STUDIES REGARDING  THE  EFFECT OF
  THE RESERVE MINING COMPANY
   DISCHARGE ON  LAKE  SUPERIOR
               MAY 2,1973
         IIS INVIIIIINMINIAI PKUIICIIIIN AlilNCY
        Illlli" "I I Minn mini; .Mill Criiri.ll I'niili-.rl
             w.i-.liiN|'iini II i:  70460

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STUDIES REGARDING THE EFFECT OF
  THE  RESERVE MINING COMPANY
  DISCHARGE ON  LAKE  SUPERIOR
           MAY 2, 1973
 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
        Washington,D.C.  20460

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                       CORRECTED CONTENTS
Donald I. Mount, A Summary of the Studies Regarding the Effect of
     the Reserve Mining Company Discharge on Lake Superior 	   1

Robert W. Andrew, Mineralogical and Suspended Solids Measurements
     of Water, Sediment and Substrate Samples for 1972 Lake
     Superior Study: II Stream Sediments 	  30

John W. Arthur et al., Periphyton Growth on Artificial
     Substrates in Lake Superior 	  68

Robert W. Andrew, Mineralogical and Suspended Solids Measurements
     of Water, Sediment and Substrate Samples for 1972 Lake
     Superior Study: Analytical Methods 	 142

Robert W. Andrew, Distribution of Taconite Tailings in the
     Sediments of the Western Basin of Lake Superior, Supple-
     mental Report 	 182

Donald J. Baumgartner et al., Water Clarity in Relation to Fine
     Particulate Matter in Lake Superior 	 196

Donald J. Baumgartner et a.L. , Investigation of Pollution in
     Western Lake Superior Due to Discharge of Mine Tailings .... 422

Kenneth E. Biesinger e_t^ £LL., The Effect of Taconite Tailings on
     Productivity in Lake Superior as Measured in Large
     Polyethylene Bags 	 642

William A Brungs, Transfer of Elements Associated with
     Taconite Tailings to the Liver and Kidney of RainboX"/ Trout   734

Phillip M. Cook, Distribution of Taconite Tailings in Lake
     Superior Water and Public Water Supplies	 754

Arthur W. Dybdahl et^ aJL., Remote Sensing Study, Green Water
     in Lake Superior, October 1972 	 782

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John G. Eaton, Stomach Analyses of Fourhorn, Myoxocephalus
     quadricornis (linnaeus), and Slimy, Cottus cognatus
     Richardson, Sculpins from Areas along the North Shore of
     Lake Superior 	  824

Victor J. Cabelli et_ ail^ , Heterotrophic Bacterial Densities in
     Western Lake Superior and Their Relationship to Taconite
     Tailings Discharged Therein 	  846

Victor J. Cabelli et^al^. , Multiplication of Bacteria in
     Lake Superior Water Containing Taconite Tailings:
     Laboratory Studies	  886

Victor J. Cabelli et_ al^. , Heterotrophic Bacterial Densities in
     Western Lake Superior and Their Relationship to Taconite
     Tailings Discharged Therein: Examination of Net Sediment
     Trap, Bottom Core, Launder Effluent and Ore Samples 	  910

Gary E. Glass, Analysis and Laboratory Experiments with
     Taconite Tailings  	  986

Gary E. Glass, Residue Analysis of Lake Superior Sculpins ... 1010

Gary E. Glass, A Study of Western Lake Superior: Surface
     Sediments, Interstitial Water and Exchange of Dissolved
     Components Across the Water-Sediment Interface  	 1028

Steven F. Hedtke, Effect of Taconite Tailings upon Lake
     Superior Periphyton under Controlled Conditions 	 1122

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   A Summary of the Studies Regarding the Effect of




The Reserve Mining Company Discharge on Lake Superior






                      April 1973
                Donald I. Mount, Ph.D.

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I.  Introduction




     In response to the Court Order, this report has teen prepared.




It is an attempt to synthesize pertinent data, whether gathered "by




Reserve, the U. S. Government, or others, and weave them into a




coherent, objective, honest and responsible evaluation of the effects




of Reserve Mining Company's discharge on Lake Superior.  Of necessity,




this report has been prepared with insufficient time to study the results




of the many investigations, and indeed, some exceedingly important ones




are totally unavailable at this time, including ones being performed by




Reserve Mining Company.  It is despite these handicaps that the following




opinions are rendered.  I take full responsibility for the way in which




the data have been used, but no credit for the hard work and ingenuity




that was required to complete them.




     No one is without bias, h,ut in these pages I have tried to the  best




of my ability to reason in a truly scientific manner directly from the




evidence to the technical conclusions.  Whether a given change is bad or




indifferent may hinge on the designated primary use.  An ultra-blue, cold,




oligotrophic lake is not a highly productive one for fishing.  All lakes,




including this one, have a finite life even without the effect of man's




activity.  Northern Minnesota and many other areas of the country, are




dotted with the last vestiges of lakes that have died a natural death




without the influence of man.  Since Lake Superior has a finite life,




nearly all of man's use of the Lake will shorten that life expectancy.




While the social, economic and perhaps moral decisions are for others to

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make, this scientific truism cannot be disregarded, nor can such

decisions be adequately formulated without 'Some agreement about this


characteristic of Lake Superior.  A rate of change in the lake has

significance only when the desired life span'is considered, as well.

Planning for retirement is a good analogy.



II.  Pertinent Principles

     The uniqueness of Lake Superior has often been emphasized, because

it is important in evaluating changes .within it.  The size, temperature,

and water clarity are perhaps most important aspects of .that uniqueness.

Suspended solids concentrations in Lake Superior, typically less than

.5 ppni, are a fractional percentage of those found in other high quality

waters of our nation.  An increase of 100% would represent an absolute

increase that is immeasurable in most other waters. ..The effect on water


clarity of such a change might cause as much as a 50$ reduction in the
                              •
depth at which an object can be seen under water, a fact well pointed out


in a thesis draft prepared by Mr- Plumb (a Reserve consultant).  Perhaps


the water clarity.is best illustrated in a letter from Mr- Lemire (a

Reserve employee.) to Mr- Plumb concerning light penetration:  "I don't
                                                                     i
believe that using distilled water would be too far from clear Lake

Superior water as a baseline."  The depth of light penetration significantly


affects the energy budget of the Lake and thereby the temperature, a

major feature of the Lake's uniqueness.


     The water in Lake Superior is moving in a complex pattern of

vertical and horizontal currents.  Horizontal currents are changed by

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season, wind, and other forces.  Velocities of 1/2 - 1 mile per hour




are not uncommon.  Vertical currents  (upwellings) are now well-documented




by many, and these have significance  in that they bring bottom water to




the surface rapidly, thereby mixing the lake vertically.  The effect of




any addition to' the Lake may therefore be easily lost, or may occur in




unexpected places, depending on current direction and speed.  The counter-




clockwise circulation of water west of a line extending north from the




Apostle Islands has been well documented, and tends to detain additives




in the western end and slow their mixing with the rest of the Lake.




Because the water is low in most normal dissolved constituents, small




changes in these, coupled with this detention in the western arm, will




make these additions have more effect.




     Among these generalities, I want to mention compensatory effects




and their importance in understanding change.  The changes brought about




by an additive may, when viewed collectively, partially cancel each




other.  For example, an additive that both increases turbidity and




stimulates the growth of suspended algae (phytoplankton), could have a




much smaller effect than expected, because the stimulatory effect can-




not occur, since there is insufficient light penetration to permit algal




growth.  Green plant growth on the bottom in shallow shore zones (part




of what is called periphyton), vould  also be affected by shading.




     Since Lake Superior is deep and  light does not penetrate to the




bottom, much of the bottom does not support algal growth, thereby




reducing food production.  This low production, coupled with low phyto-




plankton populations in the water, makes the food-producing ability

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of the bottom in the shallow shore zone have an importance proportionate-




ly larger than the percentage of the Lake area it comprises.   It is




feasible, therefore, for an algal stimulant that causes turbidity to




actually reduce algal growth, but accurate measurement of such compensa-




ting effects is nearly impossible.




     Even if a change resulting from an additive has occurred, measure-




ment of it in the Lake may be elusive.   Dr. Vennes (a Reserve consultant)




stated in his deposition that changes of 50$ in bacterial populations




might be needed before"they could be detected.   Similar statements have




been made by others about measuring changes of  other organisms,, and it




seems generally accepted by the scientific community that such is the




"state of the art."  It goes without saying that because the  Lake is so




large, much time is required for a measurable change to occur.  This




supports the argument that once a change is measurable, too much damage




has occurred.






III.  Change Relatable to Reserve Mining Company Discharge




     A.  Measuring Tailings in the Lake




          A significant breakthrough was achieved in 19^9 when cum-




mingtonite, a mineral composing about kQ% of the tailings, was recognized




as a tracer for the discharge.  At that time, our techniques  and instru-




ments were not as sensitive as now, and we believed that cummingtonite was




also found in low percentages (less than 3%) in natural sediments, and




statistical separation had to be used to distinguish tailings in the




Lake.  This method was unjustifiably challenged by Reserve Mining

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Company, because they measured stream sediment just dovnstream from

bridges on highways on which they knew tailings had been used for ice

control and construction, and then contended there was much more cum-

mingtonite in the tributaries.  The use of cummingtonite as a measure

of tailings concentration was reported by the National Water Quality

Laboratory, and stood criticism well.

     During the past year, techniques and instrumentation have been so

improved that we now are able to measure tailings as low as .1 ppm in

water and are confident that Reserve Mining Company is the only contributor

of measurable cummingtonite to the Lake.  Reanalysis of the 1969 and

1970 stream and Lake sediments2'3 and the analyses of many new samples,

including the major U. S. tributaries to the Lake, show that there are

no other sources.  Failure of the Reserve Mining Company to locate other

sources further supports our position.  The results of this work are

contained in several individual reports by Andrew, and Cook1»2»3j13.  Our

19T2 reanalyses of 19^9 core samples changed a few Lake sediment samples

from positive to negative or vice versa as would be predicted, since the

earlier decisions were based on a statistical probability of 95% confidence.

The reanalyses revealed that the tailings were even more clearly layered
                                                                     j
in the sediment than previously found.  A core, formerly thought to have

a high tailings content, proved to be in the 5$ predicted error.  It

contained an unusually high content of a mineral that was confused with

cummingtonite, but reanalyses demonstrated that it was not.

     It is important to emphasize however, that there is presently no

method for tracing in the Lake the 100,000 - 200,000  or  more pounds

of solids that daily dissolve from the discharge of the Reserve Mining

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                                                                        6
Company.  This portion of the discharge is not without effects in the




Lake, and the soluble components may not remain with the suspended




particles.  Therefore, changes can and probably do, occur at places




where our analyses for tailings show they are not present or are below




the limit of detection.




       B.  Distribution




            The studies of 1972 by Baumgartner5'6»7»8» 9>10 'supplemented




earlier studies and demonstrate clearly that tailings are:




(l) dispersed over several thousand square miles of Lake Superior,




(2) causing a reduction in water clarity of 25% or more over 600 square




miles, (3) a major component of the suspended solids of the Lake,




(M increasing the sedimentation rate in the Lake, especially in the




Minnesota portion, and (5) are transported long distances by currents




and turbulence before they settle.




            Several of the 1972 reports'* J5>21* >22 allude'to the intense




and frequent rainfall and subsequent runoff during the 1972 studies.  It




is noteworthy that even during a year of record-breaking rainfall,




tailings still' comprised a major component of the suspended solids of




the Lake.




       The work of Baurcgartner, Arthur and Lemke1* > 5>21* >22 shows that




tailings also remained present for several weeks in .quantities in excess




of .1 ppm after the plant ceased discharging on July 21*, 1972, and they




increased in concentration more quickly after start-up at the Split




Rock Stations that were located near and down-stream in regard to the




prevailing current from, the discharge.  Furthermore,-Cookl 3 liar;

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demonstrated tailings to be present in every sample of water taken from




the Duluth Water Treatment Plant and the National Water Quality Laboratory




raw water supply, both approximately 50 miles from the Reserve Mining




Company.  The presence in the NWQL supply necessitated hauling water from




Grand Marais in order to obtain lake water more nearly _free of tailings




in experiments where their presence might affect results.




          Dybdahl11*, in a separate study, documented a 66 square mile




area of upwel'ling and associated turbid or green water along the Minne-




sota shore.  Water samples collected previously revealed that tailings




were the major cause of this green water.  While all the ingredients for




producing green water are not enumerated, tailings are a major factor




contributing to green water, at least along the North Shore of Lake




Superior.  Dr. Bright (a Reserve consultant) stated in his deposition




that some green water areas are produced by tailings.  Baumgartner5,




Lemke22 and Arthur1*'23, all documented the decreased water clarity of




green water at the surface, caused in part by tailings. Lemke and Arthur




both showed reduced water clarity in an area of frequent green water



(Split Rock to Two Harbors) with repeated measurements, and Baumgartner




using fewer days of measurements but more intensive and varied ones, •




demonstrated the same.




          These green water measurements often showed 1 ppm or more




of tailings present.  Mr. Plumb (a Reserve consultant) shows in Table 32




of his thesis manuscript that .5 ppm tailings will reduce light penetra-




tion by U8/J and 1 ppm by 70$.  By two different approaches, he estimates

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                                                                        8






a 50$ reduction in photosynthetic rate from a .5 ppm suspension of




tailings.




     C.  Chemical Effects




          Reserve.Mining documents frequently emphasize the similarity




betveen natural sediments and tailings.  Such comments give the implica-




tion that if natural events behave in a certain manner, then similar




behavior by tailings is  unimportant.   This argument fails to consider




the rate of input.   I have discussed  previously the finiteness of a




lake's life as a result  of natural processes.  The effects of natural




sediments is one of these processes,  and increasing these contributions




through tailings discharge vill accelerate the aging process.




          Mr. Plumb (a Reserve consultant) has completed detailed labora-




tory studies of chemical contribution from tailings to water.  In a




500-day leaching study,  he found tailings dissolved .8 to 1.0$, whereas




natural sediments dissolved .1 to .1%.   This difference may be less than




actual, because it  is almost certain  in light of more recent studies




that the sample he used  for Lake sediment was contaminated with tailings5.




In any event, he found calcium, magnesium, sodium and alkalinity to




dissolve in largest quantities and lesser amounts of manganese and silica.




Zinc and copper first increased and then decreased, while cadmium




decreased only.  Some of the constituents were still dissolving after




500 days.  Extrapolation of the results is difficult, since these were




small volume static tests, and most probably the increase in dissolved




components affected the  rate of solution and the concentration reached.




Perhaps most significant is the slow  but measurable solubility these




tests demonstrated.

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          Glass23 found similar solubilities in laboratory experiments.




Measurements of conductivity made by Reserve Mining Company on the intake




and discharge also reflect a measurable increase in dissolved components.




This increase is even more noticeable in cold weather months when calcium




chloride is used to inhibit freezing in the ore cars.  Glass estimated




that at least l60,000 Ibs. per day of dissolved solids were being added




to the Lake, and this estimate did not consider the interstitial sediment




water contribution, or the suspended particles which are suspended for




days and weeks and are distributed over the western end of the Lake.




          More recent field measurements by Glass18 support these




laboratory findings.  He found much higher concentrations in the intersti-




tial sediment water and reasoned that these were potentially available




for transfer to the overlying water.  This study revealed  with high




probability that potassium, manganese, suspended solids, and turbidity




were higher in overlying water in a 100 square mile study area with high




tailings deposition, as compared to a 100 square mile area of low tailings




deposition.  The water in contact with the sediments had higher silica,




magnesium, copper and, with less certainty, calcium and manganese.  Or-




ga?iic carbon and hydrogen and reactive phosphate were lower-  This appears




to be the first demonstration, in lake, of altered chemical concentration




in the water relatable to tailings deposition.




     The essence of the chemical measurements completed by both sides




is that tailings are not inert, but do dissolve at a measurable rate




and contribute, relative to other discharges, large poundages of




chemicals and elements, even though r.uch quantities are sma] 1 percentages

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                                                                       10





of the 67,000 tons of total daily discharge.   Good evidence nov exists




that the soluble additions are measurable in lake vater-  Furthermore,




as will be discussed later, most of these additives are used "by plants




in growth processes.




     D.  Biological Effects




          1.  Bacteria




              The work of Herman23 was perhaps the first indication that




tailings, through some mechanism, stimulate growth or prolong life of




bacteria in Lake water.  Reserve Mining Company has frequently said that




such an effect could be due just to a "platform" effect and not due to




chemical stimulation.  Their implication has been that the possible




physical nature of this effect makes it unimportant.  This is nonsense,




and I will dismiss this argument because the important .consideration is




the stimulation, no matter what the cause.




              It comes as no surprise that  bacteria are associated with




suspended tailings, because in many respects, tailings resemble natural




suspended solids, and the role of the latter as related to increased




numbers of bacteria, has been common knowledge in water treatment plant




operation for many years.  Dr. Vennes' work (in a report dated November




18, 1971) for Reserve Mining Company, shows a clear and definite




enhancement of growth in flasks containing  lake water plus tailings,




as compared to lake water only.  Furthermore, this stimulation occurred




at a concentration of 2.3 mg/1 of tailings, a concentration not uncommonly




found during our 1972 studies along the north shore.  The finding that




natural sediment and glass particles also stimulated bacteria is of

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                                                                   11






only passing interest as far as tailings stimulation of bacteria is




concerned.  Sewage stimulates bacteria too!  Of the three experiments




reported by Vennes, the second and third show unmistakable stimulation,




and experiment one. shows sustained survival of the large numbers of




bacteria already on the tailings.  Except for 2 of 18 measurements over




a period of 19 days, all lake water control counts were less than 16




bacteria per ml, but the counts in tailings plus lake water were all




between one and two million, except for one measurement.  These studies




were conducted at approximately Ul° F.




              Cabelli and co-workers16, in their 1972 studies, confirm




Vennes' finding that bacteria contained in tailings at the time of




discharge are stimulated as compared to indigenous bacteria in lake water




alone, although Cabelli' s work was performed at 50° F •  A 1971 report on




algae by Plumb ,and Lee  (both Reserve consultants) mentions increased




C,^ sorption of old tailings which they attribute to a bacterial growth,




further supporting the  stimulatory effect.




              Exhibit #5 to Vennes' deposition clearly confirms measure-




ments by Cabelli17 showing that the discharge of bacteria with the tailings




consistently and significantly exceeds the intake numbers.  Coliforms




are present, but make up a small proportion of the total bacteria, and




since more recent efforts failed to confirm stimulation of coliforms,




perhaps they are not a  significant aspect for concern.




              Neither Vennes nor Cabelli could find stimulation of




coliforms or certfiin pathogens, and therefore did not confirm that one




ii.;: 11" -el. of' Ili-rniiui':; work.

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                                                                      12






              Certainly the stimulation of heterotrophic "bacteria "by tail-




ings unmistakably demonstrates the biological activity and raises the




question as to why clear-cut increases in bacteria vere not demonstrated




by the 1972 Lake studies.   An acceptable partial answer,, in my Judgment,




is provided by Dr. Vennes  (a Reserve consultant) when he states in his




deposition that the population would have to change by 50% before a




change could be measured.   When one takes into account the massive




dilution volume of the Lake, the counting and sampling accuracy, and the




impact of other sources, such as the abnormal rainfall of 1972, it is




not surprising that counts did not clearly demonstrate the impact of




such stimulations in the water-




          2.  Phytoplankton (Suspended Algae)




              This group of organisms is one that reflects the nutritional




state of lakes better than any other single group.  Phytoplankton, along




with a portion of the periphyton, are the prime groups that transform




inorganic constituents in  the presence of sunlight, into sugar and other




foods on which the entire  biota thrive.  Insufficient algal populations




will result in lesser populations of other organisms, including fish, and




too large populations result in the undesirable eutrophic state so




prevalent in many U. S.  lakes.  This group must be considered one of the




most important "pace setters" in the whole system.




              Many experiments have been performed to test whether tail-




ings stimulate algal growth.  Algal populations are composed of hundreds




of species that vary proportionately in species composition from season




l.o season and curely many  different sets of need?.; must be mot to produce

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                                                                        13






 a specific grouping of species.   There are many ways  to  test  stimulation




 and these measure different aspects of growth,  thus making  comparison of




 results difficult.




               Swain2^ writing about phytoplankton population  in the




 Great Lakes, including Lake Superior, comments  about  the patchiness of




 plankton populations.  Upwelling and horizontal currents mentioned




 previously may bring bottom water, low in algal counts,  to  the surface,




 altering the numbers present.   These currents, combined with the




 multitude of species, make in-lake changes more difficult to  quantitate




 compared to other groups of organisms.  Cell counts,  pigment  analysis,




 an^ ^"lU fixation are not totally adequate yardsticks  of  what  needs to




 be measured.




               Beeton's25 studies were quite intensive along the north




 shore, but failed to show a correlation of phytoplankton with tailings




 concentration.  Biesinger, et_ al_.  , utilizing  large  plastic  bags




 suspended in the Lake, found inconclusive data  in regard to stimula-




 tion of algae by tailings.  Many plankton counts performed  by the Reserve




 Mining Company seem to show a lack of relationship to the discharge based




 on a cursory examination of the data.  The Reserve Mining Company per-




 formed a well conceived, but poorly executed in-situ  study  during 1972,




 to test algal stimulation by tailings.   Unfortunately,  they  used as




their control, water taken from a point very close to the discharge  and




the probabilities of contamination by tailings of this control water




negates what -might have been a useful  study.  A report on this work  by




Mr. Plumb and Dr. Lee  (Reserve consultants, although chemists—not

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                                                                       lU






biologists) shows in Tables 11, 12 and 21 that tailings alone stimulated




algae in 21 out of 33 measurements.  Th'ey performed statistical tests on




each sub-set and found only some to represent significant stimulation,




partly because sample size each time was small and because different levels




of confidence were selected.   Viewing all experiments together places




the data in a different perspective.  Even though only a few measurements




are significant for stimulation, when that  pattern occurs in several




different experiments, the individual values take on a new meaning.




              Shapiro26 performed three tests using Lake Superior water




with associated phytoplankton and measured chlorophyll and C, r fixation.




All of his curves show that after 12.5 days, experimental conditions




became limiting and therefore I conclude that later data points must be




discounted.  Considering his data up to 12.5 days, he too shows stimula-




tion by manganese alone and .01% tailings alone.   There is evidence  of an




additive effect of .01$ tailings plus 5 ppb of phosphorus.  Andrew and




Glass^ also found a stimulation with relatively higher concentrations




of tailings.




              The pictnre that emerges is one of inconsistent data.




Experience in evaluating such data leads me to conclude that the tailings




alone are probably a mild stimulant.  What is fact and is agreed to  by




both sides, is that there is a solubility of tailings on the order of 1%




and these by-and-large are all elements or compounds necessary for algal




growth although they alone may not be totally sufficient by themselves.




No one element alone can sustain growth, and these additives to the  Lake




from tajlinp,r> must IK: considered as supplements to the known and existing




sources of the more scarce nutrients, such as phosphorous.  Dr.  Bright

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                                                                       15

(a Reserve consultant), in his deposition, also considered some of these


stimulants.  Both Reserve Mining Company investigators and Dr.. Shapiro


agree manganese is at least a mild stimulant, and "both sides agree that


soluble manganese is released "by tailings, thus forming a mutually


acceptable basis to believe that tailings are a mild stimulant.


          3.  Periphyton


              A second important group of the algae are.those that attach


to the bottom and other submerged objects and are a part of the periphyton.


As noted earlier in this report, the shallow shore zones are very im-


portant food-producing areas because only there does sufficient light


reach the bottom for photosynthesis to progress.  There have been


numerous complaints that fish nets are fouled by "slime" growths.  Both


Mr. Pycha of the B.S.F.W. at Ashland, ¥isconsin and Dr. Olson of the


University of Minnesota have found these "slimes" to be Composed pre-


dominantly of diatoms associated with the periphyton.


              The study reported by Arthur, et_ al.^ attempted to measure


in the Lake, effects of tailings on the growth of periphyton on pieces


of net suspended in the surface water.  This study failed to show


differences relatable to tailings.

                                                                     j
              A companion study was completed in the laboratory to


supplement the field portion.  Hedtke21 reports the results of the


first phase completed in 1972 in which large tanks were filled with


Lake water taken from Grand Marais, an area more free of tailings con-


tamination than the National Water Quality Laboratory supply.  He


spiked the water with various concentrations of tailings, but since

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                                                                      16






the test water was not stirred, the tailings concentrations decreased




more rapidly than desired,- thus substantially reducing the exposure




levels.  He found a relationship between tailings concentration and




chlorophyll, only.




              Because of this decline in concentration of.tailings and




the suggestion of increased chlorophyll concentration in higher tailings




exposures, we decided to repeat the tests utilizing better design to




keep the tailings suspended and minimize the shading: effect of the tail-




ings.   Horizontal, glass slides were used as substrates to permit settled




algal cells to remain in place.  Only one of the two replicate tests has




been finished and the data have not all been analyzed as yet.   The




stimulation of periphyton algae after five weeks exposure is remarkable,




amounting up to an approximate five-fold increase in chlorophyll after




five weeks.  This may well be one of the most conclusive tests to date,




and if the replicate test now under way produces similar results, the




stimulatory potential of tailings on periphyton algae will be demonstra-




ted.  This is also one of the first experiments performed during the




winter months, and as mentioned earlier in this report^.little is known




about Lake events in the winter and spring seasons.




              Hedtke's21 study also reveals that the substrates Arthur




suspended in the Lake may not have been left sufficiently long to show




this stimulation.  Most were left only two weeks, but the few that




were recovered after h - 5 weeks had for the most part much more




chlorophyll than the two-week samples, even though the phytoplankton




counts had diminished substantially as winter approached.

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                                                                        17




          U.  Benthos



              The controversy as to whether Reserve's tailings discharge



does or does not reduce "bottom living invertebrates ("benthic form) has



continued since the 1968 study by the State of Minnesota, from which the



State concluded there vas a reduction of Pontoporeia (a bottom-dwelling



shrimp).  This organism is generally  recognized as a dominant form on



the bottom, serving as a primary food for lake-trout and other fishes



during certain stages of their life cycle.  Henson, Keller and McErlean27



have performed the most exhaustive analysis of the State and Company data



on the impact of tailings on benthic forms.  Their report points out well



that the Reserve Mining Company has used Company data inconsistently,



saying on one hand that there are not enough data to be significant, and



on the other, concluding there is no effect.  Field correlations between



two or more parameters are never more than indicative of cause and effect



relationships and statistical correlation can be purely chance and



coincidentally related.  Key to the validity of cause and effect relation-



ships between tailings deposition and number of Pontoporeia are:



(l.) the failure of the State survey to demonstrate differences before the



plant began discharging in areas on either side of the plant, (2)  con-
                                                                    ;


sistent differences by several studies (including Reserve Mining Company



studies) since operation began, and (3) a good correlation between amount



of tailings deposition and abundance of Pontoporeia.  -It is only common



sense that there would be reductions of benthic organisms immediately



under the outfall, in view of the daily rain of such tonnage onto the



bottom.  So it is not a cmestion of whether there is reduction of

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                                                                      18






Pontoporeia, but rather how much reduction occurs, and over what area.




Even Dr. Anderson (a Reserve employee) concluded in some ,of his reports




and stated in his deposition that there vas "displacement" of Pontoporeia




from the vicinity of the discharge.  He vent on to imply that displacement




is not as harmful, as direct damage would be.  Such* arguments seem




ludicrous and are analogous to covering one part of a.pasture field with




rocks and then saying "because no cows are killed there will be no reduction




in milk production, even though less pasture is now available.   Such state-




ments unnecessarily confuse those who must unravel the. true meaning of all




the facts.




              The data evaluation performed by Hensor., .et_ al_. ,  shows by




sound statistical analyses that there are reductions of Pontoporeia over




a distance of some 30 - Uo miles—a reduction most pronouced in areas




downstream in regard to the prevailing currents.  Reserve Mining Company's




data was the primary source of the information.  The existence of this




reduction is further reinforced by the fish food habits study discussed




below.  Henson's report demonstrates that other organisms, such as certain




benthic insects, replace Pontoporeia when they are reduced, and that the




ecological requirements of Pontoporeia are very specific—an expected




case, since they are known to occur in only a small number of lakes in




North America.  The consistent findings of many studies, including studies




of changing fish food habits, coupled with common sense about the discharge




and knowledge of the restrictive requirements of Pontoporeia, convinces




me that there is a reduction of these animals over a distance on the order




of 30 - 1»0 miles or more to the southwest.

-------
                                                                       19
          5.  Fish


              The dramatic decline in lake trout and herring populations


in Lake Superior has teen discussed in a report by Pycha2®.   He shows


that the decline of herring was not associated with the plant operation,


but rather with commercial fishing pressure and the lamprey predation.


              Marking28 and Lemke23, as well as several studies by the


Reserve Mining Company, show through bioassays that tailings are


directly toxic to only more sensitive organisms at high concentrations.


Direct toxicity has been shown by the Reserve Mining Company, but it


does not appear to be a problem, even though concentrations  of some


metals in the tailings are high enough to cause toxicity if they were all


biologically available, and are toxic when pH is reduced.


              Two field collections of sculpins (a sedentary bottom-


dwelling species) were made: (l) to determine if metal residues were


higher in sculpins living on bottoms covered predominantly by tailings,


as compared to areas of natural sediments (Glass19), and (2) to see if


the reduced populations of Pontoporeia were reflected in the food habits


of sculpins.  Eaton15 found no differences in the metal residues, but a


definite reduction was found in the proportion of Pontoporeia eaten, and


these differences coincide closely with the reduction of benthic fauna

                          27
discussed by Benson et al.    There is no evidence that the sculpin


population is higher on the tailings bottom, a situation that might make


the consumption of Pontoporeia per fish lower.  Since the tailings bottom


was smoother and more uniform than the control area, the trawling opera-


tions should have been more efficient over the tailings, thereby showing

-------
                                                                        20






apparent higher populations on the tailings.   Such was not the  case.




              This alteration in food habits  is the first time  that  changes




apparently caused by tailings are reflected at another trophic  level.




While we have no evidence that sculpin populations have "been actually




reduced by tailings, it does demonstrate that changes measured  by the




benthic studies have been passed up the food  chain.  That fish  eggs




seem to have been substituted for Fontoporeia is evidence that  these




changes have ecological significance.




              In laboratory studies, Brungs12 reports the results of an




experiment to measure the biological availability of elements in tailings




to fish.  The logic of this experiment is that if.elements contained in




tailings pass through living membranes of the fish, then they are clearly




biologically active whether or not they are in solution.  Elements in




tailings were made radioactive through neutron activation, a technique




used to "label" elements without changing their chemical behavior.  These




activated tailings were then placed in water  in which trout were kept,




and subsequently the amount of radioactive elements in the liver and




kidney were determined.  By this method, exchange of elements between




water and tissue could be measured, as well as any increase in  tissue.




concentrations as a result of uptake.




              These studies clearly demonstrate that at least sodium,




potassium bromine, iron, cesium, cobalt and rubidium were taken up in




the liver or kidney, or both.  This experiment did not measure  all of  the




elements that may have been taken up by the test fish, however.   The

-------
                                                                        21



biological availability is thus clearly demonstrated, and the tailings


are not biologically inactive.



IV.  Summary Points


     1.  Cummingtonite is an accurate tracer for measuring tailings


in Lake Superior-  It is not found in tributaries except where there


has been contamination from use of tailings, for ice control on highways,


for example.


     2.  Tailings are deposited on the bottom over most of the western


part of Lake Superior.


     3.  Tailings are a major component of the suspended solids of


the western part of the Lake.


     h.  Tailings are a major factor causing green water at least


along the Minnesota shore.
                                i

     5.  Tailings reduce water clarity 25$ or more over an area of at


least 600 square miles.


     6.  Tailings have been found as a major component of the suspended


solids in the City of Duluth and National Water Quality Laboratory intakes


in every sample that has been analyzed during 1972 - 1973.

                                                                   a
     7.  In 500 days, tailings dissolved approximately twice as fast as


a natural lake sediment and to the extent of .8 to 1.0$.


     8.  Calcium, magnesium, sodium, alkalinity, manganese and silica


are major constituents comprising the soluble portion.


