
Newport? Materials Reclamation Weekly,
121(12):12, Sept. 16,1972.
British Aluminum Co. and Redland Purle are col-
laborating to construct Britain's first industrial
reclamation complex. A five-man team is ex-
amining the possibility of using a site at New-
port as a reclamation center, drawing raw
material from South Wales, the Midlands, and as
far afield as might be economically viable. The
range of plant that oculd be used would provide
filtration, digestion, evaporation, centrifuge, and
rotary kiln facilities, plus dry handling equip-
ment and large storage areas. The recent imple-
mentation of the Deposit of Poisonous Waste
Act of 1972 and the effect it will have on the cost
of disposal to industry give the concept of
recycling and reclamation new relevance. British
Aluminum and Redland hope to obtain Govern-
ment support for plant modernization and
launching of the project. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22975]
73-3729
British aluminum and Redland reclamation
study. Chemical Age, 105(2773):15, Sept. 1972.
British Aluminum Co. Ltd. and Redland Purle
Ltd. have announced a feasibility study to
establish the viability of a waste recycling and
reclamation center. The recent implementation
of the Deposit of Poisonous Waste Act 1972, and
the effect it will have on the cost of disposal to
industry, gives the whole concept of recycling
and reclamation new relevance. An initial report
is expected soon, and the complex would be capa-
ble of handling both industrial and domestic
waste and would reclaim the greatest possible
percentage of materials involved.
[22976]
73-3730
British mill converts from newsprint to con-
tainerboard. Paper Trade Journal, 156(35):34-36,
Aug. 1972.
C. Townsend Hook and Co., manufacturers of
printing papers, has converted one of the paper
machines at a mill from manufacture of
newsprint to manufacture of containerboards,
and has added a wastepaper treatment plant.
The machine will produce chipboard as well as
liner and corrugating medium. The conversion
-------
cost about $1.25 million, of which one-third was
for the wastepaper processing plant. The
machine conversion required only a minimum of
modification and was completed in 6 days. A
description of the actual conversion process is
given. Material for the modified machine is sup-
plied by the paper processing plant which has an
output of 200 tons per day. The plant is designed
to handle paper containing a high percentage of
reject material without the inconvenience of
shutting down to remove accumukted rejects. It
is the turbo-separator, a new technique, which
enables waste containing an extremely high per-
centage of reject material to be used, and it also
enables the plant to work continuously for
several months without shutting down.
[22977]
73-3731
Converting waste into energy. Industrial
Wastes, 18(5):43, Sept./0ct. 1972.
Babcock and Wilcox Co. are one of the firms
marketing systems for converting wastes into
energy for various purposes. The largest system
of this type is the $13.7 million incineration-heat-
ing/air conditioning complex currently being
built to serve Nashville, Tennessee. The project
includes two boilers that burn municipal refuse
in a system that uses the resulting steam to heat
and cool a loop of downtown buildings. The units
are custom designed, equipped with membrane
furnace walls and air pollution control equip-
ment. They will consume over 700 tons of mu-
nicipal waste per day, and will handle over half
of the refuse generated by the city at this time.
Nestle Co. uses a system built by Babcock and
Wilcox to burn coffee grounds to produce steam
for the coffee production process. Other systems
have been designed for other industries to utilize
such byproducts as sludge, cloth fibers, corn
husks, and coconut shells.
[22978]
73-3732
DAIFUKU, K. Gosei jushi kaikibutsu o riyo shita
kenzai nado no seizo hoho. [A method for manu-
facturing building materials from plastic
wastes.] Japanese Patent 48-5114 owned by
Tamiya Vinyl Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
Issued Feb. 14,1973.
51
This invention concerns a method for manufac-
turing a light, rigid, and comparatively noncom-
bustible building material by the use of distilla-
tion residues, such as asphalt, obtained in refin-
ing petroleum and the wastes of synthetic resins.
The method under this invention is based on the
behavior of a mixture of asphalt and plastic in
which, when plastic wastes are mixed with hot
asphalt liquid, the plastic wastes are rapidly dis-
solved and thoroughly mixed with each other.
When the proportion of plastic reaches more
than 50 percent, the property of the asphalt is
governed by the plastic and the behavior of the
solidified mixture shows the properties of
plastic. Accordingly, the noncurable property
peculiar to asphalt is lost and converted into a
property which is unchangeable even when sub-
jected to a temperature of about 120 C as it
becomes hard. In this method, the asphalt melted
at 200 to 250 C is first mixed with small pebbles
in a 1 to 1 proportion, then plastic wastes are
mixed and dissolved in a proportion of 40 per-
cent, the mixture is hardened to a round bar
shape, and its surface is covered with the small
pebbles and coated with a cement milk. The
products thus formed can be applied to all con-
struction fields as, for example, fences, poles,
reclaiming material, and so forth. (Text in
Japanese)
[22979]
73-3733
DOUGLAS, E., AND D. V. JACKSON. Waste as raw
material. Journal of the Society of Environmen-
tal Engineers, (53):10-14, June 1972.
In this paper some problems of waste disposal
are discussed and it is shown that recovering
valuable components from waste products can be
a strong economic incentive to efficient waste
processing. The following topics are discussed in
detail: domestic wastes; discarded consumer
goods; metallurgical effluents and sludges;
metal-containing slags; copper recovery from
electric cable; and treatment of machinings. Ta-
bles and flow diagrams help to elucidate the text.
It is concluded that there is a need for continuing
assessment of scrap and waste studies on a na-
tional basis.
[22980]
-------
52
73-3734
DUNAWAY, B. Cornstalks are good cow feed.
Wallaces Farmer, 97(19): 16-17, Oct. 14,1972.
It is concluded in this article that cornstalks
make good cow feed and grazing is the cheapest
way to do it. But this system of feeding increases
the management demands. It is recommended
that one harvest enough cornstalks to get
through the winter. A feeding program for dif-
ferent ages and conditions of livestock is
presented. Research shows that cows on the
type of low energy winter rations discussed in
this article produce higher percentage calf crops
and wean heavier calves. The four basic types of
machines available to harvest cornstalk residue
are discussed in detail. They are husklage collec-
tors, giant balers, stackers, and flail choppers.
[22981]
73-3735
FABER, H. A., AND A. D. NARDOZZI. Water-
treatment-plant waste disposalO action now.
Part 1. Journal of the American Water Works
Association, 64(10):674-680, Oct. 1972.
In this article the American Water Works Assoc.
(AWWA) surveys new and improved methods
for water-treatment-plant waste disposal which
will comply with the new and more stringent
Federal and State pollution control regulations.
The AWWA Resrarch Foundation is developing
activities for the exchange of technological data
among researchers and water utilities; has
defined gap areas of treatment technology
requiring further investigation; and is carrying
out technological and economical analyses based
on local conditions around the States. The article
discusses specific sludge production and han-
dling conditions, and unit processes or process
sequences for dewatering or byproduct
recovery. The specific topics covered are: sludge
production and handling; estimation of sludge
productionO coagulation; filter wash water; esti-
mation of waste productionO softening; chemical
precipitation; ion exchange; potential correla-
tions; problems in handling and pumping; sludge
concentration and volume; unit processesO
process sequences; alum recovery; centrifuga-
tion; drying beds; filter pressing; freezing;
lagooning; lime recovery; magnesium carbonate
recovery; recycling; sedimentation; and vacuum
filtration. The Foundation also surveyed 30
Pennsylvania water utilities on the major treat-
ment processes employed in water production,
sludge handling or treatment processes utilized,
the final disposition of waste solids, the final
disposition of liquid supernatant, and plans to
meet Federal and State standards. The Founda-
tion's new programs will deal with the establish-
ment of uniform sampling, analysis, and
categorization techniques for all types of water-
treatment-plant wastes; and with a study to
evaluate polyelectrolytes for use as primary
coagulants, coagulant aids, and sludge condition-
ing agents. Seven recommendations are made in
the article for improving designs and research in
this field.
[22982]
73-3736
FEDOROV, V. G. Ispol'zovanie otkhodov titana v
staleplavil'nom proizvodstve. [Titanium tailings
utilized in steel-smelting industry.] Stal, (8):719-
721,1972.
Experiments involving direct utilization of
titanium tailings for alloying steel show that
titanium waste is upwards of 70 percent. The
resulting steel to a significant degree is impure
due to nonmetallic inclusions. Under equilibrium
conditions, titanium tailings and the stability of
the degree to which it is assimilated by a test
sample are tied in with ferroalloy concentrations.
This article discusses processes involving the al-
loying of steel in the blast-furnace. Results of
these experiments show that it is expedient to
use titanium shavings as a complex nickel-titani-
um alloy for alloying acid-resistant stainless
steels containing nickel and titanium. Nickel-
titanium alloys (28 percent titanium) obtained in
an open induction furnace using titanium tailings
and titanium shavings have properties superior
to ferrotitanium of the same composition. The
degree of assimilation of titanium during alloy-
ing of steel Khl8N9TL with a nickel-titanium
alloy in an induction furnace and in a teeming
ladle is 1.5 times greater than during alloying
with ferrotitanium. In an arc steel furnace the
degree of assimilation is on the average 5 to 10
percent greater. Steel KW8N9TL, smelted by
using the nickel-titanium alloy, does not qualita-
-------
tively measure up to that obtained in the usual
ferrotitanium, but it costs significantly less to
produce. (Text in Russian)
[22983]
73-3737
FERDERBER, S. On recycling people and paint
factories. The American Way, 5(9):20-23, Sept.
1972.
Synanon is a community which provides an en-
vironment for people with drug problems to
change their lives. It was started in southern
California in 1958 by an alcoholic who conceived
of a community offering an alternate life style to
social misfits. There are now eight communities
in three States, each community using its own
people to operate its own school, medical depart-
ment, restaurant, automotive fleet, and construc-
tion and repair services. Synanon's physical
holdings include three working ranches, a beach
club, a country estate, and an old paint factory.
These were wasted buildings in today's society,
but Synanon has recycled them for maximum
public use. For example, the old Dutch Boy
Paints factory in San Francisco has been turned
into a *people house,' where 200 men, women, and
children are building rooms for living, pleasure,
and education, and are refurbishing completely
what was once a doomed building.
[22984]
73-3738
Fluid bed handles sludge, bark and fines.
Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry, 25(10):8,
33-35, Oct. 1972.
This article describes the first application of
fluid-bed technology for the disposal of
woodyard waste and water-treatment sludge in
the Canadian pulp and paper industry. The Great
Lakes Paper Co., Ltd., in Thunder Bay, has in-
stalled a Copeland fluid-bed solid-waste disposal
system which handles clarifier sludge, bark, bark
fines, and groundwood snipes without any odor.
This process also generates hot water for its
woodroom deicing system. Great Lakes has two
160-ft-diameter clarifiers at an elevated level, a
pumping station which moves the newsprint mill
effluent to the clarifiers, and a series of upright
snorkels which provide an even discharge of
53
clean effluent. Clarified water is pumped
through a 60-in. concrete line to the distribution
system on the bottom of the Kaministiquia
River, and sludge from the clarifier underflow is
fed to the fluid-bed solid-waste disposal system.
The facility has the most modern odor-control
equipment, and recent modifications include in-
stallation of a second mechanical foambreaker on
the second foam tank, and the placement of baf-
fles on the lower trays of the two oxidation
towers.
[22985]
73-3739
Forest compost made from bark. Canadian
Pulp and Paper Industry, 25(10):8, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses a new fertilizer made from
bark waste. Domtar Forest Compost, produced
by Domtar Ltd., contains pulverized bark and
ammonia; the latter ingredient provides the
nitrogen necessary to hasten bacterial growth
and bark decay. This organic soil conditioner en-
riches the earth by improving its texture so that
plant roots can penetrate deeply, the soil can
retain water, and plant nutrition can occur more
easily.
[22986]
73-3740
FOSDICK, R. J. The aluminum revival. Automo-
tive Industries, 147(ll):37-39, Dec. 1,1972.
A new aluminum load dock is scheduled for cer-
tain Chevrolet Vega models. Reynolds Alu-
minum says the alloy used is comparable to steel.
Cost factors have generally kept aluminum sheet
away from manufacturers of mass produced
American vehicles. But now the laws of automo-
bile economics are changing and weight is
becoming more expensive. The result is a change
of approach on the part of automotive engineers.
First likely applications for aluminum are cited
and discussed in detail. They include: hoods, deck
lids, and doors; front bumper back-up bars; front
and rear bumpers; sport wheels; engine blocks;
and rotary engines. Aluminum's biggest problem
remains its initial cost. However, since large
amounts of aluminum in automobiles could help
assure their value as scrap, environmentalist
pressure could make this aspect of aluminum
-------
64
usage an important one. Also, lighter weight
materials will be used more and more to help
overcome the weight burden of federal safety
and emission regulations.
[22987]
73-3741
GILL, D. G. Isolating problem areas in the die
casting process. Precision Metal, 30(10):60-62,
Oct. 1972.
Since standard instrumentation can reduce die
casting scrap loss, the first objective of the
research was to equate scrap losses to their
responsible causes. The second objective was to
show how proper utilization of instrumentation
can help control scrap by controlling the die cast-
ing process. The die casting selected for this
study was chosen because an abnormally high
scrap rate existed in production. The results
shown were obtained from two strip chart recor-
ders. The values measured and other pertinent
information recorded were: die temperature;
metal temperature; velocity of plunger; pres-
sure; cycle time; and die lubrication. Graphs and
other data are presented. Findings relating to
the thermal-yield relationships and an analysis
of each cycle regarding velocity, pressure, and
intensification are given. Four basic recommen-
dations were made to improve the process which
related to temperature ranges, cycle time varia-
tions, application of die lubrication, and intensifi-
cation and pressure.
[22988]
73-3742
GLASER, K.-F. Die wiedergewinnung des alu-
miniums aus dem verpackungsmuell. [Recycling
of aluminum from packaging waste.] Aluminum,
48(ll):751-752, Nov. 1972.
In the year 1970 in the United States about
658,000 tons of aluminum have been used for the
production of packaging which is 0.5 percent of
weight of the refuse. In order to avoid throwing
away valuable material various methods have
been tried to recycle the aluminum. One method
deals with the regeneration of aluminum from
paper covered foils. The foils are first shredded
and then heated in a furnace. This procedure is
performed at a specific temperature and in a
reducing atmosphere which prevents the forma-
tion of oxide. During this process the adhesive
and the paper carbonize and the charred residue
is separated from the aluminum by a subsequent
impact crusher. The aluminum scrap is then
melted in a furnace. Stationary and mobile col-
lection points have been installed which in 1971
collected about 8,300 tons of tin scrap for further
regeneration. Test have been conducted in order
to recycle aluminum from the slag of refuse in-
cineration plants. The total aluminum quantity
which could be recycled from the slag of the in-
cinerated refuse of the city of Washington is
estimated to amount to 45 percent. (Text in Ger-
man)
[22989]
73-3743
Glass-polymer sewer pipe using recycled glass.
Chemical and Engineering News, 50(45):19,
Nov. 6,1972.
Glass polymer sewer pipe using recycled glass
was put to use for the first time in a municipal
sewer system recently. In Huntington, New
York, workmen installed 30 ft of pipe, which was
developed by Meyer Steinberg and coworkers at
Brookhaven National Laboratory. The pipe sec-
tions, 40 in. long and 8 in. inside diameter, use
acrylic or styrene-polyester polymers and con-
tain the equivalent of 118 beer bottles.
[22990]
73-3744
GM's alternative heat source—trash. American
Machinist, 116(20):39, Oct. 2,1972.
General Motors' Truck and Coach plant in Pon-
tiac, Michigan, beginning in the fall of 1973, will
attempt to rely primarily on the use of waste
paper, cardboard, wood crates, and miscellane-
ous trash to generate steam for winter heating
and summer air conditioning. The steam will also
be used to heat industrial ovens and some for
some chemical processes. Present plans call for
boilers to run on 90 percent refuse supplemented
with 10 percent coal for steady burning.
Although environmental concern was an in-
fluence in this measure, GM also fears shortages
of low sulfur coal and oil and natural gas. Plant
officials are of the opinion that the only other
-------
similar attempts to use trash in this way have
been made by the municipalities of St. Louis,
Missouri, and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
[22991]
73-3745
Ground granulate saves [pounds sterling9] The
Consultung Engineer, 36(10):53, Oct. 1972.
Britain's largest industrial development has
saved 175,000 pounds sterling on material costs
for reinforced concrete installations by replacing
Portland cement with ground granulated blast-
furnace slag in the concrete. The ground granu-
late is cheaper by 3 pounds sterling per ton than
Portland cement. The Anchor Project of British
Steel Corp., worth 200 million pounds sterling,
used 60,000 tons of ground granulate, or one-
third of the total cement required. Highest
ground granulate proportions of 50 percent were
used for construction of iron ore storage bun-
kers. In ore blending yards where concrete is ex-
posed to attack by sulfates, a 50 percent content
of ground granulate is used to give greater re-
sistance. A content of 30 percent was specified
for concrete for large-diameter bored piles.
Suspended construction utilized 12 percent
ground granulate. Concrete containing ground
granulate reaches 90 percent of Portland cement
strength in 28 days and comparable strength in
56 days and longer. The granulate is produced
from controlled local blast furnace slag ground to
a consistent fineness. It blends with Portland ce-
ment in the mixer to rpoduce mixes within the
ranges of BS 146 and BS 4246 for all classes of
concrete.
[22992]
73-3746
HAMAYA, S. [Utilization of plastic wastes.]
Kagaku Kogyo, 28(8): 1047-1051, Aug. 1972.
The recent trends in the technical development
of plastic waste treatment methods and effective
utilization are as follows. Basic recovery
methods can be a single or a complex material
recovery process. The single material recovery
involves melting, and extrusion or compression.
The complex material recovery also involves
melting, then emulsion or compression. Atten-
dant techniques to be developed are: resin clas-
55
sification by static electricity, water, air, and
temperature; the crushing method; the propor-
tion that can be used with packing materials; and
liquid waste treatment. The basic technique of
decomposition involves degrading of plastics into
oil, gas, or carbon. Related technical problems
are treatment of exhaust gas, waste liquid and
disposal of the final residues. Disposal by bury-
ing requires crushing first. Incineration could in-
volve heat recovery in which steam or electricity
could be generated. This treatment also present
the problems of exhaust gas, and treatment of
liquid and the final residues. Other related
techniques to be developed are transportation,
classified collection, compression method, collec-
tion vehicles, and the methods of separation of
foreign materials. The Plastic Treatment
Research Assoc. founded in November 1971 has
constructed four consecutive model plants with
some improvements each time. The last system
comprises a plastic chute, a crusher, a magnetic
selector-conveyor, a scrubber with a cleansing
liquid tank, a water washing process, a centrifu-
gal dryer, a storage tank, an auto rotor, an extru-
sion machine, a cutter, a sluice, another centrifu-
gal dryer, and a pellet product receptacle. (Text
in Japanese)
[22993]
73-3747
HARTOG, W. Kringloop. Recycling, de sleutel
voor en schone wereld. [Closed cycle. Recycling,
the key to a cleaner environment.] Chemisch
Weekblad, 65(36):K(l-3), Sept. 1972.
General problems and possibilities of reducing
the waste generation rate, and especially of
recycling as a vital prerequisite for a cleaner en-
vironment are discussed. The waste generation
rate can be reduced by decreasing the volume of
goods in use, the specific material expenditure
for the good as would-be wastes, and by increas-
ing the useful life of goods. Waste recycling
represents a solution to the waste problem, and
at the same time helps slow down the exhaustion
of natural resources by a shift from linear to
closed cycle. (Text in Dutch)
[22994]
-------
56
73-3748
HORNTVEDT, E. Method of recovering chemi-
cals in waste liquors and arrangement for carry-
ing out the method. Canadian Patent 908,355
owned by Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget, Sund-
svall, Sweden. Issued Aug. 29,1972.
A method for recovering reagents from waste
liquors derived from digestion of ligno-cellulose
containing material by a sulfate process is
described. This recovery step was previously
carried out with a less efficient boiler than the
equipment described herein. Under this method,
liquor evaporated to at least 45 percent dry con-
tent is pyrolized in the reducing atmosphere. A
soda-containing pyrolysis residue mostly free of
sulfide and a gas containing hydrogen sulfide are
formed. Immediately after pyrolysis, reaction
products are cooled by direct heat exchange with
a suitable cooling medium. The pyrolysis
products which have cooled are separated into
gaseous products and a solid residue.
[22995]
73-3749
ISHIDA, M. Preliminary investigation of an
offshore waste processing plant. Presented at
Committee Meeting, Kaiyo Sangyo Kenkyukai
[Ocean Industry Research Group], Tokyo, Nov.
24,1972.7 p.
The basic plan to build a plant in Tokyo Bay to
process 30 percent of the 10,000 tons of wastes
per day from Tokyo is described. The wastes are
estimated to consist of 60 percent water and 36
percent combustibles. At the offshore plant, 700
tons per day of fuel oil, 600 tons per day of char-
coal, 200 tons per day of fuel gas, and 500 tons
per day of water are to be reclaimed. The fuel oil
will be used to generate 90,000 kw of electric
power, 10,000 to 15,000 kw of which will be used
for desalination of sea water. The plant, designed
by Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Industries, has
an area of 25,000 to 30,000 sq m and weighs
20,000 tons. It is shaped like a pontoon, 200 m in
length, 150 m in width, and 12 m in depth. A flow
sheet of the proposed solid wastes disposal
system is given. The project is sponsored by
Japan Bicycle Promotion Assoc., and a final re-
port is due March 1973. (Text in Japanese) (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[22997]
73-3750
JANSEN, H. Die Regenerierung von Formstof-
fen, besonders won kunstharzgebundenen Alt-
sanden. [The regeneration of resin-bound waste
sands] Giesserei, 59(20) :599-607, Oct. 1972.
Three methods of waste sand regeneration are
known: dry, wet, and thermal regeneration. Dry
regeneration is based on treatment of waste
sand in crushers, impact mills, on rolls, or with
brushes in order to provide a rubbing effect by
which the binding residue on the sand grains is
removed. The binding residue and the fine sand
grains are removed from the cleaned sand by
means of air streams. Various types of dry
regeneration plants are described, some of which
use electrical dry filter systems. Dry regenera-
tion is the most economical and simple method to
reestablish the grain status of the sand and to
remove the dust. However, it is very difficult to
achieve complete removal of the binding agent.
In the wet regeneration method preliminary
shredding of sand lumps and separation of
metallic parts is necessary. Usually the sand is
mixed with water in a basin, and either mechani-
cal or pneumatic means are used to provide a
rubbing effect on the sand grains. Several exam-
ples of different wet regeneration plants are
given. Wet regeneration is very expensive, and
the results are not satisfactory as the residue of
organic binding agents is not removed from the
grains. The only method which can be used to
remove organic binding agents from sand grains
is thermal regeneration. The sand is heated up to
75 C, a temperature at which the carbon of the
binding agent is completely burnt. In subsequent
wind separators the burnt particles are sucked
off, and the sand is cooled down. Sometimes wet
and thermal regeneration are combined and this
combination shows the most satisfactory results
as to the quality of the regenerated sand. Costs
for the combined method are very high. (Text in
German)
[22998]
73-3751
KATSUMI, K. Hai purasuchikku no bunkai riyo.
[Utilization of waste plastics by decomposition.]
Kagaku to Kogyo, 25(ll):773-778, Nov. 1972.
-------
Low molecular weight compounds formed by
pyrolysis of plastics are usually very complex. To
purify them is uneconomical, and the most
realistic method of recovery is utilization for fuel
without purification. The average composition of
waste compound plastics is about 80 percent
polyolefin, 18 percent polyvinyl chloride, and 2
percent other plastics. Hydrocarbons which can
be used for fuel are formed by the chemical
breakdown of polyvinyl chlorides. Gaseous
hydrocarbons and volatile hydrocarbons are
suitable for heating, and oily hydrocarbons
which do not contain sulfur can be mixed with
heavy oil. A concrete example of pyrolysis of
plastic compounds is the Kawasaki method in
which hydrochloric acid and hydrocarbons are
recovered from a solution bath of polyvinyl
chloride in polyethylene, polypropylene, and
polystyrene. (Text in Japanese)
[22999]
73-3752
Leaflet reviews solid waste problems. Package
Engineering, 17(13):44,46, Nov. 1972.
This article announces the availability of three
leaflets from Mobil Oil Corp., 150 East 42nd
Street, New York City. 'A Primer on Air Pollu-
tion,' 'A Primer on Water Pollution,' and 'Primer
on Solid Waste' can be ordered from Mobil by
schools, libraries, health and environmental
groups, and interested citizens. The publication
on solid waste gives an overview of current
disposal systems, recycling, and new techniques
for solving solid-waste problems.
[23000]
73-3753
LESHCHENKO, P. D., L. N. KONONKO, G. I.
SOLOMKO, AND A. K. RUDENKO. Kharakteristika
mineral'nogo sostava ovoshchei, vyrashcennykh
na uchastkakh s dobavleniem osadkov pro-
myshlenno-bytovykh stochykh vod. [Mineral
composition of vegetables grown on plots fertil-
ized with industrial and municipal sewage
residue.] Voprosy Pitaniia, 31(l):81-85,1972.
The mineral composition of potatoes, carrots,
and radishes cultivated in soil fertilized with in-
dustrial and municipal sewage near Kiev is
detailed. The vegetables were grown on three
57
plots. Potatoes received 500 and 2,000 tons per
hectare of sewage, depending on the plot being
fertilized. Figures for carrots and radishes are
300 and 2,000 tons per hectare. Vegetables were
also grown on control plots. Quantitative analy-
sis of the following minerals was undertaken:
calcium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper,
manganese, nickel, molybdenum, lead, and tin.
Results of the analysis showed no accumulation
of calcium, potassium, or sodium in the test
potatoes. Test carrots, however, amassed calci-
um, potassium, and sodium; test radishes
amassed calcium. Zinc and copper levels in-
creased in test potatois. Increased amounts of
manganese and nickel were observed only in test
potatoes grown in plots where sewage had been
introduced at a rate of 500 tons per hectare. Test
carrots accumulated iron, zinc, copper, man-
ganese, molybdenum, and tin. Of the minerals
under study, iron, manganese, and lead increased
in radishes. A decrease in iron and molybdenum
content was recorded in test samples of potatoes.
Nickel content decreased in carrots and radishes.
(Text in Russian)
[23001]
73-3754
LESTER, W. D., AND P. E. WATSON. They plan
for the future. Water and Wastes Engineering,
9(10):28-30, Oct. 1972.
This article describes Punta Gorda, Florida's,
modern waste-water-treatment plant. The
equipment is described and illustrated in detail.
Plant processes are also discussed and include
how waste flow is mixed with return sludge; how
the sludge supplies a microbial mass which is
needed for the biological treatment process; how
the clarified effluent is processed and filtered;
and how the waste sludge is treated and used.
This new tertiary treatment plant began operat-
ing in June of 1972 and it is producing an effluent
which is cleaner than the waters of the Peach
River into which it flows. The plant can, if
needed, be run automatically, and can be
operated either as an activated-sludge facility or
as a contact-stabilization plant. At present it can
handle the sewage generated by up to 10,000 re-
sidents, but it can be expanded to serve 20,000
residents. The plant's dried sludge is used as
landfill or is sold; and the effluent is used for ir-
-------
rigation, water agitation lines, and washing down
equipment.
[23002]
73-3755
Local trash cuts downtown fuel bills. Environ-
mental Science and Technology, 6(9):780, Sept.
1972.
Nashville, Tennessee, is planning to use its solid
waste as a source of energy to heat and cool
downtown buildings. Originally, the city in-
tended to use a conventionally fired district
heating and cooling plant to serve metro govern-
ment buildings only. However, the State legisla-
ture passed a law requiring that by 1972 all land-
fills employ daily earth cover. The city realized
that its five landfills would thus last for only 5
years, so the idea of using solid wastes as fuel
arose. An organization was chartered under
State law in 1970 which was empowered to issue
revenue bonds for construction. Early plans call
for the plant to be completed in 1974. Most of the
720 tons per day of solid wastes burned would be
collected in the mid-city area and delivered to
the central plant by compactor truck. The key to
the system is an incinerator which will reduce
solid waste to one-tenth its original weight. The
inert residue can be landfilled without earth
cover. Reclamation uses from the residue are
being investigated. It is thought that by 1978,
the plant could generate 500,000 Ib of steam per
hr. Eventually, all of the 1,300 tons per day of
solid waste generated by the population could be
burned in this process.
[23003]
73-3756
Magnetic reclamation: a growing trend in solid
waste management. Public Works, 103(9): 103-
105, Sept. 1972.
The article discusses efforts of various localities
to use existing technology to salvage steel cans
and other ferrous materials from their refuse.
By the end of 1972, 22 cities will use magnetic
separation systems to reclaim cans on a mass
basis. Magnetic reclamation is increasingly popu-
lar because of the declining availability of landfill
sites. Extraction is simple because of magnetic
properties. Revenues from scrap sales are help-
ful in offsetting disposal costs. Chicago uses
magnetic separation equipment as part of an in-
cinerator-based refuse disposal system. In-
cinerator residue is 10 percent salvageable steel
cans by weight. Cans and other metallics are
screened from the residue and trucked to a near-
by scrap steel processor. Two cities in California
reclaim steel cans at their landfill sites. Scat-
tered around the county are about 150 transfer
stations. The largest, in San Francisco, will add
magnetic separation to its functions this year.
Some Connecticut towns plan to install
shredding and magnetic separation systems for
their solid waste. St. Louis has initiated a pilot
program using household refuse as fuel for a
power plant boiler. Steel cans and other ferrous
metals are separated from the garbage before it
is fed into the boiler furnace.
[23004]
73-3757
Magnetic separation boosts consumption of
scrap cans. Industry Week, 174(ll):23-24, Sept.
11,1972.
A growing number of local governments are in-
stalling magnetic separation systems to remove
steel cans from their solid wastes, but the poten-
tial market for reclaimed steel cans vastly ex-
ceeds the salvage capacity of existing facilities.
As more recycled cans are available, it will make
economic sense for companies to install more
electric furnaces, which are able to use scrap.
Basic oxygen furnaces could accept 20 billion
cans annually if the maximum weight of tin cans
were added to the scrap charges. A second major
market is the copper industry, which could use
up to 18 billion cans a year to recover copper
from low-grade ore. The economic feasibility of
using recycled cans depends on a number of vari-
ables such as the nature of the process, shipping
costs, location of sources, and the price of scrap
in the world market. By the end of 1973 a total of
28 communities will be involved in reclaiming
steel cans.
[23005]
73-3758
Make fuel from plastic wastes. Hydrocarbon
Processing, 51(10):161-163, Oct. 1972.
-------
Mitsui Petrochemical Industries (MFC) and Mit-
sui Shipbuilding and Engineering Co. have
jointly developed a process called Mitsui Plastic
Waste Thermal Cracking. Brought onstream in
1971, this is a low-polymer plant which converts
low molecular weight polyethylene byproduct of
MFC's high-density polyethylene plant into fuel
oil by thermal cracking at the rate of 36 tons per
day. Since the oil can be stored for use as needed,
this process produced a more flexible heat
source than the former procedure of burning the
plastic in a heat-recovery system. The low
polymer thermal cracking equipment is operated
at approximately 420 C. Byproduct gas is flared.
Product oil is mixed with heavy fuel and used as
fuel in the power plants. The system is fully in-
strumented and capable of automatically
shutting down in case of emergency. Product oil
yield is approximately 90 percent based on
weight of feed after substracting fuel require-
ments of the furnace. Polyvinyl chloride cannot
be subjected to the process because of low yield
and corrosive products. Also, the metals in this
type of plastic, such as lead and cadmium, adver-
sly affect the thermal cracking. At present this
technique is not suitable for municipal refuse,
since the plastics cannot easily be separated out,
but it is ideal for industrial wastes of known
composition. Extensive data are given.
[23006]
73-3759
MILES, J. E. P., AND E. DOUGLAS. Recovery of
nonferrous metals from domestic refuse. Sur-
veyor-Local Government Technology,
140(4200):36-38, Dec. 8,1972.
This article summarizes a detailed research re-
port prepared by Warren Spring Laboratory, a
British Government center for industrial and en-
vironmental research. This report is concerned
with recovery of nonferrous metals from
domestic refuse. This investigation began with
an appraisal of clinker samples from a number of
incinerator plants, and inherent values were cal-
culated on the basis of the scrap metal prices
given in the report. The results are shown in ta-
bles. Running accounts of the percentages of
valuable constituents extracted from the clinker
were maintained throughout the tests, which ex-
tended over a period of 18 months. A detailed
59
description of the operation procedure is pro-
vided along with a flow diagram. It is concluded
that any recovery operation should be based on
an incinerator producing at least 25 tons per hr
of spray-cooled or dry clinker.
[23007]
73-3760
MORTON, D. E. Process for reuse of polyester
resin. U.S. Patent 3,703,488 owned by Goodyear
Tire and Rubber Co. Issued Nov. 21,1972.
This patent relates to the reuse of polymeric
polyester resin materials, more particularly to
the conversion of already formed resin or scrap
or waste polyester resin into low molecular
weight material which can be polymerized into
high molecular weight products suitable for use
in the preparation of fibers, films, melt adha-
sives, or other applications. The method consists
of charging the resin with a small amount of a
material selected from the group consisting of
materials from which the polyester resin is
derived into a worm extruder. The high molecu-
lar weight resin is reduced in viscosity to a
degree of polymerization in the range of from
about 10 to about 40 and may be reused in the
preparation of new resin.
[23008]
73-3761
NANASY, E. Ecology-minded contractor recy-
cles pavement. Rock Products, 75(10):83, 103,
Oct. 1972.
A specially designed portable crushing plant is
contributing to southern California ecology by
chewing up old concrete and asphalt for ag-
gregates. The unit can turn out many sizes of
rock. Sizes of material produced vary with the
sizes of the screen mesh. A stacker belt at the
end of the primary unit can transport the
crushed rock to a storage pile. When the crusher
is transported from job to job, it is disassembled
and hauled in seven separate sections. By using
this process old asphalt and concrete that would
otherwise lie fallow in waste piles, and take up
space uselessly, are transformed into a useful
and economical commodity.
[23009]
-------
60
73-3762
Neue Verwendung fuer Kunststoffabfaelle.
[New use for plastic waste.] Chemische Indus-
*ne,24(9):567,1972.
A test plant for the conversion of plastic wastes
and sewage sludge into construction material,
built by the Japanese Niigata Engineering Co., is
described. Various plastic wastes are molten at
relatively low temperatures. The molten plastic
wastes are mixed with sewage sludge, and build-
ing blocks are molded. The molded blocks thus
obtained are softer than reinforced concrete but
harder than hollow concrete blocks. The process
is free from any gaseous emission. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23010]
73-3763
New solid waste recycling systems introduced
by IHI for Japanese use. Waste Trade Journal,
68(48):3,Nov.30,1973.
A Tokyo firm and Black Clawson Co. in New
York City have made a licensing agreement for
the manufacture and sale in Japan of a pollution-
free municipal refuse recycling system known as
Hydrasposal/Fibreclaim. A number of projects
for production of refuse handling plants using
this system are also under negotiation. This
system takes unsorted household and commer-
cial refuse as it is delivered by collection trucks
and converts the wastes into a slurry from which
useful items can be recovered by separating and
cleaning processes. Ferrous and nonferrous
metals, glass, and paper fiber can be reclaimed
and sold to industry as raw materials. Electrical
power can be produced from the heat generated
by the system. The first commercial installation
of this system was a plant for the city of
Franklin in Ohio.
[23012]
73-3764
Paper recycling: some old myths and new reali-
ties. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal
Journal, 15(12):18,28,46,52,58-59, Dec. 1972.
Based upon data extracts and tentative findings
of a recently released pilot study undertaken by
the New York Chamber of Commerce's Subcom-
mittee on Solid Wastes, the material presented
in this article explores the nature and extent of
usage, production costs, and marketability of
recycled waste paper. Laws affecting the paper
industry and forest reclamation are also
discussed. A variety of factors: taxes, economics
of the paper industry, new technology, transpor-
tation costs and customer psychology, have com-
bined to induce paper manufacturers to favor
use of virgin materials over recycled goods. It is
predicted that paper consumption in the United
States will double by 1985. This will require in-
creased productive capacity for pulp and paper
mills. It is further concluded that on a per-ton
basis, recycling plants are less expensive to con-
struct and to operate than virgin mills. These
will be important factors in investment decisions
for this industry.
[23013]
73-3765
Plant to recover minerals from waste, to be
built. Waste Trade Journal, 68(38):6, Sept. 23,
1972.
A plant to recover metals and minerals from
waste materials is being designed and will be
built in Lowell, Massachusetts. Its operation will
be tested under a 3-year program costing $3.2
million. This is the first full-scale unit of its type
in the United States; however, a small pilot plant
is being operated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in
College Park, Maryland. The plant will separate
burned refuse into aluminum, zinc and copper,
ferrous metals, glass, sand, and residue. Financ-
ing includes a $2.4-million grant from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, with the
remaining funds being provided by the city and
State.
[23014]
73-3766
Protein production from industrial wastes.
Chemical and Engineering News, 50(45): 19,
Nov. 6,1972.
Protein production from industrial wastes is the
subject of a multiclient, techno-economics study
planned jointly by the University of Cardiff s
Wolfson Laboratory for Industrial Biology, and
Peter Ward Assoc. (Interplan), of London. Due
to start in January, the study will outline the fac-
-------
tors involved in converting a broad spectrum of
organic waste products into salable protein. The
final report will cover finance and market
analyses of the processes and products as well as
the technical details of the biological conversion.
[23015]
73-3767
Putting protein pep into soft drinks. Science
News, 102(11):171, Sept. 9,1972.
Whey, a byproduct in cheese-making that is
sometimes viewed as a polluting waste, can
become a nutritious food ingredient, reports the
U.S. Department of Agriculture. A number of
experimental processes remove lactose and salts
from whey. The resulting liquid can be dried to a
powder containing 30 to 90 percent protein. This
protein can be added to soft drinks with positive
results. Even after they have been stored a year,
the proteins have little effect on flavor or color.
Experiments are also being conducted on using
the high-protein whey for making meringue.
[23016]
73-3768
Recycling isn't the only way to dam the corru-
gated flood. Material Handling Engineering,
27:48-49,1972.
General Motors Truck and Coach Division at
Pontiac, Michigan, plans to have a $4.8 million
spreader stoker type boiler complex for
recycling solid wastes into steam power ready
for startup by June of 1973. At the heart of the
preparation and burning systems are two
boilers, one capable of generating steam at
150,000 Ib per hr and another which will operate
at 200,000 Ib per hr. Feeding these 85-ft-high
structures will be a shredder, magnetic separa-
tor, distributor, and refuse silo. Eventually, the
system will generate 50 percent of the division's
steam requirement for heating and air condition-
ing. The boilers will accept either coal or refuse
as fuel, or a combination. Initially, the feed will
be 20 percent coal and refuse for the rest; waste
at the plant is 65 percent wood, 35 percent paper
and corrugated. The system is capable of han-
dling up to 15 percent plastic or rubber without
problems. Air pollution control is accomplished
by a wet scrubber which will remove 98.5 per-
61
cent of the particulate matter in the stack
gasses. A hopper collected the ash for disposal in
an landfill. Water from the scrubber is used to
carry out the ash; it is then separated from the
slurry in a vacuum filter and recycled.
[23018]
73-3769
Researchers look into uses of 'modified fly ash.'
Electrical World, 178(10):40-42, Nov. 15,1972.
This article discusses practical and profitable
uses for modified fly ash which is produced dur-
ing sulfur-dioxide abatement processes. This
research has uncovered several promising modes
of utilization, including the production of au-
toclaved building materials and mineral wool in-
sulating fibers, and the generation of marketable
sulfur dioxide gas. If mineral-wool production
and sulfur dioxide collection were combined, no
further pollution problem would exist for either
process, as the evolved sulfur gases could be
channeled to produce sulfuric acid or be bottled,
while the parent ash could then be further
heated to a molten state for production of
mineral wool. All of the uses discussed take ad-
vantage of the unique characteristics of modified
fly ash to produce useful and marketable materi-
als while eliminating a waste-disposal and pollu-
tion problem.
[23019]
73-3770
SCHLABACH, T. D. Resources, the environment,
and the Bell System. Bell Laboratories Record,
50(9):283-289, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the design implications of
mineral resource and environmental trends. By
taking into account the environment and mineral
resource conservation as well as function and
cost, the designer can consider alternative
materials and manufacturing processes. The
long-term adequacy of quite a few mineral
reserves is questioned, and the standards set
forth in the Clean Air Act of 1970 may limit the
use of some materials used in manufacturing.
Substitution of materials, evaluation of the
unique properties of certain materials, and
material cost and availability will all have to be
carefully considered by designers. There will
-------
62
also be a greater interest in processing and fabri-
cation procedures which minimize pollution,
scrap, and byproducts. Disposal costs should pro-
vide guidelines for selecting manufacturing
processes and the handling of nonrecyclable
products. The Western Electric Co., with
cooperation from Bell Labs, is developing
procedures for assessing the economic costs of
various materials and processes in terms of the
pollution and scrap problems they present.
Long-range forecasting of the price-availability
trends of critical resources is also being un-
dertaken in order to provide time for the in-
troduction of material substitutes.
[23021]
73-3771
SCHRIEKE, 0. B. Rubberafval in de vorm van
versleten autobanden. [Rubber waste in the
form of worn auto tires.] Plastica, 25(9):394-401,
Sept. 1972.
Possibilities of recycling rubber tire waste are
reviewed. Rubber reclaim can be used in
highway construction, for driveways and park-
ing lots. Three to 5 Ib of rubber are added to 5 gal
of dressing to obtain a stress-relieving inter-
layer. A process for carbon black manufacture
from used tires is being studied, and so are
pyrolytic procedures for the recovery of valua-
ble chemical compounds. A process developed by
the Palma Rubber Factory, Hungary, which
results in reclaim and separated fiber material to
be used for other purposes, is referred to. In-
cineration of rubber waste is, apart from
destroying valuable materials, expensive, and
requires the use of electrostatic precipitators for
air pollution control. (Text in Dutch)
[23022]
73-3772
SHUTT, T. C., H. CAMPBELL, AND J. H.
ABRAHAMS, JR. New building materials contain-
ing waste glass.] Ceramic Bulletin, 51(9):670-
671,1972.
A new method of using stones, mine tailings,
slag, bricks, concrete, and other siliceous waste
material together with waste glass has been
developed for making large, fired ceramic build-
ing units (patent pending). No color sorting,
washing, or removal of aluminum rings is neces-
sary because all of the glass is ultimately
crushed and mixed. By using glass in the process,
low firing temperatures and short firing times
lead to products with high strength and low
water absorptions. The glass is the bonding
material and the siliceous rubble acts as fill
material. Detailed discussion of the experimental
procedures and results is given. This method of
fabrication can be used to make large, complex
shapes, which are presently only available at a
high cost. It is estimated that, in 3-in. thick
panels, the cost of manufacture is $0.80 to $1 per
sqft.
[23023]
73-3773
Simulated asbestos board. Asbestos, 54(5):8,
Nov. 1972.
Plastics Research Laboratories of Tideswell,
Derbyshire, England, has patented a process for
transforming paper-making sludges and clay
wastes into top-grade products. One of the
products is a simulated asbestos with fire-retar-
dant properties comparable to those of asbestos
but which involves none of the health hazards as-
sociated with asbestos. Various asbestos
products manufacturers were less than enthu-
siastic about the development, however. One of
them responded that use of paper and cellulose
fibers in reinforcing asbestos materials had been
the object of considerable research by all the
major companies. Another observed that there
are other factors involved in using asbestos
besides resistance to the spread of flame. These
include heat resistance, fire resistance, and ther-
mal conductivity. More technical data are needed
before conclusions are drawn about the new
claims.
[23024]
73-3774
Space technology adapts to urban problems.
Chemical and Engineering News, 50(32):27,
Aug. 7,1972.
Technology developed in the aerospace field is
finding applicability in the realm of urban
problems. Experts from both areas met at the
Second Urban Technology Conference in San
-------
Francisco to define and develop specific solu-
tions to urban problems through technology. Ex-
amples of direct transfers of space technology
accomplished by the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration include protective suits
for firemen, a sewage flowmeter design, and a
thermoplastic materials for possible use in pave-
ment and roof repair. The thermoplastic binder
was originally produced from virgin products,
but it has since been found that the finder can be
effectively and economically made using a
variety of waste products including shredded
tires, used crankcase oil, particulate sulfur, and
polyethylene.
[23025]
73-3775
STAA, R. VAN. Meer kringloop van papier
mogehjk en wenselijk. [More waste paper
recycling possible and desirable.] Chemisch
Weekblad, 65(36):K(3-5), Sept. 1972.
General problems of the recycling of waste
paper are described. Some 150,000 tons out of
the total of 700,000 tons of waste paper collected
yearly in the Netherlands are exported despite
the acute fiber shortage. The total amount of
recycled waste paper in 1970 was 575,000 tons.
The waste paper to be recycled is sorted, cleaned
and pulped while plastic and other contaminants
such as sand are separated. Small proportions of
printed waste can be mixed with blank waste e.g.
from paper mills, while printed wastes are
usually processed physically or by means of
peroxide to remove printing ink. It is possible to
obtain recycled paper of good quality. Recycled
paper has good dimension stability. Mixing long
with short fiber material is recommended. (Text
in Dutch)
[23026]
73-3776
STANTON, W. R. Waste recovery by microor-
ganisms. Process Biochemistry, 7(12):21-23, Dec.
1972.
In the territories of Southeast Asia, pollution is
caused largely by the activities of farming, plan-
tation cropping, forestry, mining, and land
development. In many industries in this area,
while the main component is being extracted
63
from the raw material, many other secondary
products are rejected as waste. A UNESCO
symposium held earlier this year at the Univer-
sity of Malaya studied the utilization of these
secondary products. The study opened with a
review of the amount and distribution of agricul-
ture pollutants which were being generated. The
production of residual press-cake from soyabean
oil extraction; algae recovery from sewage;
recovery of rubber and palm oil; production of
potable alcohol and vinegar from the use of
water from copra extraction from coconuts; and
the various uses of liquid wastes from tapioca
starch extraction are discussed in detail.
[23027]
73-3777
STEININGER, E. Making fluorine compounds
from waste fluosilicic acid. Engineering and
Mining Journal, 173(12):73-75, Dec. 1972.
Fluosilicic add, a waste byproduct from the
manufacture of phosphate and superphosphate
fertilizers, can now be used to replace fluorspar
in certain applications. With the current high
price of acid-grade fluorspar and the cost of
meeting new waste disposal requirements, many
companies are considering ways of processing
fluosilic acid. The importance of these new
processes is realized when one considers the low
reserves available of fluorine. Five processes for
hydrofluoric acid production are illustrated and
discussed in detail.
[23028]
73-3778
SUTTERFIELD, G. W., AND F. E. WISELY.
Refuse as supplementary fuel for power plants.
In Proceedings; Solid Waste Demonstration
Projects, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 4-6, 1971.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, p.
129-147.
This paper discusses the recovery of waste heat
from the combustion of refuse. A study of this
concept was originally made for the city of St.
Louis, Missouri, with the close cooperation of the
Union Electric Co., under a partial grant-in-aid
from the Bureau of Solid Waste Management.
On the basis of this study the city of St. Louis
has purchased some of the more critical pieces of
-------
64
equipment and bids have been received for the
general construction contract covering a
processing plant at the site of one of the city's in-
cinerators and a fuel receiving station. A
detailed comparison of some of the most impor-
tant characteristics of coal and refuse is pro-
vided. It indicates that the major differences are
in moisture and carbon content. The boiler
design is illustrated and discussed in detail. The
steps included in preparing and processing raw
refuse are: collection and delivery of raw refuse;
feeding the hammermill; the milling process;
discharge and storage of milled refuse; and
transporting processed refuse to the power
plant. Receiving plant and firing facilities, poten-
tial boiler operating problems, cost analyses, and
applying the system in other areas are also
discussed. It is concluded that the process may
be applicable as an economical primary means of
refuse disposal for a number of large
metropolitan areas. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23029]
73-3779
Technology newsletter: garbage is the raw
material for sewer pipe. Chemical Week,
lll(19):33,Nov.8,1972.
The Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton,
New York, is manufacturing sewer pipe from
garbage. Bottles are crushed along with their
metal caps and labels and mixed with a liquid
plastic monomer. This mixture is then cast into
pipe and cured. This cured polymer is said to be
unbleachable, unerodable and two to three times
stronger than concrete. The first unit has been
installed at Huntington, New York. An Arthur
D. Little study has shown the process to be
economically competitive.
[23030]
73-3780
The recycling dream is turning into reality.
Modem Plastics, 49(9):64-65, Sept. 1972.
Japan is operating a pilot plant that takes in
plastic garbage bags filled with home-owner-
segregated plastics packaging wastes at one end
and produces plastics pellets at the other. The
system is being tested on 30,000 Japanese
households. The pilot factory is being operated
by Japan's Plastic Waste Management Institute
and is funded by industry organizations. The
pilot recycling installation has a capacity of 440
Ib per hr and the system is processing about 10
tons of plastics waste weekly. The process used
and the sorting techniques are described in
detail. The resulting pellets are a polymixture
with relatively poor mechanical properties. Tests
are under way to boost the qualities by adding
various polymers. Pellets are being made into in-
jection molded flower pots and drainage pipe.
The cost is about $0.04 per Ib, still too high
priced; however, a system is visualized which
would produce polymixture pellets at a cost of
about $0.03 per Ib
[23017]
73-3781
Thermoplastic rubber shoots for uses over wide
temperature range. Plastics Technology,
18(11):11,13, Nov. 1972.
Uniroyal Chemical has introduced TPR, its new
family of polyolefin-based thermoplastic rubbers
that are said to offer the properties of vulcanized
rubber and the processing advantages of ther-
moplastics. The material can be injection molded,
extruded, calendered, and blow molded on con-
ventional equipment. It should have widely
diverse applications such as automobiles, ap-
pliances, closures, hose and tubing, housewares,
toys, medical, tape, and wire cable. Four grades
of TPR are currently offered in pellet form and a
softer grade is expected to be available commer-
cially soon. TPR offers these processing
benefits: fast cycles; processing safety; no equip-
ment corrosion; excellent molded part definition;
no need to post-cure; and complete scrap
recycling. They will also maintain steady-state
conditions better than any other materials.
[23031]
73-3782
THIRGOOD, J. V. Land reclamation must follow
land disturbance. Canadian Mining Journal,
93(12):33-34,39-40, Dec. 1972.
This article concerns the reclamation of land
after open pit mining. This requires advance
planning with regard to the permanent produc-
-------
tivity of the land, considering large scale use pat-
terns of the region. Three phases of reclamation
includes the inventory of land and water
resources before mining, physical operations
suitable to the topography and revegetation.
Cost of reclamation must be considered in
planning. The article concerns mining in British
Columbia, Canada.
[23032]
73-3783
TSUKUDA, M., AND K. TSUNEMATSU. Jinkai
shokyaku karyoku hatsuden. [Thermal genera-
tion by garbage combustion.] Karyobu Hatsu-
den, 23(11):1122-1130, Nov. 1972.
Little interest has been shown in combining gar-
bage combustion with thermal generation in
Japan. Only small-scale inplant generation and
small-scale utilization of heat from garbage com-
bustion for public baths have been in operation.
If there are no sudden changes in the generation
of heat from garbage combustion, if the equip-
ment does not break down often, and if not much
labor is needed for the operation, power compa-
nies might be interested in the possibility of a
combination of a thermal generation and gar-
bage combustion plant. Examples in Germany
are cited, and it is concluded that it might be
feasible in Japan, especially since the quality of
garbage in terms of higher calorific content is
improving in Japan, as the level of living stan-
dard is going up. At present, in Tokyo, it is 1,200
kcal per kg, plus or minus 400 kcal per kg, but in
10 years it is expected to exceed 2,500 kcal per
kg. Since the switch in incinerator type from
batch type to a completely mechanized incinera-
tor enabling continuous combustion, stabilized
heat generation is possible. Anti-pollution facili-
ties can be utilized in common with the combined
combustion-generation equipment, so that the
cost of pollution control equipment would be
more easily justified. It is preferable to operate a
power plant from which all the inhabitants of the
region can derive some benefit. (Text in
Japanese)
[23033]
73-3784
UTZIG, H., AND U. DIETERLE. Thermische
Regenerierung von Kern- und Maskensanden.
Thermal regeneration of core and shell sands.O
Giesserei, 59(20):607-611, Oct. 1972.
A process for the thermal recovery of used core
and shell sands from the shell molding process in
foundries is described. Lumps of resin-bonded
core and shell sand are regenerated in a shaft
furnace at a temperature of 800 C, which due to
an exothermic reaction without further energy
supply after the regeneration temperature is
reached. After the binding agent is burnt off,
and contaminants are removed from the surface
of the hot sand particles, they are conveyed
through a swing sieve, a cascade chute, and a
vibratory feed pipe into a bunker while they are
successively cooled to 50 to 80 C or to a higher
temperature, depending on the consecutive resin
coating process. While regenerated sand can be
mixed with fresh sand in any proportion without
any impairment in quality, it has several
technological advantages such as reduction of
the mixing time, improved processing of the
resin-coated sand, and sharp decrease of defects
due to the expansion of the sand. This process
can be adopted to sands containing such binding
agents as phenol-formaldehyde with hex-
amethylene tetramine, cold furan and phenol
polymers with paratoluenesulfonic acid, or hot-
box furan-phenol. Sands with inorganic binding
agents are only suitable for thermal regenera-
tion if the binding agent volatilizes. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23034]
73-3785
VCI-Abfallboerse. [Refuse stock exchange.]
Chemische Industrie, (24):789, Dec. 1972.
The Association of the Chemical Industry
founded a refuse 'stock exchange' in order to
reduce the quantity of refuse material. It is in-
tended that material which cannot be used or
reused in one enterprise is offered to other firms
which could utilize it. Enterprises looking for
such material can publish their needs in the
weekly periodical of the chemical industry in the
column 'refuse stock exchange.' However, only
the addresses of the suppliers and buyers are
-------
66
given so that for further information about
prices and other conditions the respective firms
must be directly contacted. However, the sup-
pliers are requested to give detailed information
about the material offered, i.e., composition,
chemical and physical properties, concentration,
quantity, packing and transportation. (Text in
German)
[23035]
73-3786
Waste paper and other trash...a primary fuel.
Chemical Engineering, (5):17-18, Oct. 2,1972.
Waste paper and other trash are to become a pri-
mary fuel for an industrial plant in the United
States. Up to now, such fueling projects, which
ease the shortage of conventional fuels and help
solve solid waste disposal problems at the same
time, have generally been confined to utility
plants or other nonmanufacturing operations.
The upcoming use is General Motors' truch and
coach plant at Pontiac, Michigan, which will
begin next fall to rely largely on trash for steam
generation. The steam will provide space heat-
ing, will power air conditioners during the
summer, and may also be used for process heat-
ing. Boiler feed will consist 90 percent of trash,
and 10 percent of coal for steady burning. Trash,
collected within the plant, will be pretreated in
hammermills, shredders, and other equipment.
[23036]
>
73-3787
Wirtschaftliche industrielle Muellbeseitigung.
[Economic industrial refuse removal.] Wasser
buft und Betrieb, 16(10):345, Oct. 1972.
A very effective method for treatment of
domestic refuse has been developed in Switzer-
land. The domestic refuse is first treated in a
composting plant. The compost is then dried in a
special converter by means of hot air which con-
verts the fresh compost into a dry fibrous
material of a constant water content of 3 to 5
percent. All microorganisms are destroyed by
this procedure so that the final product is
completely sterile. Stones, glass, and metal parti-
cles are removed from the fibrous material. A
binding agent is added to the fibrous material,
and sometimes wood chips are added in order to
improve the rigidity. This mixture is processed
into a mat of a fine surface structure and a rough
middle layer. The mat is pressed at 30 at-
mospheres and at a temperature of 200 C. The
slow cooling down of the pressed mat completes
the polycondensation of the binding agent and
optimizes the hardening of the mat. Owing to the
very hard surface of the pressed plate and its in-
flammability, it can be used in the construction
trade. (Text in German)
[23037]
73-3788
YUTAKA, A., H. TOKUSHIGE, T. SAKAI, AND A.
KOSAKI. HaiW purasuchikku saisei shori puranto.
[Waste plastics recycling plant.] Nikon Seikosho
Giho, (32):22-32, Nov. 1972.
The Japan Steel Works type waste plastics
recycling plant was developed based on long
years of experience and research in the field of
plastics processing machinery. Waste plastics
recycling experiments and the recycling plant
are explained in this report. The plant consists of
various processes, i.e., crushing, elimination of
such foreign bodies as metal, glass pieces, etc.,
air classification, crushing waste plastics and
screening by 10 mm mesh. Metal pieces which
could not be removed by air alone are removed
by magnet. Waste plastics are removed by oil,
then wastes are washed, dried, pulverized,
melted, and pelletized. The pulverizing process is
the most characteristic one, and prevents
clogging of dies in the melting process. The
melted plastic is uniformly mixed, and remaining
water is sucked out. Pelletizing is done by so
called hot-cut method. Cut pellets are dropped
into the sluice filled with water and dried by a
centrifuge-type drier. The dried pellets are
reused as molding material. The system can
process any kind of waste plastics, and pellets
have great value. No harmful gas is emitted as
the whole plant is operated at temperature
below processing temperature of polyvinyl
chloride. Even unmelted matter and plastics
with a high melting point are pulverized, so that
the reclaimed pellets have a smooth surface. It is
possible to recycle plastics even though they
may have some water or dirt adhered to the sur-
face. The reclaimed pellets are molded into
flower vases, plastic containers or underground
pipes. (Text in Japanese)
-------
[23038]
73-3789
ZIMNAWODA, H. W. Verfahren zur San-
druckgewinnung. [Procedures of sand regenera-
tion.] Giesserei, 59(20):593-599, Oct. 1972.
Because of increased difficulties in removing
waste sands from foundries, sand regeneration is
becoming more important. In order to choose the
most effective sand regeneration method, the
shape and properties of the sand grains have to
be determined. A mechanical sand regeneration
plant consists in a crusher where the sand lumps
are shredded by means of rotating blades.
Removal of the binding residue is effected by
feeding the sand grains through the gap between
the toothed casing wall of the crusher and the
serrated circumference of a rotating table. The
binding agent and other dirt particles are sucked
off by means of a dust discharger. In a wet
regeneration plant the sand lumps are
preshredded, and the metal particles are sorted
out by means of a magnetic separator. The sand
is then mixed with water, and the fine sand par-
ticles are removed together with the surplus
water by means of a slowly rotating worm
mounted in an inclined basin. The remaining
sand sludge is fed into a classifier provided with
a rotating blade, by means of which the sludge is
moved up and down and the sand grains are
rubbed against each other. Subsequently the
rubbing effect is intensified, and afterwards the
clean sand is emptied onto a rotating filter where
the humidity content is reduced to 8 percent
under vacuum. Resin-bound sands should be sub-
mitted to a thermal regeneration process in
order to remove the organic binding residue. The
shredded sand is fed into a three-phase shaft
furnace where the sand is preheated in the first
zone, annealed in the second zone, and precooled
in the third zone. The sand flows downwards
while hot gases are streaming to the top of the
furance. Because of this movement, close contact
between gas and sand is reached, and the binding
agent is submitted to a process of decomposition.
Very good results have been obtained when com-
bining the wet and thermal regeneration
methods. The sand regenerated in this manner
can be compared to new sand. However, costs of
the combined plant are very high. (Text in Ger-
man)
67
[23039]
SANITARY LANDFILL
73-3790
BRITTON, P. W. Improving manual solid waste
separation studies. Journal of the Sanitary En-
gineering Division-ASCE.
98(SA 5):717-730, Oct. 1972. This article
discusses a study which endeavors to find more
efficient ways of analyzing the physical composi-
tion of solid waste. Knowledge of the physical
composition of solid waste is recognized as
potentially valuable information for the
researcher, engineer, and manager. Currently,
the only practical way to obtain physical com-
position data is through a manual separation
study. This article presents a rationale using the
characteristics of 10-category separation results
to evaluate the optimality of 100-lb, 200-lb, 300-
Ib, and 600-lb separation samples. An example is
given of how to calculate the required number of
such samples for a proposed study. There is also
some analysis of how the resulting physical com-
position data may be
used. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23052
73-3791
SORIA, S. M. General research on all quarries as
waste disposal sites. In The feasibility of using
abandoned quarries as sites for the disposal of
solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan
University Environmental Research Group,
1971. p. 4-10.
This paper discusses the search for a model loca-
tion for a sanitary landfill for Connecticut. The
first step was to find out where all the quarries
in the State were located. The best single source
was a geological map series, although it was only
40 percent complete on a statewide basis.
Sohon's Connecticut Minerals, Their Property
and Occurence also proved to be helpful. This
source contained information on granite and peg-
matite quarries. Onsite examinations were car-
ried out at the most promising locations, and the
following factors were noted: population of the
immediate area; accessibility; present use of the
-------
quarry; geology; size and shape; drainage; local
hydrology; natural areas protection; mineral
value; and reclamation. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23040]
73-3792
SORIA, S. M. Soil pollution. In The feasibility of
using abandoned quarries as sites for the
disposal of solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut,
Wesleyan University Environmental Research
Group, 1971. p. 68-71.
This paper discusses chemical determinations of
the extent of soil pollution at the Middletown,
Connecticut, dump site. The chemical study in-
dicated that the dump had only a slight effect on
the surrounding soil. Even the area where there
was 5-year old garbage showed no significant
change. This could be an indication that soil goes
through a very efficient process of recharge in a
normal rainfall situation. At depths of greater
than 12 in. large concentrations of ammonia
nitrogen were found in the fill area. This could be
an indication of the soil's ability to absorb am-
monia and keep it out of surface waters where it
can do extreme damage. The study of the normal
dump effluent showed that under usual condi-
tions a relatively small amount of soil was suffi-
cient to remove practically all pollutants from a
large amount of garbage. It is concluded that a
small amount of soil is sufficient to remove prac-
tically all biological and chemical pollutants from
the effluent of a garbage dump. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23042]
73-3793
SORIA, S. M. Study of probable quarry effluent;
general investigation. In The feasibility of
using abandoned quarries as sites for the
disposal of solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut,
Wesleyan University Environmental Research
Group, 1971. p. 71-75.
This paper discusses how the natural materials
at a quarry site can affect the potential quarry
dump leachate. The experimental analysis of this
paper was composed of three factors: an experi-
ment to determine the general differences
between the use of soil and the use of tailings as
cover; an experiment to indicate the long-range
effects of contact between water or effluent and
the nongarbage materials possible at the dump
site; and an experiment to specify the varying
effects of the different tailings, soil, schist, and
pegmatite on an effluent. The three experimen-
tal sequences and their results are presented in
detail. The techniques used for comparison of
soil and tailings as cover are also discussed. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23044]
73-3794
SORIA, S. M. Study of probable quarry effluent;
long-term investigation. In The feasibility of
using abandoned quarries as sites for the
disposal of solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut,
Wesleyan University Environmental Research
Group, 1971. p. 75-77.
This paper discusses a long-term investigation
quarry effluent interaction. Samples were taken
periodically and examined for specific con-
ductance, alkalinity, total hardness, ph, and
chemicals. Results indicated that schist in
distilled water had a consistently higher specific
conductance than pegmatite, indicating that ions
were desorbing from the schist. The total hard-
ness tests indicated a higher total hardness for
schist than for pegmatite. It is concluded that no
chemical interactions were found that would be
positively detrimental to the establishment of a
solid waste disposal site at the quarry. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
230450
73-3795
SORIA, S. M. Study of probable quarry effluent;
specific investigation. In The feasibility of
using abandoned quarries as sites for the
disposal of solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut,
Wesleyan University Environmental Research
Group, 1971. p. 78-87.
This paper discusses an investigation of the fil-
tering capacities of nine types of tailings, the soil
used at the dump site being studied, and the peg-
matite and schist at the quarry being considered
as a sanitary landfill. The observed flow of liquid
through the soil column was much slower than
the flow through any of the tailings. The perinea-
-------
bility of the sandy tailings is about five times
that of the soil, even though the void ratios of
one type of tailing and soil differ little. The
amount of water passing through the soil during
the 2-week period was roughly the equivalent of
6 months' rainfall in the Middletown area. Obvi-
ously the soil did not have time to recharge dur-
ing the 2-week period. The results and some
failings of the analytical methods used are
presented. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS
library.)
230460
73-3796
SORIA, S. M. The feasibility of using abandoned
quarries as sites for the disposal of solid waste.
Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University
Environmental Research Group, 1971.104 p.
This feasibility study for a sanitary landfill has
two major sections; the general examination of
potential quarry sites in Connecticut and the
thorough investigation of one such site. The
specific study of the feldspar site in Middletown
was separated into three distinct worlds: the
world outside the quarry; the world in the quar-
ry; and the world below the quarry. The in-
vestigation outside the quarry was divided into
the civic and scientific sectorsO government and
economics comprise the first, and biology and
earth science the second. The recommendations
suggested by this project fall into two classes:
improvements in particular experiments; and
improvements in the interdisciplinary structure
of the project. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23043]
73-3797
SOEIA, S. M. The project. In The feasibility of
using abandoned quarries as sites for the
disposal of solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut,
Wesleyan University Environmental Research
Group, 1971. p. 1-3.
This paper discusses a project to find a suitable
site near Middletown, Connecticut, for the
disposal of solid waste. During the summer of
1971, an evaluation of a quarry was conducted by
the Environmental Research Group of Wesleyan
69
University under a grant from the National
Science Foundation and the University. This
feasibility study has two general sections: the
general examination of potential quarry sites in
Connecticut; and the thorough investigation of
one such site. Feldspar Corp's quarry in
Middletown, Connecticut, was found to meet
most of the qualifications for an adequate dump
site. The specific study analyzed the world out-
side the quarry, the world in the quarry, and the
world below the quarry. The investigation out-
side the quarry was divided into the civic and
scientific sectors. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23041]
73-3798
SORIA, S. M. The world below the quarry. In
The feasibility of using abandoned quarries as
sites for the disposal of solid waste. Middletown,
Connecticut, Wesleyan University Environmen-
tal Research Group, 1971. p. 87-96.
This paper discusses a study of rock permeabili-
ty in an area being studied for use as a sanitary
landfill. The permeability of the rocks was stu-
died by drilling 4- to 6-in. deep holes in schist and
pegmatite at regular intervals in order to hit a
random sample of fracture density. A surface
water and drainage survey was also conducted.
Drainage was located by using aerial photos and
a topographic base map. The most important
part of this study was a detailed joint and frac-
ture analysis of the main quarry and its im-
mediate surroundings. Foliation readings were
taken and averaged for each outcrop within the
study area. It is concluded that a sanitary landfill
site in the main quarry is geologically feasible.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23048]
73-3799
SOKIA, S. M. The world in the quarry. In The
feasibility of using abandoned quarries as sites
for the disposal of solid waste. Middletown, Con-
necticut, Wesleyan University Environmental
Research Group, 1971. p. 61-67.
This paper discusses a quarry being considered
as a sanitary landfill. The researchers in-
-------
70
vestigate normal dump effluent (what would
seep out if this were not a quarry environment)
and the differences between this normal effluent
and the probable quarry effluent. The study of
the normal dump effluent was restricted to
determining its effects on the surrounding water
and soil environment. Biological water pollution
tests are described. The results of coliform tests
are presented in tabular form. Chemical water
pollution tests are also outlined. The trend ap-
peared to be toward slightly higher concentra-
tions of pollutants downstream from the dump
site, and data from the leaching pool at the base
of the dump did indicate water of a considerable
poorer quality than that previously encountered.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23049]
73-3800
SORIA, S. M. The world outside the quarry;
scientific sector; biology. In The feasibility of
using abandoned quarries as sites for the
disposal of solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut,
Wesleyan University Environmental Research
Group, 1971. p. 44-46.
This paper discusses a biological study of a
prospective sanitary landfill site. The primary
purpose of the rodent study was to provide data
for a possible future rodent study, should the
quarry under observation be accepted as a sani-
tary landfill. The secondary purpose was to note
any factors in the animal environment which
could create problems at a solid waste disposal
site. The following factors had to be considered:
the possibility of a large concentration of rodents
somewhere else in the vicinity; and the actual ac-
cessibility of the waste. Since animal problems at
dump sites are directly related to the amount of
cover placed on the waste, it becomes a simple
task to cover the solid waste every day and
thereby eliminate its accessibility to the several
possible nuisance animals. Although the
presence of animals at the site is always a poten-
tial problem, it is a problem which may be
avoided by the following the procedures for
proper running of a dumping site already
prescribed by law. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23050]
73-3801
SORIA, S. M. The world outside the quarry;
scientific sector; earth science. In The feasibility
of using abandoned quarries as sites for the
disposal of solid waste. Middletown, Connecticut,
Wesleyan University Environmental Research
Group, 1971. p. 59-61.
This paper discusses the climatic and geologic
aspects of a quarry to be used as a sanitary land-
fill near Middletown, Connecticut. This area has
an annual mean temperature of 50.2 F. The an-
nual precipitation is slightly higher than either
New York or Boston, 50.29 inches. Geologically,
the quarry is south of the Connecticut River at a
point known as The Straits. It is a mined-out
pegmatite quarry, the floor
230510 is a biotite-quartz schist of variable
composition including units of quartzite and
some quartz lenses. Due in part to the uncom-
plicated geologic structure of the project quarry,
a landfill site there appears feasible. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23051/
73-3802
SORIA, S. M. Vegetation study. In The feasi-
bility of using abandoned quarries as sites for
the disposal of solid waste. Middletown, Connec-
ticut, Wesleyan University Environmental
Research Group, 1971. p. 46-58.
This paper studies the vegetation in the environs
of a quarry site being considered for use as a
sanitary landfill. Although the characterization
of the plant life near the Middletown feldspar
quarry was the primary goal of this study, the
presence of a similar ecosystem surrounding a
nearby landfill site allowed a partial comparison
study to be made also. The vegetation of the
quarry included a variety of trees, shrubs, and
herbaceous plants. It is characterized by a
forest-type vegetation dominated by oaks and
maples. The area surrounding the quarry has
been divided into seven vegetative belts. These
major areas are indicated on the maps, diagrams,
and charts which are discussed separately in this
paper. A comparison vegetation study was done
of the quarry ecosystem and a nearby sanitary
landfill presently in operation. The sanitary land-
fill ecosystem was divided into five vegetative
-------
belts, similar to the procedure used for the quar-
ry study, and each type is discussed separately in
this paper. It is concluded that the vegetative
quality of the quarry ecosystem will not be
severely damaged by an effectively run sanitary
landfill operation, and that the emergent her-
baceous growth on the landfill will be ad-
vantageous in preventing erosion and protecting
the ecosystem as a whole. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23047]
SEPARATION
73-3803
FLOROS, J. Designing for scrap steel magnetic
removal. Pollution Engineering, 4(7):32-33, Oct.
1972.
This article discusses separation of scrap metal
by using a magnetic drum. Separation is accom-
plished by feeding the shredder discharge into a
magnetic drum designed and constructed specifi-
cally for the system. The drum separates steel
from all the nonmagnetic components. Magnetic
and nonmagnetic charges then fall from the
drum onto separate take-away conveyors. Drum
design and construction are discussed in detail.
While scrap processing is not seen as offering
the public identification and appeal that other
pollution combatants do, shredding, separating,
and reusing scrap steel items can make a favora-
ble impact. Design and application engineering
from concept to installation can make possible
profitable and efficient operations.
[23053]
73-3804
On-site separation equipment for dealing with
soluble oil emulsions. Materials Reclamation
Weekly, 121(16):31-32, Oct. 14,1972.
This article discusses a process plant designed to
enable an engineering company to treat soluble
oil emulsion wastes on its own premises. Waste
oil held in emulsion has, until now, been a
disposal problem. This new Midland Oil Refine-
ries plant separates the mixture and allows the
oil to be reclaimed by further processing.
Operating costs are outlined. The three major
operations are separation of the insoluble
71
mineral oils, separation of the soluble mineral
oils, and neutralization of the residual water so
that it can be recycled. This work is carried out
in six stages which are described in the text and
in a flow diagram. Claimed advantages of this
newly patented process include the obviation of
heating, pressurization, and filtration costs; good
space utilization; discharge of good quality ef-
fluent directly into sewers; and the possibility of
using it for effluents other than soluble oil emul-
sions. Labor requirements are also said to be
low.
[23054]
73-3805
RUDOLPH FOODS Co. De-fats waste water by
centrifuging. Food Engineering, 44(10):119, Oct.
1972.
This article discusses a desludger-separator
which removes animal fat from waste water.
Centrifugation was found to be the most effec-
tive and economical means of fat removal. An au-
tomatic desludger/separator was installed in the
sewer disposal system. The waste stream is
pumped to a heater, raising its temperature to
125 F. The solids are removed and trucked away
or stored for disposal. Liquor is gravity fed to a
surge tank and pumped to the desludger where
it separates and discharges clean waste water to
the sewer and discharges fat by gravity to
storage. Residual solids from the desludger are
added to solids removed by the vibrating screen
and disposed of.
[23055]
73-3806
SHERMAN, G. New filtering-type centrifuges
for solids/liquid separation. Australian Chemi-
cal Engineering, 13(10):25-28, Oct. 1972.
This article describes two recent developments
in centrifuging introduced by Ernst Heinkel
Machinenbau of West Germany. One is known as
the GTL, and the second is the FO. Construction,
method of operation, and limits of application are
described in detail. The GTL centrifuge is
designed to handle applications similar to those
of scroll discharge screen centrifuges or basket
centrifuges. It is a continuous centrifuge which
allows easy and rapid variable feed control
-------
72
through the separating zone. Despite its simple
construction the GTL has been used for such
varied tasks as the production of plastics, fertil-
izers and drugs, in corrosive fluid regeneration,
in salt works, and in the food industry. The FO
centrifuge has been developed to handle sludges
and slurries containing fine particles. Any
material now being processed on a filter press
can be handled in the FO with savings in labor
and maintenance.
[23056]
73-3807
THORSTENSEN, T. C. Dewatering tannery
wastes with a filter press. Leather Manufac-
turer, (10):24-26, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the problem of disposal of
tannery effluent. Even though the tannery may
not be required to do anything to satisfy sewer
requirements, pretreatment is usually an
economic necessity. By law, in systems where
federal funds are used industry must pay its
share of capital and operating costs. The formula
used in calculating charges includes the volume
of flow, the biological oxygen demand (BOD),
and the suspended solids. The process used for
dewatering sludge is discussed in detail and illus-
trated. A description of the Geilich effluent
pretreatment system is provided which covers
concentrated wastes, diluted wastes, the settling
basin, and the filter press. It is concluded that
the extent and type of treatment must be
designed in consideration of: the type of effluent
to be treated; the cost of municipal treatment
and the formula used in calculating those costs;
the availability of space and other neighborhood
considerations; and the availability of space to
dispose of sludge
[23057]
SLUDGE
73-3808
ABEELEY, R. C., AND A. W. BIRD. Advances in
wastewater treatment in Melbourne: South
Eastern System. Water and Sewage Works,
119(ll):80-89, Nov. 1972.
The South Eastern System now being con-
structed is located 20 miles southeast of Mel-
bourne, Australia, and will handle the wastes
from a population in excess of 1.5 million. When
fully developed, it will provide for a population
of about 3.5 million. The first stage will cost $180.
The new installation consists of four major ele-
ments: interception and trunk sewers; pumping
stations; the purification plant; and the effluent
outfall sewer. It will produce an effluent capable
of meeting effluent standards of 15 mg per liter
BOD and 20 mg per liter suspended solids. The
eventual capacity of the plant will be 480 million
U.S. gal per day. Waste water entering the plant
passes through two sets of screens, and then to
pre-aeration and grit removal tanks. It then
flows to primary sedimentation tanks, where
about 35 percent of the BOD and 60 percent of
the suspended solids are removed. The seconda-
ry treatment portion of the plant provides
biological oxidation by the activated sludge
process in six aeration tanks. Two solids treat-
ment and disposal systems are included at the in-
stallation. In one system screenings, scum and
grit are incinerated in a multiple hearth furnace.
The other supplies treatment for primary and
waste activated sludge in sludge digesters. In-
cineration is accomplished in a six-hearth fur-
nace. Waste activated sludge is thickened by
pressure flotation and digested. Gasses
generated by the digestion are used as fuel to
produce power for the plant. Excess gas is
stored for future needs.
[23058]
73-3809
BRYAN, A. C., AND M. T. GARRETT, JR. What do
you do with sludge? Houston has an answer.
Public Works, 103(12):44-46, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses Houston's method of
disposing of excess activated sludge. In 1950,
Houston opened a new sludge-disposal facility
which uses vacuum drum filters and the flash-
drying system. Since 1957, a deodorizing cycle
has also been incorporated in the plant's
processing. Additional faculties installed in 1968
have increased the plant's capacity fron 34 to 60
tons per day. The excess activated sludge is
processed and sold as fertilizer. It is estimated
that by 1973 the total production capacity for the
facility will reach 150 tons per day. Sludge
processing and sludge characteristics are
-------
discussed in great detail in the article. A sche-
matic diagram of the glash drying system used
at Houston for sludge drying with deodorization
is also included. Houston's marketing arrange-
ments for this operation have been scheduled on
the basis of competitive bidding. The revenue
derived by the City of Houston during the first 6
months of 1972 averaged $21 per ton f.o.b.
Houston. The material is shipped by rail or barge
and is bagged for resale at the point of arrival.
The entire production of sludge has always been
sold and the demand for this product has in-
creased greatly during the last 15 years.
[23059]
73-3810
CARNES, B. A., AND J. M. ELLER. Characteriza-
tion of waste water solids. Journal of the Water
Pollution Control Federation, 44(8):1,498-1,517,
Aug. 1972.
This paper examines the many candidate
methods available for handling, treating, and
disposal of wastewater solids and points out
where analytical characterization and simulation
are required to evaluate a unit process. General
characterization of a wastewater sludge or slur-
ry can be made by identifying the sources of the
wastewater and the treatment solids which have
been introduced. These latter solids may be floc-
culant aids, microorganisms from biological
treatment processes, or chemicals added to
facilitate precipitation and filtration. Analytical
characterization can be used to determine the
settleability, volatility, sludge volume index,
heavy metals content, and other parameters. The
method of disposal will dictate what charac-
teristics must be investigated. The solution to
wastewater solids handling and disposal
problems involves an evaluation of ultimate
disposal alternatives. Once a disposal site has
been selected, a conceptual flow sheet can be
prepared for further analysis. If sufficient sam-
ples of either wastewater or sludge or both are
available, bench and even pilot scale simulation
may be helpful. However, in some cases, as in
planning a regional industrial treatment plant,
no samples are available, and planning must be
more theoretical. Candidate handling processes
include: conditioning, either by heat, freezing,
chemicals or elutriation; thickening by gravity
73
sedimentation, air flotation or centrifuging;
treatment by digestion, lagooning, heat, chemical
oxidation, or ultrasonic processes; dewatering by
drying beds, vacuum filtration, filter pressing, or
centrifugation; and final disposal by incineration,
land or sea dumping, or wet air oxidation.
[23060]
73-3811
Chicago reclaiming strip mines with sewage
sludge. Civil Engineering, 42(9):98-102, Sept.
1972.
The city of Chicago is pumping a portion of the
sludge generated by its West-Southwest water
treatment plant to strip-mine-damaged land 200
miles to the south, in Fulton County. Currently
about 7,500 wet tons per day, or about half of the
wastewater treatment plant's daily output of
sludge, is being barged south and stored in hold-
ing basins. The sludge, having 4 percent solids
concentration, is sprayed on the derelict land at a
rate that disposes of less than 1 percent of the
sludge produced by the Metropolitan Sanitary
District. The land was prepared for sludge appli-
cation by grading it to a maximum of 5 percent
slope to prevent rapid runoff. Earth berms were
constructed around fields to direct runoff to
natural contaminant reservoirs for monitoring
and control If the runoff is polluted it is recycled
through the fields; if not, it is released into a
nearby stream. The crop planted on the sludge
fields at present is corn. The eventual plan is to
deliver sludge to the strip-mine areas by
pipeline, a procedure which will reduce transport
cost by about 70 percent. More land will be
needed to spread all of the city's sludgeO about
28,000 acres by the year 2000. The present tract,
only 400 acres of which is currently in use, is
7,000 acres, and will be capable of handling 12.5
percent of the city's sludge. The land for the pro-
ject was purchased by the city so that it would
have complete control over its use.
[23061]
73-3812
Cooling power station condensers. Water and
Waste Treatment Journal, 15(8):13, Aug. 1972.
The Mehrum Power Station on the Mittelland
Canal in Lower Saxony introduces a cationic ac-
-------
74
tive polymer flocculant, Dow Chemical's Purifloc
C33, a modified polyethylene imine, into canal
water. By removing the sludge from the canal
water, the company can use it for cooling power
station condensers. A positive charge is given to
the filter grains, so that the negatively charged
particles in suspension adhere to the gravel.
Canal water is passed over a gravity-feed filter
16 sq m in area at a filtering speed of 18.75 m per
hr. Without Purifloc, raw water, with a ratio of
suspension particles between 80 and 180 mg per
liter, gave a solids content in treated water of
between 30 and 90 mg per liter. After filtration
with the polymer, water showed 0 mg per liter
suspended solids with a white strip filter. Mem-
brane filters yielded readings of between 1 and 2
mg per liter. Even 0.3 to 1 mg per liter of floccu-
lant was sufficient to obtain a visually clear ef-
fluent.
[23062]
73-3813
Cutting waste treatment costs. Chemical Week,
111(6):35, Aug. 9,1972.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has given Palo Alto's regional water quality con-
trol plant a $65,000 grant to study automated
control of the plant. It is believed that automa-
tion can boost the efficiency of existing treat-
ment plants and be an inexpensive alternative to
construction of new plants. Average efficiency of
manually controlled activated-sludge plants is
about 43 percent. The plant, scheduled to begin
operation in October, is designed for flows up to
35 million gal per day. Automated control will
apply only to the activated-sludge process. Con-
trol will be administered by an IBM System 7
central processor. Seven different approaches to
process control are being studied. These are
discussed briefly.
[23063]
73-3814
Dewatering of digested sludge. Water and
Waste Treatment Journal, 15(8):15, Aug. 1972.
A few polymer flocculants have been identified
as being suitable for assisting in the settlement
of digested sludge. The flocculants were tested
in two rectangular tanks; one tank was used for
the treated sludge and the other for control pur-
poses. A valve controlled the rate of flow of the
flocculant solution as it was being added to the
sludge, in roughly the same proportion for the
time the sludge was being pumped in. The sludge
in both tanks was then allowed to settle and the
position of the sludge/liquor interface was found
at intervals. Samples of sludge and liquor were
withdrawn through glass tubes by applying a
vacuum. The tests were confined to five com-
mercially available polymer flocculants. In al-
most all cases the polymers were effective in
reducing the time taken for the interface to fall
to half the original depth of the sludge. It is con-
cluded that the value of the technique lies in the
use to which it might be put in an emergency
when accelerated settlement of the sludge would
be important enough to justify the cost of the
flocculant.
[23064]
73-3815
Dewatering thin sludges with a decanter cen-
trifuge. Water and Waste Treatment Journal,
15(8):16, Aug. 1972.
This article discusses the results of a research
and development program on sludge using raw
material specific to Great Britain. It was found
that Great Britain's sludges differ greatly in
characteristics and treatability to those found
abroad. The polyelectrolyte, machine speed, and
point of chemical dosing, as well as other design
factors, varied for different sludges as did the
results. The polyelectrolyte was the most costly
item in relation to centrifugal dewatering. The
stainless steel type AVNX 314 machine was
used for the trials. It was concluded that the
thicker the feed the less polyelectrolyte was
used. The trials also proved that thin sludges in
Great Britain are amenable to centrifugal de-
watering with the centrate return having no ad-
verse effect on the final effluent.
[23065]
73-3816
EVILEVICH, A. Z. Termogravitatsionnyi
ilouplotnitel'. [Thermogravitational sludge de-
watering device.] Vodosnabzhenie i Sanitarnaya
Tekhnika, (9):16-17,1972.
-------
Compared to sedimentation of other types of
liquids, activated sludge treatment is the most
difficult. This sludge is characterized by a very
small concentration of solid matter and a very
high water contentO 99 to 99.5 percent. Ninety-
nine percent of the suspended particles are less
than 1 mm in diameter, and each particle has a
film of water around it which precludes intensive
treatment. However, dewatering such sludge is
desirable since it significantly reduces the
volume and facilitates further treatment. The
research described here was an attempt to find a
new method of dewatering activated sludge
from hydrolysis plant wastewater to replace
gravity thickening which, in the course of 15 to
20 hr, only reduces the water content from
around 99 percent to 97.5 to 98 percent. The
device which was used in this study is the inven-
tion of the author and a colleague, and is
patented in the Soviet Union. It is briefly
described and diagrammed in this article. The
research led to the following conclusions. Ther-
mogravitational sludge dewatering is a feasible
and highly efficient method for treating raw
wastewater sludges of the type tested. The
equipment used needs to be tested for other
types of wastewater sludges. Sludge treated in
this manner can be further treated easily
without the chemical flocculants, or any attempt
to destroy parasites. In some cases the entire
complex technology for waste treatment can be
simplified by this device. The construction of the
equipment is simple and can be easily accom-
plished under mass production conditions. (Text
in Russian)
[23066]
73-3817
FIDLER, J. Double standards blow to Britain's
clean water prospects. Engineer, 235(6068):44-
45,47, Nov. 2,1972.
This article concerns the present methods being
used, in England to treat sewage and the varying
standards in effect around the country. Some
sections of England are approaching a crisis in
this matter, requiring the development of new
methods. Sewage is first passed through screens
to remove the bulk of the solid material. The
resulting liquid is then treated in one of two
ways; by the percolated filtration method or the
75
activated sludge method. The latter method is
better suited for large plants. The use of plastics
for filtering materials is being studied. Studies
are being made in the use of increased oxygena-
tion in the activated sludge method, to speed the
process. Another method requires the use of
lime in large quantities to flocculate the solids
which settle out more quickly than usual. Ac-
tivated carbon and reverse osmosis are being
studied as means to produce a very clean, pota-
ble effluent. To dispose of sludge, the present
method is anaerobic digestion. Two other
methods are incineration and wet air oxidation.
It is usually necessary to dewater sludge before
incineration. It is important that planning be
done that will allow the use of the most efficient
methods in order to produce a pure effluent.
[23067]
73-3818
Filtration of raw sewage sludge. Water and
Waste Treatment Journal, 15(8): 13, Aug. 1972.