     9.  The discharge contributes at least 160,000 pounds per day of


dissolved .solids to the Lake water, not including contribution from

-------
                                                                       22
suspended tailings, tailings on the Lake "bottom, and those in contact


with the interstitial water.


     10.  A 100 square mile test area of the Lake having high tailings


deposition, contained higher potassium and manganese concentrations com-


pared to a similar area of low tailings deposition.  The interstitial


water had higher silica, magnesium, copper, calcium and manganese, but


lower organic carbon and hydrogen and reactive phosphate concentrations.


     11.  The discharge usually has higher counts of bacteria than the


intake, but coliform counts are relatively low.


     12.  Bacteria associated with the tailings are stimulated to grow


or survive longer in lake water with tailings present.


     13.  Tailings as low as U ppm have a mild stimulatory effect on


phytoplankton growth under some conditions.  The manganese content of


tailings may be an important contributing factor.


     lU.  Results from incomplete experiments suggest tailings may have


a strong stimulatory effect on algal periphyton.


     15.  Pontoporeia, an important food species of lake trout and


herring, limited to a few lakes in the U.S., are reduced in numbers over


an area at least some 30 - 1*0 miles southwest of the plant.  There is an
                                                                   i

increase in midges and oligochaetes.


     16.  This reduction in Pontoporeia is reflected in altered food


habits of a fish, the sculpin, living in the area of reduced Pontoporeia


populations.


     17.  Tailings do not appear to be directly toxic to most organisms.

-------
                                                                       23
     18.  Changes in organism populations would have to approach 50%




before they would be detected in the Lake.




     19-  Tailings are chemically and biologically active.

-------
                                                                       21*
                          Conclusions






     The 1972 studies have supplemented and increased confidence in




the effects identified in earlier studies.  The distribution and persis-




tence of tailings in the Lake is greater than previously shown.   Chemical,




physical, and biological effects have been demonstrated in the Lake, and




tailings as the cause have been implicated by controlled laboratory tests.




The changes measured in the Lake were difficult to demonstrate,  partly




because large changes are needed to be clearly measurable and fortunately




changes do not appear to be that large, as yet.




     In summary, the effects of the Reserve Mining Company discharge




are small, but they are in the direction of degradation, mostly because the




materials being .added are persistent and the flushing rate of the Lake is




very slow.  These effects are, for the most part, irreversible and




cumulative, and their importance must be based on whether our plan of




action is to protect for 50 years, 500 years or more.

-------
                               Bibliography






1.  Andrew, Robert W. , 1973.  Distribution of Taconite Tailings in the




        Sediments of  the Western Basin of Lake Superior.  Supplemental




        Report.  Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality




        Laboratory (NWQL), Duluth,- Minnesota.




2.  Andrew, Robert W., 1973.  Mineralogical and Suspended Solids




        Measurements  of Vater, Sediment and Substrate Samples for 1972.




        Lake Superior Study:  Analytical Methods.  NWQL.




3.  Andrew, Robert W. , 1973.  Mineralogical and Suspended Solids




        Measurements  of Water, Sediment and Substrate Samples for 1972.




        Lake Superior Study:  II.  Stream Sediments.  NWQL.




k.  Arthur, John W. ,  Duane A. Benoit, Donald T. Olson, Vincent R. Mattson,




        and Wayland R. Swain, 1973.  Periphyton Growth on Artificial




        Substrates in Lake Superior.  NWQL.




5.  Eaumgartner, B. J. , W. F. Rittall, G. R. Ditsworth and A.. M. Teeter,




        1972.  Water  Clarity and Sediment Trap Report.  Environmental




        Protection Agency, Pacific Northwest Environmental Research




        Laboratory (PNERL), Co.rvallis, Oregon.




6.  Baumgartner, D. J. , et_ al_. , Appendix I.  Particle Size Analyses.




        Sediment Traps.  PNERL.




7.  Baumgartner, D. J. , et al., Appendix II.  1972.  Cores.  PNERL.




8.  Baumgartner, D. J. , et_ all. , Appendix III.  Particle Size Analyses.




        Water Column  Measurements; Transect Stations, Western Embayment:




        and Michigan  Water Stations.  PNERL.

-------
                                                                        26

9.  Baumgartner, D. J. , et^ al. , Appendix IV.  Particle Size Analyses.   Water

        Column Measurements; Sediment Trap Stations.   PNERL.

10.  Baumgartner, D. J., et_ aJL., Appendix V.  Particle Size. Analyses.

        Miscellaneous Samples.  PNERL.

11.  Biesinger, Kenneth E., J. M. McKira, and M. H.  Hohn.         The Effect

        of Taconite Tailings on Productivity in Lake  Superior as Measured

        in Large Polyethylene Bags.   NWQL.

12.  Brungs, William A., 1972.  Transfer of Elements  Associated with

        Taconite Tailings to the Liver and Kidney of  Rainbow Trout.  NWQL.
                                \
13.  Cook, Philip M., 1973-  Distribution of Taconite Tailings in Lake

        Superior Water and Public Water Supplies.  NWQL..

lU.  Dybdahl, A. W., 1972.   Remote Sensing Study.  Sreen Water in Lake

        Superior.   Environmental Protection Agency, National Field

        Investigations Center (NFIC), Denver, Colorado.

15.  Eaton, John G.        Stomach Analyses of Four horn, Myoxocephalus

        quadricornis (Linnaeus)," and slimy, Cottus  cognatus Richardson,

        sculpins from areas along the north shore of  Lake Superior;  NWQL.

16.  Fischer, Jeffrey,  C. Thomas, M. A. Levin and V.  J. Cabelli.  Multi-

        plication of Bacteria in Lake Superior Water  Containing Taconite

        Tailings:   Laboratory Studies.  Environmental Protection Agency',

        Northeastern Water Supply Research Laboratory (HWSEl), Narragansett,

        Rhode Island.

17.  Fischer, Jeffrey,  M. A. Levin,  C. Thomas, and V. J.  Cabeili.

        Heterotrophic Bacterial Densities in Western  Lake .Superior and

        their Relationships to Taconite Tailings DlBChErned Therein:

-------
                                                                     27






          Examination of Net, Sediment Trap, Bottom Core, Launder




          Effluent and Ore Samples.  NWSRL.




18.  Glass, Gary E., 1973.  A Study of Western Lake Superior:  Surface




          Sediments, Interstitial Water and Exchange of Dissolved




          Components Across the Water-Sediment Interface.  HWQL.




19.  Glass, Gary E., 1973.  Residue Analyses of Lake Superior Sculpins.



          NWQL.




20.  Glass, Gary E. , 1973.  Data Report.  Analyses and Laboratory Experi-




          ments vith Taconite Tailings, HWQL.




21.  Hedtke, Steven F.        Effect of Taconite Tailings Upon Lake




          Superior Periphyton Under Controlled Conditions.  NWQL.



22.  Lemke, Armond E.         Characterization of the North Shore




          Surface Waters of Lake Superior.  NWQL.




23.  National Water Quality Laboratory, 1970.  Effects of Taconite




          on Lake Superior, 116 pp.




2U.  Fischer, Jeffrey, M. A. Levin, C. Thomas, and V. J.  Cabelli.




          Heterotrophic Bacterial Densities in Western Lake Superior




          and their Relationships to Taconite Tailings Discharged




          Therein:





25.  Holland, Ruth E. and Alfred M. Beeton, 1972.  Planktonic Diatoms



          in Western Lake Superior.  Center for Great Lakes Studies,




          University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.




26.  Shapiro,  Joseph, 1973.  Experiments  on the Effects of Taconite




          Tailings in Lake  Superior-   Preliminary Data Report.

-------
                                                                     28






          Limnology Research Center, University of Minnesota,




          Minneapolis,  Minnesota.




27.  Henson,. E.  B., E.  C.  Keller,  Jr., A.  J.  McErlean,  W.  P. Alley,




          and P.  E. Etter, 1973.   The Ecological Effects  of Taconite




          Tailings  Disposal on the Benthic Populations  of Northern




          Lake Superior.   EPA, Office of Technical Analysis, Washington,




          D.C.




28.  U.  S. Department of the Interior, 1968.   Part II.  Basic  Studies




          on Environmental Impacts of Taconite Waste Disposal  in




          Lake Superior.




29.  Swain, W. R.,  T. A. Olson, T. 0. Odlaug, 1970.  The  Ecology of




          the Second Trophic Level in Lakes Superior, Michigan and




          Huron.  Water Resources  Research Center, University  of




          Minnesota Graduate School.

-------
    Mineralogical and Suspended Solids




    Measurements of Water, Sediment and




        Substrate Samples for 1972




Lake Superior Study:  II. Stream Sediments









               Data Report




               April, 1973




             Robert W.  Andrew

-------
     Use of  the mineral  cummingtonite  as a means of tracing taconite

tailings in  Lake  Superior, and  reliance on X-ray diffraction analysis

to determine the  tailings content  of various samples utilizing the

cummingtonite peaks  requires  a  thorough evaluation of other sources

of sediment  as potential sources of cummingtonite and/or other amphi-

boles to the western basin of the  lake.  To provide data for such an

evaluation,  sediment samples  from  31 of the principal streams tributary

to the western arm of  the lake  have been analyzed in 1.972.  In addition,
                                       "'.
for 10 of 14 stream  samples reported earlier (Andrew, 1970), sufficient

<2u  sediment was available for reanalysis.  Results of the reanalysis

are included in the  tables and  figures shown in this report.  Sampling

efforts during 1972  were somewhat  in proportion to stream size, with

no sampling  of intermittent streams or streams with less than approxi-

mately 30 square miles of drainage area.

     A complete list of  the streams, locations, and dates sampled is

shown in Tables 1-3, for Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan respectively.

The percent  clay  (<2y) in the samples  as collected is also shown in

these tables.  It should be recognized however, that these- percentages

represent an extreme  upper limit of available fines in these streams,

since in nearly all  cases a decided effort was made by the field collector

to obtain fine sediments for  analysis.  Most of the Minnesota tributaries

for example,  flow over bedrock  or  coarse cobblestone over most of their

lengths and  fine deposits of  sediment  are obtainable in only a very few

locations.   There is virtually  no  suspended sediment load in these streams,

except during periods of  heavy storm runoff.

-------
TabJe 1 - Location, Mtfl of  Collection nml  Z  Cloy  (<2i>)
of Scdjr.icnt Samp J CM It cat Minnesota Stn-nns  Tributary to
Western Like Superior.
Stream
St . Louis R.
St. Louie R.
St. Louis R.
1'ronch R.
French R.
rr..nch P..
French R.
Knife- n.
Knife R.
Knife R.
Knife R.
Stevart P..
Stevart K.
Silver Creek
Silver Crr-vrk
Gooseberry P..
Gooseberry R.
Con^cbr.rry R.
r.c-avi-r R.
Be.-iVtr R.
KcaVdr U.
Keavor R.
Split F.s>ck R.
Spl it Rock U.
Ciprlsm R.
Baptism K.
fi.ipttsra R.
Baptism R.
Baptism R.
Kanitou R.
llanttou R.
Caribou R.
Caribou R.
Tvo Island R.
Two Island R.
Temperance R.
Temperance R.
Poplar R.
Poplar R.
Cascade R.
Cascade R.
Devil's Track
nc.vll's Track
Uinlc K.
I'.rulc R.
L. Harai.i K.
U'.tes
.Sir.iplod
/./21/6")
9/22/72
'J/23/72
4/21/69
8/15/72
9/22/72
!//^?/72
5/2/69
6/15/72
9/22/72
9/22/72
P/15/72
V/29/72
8/15/72
9/29/72
i/2/69
E/15/72
9/23/72
5/2/69
8/10/72
8/10/72
9/30/72
B/15/72
9/30/72
5/2/69
5/2/69
8/10/72
8/10/72
9/30/72
8/10/72
9/30/72
8/10/72
9/30/72
8/ 9/72
9/30/72
B/9/72 •
9/30/72
8/9/72
9/30/72
8/9/72
9/30/72
R. 8/9/72
U. 9/30/72
8/9/72
9/30/72
5/2/69
Location
At Hyu 23 bfldcPf. Kundulec, Hn.
At llyw 23 liridf.t;, Fonilul.ic, Hn.
At llyw 23 bridge;, rondulac, Hn.
li.-liind HIJ. Dopt. N.it. Hcs. HatcliL-ry-Uan
Above llyw 61. •
*> it ' n
ti it ' M
it ' it ii
Approx. 3/4 Mi. upstream of [lev 11, /y 61
Bridge
n ii ii
n n ti
n it n
Appro::. 0.3 III. upstrr.-i:n of I.'eu lluy 61
" " "
Approx. 0.3 Ml. upstrc.im of !lc« llwy 61
n ' ii n
At nouth
Above f.ills spprcx. 1 l!i. above livy 61
" " "
Approx. 1 111. above llwy 61, Nc.lr liwy /I
II 1! II
I,
II •! II
Just nbovc llwy 61
ii . ii
Apprps. 3/4 Mi . upstrcan llwy 61
Near Mouth
<2u
(51
8.6
8.5
9.8
4.8
14.2
26.5
23.0
2.4
17.4
<6.9
34.4
18.5
35.3
28.2
55.9
19. 4
8.8
51.6
4.7
34.0
14.6
42.5
25.9
59.9
5.1
7.2
Approx. 1 1/2 HI. upstrc.va-llwy 61 Wear llwy-1 5.1
n •• M
It •! II
Approx. 3/4 HI. vpstrc.in Ih^y 61
M •! II
Approx. 3/4 Hi. upstream ll.-y 61
Approx. 3/4 Ml. upstream llwy 61
Approx. 0.2 Mi. upstream llwy 61
n *i n
Just above llwy bl
.. «
Nunr U.S.C.S. Caflnf. Sla. just above Hwy
i* it ii
Approx. 3/4 Mi. upstream llwy 61
it
Approx. 0.3 Mi . upstream Hwy 61
" ••
Approx. 0.2 Ml. iipstrc.-m Hwy 61
n it
Ju.*:t tip£.tri(.im l\\fy 61
15.2
33.0
7.0
24.0
6.6.
33.4
6.8
24.4
4.6
J2.2
61 2.2
23.7
16.6
33.4
6.9
S6.7
38.3
34.4
1.2

-------
Table 2 - Location, Date of Collection and % Clay (<2y)




of Sediment Samples from Wisconsin Streams Tributary to




Western Lake Superior.
Stream
Nemadji R.
Nemadji R.
Nemadji R.
Amnicon R.
Amnicon R.
Bois Brule R.
Bois Brule R.
Iron R.
Iron R.
Iron R.
Sand R.
Sand R.
Bad R.
Bad R.
Bad R
Dates
Sampled
4/21/69
9/22/72
9/22/72
9/22/72
9/22/72
9/22/72
9/22/72
9/17/69
9/20/72
9/20/72
9/20/72
9/20/72
9/17/69
9/20/72
9/20/72
Location
At Hiway 53 Bridge
At Hiway 53 Bridge
At Hiway 53 Bridge
At Hiway 13 Bridge
At Hiway 13 Bridge
At Hiway 13 Bridge
At Hiway 13 Bridge
At Hiway 13 Bridge
At Hiway 13 Bridge
At Hiway 13 Bridge
At Hiway 13 Bridge
At Hiway 13 Bridge
Just above Hiway 2 Bridge
Just above Hiway 2 Bridge
Just above Hivray 2 Bridge
<2y
m
5.9
28.0
28.0
62.9
64.3
51.8
56.8
6.6
67.5
68.2
26.3
44.1
1.6
9.8
14.9

-------
     Table 3 -.Location, Date of Collection and % Clay (<2y)




     of Sediment Samples from Michigan Streams Tributary to




     Western Lake Superior.
Stream
Montreal R.
Montreal R.
Montreal R. .
Black R.
Black R.
Black R.
Presque Isle
Presque Isle
Presque Isle
Iron R.
Mineral R.
Ontonagon R.
Sturgeon R.
Dates
Sampled
9/20/72
9/20/72
11/7/72*
9/20/72
9/20/72
11/7/72*
R. 9/20/72
R. 9/20/72
R. 11/7/72*
11/8/72*
11/8/72*
11/8/72*
11/9/72*
Location : . Y~
At Hiway 122 Bridge
At Hiway 122 Bridge
At Hiway 122 Bridge •
Near Walking Bridge- At Mouth
Near Walking Bridge -. At Mouth
Near Walking Bridge - At Mouth
Approx. 1/2 Mi. above Mouth
Approx. 1/2 Mi. above Mouth
Approx. 1/2 Mi. above Mouth
Approx 1 mi abpve mouth.
Just N. of Hiway 64 Bridge,
Near Mouth.
At U.S. Hiway 41 Bridge
<2p
a)
12.3
5.6
3.9
15.1
8.3
1.4
11.0
4.3
4.4
2.8
4.2
4.3
3.7
*  Collected by Michigan Water Resources Commission personnel.

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                                                                     2




     For mineralogical analysis of  the <2y fraction, by X-ray'diffraction




the samples were prepared as noted  earlier (Andrew, 1973), using H_0_




digestion, free iron  oxide removal, and sedimentation techniques.  In




order to obtain maximum sensitivity for the detection and identification




of naturally occurring amphiboles,  25 rag. (±2mg) slides of the <2y size




fraction were prepared for X-ray analysis.  Complete l°/min. scans were




made of all samples.  The resulting X-ray diffraction patterns are shown




in the Appendix to this report (Appendix Figures 1-21).It should be




noted that in each of the X-ray patterns the locations of the amphibole




(110) peak and the (310) peak of the mineral curaningtonite have been




noted for ease in identification.   For use of the reader in examining




these patterns, Figure 1. contains  a representative X-ray pattern with




the X-ray peaks indexed, and a list of the minerals identified in this




sample.




     For 10 samples showing a possible cummingtonite (310) peak at




29.1° in the initial X-ray scan, the 28-30° region was rescanned at l/4°/min.,




with a sensitivity (fullscale) of 300 cps.  These instrumental changes




improve resolution and increase overall sensitivity approximately 5-fold;




and are necessary to completely resolve any small peaks that may occur




in the 29.1° region.




     Two additional mineralogical techniques were utilized in attempts to




concentrate the amphibole present in these stream sediments, in order to




facilitate X-ray identification.  Heavy liquid/centrifuge techniques were




used to concentrate the >2.9 specific gravity minerals from the 5-50y




size fraction of sediments from the St. Louis and Nemadji Rivers.  X-ray




diffraction patterns of the separated >2.9 S.G. concentrates are shown in

-------
Figure 2.  All attempts at heavy liquid separation of the fine fractions




(<5y and <2p ) were unsuccessful.




     Fusion of the fine fractions (<2y) in sodium bipsulfate was also




used in an attempt to concentrate the amphiboles in the.non-phylosilicate




fraction of several samples. -These attempts resulted in concentrates




containing largely quartz and feldspars, but separation of the amphiboles




was not achieved.  X-ray diffraction patterns of the resulting concentrates




are shown in Figure 3.

-------
Results and Discussion;




     In an earlier report  (Andrew 1970), quantitative mineralogical




analyses based on measurement of the amphibole (110) peak were reported




for the fine fraction  (<2p) of 14 streams tributary to the western




basin of Lake Superior.  These results vere reported as % cutraningtonite,




in order to provide a  conservative upper limit on the possible stream




contribution of this mineral to Lake Superior.  It is now recognized




that these estimates were unnecessarily conservative.  Reanalysis of




the 1969 samples, using improved mounting techniques and instrumentation




have shown that none of the amphibole originally reported in these




samples can be identified as the mineral "cummingtonite".




     Similarly, no cummingtonite has been detected in any of the stream




samples collected in 1972.  Although several samples showed a possible




small peak at 29.1° in the routine l°/min scan, rescanning at l/4°/min.,




with increased sensitivity failed to reveal any cummingtonite peak in




this region;  Nor was  any cunmingtonite detected using heavy liquid




or fusion techniques,  although the amphiboles could be concentrated for




X-ray diffraction using heavy liquids.  (See Figure 2).  No cummingtonite




was observed in any of the samples from the Minnesota North Shore streams,




since, nearly all (except 2 samples collected in 1969) of the samples




noted in this report were collected upstream of U.S. Highway 61, thus




eliminating any possible contamination by tailings used on the highway,




as a source of cummingtonite in the sediments.





     No attempt has been made to quantify the amphibole present in the




present study, although the peak heights (110) for all 1972 samples




are within the range of those samples reported in 1970 as containing




1.0 to 3.1% amphibole  (based on a cummintonite standard) in the<2M size

-------
fraction.




     The X-ray diffraction patterns (Appendix Figures l-2i) from these




sediments are remarkable in their similarity, in spite of the fact that




the watershed area covered by .these samples is over 10,000 square miles.




The amphibole content is likewise fairly uniform (as evidenced by peak.




height) except for the Montreal, Black and Presque Isle Rivers in upper




Michigan.  Sediment from this area is uniformly low in amphiboles -




probably less than 0.5%.

-------
Bibliography





1.  Andrew, R. W.  1970.




         Distribution of taconite tailings in the sediments of the




         Western Basin of Lake Superior.  Investigations by the staff




         of the National Water Quality Laboratory.  Mimeo Report.




         pp 29-51.




2.  Andrew, R. W.  1973.




         Mineralogical and Suspended Solids Measurements of Water,




         Sediment and Substrate Samples for 1972 Lake Superior Study:




         Analytical Methods.  Preliminary Data Report.  U. S.  E. T?'.  A.-




         NWQL.




3.  Green, Carol D.  1971




         Late Quarternary sedimentation in Lake Superior.  Ph.D. Thesis,.




         Univ. of Mich.

-------
                               APPENDIX




                             Figures 1-21





X-ray Diffraction Patterns of  2  Fraction of Stream Sediment Samples



                 Figures 1-13  Minnesota Tributaries




                 Figures 14-17 Wisconsin Tributaries




                 Figures 18-21  Michigan Tributaries

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                             Conclusions:






1.  There are no detectable contemporary stream sediment  sources  of




    cummingtonite to the western basin of Lake Superior=




2.  Cummingtonite is a valid tracer for taconite tailings in Lake Superior.




3.  Approximately 1-3!? amphibole occurs in most of the  stream sediments




    of the western Lake Superior basin, which could interfere with deter-




    mination of the tailings if not properly identified and deducted-when




    using the 110 amphibole peak.

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Periphyton growth on artificial substrates in Lake Superior
                       John W.  Arthur




                       Duane A. Benoit




                       Donald T. Olson




                     Vincent R. Mattson




                      Wayland R. Swain
        United States Environmental Protection Agency




              National Water Quality Laboratory




                  Duluth,  Minnesota  55804




                        April,  1973

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                               Forward




     Both John W. Arthur and Duane A. Benoit should be regarded as




primary authors.  Duane A. Benoit was primarily responsible for the




setting-up and general conduct of this field study.  John W. Arthur




was responsible for organizing this report and the discussion of this




reported data.

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                            Introduction





     Periphyton populations within a body of water have been shown to




serve as an integral component of the food chain.. These organisms are




also useful as indicators for the detection of pollution and for




assessing a change in water quality (Fox et al., 1969).  The definition




of periphyton given by Young (1945) is acceptable for  the purposes for




this report and is defined as an "assemblage of organisms growing upon




free surfaces of submerged objects in water, and covering them with




a slimy coat."  Periphyton studies are not limited to  the analysis of




organisms from naturally occurring submerged objects in water.  Many




forms of artificial substrates have been used, including glass slides




(Patrick et _§!_., 1954; Weber and Raschke, 1966), concrete cylinders




(Waters, 1961), plastic spheres (Anita £t al., 1963),  fish net (Putnam




and Olson, 1961), plexiglass plates (Peters et_ al_., 1968) and masonite




hardboard (Arthur and Horning,  1969).




     Most investigations of periphyton populations in  Lake Superior




have been done by researchers at the University of Minnesota,




Lakeside Laboratory, Duluth.  These studies were recently summarized




by Olson and Odlaug (1972).  These investigators characterized the kinds




and quantity of periphyton naturally found growing on rocks in areas




largely limited to shallow inshore bays of the lake's western arm.




Ninety percent of the organisms found were diatoms:  It was concluded




that the periphyton populations in this lake reach were indicative of




clean water and results from these studies could serve as a baseline

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for future changes in the lake's water quality.  However, it was




determined in a recent study by Huver (1970) that the filamentous




periphyton, Ulothrix, was showing an accelerated growth in the




immediate lake reach southwest from Silver Bay, Minnesota.  He attributed




this Increased growth to nutrients released from the Silver Bay area.




     The purpose of this study was to determine the growth characteristics




of periphyton on artificial substrates suspended in open lake waters




along the north shore of Lake Superior.  Station sites were carefully




located in an attempt to determine what relationship, if any, exists




between suspended taconite tailings and periphyton growth.

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                        Methods and Materials
A.   Station Locations. Substrate Design and Retrieval.
     Substrate stations were located along perpendicular transect lines
from the Minnesota north shore of Lake Superior at 1, 3, and 5 nautical
miles off shore.  A 98 ft diving tender, 40 ft trawler and 23 ft
cathedral hull stern drive boat were individually employed during this
study.  Station positions (see Table 1) and distances off shore were
determined with either a Plessey MR-121-  or a Ratheon 1500-B radar
unit.  Station depths were measured with a Furnno Echo Sounder F-80-A
and a Honeywell Sea Scanner.  At each station, 1/2 in. nylon line was
anchored to the lake bottom with three 100 Ib buckets of cement.  The
rope was then vertically suspended with a 16 inch diameter inflatable
polyform buoy at 10-18 ft below the surface.  Stations were marked at
the surface with a 12 in. diameter red plastic float which was attached
to the subsurface polyform buoy with 1/2 nylon line.  Each surface
float contained a vertical 48 x 3/4 in. mast wrapped with aluminum
foil which functioned as a radar reflector unit for relocating each
station upon return trips.
     This study was divided into five sampling phases.  During the
first four sampling periods the substrates were placed in the lake for
two weeks.  A duration of four weeks was used for the fifth sampling
phase.  The lake reach from Silver Cliff to Sugar Loaf was sampled
during the first and second phases.  Taconite tailings were found in
the lake waters and on the nets at all four of these transect locations.
In an attempt to have a control for this study, two additional transects
     —    Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement by
the Environmental Protection Agency.

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Table 1.  Location and description of Lake Superior substrate stations.
Transect landmark
2 1/4 mi. NE Guano Rock
2 1/4 mi. NE Guano Rock
2 1/4 mi. NE Guano Rock
Grand Marais Lighthouse
Grand Marais Lighthouse
Grand Marais Lighthouse
Sugar Loaf
Sugar Loaf
Sugar Loaf
Shovel Point - Crystal Bay
Shovel Point - Crystal Bay
Shovel Point - Crystal Bay
Splitrock Lighthouse
Splitrock Lighthouse
Splitrock Lighthouse
Silver Cliff
Silver Cliff
Silver Cliff
Shore line distance
and direction from
Reserve Mining's effluent
to landmark (statute miles)
61.25 NE
61.25 NE
61.25 NE
54.25 NE
54.25 NE
54.25 NE
19.00 NE
19.00 NE
19.00 NE
5.25 NE
5.25 NE
5.25 NE
7.50 SW
7.50 SW
7.50 SW
21.75 SW
21.75 SW
21.75 SW
Compass heading
offshore (degress)
176
170
170
130
130
130
130
125
132
150
125
125
130
130
130
110
110
138
Distance
from shore
(nautical ml.)
1.25
3
5
I
3
5
1
3
5
1
3
5
1
3
5
1
3
5
Depth
(Ft.)
450
530
570
455
478
550
673
810
786
666
810
750
780
882
900
606
684
732

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were used in the vicinity of Grand Marais during the third through
fifth sampling phases (Figure 1).
     Artificial substrate materials used in this study consisted of
3/16 in. mesh Ace Style oval nylon fish net (5 x 20 cm..) and double
strength window glass (5 x 8 cm.).  All nets were autoclaved for 15
min. at 250° F and the slides soaked 12 hr in 20 percent nitric, acid
and thereafter rinsed 24 hr in distilled water.
     The substrate frames were constructed from 3/4 in., 20 gauge,
galvanized strap steel.  The strap steel was shaped into an inner
and outer ring, 8 and 20 in. in diameter.  The two hoops were
attached together with four lengths of 1/4 in. threaded galvanized
rod.  Each assembled frame was coated with polyester fiberglass resin
and then soaked in lake water for five days.  A stainless steel harness,
made from three seven inch leaders and a snap hook, was then attached
to each inner hoop so that the frame hung horizontally when attached
to the anchor rope.  Shortly before positioning each frame on the
anchor rope, substrates were attached to the hoops onboard the boat
with spring-type hardwood clothes pins.  Nets were stretched
horizontally between the inner and outer hoops and glass slides attached
vertically to the outer hoop (Figures 2 and 3).
     Two substrate frames per station were attached to the anchor rope
by SCUBA divers.  Frames were attached at 20 and 40 ft below the
surface.  All depths were measured with calibrated Scubapro depth
gauges.  The wired ends of each frame were opened underwater and the
frame positioned so that the line passed through the center of the
inner horizontal ring.  The harness was hooked to a No. 1 hog ring
secured to the anchor line at these two depths.  The open ends of each
hoop were then closed and secured with stainless steel wire.

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                          ^^w&;'c
——  • •
 ./f %
                                                                                 •  /
                                                                                       P    »    10
                                                                                         SCALE: ONE INCH tgUALS 12'Mllr
                                                                                       UANO ROCK
                                                                                       RAND MARAIS
                                                                                      SUGAR LOAF COVE
                                                                                       HOVEL POINT
                                                                                       PLIT ROCK
                                                                                       ILVER CLIFF
                                                                                                 I
                                                                                               1,

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Figure 2.

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             SURFACE BOUY
WEIGHT
                  LAKE

                  SURFACE
SUB-SURFACE BOUY
                          6.09  METER
                         (20 FOOT) FRAME
                          12.19 METER
                        -(40 FOOT) FRAME
              LAKE BOTTOM
               I  I  i  I  I  I
                 Figure 3.

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     During the sampling periods, the substrates were carefully




removed from the frame with tweezers and placed in individual pre-




labelled 18 oz. sterilized plastic Whirl-Pak bags and then brought




to the surface.  At the time of substrate sampling, underwater




lake current directions were determined from 1 x 12 in. strips of nylon




fish net tied to each station 30 ft below the surface.  This magnetic




direction was observed with an oil-filled U. S. Divers wrist compass.




     Underwater photos were taken with a Nikonos 35 mm. camera using




standard ASA 160 high speed Kodak Ektachrome film and Sylvania FP-26-B




flash bulbs.  All close-up photos of the substrates were taken at a




measured distance of ten inches with the flash .attachment in the same




position and the shutter speed at 1/125 sec. at F 3.5.  Films were




developed at Yoho Photo in Duluth, Minnesota.





B.   Processing of Substrates and Physical Measurements.




     All substrates were immediately numbered, sorted, and sealed on




the boat for delivery to the analysts.  For the chlorophyll analysis,




one net from 20 and one from 40 feet were removed from the Whirl-Pak




bags with sterile (dipped in 95% alcohol and flamed) tweezers and




placed in 20 mm. tubes containing 8 ml of 90 percent spectrophotometric




grade acetone and the tube placed on ice.  All. remaining nets and




slides, except for the bacterial analysis, were also custody tagged,




numbered, and placed in an ice chest.  For bacterial analysis, one




net from 20 and one from 40 feet were removed from the Whirl-Pak




bags with sterile tweezers and cut in half with sterile scissors.




One-half was place in a sterile (autoclaved) 20 mm. tube, tagged,

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                                                                      8



numbered, and placed on ice.  The other half was placed in a 5% solution


of glutaraldehyde for one minute, rinsed twice with 25 ml. distilled


water, placed in a Whirl-Pak bag and frozen in a solution of dry ice


and acetone.  This net was then Immediately placed into a dry ice chest


for shipment to Dr. Victor Cabelli, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,


Northeastern Water Supply Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island.


     All samples were removed from the boat in the ice chests and


transported back to the laboratory within twelve hours after collection


and stored in a constant temperature room at t? • C.

                                                             e>
     Temperature readings and light penetration measurements were taken


of the water column at all stations during the setting and retrieval


of the substrates.  Water temperatures were measured with a YSI


Tele-thermometer, Model No. 43ID.  This temperature meter and probe


was within 1° C of true accuracy.  Water transparency was measured


with a Secchi Disc, the limit of visibility recorded in meters.