By using organic polyelectrolytes, one sewage
works manager operating a Kom Line Sanderson
unit for the filtration of a raw sludge effected
operation and economic improvements. For-
merly he had been using aluminum chlorhydrate
and lime, added at 2.3 percent and 28 percent
respectively on the dry solids content of the
sludge. Trial runs with Nalfloc N610, a cationic
powder polyelectrolyte material, fed as a 0.1 per-
cent solution to the mix drum just prior to the
filter bath on the Kom Line Sanderson unit
resulted in the following improvements. Cost per
ton for conditioning material dropped from 6.20
pounds sterling to between 1.85 and 2.80. Filter
yields on the higher dosage rate (3.38 Ib per ton
of dry solids) were 30 percent higher than those
obtained with inorganic conditioning. Reduced
sludge handling costs because of the quality of
the filter cake and improved plant cleanliness
were other benefits of the new process.
[23068]
73-3819
Flocculating crude sewage. Water and Waste
Treatment Journal, 15(8):11, Aug. 1972.
Dearborn Chemicals have developed a system of
sewage treatment using one of their Aqua floe
-------
76
range of polyelectrolytes which effectively in-
creases the capacity of existing sewage works.
The system involves the use of an organic
polymer to flocculate crude sewage, thus reduc-
ing the load passing from the primary settling
tanks to the secondary biological treatment. In
overloaded sewage works the bottleneck is
usually the biological treatment section. The
latest Dearborn approach uses a nonacrylamide
based polymer, without the use of an inorganic
prime coagulant. This overcomes the problems
associated with the use of inorganic coagulants
or acrylamide based materials. Experience has
shown that this approach produces a more com-
pact sludge by increasing the ratios or primary
to humus sludge without affecting its accepta-
bility as a fertilizer.
[23069]
73-3820
FORSTER, C. F., AND D. C. LEWIN. Polymer in-
teractions at activated sludge surfaces. Effluent
and Water Treatment Journal, 10(12):520-521,
523-525, Oct. 1972.
An examination of the sludge from a Passveer
Oxidation Ditch has shown that it is, in the main,
comprised of Gram-negative bacteria and
protozoa. The sludge also has a capacity to bind
water and this capacity increases with the sludge
volume index. The binding of the water appears
to be involved with the surface polymer which is
polysaccharide in nature and composed of glueu-
ronic acid and neutral sugars. This polymer can
exchange the bound water for calcium ions which
are absorbed in a manner more complex than
simple chemisorption. The results of other
works, when examined in a similar way, show a
comparable behavior for other bacterial species
with other metal ions only when extracellular
gels are produced by the bacteria. When such
gels are not produced, a normal Langmuir ad-
sorption occurs. The nature of the metal-polymer
interactions which occur at the surfaces of ac-
tivated sludge are still not fully understood.
However, they do appear to be involved in two
distinct processes-the settling and the utilization
of sludge. A satisfactory elucidation of the
mechanisms underlying both the production of
the polysaccharide gels and the metal adsorption
by these gels could therefore result in improve-
ments both in the bioflocculation and sludge
utilization processes.
[23070]
73-3821
CAREER, W. F., AND G. T. OHARA. Operation
and maintenance experience in screening
digested sludge. Journal of the Water Pollution
Control Federation, 44(8):1518-1526, Aug. 1972.
Experience gained in screening digested sludge
at the Hyperion treatment plant in Los Angeles,
California, is described. Since 1957 the plant has
discharged its digested sludge solids to the head
of a submarine canyon in Santa Monica Bay after
passing it through 6-mesh screens. The plant has
met all requirements for the protection of
beneficial uses of the water column and adjacent
ocean bottom as required by various agencies.
No consistent or major dislocation of the oceanic
environment has been observed. Effects on land,
sea, and atmosphere of any procedure must be
considered in view of the trade-off between
desirable and undesirable factors. Use of the
screens over a 13-year period has shown that
they were successful, although relatively dif-
ficult operation and maintenance problems were
present. Reconstruction of the processing units
was based on the viable process already
established. Operation and maintenance costs for
the screens had been $3,500 per unit per year for
one type and $4,000 per unit per year for
another. Although this seems expensive, the
sludge represented an abrasive substance carry-
ing gasses with high corrosion potential. Screen-
ing of 336,000 Ib per day of total solids had possi-
ble negative aesthetic effects and contributed to
the law over environmental effect.
[23071]
73-3822
Giant EPS discs improve waste treatment.
Plastics Design and Processing, 12(8):33, Aug.
1972.
Polystyrene discs are the key components in
waste disposal by the rotating biological sur-
face(RBS) process. The system is capable of
doubling the capacities of most secondary treat-
ment organic waste disposal plants, and is low
cost and easy to maintain. The process uses
-------
slowly revolving discs which are half submerged
in the waste. When the discs are exposed to air, a
biological growth is enhanced, and microorgan-
isms consume the waste, in the process convert-
ing it to innocuous material. Expandable
polystyrene was chosen because it is lightweight,
easy to install, inexpensive, impervious to water
and bacteria, and has a long service life. Each
disc is 11 ft in diameter and 0.5 in. thick and
weighs only 12 Ib. The discs are made by Expan-
da-Foam Co., Antioch, Illinois.
[23072]
73-3823
Hard surfacing prolongs centrifuge life. Water
and Sewage Works, 119(9):121, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses a maintenance program
being conducted by the Sanitation Districts of
Los Angeles County. The digested sludge
removed in their water pollution control system
is converted into fertilizer. The digested solids
pass through continuous centrifuges which
separate the solids from the liquid. The construc-
tion and operation of the centrifuges are
described in detail. Parts need repair about
every 4 months. Since the conveyor screws cost
$18,000 each, frequent replacement is out of the
question, so hard surfacing is really essential to
the effective operation of the system. The basic
equipment used in the protection and repair
process is also described.
[23073]
73-3824
HINESLY, T. D., R. L. JONES, AND B. SOSEWITZ.
Use of waste treatment plant solids for mined
land reclamation. Mining Congress Journal,
58(9):66-73, Sept. 1972.
Sludge disposal is a knotty problem for most mu-
nicipalities, but research has shown that 15-day
anaerobic digestion converts sewage sludge into
an ideal soil amendment, well suited to land
reclamation projects. Farmers and other groups
often oppose sludge spreading on farm land, but
strip-mined land is particularly well adapted to
reclamation with sludge and in this case there is
little chance of public outcry. Fulton County, in
Illinois, has about 50,000 acres of damaged land,
but the disturbed soil is not especially stony or
77
acid as is the case with much strip-mined land. It
has been estimated that levelling and grading
such land would cost about $1,000 per acre, but
there is no money available for the job. Because
sewage sludge, suitably digested to eliminate
pathogens, odor, and insects, is a particularly ex-
cellent soil builder, a source of trace elements,
humus, and nitrogen, and mined land is compara-
tively cheap to purchase, the City of Chicago has
decided to buy some land in Fulton County and
reclaim it with digested sludge. The sale price of
the upgraded land for agriculture will defray the
cost of sludge disposal and return despoiled
areas to useful activity. Runoff will be controlled
and monitored to assure that no pollution of
ground or surface water results from sludge
spraying.
[23074]
73-3825
HUGHES, L. N., AND J. F. MEISTER. Turbine
aeration in activated sludge processes. Journal
of the Water Pollution Control Federation,
44(8): 1581-1600, Aug. 1972.
A turbine-modified system for activated sludge
processes was subjected to extremely high or-
ganic loadings and very short detention periods.
In all cases the turbine system in proved superi-
or to the existing nonturbinized system. Average
BOD removal efficiencies in excess of 94 per-
cent, based on raw waterwater concentrations,
were obtained through the turbinized system at
loadings averaging 222 Ib per 1,000 cu ft and
food: microorganism ratios averaging 1.02. Only
when the turbine system was carrying twice the
flow and organic loadings carried by the diffused
system could the diffused system produce an ef-
fluent equal in quality to the turbine system.
During the maximum testing period, the turbine
system demonstrated the ability to treat
leadings that averaged 567 Ib per 1,000 cu ft ef-
fectively at average detention periods of only
0.86 hr and with food: microorganism ratios
frequently exceeding 2.6. Approximately half as
much waste sludge was generated per Ib of BOD
removed by the turbine system as by the dif-
fused system. The turbine system reduced the
effects of shock loadings on the aeration system
and tended to treat loadings that produce a more
constant effluent than the diffused system. Dur-
-------
78
ing all of the testing phases, the turbine system
required considerably less air to effect equal or
greater BOD and suspended solids removal than
the diffused system. Oxygen transfer efficien-
cies in excess of 12 percent were readily obtaina-
ble, and maximum values of 20 percent were oc-
casionally reached using the submerged turbine
aerators. These units, because of their high ox-
ygen transfer efficiencies, introduced nearly
twice as much dissolved oxygen and cost for ox-
ygen dropped about 50 percent.
[23075]
73-3826
Incineration of sewage sludge at Milton Keynes.
Public Cleansing, 62(9):486, Sept. 1972.
A 1.5 million pounds sterling sludge incinerator
is to be installed at Milton Keynes in
Buckinghamshire for population expected to
reach 250,000 by 1991. The incineration plant is
housed on one building and the sludge processing
involves: sludge dewatering by centrifuge with
polyelectrolyte conditioning; sludge drying and
incineration using a multihearth furnace; heat
recovery from furnace exhaust gases; gas clean-
ing by electrostatic precipitation and exhaust
discharge into the atmosphere. Screenings are
treated in the same building; they can either be
incinerated in the furnace or in a standby, rotary
drum furnace or in a standby, rotary drum fur-
nace. The air pollution control equipment serves
both furnaces.
[23076]
73-3827
Italy, city of Rome's new works. Water and
Water Engineering, 76(918):304, Aug. 1972.
The city of Rome has recently contracted with
Pietro Cidonia SpA for the design and construc-
tion of a sewage treatment works for the area of
Rome East. One of the main features of the plant
is that it will harmonize with its urban setting
and surrounding residential development. By
sedimentation and the activated sludge process,
the plant, designed for a dry weather flow of 1.4
cu m per second, (26 million gal per day), will
allow full treatment to be given to a flow of 2.8
cu m per second and primary treatment for 7 cu
m per second (130 million gal per day) in the first
stage. Effluent up to twice dry weather flow is
to receive chlorination before discharge to the
Aniene River, and sludge will be dealt with by
chemical conditioning and pressing. The article
gives a detailed description of the plant's design
and equipment, which will be supplied by Simon
Hartley Ltd., Stoke-on-Trent, Great Britain, and
Johson-Progress Ltd., Corbridge, Stoke-on-
Trent, Great Britain.
[23077]
73-3828
IU recycles 'supersludge,' a profit doubleheader.
Iron Age, 210(14):25, Oct. 5,1972.
International Utilities Corp. has set up IU Con-
version Systems, Inc. to market a waste
recycling process tagged Poz-0-Tec. The process
mixes sulfate sludges (spent pickle liquor, acid
mine drainage, various chemical plant effluents),
hydrated lime, and fly ash to form paving
materials and some structural building products
(such as block) as well as nonleaching landfill
material. The company profits from a fee it col-
lects from hauling and processing the sludges
into one of a number of byproducts. The $20 mil-
lion plants can be centrally located or site
located, and each plant is expected to produce
some $15 million annual revenue.
[23078]
73-3829
KADEN, S., F.-W. ROSSNEK, AND G. OSTER-
MANN. Aufgaben und Bedeutung der Abwas-
serschlammbehandlung im Umweltschutz.
[Methods and importance of waste water sludge
treatment in environmental protection.] Wasser-
wirtschaft-Wassertechnik, 22(9):314-317, Sept.
1972.
The latest 5-year plan of East Germany (1971 to
1975) includes a program for systematic im-
provements in the treatment of sludges derived
from waste water, with special emphasis on
those of industrial origin which may be either
hygienically harmful, or may contain toxic sub-
stances, deoxidizing components, or strong salt
concentrations. The basic method of disposal is
dumping, which has to be preceded by treatment
and maximum possible volume reduction. With
specially designed stirring apparatus built into
-------
the clarification tanks such reduction can be as
high as 70 percent. Intermittent, rather than
continuous, operation gives best results in
clarification. The stirring operation speeds up
precipitation considerably. For dehydration of
sludge the conventional method has been natural
drying on drying beds, with manual removal of
the dried substance. In recent years, a
mechanized system has been developed, where
filter gauze strips of plastic material are being
laid onto the gravel filter layer. A short time
after the sludge has been deposited, the strips,
covered by dehydrated sludge, are pulled off the
ground by winches in such a manner that the
mud forms into rolls which disengage them-
selves from the strips and move down an inclined
ramp to transfer cars. The new system is
patented in East Germany, and patents have
been applied for in a number of European coun-
tries, including West Germany. Compared with
the old methods, the new system works faster,
requires considerably less drying area, and a
much smaller work force. (Text in German)
[23079]
73-3830
KlIKKA, 0. A. Acid sludge as binder for the
production of shaped carbonaceous articles and
activation thereof. Canadian Patent 900,944
owned by Standard Oil Co. Issued May 23,1972.
This patent relates to using acid sludge formed
by the reaction of a mineral acid with a relatively
high molecular weight hydrocarbon to bind vari-
ous particulate carbon materials into shaped par-
ticles which may be activated. Acid sludges are
produced in the manufacture of detergent alky-
lates, the processing of alcohols, and as the result
of various petroleum refining operations. The
carbon materials useful in this invention are
coke, coal, wood charcoal, natural and synthetic
organic polymers, or other carbonaceous matter.
[23080]
73-3831
Lime neutralised dyestuffs. Water and Waste
Treatment Journal, 15(8):14, Aug. 1972.
Waste sulfuric acid was formerly pumped to
balancing tanks for lime neutralization. A con-
ventional 7.3 m diameter thickener and vacuum
79
filtration were then used to treat the effluent.
As the plant expanded the thickener became
overloaded, so 0.5 kg of Polyfloc 63AL per ton of
dry solid was added. This solution yielded
adequate thickener capacity as long as the acid
feed rate did not exceed 820 kg per hr equivalent
100 percent sulfuric acid and not above 6 percent
weight: volume suspended solids concentration
of neutralized slurry feeding the thickener. Un-
flocculated slurry produced a flux of 2.44 g per
sq c per hr at the critical concentration, giving a
throughput of 1,025 kg per hr of dry solid and an
underflow concentration of 13 percent weight
volume. Flocculated slurry produced a flux of 3.9
g per sq cm per hr at the critical concentration,
giving a throughput of 1,643 kg per hr and an un-
derflow concentration of 10 to 11 percent solids.
The use of the polyelectrolyte gave a more readi-
ly pumpable sludge from the thickener and no
further conditioning was required prior to filtra-
tion.
[23081]
73-3832
MAHONEY, P. F., AND W. J. DUENSING. Precoat
vacuum filtration and natural-freeze dewatering
of alum sludge. Journal of the American Water
Works Association, 64(10):665-669, Oct. 1972.
The article deals with problems encountered in
treating alum sludge. There are perhaps 3,600
water-treatment plants in the United States
producing alum sludge with total solids of one
million tons per year. This sludge is the most dif-
ficult sludge to treat. It is a fairly uniform
gelatinous substance composed of aluminum
hydroxide and organic and inorganic matter
removed from processed water. It is difficult to
thicken or dewater to a state that can be han-
dled. Tests were made with a rotary-vacuum
precoat filter to investigate filter aids as
precoats in vacuum filtration. Successful results
led to an EPA-funded full-scale pilot plant study
of precoat filters. The grant from EPA also in-
cluded a natural-freezing pilot-scale experiment,
the objectives of which were to study the freez-
ing effect on dilute and concentrated sludge mix-
tures, and to determine the practical operating
maximum-layer thickness that can be frozen.
The rotary-vacuum precoat filtration process is
described in detail. Results of various tests
-------
80
showed that successful filtration of alum sludge
is very definitely feasible, technically. Flow
rates of 4 to 5 gal per sq ft per hr can be achieved
with sludge varying in solids content from 0.3 to
1.7 percent. The rotary-vacuum precoat filter
produces a filtrate almost free of suspended
solids and a filter cake suitable for easy handling
and disposal as landfill. Polymer pretreatment of
sludge does not improve filterability. The natu-
ral-freezing process may be suitable for
northern climates.
[23082]
73-3833
McGROW, G. Synthetic polyelectrolytes and pol-
lution control. Water and Waste Treatment
Journal, 15(8):9-10, Aug. 1972.
In recent years there has been increasingly
widespread use of mechanical dewatering of
sludge previously conditioned by the addition of
polyelectrolytes. These products are finding use
in traditional operations such as drying-bed ap-
plications, for mechanical dewatering systems
such as filter pressing and vacuum filtrations
and in newer areas of exploitation such as cen-
trifugation, and the filter-band press. Polyelec-
trolytes flocculate the solids in sludge by reduc-
tion of the electronegative zeta potential on the
sludge particles and at the same time they ad-
sorb onto the surface and form particle-particle
bridges in suspension. The net result is the for-
mation of large floes free of colloidal constituent.
These floes have the ability to dewater very
rapidly. Examples of plants using polyelec-
trolytes are: a sewage works in the North of En-
gland, which produces a digested humus sludge;
another English plant with a Komline-Sanderson
Coilfilter for fludge dewatering; and a sewage
treatment plant in Sweden, where an Alfa-Laval
decanter-type centrifuge is used.
[23083]
73-3834
MOELLER, U. Schlammbehandlungs—und
beseitigungsanlagen. [Sludge treatment and
disposal plants.] Technische Mitteilungen,
65(9):421-439, Sept. 1972.
Waste water sludge treatment and disposal
techniques are described. Sewage sludges
require stabilization and water separation for
disposal. Modern sludge treatment process are
based on the principle of separate stabilization in
reactors and water separation procedures. While
natural organic substances are generally decom-
posable by microorganisms, synthetic organic
matter is decomposed in the presence of
adequate ferment systems. Aerobic stabilization,
a single-phase process, yields such products as
carbon dioxide, water, nitrates, phosphates, and
sulfates. Anaerobic stabilization, constituting
hydrolysis and reduction of the organic content,
produces methane, carbon dioxide, water, and
ammonia as final decomposition products in the
second stage from intermediaries such as or-
ganic acids, alcohols, and aldehydes formed in
the first acid phase of the process. The anaerobic
stabilization usually requires after-treatment of
the sludge water in an aerobic process. The
sludge water separation is possible by sedimen-
tation, centrifugation, vacuum or press filtration,
drying, or natural dehydration, while evapora-
tion is prohibitive due to the high costs involved.
The sludge to be dehydrated is often conditioned
by ashes, or flocculating, or other agents.
Sewage sludge disposal should center on
recycling processes, but sanitary landfilling, in-
cineration, and composting are also feasible solu-
tions. Disposal on farmlands requires prelimina-
ry treatment of the sewage sludge at a minimum
temperature of 65 C over 30 minutes. (Text in
German)
[23084]
73-3835
Muellbeseitigungsanlage. [Refuse disposal
plant.] Wasser, Luft, und Betrieb, 16(9):313, Sept.
1972.
A new refuse removal plant with sewage sludge
treatment has been constructed on the island of
Sylt. It has a daily throughput of 150 tons
sewage sludge per refuse mixture which is suffi-
cient for the removal of the total refuse quantity
of the island. After shredding in an impact
crusher and sorting out of the iron parts the
refuse is fed into a fermentation drum. In order
to obtain a certain humidity degree, sewage
sludge is sprayed into the drum by means of noz-
zles. Owing to a new vacuum aeration method,
the refuse/sludge mixture in the drum is con-
-------
tinuously ventilated with fresh air which hastens
the biological decomposition of the organic sub-
stances and guarantees a rapid reduction of the
carbon/nitrogen ratio. After a detention time of
24 hr the contents of the drum is sterilized and
then screened in rotary screens. In a subsequent
crusher hard substances are milled. The milled
mixture is then kept for 6 days in rotting piles
and can then be sold as fresh compost. (Text in
German)
[23085]
73-3836
New German slurry burning process for bulk
acid and hydrocarbon wastes. Waste Trade
Journal, 68(33):8, Aug. 19,1972.
A new process for the combustion of slurries
containing solids has been developed by Win-
tershall Aktiengesellschaft, Kassel, West Ger-
many. The process, which can be used with any
type of furnace, uses a newly designed burner
and single homogenizing pump. The company
claims that the process reduces capital cost by 50
percent and operating cost by more than 55 per-
cent. Fewer pumps and less control equipment
are needed on the slurry lines. Capacity is up to 1
ton per hr of slurry, and on-stream time is in-
creased. Very long life for rotary kiln linings are
reported by the firm. Lining life is about 15,000
hr at high heat loadings, while the firm reports
its own refractories have lasted 50,000 hr. Win-
tershall has achieved thermal inputs of 200,000
to 250,000 kcal per cu m per hr in its rotary kiln
compared with the average of about 100,000.
[23086]
73-3837
New sewage treatment system for UK. Chemi-
cal Age, 105(2773):15, Sept. 1972.
Union Carbide Corp. and George Wimpey and
Co., Ltd. have decided to form a joint company to
market a new sewage treatment system in the
United Kingdom. Union Carbide will provide
technology covered by existing wastewater
treatment patents and Wimpey will provide
marketing and engineering expertise. The new
system utilizes high purity oxygen instead of ab-
normally used on the conventional activated
sludge process and is known as the Unox
81
System. The system has been offered for com-
mercial use since 1970, and five such plants have
been installed in the United States. The new
company will provide process design and equip-
ment for municipal and industrial sewage works.
Besides capital and operating cost savings, the
use of the Unox System results in reduced land
area, elimination of odor, and reduced sludge
handling facilities.
[23087]
73-3838
New water treatment system. Water and Waste
Treatment Journal, 15(8):14, Aug. 1972.
The Roberts-Boze L'eau Claire water treatment
system which, by upflow filtration combined
with chemical dosing provides, it is claimed,
three times the capacity of conventional filter
methods, is now being marketed in the United
Kingdom by Young Chemical Engineering Ltd.
This water purification system incorporates
water treatment units which are available in
packaged form, skid-mounted and preassembled.
They are automatic and simple to connect to
water and ancillary services. Filtering rate is 6
gal per minute per sq ft compared with 2 to 3 gal
per minute per sq ft for conventional systems. In
addition the new plant eliminates the need for
clarifiers, downflow sand filters, flocculation and
sedimentation as well as dry chemical mixing
equipment. The plant can reduce turbidity in ex-
cess of 500 ppm to less than 1 ppm, enabling the
plant to be used to treat virtually any surface
water. Raw water entering the plant is injected
with a polyelectrolyte. The filter media are elec-
tronegative.
[23088]
73-3839
Potato waste plant. Water and Waste Treat-
ment Journal, 15(8): 13, Aug. 1972.
Arrow Chemicals' Arflocs were used to treat ac-
tivated sludge from a potato waste plant. Previ-
ous conditioning of the sludge prior to vacuum
filtration led to a high chloride build-up in the
final discharge being unacceptable to the river
authority. Although Arvlod C.I (a cationic
polyelectrolyte) alone gave good flocculation for
satisfactory conditioning of the sludge, either
-------
lime or alum pretreatment was found necessary.
The vacuum filter has now been in operation suc-
cessfully for 9 months and the average results
indicate that reduced cost, ease of handling, and
cleaner filter cloth were all obtained with the
new conditioning process.
[23089]
73-3840
Practical applications and examples. Water and
Waste Treatment Journal, 15(8): 10-11, Aug.
1972.
The basic mechanisms of the polyelectrolyte is to
cause particles in suspension to agglomerate,
thus giving rise to more favorable charac-
teristics from the point of view of selecting
suitable means of dewatering. The main ways in
which this assists the process/filtration applica-
tion engineer are as follows. Better settling
characteristics are promoted, thus dispensing
more supernatant liquor and giving rise to a
small bulk volume, but thicker slurry to present
to the filter. A cleaner supernatant liquor is en-
sured, very often suitable for immediate disposal
or reuse without further treatment. The filtra-
tion characteristics are improved, so extending
the type of suitable filter and reducing the filtra-
tion area required. Filter cloth blocking/binding
problems are eased, thus laying open a wider
range of suitable cloth and extending life of the
material. Drier filter cakes are obtained, so mak-
ing disposal and handling easier and reducing the
load on subsequent processing equipment. A
clearer filtrate is achieved, again very often
suitable for immediate disposal or reuse. A typi-
cal flow diagram illustrating the use of a
polyelectrolyte in regard to the dewatering of a
neutralized hydrochloric acid pickling waste
from a steelworks is shown.
[23090]
73-3841
RAMSDEN, I. East Kesteven RDC now well ad-
vanced with its sewage treatment program.
Surveyor, 140(4183):30-31, Aug. 11,1972.
The East Kesteven Rural District Council is well
advanced in its provision of main drainage facili-
ties, and in its plant operation. The Kirk Kirkby-
la-Thorpe sewage treatment works includes a
central sludge treatment plant. The sludge de-
watering is carried out by a Dorr-Oliver Kom-
line-Sanderson coil filter. At the new Rowston
works, the design of the system is similar to that
of Kirkby-la-Thorpe, but the dewatering is car-
ried by the Paxman sludge concentrator. The
capital cost of this plant is less, but it is not capa-
ble of dealing with septic tank sludge, and,
although the pknt was designed to handle mixed
sludges, it has had difficulty with buildup of
fines. At the RusMngton works, a research pro-
ject is being carried out into the use of a new
plastic filter medium, Filterpak 1130. All other
plastic filter media have been basically designed
as roughing filters and for tower construction,
but this material is suitable for 6-ft deep filter
beds. Because an ammonia standard may be im-
posed, it has been decided to use the Filterpak to
replace only the top 2 ft 6 in. of slag medium.
Tests to determine the effect of the new medium
are being undertaken. A Pasveer ditch sewage
treatment works has been installed at Wilsford.
The ditch is lined with paving slabs and is water-
tight. The works meets effluent standards. This
type of works was selected because the area of
the site was not limited in size, and it
represented the most economical form of treat-
ment possible. Effluent treatment from the An-
wick works consists mainly of treating flow from
a poultry processing factory. The sludge is dealt
with by heated digestion followed by cold
digestion.
[23091]
73-3842
Saddleworth UDC's Greenfield Works. Water
and Water Engineering, 76(918):304, Aug. 1972.
Extensions recently completed at Greenfield
Sewage Works for Saddleworth UDC,
Yorkshire, Great Britain, provide for a total dry
weather flow of 1.67 million gal per day which in-
cludes trade effluent discharges amounting to
688,000 gal per day. Strong kier liquor from
Greenfield Paper Mill is the major factor con-
tributing to the strength of the sewage. Johnson-
Progress Ltd., Corbridge, Stoke-on-Trent, pro-
vided the sludge treatment plant, and machinery
and plant design are described.
[23092]
-------
73-3843
Sludge concentrator. Water and Waste Treat-
ment Journal, 15(8):11, Aug. 1972.
The Paxman 'Flocmiser1 is the most recent ex-
ample of a mechanical sludge dewatering system
which employs the use of polyelectrolytes in one
of its process stages. The Tlocomiser' is
designed to concentrate liquid sludge by increas-
ing its suspended solids content from a typical 5
percent to a typical 25 percent, with a cor-
responding reduction in volume to between one-
sixth and one-seventh of the original sludge. The
system used to achieve this comprises three
process steps, namely flocculating, thickening
and compression. All three steps are fully auto-
matic and continuous, resulting in very desirable
continuous discharge of a easily handled cake at
one end of the machine and a purified liquor
suitable for return to the head of the treatment
works at the other.
[23093]
73-3844
THOMPSON, Q. E. Sewage disposal system. U.S
Patent 3,706,664 owned by Monsanto Co. Issued
Dec. 19,1972.
This patent relates to sewage disposal systems,
and specifically to selfcontained systems using
synthetic esters as the recirculating sewage
transport fluid. Water immiscible synthetic
esters are used as transport fluids to carry
sewage from its source to a central separation
and disposition system. The selected esters
separate readily from the liquid and solid
sewage, and are reclaimed and recirculated
within the system, while sewage is disposed of
by incineration or other means. Preferred trans-
port fluids include dibasic and acid esters and
fatty acid esters.
[23094]
73-3845
Vacuum filtration of sewage sludge. Water and
Waste Treatment Journal, 15(8):15, Aug. 1972.
Since the successful development of the Coil-
filter for the vacuum filtration of sewage
sludges, advances have been made in the manu-
facture of synthetic organic polymers. Their
growing popularity is a result of improvements
in the output of Coilfilter yields, reducing chemi-
cal costs, and storage and handling require-
ments. The majority of Coilfilter installations
handle mixtures of undigested primary and
humus sludges. A plant handling such a mixture
showed an improvement in Coilfilter per-
formance of 33 percent, and a reduction of 45
percent in costs with polymer conditioning. Dra-
matic results were also obtained from the use of
polymers when dealing with mixtures of primary
and activated sludge. Dry powder polymers ap-
pear to be generally applicable and it has there-
fore not been necessary to make any alterations
in the standard chemical conditioning and dosing
equipment provided with Coilfilters. It is an-
ticipated that future extension in the use of
polymers will undoubtedly result should cen-
trifuges prove to be an efficient and economical
process.
[23095]
73-3846
VAUGHN, D. R., AND G. A. REITWIESNER. Disk-
nozzle centrifuges for sludge thickening. Jour-
nal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,
44(9):1789-1797, Sept. 1972.
The Merco Disc-Nozzle Centrifuge, registered
with the U.S. Patent Office, by Dorr-Oliver, Inc.,
is a high-speed centrifuge providing good clarifi-
cation and thick solid slurry discharge. This
machine is operated at a speed of 3,000 rpm at
feed rate up to 400 gal per minute or 1.5 cu m per
minute. Prototype equipment will soon provide
feed rates up to 600 gal per minute. The major
machines variable on this type of centrifuge are
the rotor speed, number of disks, angles of disks,
size of disks, size and number of rotor nozzles,
the location and mode of feed introduction, and
the geometry of the thickening and compacting
zone within the rotor. This equipment was used
on sludges at several test and demonstration
sites. Results indicate that this machine is capa-
ble of thickening dilute waste streams to
reasonable concentrations of 4 to 6 percent total
solids recoveries. Small space requirements, high
capacities, rapid processing, and a continuous
operation make this centrifuge a desirable alter-
native to gravity thickeners for waste activated
and other difficult sludges.
[23096]
-------
84
73-3847
WINTHER, J. L. Incinerator sludge concentrator
combination. U.S. Patent 3,702,596. Issued Nov.
14,1972.
This patent relates to the concentration of raw
sludge and more particularly to a raw sludge
concentration which is combined with an in-
cinerator to provide an integrated waste disposal
facility for use in municipalities. The hot gas out-
flow of an incinerator is used to concentrate by
dehydration raw sludge received from a sewage
clarifier. After simultaneously reducing the
moisture content of the raw sludge and
scrubbing the exhaust gas, the gases from the in-
cinerator are again scrubbed to remove noxious
gases of combustion and particularly to prevent
undesirable high vapor content.
[23097]
TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS
73-3848
A solid waste technology program. La Plata,
Maryland, [1970]. [150 p.]
The Charles County Community College
developed a Solid Waste Technology program
under a PHS Demonstration Grant (5D01-U1-
00145-02). This report details the curriculum of
that program, as well as an evaluation of it and
suggestions for future changes. Students en-
rolled in the course receive a solid waste techni-
cian certificate in 1 year. The object of the pro-
gram is to train personnel in the operation and
maintenance of solid waste collection, disposal
and control methods. The program would equip a
person to begin well above the most menial jobs
in solid waste and to move into more skilled posi-
tions quickly. The program might also provide a
means to promotion to an individual already in
solid waste collection or management. The docu-
ment contains curricula for several other sug-
gested courses of study. These include: sug-
gested course content for a proposed operator on
the job training program; suggested in-service
solid waste training program; suggested solid
waste training seminar; and 1 year solid waste
certificate course outlines. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23099]
73-3849
ANDERSON, W., ED. Politics and Environment; a
reader in ecological crisis. Pacific Palisades,
California, Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc.,
1970.362 p.
This volume contains selected essays on the sub-
ject of the environment, written by authors with
varying areas of expertise. The topics discussed
include population, pollution types, environmen-
tal crises, urban and rural environments, the for-
mulation of environmental policy, and 'nature
and human nature.' Several topics are related to
the question of solid waste notably discussions of
collection, industrial pollution of the Great
Lakes, international aspects of pollution control
and the problem of oil slicks. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23098]
73-3850
Solid waste management: the national issues.
Community Guide, Aug. 1972.4 p.
This article offers advice to citizens interested in
improving solid waste management in their com-
munities. Some suggestions follow: become
familiar with the solid waste management prac-
tices of your own community; research the goals,
realities, and policy choices for recycling; focus
on alternatives for the federal role in solid waste
management; and hold at least one community
meeting. Opportunities for helping other com-
munities and sharing what has been accom-
plished by one's group are also discussed.
[23100]
73-3851
Training programme for waste paper workers.
Materials Reclamation Weekly, 121(10):17, Sept.
2,1972.
This article discusses the training programs in-
itiated by the British Paper and Paper Products
Industry Training Board, which includes in-
dividuals from the paper and boardmaking in-
dustries, trade unions, educators, and govern-
ment representatives. In 1970, the Board com-
missioned a detailed survey of the waste paper
sector. This resulted in certain areas of training
being highlighted and the training staff has con-
-------
85
centrated on these aspects in cooperation with a
number of processing companies. This work has
resulted in the Board's training staff producing
detailed training programs for waste paper sor-
ters, baling press operators, and operators of the
smaller horizontal and loose-box type presses. It
is concluded that within the larger companies in
this industry a new approach to the question of
training has been stimulated.
[23101]
73-3852
WALKER, B. E. The Jaycees and environmental
improvement. Secondary Raw Materials,
9(4):19-20, Apr. 1971.
This article discusses the activities of the
Jaycees in the area of environmental improve-
ment. On Earth Day 1970 many local chapters
adopted a project aimed at cleaning up the en-
vironment. Most of these projects took the form
of a rid litter day, or cleaning up a park or body
of water. Specific environmental projects being
carried out by Jaycees throughout the nation are
cited. At the national level, they obtained sup-
port and sponsorship for their environmental im-
provement program which included a seminar
held in Washington, B.C. This was a very educa-
tional 3-day meeting which provided them with
background information needed to conduct
meaningful and productive projects at the local
level. They are attempting to establish pilot pro-
jects in Connecticut to collect cans and bottles.
Another future project is to collect junked au-
tomobiles abandoned on city streets.
[23102]
TRANSPORT
73-3853
New approach to solid waste disposal. Iron and
Steel Engineer, 49(10):117-118, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses a new approach to dispos-
ing of municipal and industrial solid waste which
has been made possible by a slurry handling
method called the Carlani Disposal process. Solid
waste is economically transported over long
distances by using water as the transport medi-
um. After salvageable material has been
removed from municipal or industrial solid
waste, the remaining material is ground up,
mixed with water to form a slurry, and pumped
to a distant settling pond area The pond can be
an abandoned strip mine, gravel pit, or barren
land. A compost-type soil is created, permitting
reclamation of the pond area. Due to the water in
the slurry, natural compaction occurs, thus per-
mitting building construction on the pond area
Due to the water in the slurry, natural compac-
tion occurs, thus permitting building construc-
tion on the pond area within a few years after
filling.
[23103]
-------
86
SUBJECT INDEX
accident
see petrochemicals
agricultural wastes
see also animals, manure, food processing
crop residue, 73-3562, 73-3725
treatment, 73-3557, 73-3560, 73-3561, 73-3565
utilization, 73-3562, 73-3566, 73-3728, 73-3778
air pollution, 73-3582
analysis of pollutants, 73-3623
control equipment, 73-3628, 73-3634, 73-3656, 73-3673
incinerator, 73-3623, 73-3656
industry, 73-3628, 73-3656
laws concerning, 73-3681
algae
see microorganisms
analysis, 73-3568, 73-3569, 73-3687, 73-3802
animals
see also manure
carcass, 73-3555
ash
composition, 73-3613
utilization, 73-3633
automobiles
collection, 73-3570
costs, 73-3570, 73-3734
volume reduction, 73-3713, 73-3714
automotive industry
see automobiles
bacteria
see microorganisms
chemicals
industrial wastes, 73-3632
disposal, 73-3634, 73-3655, 73-3667
processing, 73-3597, 73-3667, 73-3745, 73-3779
utilization, 73-3745, 73-3779, 73-3785
collection of wastes
see also containers
73-3572, 73-3576
equipment, 73-3571, 73-3574, 73-3575
laws concerning, 73-3682
municipalities, 73-3571, 73-3574
rural, 73-3682
compaction
equipment, 73-3710, 73-3711, 73-3712, 73-3716, 73-3717
compost
utilization, 73-3733
composting, 73-3581
combined with other disposal methods, 73-3603, 73-3787
costs, 73-3579
equipment, 73-3577
methods, 73-3577, 73-3578
problems, 73-3577, 73-3579
computer
see management and planning
construction
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-3721, 73-3757, 73-3774
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-3721, 73-3774
containers, 73-3659, 73-3703
dairy industry, 73-3565, 73-3759, 73-3765
demolition wastes
see construction
disposal of wastes
see also individual methods
73-3572, 73-3576, 73-3581
agricultural, 73-3555, 73-3564
commercial, 73-3583, 73-3594
costs, 73-3628, 73-3727
facilities, 73-3710, 73-3711, 73-3712, 73-3717
industrial, 73-3594, 73-3620, 73-3661, 73-3662, 73-3675
73-3719, 73-3722, 73-3807, 73-3827
institutional, 73-3679
laws concerning, 73-3682, 73-3683
methods, 73-3573, 73-3580, 73-3583, 73-3585, 73-3586
73-3587, 73-3588, 73-3592, 73-3593, 73-3594
73-3608, 73-3609, 73-3662, 73-3687, 73-3695
73-3716, 73-3748, 73-3832, 73-3844
municipal, 73-3591, 73-3593, 73-3594, 73-3615, 73-3616
73-3827
research, 73-3585, 73-3586, 73-3587, 73-3588, 73-3592
73-3695
rural areas, 73-3682, 73-3687
drugs
see pharmaceutical
economics
costs, 73-3569, 73-3579, 73-3687, 73-3724
markets, 73-3579, 73-3663
education
of the public, 73-3695, 73-3731, 73-3850, 73-3852
personnel, 73-3849, 73-3851
professional, 73-3592
energy, 73-3772
environmental protection, 73-3572, 73-3582, 73-3600, 73-3602
73-3628, 73-3671, 73-3673, 73-3741, 73-3772
73-3847
equipment, 73-3660, 73-3661, 73-3678, 73-3684
collection, 73-3659
compaction, 73-3573, 73-3590, 73-3710, 73-3711, 73-3712
73-3713, 73-3717, 73-3720
compactor, 73-3659
materials handling, 73-3708
separators, 73-3752, 73-3753, 73-3804, 73-3805, 73-3806
shearing, 73-3709
shredding, 73-3714, 73-3715, 73-3720, 73-3752
wastewater treatment, 73-3816, 73-3838
fertilizer
see also compost, hazardous
derived from waste products, 73-3719, 73-3733, 73-3749
fly ash
utilization, 73-3627
-------
87
food processing wastes
see also specific methods
bagasse, 73-3725
biological treatment, 73-3630
chemical treatment, 73-3630
coffee, 73-3725
dairy, 73-3759, 73-3765
disposal methods, 73-3630, 73-3805
grain and feed crops, 73-3725
meat packing plant, 73-3666
mechanical treatment, 73-3630, 73-3805, 73-3839
slaughterhouse, 73-3666
utilization, 73-3630, 73-3725, 73-3759, 73-3765
vegetable, 73-3630, 73-3725, 73-3839
fungi
see microorganisms
glass
post-consumer wastes, 73-3691
disposal, 73-3694, 73-3706
processing, 73-3701
utilization, 73-3701, 73-3737
grants, 73-3692
hazardous wastes
see also radioactive wastes
disposal, 73-3598
treatment, 73-3597
health and safety, 73-3555, 73-3557, 73-3599, 73-3600
73-3601, 73-3602, 73-3603, 73-3604, 73-3613
73-3731, 73-3775
heat recovery
see incineration
disposable items, 73-3677
disposal of wastes, 73-3679
health aspects, 73-3679
incineration
see also specific wastes
73-3581
air pollution control, 73-3605, 73-3610, 73-3618
combined with reclamation, 73-3725, 73-3768
commercial wastes, 73-3605
costs, 73-3607, 73-3766
design of plant, 73-3607, 73-3610, 73-3631
emissions, 73-3623
equipment, 73-3589, 73-3605, 73-3607, 73-3608, 73-3617
73-3618, 73-3619, 73-3620, 73-3621, 73-3622
73-3631, 73-3766, 73-3768
industrial wastes, 73-3620, 73-3658, 73-3676, 73-3768
municipal wastes, 73-3605, 73-3766, 73-3848
on-site, 73-3808
operation of plant, 73-3617, 73-3621, 73-3631
problems, 73-3623
residue, 73-3613
waste heat utilization, 73-3610, 73-3615, 73-3622, 73-3658
73-3725, 73-3766, 73-3768, 73-3783, 73-3786
73-3826
water pollution, 73-3611
incinerator, 73-3609, 73-3612
fluidized bed, 73-3629
rotary kiln, 73-3620, 73-3631
sludge, 73-3620, 73-3631 73-3675, 73-3808, 73-3826
special purpose, 73-3606, 73-3610, 73-3616, 73-3617
73-3621, 73-3622, 73-3675
industrial wastes
see also specific industry, specific treatment methods
73-3637, 73-3638, 73-3639, 73-3640, 73-3641
73-3642, 73-3643, 73-3644, 73-3645, 73-3646
73-3647, 73-3648, 73-3651, 73-3652, 73-3653
73-3654, 73-3789
centralized disposal plant, 73-3676, 73-3785
chemical treatment, 73-3624, 73-3626, 73-3636, 73-3664
73-3675
combined with municipal wastes, 73-3626, 73-3636
combined with sewage, 73-3636, 73-3664
costs, 73-3624, 73-3659, 73-3770
mechanical treatment, 73-3672, 73-3739, 73-3829, 73-3831
pyrolysis, 73-3672
utilization, 73-3624, 73-3633, 73-3663, 73-3664, 73-3665
73-3670, 73-3722, 73-3723, 73-3725, 73-3727
73-3730, 73-3731, 73-3732, 73-3738, 73-3746
73-3751, 73-3764, 73-3770, 73-3776, 73-3780
73-3785, 73-3801
land reclamation
see also mines, sanitary landfill
73-3769, 73-3782, 73-3811, 73-3824
laws
disposal of wastes, 73-3680, 73-3683
federal, 73-3680, 73-3683, 73-3692
international, 73-3681
municipality, 73-3682
leachate
see sanitary landfill, water pollution
litter
campaigns, 73-3686
lumber
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-3661
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-3768
management and planning
federal, 73-3692
municipal, 73-3584
manure
poultry, 73-3556
swine, 73-3554
treatment methods, 73-3554, 73-3567
markets
see economics
metal, ferrous, 73-3670
economics, 73-3668, 73-3730, 73-3753
industrial wastes
processing, 73-3678, 73-3735
utilization, 73-3668, 73-3723, 73-3730, 73-3735
73-3752, 73-3763
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-3699, 73-3704
utilization, 73-3699, 73-3704, 73-3723
scrap, 73-3668, 73-3699, 73-3704, 73-3708, 73-3730
73-3753, 73-3803
slag, 73-3739
-------
88
metal, non-ferrous, 73-3699, 73-3771
aluminum, 73-3670, 73-3734, 73-3736, 73-3755, 73-3763
73-3832
copper, 73-3624, 73-3755, 73-3763
nickel, 73-3755
tin, 73-3704
zinc, 73-3664, 73-3755, 73-3763
microorganisms, 73-3820
mineral, 73-3763
mines
see also land reclamation
73-3782, 73-3811, 73-3824
mining industry
waste utilization, 73-3633, 73-3769, 73-3782
municipal wastes
see also refuse
73-3603
disposal, 73-3584, 73-3616, 73-3750
separation, 73-3718, 73-3823
utilization, 73-3615, 73-3718, 73-3723, 73-3725, 73-3727
73-3744, 73-3749, 73-3750, 73-3751, 73-3755
73-3761, 73-3823
noise, 73-3601
ocean disposal
see specific methods
odor control, 73-3563, 73-3567, 73-3716
oil
see petrochemicals
packaging wastes
see also specific materials
73-3572, 73-3688, 73-3690, 73-3691, 73-3692
73-3693, 73-3696, 73-3697, 73-3698, 73-3700
73-3702, 73-3705
disposal, 73-3694
utilization, 73-3689, 73-3707, 73-3736, 73-3768
paper and pulp, 73-3771, 73-3851
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-3629
processing, 73-3629, 73-3650 "
utilization, 73-3650, 73-3724, 73-3733, 73-3742
73-3762, 73-3775, 73-3777
newspaper, 73-3663
post-consumer wastes, 73-3582
processing, 73-3688, 73-3696
utilization, 73-3663, 73-3688, 73-3707, 73-3724
73-3777, 73-3786
pathogenic wastes
see hazardous wastes
pesticides
see hazardous wastes
petrochemicals
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-3754, 73-3804
processing, 73-3804
utilization, 73-3726, 73-3754
oil spill, 73-3649
planning
see management and planning
plastics, 73-3621, 73-3622, 73-3669, 73-3716
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-3610, 73-3635, 73-3754
processing, 73-3740, 73-3756, 73-3781, 73-3845
utilization, 73-3635, 73-3657, 73-3726, 73-3740
73-3747, 73-3756, 73-3781, 73-3788
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-3591, 73-3623, 73-3690
processing, 73-3690, 73-3698, 73-3743, 73-3767
utilization, 73-3693, 73-3698, 73-3710, 73-3743
73-3747, 73-3754, 73-3758, 73-3767, 73-3788
public relations
see education
pyrolysis
see also incineration
73-3614, 73-3747
reclamation
see salvage and reclamation
recreational areas
see land reclamation
refuse
see also specific types
73-3581, 73-3716
calorific value, 73-3615, 73-3783
research
see specific topics, grant
rubber
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-3760, 73-3773
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-3773
tires, 73-3773
safety
see health and safety
salvage and reclamation
see also specific wastes
73-3614, 73-3688, 73-3690, 73-3697, 73-3698
73-3699, 73-3700, 73-3701, 73-3704, 73-3705
73-3711, 73-3719, 73-3726, 73-3730, 73-3739
73-3741, 73-3742, 73-3744, 73-3746, 73-3758
73-3775, 73-3784, 73-3787, 73-3789, 73-3801
sand, 73-3746, 73-3784, 73-3801
sanitary landfills
see also land reclamation, specific wastes
73-3581
costs, 73-3595, 73-3596, 73-3794
design, 73-3655, 73-3791, 73-3794
sites, 73-3584, 73-3595, 73-3596, 73-3685, 73-3789, 73-3790
73-3791, 73-3792, 73-3793, 73-3794, 73-3795
73-3796, 73-3797, 73-3798, 73-3799, 73-3800
water pollution, 73-3655, 73-3794, 73-3799
separation
liquid-solid, 73-3812, 73-3818, 73-3819, 73-3831, 73-3833
73-3839, 73-3840
mechanical, 73-3806, 73-3818, 73-3833
metal, 73-3803
methods, 73-3803, 73-3806
sewage
see also sludge
73-3834
-------
89
biological treatment, 73-3808, 73-3819
chemical treatment, 73-3817, 73-3819, 73-3844
mechanical treatment, 73-3812, 73-3817, 73-3829, 73-3838
73-3845
slag
see metal, ferrous
slaughterhouse
see food processing wastes
see also industrial wastes
73-3603, 73-3834
analysis, 73-3810, 73-3820
biological treatment, 73-3808, 73-3817, 73-3822, 73-3825
73-3829, 73-3835, 73-3837
chemical treatment, 73-3814, 73-3815, 73-3817, 73-3833
73-3840
costs, 73-3813, 73-3818, 73-3821, 73-3825, 73-3828
73-3836, 73-3837, 73-3841
disposal, 73-3675, 73-3808, 73-3809, 73-3811, 73-3817
73-3821, 73-3824, 73-3826, 73-3832
equipment, 73-3813, 73-3815, 73-3816, 73-3826, 73-3827
73-3830, 73-3833, 73-3835, 73-3837, 73-3839
73-3841, 73-3842, 73-3843, 73-3846
heat treatment, 73-3836, 73-3848
mechanical treatment, 73-3812, 73-3816, 73-3817, 73-3818
73-3829, 73-3831, 73-3832, 73-3833, 73-3839
73-3840, 73-3843
transport, 73-3809
utilization, 73-3749, 73-3758, 73-3809, 73-3811, 73-3820
73-3824, 73-3828, 73-3830
sources of information, 73-3748
surveys, 73-3583, 73-3585, 73-3586, 73-3587, 73-358«, 73-3593
73-3632, 73-3637, 73-3638, 73-3639, 73-3640
73-3641, 73-3642, 73-3643, 73-3644, 73-3645
73-3646, 73-3647, 73-3648, 73-3651, 73-3652
73-3653, 73-3654
systems analysis
see management techniques
tannery wastes, 73-3807
textiles, 73-3709, 73-3771
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-3590
toxic materials
see hazardous wastes
transfer stations
see also specific wastes
73-3571
transportation of wastes
see specific wastes
trees
see bulky wastes
utilization
paper and pulp
post-consumer wastes, 73-3707
vector control
see animals, insects
water pollution
commercial wastes, 73-3729
control equipment, 73-3625, 73-3673, 73-3729, 73-3815
73-3838
industrial wastes, 73-3625, 73-3626, 73-3661, 73-3674
73-3815
laws concerning, 73-3681, 73-3729
municipal wastes, 73-3626, 73-3674, 73-3729, 73-3815
wood
see lumber
-------
90
AUTHOR INDEX
Aberley, R.C., 73-3808
Abrahams, J.H., Jr., 73-3701, 73-3774
Alexander, J.H., 73-3688
Alpert, S.B., 73-3760
Anderson, D., 73-3630
Anderson, W., 73-3847
Bain, A., 73-3633
Bargman, R.D., 73-3718
Bartlett, H.D., 73-3560
Bayer, G., 73-3670
Beglov, V.M., 73-3719
Besik, F.K., 73-3624
Biddlestone, A.J., 73-3577
Bird, A.W., 73-3808
Boadway, J.D., 73-3625
Brauer, R.C., 73-3580
Britton, P.W., 73-3802
Bryan, A.C., 73-3809
Budkov, V.A., 73-3719
Burgess, K.L., 73-3690
Butz, H., 73-3631
Caldwell, H.S., 73-3699
, Campbell, H., 73-3774
Carnes, B.A., 73-3810
Cheney, R.L., 73-3691
Chlad, K.J., 73-3708
Connolly, H.H., 73-3692
Daugherty, R.V., 73-3557
Davenport, W.G., 73-3619
Dieterle, U., 73-3784
Douglas, E., 73-3727, 73-3755
Duensing, W.J., 73-3832
Dunaway, B., 73-3728
Dutta, M., 73-3581
Einstein, C., 73-3572
Eller, J.M., 73-3810
Emich, K.H., 73-3693
Evilevich, A.Z., 73-3816
Faber, H.A., 73-3729
Fedorov, V.G., 73-3730
Ferderber, S., 73-3731
Fidler, J., 73-3817
Floros, J., 73-3803
Flowers, G.H., Jr., 73-3605
Forster, C.F., 73-3820
Fosdick, R.J., 73-3734
Freeman, A.M., III, 73-3680
Garter, W.F., 73-3821
Garrett, MX, 73-3809
Gill, D.G., 73-3735
Glaser, K.-F., 73-3736
Gleason, M.N., 73-3599
Goldman, I.H., 73-3569
Gosselin, R.E., 73-3599
Gray, K.R., 73-3577
Green, C.L., 73-3606
Kamaj a, S., 73-3740
Harmsen, H., 73-3582
Hartog, D.W., 73-3741
Haveman, R.H., 73-3680
Heimlich, S., 73-3657
Hershaft, A., 73-3583
Hinesly, T.D., 73-3824
Hirsch, E., 73-3687
Hodge, H.C., 73-3599
Holcombe, J.K., 73-3632
Horntvedt, E., 73-3742
Horsfall, D.W., 73-3633
Howes, L.D., 73-3608
Hrubant, G.R., 73-3557
Hughes, J.E., 73-3703
Hughes, L.N., 73-3825
Hulbert, S.F., 73-3694
Idnanl, M.A., 73-3561
Ishida, M., 73-3744
Jackson, D.V., 73-3727
Jansen, H., 73-3746
Jones, R.L., 73-3824
Kaden, S., 73-3829
Kalika, P.W., 73-3632
Kasaki, A., 73-3788
Katsumi, K., 73-3747
Kawsshimo, K., 73-3609
Kesner, B., 73-3677
Kiikka, O.A., 73-3830
Kirby, M.W., 73-3687
Kite, S., 73-3610
Klee, A.J., 73-3600
Kononko, L.N., 73-3749
Kumar, M., 73-3560
Kurihara, S.( 73-3611
Laing, A.S., 73-3624
Lang, J.M., 73-3612
Laura, R.E,, 73-3561
Lefke, L.W., 73-3579
Leshchenko, P.O., 73-3749
Lesher, R.L., 73-3695
Lester, W.D., 73-3750
Levin, H.C., 73-3636
Lewin, C., 73-3820
Livingstone, D., 73-3681
Loewa, O., 73-3584
Longo, J.F., 73-3573
Lossin, R.D., 73-3578
Macdonald, R., 73-3649
Mahoney, P.P., 73-3832
Makar, H.V., 73-3699
Makarova, G.N., 73-3719
Marei, A., 73-3562
Mayall, W., 73-3575
McGrow, G., 73-3833
McMyler, S.W., 73-3696
Meinecke, A., 73-3650
Meister, J.F., 73-3825
Michaels, A., 73-3585, 73-3586
73-3587, 73-3588
Mighdoll, M.J., 73-3697
Miles, J.E.P., 73-3755
Milgrom, J., 73-3698
Moeller, R., 73-3834
Mohsenin, N.N., 73-3560
Moll, W., 73-3613
Morton, D.E., 73-3756
Moselhy, M.M., 73-3568
Mullin, J.R., 73-3615
Murtha, J.M., 73-3700
Nanasy, E., 73-3757
Nardozzi, A.D., 73-3729
Nicolay, C.E., 73-3659
Niyogi, S., 73-3581
O'Hara, G.T., 73-3821
Pasichnyk, P.G., 73-3618
Perry, I.E., 73-3678
Peterson, O.H., 73-3563
Pradt, L.A., 73-3662
Preusch, W.J., 73-3619
Pnrves, D., 73-3602
Ramsden, I., 73-3841
Randol, K.B., 73-3564
Reavely, G.H., 73-3679
Redford, R.L., 73-3564
Regan, W.J..III, 73-3668
Reiner, J.R., 73-3619
Reinshagen, P., 73-3669
Reitwiesner, G.A., 73-3846
Rhodes, R.A., 73-3557
Robinson, R., 73-3682
Rodgers, W.H., 73-3714
Rudenko, A.K., 73-3749
Rudnik, O.D., 73-3719
Rummerfield, P.S., 73-3569
Ryder, R.J., 73-3701
Sakai, T., 73-3788
Satybaldyev, S., 73-3719
Schindewolf, U., 73-3597
Schlabach, T.D., 73-3772
Schrieke, O.B., 73-3773
Schut, R., 73-3707
Sharpe, E.E., 73-3703
Shepherd, P.M., 73-3684
Sherman, G., 73-3806
Sherman, K., 73-3577
Shutt, T.C., 73-3774
Siracusa, G., 73-3589
Sobel, A.T., 73-3567
Solomko, G.I., 73-3749
Soria, S.M., 73-3595, 73-3596, 73-3790
73-3792, 73-3794, 73-3795, 73-3796
73-3797, 73-3798, 73-3799, 73-3800
Sosewitz, B., 73-3824
Soulsby, J., 73-3683
Stanton, W.R., 73-3778
Steininger, E., 73-3779
Stewart, R.G., 73-3590
Story, W.S., 73-3704
Strauch, D., 73-3603
Sutterfield, G.W., 73-3766
Taylor, A., 73-3592
Thirgood, J.V., 73-3782
Thompson, Q.E., 73-3844
Thorne, J.G.M., 73-3576
Thorstensen, T.C., 73-3807
Tinker, J., 73-3593
Tokushige, H., 73-3788
Tsukuda, M., 73-3783
Tsunematsu, K., 73-3783
Udall, S., 73-3674
Utzig, H., 73-3784
Van Beek, G., 73-3603
-------
91
Van Staa, R., 73-3777 Watson, P.E., 73-3750 Wisely, F.E., 73-3766
Vanasse, N.A., 73-3705 Wellford, W.L., Jr., 73-3594 Wogrolly, R., 73-3623, 73-3631
Vaughn, D.R., 73-3846 Wiles, C.C., 73-3579 Wultsch, F 73-3707
Walker, B.E., 73-3852 Williams, P., 73-3706 Yutaka, A., 73-3788
Warwick, P.G., 73-3679 Winther, J.L., 73-3848 Zimnawoda, H.W., 73-3801
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
February 1973 vol. 1 no. 2, abstract nos. 73-3854 to 73-4144
contents
Subjects Abstract Numbers
Agricultural wastes 73-3854 to 3859
(crop residues, manure, timber slash/other vegetation)
Analysis of solid waste 73-3860 to 3861
(data, methods)
Automobiles 73-3862
Bulky wastes 73-3863
Collection 73-3864 to 3872
Disposal 73-3873 to 3879
Economics 73-3880 to 3886
(disposal costs, financing of facilities, pollution control costs,
marketing information, taxes and incentives)
Hazardous wastes 73-3887 to 3891
Incineration 73-3892 to 3899
Industrial wastes 73-3900 to 4007
Institutional wastes 734008 to 4022
Laws/Regulations 734023 to 4024
Otter 734025
Management 734026
(municipal, regional, rural, State)
Ocean disposal 734027 to 4042
Packaging wastes 734043 to 4057
Processing/Reduction 734058 to 4060
Recycling 73-4061 to 4093
(incinerator residue, industrial wastes, mining wastes,
municipal refuse, scrap metal)
Research 734094
Sanitary landfill 734095
Sludge 734096 to 4131
Storage 734132
Street cleaning 734133 to 4143
Transport 734144
Subject index
Author index
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
February 1973 vol. 1 no. 2, abstract nos. 73-3854 to 734144
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
73-3854
CHOI, S. K., L. T. FAN, L. E. ERICKSON, AND R.
I. LIPPER. Diffusion of cattle manure solution
through a wet porous stratum with reaction.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1(4):390-404,
Sept. 1972.
A process governing the transport rate of cattle
manure as measured by their COD through a
wet porous stratum is investigated under simu-
lated conditions. A mathematical model of the
system is presented. The model simulated diffu-
sion and biological reaction processes taking
place simultaneously in the system. Experimen-
tal observations have been made to determine
the diffusion coefficient and the biological reac-
tion rate constant of the cattle manure solution.
For the system with known diffusion coefficient
and reaction rate constant, the analytical expres-
sions obtained here can be used to approximately
evaluate or predict the rates that animal wastes,
under conditions similar to those in this study,
will contaminate surface water, soil or ground
water.
[23104]
73-3855
Fertility. Crops and Soils Magazine, 25(1):28,
Oct. 1972.
This article discusses manure's cash value as a
fertilizer. One cow will produce about 15 tons of
manure per year which contains nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium. If one purchased
this much fertilizer commercially it would cost
about $30. However, when manure is spread in
the open almost any time of the year it will lose
about a third of its original value. Spreading the
manure in the winter will increase the losses.
The main losses come from spreading, not stor-
ing, so it is best to plow the manure down as soon
as possible after spreading. Therefore, the best
method to use would be to store the manure all
year and spread it just before fall plowing.
[23105]
73-3856
KIMBLE, J. M., R. J. BARTLESS, J. I. MC!NTOSH,
AND K. E. VARNEY. Fate of nitrate from
manure and inorganic nitrogen in a clay soil
cropped to continuous corn. Journal of Environ-
mental Quality, 1(4):413-415, Oct.-Dec. 1972.
Effects of dairy manure and nitrogen fertilizer
were studied on plots that had received in a fac-
torial arrangement two levels of manure (0 and
66 metric tons per hectare) and two levels of
nitrogen (0 and 224 kg per hectare) applied every
spring for 6 years. Laboratory incubation studies
using soil profile samples showed potential
denitrification to be greater in soil from the
manure treated plots than in plots receiving
either inorganic nitrogen or no nitrogen. The
amount decreased with depth to 96 cm, below
which energy for anaerobic microbial activity ap-
peared to be limiting. Laboratory analysis of
profile samples indicated decreasing nitrate-
nitrogen-to-chloride ratios at all depths from fall
to spring, suggesting that denitrification rather
than leaching was responsible for a significant
portion of the nitrate loss during this period.
-------
Abrupt decreases in the nitrate-nitrogen-to-
chloride ratios from the surface to the 45 to 71
cm depth indicated that denitrification had taken
place and that a nitrate bulge at 96 to 122 cm
probably was caused by denitrification above
that depth. The results indicate that more
nitrate was lost by leaching when nitrogen was
applied as ammonium nitrate than when applied
as dairy manure, both because there was more
nitrate in the profile and because it was less
susceptible to denitrification.
[23106]
73-3857
MAXIMOVA, N., Y. TERENTIEV, AND P. LOPEX.
recirculacion del licor negro en los procesos de
extraccion alcalina del bagazo nitrado. [Study of
the influence of black liquor recirculation during
alkaline extraction processing of nitrated
bagasse.] Cuba Azucar, 13-20, July-Sept. 1972.
This paper provides experimental results con-
cerning the influence of recirculated liquor
characteristics on product quality, as well as
basic data for process design. During the process
of obtaining cellulose from sugar cane bagasse
by nitric acid pulping, the amount of Sodium
hydroxide used is one of the principal factors
that influences the cost of the product. One way
of reducing the amount used is by recirculating
the alkaline black liquors produced during the
process. The results are expressed in the form of
regression equations and graphs. (Text in
Spanish)
[23107]
73-3858
SCHULTE, D. D., J. A. DESHAZER, AND C. N.
IFEADI. Effect of slotted floors on air-flow
characteristics in a model swine confinement
building. Transactions of the American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, 15(5):947-950,1972.
A one-twelfth scale model of an existing swine
confinement structure was used to determine
the effects of various ventilation inlet and ex-
haust locations, baffle position, floor types and
pit depth upon the air-flow characteristics within
the building. Heater thermocouple anemometer
readings were recorded and analyzed statisti-
cally to determine the effects of the different
treatments. Iso-velocity lines were plotted to
provide visual interpretation of the regions of
high and low velocities. Turbulent intensities
were calculated to determine the effectiveness
of air mixing. Results showed that use of baffles
to direct air along the ceiling in hopes of dis-
tributing the temperature and velocity more
evenly throughout the building tended to in-
crease air velocity and the significance of both
the floor arrangement and pit depth. Also, use of
a baffled air inlet decreased the turbulent inten-
sities within the structure, thus lessening the
degree of air mixing in the ventilited space. High
velocity regions near slotted floor opening ap-
pear likely to introduce malodorous and possibly
toxic gases into the animal environment. The ef-
fect of slotted floors on air-flow characteristics
in a model swine confinement building suggests
that conventional inlet-exit location and design
criteria in full scale buldings may be inadequate
and may require new design standards. Before
design criteria and standards in full scale swine
housing are changed, however, full scale valida-
tion of the results presented here should be ob-
tained.
[23108]
73-3859
SIDWICK, J. M. Cattle market wastes. Water
and Pollution Control, 71(5):533-539,1972.
The author comments that the extremely varied
and seasonal nature of cattle market wastes,
combined with the fact that the markets are
usually located in small towns with limited abili-
ty to handle large amounts of troublesome
wastes, make this form of agricultural waste
particularly problematic. He suggests that high-
power hoses be used to minimize the amount of
water needed to wash out pens and stalls, and
that clean water from the market, such as rain-
water from roofs, be kept separate from the pol-
luted wash water. All drains should be provided
with screens so that straw and other large ob-
jects cannot pass into the sewer along with th
water. As much of the waste as possible should
be cleaned out of the pens in its solid state before
any water is added to it. Except for screening,
any pretreatment of the waste water prior to its
entry into the sewer is not feasible. Once the
water reaches the sewage treatment plant, it
-------
may create problems, since it is not so
biodegradable as municipal sewage, does not
produce as much gas, and is highly colored. Sug-
gestions are offered regarding sampling and pre-
diction of quantity and composition of market
wastes. An extensive bibliography on manage-
ment and health aspects of market wastes is in-
cluded. At the end of paper there is a short
discussion by those present at the reading of the
article.
[23109]
ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
73-3860
HANSEN, P. M. T. Functional properties of
whey proteins. Ohio Report, 57(6):93-94, Nov.-
Dec. 1972.
This article discusses the dairy industry's at-
tempts to overcome the waste disposal problems
associated with surplus cheese whey. Particular
interest is shown for reclamation of the protein
fraction which makes up about 9 to 10 percent of
the whey solids. Medical dietitians stress the ex-
ceptionally high nutritional value of whey
protein which may be used in the treatment of
chronic uremia. Methods of reclaiming protein
whey are also discussed. Research in progress at
the Department of Food Science and Nutrition,
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center in Columbus, has as one of its objectives
the selective inactivation of some proteins
without destroying the useful properties of the
others.
[23110]
73-3861
New grading system for ferrous scrap. Materi-
als Reclamation Weekly, 121(10):15, Sept. 2,
1972.
This article discusses new classifications for fer-
rous scrap which have been adopted in Germany
after consultation with the iron and steel indus-
try and representatives of the scrap industry.
The classifications are confined to steel scrap
which is subdivided into six groups according to
length and specification of the grades concerned.
There are 20 grades for classification with cor-
responding price schedules. The new grading
system is not merely a simplification of the old
system but an attempt to adapt grading to the
systems existing in the new European Economic
Community member countries, especially Great
Britain. The new grades are also a reflection of
the fact that baling has lost much of its im-
portance while shearing and shredding are of
much greater importance than ever before.
[23111]
AUTOMOBILE
73-3862
GREGORY, S. A. Transportation. Chemical En-
gineer, (266):376-386, Oct. 1972.
This article points out that transportation is
needed at every stage in the conversion of
materials from their natural state to human use.
The following topics are discussed in detail: es-
sential economics of transportation; bulk materi-
al movement; shifts of manufacturing location
and increases in scale of operation; product
transportation; transportation and other
economics and price-quality relationships; pas-
senger transportation; technological alternatives
to the motor car; demands of the motor car and
economic and political interactions; future varia-
tions in the motor car; construction materials for
the motor car; and changes in the years ahead. A
great deal of data are provided. It is concluded
that the resiting of industry to make the best use
of economics of scale and, within Great Britain,
to profit from possession of applicable coastline
must be worked through. Within mature
economics there will be a tendency to recycle
manufacture of automobiles, and where cities de-
mand it, the provision of plug-in devices in order
to handle greater amounts of traffic and cut
down on accidents.
[23112]
BULKY WASTES
73-3863
Kawasaki juko no haikibutsu shori puranto.
[Kawasaki waste disposal plant.] Kotai Haibut-
su, (8):54-58, Dec. 1972.
In connection with the reciprocal grate system
for a small facility and VKW rotary grate for a
-------
large-scale facility by which various wastes can
be completely burned out and reduced to ashes,
developed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.,
the pre and post disposing method are described,
including the oil pressure bulky waste shredding
and compaction machine, the oil pressure type
multi-blade cutting machine (Von Roll Type),
and the rotary impact crusher. The oil pressure
shredding and compaction machine can
completely dispose of such wastes as wooden
furniture, construction waste, tire, large steel
apparatus, and iron scrap, is capable of complete
automatic operation, and has a capacity of 40 cu
m to 200 cu m per hr. And even bulky metal
waste can be disposed of. In the rotary crusher,
bulky wastes supplied from an apron feeder are
crushed by a rotor turning at a high speed, and
metals, glass, brick, and general wastes can also
be disposed of, the capacity being 15 cu m to 600
cu m per hr. In addition, this type of crusher with
a capacity of 15 to 90 tons per hr is also made
available, having a power to treat with even elec-
tric refrigerator and washing machines. Also this
type is capable of sorting out the iron scrap, and
can be incorporated in a complete automatic
waste disposing system. (Text in Japanese)
[23113]
COLLECTION
73-3864
County puts lid on 55-gallon cans. Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal,
15(10):46, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses refuse collection in Kanuai,
Hawaii. The County Council has established an
upper limit of 32 gal for trash receptacles. The
new laws require citizens to keep all dry refuse
in 32-gal containers which must be of the materi-
al, structure, and type approved by the County
Department. The filled receptacles may not
weigh more than 75 Ib. Other changes in the
previous ordinance cover disposal of dead
animals, and eliminate the words metal or wood
material dealing with trash containers. Hedge
cuttings and other similar items must be ar-
ranged in bundles not to exceed 3 ft in length and
2 ft in depth. All empty containers must be flat-
tened and securely tied in bundles which cannot
weigh more than 50 Ib.
[23114]
73-3865
HEFFINGTON, T. E. Mobile refuse retriever.
Canadian Patent 914,617. Issued Nov. 14,1972.
This patent presents a vehicle utilizing equip-
ment whereby the driver of the vehicle can both
pick up and deposit in the body of the vehicle the
garbage bags and rubbish being collected. This
invention utilizes an enclosed truck body with a
slidable mounted packer plate. Mounted near the
forward end of the vehicle is a crane which has at
its free end a rotatable mounted cage or basket.
This cage is designed to pick up garbage bags,
and bundles of limbs and trash without breaking
them open or dropping them. Controls for each
of the functions of the equipment are located at
the operator platform so that the driver can both
drive the vehicle and perform the various func-
tions set forth.
[23115]
73-3866
JOHNSON, H. J., AND M. H. BRAUN. Garbage can
and support. Canadian Patent 915,595. Issued
Nov. 28,1972.
This patent relates to garbage cans or containers
including a lining which is removable and a
drawer-type support to enable movement of the
can from a stored, concealed, and sealed condi-
tion to an extended position where it is capable
of receiving waste material. The garbage con-
tainer may be constructed of any suitable
material, but is preferably constructed of plastic
and includes a substantially flat bottom. The con-
tainer is constructed with a downwardly taper-
ing cross-sectional area and has a relatively large
capacity as compared with conventional garbage
containers. The container is mounted in the com-
partment below a partition which may receive a
conventional drawer.
[23116]
73-3867
LAMB, W. D. Computers put efficiency in refuse
collection. American City, 87(9): 151-152, Sept.
1972.
This article discusses computer routing of re-
sidential refuse pickup trucks in Nashville, Ten-
-------
nessee. This system should produce savings of
$250,000 during the first fiscal year. Anticipated
annual savings should be $400,000 to $500,000.
These savings derive from reductions in equip-
ment and labor costs because of using compu-
ters. This system uses IBM's Vehicle Scheduling
Program under a licensing agreement. Some of
the benefits of computer routing which are
discussed include: refuse trucks are scheduled
away from main thoroughfares during peak
hours, and, out of school zones when children are
present; a reduction in the number of times
trucks cross barriers such as interstate
highways; routes are clearly defined; and refuse
pickup begins immediately when a new building
is occupied. Route simulation or mathematical
modeling also determines the most efficient sizes
of vehicles and crews. The continuing value of a
computerized system is the advantage of simu-
lating all new technology and equipment for
comparing operating costs.
[23117]
73-3868
LUNDGREN, G. A. Garbage compactors. Canadi-
an Patent 914,482 owned by Komprimator AB.
Issued Nov. 14,1972.
This patent relates to an arrangement for col-
lecting refuse and other waste material on open
containers whereby it is possible to compress
said garbage by a vertically operating device
consisting of a piston and a piston rod driven by
an electric motor via a transmission. This device
automatically returns to an inactive position
above the upper edge portions of the container
by changing the direction of rotation of the elec-
tric motor once a compression cycle related to
material to be treated has been finished. It is an
object of the invention to attain a simple
mechanically working device which functions re-
liably under all operating conditions, and which
receives an impulse to affect the automatic
return stroke of the piston to rest position above
the upper edge portions of the containers. The
garbage actuates a device subject to pressure by
a spring. This device is arranged to actuate a
device for changing the direction of the rotation
of the motor.
[23118]
73-3869
Solid waste management in high-rise dwellings.
Waste Trade Journal, 68(43):4, Oct. 28,1972.
This article discusses the reduction of waste
volume at the source. This would reduce the cost
of collection and disposal. High-rise apartments
frequently use onsite incinerators to reduce
their wastes; however, recent legislation aimed
at controlling air pollution is now a limiting fac-
tor. A long-term study on incineration and solid
waste management is being conducted by the
National Academy of Sciences to develop basic
information that will not only be useful to build-
ing designers and owners, municipal public
health and public works authorities, and city
planners, but which will also stimulate private
industry to develop new equipment and systems
for onsite handling of solid wastes. The three
phases of the 9-year study are outlined. The
buildings selected for study are in a publicly
owned, low-income housing development in New
Haven, Connecticut. Detailed cost estimates and
engineering designs have been completed for a
pneumatic system to collect wastes from a com-
bination of buildings
[23119]
73-3870
Sovent in highest-rise apartments. Building
Systems Design, 69(10):30-32, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the application of the sin-
gle-track Sovent drainage system to a huge
urban renewal project being undertaken in
Caracas, Venezuela. The copper Sovent system
eliminates the need for separate vent lines, and
the relatively lighter materials used, plus the
speed of site prefabrication, and copper brazing
cut installation costs and labor. The copper
Sovent system, the French building system, and
vacuum garbage collection are discussed in
detail. It was discovered that it would be
economical to supply the air-conditioning for the
apartment buildings during the evenings and
through the night from the central plant sized
for office buildings, thereby avoiding shut-down
and start-up losses. This project is being built to
meet an urgent need for apartment space in
Caracas.
[23120]
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73-3871
STRAGIER, M. Non-stop refuse collection.
American City, 87(9):112-113, Sept. 1972.
A system by which curbside containers of refuse
can be dumped automatically into a collection
vehicle without any manual effort is being tried
in Tolleson, Arizona, with great success. The
truck and accompanying special containers were
conceived and constructed by Glenn Myers of
Phoenix, and the project is funded by an Office
of Solid Waste Management Programs demon-
stration grant. By using the truck, one man,
without leaving the cab, makes three collections
a week from more than 1,000 homes in less than
20 hr. Everyone is happy with the new system.
Homeowners have cooperated by placing trash
in the appropriate containers, city councilmen
appreciate the lowered costs, and the refuse col-
lection workers enjoy not having to handle the
containers or any type of sack. It is also possible
to use conventional galvanized refuse containers
attached to special holders. The city manager ex-
pects collection costs to be cut in half by the new
system, and the personnel idled by the improved
method have been willing to be retrained for
work in the Street and Water Divisions.
[23121]
73-3872
VINYARD, H. 0. Refuse gathering machine.
Canadian Patent 914,704. Issued Nov. 14,1972.
This patent relates to mobile machines for
picking up refuse, such as manure, regardless of
its moisture content, from the ground or other
surfaces, such as barn floors. This invention
cleans such surfaces and deposits the picked up
material into a receiver. The machine is powered
from the power take-off shaft of a tractor pulling
a receiver vehicle upon which the machine is
mounted. The tractor's hydraulically operated
drawbar is utilized to lower the machine to
ground level and to elevate the machine to a non-
pickup level. This equipment is mechanically reli-
able, simple, and inexpensive in construction,
being composed of a relatively small number of
non-complex and easily assembled parts which
require the attention and services of only one
man for a complete refuse gathering operation.
[23122]
DISPOSAL
73-3873
COLLINS, A. Refuse-regeneration or loss? En-
gineering, 212(10):981-985,987, Oct. 1972.
This article describes modern methods and
equipment used for refuse disposal. The topics
discussed in detail include: domestic refuse; com-
pactors; incinerators; centralized collection;
vehicles; salvaging and recycling; metal extrac-
tion; and baling. It is concluded that the most en-
couraging aspect of recent refuse disposal
methods has been the manufacturers' awareness
of pollution. Two refuse collection vehicles which
have recently been introduced have tackled the
noise problem as well.
[23124]
73-3874
DEDIO, D. A, AND J. E. BAKER. Compacting
mechanism. Canadian Patent 916,519 owned by
Waterbury Hydraulic and Pollution Sciences,
Inc. Issued Dec. 12,1972.
This patent relates to an improved compacting
mechanism and more particularly to an improved
compacting mechanism which is simple to
operate and inexpensive to maintain. Objects of
this invention are the provision of an improved
compacting mechanism which: does not require
high hydraulic pressure to operate; has means
for varying the resistance to the load; utilizes a
minimum of signal means for controlling the
unit; and has a reduced tendency to jam.
[23125]
73-3875
GRAY, R. Waste disposal, a better deal for Scot-
land? Surveyor, 140(4187):21-23, 25, Sept. 15,
1972.
This article discusses the Scottish reorganiza-
tion, which will deal differently with waste
disposal and collection than Wales or England.
Disposal of sewage sludge and domestic refuse
are discussed, along with the changes planned.
The problems of industrial wastes in the light of
conditions north of the border are emphasized.
The topics covered in detail include: present
disposal methods; future disposal methods; in-
dustrial waste; and underground disposal It is
-------
concluded that existing legislation, when coupled
with local government reorganization in Scot-
land, should lead to improvements in waste
disposal over the next decade.
[23126]
73-3876
LONGO, J. F. Trash compaction unit. Canadian
Patent 914,483 owned by International Dynetics
Corp. Issued Nov. 14,1972.
This patent rektes to garbage and trash disposal
and particularly to apparatus for the compaction
of household refuse and garbage. It is the object
of this invention to provide a simple economical
garbage disposal means which reduces the total
amount of refuse. Another object is to provide a
small, inexpensive unit for placement in the
kitchen without extensive modification of exist-
ing architectural designs. Compaction takes
place without the use of electricity and is accom-
plished within pkstic bags which may be tied
and removed conveniently.
[23127]
73-3877
PACHECO, J. R. Tratamiento tecnico-sanitario
de residues urbanos: problema y tema de nuestro
tiempo. [The technico-sanitary treatment of
urban waste: a problem and theme of our times.]
Revista de Agroquimica y Technologies de Ali-
mentos, 12(3):407-417, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses the problem of the accumu-
ktion of urban waste, particularly in Spain. Since
it is estimated that by the year 2000 about 85
percent of the world's population will be living in
cities this is a problem that affects the entire
world. The magnitude of the problem is
discussed in terms of the following factors: so-
ckl; esthetic; hygienic; industrial; and agricul-
tural. Solutions to the problem of urban waste
disposal which have been investigated by Hol-
land, Israel, and the United States are also
discussed. Spain's urban refuse problems are
outlined with reference to collection, incinera-
tion, and composting. The economics of the situa-
tion and the role of the government are also
covered. It is concluded that this situation must
be handled by a joint effort on the part of com-
merce and government. (Text in Spanish)
[23128]
73-3878
ROBERTS, K. J. Waste disposal, getting or-
ganized. Surveyor, 140(4187):23-25, Sept. 15,
1972.
This article points out that the reorganization of
disposal of wastes into larger units creates lo-
gistical problems which must be overcome if
disposal services are to be maintained at
reasonable cost. Operational research is said to
offer a rational approachO put things into order
of preference, and compare various quality fac-
tors systematically. It is anticipated that Great
Britain's Local Government Operational
Research Unit will be in the forefront, not only
of waste disposal, but also of the recycling trend.
[23129]
73-3879
STOVALL, J. H. Conference hears latest en-
vironmental technology. TAPPI, 55(9): 1,288-
1,292, Sept. 1972.
This article outlines the activities of the TAPPI
Environmental Division Conference held in
Houston, Texas. Some of the papers presented
describe the following: high-purity oxygen
utilization for treating kraft mill wastes in the
activated sludge process in a mill pilot scale unit;
a new waste sludge dewatering system; a study
of recovery boiler electrostatic precipitator
design and performance; a survey of nitrogen
oxide emissions in a kraft pulp mill; the the sani-
tary significance of microbiological organisms in
receiving streams; and other timely topics per-
taining to environmental control. A total of 25
technical papers was presented. An industry-
government seminar was also part of the con-
ference.
[23130]
ECONOMICS
73-3880
Air freighting high value metalO can it be
economic? Materials Reclamation Weekly,
121(18):23, Oct. 28,1972.
This article discusses sending high value scrap
metals to a customer by air freight. The ad-
vantages are savings in time, simplification of
-------
packaging, low insurance rates for air freight,
and easy documentation. Savings in investment
costs are another important factor in favor of air
freight. Comparisons are made between sending
high value shipments by sea or by air. Weight
and volume are also discussed. The air forwarder
is invaluable because he can choose the airline
covering the destination desired, route the goods
through several airlines if necessary, find the
earliest possible time of dispatch, and forward
freight to almost every corner of the world.
[23131]
73-3881
Capital investment in pollution control; Manu-
facturing Chemists Association 1972 survey. In-
dustrial Wastes, 18(5):40-42, Sept.-Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the Manufacturing
Chemists Association's (MCA) third survey of
its members on environmental management in
chemical manufacturing. This information was
supplied by 137 MCA member companies with
respect to their installations and relevant activi-
ties in the United States. The data apply only to
chemical manufacturingO the production of
chemicals in which a change of chemical struc-
ture is accomplished in converting raw materials
to basic industrial chemicals. Charts and graphs
supply data on the following topics: U.S. water
and air pollution control costs, 1962-1972; U.S.
solid wastes treatment and disposal costs, 1962-
1972; annual operation and maintenance costs for
water, air, and solid waste pollution control by
U.S. chemical companies for the control of water,
air, and solid waste pollution, 1962-1976; annual
research expenditures for water, air, and solid
waste pollution control by U.S. chemical compa-
nies, 1962-1972; and manpower assigned to
water, air, and solid waste pollution control by
U.S. chemical companies.
[23132]
73-3882
EPA council report: waste outlays to triple over
the next decade. Solid Wastes Manage-
ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 15(10):8, Oct.
1972.
This article discusses the results of the Third
Annual Report of the Council on Environmental
Quality, as mandated by the National Environ-
mental Policy Act of 1970. It is estimated that in
the 1970's the United States will spend $86.1 bil-
lion for environmental control. Per capita waste
outlays will almost triple in the same period,
from $15 to $42. This year's estimate is over dou-
ble last year's due to the addition of three new
categoriesO noise control, radiation control, and
land reclamation. The most dramatic results to
date have been in curbing air pollution. There
has been less success with cleaning up the water.
Still less has been done on the federal level to
regulate the solid wastes industry. State actions
to reduce the number of open dumps have
resulted in a 10-percent reduction of those pollu-
tion sources. Other U.S. failures and accomplish-
ments in combatting national and internation en-
vironmental pollution are also discussed.
[23133]
73-3883
KUMMERFELD, D. D. Tax exempt financing.
Waste Age, 3(5):6-7,48-49, Sept.-0ct. 1972.
This article discusses the role of the investment
banker and the financial advisor in solid waste
management. They will be needed because of the
increasing need for capital for solid waste pro-
jects, and the range of complex choices and deci-
sions which must be made prior to implementing
a solid waste management plan. Several factors
pointing to increased capital expenditures for
solid waste management facilities are also
discussed in detail. Three variable factors which
influence how solid waste management projects
are financed include: the type of facilities to be
financed; the kind of solid waste management
agency desiring the financing; and the legal,
political, and practical constraints associated
with each financing technique. This article only
considers disposal projects utilizing incineration
processes with heat recovery and the impact
upon these projects of variations of ownership
and financing mechanisms. It is concluded that
both industrial revenue bond pollution control
financing and public utility revenue bond financ-
ing provide low cost means for obtaining capital
for advanced solid waste facility systems.
[23134]
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73-3884
LOWE, D., D. 0. LLOYD, AND J. R. SIMPSON. The
economics of waste treatment and disposal.
Journal of the Institution of Public Health En-
gineers, 71(4):219-249, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses waste treatment and
disposal costs. Waste treatment and disposal ob-
jectives, waste quantities requiring disposal,
waterborne wastes, pollution reduction, expendi-
ture reduction by reduction in land use, solid
waste pollution and expenditure reduction, and
comparisons of approximate costs of methods of
refuse treatment and disposal are discussed and
treated in diagrams. It is concluded that the use
of water for domestic and industrial purposes is
increasing rapidly. Therefore, the need for
research on water conservation is urgent. The
development of new materials, techniques, and
processes for waste treatment and disposal must
also be encouraged; and voluntary or compulsory
restraints on the production of paper, plastic,
and cardboard packaging must be investigated.
Also, legislative controls should be introduced
which would affect the disposal of solid industri-
al wastes.
[23135]
73-3885
R.R. adjust freight rates on scrap. Waste Trade
Journal, 68(41):8, Oct. 14,1972.
This article discusses the railroads' proposed in-
creases on ferrous and nonferrous scrap. The In-
terstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ordered
that rate increases on nonferrous scrap not ex-
ceed 3 percent; on ferrous, 5 percent will by al-
lowed, except in the East and from the South to
the East. The Commission is controlling prices
on nonferrous metals in an attempt to encourage
the movement and recycling of these materials
because it feels this should have a beneficial ef-
fect upon the environment.
[23136]
73-3886
WESCHLER, J. R. The economics of spray and
applied powder coating systems. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 1-2.
This paper discusses the economics and in-
creased utilization of spray and applied powder
coating systems. From sales of $1 million in 1960,
the powder coatings market reached almost $30
million in 1971. Three reasons for the tremen-
dous interest in powder coatings are discussed in
detail: economics; quality; and then- contribution
to a pollution-free environment. In considering
the economics of these coatings (projected mar-
ket volume of $175 million by 1976) the variety of
factors considered in this paper are material
costs, application costs, equipment costs, and ex-
haust losses. The researcher thinks that further
development work is needed in application
equipment and processes, and in recovery equip-
ment. Powder coatings should occupy a
prominent place in the industrial coatings field in
the future because of their technical, economic,
and antipollution aspects. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23137]
HAZARDOUS WASTES
73-3887
CABAN, R., AND T. W. CHAPMAN. Losses of
mercury from chlorine plants: a review of a pol-
lution problem. AlChE Journal, 18(5):892-903,
Sept. 1972.
This article reviews the problem of mercury
losses from chlorine plants. The mercury materi-
al balance is difficult to establish because mercu-
ry escapes from the process by a number of
routes. Some of the reasons for the mercury
emissions are explored, and some problems in-
volved in the measurement of mercury in vari-
ous effluents are discussed. The specific topics
covered include industrial mercury pollution,
mercury losses from chlorine-caustic soda plants,
measurement of mercury losses, loss of mercury
from dilute solutions, the mercury material
balance, analysis of the hydrogen cooler, and
mercury recovery processes. That the need for
an integrated mercury recycle policy still exists
is one of the conclusions drawn from this study.
[23138]
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10
73-3888
Disposal of poisonous waste-what the manager
needs to know. Process Engineering, Plant and
Control, 8(9):1443145,147, Sept. 1972.
Under the Deposit of Poisonous Waste Act, 1972,
it is generally prohibited to deposit improperly
any substance in solid, semi-solid, or liquid form
which is waste and which is poisonous, noxious or
pollution, on land. Hazardous is defined as capa-
ble of endangering life or health of man or beast,
or of contaminating any water supply above or
below ground. Basic to the new law is the clause
concerning notification. When hazardous waste
is to be deposited, the appropriate local authori-
ties must be notified, before disposal, of the na-
ture of the waste, the amount, the location of
disposal, and other relevant information. A list of
exempted material is included in the bill, but it is
stressed that even exempt waste may not be so
disposed of that it can endanger life, limb, or the
environment. Any person found guilty of violat-
ing this statute is liable to a fine of up to 400
pound sterling or to improsonment of up to 6
months or both. If serious injury or death results
from the deposition of waste, the presiding judge
has the right to increase penalties accordingly.
Not only offending corporations, but also
managers, directors, and other individuals found
guilty of disregarding this law, can be
prosecuted. Civil liability is also incorporated
under the law, so that the guilty party or parties
can be sued for damages to life or health. One de-
fect of the comprehensive bill is its failure to en-
courage minimizing or correcting storage of
toxic wastes.
[23139]
73-3889
OviATT, C. Additional tests for incinerator
residue toxicity. In Municipal waste disposal by
shipborne incineration and sea disposal of
residues. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard
University School of Public Health, June 1972. p.
4(54-70).
This paper discusses attempts to detect
sublethal effects of residue by comparing the
reactions of treated and untreated fish to sound
stimuli, conducting comparative hatching and
larval survival experiments, and observing the
effects of the residue on the growth of three
phytoplankton species to investigate influences
on primary productivity. A reaction timber was
used to test for sublethal stresses caused by ex-
posure to whole residue. Growth studies were
conducted to evaluate the effects of shading, tox-
icity, adsorption, and fertilization on three spe-
cies of phytoplankton exposed to incinerator
residue. Results of all phytoplankton growth ex-
periments are summarized in tables. Hatching
and larval experiments were also conducted and
are described in detail. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23140]
73-3890
OVIATT, C. Bioassays. In Municipal waste
disposal by shipborne incineration and sea
disposal of residues. Boston, Massachusetts,
Harvard University School of Public Health,
June 1972. p. 4(1-16).
The residues used in these studies were obtained
from the Boston, Massachusetts, municipal in-
cinerator where household, institutional, and
commercial refuse is burned. The following
terms are defined: total residue; whole residue;
finely divided residue; residue extract; and
washed residue. Standard methods used in
evaluating toxicity of wastes and other water
pollutants are discussed. The advantages and
limitations of the bioassay procedure are also
discussed in detail. The results of bioassays on
juvenile winter flounder and sea scallops are
summarized in tables. A limited number of bioas-
says were carried out on several other species.
These results are also summarized. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23141]
73-3891
ROGERS, B. A. Toxicity of suspended mineral
solids to estuarine fish. In Municipal waste
disposal by shipborne incineration and sea
disposal of residues. Boston, Massachusetts,
Harvard University School of Public Health,
June 1972. p. 4(71-105).
This paper discusses two hypotheses which have
been proposed to account for deaths among fish
exposed to incinerator residue in test aquaria.
-------
11
The first is that a toxic soluble material leaches
out of the residue into the sea water. This
hypothesis was tested by exposing test animals
to sea water extracts of the soluble fractions of
the residue and to leached colloids containing no
soluble material. The second hypothesis is that
fine particles of residue suspended in water
cause mechanical damage to fishes' delicate
respiratory structures. Incinerator residue was
found to exhibit a greater apparent toxicity
when in suspension than other materials tested.
These studies also revealed that the apparent
toxicity of mineral particles to the experimental
animals used increased with increasing exposure
time and with increasing temperature. All of the
species tested survived high concentrations of
suspended particles. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23142]
INCINERATION
73-3892
AUTIAN, J. Toxicology considerations of man-
made materials due to fires. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 276-282.
This paper deals with the toxic possibilities of
materials, primarily those which are man-made
polymers, when they are exposed to heat and
fire. The Federal Flammable Fabrics Act stimu-
lated research in developing chemical entities
which might be incorporated into textiles and
other materials to prevent or reduce the ten-
dency of a material to combust; but flame retar-
dants are not the sole answer and more work
remains to be done in this area. The following
topics are discussed in detail: major factors
which bring death or harm to persons in the en-
vironment of a fire; and toxicity considerations,
such as temperature, depletion of oxygen, carbon
monoxide, presence of other gasses, and
presence of smoke. Experimental approaches to
toxicity testing of pyrolysis and combustion
products are also discussed. Literature on ex-
perimental test procedures is reviewed and sug-
gestions are made for standardizing toxicity
tests. The researcher recommends that a com-
mittee representing industry, government, fire
fighting associations, and academia should
develop acceptable standardized toxicity testing
procedures for polymeric materials. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23143]
73-3893
CLARK, C. A. Gases from burning PVC. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 2, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers. P. 623-627.
This paper reviews the results reported by
scientists from different area of the world in
order to attain a better understanding of what
happens when polyvinyl chloride (PVC) burns
and whether this process poses a serious threat
to the quality of the environment. The following
conclusions are drawn, based upon this review:
phosgene and chlorine are not combustion
products of PVC; when PVC is forced to burn,
the prime products are carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and water; minor
gaseous products from burning PVC are aro-
matic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, predominantly
benzine, carbon monoxide is the prime toxic com-
ponent produced, and hydrogen chloride from
PVC pyrolysis or combustion is essentially
stoichiometric. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23144]
73-3894
DEAN, R., AND W. S. MARSH. Full scale fire
tests of plastics progress report. In
Proceedings, 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 288-290.
This paper discusses a test program which was
developed for the purpose of obtaining data
which could be used to establish standards for
the protection of plastic storage. The planned
project consists of laboratory tests, small scale
tests, and large scale tests. The preliminary na-
ture of this study precludes drawing too many
conclusions as yet; however, it was noted that
where the pile integrity was good, so that the
fire was well supplied with air, combustibility
was better than when the pile colkpsed shutting
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12
off air access to much of the fuel. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23145]
73-3895
FIRST, M.W- Engineering feasibility. Parti. In
Municipal waste disposal by shipborne incinera-
tion and sea disposal of residues. Boston, Mas-
sachusetts, Harvard University School of Public
Health, June 1972. p. 2(1-3).
This paper discusses preliminary engineering
planning to adapt existing vessels, incinerators,
and mechanical handling equipment to the spe-
cial requirements of an incinerator ship. The
capabilities of Liberty ships are evaluated. The
sea-going incinerator approach is seen to have
application for many coastal cities and towns as
well as for Great Lakes communities. A prelimi-
nary evaluation showed that a single ship could
hand half of Boston's waste. It is concluded that
a typical 1 sq mile depression in the ocean floor is
able to handle the incinerated waste from a
1,000-ton-per-day incinerator for the next 250
years without creating problems. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23146]
73-3896
FIRST, M. W. Engineering feasibility. Part 2. In
Municipal waste disposal by shipborne incinera-
tion and sea disposal of residues. Boston, Mas-
sachuseets, Harvard University School of Public
Health, June 1972. p. 2(3-12).
This paper estimates ship incinerator costs and
compares them with costs of a modern, land-
based incinerator, and incineration in a sanitary
landfill. All of the cost figures are summarized in
tables. An engineering feasibility and cost study
of ship incineration conducted for the City of
New York Planning Commission is also
discussed. This study examined several methods
of ship incinerator operation for comparative
costs. A 48- or 72-hr cycle was found to be more
economical than the 24-hr cycle. Three methods
of receiving, storing, and charging refuse are ex-
amined, and cost estimates applicable to New
York City are developed for each of the three
systems. The three ship systems are compared
with each other and to alternate systems in use
or under consideration. The results of the New
York City cost study are summarized in tables.
It is concluded that containerization has many
important advantages for solid waste storage
and transport, on land as well as at sea. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23147]
73-3897
FIRST, M. W. Solid waste management. Part 3.
In Municipal waste disposal by shipborne in-
cineration and sea disposal of residues. Boston,
Massachusetts, Harvard University School of
Public Health, June 1972. p. 1(10-13).
This paper discusses solutions to both short- and
long-range problems associated with solid waste
disposal in Boston. After analyzing the problem
in some detail, it became apparent that it should
by handled on a metropolitan scale. On the basis
of preliminary studies conducted by Harvard
University, the incinerator ship concept of solid
waste disposal appears to possess unique ad-
vantages for coastal urban areas. This
procedure, by reducing wastes to noncombusti-
ble, nonfloating residues, eliminates the unsani-
tary and unsightly conditions which existed for-
merly when raw refuse was dumped at sea. Also,
the use of high temperature multichambered in-
cinerators on shipboard assures good combustion
conditions and the minimum emission of air pol-
lutants. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23148]
73-3898
GASKILL, J. R. Smoke development of plastics
under various fire parameters. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 264-275.
This paper discusses the use of the smoke
chamber to evaluate the smoke development
potential of materials under a variety of fire con-
ditions. Using a modified version of the National
Bureau of Standards smoke chamber, a number
of plastics were exposed to radiant heat, the
presence or absence of an igniting flame, and
variable ventilation. The resulting smokes were
measured as opacity-time plots, from which
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13
characteristic values were derived. Smokes were
also analyzed for specific hazardous gaseous
components. The findings indicate that the
plastics examined show a broad spectrum of
smoking characteristics with regard to visual ob-
scuration. In the presence of heat and flame two
phenomena were observed: those plastics that
tend to burn cleanly simulate the characteristics
of wood under similar conditions, and those that
do not burn easily rapidly evolve dense to very
dense smokes that are not easily cleared away by
ventilation. A Materials Smoke Obscuration
Index is proposed for evaluating the smoke den-
sity potential of materials, and an approach to
the more elusive Materials Smoke Toxicity
Index is suggested. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23149]
73-3899
HALLMAN, J. R., J. R. WELDER, AND C. M.
SLIEPCEPCEVICH Ignition of polymers. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 283-287.
This paper discusses the measuring of the igni-
tion characteristics of polymeric materials as an
aid in fire prevention. The increasing use of
polymeric materials in industry and the home
and the possibility of exposure of those materials
to fires necessitates this study. The time
required for piloted ignition of a number of
polymeric materials was measured using a spe-
cially designed ignition cabinet. Differences in
ignition times are shown and explained as being
caused by differences in the fraction of the in-
cident radiant energy which is absorbed by the
polymer. Ignition correlation for polymers and
average absorptance for several polymers are
described and illustrated through tables and
equations. It is concluded that much more work
win be necessary before it will be possible to pre-
dict the ignition times of polymers accurately.
The work should include measurement of igni-
tion time, thermal properties, and ignition tem-
peratures. It should also include studies on the
mechanisms of degradation, the energy required
for pyrolysis, and the rate of decomposition.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23150]
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
73-3900
ALLEN, T. S. Water reuse in the food processing
industry. Transactions of the ASME,
94(B4):1,094-1,098, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses the design, construction,
operation, and economics of industrial waste
water reuse. Both the systems described utilize
plastic media to biologically reduce the high
biological oxygen demand (BOD) effluents han-
dled. Tables are provided which include data on
the following: a potato plant water system
design basis; startup data on a water recovery
system; the design basis for a bottling plant
water recovery system; and bottling plant
operating data and BOD concentrations at vari-
ous points. The cost of the system is also
discussed.
[23151]
73-3901
ALOISIO, C. J., D. G. WAHL, AND E. E. WHETSEL.
A simplified thermoviscoelastic analysis of ul-
trasonic bonding. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, May 15-
18, 1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 445-
451.
This paper discusses application of a simplified
thermoviscoelastic analysis to the ultrasonic
bonding process. This reduced the problem to a
sequence of known processes. It was determined
that any rigid plastic material that is processible
by standard methods, such as injection molding
and compression molding, should be capable of
being ultrasonically bonded. In order to facilitate
the analysis, a lap-type weld was chosen with a
rectangular crosssection energy director and a
standard tensile specimen was selected. It is con-
cluded that an ultrasonic bond may be treated as
any true adhesive bond. Therefore, moisture
present during ultrasonic bonding of polycar-
bonate should not adversely affect the strength
of the bond. Now that bonds of consistent shear
strength have been obtained with a number of
samples, long-time aging behavior of bonds will
be possible. The following was accomplished by
this work: successful ultrasonic bonding of
-------
14
Teflon-FEP; formation of a polyurethane rubber
ultrasonic bond; and the ultrasonic curing of
epoxy cements. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23152]
73-3902
ARNOTT, C. R., JR. Training, maintenance and
set up of solid state controlled machines. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 461.
This paper discusses Western Electric's decision
to set up a molding shop using solid state con-
trolled machines. The advantages of this equip-
ment are discussed along with the training of the
maintenance electricians, the procedures for
machine maintenance, and the setting up
process. It is concluded, on the basis of manufac-
turing floor demonstrations, that solid state con-
trols are superior to electro-mechanical devices.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23153]
73-3903
AZZAM, H. T. Equipment and systems for elec-
trostatic spray powder coating. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 13-18.
This paper discusses the advantages and func-
tioning of powder spray coating equipment and
systems. The reasons for this method's populari-
ty and its economic advantages are listed. The
following topics are discussed in detail: electro-
static powder spray coating; electrostatic spray
equipment, automatic systems; pretreatment;
coating section, spray booth design, booth air
flow, and curing. Efficient recovery of over-
sprayed powder is pointed out as being the key
to economical powder coating. The recovery
systems discussed include cyclones or bag filters,
or combinations of both. Safety precautions
similar to those taken when handling industrial
dusts are listed and recommended as good prac-
tice in the design and operation of any powder
coating system. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23154]
73-3904
EARTH, H. J., J. D. BROWN, R. A. BUCHANAN,
AND J. J. ROBERTSON. FRC-1261 polybu-
tadiene/coreactive monomer liquid ther-
mosetting resin systems. In Proceedings; 30th
Annual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
247-251.
This paper discusses mobile liquid systems and a
new family of thermosetting resins based on
polybutadiene characterized by a high vinyl
structure. The qualities of the complete nonpolar
resins developed by Firestone include excellent
dielectric qualities over a wide frequency and
temperature range, outstanding moisture and
chemical resistance, a very high heat distortion
temperature, and a high decomposition tempera-
ture. The most significant characteristic of these
resins is their extremely fast cure capability. On
the other hand, these resins are too viscous at
room temperature to handle as liquids, and too
soft and tacky to handle as dry materials. The
primary markets for these resins are the electri-
cal/electronics market, structural equipment,
chemical processing equipment, and friction
products. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23155]
73-3905
BAUER, S. H. The parting line injection of ther-
moset materials. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, May 15-
18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 46-52.
This paper discusses a new innovation in ther-
moset molding. This process offers two unique
benefits: fast cycle molding of parts with inserts;
and conversion of existing presses to take ad-
vantage of the high speed screw injection
techniques with minimum investment. The fol-
lowing topics are discussed in detail: How it
works, the cycle sequence, controlling the
process, retrofits, the shuttle press, mold design,
applications, and the future. This type of system
is being used for the molding of automotive ro-
tors with molded in contacts. It is anticipated
that great profits can be realized when complete-
ly automatic insert loading systems are
-------
15
developed, because of the reduced labor costs.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23156]
73-3906
BECK, R. H., JR., AND A. GOLOVOY. Thermoset
injection moldingO material viscosity and injec-
tion time. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Techni-
cal Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-
18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 87-92.
This paper describes the effects of several
representative processing variables on the
viscosity of a phenolic molding compound. Suc-
cessful injection of thermosetting materials de-
pends upon thermal activation of the resin
molecules and the curing reaction which in-
creases melt viscosity by crosslinking. The varia-
bles studied are screw back pressure, screw
delay time, mold temperature, and injection
pressure. The effect of these variables on
viscosity was determined qualitatively by fol-
lowing their effect on injection time which de-
pends on resin viscosity. The results have been
interpreted on the basis of Monsanto Rheometer
data which describe the effect of temperature
and time on resin viscosity. It is concluded that
injection time depends primarily on the time and
temperature experienced by the resin during the
molding cycle, and that the effect of all
processing variables on injection time is a result
of their effect on processing time and tempera-
ture. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23158]
73-3907
BECKSCHI, P. Anaconda's new crusher complex.
Mines Magazine, 62(9):14-16, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses U.S. copper operations.
The majority of U.S. copper mining is done by
the open pit method. One of the largest such
operations in the United States in Anaconda
Company's Berkeley Pit in Butte, Montana. This
firm has embarked upon an ambitious and costly
program of modernization and expansion. New
plants, equipment, and improvements are ad-
vancing through various stages of planning and
execution. The recently completed primary
crusher complex and its equipment are
described. Crushed ore is directed to a 300-ton
surge bin. Ore from the surge bins is magneti-
cally sanitized. Nothing is discarded. The col-
lected fines are stored and wetted down for
delivery to the outgoing main conveyor. The new
crusher complex demonstrates an efficient inter-
play of design, experience, and equipment.
[23159]
73-3908
BERENSON, M. Dispersion problems-mag-
nified. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical
Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 128-143.
This paper discusses scanning and transmission
electron microscopy's unique position as an
analytical tool for the study of dispersion
problems in plastics. These techniques provide a
way for the investigator to physically get inside
his problem and determine its cause. Scanning
microscopy is most useful for studying surface
phenomena, where electrons are emitted or
reflected from the surface of a specimen. The
transmission microscope depends more on the
passage of electrons through the specimen. Each
technique, along with its advantages and disad-
vantages, is discussed in detail. This paper also
covers some of the problems which have been
resolved through the use of these techniques.
Despite the great sophistication needed to build
and operate these instruments, the researcher
points out that one need not be terribly so-
phisticated or wealthy in order to utilize their
capabilities. Laboratories offering scanning
and/or transmission electron microscopy service
are becoming increasingly numerous across the
country. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23160]
73-3909
BEST, J. R. Introduction to fiber glass rein-
forced thermoplastics. In Proceedings; 30th An-
nual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Il-
linois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 150-153.
This paper provides an overview of the applica-
tions and properties of reinforced thermoplastic
-------
16
molding compounds. First used as a specialty,
premium material, usage has grown as a result of
increased acceptance by the automotive and ap-
pliance industries. Consumption of these com-
pounds should reach 280 million Ib per year by
1975. This paper also discusses design, reinforce-
ments, compounding (dry blending, and melting
and mixing), molding, and materials selection. A
list of national and international patents is pro-
vided and an extensive bibliography categorized
by growth and trends, applications, properties,
design, reinforcements, compounding, molding,
and materials. Greatest growth is projected for
the polyolefins, with reinforced thermoplastic
polyesters and reinforced structural foams fol-
lowing closely. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23161]
73-3910
BIAS, C. D., AND A. W. M. COAKER. Formulating
PVC for wire insulation. In Proceedings; 30th
Annual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago,
Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 345-348.
This paper discusses the use and formulation of
plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for primary
insulation and jacketing used around copper,
tinned copper, or aluminum conductors. Flame-
retardant properties, retention of physical pro-
perties in detail. The paper concentrates on the
types of insulation formulations on which comer-
cial usage has been established and on which pre-
dictions based on laboratory data have been vin-
dicated. It is anticipated that the vinyl industry
will incorporate many improvements in the fu-
ture as new plasticizers, polymers, stabilizers or
other formulating ingredients are developed,
and new wire and cable constructions are in-
troduced. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23157]
73-3911
BILLMEYER, F. W., JR., AND R. L. ABRAMS. Pre-
dicting color by the Dubelka [sic] -Munk equa-
tions in opaque and translucent systems. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 117-120.
The objective of this paper is to summarize equa-
tions for the practical application of instrumental
measurement and computer calculation
techniques for color matching in plastics. Step-
by-step procedures for the use of these
techniques are also presented. The paper
presents explicit methods and detailed equations
for the application of the Kubelka-Munk (K-M)
equations to predict the reflectance at a single
wavelength of colorant mixtures in opaque or
translucent plastic systems at several levels of
complexity. Extension to color matching calcula-
tions is considered also. Tests of the equations in
a paint system are also described. The specific
topics discussed include: restrictions of K-M
theory, surface corrections, pigment concentra-
tions and the mixing law, correction for in-
complete opacity, single-constant solution at
complete hiding, relative two-constant solution
for opaque samples, absolute two-constant solu-
tion for translucent samples, and replacement of
first surface effects. A high accuracy of predic-
tion was obtained from these experiments. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23162]
73-3912
BOCCIARELLI, B. Waste management and the
socio-economic system. In Proceedings; 30th
Annual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago,
Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 199-201.
This paper argues that in order to control
wastes, one must consider the whole chain from
resources via fabrication and new products to
utilization and wastes and their disposal. Waste
management now extends beyond garbage col-
lection and dumping. It is now correctly re-
garded as one component of the socio-economic
system, and the interrelations between waste
management and every aspect of our daily lives
must be recognized. Before there are wastes
there are raw materials which are fabricated
into products which become waste. Problem
items discussed include bottles, packaging, and
disposables. The following topics are also
discussed: waste collection and disposal, pres-
sure groups, local, State, and Federal Govern-
ment, taxation, legislation, and industry's role. It
is concluded that changes in manufacturing
-------
17
techniques could eliminate the entire problem. A
new product should not only be judged by
whether it will sell, but also by whether is can be
reused, or its components easily reclaimed, and
in general by what its effects on waste manage-
ment are. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23163]
73-3913
BOLGER, J. C. Introductory lecture-the chemi-
cal composition of metal and oxide surfaces and
how these interact with polymeric materials. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 402-407.
This paper reviews several basic concepts rela-
tive to the nature of the interactions which can
occur at the interface between polar or nonpolar
polymers and metals or oxides. These interfacial
effects are of practical importance to the plastics
engineer or polymer chemist who is concerned
with the use of organic materials for the insula-
tion, corrosion, protection, or packaging of elec-
trical and electronic components. The following
topics are discussed in detail illustrated in tables
and equations: the chemical composition of oxide
surfaces; acid-base interactions of surface
hydroxyl groups; oxide interactions with water;
oxide interaction with a polar organic compound;
water displacement mechanisms; optimum con-
centration of polar groups; and adhesion to ox-
ides by nonpolar polymers. A list of terms and
definitions is also provided. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23164]
73-3914
BOLGER, J. C., H. E. MOLVA, JR., AND R. W.
HAUSSTEIN. Improving the adhesion of epoxies
to copper. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Techni-
cal Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-
18, 1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 408-
412.
This study identifies certain classes of com-
pounds which could be shown to provide a major
improvement in retention of bond strength to
copper after extended exposure to moisture and
stress. These compounds would be useful in com-
mercial coatings and adhesives. Long term boil-
ing water, peel, and thermal shock tests were
run on steel, alluminum, and copper samples,
using a variety of successful commercial coatings
and adhesives as well as special formulations
with and without additives. Most of the com-
pounds studied showed no failure in tests of up
to 6 months' duration on steel or aluminum, but
failed rapidly on copper. None of the azole com-
pounds studied significantly improved adhesion.
Only those compounds which contained dicyan-
diamide or melamine showed long-term bond du-
rability, performing about as well on copper as
on aluminum or steel. Surface treating the
copper, using either the Ebonol C or the alkaline
permanganate process, was found to extend the
useful lifetime with several adhesives and
coatings relative to bare, acid etched copper.
Only the dicyandiamide or melamine systems
showed useful bond retention to acid etched
copper. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23165]
73-3915
GALLOWAY, G. P., E. D. MORRISON, AND R. F-
WILLIAMS, JR. A method for predicting the corr-
siveness [sic] of molten plastics on metal. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 354-360.
This paper describes the supportive analytical
techniques used to devise and validate a plastics
corrosion test. Only work done with impact
polystyrenes is discussed in this paper, although
this test can be used to evaluate several plastics.
Mold corrosion has been one of the many
problems encountered in fabricating plastics,
therefore it was necessary to devise a method to
distill and collect volatiles from polymeric
materials and to determine their effect on the
corrosion of steels ordinarily found in mold com-
ponents. The following are the primary corrosion
test results and the conclusions drawn for these
results: volatiles in molding materials can be
very acidic and corrosive even when present in
small amounts; and apparatus has been
developed for the distilling and collecting of
volatiles from plastic compositions for the deter-
mination of corrosion properties; this test has
-------
18
also proven useful for analyzing polyvinyl
chloride and other plastics; this test has also
proven useful for analyzing polyvinyl chloride
and other plastics; and the test should also prove
useful for evaluating the effect of corrosion in-
hibitors, stabilizers, plasticizers, and fillers on
corrosion characteristics. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23166]
73-3916
Carbon suspension removes kraft odors.
Canadian Chemical Processing, 56(11):42, 44,
Nov. 1972.
This article discusses a new process currently
being tested by Domtar which uses activated
carbon recovered from spent kraft liquor itself
to remove malodorous compounds form mill flue
gases. One unique aspect of the system is the
availability of the treating agentO an aqueous al-
kaline suspension of activated carbon—from the
kraft mill itself as a byproduct. Subjecting the
spent liquor to controlled partial oxidation
results in a solid product which is a mixture of
activated carbon residue and an inorganic
product that exhibits alkaline reaction when dis-
solved in water.
[23167]
73-3917
CINCO, F. R. Comparing today's temperature
controls with tomorrow's requirements. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 292.
This paper discusses changes in the injection
molding phase of the plastic industry resulting
from newer polymers, closer control over the
process, and tighter dimensional tolerances of
the end product. The simple basic methods
presently used for the measurement and control
of heating systems may not suffice for future ap-
plications and requriements. New methods for
transforming granular plastic material into a
semifluid or viscous state, so that it may be
forced into the mold cavities, and how the control
devices have changed are discussed in this paper.
It is concluded that the continued use of solid
state devices and control methods is the key to a
more discrete temperature control to meet fu-
ture needs. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23168]
73-3918
COLLINGS, W. G. Parameters influencing the
color and appearance of epoxy powder coatings.
In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Con-
ference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 3-5.
This paper discusses the chemistry of epoxy
powder coatings with reference to their initial
color (yellowness) and appearance (flow). Many
powder coatings uses require systems which
cure rapidly, exhibit good color, and are free of
surface defects.. Formulation and fabrication
parameters are analyzed to show their influence
on the initial color and appearance of epoxy
powder coatings. Ultimate film properties are
found to be established by the interaction of for-
mulation, fabrication, and application variables.
It is concluded that the performance charac-
teristics of epoxy powder coatings are influenced
by the interaction of formulation and fabrication
parameters; it is necessary to carefully select the
components of the binder system to avoid ad-
verse effects on color and flow; and fusion
processes provide better dispersion than dry
mixing, resulting in improved reactivity, flow
and gloss, but a slightly yellower color. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23169]
73-3919
COLLINGTON, K T. Current trends in the use of
chemical blowing agents in Western Europe. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Pkstics Engineers, p. 486-489.
This paper discusses the preference now current
in Western Europe for using chemical blowing
agents rather than gas entrainment systems for
the production of structural foams based on
thermoplastic materials. These agents are
preferable because of the availability of com-
pounds containing solid chemical blowing agents,
and of suitable foam molding equipment.
Licensing fees can also be avoided using this
-------
19
method. Shorter production runs also speak for
the economy of this system. This paper covers
the following topics in detail: blowing agent
types; the theory of the use of solid chemical
blowing agents in plastics processing; processes
and equipment available for the production of
structural foams; areas of application for struc-
tural foams, including furniture, construction, in-
dustry, and automobiles; physical properties;
and the future of structural foams. It is con-
cluded that structural foams offer unique ad-
vantages in the production of very large items
suitable for use in an increasing range of end ap-
plications which are of interest to most major in-
dustries. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23170]
73-3920
COPPACK, W. A., JR., C. HARRIS, AND R. NOYES.
New developments in instrumentation for color
and appearance evaluation. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 121-127.
New tools and improvements are described in
this paper which were all designed to aid the
color matcher in performing his duties more effi-
ciently and consistently. Successful applications
of these improved tools and techniques should
result in improved product quality and lower
operating costs. There are, however, many
problem areas in color matching and control
where instrumental systems have been limited.
This paper explores some of these limitations
and discusses how they have been overcome.
Within the past few years several new and more
automatic systems for color measurement have
been introduced. Also, several features have
been developed for the updating of existing in-
strumentation with proven reliability and capa-
bilities. This paper also describes some of these
new developments. Topics discussed in detail in-
clude: spectrophotometer/computer interface
system; automate system-color-eye instrument;
total reflectance reflectometer; new D-6500 light
source for critical color matching; PMT retrofit
system for GERS; small area of view accessory-
DIANO/HARDY spectrophotometer; and
goniospectrophotometry-DIANO/HARDYspec-
trophotometer. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23171]
73-3921
COWPERTHWAITE, G. F. Applications of
polyfunctional acrylic monomers in polyvinyl
chloride dispersions. In Proceedings; 30th An-
nual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Il-
linois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 296-307.
This paper discusses a study sponsored in part
by the University of Alabama on polyfunctional
acrylic monomers. These monomers are listed
for viscosity reduction and according to harden-
ing efficiency. The paper also discusses final
product instability, the mechanisms effecting the
instability of plasticols, the effect of polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) resins on stability, the
polymerization instability of modified plastic
systems, and the effect of deaeration on the
plasticol system. It is concluded that the stability
of these systems can be attributed to both solva-
tion and polymerization. The molecular weight
and particle size of the PVC resin and the type of
polyfunctional acrylic monomer affects the sol-
vation stability of these systems. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23172]
73-3922
DAVID, D. J. Simultaneous photothermal and
differential thermal analysis of polymers. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 216-223.
This paper discusses a system which permits the
simultaneous detection of sample luminescence
and enthalpic effects as a function of tempera-
ture. Studying a number of polymeric materials
showed that the two techniques reinforce each
other. Differentiation between reversible transi-
tions as opposed to decompositions can be deter-
mined readily by means of the photothermal
analysis (PTA) portions of the thermograms.
The origin of certain unique features present in
the PTA thermograms is discussed, as well as a
sample holder which was modified so that the
sample and sample side of the differential ther-
-------
20
mocouple could be viewed using a high sensitivi-
ty, wide spectral range, 'end on' photomultiplier.
It was found that the difference in PTA
response between polyvinyl chloride and
polyethylene is most marked. This would seem to
negate the color change possibility. This dif-
ference could be explained on the basis of dif-
ferent chemical configuration so that oxylu-
minescence or possibly some other mechanism is
operating to produce the PTA thermograms.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23173]
73-3923
DEANIN, R. D., A. A. BALAMOTIS, J. V. GARELLI,
C. N. GEORGACOPOULAS, AND R. M. Foss. Syner-
gistic interaction in cadmium/epoxy/phosphite
stabilization of polyvinyl chloride. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 465-469.
This study was undertaken to increase the un-
derstanding of the synergistic interaction in cad-
mium/epoxy/phosphite stabilization of polyvinyl
chloride. One of the most striking of the three-
component systems was selected for detailed
study, and the concentration of each component
in the system was varied independently to deter-
mine whether it functioned as a direct reactant
or as a catalyst. Cadmium laurate alone served
as primary stabilizer for plasticized polyvinyl
chloride. Epoxidized soybean oil used alone was
a weak stabilizer. Organic phosphite ester alone
showed no appreciable stabilizing effect. How-
ever, all three together formed a synergistic
system which provided excellent stabilization of
plasticized polyvinyl chloride against thermal
discoloration. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23174]
73-3924
BENSON, C. D. Implications of extensional flows
in polymer fabrication processes. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 438-444.
This paper discusses nonviscometric flows and in
particular extensional flows of bulk polymers in
the liquid state and how these flows relate to
certain commercial polymer fabrication
processes. Extensional flows are flows in which
deformation occures because of a stretching mo-
tion which usually occurs while the fluid un-
dergoes a translatory motion within confined
boundaries. Fiber spinning is an example of a
polymer process where this type of flow is im-
portant. This type of deformation is also extant
in vacuum forming, blow molding, and in the
cavities of molds used with injection molding
machines. This paper also defines the various
types of extensional flows and extensional
viscosities and comments on the methods of mea-
surement. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23175]
73-3925
DIETZ, J. P. STD-hybrid circuits in and on ther-
moplastics. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
252-255.
This paper describes a method for building
hybrid circuits in which the integrated circuits
are embedded in a thermoplastic medium. The
Electronics Laboratory of the General Electric
Company has developed this system which util-
izes the fluorocarbon thermoplastic material
FEP teflon. The general scheme for this process
is discussed in this paper. Special attention is
given to the mechanical relations which arise as a
consequence of having a layer of thermoplastic
material bonded to rigid elastic material and to
thin film metallization. Bond strengths between
the various elements of the structure are
recorded, and the effects of temperature upon
this structure are also discussed. It is concluded
that the plasticity of the FEP allows the
disparate coefficients of expansion of the materi-
als of the STD structure to be accompanied by
yielding of the FEP. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23176]
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21
73-3926
ELLER, R., Z. A. RUTTONSHA, AND H. J.
ZAMODITS. Orientation behavior of calcium car-
bonate filled polypropylene. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 19-25.
This paper investigates the orientation behavior
of calcium-carbonate-filled polypropylene tapes.
It is noted that voids are formed in the filled
tapes during orientation, and that this results in
lower density and potential raw materials cost
savings as well as increased opacity. Mineral fil-
lers are commonly added to polypropylene to im-
prove such properties as hardness, stiffness,
deflection temperature, and high-temperature
creep resistance. Experimental results are
discussed in terms of the effect of initial draw
ratio, effect of final draw ratio, extrusion
behavior, and effect of drawing on density.
Economics and applications are also discussed in
detail. It is concluded that this process provides
sufficient retention of tensile strength and
processability to suggest commercial application
in such areas as carpet backing, woven industrial
fabrics, fibrillated films, and film-based plastic
papers. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23177]
73-3927
ENGLER, P., AND S. H. CARR. Microbial
degradation of regenerated cellulose films. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 2, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 868-872.
This paper investigates the structural changes
due to microbial attack in regenerated cellulose
film and their effect on physical properties. Ten-
sile and permeation tests of regenerated cellu-
lose films degraded for different time intervals
monitored changes in bulk physical properties.
Electron microscopy of surface replicas of
decomposed films was utilized to analyze the ef-
fects of microbial degradation on the fine struc-
ture while microscopy of stretched undegraded
films provided further insight into the mechanics
of deformation. It was concluded that deforma-
tion of regenerated cellulose film appears to
result from cleavage of bonds unking contiguous
pleats in the protofibril. Damage by microbial
degradation appears to be wrought in the less
oriented core of a film and in the accessible inter-
fibrillar bonds. In consequence, deterioration of
the film causes it to become exceedingly brittle,
and within 9 days this amounts to a cor-
respondingly large decrease in strength and
elongation to break. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23178]
73-3928
Extrusion bonding is a no-scrap operation.
Southam's Metal-working, 35(10):28, Oct. 1972.
Winnebago Industries, Inc., Iowa, is forming alu-
minum extrusion into window frames by using
an automatic, high-speed, multiblender which
will replace four manual machines and three
operators. The advantages of the design are out-
lined. The machine cannot make scrap parts. Its
design is modular and different sizes are possible
in a general price range from $50,000 to $125,000.
Setup and operation procedures are described in
detail.
[23179]
73-3929
FARROW, J. G. An automotive material
managers' guide for acetal thermoplastics. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 507-511.
This paper addresses itself to automotive
materials managers and engineers on the subject
of acetal thermoplasticsO their strengths and
weaknesses. The differences in physical proper-
ties versus molecular weight and additives are
compared. The important parameters of use
temperatures in the various automotive environ-
ments are discussed in detail. Important design
parameters such as working stresses, thermal
coefficients compared to other materials, stress
concentrations, inserts for bearing, and
fastenings are covered. Quality controls and
tests are also included in this paper. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23180]
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22
73-3930
FAZZARI, A. M., P. H. HOFER, R. L. BACKIE, AND
C. H. LUTHER. Stamping of AZDEL reinforced
thermoplastic sheet. In Proceedings; 30th An-
nual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Il-
linois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 500-506.
This paper discusses the GRTL Company's
development of reinforced thermoplastic sheet, a
structural material formulated specifically for
fabrication on stamping presses. AZDEL is a
composite of 40 percent glass fibers and 60 per-
cent thermoplastic matrix resin. AZDEL sheet
is supplied as blanks which are preheated in a
high-intensity infrared oven and then stamped in
cooled matched metal dies using conventional
mechanical stamping presses. The combination
of good structural properties, formability on
mechanical stamping presses, and fast cycles
makes this process highly useful to the automo-
tive industry. Most of the specific parts
discussed in this paper are automotive. The pro-
perties, processing data, and performance
characteristics of AZDEL are reported in detail
in this paper. It is concluded that the material
and process for producing stamped, structural
reinforced thermoplastic parts have been proven
and translated into successful production. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23181]
73-3931
FEGLEY, D. R. Machine sytems. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 294.
This paper discusses machine control systems
which combine electro-mechanical and solid state
components. These partial systems retain the
traditional electro-mechanical control circuit for
cycling the machine, but also use sensors, special
valves, process controllers, or monitoring equip-
ment. These special devices and systems are con-
trolled almost exclusively with solid state power
supplies and control circuits. How a processor
can modify his machine in many ways is
described. The advantages of using partial
systems are also explained. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23182]
73-3932
Ford has a better idea when it comes to waste
disposal. Material Handling Engineering,
27(11):45, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses the problem of waste
disposal at the Ford Motor Company's Lorain,
Ohio, assembly plant, where an average of
204,000 Ib of wood and paper waste are
generated every day. Removal of this rubbish
used to be handled by a contractor, but the ser-
vice was costly, inconvenient, and not especially
efficient. Bradbury's Rubbish Disposal, Inc., has
set up the first independently owned and
operated rubbish collection and disposal system
within a Ford plant complex. The new system
coincides with Ford's environmental programs
by saving trees and lessening waste dumping.
Also, the baled paper constitutes a saleable
byproduct rather than a disposal problem.
[23183]
73-3933
FRANTZ, F. Differential scanning calorimetry
of compounded resins. In Proceedings; 30th An-
nual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Il-
linois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 99-104.
This paper points out the practical use of a dif-
ferential thermal analysis technique which is
capable of quick and obvious interpretation. Dif-
ferential thermal analysis techniques have
evolved into sensing and continuously plotting
sample-generated gain or loss of energy under
the inducement of a thermal environment which
changes at a uniform rate. Energy transforma-
tions can be determined for complex composi-
tions. The differential scanning calorimeter cell,
which is discussed in detail in this paper, makes
use of a Constantan disc as the primary means of
heat transfer to the sample and the reference
positions and as one element of the thermoelec-
tric junction. The researchers are enthusiastic
about the practical results they have obtained
with this instrument. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23184]
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23
73-3934
FRIEDMAN, L. J., AND W. GIBBY. Blending
resins in plastisols-how to evaluate them. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 329-339.
This paper attempts to show some of the effects
of using blending resins in plastisols as they re-
late to storage handling, processing, and end use
applications. Custom compounders and proces-
sors of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastisols have
been utilizing blending resins, both suspension
and bulk-polymerized types, because these
resins are usually lower in cost than the finer
particle size PVC dispersion resins. These resins
may also have a positive influence on viscosity of
dispersion, gelation, and fuse properties, as well
as air release, gloss settling, and the ultimate
physical properties of a plastisol. All of these
topics are discussed and illustrated in detail. Ap-
plication of the aforementioned properties by
the carpet industry is also discussed. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23185]
73-3935
FUNG, P., E. ORLANDO, AND S. H. CARR.
Generation of Stress-crystallized morphology
during melt-spinning of polyethylene and isotac-
tic polypropylene. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
452-457.
One goal of the research reported here is to as-
sess the extent to which shearing and exten-
sional flows can actually exist in melt-spinning
and to determine how flow during fusion affects
crystal texture of the resulting fibers. This
research has also sought to establish a basis for
predictions of quantitative tensile properties. It
is concluded that: on the basis of the way in
which polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene
undergo draw-down, it appears that during melt-
spinning the crystallizing polymer is subjected to
a combination of extensional and shearing flow;
the crystal texture in melt-spun fibers of each
polymer is that of parallel chain-folded lamellae
oriented normal to the fiber axis; plastic defor-
mation of these fibers appears to be largely the
result of rotation of lamellae up to strains of
about 100 percent; and the mechanical properties
of these lamellae play a major role in determin-
ing bulk tensile behavior of these fibers. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23186]
73-3936
GEDEMER, T. J. Inter-laboratory study of
poly(methyl methacrylate) by thermomechanical
analysis. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical
Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 361-366.
This paper discusses a group of tests which in-
volved measurement of the glass transition and
thermal coefficient of expansion at three
separate temperatures for poly(methyl
methacrylate). This particular polymer was
chosen because it possesses a relatively sharp
glass transition, it was easy to prepare, and its
coefficient of expansion increases considerably
above the glass transition. The three main objec-
tives of this study were: to determine the re-
peatability of the glass transition among various
laboratories; to determine the effect of thermal
history and annealing on the measurements; and
to compare thermal coefficient of expansion
measurements made below and in the region of
the glass transition. The following conclusions
are drawn: temperatures of major thermal
transitions of many polymers can be determined
by thermomechanical analysis (TMA) with an in-
tralaboratory precision of 1 to 2 percent; deter-
mination of the thermal coefficient of expansion
by TMA is not as precise, although some labora-
tories can obtain results which agree within
about 5 percent; and thermal history is extreme-
ly important and at least two runs should be
made consecutively in every case in order to as-
sess the possible effects of built-in stresses.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23187]
73-3937
GEDEMER, T. J. The use of derivative ther-
mogravimetry to estimate degree of thermal
degradation. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
-------
24
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
105-113.
In this paper thermogravimetry (TGA), which
has been used for many years to study degrada-
tion processes in polymers, is used to evaluate
the state of degradation. The experiments and
results are described and illustrated in detail. All
of the cellulose work discussed was performed
on insulation which was aged for 16 hr at various
temperatures. The correlation and calibration
curves shown in this paper are valid for the
process being put forth, and the researcher has
been able to extract much information about the
process from this approach. It is pointed out that
the advantage of the TGA Index approach is that
a simple and fast method for post-mortem esti-
mates of thermal attack on insulation can be
developed for the monitoring and evaluation of
many plant processes. The following conclusions
are drawn: the TGA Index is a very useful
parameter for evaluating the degradation suf-
fered by electrical insulation; the TGA Index has
a precision of 5 to 10 percent in estimating
degree of thermal degradation; and for cellulose
insulation, the TGA Index correlates with copper
number and tensile strength in evaluation of
thermal degradation. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23188]
73-3938
GlBBONEY, D. A. Applications research in tlie
thermal analysis laboratory. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 224-228.
This paper discusses a procedure for monitoring,
and even predicting, the physical characteristics
of samples as a function of cure time and tem-
perature. The degree of cure is defined simply as
the fraction of the polymerization reactions that
have actually occurred. The degree of cure pro-
vides a clear parameter by which to characterize
and control the quality of a given polymer
product. This parameter is readily obtainable
through quantitative differential thermal analy-
sis (QDTA). The two epoxy systems investigated
also showed the promise of kinetics theory in in-
terpreting degree of cure behavior. Quantitative
thermal analysis can provide a tool for selecting
optimum care conditions and controlling product
quality. The researcher felt that further studies
should be undertaken on the changes in physical
properties caused by adding fillers and accelera-
tors to polymer mixes. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23189]
73-3939
GlLLHAM, J. K, AND C. C. MENTZEE. Ther-
mosetting reactions: thermo-chemical reactions
of triallyl cyanurate and triallyl isocyanurate. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 207-215.
This paper discusses the interrelations between
two thermosetting monomersO triallyl cyanurate
(TAG) and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC). High
conversions of the TAG and TAIC polymeriza-
tion reactions are attributed to extensive forma-
tion of rings by intramolecular reactions. Higher
conversions with TAG are attributed to the
longer length of the allyl side groups. Conversion
of the larger rings in poly(TAC) to smaller rings
in the poly(TAIC) network together with heat
generated by isomerization is held responsible
for the different decomposition temperatures of
the two forms of poly(TAIC). The following top-
ics are illustrated by diagrams and equations and
discussed in detail: theory and procedure,
materials, polymerization in the absence of in-
itiators, and radicalinduced polymerization of
TAIC and TAG. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23190]
73-3940
GILLHAM, J. K., K. D. HALLOCK, AND S. J. STAD-
NICKI. Thermomechanical and thermogravimet-
ric analyses of systematic series of polymides.
In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Con-
ference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 229-238.
This paper discusses the investigation of 12 poly-
mides, which differ systematically in chemical
structure, by torsional braid analyses. The
degradative regions were examined by ther-
mogravimetric analyses. Relationships between
chemical structure/thermal history, processibili-
-------
26
ty, thermomechanicai behavior, and weight loss
are discussed. A thermal program for converting
polyamic acid solutions to solid polyimides was
developed. Also, a commercially available polyi-
mide film and polyimide-forming varnish of un-
disclosed structures were examined by torsional
pendulum and torsional brain analyses, respec-
tively. The thermomechanicai spectra of the film
and cured varnish were found to be similar to the
spectra of one structural type of polyimide. The
different damping patterns of the various polyi-
mides in the glassy state were found to be of
practical significance, for it is differences in sub-
molecular motions which confer differences in
mechanical behavior. The researchers felt that
since the results of this study do show very
definite structuredependent similarities and dif-
ferences, they substantiate both the validity of
the syntheses and the thermomechanicai spec-
tra. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23191]
73-3941
GOLDPEIN, S. Development of an accelerated
weathering test for plastics. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 2,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 779-783.
The primary objective of this paper is to develop
an accelerated weathering test for
polypropylene sandbags which could provide
results more rapidly than those test which are
available currently. A secondary aim is to deter-
mine if the method could also be applied to other
plastic materials. It was theorized that weather-
ing could be accelerated by exposing specimens
to both irradiation and elevated temperatures
simultaneously. The following studies were con-
ducted: heat aging; Atlas weather-o-meter;
simultaneous exposure to ultraviolet light and
elevated temperatures; and infrared absorption
tests. It is concluded that the present test
required for the resistance of polypropylene to
weathering can be further accelerated by simul-
taneous exposure of the material to ultraviolet
light and an elevated temperature. This method
is equally effective with polyethylene and cellu-
lose. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23192]
73-3942
GOULD, M., AND J. WALZER. Mill waste treat-
ment by flotation at Delair. Chemical Paper
Processing, 8(ll):50-52, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses Georgia-Pacific Corpora-
tion's effluent control system. It uses high-rate
flotation to recover solids in place of gravity
clarifiers. The system's operating problems are
outlined along with its advantages. The cost of
the entire system installed, including the
preliminary test work and consulting fees, was
just under $500,000. The chemical feed has not
yet been optimixed but its cost so far has not ex-
ceeded $30 per day. The overall results and
equipment performance have been very satisfac-
tory.
[23193]
73-3943
HARRIS, H. E. Process control monitoring and
feedback systems and computer control. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 295.
This paper discusses the many interrelated fac-
tors, many of which are not subject to direct con-
trol, upon which the results of the injection
process are dependent. Barrel and nozzle tem-
peratures, back and injection pressures, repeti-
tion rate, melt index of the plastic, and the length
of time the machine and cavity have had to warm
up are considered. This paper also discusses vari-
ous systems and the advantages claimed for
each. It is concluded that the computer is the
most versatile process control system of all, with
major cost savings being provided by improved
efficiency of operation. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23194]
73-3944
JAKOPIN, S., AND H. M. HESS. The continuous
production of powder coating resins. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 9-12.
This paper discusses the recent trend toward the
use of powder costings in the lacquer industry.
-------
26
By 1975 powder coating are expected to account
for about 30 percent of all baking enamels used
in Europe, and they should capture 50 percent of
the U.S. market by 1980. The advantages, formu-
lation, and manufacture of powder coatings are
discussed in detail. Equipment requirements for
processing powder coatings by the fusion blend-
ing technique, and a system for production of
powder coatings are also discribed. This paper's
conclusions are based on both production line
and experimental data for powder coatings
based on epoxies, polyesters, and acrylics. It is
concluded that the most desirable features in
processing equipment are that it be self-cleaning
and positive conveying, and allow rapid changing
of colors and formulations. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23195]
73-3945
KAMAL, M. R., AND N. T. LEV AN. Evaluation of
the equations of state for polymers. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 367-377.
The Spencer-Gilmore equation, the simplest of
all the Van der Waals equations, is discussed in
detail in this paper. Modified forms of the Van
der Waals equation have been proposed to ac-
count for chain flexibility, the nonsphericity of
polymer molecules, and molecular compressibili-
ty. The objectives for this work follow: the
evaluation of some of the most commonly used
empirical equations of state for polymers in rela-
tion to fitting a broad collection of pressure-volu-
metemperature (PVT) data; the evaluation of
the same equations in relation to fitting available
experimental data on thermal expansion coeffi-
cient and isothermal compressibility; and the
development of improved and new equations of
state that possess better characteristics in com-
parison with the available equations. The follow-
ing topics are discussed in detail: the equations
under study, including the Spencer-Gilmore
equations (SGC and SGF), the Whitaker-Griskey
equation (WG), the RehageBreuer equation
(RB), and the inverse-volume equation (IV);
criteria for testing the equations; analysis of
PVT results; and the thermal expansion coeffi-
cient and the isothermal compressiblility. An
overall evaluation of five equations of state
shows that the IV equation yields the most con-
sistent results. The RB equation seems to yield
reasonable predictions, and the SGF equation
yilds better predictions than the SGC equation.
The WG equation is useful for the prediction of
PVT data. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23196]
73-3946
KAROOS, J. L., F. S. CHENG, AND T. L. TOLBERT.
Tailoring the interface in graphite-reinforced
polycarbonate. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
154-161.
This paper demonstrates and explains the
pronounced effects of thermal treatment on the
properties of graphite fiber/ polycarbonate and
glass fiber/polycarbonate composites. The prac-
tical implications of the experiments outlined
are: use of higher processing temperatures to
improve wetting of the reinforcement by the
resin seems desirable for all polycarbonate com-
posites; addition of an annealing step in a way
somewhat analogous to the heat treating of
metals also seems desirable where graphite or
other fibrous reinforcing agents able to nucleate
crystallization in the resin are employed; and hot
forming of graphite and carbon reinforced
polycarbonate composites between the
processing and annealing steps takes advantage
of the higher processability of the unannealed
material and then helps overcome memory ef-
fects through reduction of internal stress and in-
creasing modules while developing higher
strength in the molded article. No improvement
was noted when glass and carbon sphere com-
posites were subjected to similar molding tem-
peratures and to thermal annealing. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23197]
73-3947
Kellogg-Lopker process in successful operation
at Marchon. Chemical Age International,
105(2778): 11-12, Oct. 13,1972.
-------
27
This article describes Great Britain's Kellogg-
Lopker process for phosphoric acid production.
Their market is expanding to France, the U.S.,
Germany, South Africa, and South America. The
Kellogg-Lopker process consists of a recycle
reaction loop system requiring no moving inter-
nal parts to encourage reaction. The system con-
sists basically of two vesselsO the dissolver ans
the evaporator. The advantages of the design are
outlined. The economics and utilities consump-
tions for the plant are also discussed, along with
the filter system, the mechanical handling dif-
ficulties, and maintenance details.
[23198]
73-3948
KOKESH, R. A. Basic solid state conversion. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 293.
This paper deals with the orderly transition from
conventional electro-mechanical control systems
to solid state. The fundamentals are the same as
for most machine control systems. This descus-
sion is limited to the topic of solid state as ap-
plied to injection molding equipment. The control
system is discussed in terms of the inputs
(information), logic (decision), and outputs
(action). (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23199]
73-3949
KULPERGER, R. J. Company treats its own,
other wastes. Water and Wastes Engineering,
9(11):18-20, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses a high purity oxygen ac-
tivated sludge system which is being used for
petrochemical and pharmaceutical effluent.
Union Carbide Corp. is responsible for this Unox
wastewater treatment system. A simple sche-
matic of a three-stage Unox high purity oxygen
activated sludge system, and the associated
clarifier is presented. The system is a closed
biological reactor which is staged for reasons of
oxygen utilization and minimum power require-
ments for oxygen dissolution. Its treatment of
petrochemical wastes and pharmaceutical ef-
fluent is discussed in detail.
[23200]
73-3950
LEE, S. M. Polymer films for semiconductor
passivation (part II-sputtering). In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 419-423.
This paper discusses preliminary studies which
have demonstrated a sputtering technique for
the deposition of polymeric films which should
be suitable as semiconductor passivation and
barrier coatings. A new approach to producing
Parylene coatings from both the Parylene
dimers and the spent Parylene polymer has also
been developed. It is also shown that devices
coated with sputtered polymeric films function
satisfactorily after subjection to various electri-
cal stress conditions. It is conjectured that glow
discharge polymerization using selective mix-
tures of polymerized target materials could yield
novel and interesting polymeric films suitable as
passivation coatings. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23201]
73-3951
LEVINE, S. Fort Dodge salutes its gypsum in-
dustry. Rock Products, 75(10):68-73, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses Gypsum Centennial Week
festivities in Fort Dodge, Iowa, and the start of
the first mill in Gypsum Hollow. All four of Fort
Dodge's gypsum mills ran plant tours for
thousands of visitors. The history of the four
gypsum mills is outlined. A photostory is in-
cluded which portrays representative processing
procedures and equipment. Gypsum production
is Fort Dodge's second major industry.
[23202]
73-3952
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Case study-plant 2.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 53-71.
This plant produces ranges and cook tops and the
door and knob sets for them in the form of kits
which are used to assemble a variety of finished
models by the local sales distributors. The sur-
-------
28
roundings are light industrial, the plant being
located inside a municipality and within 200 ft of
a residential area. It operates 5 days a week.
Solid waste management responsibility in this
plant is in the hands of a single individual who
also handles plant safety. All waste and clean up
operations report to him. The scrap and waste
generating operations are discussed as are the
primary collection containers. In-plant con-
veyance to the disposal areas is by manpower, no
powered vehicles being used. The disposition
agents are a contractor, a volunteer charitable
organization, and the company via a 5-ton dump
truck. The methods are incineration and sanitary
landfill. The methods and equipment used for
handling the streams from the various scrap and
waste generating operations are discussed in
detail. Methods of quality computation, labor
hours and costs; equipment operation, main-
tenance, and costs; and contract disposal costs
are discussed in the text and tables. The manage-
ment sees no forthcoming changes that would af-
fect solid waste quantities or practices. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23203]
73-3953
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. Scope of solid waste
management. Part 1. In Solid waste manage-
ment in the household appliance industry.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management,
1972. p. 15-18.
This paper describes the subject matter con-
tained in solid waste management as taken in
this study. The study includes as solid waste han-
dling all the activities which have to be un-
dertaken because solid waste is generated. Thus,
the dust generated in a buffing operation
becomes solid waste. The cleaning out of this
waste from the production machine is taken as
solid waste handling. Some solid waste is also
collected as slurry. Solid waste may even include
waste oils and solvents from machine operations
because they are handled in containers like solid
wastes and are not conveyed by piping like liquid
wastes. This study also includes some janitorial
and custodial activities in solid waste handling
since a large fraction of the labor cost and a large
portion of the total cost of solid waste handling
in the study lies in the janitorial cost. The
household industry has two scrap categories:
scrap which is recycled for use within the plant;
and scrap which is sold and enters the commer-
cial market. Scrap paper is given special treat-
ment in this study. Scrap quantity data were also
collected in order to assess the fraction of scrap
and waste which was utilized. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23204]
73-3954
MACFARLANE, R., JR. Influence of processing
conditions on properties of polypropylene ribbon
yarn. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical
Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 26-30.
This paper discusses the production of oriented
flat filament. The use of polypropylene as
oriented filaments represents a large and grow-
ing portion of the total market for this resin. The
researcher chose flat monofilament for study.
This research was designed to determine the ef-
fect of changes in melt temperature, water-bath
temperature, take-off rate, draw ratio, oven tem-
perature, and pigment concentration, as well as
interactions among them. This paper limits itself
to consideration of the effects of changes in
these variables for one commercial homopolymer
formulation. It was found that the properties of
the polypropylene flat monofilaments are com-
plex functions of processing conditions. Attain-
ment of a steady-state operation was not found
to be difficult, but optimization of conditions
could require considerable manipulation of oven
and melt temperatures and of draw ratios.
Knowledge of interactions as determined hi this
paper will reduce the manipulations required.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23205]
73-3955
MACOSKO, C. W., AND F. G. MUSSATTI. The
rheology of thermosetting systems. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 73-80.
-------
29
This paper explains how the curing reactions of
an epoxy-anhydride and a phenol-formaldehyde
resole system were followed by rheological
means. The reactions to gel were studied by
viscosity and dynamic shear measurements were
made from gel into cure. The results were re-
lated to the reaction kinetics of the system. The
rheological data were used to interpret over-all
activation energies, reaction orders, and rate
constants. The results compare favorably with
literature results for these reactions. Equations
and diagrams are used extensively in this paper
to describe the experimental process and the
results. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23208]
73-3956
MACOSKO, C. W., AND G. J. BRAND. Tensile yield
energy in glassy polymers. In Proceedings; 30th
Annual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago,
Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 424-430.
This paper proposes an activation energy theory
of yielding in glassy polymers. This theory pre-
dicts a linear relation between energy to yield
and test temperature. This was tested and found
true for five amorphous polymers in uniaxial ex-
tension at temperatures from 25 C to the glass
transition. Yield energy went to zero at the ther-
modynamically determined glass transition tem-
perature. Other measures of yielding such as
yield stress or strain were not found to obey
such a simple relation. It was also concluded that
the ratio of thermal to mechanical energies
necessary to overcome the activation barrier to
flow may be a fundamental quantity. This
paper's conclusions, particularly concerning the
influence of molecular weight, plasticizer, and
hydrostatic compression are based on a limited
amount of data and require further substantia-
tion. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23207]
73-3957
MALINOWSKI, R. J. Adsorption drying of ABS
resin utilizing continuous desiccant dryers. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 2, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 702-707.
This paper discusses recent studies which have
shown that the throughput capacity of continu-
ous desiccant dryers can be increased dramati-
cally without requiring major capital investment.
Existing equipment modifications have in-
creased the ideal capacity by 37 percent and
further improvements have eliminated the ef-
fect of seasonal variations. The dessicant
regeneration cycle has been reduced by 25 per-
cent, thus decreasing the adsorptive require-
ment per bed. It is concluded that the closed
system, in principle, prevents moisture read-
sorption during bed cool down and allows for a
reduced cool down period. The precooler lowers
the temperature of the return air stream in the
adsorption cycle, and an enlarged heating capaci-
ty increases activation bed temperatures. The
improvements of the basic recycling desiccant
dehumidifier can significantly increase the ad-
sorption efficiency of the reactivation system
and supply lower supply air dew points.
Moreover, these improvements, if properly
designed, can be fitted to any existing desiccant
dryer with low cost and little machine down
time. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23209]
73-3958
MARSHALL, G. P., N. H. LINKINS, L. E. CULVER,
AND J. G. WILLIAMS. The environmental stress
cracking of polyolefins-a fracture mechanics ap-
proach. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical
Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 40-45.
This paper discusses applying fracture
mechanics as a means of testing the environmen-
tal stress capacities of polyolefins. Since this
material is being widely used as an insulation
and coating for undersea telephone cable and for
underground pipelines, the consequences of
cracking would be serious. To date no test
method has been found which is able to give
satisfactory data for predicting the service per-
formance of polyethylene. Fracture mechanics
has been able to explain the failure to brittle
materials such as glass, and could possibly be ap-
plied to the solution of this problem. Tests, ex-
-------
30
perimental procedures, and a discussion of
results are presented in detail. The main practi-
cal conclusion which is drawn from the results so
far is that the fracture mechanics parameter
discussed in this paper is a sensitive measure of
the resistance of polyethylene to environmental
stress cracking. It is anticipated that when more
results are available on polyethylene similar ad-
vances can be made in the stress cracking of
polyolefins.
[23395]
73-3959
MATZ, D. J., AND S. L. COOPER. Plastic yield in
glassy polymers. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
431-437.
This paper discusses the mechanism of the
delayed ductile response of glassy polymers
under constant load. This subject is of im-
portance both from the viewpoint of understand-
ing the physical nature of the polymeric solid
state as well as for determination of criteria for
inducing ductility during processing below the
glass transition temperature. Cold forming,
modes of polymer reformation, theory, and
results are discussed and illustrated in detail. It
is concluded that the response of glassy
polymers under load agress with a mathematical
model based on an activated rate mechanism of
breakdown of secondary bonded elements. This
model suggests a physical description of the
glassy state and is able to accurately predict the
stress dependence of the delay time for plastic
yield in creep for several polymer systems. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23210]
73-3960
McGiNN, J. M., AND D. J. ZALEWA. The RU-
BICAST process for molding structural
urethane foam. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
62-72.
This paper discusses the development of RU-
BICAST self-skinning rigid urethane foam as a
structural material. This foam is a sandwich
structure with a low density cellular core and a
very hard noncellular skin. The skin is self-
formed during the molding operation. The RU-
BICAST process is novel in that the skin forma-
tion occurs chemically. This rigid urethane foam
is easily and inexpensively processed, requires
short lead times, can be made to look, feel, and
sound like wood, and is very versatile. The
production and testing of RUBICAST are
discussed in detail. Applications are also
described and illustrated and include burial
caskets, water bed frames and supports, and
various other furnishings. It is estimated that by
1975, 55 million Ib of urethane chemicals will be
converted to structural urethane foam. This
figure is expected to double by 1980. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23206]
73-3961
MENGES, G., AND D. RHEINFELD. Progress in
processing reactive polymers. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 81-86.
This paper investigates methods for processing
reactive polymers, such as thermosets,
elastomers, crosslinkable thermoplastics, and
foams. Two ways of shortening the necessary
molding times are discussed: medication of the
reaction system; and/or modification of the ex-
isting process. There is also a description of the
correlation between molecular structure and
weight of polyethylene and crosslinking. The
consequences these investigations have had for
injection molding of sandwich foam parts are
outlined. The following topics are discussed in
detail; chemical crosslinking of polyethylene;
medium molecular polyethylene; high-molecular
polyethylene; low-molecular polyethylene; the
injection mixing process; and ultra-high pressure
injection molding. It is concluded that emphasis
should be placed on developing new techniques
for crosslinking low molecular materials like
polyethylene wax, utilizing the low viscosity of
polyethylene-wax rotation molding as another
process should be investigated, and the applica-
bility of injection-mixing for molding sandwich
foam parts should be studied. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23211]
-------
31
73-3962
MILLER, G. W. Observations on the behavior of
polystyrene by thermal depolarization analysis
(TDA). In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical
Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 206.
This paper discusses a seldom-used thermal
technique for polymers, thermal depolarization
analysis (TDA). TDA is the measurement of the
change of birefringence of a material with tem-
perature or time. It is a property specific to
those materials which have some degree of
erystallinity or molecular order. It can be
wavelength-dependent, and is particularly useful
for distinguishing between fusion and recrystal-
lization phenomena. This method far exceeds any
other thermal analytical tool for material which
has some degree of molecular order. It is con-
cluded that TDA is a powerful tool for describing
materials behavior more descriptively and more
sensitively than any other available thermal
techniques. Also, its quantitation lends itself to
the calculation of functions describing the ther-
mal and mechanical history that the material has
experienced. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23212]
73-3963
MORGAN, A. W., T. C. MATHIS, AND J. D.
HINCHEN. The use of phosphate/alumina
trihydrate systems in flame retarding vinyl com-
positions. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Techni-
cal Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-
18, 1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 475-
480.
This paper considers the flame retardancy of
phosphate plasticizers and aluminum oxide
trihydrate. Because of the importance of defin-
ing the effects of flame retardants on end-use
properties of plasticized polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), the researchers have stressed the physi-
cal property data of the phosphate aluminum
oxide trihydrate system. The flame retardant ef-
fects in plasticized PVC of aluminum oxide
trihydrate and phosphate plasticizers are shown
in the paper. Equations which would be useful in
predicting oxygen index values for these
systems are illustrated; and the physical proper-
ty data showing no severe limitations in sub-
stituting aluminum oxide trihydrate for calcium
carbonate in plasticized PVC are also presented.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23213]
73-3964
NASS, L. I. Recent developments in simulated
weather testing instrumentation. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 2, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18. 1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 773-778.
This paper reviews current thinking with
respect to the advisability of performing ac-
celerated weather tests in the light of today's ac-
cumulated knowledge on the subject. Results
previously obtained with the older types of
laboratory instrumentation which were available
were often unsatisfactory due to a lack of un-
derstanding of all the components which con-
stitute the weather; the inability of the available
laboratory hardware to simulate or reproduce all
kinds of weather; and the inherent spectral defi-
ciencies in the solar simulators being used. This
paper also describes some newly developed
weather testing instrumentation and discusses
the novel operating features contained in these
instruments. Also, a guideline is furnished on
what to look for when specifying or purchasing
laboratory simulated weather testing instrumen-
tation. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23214]
73-3965
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
COUNCIL. Environmental problems. In The
steel industry and environmental quality. Sub-
Council Report. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Aug. 1972. p. 8-10.
This report is a summary of typical accomplish-
ments by the steel industry relating to their en-
vironmental control programs. In the conversion
of the raw materials, first to iron then to steel,
large quantities of waste products are
generated. First, the production of coke from
metallurgical-grade coking coal may generate air
-------
32
pollutants. Second, pig iron for steelmaking is
produced in the blast furnace. When these gases
leave the furnace they are rich in carbon monox-
ide and contain small particles of coke and iron
ore. Third, steel is produced from pig iron and
scrap in electric-arc, open hearth of basic oxygen
furnaces. The gases produced in the steelmaking
process contain fine particles of lime and iron
oxide. Fourth, the raw steel is then processed
into finished or semifinished steel products. This
generates additional air and water cleaning
problems. The steel industry is commiting large
amounts of funds to eliminate pollution. Armco
Ateel's $39 million environmental control system
in Middletown, Ohio, comprises eight air quality
and six water quality systems. These include a
100,000-gal per minute water clarification and
treatment plant, fume control and cleaning
systems, an off-gas cleaning system, an acid
rinse water treatment system, a waste oil treat-
ment and disposal plant, and a $12.5 million wet
scrubber system. Operating, maintenance, and
materials costs for these systems will be about
$4 million per year. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23215]
73-3966
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
COUNCIL. Future programs and recommenda-
tions. In The steel industry and environmental
quality. Sub-Council Report. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Aug. 1972. p. 23-26.
The steel industry is concerned with what it
feels are trends in federal environmental pro-
grams and their administration which seem to be
leaning toward unduly restrictive and unrealistic
emission and effluent standards for air and
water, unrealistically short time schedules for
compliance, and overlapping jurisdiction and
harassment. It is estimated that compliance by
the steel industry with federal guidelines for air
and water standards would require a minimum
capital investment of over $3.5 billion. Operating
and maintenance costs incurred in the operation
of these facilities would add $400 million an-
nually to this total. Consequently the National
Industrial Pollution Control Council Steel Sub-
Council has compiled the following recommenda-
tions: governmental regulatory agencies should
be required to set standards at levels that are of
total benefit to society, taking into account
health, social, economic, and technical aspects;
the Congress should be encouraged to create a
long-term low-interest loan program, featuring a
$3 billion revolving fund to provide for the con-
struction of industrial pollution abatement
systems; construction and demonstration grants
should be provided for combined municipal-in-
dustrial treatment plants; and regulations should
be set for some definite period in the future.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23216]
73-3967
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
COUNCIL. Water quality control. In The steel
industry and environmental quality. Sub-Council
Report. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Aug. 1972. p. 17-20.
The case histories that follow are typical of
recent actions being taken by the steel industry
to improve water quality. The new systems in-
clude: a water filtration system which returns
water to the Allegheny River, that meets or ex-
ceeds all Pennsylvania Environmental quality
board standards, after filtering oil, grease, and
mill scale from 17,000 gal of water per minute; a
system which removes almost all pollutants from
the coke plant waste ammonia liquor; a unit to
control air emissions; a wastewater treatment
plant which prevents the return of wastes from a
strip mill operation to a river; a system using
pressurized sand filters to clean wastewaters
from a new 84-in. hot-strip mill; a closed recircu-
lating water system for a blast furnace; a water
treatment plant which neutralizes pickle liquor
into a harmless salt water solution; and a major
steel company and a large city's use of some
80,000 gal per day of waste hydrochloric acid to
pickle steel. The costs and techniques employed
for these systems are discussed in detail. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library)
[23217]
73-3968
PARR, T. W. Evaluation of process controls. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
-------
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Pkstics Engineers, p. 459-460.
This paper discusses the evaluation and control
of molding process conditions. Improved
processing can result in a reduction of scrap,
higher end product quality, a reduction of
returned goods, a reduction in tooling invest-
ment, and a reduction of inventory loss and
labor. After evaluating many processes the fol-
lowing conclusions are drawn: your system
specifications should include protection from
common impedance, magnetic coupling, electro-
static coupling, and electromagnetic radiation;
computers provide flexibility but they are time
consuming and expensive to install; the parame-
ters to monitor include machine condition, plastic
conditions, or part characteristics; and before
any device or system is purchased the
purchasers mold should be run under the in-
fluence of the system under consideration.
[23396]
73-3969
Plastic waste disposal plant. Chemical Econo-
my and Engineering Review, 4(9):41, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses Kawasaki Heavy Indus-
tries' (KHI) completion of a test plant for plastic
waste disposal with a daily capacity of 5 tons. In
the new method developed by khi, plastics are
heated to liquify the polyolefin resins. Dry distil-
lation and thermal decomposition are carried out
continuously. It is a closed cycle process in which
the distillate is cooled, liquified and absorbed to
separate hydrochloric acid and oil, and the
residual gas is employed as a heat source for dry
distillation. The process' four steps
(pretreatment, dry distillation, redistillation, and
absorption) are described briefly.
[23218]
73-3970
PREJEAN, T. G. Dry blend extrusion of rigid
PVC compounds. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
481-485.
This paper summarizes the basics necessary for
conversion from use of pelletized compounds to
dry blend extrusion. Rigid vinyl products which
previously were extruded from pelletized com-
pounds were expensive and sometimes difficult
to process. A large number of these are now
being extruded and fabricated directly from dry
blended compounds. Extrusion from a dry blend
eliminates the pelletizing stage thus subjecting
the product to one less heat cycle which usually
gives improved performance and stability. The
areas emphasized in this paper include selection
and types of blending and extrusion equipment,
process conditions, basic formulation technology,
and trouble shooting. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23219]
73-3971
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers. 2 v. 872 p.
This conference dealt mainly with the technical
aspects of plastic production and wastes. There
were 34 sessions during which 159 papers were
delivered. Session topics include: electrostatic
spray power coating technology; polyolefins;
thermosetting molding; plastics analysis and
electrical and electronic divisions; color and ap-
pearance; reinforced plastics; ecology, plastics
analysisO simultaneous analytical methods; elec-
trical and electronic, engineering properties and
structureO various aspects of polymer flamma-
bility; injection and rotational moldingO solid
state control; vinyl; interfacial effects between
polymers and metals or oxides;
general/automotive; extrusion; blow molding;
thermoforming, weatherabilityO accelerated ver-
sus outdoor tests; and stabilization of plastics. A
great deal of data are provided in the form of
diagrams, illustrations, tables, equations, and ex-
tensive bibliographies. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23220]
73-3972
Pulpmills to test process innovations. Canadian
Chemical Processing, 56(ll):32-34, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses several new processes that
Canadian pulpers are currently trying out.
Canada's strategic position as a marketer of pulp
and paper products has been so undermined by
-------
34
economics forces that that industry may have to
take more technological risks in the future than
it has in the past. A number of key objectives are
developing or selecting techniques that can best
reduce the environmental effects of their ef-
fluents without causing an impossible burden on
the economies of the mill; and harvesting and
handling wood less expensively. The pulpers'
most immediate concern is with regulatory
authorities seeking to reduce contaminants in
mill effluents. Systems being evaluated for pol-
lution control are discussed in detail. It is con-
cluded that the ultimate solution to the control of
liquid effluents is the design of a closed system.
[23221]
73-3973
RADFORD, B. C., AND N. P. SMITH. Slimes treat-
ment by filter press at Manton Colliery. Mine
and Quarry, l(6):44-45,47,49-50,52, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses slimes treatment by filter
presses in Great Britain. Methods of comparison,
methods of operation, equipment, performance
and results, and evaluation and comparison are
presented along with data and diagrams. It is
concluded that filter presses are the most posi-
tive and reliable equipment available at present
for dewatering slimes consistently for addition
to colliery refuse. The machine described also
cuts manpower requirements and high costs.
[23222]
73-3974
Rand Gold Refinery-biggest little plant in the
world. Engineering Materials and Mining
Journal, 173(11):172-174, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses a South African gold
refinery which consists of chlorination refining
of mine bullion in induction furnaces, an elec-
trolyte gold refining section, a silver refining de-
partment, and a smelter. The refinery converts
bullion bars from the mine to refined gold and
silver and byproducts. The plant has scaled up its
melting and refining furnace capacities. The gold
refining process is described and illustrated.
Electrolytic gold refining is handled by the
Wohlwill process whereby chlorine-refined gold
anodes are dissolved in a gold chlorine solution
and plated on cathodes as nodules. Silver refin-
ing and the smelter section are described in
detail.
[23223]
73-3975
RANNEY, M. W. Silane coupling agentsO im-
provement of electrical properties of filled
elastomers. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastic Engineers, p.
418.
This paper discusses the increasing use of silane
coupling agents in many mineral filled com-
posites to improve both electrical and mechanical
properties. In wire and cable compounds, the use
of a vinyl reactive silane provides retention of
critical electrical properties under extreme
water immersion conditions tensile, and modu-
lus. Other applications include filled epoxy and
phenolic insulation and molding compounds.
Silane coupling agents are also used to improve
the adhesion of coatings to wire. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23224]
73-3976
RENSHAW, J. T., AND R. N. GARLICK. The appli-
cation of vinyl technology to carpeting. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 308-313.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the appli-
cation problems involved in applying vinyl
precoats and mechanically frothed foams to car-
peting, and to discuss the finished properties of
carpeting employing these materials. Carpet
producers are discovering that the use of vinyl
as a secondary backing produces many benefits
in performance properties, such as improved tuft
lock, toughness, moisture resistance, and outdoor
weatherability. It is concluded that the coating
weights of vinyl precoats are a function of the
viscosity of the plasticol, the direction of the lick-
roll, the speed of the lick-roll, the line speed, ten-
sion on the carpet, angle of the scraper bar, and
the construction of the carpet; the frothability of
a vinyl plasticol is a function of the diameter and
length of the discharge tube, the mass flow rate,
and the plasticol viscosity; the designing of
-------
35
frothable vinyl foams requires taking into ac-
count the effects that all of the ingredients have
on the frothabih'ty of the systems; vinyl foams
perform well on the basis of the physical
strength of the foams and the superior per-
formance of the tuft-lock coatings; and the Mon-
santo system was the best of the vinyl systems
tested. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23225]
73-3977
ROBBINS, G. H. The utilization of color concen-
trates. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical
Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 144-149.
This paper presents a general, over-all view of
color concentrates, explaining their nature and
their utilization. One new factor has stimulated
the growth of concentrates, the reciprocating
screw injection molding machine. This machine
has made it possible for injection molders to use
concentrates, with the accompanying gains in
quality and savings. During the past few years
there have been many improvements in the
quality of concentrates and the methods of
producing concentrates, thereby necessitating
this review of their current status. It is con-
cluded that concentrates are an effective,
money-saving tool which fills most color and
filled compound needs. Some care and attention
are needed for their proper utilization. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23226]
73-3978
ROGERS, J. L. Antistatic test methods and
agents for plastics. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
392-401.
The corona discharge/electrometer test method
is described in this paper. It has proved reliable
in use and has given reproducible results. Its
flexibility in allowing several different modes of
operation under many different controlled condi-
tions makes it ideal for investigation of antistatic
phenomena, comparative evaluation of different
antistats, and use as a manufacturing control in-
strument. Commercially available internal dura-
ble additives have been evaluated and found to
provide satisfactory antistatic performance. It is
determined that antistatic performance is ac-
tually a function of the overall polymer formula-
tion, rather than just of the antistat. It is also
concluded that for optimum and reliable per-
formance it is necessary to prepare and in-
vestigate formulations which are properly
adapted for the use of antistatic additives. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23227]
73-3979
ROLLER, M. B., AND J. K. GILLHAM. Glass
transition—structure correlations for two syste-
matic series of linear poly(carborane-siloxane)s.
In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Con-
ference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 349-353.
This paper outlines the investigation by torsional
braid analysis of nine poly(carborane-siloxane)
high temperature elastomers which differ syste-
matically in chemical structure. The structural
variations are discussed and illustrated in detail.
Polydimethylsiloxane was studied as the com-
positional limit of the series of experiments
which were conducted. The dynamic mechanical
relaxations of the materials are reported. These
include the melting points of the semicrystalline
polymers, and the glass transitions and seconda-
ry transitions of all the polymers. The glass
transition temperatures in each series were
systematized using a copolymer composition ver-
sus glass transition temperature. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23228]
73-3980
ROOBOL, N. R., M. J. BEZUSKO, AND G. CRAMER,
JR. Effects of particle size on properties of
reprocessed nylon 6/6. In Proceedings; 30th An-
nual Technical Conference, Part 2, Chicago, Il-
linois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 689-692.
This paper examines the properties of nylon
regrind as a function of the amount of fine nylon
regrind (fines) in the reprocessed material. The
effect of regrind particle size is usually signifi-
-------
cant for most polymeric material, the
researchers determined the magnitude of this
particle size effect for reground nylon 6/6 with
respect to tensile strength, elongation, and im-
pact strength. A large quantity of nylon 6/6
regrind was randomly selected and segregated
into either coarse or fine by means of sieving. It
was found that mean tensile strength values
were only slightly modified by increasing
amounts of fine regrind particles. This study also
revealed that none of the reprocessed nylon
blends exhibited the uniformity in material pro-
perties shown by virgin polymer. Crystallinity
did appear to be a factor in these results since
impact strengths remained nearly constant.
Elongation and impact strength also decreased
as the molecular weight of the polymer was
reduced. It was also noted that molecular weight
reduction by hydrolysis might be a contributing
factor in the observed material behavior of the
regrind blends, but certainly not a dominant fac-
tor. It was finally concluded that the major ef-
fect of fines is to markedly increase the property
differences in individual samples molded from
reprocessed nylon 6/6. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23229]
73-3981
SAHEKI, Y. Present technologies for plastics
waste disposal. Japan Plastics, 6(4):22-29, Oct.
1972.
This article outlines present technologies for
plastics waste disposal and clarifies problematic
points for further examination. Incineration
techniques, reckmation techniques, resources
cycling and recovering techniques, problems of
plastics waste didposal, and the concept of a
crushing and sorting center are discussed in
detail Data and flow diagrams are provided.
[23230]
73-3982
SCHILLINGER, R. C. Solid state controls. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 291.
The intent of this paper is to attempt to un-
derstand what solid state control is, and how it
works. Solid state control is defined as the
replacement of the relay system with
transistorized logic modules (logic cards) to
generate the decision act of the control system.
How a solid state system works is greatly misun-
derstood, but all the user needs to understand is
the operation of a few basic logic functions which
are described in this paper. It is concluded that
solid state has not changed the principal ele-
ments of electrical circuitsO sensing, decision,
and work-but has rather moved uniquely to ac-
complish the decision phase without moving
parts. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23231]
73-3983
SCHRIEVER, F. J. Progressive transfermoldingO
a multitude of details. In Proceedings; 30th An-
nual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Il-
linois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 53-61.
This paper provides a detailed description of a
progressive transfer molding system. While
producing electronic hardware, it is usual for
wire to be transfer molded in place. Handling
this wire while transfer molding is a problematic
procedure. Before a fully automated integrated
system can be completed to handle this problem,
a great number of questions need to be an-
swered, decisions need to be made, and problems
need to be solved. The researcher is attempting
to simplify this process. The following topics are
discussed in detail: selection of number of cavi-
ties, wire reel station, wire crimp station, cavity
molding station, index machanism, wire clamp
and tensioning station, wire cutting station,
index frame, controls, and pros and cons. It is
concluded that thermosetting parts, such as a
wire lead plug assembly and similar moldings
with wire inserts can be molded fully automati-
cally by using a progressive transfer molding
system. If the system is properly analyzed and
looked upon as a multitude of details, then solv-
ing each detailed problem is no hardship. This
system should provide fully automated produc-
tion, better part-to-part uniformity, and less
cost. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23232]
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37
73-3984
SCHROCK, R. L. Test methods used to quality
ABS and alloys for calendering. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 340-344.
This paper shows how alloy physical properties
can be predicted from a knowledge of
acrylonitrile-butadene-styrene (ABS) resin pro-
perties, and how processability can be predicted
on laboratory equipment. ABS resins, which are
normally used as polyvinyl chloride impact
modifiers, can be alloyed and processed on con-
ventional calendering equipment into ther-
moformable sheet and film used for luggage,
credit card overlays, and blister packaging. It is
shown that compounding of ABS resins to
specific end use properties can be determined by
graphic analysis. Physical properties of ABS are
additive and predictable, reducing the number of
trial and error experiments needed; however,
the type and concentration of other compound-
ing ingredients may slightly alter predicted
values. It is concluded that the ultimate use of
these techniques is not restricted to calendering
applications. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23233]
73-3985
SEGER, S. G., JR. Bonding polyethylene to
copper. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical
Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 413-417.
This paper deals with the problems associated
with the rigid parameters processing required
for the Ebonol C treatment of copper, the pre-
bond treatment of polyethylene, and the time-
temperature-pressure profile required for the
direct bonding of polyethylene. The evaluations
detailed in this paper, although predicted on
modifications of standard test specimens, are
subject to shortcomings. The values obtained
may not exactly model the stresses and behavior
that can be expected within many adhesively
bonded structures. However, these results do in-
dicate that for a time-temperature profile condu-
cive to an economic production schedule the
copper should be prebond treated with either the
Ebonol C or the cathodic chromate treatment.
An alternative would be to use the sodium cya-
nide bright dip. It was also found that thermal
oxide formation presents no problem within the
time-temperature framework used for the bond-
ing operation. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23234]
73-3986
SEMON, W. L. The development of the polyvinyl
chloride industry. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 2, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
693-700.
This paper is a review of the development of the
polyvinyl chloride industry. The topics covered
include: discovery and early history; vinyl
chloride monomer production; polymers and
copolymers of vinyl chloride; chlorinated polyvi-
nyl chloride; impact improvers; plasticizers; sta-
bilizers; pigmenting; control of quality; machine
development; new products; and environmental
factors. Increased production of vinyl resin has
averaged 16 percent per year from 1945 to 1970;
along with this increase there has been a
decrease in price. The factors which have con-
tributed to this situation include technical
developments such as cheapter production of
monomer, improvements in the types of polymer
available, better methods for producing polymer,
improved plasticizers, better stabilizers,
development of machines adapated for
processing vinyl compounds, and a better un-
derstanding of the chemistry and physics of com-
pounding vinyls and assuring uniformity. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23235]
73-3987
SERLE, A. G. Glass fiber reinforced polybu-
tylene terephthalate a new engineering ther-
moplastic. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Techni-
cal Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-
18, 1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 162-
170.
This paper discusses the properties, processing,
and performance characteristics of a new resin,
and presents a few case histories to illustrate the
-------
38
factors which led to the choice of this resin for
certain critical commercial applications. The
generic name for the base polymer used in the
resin is polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). New
designs, more stringent service requirements,
and the increasing cost of metals have greatly in-
creased the demand for high performance en-
gineering grade plastic resins, such as the one
discussed in this paper. It is concluded that glass
fiber reinforced PBT polyester resin combines
many of the desirable properties of a true en-
gineering resin. It has high strength and rigidity,
resistance to creep under high loading at
elevated temperatures, and good chemical re-
sistance. It also has superior electrical properties
which are unaffected by extremes in tempera-
ture and humidity which gives it a good measure
of dimensional stability. This new resin is finding
increased usage in applications currently using
more costly or more costly-to-process resins.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23236]
73-3988
SlEGLAFF, C. L., AND F. R. VOLGSTADT. Chemi-
cal thickening of polyester resin systems. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 494-499.
This paper briefly describes the techniques
which the Diamond Shamrock Corporation is
using to understand the nature of chemical
thickening. It is necessary to understand and
document this process in order to furnish to the
molder a uniform, reproducible, predictable
polyester resin. The techniques used to charac-
terize the systems include the Brookfield viscosi-
ties and needle penetrometer, and a technique
which measures the dynamic viscosity the ad-
vantage of being able to separate the viscous
energy dissipation processes from the recovera-
ble elastic energy portion of the deformation of a
viscoelastic material. In this way one is able to
measure the liquid-like character and the solid
character of the material in a single continuous
measurement. The instruments and techniques
used, as well as the data collected are discussed
in this paper. The researchers are presently at-
tempting to relate the results of these measure-
ments to molding performance. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23237]
73-3989
Slag processing problems. British Steelmaker,
38(10):20, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the handling and disposal
of slag in Great Britain. Slag has been found to
be useful for road building and heavy construc-
tion work. The British Steel Corp. is currently
running a series of test for making low-density
slags by a water foaming method. Ground granu-
lated slag has been used for civil engineering
work. A major problem with slag from steel
plants is the metal content of saleable slag
material. High phosphorous slags have found a
ready market in the fertilizer industry. A special
slag processing plant is described which converts
ironworks slag directly into tarmacadam for
road building. The slag processor is a series of
crushers and screening facilities that produce a
suitable material for a coating plant. The unit is
virtually automatic and is designed to make a
highly uniform consistent product for roadmak-
ing. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23238]
73-3990
Slurry-burning process for hydrocarbon wastes.
Energy Digest, 1(1):36, AugVSept. 1972.
This article discusses a new process for the com-
bustion of slurries containing solids which has
been developed by a West German firm. The
process uses a newly designed burner and a sin-
gle homogenizing pump. The company claims a
55-percent drop in operating costs compared
with conventional processes. Greater simplicity
is achieved since the process relies on fewer
pumps and eliminates control equipment on slur-
ry lines. The conditions inside the burner are al-
ways optimum for complete combustion. Air
cools the burner pipe and jet and adjusts the
length and shape of the flame as required
[23239]
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39
73-3991
SMITH, H. V. The future of the plastics indus-
try. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical
Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 490-493.
This paper attempts to project the status of the
plastics industry by the year 2000. By that time
the demand for plastics products should be
reaching 400 million tons per year. All the raw
material for this cannot come from the petrole-
um industry as it now does because the world's
supply of fossil fuel could become exhausted if
uncontrolled exploitation is permitted. There-
fore, the plastics industry may find itself either
short of feedstock or forced to pay very high
prices for its supplies. Now is the time for this
industry to look to other sources such as a
synthetic or perhaps photosynthetic fixation of
atmospheric carbon dioxide, or an adaptation of
natural photosynthesis. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23240]
73-3992
SOKOL, J. J. Composition comparison and
processing parameters of powder coatings. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 6-8.