C.   Laboratory Techniques.


     Samples were transmitted to the analysts in closed containers.


The only deviation occurred when samples were received behind locked


doors by the analysts directly from the National Water Quality


Laboratory.  Access to the samples by technicians occurred only under


the supervision of the analyst.  At no point during the course of


this study did analysts or their technicians have knowledge of the


sampling points or locations where the samples were collected.


     Upon receipt of the samples, distribution was made into three


principal categories for analysis.  All determinations, except those

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for tailings, were performed insofar as possible in accordance with


Standard Methods (American Public Health Association et^ al., 1971).


     1.   Total Counts.


          a.   Glass Slides - Periphyton was removed from the glass


slides for total cell counts by means of two successive scrapings


with a razor blade and the surface flushed after each scraping with


distilled water.  The materials removed were concentrated by means of


a 0.45 micron pore diameter membrane filter.  Filters were placed on


a glass slide surface and organisms were removed by means of a teflon


rod with a flattened tip and flushed with 7 ml of three percent formalin


to effect complete transfer into a vial to be retained for counting.


          b,   Nylon Nets - Organisms were removed from the nylon


nets by means of the procedure described by Swain et al. (1970)


which utilized a high-pressure jet of water.  Organisms thus removed


were again concentrated by means of a membrane filter and stored In


three percent formalin.   To insure that effective removal of organisms


had been accomplished, nets were placed in an ultra-sound chamber and
                                                                  /

any remaining cells were removed from the net at a cavitation pressure


of 14 watts of ultrasonic energy at 80 kllohertz for.a period of ten


minutes.  The residue in the ultrasonic chamber was then transferred


to amembrane filter unit and subsequently incorporated in the formalin


solution with the sample.  Both nets and glass slides were routinely


examined for residual plankters which had not been removed during


processing.  The results of these routine examinations were negative.


Removal and processing procedures were judged to be thorough, yet


gentle, since the number of broken cells, fragmented colonial forms


and separated diatom frustules was negligible.

-------
                                                                     10



               As a check against adequate removal of organisms from

membrane filter surfaces, random filters were dried and impregnated

with immersion oil, thus rendering them transparent.  Subsequent

microscopic examination revealed no significant numbers of periphyton

constituents on the filter surfaces.  Of 2800 possible filter grid

units examined on 34 filters, only 45 units (1.6 per cent) were found

to contain residual periphyton organisms.  The total number of organisms

remaining on the 34 filters was 77.5, as compared with several thousand

organisms removed from each filter disc.

               Total counts were accomplished according to Standard

Methods procedure given by the American Public Health Association et al.
                                                >
(1971).  Plankters were analyzed using 200 total magnifications (10 X

eyepiece and 20 X objective).  Counts of plankton were made in a

Sedgewick-Raf ter (SR) cell using a Whipple disc grid to enumerate and

identify numbers of organisms in the sample.

     2.   Dry Weight - Ash Free Weight.

          Removal methods from both the glass slides and nylon nets

were identical to those used for the total counts.  This material was

transferred to a filter unit incorporating Whatman #40 ash-free filter

paper.  Prior to addition of this periphyton material, filters, discs,

and Coor #000 crucibles were weighed on a Metier H20 balance sensitive

to +_ .01 mg.  The remainder of this procedure was identical to that

given in Standard Methods (American Public Health Association et al.,

1971).

     3.   Chlorophyll Determinations.

          Chlorophyll determinations were made only from the nylon

net substrates.  The glass slides contained too few organisms to enable

readily measurable chlorophyll levels.

-------
                                                                     11






        -  The samples of nylon netting containing the periphyton



organisms were submitted for analysis in screw-cap tubes containing



eight ml of ninety per cent spectrophotometric grade acetone.  These



nets were allowed to remain in the acetone solution for a period of



twenty-fout hours to allow a complete extraction of photpsynthetic



pigments as specified by Standard Methods (American Public Health



Association ^t al_., 1971).  After extraction, the net and the



surrounding acetone solvent were agitated mechanically to Insure



complete removal of periphyton pigments.  The water in the Whirl-Pak



bag which surrounded the net after removal from the substrate frame



in the lake, was processed according to modified pigment extraction



methods after Creitz and Richards (1955) and given in detail by Olson



and Odlaug (1972).



          The spectrum of this centrifuged supernatant was plotted with



a Beckman DK-2A ratio recording spectrophotometer using aqueous



acetone as a reference.  The same spectral wave length scan and



absorbance wave length readings as given by Olson and Odlaug (1972)



were used in these chlorophyll analyses.  After each individual



chlorophyll determination, the sample was acidified according to



Standard Method Procedures for the determination of phaeophytin



pigments.  Chlorophyll concentrations were calculated from pen base line



to peak height and compared to the acidified peak height.  The




unacidified peak height value was multiplied by the 13.4 constant for



narrow bandpass instruments as specified in Standard Methods (American



Public Health Association et^ al., 1971).  Many of the chlorophyll



samples gathered from the first through fourth sampling periods were

-------
                                                                     12
also analyzed on a Gary 14 Spectrophotometer.  A significant correlation




was found between the unacidified chlorophyll readings analyzed by these




two spectrophotometers.  The Gary 14 Spectrophotometer was not used for




samples from the fifth sampling period.




          As a check against accidental introduction of potential




sources of error in the technique, repeated blank samples and laboratory



duplicates were introduced into the analytical pattern.  Duplications of




samples showed excellent agreement in all cases, and acetone-blank




spectrophotometric determinations indicated the presence of no




interfering substances.  Secondary extraction (re-leeching) of a few




previously analyzed substrates indicated that the amount of chlorophyll




remaining in the nylon nets after initial extraction was negligible or




entirely absent, even on the most concentrated of samples obtained.  The




entire analytical procedure was also conducted on samples without nets




and samples with clean nylon nets not previosuly exposed to lake




incubation.  No interfering substances were noted, and "noise levels"




from turibidity, debris and the like were minimal.




     4.   Tailings.




          The methods used for this analysis are given by Cook (1973).




Separate nylon nets were used for this determination.  The same net




used for the tailing analysis was also used for determining total




solids.  Tailings were not determined from the glass slide substrates.

-------
                                                                     13



                       Results and Discussion


     Individual measurements taken throughout this study are contained


in the Appendix section to this report.  Physical measurements are .


listed by transect location (Appendix Tables 1-6).  The biomass,.total


solids, and tailing measurements are listed by sampling phase


(Appendix Tables 7-15) .  Chlorophyll values recorded as not-measurable

(NM) showed irregular peak responses on the DK-2A graphs.  Weight


determinations recorded as NM were less than the sensitivity of the


balance (+ 0.01 mg).  The caption NS (no sample) means that respective


nets and slides for that analytical determination were not retrieved,

however substrates were collected for the other analyses.  At a few


'stations more than one net was used for the tailings determination.


The kinds of periphyton found in each of the counted samples are


found in Appendix Tables 16-25.  The small-green algae category


contains all periphyton tentatively identified as Cosmarium, Didymocystis,


and unidentified green algae.


A.   Physical.


     During sampling phases 3, A, and 5 from September 8 through

October 26, 1972, surface water currents measured at each station were


generally found to be oriented in a southwesterly direction.  This


pattern agrees with the findings of Ruschmeyer  e£ al. (1957) and


Adams (1970).  Both reports concluded that with prevailing westerly


winds, currents in the western arm of Lake Superior generally travel


in a semi-closed counterclockwise direction with a general upwelling


of colder water moving westerly along the northern shore of Lake


Superior and warmer surface water moving easterly along the south


shore.  However, it has also been shown that several days of strong
                                                                         ^...i.
                                                                      '.*?
easterly winds can temporarily reverse the current pattern.

-------
                                                                     14






     During substrate retrieval, 40 foot nets at all stations generally




appeared to have a more brownish growth visually than those at 20 feet.



Olson and Odlaug (1972) also described a brown layer of periphyton growth




upon rocks and sand in Lake Superior.  Throughout the study glass




slides visually appeared to have very little, if any, growth upon them.




Forty foot nets retrieved from the western transects (Shovel Point, Split




Rock, and Silver Cliff) generally appeared to have greater amounts of




brownish growth than nets retrieved from the eastern transects (Guano




Rock, Grand Marais, and Sugar Loaf).  Observations by the divers revealed




that at times the 20 foot substrate frame was oscillating in the water




column much more than the 40 foot frame.




     Water transparency at Split Rock and Silver Cliff was approximately




25% less than recorded at Guano Rock, Grand Marais, and Sugar Loaf




(Table 2).  The Duluth Weather Bureau recorded a total of 7.9 inches




of precipitation between August 15 and August 21, 1972, and 3.8 inches




during September 20.  During this period north shore streams were




heavily ladened with silt material.  Addition of this material to the




lake caused a decrease in water transparency at the one mile stations




off Sugar Loaf, Shovel Point, and Split Rock.  However, the effect




was less noticeable at the three mile and five mile stations.  This




indicates that even during periods of toreential rains, material carried




by tributary streams had less influence on substrates placed three and




five nautical miles from shore.  Water transparency at the one mile




station off Silver Cliff was uniformly lower throughout the entire study



period.




     Temperature profiles at each transect were similar to one another




throughout each sampling period.  Mean temperatures for each transect




ranged from 6.1 to 6.8° C.  All temperature readings should be regarded

-------
Table-2.  -Mean Secchi Disc measurements  (In meters)  of water transparency at each transect


          location.





                 	Distance from shore (nautical miles)   	  	
                 Mean   N     Range
                          Mean   N     Range
                                                   Mean   N     Range
Guano Rock1




Grand Marls




Sugar Loaf




Shovel Point




Split Rock




Silver Cliff
10.2       (7.5-14.5)     10.3   (4)   (8.0-13)       10.4   ,/-N   (9.5-12.0)
8.0  (2)  (7.0-9.0)      10.5
                                     (8.5-13.5)      9.2   (3)   (7^5-11.0)
 9.3  (7)  (5.0-11.0)
 9.3  (?.  (5.0-12.5)
 7.8  (g.  (5.0-12.0)
 5.6  (g)  (4.0-6.5)
                         10.1   ,?)   (8.0-13.0)
                          9.5   (?)   (8.5-11.0)
                          7.8   (?.   (6.5-9.5)
                          7.6   ,B.   (6.5-8.5)
                                (.0)
10.4  (?)  (8.0-12.5)
 8.7  ,,.  (6.5-12.0)
 7.9  (8)  (5.0-9.5)
 7.5  (6)  (6.0-10.5)
     1Light penetration at Guano Rock was measured during sampling phases 3, 4, and 5;


      Grand Marais only during  the third sampling period.

-------
                                                                     15
                                                           »
as relative values since some depths were mistakenly recorded in meters
rather than feet.

B.   Biomass.
     For purposes of this discussion section, biomass refers  to the total
cell, chlorophyll, and ash-free weight determinations.  The overall
periphyton diversity found on the substrates during this study is shown
in Table 3.  This checklist agrees rather closely with that given by
Olson and Odlaug (1972).  The diatoms were found to be the most diverse
group.  Synedra ulna and small green algae were especially numerous,
and during the two-week sampling phases accounted for A3 and  22 percent
of the nylon nets and 25 and 42 percent of the glass slides,  respectively.
The other predominant forms were the diatoms Cyclotella spp., Fragilaria
capucina, Synedra acus, Tabellaria fenestrata, and the non-diatom
Dinobryon sertularia.  This same pattern of predominant forms generally
held true during the fifth sampling phase of four week's duration.
     Differences between abundant forms on the nylon net and glass slides
were also apparent when each sampling phase was tabulated (Table 4).
Small green algae and Dinobryon sertularia were more common on the glass
slides, while the diatom Fragilaria capucina and Tabellaria fenestrata
were more abundant on the nylon nets.  The distribution of these five
forms listed comprised 79 to 94 percent of the total cells counted.
With the less frequently occurring forms, Achnanthes species was more
common on the nylon nets and Asterionella formosa, and the blue-green
alga Merismopedia sp. on the slides.  A detailed analysis of  this data
(Appendix Tables 16-25) by taxonomic group and transect location is
planned by Dr. W. Scott Overton using methods similar to those given
by Mclntire and Overton (1971).

-------
  Table 3.   Checklist of  perlphyton identified from the nylon net and
            glass slide substrates.
Phases 1-4
                                                          Phase 5
                                 Nylon
                                  nets
       Glass
       slides
Nylon
 nets
                                                                Glass
                                                                slides
Chrysophyta               ,
  Diatoms
    Achnanthes microphala
    Asterionella formosa
    Ceratoneis arcus
    Cocconeis flexella
    Cyclotella bodanica
    Cyclotella other species
    Cymbella lanceolata
    Cymbella ventricosa
    Denticula species
    Diatoma species
    Fragilaria capucina
    Fragilaria crotonesis
    Gomphonema species
    Melosira granulata
    Melosira other species
    Navicula species
    Nitzschia species
    Pinnularia species
    Rhizosolenia eriensis
    Rhoicosphenia curvata
    Stephanodiscus species
    Surir^lla species
    Synedra acus
    Synedra ulna
    Tabellaria fenestrata
    Tabellaria flocculpsa
  Non-diatom
    Dinobyron sertularia
                                   4-
                                   4-
                                   4-
                                   4-
                                   4-
                                   4-
                                   4-
                              4-
                              4-
                                             4-
                                             4-
                                             4-
                                             4-


                                            4- +
                   4- +
                     4-
           4-4-
            4-
(continued)

-------
Table 3 - continued
Phases 1-4
Nylon Glass
nets slides
Phase 5
Nylon Glass
nets slides
Chlorophyta
    Small green algae
    Chlamydomonid.- type
    Closterium species
    Dictyosphaerium species
    -Oocystis species
Cyanophyta
    Anabaena species
    Aphanothece species
    Merismopedia species
    Lyngbya contorta
Pyrrophyta
    Ceratium hirundinella
      Present on substrate.
    I [
      Individually accounted for more than 5% of the overall total.
      Individually accounted for more than 20% of the overall total.

-------
Table 4.  Percentage occurrence by sampling period of the  five most
          common perlphyton counted from the substrates.
Nets
Phase 1
Small green algae
Synedra ulna
Synedra acus
Cylotella other species
Tabellaria fenestrata
Phase 2
Synedra ulna
Tabellaria fenestrata
Small green algae
Cyclotella other species
Fragilaria capucina
Phase 3
Synedra ulna
Small green algae
Cyclotella other species
Tabellaria fenestrata
Fragilaria capucina
Phase 4
Synedra ulna
Small green algae
Cyclotella other species
Synedra acus
Fragilaria capucina
Phase 5
Synedra ulna
Small green algae
Fragilaria capucina
Cyclotella other species
Tabellaria fenestrata


51.3
32.8
5.1
3.6
1.5
9A.3
38.5
25.5
13.8
5.0
2.7
85.5
50.1
14.7
11.5
5.0
4.6
85.9
45.6
25.5
11.9
4.9
4.1
92.0
60.5
8.3
7.1
6.5
5.3
87.7
Slides
Phase 1
Synedra ulna
Small green algae
Merlsopedia
Synedra acus :
Cyclotella other species
Phase 2
Small freen algae
Synedra ulna
Dinobryon sertularia
Cyclotella other species
Tabellaria fenestrata
Phase 3
Small green algae
Synedra ulna
Cyclotella other species
Dinobryon sertularia
Synedra acus
Phase 4
Small green algae
Synedra ulna
Cyclotella other, species,
Dinobryon sertularia
Synedra acus
Phase 5
Synedra ulna
Tabellaria fenestrata
Fragilaria capucina
Small green algae
Cymbella lanceolata


29.1
.28.6
8.8
8.2
3.9
78.6
50.6
24.7
10.6
5.1
2.1
93.1
28.7
28.2
14.8
7.3
5.5
84.5
34.3
21.7
14.3
9.0
3.7
83.0
59.0
13.5
9.3
8.1
2.9
92.8

-------
                                                                     16






     The general distribution of predominant forms on the artificial




substrates differs  from that found with natural substrates in Lake




Superior by students of Olson and Odlaug  (1972).  Their five most




common organisms, by percent, growing  on  rocks up to 35 feet at Stoney




Point Bay in 1967 were Synedra acus  (47.2), Achnanthes microcephala (28.1),




Navicula spp (5.8), Cymbella spp  (5.4), and Gomphonema (2.5).  Achnanthes



microcephala and Synedra acus were the first and second most common,




respectively, when  this same location  was studied in 1966.  By comparison,




Achnanthes was relatively uncommon and Navicula and Gomphonema occurred




infrequently on our net and slide artificial substrates.  Some of these




differences found in the two most predominant organisms may be explained




by the comments of  Fox et al.  (1969) that Achnanthes; microcephala has a




special holdfast and is rarely found free-floating in water.  They also




found that Synedra  acus showed a preference for shallow water.




     Diatoms comprised the majority  of periphyton counted (Tables 5 and




6) .  Small-green algae accounted for a larger proportion of the total




count during phase  1, but diatoms still generally accounted for a.




greater percentage.  No differences were  apparent in the distribution




patterns of diatoms, greens, and blue-greens by transect location.




Fox e£ al. (1969) compared their Stoney Point distribution to 11 other




shallow water stations spread 107 miles along the north shore.  They




found that their periphyton distribution  remained about the same at




all sites.




     Artificial substrates have influenced the growth distributions




of periphyton (Sladeckova, 1962; Foerster and Schlicting, 1965).  The




intention of this study is not to determine the true distribution,




in an academic sense, of periphyton-type  algae in the off-shore lake

-------
e 5.  Distribution and percentage occurrence by transect location and sampling phase of  phyla  counted
      from the nylon net substrates.
-' "-' Guano Rock Grand Marais Sugar Loaf Shovel Point

Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non-diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified

Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non-diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified

Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non-diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified
Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non^diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified

Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non-diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified














.

93.4 73.0
0 0
6.6 27.0
0 0
0 0

70.9,
0.2
28.9
0
0


78.5
0
21.3
0.3
0
PHASE 1

35.3
0
64.7
0
0
PHASE 2

70.3
5.0
24.8
0
0
PHASE 3

- 75.0
0
25.0
0
0
PHASE 4
71.3
.-0.2- .
•26.7-^:
' 1.7
0.1
PHASE 5

57.6
0
42.4
0
0


41.6
0.2
58.3
0
0


87.7
0.03
12.2
0
0.1


73.5,
0.9
25. .6;
0
0

65.7
0.4
33.9
0
0


87.3
0
12.7
0
0
Split Rock


45.2
0
54.8
0
0


83.3
0.2
16.5
0
0


80.2
0
19.8
0
0

78.2
0.2
21.3
- 0.3
0


95.4
0
4.6
0
0
Silver Cliff


53.5
0.1
46.3
0
0


90.8
0
9.2
0
0


80.9
0
19.1
0 .
0

77.3
0.1
22.1.
0.3 -•'
0.


94.7
0
5.3
0
0

-------
Table 6.  Distribution and percentage occurrence by transect location and sampling phase of  phyla counted
          from the glass slide substrates.


Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non-diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified

Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non-diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified

Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non-diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified

Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non-diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified

Chrysophyta
Diatom
Non-diatom
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Unidentified
Guano Rock
















60.1
0
39.2
0
0.8


52.2
4.9
39.0
3.6
0.3


94,1
5.9
0
0
0
Grand Marais Sugar Loaf
PHASE 1

68.6
1.2
20.6
9.5
0.2
PHASE 2

31.9
57.6
8.2
2.1
0.7
PHASE 3

18.8 53.8
0 16.2
79.7 28.2
0 1.5
1.5 0.4
PHASE 4

52,6
18.8
16.8
11.9
0
PHASE 5

75.0
0.4
24.6
0
0
Shovel Point


32.6
0
53.5
13.9
0


75.8
9.1
14.4
0
0.8


56.7
20.8
22.8
0
0


48.6
10.0
35.0
6.2
0.1


80.1
0.7
18.1
1.1
0
Split Rock


50.0
0
37.8
12.2
0


25.3
0.9
73.1
0
0.7


73.4
6.3
20.3
0
0


45.0
7.9
34.9
11.2
1.0


83.3
0
16.7
0
0
.Silver Cliff


61.2
0
17.5
2.7
0.7


83.3
11.6
4.9
0
0.2


73.6
1.3
17.5
3.5
4.2


46.3
10.1
36.2
7.3
0.1


99.2
0.1
0.7
0
0

-------
                                                                     17






waters.  The differences In periphyton distribution In this study from




that of Olson and Odlaug (1972) may be partly related to the Inability




of some algae to grow on artificial type media.




     About two-thirds of the substrates were lost to the lake during




the fifth sampling period of four weeks duration.  Remaining substrates,




however, indicated higher levels of total cells on the glass slides and




greater concentrations of chlorophyll but not total cells on the nets.




Because of large substrate loss during this time, no further discussion




can be made as to the periphyton growth potential on substrates during




two as opposed to four week intervals in Lake Superior.




     Separate nylon nets and glass slides were used throughout this



study for each of the total count, chlorophyll, ash-free weight, and




tailings determinations.  In order to compare the linear relationship




between the analytical values, correlation coefficients were determined




as outlined by Snedecor and Cochran (1967).  Olson and Odlaug (1972)




have shown that periphyton populations in deeper water apparently




have increased pigment concentrations in response to lower light




intensity.  To eliminate the possible influence of depth, all 20 and




40 foot samples were analyzed separately.  Combining all the two-




week sampling phases showed that total cells and chlorophyll,




and total cells and ash-free weight values were significantly related




at each depth (P<0.05).  The twenty foot chlorophyll and ash-free weight




net values were significantly related but not at the 40 foot levels.




Analysis of the glass-slide biomass data showed no similar relationship




between total cells and ash-free weight.

-------
                                                                     18






     Grouping the biomass data by mean concentrations at each transect




location and by sampling phase revealed inconsistent patterns'(Table 7).




For example, an increase in mean total cell counts.did not necessarily




indicate concomitant increases in chlorophyll or ash-free weights.  The




highest average total cells were found at the Shovel Point transect,




and highest mean chlorophyll and ash-free veights at the Silver Cliff




transect.  The second sampling phase during August indicated the




highest overall periphyton growth.




     The substrate  stations closer inshore exhibited higher means in




biomass, and in dry and solid net weight values.  These mean levels




were about two times higher at the one mile as opposed to the more




offshore stations (Table 8).  This relationship closer inshore was not




as apparent for the glass slide substrates.  The heavy rainfalls occurring




during August and September, 1972 may have played an important role in




forming this relationship.




     Commercial fishermen have frequently complained of "slimes"




foulding their nets in the north shore waters of Lake Superior.  Published




reports by Olson (Putnam and Olson, 1961; Olson and Odlaug, 1972) have




shown that several  species of periphyton are present in these slimes.




The Cymbella group  has been cited by Olson and Odlaug (1972) as a




major periphyton slime constituent.  We found a low numerical percentage




of Cymbella species overall on our substrates (less than one percent).




When a comparison is made of the mean percentage occurrence of Cymbella




found throughout the two week sampling phases, three times more Cymbella




were found at the Split Rock and Silver Cliff transects than at transects

-------
|le 7.   Mean biological and chemical concentrations determined from the nylon net  substrates by transect




        location and sampling phase during the two week sampling periods.
By transect
Guano Rock
Sugar Loaf
Shovel Point
Split Rock
Silver Cliff
By phase
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Total
cells X103
3564
2675
6868
4491
3691
2092
7847
2143
4550
Chlorophyll-A
X10~* mg
0.81
0.86
1.23
1.05
1.38
0.58
1.20
1.07
1.15
Dry
weight (mg)
4.98
5.60
11.77
14.11
11.78
4.47
16.25
6.94
9.40
Ash-free
weight (mg)
1.56
1.41
2.23
2.53
3.98
1.39
2.98
1.43
2.95
Total
solids (mg)
5.3
7.6
13.1
16.6
19.8
11.9
20.9
8.9
9.0
Tailings
(mg)
<0.1
0.6
0.5
2.3
1.1
1.7
0.3
0.7
1.6

-------
Table 8.  Mean biological and chemical concentrations determined from the substrates  at  one,  three, and
          five nautical miles offshore during the two week sampling  periods.

Total cells X103
1 mile
3 mile
5 mile
Chlorophyll-a (mg X 10~2)
1 mile
3 mile
5 mile
Dry weight
1 mile
3 mile
5 mile
Ash-free weight
1 mile
3 mile
5 mile
total solids
1 mile
3 mile
5 mile
Total tailings
1 mile
3 mile
5 mile

Guano
Rock

5880
2584
982

1.33
0.28
0.43

8.34
1.78
6.45

2.61
0.64
0.96

8.75
3.13
3.50

<0.1
<0.1
<0.1

Sugar
Loaf

2795
2555
2209

0.90
0.63
1.01

5.85
5.19
5.78

1.05
1.55
1.68

8.30
6.47
8.88

0.4
0.7
0.7
NETS
Shovel
Point

10,304
4,898
8,580

2.12
0.63
0.69

16.13
7.96
12.82

3.03
1.50
2.72

20.92
7.84
10.95

0.2
0.7
0.4

Split
Rock

8786
3253
1699

1.81
0.71
0.48

26.03
8.14
6.47

4.00
1.83
1.56

27.25
9.75
10.99

5.1
0.6
0.9

Silver
Cliff

7342
1767
2658

2.17
0.59
0.34

17.88
9.29
5.52

4.71
4.79
1.18

29.75
7.85'
9.03

1.4
0.9
0.4

Guano Sugar
Rock Loaf

28 8
16 16
14 22





1.71 0.74
0.81 1.15
0.82 0.88

0.66 0.52
0.36 0.49
0.33 0.56








SLIDES
Shovel Split
Point Rock

22 85
18 9
34 16





1.50 3.25
1.13 1.71
1.58

0.87 1.00
0.66 0.49
0.77









Silver
Cliff

29
10
13





. 2.26
1,29
0.99

0.75
0.49
0.52









-------
                                                                     19






studied further northeast.  This pattern was not apparent with this group




counted from the glass slides.   No attempt was made during this study




to examine the substrates for slimes while being prepared for the counting




procedures.                                                   ;





c*   Solids and Tailings.



     Fine particles were frequently observed with the light microscope




while making total cell count determinations.  These particles were




described by the analyst on the bench sheets as being less than 1 to 2




microns in size.  At the Split Rock and Silver Cliff transects, the percent




of bench sheets noting "many particles" was more than twice as great




as found with transects further northeast.  Further analysis was not




performed to determine the chemical nature of these "fine" particles.




     Reserve Mining Company had a maintenance shut-down from July 24




to August 26, 1972.  Sampling phases one.and two were conducted during




the plant-off period.  Sampling periods three, four, and five were




conducted after the plant began to again discharge tailings into the




lake.  A decrease occurred in mean net tailings between sampling •




phases one and two, remained at about the same level during phases




two and three, and exhibited an increase during phase four to levels




originally determined from the first phase nets (Table 7).  However,




mean tailing determinations at the Sugar Loaf and Shovel Point transect




nets sampled during phase four did not approach levels found from the




first sampling phase (Table 9).  At only the Split Rock transect were




mean tailings not uniformly low from the sampling phase three nets.




Determinations from the phase four nets (in the lake from September 29




to October 13) were higher in mean tailings than that found with the first

-------
Table 9.  Mean total solids and tailings determined from the nylon net substrates by transect location and sampling
          phases.

Phase
1
2
3
4
Guano Rock
Solids Tailings
(rag) (mg)


4.5 <0.1
6.2 <0.1
Sugar
Solids
(mg)
7.3
10.1
7.2
3.6
Loaf
Tailings
(mg)
1.5
0.2
0.1
0.2
Shovel
Solids
(mg)
7.3
21.1
4.8
9.2
Point
Tailings
(mg)
2.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
Split
Solids
(mg)
16.5
21.9
15.9
11.9
Rock
Tailings
(mg)
2.1
0.4
2.5
4.3
Silver
Solids
(mg)
16.6
29.8
16.5
12.1
Cliff
Tailings
(mg)
1.3
0.2
0.6
2.5

-------
                                                                     20






sampling phase nets (July 28 to August 12).   Surface water current




information from this study was gathered only from the latter- three




sampling phases.                                                  •:;**§.




     Tailings were measured from the nylon nets at all transect



locations and mean levels are shown in Table 9.  Although the mean level




at the Guano Rock transect (61 miles northeast from Reserve) was < 0.1 mg




per net, 3 of 13 measurements were > 0.1 (in the detectable range),




see Appendix Tables 9-11.  Therefore an absolute control did not exist




during this study.




     No association was found when comparing mean net solids and




tailings by sampling phase and transect location (Table 9).  These




two analytical determinations did not correlate when all two week data^




was used.  However, the dry weight and total solids measurements at




20 and 40 feet did significantly correlate (P<0.05).




     Results are inconclusive when attempting to correlate total cells




and chlorophyll with the nylon net tailings data.  For these correlations,




tailings values < 0.1 were assigned a value of 0.0.  After combining




all the two-week sampling data, no significant differences were found




in relating total cells with tailings and chlorophyll with tailings by




depth (for both P>0.05).  However, significant statistical relationships




were found for both total cells and tailings and chlorophyll and tailings




at 20 feet when the fifth sampling phase data was also Included (P<0.05).




A detailed analysis of this data is presently being conducted by Dr.




E. C. Keller, Jr., West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.




Further statistical considerations will then be made upon completion




of his analysis.

-------
                                                                     21
                       Summary  and  Conclusions




1.   Mean water  transparency measurements at two transects southwest




from Reserve Mining Company vere less  than transects sampled northeast




from the plant.




2.   The predominant current direction measured in the surface water




layers  in the study area was in a  southwesterly direction.



3.   Diatoms comprised the largest portion of.  the periphyton forms




counted from both substrates.   Summarizing the periphyton forms by




phyla showed no  consistent differences at the  transect locations used




during  each  sampling phase.




4.   Significant correlations  were found at each depth between total




cells and chlorophyll, and dry weight  and solids from the two week




nylon net determinations.




5.   Higher  periphyton growth  and  solids concentrations were determined




from the most inshore nylon nets as opposed to those suspended offshcre




Mean tailings levels were more equally distributed except at Split




Rock where higher levels were  found closer inshore.



6.   Detectable  levels of tailings were  measured from nets suspcrced




in  the  North Shore waters as far as 61 miles northeast and 22 nilsr




southwest from the plant.




7.   Statistical considerations in this  report neither confirm nor




deny an association between periphyton growth  and taconite tailings.

-------
                                                                      22
                          Acknowledgements




     The authors wish to thank Floyd L. Boettcher for his diving




help during this study.  Richard Johnston, U. S. Environmental



Protection Agency, National Field Investigation Center, Cincinnati,




Ohio, also participated as a diver.  We are indebted to Robert R.




Nelson, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, for all total count




determinations and Robert U. Andrew for the tailing analyses.  Thanks




also to John Teasley for his efforts in insuring sample integrity




during transit from boat to analyst.  The patience and dedication




of our boat captain, Frank Zimmerman, U. S. Environmental Protection




Agency, National Field Investigation Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, is




also greatly appreciated.  We also appreciate the efforts of Mrs.




Barbara Halligan for drafting the tables contained in this report.

-------
                                                                      23
                             References




Adams, C. E., Jr.  1970.  Summer circulation in western Lake Superior.




     Proc. 13th Conf. Great Lakes Res., p. 862-879.



American Public Health Assoc., American Water Works Assoc., and Water




     Pollution Control Fed.  1971.  Standard Methods for the Examination




     of Water and Waste Water, American Public Health Assoc.,




     Washington, D.C., 874 pp.




Anita, N. J., McAllister, C. D., Parson, T. R., Stephens, K., and




     Strickland, J. D. H.  1963.  Further measurements of primary




     productivity using a large volume plastic sphere.  Limnol.




     Oceanogr. 8_: 166-183.



Arthur, J. W., and Homing, W. B. II.  1969.  The use of artificial




     substrates in pollution surveys.  Amer. Midi. Natur. 82: 83-89.




Cook, P. M.  1973.  X-Ray diffraction analysis of taconite tailings in




     water and sediment sampl-es.  National Water Quality Laboratory




     Report.




Creitz, G. I., and Richards, F. A.  1955.  The estimation and




     characterization of plankton populations by pigment analysis.




     III.  A note on the use of "millipore" filters in the estimation




     of plankton pigments.  J. mar. Res. 14_! 211-216.