This paper discusses development, processing,
and application techniques for powder coatings.
In general, electrostatic application techniques
are required for low film thickness coatings. The
fluid bed is used for heavier coatings. Each
method can be economical. The film thickness
and other properties which are required by the
consumer dictate the type of powder to be used
and the method of manufacture which is necessa-
ry. The cure cycle must also be considered. This
paper discusses in detail the processing parame-
ters of four generic types of powdersO vinyls,
epoxy, polyester, and acrylic. There are many
other powder coatings on the market today, but
if one knows the product quality desired and the
characteristics of the resin, the manufacturing
process can be extrapolated from the processes
described in this paper for the four basic resin
systems. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23241]
73-3993
SOUROUR, S., AND M. R. KAMAL. Differential
scanning calorimetry for characterization of
thermoset cure. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
93-98.
This paper proposes and applies experimental
and mathematical techniques for the determina-
tion of the exothermic heat of cure and the
specific heat of thermosetting polymers as func-
tions of both temperature and degree of cure.
The processing of thermosetting polymers in-
volves the exposure of these materials to vary-
ing levels of heat treatment; therefore, the con-
trol of temperature distribution and the rate of
rise in temperature are important in determin-
ing the quality and ultimate properties of the
cured articles. These properties are, therefore,
applicable to the design of thermoset processing
operations. Preliminary data obtained on a typi-
cal unsaturated polyester-styrene system are re-
ported in this paper. It is concluded that the
specific heat of polyester decreases by 15 to 30
percent as a result of cure, depending on the cure
temperature; and the specific heat of cured sam-
ples increases linearly. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23242]
73-3994
TRAUFFER, W. E. Brewster Phosphates ex-
pands Haynsworth mine and washer. Pit and
Quarry, 65(5):76-80, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses a procedure being
developed by Brewster Phosphates that should
solve the problem of waste clay slimes disposal.
Mine operations, washing and screening, feed
preparation, flotation, mining permits, and recla-
mation procedures are discussed in detail.
Another important environmental development
which is outlined is the revision of the plant's
water conservation system. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23243]
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40
73-3995
Trends in development of plastic wastes
disposal techniques. Chemical Economy and
Engineering Review, 4(10,54):29-32, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses Japanese trends in the
development of plastic wastes disposal
techniques. By 1975, Japan's plastic production is
predicted to be up to that of the United States,
and the country's per-capita production should
exceed present U.S. levels. Waste disposal
techniques, incineration, regeneration, and ther-
mal decomposition are discussed in detail. Ex-
tensive data are provided on incineration, melt-
solidification, thermal decomposition, low-tem-
perature treatment, foaming, and low-tempera-
ture dry distillation. It is concluded that develop-
ment of pulverizers and thermal recovery
utilization are required for efficient plastic
disposal; and the thermal decomposition method
promises to be an effective means of dealing
with industrial plastics and polyolefin one-way
containers which are easily recovered. (This
document retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23244]
73-3996
TRENT, D. M., R. W. RINEHART, AND E. BALL.
Chemical characterization of polypropylenes. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 378-391.
This paper describes simple, inexpensive
procedures for the characterization of
polypropylenes. Standard infrared and ul-
traviolet techniques, melt flow rates, and a
number of classical chemical procedures are
used. These methods were found to be adequate
for chemical quality control and the expense in-
volved in setting up laboratory facilities for
these studies is not prohibitive. It was shown
that, using these techniques, the following could
be done: identify the manufacturer of a given
polypropylene; detect adulteration of
polypropylene with polyethylene or other
polymers; identify different formulations from
the same or several manufacturers; evaluate
changes in antioxidant content on a quantitative
basis; detect changes in the additive package as-
signable to a given formulation; and detect dif-
ferences in arithmetic mean molecular weights
for different lots of polypropylenes. It is con-
cluded that the capabilities of the characteriza-
tion scheme can probably be enhanced. More
work on melt flow rates, the percent of
chloroform soluble value, and more complete
analysis of the additive package through elemen-
tal analysis for sulfur are recommended. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23245]
73-3997
TRICKETT, D. B., A. E. UMBOGINTWINI, AND C.
I. UMBOGINTWINI. Principles of operation of
mercury cells. South African Chemical
Processing, p. 21,23,25, Aug./Sept. 1972.
This article discusses a mercury cell plant being
built in South Africa. The mercury cell process is
used in the production of chlorine from potassi-
um chloride and sodium chloride. This article
deals with sodium chloride electrolysis. The four
major functional areas preparation of raw
material feed, DC power supply, electrolysis, and
collection and processing of products) are briefly
outlined. Brine purification, dechlorination,
resaturation, removal of impurities, clarifloccula-
tion, the influence of trace metals, the control of
brine and mercury flows, and energy efficiency
are discussed in detail. One of the major
problems still facing most producers is the
development of an inexpensive method of
removing mercury from the resaturation system
brine sludges.
[23246]
73-3998
VANVEERSEN, G. J., AND A. J. NEULENBERG.
The relation between the chemical structure of
plasticizers and their performance in PVCO
(Part 1). In Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical
Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,
1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 314-328.
This paper attempts to correlate the chemical
structure of plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride
with their performance. A rapid and simple
method for obtaining an impression of the sol-
vent capabilities of plasticizers is discussed.
Nearly a dozen of these methods are put into a
scheme. It is concluded that a relatively simple
-------
41
correlation exists between solvent capacity and
the ratio between apolar and polar structural
elements (Ap:Po ratio). This indicates the ratio
between the amount of aliphatic carbon atoms
and the amound of estergroups occurring in the
chemical formula of the plasticizer. Such proper-
ties as efficiency, heat stability, plasticol aging,
low temperature behavior, volatility, and extrac-
tion are correlated with the Ap:Po ratio. (This
document is retained in the Swirs library^)
[23247]
73-3999
Waste disposal. IPC/IPHE symposium on in-
dustrial wastes. Surveyor, CXL (4,187):10-11,
Sept. 15,1972.
This article attempts to clarify four issures: Can
we learn anything from the London experience?;
How should the men for the job be trained?; Is
Scotland getting a better deal?; and What fac-
tors should be considered in planning the new or-
ganizations? The increasingly complex wastes
which arise from industrial processes, toxic
metal compounds, incineration versus land recla-
mation, the disposal of obnoxious solid and liquid
industrial wastes, and contract disposal are
discussed as part of a symposium held jointly by
the Institute of Public Cleansing and the Institu-
tion of Public Health Engineers at Chelmsford.
[23248]
73-4000
WENSKUS, J. J., JR. Aspects of the evaluation of
solid-state controls on injection molding
machines. In Proceedings; 30th Annual Techni-
cal Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-
18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 458.
This study compares the performance of a solid-
state controlled machine to the performance of
conventional machines. A thin-walled camera
spool was used as the subject. The results
showed a definite reduction in dimensional
spread with the solid-state controlled machine,
that temperature errors are more significant
during the filling time than during the packaging
portion of the process, and that pressure errors
are also more significant during the cavity full
time than during the packing time. These
machines are also easier to set up and operate
than conventional machines. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23249]
73-4001
WESTON, N. E. Inorganic fiber reinforcement
of plated ABS. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
171-177.
This paper discusses the use of fiber reinforced
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) for plat-
ing substrates as a novel and successful method
of providing thermal cycling reliability in plated
objects. Presently, ABS is the dominant plastic
substrate for electroplating because of its
moderate price and the following qualities: ex-
cellent surface smoothness of molded parts;
adequate stiffness; good heat distortion tem-
perature; low mold shrinkage; low warpage; and
good plate adhesion. Large quantities are used
for automotive interior trim and appliance com-
ponents. However, market penetration into
plated part end uses has been limited by in-
adequate thermal cycle performance. The
researcher compounded FYBEX inorganic rein-
forcing titanate fibers having the required
characteristics with plating grade ABS at weight
loadings of 13 and 20 percent, molded into
plaques and conventionally plated. These plated
plaques showed thermal cycle performance far
superior to unreinforced ABS controls. Ap-
pearance after corrosion tests was also superior.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23250]
73-4002
WILES, D. M. The effect of light on some com-
mercially important polymers. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 2,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 859-861.
This paper discusses an investigation of the
photochemistry of polypropylene and of
polyethylene terephthalate. These completely
different thermoplastics are both susceptible to
light-induced degradation. When attempting to
improve the ultraviolet stability of a plastic, it is
-------
42
useful to determine the following characteristics
of its photochemistry: the important
chromophores which absorb near-ultraviolet
light, causing photo-deterioration; the significant
degredation products and the primary process
from which they derive; the location of photo-
deterioration in the plastic; and the mechanical
consequences. It is concluded that with such in-
formation it is possible to suggest more efficient,
less costly stabilization procedures. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23251]
73-4003
WILLIAMS, M. C., AND A. L. FRICKE. Phase
separation spinning of polypropylene. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 31-34.
This paper discusses phase separation spinning,
a process which is used commercially to produce
synthetic fibers. Other processes are melt
spinning, dry spinning, wet spinning, and gel ex-
trusion spinning. Phase separation is a variation
of dry spinning. In phase separation spinning, a
high boiling solvent is used so that upon cooling
the polymer and solvent separate but the solvent
does not evaporate. The solvent phase is then
removed by extraction. In this paper, a thorough
study is made of phase separation spinning of a
solution of polypropylene in naphthalene. It is
concluded that this technique could possibly be
used to produce fibers with high filler contents
by mixing solid fillers into the spinning solution.
The high draw downs should alleviate some of
the problems of spinneret blockage that occur
when filled fibers are made. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23252]
73-4004
WINSLOW, F- H., W. MATREYEK, AND A. M.
TROZZOLO. Weathering of polymers. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
Part 2, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 766-772.
This paper briefly outlines the weathering
behavior of plastics in general and of
polyethylene in particular. It describes the main
modes and mechanisms of chemical failure and
indicates the relative importance of solar radia-
tion, atmospheric agents, additives, and other
degradative factors. The specific topics covered
include: modes of weathering; weathering
mechanisms; relative weather resistance; natu-
ral and simulated weathering of polyethylene;
effect of ultraviolet radiation and temperature;
effects of film thickness, atmospheric agents,
and antioxidants; effect of molecular structure
and morphology; effect of carbonyl and vinyl
concentration; protectants; and disposable
polymers. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23253]
73-4005
Woodroom increases fiber yield. Chemical
Paper Processing, 8(ll):44-47, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses a new system being used at
Great Lakes Paper Co., Ontario, which requires
a smaller staff and results in high value bark As
part of a 7-year program to improve its environ-
mental protection, this firm has done the follow-
ing: automated its woodland operations, reduc-
ing the number of men employed in the woods
from 2,800 to 875; developed a pollution control
program, featuring a Copeland fluid bed system
which has been adapted to two new uses; and in-
stalled a Swedish-design woodroom which com-
bines barking and chipping. The plant is
operated by one man from a central control
panel. This operation is described in detail.
[23254]
73-4006
WORK, J. L. Solid-state structure of melt-
blended incompatible polymeric mixtures involv-
ing poly(vinyl chloride). In Proceedings; 30th
Annual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago,
Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 470-474.
The object of this paper is to report some
findings on the influence of the properties of
mixture components on the structure and pro-
perties of incompatible two-component mixtures
obtained by melt blending. An incompatible mix-
ture is defined as one which exhibits only transi-
tions that can be assigned to transitions in the
-------
43
mixture components. The experiments and
results are discussed. It is then concluded that
equilibrium three-dimensional structures are
formed in the process of melt blending two in-
compatible polymers; and the particular struc-
ture formed is a function of the difference in
viscosity of the components. If the viscosity of
one or both of the components changes gradually
with time for some reason during the blending
operation, it will be very difficult to reproduce
the properties of the mixture from batch to
batch. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23255]
73-4007
YOUNG, W. L. Formulation and behavior of non-
plasticized flexible compounds based on
chlorinated polyethylene. In Proceedings; 30th
Annual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago,
Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 462-464.
This paper discusses various performance
characteristics of chlorinated polyethylane
(CPE) and sets forth guidelines for selecting
CPE resins and formulating and compounding
them to achieve the desired physical properties
in a final product. CPE is being used where
chemical and oil resistance, lack of plasticizer
migration, and retention of properties after long
exposure are important. The properties, per-
formance, and processing characteristics of
several CPE polymers are discussed and related
to various parameters measured on the raw
plastic. The influence of relative crystallinity and
chlorine content on low temperature properties,
solvent resistance, and processing charac-
teristics are also discussed. It is concluded that
flexible CPE compounds are not like flexible
vinyls in either processing or performance and
this must be taken into consideration when
developing a formulation to do a specific task.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23256]
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
73-4008
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Development of evaluation
methods. In Solid waste handling and disposal
in multistory buildings and hospitals, v. 1. Sum-
mary, conclusions, and recommendations.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972. p. 111(1-18).
This paper discusses the determination of the ef-
ficiency of equipment and methods employed in
the total system to perform the functions of han-
dling, storage, processing, and disposal of wastes
in compliance with the requirements of existing
codes and accepted standards. Applicable regula-
tory controls include building, fire, pollution, and
health standards. These codes and standards are
categorized into these four factors: sanitation;
safety; security; and esthetics. The following
topics are also discussed in detail: identification
and point of origin of hospital waste materials;
composition of solid waste systems in hospitals;
community interrelationship to the hospital
waste system; evaluation of hospital solid waste
systems; evaluation of systems in other building
types; and improvements in systems. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23257]
73-4009
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Final processing and
disposal methods. In Solid waste handling and
disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals, v.
3. Research on systems development. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p.
V(l-28).
This report discusses ultimate disposal methods
that are Suitable for the special categories of
wastes commonly generated in hospitals, office
buildings, and detention facilities. The following
topics are discussed in detail: sanitary landfill;
reclamation (swine feeding, rendering, and
product salvage); composting; incineration; in-
cinerators for hospitals (incinerators, air pollu-
tion control, controls and safety); pyrolysis; and
wet air oxidation. It is concluded that waste
materials produced in detention facilities and of-
fice buildings create little hazard in handling and
would be suitable for disposal by commerical
salvage firms. In the case of hospital wastes,
salvage of products cannot be recommended and
-------
44
in any case should not be considered except after
positive sterilization by some proven method.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23260]
73-4010
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Handling methods and
equipment. In Solid waste handling and
disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals, v.
3. Research on systems development. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p.
11(1-57).
This article provides a review of equipment
which covers the limited field of specialized
equipment for handling solid wastes as well as
certain general materials handling equipment
and accessories considered to be adaptable for
possible use in solid waste systems. In this
paper, waste handling functions are limited to
collection, transport, and discharge. This paper
also includes a narrative review of selected
categories of equipment with descriptions of
mechanical and operational characteristics, and
in most cases discussions on particular applica-
tion (or possible application) in the waste han-
dling system. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23261]
73-4011
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Identification of the solid
waste system. In Solid waste handling and
disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals, v.
1. Summary, conclusions, and recommendations.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972. p. 11(1-8).
This article discusses the functions of a solid
waste system for multistory buildings and
hospitals. Nomenclature of the solid waste
system and definitions of solid waste materials
are also provided. The classification of refuse
materials is presented in tabular form, and a
schematic of a typical solid waste system in a
multistory building complex is provided. The
waste handling functions discussed include col-
lection, transport, and discharge. Nomenclature
is provided in detail for the unit system, the in-
terunit system, the interbuilding system, and the
offsite system. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23263]
73-4012
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Observations of local prac-
tices. In Solid waste handling and disposal in
multistory buildings and hospitals, v. 1. Summa-
ry, conclusions, and recommendations. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p.
This paper discusses a comprehensive review, in-
ventory, and evaluation of existing solid waste
systems and solid waste management practices
in a cross section of county-owned and operated
building complexes within the County of Los An-
geles which were carried out during the early
stages of this study. This paper also states the
purpose and scope of the total study and briefly
summarizes investigations conducted at local in-
stitutions. The following topics are included:
solid waste systems in county hospitals; solid
waste systems in detention facilities; solid waste
systems in county office buildings; and prevail-
ing problems in solid waste management in
buildings. A great deal of data on waste produc-
tion and operating costs are included in tables.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23265]
73-4013
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Processing methods and
equipment. In Solid waste handling and
disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals, v.
3. Research on systems development. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p.
This paper discusses the broad field of special-
ized equipment and accessories for processing
solid wastes as well as certain equipment used in
industrial processes that may be adaptable to
use in waste processing systems. Typical
processes include bagging, encapsulation, com-
paction, crushing, shredding, chipping, grinding,
pulping, pulverizing, dewatering, baling, and ex-
trusion. These processes are discussed in detail.
This paper also reviews selected categories of
processing equipment with descriptions of the
-------
45
mechanics and operational characteristics, and
discussions on particular application (or possible
application) in solid waste systems. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23266]
73-4014
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Research on systems
development. In Solid waste handling and
disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals, v.
1. Summary, conclusions, and recommendations.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972.p.V(l-17).
This paper discusses the research and investiga-
tion of equipment in the developmental stage
and currently available for use in solid waste
systems in multistory buildings and hospitals.
The major classifications of equipment were
limited to handling, storage, processing and
disposal. These systems are described in detail.
Various types of conveyors used in industry
(such as screw conveyors, belt conveyors, and
chain conveyors) have been adapted to certain
components of waste handling and disposal
systems. Many kinds of processing and disposal
equipment, (compactors, balers, grinders, pul-
pers, and incinerators) have been developed for
solid waste systems in buildings. Continuing im-
provements are being made in the evolution of
this type of equipment, and it is strongly recom-
mended that continuing investigations be carried
out in efforts to stay abreast of developments in
this field. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23267]
73-4015
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Review of study. In Solid
waste handling and disposal in multistory
buildings and hospitals, v. 1. Summary, conclu-
sions, and recommendations. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1972. p. VII(l-4).
This paper discusses the findings of a study on
solid waste systems in multistory buildings and
hospitals. It was found that inadequacies prevail
in the operation of conventional solid waste
systems, and the development and/or use of
hardware that can upgrade operating standards.
In the hospitals inspected, significant deficien-
cies exist in the inplant system as well as offsite
disposal. These deficiencies relate to the en-
vironmental aspects of inplant handling and
storage of wastes. The deficiencies existing in
onsite processing and disposal are largely due to
lack of investment in proper equipment and/or
operating personnel. In the detention facilities
inspected, the principal inplant deficiencies occur
in central storage. Mechanization of any portion
of the solid waste system should be avoided
because it would only be subject to abuse by the
inmates. In those office buildings investigated,
only minor deficiencies were found in the ele-
ments of storage and offsite disposal. Interim
improvements in these systems will require
adoption of higher standards of operation with
accompanying increases in annual costs. The pro-
ject recommended for a Los Angeles County
medical center will determine the feasibility of
such systems and the results should also be eval-
uated for office building complexes. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23268]
73-4016
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Selection and design of
solid waste systems. In Solid waste handling and
disposal in multistory builidings and hospitals, v.
1. Summary, conclusions, and recommendations.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972.p.VI(l-23).
This paper is broadly concerned with the evalua-
tion of various feasible methods of improve-
ments to solid waste systems in existing
buildings and specifically to the solid waste
systems of selected county-owned and -operated
building complexes. Comparisons of installation
and operating costs and benefits of those
systems suitable for each type of building are
also made and conclusions are presented
together with positive recommendations for
system improvements. The following topics are
discussed in detail in the text and data on these
subjects are presented in tables: system criteria;
handling requirements; storage requirements;
processing and disposal requirements; effect on
the community; evaluation of system modifica-
tions; and identification of considered systems
modifications. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
232690
-------
46
73-4017
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Solid waste handling and
disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals, v.
1. Summary, conclusions, and recommendations.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972.106 p.
This report discusses a study to determine the
current state of refuse handling and disposal
systems serving various types of multistory
buildings; to determine prevailing methods,
practices, and equipment employed in waste
systems, as well as the standards of operation; to
identify specific areas of weakness in waste
systems operation; and to identify available
equipment that may be used to improve han-
dling, storage, processing and disposal methods.
The objectives of this project are to improve
solid waste handling and disposal in multistory
Office buildings, hospitals, and detention facili-
ties. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23258]
73-4018
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Solid waste handling and
disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals, v.
3. Research on systems development. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. 148
P-
This paper investigates and establishes the total
requirements of solid waste systems serving
multistory buildings, hospitals, and detention
facilities. It also recommends improvements or
modifications of existing systems that will pro-
vide an acceptable level of operation, environ-
mentally and economically. The purpose of this
study is to review the equipment that is
presently marketed and available for use in solid
waste systems in multistory buildings, to in-
vestigate equipment that is in the developing
stage, to identify new systems concepts that are
being considered in this field, and to evaluate
equipment usage for specific applications in vari-
ous types of special purpose buildings. The com-
piled data could prove useful in the conceptual
planning stages of many types of buildings yet to
be designed and built. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23259]
73-4019
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Storage methods and
equipment. In Solid waste handling and
disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals, v.
3. Research on systems development. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p.
This paper contains a review of methods and
equipment available for the storage of wastes, as
well as numerous accessories employed for this
function. This study is primarily concerned with
the problems associated with disposables. Con-
tainment of loose wastes may be accomplished
with various types of accessories for dry storage.
Other methods of volume reduction may be ac-
complished with various types of compaction
devices, or by reduction or pulping processes.
Also included is a review of selected categories
of equipment and accessories, with general
discussions on their application in the waste
system. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
232700
73-4020
ESCO/GREENLEAF. Summary. In Solid waste
handling and disposal in multistory buildings and
hospitals, v. 3. Research on systems develop-
ment. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1972. p. VI(l-3).
This paper discusses a study which considered
existent and available systems for the efficient
handling of the wastes generated in multistory
building complexes and hospitals, which would
carry solid wastes from their many points of
origin to a place or places of ultimate processing
or disposal, without human handling or hazards
to health. Mechanical components designed ex-
clusively for solid waste handling are almost
nonexistent. Various types of processing and
disposal equipment have been developed for
solid waste systems in buildings. Generally, a
total system concept has not yet been developed
and marketed that will provide solutions to all of
the many different problems in building complex
systems. Requirements for the design of new
systems in existing buildings are outlined. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS librarv )
[23271]
-------
47
73-4021
HASLAM, E., AND J. ROWLANDS. A flight cater-
ing facility Building engineering services. Jour-
nal of the Institution of Public Health En-
gineers, 71(4):250-281, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the Flight Catering Centre
being constructed near Heathrow Airport which
will be equipped to provide up to 25,000 inflight
meals per day operating 24 hr each day
throughout the year. The design philosophy was
formulated to meet the requirements of the user
and is based on field investigations, studies,
Research, and tests to provide services installa-
tion that not only maintain the environmental
conditions and hygienic standards associated
with good food production, but which will allow
for flexibility for change in production to meet
the present and future needs of air travel. Illus-
trations are provided of the site complex south
of Heathrow Airport near London. Functional
operation, quality control, design criteria and en-
vironmental conditions, space conditions, water
storage, sound controls levels, and filtration are
discussed in detail. The public health and piped
engineering services installation will comprise
the following facilities which are described in
detail: surface water drainage collection system;
foul water drainage collection system; hot and
cold water services for the domestic and indus-
trial use; softening and demineralization water
treatment plant; gas supplies to kitchen equip-
ment; waste disposal system; detergent system;
and fire protection installations.
[23262]
73-4022
LITSKY, W., J. W. MARTIN, AND B. Y. LITSKY.
Solid waste: a hospital dilemma. American
Journal of Nursing, 72(10): 1841-1847, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the disposal of solid wastes
from hospitals. Disposal systems and technologi-
cal solutions are being designed to minimize the
risks to public health and the costs of what was
once considered a mundane process. Disposables,
hazardous wastes, in-hospital transport, central
collection procedures, sterilization, and compac-
tion are discussed in detail. Incineration is
recommended for hospital wastes because nearly
all of the objections to incinerators can be met, if
the proper devices are installed and operated by
personnel trained in their use. Current incinera-
tor inadequacies are based on their growing con-
tribution to urban air pollution. It is further
recommended that disposables be used selective-
ly, e.g., for the patient who is infectious or who
must be isolated from possible infections.
[23264]
LAW / REGULATIONS
73-4023
BAIRD, R. A. A bottle bill goes through. Jour-
nal of Environmental Health, 35(2): 136-139,
Sept./0ct. 1972.
This article describes the efforts of a citizen
group to have the Vermont legislature pass a bill
banning the sale of beverages in nonreturnable
bottles. The influence of industry on the state
legislators is also discussed. The law which was
finally passed imposes a four mill tax on non-
returnable beer, soda, and liquor containers sold
in Vermont beginning July 1, 1972. The money
collected will be used to subsidize local sanitary
landfills and to initiate pilot recycling projects.
On July 1,1973, all returnable beer and soda con-
tainers will be banned, and a nickel deposit will
be required. The disappointing actions by Ver-
mont legislators which were common during the
fight to pass this bill are outlined, with particular
emphasis on the undue influence which they per-
mitted industry to exert.
[23272]
73-4024
MORSE, T. Doing time takes on a new meaning
for the wastemakers. Engineer,
235(6076/6077):33,36-37, Aug. 1972.
This article discusses Great Britain's Deposit of
Poisonous Waste Act of 1972. The act was
rushed through in record time on to the statute
book, uniting all political parties in penalizing the
depositing on land of poisonous, noxious, or pol-
luting waste which could give rise to an environ-
mental hazard. This is Great Britain's first real
attempt to legislate against indiscriminate and
irresponsible dumping of highly toxic materials.
Conviction on indictment under this act could
-------
48
mean a maximum of 5 years' imprisonment and
an unlimited fine. Changes needed to strengthen
and enforce the act are also outlined.
[23273]
LITTER
73-4025
Anti-littering politics: 'There ought to be a law.'
Chemical Week, 111(14):16-17, Oct. 4,1972.
This article discusses a new Oregon State law
which requires retailers to pay refunds on beer
or soft-drink bottles brought in by customers.
Packaging industry leaders are continuing to
fight this measure. They are attempting to con-
vince the judges on the State's Court of Appeals
that the law is discriminatory and therefore un-
constitutional. Oregon's new bottle law may turn
out to be the first of a whole string of similar
laws to be passed throughout the nation. The
enactment of such measures will affect the mar-
kets for all packaging materials and could
greatly increase the operating costs of compa-
nies that make and use packaging products.
Some companies are developing products that
would be biodegradable or photodegradable.
Also, industry is stepping up its efforts to edu-
cate the public and government about opportuni-
ties to convert discarded packaging materials
from a liability into an asset, such as the use of
combustible waste as fuel, or packaging wastes
as landfill.
[23274]
MANAGEMENT
73-4026
FIRST, M. W- Solid waste management. Part 2.
In Municipal waste disposal by shipborne in-
cineration and sea disposal of residues. Boston,
Massachusetts, Harvard University School of
Public Health, June 1972. p. 1(3-10).
Solid wastes include a wide variety of discarded
materials resulting from normal community ac-
tivities, e.g., garbage and rubbish from
households, institutions, and commercial
establishments; bulky objects, such as stoves,
refrigerators, and abandoned automobiles; and
industrial and hospital refuse. Disposal of all
these varying types of waste is discussed.
Research and development programs for solid-
waste handling are noted as well. The
procedures for solving solid-waste problems in-
cluded: reduction of waste production; reclama-
tion of waste products; and returning of wastes
to the environment via land, air, or water.
Production processes, scrap materials, refuse
collection, and incineration are also discussed in
detail. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23275]
OCEAN DISPOSAL
73-4027
CARES, J. W. Chemical analyses of incinerator
residues, bottom sediments, and marine organ-
isms. In Municipal waste disposal by shipborne
incineration and sea disposal by residues.
Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard University
School of Public Health, June 1972. p. 3(25-125).
The analyses in this paper are concerned
primarily with trace heavy metals which might
dissolve in the marine environment and concen-
trate in marine organisms, causing damage to
the organisms or to their predators, including
man. Methods have been developed for the
determination of a number of trace metals in in-
cinerator residues and marine life including the
analysis of metals with known toxicity to marine
life and humans. Two basic methods of analysis
were investigated: atomic adsorption; and X-ray
emission spectrometry. The relative merits of
these methods are discussed and results are
presented and evaluated. Results of analysis of
Boston incinerator residues are shown in tables.
The results were obtained by atomic absorption,
except for phosphates which were analyzed by a
spectrophotometric procedure. A summary is in-
cluded, indicating the nature of the exposure.
Conclusions are based on statistical analyses.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23276]
73-4028
FIRST, M. W. Composition of incinerator
residues. In Municipal waste disposal by ship-
-------
49
borne incineration and sea disposal of residues.
Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard University
School of Public Health, June 1972. p. 3(1-24).
Representative municipal incinerator residues
were collected from six incinerators in the
Greater Boston area and examined for important
physical and chemical characteristics of residues
produced within a single, relatively homogene-
ous metropolitan urban area. Sampling and
analytical procedures are discussed in detail. A
total of 41 samples was collected for analysis
from 14 separate municipal incinerators in the
Greater Boston area over a 2-year period. The
sites, number of samples, type of furnaces, and
burning rate are summarized in tables. The
results are given in terms of particle size,
moisture, combustibility, ether solubility, solu-
bility in distilled water, changes in pH, and
floatable materials in the residues. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23277]
734029
FIRST, M. W. Engineering feasibility. Part 3. In
Municipal waste disposal by shipborne incinera-
tion and sea disposal of residues. Boston, Mas-
sachusetts, Harvard University School of Public
Health, June 1972. p. 2(12-22).
This paper discusses the design of a new hull to
accommodate waste handling and disposal equip-
ment, and Liberty ship conversion for the same
purpose. The utility of a reconditioned Liberty
ship is judged on its adaptability to the contem-
plated service requirements. Sectional views of a
standard Liberty ship are included. Several
Liberty ship conversion plans are outlined. A
preliminary design of a new incinerator ship for
the New York City Planning Commission is also
illustrated which used containerized waste han-
dling, storage, and furnace feeding. The cost, ex-
clusive of burning equipment and special waste
handling, would be approximately $5 million.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23278]
73-4030
FIRST, M.W. Engineering feasibility. Part 4. In
Municipal waste disposal by shipborne incinera-
tion and sea disposal of residues. Boston, Mas-
sachusetts, Harvard University School of Public
Health, June 1972. p. 2(22-28).
This paper examines alternate waste transporta-
tion and allocation schemes between simultane-
ous ocean and land disposal facilities. The rela-
tive economic advantage of each option is evalu-
ated. A very simple waste loading scheme is il-
lustratedO a converted Liberty ship equipped
with two rotary kiln furnaces and one special
purpose furnace, for demolition and construction
wastes. The advantages and disadvantages of
this waste handling method are discussed. A
slow ship loading method, modern container han-
dling techniques, and a containerized incinerator
ship design are discussed and illustrated. Details
of feeding devices are also shown. It is concluded
that the system is probably convertible to an au-
tomated transfer system on board for feeding
the furnaces. This will reduce manpower
requirements. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23279]
734031
FIRST, M. W. Engineering feasibility. Part 5. In
Municipal waste disposal by shipborne incinera-
tion and sea disposal of residues. Boston, Mas-
sachusetts, Harvard University School of Public
Health, June 1972. p. 2(28-32).
This paper discusses current technology for
land-based conventional incinerators which ap-
pears to be adequate for 'the design and con-
struction of incinerators for shipboard use. Ship
restrictions require the use of long, narrow in-
cinerators of moderate height. For shipborne in-
cinerators, the residue discharges into a quench
tank, instead of directly into the ocean, to
prevent littering the surface of the ocean in the
vicinity of the incinerator ship. It was found that
floating material consisted principally of cans
and charred wood fragments. When skimmed
from the surface of the quench tank, crushed, de-
watered, and recharged to the furnace, the recy-
cled residue no longer floats when again
discharged from the surface into the quenching
tank. Such a system requires little space and
would not be costly. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23280]
-------
50
73-4032
FIRST, M. W. Solid waste management. Part. 4.
In Municipal waste disposal by shipborne in-
cineration and sea disposal of residues. Boston,
Massachusetts, Harvard University School of
Public Health, June 1972. p. 1(14-17).
This paper discusses ocean disposal of solid
wastes from U.S. cities. Disposal costs are
described along with dredge disposal, the con-
struction of artificial reefs with waste materials,
reduced interest in ocean dumping of discarded
autos and refrigerators, and ocean disposal of
coal-fired power station ash. The possibility of
fertilizing the oceans by some types of waste
disposal practices is recognized; nevertheless,
there are at present very few field investiga-
tions being conducted of ecological and other ef-
fects from items deposited in the oceans. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23282]
73-4033
FIRST, M. W., ED. Municipal waste disposal by
shipborne incineration and sea disposal of
residues. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard
University School of Public Health, June 1972.
546 p.
This report deals with the technical aspects of
municipal waste disposal by shipborne incinera-
tion, and sea disposal of residues. The section
topics included: solid waste management; en-
gineering feasibility; composition of incinerator
residues and analyses of marine organisms; tox-
icity of incinerator residues for marine organ-
isms; oceanographic studies; evaluation of an
ocean-based solid waste disposal system: air pol-
lution control aspects; and a simulation model for
solid waste management. A detailed table of con-
tents plus a list of tables and figures precedes
each section. The bibliographies are also exten-
sive. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23281]
73-4034
GROMMERS, F., J. MAHONEY, AND M. W. FIRST.
A simulation model for solid waste management.
Part 1. In Municipal waste disposal by ship-
borne incineration and sea disposal of residues.
Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard University
School of Public Health, June 1972. p. 7(1-5).
This paper presents a waste management simu-
lation model to be used as a decision aid when
planning the use of combined land and ocean-
based disposal methods. The model computes the
cost of varying options to the community and the
amount of scarce resources, such as the man-
power required. Mathematical models are used
to solve deterministic planning problems when
the number of variables is small; however, when
mathematical and computer technology cannot
be used to produce an optimum plan for a system
as large, complex, and nonlinear as a solid waste
disposal system, a simulation model can be
prepared. Land-based and ocean-based solid
waste disposal methods are discussed in detail.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23283]
73-4035
GROMMERS, F., J. MAHONEY, AND M. W. FIRST.
A simulation model for solid waste management.
Part 2. In Municipal waste disposal by ship-
borne incineration and sea disposal of residues.
Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard University
School of Public Health, June 1972. p. 7(5-38).
This paper discusses the objectives of the Boston
waste disposal system, which are disposal of the
waste produced, maximum recovery of valuable
scrap, utilization of heat used by incineration,
and creation of new land from raw waste or in-
cinerator residue. Constraints include control of
incineration to meet air pollution abatement
requirements and regulation to landfill usage.
The major costs of the waste disposal system
were considered to be collection and hauling to
final sites, land-based incineration and residue
burial, sanitary landfilling, ship incineration and
disposal of nonfloating residues in the ocean, and
air pollution damage from individual or public
disposal by incineration. A model was designed
to represent the entire waste disposal system
which interrelated the following subsystems:
waste disposal methods; byproducts of disposal
procedures; and weather, labor, and equipment
costs. It is concluded that the conttibution of an
incinerator ship to total waste disposal costs and
benefits is significant if the cost of this method is
-------
51
equal to or lower than land incineration. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23284]
73-4036
MAHONEY, J. R. Evaluation of an ocean based
solid waste disposal system: air pollution control
aspects. Part 1. In Municipal waste disposal by
shipborne incineration and sea disposal of
residues. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard
University School of Public Health, June 1972. p.
6(1-52).
This paper evaluates the possibility that off-
shore incineration might lead to adverse ah*
quality along the coastline when an on-shore
wind occurs locally. To estimate the rate of at-
mospheric dispersion from an ocean-based in-
cinerator, it is necessary to know the turbulent
properties of the atmosphere immediately above
the ocean and how these properties change as
the weather changes. The most striking conclu-
sion derived from the data analysis of these
Boston Harbor experiments is the great varia-
bility in the observed turbulence parameters
and, therefore, the great variability in at-
mospheric diffusion rates. The diffusion coeffi-
cients depend upon fetch, sea state, speed, and
atmospheric stability. A ship-based turbulence
observation program has two advantages: the
same observing equipment is moved from site to
site so that all data are derived from the same
set of transducers; and instrumentation cost is
reduced because only one set is required for the
entire program. Two major disadvantages are
that the platform is not fixed, and it is impossible
to obtain simultaneous observations at multiple
sites. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23285]
73-4037
MAHONEY, J. R. Evaluation of an ocean based
solid waste disposal system: air pollution control
aspects. Part 2. In Municipal waste disposal by
shipborne incineration and sea disposal of
residues. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard
University School of Public Health, June 1972. p.
6(52-59).
This paper estimates shoreline concentrations of
airborne products from off-shore incineration.
To analyze the risk of high concentrations of in-
cinerator products in the atmosphere along the
coastline, it is necessary to convert the observa-
tions of atmospheric turbulence into descriptions
of diffusion parameters. It is concluded that over
the ocean, as well as over land, a well-designed
incinerator will not seriously affect neighbors at
distances greater than 1 km. Although the
average atmosphere dispersion capacity is less
over water than over land, this difference does
not result in significant concentrations at
distances several km downwind from the in-
cinerator emission point. An operation scheme
for incinerator operation is provided. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23286]
734038
MAHONEY, J. R. Evaluation of an ocean based
solid waste disposal system: air pollution control
aspects. Part 3. In Municipal waste disposal by
shipborne incineration and sea disposal of
residues. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard
University School of Public Health, June 1972. p.
6(60-71).
This paper discusses operation ocean waste
disposal constraints associated with adverse
weather conditions. Ocean-based disposal
systems are subject to interruption during
periods of severe weather. Pertinent factors
discussed include system configuration, vessel
size and shape, design of incinerator and materi-
als disposal equipment, available navigation aids,
and job functions for the operating manpower.
The adverse meteorological parameters
described include wind, temperature, precipita-
tion, and fog. Three conclusions followed: varia-
bility in smokeshade is controlled primarily by
the synoptic scale meteorological pattern;
monthly average pattern of daily variability is a
two-peaked distribution; and maximum readings
occur during the winter months. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23287]
-------
52
73-4039
MARTIN, C. Ecological aspects of the disposal
incinerator residues in the sea. In Municipal
waste disposal by shipborne incineration and sea
disposal of residues. Boston, Massachusetts,
Harvard University School of Public Health,
June 1972. p. 4(106-122).
This paper provides a study of potential toxic ef-
fects of the incinerator residue itself on the
ecology and of the uptake of toxic metals by
selected marine species. Some probable problem
areas are indicated. A few general conclusions
are drawn: incinerator residue will dramatically
modify the immediate environment; assimilation
of the components of incinerator residue by the
marine exosystems will involve sedimentation,
dissolution, biological uptake and cycling, and
dispersal; response of organisms to the presence
of incinerator wastes will not be uniform; and
toxic effects from residue components
(especially heavy metals) will depend upon many
factors other than the simple presence of the
toxic in sensitive species. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23288]
73-4040
OVIATT, C. Long period in situ assays. In Mu-
nicipal waste disposal by shipborne incineration
and sea disposal of residues. Boston, Mas-
sachusetts, Harvard University School of Public
Health, June 1972. p. 4(17-53).
This paper discusses experiments which were
carried out in field plots to study chronic effects
resulting from frequent periodic applications of
residue over time periods of months and years.
The three species employed for long-period ex-
posures were hard shell clams, winter flounder,
and sea scallops. The results are given in text
and tables. Growth tests are also discussed in
detail. To check unexplained morality, long-term
experiments were carried out inside the labora-
tory with untagged fish. Sediment analyses of
outside exposure plots were also conducted. It is
concluded that regular residue additions
changed the normal sediment characteristics
slightly. Evidently, the residue contributed
larger particles to the sediment but if the values
from the clam plots are varied, attrition also oc-
curs. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23289]
73-4041
OVIATT, C., AND M. W. FIRST. Oceanographic
studies. Part 1. In Municipal waste disposal by
shipborne incineration and sea disposal of
residues. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard
University School of Public Health, June 1972. p.
5(1-36).
This study is concerned with criteria for the
disposal of incinerated residues in the marine en-
vironment. Experimental sites were selected to
determine the fate of residues on the bottom at
different depths. No attempt was made to deter-
mine the fate of suspended or floating com-
ponents. Cans and bottles represented incinera-
tor residue. Direct observations were made by
scuba divers in shallow waters and from a small
submersible in deeper water on the movement of
these materials. The general objective was to
define criteria for an economically feasible dump
site which would not conflict with military, com-
mercial, and fishing interests, and at which ex-
treme oceanic conditions would not move materi-
al significantly from a designated dumping site
area to cause a pollution problem. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23290]
73-4042
OVIATT, C., AND M. W. FIRST. Oceanographic
studies. Part 2. In Municipal waste disposal by
shipborne incineration and sea disposal of
residues. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard
University School of Public Health, June 1972. p.
5(37-41).
This paper contains recommendations for select-
ing an off-shore dump site for incinerator
residue. Selected areas should be surveyed prior
to any dumping operations. The survey should
include the following: sediments and contours;
the biology; and depth, bottom currents, and
wave activity. It is concluded that an incinerator
residue dump site should probably be at least 200
ft deep and the area at this depth should be at
least 1 sq mile to contain the residues after 1
year of movement. The residue should be
-------
53
thoroughly incinerated and crushed. Crushing
the cans and breaking bottles reduces their ten-
dency to float or to move under extreme oceanic
conditions. It is further concluded that the less
dense ash component of the total residue will be
more rapidly dispersed than the can component
and glass, and that in a 1-year period of exposure
to sea water, cans disintegrate into soft scales of
rust. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23291]
PACKAGING WASTES
73-4043
Another line of biodegradable plastics. Chemi-
cal Engineering, 18, Oct. 2,1972.
Another line of biodegradable plastics is ready
for commercialization. Van Leer-Ecoplastics
Ltd., of Toronto, Ontario, expects to have com-
mercial quantities of sunlight-disintegratable
polymers available around the end of this year.
Initial development work has been with
polystyrene. The polymers are biodegradable
because light-sensitive chemical groups are built
directly into the polymer chains. This approach
offers advantages over the physical mixing of
light-sensitive additives with the polymers; for
instance, the latter method introduces the risk of
additive migration to food stuffs or other goods
being packaged in the plastics.
[23292]
73-4044
ARDITO, G. J. New packaging applications for
thermoforming. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 2, Chicago, May 15-
18, 1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 809-
815.
This paper discusses new thermoforming
materials, processing techniques, and specialized
equipment which are allowing thermoformers to
produce packages economically that are tailored
to very specific applications. One of the most sig-
nificant factors in expanding the uses of ther-
moforming in packaging are the variations of the
basic process which allow the processor to over-
come previous limitations on thermoforming. A
number of these involve the combination of ther-
moforming with other processing techniques.
New processes, techniques, applications, and
package designs are discussed in detail and illus-
trated. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23293]
73-4045
Beseitigung von kunststoffabfaellen in den
USA. [Disposal of plastic wastes in the USA.]
Gummi-Asbest-Kunststoffe, 25(10):948, 950, 952,
Oct. 1972.
State of the art of plastic waste disposal in the
United States is reviewed. The proportion of
plastics, mostly in the form of packaging wastes,
in the total waste volume lies well below 2 per-
cent, and is expected not to exceed 3 percent in
1980. Polyolefins, polystyrol and polyvinyl
chloride account for 55, 20 and 11 percent,
respectively. The polyvinyl chloride content of
the wastes lies at 0.2 to 0.25 percent, and a pro-
portion of 0.45 percent is anticipated by 1980.
The hydrochloric acid emissions from the in-
cineration of polyvinyl chloride wastes continue
to cause no problems, as the hydrochloric acid
concentrations in the flue gases can be kept
below 400 to 500 ppm with ease. The waste heat
from waste incinerators is increasingly utilized
for the generation of steam, hot water or elec-
tricity. The disposal of plastic wastes, especially
when compacted, on sanitary landfills is free
from environmental hazards. Both pyrolysis and
biodegradable plastic packaging will require
further studies before they can acquire practical
interest. (Text in German)
[23295]
73-4046
Cellulose-based package material will rot faster.
Food Technology in New Zealand, 10(7):27, Oct.
1972.
A long-term investigation into the ultimate
disposability of packaging materials conducted
by British Cellophane has resulted in a claim by
the company that cellulose-based packaging
films are more readily and completely disposable
than plastic films. Plastic films, metal containers,
plastic containers, and cellophane films were all
subjected to four disposal methodsO burial in
-------
54
soil, composting, burial in a sanitary landfill, and
incineration. The cellulose-based films tended to
degrade completely under burial conditions in a
period of 2 to 7 months. They also burned more
quickly and completely than plastic and emitted
no harmful gasses. A more detailed report sum-
marizing the 3-month study has been prepared
by British Cellophane Ltd. and is available from
Group Marketing Services, British Cellophane
Ltd., Bath Road, Bridgewater, Somerset, United
Kingdom.
[23296]
73-4047
DEVALERIA, R., AND F. SULLIVAN. Test
methods used to qualify PVC compounds for
food packaging applications. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 2,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 598-603.
This paper discusses the development of food
packaging compounds which can maintain the in-
tegrity of the food's flavor and aroma during
normal shelf life. A typical compound of polyvi-
nyl chloride (PVC) combined with stabilizers and
lubricants was blended with impact modifiers
and process aids. These blends were blown into
bottles. Confinement and transfer tests were
performed on these bottles followed by storage
tests at room temperature and 100 F with spring
water, salad oil, wine vinegar, french dressing,
and whiskey. All the PVC packages evaluated by
shelf-aging were acceptable from an aroma and
flavor standpoint. It was concluded that odor
transfer to water, mineral oil, and butter can be
used as a screening tool to predict performance
of plastic packaging variables. Also, good cor-
relation was observed between mildly ac-
celerated and room temperature aging for the
five foods mentioned above. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.
[23297]
73-4048
DOTSON, B. R., E. D. MORRISON, AND R. F. WIL-
LIAMS, JR. Heat scalable polyolefin films made
by fluid compression In Proceedings; 30th An-
nual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Il-
linois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 35-39.
This paper discusses fluid compression rolling, a
method for producing oriented films and sheet-
ing. Metal rolling mills or similar equipment are
used to extend and orient previously extruded
sheet at high speeds under controlled heat and
pressure. Compared to dry or cold rolling
methods, the pressure required for fluid rolling
is greatly reduced. The fluid also prevents
sticking and increases mobility of the sheet,
resulting in a more uniform product. In order to
make the films more versatile it was necessary
to develop a coating which would soften and heat
seal at a point below the distortion or sticking
temperature of the base film. It was decided to
apply a low melting polymer to act as a heat
scalable coating and as the rolling fluid, thereby
eliminating the necessity of spraying a rolling
fluid into the nip. It is concluded that a useful
packaging film that can be used on existing
packaging machines designed for use with cel-
lophane can be produced by the fluid rolling
method using a heat scalable coating based on a
low melting polymer. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23298]
73-4049
HERR, E. A., AND A. Fox. Advances in plastic
encapsulated semiconductors. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastic Engineers, p. 239-246.
This paper reviews the capability of devices
fabricated with a new technique to withstand ac-
celerated environmental tests as well as long
term high level reliability tests. An example of
this type of packaging is the monoplastic solid
encapsulant for n-propyl nitrate (NPN) and PNP
silicon planar passivated signal transistors. This
patented encapsulant is a highly crosslinked
epoxy polymer which is capable of long term per-
formance. This study has shown that these
devices can withstand extended thermomechani-
cal tests, increasing levels of environmental
tests, and high levels of temperature and humidi-
ty. Operating life testing at accelerated condi-
tions for over 2 years have resulted in very low
failure rates. Demonstration of the capabilities
of these devices, combined with an excellent per-
formance record in consumer and industrial
-------
equipment have broadened their utilization
range. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23299]
73-4050
JAMISON, L. G. Despite uncertainties created by
government and consumers, innovations in
Canadian packaging will continue 'inexorably.'
Food in Canada, 31(9):38-39, Sept. 1971.
This article discusses Canada's packaging indus-
try. The industry anticipates a strong movement
toward more unit packaging both for consumer
and institutional use. Canada may soon see the
introduction of a new packaging developmentO
plastic paper. It is expected to have a wide
variety of applications including many in the
food industry. Another new development is a
water-soluble film to be used as a container for
chemical insecticides and fungicides. Also,
research and development work is being con-
ducted on the production of effective
biodegradable or reusable packaging materials.
[23300]
73-4051
Non-polluting symbol of Cellophane film.
Plastics Paint and Rubber, 16(8):9, Aug. 1972.
This article discusses British Cellophane
Limited's introduction of a symbol to illustrate
to packaging film users that their product in non-
polluting. The company has been engaged in an
extensive program of research to determine the
comparative degradation of packaging materials.
Conclusive tests have revealed that their Cel-
lophane, produced from natural cellulose
degrades virtually completely with a period of 1
to 3 months, depending on the coating. This cellu-
lose film, if buried, biodegrades to provide a com-
post. The manufacturers also claim that the film
produces carbon dioxide, itself a plant food,
when burned.
[23301]
73-4052
RITCHIE, K., W. HUNTER, C. MALKIEWICZ, AND
C. MAZE. Application of thermal analysis to
evaluation of semiconductor encapsulation. In
Proceedings; 30th Annual Technical Conference,
55
Part 1, Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18,1972. Society
of Plastics Engineers, p. 114-116.
This paper discusses the effect of molding com-
pound differences on thermal stability of
package dimensions, and evaluates molding com-
pounds that have difficulty in moldability. Ther-
momechanical analysis (TMA) and differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) are useful
techniques for studying encapsulation of small
delicate devices. This paper shows that the mold-
ing conditions can be optimized to mold uniform
packages from cavity-to-cavity at the same mold
shot. Apparatus and method, measurements,
results, and conclusions are discussed in detail.
The researchers observed a variation of plastic
in plastic packages from cavity-to-cavity by
TMA evaluation which can be minimized using
proper molding conditions. It is also concluded
that some molding compounds have an
anisotropic thermal expansion which must be
considered in the package design. The usefulness
of the DSC is demonstrated for evaluation of
thermoset molding compounds. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS libary.)
[23302]
73-4053
RITCHIE, K, W. HUNTER, C. MALKIEWICZ, AND
C. MAZE. Evaluation of plastic materials for
semiconductor encapsulation. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 256-259.
Observations of interactions between plastics
and dies are described and discussed in terms of
the nature of the die, the time and temperature
of exposure, and the properties of the plastics.
The paper also points out that economical manu-
facture of reliable plastic-encapsulated semicon-
ductors requires evaluation and control of the
uniformity of parts from different mold cavities,
the coefficient of thermal expansion of the
package, and the moldability of the plastic. The
usefulness of the thermal analyzer for evaluation
of these properties is demonstrated. The follow-
ing conclusions are drawn: the particular n-
propyl nitrate (NPN) devices studied were af-
fected more than the PNP devices by the
plastics tested, and device geometry was less im-
portant than device polarity; high-termperature
-------
56
reverse-bias (HTRB) testing is very useful for
screening molding compounds; HTRB testing is
very useful for screening molding compounds;
HTRB testing can be used to follow the post
cure reaction of some molding compounds; and
subtle changes can be followed in HTRB testing
by examining the forward current-voltage rela-
tionship of the emitter-base junction. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23303]
73-4054
SMITH, P. E. Plastic packages for complex
microcircuits. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
260-263.
This paper discusses the advantages of metal-
lized plastic packages over existing packages.
Metallized plastics packages are hermetic and
economical, and provide protection from damage
for such delicate items as silicon chips. Two
major systems of metallization are available, one
for high temperature bonding and one for room
temperature bonding. Because of the metallized
nature of the conductor, several conductive
layers can be sandwiched between layers of
plastic. Interconnection, utilizing vias, makes the
multilayer network capable of handling more
than one device. The current major fields of ap-
plication for metallized plastic packages are elec-
tronics circuitry and optoelectronics. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23304]
73-4055
UTZ, E. P. Unique design of a polyester-glass
battery rack. In Proceedings; 30th Annual
Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Illinois,
May 15-18,1972. Society of Plastics Engineers, p.
178-184.
This paper describes the designing of a glass
reinforced polyester battery rack developed for
the Bell System. The information presented in-
cludes: a list of design objectives, a description of
the special material properties required for this
application, an explanation of why this material
was chosen, a description of the rack assembly
and parts, a list of procedures for assembling the
soft-site and earthquake-braced racks, a descrip-
tion of the battery lock assembly, its adaptability
to various sizes of batteries, the results of
mechanical testing, and a cost comparison with
steel battery racks. It is concluded that this
design satisfies all the objectives of cost, sur-
vival in hardened environments, utility material
properties, and adaptability to various size bat-
teries. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23305]
73-4056
WARNECKE, H. Die Verpackung als Pruegelk-
nabe unserer Wohlstandsgesellschaft. Wo
waeren wir ohne Verpackung? [Packaging as
scapegoat of our affluent society. Where would
we be without packaging?] Sprechsaal, 106:807-
808,810-812,814-815, Oct. 1972.
Based on present conditions in West Germany,
packaging material, by weight, amounts to 35
percent of the average household refuse. In com-
ing years, a further increase is expected due to
rising standards of living, population growth,
growing concentration of population in large ci-
ties, modern methods of goods distribution, and
other reasons. Reuse of plastic and glass con-
tainers appears, on balance, economically im-
practical, considering additional labor which
would be required for cleaning and recondition-
ing. The method of self-service in food stores
would be unthinkable without packaging, unless
one would return to conditions requiring much
more personnel. The answer, therefore, lies in
accepting the present packaging system, but
concentrating on up-to-date methods of disposal.
This would imply doing away with uncontrolled
dumping, development of controlled dumps and
landfills, building of additional modern incinera-
tor plants, arranging for garbage collection at
shorter intervals, and educating the population
for keeping the environment clean. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23306]
73-4057
World Packaging Organization.
Cleansing, 61(7):309-312, July 1971.
Public
-------
57
This article discusses the 3-day International
Congress of the World Packaging Organization
(WPO). The main objectives of the WPO are to
provide a forum for the exchange of ideas on
packaging; to promote the development of
packaging techniques; to disseminate informa-
tion on packaging; development of skills and ex-
pertise in packaging; and in general to create
conditions for conservations, preservation, and
distribution of world food production. Twenty
papers were read which covered every aspect of
this subject. The titles of the papers and the
names of the speakers are provided. It is con-
cluded that the packaging industries can do the
following: reduce the mass of packaging material
going into the solid waste stream; make
packages reusable; make packages suitable for
recycling processes; convert packaging waste
materials to nonpackaging uses; and make waste
packages fit disposal systems more efficiently.
[23307]
PROCESSING / REDUCTION
73-4058
EASTLUND, B. J., W. C. GOUGH, AND Z. A.
SABRI. In defense of the fusion torch. Physics
Today, 15(10):9,11,13, Oct. 1972.
This article defends the fusion torch concept.
The purpose of proposing the fusion torch con-
cept was to stimulate interest in the use of the
science and technology that has been developed
under the fusion power program to meet both
the near and the long-term needs of society. The
fusion torch refers to the devices that can be
powered either by electrical energy or energy
contained in a fusion plasma. An important fac-
tor influencing the energy use in the fusion torch
concept is the separation technique used. Other
factors are also discussed. Although all of the fu-
sion torch possibilities have not been tested and
aspects may turn out to be impractical, the con-
cept itself appears to be viable. The concept
leaves room for the ingenuity of the physicist
and engineer to implement it in a way that
guarantees optimum energy utilization with
maximum economical benefit.
[23308]
73-4059
New series of automatic compactors by Con-
solidated Baling Machine Company. Secondary
Raw Materials, 10(8): 135, Aug. 1972.
This article discusses a new series of automatic
refuse compactors which has been introduced by
Consolidated Baling Machine Co. of Brooklyn,
New York. This new series has two kinds of com-
pactors. The Con-Pak model is completely auto-
matic and compresses trash from as many as 35
apartments into cartons and plastic bags. Three
models are available which will quickly and effi-
ciently produce bales of refuse held together
with wire or string ties which can then be
disposed of in cartons or plastic bags. These com-
pactors will handle paper, rags, cardboard, cans,
bottles, and even aerosol cans. The Con-Pak se-
ries is ideally suited for use in hospitals, banks,
restaurants, cafeterias, schools, motels, and
apartment buildings. The BalePaker units are
geared more for disposing of waste materials in
retail stores, shopping centers, larger feeding
establishments, and industrial plants.
[23309]
73-4060
Waste destructor. Water and Wastes Digest,
12(5):3, Sept./0ct. 1972.
This article discusses trash hoppers. Two
recessed trash receiving storage and charging
hoppers, with a capacity of 0.75 cu yd each, can
feed trash automatically into a controlled waste
reduction chamber. In the chamber the com-
bustibles are transformed into gases. These
gases travel through an oxidation chamber
where they are transformed by temperatures of
heat reaching 1,800 F into water and carbon
dioxide.
[23310]
RECYCLING
73-4061
$2 million expansion completed at Garden State
Pomona Mill. Secondary Raw Materials,
10(10):118-119, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the completion of a $2.5
million expansion at Garden State Paper Co.
Pomona Mill in California. Its production of recy-
-------
58
cled newsprint will be increased from 85,000 tons
per year to about 110,000 tons at the California
location. The firm's deinking process is the only
one in the world which manufactures newspring
entirely from old newspapers. The expansion
will bring consumption of old newspapers to
128,000 tons per annum by the end of 1973. The
company obtains most of its newsprint through
brokers and does not recycle magazines because
glue and other materials in these publications
create problems in the recycling process. The
firm lists 200 newspapers across the country
among its customers, including some 50 Califor-
nia publishers.
[23339]
73-4062
BYNUM, D., J. F. EVERTSON, H. 0. FLEISHER,
AND D. R. RAY. Uses of wasted solids for im-
proved construction. Materiaux et Construc-
tions, 5(28):221-229, July-Aug. 1972.
This article considers the current amount of
waste solids, costs of disposal, and some of the
problems impeding solutions. Research on the
recyling of various new types of contruction
materials such as beer bottles, scrap tires, plastic
milk jugs, and animal waste were discussed. New
procedures were used for better evaluations in
the reported feasibility studies. It is concluded
that with further research efforts machine
designers and materials analysts could deter-
mine the procedures for economical production
of new materials from wasted solids.
[23311]
73-4063
CHASTAIN, C. E. Plastics are ecologically
preferred materials. In Proceedings; 30th An-
nual Technical Conference, Part 1, Chicago, Il-
linois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of Plastics En-
gineers, p. 202-205.
This paper advocates and defends the use of
plastics, since the researcher feels that com-
pared to alternative materials plastics do more
good for mankind with less harm to the ecology
than any other substitute. The topics discussed
include a credibility gap in the ecology move-
ment, charges against plastics, the desire for
simplistic solutions, social needs versus ecologi-
cal needs, the age of plastics, burning plastics,
energy recycling, the durability of plastics,
plastics and litter, consumer scrap drives, new
methods for plastics recovery, and the ecological
costs of glass, metal, and paper. It is concluded
that as the supply of raw materials and energy
dwindles in the future, the skills of the plastic in-
dustry will be the nation's best hope to trans-
form any available waste into materials of useful
energy again. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23312]
73-4064
CILDIR, H., AND P. HOWARTH. The effect of re-
use on paper strength. Paper Technology,
13(5):333-335, Oct. 1972.
This article examines the effect of increasing the
reuse factor for waste paper on paper quality, in
terms of strength and opacity. Tests were car-
ried out on hand sheets made from bleached sul-
phite pulp after an increasing number of
repulpings. The results show that, with an in-
creasing reuse factors, the deterioration in ten-
sile strength is accelerated. Opacity does not
vary. Tests were also carried out on sheets made
with mixtures of stored stock from various
repulpings. These results show the variation in
tensile strength, tear, and opacity ratios with
successive repulpings. From the results of zero
span tensile strength tests, it is concluded that
the effect on repulping bonding is considerably
greater than the effect on fiber strength.
[23313]
73-4065
Commercial microbiological waste disposal
system. Chemical Processing, 19, Oct. 1972.
This article announces the operation of the first
commercial-scale plant to use the new Eweson
Process for waste disposal. The plant is in opera-
tion at the Ambassador College, Big Sandy,
Texas. A Swedish biochemist and fermentation
specialist, Eric Eweson developed this system
which converts wastes into valuable end
products for agriculture and eliminates the pol-
lution caused by other disposal methods. The
process produces high-quality humus, sanitary
landfill, high-protein animal feed, and enzymatic
-------
59
supplements for poultry litter. The system's ro-
tary fermenter (or digester) is 11 by 120 ft and
can process up to 30 tons of refuse, sewage, or
other wastes daily. Larger units which would
serve communities of up to 100,000 residents can
also be built. The process is free from flies,
rodents, and odors; and it creates temperatures
which destroy all pathogens and weed seeds.
[23314]
73-4066
FALTERMAYER, E. Metals: the warning signals
are up. Fortune, 86(4):108-112, 164, 169-170, 174,
176, Oct. 1972.
This article points out that metal supplies may
not run out soon, but we may have to use more
lower-grade ores and put more emphasis on
recycling. In 1970 the United States metal indus-
try met less than 60 percent of its primary de-
mand with domestic ores. This growing use of
foreign ore places the United States in competi-
tion with the rest of the world for the available
supply. The topics covered in detail include
reserves versus resources, the everyday cost of
some everyday metals, iron, aluminum, copper,
lead, zinc, nickel, titanium, chromium, columbi-
um, what platinum does for air pollution, tin,
tungsten, stepping up the ore hunt, and economic
incentives for using scrap metal.
[23315]
73-4067
Fast route to steel production from scrap.
Metals and Materials, 6(1 ):1, Jan. 1972.
This article discusses a novel process for the
rapid production of steel from scrap which has
been put into operation in Sweden. It is said to
be very economical. The process melts and
refines steel by employing twin furnace shells
and interchangeable roofs. While preheating and
melting is being carried out in the one shell,
refining takes place in the other. The use of this
dual system insures maximum plant and power
utilization. Other features of the system are: an
ability to use dual energy sources; continuity in
steel output; and the ability to produce two dif-
ferent grades, or types, of steel at the same time.
[23316]
73-4068
FIRST, M. W. Solid waste management. Part 1.
In Municipal waste disposal by shipborne in-
cineration and sea disposal of residues. Boston,
Massachusetts, Harvard University School of
Public Health, June 1972. p. 1(1-3).
This paper stresses that it is essential that all
waste disposal proposals be examined by com-
petent scientists and engineers and judged solely
on their merits with proper regard for environ-
mental effects. Since, ultimately, all waste
products must be returned to the environment,
recycling of materials will reduce the amounts of
waste. Since some wastes cannot be recycled, the
entire environment must be studied and deter-
minations made regarding the amounts and
types of wastes which may be released into each
segment at each location in a safe manner. It is
never possible to predict with certainty the
exact effects of large-scale disposal efforts from
small-scale pilot and theoretical studies. There-
fore, large-scale demonstrations, for extended
periods, must follow if proper evaluations are to
be made. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23317]
73-4069
Glasphalt paving for airport road. American
City, 179, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses a paving experiment being
conducted at the John F. Kennedy International
Airport. Crushed glass from more than 90,000
bottles and jars reclaimed from solid waste form
part of the aggregate in a 1.5 in. thick glasphalt
test strip. About 3,000 vehicles will travel on the
new glasphalt roadway each day. Glasphalt is
similar to ordinary asphalt except that crushed
waste glass is used as aggregate in place of
crushed limestone and sand. Other experimental
products currently being studied by the glass
container industry include tarrazzo tile flooring,
glass wool insulation, bricks, building blocks, and
interior wall panels. More than one billion glass
containers have been recycled since a collection
campaign was launched in June 1970.
[23318]
-------
60
73-4070
GLORIA, M. F. Bagasse structural board~our
hope? Sugarland, 9(6/7): 14, 16, 22, 27, 28,
June/July 1972.
This article outlines one possible answer to the
problems of dwindling forest reserves and the
rising cost of wood. The recommendation is to
use bagasse structural boardO structural materi-
als made from bagasse, with or without the addi-
tion of binders. Depending upon manufacturing
conditions, its properties range from a light
porous board to a dense stiff and strong hard-
board which can be used to replace plywood,
lumber, or wood particle board for many applica-
tions. Structural board can be made by two
processesO wet or dry. In both processes, the
final products are trimmed to market dimen-
sions. The bagasse can also be used for molded
products, such as containers or suitcases. Rising
costs are drastically affecting the economic
operations of many sugar mills, but a solution
may be economic utilization of byproducts.
[23319]
73-4071
HUSTAD, G. 0., AND T. RICHARDSON. Rigid
polyurethane foams extended with partially de-
lactosed whey powder. Journal of Dairy Science,
55(10):1,388-1,395, Oct. 1972.
This article describes how partially delactosed
whey powder was incorporated as an extender in
rigid polyurethane foam formulations.
Polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate was the
polyisocyante and water was the blowing agent.
Physical properties of the resultant products in-
dicated acceptable textured, usable foams with
good density control and dimensional stability
for all whey powder additions. Increasing delac-
tosed powder decreased compressive strength
and increased open cells. Costs are also
discussed.
[23320]
73-4072
JOYCE, R. J. Utilization of reclaimed sand in-
volving a clay-bonded system. British
Foundryman, 65(10):376-377, Oct. 1972.
This article examines the value of reclaiming
sand within a foundry. New alternatives to the
traditional clay sand binder system have brought
claims for increased productivity. This higher
productivity can be attained by the suitable
deployment of existing assets and without incur-
ring the cost of more expensive materials. Max-
imum reuse of molding sand binders, together
with wet reclamation of sand, provides a highly
economic system of producing rigid molds. This
method for sand reclamation takes into account
all aspects of the foundry. It started operation in
1964 to produce a range of castings in grey iron
for use by its associated machine tool divisions.
[23321]
73-4073
KORPELA, J., AND I. PIRHONEN. The use of
steam-hydrolysed birch waste as an extender of
phenol glues. Paper and Timber, 9(54):541-542,
Sept. 30,1972.
This article discusses dried and ground acid-
hydrolysis waste from plants, including pen-
tosan, which is generally used as a phenolic adhe-
sive extender in the American plywood industry.
In the Finnish plywood industry Quebracho tan-
nin and wood powder are used for this purpose.
This article outlines plywood glueing experi-
ments which have proven that dried and ground
steam-hydrolyzed birch waste can replace
Quebracho tannin and wood powder as an ex-
tender of phenol glue. The cutting strength of
the plywood in which hydrolysis waste was used
as extender compared well with that of the other
plywood. The slight differences in the hydrolysis
conditions were not found to have any marked
effect on the properties of the hydrolysis waste
when this was utilized as an extender of phenol
glues.
[23322]
73-4074
MACK, W. A. Case histories in profitable
recycling of waste plastics. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 190-198.
This paper outlines some of the newer develop-
ments that can enable processors to make
profitable uses of plastics materials that have
served their initial purposes. Recently there has
-------
61
been a great deal of light shed on the reclamation
of plastics scrap and the many problems sur-
rounding such reclamation. During 1971 plastics
industry representatives stressed that the
technology now exists for the reclamation of
most plastics materials, and the plastics industry
is using this technology to a much greater degree
than the general public and the government real-
ize. The specific topics discussed include: the ul-
timate goal, cooperation, recycling is widespread,
the need for revision of specifications, what hap-
pened in San Diego, segregating municipal
wastes, use of recyclable materials, reducing
segregation difficulties, polyethylene as a com-
patibilizer, new recycling unit, low tooling costs,
typical recylcing costs, waste collection services,
reclaiming fiber scrap, plastics and disposal of
radioactive wastes, and concrete versus asphalt
or polyethylene. It is concluded that the
recycling of plastics can be economically feasible.
As a result of talks by industry officials and
through magazine and newspaper articles, peo-
ple are now less inclined to accept the notion that
plastics are primary pollution factors. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23323]
73-4075
MAKHSUDOV, Y. M., A. A. TUICHIEV, AND T. R.
ABDURASHIDOV. Reclaim of polyethylene from
cable scrap. Indian Plastics Review, 18(10):22-
23, Oct. 1972.
This article describes a method of reclaiming
polyethylene insulation from cable scrap by
chemical dissolution with subsequent precipita-
tion of the polymer. The solvents used were
benzene, toluene, xylene, or carbon tetrachloride.
The polyethylene scrap was dissolved at a tem-
perature close to the boiling point of the solvent,
and the highest swelling of the polyethylene was
observed in toluene and carbon tetrachloride.
The polymer was then precipitated with an aque-
ous solution of a Soviet surfactant. The method
was tried on large-scale laboratory equipment
and produced good results.
[28324]
73-4076
Mighdoll tells Tappi economic profitability key
to recycling. Waste Trade Journal, 68(39):4,
Sept. 30,1972.
M. J. Mighdoll, executive vice president of the
National Association of Secondary Material In-
dustries (NASMI) told members of the Technical
Association of Pulp and Paper Industries
(TAPPI), at a meeting in Buffalo, that there will
be no recycling and no increased utilization of
solid waste unless recycling becomes economi-
cally profitable to all concerned. Mr. Mighdoll
was addressing the 1972 Secondary Fiber Pulp-
ing Conference. He felt that municipalities
would have no reason to collect solid waste for
recycling purposes unless the cost of solid waste
can be turned from a disposal liability to a
recycling asset through its effective utilization.
Also, without an economic motive the paper and
paperboard manufacturers themselves would
hardly seek to use more recycled paper.
[23325]
73-4077
MORGAN, A. D. Basic requirements of sand
reclamation. British Foundryman, 65(10):361-
371, Oct. 1972.
This article outlines the basic requirements
which must be satisfied when considering sand
reclamation, and analyzes whether these
requirements are being satisfied by present
reclamation methods. It is concluded that both
economic and technical requirements can be
satisfied when reclaiming resin-bonded sands;
and that dry attrition and incineration methods
yield sands which can form 100 percent of the
bonded sand mixture. Reclamation of silicate-
bonded sands at present does not yeild high
quality sand. Wet scrubbing yields a material
which is reusable for coremaking, but the
process produces serious effluent disposal
problems. Air scrubbing will not effectively
reclaim clay-bonded sand to meet the require-
ments of the core-shop, but this method is under
investigation and offers the most promising way
of cleaning used clay-bonded sand.
[23326]
-------
62
734078
N. Y. Chamber urges greater business use of
recycled paper. Secondary Raw Materials,
10(10):117, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses a 64-page study, entitled
Taper Recycling: A Business Perspective,'
published by the New York Chamber of Com-
merce. It provides in-depth information on the
present availability, quality, and cost compara-
bility of paper products recycled from waste
materials. A wide spectrum of national and New
York firms was interviewed in depth for the
study. A variety of comments concerning the
recycling policies of their firms are quoted in the
study, some of the findings of this study follow:
products made from recycled fiber perform as
well as, if not better than, virgin products; recy-
cled products are available at comparable costs;
and in order to enlarge the markets for recycled
paper products, corporations and individuals
must know more about the availability and ad-
vantages of secondary materials.
[23327]
73-4079
PADBURY, H. F. Use of scrap in the LD process.
Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute,
210(9):656-660, Sept. 1972.
This article outlines a report which was
presented during a session on scrap use at a 1-
day meeting on scrap handling organized by the
Iron and Steel Institute in association with the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers which was
held in London. Principles of scrap handling are
discussed, showing the main features of scrap
loading and charging to vessels. Details of con-
sumption, sources of scrap, and scrap processing
treatment for a typical week of use at a plant are
shown. Desirable scrap-weighing and weight-ad-
justment procedures are specified. Attention is
drawn to the need for additional care in using
wet scrap due to the rapid charging practice in-
herent in the process described. Methods of in-
creasing scrap consumption are discussed with
special reference to the oxygen fuel preheating
practice. A suggestion is proposed for future
development in scrap processing which would
improve the overall efficiency of this process.
[23328]
73-4080
Pollution solution yields bonus by-product. En-
vironmental Control and Safety Management,
142(3):32-33, Sept. 1971.
This article discusses the solution to air pollution
problems at an asphalt plant. An antipollution
asphalt dust collector is replacing a combination
centrifugal and wet system. The advantages of
the new collector over the old scrubber are: ease
of operation; elimination of city water; less main-
tenance; production of a valuable byproduct;
reduction of labor; and lower operating costs.
The new system operates without water. The
only moisture in the stack is from the aggregate.
The collected mineral filler dust is salvaged and
used in the mix. The secondary dust is automati-
cally conveyed from collector to storage silo,
where it is drawn upon as needed.
[23329]
73-4081
Portland-pozzolan cement now available.
Concrete Construction, 17(10):496, Oct. 1972.
This article announces that two portland cement
companies are now producing portland-pozzolan
cement. Both cements are made by intergrinding
Portland cement and fly ash in the proper pro-
portions. Intergrinding produces a more inti-
mate and uniform mixture than simple blending.
The fly ash portion of the cement has a lower
specific gravity than the portland cement por-
tion. The fine rounded fly ash particles are
thought to contribute to workability, pumpabili-
ty, and finishability and to reduce the tendency
to bleed. This cement enables the manufacturer
to expand output greatly without installing much
additional equipment.
[23330]
73-4082
Quanta. Sciences, 12(8):4, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses plans which are underway
in Lowell, Massachusetts, for the nation's first
full-scale operating plant to recover reusable
metals and minerals from solid waste. The new
facility will remove materials from the residue of
an adjacent city incinerator, reducing landfill to 5
percent of the present quantity. By crushing,
screening, magnetic separation, and flotation
-------
63
techniques, the plant will reclaim 95 percent of
the incinerator's residue, sorting it into alu-
minum, zinc, copper, ferrous materials, glass, and
sand, The facility should process over 65,000 tons
of residue annually.
[23331]
73-4083
Recycling of organic wastes with processing
system that precisely controls heat and flow. In-
dustrial Heating, 39(10):1,924-1,929, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses a Vero Beach, Florida,
company which has developed a machine that
can convert most types of organic waste material
into useful feeds and fertilizers. This new type of
heating unit incorporates Aeroflash pollution
control systems. Application has been made for
several patents on the machine and process.
Aeroflash will process virtually any type of or-
ganic waste, including fish, crab, shrimp, and
chicken wastes, manure and water weeds, in 6 to
8 sec. Bacteria are eliminated, but a high protein
content is retained. The result is a finished
product with very little odor and a shelf life of
years. The heart of the machine is a control
system that maintains the necessary heat-flow
relationship.
[23332]
73-4084
ROWLAND, L. Sulphur recovery plants in Al-
berta could face $500 million clean up bill. Oil-
week, 23(36):9,12, Oct. 23,1972.
This article points out that it would cost about
$500 million in 1972 price terms to bring operat-
ing efficiency for all of Alberta's sulphur
recovery gas plants up to 99.5 percent of the ele-
mental sulphur in the gas stream and cut down
stack emissions. This information was presented
to the Alberta Environment Conservation
Authority at its hearing on the environmental ef-
fects of the operation of sulphur extraction gas
plants. The Canadian Petroleum Association
challenged the entire system of prescribed
sulphur recovery efficiency limits. The Associa-
tion recommended that present ambient air
quality standards should be retained, and ground
level concentrations of sulphur compounds
should be the sole consideration in limiting waste
gas emissions.
[23333]
73-4085
RYDER, W., AND B. J. WRIGHT. Some ex-
perience in reclamation of air-setting sands.
British Foundryrtmn, 65(10):372-375, Oct. 1972.
This article deals with the development of an air-
setting process using up to 100 percent
reclaimed sand for castings in quantities up to
six per day for a relatively large number of pat-
terns. At first, silica sand-bonded with sodium
silicate and dicalcium silicate was used; but due
to the length of time required for the cured
strength to develop, alternatives were sought,
the choice finally resting on the use of a furan
resin binder. It is concluded that: reclamation of
up to 20 percent in binder costs is possible when
using 100 percent reclaimed sand; the process is
economical; and a plant could be designed which
would reduce operating costs greatly.
[23334]
73-4086
SAHA, A. K., A. KUMAR, D. A. AKERKAR, AND M.
J. SHAHANI. Utilization of indigenous steel scrap
for iron powder productionO a study of dissolu-
tion rates of scrap in hydrochloric acid. NML
Technical Journal, 13(4):93-99, Nov. 1971.
This article discusses a study which was carried
out on the dissolution of indigenous steel scrap in
hydrochloric acid to determine the parameters
controlling the process. The effects of tempera-
ture, concentration of acid, presence of free fer-
rous chloride, surface area, and carbon content of
scrap were studied. The results obtained should
lead to the utilization of steep scrap for the
production of high purity iron and iron oxide
powders through dissolution in hydrochloric acid
and electrolysis of the ferrous chloride inter-
mediate. Also, iron powder of power metallurgy
or other high purity grades can be economically
made by the processes discussed in this article.
[23335]
73-4087
SHEFTEL, L. E. Recycled and restored scrap
combats pollution and inflation. In Proceedings;
30th Annual Technical Conference, Part 1,
Chicago, Illinois, May 15-18, 1972. Society of
Plastics Engineers, p. 185-189.
-------
64
This paper discusses and illustrates the route
taken by scrap plastic from source to ultimate
destination. Millions of pounds of plastics are
delivered annually to municipal dumps and in-
cinerators to become earth and air pollutants.
Waste or scrap plastic comes from three main
areasO producers of primary polymers, fabrica-
tors of plastic products, and consumers. Not all
this scrap is deposited into dumps or burned into
the atmosphere. It is recommended, after a
detailed discussion of various types of plastic
scrap, that greater attention should be given to
the quality specification and grading of plastic
scrap. The following are specifically recom-
mended: standards for various grades of materi-
als for recycling, testing procedures to charac-
terize materials for recycling, methods for
establishing the suitability of using recycled
material for certain types of applications, and a
technique of reporting on inventories of materi-
als for recycling. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23336]
73-4088
Tons of steel from scrap metal. Industrial and
Commercial Gas, 58(10):200-201, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses a method known as con-
tinuous casting, using an electrical arc furnace
for the scrap melting process, which is being em-
ployed at the Sheerness Steel near London. This
minimill produces 180,000 tons of steel a year
from scrap metal and uses natural gas in the
process. The operation of this plant has been
very economical thus far. Sheerness Steel be-
lieves it is possible to run its works without at-
mospheric pollutuion, and this is where natural
gas plays a large part. If a second electrical arc
melting furnace is introduced, its steel produc-
tion capacity could rise to approximately 360,000
tons annually.
[23337]
73-4089
TOWNSEND, N. A. A review of recent develop-
ments in scrap preparation. Journal of the Iron
and Steel Institute, 210(9) :649-655, Sept. 1972.
This article outlines a report which was
presented during a session on scrap preparation
at a 1-day meeting on scrap handling organized
by the Iron and Steel Institute in association
with the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
which was held in London. The report highlights
some of the recent major developments in the
design of ferrous scrap preparation equipment
and also describes briefly some new methods of
preparation currently being studied. Some
techniques used for recovering secondary non-
ferrous metals from ferrous scrap and other
solid waste are also discussed. Some speculation
is made about the future trends in scrap
preparation, taking into account possible future
developments in steelmaking practice.
[23338]
73-4090
WATERMAN, W. J. Recovery of chelated indium
from rinse waters. Product Finishing, 25(9):22-
23, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses the recovery process for
indium in rinse waters. Following lead plating,
plain bearing shells are indium plated and rinsed.
It is the indium in this rinse water that is
recovered by the process described. Indium is
deposited in the form of a loosely adhering
sponge which is collected, rinsed with water, and
finally briquetted. These briquettes are melted
and cast into ingots. The ion-exchange process it-
self is in the order of 98 percent efficient. The
recovery process as a whole needs the attention
of only one man.
[23340]
73-4091
WILLIAMS, R. H. When the well runs dry. En-
vironment, 14(5):19-25, June 1972.
This article considers the premise that as natural
gas resources become depleted, methane from
organic wastes is likely to become more and
more attractive. The future demand for natural
gas, the supply of natural gas, ultimately
recoverable resources, Canadian and Mexican
natural gas imports, nuclear stimulation of gas
reservoirs, synthetic gas, and gas from organic
wastes are the topics discussed. According to the
best estimates available, natural gas supplies are
adequate for only 30 to 40 years. Among supple-
mental sources of gas, Canadian imports,
-------
65
liquified natural gas from abroad, synthetic gas
from coal, and methane from organic wastes ap-
pear to be the most promising.
[23341]
734092
WISELY, F. E., G. W. SUTTERFIELD, AND D. L.
KLUMB. Use of refuse as fuel in an existing utili-
ty boiler. Combustion, 44(4):38-41, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the City of St. Louis and
the Union Electric Co.'s collaboration in a full-
scale test of the feasibility of burning prepared
refuse as supplementary fuel in an existing pul-
verized coal-fired boiler. Raw municipal refuse is
milled to small particles. The magnetic metals
are removed and the remainder is fired pneu-
matically to a boiler unit. The refuse comprises
only a small percentage of the total fuel require-
ment of the boiler. The topics discussed in detail
include: the test boiler; receiving and firing
facilities; potential boiler operating problems;
applicability of the process; and the relative
economics of the process.
[23342]
73-4093
Wolverine Metal Company Inc. Secondary Raw
Materials, 10(10):108-109, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the activities of the Wol-
verine Metal Co. which is engaged primarily in
the domestic and international trade of stainless
steel, nickel base alloy, cobalt base alloy, high
temperature alloys, and refractory metal and
scrap. The latest mechanical operating material
handling equipment has been installed. Wol-
verine handles in excess of 14,000 tons per year
of stainless steel scrap. Included in the facility is
a covered truck-handling dock, capable of han-
dling five vehicles simultaneously. A railroad
siding permits the handling simultaneously of
three cars under cover and five cars exposed.
[23343]
RESEARCH
73-4094
FIRST, M. W. Solid waste management. Part 5.
In Municipal waste disposal by shipborne in-
cineration and sea disposal of residues. Boston,
Massachusetts, Harvard University School of
Public Health, June 1972. p. 1(17-19).
This paper discusses Harvard's research pro-
gram on the scientific, technical, and ecological
aspects of ocean burning of municipal solid
wastes, including demolition materials, and
disposal of the residues at sea. The specific areas
of interest included: chemical and biological
analyses of typical incinerator residues to deter-
mine the composition and effect of ash on marine
life; the effects of deposition and distribution on
the ocean floor of daily additions of incinerator
residue; an ecological study of off-shore areas
likely to be selected as suitable burning and
dumping grounds; and meteorological, bouyancy,
and computer application studies. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23344]
SANITARY LANDFILL
73-4095
Sanitary landfill. Water and Wastes Digest,
12(5):4, Sept.-Oct. 1972.
John Deere and Co. have published a 12-page
booklet entitled 'Sanitary Landfill', containing
information of interest to those responsible for
constructing or operating such disposal sites.
[23345]
SLUDGE
73-4096
BOON, A. G., AND D. R. BURGESS. Effects of
diurnal variations in flow of settled sewage on
the performance of high-rate activated-sludge
plants. Water Pollution Control, 71(5):493-522,
1972.
This article presents and interprets data from
two pilot-scale activated-sludge plants operated
in parallel. The flow to one was varied diurnally
and that to the other was kept at a steady rate.
Data obtained in this investigation have failed to
show that the daily average biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) of an effluent is significantly af-
fected by diurnal variations in BOD loading in
the range studied when compared with the BOD
of effluent obtained from a plant treating the
same total flow of sewage per day at a steady
-------
rate. Changes in BOD loading as a result of diur-
nal variations in the rate of flow of sewage have
been shown to affect rapidly the quality of ef-
fluent during the period when the lead was in-
creased or decreased. These experiments have
shown that the response of the treatment
process to changes in operation occurs rapidly.
[23346]
73-4097
BROWN, P., AND P. R. ANDREW. Some effects of
zinc on the performance of laboratory-scale ac-
tivated-sludge units. Water Pollution Control,
71(5):549-554,1972.
This article discusses a preliminary investigation
which has been carried out to determine the ef-
fects of zinc on batch-type, laboratory-scale, ac-
tivated-sludge units. The results should be of in-
terest to the City of Manchester because large
quantities of zinc salts are discharged into the
Manchester sewage system from the extensive
locally based chemical industries. Units and
operation, digestibility of surplus activated
sludges, suppression of biochemical oxygen de-
mand (BOD), and zinc removal are discussed in
detail. It is concluded that activated sludge is
seriously affected in its functioning by the
amount of zinc in the feed sewage. The rate of
purification is also affected, but if the period of
treatment is extended the effect on BOD reduc-
tion can be rectified. However, the effluents still
contained large amounts of highly dispersed fine
solids.
[23347]
73-4098
Cleanup control for old man river. Instrumen-
tation, 25(l):3-7,1972.
This article discusses the primary treatment
program in St. Louis' Honeywell-automated
wastewater plant. The plant serves industries
and homes and provides for a daily waste flow of
190 million gal. The plant also has a unique wet
well system which is described in detail. Its con-
trol system achieves economy of operation by
controlling the pumping discharge rate and the
wet well level. Other systems installed at the
plant include the administration building lobby
display graphic panel, the primary treatment
control panel, the sludge filter rate control panel,
and the sludge incinerator control panel. Accord-
ing to the plant's management, savings in main-
tenance costs are significant with this system.
[23349]
73-4099
COLE, D., AND P. TVEITE. Sodium aluminate for
removal of phosphate and BOD. Public Works,
103(10):86-87, Oct. 1972.
This article describes a 3-month trial conducted
in 1971 during which sodium aluminate was fed
to sewage influent at the Babbitt, Minnesota, ac-
tivated sludge treatment plant to evaluate the
chemical for phosphate removal The method
proved successful. Other significant benefits of
the sodium aluminate treatment were: lower ef-
fluent BOD; lower chlorine demand; lower ef-
fluent coliforms; reduced air requirements in the
aeration chambers; higher effluent dissolved ox-
ygen; and improved primary sludge charac-
teristics. The effluent was sampled daily during
the trial period. As a result of the trial, Babbitt
has decided to use the aluminate treatment, and
storage facilities are currently being designed.
[23348]
73-4100
CRAIB, D. C. The design, construction and
operation of a small treatment works. Water
Pollution Control, 71(6):654-658,1972.
This article discusses the design, construction,
and operation of a small treatment works in the
English Borough of Morpeth. A description of
the works is provided including the inlet works,
storm-sewage tanks, sedimentation tanks,
biological filters, humus tanks, microstrainers,
sludge treatment, and the humus sludge and
recirculation pumping station. Capital costs, con-
struction, and commissioning and operation are
also discussed in detail. A high quality effluent is
being obtained at these works. The mechanical
dewatering of sludge by vacuum filtration is
operating satisfactorily, reducing the sludge
problem at the works and releasing staff for
other duties.
[23350]
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67
73-4101
DAINTY, S. H., ET AL. Design of extensions to
the Beckton sewage treatment works of the
Greater London Council. Institution of Civil En-
gineers Proceedings (Part I, Design and Con-
traction), 54:181-195,1972.