Foerster, J. W., and Schlicting, H. E.  1965.  Phycoperiphyton in an




     oligotrophic lake.  Trans. Amer. microsc. Soc. 84; 485-502.




Fox, J. L.,  Odlaug, T. 0., and Olson, T. A.  1969.  The ecology of




     periphyton in western Lake Superior.  Part I - Taxonomy and




     distribution.  Water Resources Research Center, University of




     Minnesota, Bull. No. 14, 127 pp.

-------
                                                                       24
Huver, C. W.  1970.  Proc. of Conf.  in the Matter of Poll,  of Lake




     Superior and Trib. Basin - Minn., Wise., Mich.   Vol.  2,  p.  858-867.




Mclntire, C,. D., and Overton, W. S.   1971.  Distributional patterns




     in assemblages of attached diatoms from Yaquina Estuary, Oregon.




     Ecol. Monographs 52; 758-777.



Olson, T. A., and Odlaug, T. 0.  1972.  Lake Superior periphyton in




     relation to water quality.  Water Poll. Cont. Res. Ser., 18050-DBM,




     02/72, 253 pp.




Patrick, R., Hohn, M. H., and Wallace, J. H.  1954.   A new method for




     determining the pattern .of the diatom flora.  Notulae Natur.




     No. 259, 12 pp.




Peters, J. C., Ball, R. C., and Kevern, N. R.  1968.  An evaluation of




     artificial substrates for measuring periphyton production.




     Institute of Water Research, Tech. Report No. 1, Red Cedar  River




     Series, Michigan State University, 66 pp.



Putnam, H. D., and Olson, T. A.  1961.  Studies on the productivity




     and plankton of Lake Superior.   School of Public Health,




     University of Minnesota, 27 pp.




Ruschmeyer, 0. R., Olson, T. A., and Bosch, H. M.  1957.  Lake Superior




     Study - 1956.  School of Public Health, University of Minnesota.




Sladeckova, A.  1962.  Limnological investigation methods for the




     periphyton ("aufwuchs") community.  Bot. Rev. 28; 286-350.




Snedecor, G. W., and Cochran, W. G.   1967.  Statistical Methods,




     Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, 6th ed., 593 pp.    .

-------
                                                                      25
Swain, W. R., Olson, T. A., and Odlaug, T. 0.  1970.  The ecology




     of the second trophic level in Lakes Superior, Michigan, and




     Huron.  Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota,




     Bull. No. 26, 151 pp.



Waters, T. F.  1961.  Notes on the chlorophyll method of estimating




     the photosynthetic capacity of stream periphyton.  Limnol.




     Oceanogr. 6^: 486-488.



Weber, C. 1., and Raschke, R. L.  1966.  Use of a floating periphyton




     samples for water pollution surveillance.  Paper presented at




     Mid. Benthol. Soc., April 13-15, Mt. Pleasant, Mich., 22 pp.




Young, 0. W.  1945.  A limnological investigation of periphyton in




     Douglas Lake, Michigan.  Trans. Amer. microsc. Soc. 64t 1-20.

-------
APPENDIX

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-------
      Mineralogical and Suspended Solids
      Measurements of Water, Sediment and
           Substrate Samples for 1972
   Lake Superior Study:  Analytical Methods
                 Data Report
                April, 1973
               Robert W. Andrew
United States Environmental Protection Agency

       National Water Quality Laboratory

          Duluth, Minnesota  55804

-------
 I.    X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS FOR TACONITE TAILINGS  CONTENT:




      The general principles and applications of the  X-ray  diffraction




 method  have been amply documented in numerous texts  and  references,  a




 few of  which are listed in the attached bibliography (Klug & Alexander,




 1964, Pfluger,  1972).   Suffice it to say that this method  is the most




 widely  used method of  studying and identifying soils,  sediments and  other




 rock or mineral deposits.   The mineralogical nature  of the taconite  tailings




 makes them ideally suited  for study and analysis by  X-ray  diffraction




 methods.   The X-ray diffraction method is used in many cases as a quali-




 tative  tool for the identification of unknown materials, and in this sense




 it  can  be used  to '"trace"  the tailings in the various  waters and sediments




 of  the  Lake since the  tailings contain an assemblage of  minerals that yields




 a unique  X-ray diffraction pattern for identification purposes (See figure




 1-1).




      By proper  preparation of standard curves from mixtures.of standard




 or  reference minerals, the X-ray diffraction method  may  be used for




 quantitative analysis  of the minerals present and accuracy compares




 favorably with  that of other analytical methods (Klug  &  Alexander, 1964;




 Rickards, 1972).   Discussions of the mineralogical nature  of the tailings




 in  Lake Superior are ..contained in earlier reports from the laboratory




 (See Andrew,  1970)  and published proceedings of  the Conference on




Pollution of  Lake  Superior and  its Tributary  Basins.




     For  the  1972  studies by  the National Water  Quality Laboratory,  three




general types of samples were analyzed.  These include water samples from

-------
-T-/.
                                 MINERAL IDENTIFIED
                                  (MILLER INDEX)
                                 CHLORITE (001)
                                 MICA <001>
                                 CUMMINGTOMITE <080>
                                 COMM1NGTONITE <110>
                                 CKLOHITE (002)
                                 CHLOHITE (003)
                                 CUNMINGTONITE (040)
                                 QUflHTZ <100J
                                 CUKMINCTONITE (280)
                                 QUAKTZ (101)
                                 CUKM1N6TONITE (240)
                                 ACTINOLITE/TREMOLITE 11
                                 CUMMINCTONITE (310) •
I—• I :: -T ••.'»•-  -•
;.:-:.: !.!-!.,.1.1 .. f, ;•!-. :



                                      TAILINGS COMPOSITE
                                            <2
                                            86.3 KG
                                      r^r-r..^
                                     -t—-vH ;"

-------
both field and  laboratory Investigations, sediment samples of various




types, and substrate samples containing a high proportion of diatoms and



other-organic detritus.  Each of  these sample types were carried through




various preparative procedures  prior  to actual X-ray, diffraction analysis,



and appropriate standards or standard curves were prepared from various




particle size fractions of a composite sample of tailings collected from



the Reserve Mining Company's discharge launders over the period from



July 11 to 21,  1972.  Details of  the  preparative procedures for water




samples and sediment samples are  contained in the following sections and



in the Appendixes to this report.  Preparative methods for net samples are



reported elsewhere (Cook, 1973).



     Fortunately the mineralogical and particle size makeup of the tailings




is relatively constant, so that X-ray diffraction standard curves provide



an accurate relative estimate of  tailings content for more than one sample




type over long  periods of time.   Results are produced which at some times



will underestimate the actual quantity of tailings present, while at other



times the quantity is overestimated.  Results of quality control checks



and experiments as reported in  the following sections show, that these two




cases occur with about equal frequency and the deviations from the "true"




values are not  large.



     The instrumental conditions  and  parameters as •used for'the various




analyses reported are summarized  in Appendix A-l.  Throughout the period



of time that X—ray diffraction  analyses were performed, daily (and at times




hourly) checks  of Instrument performance were made by scanning a single



standard sample of pure cummingtonite.  Peak heights recorded for this




standard were used to prepare a quality control chart for the instrument

-------
(shorn in'figure 1-2).  When the standard peak height exceeded quality .control



limits at any time, the instrument was repaired—or other source of deviation




corrected,, and all samples analyzed during that period were rerun.

-------
                                                            nouns JT-2.


                                                            OUM.1TY CONTBOL CHART
                                                            X-IKVY U1FFHACTOMETEH
                                        pi
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                                                                                      it
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                                                               1
OCCUHRENCES K- ON RERUN


8.  10/81/72    INSTSUMWT COLD-  O.X. ON WARMUP.


3.  10/23/T8    INSTRUMENT MALFUNCTION. TRANSISTOR REPLACED. ALL

               SAMPLES HCHUN.


«.  IO/-M/73    Cftl!» KKAUJUSTKU FOLLOWING 1O/8J IIEPfllH.



S.  10/Z7/78    GAI.1 AGAIN READJUSTED-


«.  11/8/78     77  CAUSE UNK.MOKN. O.K. ON RERUN.

-------
II.  WATER SAMPLES.                                   :


   '  The detailed  lab procedure as followed for all water samples is

                      I      '          .        "     :  ' ':'.
shown In Appendix  B-l.  Millipore* filters (type HA) with a pore size


of 0.45/n were used to filter 4-6 liters of most of the samples.  In


order to maintain  the same accuracy however,-as much as  11 liters of


occasional samples having a very low  suspended solids .content were filtered.


Suspended solids contents were determined by the weight  increase on


preweighed filters, and calculated on a per liter basis.


     Filtering and weighing experiments were performed to determine the


magnitude of error to be expected using this procedure'.'  Filtration of


varying volumes of distilled water showed that the filters lost an average


of 0.32 + 0.99 mg, due to the leaching of soluble materials from the


filters'.'  This agrees well with a value of 0.31 ± 0.07 reported in the


literature (Eaton et. al, 1969).  Because of this loss a correction of


40.3 mg was applied to the filter weight increase for all water samples at


the time of final tabulation and calculation. The weighing experiments


showed -that for particular samples and/or filters a weighing accuracy of


±0.1 to 0.2 mg could be obtained.  For routine water samples the'limit


of accuracy was approximately ±0.5 - 0.6 mg(0.1 to 0.15  mg/1 for AL samples).


    •The tailings content (mg/1) of the water samples were estimated by


mounting the millipore filters (and the filtered solids) on glass slides


and subjecting the prepared mounts to X-ray diffraction  analysis (see


Section I and Appendix A).   All samples were scanned, twice from 8° to 13°


and once from 28° to 29" at 1°/minute.  The peak heights (intensity) of the


     ^Mention of commercial product does not constitute  endorsement by


      EPA.

-------
8. AA? 0-10)peaks  for  the  two  runs were  averaged  for each sample and




compared to a standard curve for the calculation  of the tailings content




of the solids.   The .3.07A0  (310) peak  of  cummingtonite was used quali-




tatively to confirm  the  presence of tailings.   Complete scans from 6-35°




were made of selected smaples for  complete  identification purposes.




    Standard curves  prepared from  both < 2p  and < 5u tailings  (see Figures




II-l and 11-2) were  utilized in the calculation of various types of water




samples, depending on the nature of the samples.  All surface water samples,




as collected by  Mr.  A. Lemke at 0-40 ft.  depths,  and all samples collected




by Mr. W. Rittal and Dr. D.  S. Baumgartner  were calculated using the < 2/i




standard curve.  Experimental studies  by  Dr. K. Beisinger and Mr. S. Hedtke




utilized the<5/i tails composite as a  source of tailings in  the experiments.




Thus the<5/i standard curve was used to calculate  the initial concentrations




in these experiments.  When  it became  obvious that much of the coarse




tailings fraction  (5-2u) was settling  rapidly in  these experiments, both




curves were utilized in  placing upper  and lower limits on the estimated




tailings concentrations, i.e., the settled  material should have a particle




size distribution with a mean upper limit somewhere between  these extremes.




    In order to  determine the overall  precision and reproducibility of the




method as used,  paired samples with and without known additions of O^i tailings




periodically were analyzed by this procedure, in  the same manner as the field




samples.  Concentrations of  tailings were determined on both samples, and the




recovery of the  added tailings was determined by  difference.  Results of




these recovery trials are summarized in the following table:

-------
       H-j-H-fH-t
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iktffit

-------
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-------
Table II-l.    Recovery of known additions of tailings to water samples
              (by difference).*
Level of
Addition
(mg/D
0.1
0.2 - 0.3
0.4 - 0.75
0.75 - 1.25
All
No. of
Samples
21
22
11
9
63
Mean
Recovery
(% + S.D.)
103 + 34
113 + 28
90 + 14
83 + 13
101 + 29
Coefficient
of Variation
(% of Mean Recovery)
33
25
.15
15
28
    *Data tables showing the sample numbers, quantities added,
     recoveries etc.  are shown in Appendix B-2.              •

-------
     The  additions  were made over a several month time span to a wide




range of  sample types containing varying amounts of  total solids, organic




matter, and  clay minerals,  thus  this summary provides reasonable estimates




of  the precision'and  reproducibility of  the method at various concentration




levels.   Recoveries were slightly higher than 100% at the lower levels of




addition,  indicating  that sensitivity of the method  is not lost at this




level.  As expected,  precision (as indicated by the  coefficient of variation)




was considerable better at  the higher levels of addition.




     Use  of  the standard curve and addition of know  quantities of tailings




also provide an estimate of the  lower limit of detection with the method.




A total of 0.15 mg  of tailings/sample was determined to be the approximate




lower limit  of  material providing a peak in the X-ray diffraction pattern




measurably above background (4-5 chart divisions).   For typical 4L samples




this is equivalent  to approximately 0.04mg/l.  Samples with peak heights



in  this range were  reported as having a  "trace" of tailings present.  Samples




with smaller peaks  or no measureable peak were reported as "none detected".




     For  4 liter samples,, concentrations  of 0.2 mg/1  or more were positively




confirmed as tailings by the presence of the (310) peak of cummingtonite for




quantities less than  this,  the presence  of the amphibole and quartz peaks




and the absence of  the natural clay mineral peaks of chlorite/kaolinite and




mica were used  as positive  identification of tailings.




     Only six of the  several hundred water samples analyzed using these




methods, had calculated tailings concentrations equal to or greater than




the total solids concentration.   These samples were  all within 1-2 miles




of  the discharge delta,  and may  have had a high proportion of particles greater

-------
than 2^i, resulting In overestimation of the tailings content when using




the^2u standard curve.  For reference purposes complete X-ray diffraction




scans of a few representative water samples are shown in Appendix B-3.

-------
II.  LAKE SEDIMENT AND SEDIMENT TRAP SAMPLES




     Sediment samples as received for analysis consisted of untreated cores,




grab samples, or suspension.  Each of these were concentrated by centrifu-




gatlon or sedimentation in such a way as to obtain 0.2 to 0.5 g. wet weight




or sediment for analysis.  Each sample was treated using the detailed pro-




cedure, shown in Appendix t-1, to oxidize the organic matter, remove the




free iron oxides and separate various particle size fractions for X-ray




diffraction analysis.  Each of these steps were designed so as to remove




interferants and to concentrate the mineral particulate matter prior to the




final analysis.




     The majority of the sediment samples analyzed for the 1972 Lake study




were separated into two fractions above and below 2u in size, respectively.




To facilitate analysis of sediment samples in this study, a number of changes




were made in the analytical procedures from those reported earlier (see Andrew,




1970).  It was found, for example, using mixtures of tailings and natural




sediments that X-ray diffraction peak height  (amphibole 110 peak) vs. %




tailings was essentially flat when the sample contained 7-10 mg of tailings




or more.  For 25 mg samples, used in previous studies, tailings contents




above 30-40% could not be measured quan-tttattyely except-to say that they



were higher than this amount, but, by using only 5 mg samples in tthe present




studies, quantitative results up to 100% tailings were obtained.  Use of




5 mg samples also reduced the "matrix effects" of the natural sediments with




which the tailings are mixed.  Using this approach, as shown in Figure III-l,




instrument response vs. % tailings is linear and independent of the type




of natural sediment present with the tailings.  The standard curve shown

-------
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-------
in Figure Hl-1 was used for calculation of % tailings in the .^2/1 fraction.




     A composite tailings reference sample, noted earlier, was used rather




than the mineral cummingtonite for the preparation of the standard curve.




The principle reason for this rests in having a single standard or "frame of




reference" for all of the various studies, and in the ability to calculate




tailings content directly without  resorting to conversion factors and




deduction of background levels of amphibole from other sources.




     Using the linear relationship shown  in Figure I1I-1, the mean deviation




(residual errors) for the 25 samples used to prepare the curve was 4.8% with




extremes of +11.7 and -11.9%.  The coefficient of variation was ± 19.6%.




The minimum detection limit is approximately 5%, although this is improved




considerably by comparing X-ray patterns  with those of underlying (or non-




contaminated) sediment from the same area of the Lake or by using larger




samples on the filter.  For 25 ing. samples the lower limit of detection




is 1.5-2% tailings.



     For the fractions coarser than  2u only semi-quantitive estimates




from relative peak heights (or ratios) can be made, and results are re-




ported qualitatively, as indicating the presence or absence of tailings.

-------
                              Conclusions:






1.  Taconite tailings were measurable in lake water samples using X-ray




    diffraction methods with an overall precision of + 28%.  For samples




    with more than 0.4 mg/1 this improved to + 15%.  Precision at or




    near the lower limit of detection (0.1 mg/1)  was + 33%.




2.  Tailings were measured routinely in <"2u sediment and. sediment trap




    samples with, a coefficient of variation of + 20%.  The lower limit




    of detection for the routine method was approximately 5% tailings.




    Using additional laboratory and instrumental techniques this could




    be extended to approximately 0.5% for more distant samples.

-------
                                   BIBLIOGRAPHY




1.     Eaton,  J.  S.j  Likens, G.  E.,   and Bormann.   1969




            Use  of membrane filters in gravimetric analyses  of  particulate




            matter in natural waters.   Water Resources Res.   5(5):   1151-1156




2.     Andrew,  R.  W,-   1970



            Distribution of taconite tailings in the sediments  of  the




            Western  Basin of Lake  Superior.   Investigations  by  the  staff




            of the National Water  Quality Laboratory.   Himep Report.




            pp.29-51.




3.     Soil  Chemical  Analysis,  Advanced Course.   1956.  M. L, Jackson,




            Univ. of Wisconsin.  Fubl. by Author.




4.     Chose,  S.   1961




            The  crystal  structure  of cummingtonite.




            Acta  Cryst.    14:  622-627.




5.     Ghose,  S.  and  Hellner,  E.  1960




            The  crystal  structure  of Grunerite and observations on  the




            Mg-Fe distribution.  Jour. Geol.   67:691.




6.     Klein,  C.,  Jr.   1964




          .  Cummingtonite-Grunerite series:   A chemical,  optical and




            X-ray study.   Am. Min.    49:  963-982.




7.     Gunderson,  J.  N. and Schwartz, G. M. 1962




            The geology  of the  metamorphosed Biwabik iron-formation,




            Eastern  Mesabi District, Minn. Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  No. 43




            Univ. of Minn.  Press.




8.     Green, Carol D.  1971




          • Late  Quarternary  sedimentation in Lake Superior.   Ph.D Thesis.




            Univ. of Mich.

-------
 9.  Henderson, J. H., Jackson, M. L., Syers, J. K., Clayton. R. N.,




          and Rex, T. W.  1971




          Cristobalite authigenic origin in relation to montmorillonite




          and quartz origin in bentonites.  Clays and Clay Mins.




          19: 229-238.




10.  Kiely, P. V. and Jackson, M. L.  1964.




          Selective dissolution of micas from potassium feldspars by




          sodium pyrosulfate fusion of soils and sediments.




          Am. Min. 49: 1648-1659.




11.  X-ray Diffraction Procedures.  1964.  Klug and Alexander, J. Wiley




          and Sons Publ. pp. 125-161.




12.  Copeland, L. £. and Bragg, R. H.  1958.




          Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis.




          Anal. Chem. 30(2): 196-201.




13.  Rickards, A. L.  1972.




          Estimation of trace amounts of chrysotile asbestos by X-ray




          diffraction.  Anal. Chem. 44(11): 1872-1873.




14.  Till, R. and Spears, D.A.  1969.




          The determination of quartz in sedimentary rocks using an




          X-ray diffraction method.  Clays and Clay Mins. 17: 323-327.




15.  Pfluger, C. E.  1972.



          X-ray diffraction:  Annual Reviews.  Anal. Chem. 44(5):




          563R-572R.                                       "•.;-

-------
APPENDIX A-l                                                  R- W. Andrew
                                                              NWQL
                                                              July 5, 1972
     Sample Preparation for Solids Analysis by X-ray Diffraction

     Standardx-ray Settings.

     U.M.D. Picker Nuclear Diffractometer.

     1.   Cu K-alpha tube, 40 KEV, 16 ma.  Nickel filter.   1°  slits.

          0.010 receiving slit.  D = 1.5418 A°.

     2.   Gain 10, discriminators = lower 500, upper - 1000.   H.V.  =

          1,000. Disc range = 100%.

     3.   Range = 1 K.  Time constant = 3 sec.  (For selected  samples

          range = 300, 10 sec. may be used.)

     4.   Scan rate 1° or 1/4° 2 t^eta/min.  Chart speed 1/2 or 1/8"/

          min.

     5.   Scale expansion.  Full.  (100).

     6.   Zero suppression.  Adjust at 8° to give a chart reading of

          10-20% full scale on the same range as samples are to be run.

     7.   See attached table for d-spacing interpolation.

-------
APPENDIX A-l.
                COPPfcR - Ka; X : 1.5418 A.
29
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
17
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
23
29
20
31
32
33
.34
'35
33
37
33
39
40
•li
~2
•43
44
45
45
47
45
43
.0
44.171
23.449
22.039
17.673
14.730
12.628
11.051 '
9.8254
8.3450
8.0430
7.3750
6.8008
8.3258
5.S030
5.5391
5.2154
4.9279
4.6707
4.4394
4.2302
4.0401
3.8567
3.7078
3.5617
3.4269
3.3022
3.1835
3.0739
2.9785
2.8347
2.7958
2.7143
2.63S7
2.5G35
2.4947
2.4235
2.3673
2.SC04
2.2539
2.S012
2.1511
2.1034
2.0579
2.0144
1.9723
1.3333
1.C.353
1.8533
53. 1.8241
51
52
53
D'i
;>5
1.7906
1.7535
:.71!77
1.60BO
1 .CC95
SCjJLr.420
5*i^A.C155
£•.6301
- -. ~ - - " c
OJ i.OOJD
cO
1.5418
.1
42.063
23.439
21.550
17.327
14.438
12. '150
10.915
9.7173
8.7576
7.S708
7.3142
6.7530
6.2309
5.8671
5.5043
5.1852
4.SCC9
4.6465
4.4175
4.2104
4.0220
3.8502
3.6925
3.5477
3.4140
3.2903
3.1754
3.G6S5
2.9683
2.8755
2.7383
2.7063
2.6232
2.5565
2.4330
2.4232
2.3513
2.3037
2.2485
2.1951
2.1462
2.03=7
2.0534
2.0102
1.9S5D
1.9 £94
1.3315
1.S554
1.3207
1.7374
1.7554
1.7247
1.0351
1.56«7
'1.6303
1.C130
1.5573
1.5=3:
l.c j35
-.2
40.156
27.609
21.037
16.994 "
14.255
12.277
10.782
9.6122
8.6720
7.8998
7.2545
6.7071
6.2389
5.8238
5.4711
5.1552
4.8742
4.6225
4.3959
4.1907
4.0042
3.8338
3.6773
3.5339
3.4012
3.2734
3.1644
3.0582
2.9592
2.8535
2.7793
2.6934
2.6217
2.5495
2.4813
. 2.4169
2.3559
2.2331
2.2432
2.1910
2.1414
2.0941
2.0490
2.0030
1.9649
1.9255
1.3379
1.8519
1.8173
1.7841
1.7523
1.7217
1.G322
1.6639
1.5367
1.6104
1.5351
1.5007
1.5371
.3
38.410
26.773
20.548
16.673
• 14.023
12.109
10.652
9.5091
8.5830
7.8302
7.1957.
6.6569
6.1935
5.7909
5.4378
5.1257
4.8478
4.5933
4.3744
4.1713
3.9864
3.8176
3.6527
3.5201
3.3835
3.2666
3.1534
3.0480
2.9437
2,8577
2.7715
2.6905
2.6143
2.5425
2.4747
2.4106
2.35CO
2 23 2*
2.2378
2.1359
2.1365
2.0335
2.0445
2.0018
1.9609
1.9217
1.8342
1.8-183
1.8133
1.7603
1.7491
1.7187
1.6834
1.C612
1.6340
1.G073
1.58S3
1.5:33
1.5343
.4
36.810
25.985
20.032
16.365
13.810
11.946
10.526
9.4032
8.5057
7.7817
7.1379
6.6074
6.1507
5.7535
5.4049
5.0964
4.8216
4.5753
4.3532
4.1520
3,9689
3.8015
3.6479
3.5055
3.3759
3.2549
3.1428
3.0379
2,9402
2.8488 '
2.7631
2.6327
2.5069
2.5355
2.4682
2.4044
2.3441
2.2339
2,2325
2.1809
2.1317
2.0849
2.0402
1.9973
1.9569
1.9179
1.8306
1.3448
1.8105
1.7776
1.7460
1.7157
1.6365
1.0584
1.6313
1.C053
1.5801
1.5550
1.5'J^D
.5
35.333
25.243
13.633
16.038
13.538
11.787
10.402
9.3033
8.4249
7.6944
7.C810
6.5537
6.1035
5.7163
5.3723
5.0675
4.7958
4.5521
4.3322
4.1329
3.9515
3.7355
3.6332
3.4930
3.3634
3.2433
3.1318
3.0278.
2.CS03
2.8400
2.7549
2.5749
2.5333
2.5236
2.4616
2.5332
2.3332
2.2313
2.2273
2.1759.
2.1270
2.0304
2.0359
1.9335
1.9529
1.9141
1.3769
1.3413
1.S072
1.7744
1.7430
1.7127
1.5333
i.6556
1.3237
1.6027
1.5777
*«00u D
1.5302
.6
33.979
24.542
19.209
15.731 1
13.392
11.632
10.231
9.2123
8.3453
7.6283
7.0251
6.5107
6.0359
5.6802
5.3402
5.0390
4.7702
4.5291
4.3114
4.1140
3.9342
3.7637
3.6137
3.4796
3.3510
3.2318
3.1210
3.0178
2.9214
2.6312
2.7463
2.6671
2.5923
2.5218
2.4551
2.3321
2.3324
2.2753
2.2220
2.1709
2.1222
2.0758
2.0316
1.9393
1.9489
1.9103
1.3733
1.8373
1.8039
1.7712
1.7339
1.7C03
1.6803
1.6520
1.6250
1.G002
1.5752
1.5512
1.5273
.7
32.721
23.879
18.800
15.504
13.192
11.431
10.163
9.1178
8.2578
7.5634
6.9699
6.4634
6.0259
5.6442
5.3084
5.0107
4.7450
4.5063
4.29C8
4.0953
3.9171
3.7540
3.6043
3.4362
3.3336
3.2203
3.1104
3.0079
2.9122.
2.8225
2.7G35
2.65S5
2.5351
2.5149
2.4437.
2.33SO
2.3233
2.2703
2.2168
2.1659
2.1175
2.C713
2.0273
1.9852
1-.9450
1.00S5
1.8697
1,8344
1.8005
1.7630
1.7363
1.7063
1.6779
1.6502
1.G234
l.f,J76
1.5723
1.5433
1.5257 •
•8
31.552
23.251
I3XOD
15.237
12.993
11.334
10.043
9.0250
8.1915
7.4395
8.9157
6.4168
5.9854
5.6083
5.2771
4.9323
4.7199
4.4833
4.2704
4.0767
3.9001
3.7335
3.5900
3.4530
3.3234
3.2C90
3.0933
2.9380
2.0029
2.8133
2.7303
2.6518
2.5779
2.5031
2.4422
2.3799
2.32C8
2.2643
2.2116
2.1603
2.1127
2.0863
2,0230
1.9311
1.9411
'1.8028
1.8531
1.8309
1.7972
1.7843
. 1.7333
1.7039
1.6751
1.6474
1.6208
. 1.5351
.1.5703
1.54C5
1.5234
.9
30.464
22.655
13.034
14.S73
12.810
11.191
•9.S355
8.S341
8.1166
7.4337
6.8624
' 6,3703
5.9454
5.5737
5.2461
4,3552
4.5352.
4.4515
4.2502
4.0533
3.S333
3.7231
3.5753
3.4399
3.3143
3.1377
3.CS93
2.9832
2.8933
2.3053
2.7223
2.6442
2.5707
2.5014
2.4353
2.3733
2.3151
2.2533
2.2C54
2.1550
2.1030
2.0623
2.0187
1.9770
1.9372
1.S990
1.S625
1.8275
1.7339
1.7617
1.7307
1.7C03
1.6723
1.6-147
1.6-132
J.S925
1.5370
i.5441
1.5211

-------
APPENDIX B-l                                                    R. W. Andrew
                                                                NWQL
                                                                June 28, 1972

Sample Preparation for Solids Analysis by X-ray Diffraction

Water Samples  (Millipore Filter Method)

1.   Use 0.45 Millipore filters  (or equivalent).  Number individual
     filters  (using ball point pen) on outer edge of filter.

2.   Place pre-numbered filters in oven  @ 70-75° C and dry overnight.
     Small trays covered with Kim-Wipes  (or similar absorbent paper)
     are used  to hold filters during all drying and weighing operations.
     Note!  Handle dry filters only with tweezers.

3.   Remove filters from oven and allow  to cool for 2 minutes.  (Cooling
     in a dessicator is recommended in humid atmospheres).  Weigh and
     record filter weights to nearest 0.1 mg.  Replace filters in oven
     until used.

4.   Using pre-weighed filters, filter water samples using glass
     millipore vacuum filtration apparatus, with the following as a
     general guide to volumes to be filtered:

           Clear samples   -4 to 6 liters
           Slightly turbid -2 liters
           Turbid          -1 liter (or  less)

     As a final step in filtration, police down the inside of the
     filter funnel using 5 ml distilled  water and a rubber policeman.
     Do not include the distilled water  volume as part of the total
     sample volume.

5.   Replace filter (plus sample) in the oven and dry to constant
     weight @  70-75° C.  (Overnight drying will be sufficient for
     most samples.   However, samples with a high organic content
     may require longer to come to constant weight.)

6.   Weigh and record final filter weight to nearest 0.1 mg.

7.   Mount the oven dried millipore filters on 1" x 2" glass microscope
     slides for X-ray diffraction, using "double sided" scotch tape.
     Trim the  sides of the filter  (wider than 1") using the edge of
     a second  glass slide.

8.   X-ray the mounted filters using the standard instrument settings
     (see X-ray procedure) and a scan rate of 1° (2-theta) per minute.
     Record the peak ht. (intensity)  of the (110) 8.4 A° and (310)
     3.07 A° peaks of cununingtonite for  each sample filter.

-------
APPENDIX B-l                                                  R.  W. Andrew
                                                              NWQL
                                                              June 28, 1972
 9.  Prepare a standard curve for analysis using a dilute suspension

     of <2u tailings standard.  Several filters containing approximately

     1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/filter of tailings respectively, should be prepared

     and X-rayed at the same time as the sample filters.

10.  Calculations:

     A.   Suspended solids (mg/1) = (Final wt.. mg 4- 0.3 -. Init. wt.. mg.)
                                             Sample vplume, IV

     B.   1.   Plot std. curve of pk. ht. vs.<2/i tailings/filter.

          2.   Determine mg/filter for each sample.

          3.   Solids % tailings = mg tailings x 100
                                   mg total solids

          4.   Tailings concentration (mg/1) = mg tailings/sample vol., 1.

-------
APPENDIX B-2
Recoveries of known additions of tailings to water samples
(by difference)
                   Recoveries of 0.4-0.5 mg. additions  (%)
          63
         100
          75
         113
         110
          88
         130
         106
         106
          69
         113
         110
         100
         110
         100
         116
         106
          83
          70
          95
         106
          95
          78
44
55
140
153
148
153
140
Recoveries of
73
90
78
153
150
118
150
Recoveries of
74
74
74
85
Recoveries of
72
72
80
79
85
135
95
78
58
110
90
0.8-1.3 mg.
145
148
163
126
91
84
105
1.5-3.0 mR.
92
90
91

3.0-5.0 mR.