This article presents a discussion of the design of
extensions to the Beckton sewage treatment
works by the Greater London Council. There are
15 sewage works contained within the Greater
London area, and it is hoped that there will be
only eight major works by 1980. The equipment
being used to control pollution of the Thames
River is described. The overall costs of the
sewage treatment schemes presented are out-
lined. The possible reuse of the final effluent is
also covered.
[23351]
73-4102
DOLAR, S. G., J. R. BOYLE, AND D. R. KEENEY.
Paper mill sludge disposal on soils: effects on the
yield and mineral nutrition of oats (Avena sativa
L.). Journal of Environmental Quality, 1(4):405-
409, Oct-Dec. 1972.
This article discusses a greenhouse investigation
which was conducted to evaluate the effects on
plant growth of incorporation of high rates of
paper mill sludge material from several primary
and secondary treatment processes. Sludges
from secondary biological treatment processes
are analyzed. Sludges from primary treatment
processes would require considerable supple-
mentary nitrogen fertilizer of cereal crops or
grasses were to be planted soon after sludge ap-
plication. At the high sludge rate, plant growth
was diminished even though sufficient fertilizer
had been applied.
[23352]
73-4103
DUGDALE,J. Edinburgh land reclamation. Civil
Engineering and Public Works Review,
67(795):1027,1029, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the reclamation of land
from the Forth Estuary which is required for
the siting of a primary sewage treatment works
as a part of Edinburgh's sewage disposal
scheme. Other operations included in the sewage
disposal scheme have led to variation from a con-
ventional sequence for land reclamation by the
prior construction of a bund wall structure along
the seaward boundary and an extensive sheet
piled cofferdam within the reclamation area. The
program outlined for those operations related to
the reclamation as a whole is illustrated and
discussed in detail.
[23353]
73-4104
EDEN, G. E. Effects of the introduction of
biodegradable synthetic detergents in the U.K.
VDI-Berichte, (182):91-97,1972.
This article discusses the effects of the introduc-
tion of biodegradable synthetic detergents in
Great Britain. Biodegradable anionic detergents
were first introduced in Great Britain in 1959 in
order to replace all the original hard material.
Since 1964 use of the original material for
domestic products was discontinued. As a result
of the changeover, foaming at sewage plants has
been virtually eliminated, and foaming on rivers
has been greatly reduced. There still remain the
problems of the toxic effect on sludge digestion
which presents difficulties at some works, and
that in the textile manufacturing areas of the
country the combined effects of residues from
anionic and nonanionic detergents together with
other industrial chemicals continue to cause
foaming on some rivers.
233540
73-4105
FRIEDMAN, A. A., AND E. D. SCHROEDER. Tem-
perature effects on growth and yield of activated
sludge. Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 44(7):1433-1442, July 1972.
This article discusses the effects of temperature
on the performance of the activated sludge
process. Previous investigations, operational
theory, experimental procedures, and results are
presented in text, tables, and equations. It is con-
cluded that the effect of temperature on oxida-
tion rate and stoichiometry is important and
should be considered in process design; the lack
of observable biological oxygen demand removal
effects caused by temperature may be at-
tributed to excess reaction capacity; and the unit
-------
growth rate function used to describe the non-
steady-state experiments is best described by
the reaction capacity concept.
233550
73-4106
GALE, R. S. Research in filtration of sewage
sludges. Filtration and Separation, 9(4):431-432,
434,436, July/Aug. 1972.
This article presents a review of the work car-
ried out at the Water Pollution Research
Laboratory in the field of sludge dewatering
which was recently presented at the Fourth
Public Health Engineering Conference at
Loughborough University. The aim of the
presentation was to emphasize those aspects of
the work which have more general implications
for filtration technology. The topics discussed in-
clude the benefits and dangers of applying sim-
ple filtration theory to the interpretation and
prediction of plant performance, methods of
testing for filterability, and examples of the ap-
plication of these principles to the study of
vacuum filtration and filter pressing. It is con-
cluded that a direct proportionality exists
between specific resistance and pressing time.
[23357]
73-4107
GAUDY, A. F., JR. Innovations in secondary
treatment. Industrial Water Engineering,
9(6):24-27, Oct/Nov. 1972.
This article discusses secondary treatment
which performs two vital functionsO removal of
organic matter from water and the conversion of
waste organic carbon to carbon dioxide. They
need not be considered as two separate
processes or problems, but can be combined
using aerobic biological combustion (natural
aerobic decay subjected to engineering process
control). The design concepts depicted in this
paper are rather innovative and they represent
departures from the traditional scheme for
secondary treatment. Control of the purification
phase and total oxidation are also discussed in
the text and illustrated in flow diagrams.
[23356]
73-4108
GLOVER, W. D., L. HANKIN, AND M. ZUCKER.
Secondary treatment of liquified garbage. Jour-
nal of the Water Pollution Control Federating,
44(9):1730-1735, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses the disposal of solid wastes
collected from urban and suburban areas. The ef-
fect of adding a pregraded liquified garbage to a
model of a secondary wastewater treatment
system was studied. The garbage was enzymati-
cally degraded by overnight treatment with pec-
tate lyase derived from a plant pathogen. Levels
of liquified garbage up to 10 percent, based on
total wastewater, did not materially affect the
operation of the treatment system. At the 25
percent level, liquid garbage was detrimental to
the system. Operation of the system seems to be
enhanced by the lower levels of garbage added.
Neutralization of the liquified garbage probably
would be hlepful.
[23358]
73-4109
GREEN, J. E. Sludge oxidation. American City,
87(10):94-96,138-139, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the design and construc-
tion of a sewage treatment plant for the Village
of Delhi, New York. It uses a relatively new
process that eliminates the use of conventional
digesters. Using chlorine has proven less costly
and more effective than anaerobic digestion.
Some of the advantages of the new system fol-
low: it is simple and easy to operate; it does not
require the constant conditions needed by bac-
teria; changes in the volume of sludge do not af-
fect the oxidizing action; and the space required
for the oxidizing unit is substantially less than
that required for the digesters.
[23359]
73-4110
HARRISON, J. R. Earn an A if you cope with the
C's and D's of solids. Water and Wastes En-
gineering, 9(7):32-41, July 1972.
This article discusses new techniques of ac-
tivated sludge solids processing. The information
collected in various plant process studies con-
ducted in the United States, Great Britain, and
Canada is presented. A design has evolved which
-------
69
eliminates the problems experienced by many
existing plants by: decreasing the load on the
aeration basin and the amount of surplus ac-
tivated sludge produced by routing the surplus
activated sludge to the dewatering stage;
eliminating the various solid recirculation loops;
providing for efficient and separate thickening
of the two different sludges prior to blending;
and eliminating digestion to maximize fuel
values of the primary sludge to facilitate low
cost dewatering and incineration. Facilities in
Ann Arbor, Michigan, Washington, D.C., St.
Helens, Great Britain, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
and Richmond, California are discussed.
[23360]
73-4111
HIGH, R. E. Centrifuging of soft effluent
sludges. Australian Chemical Engineering,
13(10):19-22, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the different types and
makes of centrifuges being used in Australia. It
is concluded that the size and type of centrifuge
required for dewatering a particular effluent
sludge cannot be determined by purely theoreti-
cal calculations but must be based on experience
and actual field trials. Similar centrifuges may
have markedly different efficiencies due to
minor differences in the mechanical features.
Further improvements in design should lead to
increased use of centrifuges at the expense of
lagoons and filters.
[23361]
734112
HOBBS, M. F. Sewage treatment process.
Canadian Patent 915,836 owned by FMC Corp.
Issued Nov. 28,1972.
This patent relates to an aerobic process for the
treatment of aqueous waste materials; more par-
ticularly, to the control of air dispersion in the
aeration tank of a sewage treatment plant using
the cross flow arrangement of the activated
sludge process to accomplish homogeneous mix-
ing. Influent sewage and sludge are introduced
into an aeration zone in positions subject to the
effects of tank agitation and are brought to the
stage of a homogenous mixture by positioning at
least one row of air dispersing means adjacent to
the aeration zone wall. The active microorganism
content of the aeration tank is subject to con-
tinual shifting and never approaches a relatively
steady state condition.
[23362]
73-4113
Hockford Sewage Works of Guilford RDC has
the first wet air oxidation plant in UK Water
and Water Engineering, 76(921):404-407, Nov.
1972.
This article discusses the opening of a new plant
by the Guilford Rural District Council at their
Hockford Sewage Disposal Works in Pirbright,
Surrey. The elimination of the problems of
disposing of an offensive sludge is one of the
plant's benefits. This plant produces a sterile,
odorless residue which can be less than 5 percent
of the volume of the original wet sludge. It is the
first plant to be built in the United Kingdom
using the Zimpro process. In the Zimpro system,
the wet sludge is oxidized or burned in a high
pressure air stream. The process is entirely auto-
matic and allows operators to work in clean, hy-
gienic conditions.
[23363]
73-4114
HOSHINO, N., AND M. SHIRAISHI. Studies on the
utilization of single cell proteins. Part III. On the
enzymatic digestion of the activated sludge pre-
heated with dilute acid. Journal of Food Science
and Technology, 19(8):347,352,1972.
This article discusses the utilization of protein in
surplus activated sludge. The conditions needed
to free the amino acids from the sludge protein
were investigated employing pronase for 72 hr
after mild hydrolysis with dilute hydrochloric
acid or sulfuric acid. The conditions needed to
liquify over 80 percent of the total nitrogen of
the sludge are outlined. The residual rates of
tryptophan in the sludge were over 30 percent of
the total amount in the sludge. (Text in
Japanese)
[23364]
73-4115
JONES, G. L., AND E. G. CARRINGTON. Growth
of pure and mixed cultures of micro-organisms
-------
70
concerned in the treatment of carbonization
waste liquors. Journal of Applied Bacteriology,
35(3):395-404, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses three strains of bacteria
responsible for the destruction of the major con-
stituents of carbonization waste liquor. These
were isolated from a laboratory scale, activated
sludge plant successfully treating wuch a liquor.
Of the three strains one was able to grow on
thiocyanate; the other two strains grew well on
phenol. Behavior of these organisms in pure and
mixed culture showed marked differences. Batch
and continuous culture experiments were made
with two organisms competing for phenol. Both
simulation and inhibition of growth were found
to be dependent on the ratio between the concen-
tration of organisms present. From the results
described in this paper it is reasonable to sup-
pose that two organisms for which the same sub-
strate is inhibitory at different stages of their
metabolism would be complementary and their
presence in a plant could prevent instability and
provide better performance than would each or-
ganism alone.
[23365]
73-4116
KALBSKOPF, K. H. Thermal conditioning tests
of activated sludge and anaerobic digestion tests
of the filtrates. Water Research, 6(4/5):517-529,
Apr./May 1972.
This article discusses the dewatering of excess
activated sludge obtained from the Emscher
mouth treatment plant in Germany. In this plant
the dewatered sludge is incinerated in an electric
power station. Tests showed that pretreatment
of the filtrates by digestion is more economical.
The improvement of the process by recycling the
anaerobic sludge according to the method of the
activated sludge process resulted in a quicker
decomposition of the organic matter within 2 to 6
days.
[23366]
73-4117
KIFF, R. J. The ecology of nitrifica-
tion/denitrification systems in activated sludge.
Water Pollution Control, 71(5):475-484,1972.
The factors affecting nitrification in activated
sludge are discussed. The factors covered in-
clude: dissolved oxygen; biological oxygen de-
mand (BOD) loading rate; mixed liquor
suspended solids; denitrification in activated
sludge; a detailed study of nitrification; and
denitrification studies (isolation of bacteria,
batch tests, and small-scale plants). Some conclu-
sions follow on nitrification: nitrification is cur-
tailed at dissolved oxygen saturation levels of
less than 20 percent; and organic matter appears
to be inhibitory at lower levels of dissolved ox-
ygen, Conclusions on denitrification include: to
enable nutrient removal by denitrification to be
economic, mixed liquor suspended solids levels
should be boosted; the denitrification tank must
be kept anaerobic; and denitrification may result
in the almost complete removal of nitrogen from
a sewage effluent.
[23367]
73-4118
KING, L. D., AND H. D. MORRIS. Land disposal
of liquid sewage sludge: III. The effect on soil
nitrate. Journal of Environmental Quality,
l(4):442-446, Oct.-Dec. 1972.
This article discusses a field experiment which
was conducted over a 2-year period to determine
the effect of liquid sewage sludge on soil nitrate
content. Periodic applications of four rates of
sludge to coastal bermudagrass are described. A
chemical fertilizer treatment is also described.
The two highest sludge rates affected significant
increases in soil nitrate. The other two sludge
rates and the chemical fertilizer treatment did
not increase soil nitrate and were deemed safe
from the standpoint of potential groundwater
pollution.
[23368]
73-4119
KUGEL, G. Liquid sludge disposal. Water
Research, 6(4/5):555-560, Apr.-May 1972.
This article describes a disposal and transporta-
tion system for liquid sludge. The monthly rela-
tion between the sludge to be delivered and the
corresponding agricultural area to be irrigated
with respect to fields and pasture land is shown.
The costs of liquid sludge disposal without
-------
pasteurization, are given. It is concluded that a
relatively inexpensive method of sludge disposal
can only be realized on the basis of efficient and
skillful regional organization, and that the
system described meets the demands of sewage
plant operation as well as those of agriculture,
even in a region of fairly high population density.
[23369]
734120
Minworth. Surveyor, 140(4182):25-28, Aug. 4,
1972.
This article discusses the centralization at Min-
worth, in Sutton Coldfield, of facih'ties for the
treatment of sewage from virtually the whole of
greater Birmingham. The basic scheme for Min-
worth New Works is now substantially complete
and it is producing effluents which comply with
river authority standards. The Minworth Works
design follows: the screenhouse contains
backracked coarse screens; stormwater separa-
tion uses aerated syphons; sludge withdrawal
from the sedimentation tanks is carried out by
remote control; the oxidation process is
described; and the adoption of the activated
sludge process is discussed.
[23370]
73-4121
OLIVER, A. R. Effluent treatment processes
and their economics. Metal Finishing Journal,
18(213):316,319-322,317, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses those chemicals in metal
finishing industry effluents which can cause
trouble at the various stages of sewage purifica-
tion. The following topics are discussed in detail
and data are provided: sedimentation; biological
oxidation; sludge digestion; sludge disposal;
metals in final effluents; charging for the recep-
tion, treatment, and disposal of trade effluent;
cost of sewage treatment; cost of the reception
and disposal of trade effluent; the economics of
trade effluent treatment; and brief descriptions
of four effluent treatment plants in the Upper
Tame Main Drainage Authority's area. It is con-
cluded from the data given that the problems in
treating trade effluents containing metals can be
very different. Capital and running costs vary
considerably.
[23371]
71
73-4122
Ontario's guidelines for sludge disposal. Water
and Pollution Control, 110(8):30-31, Aug. 1972.
This article presents interim guidelines prepared
by the Ontario government's special committee
formed to examine the sludge question. They
refer to the disposal of sludge, which has un-
dergone proper anaerobic or aerobic digestion,
or other suitable processing. Data on site loca-
tion and land characteristics are provided. Site
management and sludge application rates are
also discussed.
[23372]
73-4123
PETERSON, J. R., AND J. GSCHWIND. Leachate
quality from acidic mine spoil fertilized with
liquid digested sewage sludge. Journal of En-
vironmental Quality, 1(4):410-412, Oct.-Dec.
1972.
This article discusses the upgrading of the
leachate quality from an acidic mine spoil by the
addition of liquid digested sludge. Mixing liquid
sludge with acidic spoil material reduced the fol-
lowing leachate constituents: total acidity; iron;
and soluble salts. The pH of this leachate in-
creased immediately and continued with a
gradual neutralization. The mixing of Isudge
with this spoil material was the second most effi-
cient method for water amelioration. This
leachate had an immediate pH increase. A third
ratio of sludge to acidic soil showed the least
leachate amelioration, but after 30 days of
leaching, nitrification began.
[23373]
73-4124
REEVE, D. A. D., AND N. HARKNESS. Some
aspects of sludge incineration. Water Pollution
Control, 71(6):618-628,1972.
This article discusses experimental work being
carried out in the Upper Tame Main Drainage
Authority's laboratories to obtain information on
the incineration characteristics of sewage
sludges. Some of the results are discussed in this
article. The following topics are covered and data
are provided: sludge treatment and incineration;
specifications for sludge incineration plant (form
-------
72
and extent of undertaking, conditioner to be
used, method of operation, provision of standby
equipment, planning approval); calorific value of
sludge for incineration; dewatering of sludge for
incineration; and the nature of furnace exhaust.
[23374]
73-4125
SHEPPARD, R. H. Washing apparatus with
sludge separator. Canadian Patent 915,550
owned by Purex Corp., Ltd. Issued Nov. 28,1972.
This patent relates to equipment for cleaning
mechanical or structural parts by immersing
them in cleaning solution within a tank equipped
with opposed propellers operating to agitate and
displace the solution in flow patterns and veloci-
ties conducive to the efficient removal of dirt
and grease which in the past has accumulated as
sludge in the bottom of the tank. One major ob-
ject of this invention is to provide for sludge
removal in a manner which obviates the necessi-
ty for shut downs of the cleaning operation by
reason of sludge accumulations. It can also
eliminate the need for more expensive separate
external sludge removal systems, such as pumps,
tanks, and filters.
[23375]
73-4126
SOPPER, W. E., AND L. T. KARDOS. Municipal
wastewater aids revegetation of strip-mined
spoil banks. Journal of Forestry, 70(10):612-615,
Oct. 1972.
This article discusses strip and surface mining
for coal and other mineral products which is
going on in 27 States. Percolate analyses are
discussed in detail. Results after 3 years of the
research outlined indicate that municipal waste-
water and sludge can be used to reclaim and
revegetate many of the barren bituminous strip-
mined spoil banks existing throughout the Ap-
palachian region and to restore them to a more
esthetic and productive state.
[23376]
73-4127
STRIBLING, J. B. Sludge incineration by cyclone
furnace. Effluent and Water Treatment Jour-
nal, 12(8):395-400, Aug. 1972.
This article describes in detail the technique of
cyclone furnace combustion which is now being
applied on a large scale to the incineration of
many materials ranging from sewage sludge
through oil and chemical sludges to water-based
colloidal organic suspensions and even solvents
and chlorinated hydrocarbons. The technique
remains the same. Variations in the equipment
are due to the physical form of the wastes and to
their differing requirements in mechanical
storage and handling. Aspects of the design,
treatment of solid sludges, maintaining com-
bustion efficiency, treatment of liquid wastes,
and cost factors are discussed in detail. It is an-
ticipated that in the future, installations of this
type will be used for centralized large complexes
with facilities onsite for the handling of a very
wide range of materials, both solid and liquid.
[23377]
73-4128
VANDIVER, E. C., AND J. A. NOBLE. Centrifuge
improves Intrenchment Creek Water Pollution
Control Plant. Water and Sewage Works,
119(9):102-104, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses a centrifuge which has
replaced drying beds to dewater sludge at Atlan-
ta's Intrenchment Creek Water Pollution Con-
trol Plant. The plant serves 112,090 people and
removes about 90 percent of the pollutional con-
stitutents from plant influent. Centrifuge instal-
lation and operation are discussed in detail. Ex-
cept for power costs, polymers represent the
only running expense of a centrifuge. In the
design of this plant centrifuge, the polymer in-
jection system is located at a stage in the
machine where most of the coarse matter has al-
ready sedimented out. Thus, only the remaining
fines are treated and polymer consumption is
reduced. Only clear effluent and a small quantity
of fly ash from the incinerator system will be left
after treatment at the completed plant.
[23378]
73-4129
VlRARAGHAVAN, T. Canada prepares for the fu-
ture. Water and Wastes Engineering, 9(10>36-
38, Oct. 1972.
-------
This article points out that water and waste-
water treatment are becoming increasingly im-
portant in Canada, with 90 percent of the plants
exceeding present demands. It has been re-
ported, after surveying Canadian municipalities
with populations of over 1,000, that in the case of
municipalities drawing surface water, 3.1 per-
cent of the population did not have any treat-
ment, 28 percent practiced only chlorination, and
the rest used filtration and other treatment mea-
sures. In the case of ground water supplies, 32.2
percent of the population did not have any treat-
ment, 27 percent practiced chlorination, and the
rest used filtration and other treatment
methods. Extensive data are provided on the
communities and water works studied. The cost
of sewage treatment by conventional activated
sludge for the various flow patterns covered is
also presented in tabular form.
[23379]
73-4130
VON CONRAD, E., K. ROSNER, AND L. MAYER.
Method and apparatus for removing sewage
sludge. Canadian Patent 916,118 owned by
Hazemag, Hartzerkleinerungs-und Zement-
Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft m.b.H. Issued Dec. 5,
1972.
This patent relates to a method and apparatus
for removing sewage sludge such as occurs in
city and community sewage-treatment plants.
The market for very expensively dried sewage
sludge is small. With this invention sludge is
disposed of where it occurs with no expense for
concentrating of drying it by feeding the sewage
sludge into the grinding area of an impact mill
which is used simultaneously to crush domestic
and bulky refuse. The impact mill has a rotor and
grinding chamber, an inlet into said chamber,
conveying means to deliver the refuse to the
inlet, a sludge-charging conduit arranged near
the inlet and having an overflow edge over which
sludge falls in a veil onto refuse entering the
chamber during the operation of the apparatus.
[23380]
73-4131
WESTERHOFF, G. P. Filter plant wastewater
treatment. Public Works, 103(10):79-82, Oct.
1972.
78
This article discusses the production of waste-
water by water treatment plants. The Erie
County Water Authority's facilities are now
being expanded and it is anticipated that con-
struction will be completed in 1974. This project,
which is designed to provide adequate waste-
water treatment facilities through the year 2000,
is outlined in this article. The proposed basic
facilities are shown schematically. A comprehen-
sive 6-month study program is planned to evalu-
ate the merits of all the proposed treatment
processes for water plant wastes which affect
Lake Erie water.
[23381]
STORAGE
73-4132
Vorlaeufiges merkblatt fuer mehrlagige saecke
aus kraftpapier fuer abfaelle (muellsack).
[Advance bulletin for multi-fold bags made of
strong paper.] Verpackungs-rundschau,
23(12):99-100, Dec. 1972.
Bags which are intended for refuse removal
must be utilisable for the collection of domestic
and commercial refuse and must be suitable for
the storage in the open air. The paper used for
the bags must not contain more than 10 percent
wastepaper, it must be highly flexible, smooth,
and resistant to humidity. It must be glued in a
manner that the glued points will be resistant to
moisture. The paper bags should be designed for
a capacity of 70 and 110 liters. (Text in German)
[23382]
STREET CLEANING
73-4133
Air sweeps streets cleaner. American City,
87(9):178, Sept. 1972.
The village of Melrose park uses a vacuum street
cleaner. The equipment used is an Elgin Whirl-
wind. This machine cleans up not only dirt, but
also dust. It is possible to combine broom sweep-
ing with the vacuum effect.
[23383]
-------
74
73-4134
Duthane components on slush and mud clearer.
Rubber Journal, 154(10):27, Oct. 1972.
A new type of machine for clearing mud, snow,
and sand from roadways and runways has been
produced by Atkinsons of Clitheroe, Ltd. The
unit called the 'Clearway' is towed by another
vehicle. The blades which scrape the roadway
are made from Duthane produced by Dunlop's
Rubber Plastics Division. The machine is con-
veyorized.
[23384]
73-4135
Elastomer dirt runners save money for Akron.
Public Works, 103(12):77, Dec. 1972.
Akron, Ohio, has experimented with elastomer
dirt runners to replace rubber ones. Hugh, Inc.,
manufactured the equipment. The runners were
found to be superior in tensile strength, re-
sistance to abrasion, resistance to corrosion, re-
sistance to effects of extreme temperatures, and
length of service. The runners were created for
all of Akron's machines and were found to
represent a savings, even though the initial cost
for elastomer is higher than for rubber.
[23385]
73-4136
LILLY, R. C. Automatic transmissions speed
snow plowing, ease strain on driver. American
City, 87(12):57,76, Dec. 1972.
Automatic transmissions on snow removal
equipment reduce the possible strain on both the
driver and the machine. No job is harder on a
vehicle than snowplowing and all possible efforts
should be taken to reduce the ill effects. Auto-
matic transmissions also make it possible to plow
faster and more efficiently. The driver is less
subject to fatigue and is therefore more alertO
creating greater safety. Powershift and power
take-off are also possible with automatic trans-
mission equipped vehicles. Detroit Diesel Allison
manufactures this type of equipment. In the long
run automatic transmissions are more economi-
cal.
[23386]
73-4137
New Jersey beaches get machine cleaning.
Public Works, 103(10):97-98, Oct. 1972.
The towns of Belmar and Spring Lake in New
Jersey are now using machines to clean the litter
off then- beaches. Each town has a pair of
machines that uses works in tandem. The vehi-
cles used are a tractor, the Imp, manufactured
by Logan Division, Thiokol Chemical Corp., and
a Barber Surf-Rake, manufactured by H. Barber
& Sons, Inc., which is pulled behind. The
machines operate different lengths of time de-
pending on time of year. There have been no
complaints about beach litter since the machines
went into operation. The tractor can be detached
and used for other purposes. The machines even
collect excessive numbers of sharp pointed
seashells.
[23387]
73-4138
Police, public works cooperation aid snow
removal. American City, 87(12):32, Dec. 1972.
The city of Ferndale, Michigan, bases the success
of its snow removal program on two factors,
cooperation between police and public works of-
ficials and the use of one man plowing and ice-
control crews. Two major highways intersect in
Ferndale and the city uses 2,000 tons of salt per
year, which is equivalent to 450 Ib per mile of
street. Ferndale uses Central Engineering
spreaders.
[23388]
73-4139
Regional street cleaning. American City,
87(11):33, Nov. 1972.
A regional approach to street cleaning is used on
the Hawaiian Island of Oahu. This island in-
cludes densely populated Honolulu, as well as
mountainous areas and agricultural regions. The
maintenance of network of roads is shared by
the city-county government and the State De-
partment of Transportation. The State cleaning
system uses fast moving equipment that easily
covers its assigned route. Four wheel truck
mounted sweepers are used. Scheduling is flexi-
ble and based on the need for the service
[23389]
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75
734140
Studying the problem of drifting snow. Public
Works, 103(8):70-72, Aut. 1972.
This article discusses the efforts of the Wyoming
Highway Department to make the highways
safer during snowy winters. During the winter
of 1970 to 1971 blowing snow caused Interstate
80 highway to be closed to traffic for a total of
208 hr. Because of this the Department designed
snow fence systems to keep snow off the roads.
The determination of the number, size, and
placement of the systems was based on the
amount of snow which would be available to a
given section of the road. The sublimination rate
of snow particles was found to be one of the most
critical factors in determining the design capaci-
ty of snow fence systems. Weather conditions
prevailing during drifting required a considera-
ble amount of study to determine the average
transport distance of the snow. Factors influenc-
ing the sublimation rate include temperature,
solar radiation, relative humidity, and particle
size. The study of weather conditions on 1-80 was
made with batteries of instruments which were
set up at two locations. These instruments are
described in detail. The system design is also
discussed.
[23390]
734141
Total sanitation concept important to growing
suburb. Public Works, 103(ll):64-65, Nov. 1972.
The Village of Oak Lawn is a fast-growing sub-
urb of Chicago, Illinois, In 1960 a public works
department was formed and now has a payroll of
87 people. This department deals with equip-
ment maintenance, buildings and grounds,
sewers, streets and water supply. Responsible
for the efficiency of the department is the
Wayne Manufacturing Co.'s total sanitation con-
cept, built around the capabilities of Wayne's
three and four-wheeled sweepers and the
Sanivac, a multipurpose vacuum unit for such
purposes as leaf pickup and catch basin cleaning.
The location of Oak Lawn presents two or three
problems that are somewhat unique. First, it is
the same wind-swept belt as Chicago, so that
street cleaning is particularly troublesome. The
Wayne sweepers were chosen largely because of
their ability to function at normal traffic speeds.
Also, the flat countryside floods easily after
heavy rains, and catch basins are frequently
clogged. The radiodispatched Sanivac has
greatly improved service and at the same time
cut costs for cleaning out these basins. Dutch
Elm disease presents another problem for the
public works department. The Stump King com-
bined with two chippers enables the city to han-
dle diseased trees and branches quickly and
cheaply.
[23391]
734142
Town cleaning vehicles. Czechoslovak Motor
Review, 18(9), 1972
This article describes vehicles manufactured in
Czechoslovakia for the cleaning of streets. These
include the AKVD sprinkler, mounted on a
SKODA RTH chassis, manufactured by the
Karosa Co. The Orkan sweeper, manufactured
by Brandyske Strojirny, is unique in that is
moistens the street with a mist before sweeping
in order to ensure dust free operation. It has a
2,500 mm sweeping width and can be fitted with
a special nozzle to enable it to be used to empty
refuse bins. The Orkan can also be used to blow
debris off the road and as a snowplow. The same
company is experimenting with a machine, the
BORA-2 for cleaning highways and airport run-
ways. Other companies are manufacturing vehi-
cles for the collection of a solid waste, including
'barrel-snatcher* type devices and tank vehicles
for transport of agricultural fecal solids.
[23392]
734143
Turn critics into supporters of your deicing pro-
gram. American City, 87(12):32, Dec. 1972.
The salt industry has recommended that critics
of a street salting policy be asked to make sug-
gestions for its improvement. The Salt Institute
can also help with its 'Sensible Salting" program.
Winchester and Concord, Massachusetts, have
both found that the environmental problems con-
nected with salting can be reduced by minimiz-
ing the amounts used and using better road
clearing equipment. It is recommended that
citizen groups and local officials work together in
-------
76
creating an efficient plan for the use of road salt-
ing based on community need. The address of the
Salt Institute is given for further information.
[23393]
TRANSPORT
73-4144
Railroads to compete with waste collection
operations. Waste Trade Journal, 68(48):6, Nov.
30,1972.
The Southern Railroad is bidding for the job of
hauling Atlanta's waste out of the city and using
it to reclaim land ruined by strip mining in other
parts of Georgia. The plan would cost the city
$3.75 per ton including land disposal at a site
near Macon, Georgia. After the land is reclaimed
it would be replanted with grass and trees. The
refuse would be compacted into 2,600 Ib bundles
measuring 3 by 4 by 4 ft. One hundred tons of
these bales could be carried on each flat car used.
This system would represent a substantial
savings over the present cost of disposal by in-
cineration. In Canada the cities are asking for
bids from railroads. Toronto has such a project
and the Canadian National Railroad and the
Canadian Pacific are both interested.
[23394]
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77
SUBJECT INDEX
accident
see petrochemicals
agricultural wastes
see also animals, manure, food processing
crop residue, 73-3855
treatment, 73-3855, 73-3857
utilization, 73-4071, 73-4084
air pollution
incinerator, 73-4037, 73-4038
industry, 73-4081
algae
see microorganisms
analysis, 73-3858, 73-3859, 73-4028, 73-4041
animals
sec manure
automobiles
transport, 73-3860
utilization, 73-3860
automotive industry
see also automobiles
disposal, 73-3932
bacteria
see microorganisms
bulky wastes
volume reduction, 73-3861
cellulose, 73-4049
chemicals
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4101
processing, 73-3887, 73-3947, 73-3998
collection of wastes
see also containers
containers, 73-3862, 73-3866, 73-3869, 73-4135
costs, 73-3865, 73-3867, 73-3868
equipment, 73-3863, 73-3865, 73-3866, 73-3867, 73-3868
73-3869, 73-3870
municipalities, 73-3862, 73-3863, 73-3865, 73-3867
73-3868, 73-3869, 73-3871
trucks, 73-3869
compaction
equipment, 73-3861, 73-3876
composting
equipment, 73-4066
methods, 73-4066
paper, 73-4049
computer
see management and planning
construction
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-4070
containers, 73-3864, 73-4024, 73-4026, 73-4051, 73-4053
73-4054, 73-4135
dairy industry, 73-3858, 73-4072
demolition wastes
see construction
disposal of wastes
see also individual methods
73-4101
agricultural, 73-3870, 73-4066
costs, 73-3877, 73-3878, 73-4035, 73-4085
facilities, 73-4066
industrial, 73-3875, 73-3879, 73-3884, 73-3974, 73-3990
73-3995, 73-4000, 73-4027, 73-4061, 73-4066
73-4069
institutional, 73-4007, 73-4011, 73-4012, 73-4013, 73-4014
73-4015, 73-4016, 73-4017, 73-4018, 73-4019
73-4020, 73-4021, 73-4022, 73-4023, 73-4027
73-4061
laws concerning, 73-3875, 73-4085
methods, 73-3873, 73-3877, 73-4007, 73-4011, 73-4012
73-4013, 73-4014, 73-4015, 73-4016, 73-4017
73-4018, 73-4019, 73-4020, 73-4021, 73-4022
73-4023, 73-4060, 73-4066
municipal, 73-3871, 73-3873, 73-3875, 73-3876, 73-3877
73-3884, 73-3897, 73-4027, 73-4034, 73-4035
73-4061, 73-4133
research, 73-3878, 73-3879, 73-4069
drugs
see pharmaceutical
economics
costs, 73-3853, 73-3880, 73-3881, 73-3882, 73-3884
73-3885, 73-3886, 73-3896, 73-4030, 73-4036
73-4077
markets, 73-3886, 73-4077
taxes, 73-3883, 73-4024
education
of the public, 73-3951
professional, 73-3879, 73-4088
energy, 73-4067, 73-4094
environmental protection, 73-3881, 73-3882, 73-3887, 73-3973
73-4006, 73-4085, 73-4090, 73-4106, 73-4108
equipment, 73-3928, 73-3974, 73-4136, 73-4137, 73-4138
73-4139, 73-4141, 73-4142
balers, 73-3873
compaction, 73-3866, 73-3873, 73-3874, 73-3876, 73-3909
73-4060, 73-4061, 73-4062
reclamation, 73-4066, 73-4084
separators, 73-4060, 73-4128
transport, 73-3895
wastewater treatment, 73-4106
fertilizer
see also compost, hazardous
derived from waste products, 73-3854
fire, 73-3892, 73-3894, 73-3898, 73-3899
fly ash
utilization
aggregate, 73-4082
food processing wastes
see also specific methods
biological treatment, 73-3900
-------
78
utilization, 73-3900
fungi
see microorganisms
glass
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-4070
hazardous wastes
see also radioactive wastes
disposal, 73-3888, 73-3889, 73-3891, 73-4000, 73-4025
73-4028
treatment, 73-3887, 73-3998
health and safety, 73-4139
heat recovery
see incineration
hospitals, 73-4021
disposal of wastes, 73-4007, 73-4008, 73-4011, 73-4013
73-4014, 73-4015, 73-4016, 73-4017, 73-4019
73-4020, 73-4022, 73-4023
health aspects, 73-4008
incineration
see also specific wastes
73-4047
commercial wastes, 73-3890
costs, 73-3896, 73-4033
design of plant, 73-4031, 73-4032
emissions, 73-4048
equipment, 73-3861, 73-3895, 73-3896, 73-4030, 73-4031
73-4032
industrial wastes, 73-3982, 73-3991
institutional wastes, 73-3890
municipal wastes, 73-3890, 73-3895, 73-3896, 73-4029
73-4032, 73-4033, 73-4037, 73-4038, 73-4039
73-4040, 73-4042, 73-4044, 73-4095, 73-4098
problems, 73-4048
residue, 73-3890, 73-4028, 73-4029, 73-4033, 73-4040
73-4041, 73-4044
waste heat utilization, 73-4048, 73-4095
industrial wastes
see also specific industry, specific treatment methods
73-3952, 73-4144
analysis, 73-3967
chemical treatment, 73-3975
combined with sewage, 73-4124
costs, 73-3947, 73-3967, 73-3968, 73-4081, 73-4124
effluent charges, 73-4108, 73-4124
laws concerning, 73-3968
metal, ferrous
utilization, 73-4067
pyrolysis, 73-3975
utilization, 73-3990, 73-4000, 73-4063, 73-4081, 73-4093
land reclamation
see also mines, sanitary landfill
73-4107, 73-4129
laws
collection of wastes, 73-4026
disposal of wastes, 73-3888, 73-4025
enforcement, 73-3888, 73-4025
federal, 73-3888, 73-3968
municipality, 73-4141
state, 73-4024
leachate
see also sanitary landfill, water pollution
73-4126
lumber
industrial wastes
processing, 73-3973
utilization, 73-4074
management and planning
international, 73-3859
municipal, 73-3865
techniques, 73-3883
manure, 73-3872
cattle, 73-3853, 73-3854, 73-3857
swine, 73-3856
treatment methods, 73-3857
utilization, 73-3854
markets
see economics
metal, ferrous, 73-3990
economics, 73-4068
industrial wastes
utilization, 73-4067, 73-4080, 73-4087, 73-4090
73-4091
scrap, 73-3859, 73-3885, 73-4068, 73-4080, 73-4087
73-4090, 73-4091, 73-4096
metal, non-ferrous, 73-4067
aluminum, 73-3928
copper, 73-3909
lead, 73-4093
precious metals, 73-3975
zinc, 73-4100
mines
see land reclamation
mining industry, 73-3951
municipal wastes
see also refuse
disposal, 73-4036, 73-4107, 73-4112
separation, 73-4083
utilization, 73-4036, 73-4077, 73-4079, 73-4083, 73-4095
73-4129
ocean disposal
see also specific methods
municipal, 73-3889, 73-3891, 73-4028, 73-4029, 73-4030
73-4031, 73-4032, 73-4033, 73-4034, 73-4035
73-4036, 73-4037, 73-4038, 73-4039, 73-4040
73-4041, 73-4042, 73-4044, 73-4098
oil
see petrochemicals
packaging wastes
see also specific materials
disposal, 73-4045, 73-4048, 73-4049, 73-4054, 73-4059
73-4088
processing, 73-4050, 73-4051, 73-4052, 73-4055
utilization, 73-4053, 73-4054, 73-4088
paper and pulp
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4006, 73-4105
processing, 73-3916, 73-3942, 73-4006
utilization, 73-3916, 73-4065, 73-4077, 73-4092
newspaper, 73-4092
-------
79
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-4077, 73-4079
pathogenic wastes
see hazardous wastes
pesticides
see hazardous wastes
planning
see management and planning
plastics
industrial wastes, 73-4002
disposal, 73-3912, 73-3970, 73-3972, 73-3982, 73-3996
73-4075, 73-4089
processing, 73-3886, 73-3892, 73-3893, 73-3894
73-3898, 73-3899, 73-3901, 73-3902, 73-3903
73-3904, 73-3905, 73-3906, 73-3907, 73-3908
73-3910, 73-3911, 73-3912, 73-3913, 73-3914
73-3915, 73-3917, 73-3918, 73-3919, 73-3920
73-3921, 73-3922, 73-3923, 73-3924, 73-3925
73-3926, 73-3927, 73-3929, 73-3930, 73-3931
73-3933, 73-3934, 73-3935, 73-3936, 73-3937
73-3938, 73-3939, 73-3940, 73-3941, 73-3943
73-3944, 73-3945, 73-3946, 73-3948, 73-3950
73-3955, 73-3959, 73-3960, 73-3961, 73-3962
73-3963, 73-3964, 73-3965, 73-3966, 73-3971
73-3972, 73-3976, 73-3977, 73-3978, 73-3979
73-3981, 73-3982, 73-3983, 73-3984, 73-3985
73-3986, 73-3987, 73-3988, 73-3989, 73-3992
73-3993, 73-3994, 73-3997, 73-3999, 73-4001
73-4003, 73-4004, 73-4005, 73-4009, 73-4010
73-4046, 73-4050, 73-4051, 73-4052, 73-4055
73-4056, 73-4057, 73-4058, 73-4064, 73-4075
73-4089, 73-4145
utilization, 73-3905, 73-3907, 73-3910, 73-3912
73-3919, 73-3926, 73-3933, 73-3955, 73-3961
73-3972, 73-3978, 73-3982, 73-3985, 73-3987
73-3988, 73-3992, 73-4002, 73-4058, 73-4064
73-4072, 73-4075, 73-4076, 73-4089
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-3972, 73-3996, 73-4045, 73-4047, 73-4048
processing, 73-3972
utilization, 73-3972, 73-4064, 73-4075
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-4070
public relations
see education
pyrolysis
see incineration
reclamation
see salvage and reclamation
recreational areas
see land reclamation
refuse
see specific types
research
see specific topics, grant
safety
see health and safety
salvage and reclamation
see specific wastes
sand, 73-4073, 73-4078, 73-4086
sanitary landfills
see also land reclamation, specific wastes
design, 73-4097
equipment, 73-4097
operation, 73-4097
separation
mechanical, 73-3861
refuse, 73-3861
sewage
see also sludge
analysis, 73-4106
biological treatment, 73-4110, 73-4112, 73-4115, 73-4124
chemical treatment, 73-4101, 73-4113
mechanical treatment, 73-4114
slag
see metal, ferrous
slaughterhouse
see food processing wastes
sludge
see also industrial wastes
analysis, 73-4099, 73-4100, 73-4106, 73-4120
biological treatment, 73-3949, 73-4099, 73-4105, 73-4118
chemical treatment, 73-4099, 73-4100, 73-4113, 73-4117
73-4120
costs, 73-4106, 73-4113
disposal, 73-4103, 73-4105, 73-4116, 73-4122, 73-4125
73-4134
equipment, 73-4106, 73-4114, 73-4128, 73-4133
heat treatment, 73-3991, 73-4102, 73-4109, 73-4116
73-4119, 73-4127, 73-4130
mechanical treatment, 73-4104, 73-4111, 73-4114, 73-4123
73-4133
utilization, 73-4117, 73-4126, 73-4134
snow removal, 73-4137, 73-4139, 73-4143
soil, 73-3854
storage of wastes
methods, 73-4101
street cleaning, 73-4136, 73-4137, 73-4138, 73-4140, 73-4141
73-4142, 73-4143
surveys, 73-3881, 73-3952, 73-4044, 73-4079, 73-4132, 73-4144
systems analysis
see management techniques
toxic materials
see hazardous wastes
transfer stations
see also specific wastes
73-3871
transportation of wastes
see also specific wastes
costs, 73-3880, 73-3885
railroad, 73-3885
trees
see bulky wastes
vector control
see animals, insects
-------
80
water pollution
agricultural wastes, 73-3872
analysis of pollutants, 73-3872, 73-4121
control equipment, 73-3969, 73-4131
industrial wastes, 73-3969, 73-4108, 73-4134
municipal wastes, 73-4132
sewage disposal, 73-4121, 73-4132, 73-4134
wood
see lumber
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
81
Abdurashidov, T.R., 73-4076
Abrams, R.L., 73-3911
Akerkar, D.D., 73-4087
Allen, T.S., 73-3900
Aloisio, C.J., 73-3901
Andrew, P.R., 73-4100
Ardito, G.J., 73-4046
Arnott, C.R., Jr., 73-3902
Autian, J., 73-3892
Azzam, H.T., 73-3903
Backie, R.L., 73-3930
Baird, R.A., 73-4024
Baker, J.E., 73-3874
Balamotis, A.A., 73-3923
Ball, E., 73-3997
Barth, H.J., 73-3904
Bartless, R.J., 73-38S4
Bartlett, T.A.P., 73-3871
Bauer, S.H., 73-3905
Baum, B., 73-4047
Beck, R.H., Jr., 73-3908
Beckschi, P., 73-3909
Berenson, M., 73-3910
Best, J.R., 73-3906
Bezusko, M'.J., 73-3981
Bias, C.D., 73-3907
Billmeyer, F.W., Jr., 73-3911
Bocciarelli, B., 73-3912
Bolger, J.C., 73-3913, 73-3914
Boon, A.G., 73-4099
Boyle, J.R., 73-4105
Brand, G.J., 73-3960
Braun, M.H., 73-3864
Brown, J.D., 73-3904
Brown, P., 73-4100
Buchanan, R.A., 73-3904
Burgess, D.R., 73-4099
Bynum, D., 73-4063
Caban, R., 73-3887
Galloway, G.P., 73-3915
Cares, J.W., 73-4028
Carr, S.H., 73-3927, 73-3935
Carrington, E.G., 73-4118
Chapman, T.W., 73-3887
Chastain, C.E., 73-4064
Cheng, F.S., 73-3946
Choi, S.K., 73-3872
CQdir, H., 73-4065
Cinco, F.R., 73-3917
aark, C.A., 73-3893
Coaker, A.W.M., 73-3907
Cole, D., 73-4101
Ceilings, W.G., 73-3918
Collington, K.R., 73-3919
Collins, A., 73-3873
Cooper, S.L., 73-3963
Coppack, W.A., Jr., 73-3920
Cowperthwaite, .G.F., 73-3921
Craib, D.C., 73-4104
Cramer, G., Jr., 73-3981
Dainty, S.H., 73-4106
David, DJ., 73-3922
De Shazer, J.A., 73-3856
De Valeria, R., 73-4050
Dean, R., 73-3894
Deanin, R.D., 73-3923
Dedio, D.A., 73-3874
Denson, C.D., 73-3924
Dietz, J.P., 73-3925
Dolar, S.G., 73-4105
Dotson, B.R., 73-4051
Dugdale, J., 73-4107
Eastlund, B.J., 73-4060
Eden, G.E., 73^108
Eller, R., 73-3926
Engler, P., 73-3927
Erickson, L.E., 73-3872
Eventson, J.F., 73-4063
Faltermayer, E., 73-4067
Fan, L.T., 73-3872
Farrow, J.G., 73-3929
Fazzari, A.M., 73-3930
Fegley, D.R., 73-3931
First, M.W., 73-3895, 73-3896, 73-3897
73-4027, 73-4029, 73-4030, 73-4031
73-4032, 73-4033, 73-4034, 73-4035
73-4036, 73-4042, 73-4044, 73-4069
73-4098
Fleisher, H.O., 73-4063
Foss, R.M., 73-3923
Fox, A., 73-4052
Frantz, F., 73-3933
Freidman, A.A., 73-4109
Fricke, A.L., 73-4004
Friedman, L.J., 73-3934
Fung, P., 73-3935
Gale, R.S., 73-4111
Garelli, J.V., 73-3923
Garlick, R.N., 73-3977
Gaskill, J.R., 73-3898
Gaudy, A.F., Jr., 73-4110
Gedemer, T.J., 73-3936, 73-3937
Georgacopoulas, C.N., 73-3923
Gibboney, D.A., 73-3938
Gibby, W., 73-3934
Gillham, J.K., 73-3939, 73-3940
73,3980
Gloria, M.F., 73-4071
Glover, W.D., 73-4112
Goldfein, S., 73-3941
Golovoy, A., 73-3908
Gough, W.C., 73-4060
Gould, M., 73-3942
Gray, R., 73-3875
Green, J.E., 73-4113
Gregory, S.A., 73-3860
Grommers, F., 73-4035, 73-4036
Gschwind, J., 73-4126
Mailman, J.R., 73-3899
Hallock, K.D., 73-3940
Hankin, L., 73-4112
Hansen, P.M.T., 73-3858
Harkness, N., 73-4127
Harris, C., 73-3920
Harris, H.E., 73-3943
Harrison, J.R., 73-4103
Haslam, E., 73-4018
Heffington, T.E., 73-3863
Herr, E.A., 73-4052
Hess, H.M., 73-3944
High, R.E., 73-4114
Hinchen, J.D., 73-3966
Hobbs, M.F., 73-4115
Hofer, P.H., 73-3930
Hoshino, N., 73-4117
Howarth, P., 73-4065
Hunter, W., 73-4055, 73-4056
Hustad, G.O., 73-4072
Ifeadi, C.N., 73-3856
Jakopin, S., 73-3944
Jamison, L.G., 73-4053
Johnson, H.J., 73-3864
Jones, G.L., 73-4118
Joyce, R.J., 73-4073
Kalbskopf, K.H., 73-4119
Kamal, M.R., 73-3945, 73-3994
Kardos, J.L., 73-3946
Kardos, L.T., 73-4129
Keeney, D.R., 73-4105
Kiff, R.J., 73-4120
Kimble, J.M., 73-3854
King, L.D., 73-4121
Klumb, D.L., 73-4095
Kokesh, R.A., 73-3948
Korpela, J., 73-4074
Kugel, G., 73-4122
Kulperger, R.J., 73-3949
Kumar, A., 73-4087
Kummerfeld, D.D., 73-3883
Lamb, W.D., 73-3865
Lee, S.M., 73-3950
Levan, N.T., 73-3945
Levine, S., 73-3951
Lilly, R.C., 73-4139
Lipper, H.I., 73-3872
Litsky, B.Y., 73-4008
Litsky, W., 73-4008
Lloyd, D.O., 73-3884
Longo, J.F., 73-3876
Lopez, P., 73-3855
Lowe, D., 73-3884
Lundgren, G.A., 73-3866
Luther, C.H., 73-3930
MacFarlane, R., Jr., 73-3959
Mack, W.A., 73-4075
Macosko, C.W., 73-3960, 73-3961
Mahoney, J., 73-4035, 73-4036
Mahoney, J.R., 73-4037, 73-4038
73-4039
Makhsudov, Y.M., 73-4076
Malinowski, R.J., 73-3962
Malkiewicz, C., 73-4055, 73-4056
Marsh, W.S., 73-3894
Martin, C., 73-4040
Martin, J.W., 73-4008
Mathis, T.C., 73-3966
Matreyek, W., 73-4005
Matz, D.J., 73-3963
Maximova, N., 73-3855
-------
82
Mayer, L., 73-4133
Maze, C., 73-4055, 73-4056
McGinn, J.M., 73-3955
Mclntosh, J.L., 73-3854
Menges, G., 73-3964
Mentzer, C.C., 73-3939
Meulenberg, A.J., 73-3999
Miller, G.W., 73-3965
Morgan, A.D., 73-4078
Morgan, A.W., 73-3966
Morris, H.D., 73-4121
Morrison, E.D., 73-3915, 73-4051
Morse, T., 73-4025
Mussatti, F.G., 73-3961
Nass, L.I., 73-4145
Noble, J.A., 73-4131
Noyes, R., 73-3920
Oliver, A.R., 73-4124
Orlando, E., 73-3935
Oviatt, C, 73-3889, 73-3890, 73-4041
73-4042, 73-4044
Pacheco, J.R., 73-3877
Padbury, H.F., 73-4080
Parker, C.H., 73-4047
Peterson, J.R., 73-4126
Pirhonen, I., 73-4074
Prejean, T.G., 73-3971
Radford, B.C., 73-3974
Ranney, M.W., 73-3976
Ray, D.R., 73-4063
Reeve, D.A.D., 73-4127
Rensbaw, J.T., 73-3977
Rheinfeld, D., 73-3964
Richardson, T., 73-4072
Rinehart, R.W., 73-3997
Ritchie, K., 73-4055, 73-4056
Robbins, G.H., 73-3978
Roberts, K.J., 73-3878
Robertson, J.J., 73-3904
Rogers, B.A., 73-3891
Rogers, J.L., 73-3979
Roller, M.B., 73-3980
Roobol, N.R., 73-3981
Rosner, K., 73-4133
Rowland, L., 73-4085
Rowlands, J., 73-4018
Ruttonsha, Z.A., 73-3926
Ryder, W., 73-4086
Sabri, Z.A., 73-4060
Saha, A.K., 73-4087
Saheki, Y., 73-3982
Schillinger, R.C., 73-3983
Schriever, F.J., 73-3984
Schrock, R.L., 73-3985
Schroeder, E.D., 73-4109
Schulte, D.D., 73-3856
Seger, S.G., Jr., 73-3986
Semon, W.L., 73-3987
Serle, A.G., 73-3988
Shahani, M.J., 73-4087
Sheftel, L.E., 73-4089
Sheppard, R.H., 73-4128
Shiraishi, M., 73-4117
Sidwick, J.M., 73-3857
Sieglaff, C.L., 73-3989
Simpson, J.R., 73-3884
Sliepcepcevich, CM., 73-3899
Smith, H.V., 73-3992
Smith, N.P., 73-3974
Smith, P.E., 73-4057
Sokol, J.J., 73-3993
Sopper, W.E., 73-4129
Sourour, S., 73-3994
Stadnicki, S.J., 73-3940
Stovall, J.H., 73-3879
Stragier, M, 73-3869
Stribling, J.B., 73-4130
Sullivan, F., 73-4050
Sutterfield, G.W., 73-4095
Terentiev, Y., 73-3855
Tolbert, T.L., 73-3946
Townsend, N.A., 73-4091
Trauffer, W.E., 73-3995
Trent, D.M., 73-3997
Trickett, D.B., 73-3998
Trozzolo, A.M., 73-4005
Tnichiev, A.A., 73-4076
Tveite, P., 73-4101
Umbogintwini, A.E., 73-3998
Umbogintwini, C.I., 73-3998
Utz, E.P., 73-4058
Van Diver, E.C., 73-4131
Van Veersen, G.J., 73-3999
Varney, K.E., 73-3854
Vinyard, H.O., 73-3870
Viraraghavan, T., 73-4132
Volgstadt, F.R., 73-3989
Von Conrad, E., 73-4133
Wahl, D.G., 73-3901
Walzer, J., 73-3942
Warnecke, H., 73-4059
Waterman, W.J., 73-4093
Welker, J.R., 73-3899
Wenskus, J.J., Jr., 73-4001
Weschler, J.R., 73-3886
Westerhoff, G.P., 73-4134
Weston, N.E., 73-4002
Whetsel, E.E., 73-3901
Wiles, D.M., 73-4003
Williams, M.C., 73-4004
Williams, R.F., Jr., 73-3915, 73-4051
Williams, R.H., 73-4094
Winslow, F.H., 73-4005
Wisely, F.E., 73-4095
Work, J.L., 73-4009
Wright, B.J., 73-4086
Young, W.L., 73-4010
Zalewa, D.J., 73-3955
Zamodits, H.J., 73-3926
Zucker, M., 73-4112
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
March 1973 vol. 1 no. 3, abstract nos. 73-4146 to 73-4451
contents
Subjects Abstract Numbers
Agricultural wastes 734146 to 4157
(crop residues, manure, timber slash/other vegetation)
Analysis of solid waste 73-4158 to 4160
(data, methods)
Automobiles 734161 to 4162
Collection 734163 to 4179
Disposal 734180 to 4194
Economics 734195 to 4201
(disposal costs, financing of facilities, pollution control costs,
marketing information, taxes and incentives)
Hazardous wastes 734202 to 4218
Health/Safety 734219 to 4227
Incineration 734228 to 4285
Industrial wastes 734286 to 4360
Laws/Regulations 734361 to 4368
Litter 734369 to 4370
Management 734371 to 4383
(municipal, regional, rural, State)
Packaging wastes 734384 to 4389
Processing/Reduction 734390 to 4395
Recycling 734396 to 4410
(incinerator residue, industrial wastes, mining wastes,
municipal refuse, scrap metal)
Research 734411 to 4420
Sanitary landfill 734421 to 4429
Separation 734430
Sludge 734431
Street cleaning 734432 to 4436
Training, Education, Public Relations 734437 to 4445
Transport 734446 to 4451
Subject index
Author index
-------
solid waste management
monthly abstracts bulletin
March 1973 vol. 1 no. 3, abstract nos. 73-4146 to 73-4451
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
73-4146
BETHEA, R. M., AND R. S. NABAYAN. Identifica-
tion of beef cattle feedlot odors. Transactions of
the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
15(6):1135-1137, Nov.-Dec. 1972.
The primary purpose of this research project
was to determine the qualitative nature of the
gases present in the atmosphere around a beef
cattle feedlot. Specific identification within each
functional class of compounds identified was per-
formed by gas chromatography. Environmental
chamber studies were carried out to evaluate the
effect of different methods of chamber manage-
ment on the distribution of evolved gases. A
short literature search on the subject of feedlot
odors was provided. At the end of 14 laboratory
runs on the off-gases from aerobic manure
digestion only four classes of compounds were
found: alcohols; amines; aldehydes; and esters.
The environmental chamber was operated for
three weeks. During the first week it was
washed daily, during the second week the
manure was removed but the chamber was not
washed, and during the final week the chamber
was not cleaned at all. A representative pair of
chromatograms from each set of three runs
made during each week was evaluated. During
the first phase, only few odoriferous compounds
were generated. When daily washing was discon-
tinued, indole and skatole, very unpleasant
gases, were detected. The number of compounds
present in the atmosphere increased threefold
during the last phase of management. The com-
pounds identified during the three phases of
chamber management are shown in tables. It is
clear that waste management has tremendous
influence on odor generation in feedlots and
barns.
[23397]
73-4147
Bonfires: straw and stubble burning. Clean Air,
2(8):27-29, Winter 1972.
The thorny problem of bonfires used as a
disposal method for brush and other wastes from
gardening, lawn care, or agriculture is discussed.
In some instances there is no feasible alternative
to the bonfire, but some control must be exerted
over the nuisance aspects, such as smoke, and
the dangers of fire that bonfires can present. Re-
garding burning of fields to destroy crop
residues and straw, the Straw Burning D Code
was drawn up by interested government and far-
mers' agencies. The code sets forth reasonable
and sensible rules to govern open burning, such
as weather or wind conditions under which fires
should not be set.
[23398]
73-4148
DIESCH, S. L. Survival of pathogens in animal
manure disposal. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Monitoring, 1972.39 p.
This reports discusses research conducted at the
University of Minnesota in St. Paul on pathogens
in animal manure disposal. This research was
-------
supported by the Environmental Protection
Agency grant. The following studies were con-
ducted: the viability and infectivity of lep-
tospires and salmonellae in aerosols caused by
potential mechanical dissemination of these
pathogens from manure of a model oxidation
ditch; determinations of the viability and infec-
tivity of leptospires and salmonellae in the feed
recycled from the manure of the field oxidation
ditch; measurements of selected microbial
aerosols generated during aerobic treatment of
animal manures in an oxidation ditch under a
beef confinement housing unit; and the relation-
ships between temperature, loading rates, and
degradation of manure in a model oxidation
ditch. Viability is measured in artificial culture
media and infectivity in laboratory models. En-
vironmental samplings of aerosols and culturing
of fecal-borne bacteria were made around the
field ditch. Model oxidation ditch studies were
made in a controlled environment simulating the
field ditch, and this environment was further
utilized to develop the design of the oxidation
ditch. Summary tables are provided for each ex-
periment. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23399]
73-4149
FOULGER, A. N., AND J. HARRIS. Volume of
wood, bark, and needles after clearcutting a
lodgepole pine stand. Journal of Forestry,
71(2):93-95, Feb. 1973.
In 1971 the Forest Service and Champion Inter-
national began a cooperative study of two
methods for logging lodgepole pine (Pinus con-
tortaO Dougl.). The aims were to examine condi-
tions on the site before and after logging and to
analyze the nature and potential use of the
material which could be removed from the site.
Residual volume of wood bark, and needles were
obtained in this stand after clearcutting to a 6-in.
diameter top. The stand contained 6,174.5 cu ft
per acre of live material to a 6-in. top, plus 1,040.0
cu ft per acre of standing dead material also to a
6-in. top. A total of 4,333.1 cu ft of residue per
acre, excluding needles, remained after logging.
Of this residue, 3,567.0 cu ft, or 82.3 percent of
the total, was more than 3 in. in diameter, with
an average bark content of 8.2 percent. Material
between 0.6 in. and 3 in. in diameter accounted
for a further 14.8 percent, with a mean bark con-
tent of 13.1 percent. It is apparent that removing
all material 3 in. in diameter and larger from the
woods would reduce residue volume by about 82
percent. Including the next smaller class would
account for 97 percent. It is possible that residue
of this size could be used in product manufac-
ture. The best utilization of small residue, that is,
that under 0.6 in. in diameter, may be to leave it
on the site where its nutrient content would
return to the natural cycle. If a chipping opera-
tion is used, much of the small material might be
separated out; perhaps such small chips can be
spread on access roads.
[23400]
73-4150
JONES, P. H., AND N. K. PATNI. A study of a
full-scale swine waste disposal system. Waste
Research, 6(12): 1,425-1,432, Dec. 1972.
The system studied was a draw and fill type con-
sisting of an oxidation ditch and a 1-acre lagoon
500 ft away. Usually one or two loads of liquid
manure including wash wster were put in the
ditch daily. The ditch was initially filled with rain
water and barnyard runoff. A submersible pump
was used to pump the ditch supernatant to the
lagoon. Agitation was provided by a Beloit-Pas-
savant bladed rotor driven at about 70 by a 10 hp
motor. Rotor blade immersion was controlled by
the mixed liquor level in the ditch. A table
presents the average and range of values for all
the parameters in the study. COD input to the
ditch, essentially in manure, averaged 183 kg per
day. The COD of the mixed liquor supernatant
(MLS) increased rapidly for the initial 4 weeks of
operation after which it stabilised around an
average value of 2,750 mg per liter. Cumulative
COD reduction lost by the supernatant was
about 90 percent. It is calculated that biochemi-
cal loss accounted for up to 46 percent of the
COD loss from the MLS; the rest was the result
of settling of solids. Greater than 90 percent
BOD reduction in the MLS were accomplished.
Even though satisfactory reductions in COD and
BOD were effected, the operation of the system
was not trouble-free. There was excessive foam-
ing which was eventually controlled. Measurable
dissolved oxygen was present only in the first 50
-------
ft downstream of the rotor; this resulted in odor
problems.
[23401]
73-4151
LEDOUX, D. Manure elevating conveyor for sta-
ble cleaning apparatus. Canadian Patent 916,621
owned by La Cie R. A. Lajoie Ltee. Issued Dec.
12,1972.
This patent relates to an elevating and discharg-
ing conveyor system having an outer swingable
section, and more particularly to such a system
associated with a stable-cleaning apparatus to
discharge manure outside a stable or barn from
an elevated position and along an arc of a circle
to form stacks of manure. The outer end of the
inner section is supported by a ground-based
support so as to be vertically adjustable to obtain
the desired inclination of the conveyor system
despite variations in the installation of the
ground-based support. Upkeep and maintenance
are eliminated, except for occasional lubrication
of the movable parts.
[23402]
73-4152
LOEHR, E. C. Agricultural runoff-charac-
teristics and control. Journal of the Sanitary
Engineering Division-ASC'E, 98(SA6):909-925,
Dec. 1972.
The sources of agricultural runoff are discussed:
erosion; animal feedlots; rural runoff; and fertil-
izers. Each is treated in terms of the charac-
teristics that it imparts to ground or surface
water than it enters. Also methods of control for
each source of runoff are given. With regard to
feedlot runoff, studies are cited that indicate the
composition and pollutional loads of runoffs from
Texas, Colorado, and Kansas feedlots. Each of
the methods of handling feedlot wastes and/or
waste water are discussed: diversion; retention;
confinement; evaporation ponds; and land
disposal. There is an extensive bibliography.
[23403]
73-4153
LOOMIS, E. C. Agricultural sanitation of
livestock manures for control of flies, odors, and
dusts. Journal of Milk and Food Technology,
36(l):57-63, Jan. 1973.
Industrial agriculture and urban-rural growth
are mainly responsible for the flies, odors, and
dust nuisances associated with livestock indus-
tries in many States. Manure from animal con-
finement operations is a major source of these
nuisances. Drylot dairies, beef feedlots and
raised wire-cage poultry ranches are the main in-
dustries which affect the coexistence of agricul-
tural and suburban living. An Agricultural
Sanitation Program by the University of Califor-
nia consists of these principal activities:
research, demonstrations, and education. Physi-
cal, mechanical, biological and chemical methods
are combined into an integrated control program
with major emphasis on manure management in-
cluding collection, disposal, and utilization.
Cooperative research programs are also made
with interdisciplinary personnel representing
Federal, State and local agencies in line with
State and local codes and ordinances governing
control of fly, odor and dust problems. Statistics
for 1969 for manure production for the State of
California are included in the paper, as are lists
of the most common types of flies associated
with these manures. There is a short literature
review of feedlot waste management and
manure utilization.
[23404]
73-4154
New aerobic process turns waste to nutrients.
AG Chem and Commercial Fertilizer,
27/28(l/2):24-27, Dec. 1972-Jan. 1973.
Ohio Feed Lot, of South Charleston, Ohio, claims
to have built the first animal-waste, large scale
sterilized organic fertilizer production facility in
the world. This project is part of the world's lar-
gest pollution-free enclosed cattle feedlot. The
400 tons of manure that is collected daily from
the feedlot is brought to the digestor by front-
loading tractors. Once the material is dumped
into large vats, several electrically operated
high-power fans circulate air into the vats from
the sides, inducing enough heat to aid the
digestor in speeding up the composting process.
Once the manure is sterilized the new product is
bagged land packaged in 5,10, 25, and 50 Ib bags
for market. The firm will be capable of bagging
about 25,000 tons of top-grade organic fertilizer
without any nuisance problems. The process is
-------
patented and the digester housed in a 700 by 120
ft galvanized steel building. Odor is controlled by
the combination of strictly aerobic digestion and
strategic placing of the buildings to take max-
imum advantage of the prevailing breezes in the
area. The natural air flows in the barns not only
help to control ammonia odors in hot weather,
but also keep animal diseases to a minimum.
[23405]
73-4155
Recover, recycle, reuse. Agricultural Research,
21(7):8-11, Jan. 1973.
The Northern regional research laboratory at
Peoria, Illinois, is the site of research being done
to make use of the estimated 1.5 billion tons a
year of livestock and poultry wastes generated
in this country. Manure from corn-fed cattle was
fractionated by screening and filtering; the hope
is that if the undigested fiber can be separated
from the protein or made more digestible, re-
feeding may be feasible. A feed fraction obtained
in the study weighed 43 percent as much as the
dry manure and compared with soybean meal in
protein content and amino acid balance. Cost of
fractionation is estimated at $40 per ton, while
the feed value is about $60 per ton. A residue
fraction of the manure was made into board;
however, this board would have to be further
strengthened if it is to compete with conven-
tional hardboard. The residue fraction also
served a nutrient for a fungus that produced a
fiber-digesting enzyme. This enzyme can then be
used to treat chicken manure, making it suitable
for refeeding. In another study, methane fuel
and protein feed were produced by fermentation
of cattle feedlot waste. Estimates indicate that a
cattleman with between 5,000 and 7,000 head
could produce feed at a favorable cost and could
also power the feed-generating process with the
methane gas.
[23406]
73-4156
SENN, C. L. New concepts for dairy waste
management. Journal of Milk and Food
Technology, 35(12):703-707, Dec. 1972.
An Environmental Protection Agency funded
dairy waste project has been carried out in
Southern California. The study included not only
earth corrals, but also covered all-paved corrals,
both water flushed and mechanically cleaned.
Various handling methods were evaluated from
both an economic standpoint and an environmen-
tal one-that is, in terms of odor, fly, dust control
and other nuisance factors. Composting was
done over aerating pipes on a slab of concrete.
The compost can be used after 4 to 7 days of
aerobic digestion plus 30 days of aging; at this
point it is a product suitable for bagging and sale
for a soil amendment. It was also found extreme-
ly useful as a bedding product. The cows seemed
to prefer a loose housing system with compost
used as bedding; the compost also soaked up
moisture and made the fresh manure suitable for
composting. The cost of composting, screening,
and bagging the manure from earth corrals is
about $2.80 per cu yd, and $0.35 per 2 cu ft sack.
The material brings $0.89 per sack at retail and
over $0.50 wholesale. The California market for a
comparable product seems favorable. Sug-
gestions are set forth for the improvement of
water handling at dairy barns.
[23407]
73-4157
BUTTON, R. L., AND L. L. CORNELIUS. Trash
rolls for corn harvester. Canadian Patent 916,453
owned by International Harvester Co. Issued
Dec. 12,1972.
This patent describes a trash removal apparatus
for mounting on the upper end of a corn har-
vester elevator, having an upper knife roll and a
lower contoured roll. The lower roll has pads that
work with the knife roll to shear the stalks and
pockets that control the ears to prevent damage.
The shank connecting the ear to the stalk is
severed by the knife roll permitting it to fall
freely from the stalk. A shield can be adjusted to
a position which minimizes the possibility of ear
damage. It is an object of this invention to pro-
vide a trash disposal device that can be used to
harvest sweet corn without damaging it.
[23408]
ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
-------
734158
ANDO, S. Haikibutsu (sodai gomi, funen gomi,
hai-purasuchikku) jittai chosa kekka ni tsuite.
[Result of survey on actual conditions of wastes
(bulky, non-flammable, and plastic]. Presented at
the 1972 National Environmental Meeting,
Niigata, Japan, Oct. 19-20,1972. Tokyo, Ministry
of Health and Welfare, Japan Environmental
Sanitation Center. 4 p.
Survey on actual situation of wastes in Okayama
prefecture was commissioned by Japan Environ-
mental Sanitation Center is 1971, and the waste
disposal program was set up in accordance with
the result of the survey. Seventy areas each of
'residential', 'farming' and 'other' areas were
picked up, involving 10,150 households and
questionnaires were recovered at the rate of 82.4
percent, between Sept. 1, 1971 to Mar. 31, 1972.
Statistically reliable per person per day wastes
volume was obtained, and the urgency of
adequate disposal program was recognized, as
well as the necessity of dealing with the problem
regionally since an individual city, town, or vil-
lage cannot cope with the situation. Of such
bulky wastes like automobile, agricultural
machinery, autobicycle, etc., 54.2 percent were
taken back by the dealers of these items, and 5.6
percent were sold to ragmen. It would be neces-
sary to bear these points in mind in setting up
waste disposal program, and to carry out
tracking survey. No concrete result was ob-
tained as the collection and transportation of
wastes, but this problem must be looked into
also. Positive cooperation is required of local
governments in providing sites for constructing
facilities to dispose of wastes. Bulky and non-
flammable wastes cannot be disposed of by the
present level of technology and new technology
must be found for disposing of waste plastics,
etc. Old automobiles must be disposed of by au-
tomobile companies. Subcircles may be
established to deal with nonflammable wastes.
Waste plastics must be collected separately from
other wastes, and dealt with together with the
industrial wastes disposal program. Bulky
wastes may be dealt with together with non-
flammables, or they might be disposed of
together with industrial wastes. (Text in
Japanese) (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23409]
73-4159
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Refuse com-
position and projection data. In Systems study
of air pollution from municipal incineration, v. 2.
Appendices. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur
D. Little, Inc., Mar. 1970. p. (G-1)-(G-14).
A table is presented which shows municipal
refuse composition data for four locations in the
United States. Averages of each refuse category
on a yard-waste-free and miscellaneous-free
basis are presented. Growth rates for each
refuse category are calculated. Allowances were
made for the fact that lag times between the
purchase of specific refuse commodities and
their disposal vary. Thus, an average lag time of
10 years was used for plastics in furniture.
Refuse categories not directly related to the
production and consumption of commodity items
were given other indicators. For example, the
growth rate of the U.S. suburban population was
utilized as an indicator for yard waste growth. It
was assumed that the generation of food wastes
would be directly related to increases in popula-
tion. Each indicator used in the tables projects
the national growth rates of materials, goods, or
other relevant indices chosen to reflect the
overall growth of that particular category with
adjustments for lag time between consumption
and disposal. In themselves, the indicators are
not national projections of quantities of various
categories. A list of references concludes the ar-
ticle. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
{23410]
73-4160
ULMER, N. S. Laboratory procedure for deter-
mining percent ash and percent weight loss of
solid wastes on heating at 600 C. Division of
Research and Development Open-File Report
(RS-03-68-17). [Washington,] U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Solid Waste Management
Office, 1971.14 p.
Early incinerator designs reflected a desire to
recover waste heat for steam and to eliminate
hazardous materials. Recent designs have been
concerned with more efficient solid waste reduc-
-------
tion and lower costs. Various procedures have
been used to determine the amount of volatile
solids present in solid wastes. Techniques of
several researchers in this field are discussed by
the article. A procedure proposed by the Amer-
ican Public Works Assoc. has been used by the
Research Services Laboratory Staff in the En-
vironmental Protection Agency for characteriz-
ing refuse, residue, and fly ash. This technique
involves introduction of two 2-g samples into a
cold muffle furnace, a gradual increase in fur-
nace temperature to 600 C, and a 2-hr exposure
of the samples to the latter temperature. Lids
are removed or tilted while the crucibles are in
the furnace. After exposure to heat is completed,
the crucibles are removed from the furnace,
covered with their lids, and cooled. Based on
weight loss for each sample, percent ash and per-
cent weight loss on heating at 600 C are calcu-
lated. A detailed description of this procedure is
provided by the article. Research has shown
recently that some residue and fly ash samples
contain significant quantities of carbonate. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23411]
AUTOMOBILE
73-4161
Inbetriebnahme der ersten shredderanlage.
[Putting the first shredding device into opera-
tion.] Umweltschutz-Staedtereinigung, 10(1):16,
1973.
The number of wrecked cars amounts to 60,000
annually in Austria. Now the first scrap
shredding plant has been put into operation hav-
ing a throughput of 30,000 tons annually. The
plant shreds the wrecked cars into small lumps,
and separates plastic substances and other non-
ferrous material so that a high quality clean
scrap can be sold to the steel industry. (Text in
German)
[23412]
73-4162
Shredderanlagen—schrottaufbereitung mit zu-
kunft. [Shredding plantsO scrap processing for
the future.] Umschau, 73(2):49-50,1973.
Shredding is the latest method of economic scrap
processing. The casing of the shredding plant is
lined in the interior with highly resistant steel
plates. By means of rotating crushers scrap
pieces are torn from wrecked cars and then
shredded. The shredded material is thrown out
of the shredder through grate openings and
cleaned from dust and refuse by means of a
strong air current. For larger scrap parts a spe-
cial opening is provided for in the shredder
which can be hinged if necessary without inter-
rupting the shredding process. In a subsequent
magnetic separator nonferrous parts are
separated from steel parts. (Text in German)
[23413]
COLLECTION
73-4163
Debris box and demolition container permit
regulations. In 1973 sanitation industry year-
book. 10th ed. New York, New York, R. R. J.
Publishing Co., 1973. p. 70,72.
This article presents the regulations governing
debris boxes and demolition containers in the
City and County of San Francisco. The debris
box is defined and its authorized uses listed. A
permit is required to place a debris box and said
box is subject to inspection by Department of
Public Works. The City and County cannot be
held liable for any claims against the operator or
owner of such boxes. There is a $20 fine for any-
one operating a debris box without a valid per-
mit.
[23414]
73-4164
Environmental Protection Agency, a progress
report, Dec. 1970^Tune 1972. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Nov. 1972.117 p.
This progress report outlines the work of the
Environmental Protection Agency from 1970 to
1972. The introduction covers the creation of the
agency, environmental legislation, major accom-
plishments, and legislative initiatives. The topics
which are discussed in detail follow: air quality;
water quality; solid waste management; pesti-
cides; radiation; noise; economic impact of pollu-
tion control; regional, State, and local activities;
-------
enforcement; research and monitoring; Federal
activities; and international activities. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23415]
73-4165
GOODIN, R. H. The elements of good equipment
management. Public Works, 104(2):60-63, Feb.
1973.
The equipment and system for solid waste collec-
tion in the village of Glencoe, Illinois is discussed.
The criteria for evaluating a town's equipment
are described. Glencoe collects combined trash
and garbage twice a week from backyards using
packer trucks. Leaves are also collected in the
fall. A general description of the collection vehi-
cles and routes is given. Collectors aid in the
selection of equipment. The village trucks are
not equipped with automatic transmission or
diesel engines. Two man crews are used. The
town tests new equipment for a 2 day trial be-
fore making a purchasing decision. Safety and
maintenance procedures are discussed. The cost
of the village equipment is presented. Collectors
themselves design and fill out record forms
[23416]
73-4166
GRAVES, J. R. Foam filled tires keep refuse
vehicles rolling. Public Works, 103(ll):84-85,
Nov. 1972.
The Motor Equipment Division of the Kansas
City, Missouri, Public Works Department in-
itiated a tire-repair study to determine exactly
what the causes were of the down-time on collec-
tion vehicles resulting from tire failures. The
study revealed that only 60 percent of the life
expectancy of the tires was being realized,
mostly due to poor maintenance procedures. The
average repair cost per tire was $42.19, so to
reduce this high figure the department felt
justified in purchasing 16 foam-filled tires for
testing purposes. Sixteen such tires were
purchased, half from Goodyear and half from
Mitchell Tire Co. Both companies charged more
than $300 per tire. The savings realised in 7
months because of the new foam-filled tires
amounts to $5,737.84. The original investment
has been more than recovered and most of the
tread still remains. Suggestions are listed as to
how to reduce tire wear and repair costs by intel-
ligent purchasing and proper maintenance.
[23417]
73-4167
HOTTA, H. Jinkai nado no shushusha. [A collec-
tion vehicle for refuse.] Japanese Patent 47-
33,209 owned by Tokyu Car Manufacturing Co.,
Ltd., Yokohama. Issued Aug. 23,1972.
This invention concerns a collecting car of the
usual type used in collecting wastes which are
usually left on streets. The waste-collecting car
under this invention is so designed that the
wastes put in the usually used laminated paper
bag, or wastes not put in the paper bag are
placed in the bucket of the car by workers, and
then the bucket is carried onto the waste-hous-
ing box into which wastes are damped. The time
taken to load wastes on the car is 20 seconds per
cycle. The feature of this mechanism is that the
pathway through which the bucket comprising a
combination of the link and arm which are pecu-
liar to this method moves is parallel to the upper
face of the car, and thereby the wastes are first
dumped in the front part of the car, then evenly
dumped toward the rear part of the car.
Moreover, the oil pressure-driven car is provided
with a newly developed oil pressure type open-
ing and closing device which makes the operation
speedy. For these reasons, with this type of
waste-collecting car, the waste-collecting work
can be done effectively, safely, and healthfully.
(Text in Japanese)
[23418]
73-4168
KLEE, A. J. Estimation of sample size.
[Washington], U.S. Department of Health, Edu-
cation, and Welfare, Solid Wastes Program,
[1971]. 7 p.
Data was furnished on collecting times of plastic
bags versus cans, showing that the mean time
for bags was 11.08 seconds and the mean time for
cans was 23.15 seconds. Based on this prelimina-
ry data, it seemed helpful to attempt to estimate
the sample size necessary to test whether a dif-
ference exists between the mean time of bag col-
lection and the mean time of can collection. A
-------
long series of mathematical equations aimed at
estimating the sample size follows, with the
result that the final ratio of bag collection mean
time to can collection mean time is 13:21. A list of
references concludes the article. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23419]
73-4169
New garbage and refuse collection companies
fast growing industries. Waste Trade Journal,
68(47):3,Nov.25,1972.
Refuse collection and disposal is one of the na-
tion's fastest growing industries. This is a result
of the increasing amounts of wastes to be
disposed of in more and more limited space and
also of increased concern for the environment
and more stringent regulations on dumping and
hauling. Many cities have discovered that hiring
a private company is more economical than
running their own collection service, since city
operations are often inefficient and subject to
political pressures. Because the handling of
refuse today requires some form of volume
reduction, perhaps in the form of shredding or
high-density baling, the equipment involved is
expensive and sophisticated. This demand lor
high capital outlays is driving the small refuse
handling into merger with large outfits such as
Browning Ferris Industries, Waste Manage-
ment, Inc., and SCA Services, Inc., the three gi-
ants in the waste handling field.
[23420]
73-4170
O'NEILL, J. T. Owner/manager, private. Waste
Age, 4(l):64-66, Jan.-Peb. 1973.
This article discusses the problem of dealing
with codes and regulations that building
managers feel ignore the practical aspects and
the enormous problems they face in the handling
and disposing of solid waste. The owners of
properites feel they are affected by the new
severe trends in legislation. They are also facing
cost increases for new equipment, additional
manpower, and municipal levies on disposing of
trash at local facilities. The situation is examined
in detail in relation to personnel, equipment and
costs, design restriction in buildings, difficulty in
obtaining tenant involvement in proper packag-
ing, political jurisdictions not providing collec-
tion services to multifamily housing, and confus-
ing legislation and regulations. These are all
discussed from the point of view of the building
owner or manager.
[23421]
73-4171
Onsite handling of solid wastes in high-rise
buildings. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 16(1):20,24,60,66, Jan. 1973.
This article discusses practical solutions to
problems pertinent to the refuse-handling indus-
try which were the subject of in-depth papers
presented at the Building Research Institute's
St. Louis conference on onsite management of
solid wastes in multifamily high-rise buildings.
Some of the suggestions arising from the meet-
ing were abstracted and are presented in this ar-
ticle. The systems approach, packaging methods,
compaction, pulverization, the unit system, the
interunit system, the interbuilding system, the
offsite system, safety, and the reduction of
manual operations are discussed in detail in four
presentations.
[23422]
73-4172
PARTRIDGE, L. J., JR. Analysis of Boston refuse
collection costs. Public Works, 104(2):66-68, Feb.
1973.
This article discusses Boston's refuse collection
system. All household refuse is collected by
private firms. The following three alternative
measures of cost were employed to evaluate
Boston's refuse collection expenditures: charac-
teristics of the collection district; characteristics
of the equipment; and mode operation of the col-
lection system. The characteristics of the respec-
tive collection districts which were considered
include: haul distance; refuse generation rate;
annual income; commercial income; disposal loca-
tion; separate or combined refuse collection; col-
lection frequency; internal mileage per district;
and initial haul from garage and final return to
garage. Data selection, results, and application of
the results are also discussed. It is anticipated
that the results of this analysis will have applica-
-------
tion as a predictor of the costs for providing
refuse collction in future years.
[23423]
73-4173
SCIOLINO, S. Transfer station answers a refuse
problem. Public Works, 103(12):50-51, Dec. 1972.
In July, 1971, Buffalo, New York, completed a
$1.6 million refuse transfer station. The facility
transfers refuse simply and neatly to 65 cu yd
transfer trailers for a 17 mile trip to a sanitary
landfill. The transfer station replaced an in-
cinerator that had been used for years and was
guilty of excessive air pollution. IBM cards that
are automatically punched during the weighing
cycle, accomplished on a Toledo Scale, are fed
into the city's computer to generate daily,
weekly, and other reports describing collection
and transfer station activities. These reports
help determine what adjustments should be
made to collection routes and districts in order to
balance manpower. Approximately half of the
refuse collected in Buffalo goes through the
transfer station for landfill disposal. The
remainder is disposed of at the city's recently en-
larged and modernized incinerator. The station is
now handling over 115 collection vehicles per
day, which bring in over 400 tons of refuse. The
design capacity of the facility is 600 tons per day.
[23424]
73-4174
SHELL, R. L., AND D. S. SHUPE. Predicting
work content for residential waste collection.
Industrial Engineering, 5(2):38-44, Feb. 1973.
This article discusses a study to balance work as-
signments in the collection of residential solid
waste. This study uses linear regression correla-
tion analysis of work content and a predictive
model programmed on an IBM 360/65 computer
to calculate work content and efficiency by in-
dividual collection area. Waste generation, work
content (historical and predictive), historical
time data, analysis, and procedures are discussed
in detail and extensive data are provided. It is
concluded that the computer-generated collec-
tion time analysis provides an improved method
for calculating work content of waste collection
in municipalities using the area route concept;
and that programming changes to the model will
provide calculated values to predict the impact
of certain possible changes on the waste collec-
tion system.
[23425]
73-4175
SoiKE, F. R. Why we switched to municipal
refuse collection. American City, 137(12):69. 99.
Dec. 1972.
The city of Tucson, Arizona, has grown rapidly in
recent years and the Department of Sanitation
has gained jurisdiction over several private con-
tracts dealing in refuse collection. As the con-
tracts expired, the city took over the routes since
frequent inspection and analysis of costs had
revealed that city collection was better and less
costly than private. During the 1961 to 1962
period, city collection cost about $0.68 per month
per unit, while private contractors were receiv-
ing an average of $1.31 per unit per month.
Because the city administrators have been
willing to alot the necessary funds, the refuse
collection inspection staff has always been
adequate for frequent and thorough policing of
collection activities. Any complaint from a
citizen, no matter how minor, is personally in-
vestigated, and crew members are encouraged to
make suggestions as to how their jobs or the col-
lection work in general can be made safer, easier,
or less costly. Free garbage collection is pro-
vided to all residences and businesses twice
weekly for up to three 20-gal cans. Additional
service is available for a fee. Large commercial
containers can be rented from the city.
[23426]
73-4176
Switchover to diesel helps reduce garbage
pickup cost. Diesel and Gas Turbine Progress,
38(12):20-21, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses the development of an effi-
cient and economical refuse pickup vehicle which
is diesel powered. Diesel power and the necessa-
ry componentsO engine, chassis, body, accesso-
riesO were combined to create this new system.
The choice of engine, crankshaft requirements,
and the chassis/compactor and major accessories
selections are discussed in detail. Comparing the
-------
10
cost of gasoline to diesel fuel results in an annual
savings per vehicle of about $450. The diesel en-
gine, as compared to the previous gasoline en-
gines, has increased fuel economy, reduced main-
tenance requirements, and improved dependa-
bility throughout the truck's life span.
[23427]
73-4177
System cuts noise level on refuse collection
vehicle. American City, 87(11):38, Nov. 1972.
Because many municipalities are enacting noise
regulations, new refuse collection equipment is
needed that is quieter than the conventional
hydraulic packer vehicles. Gar Wood Division of
Sargent Industries has introduced the Load
Packer, a truck that utilizes a new pump system
to produce hydraulic pressures needed to actu-
ate its operating cycles. This system can function
when the truck's engine is running at only 750
rpm, a little over normal idling speed. Normally a
truck's engine must be raced to actuate the
hydraulic packer unit. This Silencer system
generates a noise level said to be four times
quieter than the usual refuse collection truck, or
comparable to that of a passenger car in opera-
tion.
[23428]
73-4178
Use of high-performance equipment reduces
manpower. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 16(2):14,20-22, Feb. 1973.
This article describes an employment survey
recently conducted for the National Solid
Wastes Management Association by the Applied
Management Sciences Foundation under the
auspices of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. A key consideration in examining the
number of collection employees was the contrac-
tor's mix of collection. As the hauler's tonnage
tends to become more commercial and industrial
the number of men required per truck is
reduced. This reduction is a function of the so-
phisticated equipment used in servicing commer-
cial and industrial accounts. The survey also
found that the use of trucks which require small
crews, combined with the use of onsite con-
tainers, means a lesser work force is capable of
collecting a larger amount of wastes. Residential
collection generally requires more personnel.
Personnel problems are discussed and collection
data are provided.
[23429]
73-4179
Wichita: task force recommends mandatory
pickups. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
RemovalJournal, 15(11):32,58, Nov. 1972.
Wichita, Kansas, has a number of private solid
waste collection companies operating, as well as
a municipal service for which a fee is charged.