N = 21

Mean = 103.0 +34.1



additions (%)


N = 22

Mean = 112.9 +28.1


additions (%)
N = 11

Mean = 89.5 + 13.7

additions (%)
N = 9

Mean = 83.0 +12.6

                              Mean = 101.3 + 28.6

-------
APPENDIX B-2 (continued)
VOLUME    FILTER
FILT (L)  WT. (mg)'
WT. TAILS   WT. TAILS
ADDED (mg)  MEAS.  (mg)
WT. RECOV.
BY DIFF.  (mj>)
RECOVERY

;5 1.5
5 1.0
5 1.8

5 1.2
;4 5.8
4 2.5

5 3.0
4 LOST
4 LOST

8 0.5
5 1.1
5 1.3
BB-ONS-72-1M
-
0.5
1.0
BB-ONS-73-1M
-
5.0
2.5
BB-INS-76-1M
-
0.4
0.8
BB-ONB-97-152M
-
0.5
1.0
''
0.05
0.55 0.55
1.10 1.10

0.05 -
4.75 4.75
2.65 2.65

0.05
0.35 0.35
0.80 0.80

0.25
0.90 0.65
1.35 1.10

-
110
110

-
95
106

-
88
100

-
130
110

-------
APPENDIX B-2  (continued)
VOLUME    FILTER          WT.TAILS    WT.  TAILS    WT.  RECOV.          %
FILT (L)  WT.  (rag)        ADDED  (me)   MEAS.  (mg)    BY DIFF.  (mg)    RECOVERY

4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4

5
4
4
4
LAB RAW WATER
5.6
5.7
7.4
7.5
9.2
12.0
LAB RAW WATER
3.2
3.7
3.7
4.7
6.4
9.3

7.1
LOST
LOST

5.2
3.8
4.5
7.3
INTAKE 10/24
-
0.4
0.8
1.6
3.2
6.4
INTAKE 10/27
-
0.4
0.8
*
1.6
3.2
6.4
BB-ONS-66-1M
-
0.4
0.8
BB-ONS-71-1M
-
0.4
0.8
3.2

0.30
0.55
1.15
1.90
2.55
4.05

0.30
0.70
1.15
2.15
3.35
6.0

0.05
0.30
0.55

0.05
0.45
0.90
3.40

-
0.25
0.85
1.60
2.25
3.75

-'
0.40
0.85
1.85
3.05
5.7

-
0.30
0.55

- ,
0.45
0.90
3.40

-
63
106
100
70
59

-
100
106
116
75
89

-
75
69

-
113
113
106

-------
APPENDIX B-2 (continued)
VOLUME    FILTER         WT.TAILS    WT.  TAILS     ,WT.  RECOV..        %
FILT (L)  WT. (mg)       ADDED  (mg)  MEAS.  (mg)     BY DIFF.  (mg)    RECOVERY
LL-0671
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1.6
1.3
1.7
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.6
3.3
3.7
4.6
6.5
6.3
8.7
10.9
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
4.0 -
5.0
5.0
7.5
8.0
0.7i|
V0.625
0.54J
0.85
1.36
1.87
2.11
2.48
2.48
3.18
3.76
4.23
4.23
5.1+
6.1+
—
0.22
0.73
1.24
. 1. 48 .
1.85
1.85
2.55
3.13
3.60
3.60
4.5+
5.5+
_
44
73
83
74
74
74
85
78
72
72
60
69

-------
APPENDIX B-2  (continued)
VOLUME    FILTER  -        WT.  TAILS    WT.  TAILS    WT. RECOV.        %
FILT (L)  WT.  (mfe)        ADDED (mg)   MEAS.  (rag)    BY PIPE,  (mg) RECOVERY
LL- 01061
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0.7
0.8
1.3
2.0
1.9
2.7
3.3
3.2
4.4
5.6
0
0
0.5
1.25
1.25
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.75
5.0
0
0
0.27
1.13
0.97
1.84
2.26
2.28
3.00
3.95
-
-
0.27
1.13
0,97
1.84
2.26
2.28
3.00
3.95
-
-
55
90
78
92
90
91
80
79

-------
APPENDIX B-2 (continued)
SAMPLE    VOL.     FILTER   WT. STD.    PK  WT. TAILS  WT. RECOV.       %
NO* (LL.)  FILT.      WT.     ADDED      ht    MEAS.    BY DIFF.     RECOVERY
635
n
636
"
637
ti
638
it
639
it
640
"'
641
n
642
n
643
"
644
n
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1.2
0.9
1.2
2.1
1.4
1.9
1.6
2.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1-2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.7
1.2
1.6
1,2
1.6
0
0.4
0
0.8
0
0.8
0
0.8
0
0.4
0
0.4
0
0.4
0
0.8
0
0.4
0
0.8
0
12.3
0
21.3
0
21.0
0
17.8
0
13
0
12.8
0
13
0
21
0
12.3
0
20.5
0
0.56
0 .
1.22
0
1.20
0
0.94
0
0.61
0
0.59
0
0.61
0
1.20
0
0.56
0
.1.16
-
0. 56 140
-
1. 22 153
-
1.20 150
-
0.94 1.18
.
0.61 153
- ,
0. 59 148
_
0.61 153
- - .
1.20 150
-
0. 56 140
-
1.16 145

-------
APPENDIX B-2  (continued)
SAMPLE    VOL.     FILTER   WT. STD.    PK  WT. TAILS  WT. RECOV.     %
NO (LL.)  FILT.      WT.     ADDED      ht    MEAS.    BY DIFF.    RECOVERY
645
646
it
647
ii
648
ii
649
ii
650
ii
651
ii
652
ii
653
ii
654
ii
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1.2
1.1
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.3
2.0
1.5
1.1
.1-2
1.6
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
3.3
1.9
2.3
2.1
0
0
0.8
0
0.4
0
0.8
0
0.4
0
0.8
0
0.4
0
0.8
0
0.4
0
0.8
6
0
20.8
2
12
0
22.3
6.5
13.0
5.8
21
9.3
14.3
9
19.7
4.5
9.0
4.0
15.5
0.2
0
1.18 1.18
0,04
0.54 0.54
0
1.30 1.30
0.23
0.61 0.38
0.19
1.20 1.01
0.38
0.69 0.31
0.36
1.09 0.73
0.13
0.36 0.23
0.11
0.78 0.67
-
-
148
-
135
-
163
-
95
-
126
-
78
-
91
-
58
-
84

-------
APPENDIX B-2 (continued)
SAMPLE    VOL.     FILTER   WT.STD.  PK WT. TAILS  WT. RECOV.      %
NO. (LL.) FILT.   .   WT.     ADDED   ht   MEAS    ' BY DIFF.     RECOVERY
655
ii
656
ii
657
ii
658
ti
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1.8
1.8
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.9
0
0.4
0
0.8
0
0.4
0
0.8
2.5
11.3
0
16.3
0
9
2
16
0.06
0.50
0
0.84
0
0.36
0.04
0.81
- •• .
0.44 110
-'• . :
0.84 105
-, •
0.36 90
_
0. 77 96

-------
APPENDIX B-3
                                                                                                   2.

-------
                  APPENDIX  B-3
> .'*»•« OWJl^9  USUV)
                               flftlYH flil^FfimiPitfHP

-------
APPENDIX B-3

-------
APPENDIX B-3
5.
                                                                                       HUOA MIN uwuna  NOUWCVIUOO oiauiuoa aiHdwa

-------
 APPENDIX C-l                                                  R.  W.' Andrew
                                                               NWQL
                                                               June 29,  1972
                                                               Rev. Dec  11, 1972


 Sample Preparation for Solids Analysis by X-ray Diffraction

 Sediment Samples-  (Including < 2u separation)

 1.    Weigh approximately 500 mg (wet weight) of sediment into a labeled
      100 ml round-bottom centrifuge tube, and wash to bottom of tube with
       20 distilled water.

 2.    Add 10 ml fresh 30% hydrogen peroxide, mix and place on hot plate
      in a water bath at approximately 90-95° C. for several hours.
      Treat samples high in organic matter (as evidenced by continued
      frothing) with an additional 10 ml 1^02 and heat for an additional
      2-3 hours.

 3.    Evaporate to near dryness to decompose any remaining

 4.    Resuspend solids in approximately 50 ml of citrate/buffer solution
      (see Reagents below) , and place in a water bath on hot plate at
      70-75° C.

 5.    Stir well and bring sample temperature to approx. 70° C.
      Note:  Avoid heating above 80° C. to prevent formation of FeS or free
      sulfur in the following steps.

 6.    When 70° C is reached, add approx. 2g solid Na2S204 (dithionite),
      stirring constantly for 1 minute, and then occasionally for 5 minutes.
      If temperature exceeds 75° C cool as reap idly as possible.

 7.    Cool and centrifuge at about 1200 rpm for 4 minutes, and decant
      supernated solution,  Note:  If samples are not completely flocculated
      and sedimented add 10 ml saturated NaCL solution and re-centrifuge.

 8.    Repeat steps 4-7 for all samples.

 9.    Resuspend the samples in 50 ml 90% methanol arid re-centrifuge.
      Decant the supernate solutions (some saturated NaCL may need to be
      added for complete flocculation in this step).

      The following steps separate the  2u sediment from the remainder of
      the sample:

10.    Using a waterproof marking pen, make a mark on the side of each
      centrifuge tube at exactly 9 cm above the surface of the sediment  in
      the tube.  Disperse the sediment and fill to this mark with
      pll 9.5 Na2C03 solution.

-------
APPENDIX C-l                                               R. W.  Andrew
                                                           NWQL
                                                           June 29, 1972
                                                           Rey. Dec 11, 1972

11.  Centrifuge the samples at 750 rpm for the length of time corres-
     ponding to the sample temperature as follows:

          20° C - 3 min. 18 sec.
          22° C - 3 min.  8 sec'.
          24° C - 2 min. 59 sec.
          26° C - 2 min. 49 sec.
     *Add 10 sec. for each 2° decrease below 20° C.

12.  After the centrifuge stops turning, carefully lift out the centri-
     fuge tube and decant the upper 9 cm of suspension into a clean
     1 1 volumetric flask, taking care not to disturb the sediment at the
     bottom of the tube.                                 :

13.  Repeat steps 10-12, 4 times, adding the suspension to the volumetric
     flask each time.  Bring to a final volume of 1 l«with distilled water,
     and transfer to a clean plastic bottle for storage.

14.  Wash the remaining sediment into a pre-weighed aluminum weighing dish,
     obtain an oven dry weight on this sediment.  Store in glass vials if
     required for additional analysis.

15.  Determine the final  2u suspension concentration by quantitatively
     filtering 100 ml of the final dilution and accurately weighing the
     filtered solids (see Procedure I:  Water Samples.  Steps 1-6).

]6.  For quantitative X-ray analysis of these samples, two or more filters
     are prepared depending on the sensitivity (lower limit of detection)
     required, and whether the method of additions is to be used.  For
     routine analysis 5 mg filters are prepared and peak heights of the
     amphibole (110) peak are read from the standard curve for %  2u
     tailings (see Figure III-2).

17.  For samples requireing additional sensitivity, or qualitative
     identification of very small percentages of tailings; 25 mg filters
     are prepared.

18.  For the method of additions, with either 5 mg. or 25 mg. filters the
     volume of suspension for the samples only (Filter A) is calculated
      from the concentration determined in Step 15.  A similar filter (B)
      with 50% tailings addition is prepared using exactly 1/2 the original
     sample volume mixed with a volume of suspension containing an
     equivalent weight of tailings.

19.  The sample (A) and reference (B) filters are accurately weighed,
     and prepared for X-ray analysis as in Steps 5-8 of the Water Sample
     PrnreHnrp.

-------
APPENDIX C-l                                                 R. W. Andrew
                                                             NWQL
                                                             June 29, 1972
                                                             Rev. Dec 11, 1972


20.    X-ray the mounted filters using the  standard instrument
       settings and-a scan rate of 1° (2-theta) per minute.  Determine
       peak ht. (intensity) of the 8.4 and  3.07 A° peaks of cummingtonite
       accurately for each sample filter.   The sample filter (A) without
       added tailings , should also be scanned at 2° /min. from 4° to 30°
       in order to estimate relative proportions of the natural clay minerals
       present.

21.    Calculations:

       a.   Determine total wts. of sediment/filter for both sample (A)
            and sample plus standard (B).

       b.   Accurately determine peak height (intensity) of the 8.4 A°
            peak of amphibole for both filters (A & B).

       c.   For routine samples the percentage tailings is determined
            directly from the appropriate standard curve.

       d.   For the method of additions  1/2 the peak height of filter
            A is deducted from the peak  height of filter B to determine
            the peak height of contribution for 50% tailings addition.
            This ratio is then used to calculate the % tailings in
            the original sample.

-------
APPENDIX C-3                                               R. W.  Andrew
                                                           NWQL
                                                           July 5,  1972

Sample Preparation for Solids Analysis by X-ray Diffraction

Fusion Method for Cunmingtonite Confirmation

     The following method should be used to positively confirm the
     presence of cummingtonite and/or tailings in "key" samples.
     The method provides a means of "solubilizing" the common clay
     minerals leaving.a residue of only quartz, feldspar, and the
     amphiboles which may be X-rayed to confirm the presence of
     cummingtonite, where otherwise obscured' or masked by the presence
     of larger peaks.  Since the cummingtonite and quartz are
     concentrated by this procedure, the peaks are relatively much
     stronger allowing better quantitation, without major inter-
     ferences.  In addition, the fusion with sodium bisulfate at  880° C,
     results in dehydroxylation of the cummingtonite with a resultant
     shift in the X-ray peak to 3.03 and 8.15 A°, which can be
     used to confirm the presence of cummingtonite.

     1.  Weigh 100 mg oven-dry, organic-free, sediment into a silica
     fusion crucible.

     2.  Add 2g crushed sodium bisulfate (NaHSO,), and mix with the
     sample using a small spatula.

     3.  Fuse at high heat in a hood oh a Fisher burner until large
     crystals of sulfate begin to form at the surface of the melt
     (about 1.2 hour).

     4.  Cool the crucible, dissolve the melt in 3NHC1 and transfer
     to. 100 ml centrifuge tube.  Centrifuge 4 min @ 1200 rpm.

     5.  Rinse the sediment with 50 ml 3 N HC1 and re-centrifuge.

     6.  Transfer the solids to a nickel beaker using 0.5 II. sodium
     hydroxide; adjust the -final volume to 100 ml.        "••

     7.  Bring the suspension to a rapid boil on a Fisher burner  and
     boil for exactly 3 min.  Cool rapidly in a cold water bath,  pour
     into a 100 ml centrifuge tube, and centrifuge 4 min. at 1200 rpm.

     8.  Discard the supernatent NaOH solution, transfer any remaining
     solids to the tube with 0.5 N. NaOH, and, centrifuge again.

     9.  Disperse the sample in 200 ml distilled water and filter
     quantitatively using Steps 4-10 in Procedure I:  Water Samples.

    10.  Method of calculation and X-ray analysis to be specified at
     time of analysis.

-------
APPENDIX C-3                                           R. W. Andrew
                                                       NWQL
                                                       July 5, 1972
Sample Preparation  for Solids Analysis by X-ray Diffraction

Reagents.

1.    Hydrogen Peroxide, 30%  (Fisher).  Use only fresh reagent.
      Keep refrigerated.

2.    pH 9.5 Na2C03 solution.  Weigh 2g Na2CQ3 into 18 :1 Cayboy
      fill with distilled/deionized water.

3.    Citrate/bicarbonate buffer  solution.  Weigh 70g trisodium
      citrate  (Na3CoH507-2H20) and 12g sodium bicarbonate  (NaHCOo)
      into a plastic storage bottle.  Dilute to 1 1. with distilled/
      deionized water.                               .:

4.    Sodium dithionite  (hydrosulfite) Na2S204.  Solid. . Iron free.

5.    Saturated NaCl solution. Weight approx. 200g into plastic
      storage bottle.  Dilute to  500 ml with distilled/deionized
      water.  Add additional NaCl if necessary to saturate.

6.    Methanol, 90%.  Dilute reagent methanol 9:1 with distilled/
      deionized water.

7.    0.5 ^ NaOH.   Weigh 20g NaOH into 1 1. plastic, storage bottle.
      Dilute to 1 1.  with distilled/deionized water.  Do not store
      in glass.

8.    3N.  HC1. Dilute 250 ml cone. HC1 to 1 1. with distilled
      deionized water.

-------
  Distribution cf Taccnite Tailings




     In the Sediments of the




  Western Basin of Lake Superior








          Robert W. Andrew
   Investigations by the Staff of




The National Water Quality Laboratory
         Supplemental Report



             April 1973

-------
                              Introduction






       In an earlier report  (Andrew, 1970), the distribution of




taconite tailings from Reserve Mining Company in the sediments of




the western basin of Lake Superior was documented.  The distribution




pattern was based on X-ray diffraction analysis of the <2\i sediment




from cores collected in July 1969.  In this report, a statistical




comparison of the amphibole content (principally cummingtonite) of




the surface layers of sediment to the underlying (older) sediments and




to contemporary stream sediments, formed the basis for distinguishing




sediment layers containing tailings.




       Due to the increased legal importance placed on the. reported




distribution pattern, and with added sensitivity provided by a new




detector for the X-ray diffractometer, a decision was made to




reanalyze as many as possible of the 1969 samples.  The primary




objective of the reanalysis would be to confirm (or reject) the




original statistical discrimination of tailings layers using the




improved methods and instrumentation available.

-------
                                Methods






        The original <2u  suspensions prepared in  1970 were  refiltered




 using 0.45 membrane filters,  mounted,  and X-rayed  as described in




 Andrew, 1973.   The principal  differences from the  1970 work were in




 the operation  of  the X-ray diffractpmeter:  1) The  detector used in




 1973 provided  an  increase in  sensitivity of approximately  2.5-fold over



 that of 1970.   2)  A scan rate of  l°/min. rather  than 2°/min. was used



 in the initial scans.  Samples showing a possible  310 cunrnringtonite



 peak at 29.1°  were then  re-scanned at  l/4°/min.  with a full scale



< sensitivity setting of 300 cps.   With  the indicated changes, the lower




 limit of detection using the  29.1° cummingtonite (310) peak is approxi-




 mately 0.3% cummingtonite  (or 0.9% tailings.).




        For the 1973 reanalysis, the presence of  tailings was confirmed




 using the presence of the distinctive  cummingtonite (310)  peak at 29.1  •



 The percentage of  tailings was determined using  the standard curves for




 <2u sediment reported in Andrew,  1973.  Suspension concentrations were




,re-determined, using the millipore filter method,  in order to determine
'  Much smaller percentages of  total amphibole can be detected using




ithe 110 peak.

-------
if changes in the concentration of <2p material had occurred.   X-ray




scans from the two runs were also compared, in order to determine if




mineralogical changes had occurred which would affect the results of




the reanalysis.

-------
                         Results and Discussion






       The results of the 1973 reanalysis of the <2u fractions are




indicated in '..-.he last column of Tables la - le.  This column is




appended to the original Tables 2a - 2e as they appeared in the 1970




report.  Table la also contains data for stations 3, 8, and 9 which did




not appear in the 1970 report, because the analyses were incomplete.




       Summarily, the 1973 results confirmed the presence of tailings




(as evidenced by the cummingtonite 310 peak at 29.1°) in the surface




layers of sediment at stations 18, 19, 28-30, 34-37, 41 and 42.  In




addition, traces of tailings were detected at stations 21, 22 and 25




which were not distingushed by the statistical treatment; applied in




1970.  Stations 20, 26 and 40, which showed positive evidence of tailings




earlier, could not be rerun because of insufficient sample.




       Only the results for stations 7, 16, 17, and 19 conflict with those




reported earlier.  The samples from the entire core at Station 7 were




found to contain an unusually high natural amphibole content, as




evidenced by a large 110 peak at 10.5°.  No indication of the cumming-




tonite 310 peak at 29.1° was found for these samples, however.  Similar




results were obtained for the samples from the 42-45 mm depth, at




Station 16, the.21 - 24 mm depth at Station 17, and the 4 - 9 mm depth




at Station 19.

-------
       No gross mineralogical changes were evidenced by the x-ray




diffraction patterns, and suspensions containing high percentages of




tailings appeared to be relatively stable over the 2-year storage period.




As an example, scans of the <2ji fraction of the 0 - 8 mm layer from Station




28 are shown in Figure 1.  The two scans were made on January 16, 1970,




and March 9, 1973, respectively.  The sample is estimated to contain




65% tailings.  Note that, although the samples are of differing weights,




instrument sensitivity has changed, and that the scan rates differed,



the same relative peak intensities are preserved.




       Similarly, comparison of suspension concentrations over the




2-year interval showed no net loss of <2u material; and in fact, increases




occurred in a majority of samples due to reprecipitation of incompletely



removed ferrous iron.

-------
                              Conclusions






       1.  Conclusions numbered 1 and 4 in the original report are




strongly supported.  These are:




                (1).  Taconite tailings from the Reserve Mining




       Company at Silver Bay, Minnesota are deposited dlsco.ntinu-



       ously on the surface of the lake bottom over an area of at least




       1,000 square miles in the western tip of Lake Superior




                (4)  Tailings are found in both Minnesota and




       Wisconsin waters.  Although the sediments in Wisconsin




       waters contain very low percentages of taconite tailings,




       the tailings deposits are distinguishable quantitatively from




       stream sediments.                    >




       2.  The tailings are not mixed in the deeper layers of sediment




as originally concluded, but are contained in upper (most recent)



deposits.




       3.  Amphibole contents of the underlying Pleistocene




sediments is similar to the 1 - 3% in the contemporary stream sediments ,




although some core layers appear to be considerably higher.




       4.  Layers of tailings indicated in cores from stations 7, 16, 17,




and 19 could not be confirmed by reanalysis using more sensitive




methods.

-------
                              Bibliography






1.  Andrew, R. W., 1970




       Distribution of Taconite Tailings in the Sediments of




    the Western Basin of Lake Superior.  Investigations  by the




    Staff of the National Water Quality Laboratory.   Mimeo Report,




    pp. 29 - 51.






2.  Andrew, R. W., 1973




       Mineralogical and Suspended Solids Measurements of Water,




    Sediment and Substrate Samples for 1972 Lake Superior Study:



    I.  Analytical Methods.  Data Report, U.S.E.P.A., National Water




    Quality Laboratory

-------
Table la - Results of sediment core analysis, Grand Marais to Ontonagon transect
Water .
Depth
Sta. (Path.)
1 15
2 65
3 107 .



U 112
,5 103 .
6 87
7 76



,8 95
.


9 93



Total Sample . XTotal
Core Depth Amph
Length In Core
(cm) (mm) % <2\i (<2\i)
Dredge 0 -
20 ":'
25 0 -
5 -
6 -
10 -
37.5
Uo
25
25 0 -
5 -
10 -
20 r
30 0 -
2 -
1* -
9 -
ii* o -
5 -
10 -
15 -
10 <5 0.2

5 -
6 - -
10 : • -
15 - '
-
-
-
5 59. ^ 8.U*
10 87.1 ,: U.7*
20 90,1 8.7*
30 8U. U 3.3
2 -
It " -
9 -
lU .:....
5 - -
10
15 -
20 -
% Tailings
(1973)
,-•
-
ND^
ND
ND
ND
-
-
-
ND.
ND
ND:
ND
ND
ND'
TO
ND'
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
13
No Sample - Bedrock
* Amphibole  content outside statistical range for natural 'sediments.  See
  'text  for explanation.

a -  Indicates  analysis incomplete.
 ND  Indicates  none detected.

-------
Table Ib - Results of sediment core analysis, Silver Bay to Sand Island transect
Sta.
11
12
13


1U



15



16



17



18



19



Total Sample
Water Core Depth
Depth Length In Core
(Fath.) (cm) (mm)
13-20 No Sample
I'tO No Sample
160 9.7 0-5
5-15
§97
110 59.8 0-5
5-10
10 - 20
§100
100 26.3 0 - 10
§15
15 - 20
35 - 1*0
95 20.7 23 - 38*
38 - 1*2
U2 - 1*5
§100
80 20.7 0-7
7-11
11 - 21
21 - 2l»
63 15.0 0-2
2-5
5-10
10 - 15
38 ll*.9 0-2
2-1.
U- 9
9-11.

- Bedrock
- Bedrock
_
_
-
__
_
_
-
76.0
77.5 .
79.5
79. H
73.9
_c
75.3
75.3
61*. 6
72.7
71.8
71. 9 :
63.8
68.6
67.9
66.9
2l*. 9
• 23.5
16.8
19.8
%Anrph


m^
_
'
_
—
mm
-
2.U
2.6
2.8
1.7
3.3
mm
3.5*
2.7
3.1
1.5
1.8
3.6*
3.6*
1.3
1.1
2.6
2.1
2.0
1} 5*
2 ^4
% Tailings
(1973)


a
mm
-
_
mm
m~
-
NDd
ND
ND
ND
ND
mm
ND
ND
_
ND
ND
ND
<5
ND
ND
ND
Trace
ND
ND
ND
 20
Dredge
                                     0-10
<5
6.3*
* Amphibole content  oui..sl  for  natural  Kcdiinenta.   See
  text for explanation.

a - Analysis Incomplete.
  - Partially distrubed  core.   Original  top  of core sampled  as  closely as  possible
c - Sample lost in preparation.
  - ND Indicates none  detected.

-------
Table Ic - Results of sediment core analysis, Encampment Island to Herbster
           transect.
Sta.
T


|29



28


27



26



25



21*



23



22



21

* Amohil
Total Sample
Water Core Depth
Depth Length In Core
(Fath.) (cm) (mm)
2
1*
9
122 9.0 0
7
10
20
138 12.1* 0
8
10
102 6.5 0
5
10
35
87 31.0 0
2
10
15
82 11.5 0
6
9
35
68 29.5 0
2
5
15
57 18.5 0
5
10
25
1*8 23.7 0
1
2
3
15 Dredge 0

bole content outseide statistic
- 1*
- 9
- lU
- 7
- 10
- 15
- 25
- 8
- 10
- 15
- 5
- 10
- 20
- 1*0
- 2
- 10
- 15
- 20
- 6
- 9
- 15
- 1*0
- 2
- 5
- 15
- 20
- 5
- 10
- 25
- 30
_ !
- 2
— 3
- 1*
- 10

;al rane
%<2u
10.2 , .<
10.0
8.1*
30.0
55.2
71.1
72.1
38.5
70.8
79.0
71.5
69.3
76.8
75.3
62.2
69.3
71.6
73.0
66.8
7»».2
69.8
70.8
71.0
71.3
71.6
70.5
66.7
66.3
63.3
61*. 8
38.1
1*3-7
38.0
52.1 V-
<5

;e for natural
% Amph
2 Tailings
(<2p) (1973)
2U*
12*
6.2*
30*
11*
6.1**
2.1*
15*
2.8
3.1
2.2
2.6
1.7
3.0
5.2*
2.2
1.9
1.6
2.2
0.7
0.7
2.2
1.2
1.5
2.1
1.0
1.0
1.8
1.7
1.9
3.1
2.5
1.7
1.8
1 2.8
V
Jsediments .
50
2k
<5
_
15^
ND
ND
$65
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
_
ND
ND
ND
Trace
-
-
—
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Trace
ND
ND
ND
Trace

See
   text  for explanation.              ,                      \
a  -  Indicates analysis incomplete, b|ND Indicates none  detefcted.

-------
 Table Id - Results of sediment core analysis,  Stoney Point to Brule River transect
Sta.
3U


35



36
-
.

37



38



39



1*0



1*1



Total Sample
Water Core Depth
Depth Length In Core
(Path.) (cm) (ram) %<2p
75 10.0 0 -
2 -
5 -
55 19.0 0 -
5 -
1 -
12 -
1*3 22.U 0 -
2 -
It -
9 -
39 18.7 0 -
5 -
10 -
30 -
36 21.7 0 -
10 -
12 -
19 -
32 30.5 0 -
27 -
27 -
27 -
27 7.0 0 -
5 -
10 -
15 -
17 3.0 0 -
5 -
10 -
15 -
2
5
10
5
7
12
17
2 "
It
9
lit
5
10
15
35
10
12
19
29
27C
1*0
1*0
1*0
5
10
15
20
5.
10
15
20
1*0.7
38.1*
1*2.8
. 1*0.3
1*1.1*
1*3.5
1*5.9
1*5.2
1*5.6
1*8.8
1*6.6
53.9
1*8.3
1*9.1*.
51.5
1*7.3
1*6.5
51.6
52.1*
1*7.1
19.7
21.7
1*1*. 3
6.1*
8.6
7.6
7.2
7.2
8.8
6.6
7.2
% Amph
29*
17*
3.8*
lit*
13*
8.0*
It. 6*
11*
5.6*
2.8
1.6
8.1**
2.3
1.9
. 1.8
1.6
2.2
2.9
1.5
2.0
2.7
2.1*
2.2
lt.lt*
2.7
2.7
2.2
3.9*
2.3
2.1
0.8
% Tailings
(<2u)
(1973)
a
21*
Trace
39
28
9
<5
19

NIT
ND
5
Trace
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
^ -
_
_
ND
Trace
ND
ND
ND
1*2
12
                       Dredge
0-10
                                      <5
7.5*
* Amphlbole content outside statistical range for natural sediments.
  text for explanation.
                                                         See
* - Indicates analysis incomplete.
  ND Indicates none detected.
c - Partially disturbed core.  Original top of core sampled as closely as

-------
Table le - Results of sediment core analysis, miscellaneous samples



Sta.
31
32
1*3


UU



Water
Depth
(Fath.)
162
152
19


2U


Total
Core
Length
(cm)
8.1*
20
12.9


23.3


Sample
Depth
In Core
(mm)
0-25
Used for
0-5
5-10
10 - 20
0-5
5-10
15 - 20
% Amph
%

%<2p «2M)
. a
development of sectioning
^ ' ^m
— —
-
•• w
- -
- -

Tailings
«2p)
(1973)
a
methods
_
_
-
_
_
_
8.
  - Analysis incomplete.

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                    MATER CLARITY  IN  RELATION  TO

              FINE PARTICIPATE MATTER IN  LAKE  SUPERIOR
                                by
D. J. Baumgartner, W.  F.  Rittall,  G.  R.  Ditswor,th,  and A.  M. Teeter
                 Pacific Northwest Environmental
                  Research Laboratory Report #11
                        Corvallis, Oregon

                           April  1973

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                             CONTENTS

Section                                            Page
I              Introduction                         1
II             Sediment Traps                     17
III             Collection  of  Cores                 53
IV           .  Water  Column Measurements           85
V              Miscellaneous  Observations,  Samples
               and Measurements                    122
VI             Discussion  of  Results and
               Conclusions                         135
VII             References	                       210
VIII            Appendices

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                            APPENDICES


Appendix

I               Particle  Size Analyses  - Sediment Traps

                Section A.   Description of Data Presentation Format
                Section B-D.  Data
                Section E.  Particle  Volume - Diameter Conversion Chart

II.             Particle  Size Analyses  - Gravity Cores

                Section A.   Description of Data Presentation Format
                Sections  B-D. Data
                Section E.   Particle Volume - Diameter Conversion Chart

III.            Particle  Size Analyses: Water Column Measurements;
                Transect  Stations; Western Embayment; and Michigan
                Waters Stations

                Section A.   Description of Data Presentation Format
                Section B-0.  Data
                Section P.   Particle Volume - Diameter Conversion Chart

IV              Particle  Size Analyses: Water Column Measurements,
                Sediment  Trap Stations

                Section A.   Description of Data Presentation Format
                Section B.   Data
                Section C.   Particle Volume - Diameter Conversion Chart

V               Particle  Size Analyses: Miscellaneous Samples

                Section A.   Description of Data Presentation Format
                Section B-D.  Data
                Section E.   Particle Volume - Diameter Conversion Chart
                                 11

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                              FIGURES
                                                       Page
1         Sediment Trap - Deployed Configuration        19
2         Sediment Trap Station Locations
          (July-October 1972)                           20
3         Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station l-C-7             31
4         Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station l-C-8         ,    33
5         Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station l-C-9             35
6         Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume. Station 2-C-7             37
7         Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station 2-C-8             39
8         Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station 2-C-9             41
9         Locations of Specially Handled Cores          55
10   .     Description of Core BBQGC 01                  60
11        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station QGC-A             62
12        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station QGC-B             64
13        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station QGC-C             66
14        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station QGC-D             68
15        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs Particle Volume, Station QGC-E             70

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                               FIGURES


                                                       Page

16        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs  Particle Volume,  Station QGC-F             72

17        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs  Particle Volume,  Station 1-Q-1A            74

18        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs  Particle Volume,  Station 1-Q-2A            76

18-A      Cumulative and Differential Voluma Percent
          vs  Particle Volume,  Station 1-A-3A            78

19        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs  Particle Volume,  Station 2-Q-1A            80

20        Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs  Particle Volume,  Station 2-Q-2A            82

20-A      Cumulative and Differential Volume Percent
          vs  Particle Volume,  Station 2-Q-3A            84

21        Water Quality Transects                       87

22        Main Basin Sampling  Stations, Lake
          Superior  (1972)                               88

23        Light Transmission & Temperature Distributions
           -  Transect 1 (8/25/72)                       91

24        Light Transmission & Temperature Distributions
           -  Transect. 2 (8/26/72)                       92

25        Light Transmission & Temperature Distributions
           -  Transect 3 (8/25/72)                       93

26        Light Transmission & Temperature Distributions
           -  Transect 1 (9/4/72)                        94

27        Light Transmission & Temperature Distributions
           -  Transect 2 (9/4/72)                        95

28        Light Transmission & Temperature Distributions
           -  Transect 3 (9/4/72)                        96
                                 IV

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                              FIGURES
                                                       Page
29        Light Transmission and Temperature Distribution
           - Transect 4 (8/27/72)                       97
30        Light Transmission and Temperature Distribution
           - Transect 5 (9/3/72)                        98
31        Light Transmission and Temperature Distribution
           - Transect 6 (8/30/72)                       99
32        Light Transmission and Temperature Distribution
           - Transect 7 (8/30/72)   '                   100
33        Light Transmission and Temperature Profiles -
          Stations 70-77 (8/26-9/3/72)                 101
34        Light Transmission and Temperature Profiles -
          Stations 88-95 (8/27-3/3/72)                 102
35        Temperature Profiles - Transect 4 (8/24/72)  103
36        Temperature Profiles - Transect 6 (8/24/72)  103
37        Light Penetration and Temperature Distributions
           - Stations H and J (8/1-2/72)               105
38        Light Penetration and Temperature Distributions
           - Stations E and F (8/1-2/72)               106
39        Light Penetration and Temperature Distributions
           - Stations U and V (7/30/72)                107
40        Light Penetration and Temperature Distributions
           - Stations K, L, and M (8/1/72)             108
41        Light Penetration and Temperature Distributions
           - Stations B, C, and D (7/25-8/2/72)        109
42        Light Penetration and Terrperature Distnbi't: v.o
           - Stations X, Y, and Z (7/29/7:)            110

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                              FIGURES


                                                       Page

43        Underwater Television System                  119

44        TV Deployment No. 2 - Delta Area              121

45        TV Deployment No. 3 - Vicinity Pellet Island  121

46        Location of Surface Drifter Drops             124

47        Transmission Profiles - Green Water Condition,
          Station 93 - 9/1/72                           130

48        Tailings Distribution From Bottom Water
          Samples (1971)                                140

49        Tailings Distribtuion From Bottom Water
          Samples (1972)                                141

50        Approximate Distribution of Inorganic
          Suspended Solids 5 Meters off Bottom
          October 22-24, 1971                           143

51        Differential  Volume distribution Station
          M - Wisconsin                                 153

52        Differential  Volume Distribution - Station
          P - Minnesota                                 154

53        Differential  Volume Distribution Station U -
          Michigan                                      155

54        Comparison of Secchi Reading to 10% Light
          Penetration Level                             157

55        Mean Secchi Disc Readings - Minnesota North
          Shore (From Lemke 1973)     -                  160

56        Secchi Disc Readings in 1952                  169

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                   FIGURES

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

68

69


70

71

72
F
Secchi Disc Readings "!;, 1953
Secchi Disc Readings, July 29-30, 1957
. Secchi Disc HciJIns:, .".ugLst 1C, i:C7
Secchi Disc Readings, August 29, 1957
Secchi Disc Readings, EPA, August 1972
Secchi Disc Readings, EPA, (7/25 - 8/2/72)
Secchi Disc Readings, EPA, (8/21 - 8/26/72)
Secchi Disc Readings, EPA (8/27 - 9/1/72)
Secchi Disc Readings, EPA, (9/3 - 9/4/72)
Distribution of Tailings from Near Bottom
Water Samples (to 5/26/72)
Distribution of Tailings from Near Bottom
Water Samples (After 5/26/72)
Comparison of Secchi Disc Measurments to
Light Transmission in Surface Waters
Comparison of Turbidity and Particle Size
for Bottom and Surface Waters With and
Without Tailings
Comparison of Turbidity vs Secchi Disc
Reading Lake Superior, 1972 '••
1
Relationship of 90° Scattered Light Intensity
to Particle Size
Particle Concentration Stations 88 and 72
?age
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
183

184

186


188

189

191

for Equal  Suspended Solids Levels of 0.5 ppm 193
                      vn

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                              FIGURES


                                                       Page

73        Particle Concentration Station 66, 76 and
          77 Turbidity Constant at 0.45 JTU             193

74        Particle Concentration Stations ?n, 7? and
          73 Constant Turbidity 0.45 JTU                194

75        Comparison of Surface and Bottom Water Size
          Distributions at Station 64                   195

76        Turbidity Vs. % Transmission                  197

77        Turbidity Vs. % Transmission                  198

78        Temperature Transparency Profile - Summer
          Conditions                                    200

79        Transmission Temperature Profiles - Silver
          Bay 5-11 April 1969

80        Temperature Turbidity Profile Winter
          Conditions                                    204

81        Minimum Spatial Extent of Bottom Water with
          Reduced Light Transmitting Quality Associated
          with Taconite Tailings                        207

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                              TABLES
                                                                 Page
1         Sediment Trap Station & Deployment Details, 1972        22
2         Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (l-C-7)      30
3         Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (l-C-8)      32
4         Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (l-C-9)      34
5         Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (2-C-7)      36
6         Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (2-C-8)      38
7         Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (2-C-9)      40
8         Sediment Trap Recovery Data - Western Embayment
          7/25/72 to 8/25/72                                      44
9         Sediment Trap Recovery Data - Western Embayment
          7/25/72 to 10/6/72                                      45
10        Sediment Trap Recovery Data - Main Basin
          7/25/72 to 10/6/72                                      46
11        Carbon, Nitrogen Fractions of Total Sediment
          Accumulated in Traps                                    47
12        Results - Sediment Trap Performance Tests               50
13        Data Summary - Particle Size Analysis on Gravity
          Cores and Sediment Traps                                59
14        Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (QGC-A)      61
15        Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (QGC-B)      63
16        Numerical Results - Particle Size' Analysis (QGC-C)      65
                                                               i
17        Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (nnc-o)      6/
18        Numerical Results - Particle Size Analysis (QGC-! )      (,'j

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                              TABLES

                                                                 Page
19        Numerical Results  - Particle Size Analysis (QGC-F)      71
20        Numerical kesuicj>  - Karucie Site rtiiaiybis (1-Q-1A)     73
21        Numerical Results  - Particle Size Analysis (1-Q-2A)     75
22        Numerical Results  - Particle Size Analysis (1-Q-3A)     77
23        Numerical Results  - Particle Size Analysis (2-Q-1A)     79
24        Numerical Results  - Particle Size Analysis (2-Q-2A)     81
25        Numerical Results  - Particle Size Analysis (2-Q-3A)     83
26        Station Details &  Results - Transect Water Samples,
          Plant Down Period  8/23-25/1972                         113
27        Station Details &  Results - Transect Water Samples,
          Plant Up Period 8/26-9/4/72                            114
28        Station Details &  Results - Michigan Water Sample,
          Plant Up Period 10/1/72                                115
29        Station Details &  Results - Sediment Trap Water
          Samples, Plant Down Period 7/25-8/23/72                116
30        Green Water Data for Samples Collected 8/2 and 9/1/72   127
31        Bacteriological Samples - Transect Stations
          8/23 - 9/1/72                                          128
32        Bacteriological Samples - Sediment Trap Stations
          8/1-2/1972                                             129
33        Sample Identification - Particle Size Analysis
          Controls                                               132

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                              TABLES


                                                       Page

34        Comparison of Volumes by Planimetering and
          Computer Cubature for Delta Toe Between
          10' and 55'                                    138

35        Sediment Trap and Core Results Stations;  K,
          L, and M Itfscowin South Chore                148
               i
36        Sediment Trap and Core Results Stations;  N,
          P, and Q, Minnesota North Shore               149

37        Sediment Trap and Core Results Stations;  R,
          S, T, and U Michigan South Shore              150

38        Suspended Solids and Tailings Distribution
          With Depth                                    159

39        Comparison of Temperature Data and  Tailings
          Concentrations for Samples at 13m             162

40        Comparison of Temperature Data and  tailings
          Concentrations for Samples at 6m              163

41        Comparison of Temperature-Data and  suspended
          Solid Concentrations                          164

42        Effect of Plant Operation on Secchi
          Measurements in the Vicinity of Silver Bay,
          1971                                          165

43        Effect of Plant Operation on Secchi
          Measurements Made Along  the North Shore,
          1972                                          166

44        Occurrence of Tailings                        167

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  SECTION I



INTRODUCTION

-------
                          SECTION I
                        INTRODUCTION

     The purpose of this repp-;,, is to present information on
water pollution in Lake Superior based on an evaluation of data
obtained during a field study conducted in the summer and fall
of 1972.
     The work was conducted by the following personnel of the
National Coastal Pollution Research Program, U.  S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Corvallis, Oregon:
          D. 0. Baumgartner, Sanitary Engineer,  Project Director
          W. F. Rittall, Civil Engineer, Field Party Chief
          G. R. Ditsworth, uceanographer
          L. C. Bentsen, Oceanographer
          A. .M. Teeter, Oceanographer
     The objectives of this study were to.determine the nature
and extent of water clarity degradation caused by suspended
particles, the rate of accumulation of sediments on the lake
bottom,  and the contributions to these effects attributable
to a specific, large source of sediment burden - the discharge
of taconite tailings by the Reserve Mining Company at
Silver Bay, Minnesota.
Background
      _™.—  j
     The Reserve Mining Company discharges about 60,000 tons
per day of taconite tailings suspended in two streams of water

-------
totaling nearly 800 million gallons per day.  The individual
particles in the waste tailings range in size from one half
inch to less than one ten-thousandth of an inch.  Nearly ten
percent of the material is finer than four microns.   Large
particles are for the most part deposited along with a smaller
fraction of fines on a delta which has Dili it up over the fifteen
or so years the plant has been in operation.  Periodic slumping
and storm transport appear to cause a cycle of delta erosion
and rebuilding.  The net effect is that all of the tailings
now discharged, except for the small amount hauled away by truck,
will eventually come in contact with the waters of Lake Superior
and have the potential to influence water quality.
     In addition to the periodic, irregular sloughing of delta
materials into the lake, there is a more or less steady discharge
of primarily fine materials suspended in the waste water which
pours over the edge of the delta in rivulets and sheets seldom
deeper than six inches.  The concentration of fine suspended
particles in these streams is so high (on the order of 10,000
milligrams per liter (mg/1)) that the wastewater* mixture exhibits
a bulk specific gravity (or density) greater than the surrounding
lake water.  Consequently, when the tailings stream cascades
*  For practical purposes a suspension of^finely divided particles
with a given bulk density behaves precisely as a liquid containing
sufficient dissolved matter (e.g. salt) to produce a solution of
the same density.

-------
 over the  edge  of  the delta, a so-called density current is
 formed  as the  stream runs down the face of the delta in a thin
 lens.   The transport of particulates toward the bottom of the
 900-foot  deep  trench offshore from Silver Bay is achieved more
 rapidly in this density current than could ever be accomplished
 through simple settling of the individual particles over a
 depth of  900 feet.  This is no dispute with this principle.
     A  dispute has  been generated, however, regarding (a)
 how  efficient  the density current is, on a continuing basis, in
 convecting the particulates exclusively to the bottom of the
 trench, and (b) how efficiently the particles, once carried to
 the  deep  waters of  the trench, are retained there through
 settling;  (c)  what  water quality problems could be attributed
 to errant taconite  particles assuming a percentage is shown not
 to be permanently retained, and (d) the irreversibility of any
 damages found.
     Theoretical, experimental (Saumgartner, 1969) and
observational   evidence (Andrew and Glass, 1970) has already
been offered to substantiate that waves, thermoclines, and
turbulent  fluid flow conditions prevent the density current
from being  one hundred percent efficient.  Billowing clouds
of turbid water shed from the density current by turbulent
eddies distribute unknown quantities of tailings to the surface
waters of  the  lake.   Subsequent sections of this report will

-------
present new data and analyses of prior data to reinforce this
claim.
     Evidence has been presented by Reserve Mining Company
personnel (Klaysmat, 1970, Lenrire, 1972)
to show that turbid water exists in the bottom of the trench
in lens at times 300 feet deep.  This could result from
disintegration of the discreet density current into a billowing
cloud with no identifiable current of its own, which is then
subject to. movement by the ambient currents in that part of
the lake.  An analogous but inverted physical  picture can be
observed in smoke plumes (another density current) rising above
a chimney untilf the density related driving force and turbulent
mixing cause the formation of a cloud subsequently moved only
by the winds aloft.  Another possible explanation for the
deep turbid lens is that the density current continuously adds
particulate laden water to the trench faster than fine particles
can settle out of the water previously adde.d.   Regardless of
the mechanism responsible for the creation of thick turbid
lenses near the bottom, there is little doubt that the small
particles, due to their low settling velocities, can be
transported out of the trench area by ambient currents and the
unsettling influence of turbulence.  The same, fate, of course,
obtains for the particles dispersed at the surface and at the
thermocline.

-------
     Particles reaching the bottom in the 900-plus foot
trench are thought'to stay in place, but those settling in the
nearshore waters less than, say, 100 feet deep, are subject
to resuspension by the scouring action of high waves and
currents resulting from storms.  The results of resuspension
are periodic turbidity in uie near-shore waters and eventual
transport of the materials to both deeper portions of the lake
and to other nearshore waters further away from the original
source.  To what depth this  action  occurs is  unknown,
depending on  the bottom  configuration,  the  presence
or absence of thermoclines, etc.; however^ it is certain that
the severity and frequency of resuspension decreases progressively
with  increasing  depth.  The
Lake Superior is quite like
 practical  consequences  are  that  the whole  of
y to experience in some degree
the impact of fine taconiteftailings discharged from Reserve
                           \
Mining Company, and that evm after a presumed cessation of
discharge, the impact woul/' continue to be felt, in progres-
sively smaller degree, unlj 1  all  the particles wore either washeu '  >;t
                          4
of the lake into the other/.aurentian Great Lakes or
settled in one of the deep; parts  of Lake Superior.
     Flocculation of smalllr  particles to form a smaller
number of larger particlej/with increased settling efficiency
results from the physical/chemical  nature of the particles

-------
and the chemical characteristics of the lake water.   Regard-
less of how effective this met'ianism is, lenses and patches of
suspended small particles derived from Reserve's discharge
can be found.  These patches, when they occur near the
 surface,  are possibly  responsible for,  or  contributory  to,  the
 so-called "green  water phenomenon," just as  surface  turbidity
 near the  plant discharge may be involved in  "green water"
 sightings.   How these  patches can persist  in  nature,  even
 considering the action of flocculation, is an interesting
 question  not resolved  in the report to  follow.   Rather, data
 and analyses are  presented substantiating  the fact that the
 observations are  valid, and attempting  to  answer the  questions
 of how much material  is involved in the dispersed layers,  lenses,
 flows, and  patches,  and what effect on  water  clarity  ensues.

 Harmful  Effects
      Arguments have  been presented to  the  effect that Reserve's
 discharge of waste "sand and gravel"  has no  harmful  effect  on
 Lake Superior because  the bottom of the great trench  will
 not be filled by  more  than several feet by the end of the
 expected  useful life of the taconite  ore body near Babbitt,
 Minnesota,  available to the company.   Very little concern,
 in fact,  has been expressed for this  effect,  possibly because

-------
little.is known about the ecological significance of burying many
square miles of the bottom of Lake Superior at a rate faster than
that which is now occurring naturally and with material  of a different
composition than would occur naturally.
     Aside from this basic question which perhaps should be answered,
there are a number of observable effects and recognized  potential
effects over which considerable concern has been expressed.  The  most
obvious effect is the decrease in water clarity and light transmitting
characteristics of the water.  While not the clearest lake in the
country, it .is not unusual to find water in eastern parts of the  lake
clear enough to see an object more than 40 feet below the surface.  In  the
western part water is less clear generally and the same  object would
frequently be indistinguishable 20 feet below the surface..  Clear water-
is aesthetically pleasing to the casual viewer and to sport fisherman, and
this quality  of  the  lake  water contributes  to  the  social  and
economic  importance  of the  lake for the  riparian  residents, and
for all citizens  of  Minnesota  and  the  country,  present  and
   .        •»--
future.   A major  concern  is  that the discharge  of  fine  participates
will contribute  to continued  reduction in water clarity  in  both
the western embayment of  the  lake  and  in  the  lake  generally.   ®
Lakes  become  less clear with  age naturally but,  according  to
Collier (1970),  the  current  rate of input of particulates. by
Reserve Mining is 20 times  the  rate at which sediments  are
                         8

-------
entering the lake naturally.  Certainly not all of the
company's waste solids are contributing to turbidity anymore
than are all the sediments add< -1 by the streams.  If only one
percent of each source "'s contributing particles small enough
to influence turbidity, however, the rate of Reserve's
contribution would still be  20 times greater than, natural.
    Two arguments have been presented to counter, the compelling
urge for abatement motivated by this statistic: first, that
regardless of the rate, the amount of turbidity in the lake has
not. measurably increased over the time the plant has been
discharging, and second, the useful life of the ore body is
short (approximately another 40 years) so that any turbidity
increase that is occurring, whether or not measurable, repre-
sents only a transitory increase which will be reversed when
the depletion of ore causes termination of the discharge.
These arguments deserve some consideration.  Baumgartner (1969)
computed the expected accelerated buildup in suspended solids in
the lake due to Reserve's discharge under several assumed
conditions:
    1.   ten percent of Reserve's discharge remains suspended;
    2.   the lake behaves as a single well-mixed basin;
    3.   the lake behaves as two basins - the larger one well
mixed and the smaller poorly mixed due to a thermocline, and

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 the mixing  between  the  two  basins  restricted  to
     a.   30  times  the  flow of  the St.  Louis  River (5  kmVmonth;
 68,000 cfs);
     b.   120 times the flow  of the  St.  Louis River (20  km3/month;
 272,000  cfs);                 .          .
     c.   600 times the flow  of the  St.  Louis River (100 km3/mo;
 3,760,000 cfs).
      The results suggested  that after  15 years  of operation, the
 increase would have been:
           1.  Single  Lake Basin:  0.2  ppm by volume  (0.5 ppm by weight)
           2.  Western Embayment of Two Basin Lake:
                a) flushing  =  S^kmVmo:  4 ppm by  volume (11 ppm by. wt)., „
4 ( .}:•: f./i'.VLtjhc t-A^e-,<^.i,4 «.i  v,»£*vjb.*£»•>. «*-**v*«--":***.*>> ^jrv^fciflp;- . nv-.; > -'  ••" ••-
                b) flushing  =  20 kin3/mo: 3 ppm by  volume (8 ppm by wt)
                c) flushing  =  100 km3/mo: 1.5 ppm  by  volume (4 ppm by wt)
      These estimates serve  as rather a "worse case"  analysis.  If
 flushing between basins  were  increased, the concentrations would
 approach the estimate for a single basin.   If the percentage of
 the discharge considered to remain suspended (10%) were to be
 decreased to 1%, the concentration for the single basin would be
 decreased to 0.05 ppm by weight.
      With these points as a focus, the first argument can be
 evaluated.  If the increase truly had  been 8-11 ppm  it is likely
 the increase would be measurable.
      Increases of 0.5-4  ppm would be measurable if someone had indeed
 been  interested in mak.ing the measurements in a concerted and
                              10

-------
 dedicated sampling program.   An increase of 0.5 ppm might be
 obscured in a casual  surveillance   program.  It is doubtful that
 an increase of 0.05 ppm could be measured.
      No surveillance  program has been  conducted throughout the
 past 20 years in the  lake to produce a series of data to establish
 the historical trend  of suspended  solids concentrations.  Even if
 these data had been taken and had  been unable to show that an
 increase on the order of 0.05 to 4 ppm had taken place, tnere
 would be no cause for complacency.  Turbidity, other light trans-
 mi ttance effects, and other  ecological effects could be of major
 importance—far in excess of what  appears to be a "small" increase
 in particle concentrations.
      The second, argument--that the effect is reversible, however
 small or large — is equally tenuous.  Rainey (1967) calculated
 from his single, well-mixed  basin  model that over 500 years would
 be required before 90% of any water-bound pollutant would be
 displaced by fresh water flowing into Lake Superior, presuming
.the lake is very well  mixed.   Pollutants discharged into poorly
 mixed basins would have a longer residence time.  Physiographic
 and hydrographic features of Lake  Superior suggest that the
 Western Embayment of  the lake is such a basin.  Whether the 90%
 residence time is 500  or 1,000 years hardly seems worthy of further
 speculation at this point—the main thing is that it's not one or
 even forty years, and  any pollutant discharged or accumulated in
 the lake is going to  be around for  a long time after the discharge
                              11

-------
is gratuitously discontinued or abated.  Moreover,  a  good fraction
of the discharge material .in question is particulates  of such  size
that they will settle to the lake bottom.   These, of  course, will
not ever be flushed out of the lake for all practical  purposes.   If
it is determined that components of Reserve's waste discharge  are
harmful to the lake's ecology, little comfort can be  offered regarding
the rate of recovery.
Study Approach
     The study approach was built around the need to  share with
several other study groups an available research vessel, the need
to complete all field work prior to the onset of unfriendly winter
conditions (estimated to be early to mid-October),  and a late  spring
start due to shore ice and other logistics  problems.   It. became
necessary to design the study around the opportunities presented
by a five week plant closure in early summer.
     Sediment traps were employed as an efficient means  of collecting
a sample of particulates "raining" out of the water column onto
the lake bed.   Because of the low suspended solids  content of  the
lake it was anticipated that a deployment time  on the  order of two
months would be required.  Sediment traps were  expected  to provide
samples of particulates carried in currents traversing the lake
bottom at the  point of deployment.  If the  region were essentially
devoid of currents the trap would be expected to contain only
material  sett,1 ing from currents in the surface  waters  of the lake.
If a region were subjected to alternating periods of  current and
                            12

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 and quiescence,  the accumulated sediments would  represent a mix of
•settling material  and transported material.  The  latter could be
 made up of resuspended materials except  that the  deep water sites
 chosen for deployment were intended  to minimize  this aspect.
      Cores and surface sediment samplers were to  be used in the
 vicinity of the  sediment trap stations,  (except  those near the
 plant) for correlation with the sediment trap content and to
 investigate historical evidence of accumulations.
      In addition to evaluations on the basis of  particle size
 distribution, various fractions of the sediments were to be analyzed
 for a specific mineral found in relatively high  percentage in
 Reserve's discharge.  From these results it was  intended to deduce
 the rate of sedimentation in various  parts of the lake and to assess
 the portion of the sediment traceable to Reserve Mining Co.  Sediment
 samples from the traps were also requested for bacterial analyses
 by others .
      The locations for the sediment  trap stations were chosen for
 several reasons.  The stations near  the  plant were requested
 specifically by  the sponsors of the  study who wished to make
 comparisons between the plant-down,  plant-up periods.  Trap stations
 were selected to intercept a generally southerly  flow out of the deep
 trench over the  600 foot depth line  toward the Wisconsin shore, a
 flow of turbid water observed in the  1971 summer  field study.  Station
 K wcis to serve as  the second station  on  this flow lino (:.ee Figure ?)
 and also to collect sediments carried out of the  trench on a
 southvjostorly course ami around the  end  of the lake to th0 Wisconsin

                             13

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 shore.   Stations  L  &  M were  the  logical extensions of the Wisconsin
 longshore flow, although  M had to be positioned further offshore in
 order to meet the minimum depth  desired (3501 nominally).  Reserve's
 data on tailings  accumulations indicated a possible flov; of material
 southeasterly from  the plant, the reason for station G.  Stations
 J & M are extensions  of this  line.  Stations H & J were daringly
 close to the  Minnesota-Wisconsin border while K, L, & M were
 clearly in Wisconsin,  factors which admittedly influenced the
 station location.   K,  L,  & M  also were selected to be in the vicinity
 of stations sampled by Andrew (Andrew and Glass, 1970) and found
 only questionably to  be influenced by tailings.
      Stations N,  P, &  Q were  chosen to be on the northeast edge
 of a slight ridge separating  the western embayment from the rest
 of the  lake.   This  would  have placed them outside a counterclockwise
 gyre reported in  the western basin by Ruschmeyer & Olson (1958).
 According to  their  understanding of current patterns and those
 reported from current  meter studies of the Federal Water Pollution
_Control  Administration (FWPCA, 1968), water flowing southwesterly
 along the north shore  from the main basin into the western ann
 would pass over these  traps.  In this sense, stations N, P, & Q
 were expected to  serve as "controls" for the traps in the western
 embayment.
      Stations  R,  S, &  T were chosen to be at the same depths as
 N,  P, & Q and were  intended to trap particulates carried out of
 the western embayment  into Michigan waters.
                             14

-------
     Stations U, V, & W were chosen because a deep hole (-925 feet)
in the vicinity would be expected to act as a natural  accumulation
point for particles carried in the Keweenaw Current flowing north-
easterly along the Michigan r ore.
     Stations X, Y, & Z were to be placed in the vicinity of the
deepest part of the lake (-1330 feet).  This was considered to be
the most likely place to look for tailings in that part of the
lake most remote with respect to the discharge point.
     The main thrust of the sediment studies was to look for
tailings in areas of the lake where they had not been  looked for
previously, or had not been positively found in the few instances
where they were sought.
     Closely tied in with the sediment studies was an  attempt to
measure suspended solids concentrations, tailings concentrations,
              ;
and various light scattering parameters at the trap station, at
stations of opportunity enroute (e.g. green water sightings)  and
on pre-designed transects ir. the Silver Bay area.  Aside from
hoped for tie-ins with the sediment trap data, these were expected
to be useful measurements for evaluation of water quality effects
in the main basin of the lake where scant data were available.
     Secchi disc observations were to be taken as part of this
program and to provide a gross comparison with current and
historical Secchi disc observations reported by others.
     Water samples for bacterial analyses by others were requested
to be collected at stations of opportunity when the research vessel
was homeward bound within 6 hours of port.

                            15

-------
     After the study was underway it was decided to conduct a
surface current study using drift cards.
     During the study other samples were requested and obtained
for other study groups.
Report Contents <
     Because many study groups were involved in distinct c'-idses
of the summer field (and laboratory) studies and may be d?oendent
on material we collected, it was determined necessary to 5nare data
reports at an early date.  This report in its early versions  therefore
may contain blank entries where data are expected to be sjoplied by
other investigators.  Because of this possible use of data oy
others it was necessary to be painfully attentive to detailed
de?crint.ion<; nf nrocedures. etc.
                            16

-------
  SECTION II
SEDIMENT TRAPS
       17

-------
                           SECTION II

                         SEDIMENT TRAPS


Description and Location

     Large volume sediment traps were designed specifically for

use in Lake Superior in order to obtain an estimate of the

accumulation of taconite tailings over the lake bottom.   The first

use came during the summer of 1971 with the deployment of five

stations within the western embayment.  A description of the

system-as deployed in 1971 is presented in the data report for

that field study.

     Sediment traps of the same basic configuration (Figure 1) were

deployed on a somewhat larger scale during this study.   Stations

were established at 26 locations (Figure 2), 17 of which were
                t
within the western embayment, defined, for this report,  as that

part of. the lake west of a line drawn between the mouth  of the

Brule River near Hovland, Minnesota, and Outer Island,  Wisconsin

(refer to Figure 2).   The remaining nine stations were  positioned

east of the line described above in what is termed, for  the purpose

of this report, the main basin of the lake.

     Sediment traps were deployed within the western embayment

during a five week period when the plant was inoperative,

retrieved*, and then  redeployed for a subsequent period  after
*Stations N, P and Q were not retrieved until  three days  following
plant startup on Aug. 26.  Station M was not recovered until  the
end of the second period.
                            18

-------
so1
 6'
                                                               Surfocs  Buoy
                                                              Chcm  Ballast
                                                      1/2" Polypropylene Line
                                           12" 0. Spherical  Subsurface  Buoys
                                                               1/2" Nylon  Line
                                                       Sediment  Trap  Frame
                                                              Sediment  Trap
                                                                    Anchor
  FIG.  1.   SEDIMENT TRAP  -  DEPLOYED  CONFIGURATION.
                                 19

-------
ro
o
                              GRAND MARAIS.
                                                FSOM LAKE SURVEY NO. 3



                                               DRAWN BY A.TEETER 10-19-72


                                                   STATUTE MILES


                                                JT~""lO W  SO  40
                                FIG.  2    Sediment  Trap  Station Locations  (July  - October,  1972)

-------
the tailings discharge had been resumed.  The traps deployed T-;
the main basin remained in place throughout the transition from
plant shutdown to resumed operations.  The deployment-recovery
details are presented in Table 1.
     The interiors of all trap containers were exposed to an
ultraviolet light source for 15-30 seconds shortly before deploy-
ment at the request of bacteriologists who were designated to
receive subsequent samples for bacterial analysis.
     All deployments and recoveries were made from the deck of the
Tel son Queen, a 100-foot research and survey vessel registered
at Minneapolis, Minnesota, and operated by Mr. Al Kennedy.