The city services only about 28 percent of the
homes in the area, while private contractors take
care of about 60 percent of the homes and most
of the industrial and commercial refuse. One of
the larger companies, Kansas Waste Disposal,
services 43 stationary compactor installations
with its Dinosaur roll-off units for the larger
customers and Val Jac roll-offs for smaller
stores and supermarkets. Asbestos sludge is
pumped out of the plant's sump into 20-yd open-
top containers for haul to the landfill. The com-
pany has converted bins into tank containers for
oil wastes storage and pickup. Because there is a
need to coordinate the efforts of public and
private refuse haulers, an Environmental
Resource Task Force established in 1970 has
recommended that the Wichita area be divided
into assigned areas. Mandatory service for
homes would be instituted, and rerouting of col-
lection services would reduce the amount of
overlap that now exists among various collection
companies. This type of arrangement is working
effectively in Minneapolis. The articles also
discusses costs and fees for collection by both
private and public companies.
[23430]
DISPOSAL
73-4180
Environmental notes-Maastricht, Holland.
Rubber World, 167(3):18, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses Vredestein-Radium's
reclaiming plant which utilizes used rubber arti-
cles, including worn-out passenger tires. The
waste rubber is first sorted according to type,
-------
11
quality, and color. Any metal imbedded in the
broken up rubber is magnetized out: then the
reclaiming operation is initiated in a high-pres-
sure steam autoclave to produce a plastic rubber,
a major source of material for the cable industry.
[23431]
73-4181
FISH, R. A. Pollution. Journal of the Oil and
Colour Chemists' Association, 55:493-506,1972.
This article discusses the incidence of pollution
in the area of the Greater London Council and
the problems it poses with particular reference
to atmospheric pollution, river pollution, refuse
disposal, radioactive waste disposal, and noise.
Some of the policies adopted to meet these
problems and the conclusions drawn follow. It is
concluded that a pilot monitoring system is
required in London in order to establish air pol-
lution trends. In the area of river pollution, it is
expected that by 1980 the Thames will be a
healthy river with the improvements and
precautions planned. The refuse disposal
methods discussed include tipping on land, pul-
verization, and incineration. As for radioactive
waste disposal, the Radioactive Substances Act
of 1960 requires all users of radioactive materi-
als to be registered with the Department of the
Environment. Traffic noise, sound insulation,
and aircraft noise are also discussed.
[23432]
73-4182
Fukuoka Prefectural Government. [Part III.
The present condition of solid waste and coun-
termeasures (refuse, sewage, industrial waste).0
In Kankyo hakusho-Showa 47-nendo.
[Whitepaper on the environment, 1972.] Fu-
kuoka, Japan, Dec. 1972.
As of March 1972, 56.6 percent of the total
sewage in Fukuoka prefecture is being treated
at sewage treatment plants and terminals. In-
cluding all sewage purification tanks and treat-
ment plants, 72.5 percent of the entire human
sewage receives sanitary treatment. There are
26,600 purification tanks at present, and they are
increasing by approximately 12 percent every
year. Recently there have been some complaints
against them, and maintenance is being enforced
by the prefectural office. The treatment capacity
is far from sufficient, and 18.9 percent of the
total amount is still disposed of in the ocean. It
will be disposed 10 km away from the shore up to
March 1973; 27 km between April 1973 and
March 1967, and 93 km after April 1976. Since
1971, installations of large refuse plants have
been planned by the prefecture. The largest
share of industrial waste is created by manufac-
turing industries (520,000 tons per month), next
by the mining industries (320,000 tons per
month). These two categories create 77 percent
of the total industrial waste. In the first catego-
ry, steel industries is the highest (210,000 tons
per month), followed by ceramic industries
(140,000 tons per month). In all classifications, in-
dustrial waste is increasing every year. (Text in
Japanese) (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23433]
73-4183
HAENERT, F. Autowracks sind nichts mehr
wert. [Junk cars do not have any value.] 5(2):34-
36,1973.
The number of junk cars rose from about 200,000
in 1962 to more than 1 million in 1971. At the
time being only when buying a new car the seller
of a junk car receives some money. Owing to the
increasing costs for separating the junk cars into
metallic and other parts the scrap dealer does
not pay for junk cars. On the contrary he usually
requires a fee of 50 to 100 deutsche marks for
the correct disposal of the wrecked car. For this
reason more and more junk cars are abandoned.
The respective percentage has been estimated to
5 to 7 percent of the total number of junk cars. In
order to avoid that the tendency to dump junk
cars will expand in the future other methods will
have to be developed to dispose of junk cars at
lower costs. (Text in German)
[23434]
73-4184
KARAI, K. Kensetsu haikibutsu no shori.
[Disposal of construction wastes]. In
Proceedings; Training Course on Industrial Solid
Waste Disposal, Osaka, Japan, Dec. 7-8, 1972.
Kyoto, Society of Materials Science, p. 42-52.
-------
12
An investigation of the actual conditions of con-
struction sites in Japan revealed that the total
amount of wastes runs as high as 116 million tons
per year, about three times an estimated amount
of about 36.5 million tons per year, which was
carried out by Takenaka Construction Co. in
Sept. 1972. Of the total construction wastes, 71
percent are discarded. If 71 percent of the
wastes, 82.3 million tons, were piled up 10 miles
high, the area of 8.23 million sq miles would be
required. The cost of the waste disposal, with the
exception of the excavated soil, amounts to 0.5
percent of the cost of construction work. At the
present time, metal scraps, cement bags, corru-
gated cardboards, vitreous wastes, etc. are
handed over the waste collectors to give back to
the raw-material producers. The others are
disposed of by use in the reclaiming works,
discarding into the ocean, or burning. As
methods by which wastes are eliminated, the
standardization of the design of housing, the
promotion of the steel frame building as well as
prefabrication of housing, and the improvement
of delivery system, must be considered. In addi-
tion, a campaign for eliminating the construction
wastes will be necessary. (Text in Japanese)
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23437]
73-4185
KUHLMANN, A., AND H. WALDEYER.
Strategische und wirtschaftliche fragen der
muellO und abfallverarbeitung. [Strategic and
economic questions of the refuse treatment.]
Muell und Abfall, 5(1):7-11,1973.
The annual refuse quantity is estimated to
amount to about 260 million tons having a
volume of 350 million cu m. About 78 percent of
this quantity is dumped onto 50,000 uncontrolled
dumps. About 2 percent of the refuse is treated
in 16 composting plants and about 4 million tons
of refuse are burnt in 30 refuse incineration
plants annually. In the year 1970 about 600 mil-
lion deutsche marks had to be spent for the
removal of domestic refuse. The most effective
volume reduction of the refuse is achieved by in-
cineration, a method which is problematic owing
to the emission of harmful gases. It was found
that dust emissions from small incineration
plants were 10 times as high as those from large
plants. As the development of harmful gases de-
pends on the composition of the refuse, it is
necessary to monitor it continuously in order to
undertake preventive measures if required.
However, technical devices like filters, gas wash-
ing equipments, absorption and catalytic after-
burning procedures have been developed in the
last years so that the emission of harmful gases
can be considerably reduced. (Text in German)
[23438]
73-4186
Kunststoffmuell und seine beseitigung. [Plastic
waste and its disposal.] Kunststoff-Berater,
17(12):1044-1046, Dec. 1972.
The annual refuse quantity generated in the
Federal Republic of Germany amounts to 250
million tons of which 1 percent consists of plastic
waste. The annual domestic refuse quantity is
between 9 and 18 million tons of which about 3
percent is plastic waste. At the present time
about 80 percent of the refuse is disposed of in
sanitary landfills. Plastic waste in the refuse
does not cause high elasticity of the deposit site
which could endanger a subsequent utilisation of
the sanitary landfill. Thermal and mechanical
factors in the sanitary landfills change the
plastic material considerably so that it is com-
pressed within a short time to the real material
volume. The Blaubeuren composting process
provides for the shredding of plastic material.
The plastic waste is shredded, screened, and
mixed with dewatered sewage sludge, and then
held for 8 to 10 days in aeration cells, where the
mixture is submitted to a rotting process. During
this process the plastic waste is decomposed so
that the individual particles cannot be distin-
guished any more. (Text in German)
[23439]
73-4187
Neue art der muellbeseitigung. [New method
for refuse removal.] Die Technik, 27(11):700-701,
1972.
A new sanitary landfill site of 12.5 hectares
which formerly was a gravel pit will begin opera-
tion in the German Democratic Republic. Thir-
teen communities will deposit about 33,000 cu m
-------
13
of refuse annually. It can be used for about 35
years and will then be covered with earth and
planted with trees. In the German Democratic
Republic further sanitary landfill sites will start
operation in the near future. Modern composting
plants will be constructed providing for the
production of high quality compost and the
regeneration of secondary material. About 2 mil-
lion tons of compost can be produced from the
compostable refuse in the German Democratic
Republic which will render the recultivation of
about 4,000 hectares of rural land possible. An in-
cineration plant will start work in 1975 at Berlin,
the waste heat of which will be used for long-
distance heating systems. (Text in German)
[23440]
73-4188
Power's 1972 environmental awards. Power,
116(11):11-13,24-27,32-33, 39,43, 45,49, 51, Nov.
1972.
This article describes why 10 U.S. firms were
presented environmental awards. The systems
and methods the winners have developed in-
clude: an oxygen reactor; an odor control system;
water and air cleaning systems; a city sewage
system; an oil treatment system; and reclama-
tion systems. The winning firms were: Lederle
Laboratories; Westvaco; U.S. Steel Corp.; South
Carolina Electric and Gas Co.; Chrysler Corp.;
Atlantic Richfield Co.; Rollins-Purle, Inc.; Union
Electric Co.; Nestle Co.; and Standard Oil of
California.
[23441]
73-4189
SEXTON, D. E., AND J. T. SMITH. Studies of
refuse compaction and incineration in multi-
storey flats. Public Cleansing, 42(12):604-623,
Dec. 1972.
This article describes a plant that reduced the
volume of refuse to be collected which has been
installed in some multistory blocks of apart-
ments in Great Britain. The article reports on in-
vestigations of compactors that compress refuse
into paper sacks, and two different incinerator
designs. The costs of owning and running the
equipment, excluding costs of collection and final
disposal, are outlined. The volume of refuse was
reduced to approximately one-fourth and one-
tenth of the original volume in compactors and
incinerators, respectively. Information is also
given on the incidence of chute blockages and on
the air pollution aspects of incinerators.
[23442]
73-4190
SPITZER, E. F. How three European capitals at-
tack the refuse problem. Part I—collection and
disposal in Copenhagen. American City, 88(1):51,
54,64, Jan. 1973.
This article discusses refuse collection and
disposal in Copenhagen. The topics discussed in-
clude: the best way to pay for a refuse collection
service; how to attract and keep personnel in the
sanitation department; how to utilize the heat
from a refuse incinerator; and what to do with
incinerator residue.
[23443]
73-4191
STANYAED, R. J. Disposal of refuse and other
waste. Public Cleansing, 42(2):566, Nov. 1972.
This article reviews Disposal of Refuse and
Other Waste by John Skitt, Cleansing and
Transport Manager, City of Stoke-on-Trent.
This is not only a factual and practical book on
waste disposal but one which is readable by both
the professional and layman alike. There are
chapters on refuse composition and analysis;
disposal methods, including the controversial
subject of utilization of the heat generated by in-
cineration; the disposal of industrial, toxic, and
radioactive wastes; the coordination and control
of waste disposal; principles of planning and
design of plant; and developments. The appen-
dix, numerous illustrations, and tables increase
the value of the text.
[23444]
73-4192
The human environment. Volume I. Bibliog-
raphy. Washington, Woodrow Wilson Interna-
tional Center for Scholars, Mar. 1972.171 p.
This document contains a selective, annotated
bibliography of reports and documents on inter-
national environmental problems. It includes
documents acquired from official sources and
-------
14
those papers that the Woodrow Wilson Interna-
tional Center for Scholars was able to acquire
and review on its own initiative. The bibliog-
raphy is arranged by issuing agency and/or in-
dividual author. The sections are divided as fol-
lows: documents of the United Nations and other
official international organizations preparatory
to the United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment; documents of the United Nations
and other official international organizations on
related subjects; documents of nongovernmental
international organizations on related subjects;
miscellaneous (directories, bibliographies, dis-
sertations, official reports, and nonofficial mono-
graphs and periodicals); numerical list of United
Nations documents; author index; and subject
index. (This document is retained in the SWIES
library.)
[23435]
73-4193
The human environment. Volume II. Summaries
of national reports on environmental problems.
Washington, Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars, Mar. 1972.109 p.
This report was submitted in preparation for the
United Nations Conference on the Human En-
vironment. This is the Woodrow Wilson Interna-
tional Center for Scholars' second volume of its
selective, annotated, environmental bibliog-
raphy. These summaries of national reports con-
tain the following information: the kind of
country, geographic location, government or-
ganization, and population; main problems and
distinctive considerations; regional and internal
ecological, environmental, and cultural factors of
significance; policy indications; recommenda-
tions for international arrangements; and
requests for international assistance. The report
includes summaries from 71 nations. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23436]
73-4194
WUHRMANN, K. Welche aufgaben stellen sich
den kantonalen behoerden in bezug auf die ab-
fallbeseitigung? [Which problems have to be
solved by the canton authorities with regard to
refuse removal?] Schweizerische Bauzeitung,
91(6):117-120,1973.
Owing to the restricted space available for sani-
tary landfill purposes, the canton authorities of
Switzerland are concerned with the problem of
volume reduction. By recycling methods paper
and cartons as well as iron and metallic parts can
be reused so that the volume reduction of the
domestic refuse by these measures is estimated
to be about 12 percent. The volume of sewage
sludge is reduced by dewatering to the sixth part
of the original volume. About one-third of the
dried sludge can be reused, one-third is
deposited and one-third is burnt. Combustion of
refuse in incineration plants reduces the original
volume to 38 percent. The domestic refuse quan-
tity in Switzerland amounts to 180 kg per inhabi-
tant and year. The deposit volume necessary for
Switzerland amounts to 1,100,000 cu m per year.
The domestic refuse quantity rises nearly con-
stantly by 2.2 percent per year while there are
no exact data for industrual refuse. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23445]
ECONOMICS
73-4195
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Size reduc-
tion costs. In Systems study of air pollution
from municipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little,
Inc., Mar. 1970. p. (A-l)-(A-ll).
Since many incineration concepts require refuse
size reduction, an analysis was made of recent
data collected by Battelle Memorial Institute.
Generalized cost curves were prepared per-
mitting estimates of capital and operating costs.
Costs were collected for 21 different shredding
installations. Input material factors and product
size factors were developed to modify equipment
capacity and energy consumption estimates
given by manufacturers. In the evaluation of
capital investment, a labor assessment of one
man-hr per hr of shredding facility operation
was assumed. It was found that maintenance
cost is directly proportional to the tons
processed. Cost in dollars per ton is relatively
constant over a wide range. Total capital and
operating costs were determined for several dif-
-------
15
ferent product sizes and incinerator plant capaci-
ties. Labor was charged at a rate of $5 per hr,
plus 40 percent overhead, for a one-shift opera-
tion for 250 days per year. Power was calculated
with an assumption of 85 percent overall elec-
tromechanical efficiency and a power cost of
$0.015 per kw hr. At the time of the writing, little
specific data existed on refuse size reduction.
Thus conclusions are tentative. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23446]
73-4196
DANE, C. W- The hidden environmental costs of
alternative materials available for construction.
Journal of Forestry, 70(12):734-736, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses the environmental impact
of four construction materials. Aluminum,
concrete, steel, and wood are assessed using two
approachesO materials balance and social costs.
The approach used results in differing relative
ranking of the intensity of environmental im-
pact. The social cost approach permits engineer-
ing cost estimates to incorporate the environ-
mental impacts of producing alternative con-
struction materials.
[23447]
73-4197
DATAQUEST, INC. Portfolio research service;
the solid waste control industry. Palo Alto,
California, Dec. 1972.57 p.
This is a report designed for investment coun-
selors and others interested in the growth poten-
tial and structure of the solid waste industry.
The first section of the report is devoted to the
problems, solutions, and structure of the indus-
try. The markets are discussed for collection and
disposal, for equipment, and remarks on the
probable areas for future growth are offered.
The products and processes employed by solid
waste handlers are reviewed and some illustra-
tions of such basic equipment as compactor
trucks and containers for industrial wastes are
provided. The Federal, State, and local roles in
solid waste management form the topic of
another section of the report. Major companies
in the solid waste business are listed, along with
information about their assets and other finan-
cial and organizational characteristics. A great
number of helpful tables are provided. These in-
clude: estimated growth in revenues for the in-
dustry; estimates of solid wastes generated and
collected; composition of the waste stream; esti-
mates of national rates of generation for re-
sidential, industry, commercial wastes; and other
useful data. Federal expenditures on solid waste
control are also tabulated. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23448]
73-4198
GARZA, G. R., JR. Total-cost purchasing adopted
in Texas. Solid Waste Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 15(12):42,70, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses how city officials from
Alice, Texas, went about selecting a machine
which would compact refuse, excavate, and move
material economically. This equipment was
needed because an open burning dump which
had been used to dispose of solid wastes was
being closed and a sanitary landfill operation was
being instituted. The city advertised for bids.
Each prospective supplier was told his quotation
should be based on the initial price of the
machine, a guaranteed maximum repair cost
which could be charged during the tenure of the
contract, and a guaranteed minimum repurchase
price at the end of the contract period. Total-cost
purchasing is not a new concept since about 500
governmental agencies in 43 states are using this
method. The only unknown costs are those for
fuel, lubricants, and expendables. The bids
received on equipment are illustrated in the arti-
cle.
[23449]
73-4199
NETSCHERT, B. C. Economics and environmen-
talism. In Meeting of Environmental Writers
Association, Washington, Feb. 6,1973.13 p.
This speech, presented before the Environmen-
tal Writers Association, discusses the protection
of the environment. The speaker feels that
private corporations should not make social pol-
icy. The proper mechanism for deciding what is
good for society and for imposing whatever cost
burden this may entail is the government and
-------
16
our elected officials. It is also pointed out that
environmental decisions should involve a
cost/benefit comparison. National legislation
should include cost/benefit considerations. Also,
internalization of costs should be universal in
making cost/benefit comparisons for environ-
mental decisions. (Internalization means the tak-
ing into account of external costs.) It is also
recommended that we do not bypass the market
mechanism when that mechanism is capable of
achieving the desired results, since our market
economy is objective and impersonal. The final
point made is that we should recognize that
there are no absolutes. The public is not in-
terested in totally cutting off growth in energy
use if it means going back to bicycles and doing
without air conditioners. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23450]
73-4200
Vermont testing the cost of waste disposal.
Waste Trade Journal, 68(42):8, Oct. 21,1972.
This article considers the cost of returnable bot-
tles to the State of Vermont. Industry estimates
are that returnables will cost grocers about
$520,000 yearly; consumers would lose $1,250,000
in unreturned deposits and $1.5 million in time.
This produces a net loss to the State of
$1,770,000. It is estimated that sites for disposal
of these wastes would cost the State $2 million
and save less than $500,000. Each site would
have to process more than 500 tons of refuse
daily. The revenue to sustain the operation
would come from disposal fees charged to mu-
nicipal or private refuse collectors and from
earnings generated from the sale of recovered
inorganic materials.
[23451]
73-4201
ZAUSNER, E. R. Depreciation methods for mu-
nicipally owned equipment. [Washington,] U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Solid Wastes Program, [1970.] 24 p.
The document is an attempt to compile and in-
terpret cost data as a prerequisite to effective
management of municipally-owned equipment
operations. There are four variables which
determine periodic depreciation expenses. They
are the acquisition cost of equipment, useful life
of the equipment, salvage value, and the method
of allocating the difference between acquisition
cost and salvage value over the useful life. Two
very different methods of allocating deprecia-
tion, the straight-line and the accelerated, are
discussed in detail in the article. Straight-line
depreciation assumes an equal amount of the ex-
pired value is assigned to each year of the equip-
ment's life. The accelerated depreciation method
does not allocate total expired costs in equal
amounts each year, but rather a larger percent-
age in the earlier years. To determine which
method is preferable, study data on tractor-type
equipment was analyzed. Liberal use of graphs
and illustrations are used to give the results. Al-
ways to be kept in mind is the fact that the total
cost of a piece of equipment is the sum of its
operating costs and its depreciation cost. Ulti-
mately, the utilization of a depreciation alloca-
tion method can drastically affect replacement
decisions. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23452]
HAZARDOUS WASTES
73-4202
ALBONE, E. S., ET AL. Formation of bis(p-
Chlorophenl)-acetonitrile (p,p'-DDCN) from p,p'-
DDT in an aerobic sewage sludge. Nature,
240(5381):420-421, Dec. 15,1972.
This article reports on the formation of bis(p-
chlorophenyl) acetonitrile, p,p'-DDCN) together
with l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane
(p,p-TDE) and other products from 1,1,1-
trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-
DDT) in the presence of biologically active
anerobic sewage sludge. The methods used in-
cluded combined gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry in conjunction with radio-chemical
techniques. In spite of extensive investigation of
the anaerobic degradation of DDT, little has
been established except that TDE is a major
degradation product. The incubation of anaero-
bic sewage sludge is described in detail and data
and diagrams are provided. Thin layer chro-
matography of the extract, and radioscanning
-------
17
revealed three zones of activity which are
described. The researchers were unable to de-
cide whether the materials under study were
produced microbiologically or chemically in the
nitrogen-rich alkaline environment of anaerobic
sewage sludge. Future survey work on pesticide
residues in the environment should not ignore
the contribution of the more polar degradation
products.
[23453]
73-4203
APPLEQUIST, M. D., A. KATZ, AND K. K.
TUREKIAN. Distribution of mercury in the sedi-
ments of New Haven (Conn.) Harbor. Environ-
mental Science and Technology, 6(13): 1,123-
1,124, Dec. 1972.
This article assesses the distribution and levels
of mercury in the sediments of a typical industri-
al harbor and identifies the probable sources of
the high concentrations where encountered.
Sample collection methods are discussed and the
results for the tops of the cores are plotted. It is
concluded that the mercury in sediments in New
Haven Harbor comes from municipal sewer out-
falls.
[23454]
73-4204
CAMPBELL, I. R., AND E. G. MERGARD. Biologi-
cal aspects of lead: an annotated bibliography.
Part 1. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, May 1972.564 p.
This bibliography represents a systematic collec-
tion of worldwide lead-related publications.
Published abstracts were used when original
publications were not available. This document
includes the scientific periodical literature
covered by the principal abstracting and index-
ing services. Entire books devoted to lead are
also included. The abstracts are not evaluative
and are arranged chronologically within each
section by year of original publication, and
alphabetically within each year by author. The
section topics follow: books, monographs, and
proceedings; abbreviations and symbols; plants
and animals; and man (adults). The dates covered
are from 1950 through 1964. (This document is
retained in the SWIES library.)
[23457]
73-4205
CAMPBELL, I. R., AND E. G. MERGARD. Biologi-
cal aspects of lead: an annotated bibliography.
Part 2. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, May 1972.371 p.
This bibliography represents a systematic collec-
tion of worldwide lead-related publications from
1950 through 1964. Published abstracts were
used when original publications were not availa-
ble. Chapters from books are not included; how-
ever, entire books devoted to lead are cited.
Periodical literature covered by the principal ab-
stracting and indexing services are also included.
The abstracts are not evaluative. The section
topics follow: man (children); occupational expo-
sure; atmospheric surveysO pollution and effects
(air, soil, and water); legal aspects; therapeutic
uses; analytical methods; chemistry and
technology; and author and subject indexes.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23455]
73-4206
CATON, G. M., C. J. OEN, D. P. OLIVEIRA, AND G.
U. ULRIKSON. Mercury in the environment—an
annotated bibliography. Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, May 1972. 271
P-
This bibliography contains 562 citations on the
role of mercury in the environment. The entries
are arranged in the following subject categories:
reviews, bibliographies, and general papers;
natural occurrence, mining, and extraction; uses
and consumption; pollution sources and pollu-
tion; chemistry; control, abatement, and restora-
tion; legal and political aspects; and ecosystem
movement. Author and keywork indexes, and a
permuted title index are provided. The entire
bibliography has been computerized, making it
possible to provide the permuted, keyword-in-
context index of all titles. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23456]
73-4207
Digesting the news. Science News, 102(25):392,
Dec. 16,1972.
-------
18
This article discusses research being conducted
at Cornell University on the feasibility of feed-
ing waste paper to farm animals as a source of
cellulose. It has been found that the presence of
polychlorinated biphenyls in printers' inks
makes the practice questionable. There has also
been a good deal of interest in using discarded
newspapers as a forage substitute. About 100
newspapers and magazines were examined for
chlorine-containing organic compounds. It was
found that the amounts of hazardous chemicals
in periodicals varies greatly. Most of the
magazines had the potential for significant
amounts of hazardous chemicals. The colored ink
in the funny papers contains heavy metals that
make them hard to digest.
[23458]
73-4208
FEPCA is here. Farm Chemicals and Croplife,
135(12):15-20, Dec. 1972.
This article explains the provisions of the 1972
Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act
(FEPCA). The Environmental Protection Agen-
cy (EPA) is proposing regulations to carry out
FEPCA. The bill puts tough controls on pesti-
cide manufacturers and for the first time
authorizes the Federal Government to control
the use of pesticides. FEPCA will classify all
pesticides into general or restricted use catego-
ries. Only those who are certified will be per-
mitted to apply restricted use chemicals. The
provisions of FEPCA are presented in capsule
form, and definitions of some of the terminology
used in the bill are provided.
[23459]
73-4209
JOHNSON, E. S. Land pollution control. Amer-
ican Railway Engineering Association—Bul-
letin 640,74:193-197, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses the disposal of toxic
wastes. Toxic wastes commonly generated in the
course of normal railroad operation are listed
and toxic wastes produced from in-transit spills
are also discussed. Biological treatment, chemi-
cal-physical treatment, recycling and beneficial
uses, and onsite disposal are also described.
[23460]
73-4210
Save a Rad; Proceedings; Fourth Annual Na-
tional Conference on Radiation Control, New Or-
leans, Louisiana, April 30-May 4,1972. Rockville,
Maryland, U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Bureau of Radiological
Health, July 1972.
This conference dealt with the technical aspects
of radiation control. The sponsors were the Con-
ference of Radiation Control Program Directors;
the Bureau of Radiological Health, Food and
Drug Administration, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare; and the Office
of Radiation Programs, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency. Participants representing State
and local radiation control programs, as well as
Federal agencies, discussed radiation control
problems. The conference considered a number
of approaches to reducing the amount of radia-
tion received by the national population. The
proceedings contain formal presentations, educa-
tional seminars, reports of workshops, and
resolutions by the Conference of Radiation Con-
trol Program Directors. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23461]
73-4211
Sludge furnace eliminates PCB residuals.
Water and Sewage Works, 119(12):50, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses a recent research project
completed by the BSP Division of Envirotech
Corp. which shows that PCB (Therminol FR-1)
in waste sludges can be over 99.9 percent decom-
posed in a BSP multiple hearth furnace. This
study supplements recent government reports
on sludge incineration methods. According to the
BSP study, multiple hearth incineration can
achieve more efficient PCB destruction in com-
bination with sewage than other types of in-
cineration methods. Multiple hearth furnace in-
cineration is a complete System with a net
favorable impact on the environment because
the stack gases are highly cleaned. Exhaust
gases can also be recycled as a source of carbon
dioxide in advanced waste systems.
[23462]
-------
19
73-4212
STEIGMAN, H. Hazardous waste handling
should be defined. Journal of Environmental
Health, 35(l):59-62, July-Aug. 1972.
This article discusses the Pennsylvania Solid
Waste Management Act and its definition of
solid waste. In this State the hazardous waste
category includes chemicals, explosives,
pathological wastes, and radioactive materials.
The regulations with which the generator of
hazardous wastes must comply are outlined. The
following topics are also discussed: the
hazardous wastes emanating from industrial or
agricultural operations; and major factors in
determining the hazardous nature of a waste
product. To prevent accidents and environmen-
tal pollution, Pennsylvania's new regulations
require that the hazardous nature of all wastes
be indicated and that operating precautions be
taken for each disposal site approved.
[23463]
73-4213
STOJANOVIC, B. J., ET AL. Mild thermal
degradation of pesticides. Journal of Environ-
mental Quality, 1(4):397-401, Oct.-Dec. 1972.
This article describes how partial degradation of
12 selected analytical grade pesticides was
produced by heating the chemicals. Each pesti-
cide was modified physically and chemically at a
temperature at least 300 to 450 C below its
complete combustion temperature. At these
relatively low temperatures eight of the original
nine solids remained solid. The three liquids
were all converted to solids. Eight of the original
12 compounds also yielded grey to brown to
black residues upon heating. Infrared spectro-
scopic analyses indicated the extent of degrada-
tion of the heated pesticides. Most pesticides
were degraded by processes such as dehalogena-
tion and decarboxylation.
[23464]
73-4214
U.S. Army modernized munitions plants. En-
vironmental Science and Technology, 6(12):986-
987, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses the modernizing of U.S.
Army munitions plants in order to clean up the
air and water pollution caused by the manufac-
ture of the nation's munitions. This project will
cost $2.5 billion and will span 12 years. During
1970 to 1975, $221 million will be spent for pollu-
tion abatement. After 1975, the major cleanup
costs will include an air improvement program
and two water improvement projects. The four
types of ammunition production plants are
defined and a list of the plants involved in the
Army's modernization program is included.
These activities are to be headquartered at
Joliet, Illinois. Another element of the pollution
control aspects under this modernization pro-
gram involves sulfuric and nitric acid regenera-
tion plants. Both air and water pollution controls
are necessary in these operations. A substantial
portion of the funds for pollution control expen-
ditures at existing facilities will be going for the
conversion of coal-fired heating operations to
gas- or oil-fired ones.
[23465]
73-4215
Used pesticide container cleanup project. Sacra-
mento, California State Department of Agricul-
ture, 1971.23 p.
A statewide drive to clean and dispose of used
agricultural pesticide containers was carried out
in the first two weeks of Mar, 1971. This
pamphlet sets forth guidelines for pesticide
manufacturers, dealers, and users to help them
dispose of their containers in a safe and environ-
mentally sound manner. Several state agencies
shared the responsibility of aiding in the drive
and enforcing the guidelines; some of these
were: Department of Agriculture, both commis-
sioners and extension service; State Department
of Public Health; Water Quality Control Boards
around the State; and the highway patrol.
Selected cleaning and disposal sites were pro-
vided and supervised by appropriate bodies, and
all pesticide users in the area urged to use them.
Diagrams of a pesticide containers cleaning
facility, a disposal site, copies of notices to be
posted on contaminated areas and objects, and
other documentation from the campaign are in-
cluded in the pamphlet. Safety recommendations
for the handling of toxic wastes are given, as
well as disposal recommendations. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23466]
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20
73-4216
Versuchsanlage der Universitaet Karlsruhe
vernichtet problemlos cyanidabfaelle. [Test
plant of the university of Karlsruhe disposes of
cyanide wastes without problems.] Technische
Mitteilungen, 65(12):599, Dec. 1972.
The methods which have been used until now for
the disposal of toxic cyanide refuse were in-
cineration at temperatures of more than 1,400 C,
oxidation with chloride and reaction with iron
vitriol. The disadvantage of these methods was
that other toxic substances developed, such as
cyanates and iron cyanides which had to be
disposed of or carbon and nitrogen oxides which
were emitted into the air. A new method has
been developed by the University of Karlsruhe,
utilizing the reaction of cyanides with water
under increased temperature and pressure. A
hydrous solution containing cyanide is pumped
at a temperature of up to 200 C through an elec-
trically heated tube reactor. Even at a reaction
time of only 5 minutes the cyanide is decom-
posed. Tests with 250 g cyanide per liter showed
that after the end of the reaction the solution
contained less than one one-thousandth g of cya-
nide. Another method uses vapour of tempera-
tures of more than 700 C to detoxify waste salts
containing cyanides. In this case, the final
products after the reaction are potassium, car-
bon dioxide, water and nitrogenO substances
which are absolutely harmless for soil and air.
(Text in German)
[23467]
73-4217
What's happening to poisonous waste? Sur-
veyor, 140(4198):30-33, Nov. 24,1972.
Great Britain's Deposit of Poisonous Wastes Act
of 1972 is discussed. The article also presents
some feedback on the initial working of the Act
gained from local and river authority staff,
Government spokesmen, waste disposal contrac-
tors, laboratory services, and a consulting en-
gineer. The need for complete, centralized treat-
ment, and an incineration plant for toxic wastes
in the future was the one point on which all
agreed. The provisions of the Act are outlined.
[23468]
73-4218
ZABOROWSKI, L. M., J. W. HILL, AND M. W.
WEHKING. Polymer pyrolysis: hydrogen cyanide
from the open burning of Orion. Environmental
letters, 3(4):267-270,1972.
Some of the effects and hazards of the pyrolysis
products from certain polymers are shown. It
was found that the burning of Orion can lead to
concentrations of hydrogen cyanide in the air
which are potentially toxic to man. The simple
apparatus which was designed for the burning of
the polymers and trapping of resultant gases is
illustrated. It is concluded that further testing
should be conducted to determine whether Orion
fabrics should have required labels warning
against disposal by burning.
[23469]
HEALTH/SAFETY
73-4219
PEERY, R. W., JR. Conclusions. In Public
health implications of staphylococcus and
streptococcus at a landfill. M.S. Thesis, West Vir-
ginia University, Morgantown, 1971. p. 48-51.
This study concludes that a landfill operation
(either sanitary or unsanitary) poses no obvious
threat to the workers of or inhabitants of the
surrounding area from infections from airborne
staphylococcal or streptococcal etiology. The
other result of this study was to optimize the
sampling techniques at the landfill. The first and
simplest method is to use petri dishes with the
necessary agar for the specific type of sampling
to be done. Another means of sampling the air is
to impinge the bacteria in saline, phosphate
buffer, or any other desired liquid. In the labora-
tory there were several filtration methods by
which the organisms were removed from the
liquidO cellulose membrane filters, Seitz filters,
or porcelain candle filters. The third method of
sampling involved the collection of organisms
from the refuse, landfill equipment, workers'
clothes or skin, and collection and hauling vehi-
cles. It is also indicated that more research is
needed to investigate molds and yeasts which
may be distributed to the surrounding area from
a landfill operation. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23471]
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21
73-4220
PEEBY, R. W., JR. Discussion of the experimen-
tal organisms. In Public health implications of
staphylococcus and streptococcus at a landfill.
M.S. Thesis, West Virginia University, Morgan-
town, 1971. p. 11-38.
The streptococcus and staphylococcus bacteria
were the organisms of prime concern in this
study of the public health implications of bac-
teria at a landfill. The streptococcal organisms
cause diseases in animals. These organisms are
also probably responsible for the widest variety
of diseases in man. The only immunity to these
diseases that is always effective is immunity to
the erythrogenic toxin. These diseases may be
chemically treated by the use of such drugs as
sulfonamides and penicillin. Staphylococci
produce a considerable amount of extracellular
toxins. Some strains produce disease in man.
Staphylococcal infections, together with tu-
berculosis and enteric infections, have become
the predominant bacterial infections in this
country. They are an outstanding example of a
bacteria which has acquired resistance to drugs.
This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23472]
73-4221
PEERY, R. W., JR. Materials, methods, and
results. In Public health implications of
staphylococcus and streptococcus at a landfill.
M.S. Thesis, West Virginia University, Morgan-
town, 1971. p. 31-47.
The Morgantown, West Virginia, area landfill
was used for the collection of samples for this
study of the public health implications of bac-
teria at a landfill. This site provides harborage
for insects and rodents which may be disease
vectors or carriers of disease. Other problems
which may arise include the spreading of dust,
the spreading of uncompacted refuse by wind,
and the seepage of the leachate into a small
creek. The sampling began by using an Anderson
sampler to sample the air and dusts around the
landfill. Then different methods such as gravity
plates, swab samples, and liquid impingement
were tried in order to get better results. Data on
the samples and the results achieved are
discussed in detail. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23473]
73-4222
PEERY, R. W., JR. Public health implications of
staphylococcus and streptococcus at a landfill.
M.S. Thesis, West Virginia University, Morgan-
town, 1971.60 p.
This paper discusses the exposure of the wor-
kers and inhabitants of the area surrounding a
landfill to public health nuisances. Evaluations
were conducted by sampling air and landfill ob-
jects for the presence of pathogenic staphylococ-
cus and streptococcus organisms. It also evalu-
ated different means of sampling for organisms
and established which techniques could be used
for monitoring the air around a landfill. It is an-
ticipated that this paper will be of use to person-
nel who are responsible for the operation of land-
fills and desire to know if they cause any danger
to the health of inhabitants in the nearby area.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23470]
73-4223
Proceedings; Seventh Joint Meeting of the
Clinical Society and Commissioned Officers As-
sociation of the U.S. Public Health Service, New
York, May 30-June 2,1972.67 p.
This conference dealt mainly with public health.
Abstracts are presented of the presentations
made at the joint meeting of the Clinical Society
and Commissioned Officers Association of the
U.S. Public Health Service. The topics covered
included: basic research; clinical medicine;
dentistry; environmental health; health service
research; public health administration;
paramedical disciplines; advances in cancer
therapy; drug abuse; the National Health Ser-
vice Corps, its implications in the health care
delivery system; and health manpower without
the draft. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23474]
-------
22
73-4224
Report of the Secretary's Commission on Pesti-
cides and Their Relationship to Environmental
Health. Parts 1 and 2. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1969.677 p.
This paper reports the findings and recommen-
dations of the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare's Commission on Pesticides and
Their Relationship to Environmental Health,
which was appointed in 1969. Part 1 of the report
contains the recommendations, and Part 2 the
subcommittee and panel reports. These reports
cover the following topics: uses and benefits;
contamination effects of pesticides on nontarget
organisms other than man; effects of pesticides
on man; carcinogenicity of pesticides; interac-
tions; mutagenicity of pesticides; and
teratogenicity of pesticides. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23475]
73-4225
Subsurface water pollution, a selective an-
notated bibliography. Part 1. Subsurface waste
injection. Washington, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Fresh Water Pollution Section,
Mar. 1972.156 p.
This paper is a selective bibliography produced
by the Fresh Water Pollution Section of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency from the
computerized data base of the Water Resources
Scientific Department of the Interior. This
bibliography is published in three parts. This
part covers pollution associated with subsurface
waste injection. The significant descriptor index
consists of some of the descriptors and
identifiers by which each paper in this bibliog-
raphy has been indexed. The bibliography con-
tains references to technology dealing with the
prevention or abatement of pollution, pertinent
litigation, and laws and regulations pertaining to
the construction and operation of subsurface
waste disposal facilities. A comprehensive index
is also provided, thereby affording multiple ac-
cess to each abstract. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23476]
73-4226
Subsurface water pollution, a selective an-
notated bibliography. Part 2. Saline water intru-
sion. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Fresh Water Pollution Section,
Mar. 1972.161 p.
This paper is a selective bibliography produced
by the Fresh Water Pollution Section of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency from the
computerized data base of the Water Resources
Scientific Department of the Interior. This
bibliography is published in three parts. This
part covers pollution associated with saline
water intrusion. The significant descriptor index
consists of some of the descriptors and
identifiers by which each paper in this bibliog-
raphy has been indexed. The bibliography con-
tains references to technology dealing with the
prevention or abatement of pollution, pertinent
litigation, and laws and regualtions pertaining to
the construction and operation of subsurface
waste disposal facilities. A comprehensive index
is also provided, thereby affording multiple ac-
cess to each abstract. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23477]
73-4227
Subsurface water pollution, a selective an-
notated bibliography. Part 3. Percolation from
surface sources. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Fresh Water Pollution
Section, Mar. 1972.162 p.
This paper is a selective bibliography produced
by the Fresh Water Pollution Section of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency from the
computerized data base of the Water Resources
Scientific Department of the Interior. This
bibliography is published in three parts. This
part covers percolation from surface sources.
The significant descriptor index consists of some
of the descriptors and identifiers by which each
paper in this bibliography has been indexed. This
bibliography contains references to technology
dealing with the prevention or abatement of pol-
lution, pertinent litigation, and laws and regula-
tions pertaining to the construction and opera-
tion of subsurface waste disposal facilities. A
comprehensive index is also provided, thereby
-------
23
affording multiple access to each abstract. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23478]
INCINERATION
73-4228
'Smokeless' incineration. American City,
87(11):130, Nov. 1972.
This article describes the W. A. Kutrieb Air Cur-
tain Destructor which permits smokeless in-
cineration of certain combustible waste, demoli-
tion debris, freight dunnage, and railroad cross
ties. This equipment is suitable for operation in
densely populated and residential areas. Par-
tially burned waste particles and odorous
hydrocarbons are drawn back into the fire and
afterburned by the intense heat without any ad-
ditional fuel. Only clean hot gases are permitted
to escape.
[23531]
73-4229
A plastics waste incinerator. Public Cleansing,
42(ll):562-563, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses the Lucas Cyclone furnace,
first introduced in 1969 for burning sewage
sludge, which is also being marketed as a plastics
waste incinerator. Waste material is fed to the
furnace's rotating hearth where it is ploughed
over from an outer to an inner path. Combustion
gases are subjected to an intense cyclone action
to insure even oxidation across the material. The
hot gases pass through either a
cooler/conditioner unit or through the boiler of a
waste-heat recovery plant. The plant can handle
plastics powder and cut scrap. The furnace pro-
vides many advantages over the conventional
grid-type for burning plastics and these are
discussed in detail.
[23520]
73-4230
Anti-pollution plant by Atlas. Mother Ship,
53(628):371, Nov. 1972.
This article announces that a Danish equipment
manufacturer, Atlas A/S of Copenhagen, has
developed a complete waste treatment system
which is capable of burning oil sludge and
sewage as well as solid waste. It comprises a
waste water unit and a sludge and solids in-
cinerator. This system can deal with both solid
and liquid shipboard wastes, including waste
from lavatories, urinals, the galley, and the
laundry. Its capacity is suitable for a comple-
ment of 50 and the unit produces a discharge
suitable for pumping overboard which is free of
bacteria and odor. The retained sludge and solids
are burned in the incinerator section of the
system. This system provides complete antipol-
lution disposal for shipboard wastes.
[23479]
73-4231
ARCHER, G. A., AND K. B. WHITWAM. Incinera-
tor gas cleaning and its impact on plant design.
Filtration and Separation, 9(5):553,555,557-561,
Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the standards of cleaning
performance currently applied to incinerator gas
cleaning plants. Electrostatic precipitators are
selected to meet the requirements for the
majority of installations. The effects on plant
layout are largely concerned with cooling tower
arrangements and and the injection of sewage
effluents for cooling the waste gases, prior to en-
tering the precipitator. A brief review is given of
the types of plant in use and data are provided.
[23480]
73-4232
BOWEN, I. G., AND G. P. B. WOODWARD. The
burn-out of refuse in municipal incinerators.
Journal of the Institute of Fuel, 45(373): 157-162,
Mar. 1972.
This article discusses the combustion per-
formance of a new system of continuous refuse
incinerators from the standpoint of the criteria
required and the results achieved. This article
also surveys the test data and methods known to
the authors and should be taken to be an interim
contribution to this field of study. A number of
tests to determine burn-out have been used and
data are given to show how these tests relate to
one another. The standards on burn-out are
generally very good compared with experience
on other solid fuels. It is anticipated that in the
near future a suitable test and standard should
-------
24
be established which will produce the required
results at a reasonable cost.
[23481]
73-4233
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Criteria of in-
cinerator performance. In Systems study of air
pollution from municipal incineration, v. 2. Ap-
pendices. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D.
Little, Inc. Mar. 1970.
Five performance criteria are common to all in-
cinerators. They are reliability, residue quality,
environmental pollution, safety, and net cost. Re-
liability is defined as the predictable operability
of the mechanical plant and equipment. Methods
for increasing reliability include installing spare
equipment as backups for sensitive equipment,
installing two pieces of equipment, each
designed at 50 to 60 percent of required capacity,
providing means for bypassing equipment, main-
taining an adequate inventory of spare parts to
facilitate repairs, and through preventative
maintenance. Residue quality is determined by
various aspects, including weight reduction,
volume reduction, residue composition, water
soluble fraction, organic soluble fraction, sterili-
ty, and physical characteristics of the residue.
Under the environmental pollution criterion, air
and water pollution are the most obvious con-
cerns. The most noticeable forms of air pollution
are fly ash, smoke, odors, noxious gases, and
dust. Water rejected from quenching and
scrubbing systems may be large in quantity, but
if it is used only for quenching, systems could be
designed to obtain 100 percent evaporation and
thus eliminate disposal problems. A criterion for
evaluating plant safety should include not only
the number of man-hours lost per year to ac-
cidents, but also the potential for accidents in the
plant. Net cost of incineration is based on many
factors, which include capacity, initial invest-
ment, land and land improvement costs, utilities,
operating supplies, operating labor, main-
tenance, overhead costs, insurance, amortization,
and credits. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23482]
73-4234
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Current
operating practices. In Systems study of air
pollution from municipal incineration, v. 2. Ap-
pendices. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D.
Little, Inc. Mar. 1970. p. (I-38)-(I-54).
Presented are the results of analysis of data
received in response to a questionnaire whose
purpose was to provide an engineering data base
on plant operating problems and practices. It
was felt that operating data should come from
the incinerator operators themselves. Some sum-
maries of replies obtained from the survey are
presented here. For example, the unweighted
average year of plant construction was 1956.
Only 6 percent of the replies indicated air pollu-
tion considerations as a control parameter. The
operators approved of cyclone, scrubber, and
close-spaced wet baffle systems for controlling
air pollution; dry exapansion chambers, simple
sprays, and wet bottom expansion chambers
were poorly received. Batch-feed units require a
considerably longer grate residence time than
continuous-feed units. The influence of the
operator on residence time, and thus on residue
quality, is apparent from the data. Average re-
sidence time of 2 seconds is more than sufficient
based on kinetic data at indicated temperatures
to burn out combustible pollutants. This in-
dicates the importance of flue gas mixing in
eliminating air pollutants by combustion. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23483]
73-4235
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Flue gas con-
ditioning. In Systems study of air pollution
from municipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little,
Inc. Mar. 1970. p. (B-1)-(B-16).
The article discusses flue gas conditioning,
defined as the cooling of flue gas after it has left
the combustion zone to permit discharge to
mechanical equipment. In wet methods used to
cool flue gas, water is introduced into the hot gas
stream and evaporation occurs. Two types of wet
cooling are used: wet bottom and dry bottom.
-------
25
The wet bottom involves the flow of large quan-
tities of water. Advantages of this system are
that it is simple, reliable, and inexpensive to in-
stall. A disadvantage is that much more water is
used than is necessary. Excess water is acidified
in use and contaminated with particulate and dis-
solved solids. In the dry bottom method, only
enough water is added to cool the gas to the
desired temperature. The advantages here are
that water consumption is minimized, water pol-
lution eliminated, 'dry' effluent gas produced,
and flue-gas volume reduced. Disadvantages are
that it is expensive, power consumption is high,
control is complex, and atomizing nozzles may
plug. Dilution with air is the simplest and most
reliable method for flue gas cooling. However,
the volume increase caused by air cooling greatly
increases capital and operating costs of equip-
ment. A second method of dry conditioning uses
a convection boiler in which heat is removed
from flue gas by generation of steam. Ad-
vantages are that heat is recovered and shrink-
age in flue gas is greater than with any other
method. The disadvantages are that the system
is expensive, the boiler installation is complex,
and problems with corrosion, erosion, and fly ash
may result. Finally capital and operating costs
were prepared for each of the systems
described. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23484]
73-4236
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Heat
recovery. In Systems study of air pollution
from municipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little,
Inc. Mar. 1970. p. (F-12)-(F-19)
The article discusses heat recovery in incinera-
tors, accomplished by transferring energy
released from refuse combustion to steam
through radiant transfer of energy in the prima-
ry chamber or by convective transfer of sensible
heat in the flue gas. Both methods are employed
by the waterwall boiler concept, which is ex-
plained. Effects of excess air on the steam
generation rate are illustrated. Another effect
on this generation rate is the moisture content of
refuse. Because of variability in refuse steam
generating rates, as well as irregular variations
in refuse moisture content, it is thought that an
incinerator boiler might be installed as part of a
larger system where waste heat recovery con-
tributes a comparatively small portion of total
steam consumed. A table is provided which
shows that steam generation capacity generally
ranges from 2 to 4 Ib of steam per Ib of refuse.
The average value for convective systems is
about 2. comparable figure for the waterwall
system is 3.6 Ib of steam per Ib of refuse. The
price for steam is determined by such things as
steam quantity, necessity for reliability, the frac-
tion of total steam demand supplied by the in-
cinerator, and the type of buyer. A cost range of
$0.20 to $0.60 per 1,000 Ib of steam is listed. A list
of references and a table listing incinerators
with major heat recovery operations are given.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23485]
73-4237
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Incinerator
emission data. In Systems study of air pollution
from municipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little,
Inc. Mar. 1970. p. (J-l)-(K-57).
The article sifts data and attempts to answer the
questions: why and to what extent do incinera-
tors pollute the air? Conclusions drawn were
based on an extensive data base. A literature
search covered the years 1957 to September
1969. One of the sources of information was the
Bureau of Solid Waste Management; in particu-
lar, comprehensive data on emissions and refuse
quantities was provided by the Technical Ser-
vices Group. A table is included with the article
which presents emission data on particulate and
carbon monoxide emission. In the final appendix
of the report, the causes and cures for incinera-
tor deficiencies affecting criteria of performance
are discussed. A detailed evaluation of incinera-
tor problems and specific actions for their solu-
tion are provided. The manner in which these
specific actions interact with other aspects of in-
cinerator performance is identified by use of a
'parameter number' concept. Problem solution is
aided by a structure approach to identify defi-
-------
26
ciencies (symptoms), the reasons for the defi-
ciency (causes), and specific corrective actions
recommended (cures). By following the evalua-
tion method herein described, the reader will be
able to identify one or more cures appropriate to
solving his current plant problems. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23487]
73-4238
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Operating ex-
perience on European electrostatic precipitators.
In Systems study of air pollution from mu-
nicipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices. Cambridge,
Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Mar. 1970.
p. (E-l)-(E-G).
Due to the unique chemical nature of incinerator
flue gasses and particulates in regard to corro-
sion and abrasiveness, information on operating
problems was obtained from plant superinten-
dents of five European incinerators. This article
summarizes their comments. The five plants are
located in Dusseldorf, West Germany; North
Munich, West Germany; Issy Les Moulineaux,
Paris; Tourcoing, France; and Castle Bromwich,
Birmingham, England. Among the comments are
the following: at one plant, 390,000 tons of steam
were generated from 256,000 tons of refuse. Sale
of the steam covered 86 percent of operational
and maintenance costs; 13 percent return
resulted from sale of scrap and 1 percent from
the sale of ash. Another superintendent reported
that because of waste heat boiler tube corrosion
problems, a castable refractory was installed,
resulting in an increase in flue gas temperatures
from 250 C to 350 C. This temperature increase
resulted in a volume increase at the precipitators
of 25 percent, which caused visible stack
discharge. In England, the gas cleaning system
was examined by parts: the gas cooling tower
was a continual source of trouble because of
moisture carryover. The precipitator was found
to require little maintenance. The dust removal
system was a problem due to pluggage. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23488]
73-4239
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Present mu-
nicipal incinerators in the United States. In
Systems study of air pollution from municipal in-
cineration, v. 2. Appendices. Cambridge, Mas-
sachusetts, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Mar. 1970. p. (I-
1MI-38).
The article indicates current design trends and
operating practices in existing U.S. incinerators,
as well as a description of the present incinerator
inventory. A compilation of data on existing in-
cineration systems is described. This table is
very extensive and relies on many sources for its
information. The introduction of Federal demon-
stration grants and the increasing urgency of the
solid waste disposal problem have accelerated
the pace of design innovation. However, in-
cinerator designs for the future exist today and
await implementation. In the tabular data
presented, definition problems centered around
the terms 'scrubber' and 'wet baffles.' Figures
for incinerator construction over the past 30
years show a decline in new installations. Per-
haps this is due to several factors: intense pres-
sures have been placed on municipal funds for all
purposes; less money and high bond interest
rates exist; and an unwillingness to commit a
community to incineration in the hope that
technology will provide an alternative
breakthrough has prevailed. Figures also show
that average plant size is steadily increasing and
now approaches 400 tons per day. An increasing
number of plants are being built for continuous
feed. As for air pollution systems, there is a
trend away from dry expansion chamber
systems toward increased use of cyclones,
wetted baffles, and scrubbers. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23489]
73-4240
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Refuse
stoichiometry. In Systems study of air pollution
from municipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little,
Inc. Mar. 1970. p. (C-l)-(D-S).
-------
27
The article discusses relative flows of principal
material and energy streams as a way to un-
derstanding the incineration process. At the out-
set the article cautions that the analysis is valid
only for refuse composition and combustion as-
sumptions used. Furthermore, this stoichiomet-
ric analysis assumed that all organic material is
completely burned. Sulfur compounds in refuse
are assumed to burn to sulfur dioxide. Metals are
assumed to be unoxidized. Since more than 91
percent of stoichiometric oxygen for combustion
is used by carbon, carbon dioxide and oxygen
flue gas analyses are good indicators of excess
air levels. The actual fraction of metal in refuse
which is oxidized is very uncertain, but the as-
sumption that metal is unoxidized would not
seem to be a significant source of error. Data are
used to show the calculated relationship between
oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the
flue gas stream at the furnace exit as it would be
measured with an Orsat apparatus, standard
refuse composition derived by reviewing refuse
composition data, and an ultimate analysis of
refuse categories by oxidizable elements and in-
erts based on previous data. In addition, a
questionnaire was prepared and mailed to all
identified incinerator plants. This was done in
order to provide a data base to support the anal-
ysis of the industry. The questionnaire had two
parts: a sheet asking questions about units, and a
diagram showing the general layout of the plant
with requests for operating and design data.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23490]
73-4241
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Steam
plumes. In Systems study of air pollution from
municipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices. Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Mar. 1970. p. (B-16)-(B-23).
The article discusses steam plumes arising from
incineration processes in which water is in-
troduced into flue gas by various sources. Flue
gas leaving the stack can contain large amounts
of water vapor which condenses under certain
atmospheric conditions, resulting in stack ef-
fluent (steam plume). Although steam plumes
neither cause nor indicate air pollution, the
public reacts negatively to its presence. Forma-
tion of a steam plume depends on discharge tem-
perature and moisture content of flue gasses,
ambient temperature and amount of dilution
which occurs during flue gas discharge. When
flue gas is evaporatively cooled from 1,650 F to
500 F, the treated gas contains approximately
0.36 Ib of water vapor per Ib of dry air. For this
flue gas, plumes will form whenever the ambient
temperature falls below 40 F. If flue gas is
cooled to lower temperatures, or if the ambient
relative humidity is high, plumes will form at
higher temperatures. High cross-winds may
shorten or eliminate the plume. Reheat of flue
gas will reduce the intensity or frequency of
plume formation, but costs are excessive. For
this reason, it is likely that steam plumes will al-
ways be possible with incinerators using wet
scrubbers and plants using evaporative cooling
for flue gas conditioning. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23491]
73-4242
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Systems
study of air pollution from municipal incinera-
tion, v. 2. Appendices Cambridge, Mas-
sachusetts, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Mar. 1970. 293
P-
A comprehensive systems study of air pollution
from municipal incineration is the substance of a
report to The Division of Process Control En-
gineering, National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration, U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion and Welfare. Eleven separate appendices
have been compiled which deal with the follow-
ing topics: size reduction costs, flue gas condi-
tioning, refuse stoichiometry, incinerator
questionnaire, operating experience on Europe-
an electrostatic precipitators, refuse composition
and projection data, the incineration process,
present municipal incinerators in the United
States, incinerator emission data, and the causes
and cures for incinerator deficiencies affecting
criteria of performance. A comprehensive data
bank of incinerator emission data was obtained
from many individuals in order to make the re-
port qualitatively useful. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
-------
28
[23492]
73-4243
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. The incinera-
tion process. In Systems study of air pollution
from municipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little,
Inc. Mar. 1970. p. (H-l)-(H-43).
The article summarizes equipment options, com-
bustion principles, and performance criteria ap-
plicable to contemporary incineration practice.
One section of the article deals specifically with
municipal incinerators. Under this topic, the col-
lection, delivery, handling, and storage of refuse
are discussed. Shearing or shredding of refuse
prior to incineration is also mentioned. Pieces of
equipment which are described and diagrammed
include the incinerator feed system, rotary
hearth, rotary kiln, stationary grate, mechanical
grate, incinerator stoker, furnace enclosure, and
incinerator stack. Necessary components and
processes for incineration are mentioned, includ-
ing combustion air, ash removal, flue gas condi-
tioning, air pollution control, and waste water
disposal. Because refuse has considerable
similarity to wood, peat, and lignite, its use as a
fuel has obvious advantages. One distinguishing
characteristic of refuse fuel is its high ash con-
tent of 5.44 percent, excluding metal and glass
ash. Use of refuse as fuel is discussed in terms of
various burning processes, such as grate L.urn-
ing, pyrolysis, bed burning, and overfire mixing.
The incineration industry has not yet tapped
much of the theoretical and empirical knowledge
which is potentially useful in systems design. Im-
proved operations; particularly in regard to bur-
nout of combustibles, may result. (This document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23486]
73-4244
Cleaning up the tire problem. Industrial
Research, 14(120):34, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses a new smokeless tire in-
cinerator, the first of its kind in the world, which
has been designed and manufactured by Redman
Heenan Froude in Worcester, England. This
system incorporates an exceptionally efficient
incinerator with a sensitive gas purification
process that totally eliminates the emission of
smoke. The incinerator is a grateless cyclonic
furnace that has been especially adapted. The
products of combustion pass through a waste
heat recovery boiler that generates steam for
use within the factory. Filters are provided in
the tower water system for reclaiming carbon
black.
[23493]
73-4245
Controlling an inferno. Instrumentation,
25(l):24-27,1972.
This article discusses the Miami County in-
cinerator which is now in its 4th year of opera-
tion as the solid waste disposal facility for the
Ohio municipalities of Piqua and Troy. Its auto-
mated furnace operation is controlled by pneu-
matic instrumentation which is supplied, in-
stalled, and maintained by Honeywell. As che-
matic layout is provided which shows the general
facility arrangement and the off-panel com-
ponents. This system also incorporates nu-
merous safeguards against emergency situations
such as low water pressure or water pressure
failure, loss of draft at induced draft fan, low
compressed air pressure, high furnace tempera-
ture, power failure, and high temperature at the
induced draft fan. This system has proved effec-
tive in regulating the quantity of underfire air to
govern the burning rate, and the quantity of
overfire air to maintain the proper furnace tem-
perature.
[23494]
73-4246
CROSS, F. L. Experience factors: efficiency and
effectiveness: air pollution control. Waste Age,
4(1):40,42,44, Jan.-Feb. 1973.
The article is concerned with discussing some of
the operational features of a wet scrubber device
installed on an apartment-house incinerator.
There is no cost information given, but factors
that affect cost are discussed. Most of the infor-
mation in this paper is based upon a recent study
by the National Academy of Sciences in their
second interim report entitled 'Collection,
Reduction, and Disposal of Solid Waste in High
-------
29
Rise Multi-family Dwellings.' Depending on the
area in which the incinerator/scrubber is in-
stalled, the cost of water to operate it could be a
very significant cost factor. For this reason,
there are two types of systems in operation at
the present timeO the single-pass type, and more
frequently, the recirculated system. In this
system, water is passed through a clarifier to
remove solids and then recirculated into the
scrubber. Chemicals are added to the clarifier
for neutralization and precipitation of solids. The
scrubber sludge can be disposed of in a landfill
without too much difficulty; the analysis of this
sludge is given in tabular form. Also weight,
volume, and composition of refuse following
processing, utility and fuel requirements of in-
cinerator scrubber systems, and water quality
analyses are provided. There is also a section
devoted to personnel and training requirements
for operating onsite incinerators.
[23495]
73-4247
Czech process makes resins from pyrolysis oil.
Process Engineering, 7, Dec. 1972
This article discusses a new process developed in
Czechoslovakia by which resins for use as exten-
ders for plastics and rubbers can be made from
pyrolysis oil. In the process, pyrolysis oil is first
fractionated to an adequate quality, and then a
hydrocarbon solvent is used to precipitate the
resins, which are separated and dried. The resin-
free pyrolysis oil obtained from the process can
be used for making naphthalene and methyl
naphthalene.
[23496]
73-4248
First phase of nine-year study rates effects of
high-rise incineration. Solid Wastes Manage-
ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 15(11):16,46, 62-
63, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses a long-term incineration
study being conducted by the National Academy
of Sciences through its Building Research Ad-
visory Board(BRAB) with funds provided by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
A BRAB committee is developing basic informa-
tion that will help building designers and owners,
public works and public health authorities, city
planners, and industry to develop new equip-
ment and systems for onsite handling of solid
wastes. The study is divided into three phases,
each requiring about 3 years to complete. The
long-term plan calls for enlarging the project's
scope from individual buildings to a complex of
buildings. Finally, the most desirable systems
will be installed and studied in a planned commu-
nity to determine the true economics and cost ef-
fectiveness.
[23497]
73-4249
Forest product clean-up. Chemistry in Canada,
24(10):14-15, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses a new fluidized-bed reactor
at Great Lakes Paper in Thunder Bay, Ontario,
which is the first of its kind in Canada. It in-
cinerates all nonusable wastes along with
general mill debris and sludge from the mill's ef-
fluent treatment system, without creating air
pollution. Pilot plant studies of secondary treat-
ment methods using biological systems are un-
derway. The effluent from the mill's new deink-
ing process system will be treated with other
mill waste water in a 250-ft external clarifier
which is now under construction.
[23498]
73-4250
German process attacks incineration costs, and
triples life of furnace burning refinery waste.
Process Engineering, 6, Aug. 1972.
This article discusses a new process developed
for the combustion of slurries containing solids.
The special feature of the process is a newly
designed burner and single homogenizing pump
which can be used in conjunction with any exist-
ing type of furnace. The manufacturers claim a
50-percent reduction in capital cost together
with a 55-percent drop in operating costs com-
pared with conventional processes. The process
is discussed in detail and illustrated in a flow dia-
gram. The first system was installed in a
refinery where it has been handling 85 percent
of its wastes. The variety of wastes disposed of
includes acid sludge, dirty oil, oil sludge, clay,
separated oils, and other bulk wastes.
[23499]
-------
30
73-4251
Guide for compiling a comprehensive emission
inventory. Air Pollution Technical Data Publica-
tion No. APTD-1135. Washington, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, June 1972.203 p.
This manual was prepared to assist State and
local air pollution control agencies in compiling
their emission inventories. Copies are available
free of charge to nonprofit organizations from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
or from the National Technical Information Ser-
vice, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia
22151. Detailed procedures are given for obtain-
ing and codifying information about air pollutant
emissions from stationary and mobile sources.
The system has been developed specifically for
use by State and local agencies. Because of the
large amount of information that must be col-
lected, the data must be handled by automatic
data processing means. A uniform coding system
for the data is encouraged in order that the in-
formation from one region may be compared
with that from another. Detailed procedures are
given concerning the information to be gathered
from each source, the methods to be used to
gather the information, the codes to be used to
simplify the information on standard coding
forms, the geographical and population informa-
tion needed about the area of interest, apportion-
ment techniques and emission factors needed,
and the methods of displaying the data. There is
a section devoted to air pollution from solid
waste disposal. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23500]
73-4252
Hard road ahead for city incinerators. Environ-
mental Science and Technology, 6(12):992-993,
Nov. 1972.
This article discusses incineration as a viable al-
ternative to other methods for the disposal of
municipal solid waste. A 1972 study performed
by an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
task force estimates that there are now only 193
municipal incinerators in the United States. The
reasons for the public's dislike of incinerators
are outlined. Municipal officials complain about
incinerators because of their high costs. The ad-
vantages of incineration are also enumerated.
Polluting emissions and resource recovery are
also discussed. However, it is concluded that
trends look favorable for a great increase in the
use of incineration by industry and for the
disposal of more specialized wastes, such as in-
dustrial tars and sewage sludges.
[23501]
73-4253
HIGH, D. Experience factors: air pollution.
Waste Age, 4(l):46-48,50,82, Jan.-Feb. 1973.
This study was conducted to evaluate the air pol-
lution potential of incinerators in multi-family
high-rise dwellings. The procedures, findings,
and conclusions of the tests are summarized
here. Particulate standards for incinerator stack
gases should specify the test method, since no
relationship could be established between
results from 12 duplicate tests of the two ac-
cepted particulate tests procedures, ASME PTC
27 and the EPA procedure. On 38 tests from an
apartment house incinerators, the particulate
catch in the front half of the EPA train resulted
in large part (39 to 99 percent) from the probe
washings. On the uncontrolled incinerator over-
loading increased particulate emissions. On the
controlled incinerator, undercharging increased
particulate emissions. Increasing the use of aux-
iliary fuel decreased particulate emission rates.
The modified incinerator generated only about
one-third of the particulate emissions generated
by the uncontrolled incinerator. The scrubber
removed up to 95 percent of the particulates in
the incinerator stack gases but only averaged
about 50 percent over 19 tests. The incinerator
effluent gases from the scrubber contained less
than 0.026 grains of particulate per standard cu
ft of exhaust gas. However, when corrected to
carbon dioxide and no auxiliary fuel, the emis-
sion rate became 10 to 50 times greater. A better
method of expressing particulate emission from
incinerators would be pounds of particulate per
pound or ton of refuse burned. Particulate size
analyses indicated that the scrubber was effec-
tive in removing the large particles. Visual ob-
servations of the stack plume were in disagree-
ment with the particulate measurements. The in-
-------
creased moisture content of the controlled in-
cinerator plume very likely affected the visual
opacity. Concentrations of gaseous contaminants
from refuse incineration are low compared to
motor vehicle or industrial emissions. Odors can
be controlled by water scrubbing.
[23502]
73-4254
Hochtemperaturverfahren zur muelleinschmel-
zung. [High temperature process for the melting
of refuse.] Muell undAbfall, 5(1):26,1973.
A new method has been developed which trans-
forms even difficult refuse like ceramics, tires,
plastics, metals as well as emulsions, sewage
sludge and waste oils into fine-grained sterile
slag and flue gas which is nearly free of dust and
completely burnt. The new method works with
temperatures around 1,550 C and the volume
reduction amounts to 97 percent. The dust con-
tents of the flue gas at the end of the post-com-
bustion chamber is about 100 mg per cu m at 7
percent carbon dioxide. Control and supervision
of the plant is performed automatically. The
plants are offered with throughputs of 1 to 8
tons per hr. (Text in German)
[23503]
73-4255
Incineration without fouling air. Factory,
5(10):15, Oct. 1972.
This article describes a high-temperature in-
cinerator which destroys 1,200 gal of effluent
daily without polluting the air. The unit in-
cinerates at 1,800 to 2,000 F. The effluent is
broken down and destroyed, and the water
molecules escape into the air in the form of pu-
rified, superheated steam. Before the installa-
tion of the antipollution equipment the effluent
was discharged into the sewer system. The
decomposition unit is fired by natural gas, but,
after the unit reaches the 2,000 F temperature,
the liquid waste itself provides the fuel needed
to operate the burners. This reduces the fuel
costs.
[23504]
31
73-4256
Incinerator disposes of packaging waste.
Material Handling Engineering, 27(10):76, 78,
Oct. 1972.
This article describes how Pritzlaff Wholesale
Meats, Inc., New Berlin, Wisconsin, gets rid of
meat packing materials. They had been using a
waste storage container which created odors and
attracted flies. They have since installed in in-
cinerator which has been approved by county
and municipal agencies from both a fire hazard
and air pollution standpoint. This system yields a
$1,200 yearly savings which is paying for the
operation of the incinerator and will, in a few
years, return the cost of the equipment as well.
[23505]
73-4257
Incinerators tackle organics. Chemical En-
gineering, 28,30, Oct. 2,1972.
This article discusses waste incineration and par-
ticularly new ways to cope with problem or-
ganics in the United States, Japan, Switzerland,
and Germany. The following systems are
discussed: a newly designed incinerator which
handles the disposal of waste from U.S. resin and
coating plants; a system developed in Japan for
those who make chlorinated organics which pro-
vides for the safe disposal of byproduct wastes;
an incinerator developed by the City of
Lausanne, Switzerland's Department of Public
Health in which waste petroleum products are
collected and burned, and the heat recovered;
and a newly designed German burner and a sin-
gle homogenizing pump that are claimed capable
of being used with any type furnace and which
are said to provide a 50-percent reduction in
capital cost and a better than 55-percent drop in
operating costs over conventional processes.
[23506]
73-4258
John Zink packaged incinerator. Clean Air,
2(7):45, Autumn 1972.
This article discusses the John Zinc Co.'s in-
troduction of a range of compact solid waste in-
cinerators. This new incinerator's flexible com-
bustion system insures the efficient disposal of
most industrial wastes including plastics, and is
-------
32
designed for use by industry, hospitals, schools,
hotels, and institutions. Combustion is smoke-
less, odorless, and produces no fly ash, enabling
the requirements of the Clean Air Act to be met
without additional equipment. Most of the dan-
gers associated with conventional multichamber
incinerators are eliminated.
[23507]
73-4259
Kanson-shiki toshi gomi shokyakuro. [Kanson
municipal refuse incinerator.] Kotai Haibutsu,
(8):60-68, Dec. 1972.
This type of waste incinerator is made available
in five models so that a type can be selected in
accordance with every condition of the establish-
ment of a plant. The most common characteristic
of these types is that the Kanson fan-shaped
stoker which is most effective and most reliable
in tumbling, loosening, and transporting the
waste is adopted. Of the five types, the KFS
type, for example, consists of a dryer, burning
equipment, and an after-burner. The dryer al-
lows the layer of waste to be agitated to
facilitate contacting each layer of waste with hot
gas. Therefore it rapidly dries the waste with
preheated air from the lower part of the stoker.
The furnace uses a caterpillar-shaped stoker
whose elements are strong, easily exchangeable,
and of a special structure for ventilation. The af-
terburner consists of the first stage with a fan-
shaped roster and the second stage with a com-
bination of a rotary rostor and a dumping rostor
accelerates the complete combustion of non-
flammable parts in waste retained for a long
time and minimizes the formation of clinker.
And, with operation of the rotary rostor, non-
flammable bulky wastes can be easily handled.
(Text in Japanese)
[23508]
73-4260
KANTNER, A., AND W- KERSTING. Muellver-
brennung, ein beitrag zum umweltschutz.
[Incineration, a contribution to environmental
protection.] VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(l):62-68,
1973.
Great progress has been made in modern in-
cinerators with respect to flue gas cleaning.
High-capacity filters with a collection efficiency
of 99 percent and more have been developed.
They permit a reduction of the dust concentra- •
tion to 150 mg per cu m of flue gas. Apart from
dust the waste gases from incinerators contain
carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide
and hydrogen flouride. Depending on the type of
waste material the emitted concentrations of
hydrogen chloride fluctuate between 0.2 and 0.8
g per cu m, of sulfur dioxide between 0.2 and 12
g per cu m, hydrogen fluoride up to 3 mg per cu
m referred to 7 percent carbon dioxide. The most
efficient means of controlling local as well as
temporal emission peaks of toxic flue gas com-
ponents is the construction of high stacks. The
Frankfurt and Kassel incinerators have a stack
height of 110 m, the Munich incinerators of 80,
130 and 145 m, the Mannheim incinerator of 146
m, the Nuremberg incinerator of 100 m, the
Stuttgart incinerator of 180 m and the Berlin-
Ruhleben incinerator of 76 m. Flue gas
scrubbing for the removal of the above pollu-
tants is technically feasible but has the disad-
vantage of creating a water pollution problem.
Moreover, the cooled waste gases lack thermal
buoyancy. The costs for flue gas cleaning
systems, extra high stacks and other measures
necessary for the operation of an incinerator
without harmful effect on the environment are
estimated to amount to 12 percent of the invest-
ment costs of a large incinerator. (Text in Ger-
man)
[23509]
73-4261
KELSEY, G. D. Incineration of municipal waste.
Certified Engineer, 45(8): 167-181, Aug. 1972.
This article highlights some of the environmen-
tal aspects of waste disposal and discusses some
of the problems involved in assessing those
characteristics of refuse which make incinera-
tion viable. Only broad aspects are discussed and
no attempt is made to discuss the various
designs of plants available for incineration, but a
few guidelines are offered for consideration in
the assessment of refuse incineration viability
for any specific locality. The following topics are
covered: systems available for waste disposal;
thermal value of refuse; studies in heat release;
combustion residues; utilization of heat; salvage;
and plant economics.
-------
[23510]
73-4262
KRAUSE, H. H., D. A. VAUGHAN, AND P. D.
MILLER. Corrosion and deposits from com-
bustion of solid waste. Journal of Engineering
for Power Series A, 95(l):45-52, Jan. 1973.
This study was carried out under a grant from
the Solid Waste Management Office of the En-
vironmental Protection Agency to determine the
extent of corrosion and ways of controlling it in
waste heat boilers fueled by solid waste. Such in-
stallations are more subject to corrosion than in-
cinerators without waste heat equipment, but
analyses of the tube deposits and furnace gases
confirm the belief that sufficient quantities of
the deleterious salts and gases are present in all
municipal incinerators to warrant careful con-
sideration from a corrosion standpoint. The com-
plex nature of refuse used as fuel and relatively
poorer control of burning in an incinerator com-
bine to increase the possibility for corrosion in
refuse incinerators compared to fossil-fuel-fired
boilers. The contributors to the attach are corro-
sive gases and low-melting chloride and sulfur-
containing salts; the metals and coatings which
best resist this attack are discussed. Also,
operating procedures can be adjusted to
minimize corrosion. Water-well incinerators
should be operated relatively low metal tem-
peratures, near 500 F, to minimize tube wastage.
In high-temperature superheated steam is
desired for more efficient power production, it
appears that there is merit in using the refuse to
heat the water in a separate furnace and do the
additional heating in another furnace with fossil
fuel as the heat source. Thus, corrosive deposits
and gases will be kept away from tubes operat-
ing at high metal temperatures. Appended at the
end of this valuable articles are lists of
references and of researchers working in the
area of corrosion control.
[23511]
73-4263
KURIHARA, T. Shinyo shorijo ni okoru yojo odei-
to no shokyaku shori no jissai. [Actual conditions
of combustion treatment of excess sludge, etc., at
solids treatment station.] Presented at the 1972
National Environmental Sanitation Meeting,
Niigata, Japan, Oct. 19-20, 1972. Tokyo, Ministry
of Health and Welfare, Japan Environmental
Sanitation Center. 2 p.
In Shibata City, an increased facility to deal with
sludge, and surplus activated sludge, after deal-
ing with secondary treatment of scum, etc., by
the oxidation method, was completed in 1971,
with 50,000 kl per day capacity. The old facility,
using a 30 day aeration method, had only 54,000
kl per day capacity until the end of 1969. All
sludge (after-digestion condensed sludge, after-
activated sludge, scum, and fresh excretion) are
mixed, centrifuges and dewatered by 65 to 70
percent. Then the solid is retreated with screw
press, to contain 50 to 60 percent water. At 8 to
10 kg per minute speed, it is fed into an incinera-
tor, already heated. Capacity of the incinerator,
3.75 tons day, with 50 liters per hr heavy oil con-
sumption, keeps incinerator temperature at 700
C as much as possible. The ash content is 3.0 to
3.5 percent. Smell from the incinerator is treated
by a washing process, and then diffused. Actual
fuel consumption is 200 to 300 liters a day, 220
liters per day on the average throughout the
year. The ash is being utilized for reclamation.
One operator is assigned to the operation of the
incinerator. (Text in Japanese) (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23512]
73-4264
MITCHELL, D. A., AND R. F. J. MORGAN. Design
of a new type of municipal refuse incinerator.
Journal of the Society of Environmental En-
gineers, ll-4(55):2-6, Dec. 1972.
This article examines briefly waste disposal by
incineration, but it is primarily devoted to a
description of the Power-Gas (P-G) fluid bed in-
cinerator. The topics discussed in detail with
data provided include: the present refuse
disposal problem in Great Britain; incineration;
the history of the P-G incinerator; process
description; process control; engineering design;
advantages and disadvantages; municipal refuse
as a fuel; basic operation; and operating costs. It
is anticipated that the simplicity and high effi-
ciency of the P-G system could represent a major
advance in incinerator design and technology.
[23513]
-------
34
73-4265
Muellverbrennungswerk Berlin-Ruhleben. Auf-
bau-Organisation und Erfahrungen. [The in-
cinerator in Berlin-Ruhleben. Design - organiza-
tion and experience.] Staedtehygiene, 24(2):36-40,
1973.
The incinerator plant in Berlin-Ruhleben, having
gone into operation in 1967, comprises the actual
incinerator with eight firing and boiler units for
the combustion of domestic refuse, bulky refuse,
rubbish, and industrial refuse as well as for the
production of high-pressure hot steam. It
moreover comprises a slag-processing station for
preliminary treatment of combustion residues
and a sintering plant for the production of so-
called sinter pumice from the residues. Light-
fuel oil-fired auxiliary burners begin to operate
when the combustion chamber temperature
drops below 900 C and at start-up. The flue gases
from incineration leave the combustion chamber
with a temperature of 900 to 1,000 C and are
cooled in the steam generator to 220 C. Part of
the dust load is removed at this stage. At the end
of the steam generator the flue gases are cleaned
in an electrostatic precipitator whose collection
efficiency is higher than 99.5 percent. The flue
gases are eventually released via a blower and a
76 m-high stack. The heat liberated during in-
cineration is supplied to the neighboring power
plant in the form of high-pressure hot steam.
The preliminarily treated slag along with the fly
ash collected in the steam generator and the fly
dust from the electrostatic precipitators is sub-
jected to a high-temperature fast melting
process. The air drawn through the sintering
layer of 20 to 30 cm depth is cleaned in an elec-
trostatic precipitator and discharged through
the stack. (Text in German)
[23514]
73-4266
NAKAMOTO, T. [Incineration disposal of rubber
wastes.] Nenryo Kyokai-shi, 51(540):196-203,
Apr. 1972.
This article discusses the rubber industry's
disposal problems in Japan. Rubber wastes in-
clude rubber scraps resulting from the manufac-
turing process and from the wearing out of
rubber parts. The article discusses the types and
construction of incineration furnaces, disposal of
waste gases, prevention of noises, incinerator
disposal of rubber scraps and scrap tires, and in-
cineration costs based upon equipment costs and
operating costs. It is concluded that the most ef-
fective way of disposing of scrap tires is to use
them for fuel. (Text in Japanese)
[23515]
73-4267
New process converts solid waste to gas. In
Environmental News. Washington, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1973.3 p.
This paper discusses a new process that can turn
solid waste into gas which is being tried out at
Orchard Park, New York, under the support of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The
facility can destroy hard-to-dispose-of items. If
the demonstration proves successful, it could
replace incinerators in large urban areas. The
process is a combined combustion-pyrolytic
system. Wastes are dumped into a large shaft
furnace called a gasifier where they are sub-
jected to blasts of air which have been heated to
2,000 F by natural gas. The organic portion of the
wastes volatizes into gases. The nonburnable
residues are liquefied into a molten slag. The
gases from the gasifier can be burned to make
steam for power generation. Pollution control
equipment is expected to be less costly in this
system than that for standard incinerators. The
capital costs also will probably be lower. The sale
of steam or slag as byproducts of the new
process could further reduce costs.
[23516]
73-4268
NITSCHE, M. Kritische gedanken bei der
planung einer industriellen abfallverbrennung-
sanlage. [Critical thoughts on the planning of an
industrial incinerator.] Presented at the meeting
of the VTG-Dechema, Kniebis/Black Forest,
Federal Republic of Germany, Nov. 1972. Ham-
burg, Germany, Johann Halterman Werk, 1972.
[21 p.]
For the planning of an industrial incinerator it is
important to know the composition and quantity
of the waste material which is to be burned,
which is rather difficult considering the variety
-------
36
of industrial waste products. The best solution
seems to be the muffle furnace with overpres-
sure firing for liquid waste, and the rotary kiln
for solid and pasty matter. Flue gas cooling is
simplest with evaporation cooling. So many dif-
ferent methods are available for cleaning of in-
cinerator waste gases so recommendations can
scarcely be made without knowledge of the exact
composition of the gases. Mechanical separation
followed by a cross flow scrubber, however,
seems to be most flexible. A cost calculation for
an incinerator with an hourly capacity of 3 tons
of waste and a heat production of 19.5 million
kcal per hr is attached to the paper. The various
waste gas cleaning methods are discussed with
respect to collection efficiency and power de-
mand. Venturis and scrubbers have a high power
consumption and a comparably low efficiency.
For filters, electrostatic precipitators, and con-
densation separators no generally valid relation
between collection efficiency and energy de-
mand exists. There is similarly no connection
between the absorption rate and the energy de-
mand. This is illustrated in two graphs attached
to the paper. (Text in German) (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23517]
73-4269
Okumura no pafekushon rotari shokyakuro.
[Okumura type perfection rotary incinerating
furnace.] KotaiHaibutsu, (8):50-53, Dec. 1972.
This furnace, developed to improve on the
former fixed bed furnace, is designed to burn in-
dustrial wastes which generate high heat and
give off large quantities of black smoke at the
unit factories where the wastes are discharged.
The furnace body is constructed with a steel
plate so that it will resist high temperatures
produced on burning, and designed in a double
structure so as to protect the steel plate of the
combustion room from high temperatures. The
outside of the combustion chamber is also pro-
vided with a water chamber, and the air required
for combustion is forced through an air pipe
mounted on an inside plate, with a large number
of small holes, in the water chamber into the
combustion chamber. The combustion chamber is
supplied from the entire surface of the furnace
walls through a linear space between the main
combustion section of the furnace and the ex-
haust pipe input. Wastes are heat cracked and
the flame is diffused and stirred by the forced
air to facilitate proper combustion, and finally
the gas is discharged as a smokeless gas. As the
most suitable wastes for the furnace, sludge,
tire, rubber, and plastic wastes, (except polyvi-
nyl chloride), and metallic waste, may be men-
tioned. The furnace can also burn wastes usually
requiring a supplementary fuel without the sup-
plementary fuel, and also can burn even a sludge
containing over 90 percent water to a clinker-like
state by using a waste oil. (Text in Japanese)
[23518]
73-4270
PALMER, E. R. Note: downjet combustion.
Journal of the Institute of Fuel, 45(378):481-482,
Aug.-Sept. 1972.
This article presents a study of industrial com-
bustion techniques on a small scale. This
research is directed at understanding the princi-
ples of downjet combustion and at constructing
units for the combustion of brown coal
briquettes. The design problems, the direction of
work, and the development of the theories of
downjet combustion are discussed. It is con-
cluded that the intense and complete combustion
and the compact form of the ash produced offer
distinct advantages in the use of the downjet
principle for incineration.
[23519]
73-4271
Pollution control products highlight C-E Air
Preheater exhibit. Secondary Raw Materials,
10(9):48, Sept. 1972.
This article describes the latest equipment
available to combat air, land, and water pollution
which was shown at the 23rd Annual Plant En-
gineering and Maintenance Show at the Philadel-
phia Civic Center. The show featured incinera-
tors and dust collectors. Principal user benefits
of these products are outlined. A subsidiary of
Combustion Engineering, C-E Air Preheater, is
a leading manufacturer of the heater recovery
equipment described.
[23521]
-------
36
73-4272
PRAKASH, C. B., AND F. E. MURRAY. Studies on
air emissions from the combustion of wood-
waste. Combustion Science and Technology, 6(1-
2):81-88, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses experiments which were
conducted, under controlled conditions, on the
combustion of wood waste to establish the ef-
fects of process variables on the emission of air
pollutants. Temperature in the combustion zone
was found to be the most important factor af-
fecting the combustion process and associated
air pollutants. The amounts of air pollutants
were minimal at combustion zone temperatures
greater than 1,100 degrees. The hydrocarbons
present in aerosol form in the exhaust gases
were identified as abiatic acid and stearic acid.
The gaseous hydrocarbon in the exhaust gases
was mostly methane. The average combustion
rate increased with increasing combustion zone
temperature, with decreasing moisture content
in the fuel, with increasing total air flow rate and
with decreasing secondary to primary air ratio.
The particle size in the wood-waste and the type
of the grate were also found to be important
variables for the combustion process. Flow dia-
grams and other data are provided.
[23522]
73-4273
RAMMS, W. Umweltschutz in der Metallaufbe-
reitung. [Environmental protection in secondary
metal preparation plants.] 27(2):175,1973.
All member firms of the Bureau International de
la Recuperation (BIR) agreed to find a commit-
tee to deal with problems of environmental pro-
tection, particularly with those caused by the in-
cineration of cable scrap. The committee was
founded in fall of 1972. Its first task is to make
an inventory of the direct and indirect regula-
tions concerning the incineration of cable scrap
in effect in the various member nations. Another
important task is the study of facilities available
on the international market for the recovery of
metal from cable scrap. The most difficult task
will be the critical comparison and synthesis of
the results of the first two tasks. All results and
documents will be available in a documentation
center created in the Brussels bureau of BIR.
(Text in German)
[23523]
73-4274
RATHGEBER, F. Grossanlagen fuer die ver-
brennung von abfall und muell. [Large incinera-
tors for waste and garbage.] Energie und
technik,25(l):ll-15,1973.
For the incineration of larger quantities of
refuse grate-equipped incinerators are mostly
used. They can be roughly divided into two
groups, ashing plants without heat utilization for
steam production and incinerators with heat
utilization. In ashing plants all waste products
are burned to harmless residual matter which
poses no leaching problems when dumped. The
flue gas heat can still be used for the drying of
sewage sludge. Waste ashing plants are
equipped with afterburners where the flue gases
are burned at a temperature of 800 C. For clean-
ing and cooling of the flue gases various methods
can be applied. They include indirect cooling of
the flue gases with air and subsequent
scrubbing, evaporation cooler with electrostatic
precipitation or radiation cooling with sub-
sequent electrostatic precipitation. The forward
stoking grate can be used for both the ashing
plant as well as the incinerator with heat utiliza-
tion. Incinerators with Martin backward stoking
grate are likewise used for small incinerators
without heat utilization (capacity 40 ton per day)
as well as for large plants with heat utilization
for power production (capacity 2,400 ton per
day). These incinerators are equipped with elec-
trostatic precipitators for retention of the fly
dust. The latter is drawn off pneumatically and
added to the slag after the magnetic separators
and jointly dumped. The rotary kiln is used
mainly for the incineration of liquid and pasty in-
dustrial waste products. To an increasing extend
the sludge from sewage purification plants is
burned in such kilns. The vapors which develop
at the incineration of these waste products are
liberated from dust in a scrubber and deodorized
by catalytic afterburning. In conclusion incinera-
tor charging and ash tap-off problems are
discussed. (Text in German)
[23524]
-------
37
73-4275
Raw water pumping package solves incinerator
cleaning and cooling problems. Process engineer-
ing, 14, Aug. 1972.