Procedures
     Sample Collection, Handling and Analysis.  Three individual
subsamples were taken from each of the three containers making
up the basic sediment trap.  These samples were analyzed at
various EPA laboratories and the final results combined to
quantify and identify various types of materials collected.
     Between the time of sampling and the time when the recovered
trap was first set on the deck, the containers were covered with
a plastic cap.
     The basic sampling techniques are discussed in their order
of application.  The first is the collection of a sterile sample
of the settled material on the bottom of each container.
     During the August retrievals previously autoclaved glass and
                             21

-------
                            TABLE 1



        SEDIMENT TRAP STATION AND DEPLOYMENT DETAILS 1972
Sta. Desig
Dep. #
A-l
A-2
B-l
B-2
C-l
C-2
D-l
DR-1*
E-l
E-2
F-l
F-2
G-l
H-l
J-l
JR-1*
K-l
K-2
L-l
L-2
M-l
N-l
N-2
P-l
P-2
Q-l
Q-2
R-l
S-l
T-l
U-l
V-l
W-l
X-l
Y-l
Z-l
0-1
0-2
0-3
Deployed
Date
7/25
9/1
7/25
8/31
7/25
8/31
7/25
8/31
7/26
8/30
7/25
8/31
7/25
7/25
7/26
8/31
7/25
8/25
7/26
8/23
7/26
7/26
8/29
7/26
8/29
7/26
8/29
7/27
7/27
7/27
7/27
7/27
7/27
7/28
7/28
7/28
8/3
8/23
8/31
Time
0930
0730
1135
1945
1415
1730
1745
1000
0936
0900
1957
1535
1850
2045
0805
1245
2156
1400
0640
0930
0715
1530
1320
1635
1420
1700
1620
0700
0602
0900
1610
1840
1935
1400
1630
1725
1404
1312
1130
Retrieved
Date
8/21
10/3
8/21
10/3
8/21
10/3
-
10/3
8/23
10/3
8/25
10/2
-
-
_
-
8/25
10/2
8/23
10/7
10/6
8/29
10/4
8/29
10/4
8/29
10/4
10/1
-
10/1
9/30
-
-
-
-
-
8/21
8/26
10/2
Time
0700
0730
0915
0830
1130
1000
-
1230
1715
1330
1700
1200
-
-
_
-
1330
0930
0910
0830
1745
1300
0745
1400
0900
1600
1050
1810
-
1510
1330
-
-
-
-
-
1315
1600
1500
Elapsed
Time
Lonq.
(days)
26.
32.
26.
32.
26.
32.
-
33.
28.
34.
30.
31,
-
-
_
-
30.
37.
28.
44.
72.
33.
35.
33.
35.
33.
35.
66.
-
66.
64.
-
-
-
-
-
17.
3.
32.
90
00
90
50
88
69

10
32
19
88
85




65
81
10
96
44
89
77
89
78
96
77
47

26
89





97
12
15
91

91

91

91
91
91

91

91
91
91
91
91

91

90
90

90

90

89
89
89
88
87
87
86
86
86
91


(W)
°31.4
Illl
24.8
It
18.0
11
06.3
06.0
00.0
"
14.4
II
08.6
13.1
03.9
06.0
11.8
II
01.5
"
59.5
03.4
"
04.0
"
oo.o
M
47.0
40.5
33.0
10.2
54.7
•55.6
38.0
35.8
35.7
10.8
II
II

47

47

47

47
47
47

47

47
47
47
47
46

47

47
47

47

47

47
47
47
47
47
47
47
46
46
47


Lat.
(n)
°02.4
II
07.4
1)
12.9
11
16.3
18.8
21.8
II
09.1
"
12.3
03.8
09.6
17.8
55.5
"
01.8
"
04.0
40.8
n
36.0
II
37.0
11
05.8
10.7
15.2
33.8
39.7
42.5
07.9
54.5
50.6
13.6
ii
:I
Depth
(ft. )
750
n
790
n
810
11
972
900
930
1!
795
"
795
590
585
5CG
335
"
335
II
322
595
"
590
"
590
"
685
698
660
870
900
925
1190
1310
1100
975
II
II
*R =.New trap replacing the unrecovered original
                                22

-------
rubber tubing was used to siphon a sample into an autoclaved 500
mill illter glass bottle.  This system was modified for the
October retrievals where a one-liter evacuated autoclaved bottle
was substituted.  This provided a closed system, avoiding the
contamination dangers associated with siphoning.  However,
because of varying vacuum levels, it was necessary to measure
the variable volume collected.
     The bottle of sterile sample was then shaken vigorously,
flamed at the cap, uncapped, flamed at the lip, and a 250
mi 11 iliter subsample poured into an autoclaved plastic container.
The plastic container was refrigerated on board no longer than 24
hours before being delivered to a National Water Quality Laboratory
employee for shipment to Dr. V. Cabelli at EPA's National Marine
Water Quality Laboratory, West Kingston, Rhode Island.  The por-
tion of the sample remaining in the glass bottle, referred to
as the "common" sample, was then sent to EPA's Duluth laboratory
for gravimetric, volumetric, mineral and particle size analyses.
Some of the particle size distributions were determined on board
prior to transfer.
     To quantify the sediment content remaining in the trap,
two additional samples were collected for analysis of particles
remaining in suspension and those which had settled.  Before
the residue was poured into the sample bottle the container was

-------
 capped and vigorously agitated  to  resuspend  the bottom  accumula-
 tions  and  to  dislodge materials v/hich  had adhered to  the  side-
 walls  of the  container.
     Particle Size  Analysis.  The  particle counter used for these
 analyses was  a Model  T Coulter  Counter,  manufactured  by Coulter
 Electronics,  Inc.,  Hileah,  Florida.  This instrument  electronically
 counts and sizes  particles  suspended in  a liquid electrolyte
 as  they pass  through  an  aperture of known diameter.   The  passage
 of  a particle through the  aperture displaces a  .volume of
 electrolyte equal to  the volume of the particle, causing  a
 change in  resistance  between  two submerged electrodes.  This
 change, represented by a voltage pulse,  is measured and stored
"in  one of  the fifteen storage channels.   The boundaries of  one
 of  the mid-range  storage channels  were calibrated using pollen
 reported to have  a  mean  diameter of 11.4y, calculated from
 volume measurements assuming  the pollen  particles were  spherical.
 No  error results  from this assumption as long  as the calibrated
 Boundaries are expressed in volume units (cubic microns)*-
 The remaining channel  boundaries were  automatically set to  provide
 *   Because  the  instrument  measures  the  actual  particle  volume,
 references  to particle  size  in  this report are properly ones
 of.volume.   In  order  to report  a  particle  diameter assumptions
 regarding the particle  shape would  have to be  made.   For
 those  who require  this  conversion to aid'in visualizing the
 data,  a  table of diameters for  assumed  spherical  particles  of
 a  given  volume  is  presented  in  Appendix I.
                             24

-------
a geometric progression of volumes by a factor of 2.   The upper
boundary of the largest channel is for practical purposes
determined solely by the effective opening of the counting cell.
For example, the nominal upper boundary for the 200  aperature
is a volume of  (549) X  lO^u  (an equivalent spherical  diameter
of 102vO.   The aperature is thought to be close to 100 percent
efficient in passing these particles, but it is also  known to
be progressively less efficient in possing particles  of
increasing size — up to the physical limits of the aperature.
Since larger storage  channels are not provided, this  "overflow"
is counted in the largest channel available.  The complete
details concerning the theory of operation are given  in the
instruction manual and are available upon requests
     Replicates were run for all samples, but after a  compara-
tive analysis of results it was determined that any one of the
two or three replicates provided an adequate representation of
the distribution.  The criteria used to make this assessment
were three.
     1.  The ratio of the differential background count in the
smallest size interval, 50 micron aperature analysis,  to
the differential population in that interval for each  replicate
was determined.  If these values agreed within 10 percentage
points, the replicate containing the middle population value
was used.
                        25

-------
     2.   If  the  ratios did not  agree within 10  percent, the
 replicate with the middle-valued background/population ratio
 was  used.
     3.   In  those analyses with only two replicates, the one
 having the lowest background/population ratio was used.
     Background  Correction.  Background counts, caused by
 electrical noise, were measured separately on a sample of clear
 electrolyte  and  subtracted from the environmental samples.  The
 background counts were-determined on the same basis as was the
 corresponding sample, i.e. time, count, or volume.
     Coincidence Correction.  Correction of the sample count
 to compensate for the chance simultaneous passage of several
 small particles  through the aperature was not required because
 all  samples  analyzed were kept below a concentration limit
                                        i
 recommended  by Coulter.
     Sample  Handling.  Each sample of about 400 ml was received
 in a sealed .glass bottle and stored on ice or in a controlled
.temperature  room at 4°C until analyzed.  All samples were
 analyzed within 216 hours after they were taken, and most were
 analyzed within 48 hours.
     Just prior  to analysis the sample container was shaken
 vigorously by hand to dislodge all material from the container
 wall (visual inspection).  The container was then agitated in
 an ultrasonic bath for about 10-15 seconds to further
                             26

-------
 disperse the participate matter.   The  container was  removed  from
 the  bath and swirled by hand while an  aliquot  of  sample was
 removed  by pipette.   The aliquot  was transferred  to  a 250 ml
 round-bottom beaker containing 100 ml  of Isoton (an  electrolyte
 distributed by Coulter Electronics, Inc.)  and  a volume of
 deionized distilled water such that when the aliquot was added
 the  total  volume  would be 200 ml  (100  ml Isoton + distilled
 water +  sample =  200 ml).   This prepared sample was  transferred
 to the instrument,  stirred vigorously,  and given  a preliminary
 analysis.   If this  analysis indicated  the  sample  was sufficiently
 dilute for accurate instrument counting the analysis was
 completed.   If the  particle concentration  of the  prepared sample
 was  too  great (indicated by the concentration  index  meter) the
 sample was discarded and a more dilute  suspension prepared.
      Samples from the sediment traps were  analyzed by the two
.aperature (200y and 50u )  technique (Coulter Counter Model T
 Manual,  1969).  The instrument was calibrated  to  measure particles
 with volumes greater than 0.26 cubic microns and  less than 274 X 103'
 cubic microns.
      In  addition  to the two-aperature  technique,  the sample  was
 analyzed by counting a total  of 100,000 particles using the
 50 micron diameter  aperature only.  Three  replicate  analyses were
 done on  each sample.  This technique provided  an  equivalent
 base for planned  comparisons with gravity  core data.  These
                              27

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 results  are  summarized  in Table  17  in  the  following section.

 This  section  includes a  sample of the  computer output, while

 the total  data  is  presented as part  of Appendix  II.

      Carbon-Nitrogen Analyses.   Particulate organic carbon

 and total  Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations were  determined under

 the direction of D.F. Krawczyk at EPA's  Pacific  Northwest

 Environmental Research  Laboratory.   Carbon analyses were conducted

 on two of  the three samples taken from each sediment trap

 container  and analyses  were made using an  Oceanography Inter-

 national Total  Carbon Systems Analyzer.  Nitrogen  levels were

 conducted, .on selected  samples only, to  investigate possibls

 bacterial  count/carbon-nitrogen  relationships.

                 i
 Results

      Sample  Data ,!  Parti cle Size  Analysi s.  The data from the

 particle analyses  on the sediments  collected by  the traps were

 presented  automatically  by the Coulter Counter in  a numerical

 printout.  Selected data were then  keypunched for  coinputer

 preparation of .tables and graphs.  As  an example,  the data from

 the near bottom traps at station "C" are presented in a tabular

 format,  followed by a graph of the cumulative and  differential

 frequency  distribution  of particle  volumes as functions.of

.particle size.  The data plotted along the ordinates of the

 graphs arc from columns  13 and 14 of the preceding tables,
                        28

-------
and the abscissa is from column 3.  The mean particle size is



the 50 percent!le value obtained from the cumulative plot of



the particle volume distribution and is printed out on both



the table and the graph.


     Figures 3 through 5 and Tables 2-4 are for the "plant



down" period, while Figures 6-8 and Tables 5-7 are for the



deployment during the "plant up" period.  The complete data for



all the sediment traps retrieved are presented in a like format



in Appendix I.



     To obtain useful interpretations and measures of Reserve's
                          \


tailings contributions to the accumulated sediments, the follow-



ing parameters were calculated or selected from various



analytical results.



     1.  Total mass of materials collected.



     2.  Rate of accumulation or sedimentation.



     3.  Organic carbon percentage of the .sediments.



     4.  Tail ings percentage.


     5.  The mean particle size of the sediments.



     The total mass of material collected was calculated by



use of the following relationship:



     M = V,C, 4 V2C2 + V3C3 + (VT-Z V.)C2,
                                 I i  i


where:



     M  = total mass accumulated in a trap container,



     V-, = total volume of a trap container,
                             29

-------
 TABLE 2  .NUMERICAL  RESULTS-PARTICLE  SIZE ANALYSIS (l-C-7)
SAMkU« HHCLT17          DILUTION   100
C"AN i)I» Hn VUC«
u Cu
2u .7^ .37J2
!•« i.nu . /-.."a
lh 1.2" l.'fl
17 !«•.>•» 2.-M2
H> 2..I-I S.-J^«
!•» 2.-J2 11.19
, , 1* J.I 1 2J.7U
Co
o
U ^.on *7..iv
12 5.'l* «<-.7<1
11 ....,, l-^.n
10 ».UU J/V.|
•* U'.l Vbd.j
" \e, i isi6
7 .Ifi.O 3'IJJ
6 2J.2 hU%o
•j /^tj.- l3"«0
2 'ill . •* 4 71 MO
1 r>-» . 1 1 w*«*»00
j 1.1.-, Jr^/'lo
OELfA UtLTA DELTA
frlaw Pdi^O PCOIN
'6872>*S 1« 1*31
.V^/12 J7VV
' 2->J9S2 JS43
1«.<'U21 /VO
IWhol*  U
11 0
2 0
>j 0
1 0
U 0
U 0
UtLIA P ~SMM f DELTA l»
NtT NET' «
5Mt>o623* l'J.33
•
1**12J1 '"Vl(>l7i 9.30
lUaJVl eb(tb'tb
AS059 d^OdO 2.V/
•11551 lllrtbU .76
*6b3 V249 . Jl
... 15*8 J^b . .10
b'O tOVtt .««.
2a3 *2d .02
97 If* .01
j<. *H .00
u u .00
2 .3 .00
u i o
1 1 .00
0 0 0
0 0 U
SUM V DtXTA V
4 CU
100.00 2164BT
61. *1 2J911/
<,0.13 29969<,
26. UO *1HJ26
H.bO 62J151
10.57 HJf.290
2.9S 1230766
1.2- lO^rtO*
.*d 0d2204
.17 Sd6B47
.07 508061
.OJ A2902U
.01 2*">201
.00 . 2062*^
.00. 1J3".JO
.00 Aa&oO
.UU 0
.00 9T1HU
0 0
0 u
SUM V OELTA V
CO ' «
9212673 2.3S
8'V'ys7H6 2.6H
87^6669 3.2S
8<.56V75 *.b*
bu3o6*y 6.76
7*1^*97 V.Ob
637^207 11.54
S511JUV 13.36
*i!DiJ9'<.J 11. UK
Jld5/*« v.58
23UJ5J1 6.37
171660* S.M
12u»b23 *.66
7795^5 3.1"»
*bb3v<, 2.2»
2W150 l.»5
1--,??0 .S3
•y7180 0
V71dO 1.05
0 0
0 0
SUM »
*
100.00
V7.6>
VS. OS
VI. HO
d/.26
8u.fc9
71. *1
59.02
*6.*6
3*. Sit
25.00
10.63
13.12
t).*6
S.27
3.03
t.So
1.05
1.05
0
«
                      Fir 11 PtHCtNIILt VlLUH£«
                                              62.236

-------
X)0-i
90-
 80-
z

8  70
u
oi  60-
u
?.

o  CO-
I

3


«J
•40 -
   30-
 20-
 10-
                                                                                 50 PE.RO.rr
                                                                                 BBCLT17
                                                                                                   r 25
                                                                                         3'. 7.-1
                                                                     FIG. 3.

                                                                     STATION l-C-7

                                                                     CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                     VOLUME PERCENT VS PAflTiCLE

                                                                     VOLUME



                                                                     • DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                     » CUMULATIVE
                                                                                                    -15
                                                                                   LU
                                                                                   o
                                                                                   (K
                                                                                   kl
                                                                                   o.
                                                                                                 -10
                                                                                                       UJ
                                                                                                       or
           fc
                  «
                  s
CO
t
                          >'0
                          m
N
o
in
CD
                            rf   r
o
r-
-o
(V
o
^
^
^
                                            51
,
(.•)
c>
C3


i

•
N
lO


(
rt
CO
in
r-


i
<£>
5


(
tf>
K)
S


i
(S>
to
o
u>


(
o
to
5


t
0
N
CM
f
N

(
O
rf
in
CD



(
o
o
t
tj-
o>

t
o
o
N
0?
03
to
                                 PARTICLE VOLUME-CUBIC  MICRONS

-------
                        TABLE 3'  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (l-C-8)
                                             DILUTION   'Off
CO
>»'V» 'UA Mr< vOL»
a cu
2» .7-,. .J/J2
!•» I.'jJ ."/»«•*
IH l.^o 1 ,*nj
17 1.-,. 2.*o<
16 2.«0 b.9,.*
IS /.,, II..,,
!<• J.I/ 2J./U
13 ..»•• «/..M
\>* v*.7d
11 b. J > IH4.o
|0 H.llll .W-».t
9 Id.) 7srt.J
n |2. / IblO'
7 !•>.« 3UJJ
o 2 23. - I/HID
* 12.0 P.270
j ..a.j *«-.*«
i; ^a.i -/Mil
1 «•».•> IU-.I.UU
o -.0., «-„;•>„
OtLT* -OtLTA OtLIA
P>4aH HdKO HCUlN
.^SSf-io »*/»*!
2 1 "..351 JV2U
1*1 77« 1HH5
ID.I'llJ 11«6
anjHf 630
S»l71»» /"^6
3d9(JV 1SS
2^1/1 *>6
IIS99 30
SOU 13
loSl g
6*<> 0
22« 0
61 0
31 0
S> 0
3 0
U U
U 0
0 U
v o
OtLTA f SUM K DELTA l»
Nt r Ntr A
3oajO& 9800b2 31.**
2106J1 672JH7 21.
Jc»d3*t rt2^JV * 3«V6
2*91, *MO, 2.S«
11363 19190 I. Id
oOUl /627 .31
Ibbl 2626 .17
640 97s .07
220 329 .02
61 101 .01
32 <•!). .00
3 8 .00
..3 3 .00
0 0 it
0 0 0
000
U 0 0
SUM l> U£LTA V
* CU
100.00 11M3S
6B.b6 1S5972
<>7.U8 2071M2
J2.B2 30*2ia
22.3* <>72<>aO
1*.2I 6hM377
0.46 V20366
*.bO lHu/22
1.96 109S941
.76 y*819b
.27 62bU9«
.10 *B9H62
.03 J*Sb*d
.01 - IdSOU
.00 . 19*112
.00 606SO
.00 72810
0 0
0 U
0 0
0 u
iUM V CELT* V
CU . *
00*1771 l.*2
7-.27037 1.9*
777166* 2.bB
7bo**t)J J.76
7260265 3.B8
I.7N/7B* M.ll
611v2u7 11.**
bl9dB<>l 1*.6H
*Uln!20 13.63
2V22178 11.79
197J9U9 7.78
1J*MU»> 6.0»
e3b2j3 *.3«
SUbwb 2.30
327372 2.«,l
13J*60 ,T»
72«10 ' .91
0 0
U 0
0 0
o 6
SUM V
100.0'J
9M.5S
90.6*
9*. 06
90.20
K*.*l
76.0*
6*.V,
*9.*7'
J6.3*
2*.SS
16.76
10.67
6.37
*.07
1.66
.91
0
0
0
9

-------
               ICO-,
               9O-
            H
                eo-
               70-
00

OJ
            o 60
3
O  50-


ui


<  40-
            u
                30-
                20-
                O ->
            BBCLT18

            SO rf.RClNT!LE:

                    '?/1.<.7
                 MJGOiti
FIG. 4.


STATlOfl 1-C-B


CUMULATIVE AND OIFFERENTIAU


VOtUKC PERCENT VS PARTICLE


VOLUME





o  OIFFERENTIAU


»  CUMULATIVE
                                                                                                               •20
                                                                                                              -13
                                                                                                               •10
                            - 5
                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                       UJ
                                                                                                       CL
                                 uj

                                 S
                                 S

                                 z
                                 UI
                                 o-

                                 til
                                 u.

                                 o
                                                PARTICLE VOLUME-CUBIC  MICRONS

-------
TABLE 4  NUMERICAL. RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (i-c-9V
SA1PLEI.. 8BCLT19 	

- CHSS
18
17
1$
1*
11
12
11
10
1
«
7
6
5
3
2
t
1


OIA MM VOL. DELTA
U CU PRAM
.79* .37P2 ... 2601(88.
_i.09_ .71.05 167666
1.26
1.59
_2.00_
2.52
3.17
i, CO
5.0*
6.35
}.OR_

20.2
25.*
j;,0
1.0.3
50.8
6(1 , ft
BO. 6
1.1.81 . 113309
2.962 . 809*6
5.23**7
117777*
971530
850230
777.. (5 ,
91.31
86.3* 	
79. *7 . ..
70.01
58.**
37.63
2*. 83
20.0J
16.57
13.67
11. S6
10.9*
10.9* _
*.*T 	
5.*7

-------
                                                                        FIG. 5.

                                                                        STATION l-C-9

                                                                        CUMULATIVE AMD DiFFERENTIAI.

                                                                        VOLUME PERCENT VS PARTICLE

                                                                        VOLUME
0 ->
      s
      u
      s
      0.
                                                                                                            2
                                                                                                            Ul
                                                                                                            cr
                                                                                                            ui
                                                                                                            u.
                                                                                                            u.
                                                                                                      - 5
L- 0
                                  PARTICLE VOLUME.- CUBIC  MICRONS

-------
 TABLE 5  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE  ANALYSIS.(2-C-7)
s»-.1'-Lt I
                              J!KO
• •»••! •)!» M'i Vlll t
if Oil
?•-• ./•••» .'.4 7-1 if
l" : ..in . /-."'i ,
lr« l./i !.<••• 1
If 1.., ^.T0<
1'. /'.'•O -..-*•?••
!•> .'.^ 11. oi
1- 3. If f.1.t»
... ...... -/.,v
U :>. .. '-••. /n
II n. ' i txv.r, .
|J ".IJ>) J/-<.1
•» In. t /•.»«• 1
n 12. / Iflih
.' I-...- J.I I-'
r, /.*.t --...o
n ^T..( Ifl.iu
•. !.'... '/•••/Ill
5 ,V.J. <•*•>..,
/ ...,.n -.7JH.,
i ..... ...„-.,. '
,, ^ ,.„ J*,,/JU
UrLTA OtLlA OtLIA OtLTA r SUM •" DELTA P SUN H DELTA V
^^i< p-jKf, PCOlM Ntf NET * 1 CO
2-ti|'.(; M/??4J 157^01 .>b oh".0b
b>fo^b 1^<>2 SH- j.lu lu.'/a 3^bl,"tS
I»V/ -?.' »u*0* J3-VU9 2.<.i 7.6» 513.JO/
/B^a !t /.i.<<: iJl'Jb i./r a.iJ /<>2Jir
Sh/rt 7 SUM 1S lllS'.'.i
3i3^ U iii ^42 .C* .US IHniJjSO
SJ U SV /7 .01 ,\>Z I'.Jl-li'J
\i> U 1* 18 .00 ,'JU 67-1^60
i u * '< .00 .00 3''1S4U
1 V 1 1 .CJ .00 1-yV-ou
00 U L< U V 0
bUM V OELU ^
CU 4
!S?3o7S3 .J2
IbloUJJS .36
laiiJ^o .«,/
1«U^.U2 .*•,
17guvO«.7 .91
n/t^aib 1.3U
l/bU'.JiO 1.7B
!7Hvibe 2.ni
!6bO /<;'jo *» . 07
! DV^'.V J9 o. 1 0
I<.dll7vu 7.Vt>
lJ33'»Uf.6 11. IB
113i')7?6 \?.la
bVV-,OB* 12.^7
e>7b?j3u 13. <>7
y40 1.6U
1S--UO 1.07
0 U
SUM y
lou.co
VV.feiJ
9S..V
v».e*
Va.1V
97. Z*
V,".«f
9-.. IV
VI. 38
87.31
B1.21
73. 2i
62.07
--,.2*
.37.02
2*. 55
1*.2»
b.JV
2.6ft
J.OT
g
                          !Jt>CtNrilt

-------
   lOO-i
   90-
   eo-
   TO-
rn  60
kl
5

O  50-
   40-
O
   30-
   20-
    0 -*
                                                                                BBCLT26
                                                                                50 HACIN7 ILL
                                                                                Uta Lfi T-l'l .80
                                                                                CUSfC
                                                                     FIG. 5.
                                                                     STATION 2-C-7
                                                                     CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL
                                                                     VOLUME PERCENT VS  PARTICLE
                                                                     VOLUME

                                                                     • DIFFERENTIAt
                                                                     » CUMULATIVE
                                                                                                rzs
                                                                                                -20
                                                                                                     UJ
15   w
                                                                                                      I
                                                                                                -10
                                                                                                     z
                                                                                                     llj
                                                                                                     ee
                                                                                                     K
                                                                                                I- 5
                                   PARTICLE VOLUME:-CUBIC MICRONS

-------
                      TABLE-6  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE  SIZE ANALYSIS  (2-C-8)
                              t»nCCT26         UIU/TION
OO
;-...< -)|A Ji.i v-Jl • iHLt* in
• 1 CO fKAa 1
*•" .7 '•. . .«7i./ i'Z/'JHb
!•* l.Uii . /o.is 9SS<«1
I" l.^o l.o*l o-Urt")
.7 1.-,, ,>.•,.«• .V'M,0
ll Si-Ill J-.*-". />J3OU
1» <•.>/• ll.i-j |h*h2
I*. J.I/ rJ./tl !(>!><<•«
1 J -..III) Of. IV "331
1? •>.•!<• Vo, /o *WOj
11 .-.I, «„,.„ o,,M
l.l n.-J'j .I'v.l iJHW^
» 1 1. 1 /->.!. j 17/o
r I/./ Inlo Io7v
7 In.u J (*ii»^ r-lf>o . ?*»J
S r,., Irflju vl
- J4-.» ^<»ii a
£ •,.,.* mi«« i
1 1...1I |v-.«bu . tl
J -•!.•» .("t/llj 0
;LfA UL'LTA JltLT* »* SUM K OtLTA >»
j.iM, PcuiN KIC r Ndr *
»-,i.3* • . 1*20^6 330^8 J7.36
!S>)5o . 79t>j:'. '..o lb»^7b li.'tl
V
MIJ J£*^.t7 111421 o.'tti
i'/j /Jut./ rvkn'* t>.u7
lob ' 107V7 50617 <..*2
77 1^17 39«0 J.I6
' , /fr
U 17I'<» ~ 3«U3 ,<*(
0 lo.'v 2U2V .28
0 	 S'7 Vb« . . .15
U . /'.J 37J .1)6
il " !»1 1JC .02
' U , . . , fev JV .01
U b 10 .00
u : b b .Ou
0 	 0 0 U
o • a • u u
SUK P DtLTA V
1 CU
100.00 b2593
62.64 b-8v6<,
ol./O oyoW
29.03 9So86
.^U.VS 136609
K.89 1V90M
IU.*7 Zd*HOJ
7.31 ooV/31
O.B2 6>SMJ
3.ou avuio
1.76 . 1096JS/
liOO . 13oS
ys3ii;6ii a. 67
I'.Ji'.JO b.SJ
/iroouo 1.91
<,0SSU0 3.62
0 0
1) U
SUM v
100.00
«9.b9
V9.12
9(j.SU
97. BJ
96.76
«.H
92.96
bO.'.2
ti<..27
77.27
bB.66
3B.10
*S.2b
Jl.iO
1*.W
11.2s
5.72
3.82
0
0
                                            HFfy
                                                          l/Ol_OrtE«

-------
                 SOO-i
eo

                                                                                                         50 PE.ttO.NT ILl
                                                                                                         *.M.U"i  2^? 21
                                                                                                         Cl£i!C
                                                                                            FIG. 7.

                                                                                            STATION 2-C-8

                                                                                            CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                                            VOLUME PERCENT VS PARTICLE

                                                                                            VOLUME
                                                                                              DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                                              CUMULATIVE
U
U

-------
TABLE 7  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (2-C-9)
                     DILUTION 2)00
.>->'< OJA "•' Vi'Lt
U CO
e* ./*. ..JM<
1-* -|.'n) . 7<«y»
If 1 .»•" 1.4M
17 l.j-1 ,».<«!>
If. *..... S.^H
Ib /.•*«• !»..•«>
1. .».U 2J.70
13 4..,-J W.J-*
\( 1. ,u Ml,. /I,
11 .»..«•• Ir-.o
It' H.lU J7-*. I
•» It'.l /•>!>. J
n ,,.7 I-,.*
f lh/0 3014
'i *?J..£ r.itno
S <••>.« 1*M.».>
- j<... ^/!7u
J •* J • > <»nb^u
t S-i.- M71,0
1 '»^*v l^^wUu
0 -0." JHH/Dtf
0£Lf « . DtLlA OtDA UtLTA V
l 70S77 ' . 1753J*
lu^.U rt436 «**vi
S^=rt 1744 »ol'.
JUnOi '•bii 3C.l"«i|
i!/71/ 3»7 ^/4to
IV'i/J <>17 ' lWbt>
\«/M 104.. HU.)
lllttV hj 111U(>
rtl^S ,)6 Bll-i
6.11J 2b oiBfl
416,; u .; . 4it,i:
^v.O 0 <*40
l/ol V I7b>
>»H 0 91 s'
Jfto u • . Jot.
ltl-3 0 l^i.
bi 0 .. SJ.
14 U 1"
00 «
" ° l'
0 « V
SUM P Ot'LTA l» iUM i*
4S7V53 Jn.JJ 10U.OO
MMI» £0.64 «l.«r
16m<> 11.49 41.H3
UiJU7vb60 67^^60 3«£>&
0 00
0 0 0
oo «
SUM V
100.00
VS. 65
99.27
9«.8*
VH.2*
v/,37
96.10
<»4.30
91.46
S7.31
au.Ba
72.37
b0.3b
4b.7V
30.75
1B.7J
111. 69
3.66
0
0
(,
                                  VOLUMfc'»

-------
z
100-

90-

eo-

70-
cc
tiJ
c.
m  60
10
O  50
uj
3
   40 -
   30H
   zo-
    10-

                                                                                B3CLT28
                                                                                50 PUR
                                                                                               r 25
                                                                                               -2O
FIG. 8.
STATION 2-C-9
CUWVLATiVE AKO OIFFEREKTIAL
VOLUME PERCENT VS PAF.ttCte
VOLUME

« DIFFERENTIAL
» CUMULATIVE
                                                                                             -IS
                                                                                               -10
                                                                                                  UJ
                                                                                                  o
                                                                                                  K
                                u
                                5
                                i
                                to
                                or
                           - 5
t
p>



^ CO y? CO
f*» ^f 01 CT>
• — 



i t
o> o
^ *•
r- ""
M- 0>


o
o!
to



CT
r-
co


ro
s
N


i
ID
in



to
•0




-------
     V. = individual subsample volumes,
     C. = suspended solids concentration of the individual
subsamples, and
where:
     i =1:  the sterile common sample;
     i = 2:  the supernatant water in the container;
     i = 3:  the residue in the container.
The sedimentation rate S for each container is determined by the
following equation:
     S = M/((A)(T)),
where:
     A =i cross sectional area of the container opening, and
     T = period o'f deployment.
      The tailings percentages reported were determined by
 x-ray diffraction procedures accomplished at the National  Water
 Quality Laboratory, Duluth, under the direction of Mr. R.
 Andrew.  The specific procedures used for this determination will
 be described in a report being prepared by Mr. Andrew.
      The median particle volume is obtained by linear interpolation
 of the  cumulative  volume distribution.  The value is identified on
 the graphical data plots as the 50 percentile volume (see  Figure 3),
                              42

-------
     The resulting data as described above have been grouped on
the basis of trap location and plant operating schedules and are
presented in the following tables.
     Table 8 includes data for ^ediment traps in the western
embayment during the period when the plant was inoperative,
and Table 9 provides data details for deployments when the
plant was back in operation and tailings were being discharged.
Table 10 covers the deployment of traps in the main basin of the
lake.
     A few sediment trap samples were selected for analysis of
total Kjeldahl nitrogen to determine if the results could be
used to aid in explaining bacterial counts found in the sedi-
ments.  If they are found useful the remaining sample analyses
can be completed.  The results, along with comparative carbon
concentrations, are shown in Table 11 as percentages of the
total sediment.
Controls and Tests
     Aseptic Controls.  Controls were prepared to test (1) the
aseptic handling of sealed samples transported from the boat,
through the NWQL, Duluth, To NMWQL, West Kingston, R.I., and
through the laboratory procedures' at West Kingston, and (2) the
aseptic techniques throughout a simulated sediment trap sampling
          *
arid sample transfer operation performed on board the R/V Tel son
Queen plus the transfer described in (1) above.
                        43

-------
                            .   TABLE 8

           SEDIMENT TRAP RECOVERY DATA  - WESTERN EMBAYMENT
                         .7/25/72 to 8/25/72  .