This article discusses a solution to the problem of
household refuse disposalO a large automated
refuse incinerator. Its resulting sterile residue is
used for road making or similar purposes. Dust
from the furnace chimneys is kept to a minimum.
One disadvantage is that the refuse incinerator
needs a great quantity of water at regular inter-
vals for cleaning and cooling purposes. A
recently developed package unit for pumping,
filtering, and metering the raw water required
comprises pumps, valves, meters, pipework, and
a self-cleaning filter. This self-cleaning process is
activated by a pressure switch. A back-flushing
system diverts a small proportion of the main
flow through a section of the element forcing the
contaminants into a hollow scraper bar behind.
The resulting contaminants are fed into a sump
below the filter which can be automatically
discharged to waste.
[23525]
73-4276
ROUSSEAU, L. M. Mobile refuse incinerator.
Canadian Patent 914,001 owned by F. Bauer, and
L. M. Rousseau. Issued Nov. 7,1972.
This patent concerns improvements to mobile ro-
tary-drum furnaces (incinerators) dealing with
thermal treatment of household and industrial
refuse and mud from town and factory waste
paper and the like. The object of this invention is
to render incineration equipment mobile in order
that refuse may be incinerated on the dumping
grounds with the same installation. Also, mud
from a filtering station may be treated at the
same location.
[23526]
73-4277
SABLESKI, J. J., JR., AND W. A. COTE. Air pollu-
tant emissions from apartment house incinera-
tors. Unpublished data, Feb. 1971.33 p.
A test program was designed to evaluate the
operation and air pollutant emissions of apart-
ment house incinerators. The units tested were
equipped with the most recent controls for com-
bustion efficiency and particulate removal and
were recommended by local air pollution control
officials. Test incinerators were both single and
multiple chamber with single and double flues.
All units were equipped with gas washers. Other
features included charging gates, forced overfire
air, draft control dampers, and automatic pro-
gramming devices. Operating parameters such
as burning rate primary chamber draft, seconda-
ry chamber temperature and gas washer water
flow rate and pressure drop were monitored.
Contaminants measured included particulates,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carnonyls, and
nitrogen oxides. The test results indicate defi-
ciencies in operating as well as unacceptable pol-
lutant emissions for some units. Burning at rated
capacity could not be achieved in several units,
due to high grate loadings. Combustion tempera-
tures in all units were below the 1,200 to 1,400 F
required for destruction of volatile and odorous
material. Primary chamber draft was somewhat
controlled in those units with forced overfire air
and draft control dampers. Particulate emissions
reported on a mass basis rather than a carbon-
dioxide corrected concentration basis was the
most consistent means of comparing test data to
the very low concentrations of carbon dioxide
measured. The single chamber units had unac-
ceptable particulate emissions as compared to
representative emission regulations. The multi-
ple chamber units had considerably lower par-
ticulate emission, with the best performance
achieved by those units which operated with pri-
mary chamber draft between 0.10 and 0.25 in. of
water. Based on the test program results, apart-
ment house incinerators should be designed with
multiple chambers, double flues, forced overfire
air and draft control, gas washers, charging
gates, primary and secondary auxiliary burners,
and a programming system. A somewhat longer
version of this paper, as originally presented, in-
cluding the results of tests for gaseous emission,
is available from the senior author. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23527]
73-4278
SADO, I. Sekiyu kagaku seihin nado no shokyaku
hoho. [A method of burning petrochemical
products.] Japanese Patent 48-891. Issued Jan.
12,1973.
-------
38
This invention concerns a method of burning
wastes such as polyvinyl chloride or other
synthetic resin products and rubbers, in which
wastes are burned in a nearly smokeless and
odorless state. The method under this invention
is characterized by a process by which petro-
chemical waste products are subjected to a spon-
taneous combustion in a casserole state in a
closed combustion room in such a way that no air
is supplied whatever, and subsequently the gas
so generated is sent successively in an adequate
amount into a separately installed second com-
bustion room where it is reburnt at a high tem-
perature of more than 1,000 C by a jet flame
from the oil burners mounted inside the com-
bustion room. Usually, petro-chemical products
enamate black smoke of Ringelmann concentra-
tion of more than five and a strong odor, but in
this method, particularly in the case of polyvinyl
chloride the exhaust smoke has a Ringelman
smoke concentration of less than one and of al-
most odorless because the plastic is completely
gasified by the spontaneous combustion and
completely burned at 1,300 to 1,400 C with oil
and air in the second combustion room when the
exhaust smoke is passed through a neutraliza-
tion tank to remove the chloride compounds in
the smoke, the damaging contribution of the ex-
haust gas or smoke to the secondary pollution
can be completely eliminated. (Text in Japanese)
[23528]
73-4279
Safe method of destroying chlorinated
hydrocarbons. Petroleum Times, 76(1949):22,
Nov. 17,1972.
This article describes the first waste incinerat-
ing vessel, the M/V Vulcanus. Nearly 2,000 tons
of waste hydrocarbons are burned off in her own
incineration plant on each voyage. This service
obviates the need for highly complicated and ex-
pensive land-based installations for the destruc-
tion of toxic chemical liquid waste. This double-
hulled tanker contains 15 tanks and the as-
sociated pumps, piping systems, and incinerators
with their burners, all of which were specially
designed and constructed for their intended pur-
pose. The resulting hot gas effluent contains only
one harmful chemical, chloride, which,
discharged as a vapor at high velocity, cools,
becomes heavier than air and settles upon the
sea where it is dispersed by the wake and ab-
sorbed into the sea. The destruction sequence
will only be operated when the vessel is between
30 to 40 miles from shore.
[23529]
73-4280
Sangyo haikubutsu shokyakuro. [Industrial
waste incinerator.] (8):70-73, Dec. 1972.
Incinerators for sludge, waste oil, waste liquid,
plastic and rubber wastes, paper, wood and fiber
wastes, and animal and vegetable residues, are
described. There is an incinerator for
heterogeneous refuse containing mainly waste
paper, wood chips, and rags, an incinerator for
plastic and rubber wastes, an incinerator for
waste oil, an incinerator for waste liquids, and a
spray incinerator for wet sludge. The incinerator
for mixed refuse is so designed that it will not be
affected by the variations in the furnace pres-
sure during stoking or by the amount of excess
air. In the case of the small model, it has a push-
button system which makes an automatic opera-
tion possible. The soot, odor-emitting substances,
and harmful substances contained in the exhaust
gas from the combustion chamber are complete-
ly burned out in the second chamber. Especially
the harmful gas containing hydrogen chloride,
sulfur and nitrogen oxides are removed by spe-
cial equipment. The incinerator for plastic
wastes has a combustion plate system on which
the waste is melted and stirred by a stirrer and
pusher for complete combustion. Subsequently
the waste is sent through the afterburner to the
second chamber and finally the gas is treated by
exhaust gas control equipment. (Text in
Japanese)
[23530]
73-4281
Smokeless tyre burning. Materials Reclama-
tion Weekly, 122(4):27, Jan. 27,1973.
Pollution Technical Services Ltd., Station Road,
Abingdon, Berkshire, England, has begun to
market a high-temperature 'fire tornade' smoke-
less incinerator which will burn scrap tires
swiftly and without emitting black smoke. It is
claimed that it neither involves costly special
-------
39
refractory lining or, as is the case in many in-
cinerators, the use of supporting fuel. A cylindri-
cal chamber is the basis of the range, which has
capacities from 2.1 to 52.5 million Btu per hr, and
it is within this cylinder, built of modular sec-
tions, in which a cyclone effect is automatically
created during combustion by the introduction of
controlled amount of low-energy air through
specially positioned tangential inlets. Modular
construction of the range, designated HBW, al-
lows for the inclusion of anciallary systems to
give optimum results from a wide variety of
waste fuels.
[23532]
73-4282
Two combustion chambers eliminate waste and
pollution. Material Handling Engineering,
27(11):48, Nov. 1972.
This article describes a newly developed in-
cinerator manufactured by the Kelley Co. It
achieves total, pollution-free combustion using
the controlled-air concept. Combustion is con-
trolled by metering preheated air from a blower
to vents in the base of the main combustion
chamber. The resultant gases are mixed with a
combination of outside air and preheated air,
then totally consumed by a gas-jet flame. All
that exists the top of the stack is carbon dioxide
and water vapor. The refuse becomes an air-seal.
The residual ash that is left is sterile and chemi-
cally inert. Economics and the productivity of
the process are also discussed.
[23533]
73-4283
WILSON, D. L. Prediction of heat of combustion
of solid wastes from ultimate analysis. Environ-
mental Science and Technology, 6(13):1119-1121,
Dec. 1972.
This article relates how thermochemical princi-
ples can be applied in predicting the heat of com-
bustion of prepared solid waste samples, know-
ing their ultimate analysis. The resulting formu-
la produces data whose variation from average
experimental value is similar in magnitude to the
variation between duplicate experiments. Data
on the composition and heating value of raw
refuse and fly ash are presented. It is concluded
that the degree of accuracy of the mathematical
values shown is sufficient for employing these
values in energy-balance formulas about an in-
cinerator.
[23534]
73-4284
YAMAMOTO, K., AND Y. YAMAMOTO. Toxicity of
gases released by polyurethane foams subjected
to sufficiently high temperature. Japanese
Journal of Legal Medicine, 25(4):303-314, July
1971.
This article discusses the toxicity of the gases
released when polyurethane foam is heated. This
examination used rats. Of the gases released,
special attention was paid to carbon monoxide
and hydrogen cyanide. In order to analyze the
cause of the rats' death, the effect of each gas on
the rats was studied. It was shown that the car-
bon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide which were
released from polyurethane foam would be
above lethal dose under certain conditions and
they would be fatal. The rats were divided into
two groups. One group was administered
thiosulfate intraperitoneally, and both groups
were exposed to the gases from polyurethane
foam. Application of chi-squared tests to the dif-
ference in the ratio of death between both
groups showed that in the group administered
thiosulfate the ratio of death was significantly
lower than that of the other group.
[23535]
73-4285
ZALOGIN, N. G., AND R. G. KIT. Problems of
developing combined fly ash-bottom ash removal
systems for high-capacity power stations. Ther-
mal Engineering, 18(ll):71-77, Nov. 1971.
This article discusses hydraulic ash removal
systems used in power stations. The fine ash-
bottom ash removal systems of several foreign
power stations are examined, along with their in-
dividual differences. Several common charac-
teristics are established. It is concluded that in
order to ensure rational utilization of fuel and a
reduction in the amount of power needed for
auxiliaries it is essential to promote more
vigorously the installation in new high-capacity
power stations of combined fine ash-bottom ash
-------
40
removal systems. Investigations are recom-
mended of different types of present day pneu-
matic equipment which can be adapted to the
conditions prevailing in thermal power stations.
[23536]
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
73-4286
Air pollution aspects of emission sources: iron
and steel mills: a bibliography with abstracts.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972.84 p.
This document is a bibliography of abstracts on
iron and steel mill air pollution. It was compiled
by the Air Pollution Technical Information
Center of the Office of Air Programs. The
categories set forth include: emission sources;
control methods; measurement methods; air
quality measurements; atmospheric interaction;
basic science and technology; human health;
plants and livestock; materials; economics; stan-
dards and criteria; legal and administrative; and
social aspects. Subject and author indexes are
provided. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
235370
73-4287
BLACK, J. W. C., R. M. COOPER, AND D. T. RAT-
TKAY. Pollution abatement in the Canadian paint
industry. American Paint Journal, 57(9):69, 72,
74,75, 77, Sept. 18,1972.
This article discusses pollution abatement in the
Canadian paint industry. This industry has pollu-
tion problems in the four following areas: air
contamination whether from emission of dis-
agreeable odors associated with resin manufac-
ture or emission resulting from industrial appli-
cation or curing of paint coatings; the contamina-
tion of municipal sewer systems or watercourses
by waste products carried in paint plant ef-
fluents; the disposal of miscellaneous solid and
liquid wastes; and the use of materials con-
sidered hazardous to the environment. Each of
these problems is discussed in detail. It is con-
cluded that effort must continue to be exerted
by this industry to meet the considerable body of
existing and impending legislation.
[23539]
73-4288
BRADLEY, P. R. Modular waste treatment
system allows Armco Steel to recycle process
water. Industrial Wastes, 18(5):34-37, Nov.-Dec.
1972.
This article discusses Armco Steel Corp.'s new
water treatment facility which returns water it
has used to a river in better condition than when
it was removed. This treatment system used
limestone for neutralization, combined with
aeration and sludge recirculation to oxidize fer-
rous iron and produce a readily filterable ferric
hydroxide precipitate. The considerations which
influenced Armco's choice of a water recycling
system are outlined. The design of the water
clarification plant, pickling with hydrochloric
acid, substituting limestone for hydrated lime,
and the terminal treatment facility are described
in detail.
[23540]
73-4289
BRYAN, W. P. Inland's Tennessee mill was first
designed for ammonia base NSSC. Paper Trade
Journal, 156(40):36-40, Sept. 25,1972.
This article discusses a new highly compact and
efficient plant which produces corrugating medi-
um from hardwoods and disposes of spent pulp-
ing liquors by incineration. The mill is designed
for the utilization of an ammonia base cooking
process. Wood preparation, the digester system,
pulp washing, liquor making, multiple effect
evaporators, steam plant, paper machines, en-
vironmental protection, mill water supply, and
the multicraft concept are discussed in detail.
[23541]
73-4290
CHRISTENSEN, B. Rordal Cement Works, Aal-
borg, Denmark. Cement Technology, 3(6):207-
214, Nov./Dec. 1972.
This article discusses chalk and clay processing
in Denmark. Because of the high moisture con-
tent of these raw materials and because they
lend themselves to wet processing at very low
production costs, a wet process plant was chosen
for the latest extension at the Rordal Cement
-------
Works in Aalborg, Denmark. Wet processing has
been made so economic that it compares
favorably with dry process installations in spite
of the higher fuel consumption of the wet
process kilns. Pumping clay slurry, washing and
grinding, slurry production, the handling of
precipitated dust, and process control are
discussed in detail.
[23542]
73-4291
Chrysler changes paint formulations to reduce
solvent emissions. Industrial Heating,
39(9):1782, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses Chrysler Corp.'s conver-
sion of its United States and Canadian assembly
plants to the use of nonphotochemically reactive
solvents in car paint colors. This is considered an
important step forward in the effort to reduce
solvent emissions from all industrial facilities.
The new enamels require less solvent for easier
application because the resin particles are
dispersed or suspended, rather than dissolved, in
liquid solvent. The new colors can be applied
faster and thicker than the previous enamels.
[23543]
73-4292
Conventions and amendments relating to pollu-
tion of the sea by oil. Hearings; Subcommittee on
Oceans and International Environment, U.S.
senate, 92nd Congress, 1st session, May 20,1971.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office.
229 p.
The hearings attempted to gauge the effect on
the environment of sea pollution caused by oil.
Statements from marine biologists, representa-
tives of business, and other interested parties
are part of the record. Additionally, comments of
various Senators and and organizations, such as
the American Petroleum Institute, are included.
Existing international conventions and amend-
ments relating to them are discussed and
reproduced, including the International Conven-
tion Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in
Cases of Oil Pollution Casualities, the Interna-
tional Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollu-
tion Damage, and Amendments to the Interna-
tional Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
41
of the Sea by Oil, recommended by the Maritime
Safety Committee of the Inter-governmental
Maritime Consultative Organization. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
235440
73-4293
CROSS, F. L., R. LAWSON, C. C. MIESSE, AND W.
D. SlTMAN. Environemntal aspects of site selec-
tion for a petroleum refinery. Industrial Wastes,
18(4):17-22, July-Aug. 1972.
This article illustrates a multidisciplinary ap-
proach to environmental protection involving ap-
plication of the latest pollution control technolo-
gy to industrial site selection. A hypothetical
100,000-barrel-per-day refinery in the densely
populated northeast section of the country is
considered. Four major pollution abatement
problem areas are stressed: air emission sources
and controls, and ambient air quality); waste
water (refinery effluent); solid waste (sources
and characteristics, quantities, and handling
procedures); and noise control. The data included
in the tables cover the following: hypothetical
refinery emission inventory; computer input
data for a hypothetical refinery; summary of air
pollutant emissions on the study area; qualita-
tive evaluation of waste water flow and charac-
teristics by fundamental refinery processes;
range of effluent loads; and sources and charac-
teristics of refinery solid waste.
[23545
73-4294
CUMMINS, R. L. A review of industrial solid
wastes. A division of Technical Operations Open-
file Report (TO 5.0/0). Washington, U.S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, En-
vironmental Health Service, 1970.41 p.
A plan is presented for evaluating and solving
the practices and problems of an individual plant
or plant complex. Briefly stated, it is suggested
that: all available information on solid waste
storage, collection, disposal, and reclamation be
collected; an evaluation be made of present
waste practices and costs; potential solutions and
alternative approaches should be fully evaluated
both technically and economically; and finally, a
system should be selected, developed, and imple-
-------
42
mented. The data presented include: standard in-
dustrial classifications; general surveys
(Combustion Engineering Survey, 1968 National
Solid Waste Survey); and case studies (New Jer-
sey, California, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania):
The reclamation of solid wastes is discussed in
detail. (This document is retained in the SWIKS
library.)
[23546]
73-4295
CURRIE, W. J. Deep coal mining and the en-
vironment. Colliery Guardian Annual Review,
58,63-64, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the environmental
problems of the deep coal mining industry which
stem from waste disposal. The technical
problems discussed herein which need improved
or more economical solutions are the dewatering
of fine effluent discards; the safe rehabilitation
of effluent lagoons; the treatment of acidic mine
drainage; the formation of soils on waste tips and
the colonization by plant and animal life; the
abatement of noise; and the rationalization of
disused surface layouts. Of national importance
is the need to ensure the utmost use of the bulk
of colliery waste, an expensive product, in major
earthwork or fill projects.
[23547]
73-4296
DAVIS, J. B. Paintmakers in conference. 2. pollu-
tion—a challenge to the paint industry. Paint
Manufacture, 42(9):10-11,15, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses the main causes of pollu-
tion in the British paint industry. The air pollu-
tion is mostly due to evaporating solvents and
diluents and to byproducts of baking finishes.
Air pollution problems resulted in the Clean Air
Acts of 1956 and 1968. Many different methods
of controlling air pollution from industrial
finishes are outlined. The six main types of
water pollutants in the industry are also
presented. Disposal of solid waste, noise pollu-
tion, and toxicity dangers are also discussed in
detail. It is anticipated that research in this area
could cover products which do not pollute, appli-
cation methods, alternative methods of resin cur-
ing, and methods of manufacture.
[23548]
73-4297
DEGEARE, T. V., R. J. WIGH, AND R. A. YOUNG.
Water quality/land disposed solid waste: a
bibliography. Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs, 1971.11 p.
This bibliography is a guide to some of the litera-
ture available on the pollution of ground and sur-
face waters by solid waste. Each listed item was
reviewed and placed in one or more of the follow-
ing six categories in accordance with its content:
general theory (contains discussion of technical
aspects and theory of the topic); ground water
quality data (specific data on affected ground
water); surface water quality data )specific data
on affected surface water); research percolation
quality data; general discussion; and water treat-
ment (the treatment of affected water). (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23549]
73-4298
Encouraging good practice for waste disposal.
Paint Manufacture, 42(7):5, July 1972.
This article discusses Great Britain's Deposit of
Poisonous Waste Act, which went through Par-
liament in close to record time. Encouraged by
the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollu-
tion, a working party of the Institution of Chemi-
cal Engineers has prepared and published a
provisional code of practice for disposal of solid
and liquid waste. The new code places restric-
tions on the deposit of potentially hazardous
wastes to land sites. This is because of the long-
term danger of water supply contamination. The
working party agreed that more wastes could
and should be processed instead of being
dumped. Some companies are already recovering
copper from previously dumped wastes. The
working party also agreed that the producer
must classify his wastes and disclose any hazards
which might arise in collection, transport,
processing, or disposal.
[23550]
73-4299
Environmental protection~a Consol objective
since 1948. Coal Age, 77(10):122-138, Oct. 1972.
-------
This article discusses Consolidated Coal Co.'s en-
vironmental control and research efforts. This
firm has found that environmental control is an
expensive undertaking. Capital and operating
expenditures for improving water and air pollu-
tion control facilities and for reclaiming surface-
mined land totaled $5.5 million from 1966 to 1972.
The company's Environmental Quality Control
Department directs the study, research, and
treatment of mine drainage and other waste-
waters. Preparation plant controls, mine
drainage treatment, and surface mine reclama-
tion are discussed and illustrated in detail.
[23551]
73-4300
Extension and modernization of Assi mills.
Svensk Papperstidning, 75(21):875-878, Nov. 30,
1972.
Assi (Sweden's State Forest Industries Co.) has
invested in additional kraftliner capacity after a
thorough investigation of the market. A study
was made of the growth potential of kraftliner
with regard to the competition from other
packaging materials, and the future role of liner-
board in corrugated board production. Assi re-
lied largely on the company's profits to fund this
development project. The costs of antipollution
measures are also outlined. The new recovery
boiler, the design of the paper mill, and the mill's
equipment are also discussed in detail. A newly
built deep water port outside of Pitea will speed
delivery of Assi products, even in the winter.
[23552]
73-4301
Federal gets liner stock cleaner with slotted
vertical screens. Paper Trade Journal,
156(43):54-55, Oct. 16,1972.
This article describes how Federal Paper Board
has improved stock cleaning at its Morris, Il-
linois, board mill with slotted vertical pressure
screens. The screen used is a pressure unit using
baskets with either slots or holes. The operating
method of the vertical screens is illustrated. The
smooth performance of the pressure screen is a
function of the shape of the hydrofoils as well as
of the arrangement of the perforations or slots in
the screen basket.
[23553]
73-4302
Future energy sources. In Energy and today's
environment. Jackson, Michigan, Consumers
Power Co., 1972. p. 14-16.
The U.S. Department of Interior has projected
that production of oil in the 48 continental states
may reach a peak before 1975 and then begin a
long-term downward trend. The problem of
shortages in natural gas will be even more dif-
ficult. In some areas it is the only fuel that can
meet air pollution standards. It is clear that
natural gas will no longer be a low-cost fuel. Coal
will play a larger role in the future because it
contains within its molecular structure the
potential for conversion into various products.
Most of them are energy producing, and many
can be used to produce energy with only slight
impact on the environment. Various experimen-
tal and research approaches for analyzing future
energy sources are discussed and include: mag-
netohydrodynamics; solar power; and ther-
monuclear fusion. (This document is retained in
the SWIES library.)
[23554]
73-4303
GULF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS Co. Acid
mine waste treatment using reverse osmosis.
San Diego, California, Aug. 1971.85 p.
This paper was prepared under contract to the
Water Quality Office of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. The basic objectives of this
test program were to demonstrate the applica-
bility of reverse osmosis to the demineralization
of acid mine drainages, both high-ferrous and
high-ferric types, and to reclaim the maximum
percentage of such feedwater in purified form
suitable for domestic or industrial purposes, or
as stream discharge. The goals included the at-
tainment of maximum water recovery while
maintaining the required product water quality
and the determination of pretreatment require-
ments necessary to maximize water recovery
and membrane life. Two reverse osmosis test
units were operated during the course of these
tests: a nominal 10,000 gal per day unit equipped
with eighteen 50-sq-ft modules and a nominal
4,000 gal per day unit equipped with nine 50-sq-
-------
44
ft modules. The modules used in these units con-
sisted of both high-selectivity and high-flux cel-
lulose acetate membranes. The test program was
carried out at three different mine drainage
sites. The mine drainage water at the first site,
Norton, West Virginia, contained greater than
98 percent of the iron present in ferric form; at
the other two sites, Morgantown, West Virginia,
and Ebensburg, Pennsylvania, the drainage
water contained predominantly ferrous iron.
Discharges at the second site were so concen-
trated that recoveries were limited to 50 per-
cent; recoveries of 80 to 90 percent were at-
tained at the first and third sites. No iron fouling
was encountered at any of the three sites.
Specific salt rejections were less than 97 percent
at all sites. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23555]
73-4304
HAAS, L. Dutch corrugated mill expands again.
Pulp and Paper International, 14(ll):44-46, Oct.
1972.
Papierfabriek De Hoop in the Netherlands has
completed an expansion project which added a
250-ton per day liner-board machine and a
Bauer-Voest semichemical pulp installation. A
digester column has been converted to produce
dispersed waste paper. The plant's design and
equipment are discussed in detail. It is concluded
that the Dutch paper industry cannot continue
using small, inefficient machines because profits
from this sector have been far from satisfactory.
[23556]
73-4305
HABEL, A. Tool-size control doubles output,
cuts scrap. Machinery, 78(12):27-30, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses a semiautomatic tool-size-
adjusting system for a finish boring operation
which ups productivity, tool life, and surface
finish, with a simultaneous reduction in scrap,
honing time, and labor costs. Advantages of the
system include: doubled production, increased
tool life, large scrap reduction, less honing time,
lower labor costs, quick tool changes, better sur-
face finishes, consistent tolerances, and greater
flexibility. The topics discussed in detail include
machining castings, finish boring, tool size con-
trol, adjustment time, and scrap reduction. This
system consists of standardized components that
permit a choice between fully automatic, semiau-
tomatic, or manual adjustment, depending on
needs.
[23557]
73-4306
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Control methods presently in use. In
Control of atmospheric emissions in the wood
pulping industry, v. 2. Springfield, Virginia, Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Mar. 15,
1970.p.V(l-158).
Control methods presently in use in the wood
pulping industry consist of add-on hardware or
process modifications. The methods considered
in this chapter are those which have been in
reasonably successful operation for at least 1
year at one or more locations. The one exception
is the recently developed recovery systems
which eliminate direct contact between the flue
gasses and black liquor. Control methods are
briefly described in general terms and are evalu-
ated under conditions of specific applications.
The evaluations include a cost-effectiveness
study as well as a discussion of engineering fac-
tors which are unique to the applications. Cost
calculations have been prepared for the total
capital cost and net annual cost. It must be
recognized that installations vary widely from
mill to mill. Thus the costs presented can serve
only as general guide. Cost estimates for specific
mills must be based on the local situation. These
methods are the most commonly used for air pol-
lution control on kraft recovery furnace and
other units: electrostatic precipitators; Venturi
scrubbers; impingement baffel scrubbers; mesh
pads; cyclonic scrubbers; mechanical collectors;
and orifice scrubbers. Gaseous emissions are
controlled by one or more of the following
methods: weak or strong black liquor oxidation;
incineration; absorption towers; scrubbers of
various types; chlorination; sulfur recovery; and
proper operation of equipment. This section is
amply supplemented with charts, flow diagrams,
and a list of references. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23559]
-------
73-4307
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Control of atmospheric emissions in
the wood pulping industry, v. 1. Springfield, Vir-
ginia, National Technical Information Service,
Mar. 15,1970. [600 p.]
The basic objectives of this study were to make a
comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the
technical and economic problems involved in the
control of airborne emissions, especially particu-
lates and gaseous sulfur compounds from the
chemical wood pulping industry, and to deter-
mine the technological gaps that need to be filled
by accelerated research and development. In-
cluded in the scope of the work were major
variations of the kraft, sulfate and semichemical
pulping processes; the nature and sources of
emissions from each process; a review of control
hardware capabilities, efficiencies, and costs; a
review of source and ambient air sampling and
analysis techniques and an evaluation of the
overall economic impacts of air quality improve-
ment in the industry. It is felt that several major
gaps in technology have been identified which
will need to be filled before any further great
steps in progress can be made. Those areas de-
manding the highest priority are completely
defined and specific projects identified. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23560]
73-4308
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Critical review of control technology.
In Control of atmospheric emissions in the wood
pulping industry, v. 2. Springfield, Virginia, Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Mar. 15,
1970. p. 111(1-21).
Atmospheric control methods for emissions from
the three main chemical pulping processesO
kraft, sulfite, and neutral sulfite semichemicalO
are evaluated. Within each process control
devices are discussed as to applicable emission
sources, efficiency, flexibility, economics, relia-
bility, and adaptability. The methods of air pollu-
tion control to be used in conjunction with the
kraft process are: precipitators; scrubbers;
recovery systems without direct contact
evaporators; black liquor oxidation; mechanical
collectors; incineration in a lime kiln; enclosed
pressure; and continuous diffusion washing. For
the sulfite process packed tower scrubbers and
ammonium liquor incineration with sulfur diox-
ide recovery are used (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23561]
73-4309
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. New developments in control
technology. In Control of atmospheric emis-
sions in the wood pulping industry, v. 2. Spring-
field, Virginia, National Technical Information
Service, Mar. 15,1970. p. VI(l-45).
New control methods evaluated in this chapter
are those which have had limited or no applica-
tion in the United States, but which may show
promise for more economically or effectively
reducing atmospheric emissions. Only methods
which promise improvement over existing
technology have been evaluated in depth. Due to
the indeterminate characteristics of some of the
new methods, only order of magnitude costs
have been estimated in order to make a relative
comparison of the new techniques. The following
systems have been evaluated: for the kraft
recovery furnace, conversion to high solids
system, conversion to air contact evaporator
system, sodium carbonate bicarbonate scrubber
system, high solids plus brine scrubber system,
and weak black liquor oxidation system, or
molecular oxygen; for the black liquor oxidation
unit, packed tower and orifice scrubbers; for the
smelt dissolving tanks, incineration in a recovery
boiler; separate thermal oxidation for the
digester relief and blow plus evaporators; for the
combination boilers, mechanical collector plus
shave-off scrubbers; for brown stock washers,
continuous diffusion washing or enclosed pres-
sure washing; and for ammonium sulfite liquor,
some form of incineration. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23562]
73-4310
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Power boiler sulfur recovery. In
Control of atmospheric emissions in the wood
-------
46
pulping industry, v. 2. Springfield, Virginai, Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Mar. 15,
1970. p. VIII(1-40).
Many mills operate onsite steam electric
generating plant in the 2- to 100-megawatt range
to provide provided by the recovery furnace.
Where such power required additional energy
over and above that boilers are utilized, the fuels
consumed are usually coal, oil, gas, or a combina-
tion of these. With the coal and oil as the fuel, the
potential for sulfur dioxide emissions is present.
The combination of onsite power boilers and a
process demand for soluble sulfur compounds
presents a potentially unique advantage to the
industry. By mid-1970 Air Quality Regions called
for by the Air Quality Act of 1967 will be
designated in all of the States. Sulfur dioxide
standards will be among the first to be promul-
gated in each State. Thus, the application of
stringent sulfur dioxide emission standards to
pulp mill power boilers appears inevitable. It is
estimated that if the mix of fuels remains essen-
tially as it is today, a portion of the make-up sul-
fur requirements could be provided from this
source and theoretically all of the recovered sul-
fur could be used in the pulping process. Several
flue gas desulfurization processes are under ac-
tive development at the present time. Six of
these were considered as having potential appli-
cation to this situation. Extensive technical and
economic evaluation indicated that none of the
processes had advanced beyond the pilot plant
stage, and high capital and operating costs were
predicted for application on this scale. It was
concluded therefore, that none of the processes
was feasible for application to the pulping indus-
try in the foreseeable future. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23563]
73-4311
HENDRICKSON, E.R., J. E.ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Present chemical pulping practices.
In Control of atmospheric emissions in the wood
pulping industry, v. 1. Springfield, Virginia, Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Mar. 15,
1970. p. 111(1-71).
In wood pulping, cooking chemicals have the
functions of dissolving the lignin that bonds the
cellulose fiber together. Thus various chemical
processes have been developed, using acid, al-
kaline, or neutral solutions, which delignify with
as little destruction of the cellulose as possible.
Most of the chemical pulping processes in use
today utilize sulfur in some form in the cooking
liquor. In bringing about the solution of wood
components, the sulfur combines with con-
stituents of the wood to produce gaseous and
particulate compounds which may degrade the
quality of air or water if discharged into the en-
vironment. Three of the chemical processes
(kraft, sulfite, and neutral sulfite semichemical)
account for approximately 80 percent of pulp
production in the United States. The choice of
the pulping process is determined by the product
being made, by the type of wood species availa-
ble, and by economic considerations. To specifi-
cally illustrate the air pollution potentials of the
industry flow diagrams representing pulping
processes typical of mills producing the majority
of the nation's total pulp output were prepared.
These simulated flow diagrams include varia-
tions of the three basic chemical processes and
are prepared to feature material balances and
processes or equipment which will affect the
selection of air quality control measures. The
power plant energy balances associated with
each flow diagram were also given to stress the
air quality aspect. Ten flow diagrams are
presented for variations of the kraft process,
four for sulfite, and three for NSSC. The flow
diagrams are hypothetical, for use in later parts
of the study and none can be identified with any
specific mill. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23564]
73-4312
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. Quantity and nature of emmissions.
In Control of atmospheric emissions in the wood
pulping industry, v. 1. Springfield, Virginia, Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Mar. 15,
1970. p. IV(l-68).
The control of gaseous and particulate emissions
from the various processes in chemical wood
pulping requires an understanding of the quanti-
ty and nature of the compounds involved. This
information is limited. The largest amount of
data is available for the kraft process. Because of
-------
47
the numerous variables which affect emissions,
it is virtually impossible to give more than a
broad range of values without monitoring
specific sources in individual mills. For each
pulping process considered in this study, both
gaseous and participate emissions are discussed.
The nature and effects of the compounds of in-
terest are discussed briefly. Then for each
source, where the information is available, the
theory of production is discussed, the operating
and process variables which affect emissions are
described, an assessment of the relative im-
portance of the process as a source is made,
ranges of emissions for major compounds are
cited, and an attempt is made to estimate the
lowest emission which can be attained by optimal
operation. There are numerous gaps in this for-
mat simply because the necessary information
was not available at the time the study was done.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23565]
73-4313
HENDRICKSON, E. R., J. E. ROBERSON, AND J. B.
KOOGLER. The chemical wood pulping industry.
In Control of atmospheric emissions in the wood
pulping industry, v. 1. Springfield, Virginia, Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Mar. 15,
1970. p. 11(1-14).
The pulp and paper industry is the ninth largest
in the United States, accounting for nearly 4 per-
cent of the value of all manufacturing. The per
capita consumption of paper is expected to con-
tinue to rise from the late 1969 value of 550 Ib
per year. The United States and Canada produce
more than 52 percent of the world's supply of
pulp, with the United States in 1968 furnishing
nearly 38 million short tons. Of this amount, 32
million tons were chemical pulp. Approximately
75 percent of this was produced by by kraft
process, 9 percent by sulfite, and 10 percent by
neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC). The U.S.
industry includes more than 360 pulp mills of all
types, mechanical and chemical. This study is
concerned mainly with three types of chemical
pulping processes-Kraft, Sulfite and NSSC. The
geographical distribution of the industry as of
December 1968 by process and size is shown in
the chapter by maps and in Appendix A by ta-
bles. Projections have been made of chemical
pulp production by process and region of the
country through 1985. The production of soda
and dissolving pulps is expected to remain
reasonably constant. Sulfite pulp production will
probably decrease slightly. It is anticipated that
NSSC production will nearly double and kraft in-
crease to approximately 2.5 times the 1968 level.
By 1985, kraft and NSSC are projected to
dominate chemical pulping in the United States
with kraft accounting for 85 percent and NSSC 9
percent of total chemical pulp production. The
total production of chemical pulp is expected to
slightly more than double over the 1968 figures.
Regional distribution of pulping capacity is ex-
pected to remain in the same relative propor-
tions as it is today. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23558J
73-4314
HERRMANN, R. H. New Prier brass foundry has
growth capacity. Foundry, 100(10):50-53, Oct.
1972.
This article discusses the new casting production
system at Prier Brass Manufacturing Co. in Kan-
sas City, Missouri, which produces as many
castings with 15 people as its former operation
did with 50. The $1.25-million foundry is in a new
20,000-sq-ft building. It has gas infrared heat,
ceiling fan ventilation, baghouse collector take-
offs at all contamination points, and forced air
circulation in underfloor conveyor pits. Studies
are underway to determine the best way to
reduce noise in the shakeout area. All of the
changes in the new plant have permitted it to
produce core at triple the former rate.
[23566]
73-4315
High-speed X-ray paper reduces scrap.
Foundry, 100(12):79-80,82, Dec. 1972.
Oberdorfer Foundries Inc., Syracuse, New York,
has found that a new paper radiograph processi-
ble in 10 seconds is both efficient and economical.
Production line testing can bring costly delays,
but with this process a casting inspection, includ-
ing two radiographs, processing, analysis, and
production-line adjustments, can be performed
-------
48
in as little as 10 min. This control system can find
correctible errors before the production line puts
out a procession of scrap. The process and the
savings in time and money derived therefrom
are described in detail.
[23567]
73-4316
Impressive start to Tamar woodchip project.
Appita, 26(2):88-91, Sept. 1971.
This article discusses Associated Pulp and Paper
Mills Ltd/s huge wood chip export operation at
Long Reach, Tasmania. The new mill ships wood
chips at the rate of 900,000 tons per year. It is
conjectured that the mill ranks as the world's
largest single export wood chip operation. After
10 years, the Tamar mill will be displaced by the
development of a pulp mill to serve for both local
pulp requirements and for export of eucalypt
pulp. Planning for pulp industry development,
the wood chip plant, and regeneration of forests
are discussed. A list of equipment suppliers is
provided.
[23568]
73-4317
Industrial wastewater discharges. Albany, New
York State Department of Health, June 1969. 60
P-
This guideline is issued by the Division of Pure
Waters of the New York State Department of
Health for the use of the department's own field
engineers and also for industrial wastewater
discharges, in order that such discharges and
their composition may be reported to the State
in accordance with Public Health Law, Chapter
595. The guide has been organized in three sec-
tions. The first indicates the steps usually neces-
sary to set up a flow measurement of industrial
waste streams and sampling and analysis pro-
gram. Management and supervisory functions to
design the most reasonable initial program are
discussed. The second section describes the
details of carrying out the program. Sampling
station placement, flow measurement, and
representative sampling methods are covered.
Part 3 contains the relevant law and the depart-
ment's regulations developed from the law. In-
formation is given with regard to types of moni-
toring equipment, text books on analytical
methods, sources of information on river flow
data, a glossary of terms, a method for color
analysis, and names and addresses of field of-
fices to call for assistance. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23570]
73-4318
KIMURA, A. Kokei sangyo haikibutsi no hasai
shori. [Shredding industrial wastes.] Presented
at the Training Course on Industrial Solid
Wastes Disposal, Osaka, Japan, Dec. 7-8, 1972.
Kyoto, Society of Materials Science. lOp.
A comprehensive discussion of disposal as well
as the kinds and properties of all the solid wastes
from all fields of our every day life is presented
from the standpoint of crushing and breaking,
together with data tabulations on specific gravi-
ties, tensile strengths, compressive strengths,
bending strengths, shear strengths, and elastic
coefficients of concrete, coal, rocks, steels, cast
iron, woods, plastics and rubbers, and so forth,
the crushing tests of reinforced concretes includ-
ing slub and pile, woods including waste timber
and furniture, metal products including
household refrigerators, washing machines and
so on, plastic products and car tires, in which the
size of specimen, the test amount per hr, the
power required for crushing, the maximum size
of crushed products, the bulkiness of the
products, the gradation of crushed particles, and
so forth are included. These data were obtained
from the pilot plant which was constructed for
carrying out tests on the disposal of various
wastes. Lastly, an actual example of a large scale
plant for crushing and sorting large solid wastes
is shown, in which uncombustible and noncom-
bustible wastes are sorted and recovered by
means of a magnetic sorting machine after being
crushed. The plant has a capacity of 100 tons per
day. Dust from the plant is collected through
cyclones and bagfilters. (Text in Japanese) (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23571]
73-4319
KIRNER, F. J., AND G. F. BENNETT. Dewatering
of a petroleum refinery sludge. Industrial
Wastes, 18(5):29-33, Nov./Dec. 1972.
-------
49
This article discusses the development of waste
treatment processes within oil refineries to cope
with the many waste streams generated within
the refining complex. The volume of sludge
produced in the treatment plant poses a problem
of significant magnitude. Separators, emulsions,
the bio-oxidation process, and incineration are
discussed. There are four basic processes used in
dewatering sludges: centrifugation; vacuum fil-
tration; lagooning, and drying on sand beds. The
unavailability of land and the inherent problems
with odors usually preclude the use of lagooning
and drying beds as feasible dewatering
processes in the refinery. Present methods of
sludge handling and disposal are illustrated. It is
concluded that the operation of a centrifuge de-
watering process is economically feasible and
centrifugal operations are now being installed in
oil refineries around the country.
[23572]
73-4320
KUBITZKY, C. New approaches to processing
pelt wastes. Plast Verarbeiter, 23(12):827-830,
Dec. 1972.
This article discusses the development and
production of artificial leathers from wastes ac-
cruing from leather production. The process' suc-
cess is highly dependent on whether or not a low-
cost method of bringing the collagen material
into a suitable form can be developed. This arti-
cle deals in detail with a simple method by which
the limed, untanned wastes can be converted to
products of versatile commercial use. This
method is based upon the finding that glue stock
of the type used can be either dissolved directly
in a glue of specified composition or first swollen
and then dissolved. The solutions thus obtained
can be used in the production of various types of
web and fibers as well as for solidifying the most
widely varying materials.
[23573]
73-4321
Louis KOENIG RESEARCH. The household ap-
pliance industry—outline of the industry. Part 4.
In Solid waste management in the household ap-
pliance industry. Washington, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management, 1972. p. 32-36.
This paper describes the actual materials con-
sumption pattern for the household appliance in-
dustry. The materials consumption is taken from
the 1958,1963, and 1967 Census of Manufactures.
The important categories are summarized in ta-
bles provided in this paper. In total tonnage of
materials used there has been an increase of
about 44 percent from 1958 to 1967, reaching ap-
proximately 2.4 million tons per year in 1967. The
major single item is carbon steel mill shapes and
forms. Of the metal materials only, carbon steel
mill shapes and forms comprise a constant 90 to
91 percent over the 9-year period. The tonnage
of paper used has increased by 180 percent in
this same period. The percentage usage for the
separate codes is provided. During the course of
the project an intensive study was made of the
industry's establishments with respect to geo-
graphical location and the number of employees.
This material is presented in this paper in text
and tables. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23574]
73-4322
MARKS, V. E. Coke oven effluents. Effluent
and Water Treatment Journal, 12(8):415-419,
Aug. 1972.
This article discusses the manufacture of coke by
heating coal out of contact with air, and a general
review of the associated effluent problems.
Some processes producing smokeless fuel burn
the evolved gas before cooling, thus avoiding the
problems of disposal and purification of the
byproducts. The majority, however, cool the
gases and purify the byproducts to allow them to
be recovered for sale. The method of effluent
treatment invariably used today is biological
treatment. The principal factors considered in
this process are: feed liquor temperature; phenol
concentration; thiocyanate concentration; and
admission of any toxic metal contaminants. The
bacteria required for the biological treatment of
coke oven waste resemble those that occur in
sewage treatment plants. The operating and in-
stallation costs of a typical plant have been
established and are outlined.
[23576]
-------
50
73-4323
MCDONALD, D. P. Filtered beer for fishes. En-
gineering, 212(9):851, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses a new waste treatment
system for a brewery which discharges its ef-
fluent into a fishing creek. A high rate biological
filter, using a plastics medium, is used to treat
the strong effluent so that the brewery will have
the minimum effect on the rural environment in
which it is situated. The waste treatment plant
has been designed as part of the brewery and the
final effluent will be discharged into Big Indian
Creek. Byproducts from the brewing process are
spent grains removed by filtration from the
wort, spent hops also removed by filtration,
coagulated protein, and surplus yeast. A system
of waste collection and equalization gas has been
devised to eliminate shock loadings on the treat-
ment plant. The two-stage treatment system
consists of a high rate biological filter followed
by an activated sludge system. Since the
brewery began operating, both waste and final
effluent have been monitored and chemical ox-
ygen demand (COD) removal has averaged 96
percent.
[23575]
73-4324
Mercury and air pollution: a bibliography with
abstracts. U.S. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1972.59 p.
This document is a bibliography of abstracts on
mercury and air pollution compiled by the Air
Pollution Technical Information Center of the
Office of Air Programs. The abstracts cover the
following categories: emission sources; control
methods; measurement methods; air quality
measurements; atmospheric interaction; basic
science and technology; human health; plants
and livestock; materials; economics; standards
and criteria; legal and adminstrative; and social
aspects. Subject and author indices are provided.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23577]
73-4325
Michigan's energy needs. In Energy and
today's environment. Jackson, Michigan, Con-
sumers Power Co., 1972. p. 2-4.
Michigan's energy requirements are discussed in
this paper. It is estimated that by 1980 Michigan
will have 9.9 million people and that they wDl
consume 112 billion kw hr of electricity annually.
By 1980, Michigan is also expected to require 13
times as much gas as it consumed in 1950. By the
year 2000 energy usage will be divided about
evenly between industrial, transportation, and
household and commercial needs. In the light of
all this expansion, some of the methods for
fighting environmental pollution being used in
Michigan include: periodic emission measure-
ments at fossil-fueled generating plants; installa-
tion of air quality monitoring equipment at fos-
sil-fueled generating plants; installation and
testing of electrostatic precipitators to control
particulate emissions; ongoing aquatic biological
studies at major generating plants; frequent
field measurements of temperature changes
caused by major thermal discharges; and con-
tinuous radiation monitoring of the environment
surrounding all nuclear plants. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23578]
73-4326
Modern man is doing something about it. In
Energy and today's environment. Jackson,
Michigan, Consumers Power Co., 1972. p. 5-8.
The utility industry has the role of converting
energy to useful form with as little impact on the
environment as possible. The industry can no
longer carry out this role at the lowest possible
cost. Instead, the job must be done at the lowest
reasonable cost. There are three reasons for this:
almost every environment task demands huge
amounts of energy, far beyond anything now
available; the next decade will bring about a
surge in employment-seekers and in the forma-
tion of young families; and expansion of output
must at least equal the additional cost of cleaning
up the environment. In Michigan, costs for en-
vironmental improvement are categorized as fol-
lows: conversion of existing facilities to meet an
ever-changing target; the additional expense of
-------
51
designing and operating new facilities; and the
cost of research to develop better ways of doing
the job. Michigan utilities spent more than $6
million in 1970 for research and development
projects. Future expenditures will probably tri-
ple. Eventually this will be reflected in higher
rates for utility services. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23579]
73-4327
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION GONTROL
COUNCIL. Air quality control. In The steel in-
dustry and environmental quality. Sub-Council
Report. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Aug. 1972. p. 11-16.
This paper discusses some recent case histories
which illustrate what the steel companies are
doing to improve their air quality. The processes
described include a dust collection system to con-
trol emissions from electric furnaces; a smoke
exhaust system for use in power-cutting opera-
tions; a newly developed air quality control
system which uses streams of high-speed water
and air to clean particulates from furnace
discharges and does away with conventional
smoke stacks; a 51-unit coke oven battery
equipped with the latest in environmental con-
trols; and a system which removes particulates
at a new electric furnace steelmaking and con-
tinuous biller casting shop. Alternate approaches
incorporating modifications to operating equip-
ment and procedures to control emissions during
coke oven charging are also under active in-
vestigation by individual steel companies. The
new systems are also outlined in this paper. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23580]
73-4328
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
COUNCIL. Industrial solid waste. Staff Report.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972.16 p.
The National Industrial Pollution Control Coun-
cil (NIPCC) reports that better information on
sources of industrial solid waste is needed. The
information obtained should be used to better
define industrial solid waste problems. The
disposition of hazardous wastes should be given
first priority, and the potential advantages of
materials regional processing and disposition of
industrial solid waste should also be evaluated.
Enactment and enforcement of solid waste codes
should be made equal among States and locali-
ties. The NIPCC also recommends incentives to
encourage investment by industry in solid waste
management facilities. Recycling of waste
materials and its importance, water and air pol-
lution controls, and the role of the NIPCC in the
dessimination of information on economic solu-
tions to industrial solid waste pollution problems
are discussed. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23569]
73-4329
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
COUNCIL. The electric power industry; sub-coun-
cil report. Washington, U.S. Government Print-
ing Office, Oct. 1971.20 p.
This document discusses the steps being taken
by the electric power industry in the United
States to reduce pollution problems. The struc-
ture of the industry is presented in terms of
ownership. The types of generators and their
capacities are enumerated. The programs of the
industry in pollution control are discussed. The
electric utilities of the United States are con-
cerned with the control of combustion
byproducts, thermal discharges, and radiation
emissions. Methods for removing sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter from flue
gases include scrubbers, fabric filters, electro-
static precipitators; cyclone filters; dolomite fil-
ters; and alterations in the combustion process.
In nuclear power plants the problem radioactive
wastes is being studied. These wastes are
presently stored in liquid form in underground
tanks. Methods have been developed to convert
these wastes to solid form and store them in that
state. Present facilities will be adequate for
storage of all such wastes produced until the
year 2000. The best place for storage of these
wastes is in underground salt formations. One
such facility now exists near Lyons, Kansas.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23581]
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52
73-4330
OPALKO, S. The chemical industry in the battle
with environmental pollution as exemplified by
the Nitrogen Enterprises in Tarnov. Interma-
tional Chemical Engineering, 12(4):665-669, Oct.
1972.
This article presents a review of the steps being
taken at the Nitrogen Enterprises in Tarnov, Po-
land, aimed at the complete elimination of air and
water pollution. The contribution of individual
branches of the national economy to the con-
tamination of water is outlined. Nitrogen Enter-
prise funds are being allocated mainly for the
construction of a purification plant for effluents
from organic production. An installation has
been built for the biological purification of
wastes, especially from phenol and its deriva-
tives. Also, there has been a retardation in the
rate of contamination of waste waters, despite a
manyfold increase in production. A serious
problem is caused by byproduct wastes, such as
ash, carbide lime, and various precipitates. The
ash is suitable for the production of cellular
concrete. Carbide lime could be useful for con-
struction.
[23582]
73-4331
Ozone to treat industrial wastes. Water and
Pollution Control, 110(9):29, Sept. 1972.
This article discusses a Canadian company's
Film Layer Purifying Chamber system in which
ozone is used for treating industrial and mu-
nicipal wastes. Wastes are injected into a series
of chambers where they are broken down with
the help of emulsifiers and ozone. This system
removes suspended solids with electrocoagula-
tors located at the exit of the treatment cham-
bers. Hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode
creating the turbulence for mixing with no
mechanical means necessary. A sludge layer is
formed on the surface, consisting of both
hydrogen bubbles and entrapped suspended
matter. Solids are skimmed from the top of the
mxing tank and the heavier particles are left to
settle in the sedimentation tank.
[23583]
73-4332
Problems of electrical power production in the
Southwest. Hearings before the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, United States
Senate, 90th Cong., 1st sess. Part 1. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.682 p.
This report discusses U.S. Senate hearings on
the environmental problems associated with the
production of electrical power by coal-fired
plants in the Four Corners region of the
Southwest. These hearings were held in Al-
buquerque, New Mexico, on May 24, 1971. The
purpose of the hearing was to take testimony on
the impact of the thermal-electric power plant
development in the desert region of the
Southwest which includes parts of Colorado,
New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. The
major plants associated with this development
are listed. The reasons for this development tak-
ing place in this area are outlined. Statements
from 50 participants are included along with
eight communications, additional information,
and an appendix. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23584]
73-4333
Problems of electrical power production in the
southwest. Hearings before the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, United States
Senate, 90th Cong., 1st sess. Part 2. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.203 p.
This report contains U.S. Senate hearings on the
environmental problems associated with the
production of electrical power by coal-fired
plants in the Four Corners region of the
Southwest. These hearings were held in Las
Vegas, Nevada, on May 25,1971. The purpose of
the hearings was to take testimony on the impact
of the thermal-electric power plant development
in the desert region of the Southwest which in-
cludes parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, and Nevada. The major plants associated
with this development are discussed. The
reasons for this development taking place in this
area are outlined. Statements from 25 partici-
pants are included along with 17 communications
and additional information. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23585]
-------
63
73-4334
Problems of electrical power production in the
Southwest. Hearings before the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, United States
Senate, 90th Cong., 1st sess. Part 3. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.207 p.
This report contains U.S. Senate hearings on the
environmental problems associated with the
production of electrical power by coal-fired
plants in the Four Corners region of the
Southwest. These hearings were held in Salt
Lake City, Utah, on May 26,1971. The purpose of
the hearings was to take testimony from citizens
with varying points of view on the impact of the
thermal-electric power plant development in the
desert region of the Southwest which includes
parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah,
and Nevada. The major plants associated with
the development are indicated. The reasons for
establishing this development in this region are
outlined. Statements from 50 participants are in-
cluded along with 14 communcations and addi-
tional information in the form of pertinent stu-
dies and data. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23586]
73-4335
Problems of electrical power production in the
Southwest. Hearings before the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, United States
Senate, 90th Cong., 1st sess. Part 4. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.414 p.
This report contains U.S. Senate hearings on the
environmental problems associated with the
production of electrical power by coal-fired
plants in the Four Corners region of the
Southwest. These hearings were held in Duran-
go, Colorado, on May 27,1971. The purpose of the
hearings was to take testimony from interested
citizens on the impact of the thermal-electrical
power plant development in the desert region of
the Southwest which includes parts of Colorado,
New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. The ef-
fect upon the Indian reservations and national
parts in this area are also discussed. Statements
from 56 participants are included along with 10
communications and additional information in
the form of pertinent studies and State of
Colorado bills. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23587]
73-4336
Problems of electrical power production in the
Southwest. Hearings before the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, United States
Senate, 90th Cong., 1st sess. Part 5. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.424 p.
This report contains U.S. Senate hearings on the
environmental problems associated with the
production of electrical power by coal-fired
plants in the Four Corners region of the
Southwest. These hearings were held in Page,
Arizona, on May 28, 1971. The purpose of the
hearings was to take testimony from interested
citizens on the impact of the thermal-electrical
power plant development in the desert region of
the Southwest which includes parts of Colorado,
New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. New
forms of energy and past environmental legisla-
tion are some of the topics discussed. Statements
from 48 participants are included along with five
communications, additional information, and an
appendix with information on Southwest Indian
projects. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23588]
73-4337
Redevelopment at Craig-yr-Hesg Quarry.
Roads and Road Construction, 50(598-599):285-
286, Oct.-Nov. 1972.
This article discusses new crushing, screening,
and coating plants which were opened at the
Craig-yr-Hesg Quarry. As a result of the
redevelopment program, production capacity has
been increased and product quality has been
greatly enhanced. The plants have efficient dust
control equipment and a unit to control emissions
from the dry stone processing installations. The
plant also has a sophisticated blending system
which provides a proportioned feed to the
asphalt plant by means of a conveyor belt. Hop-
pers are used for the addition of sand which is
fed in by means of blending units. The coating
plant is designed throughout to give a high stan-
-------
64
dard of product control. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23589]
73-4338
REID, I., R. SUTHERLAND, AND J. WARK.
Canadian forest industry complex makes market
pulp/kraft sack paper. Pulp and Paper Interna-
tional, 14(ll):50-53, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses the integrated saw-
mill/pulp/paper complex of Churchill Forest In-
dustries Ltd. in Manitoba which makes 450 tons
per day of market pulp or 420 tons per day of
kraft sack paper using a single machine. Com-
bined airborne and cylinder drying processes are
used to produce extensible kraft. The ad-
vantages of the dry process are: elimination of
pollution and capital cost equipment; elimination
of water and reduction of water vapor and steam
in the woodroom area; higher thermal efficiency
with the dry bark; and reduced building, installa-
tion, and overall operating costs.
[23590]
73-4339
ROBERTS, C. A. Effluents from paper mills. Ef-
fluent and Water Treatment Journal, 12(12):659-
662, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses paper industry effluents
and water consumption. The manufacture of
paper is essentially a filtration process of very
low primary efficiency. Disposal of effluents,
reduction of suspended solids, sludge disposal,
and the reduction of biological oxygen demand
(BOD) are discussed in detail and data are pro-
vided. The paper industry is spending increasing
sums on effluent treatment. Where demands on
the quality of discharged effluent are particu-
larly stringent, treatment may be very expen-
sive. It is concluded that the ultimate goal of
total recycle would require advanced techniques
such as ion exchange and adsorptive processes to
remove dissolved solids completely.
[23591]
73-4340
R7 million expansion project. Coal, Gold and
Base Minerals of Southern Africa, 20(6):41, 43-
44, Aug. 1972.
This article describes a new plant erected at Buf-
falo Fluorspar Mine, near Naboomspruit, South
Africa. This expansion project includes the
erection of a new plant to increase input capacity
to 100,000 tons of ore per month, the purchase of
new pit equipment and the introduction of more
sophisticated quality control methods. When the
mine is in full production at the expanded rate it
will rank as one of the world's biggest mines
producing fluorspar. The new plant will be
operational 24 hr a day. A financial model is
presented covering cash flow, rate of return,
taxes, and present values at certain interest
rates.
[23595]
73-4341
SCHACKMANN, H. Umweltschutz in Huelten-
betrieben. [Environmental protection in metal-
lurgical plants.] Metall, 27(l):41-47, Jan. 1973.
The nonferrous metal industry has to cope with
four environmental problemsO the pollution of
water and air, noise, and solid waste disposal.
During the recovery and refining of scrap metal,
slags are produced which can be dumped without
problems. Some attention must be paid to slag
which has not been thoroughly melted because it
might contain soluble metals. Disposal of ar-
senic-containing sludge is difficult. The arsenic
can be fixated with gypsum and the orthoar-
senate can be dumped on nonalkaline soils. (Text
in German) (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23593]
73-4342
SCHMIDT, V. Centrifuge solves problems of de-
watering pulper wastes for American Can Com-
pany plant. Filtration Engineering, 3(6): 12-13,
Nov./Dec. 1972.
This article discusses American Can Co.'s pollu-
tion control efforts. Some years ago, the com-
pany began experimenting with centrifuges to
handle process sludge and installed a full-flow
unit. In their recycling plant, waste paperboard
from the firm's carton plants is pulped and
separated into fiber and contaminants. The flow
of the sludge from the plant's two clarifiers into
the centrifuge is illustrated. The operation is
-------
55
totally automated which has been a significant
cost-reduction factor. Any unusual condition
turns on an indicator light on the monitor board
and rings a bell in the centrifuge bay. Another
safety feature is police-type emergency red
warning light which begins to flash in the plant
itself when any unusual condition arises.
[23594]
73-4343
SMITH, J. H., III. The advantage of a crowd for
acid waste liquors. Mining Engineering,
24(12):57-59, Dec. 1972.
This article describes the development of a
waste treatment process which minimizes equip-
ment cost and utilizes land efficiently. Coal mine
acid drainage treatment is discussed and illus-
trated by a flow sheet. Aluminum plant waste
treatment is outlined along with a general
description of the laboratory test techniques. It
is concluded that recycling of a portion of
precipitated settled solids can in many cases
reduce the capital cost of dewatering equipment
and lower the operating costs.
[23596]
73-4344
STONE, E. H. F. Fume and effluent treatment
plant in the non-ferrous metals industry in
Britain. International Metallurgical Reviews,
17:227-239, Dec. 1972.
This article discusses Great Britain's metals in-
dustry which produces both gaseous and liquid
effluent. Gaseous effluent legislation, liquid ef-
fluent legislation, the type of plant available for
removal of fume (using inertial collectors, elec-
trostatic precipitators, fiber and fabric filters,
and wet scrubbers), processes for reducing or
treating liquid effluents, neutralization of acid
and precipitation of metals, cyanide treatment,
plant and materials construction, dewatering
sludges, polishing liquid effluents, instrumental
control, mineral oil and soluble oil, and toxicities
of heavy metals are discussed in detail.
[23597]
73-4345
STONER, L. B. Waste treatment facilities for
Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation Hennepin
Works. Industrial Wastes, 18(4):28-31,
July/Aug. 1972.
This article discusses Jones and Laughlin's en-
vironmental control policy which is to participate
actively in the creation and preservation of ac-
ceptable environmental quality in all communi-
ties in which the corporation operates. All their
new facilities are designed to meet or exceed
government standards for air and water quality.
The successful implementation of this policy is
attested to by this plant's receipt of the first an-
nual award for the best industrial pollution con-
trol program in Illinois. The topics covered in
detail include: that wastes from the hydrochloric
acid pickling line are placed in three categories
for treatment purposes; treatment processes;
disposal of waste pickle liquor; the ultimate
disposal of solids collected from the clarification
of river water and wastewater; changes required
in the waste and water treatment plant; and the
shortage of qualified personnel.
[23598]
73-4346
SUGIHARA, M. Molding materials from wood
powder. I. Treating of wood powder with dilute
sulfuric acid at room temperature. Technology
Reports of Kansai University, 47(3):39-46, Mar.
1972.
This article discusses the treatment of wood
powder with dilute sulfuric acid at room tem-
perature. Wood powder was treated with sul-
furic acid, dried, and molded. Addition of fur-
fural or aniline increased the flexural strength.
By the addition of 30 percent of resol the product
showed an almost equal strength to that of the
commercial phenol formaldehyde resin. When
the acid-treated powder was neutralized with
aqueous ammonia, the molding compound tended
to scorch. When molded for a long time at low
temperature the flexural strength was greater
than that of the product experiencing short-time
molding at high temperature.
[23599]
73-4347
SUGIHAEA, M. Molding materials from wood
powder. II. Treating of wood powder with sul-
furic acid at high temperature. Technology Re-
-------
56
ports of Kansai University, 47(3):47-51, Mar.
1972.
This article discusses the treatment of wood
powder with sulfuric acid at high temperatures.
After treating the wood powder with the acid it
was dried and molded. In order to improve the
flexural strength various reagents were added.
Only the additionl of furfural and hydrochloric
acid was effective. Some of the results obtained
were: when aniline was added together with
hydrochloric acid and furfural, the flexural
strength decreased; ammonium sulfate formed
by neutralization made the product brittle; and a
high flexural strength was not obtained by the
addition of resol, alkali lignin, or formalin.
[23600]
73-4348
SUGIHARA, M. Molding materials from wood
powder. III. Treatment of wood powder with
dilute alkali solution under high temperature and
pressure. Technology Reports of Kansai
University, 47(3):52-57, Mar. 1972.
This article discusses the treatment of wood
powder with dilute alkali solution under high
temperature and pressure. A part of the lignin
contained in the wood powder was converted to
the water soluble alkali lignin. This alkali lignin
was converted again to lignin by the addition of
hydrochloric acid. The treated wood powder was
dried and molded. Various reagents were added
to improve the flexural strength, but only the ad-
dition of aniline was effective. The addition of
aniline before molding was effective when a
quantity of more than 10 percent of the treated
wood powder was added. The addition of resol in
small quantity before molding effectively in-
creased the flexural strength.
[23601]
73-4349
Surface pits aid waste disposal on Devonian
disposal wells. Industrial Wastes, 18(5):40,
Nov./Dec. 1972.
This article discusses waste injection wells.
Many U.S. geologists and hydrologists are con-
vinced that deep porous formations which are
properly completed in order to avoid leakage
either through mechanical weakness or faulting
in the overlaying strata can, and probably will,
offer the greatest source for disposal of noxious
or harmful wastes. One solution proposed for
disposal of water soluble wastes is the use of
Devonian disposal wells bottomed at more than
13,000 ft below the surface. The water pumped
from these wells may be constantly monitored
for movement of the wastes through the forma-
tion. A diagram shows the proposed system.
[23602]
73-4350
The role of nuclear power. In Energy and
today's environment. Jackson, Michigan, Con-
sumers Power Co., 1972. p. 9-13.
Although nuclear power is expected to become a
major source of electricity in the next two
decades, nuclear reactors are only being used in
Michigan as a substitute heat source for the coal,
oil, or gas-fired boilers in a conventional steam-
electric power plant. If the rapid rate of sub-
stitution of electric power for the direct use of
fuel continues, about half of the gross energy
supply in the year 2000 will be used to generate
electricity. Since large nuclear plants are likely
to provide 50 to 70 percent of the electrical
share, nuclear power may provide 25 to 35 per-
cent of total energy by the end of the century.
There are now 22 operational nuclear power
plants in the United States and, in addition, more
than 100 other nuclear power plants under con-
struction are on order. Nuclear power plants do
not produce the smoke and other combustion
products of radioactive waste or effluents which
are produced by nuclear power reactors. These
wastes are potentially hazardous and must be
handled with the proper degree of care. The
safety aspects of nuclear power use as well as
the thermal effects are discussed in detail. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23592]
73-4351
Trade effluents-control at source and in the
sewer. Journal of the Institution of Public
Health Engineers, 71(3):165-175, July 1972.
This article describes the work of a Royal Com-
mission which was appointed in Great Britain for
the purpose of inquiring into matters relating to
-------
67
river pollution. As a result, in the future, greater
controls will be exerted in Great Britain on the
nature and amounts of pollution that are
discharged to receiving waters. This will result
in greater control over trade effluents discharg-
ing to municipal sewerage systems. In addition,
local authorities will aim increasingly to recover
more of the costs they incur for treating trade
effluents. There is a great deal that can be done
at the source to reduce the volume of, and pollu-
tion in, trade effluents. It is concluded that the
proper management of water resources can go a
long way to insure that the apparently conflict-
ing requirements of different water users can be
resolved, and in particular that the health of the
public and its environment are not adversely af-
fected by pollution.
[23603]
73-4352
TUZNIK, F., AND M. KIESZKOWSKI. Preliminary
studies on complete neutralization and utilization
of sludge from plating effluent treatment
processes. Electroplating and Metal Finishing,
25(7):11,13-17, July 1972.
This article presents the results of preliminary
studies on complete neutralization and utilization
of sludge containing hydroxides of metals which
originated as the end product of neutralization of
plating room effluents. A method sludge utiliza-
tion is described which enables complete sludge
bonding by means of low grade cements into a
form which is insoluble and unwashable by
water. As a result a building material of stan-
dard value for the production of certain low-
strength elements such as flagstones, tiles, and
electric cable housings may be obtained. The
composition of cement paste with heavy-metal
hydroxide sludge may also be utilized as road un-
derlay material for the production of various
shaped elements as well as crushed-stone
concrete.
[23604]
73-4353
Umweltschutz Bei Bayer. [Environment protec-
tion by the Bayer enterprise.] Staedtehygiene,
214(1):4,1973.
In the years from 1962 to 1972 the German en-
terprise Bayer AG spent more than 1 billion
deutsche marks of operating costs and more than
600 million deutsche marks of investment costs
for environment protection measures. Despite
the continuously raising capacity, air pollution
could be kept low and is lower than in many
towns without industry. The sulfur dioxide con-
tents in the exhaust air of enterprises producing
sulfuric acid could be reduced by 90 percent
owing to the Bayer double contact procedure. In
the Bayer Plant Leverkusen more than 700 air
cleaning devices have been installed. A network
of stationary and mobile laboratories controls
the concentration of air pollution inside and out-
side the works. Since 1963 the measuring data
furnished by these control stations are evaluated
by means of computers. (Text in German)
235380
73-4354
Urethane underlay produced in continuous
operation. Modern Plastics, 49(10):44, Oct. 1972.
This article discusses a system for producing
carpet underlay in continuous roll stock which is
being used at Ultradyne Corp. in Natalia, Texas.
In the new process bailed scrap is first passed
through a coarse grinder. The shredded material
goes into holding bins according to color and type
of material. A second grinder then shreds the
material. A conveyor carries the sheet through
an oven which cures the binder and under rollers
which compress the material to the proper
thickness. The finished underlay is then wound
into rolls. The system results in a 25-percent
reduction in production costs.
[23605]
73-4355
Varo mill makes SSSF second biggest market
pulp producer. Paper Trade Journal, 156(50):39-
41, Dec. 4,1972.
This article discusses the new 1,000-ton-per-day
bleached kraft pulp mill of the South Swedish
Forest Owner's Association. This mill has almost
raised this cooperative's market pulp output to
the world's second largest. Of the $100 million
required for this new mill, $25 million were con-
tributed by the members. Wood supply, pollution
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58
control, operator training, wood handling, pulp-
ing and screening, bleaching and screening, pulp
drying, recovery and boiler house, and the
plant's design are discussed.
[23606]
73-4356
WALLENSTEIN, H. Decolorizes efficiently in
fixed-bed carbon system. Food Engineering,
44(12):69-71, Dec. 1972.
This article describes a granular carbon filtra-
tion system being used at the sugar refinery of
CPC International's Corn Industrial Division.
The new station has eliminated the costly one-
time use of large quantities of vegetable carbon
as a color adsorbent in the refining process. It
has also prevented what could have been a costly
waste-disposal problem. The system's design and
operation are described in detail. Pulsed and
fixed beds, carbon transfer, and carbon
regeneration are also discussed.
[23607]
73-4357
Weyerhaeuser liner-fluting giant in stream in
Oklahoma. Pulp and Paper International,
14(9):23-27, Aug. 1972.
This article describes Weyerhauser Co.'s huge
kraftliner and corrugating medium complex at
Valliant, Oklahoma. This mill has a total con-
tainerboard capacity of well over 1,400 tons per
day, the world's widest paper machine, and three
Kamyr digesters. Output is destined for
domestic and foreign markets. An important
complement to their high yield program is the
development of MerchandisersO wood
processing machines designed to achieve max-
imum economic return on each log. A unique chip
handling system which protects the product's
quality is also described. A 2,000 tons per day
recovery boiler is combined with both a bark and
power boiler in the recovery and power plant.
[23608]
73-4358
WILEY, A. J., ET AL. Reverse osmosis concen-
tration of spent liquor solids in press liquors
from high-density pulps. Tappi, 55(12):1,671-
1,675, Dec. 1972.
This article describes a field-demonstration
study of applications for reverse osmosis as a
method for concentration processing of dilute
pulp wash water from a high-yield pulping
process, and compares it with results of four
prior demonstrations of this membrane process
conducted on other pulp and paper industry
waste flows. Recovery of the residual effluent
solids and concentration of press liquors are also
discussed. High quality clear water could be
recovered for recycling to the mill water system,
with overall efficiencies of about 80-percent
recovery of total solids in the screw press and
with comparable reductions at the 78- to 80-per-
cent level in pollution characteristics. The results
from the five demonstrations are evaluated in
terms of process efficiency and with a review of
the information available on capital costs and
operating charges in these precommercial scale
test programs.
[23609]
73-4359
WINTON, J. M. CW report, plant sites. Chemi-
cal Week, lll(15):35-39, 42-50, 52, 54, 56, Oct. 11,
1972.
This article discusses the dominating factors at
present in industrial site selectionO energy, en-
vironmental, and economic problems. Power
reserves are short in much of the country. The
problem is critical for the chemical process in-
dustries, since they are the biggest users of in-
dustrial power. One environmental problem is
that companies are seeking well-ventilated sites
such as those along sea coasts which environ-
mentalists are trying to preserve. Companies are
also worrying about the economic climate, the
slowdown in population growth, and various tax
reform proposals.
[23610]
73-4360
ZWICK, D., AND M. BENSTOCK. Treatment
plants that don't treat. In Water wasteland.
New York, Bantam Books, 1972. p. 331-338.
This chapter discusses the operation and main-
tenance difficulties discovered at federally
funded treatment plants inspected by the
Government Accounting Office. The investiga-
-------
59
tors found four factors at work: unsuitable treat-
ment plant designs; understaffing; inadequate
training of and negligence by treatment plant
operators; and systems founded up by industrial
wastes they had never been designed to treat.
Case studies are provided of the problems en-
countered at some of the plants visited. It is con-
cluded that if federal grants continue to be given
without proper assurances that plants capable of
proper treatment are being funded the problem
will not be solved. As long as it remains cheaper
for cities to pollute than to control their pollu-
tion, inadequate treatment facilities will prevail.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23611]
LAW / REGULATIONS
73-4361
ASKEW, M. W., AND R. J. P. COWAN. Cost effec-
tiveness and the law in industrial waste manage-
ments. Plant Engineer, 17(2):26-30, Feb. 1973.
A new law governing effluent discharges by in-
dustry has come into effect in Scotland. The
Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968 provides among
other things that municipalities must service
local industry with wastewater treatment and
that they may levy a fee for this service. The
way in which this fee is determined is left up to
the local authority, but it is probable that it will
in some way reflect both the volume and the
degree of pollution-potential of the waste
stream. The authors discuss ways in which in-
dustry can learn to live with this new lawO
source reduction of waste, closed and semi-
closed loops for water, or pretreatment of some
wastes either to reclaim materials before the
stream is discharged to the sewer or to reduce
the load, and therefore the charge, on the treat-
ment plant. General considerations in selecting a
system for waste treatment are set forth, and a
flow chart for wastewater treatment is given.
[23612]
73-4362
Commercial franchise agreement. In 1973
sanitation industry yearbook. 10th ed. New
York, New York, R. R. J. Publishing Co., 1973. p.
18,66,68,74,76,80.
This article is a sample contract between a mu-
nicipality and a refuse collection company
providing that the company shall service com-
mercial customers within the confines of the mu-
nicipality. The contract covers 1- to 40-yd con-
tainer pickup and rates to be charged to those
who rent containers of various sizes. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23613]
73-4363
How a city sets its antipollution restrictions. In
1973 Sanitation Industry Yearbook. 10th ed.
New York, New York, R. R. J. Publishing Co.,
1973.
The city of New York has issued a new Air Pol-
lution Control Code permitting installation of
garbage grinders in dwellings and apartment
houses. This move by the city could conceivably
result in a 4 percent reduction in the amount of
collectable garbage generated by the city.
Another provision of the code requires that all
multiple dwellings of four or more stories and oc-
cupied by more than 12 families install and
operate compaction units. The Department of
Sanitation will continue to collect refuse from re-
sidential buildings which have installed such
compactors. With the exception of hospitals,
laboratories and other medical facilities, the code
prohibits the installation of incinerators. Very
stringent regulations concerning the inspection
of such installations and the emissions therefrom
are included in the code. The new law sets forth a
fee schedule for permits for both existing and
new incinerator installations. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23614]
73-4364
Oklahoma solid wastes law seen as a model.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal
Journal, 16(2):48,52,62, Feb. 1973.
In Oklahoma, solid waste collection and disposal
will henceforth be under the jurisdiction of the
State Department of Health, as provided for in
the Oklahoma Solid Wastes Management Act,
considered to be a model for such a document. In
addition to setting forth a body of standard
definitions, the model act creates a solid wastes
-------
60
management system. Although cities, towns, and
counties are empowered to act independently in
setting up and operating collection and disposal
systems, they also may enter into agreements to
establish regional authorities. The ways in which
solid waste management can be financed are
delineated. All solid waste disposal sites in the
State come under the auspices of the health de-
partment.
[23615]
73-4365
POLLOCK, E. Management: regulatory bodies.
Waste Age, 4(1):60,81, Jan./Feb. 1973.
This article is a discussion of the difficulties in
writing regulations governing collection and
disposal, especially in multistory buildings and
hospitals. Too often refuse collection is not con-
sidered until after the building is designed or
perhaps excellent chutes are provided but no
space is left for the collection vehicle to approach
the loading dock to pick up the compacted bales.
Obviously, the regulatory body must have ju-
risdiction over buildings not yet built to insure
that design allows for transport and pickup of
wastes. Since many multifamily residences are
owned by the State or the Federal government,
it is perhaps advisable for the regulatory body to
be some form of public-private amalgam. The
laws must be flexible enough to make allowances
for buildings already in existence and also strin-
gent enough to upgrade future buildings in
terms of solid waste handling.
[23616]
73-4366
Problem e bei der anzeige bestehender abfaell-
beseitigungsanlagen. [Problems in connection
with the notification of existing refuse removal
plants.] Chemisette Industrie, (24):786-788, Dec.
1972.
According to the new Refuse Removal Act
owners of plants where refuse is treated, stored,
and disposed of have to inform the authorities by
the end of 1972 that the plant is used for those
purposes. Notification need not be given if the
plant is mobile or only used occasionally or for a
short time for the treatment of refuse. After
notification the competent authority may, if
necessary, impose certain conditions for the con-
tinuation of operation or even stop the working
of the plant completely if the public welfare is
considerably impaired. The owner of a refuse
treatment plant is also bound to inform the
authorities about the shutdown of such a plant.
The authorities shall request him to recultivate
the area used for the refuse treatment at his own
costs and expenses in order to avoid harmful ef-
fects on human health. Penalties up to 100,000
deutsche marks will have to be paid by those
violating the statute. (Text in German)
[23617]
73-4367
Sample contract for work performance. In 1973
sanitation industry yearbook. 10th ed. New
York, R.R J. Publishing Co., 1973. p. 16,34,42,48,
50,54,82,84,88,90.
This is a sample contract covering service of a
refuse collection agency to an industrial plant.
The contractor is expected to service a specified
number of containers of waste. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
236180
73-4368
Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Law 137,
Dec. 25,1970.
Japan's Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing
Law, passed on Dec. 25,1970, is outlined. The ar-
ticles of the law include: general regulations;
domestic wastes; industrial wastes; miscellane-
ous regulations; and penal regulations. The law
was enacted for the purpose of preserving the
environment and improving public health
through appropriate disposal of wastes and con-
servation of a clean environment, (this document
is retained in the SWIRS library.)
236190
LITTER
73-4369
Litter one. Olympia, Washington State Depart-
ment of Ecology, Apr. 1972.21 p.
This booklet defines litter and discusses its ef-
fects on the environment. It is illustrated the di-
vided into the following sections: where litter is,
-------
61
and why; the highway; the county; the city;
scenic and recreation areas; and traditional ap-
proaches and alternatives. Lists of major or-
ganizations (public and private) concerned about
litter, and of printed information about litter and
related subjects are provided at the back of the
booklet. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23620]
73-4370
WILLIAMS, T. F. A litter bit is not enough.
Presented before a Special Meeting of Keep
America Beautiful, Inc., National Advisory
Council, Washington, Jan. 16,1973.11 p.
In this paper, Mr. Williams, a representative of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to
the National Advisory Council of Keep America
Beautiful, Inc., discusses the scope and nature of
the environmental issue. He also touches upon
the quantitative changes in energy use, in the
consumption of raw materials, in urbanization,
and in population that have occurred and how
they have made a qualitative change in the con-
ditons of life on earth. He pointed out that those
representing institutions which serve the public
should listen carefully to what the public is say-
ing. These institutions should also keep the
public well informed on the environmental issue.
It is concluded that the role of Keep America
Beautiful, Inc., is to communicate knowledge to
the public. Along these lines the organization has
developed a preliminary plan to carry out com-
munity-level citizen participation projects in
support of Mission 5000, a citizen campaign to
close open dumps throughout the country. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23621]
MANAGEMENT
73-4371
Background of the planning area. In Solid
waste management in Texas: status and plan. v.
1. Municipal solid waste. Washington, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, [1972]. p. 12-24.
This paper discusses the background and
planning of an extensive survey of solid waste
management practices and activities in Texas.
Legislative and administrative jurisdictions for
solid waste management are discussed in detail
in terms of State, metropolitan areas, councils of
governments and regional planning commissions,
counties, municipalities, special districts, river
authorities, and local health departments. The
physical conditions of the planning areas are
discussed in terms of environmental conditions,
soils and geology, climate, and vegetation. This
paper also discusses the Texas economy and
solid waste. It is concluded that since the pattern
of solid waste generation is consistent with the
theory that affluence produces greater quanti-
ties of solid waste than poverty, it is assumed
that the expanding economic base of Texas will
result in ever increasing quantities of solid
waste. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23622]
73-4372
Collection. In Regional solid waste manage-
ment plan. Augusta, Georgia, Central Savannah
River Area Planning and Development Commis-
sion, 1971. p. 111(1-12).
This paper discusses regional collection and
management of solid wastes. This chapter is part
of a demonstration project on regional solid
waste management which was conducted under
an Environmental Protection Agency grant. Mu-
nicipal, contract, private enterprise, or various
combinations of these collection operations are
practiced in the study area. Citizens living in a
large portion of the study area are not provided
collection service of any kind. Present residential
collection systems are discussed in terms of mu-
nicipal operation, contract operation, and private
operation. The types of solid wastes produced by
commercial establishments and industrial firms
are also outlined. It is recommended that com-
prehensive studies should be made to select the
type and size of equipment for a particular col-
lection system considering the 13 factors listed
in this paper. Maintaining records of each collec-
tion crew and item of equipment is recom-
mended. Forms are included as representative
samples of the composition of collection per-
formance records. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23623]
-------
62
73-4373
Existing conditions. In Solid waste manage-
ment in Texas: status and plan. v. 1. Municipal
solid waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs, [1972]. p. 25-36.
This paper discusses the conditions which ex-
isted in Texas during its extensive survey of
solid waste management practices and activities
in the State. The conditions discussed were
population, housing, land uses, transportation
corridors for solid waste movement, individual
and community attitudes regarding levels of
solid waste service, public awareness, annual ex-
penditures for solid waste operations, tax base
and tax rates, public finance practices, existing
legislation, educational and advisory services,
and the manpower and budget of the Texas
State Department of Health. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23624]
73-4374
Future conditions. In Solid waste management
in Texas: status and plan. v. 1. Municipal solid
waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs, [1972]. p. 37-47.
This paper discusses the future conditions which
may exist in solid waste management practices
and activities in the State of Texas. These condi-
tions are discussed in terms of future jurisdic-
tional considerations; future physical conditions
(geology, soils, climate, and drainage basins); fu-
ture managerial and operational practices for
solid waste (storage, collection, and disposal); fu-
ture conditions relating to population, housing,
land use, and transportation; public attitudes af-
fecting future solid waste activities; the opera-
tional economics of future solid waste activities;
future solid waste legislation; future economic
base; and resource recovery. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23625]
73-4375
Long-range goals. In Solid waste management
in Texas: status and plan. v. 1. Municipal solid
waste. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs, [1972]. p. 48-51.
This paper discusses long-range goals
established by the Governor's Office, Division of
Planning Coordination, for municipal solid waste
management in Texas. These goals follow: to
bring about a public awareness and understand-
ing of solid waste and the problems associated
with it; to institute an approach to planning for
the management of solid waste in the State's ci-
ties, counties, and regions; to create a technical
understanding of solid waste practices on the
part of local governmental officials and private
solid waste operators; to improve the public
image of personnel working in the solid waste
field; to help provide economic assistance to com-
munities having solid waste problems; to effec-
tively enforce the rules, standards, and regula-
tions pertaining to solid waste; and to eliminate
existing improper, inefficient, and wasteful
disposal methods and redirect public and private
efforts toward the reuse and recycling of all solid
wastes. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23626]
73-4376
Problems, objectives, and recommendations. In
Solid waste management in Texas: status and
plan. v. 1. Municipal solid waste. Washington,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Solid Waste Management Programs, [1972.] p.
52-67.
This paper discusses the problems which have
been identified as the main impediments to im-
plementation of effective regional solid waste
management programs in the State of Texas.
Specific steps are recommended for improving
the situation. The problems discussed include:
public apathy; lack of planning at the local level;
undefined policies relating to the enforcement of
solid waste laws; insufficient county involve-
ment in solid waste management; lack of solid
waste technical expertise at both operating and
management levels; lack of State funds available
for evaluating and documenting new solid waste
processes and facilities; lack of trained manage-
ment personnel in the solid waste field; local op-
position to proposed new refuse disposal sites;
-------
63
indiscriminate dumping; the unattractive public
image and low status of solid waste management
considered as a vocation; lack of means to utilize
effectively the mass of existing data on solid
waste management in the State; burning of mu-
nicipal refuse; and substandard land disposal
operations. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23628]
73-4377
Processing and disposal methods. In Regional
solid waste management plan. Augusta, Georgia,
Central Savannah River Area Planning and
Development Commission, 1971. p. V(l-17).
This paper discusses processing and disposal of
solid wastes as part of a demonstration project
on regional solid waste management which was
conducted under an Environmental Protection
Agency grant. The following topics are discussed
in detail: Georgia collection and disposal require-
ments; open dumping and burning; sanitary
landfilling in terms of isolation, soil conditions
and cover material, protection against potential
pollution, surface drainage, accessibility and haul
distance, capacity, and requirements; incinera-
tion of solid wastes; central grinding and
discharge to sewers; composting; onsite incinera-
tion; onsite grinding of garbage; shredding; bal-
ing; and salvaging. In the area studied final
disposal must be on the land, therefore sanitary
landfilling will remain the principal acceptable
means of disposal. The descriptions of processing
methods provided in this paper are intended to
familiarize local officials with present theories
and practices which were considered in this
disposal study. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23629]
73-4378
Quantities. In Regional solid waste manage-
ment plan. Augusta, Georgia, Central Savannah
River Area Planning and Development Commis-
sion, 1971. p. 11(1-10).
This paper provides projections of the quantities
of waste to be considered in a demonstration
project on regional solid waste management
which was conducted under an Environmental
Protection Agency grant. In projecting the popu-
lation for the region a combination of two
methods was usedO indirect ratio and geometric
progression. The factors influencing the quantity
of solid wastes produced were the population
served, climatic conditions, socioeconomic condi-
tions, and the type of commercial and industrial
activity located in a community. The quantity of
solid wastes produced was found to vary
seasonally. In most communities peak quantities
are experienced in the spring and summer
months. In order to plan for adequate disposal
facilities, the future quantity of solid wastes was
estimated. The results are presented in tabular
form. The investigations of solid waste produc-
tion included telephone surveys of commercial
and industrial firms in the area, interviews with
private collectors, observation of roadside
dumps, and weighing of solid waste delivered to
the landfill. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23627]
73-4379
Regional solid waste management plan. Au-
gusta, Georgia. Central Savannah River Area
Planning and Development Commission, 1971.
244 p.
This report outlines a demonstration project on
regional solid waste management conducted
under an Environmental Protection Agency
grant. This study was confined to 13 counties in
Georgia comprising the Central Savannah River
Area Planning and Development Commission
and the City of North Augusta, South Carolina.
Practical solid waste handling methods are stu-
died for the region as a whole and for each part
thereof. This report analyzes and evaluates the
current and possible methods, summarizes the
accomplishments, and gives recommendations
for practical systems of solid waste handling
resulting from the studies conducted during the
program period. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23630]
73-4380
Solid waste management in Texas: status and
plan. v. 1. Municipal solid waste. Washington,
-------
64
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Solid Waste Management Programs, 1972.109
P-
This report discusses an extensive survey of
solid waste management practices and activities
in Texas which was conducted by the Texas
State Department of Health. Pending such time
as recycling may alleviate the problem of solid
waste disposal, based on survey findings, goals
are established for the State and other entities
having jurisdiction over solid waste manage-
ment. The report also discusses 13 problems
which have been recognized as impeding
progress toward the stated goals. These
problems are discussed and the report itemizes
specific steps recommended to mount an attack
upon each of them. Recommendations for steps
to be taken toward the solution of the problems
identified are made to the following entities: the
Texas State Department of Health; local health
departments; the Texas Water Quality Board;
the Governor's Office; councils of governments
and regional planning commissions; State educa-
tional system institutions; vocational training
schools; the Texas Municipal League; counties;
cities; and the Texas Air Control Board. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23631]
73-4381
Solid waste programs. In Regional solid waste
management plan. August, Georgia, Central
Savannah River Area Planning and Develop-
ment Commission, 1971. p. VI(1-179).
This paper discusses the solid waste programs
being conducted in areas of Georgia and South
Carolina. This study is part of a demonstration
project on regional solid waste management
which was conducted under an Environmental
Protection Agency grant. The following topics
are discussed for each of the 13 counties involved
in the study: existing solid waste storage, collec-
tion, and disposal programs; estimated solid
waste production and disposal requirements; and
proposed solid waste programs. Extensive data
and illustrations are provided. It is concluded
that the cities and counties in the study area are
of sufficient size to provide economical collection
service to their jurisdictions. Counties are also
logical units of governments to provide landfill
disposal facilities economically. It is proposed
that all recommended programs be operated
either by governmental agencies or by contract
with a governmental agency. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23632]
73-4382
Study area. In Regional solid waste manage-
ment plan. Augusta, Georgia, Central Savannah
River Area Planning and Development Commis-
sion, 1971. p. 1(1-9).
This paper discusses the characteristics of the
study area included in a demonstration project
on regional solid waste management which was
conducted under an Environmental Protection
Agency grant. The area consisted of 13 counties
in Georgia and the City of North Augusta in
Aiken County, South Carolina. A map of the
study area is provided which shows the geo-
graphic location of the counties in relation to
each other. The area study covered climate,
physiography, soils, and water resources. The
physiographic divisions included the Piedmont
Province, the upper coastal plain, and the lower
coastal plain. A summary of the municipal water
supply systems in the area is provided in tabular
form. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23633]
73-4383
Transportation. In Regional solid waste
management plan. Augusta, Georgia, Central
Savannah River Area Planning and Develop-
ment Commission, 1971. p. IV(1-17).
This paper discusses regional transportation of
solid wastes as part of a demonstration project
on regional solid waste management which was
conducted under an Environmental Protection
Agency grant. The following topics are con-
sidered: importance of haul cost; legal limits on
roads; direct haul in collection vehicles; and
transfer haul. Transfer haul has been developed
as an economical method to transport quantities
of solid waste to a distant disposal site. Com-
parisons were made for hauling directly to the
disposal site by collection vehicles and these
results are presented in tables. The concept of
-------
rail haul and sanitary landfill is considered to
offer good potential as a long-range solution to
the solid waste disposal problems for areas hav-
ing limited landfill space. Advantages, disad-
vantages, and costs of rail haul are considered.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23634]
PACKAGING WASTES
73-4384
BZOERKENGREN, C. A., N. NYKVIST, AND T.
TKOEDSSON. Decomposition of packaging
materials in the ground. Scandinavian Packag-
tng, 33:12-15,1969.
This article presents the results of research into
the decomposition of different kinds packaging
materials in the various types of soil common in
Sweden. Organic packaging materials can pro-
vide some of the essential nutrients needed by
soil to renew itself, as they decompose. However,
more and more packages today are made of inor-
ganic or less natural organic products. Notable
are aluminum foil and plastics. The company of
Akerlund & Rausing, in cooperation with the
College of Forestry in Stockholm, has done
research on the decomposition of various
packaging materials in the ground. Materials
were found to decompose differently in various
types of soil, with peat soils being slowest.
Polyvinyl chloride containers were found to
remain intact in almost all types of soil. Research
is being conducted on new plastics that decom-
pose easily. One important type disintegrates
after about a week's exposure to sunlight when
empty.
[23635]
73-4385
Li, M. Y., AND G. F. STEWART. Packaging edu-
cation, research and information. In Summary
report; 1971. Davis, University of California,
Food Protection and Toxicology Center, [1972].
p. 61-64.
The University of California has a Packaging
Program to prepare students for careers in
packaging. The Packaging Program also spon-
sors conferences on packaging topics for mem-
65
bers of the industry. Included among these was
cosponsorship of the first National Conference
on Packaging Wastes which was held in San
Francisco in 1969. The program is also concerned
with sponsoring packaging research. The
Packaging Program at Davis has established a
Packaging Information and Documentation Ser-
vices program. This is the first step to a
complete packaging information center. One of
the established services is the Packaging
Reference Library. The library publishes
Packaging Bulletin which contains abstracts of
recent developments in the field. A comprehen-
sive file on solid waste management as related to
packaging is being developed. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23636]
73-4386
RODER, H. Kunststoffe als packstoffe—ver-
packung und umweltschutz. [Plastics as packag-
ing material - packagings and environment pro-
tection.] StaedtereinigungO Umweltschutz,
10(l):3-6,15,1973.
Investigations in the Federal Republic of Ger-
many showed that about 35 percent by weight of
the total refuse quantity consist in packing
material and that of this 35 percent about 3 per-
cent are plastic wastes. This quantity is expected
to raise to 6 percent by weight in 1980. The per-
centage of polyvinyl chloride is actually 0.7 per-
cent by weight which is expected to rise to 0.8
percent in 1980. The refuse can be disposed of by
means of sanitary landfill, composting and in-
cineration. In the Federal Republic of Germany
about 75 percent of the refuse is regularly col-
lected. Sixty three percent of the refuse is
deposited in 50,000 dumps, and 15 percent is
placed in 130 sanitary landfills, 20 percent is
burned in 38 incineration plants and 2 percent is
treated in composting plants. Since in the
Federal Republic and in Austria nearly 100 per-
cent of foods are packaged, refuse quantity will
not increase any longer because of these materi-
als. (Text in German)
[23637]
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66
73-4387
SEND, M. Ekishorisei porima. [Disposable
polymer.] Sekiyu Gakkaiski, 16(2):106-11, Feb.
1973.
A few examples of plastics which are made easy
to break down by natural action of light, air,
water and microbes are given. Polyvinyl chloride
can be broken down by heat and light, although
depending upon the plasticizer, stabilizer,
volume-increasing material, etc. added, its
behavior would become complicated. A typical
process of making polymer easy to decompose is
that of Eastman Kodak's. Such enterprises as
Chisso, Sekisui, Nippon Synthetic Rubber, Chis-
so-Princeton Chem. Res., Ethylene Plastique
SA, Tetrapak, Hercules Powder Co., and G.
Scott, have their own products also. High-densi-
ty polymers containing carbonyl have reached
practical stages. Studies are being made at Tex-
tile High Polymer Material Research Institute in
Japan on the behavior of photodecomposition. At
the Institute of Industrial Science studies are
being made on benzoylacetone and benzoyl
acetophenone, and their interpolymers with
styrene. When detailed data on them can be com-
pared, it would be possible to design the sort of
polymer which easily decomposes by light. Very
few findings have been obtained on decomposi-
tion by microbes. Characteristics of polymers
must be changed so that they will become easily
accessible by microbes, increasing their affinity
to air and water. (Text in Japanese)
[23679]
73-4388
WALLHAEUSSEE, K. Das Verhalten der Kunst-
stoffe im Muell. [The behaviour of plastic waste
in the refuse.] Kunststoffe, 63(l):54-55,1973.
The plastic waste quantity in the refuse amounts
actually to 0.6 million tons per year which is 3.5
percent by weight of the total refuse quantity.
About 55.5 percent by weight consist of
polyolefins, 14.8 percent by weight of
polystyrenes and 13.0 percent polyvinyl
chlorides. About 20 percent of the refuse is in-
cinerated, 5 percent is composted, and 75 percent
is landfilled. It was found that plastic wastes
which were subjected to a special composting
process at Blaubeuren and which were shredded
into small pieces became brittle or, in case of
plastics containing a high percentage of cellulose,
even were completely decomposed. The rotting
process lasts 8 to 20 days during which period
temperatures up to 85 C are reached and main-
tained for several days. Plastic foils in a sanitary
landfill site were not attacked by microorgan-
isms owing to the anaerobic conditions in a
deposit site. Damage to the foils were caused by
chemical or thermal influences. Another recently
developed method to dispose of plastic waste is
their decomposition by means of ultraviolet
light. (Text in German)
[23638]
73-4389
Zum aufbereiten von folienabfaellen.
[Regeneration of foil wastes.] Kunststoff-
Berater, 18(1):45, Jan. 1973.
A new system for the reutilization of foil wastes
has been developed which reduces investment
costs by 46 percent. The new device consists of a
heating and cooling mixer comprising a tubular
ring with small drillings in the cover and special
equipment in the bottom of the mixer consisting
of a rotating blade and a horn cap. During the
heating period of the mixer the device in the bot-
tom rotates with a velocity of 40 m per second
which is then reduced to 20 m per second. At the
same time a valve in the tubular ring is opened
and compressed air is blown through the
drillings into the mixer which cleans the con-
tainer walls of foil chips and cools down the com-
pressed foil wastes to a temperature which
prevents the agglomerates from sticking
together. The hot air escapes through a filter bag
in the cover. Another device which has been
developed for the shredding of foil wastes works
with a blast, sucking the foil wastes into the
cutting chamber where a rotor shreds the foils.
(Text in German)
[23639]
PROCESSING / REDUCTION
73-4390
HAGIMORI, J., AND E. KITAJIMA. Kemkobutsu
hasaiji ni okeru atsuryoku roei boshiho. [A
method preventing pressure loss during solid
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67
waste compaction.] Japanese Patent 48-3021
owned by Tsukamoto Sogyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo. Is-
sued Jan. 29,1973.
This invention concerns a method crushing solid
wastes such as bricks, concrete mass, rocks, or
similar matter under high pressure, using high
pressure gas, high pressure water, or high pres-
sure oil spouting through the nozzles fitted into
the hole of the solid matter, or using a high pres-
sure gas from the combustion of an explosive
within the solid matter. In the former method, a
bag-like tube has been used to cover the inside
surfaces of the holes in order to prevent the
escape of the high pressure media, gas, water, or
oil, from the cracks inside the holes which are
responsible for the pressure drop. However, the
former method has defects that the tube is
broken and the escape of the high pressure
media often occurs. The method under this in-
vention prevents such an escape of the high
pressure media by forming a protective coating
of gypsum, bentnite, a rapidly setting cement-
rubber mixture, synthetic resins, or a liquid mix-
ture of these materials on the inside surfaces of
the holes of solid matter prior to the insertion of
the nozzle into the hole. In consequence, the
cracks in the inside of the hole are so completely
filled up that the escape of the high pressure
media can be satisfactorily stopped. (Text in
Japanese)
[23640]
73-4391
KAWADA INDUSTRIES Co., LTD. Kawada shiki
manmosukuiza - Sodai gomi funen gomi asshuku
hasai shoriki. [Kawada type mammosqueezer -
compressive crusher for large wastes and non-
flammable wastes.] Kotai Haibutsu, (8):68-69,
Dec. 1972.
The crusher, which consists of a body of two
upper and lower stages and is provided with
caterpillar, motors, driving gears, and a gate
chute, is so designed that waste is compressed
and crushed by the weight of the upper body at
the contact portion of the upper and lower cater-
pillars, each of which turns at an equal speed and
in the same direction. The upper body is sup-
ported on the lower body by the coupling pins,
and moves freely up and down or makes a
horizontal movement, according to the condition
of the waste to be crushed. The upper body is
held level by two sets of side rollers which touch
and move toward the inside of the coupling pins
and the gate chute. The waste to be crushed,
thrown onto the lower caterpillar or dropped
directly, is sent to a conveyor or the next
processing stage, while being compressed and
crushed by the weight of the upper body as the
upper and lower caterpillars rotate. Large non-
flammable wastes such as an electric refrigera-
tor, washing machine, etc., are compressed to one
fifth to one tenth by volume, and reinforced
concrete blocks, brick, etc., can be crushed to a
proper grain size for reuse. Also, furniture, used
cars, etc., can be compressed to make handling
easy. The disposal capacity of this crusher is 50
to 100 tons per day. (Text in Japanese)
[23641]
73-4392
SATO, G. Jinkai shori hoho. [A method of
disposal of wastes.] Japanese Patent 47-30,358.
Issued Aug. 8,1972.
This invention concerns a method to effectively
dispose of wastes in the form of heavy block
suitable for reclaiming work or for other pur-
poses. Another purpose of this invention is to
offer a method related to the disposal of wastes
which enables the use and storage of the baled
wastes for a long time under favorable condi-
tions without giving off odors of decomposition,
thus preventing pollution due to the abandon-
ment and combustion of wastes. The method
under this invention is characterized by the
processes in which pebbles, metal scraps such as
iron pieces, plastic wastes, etc., are first
removed, the rest are crushed, followed by a dry-
ing operation under exposure to a microwave,
then the dried ground wastes are mixed with a
quick-setting agent, with the subsequent com-
pressive molding procedure to form a desired
shape with a pressing machine, and lastly the
blocks so formed are cured in a high pressure
and temperature room after they have been
dipped into a cement mortar paste for the forma-
tion of a covering layer of the cement on the sur-
faces of the blocked wastes. (Text in Japanese)
[23642]
-------
73-4393
SHIN, Y. Haihin shoriki. [Waste compactor.]
Japanese Patent 47-25,496 owned by Sharp Cor-
poration, Osaka, Japan. Issued Aug. 8,1972.
This invention concerns a waste disposer to com-
press food wastes, empty glass bottles, empty
cans, or other general wastes into a small
volume. The juice from vegetable and other food
wastes when subjected to a compression
machine, are drained into the drainpipe. The
wastes, when compressed and dehydrated, are
packed in the paper bags to facilitate the sub-
sequent collection and disposal of wastes. In the
compression system under this invention, a
pusher plate moves and compresses wastes
within the container with a bottom plate capable
of freely opening and closing with the aid of an
electric motor and a means to transfer the tray
for liquids from food wastes to a place where the
discharge of wastes is not prevented when the
bottom plate is opened up. With this disposer,
the water-containing wastes are compressed
until the water content is reduced to a minimum
and then packed in a paper bag, so that the
problems encountered in the former method,
when the liquid from food wastes weakened the
paper and gave odors, can be avoided. (Text in
Japanese)
[23643]
73-4394
TEZUKA KOSAN Co., LTD. Tezuka-shiki asshuku
gomi shori sisutemu. [Tezuka-type waste com-
paction disposal system.] KotaiHaibutsu, (8):78-
81, Dec. 1972.
The oil pressure type press machine employed in
this system specializing in waste and variable ac-
cording to the characteristics of wastes is so
designed that about 1 ton of waste is shaped be-
forehand into a rectangle form under a weak
pressure, than partially pressed by several
piston-shaped cylinders whereby large voids
within the waste are removed, and subsequently
is pressed under high pressure of about 200 kg to
a rectangle form, and lastly is covered with a
wire net for finishing the process. The com-
pressed and solidified waste is then dipped into
hot asphalt to concurrently make a coating and
sterilized product. The method is all operated au-
tomatically, and can process the waste contain-
ing plastics, petroleum pitch, and tar, the waste
containing the nonflammable soil and sand,
bricks, glass, etc., and the waste containing the
sludge and hydrated cake from the drainage,
lime paste, dung, and other water-containing
wastes. The process does not emit hazardous
gases such as smoke, sulfurous acid gas, etc., and
also can process at a time large quantities (10 to
400 tons per day) of wastes to reduce the volume
of each of the compressed wastes to one sixth to
one eighth, or one tenth in some cases. (Text in
Japanese)
[23645]
73-4395
TEZUKA, K. Kinzoku sukurappi-rui no asshuku
sochi. [Compaction device for metal scrap.]
Japanese Patent 48-3950 owned by Tezuka
Kosan Co., Ltd., Tokyo. Issued Feb. 3,1973.
This invention concerns compressive equipment
in which metallic scraps are compressed, but
when the metallic scraps are charged into the
compression casing prior to the main com-
pressing operation to form the scrap blocks, the
metallic scraps are subjected to a temporary
compression operation, whereby the smooth
transfer of the compression casing toward the
pressing plate of the compression equipment can
be made possible, which shortens the time of
compression. In the former method which forms
blocks by compression of metal scraps in order to
melt them in an electric furnace, for example, the
metal scraps must be repeatedly compressed by
returning the casing at the compression place to
the charging place and again by forwarding the
casing after scraps are charged. In the system
under this invention, however, the main com-
pression equipment is provided with a tempora-
ry compression unit to eliminate the above-men-
tioned defect or other drawbacks. For these
reasons, it can not only serve to shorten the time
of operation, but also make easy the transfer of
the compression casing to the main compressing
place, and moreover the mobility of the tempora-
ry compression equipment gives an easier
charge of metallic scraps. (Text in Japanese)
[23644]
-------
RECYCLING
73-4396
BARRETT, J. San Diego plans shredder for
recycling program. Compost Science Journal of
Waste Recycling, 13(6):27-29, Nov.-Dec. 1972.
This article discusses solid wastes recycling. The
City of San Diego is developing a mechanical
sorting system for municipal refuse which is
showing promise of being at least one method of
separating refuse after collection. This system
envisions a dumping pad for stockpiling mu-
nicipal refuse which will be fed from the dump-
ing pad to a shredder. Upon discharge from the
shredder the material will undergo separation. It
is concluded that recyling economics should be
considered in terms of a 5-year resources cycle;
and recycling should include the composting of
the reasonable elements of refuse.
[23646]
73-4397
BATTELLE INSTITUTE. Verwertung von altpapi-
er. [Paper recycling.] Frankfurt au Main, [1972.]
32 p.
A Battelle Institute study on the possibilities of
reusing waste paper is reviewed. The current
and future situation in the waste paper area are
analyzed, and possibilities and limits of measures
to be taken by the State to increase the rate of
waste paper recycling are discussed. Effects of
intensified waste paper recycling on the costs of
waste disposal and on the environment are
described. (Text in German) (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23647]
73-4398 ,
BURBY, J. F. Materials report/panel inventories
earth's resources, weighs demand against en-
vironmental cost. Part 7. National Journal,
5(4):120-121,Jan.27,1973.
This article discusses, the formulation of a na-
tional materials policy. A resources policy should
deal with the pressures created by increasing
per capita consumption of materials, the increas-
ing numbers of consumers, and the growing need
for control of both. The report urged a policy of
slowing the trend toward increasing dependence
on foreign materials. Extraction of useful
materials from wastes now produced in mining
could help alleviate the situation. The panel also
said that the cost of materials extraction should
include the cost of preventing or repairing en-
vironmental damage to living systems. The panel
also felt that deeper and broader understanding
should be sought and communicated to the
general public about alternatives in materials
and environmental management. The panel
stressed the importance of more efficient
recycling of mineral materials; and warned that
much of the metal extracting and processing
equipment in the United States is obsolete and
that in some cases profits have been too low to
finance replacement. It was concluded that the
government's role in controlling the material
cycle must increase in the future.
[23648]
73-4399
CASTAGNE, M. Case Paper is a finishing room at
the doorstep of printers. Paper Trade Journal,
157(l):24-25, Jan. 1,1973.
This article traces the emergence of Case Paper
Co. as a quality producer of off-grade paper
products. By putting its name on off-grade
papers, this firm has built a nationwide job lot
business. Sophisticated converting equipment
helps Case offer high quality. A good example of
this is its new Jagenberg Vari-Dur winder which
trims to 72 in. and is used for salvage operations
of all kinds. The machine is driven by a single
motor through a parallel shaft gear reducer.
Firm representatives see the day when a
progressive paper house handling mostly first
grade paper will also have converting equip-
ment.
[23649]
73-4400
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOU, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. Metal
recovery. In Systems study of air pollution
from municipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little,
Inc., Mar. 1970. p. (F-7)-(F-12).
The article discusses U.S. metal recovery mar-
kets, metal recovery methods, and the economics
-------
70
of metal recovery. Metal salvage is carried out in
this country at composting facilities, 11 mu-
nicipal incinerator facilities, and two private in-
cinerators. Annual average metal content of mu-
nicipal refuse is 8 percent. More than 6 million
tons of ferrous metal from cans is potentially
available in collected municipal refuse. Major
uses for metal cans in refuse include: precipita-
tion iron in copper ore beneficiation, source of tin
through chemical de-tinning, and as a source of
steel scrap in steel-making. In copper ores refin-
ing, ferrous metal from refuse is used in a
leaching process which results in copper
precipitation. The market for salvaged ferrous
metal for copper recovery was 250,000 tons in
1966, thus supply far exceeds potential demand.
Trends suggest that in the future the percent of
ferrous metals in refuse will decrease and fer-
rous metal salvage from municipal refuse may be
less economical. Use of salvage equipment fol-
lowing incineration systems has the following
advantages: the combustible fraction of material
bound in metal is removed by incineration; in-
cinerator residue is cleaner to handle than raw
refuse; some of the tin coating on cans will have
oxidized during incineration; size of salvage
equipment required is reduced due to volume
reduction of materials in the residue. Economics
of metal salvage depends upon capital invest-
ment for salvage equipment; operating costs for
this equipment; shipping costs of the collected
metal; and market prices for this salvage metal.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23651]
73-4401
CHANSKY, S. H., A. N. DIMITRIOUS, E. L. FIELD,
C. R. LAMANTIA, AND R. E. ZINN. By-product
recovery. In Systems study of air pollution
from municipal incineration, v. 2. Appendices.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Arthur D. Little,
Inc.,Mar.l970.p.(F-l)-(F-7).
The article discusses U.S. waste paper recovery
markets. For the last 10-15 years, the quantity of
reused paper has remained at a constant level of
9 to 10 million tons annually. Total paper con-
sumption has grown, however, at an average
rate of 4 percent since 1947. The biggest factor
stifling growth of recycled paper is economics.
Seventy percent of recycled paper consists of
newspaper and corrugated paper. The remainder
is bleached foodboard and heavy books or
ledgers processed by deinking. After 1975, the
quantity of virgin pulp available and difficulties
with new mill sites should increase the price of
wood pulp and make the economics of paper
recovery favorable. It is estimated that reused
paper might grow from 12 million tons in 1975 to
25 million in the 1980's. Scrap paper prices de-
pend on the grade of paper, amount of con-
tamination, presence of additives, and geo-
graphical location. The degree of contamination
of waste paper greatly effects the economics of
recycling. If 0.5 to 0.75 tons of paper could be
hand-sorted from refuse in 1 hr, labor costs of $4
to $6 per ton of paper collected would be in-
curred. With an average market price per ton of
$8 to $16, some profits may result. However,
profits would be short-lived if recovery from
municipal refuse was practiced on a large scale.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23650]
73-4402
HORTENSTINE, C. C., AND D. F. ROTHWELL.
Use of municipal compost in reclamation of
phosphate-mining sand tailings. Journal of En-
vironmental Quality, 1(4):415-418, Oct.-Dec.
1972.
This article discusses the reclamation of sand
tailings which are produced by phosphate min-
ing. The effects of compost and fertilizer on sand
tailings are studied. Cation-exchange capacity,
water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity,
organic matter, and certain chemical contents of
the sand tailings were increased by compost ap-
plications. Forage yields were increased greatly
where compost and fertilizer were applied
together as compared to where fertilizer was ap-
plied alone. Both sorghum and oat yields from
compost without fertilizer were a fraction of
yields where mineral fertilizer was applied.
[23652]
73-4403
IZUMI, M. Burakki kuroson shiki shisshiki jinkai
shori sisutemu. [Black Clawson Co. wet garbage
-------
71
disposal system.] Kogai Boshi Sangyo, 3(2):56-
61, Feb. 1973.
Explanation is made of the hydrasposal-
fiberclaim system of the Black Clawson Co. for
wastes disposal, using water, and with recovery
of paper, iron, aluminum, and glass. The residual
ash is less than half that of a conventional in-
cinerator. Classification of types of wastes is
done mechanically. Crushing of wastes is carried
out in water, so that no dust, noise, or smell is
caused. The combustible wastes obtained by this
process are most suitable for this type of com-
bustion. There is no large central element in the
process, all modules can be connected with a
pipeline easily, making layout quite flexible, so
that the whole installation can be constructed
even on irregularly-shaped site. The process can
be erected in one-story buildings, and does not
take too large a site, so that construction cost is
low. Each element of the process has been in use
in paper industry and is highly reliable. The in-
cinerator is highly efficient, compact, does not
require too high temperature, and emits fewer
nitrogen oxides which cause photochemical
smog. Since complete incineration takes place,
there is less secondary pollution caused by
smoke and odor. The incinerator has no movable
mechanical parts, so that there is less danger of
its breaking down, and it is more durable than
conventional type incinerator. More heat can be
stored within the incinerator, so that there is
very little fluctuation in the temperature inside
the incinerator, irrespective of fluctuation in
volume and quality of charged wastes, enabling
stabilized operation. The process can be auto-
matically operated. The organic wastes,
eliminated in the process of recovery of pulp for
paper making, can be used as compost. If pel-
letized, the wastes can be used as fuel for power
plants.
[23653]
73-4404
McGovERN, J. N. Urban sources for wood and
secondary fibers examined. Paper Trade Jour-
nal, 157(l):30-33, Jan. 1,1973.
This article discusses a conference on sources
and applications of urban wood fibers for paper-
making which was held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
under the sponsorship of the University of
Wisconsin. The engineering meeting had the
purpose of drawing attention to the availability
of certain solid wood resources as fibrous raw
materials for the pulp and paper industry and to
the technological developments in the production
and use of these materials. It was attended by
municipal representatives with disposal
problems, collectors and converters of these
materials, and technical personnel from the pulp
and paper industry. The meeting focused on solid
waste resources, waste wood chip production
and utilization, wastewater resources, and waste
paper utilization technology.
[23681]
73-4405
Reclaiming with solid waste: two birds with one
stone. Material Handling Engineering,
27(11):46, Nov. 1972.
This article discusses two separate problemsO
Aloe Coal Co.'s problem of reclaiming land
spoiled by modern strip-mining techniques, and
the City of Pittsburgh's problem of disposing of
its solid waste. Both problems were solved by
using landfill techniques to reclaim the land and
bury the city's garbage at the same time. Aloe
Coal is doing refuse removal under a contract
with the City of Pittsburgh. The company has
constructed an automatic transfer station on the
old city dump site, complete with stationary com-
pactors. The transfer station can handle eight
city packer trucks simultaneously. At the landfill
site, refuse is spread and compacted in 8-ft
layers.
[23654]
73-4406
SHINKAWA, K., H. HOSODA, T. ARAKI, S. MITSUI,
G. SUZUKI, R. IDA, Y. OCHIAI, K. TANAKA, K.
ENDO, AND T. ISE. Hai-taiya no ryudo kanryu.
[Fluidizing dry distillation of waste tires.]
Presented at the 38th Annual Study Meeting,
Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 3-6, 1973. Tokyo, Society of
Chemical Engineers. 3 p.
Waste tires reportedly amount to about 27 mil-
lion per year which have been discarded. For this
reason, a fluid dry distillation method has been
tried experimentally to recover oils and carbon.
The raw material used in this work was ground
-------
72
tires mainly composed of natural rubber. The
dry distilling furnace has a 155 mm diameter, a
300 mm height, with a dispersing plate of 2 mm
opening sizes and 1.3 percent opening ratios. The
rotation of the stirrer is 60 rpm, and air was used
as a fluidizing gas. The raw material is first in-
troduced into the furnace by a screw feeder and
is put into a hopper through an overflow pipe
after dry distillation. The dry distillation gas is
led to the smokestack through the dust collector
and the cooling pipe, and the oils obtained are
taken out of the bottom of the cooling pipe. As a
result, the results obtained from the medium
scale experiment were a little inferior to those of
the small scale one in terms of the dry distilled
power and oils. However, a continuous fluid dry
distillation is possible with a high efficient opera-
tion rate, and there was no problem with the ap-
paratus. The dry distillation gas is self-combusti-
ble and will burn completely. (Text in Japanese)
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23655]
73-4407
TAKAHATA, T., AND H. ITO. En o ganyu suru
haisaneki no ryudo baishoho narabini ryudo
baishoho sochi. [A fluidized roasting method and
device for waste acids containing salts.]
Japanese Patent 48-756 owned by Kawasaki
Heavy Industries Ltd., Kobe. Issued Jan. 11,
1973.
This invention concerns a method by which a
pure acid and/or acid decomposition gas and
metal oxides can be obtained by directly subject-
ing the salts-containing liquid to a high tempera-
ture. The former method for the same purpose
required holding the temperature of the whole of
the roaster up at 600 to 900 C in order to
evaporate water and free acid and concurrently
to effect the heat decomposition of metal salts,
but in the method under this invention, the
evaporation of the water and free acid contained
in a waste acid liquid and the heat decomposition
of metal salts are carried out separately in two
fluidized beds equipped in the same roaster in
order to economically and easily obtain a highly
pure acid and/or acid decomposition gas and
metal oxides at the same time. In short, the first
fluidized bed which occupies a larger part of the
roaster and performs the evaporation of watei
operates at a very low temperature of 150 to 400
C, and the heat decomposition of metal salts
requiring a high temperature of 400 to 900 C is
carried out in the second fluidized bed of a very
small capacity, which reduces the size of the
fluidized roaster and attendant equipment to a
minimum, and enhances the technical and
economical efficiencies without damaging the
yields and qualities of products. (Text in
Japanese)
[23656]
73-4408
Technology and economics of recycling
discussed in 500-page monograph. Paper Trade
Journal, 157(3):33, Jan. 15,1973.
This article announces the publication of a mono-
graph by Joseph E. Atchison on recyling waste
paper. Some of the study's conclusions include:
segregation of wastes prior to collection makes
recycling them economically feasible; technologi-
cal and economic studies of waste paper and
paperboard mills should be started immediately
to determine the feasibility of constructing them
in heavily populated areas; modern technology
should eliminate air or water pollution in such
mills; and the present recovery rate for waste
paper in the United States is only 21 percent,
whereas this rate is 38 percent for Japan. The
text includes a review of waste paper production
and consumption, the factors which have
discouraged waste paper recycling, and con-
sumption trends for specific grades of paper and
paperboard.
[23657]
73-4409
VALDEZ, E. G., K. C. DEAN, AND W. J. WILSON.
Use of cryogens to reclaim nonferrous scrap
metals. Bureau of Mines Report of Investiga-
tions 7716. Washington, U.S. Department of the
Interior, 1973.13 p.
This paper describes how three cryogenic
systems that utilized liquid nitrogen, dry ice, and
methanol with dry ice were investigated in con-
junction with crushing and classifying
techniques. The systems were used to aid in
separating and reclaiming the metallic com-
-------
73
ponents contained in insulated wires, shredded
automobile nonferrous metal concentrates, small
motors, generators, and rubber tires. Laboratory
chemical results comparing direct and indirect
chilling indicated that a sufficiently low tem-
perature could be attained by indirect chilling to
permit use of a liquid carbon dioxide dry ice
system on insulated wires and mixed nonferrous
metallic concentrates. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23658]
73-4410
ZUKOWSKI, L. High capacity fibreboard factory.
Polish Technical Review, (5):27-28,1972.
This article describes how the world's growing
demand for panel products made of low quality
wood or waste wood stimulates the development
of new machines and devices necessary for the
manufacture of this material. Designers of these
machines are concerned with the intensification
of production processes and increased capacity
of production lines. In order to meet these
requirements the design offices and machine fac-
tories run by the ZEMAK Association of Heavy
Machine Industries in Warsaw, Poland, has
designed a hardboard production line. Unload-
ing, chip delivery, fundamental devices, equip-
ment, and board forming are discussed.
[23659]
RESEARCH
73-4411
ARNOLD, J. N., ED. Engineering Bulletin, v. 38.
Engineering publications, 1918-1953. Extension
Series No. 85. Purdue University, Engineering
Extension Department, Lafayette, Indiana, May
1954.23 p.
The booklet provides an extensive bibliography
of several hundred items covering various
disciplines of the engineering program offered at
Purdue University. Sections of the bulletin are
devoted to research publications, highway
research, mechanical engineering, structural en-
gineering, and agricultural engineering. Many of
these items are listed as reprints. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23660]
73-4412
BURBY, J. F. Materials report/panel invensto-
ries earth's resources, weighs demand against
environmental cost. Part 3. National Journal,
5(4): 122-123, Jan. 27,1973.
While waste is only one factor with which the
National Commission on Materials Policy will
deal, proposals for tax incentives to reduce
waste by recycling materials and encouraging
more efficient design of products are to be a
major part of the commission report. The com-
mission felt there was no need for new inven-
tions; those already in manufacture should be
put to extensive use. If there are economic incen-
tives for handling wastes business will go into
this line. The answer for waste control is
recycling, the commission felt. One barrier to ex-
tensive recycling is that companies have built
processing plants on land adjoining mines or
forests. Another is that there is at present no
economic incentive to use wastes. A lot of
research and financing are still needed.
[23663]
73-4413
BURBY, J. F. Materials report/panel inventories
earth's resources, weighs demand against en-
vironmental cost. Part 1. National Journal,
5(4):115-118, Jan. 27,1973.
The mandate of the National Commission on
Materials Policy is to inventory the world's raw
materials to see whether the supply is equal to
this nation's demand. The commission plans the
following recommendations: that basic changes
be made in the tax laws to put secondary or recy-
cled materials on a more equal footing with pri-
mary materials; the costs of environmental pro-
tection be built into the costs of raw materials;
that the federal government focus clearly on
materials policy; that the federal government in-
vest in education of more materials specialists
and in environmental research; and that govern-
ment and industry work more closely together in
the search for new materials and the financing of
new supply systems for mining and processing
them. The commission's changing focus, its in-
terpretation of its mandate, and staffing are
problems which the commission has not solved as
yet.
[23661]
-------
74
73-4414
BURBY, J. F. Materials report/panel inventories
earth's resources, weighs demand against en-
vironmental cost. Part 2. National Journal,
5(4):118-122, Jan. 27,1973.
Two major studies were prepared for the Na-
tional Commission on Materials PolicyO one by
the National Research Council and the other by
participants in closed forums at eight university
campuses. The collection's interim report
showed that while U.S. consumption of 31 prin-
cipal minerals rose by 40 percent between 1950
and 1970, its share of world consumption of those
materials declined from 42 percent to 28 percent.
The interim report also said that the United
States imported all of its primary requirements
in 1970 for a great many minerals. During
forums at eight universities, the commission and
its staff listened to advice from specialists on
how to deal with the data. The research council
of the National Academy of Sciences concluded
that environmental, social, and energy costs are
as important as cash costs in determining the
price of affluence. The council recommended
that government controls and incentives should
be created toward the end of increasing output
and cutting waste.
[23662]
73-4415
BURBY, J. F. Materials report/panel inventories
earth's resources, weighs demand against en-
vironmental cost. Part 4. National Journal,
5(4):123-126,Jan.27,1973.
The National Commission on Materials Policy
will concentrate on relating energy to other
material problems. One area in which the
research staff has concentrated is the relative
amounts of energy used to produce different
products or process various minerals. The staff
still does not know whether the commission
would address itself to the question of reducing
energy demand in its final report. It was con-
cluded that reserves of fossil fuels are buying
research time in nuclear power for this country,
but some commission members questioned
whether the federal government should not also
be looking harder at alternatives such as solar
and geothermal power. Some members were en-
couraged by recent developments in fusion, but
they warned that the lead times might be stag-
gering.
[23664]
73-4416
BURBY, J. F. Materials report/panel inventories
earth's resources, weighs demand against en-
vironmental cost. Part 5. National Journal,
5(4):126-127, Jan. 27,1973.
Interviews with three principals in the National
Commission on Materials Policy study found
general agreement on the need for protecting
both the quality of life in the United States and
the quality of the environment. White House of-
ficials resisted the creation of the commission.
There still remains a question as to whether the
President signed the bill that created the com-
mission before or after the deadline. Capitol Hill
and the commission have largely ignored each
other until recently. Although the commission
has established a series of advisory panels that
include officers of some of the nation's biggest
firms, interest groups in Washington have only
recently become aware of the commission's work
and studies.
[23665]
73-4417
BURBY, J. F. Materials report/panel inventories
earth's resources, weighs demand against en-
vironmental cost. Part 6. National Journal,
5(4):118,Jan.27,1973.
The executive director of the staff of the Na-
tional Commission on Materials Policy, has pro-
vided definitions of four stages of materials
development with which the commission deals.
Resources are defined as those materials availa-
ble in nature which can, through industrial
development, provide the properties and func-
tions which man may require for his needs and
wants. Potential resources are defined as those
resources which can become economically ex-
tractable with the development of technology or
increases in price differentials. Reserves are
those resources whose extent is measured or
estimated and which are currently extractable as
a profit. To convert a resource into a reserve, the
-------
75
resource must be located, identified, measured
or estimated as to extent, and judged to be
economically extractable with current technolo-
gy. Supply is defined as those materials which
have been extracted from their natural
resources and which are ready for use by indus-
try or consumers.
[23666]
73-4418
BURBY, J. F. Materials report/panel inventories
earth's resources, weighs demand against en-
vironmental cost. Part 8. National Journal,
5(4): 124-125, Jan. 27,1973.
The National Commission on Materials Policy
sponsored forums in 1972 at eight universities to
sample the views of the academic community on
materials problems and ways to solve them.
Some of the views expressed follow: materials
policy-making must use the systems approach;
the commodity approach to materials should be
expanded to consider the process through which
materials flow, from extraction through
processing and use, to disposal and recycling; the
current structure of private, public, and social
costs must be scrutinized and assessed; greater
Federal efforts are necessary in the areas of
materials, environment, and economics; and
world resources must be developed and dis-
tributed with cooperation between the
developed and developing world. There was al-
most unanimous agreement at the forums that
an official national policy statement is needed.
Domestic, international, environmental,
recycling, and energy problems were also
discussed. The main thrust of the commission's
recommendations revolved around greater effi-
ciency and conservation at every point in the life
cycle of materials.
[23667]
73-4419
Dividends from wood research; recent publica-
tions of the forest products laboratory; January
1 to June 30,1971. Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. De-
partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, [1971].
16 p.
This is an annotated bibliography of publications
from the Forest Products Laboratory. Titles of
publications relevant to the study of solid waste
include: Harvesting and utilization technology
can stretch wood supplies; Household separation
of waste paper; Many problems involved in in-
creasing utilization of waste paper; and NSSC
mills can operate independently using mixed
magnesium-ammonia bases. (This document is
retained in the SWIES library.)
[23668]
73-4420
KENAHAN, C. B., R. S. KAPLAN, J. T. DUNHAM,
AND D. G. LINNEHAN. Bureau of Mines research
programs on recycling and disposal of mineral-,
metal-, and energy-based wastes. Bureau of
Mines Information Circular No. 8598. Washing-
ton, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1973.54 p.
A summary of Bureau of Mines research on
recycling, reuse, and disposal of mineral-, metal-,
and energy-based wastes is presented, accom-
panied by an extensive bibliography of related
publications. The Bureau's waste recycling and
disposal program is directed toward the follow-
ing four main areas of research and develop-
ment: extraction of mineral, metal, and energy
values from urban refuse; upgrading and
recycling of automotive and related ferrous and
nonferrous scrap; recovery, utilization, and sta-
bilization of mine and mill processing wastes;
and recovery and reuse of values from industrial
waste products. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23669]
SANITARY LANDFILL
73-4421
BOYLE, W. C., AND R. K. HAM. Treatability of
leachate from sanitary landfills. Madison,
Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1972.
37 p.
This paper was presented at the 27th Annual
Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
Indiana. The authors evaluate a variety of
leachate treatment schemes and develop design
and operating criteria for the most promising
ones. The processes evaluated include anaerobic
and aerobic biological treatment of leachate;
-------
76
aerobic treatment of selected combinations of
leachate and domestic wastewater in a simulated
activated sludge sewage treatment plant;
anaerobic followed by aerobic polishing treat-
ment of leachate; and chemical precipitation, ox-
idation, and coagulation. It is concluded that
biological treatment of sanitary landfill leachate
is efficient in removing a substantial portion of
the organic pollutants. Anaerobic treatment of
raw leachate was most promising. Chemical
treatment seemed to be particularly useful in
treating biological process effluent. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23672]
73-4422
GULP SOUTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Analysis
of data for baseline and cell monitoring wells. In
Preventing landfill leachate contamination of
water. Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, National Environmental
Research Center, 1972. p. 52-105.
This paper provides an analysis of the data col-
lected for a study of the landfill leachate con-
tamination of water. This analysis is divided into
the following categories: expression of results;
description of analytical procedures; baseline
monitoring wells; field test cells; and cell moni-
toring wells. Abundant data in the form of tables
and graphs are supplied. The following parame-
ters were reported upon: pH biochemical oxygen
demand; chemical oxygen demand; residue; and
anions. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23670]
73-4423
GULF SOUTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Analysis
of sealant materials. In Preventing landfill
leachate contamination of water. Cincinnati,
Ohio, U.S. Environmental Research Center,
1972. p. 5-9.
This paper discusses the prevention of wate con-
tamination because of landfill leachates. An anal-
ysis of sealant materials is provided which
discusses the types of materials available and
the types of materials surveyed. Bottom sealants
for waste disposal pits are classified as mem-
brane and barriers, the low permeability of
which restrict the flow of leachates. Membrane
sealants include asphalt-impregnated felt,
rubber sheets, and polyethylene or polyvinyl
chloride sheets. Sealants that depend upon low
permeability and thickness include clays, soil-
chemical mixtures, soil-asphalt mixtures, and
soil-clay mineral mixtures. The selection of a
potential material for the sealing of sanitary
landfills was based upon the following parame-
ters: stability to the chemical and mechanical
conditions experienced in a landfill; cost and
availability of the potential material; application,
handling, and storage performance; and ability
of the material effectively to restrict the move-
ment of refuse leachate. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23671]
73-4424
GULF SOUTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Descrip-
tion of test site and area geology. In Preventing
landfill leachate contamination of water. Cincin-
nati, Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, National Environmental Research Center,
1972. p. 9-32.
This paper describes the test site used for a
study of the landfill leachate contamination of
water. The test area is underlain by river alluvi-
um. The uppermost layers are silt, silty clay, and
clayey silt. Below the silts and clays is sand; un-
derlying the sand is a very permeable aquifier
which is in hydraulic contact with the Mississippi
River. Water levels in the area change in
response to the percolation of rain into the
ground and the change in river stage. Test site
borings, initial test site conditions, test pit condi-
tions, application of test sealants, charging of
cells, rainfall patterns at the site, and baseline
well levels are discussed in detail, illustrated,
and supported by data. (This document is
retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23673]
73-4425
GULF SOUTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Economic
analysis of landfill lining. In Preventing landfill
leachate contamination of water. Cincinnati,
Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center, 1972.
p. 106-109.
-------
77
This paper provides an economic analysis of
landfill sites for a study of the landfill leachate
contamination of water. The choice of acceptable
landfill sites in any locale must satisfy ecological
and economic needs. The final choice should
require a compromise in cost considerations and
convenience, without compromising the ecologi-
cal requirements. The cost of conditioning a
potential landfill site is discussed in detail. The
cost of treating or preparing the site to prevent
contamination of the surroundings must be
determined and added to the land acquisition
costs. The average haul distance becomes the
variable which determines the long-term
economics of site choice. An equation is provided
which illustrates the relation between the sig-
nificant parameters. (This document is retained
in the SWIRS library.)
[23674]
73-4426
GULP SOUTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Permea-
bility testing. In Preventing landfill leachate
contamination of water. Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, National En-
vironmental Research Center, 1972. p. 33-44.
This paper describes the methods used for test-
ing permeability for a study of the landfill
leachate contamination of water. The amount of
water or leachate moving through a barrier in a
unit time, unit area, and unit pressure gradient is
herein defined as the permeability. All organic
materials present in the landfill are of signifi-
cantly higher molecular weight than water and
they will permeate the barrier much more slowly
than water. Several permeability cells were
designed during the test period in which each of
the 28 sealant materials selected was subjected
to pressure tests. The throughput for each sam-
ple was recorded over the period of time
required to establish a stable flow rate. The ef-
fects of the use of high pressure on soil compac-
tion were also noted. Pressure was found to have
an effect on the integrity of the soil sealant
tested. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23677]
73-4427
GULF SOUTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Prevent-
ing landfill leachate contamination of water. Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, National Environmental Research
Center, 1972.109 p.
This paper identifies and presents the results of
tests on materials which might prove useful in
sanitary landfill engineering to prevent and/or
limit permeation of contaminating leachates
through the landfill soil into adjacent streams of
ground water tables. Tests were made to identi-
fy pollutants or to otherwise characterize the
leachate escaping from the test cells. The results
are expressed in terms of the graphic informa-
tion plotted for each cell and narrative in-
terpretations presented for each at the conclu-
sion of this report. This study is divided into the
following topics: analysis of sealant materials;
description of test site and area geology;
permeability testing; preliminary testing under
simulated conditions; analysis of data for
baseline and cell monitoring wells; and an
economic analysis of landfill lining. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23675]
73-4428
KESSLER, M. Z. Sanitary landfill: a selected list
of references. Monticello, Illinois, Council of
Planning Librarians, Aug. 1970.15 p.
This bibliography is a collection of material on
the various aspects of establishing and operating
a sanitary landfill. Nothing published before
1960 has been included. The bibliography is di-
vided into the following sections: general works;
specific aspects of sanitary landfills; equipment
for sanitary landfills; use of the reclaimed site;
and specific sanitary landfill projects. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23676]
73-4429
PiERAU, H. Schaumabdeckung fuer abfaell-
deponien—neue moeglichkeiten der zwischenab-
deckung. [Foam covering for sanitary landfills -
new method for intermediary layers.] Muell und
-------
78
A new material consisting of an urea formal-
dehyde compound has been tested to be used as
covering substance for sanitary landfills. In con-
nection with air this material hardens within a
short time and forms a foam of artificial resin.
This foam is biologically decomposable and
flame-resistance. The fresh foam is applied onto
the respective refuse layer by means of com-
pressed air. The foam-covered landfill remained
free from birds, odors, rats and weeds. The
biological and chemical decomposition processes,
whether aerobic or anaerobic, were not ham-
pered at all by the foam layer. When being
covered with a new refuse layer, the foam is
compressed and is biologically decomposed into
water and carbon dioxide. The foam layer can
also be applied to liquid and sludge wastes and
offers a good protection against the development
of odors and fires. (Text in German)
[23678]
SEPARATION
73-4430
HUGHES, D. Die rueckgewinnung von kupfer
und aluminium aus kabelabfaellen. [The
recovery of copper and aluminum from cable
waste material.] Metall, 27(2): 172-174,1973.
The conventional method of recovering copper
and aluminum from cable waste material is in-
cineration. This method not only polluted the air
but also produced metal of lesser quality and
losses through oxidation, chlorination and tap-off
with the slag. During the incineration of polyvi-
nyl chloride cable waste material hydrogen
chlorine is emitted which cannot be removed
from the waste gas by afterburning. A much
more economical and less air polluting method is
the mechanical recovery of the metals. A
mechanical recovery plant comprises two im-
peller breakers, a conveyor belt, a two-stored
vibration screen and the separators. Two separa-
tion methods are available, the air separation
based on the different sedimentation speed of
the materials to be separated and the method
taking advantage of the differing specific
weights. The latter method requires an auxiliary
medium for the separation which may be either a
solid material or a mixture of air and solids with
the latter being air-suspended. The second
method has a separation effiency of more than 98
percent. The current costs for a mechanical
recovery plant are comparable to those of the in-
cineration plant. The personnel costs are lower.
(Text in German) (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23680]
SLUDGE
73-4431
WATANABE, H. Gesui shori shisetsu no ryunyu
osui chosa ekka. [Result of survey made on bilge
drained into sewerage treatment facility.]
Presented at the 1972 National Environmental
Sanitation Meeting, Niigata, Japan, Oct. 19-20,
1972. Tokyo, Ministry of Health and Welfare,
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center. 3 p.
The volume and quality of sewerage drained into
a sewer system were checked every 2 hr, for 24
hr, at one sewerage terminal treatment plant
and one joint treatment facility. The former was
the standard activated sludge method, with
capacity for accommodating 18,500 people
(actually 11,657 person). The latter was the sep-
tic tank aeration method, capable of accom-
modating 700 persons (actually 503 bachelors in
the dormitory). Volume, concentration, and BOD
fluctuated much more in the case of the septic
tank for bachelors' dormitory. Especially,
minimum BOD was nearly one tenth of max-
imum BOD in the case of the septic tank. Of two
peaks in the day, afternoon peak was much
larger. At both facilities, 2.7 to 3.1 times overload
from design figures was recorded. Terminal
treatment plant had higher pH than that of the
septic tank. The septic tank's suspended solids
fluctuated greatly. The reason why effluent
quality from these facilities was good is because
they accommodate fewer people than designed
for, and BOD remained at design standard. It is
important to take into consideration local charac-
teristics and construction purpose in designing
these facilities, and to grasp their actual condi-
tions all the time. (Text in Japanese) (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23682]
-------
STREET CLEANING
73-4432
City of Philadelphia, annual report, 1972.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Department of
Streets, Sanitation Division, 1972.77 p.
This paper contains the City of Philadelphia's an-
nual report for 1972 from its Department of
Streets. Fiscal 1972 marked the first year of a 3-
year program to study air pollution control
devices. The first year included the initiation of a
transfer station program aimed at the eventual
phasing out of the older batch-type incinerators.
The activities of the following divisions are
described in detail: Administration Division;
Highway Division; Sanitation Division; Bureau
of Surveys and Design; Traffic Engineering; and
Street Cleaning. (This document is retained in
the SWIRS library.)
[23683]
73-4433
Diesel engines provide reliable plowing power.
American City, 88(2):22, Feb. 1973.
Chautauqua County, New York, uses trucks and
heavy equipment powered by Cummins diesel
engines to keep its roads clear in winter. All
units are equipped with two-way radios to pro-
vide efficiency in dispatching. Trucks sometimes
work in groups of two or more in order to clear
particularly bad stretches of road. The diesel
powered vehicles work better than the old
gasoline powered ones. The Fleet includes
trucks, graders, straight and V-plows, tractor
loaders, excavators, tractors, and blowers.
[23684]
73-4434
Salt deicing cuts accidents by 75 percent accord-
ing to new 116-city survey. American City,
88(1):19, Jan. 1973.
A study carried out by American City Magazine
has shown that four times as many accidents
occur on untreated streets as on those protected
with deicing salts. Damage to trees and grass
were observed to be caused by the salt, but only
15 percent of the cities surveyed reported water-
pollutional effects. The 116 cities surveyed were
all in northern States. Salt, sand, calcium
79
chloride, and combinations of the same were the
materials used for deicing. Environmental con-
cern has led to the use of covered storage areas
for salt. Despite the opposition of environmen-
talists to the use of salt on roads, most city offi-
cials still support the use of salt for deicing.
Better equipment can be developed for salt
spreading.
[23685]
73-4435
Snow compressed to reduce hauling costs.
Public Works, 104(2):86, Feb. 1973.
The Mobile Sno Pac is designed to compress
snow into 2 ft cubes as it is being plowed. This
will reduce the cost of snow removal by increas-
ing the weight of snow that a truck can carry.
The vehicle is manufactured by Sno Pac Corp.
The mechanism reduces the volume of the snow
by as much as 85 percent; the blocks weight in
the vicinity fo 400 Ib. The vehicle pulls a haul
truck and dumps the blocks of snow onto it by
means of a conveyor belt at the rate of eight per
minute. The operation of the vehicle is described.
[23686]
73-4436
Snow removal tailored to reduce salt pollution.
American City, 88(1):16, Jan. 1973.
A new Minnesota law regulates the amount of
salt that can be used for snow and ice removal. It
states that salt or other chemicals can only be
used on hills, intersections, and high speed
highways. This article describes the reaction of
the town of Brooklyn Park to this regulation.
The system of snow plowing is outlined and the
types of equipment that Brooklyn Park uses are
outlined.
[23687]
TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS
73-4437
A new role for American education. Washing-
ton, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare. Office of Education, May 19,1970.46 p.
This document concerns the role of schools in
building environmental concern. It discusses en-
-------
80
vironmental education at all levelsO from prima-
ry schools to professional training. The steps to
setting up an environmental curriculum are out-
lined and there are aids to curriculum develop-
ment. State and regional planning is stressed.
There is a discussion of the concern of the U.S.
Office of Education for environmental education.
(This document is retained in the SWIRS libra-
ry.)
[23692]
73-4438
A new role for American education; readings in
environmental awareness. Washington, Depart-
ment of Health, Education and Welfare, Office
of Education, May 19,1970.77 p. suppl.
This booklet contains a number of essays on
general environmental topcis. In addition there
are a number of articles on environmental educa-
tion. These latter articles discuss the role of vo-
cational education in training personnel for en-
vironmental protection, the role of the States in
environmental education, and curriculum
development. There is an extensive bibliog-
raphy. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23693]
73-4439
BUTZ, E. L. Facing our environmental destiny.
In Meeting of Environmental Writers Associa-
tion, Washington, Feb. 6,1973.10 p.
In this address before the Environmental
Writers Association, the Secretary of agricul-
ture calls for the cooperation of this group with
him in his undertaking as Presidential Counsel-
lor for Natural Resources. The following are his
main points: as we tackle environmental issues
we shall need factual reporting, not adversary
journalism; let us put the emphasis on a positive,
constructive attitude; costs; the lessons learned
in our progress toward environmental maturity;
analogies occur between agricultural and energy
problems; we must seek balance in our environ-
mental thinking and actions; and we should work
for increased efficiency throughout the energy
industry. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
236880
73-4440
FOOD PROTECTION AND TOXICOLOGY CENTER.
Summary report; 1971. Davis, University of
California, [1972]. 64 p.
This document contains summaries of the
research projects undertaken at, and supported
by, the Food Protection and Toxicology Center
at the University of California, Davis, during the
year 1971. The Center's studies are concerned
with the dangers connected with application of
chemicals to raw and processed foods, as well as
the natural toxicants in food and feeds. The
Center's projects deal with the effects on plants,
foods, and, ultimately, man and animals of
agricultural chemicals, pesticides, air pollution,
drugs and their metabolites, industrial toxicants,
and food-borne infections. The report outlines
the research being done on the following pro-
jects: chemistry and toxicology of agricultural
chemicals; physiological effects of chronic expo-
sure to toxicants; toxicants and avian growth;
transformation of human cells by environmental
agents; deposit and drift of pesticide chemicals; a
systems approach to controlling pesticide con-
tamination of the San Joaquin Valley; the effects
of agricultural pesticides in the aquatic environ-
ment of the San Joaquin ValleyO a case study;
factors influencing staphylococcal enterotox-
igenesis; packaging education; and information
service for environmental studies. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23689
73-4441
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMEN-
TAL AFFAIRS. [Description pamphlet.] New
York, New York, [1972]. 11 p.
This pamphlet describes the program on the In-
ternational Institute for Environmental Affairs.
There are listings of the Board of Directors, the
locations of offices and the staff. In addition,
there is a statement of aims. The current pro-
grams of the Institute, plans for an environmen-
tal workshop, and publications are listed. Many
of the Institute's activities were centered around
the June 1972 United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment in Stockholm. (This docu-
ment is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23690]
-------
81
73-4442
KEEN, R. Waste disposal: men for the job. Sur-
veyor Local Government Technology,
140(4187):14-16, Sept. 15,1972.
This article discusses the role of education and
training in improving solid waste management.
It stresses the need for programs which will
train a new breed of expert in all phases of solid
waste management. This specialist needs to have
a good background in the technical aspects of
solid waste disposal, but he also needs to become
expert in such areas as law, labor relations,
public relations, and administration. On the job
training is also essential. The author outlines a
course outline for a curriculum to produce such
an expert. The polytechnic schools are con-
sidered to be best suited for such a course of
study.
[23691]
73-4443
PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, DEPARTMENT OF
HUMAN RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY ACTION COMMIT-
TEE. Problems in our neighborhood, and cut
down on solid waste by salvaging the discards.
In Environmental protection action guide for
neighborhood programs. Upper Marlboro, Mary-
land, 1972. p. 18-23. 01 It is suggested that par-
ticipants in this course of study discuss the
results of surveys taken to find out the nature
and magnitude of community concern with en-
vironmental problems. In addition it is suggested
that a survey of businesses and households be
taken to find out what salvageable materials had
been thrown away in a given week.A list of
crafts that could use otherwise discarded items
is given. It is suggested that instructions be
given in these and in repair of appliances. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
236940
73-4444
Public Broadcasting Environment Center.
Washington, Corporation For Public Broadcast-
ing, Nov. 1970.24 p.
The publication is an attempt to explain the aims
of the Public Broadcasting Environment Center,
the only national organization, the authors claim,
committed to harnessing public broacasting to
the national need for environmental awareness
and action. It is the intent of the organization to
harness public broadcasting media, i.e., public
television and public radio, in hopes of spreading
the environmental message. One-hour prime-
time broadcasts are planned which will be useful
in classrooms; kits for teachers will also be pro-
vided. Spaceship Earth is the planned title for a
once-a-week television show. Its format will be
that of a broadcasting magazine. A number of
different radio shows dealing with ecology news
is planned for extensive use. In another sphere,
the organization will attempt to educate Amer-
ican laborers concerning the more than 30 new
jobs created during recent reclamation efforts
by various organizations. The Center intends to
be the environmental nerve center for public
broadcasters. The first operation year is ex-
pected to be 1971, at a cost of $7.8 million. It is
hoped that at least half of this sum will come
from private nongovernmental sources. (This
document is retained in the SWIRS library.)
[23695
73-4445
ZWICK, D., AND M. BENSTOCK. Water waste-
land. New York, Bantam Books, 1972.494 p.
This book is Ralph Nader's study group report
on water pollution. For the most part it focuses
on the Federal government's Pollution Control
Agencies-their accomplishments and failures.
Chapter titles include: 'The Danger'; 'Polluters
and Protectors'; 'Politics, Action, and Inaction';
'Law and Order'; 'The New Federalism'; and
'Redress.' (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library.)
[23696]
TRANSPORT
73-4446
Cleveland establishes railhaul facilities. Solid
Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal,
16(1):94, Jan. 1973.
Cleveland has established a system for rail haul
of solid waste in order to demonstrate its practi-
cality. This system is partially funded by the Of-
fice of Solid Waste Management Programs. The
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82
rail haul scheme will utilize baling-transfer sta-
tions. The baled refuse will be hauled to aban-
doned strip mining areas 100 miles away. The
landfills constructed there will reclaim barren
land and create employment opportunities. The
grant hinges on the ability of the city to begin
work in a specified period of time.
[23697]
73-4447
ELDREDGE, R. W. Solid waste rail haul...an
answer for the cities. Waste Age, 3(66):22,24-25,
39, Nov.-Dec. 1972.
This article discusses the possibilities of using
rail haul to transport urban refuse to distant
sanitary landfills and compares this method of
transport to others. The Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs is soliciting applications
for a solid waste rail haul demonstration grant.
The idea of rail haul is not new, but there has
been resistance from communities slated to
receive the waste. The economics of rail haul are
discussed. The cost of rail haul with land disposal
estimated to be between $5.60 and $10 per ton,
but this could be reduced for larger scale opera-
tions. Fifty miles is estimated to be the distance
at which rail haul becomes more economical than
truck haul. The advantages of rail haul for both
the city sending its trash and the area receiving
it are discussed. The rail haul system in Cleve-
land is presented in detail. The options for
developing a complete rail haul system are
presented.
[23698]
73-4448
FLEMING, R. Refuse cost centerO transporta-
tion. Waste Age, 3(6):16, Nov./Dec. 1972.
This article describes the costs involved in trans-
porting refuse. Back door collection is one of the
most expensive steps and should be eliminated
whenever possible. Cleveland recently switched
to curb collection to reduce the cost. Objective to
curb collection tends to center around the un-
sightly appearance of trash cans. A switch to
sacks can alleviate this. The use of transfer sta-
tionsO or preferably transfer trailersO is recom-
mended when the time needed to haul refuse to a
landfill increases costs. The use of equipment
that can lift and dump large refuse containers
possibly without even stopping is recommended.
These are usually one man operations. A system
of this type is operation in Tolleson, Arizona.
Covina and Inglewood, California, are develop-
ing a conveyor system. The economics of rail
haul are also discussed.
[23699]
73-4449
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
COUNCIL. Railroads and the environment in rail
freight operations. Sub-council Report.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972.28 p.
The National Industrial Pollution Control Coun-
cil, in analyzing the pollution problems of rail-
roads in the United States, has come to the fol-
lowing conclusions: railroads have the advantage
of producing relatively low pollution per ton
mile; railroads have been making capital im-
provements in order to control or eliminate pol-
lution; and railroads are engaged in research
projects on diesel emissions, human waste
disposal, noise abatement, and related areas of
pollution control. The following topics are
discussed in detail: direct engine-exhaust emis-
sions; odors and other diesel emissions; liquid
pollution from normal operations; loss of cooling
water; fuel spillage; run-off and discharges;
chemicals used on rights-of-way; spillage of
hazardous cargoes; sanitary waste control; litter;
solid waste from railroad operation; freight car
dismanting; rail capacity for solid waste han-
dling; land use; and noise from railroad opera-
tions. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library.)
[23701]
73-4450
Paris model for Britain. Public Cleansing,
62(12):635-636, Dec. 1972.
A French firm, SITA, has developed a new line
of refuse collection vehicles which it hopes soon
to demonstrate in practice in Britain. They are
presently being used in Paris. These vehicles are
electrically powered compression type machines.
The vehicles can make two normal collection
rounds without recharging their batteries. There
-------
is a special loading system. The history of refuse
collection vehicles in France is discussed. The
use of electrically powered vehicles has been
common since 1914.
[23700]
73-4451
SCOTT, P. J., AND J. R. HOLMES. The operational
characteristics of refuse handling grabs. Institu-
tion of Municipal Engineers, 100(1):27-40, Jan.
1973.
This article is concerned with refuse grabs for
incinerator plants of the types now being used in
Great Britain and Europe. Factors that should
influence the selection of refuse handling grabs
are discussed. The effect of the grabs on the den-
sity of refuse is presented. Four-rope and elec-
trohydraulic actuation are compared. The grab
type is related to the cost and size of the crane
system of which it is a part. The correlation
between grab payload and weight is presented.
Eight different types of grab are compared on
such aspects as: construction features; open plan
area; operational characteristics; selection; per-
formance; maintenance; and original and opera-
tional costs.
[23702]
-------
84
SUBJECT INDEX
accident
see petrochemicals
agricultural wastes
see also animals, manure, food processing
73-4434
crop residue, 73-4147
logging wastes, 73-4149
utilization, 73-4153, 73-4155, 73-4156
air pollution, 73-4352
analysis of pollutants, 73-4258, 73-4260, 73-4267, 73-4297
73-4314, 73-4335, 73-4336
control equipment, 73-4242, 73-4253, 73-4260, 73-4267
73-4270, 73-4302, 73-4334, 73-4335, 73-4336
73-4337, 73-4338, 73-4354, 73-4355
feedlots, 73-4146, 73-4153, 73-4154, 73-4156
incinerator, 73-4198, 73-4242, 73-4245, 73-4250, 73-4253
73-4260, 73-4267, 73-4270, 73-4297, 73-4302
73-4303, 73-4387
industry, 73-4314, 73-4334, 73-4335, 73-4336, 73-4337
73-4338, 73-4354
laws concerning, 73-4147, 73-4338, 73-4387
smoke control, 73-4147, 73-4260, 73-4303, 73-4387
see microorganisms
analysis, 73-4158, 73-4159, 73-4168, 73-4212, 73-4235
73-4241, 73-4247, 73-4248, 73-4310
animals
see also manure
carcass, 73-4349
feedlots, 73-4152, 73-4156, 73-4218
ash, 73-4160
disposal, 73-4244
automobiles
costs, 73-4183
disposal, 73-4183
volume reduction, 73-4161, 73-4183
automotive industry
see also automobiles
processing, 73-4319
bacteria
see microorganisms
baling
equipment, 73-4417
bulky wastes
collection, 73-4158
disposal, 73-4158
transport, 73-4158
volume reduction, 73-4413
chemicals
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4304
processing, 73-4384
utilization, 73-4356, 73-4426
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-4246
collection of wastes
see also containers
73-4168, 73-4169
chute systems, 73-4389
commercial, 73-4172, 73-4175, 73-4178, 73-4208, 73-4396
73-4428
containers, 73-4163, 73-4171, 73-4175, 73-4178, 73-4226
73-4428
contractors, 73-4175, 73-4208, 73-4391, 73-4428
costs, 73-4166, 73-4172, 73-4175, 73-4176, 73-4179
73-4202
equipment, 73-4165, 73-4166, 73-4171, 73-4176, 73-4177
73-4202, 73-4208
industrial, 73-4178, 73-4226, 73-4391, 73-4396
institutional, 73-4322
laws concerning, 73-4170, 73-4389
municipalities, 73-4170, 73-4171, 73-4172, 73-4173
73-4174, 73-4175, 73-4176, 73-4178, 73-4179
73-4202, 73-4203, 73-4396
personnel, 73-4165, 73-4174, 73-4178
trucks, 73-4166, 73-4167, 73-4176, 73-4177
compaction
equipment, 73-4411, 73-4413, 73-4414, 73-4415, 73-4417
compost
utilization, 73-4426
composting, 73-4199
computer
see management and planning
construction
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-4163, 73-4197
containers, 73-4163, 73-4263, 73-4368
dairy industry, 73-4152, 73-4156
demolition wastes
see also construction
73-4163, 73-4197
disposal of wastes
see also individual methods
agricultural, 73-4148, 73-4157, 73-4381
commercial, 73-4208
costs, 73-4369, 73-4378
health aspects, 73-4345, 73-4378
industrial, 73-4182, 73-4201, 73-4204, 73-4208, 73-4264
73-4304, 73-4312, 73-4322, 73-4326, 73-4341
73-4345, 73-4346, 73-4369, 73-4372, 73-4373
73-4377, 73-4378, 73-4382, 73-4392, 73-4417
institutional, 73-4208
laws concerning, 73-4181, 73-4326, 73-4346, 73-4386
73-4392
methods, 73-4182, 73-4204, 73-4259, 73-4345, 73-4369
73-4372, 73-4402
municipal, 73-4181, 73-4203, 73-4204, 73-4208, 73-4214
73-4240, 73-4246, 73-4249, 73-4252, 73-4255
73-4259, 73-4271, 73-4288, 73-4392, 73-4402
73-4417
rural areas, 73-4402
drugs
see pharmaceutical
-------
85
economics
costs, 73-4169, 73-4179, 73-4205, 73-4207, 73-4209
73-4210, 73-4211, 73-4212, 73-4317, 73-4327
73-4332, 73-4364, 73-4379, 73-4384, 73-4448
markets, 73-4208, 73-4298, 73-4328, 73-4343, 73-4422
education
of the public, 73-4206, 73-4394
professional, 73-4206, 73-4232, 73-4408, 73-4431, 73-4434
energy, 73-4243, 73-4358, 73-4359, 73-4360, 73-4361, 73-4362
73-4384, 73-4442
environmental protection, 73-
73-4201, 73-4207,
73-4216, 73-4217,
73-4225, 73-4232,
73-4318, 73-4321,
73-4327, 73-4353,
73-4360, 73-4361,
73-4368, 73-4384,
73-4436, 73-4437,
73-4442
4164, 73-4180, 73-4195, 73-4196
73-4210, 73-4213, 73-4215
73-4220, 73-4223, 73-4224
73-4287, 73-4297, 73-4307
73-4323, 73-4324, 73-4325
73-4356, 73-4358, 73-4359
73-4362, 73-4363, 73-4366
73-4393, 73-4419, 73-4435
73-4438, 73-4439, 73-4441
equipment, 73-4212, 73-4244, 73-4331
balers, 73-4414, 73-4416
collection, 73-4165, 73-4166, 73-4168, 73-4176
compaction, 73-4171, 73-4176, 73-4202, 73-4209, 73-4363
73-4379, 73-4411, 73-4413, 73-4414, 73-4415
73-4416, 73-4432
materials handling, 73-4209
reclamation, 73-4410, 73-4424, 73-4429
separators, 73-4162, 73-4418, 73-4424, 73-4432
shearing, 73-4157
shredding, 73-4162, 73-4379, 73-4418
transport, 73-4151
fertilizer
see also compost, hazardous
disposal, 73-4152
fly ash, 73-4355
disposal, 73-4312
food processing wastes
see also specific methods
disposal methods, 73-4263, 73-4381
meat packing plant, 73-4263
sugar, 73-4381
vegetable, 73-4381
fungi
see microorganisms
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-4211
grants, 73-4234, 73-4236, 73-4237, 73-4396, 73-4399, 73-4402
73-4404, 73-4405, 73-4406, 73-4430, 73-4435
73-4436, 73-4441
groundwater, 73-4324
hazardous wastes
see also radioactive wastes
73-4228
disposal, 73-4214, 73-4219, 73-4221, 73-4224, 73-4226
73-4227, 73-4229, 73-4280, 73-4304, 73-4377
treatment, 73-4213, 73-4216, 73-4220, 73-4223, 73-4226
73-4227, 73-4280, 73-4311
health and safety, 73-4213, 73-4222, 73-4225, 73-4228
73-4229, 73-4230, 73-4231, 73-4232, 73-4233
73-4241, 73-4269
heat recovery
see incineration
73-4296
hospitals
incineration, 73-4387
incineration
see also specific wastes
air pollution control, 73-4198, 73-4202, 73-4245, 73-4248
73-4250, 73-4253, 73-4258, 73-4260, 73-4262
73-4267, 73-4299, 73-4302, 73-4306, 73-4308
73-4314, 73-4335, 73-4387
combined with reclamation, 73-4271, 73-4291, 73-4423
commercial wastes, 73-4291
costs, 73-4202, 73-4205, 73-4255, 73-4268, 73-4291
design of plant, 73-4160, 73-4239, 73-4247, 73-4266
73-4289, 73-4292, 73-4293, 73-4299, 73-4303
73-4305, 73-4308
emissions, 73-4198, 73-4258, 73-4260, 73-4261, 73-4267
73-4270, 73-4302, 73-4311, 73-4387
equipment, 73-4160, 73-4246, 73-4249, 73-4256, 73-4261
73-4262, 73-4264, 73-4266, 73-4270, 73-4290
73-4294, 73-4301, 73-4302, 73-4303, 73-4305
73-4306, 73-4309
industrial wastes, 73-4239, 73-4251, 73-4256, 73-4257
73-4262, 73-4263, 73-4264, 73-4265, 73-4269
73-4290, 73-4292, 73-4293, 73-4294, 73-4295
73-4301, 73-4306, 73-4308, 73-4309, 73-4310
73-4316, 73-4335
institutional wastes, 73-4265
laws concerning, 73-4387, 73-4390
management, 73-4241
municipal wastes, 73-4198, 73-4202, 73-4205, 73-4240
73-4247, 73-4249, 73-4252, 73-4255, 73-4259
73-4268, 73-4288, 73-4289, 73-4291, 73-4300
73-4301
on-site, 73-4253, 73-4260, 73-4302, 73-4387
operation of plant, 73-4235, 73-4243, 73-4244, 73-4271
problems, 73-4235, 73-4245, 73-4264, 73-4270, 73-4311
residue, 73-4203, 73-4219, 73-4241, 73-4423
waste heat utilization, 73-4160, 73-4200, 73-4203, 73-4206
73-4243, 73-4244, 73-4246, 73-4268, 73-4270
73-4296, 73-4306, 73-4338
water pollution, 73-4289
incinerator, 73-4296
fluidized bed, 73-4256, 73-4288
rotary kiln, 73-4293, 73-4299
sludge, 73-4219, 73-4289, 73-4299, 73-4305
special purpose, 73-4251, 73-4261, 73-4293, 73-4303
73-4305
industrial wastes
see also specific industry, specific treatment methods
73-4292, 73-4350, 73-4355
analysis, 73-4182, 73-4325, 73-4335, 73-4346
biological treatment, 73-4341, 73-4351, 73-4370
centralized disposal plant, 73-4386
chemical treatment, 73-4238, 73-4357, 73-4370, 73-4371
73-4374, 73-4375
combined with municipal wastes, 73-4357, 73-4385
73-4386
combined with sewage, 73-4386
-------
86
costs, 73-4287, 73-4314, 73-4317, 73-4318, 73-4322
73-4332, 73-4344, 73-4353, 73-4366, 73-4370
73-4385
effluent charges, 73-4307, 73-4341, 73-4351, 73-4371
73-4386
laws concerning, 73-4307, 73-4325, 73-4346, 73-4371
73-4385, 73-4386, 73-4390
mechanical treatment, 73-4238, 73-4347
transportation, 73-4391
utilization, 73-4322, 73-4349, 73-4376
land reclamation
see also mines, sanitary landfill
73-4425
laws
collection of wastes, 73-4163, 73-4388, 73-4389
disposal of wastes, 73-4147, 73-4280, 73-4326, 73-4386
73-4388, 73-4390
enforcement, 73-4164, 73-4389, 73-4390
federal, 73-4164, 73-4220, 73-4386, 73-4390
international, 73-4320
municipality, 73-4163, 73-4389, 73-4428
state, 73-4388
leachate
see also sanitary landfill, water pollution
73-4446
litter
campaigns, 73-4394
recreation areas, 73-4394
lumber
industrial wastes, 73-4440
disposal, 73-4149
processing, 73-4373, 73-4374, 73-4375, 73-4433
utilization, 73-4149
management and planning, 73-4179, 73-4208
county, 73-4395, 73-4397, 73-4398, 73-4400, 73-4401
73-4403
municipal, 73-4395, 73-4397, 73-4398, 73-4400, 73-4401
73-4403
regional, 73-4396, 73-4399, 73-4402, 73-4404, 73-4405
73-4406, 73-4430
state, 73-4395, 73-4397, 73-4398, 73-4400, 73-4401
73-4403
techniques, 73-4168, 73-4169, 73-4245
manure, 73-4152
cattle, 73-4153, 73-4154, 73-4155, 73-4156
health aspects, 73-4148, 73-4153, 73-4154
poultry, 73-4153, 73-4155
swine, 73-4150
treatment methods, 73-4146, 73-4150, 73-4153, 73-4154
73-4156
utilization, 73-4154, 73-4155, 73-4156
markets
see economics
metal, ferrous, 73-4443
economics, 73-4298, 73-4313
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4313
processing, 73-4313, 73-4416
utilization, 73-4429, 73-4432
post-consumer wastes
processing, 73-4162, 73-4416
utilizaton, 73-4423
scrap, 73-4162, 73-4332, 73-4342, 73-4367, 73-4416
73-4423, 73-4432
slag, 73-4367
metal, non-ferrous, 73-4344, 73-4367, 73-4371, 73-4429
73-4443
aluminum, 73-4298, 73-4432
copper, 73-4432
lead, 73-4215, 73-4217
zinc, 73-4432
microorganisms, 73-4228, 73-4229, 73-4230, 73-4231
mineral, 73-4419, 73-4435, 73-4436, 73-4437, 73-4438, 73-4439
73.4441, 73-4442, 73-4443
mines
see also land reclamation
73-4330, 73-4443
mining industry
waste disposal, 73-4323, 73-4443
waste processing, 73-4315, 73-4330
waste utilization, 73-4315, 73-4327, 73-4330, 73-4443
municipal wastes
see also refuse
73-4199
disposal, 73-4198, 73-4200, 73-4212, 73-4250, 73-4424
73-4425
separation, 73-4424
utilization, 73-4200, 73-4424
noise, 73-4177, 73-4181
ocean disposal
see specific methods
odor control, 73-4150
oil
see petrochemicals
packaging wastes
see also specific materials
73-4408
disposal, 73-4407, 73-4409
processing, 73-4407
utilization, 73-4410, 73-4421
paper and pulp, 73-4333, 73-4334, 73-4336, 73-4337, 73-4338
73-4339, 73-4340
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4256, 73-4316, 73-4365
processing, 73-4316, 73-4328, 73-4329, 73-4331
73-4343, 73-4364, 73-4380, 73-4382, 73-4383
73-4420
utilization, 73-4316, 73-4380, 73-4420, 73-4421
73-4431, 73-4440
newspaper, 73-4218
post-consumer wastes
utilization, 73-4218, 73-4421, 73-4422, 73-4431
73-4440
pathogenic wastes
see hazardous wastes
personnel, 73-4165, 73-4178, 73-4203, 73-4235
pesticides
see also hazardous wastes
73-4226, 73-4233
-------
87
petrochemicals
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4303, 73-4348
processing, 73-4321, 73-4348
oil spill, 73-4320
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-4303
planning
see management and planning
plastics
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4269, 73-4295, 73-4303
processing, 73-4254, 73-4379
utilization, 73-4254, 73-4295, 73-4410
post-consumer wastes, 73-4407
disposal, 73-4199, 73-4303, 73-4409, 73-4412
public relations
see education
pyrolysis
see also incineration
73-4269, 73-4427
radioactive wastes, 73-4181, 73-4222, 73-4355
reclamation
see salvage and reclamation
recreational areas
see land reclamation
refuse
see also specific types
73-4244
composition, 73-4159, 73-4206, 73-4409
quantity, 73-4204
research
see specific topics, grant
rubber
industrial wastes
disposal, 73-4290, 73-4303, 73-4308
utilization, 73-4180
post-consumer wastes
disposal, 73-4303
utilization, 73-4427, 73-4432
tires, 73-4180, 73-4251, 73-4308, 73-4427, 73-4432
safety
see health and safety
salvage and reclamation
see also specific wastes
73-4246, 73-4413, 73-4422, 73-4423, 73-4424
73-4427, 73-4443
sand, 73-4363
sanitary landfills
see also land reclamation, specific wastes
costs, 73-4450
design, 73-4446, 73-4449
equipment, 73-4449
sites, 73-4446, 73-4449
water pollution, 73-4444, 73-4445, 73-4446, 73-4447
73-4448, 73-4450, 73-4451
sewage
see also sludge
biological treatment, 73-4446
slag
see metal, ferrous
slaughterhouse
see food processing wastes
sludge
see also industrial wastes
73-4367
biological treatment, 73-4446
disposal, 73-4204
heat treatment, 73-4219, 73-4238, 73-4271
utilization, 73-4204, 73-4376
sources of information, 73-4208, 73-4443
surveys, 73-4158, 73-4178, 73-4182, 73-4204, 73-4215, 73-4217
73-4248, 73-4333, 73-4334, 73-4335, 73-4336
73-4337, 73-4339, 73-4340, 73-4350, 73-4397
73-4398, 73-4399, 73-4400, 73-4401, 73-4403
73-4439
systems analysis
see management techniques
tannery wastes, 73-4349
toxic materials
see hazardous wastes
transfer stations
see also specific wastes
73-4173
transportation of wastes
see also specific wastes
costs, 73-4406
railroad, 73-4221, 73-4406
truck, 73-4173, 73-4406
trees
see bulky wastes
vector control
see animals, insects
volume reduction, 73-4205, 73-4347
water pollution, 73-4385
agricultural wastes, 73-4152
analysis of pollutants, 73-4214, 73-4320, 73-4346
control equipment, 73-4152, 73-4242, 73-4315
health aspects, 73-4234, 73-4236, 73-4237
industrial wastes, 73-4320, 73-4324, 73-4346
laws concerning, 73-4181, 73-4234, 73-4236, 73-4237
73-4346
municipal wastes, 73-4214
sewage disposal, 73-4214
wood
see lumber
-------
88
AUTHOR INDEX
Albone, E.S., 73-4213
Ando, S., 73-4158
Applequist, M.D., 73-4214
Araki, T., 73-4427
Archer, G.A., 73-4239
Arnold, J.N., 73-4434
Askew, M.W., 73-4386
Barrett, J,, 73-4418
Bennett, G.F., 73-4348
Benstock, M., 73-4385
Bethea, R.M., 73-4146
Bjoerkengren, C.A., 73-4407
Black, J.W.C., 73-4307
Bowen, I.G., 73-4240
Boyle, W.C., 73-4446
Bradley, P.R., 73-4315
Bryan, W.P., 73-4316
Burby, J.F., 73-4419, 73-4435, 73-4436
73-4437, 73-4438, 73-4439, 73-4441
73-4442
Campbell, I.R., 73-4215, 73-4217
Castagne, M., 73-4420
Caton, G.M., 73-4216
Chansky, S.H., 73-4159, 73-4205
73-4235, 73-4241, 73-4242, 73-4243
73-4244, 73-4245, 73-4246, 73-4247
73-4248, 73-4249, 73-4250, 73-4422
73-4423
Christensen, B., 73-4317
Cooper, R.M., 73-4307
Cornelius, L.L., 73-4157
Cote, W.A., 73-4302
Cowan, R.J.P., 73-4386
Cross, F.L., 73-4253, 73-4321
Cummins, R.L., 73-4322
Currie, W.J., 73-4323
Dane, C.W., 73-4207
Davis, J.B., 73-4325
De Geare, T.V., 73-4324
Dean, K.C., 73-4432
Diesch, S.L., 73-4148
Dimitriou, A.N., 73-4159, 73-4205
73-4235, 73-4241, 73-4242, 73-4243
73-4244, 73-4245, 73-4246, 73-4247
73-4248, 73-4249, 73-4250, 73-4422
73-4423
Dunham, J.T., 73-4443
Endo, K., 73-4427
Field, EX., 73-4159, 73-4205, 73-4235
73-4241, 73-4242, 73-4243, 73-4244
73-4245, 73-4246, 73-4247, 73-4248
73-4249, 73-4250, 73-4422
Field, R.L., 73-4423
Fish, R.A., 73-4181
Foulger, A.N., 73-4149
Garza, G.R., Jr., 73-4209
Goodin, R.H., 73-4165
Graves, J.R., 73-4166
Haas, L., 73-4331
Habel, A., 73-4332
Haenert, P., 73-4183
Hagimori, J., 73-4411
Ham, R.K., 73-4446
Harris, J., 73-4149
Hendrickson, E.R., 73-4333, 73-4334
73-4335, 73-4336, 73-4337, 73-4338
73-4339, 73-4340
Herrmann, R.H., 73-4344
High, D., 73-4260
Hill, J.W., 73-4269
Hortenstine, C.C., 73-4426
Hosoda, H., 73-4427
Hotta, H., 73-4167
Ida, R., 73-4427
Ise, T., 73-4427
Ito, H,, 73-4429
Izumi, M., 73-4424
Johnson, E.S., 73-4221
Jones, P.H., 73-4150
Kantner, A., 73-4267
Kaplan, R.S., 73-4443
Karai, K., 73-4197
Katz, A., 73-4214
Kelsey, G.D., 73-4268
Kenahan, C.B., 73-4443
Kersting, W., 73-4267
Kessler, M.Z., 73-4449
Kieszkowski, M., 73-4376
Kimura, A., 73-4347
Kirner, F.J., 73-4348
Kit, R.G., 73-4312
Kitajima, E., 73-4411
Klee, A.J., 73-4168
Koogler, J.B., 73-4333, 73-4334
73-4335, 73-4336, 73-4337, 73-4338
73-4339, 73-4340
Krause, H.H., 73-4270
Kubitzky, C., 73-4349
Kuhlmann, A., 73-4198
Kurihara, T., 73-4271
La Mantia, C.R., 73-4159, 73-4205
73-4235, 73-4241, 73-4242, 73-4243
73-4244, 73-4245, 73-4246, 73-4247
73-4248, 73-4249, 73-4250, 73-4422
73-4423
Lawson, R., 73-4321
Ledoux, D., 73-4151
Li, M.Y., 73-4408
Linnehan, D.G., 73-4443
Loehr, R.C., 73-4152
Loomis, B.C., 73-4153
Marks, V.E., 73-4341
McDonald, D.P., 73-4351
Mergard, E.G., 73-4215, 73-4217
Miesse, C.C., 73-4321
Miller, P.O., 73-4270
Mitchell, D.A., 73-4288
Mitsui, S., 73-4427
Morgan, R.F.J., 73-4288
Murray, F.E., 73-4297
Nakamoto, T., 73-4290
Narayan, R.S., 73-4146
Netschert, B.C., 73-4210
Nitsche, M., 73-4292
Nykvist, N., 73-4407
O'Neill, J.T., 73-4170
Ochiai, Y., 73-4427
Oen, C.J., 73-4216
Oliveira, D.P., 73-4216
Opalko, S., 73-4356
Palmer, E.R., 73-4294
Partridge, L.J., Jr., 73-4172
Patnl, N.K., 73-4150
Peery, R.W., Jr., 73-4228, 73-4229
73-4230, 73-4231
Pollock, E., 73-4389
Prakash, C.B., 73-4297
Ramms, W,, 73-4298
Rathgeber, F., 73-4299
Rattray, D.T., 73-4307
Reid, I., 73-4364
Roberson, J.E., 73-4333, 73-4334
73-4335, 73-4336, 73-4337, 73-4338
73-4339, 73-4340
Roberts, C.A., 73-4365
Roder, H., 73-4409
Rothwell, D.F., 73-4426
Rousseau, L.M., 73-4301
Sableski, J.J., Jr., 73-4302
Sado, I., 73-4303
Sato, G., 73-4414
Schackmann, H., 73-4367
Schmidt, V., 73-4368
Sciolino, S., 73-4173
Senn, C.L., 73-4156
Sexton, D.E., 73-4202
Shell, R.L., 73-4174
Shin, Y., 73-4415
Shinkawa, K., 73-4427
Shupe, D.S., 73-4174
Sitman, W.D., 73-4321
Smith, J.H.IHi, 73-4370
Smith, J.T., 73-4202
Soike, F.R., 73-4175
Spitzer, E.F., 73-4203
Stanyard, R.J., 73-4206
Steigman, H., 73-4223
Stewart, G.F., 73-4408
Stojanovic, B.J., 73-4224
Stone, E.H.F., 73-4371
Stoner, L.B., 73-4372
Sugihara, M., 73-4373, 73-4374
73-4375
Sutherland, R., 73-4364
Sutton, R.L., 73-4157
Suzuki, G., 73-4427
Takahata, T., 73-4429
Tanaka, K., 73-4427
Tezuka, K., 73-4416
Troedsson, T., 73-4407
Turekian, K.K., 73-4214
Tuznik, F., 73-4376
Ulmer, N.S., 73-4160
Ulrikson, G.U., 73-4216
Valdez, E.G., 73-4432
Vaughan, D.A., 73-4270
Waldeyer, H., 73-4198
Wallensteln, H., 73-4381
Wallhaeusser, K., 73-4412
-------
89
Wark, J., 73-4364 Winton, J.M., 73-4384 Zausner, E.R., 73-4212
Wehking, M.W., 73-4269 Woodward, G.P.B., 73-4240 Zinn, R.E., 73-4159, 73-4205, 73-4235
Whitwam, K.B., 73-4239 Wuhrmann, K., 73-4204 73-4241, 73-4242, 73-4243, 73-4244
Wigh, R.J., 73-4324 Yamamoto, K., 73-4311 73-4245, 73-4246, 73-4247, 73-4248
Wiley, A.J., 73-4383 Yamamoto, Y., 73-4311 73-4249, 73-4250, 73-4422, 73-4423
Williams, T.F., 73-4393 Young, R.A., 73-4324 Zukowski, L., 73-4433
Wilson, D.L., 73-4310 Zaborowski, L.M., 73-4269 Zwick, D., 73-4385
Wilson, W.J., 73-4432 Zalogin, N.G., 73-4312
yall80
SW-513-1
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976 625-034/380
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