Sediment Trap
Station
A
A
A
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
E
E
E
F
F
F
K
K
K
L
L
L
0,
0,
I.
II: - <
N
N
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
02
02
02
Container
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
.3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

Total Mass
Grams
6.21
5.18
4.10
11.37
4.90
12.40
6.42
4.04
5.23
1.65
1.76
1.60
0.73
1.42
1.29
3.62
5.46
3.71
5.34
5.97
6.55
0.57
0.58
0.27
1.15
0.78
0.70

0.55
0.08
0.71
0.75
0.73
0.79
0.62
0.63
0.98
0.43
0.83
0.03
0.01
0.02

Ace. Rate
g/mz/day
1.96
1.63
1.29
3.22

3.59
2.03
1.28
1.65
0.52
0.55
.51
0.23
0.45
0.41
1.09
1.64
1.11
1.47
1.64
1.80
0.16
0.16
Q.D7
0.35
0.23
0.21

0.26
0.40
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.16
0.16
0,25
0.10
0.21
0.08
0.03
0.06
%
% Tail-
Org. ings
1.2
1.3 95++
1.7
1.4
1.5 87++
1-0
1.2 77
1.9 80
1.4
2.2
1.9 85
2.7
5. 1
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.1 87
1.7
2.1
5.5 87
2.0
6.2 47,,
3.6 43
4.4 .,
4.0 67
3.8
3.6
9.3
1.8
6.3
7.8
8.4 11"
6.3
7.8 18
8.1
8.4
2.0
6.5 17"
3.8
31.6 ++
34.3 105
21.2
Median
Vol.
p3*
87
80
107
85
171
105
151
187
71
360
89
93
82
95
165
67
73
62
42
53
41
54
61
38
51
56
50
86
92
160
482
886
496
917
1023
822
567
510
682
158
151
239
   *Median volumes  rounded  off  to  nearest whole number
  **In < 2 micron fraction only
    Superscripts refer to relative amounts of tailings in > 2.0 n fraction
where:
  t=trace
 ++=dominant constituent
-=none present
^present
                                 44

-------
                 TRAP RECOVERY DATA - WESTERN EMBAYMENT
                    7/25/72 - 10/6/72


Sediment Trap
Station
A
A
A
6
B
6
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
DR
$
ER
E
E
F
F
F
K
K
K
L
\_
L
M**
M**
M**
N
N
N
0
03

P3
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Container
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2 -
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

Total Mass
Grams
„
—
—
5.91
__
7.05
2.53
3.11
2.63
—
—
—
-_
53.40
--
1.87
::
1.69
--
1.47
8.15
7.33
8.83
2.91
4.91
1.97
0.55
—
0.32
6.09
7.37
6.47
0.71
0.74
0.73
4.15
3.56
4.74
0.75
--
0.68
--
0.64
0.61

Ace. Rate
g/m2/day

--
_-
1.54
__
1.84
0.66
0.81
0.68

—
—
__
13.81
--
0.48
--
0.42
—
0.37
2.17
1.96
2.35
0.65
1.10
0.44
0.11
—
0.59
0.77
0.89
0.76
0.18
0.19
0.18
1.10
0.94
1.25
0.18
-.
0.16
_-
0.15
0.15

%
Qrg.
1.6
1.8
1.5
0.9
0.8.
0.7
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.9
2.3
0.9
0.8
0.5
2.3
2.5
3.0
2.2
2.5
1.0
0.9
0.9
2.8
2.5
1.3
3.8
3.3
4.5
2.4
2.4
2.9
2.9
4.9
6.2
1.5
0.9
1.3
4.1
4.0
4.8
4.5
5.1
5.3
% Median
Tail- Vol.
inqs+ u
164
247
204
77++ 180
276
67 227
39 349
274
19++ 367
240
209
407
2472
111 2949
2594
91++ 45
45
59
74++ 64
69 106
.62++ 211
73 194
171
9 48
55
<5+ 45
12+ 43
39
8 34
17 68
66
17+ 75
215
493
<5 232
88
75 81
76++ 124
977
1421
9" 635
927
8+ 196
9 654
*Median volumes rounded to nearest whole number
**"M" was deployed through both plant operating periods
Superscripts refer to relative amts. of tailings in>2.0p  fraction
Where: t = trace; - = none present; + = present; ++  =  dominant
constituent
                             45

-------
                             TABLE  10

         SEDIMENT TRAP RECOVERY DATA - MAIN BASIN
                       7/25/72 - 10/6/72

                                                          %   Medi an
     Sediment Trap       Total Mass   Ace. Rate    %    Tail-  Vol.
   Station   Container     Grams      g/m2/day    Org.. ...ings   y3*

       R         1          2.15        0.28      4.5           256
       R         2          2.28        0.29              t     593
       R         3          2.30        0.29            NDL     252
       T         1          0.24        0.03            ND      253
       T         2          0.20        0.03            NO      103
       T         3          0.22        0.03            ND      311
       U         1                                      NO      242
       U         2                                      NO      349
       U         3                                 -     ND       94
  *Median volumes have been rounded to nearest whole number.
 **In < 2 micron fraction only
ND=Not Detectable
                                46

-------
                          TABLE  11
         CARBON, NITROGEN FRACTIONS OF TOTAL SEDIMENT

                    ACCUMUL/1' _D  IN TRAPS


 "p-~
«rl "O
0)
<_> to





i^_
0 -t-1
t;
&5 O>
£Z
(/) *n"
(O "O
O)
2: 10

l>
o

^5

ro c:
01
o E
•1—
•4* "O
O)











CJ
"^^
• z





M —
0
 CL
u E
res *
CO OO
BBATR06



BBCTR18



BBDTR02



RRFTROfi




BBFTR06



BBLTR06



BBNTR06



BBQTR06



BBRTR03



BBTTR03



BBUTR03
1.3



0.5



2.5



?. .4




0.9



4.3



6.1



5.2
4.1



0.02



0.4


^\  M
i*. H



0.1



1.1



1.5



1.0



0.9



0.9



5.7
5.4



0.5



2.9



2.8



1.1



5.5



7.6
3.1



0.04



0.15



C. 16



0.15



0.27



0.25



0.18
75.8



 3.4




13.0




I w* » J




13.3




21.0




19.6



15.4
BBALT10



BBCLT28



BBDLT02



BBELT16



BBFLT03-



BBLLT06



BBNLT16



BBQLT16



BBRLT03



BBTLT03.



BBULT03
                              47

-------
      The first control  (1)  was  achieved  by  autoclaving a  few
 grams of cuminingtonite  in each  of five   250 ml plastic bottles
 filled with  Lake. Superior water.   The bottles  were sealed prior
 to  leaving the NWQL,  Duluth, where they  were  prepared.  They
 were  then transported to the boat and kept  on  board several days
 before being  returned,  on ice,  for further  shipment to Dr. Cabelli
 at  the NMWQL,  West  Kingston, Rhode Island.  Autoclaving was
 performed by  Mr.  Lou  Resi,  an EPA bacteriologist assigned to  NWQL,
 Duluth.
     The second set of controls (2) was accomplished  by auto-
claving a proportionately larger suspension of cummingtonite and
Lake Superior water in each of five 3-liter Erlenmeyer flasks
which were sealed with aluminum foil.  The samples were then
delivered to the boat, opened and  subsampled in the same manner
that sterile samples were taken from the actual sediment trap
containers.   The samples designated BBILT01-6 were prepared by
Mr.  Resi, while samples BBJLT07-10 were prepared by Mr. Robert
Becker, an EPA employee, also assigned to the NWQL, Duluth,
during a portion of this study.
     The sample designations for the various controls followed
the normal pattern and were not identified as controls until
after the analyses had been completed.  The Identifications are
as follows:
                             48

-------
     BBILT01      Sampling  (2)
          02      Transport & Analysis (1)
          03
          04          "           "
          05
          06
          07      Sampling  (2)
          08
          09
          10

     Recovery Efficiency Tests.  Typical sediment traps were

subjected to a series of tests to  provide data on retention

characteristics and possible losses of material during the

recovery procedures.

     The tests involved adding one gram of finely ground barium

sulfate to each of the three containers of one sediment trap

 Pv»-I r» v* +f\ rlonl rt\/mon +•
 I  IWl  V W Wlw.f~-IWJtllM.lt..

     Test #1 was conducted  at sediment trap station "A" where

the trap was deployed in the normal manner and left in place for

90 minutes.  At. the end of  this  period the trap was recovered

and the residue collected in an  18.95 liter container and

returned to the NWQL  in Duluth for barium analysis.  The traps

were disturbed during the recovery procedure and some water

lost, a situation not considered•unusual.  The results of

this and two additional tests are  collectively reported in

Table 12.

     Test #2 was designed to examine the long-term retention

characteristics in combination with a standard recovery and
                            49

-------
                    TABLE 12

   RESULTS - SEDIMENT TRAP PERFORMANCE TESTS
Test # Sample #
1 BBAL.T01
BBALT02
BBALT03
2 BBBLT01
BBBTW01
BBBTR01
BBBLT02
BBBTW02
BBBTR02
BBBLT03
BBBTW03
BBBTR03
BaS04 Added
1.0 gm
1 .0 gm
1.0 gm
1.0 gm
1.0 gm
1 .0 gm
Ba'SO. Recovered % Recovery
9S.O
43.0
19.0
Avq. Rec. Rate 53-0

                                           Avg. Rec. Rate
I: 100 ft. depth

BBCLT20
BBCTW20  '     1.0 gm
BBCTR20

BBCLT21
BBCTW21       1.0 gm
BBCTR21

BBCLT22
BBCTW22       1.0 gm
BBCTR22
                                           Avg. Rec. Rate
II: 200 ft. depth

BBCLT23
BBCTW23       1.0 gm
BBCTR23

BBCLT24
BBCTR24       1.0 gm
BBCTW24

BBCLT25
BBCTR2S       1.0 gm
BBCTW25
                                           Avg. Rec. Rate

                       50

-------
the containers of the sediment trap at station "B" were dosed
with barium sulfate and deployed during the "plant down" period.
The trap was left in place for 26.9 days and upon recovery barium
sulfate vvas visible.  As this deployment was one of a series of
scheduled deployments, the sample collection and analysis follow
the format described earlier.
     The last test, Test #3, was conducted on a-multi-layered
sediment trap configuration with the barium sulfate added to
the traps at both the 100 and 200-foot depths.  The traps were
deployed during the "plant up" period for 32.7 days and, as
for the other tests, barium sulfate was visibly evident upon
retrieval.  This test was conducted to see if the increased
turbulence of the near surface waters would affect the retention-
loss characteristics of the traps, and to serve as a conv.arison
with station "B" during the previous deployment period.  Sample
collection followed the procedure referenced for Test #2.
     In addition to the barium studies, an underwater television
camera was used to visually determine if the anchor, upon deploy-
ment, would create a disturbance of sufficient magnitude to cause
an initial deposition of material in one or all of the containers.
Two separate deployments were viewed utilizing a standard trap
configuration and recorded on videotape.  Disturbances on the
bottopi were noted, but were of insufficient magnitude to cause

-------
any visual initial deposition of material in the traps



suspended eight feet above the anchor.  The videotape will



be displayed upon request.

-------
    SECTION III
COLLECTION OF CORES
           53

-------
                           SECTION III
                        COLLECTION OF CORES

     The lake bottom at most* of the sediment trap stations
in the main basin was sampled at the approximate time  of the initial
trap deployment using both a gravity corer and a Shipek sampler.
Gravity cores of 1 3/8 inch diameter and various lengths were
collected, capped and stored vertically in refrigerators at the
National Water Quality Laboratory.
     The material obtained from the Shipek sampler was subsampled
twice to provide backup material for analysis in case  it was
needed.  As of October 30, 1972, none had  been analyzed.   One
subsamnie wa? obtained by inserting a four-inch length of 1 3/8
inch plastic core liner into the center of the material in the
Shipek cup.  The second was obtained by the careful removal of
the top 1/4 inch to 1/2 inch layer using a teflon covered
spatula.  This later sample was stored in a capped wide-mouth
glass bottle.
     Gravity cores were also collected at sediment trap stations
K, L and M in the western embayment, and at NS+89, 90  and 91,
with Shipek grabs taken only at stations NS 90 and 91.  An
additional  series of 16 gravity cores was collected within the
western embayment (see Figure 9) for which special handling
* Stations R, S and T were not sampled due to bad weather.
+ See Section IV Paragraph 1  for locations.
                               54

-------
                          MINNESOTA
tn
                                                      SBdGCOi-04 O
                                                               \
                                                       BBaGCOI-04
                                    I.    it
                WISCONSIN    J        <««
                                                         5r.5 Sicruie Mile Grid
                                                         After Reserve Mining WA-13
          FIG.  9.  LOCATIONS  OF SPECIALLY HANDLED CORES.

-------
 techniques were employed.  The exposed ends of cores upon
 retrieval were covered with sol vent-rinsed aluminum foil.
 The  plastic core caps were t!  :i carefully fitted over the
 foil, the cores were quick-frozen and subsequently transferred
 to the National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, for several
 analyses  conducted under the direction of Dr. G. Glass.

Procedures
     Particle Size Ana 1ysis.   All  gravity cores analyzed were
received, unfrozen, in the core liners in which they were
collected and were kept upright until  extruded from the liners.
     The following steps were  taken to sample the cores for.
analyses.
     1.   With the cores in an  upright position water was
siphoned from the upper part of the liner to within about two
inches of the sediment surface and discarded.
     2.   The  core liner was then vigorously swirled by hand
for several  seconds to thoroughly mix the uppermost sediment
layer with the remaining water.   This slurry was immediately
decanted into a clean glass bottle for particle size analysis
and a clean glass vial  for tailings analysis.
     3.   The  core was extruded from the top of the liner onto
a thin plastic film.   Care was exercised to withdrew the liner
as the core was extruded to minimize stretching or compressing
the core.  Extension  was accomplished by forcing the core
                             56

-------
out of the  liner with  a  rubber  plunger affixed to the end
of a rod.
     4.  The core was  sliced  lengthwise with a stainless steel
microspatula and laid  open to expose the center.
     5.  A  brief description  of the core was made with particular
attention paid to color,  layering, and texture.
     6.  Approximately one-half to one gram samples were taken
from the center of each  half  of the core at selected points,
which were  based on textural  changes, color changes or changes
in layering.  One of the  duplicate samples was retained for
 tailings  analysis;  the other for particle  size  analysis.
     7.  The material  taken for tailings  analysis was
given to the NWQL, Duluth, for  analysis under the direction of
Mr. R.  Andrev/s.
  •   8.  Tha material  taken for particle si^e analysis was
mixed with  about 100 ml  of deionized, distilled water and
agitated by hand and in  an ultrasonic bath until the material was
thoroughly  dispersed (visual  observation).  The samples were
then maintained on ice or at  4°C in a controlled temperature
room until  analyzed.
     All samples were  analyzed  within 192 hours after dissection.
The same procedures used  in preparing the sediment trap samples
for analysis wore used for the  cores, except that the so'iplcs
were analyzed with the 50 micron diameter aperature only.
                             57

-------
     The distribution of particles was determined by
counting a total of 100,000 particles.   In some cases only
two replicate analyses were made on these samples.  Most,
however, were analyzed three times.

Results
     The data deri.ved from the particle  size analyses on
cores and companion sediment traps shown in example Table 13
provide an opportunity to compare the  median particle volume and
the results of the  tailings analysis.  Examples of the
available data are presented in Figures  10-20 and Tables 14-25
and include:
     1.  a brief description and sketch  of the core with the
locations of sampTing points,
     2.  a particle size analysis tabular and graphical output
for each layer, and
     3.  the results for companion sediment traps analyzed on
•the same base - total particulate count  for both plant operating
periods.
     All available data have been organized as described above
and are presented in Appendix IJ.
                             58

-------
                     TABLE 13

      DATA SUMMARY  -  PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS ON
         GRAVITY CORES AND  SEDIMENT TRAPS
Cores
Sediment Traps
lore
)esig.
BBQGC
01
^=."i_7 TTTZ
Layer
1
3
4
Layer
Depth
(cm)
2
0.8
16
Sample
Desig.
a
b
c
d
e
f


Median
•Part.
Volume
y3
259
157
132
66
104
46


Tail-
ings
01
la
ND







Plant Down
Cont.
#
1
2
3
MEAN'
Median
Part.
Vol.y3
• 267
210
394
290
Tail-
ings
i/
/y

17"


Plant Up
Cont.
#
1
2
3

Medi an
Part.
Vol.y3
292
117
229
212.6
Tail-
ings
%

3*
9


-------
CORE  BBQGC 01
LAYER #   DEPTH
                     DESCRIPTION
         2 cm
         0.2 cm
         0.8 cm
         16  cm
Layer 1.  This layer is about 2 cm thick
and has a flocculent material at the surface.
It is dark to dusky yellowish brown and has a
high water content.  No structures are
noticeable.  Sample a was taken from the top
by mixing the surface layer with ambient water.
Sample b was taken from the top of this layer.
Sample c was taken from the bottom of this
layer and into layer 2.

Layer 2 is 0.2 cm thick and is of blackish
material which appears to be of organic
origin.  It smears easily between the fingers
and doesn't appear to have any "grainy"
.material.

Layer 3.  This layer, about 0.8 cm thick, is
moderate brown to yellowish brown in color. -
It appears more compact and drier than
layers 1 and 2.  It smears easily between
the fingers and seems to have no "grainy"
material present.  Sample d was taken from
this layer.
                  «
Layer 4.  Layer 4, 16 cm thick, is olive
grey to dark greenish grey in color.  No
structures noticed.  The texture and color
appear uniform to the bottom of the core.
It appears to have a high water content.
Sample e was taken 1 cm below the 3/4 inter-
face and sample f was taken 5 cm above the
bottom.
           FIG. 10  .  DESCRIPTION OF CORE  BBQGC 01
                     60

-------
TABLE 14   NUMERICAL  RESULTS-PARTICLE  SIZE ANALYSIS (QGC-A)
.SAW.EJ BBUGCOIA         UlLUTIUN  1000
:MAN
1*
13
U
11
10
V
d
. 7
6
 i.octi
l.b'i 2.vt»,!
•?.oo 5. ><<:••
^.•>2 11. d>
3.17. Zl.f'J
.*.««_ 47. JV
5. "t <»4.7d
S.ilK 37-J.l
10.1 7S0.3
12.7 1S16
16.li Jl''JJ
20. £ 60 6S
ikitA OILTA" ~
39404 412?
.?*o7i; nib.
' 14S^6 S3
•JUbV 17
	 55'rt 	 V
3?b9 4
IM4J .. 2
knot) 	 i>
•;: v.3 , . . • i
307 . 0
i^J . . o
92 t _ 0
36 0
	 	 i*._.; 	 o
w . . 0
"DELIA "otLrA'c" SUM "p*bcLiA P"
PCOir* rtT .NET... » .
..... 35 JJ» 94667 J7.33
	 	 	 22''S't _ .591)2(1 i4.iS
I<>'i73 .36374 1^»2V
V»7Z dlS'M V.Sri
	 bSIS. _12M«__S.BJ.
3£!6"> 73 IH 3. 45
..... U*l .. 4049 1.94
	 iub$__.2aoa ._ l.n
.. .... S42 11S3 .5.7
..- .. . . ^07 611 . .32
,'.-.'., , . „ »*3 „ 3»* ' •!*
V« . 151 «ll)
'," • 36 , S9 : .04
14 23 ..01
9 	 V .01
SUM '(» DELTA v" "" "SUM V
» . CO CO
100.00 13042 632JS1
62.67 	 169V7 61-»2c»
38.42 21435 608271
23.13 26H7!1 !>o-jM3>,
.. 13. bS 	 _. ,32*>71 	 SbJV^S
7.7i j«ftVO 5212V4
H.ftt 43i>32 AH<;6U4
	 2.33 	 4VV9fc _. ,.. 4jov?2
1.22 S1J71 Jot>»Vo
.65 bB4b9.12
6.VO
. 7. VJ
o.:2
v.i;
11.03
0.63
6.71
a. 63
SUM V
100.00
V7.93
V«,.2*
VI. 
-------
  100-1
   90-
u  70.
c3  60
O  50-
   40-
_

5

3
   20-
                                                                                3BOGC01A
                                                                                  OTi.'C
                                                                       FIG. 11,

                                                                       STATION QGC-A

                                                                       CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                       VOLUME PERCENT VS PARTICLE

                                                                       VOLUME



                                                                       .  DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                       •  CUMULATIVE
    0 -  - —
                      C3   10
                              N
                              cn
                                  ID
                                  oo
O
N;
                                          m   a)
                      —   CV
                                                  01
                                                  CO
w^   fO

m   to*
-r   *O

52   8
                                                                     O
                                                                     u>
                    o  o
                    <3-  CO
                                                                                 o
                                                                                         i
                                                                                         o
                                                                                         o
                                    PARTICLE VOLUME-CUBIC  MICRONS
O
O
f~
o
CO
lO
                                                                                                  -20
                                                                                                  -15
                                                                                                  -10
                                                                  U)
                                                                  o
                                                                  It
                                                                  Ul
                                                                  o.
                                                                                                        LJ
                                                                                                        3
                                                                                                        I-
                                                                                                        2
                                                                                                        U)
                                                                                                        oc
                                                                                                  - 5
                                                                                                  L- 0

-------
TABLE  15  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS  (QGC-B)
SA1FIEI 83QGC018
                       DILUTION   ZOt
^e«4>
13
1?
It
10
9
.»
7
6
9
d
3
Z
1
0
ron MM
u
.79".
1.00
1.Z6
1.59
2.00
2.52
3. If
"..00
5.0-.
6.35
8.00
10. I
1Z.7
16.0
za.z
VOL,
CD
.3702
,7rr
100.00
61.97
37. <.«.
21.W9
11.63
(.20
3.33
1.8«
.97
.-»
,Z«.
.11
.os
.02
.00
" OUT* V
CU
mes
17«.07
Z2633
27967
3a«3l>
32SSZ
33920
1933d
Wit
••3798
<.;<.<)?
".7015
I.196U
12132
CU
1.9507*
<.815S6
1.61.179
1. 1.151. <•
1.13579
itSTkf
35019J
316373
277039
ZJ1529
1I.2SI.9
9^525
51561
1Z13Z
cm \r~suTv
X X
?.7? 100. OH
3.5Z
I..57
s.ts
6.23
6.58
6.93
7.95
9.tS
8.85
9.19
9.5C
7.96
2.I.S
97. Z8
93.76
S9.H
SJ.Sk
77.31
70.76
t>3.90
55.96
1.6.83
37.41
10. til
2.dt
                     FIFTT
                                            1(6.696

-------
   too-,
   90-
   30-
t-


§  70'
u;
a.

a  60
U!


O  50-

Ul
   40-
   30-
   20-
    o -J
                                                                             BBGGCOJB
FIG. 12.

STATION QGC-B
CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL
VOLUME PERCENT VS PARTICLE
VOLUME


• DIFFERENTIAL
» CUMULATIVE
                                                                                              -20
-IS
                                                                                              -10
     U)
                               UJ
                               2

                                (u
                                K
                                                                                                   u.
                                                                                                   Q
1 * * 1
r- •? <» «
i*> f- <* 0
— o

i i
3 M in
^ o> GO
J »•>• =

i
o
N,
to
<\J

1
O
!^-

i
5
di

f
J)
3)


5
ro


s
in


tp |O
— (0
in o
P5

i
IB
O

1
o
10
5

t
o
PJ
t
w
1
0
00
^r
*
o
CO
c


0
o
t*
(J)
t
o
0
09
(T
                                  PARTICLE VOLUME-CUBIC  MICRONS

-------
TABLE  16  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (QGC-C)
SAMPLE I BSCGCI1C         DILUTION   ZOO
CHAN
'•.i '
•i>
ti
ia
11
to
4
a
7
6
S
i.
3
Z
1
0
civ-
il
,79«,
1.00
1.26
1.59
2.52
3.17
«0
61.1.S
$3.16
1,5.03
36.31
29.01
M.*3
12.89
3.03
                      FIFTY PERCE-miC" VOLUME.
                                              131.60?

-------
   100-i
   90-1
t-
   OO-J
   70-
u
a.

m  6O
2
_i
O
>
5
   50-
   40-
   30H
   20 n
    IC-
    0 -J
                                                                               BBGGC.OiC
                                                                                        f rut
                                                                                        n:  <-
                                                                                 ..
                                                                                 ClJ3!C
                                                                     FIG.  13.


                                                                      STATICM QGC-C

                                                                      CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                      VOLUME PERCENV VS PARTICLE

                                                                      VOLUME



                                                                      •  DIFFERENTIAL
                                                                                                 -20
                      ro
                              tv  m

                              in  -'
                                     6
                                      _
                                     .0
I
Ul
 '
                                                 0)
                                                     .—.   n
                                                     o   o
                                                                                                 P15
                                                     U)
                                                     u
                                                     IX
                                                     LJ
                                                     .a
                                   PARTICLE:  VOLUME-CUBIC  MICRONS
» CUMULATIVE


\
t i > t i i i
 -1 ^ 03 (j, ^ «0

-10
- 5
- 0
— M
                                                                                                      2
                                                                                                      Ul
                                                                                                      a
                                                                                                      U)
                                                                                                      u.

-------
TABLE  17  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (QGC-D)
       B30GC010
                       DILUTION   :!38
xur
12
:i
10 .
•)
3
7
6
i
3
2
1
0
OU
u
.79U
1.00
1.26
1.59
2.00
2.01
3.17
fc.oo
5.01.
6.3?
a. oo
10.1
12.7
16.0
20. Z
UN VOL, 	
CO
.370?
,7<.GS
i.tM '
Z.962
S.92<.
11. PS
23,70
H7.39
Ok. 78
189.6
379.1
758.3
1516
3033
6066
OELTI • DELTA"
PRAM PSKG

27
H.
13
6
1
1
1
0
0
0
a
0
CELT*' 'DELTA P SUH'P
PCOIN NET NET
373
-------
cr>
CO
                  WO-
                  90 J
                   80-
                  70-
               U.'
               0.
               cs  60 -
O  50-


2
§  40H

s

5  30H
                  20-
                   10-
                   0 J
                                                                                                BBGGC01D
                                                                                                                  r25
                                                                                                  an ic
                             FIG. 14.


                             STATION  QGC-D

                             CUMULATIVE AND INFERENTIAL

                             VOLUME PERCENT VS PARTICLE

                             VOLUME



                             • DIFFERENTIAL

                             » CUMULATIVE
                                     TO
                                         01
w   in
ci   w
irf   r
c,
12
                                                                         CO
                                                             0)
                                                  t£i   •;
                                                  s   S  S!  =
                                                                 _   10
                                                                                §
to   o   o
10   It   N
o
                                                                                    10
                                                                                            s
O   O   o
«•   03   o
£   E   «•

-------
TABLE  18  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (QGC-E)



SH1FLEI 83Q5COIE          DILUTION  200
CHJN
!«.
13
12
11
10
9
5
7
6
5
i«
3
i
t
0
OH'"
u
.79*
i.OS
1.26
1.59
2.05
2.52
3.17
1..00
s.o*
6.35
8. 00
10.1
12.7
16.0
20.2
SirVOL'i 1
CU
.3702
.71.05
l.«l
z.qtz
5.921.
11.85
23.70
1.7. 3
u.
00
52
52
57 '
87
96
1.6
20
01
02
01
00
OELT»"V S
CU
11.028
15773
11828
22582
26599
mi-
36261
34860
1.2177
1.1.935
391.26
3)673
2271.0
11198
6066
UH -y — -
CU
1.16562
I.0253".
3S67tO
367932
31.5350
318751
267337
251076
tit. .
170039
125101.
S5677
WCO*
21.261.
6066
01TLT* V
V
3.37
3. 79
s.53
5.1.2
6.39
7.5".
8.70
9.33
10. 13
10.79
9.1.6
9.28
5.H6
l>. 37
1.1.6
• 3U-* V
100.08
96. 6J
«!.»
S5.J3
82.90
76. S2
66.^8
60.27
50.9*.
to. 32
30.31
JO. 57
11.28
5.82
1.U6
                      FIFTY PERCEMT1LE VOLUME-
                                             103.627

-------
   100-i
   90-
    80-
2 7

                                                      _i
                                                                                                             lu

                                                                                                             g
                                                                                                             u.
                                                                                                             5
                        -   N
                             w   in

                             S   f
                                                 0)
                                                      
i
o
o
K
CO
00
                                       PARTICLE  VOLUME-CUBIC  MICRONS

-------
TABLE  19  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS  (QGC-F)
SAIFLEl 33QGC01F          DILUTION   ZOB
CHAV OTA 	 HN VOL,
U CU
It)
13
12
at
.10
9
r
6
5
3
z
1
9
.79*
1.00
.1.26
1.59
"2,00
2.52
3.17
o.OO
5. 00
6. 35
8.00
10.1
16.0
20.2
.3702
.71.05
1.1.81
?.,962
5.9ZO
11.05
23.70
1.7.39
94.78
379.4
758.3
1516
3033
6866
DELTA DELTA DlLTA DELTA P
PRAH PBKG PCOIN NET
02008 0025
20999 1060
103,3 82
0370 3£
1.830 11
2709 7
1009 0
7S9 t
37.1 0
152 1
66 0
28 0
S 0
8
1 0
J7062
23939
10161
"EITA~V 	 5UK~V" OELTft V "SU* »'
CU • CU X X
10061
17727
20972
20709
2151.8
32019
30207
35870
353S3
29630
25021
21232
12128
3033
6066
339619
325*58
307831
ZS6559
262150
23360?
ZC15B3
167337
131063
96110
67060
02059
9099
60b6
0.10
5.2Z
6.18
7.18
9.03
10. 06
10.56
9. *3
7.37
6.25
. It
1.71
too. oe
95. at
90. 6*
90.06
77.19
68.71
5S.36
J8.71
19. Bf
12.58
6.2J
Z.68
1.79
                     FIFTT
                                    VOLUME*
                                              1,5,608

-------
   1001
   90 -<
o  70-

LJ
Q.


ra  60 H

u:

o

p  so H
%  40-
o
   30-
   20-
    10-
    0 ->
                                                                                     BBOGCO I F
                                                                                                        r 25
                                                                                       U5l.JT1t
                                                                                       CUJIC
                                                FI6.  16.



                                                STATION  QQC-F

                                                CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL

                                                VOLUME PERCENT VS  PARTICLE

                                                VOLUME




                                                »  DIFFERENTIAL

                                                »  CUMULATIVE
                                                                                                        L-20
                                                                                                         -15
                                                                                                         -10
                                                                                                              v-

                                                                                                              u
                                                                                                              o
                                                                                                              (T
                                                                                                              Ul
                                                                                                              O.
                                                                                                              o
                                                                                                               3
                                                                                                               H

                                                                                                               Z


                                                                                                               IT

                                                                                                               u*
                                                                                                         - 5
               ft
                        9
                        rJ1
^


>r>
•r>
CO
 i
O
f-
o>
!•}

N
T
to
^.
«•
0>
lt>.
;n
to
                                                         
                                                         f-
                                                         rt
n
CO
in
t~-
fO
p>
                                      2   8
U)
u>
o
10
8   ?

W   W
                                                                                      IT)
                                                                                      0)
                                                                                          O
                                      PARTICLE  VOLUME-CUBIC  MICRONS
                                                                                               0   2
                                                                                               o   o
                                                                                               *   «
                                                                                               *   2
                                                                                               2   S

-------
TABLE 20   NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE'ANALYSIS (1-Q-1A)
SAIPLCl D80LT11*. DILUTION 50
CHIN Oil «N VOL,
u cu
IV.. '7<"« .3702
' '.1 1.00 .71.05
12 1.26 1.I.A1
11 1.59 2.9€2
IS 2.00 5.92 22. Bl
5.75 15.17
135S.
62236
%6<.9
11C5S7
103121
103711
116763
urns
10157Z
7»«S«
SUH V
CU
105392$
101.2731
1025899
1010119
9935T1
91.2236
GAQG30
783351
672S61.
5692<<3
1,65532

133*52
768S8
DELTA V SUM V
X X
1.06
1.31
1. 74
2.52
3.92
S.91
9.17
10.53
<3.78
9.8<-
11.08
10.79
5.18
ToHS
IDS. CO
9C.9I.
S7.6J
95. ft
... 93.33
83.50
Tk.JI
63.80
so.oi
33.09
22.38
12.66
7. OS
                 FIFTY
                              V3Lim£»
                                       266.8S<>

-------
v-
z
   100-
   90-
   60-
   7C-
ui
a.


o  6O-

Ul
O  50-
UI
   40-
   30-
   20-;
    10-i
                                                                                 BBOLT1  Ifl
                                                                                                r25
                                                                                         *4 . HS
                                    FIG.  17


                                    STATION 1-Q-1A


                                    CUMULATIVE AND 5IPFERSNTUU


                                    VOLUME'PERCENT VS PA«TICL£

                                    VOLUME




                                    •  DIFFERENTIAL

                                    »  CUMULATIVE
                                                                                               r20
                                                           -15
              ro
                      0
                      V
8
                             01
LO
a
o
N.
                                             CO
                                         K
                                         rr
\
• ' 1 • 1 1 t t
r^ ^0 rO'O OO
> 
-------
                          -TABLE  21  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE  ANALYSIS  (1-Q-2A)
                                                DILUTION   50
tn
CHIN DI»
u
Ml VOL,
cu
:» .791, .jroz
n i.
i? i.
n i.
13 2.
S 7.
« 3.
t <• .
00 ,7UC5
:* i.kn
59 2.9f>Z
13 •>,<)?*
5? 11. P5
17 J3.7C
00 <-7.79
b 5.C". 9k. 75
5 H.35 !89.6
<• *.
3 in
? 12
1 16
0 20
On 179.1
.1 701. *
.0 JO 33
.? 606G
DELTA DELTA DELTA DELTA P SU1 c DELTA F
PRAM ?eKG PCOIH NET NET x
37U32 10696
ZOi.20 1022
1277k 332
9J29 179
6716 10J
50.17 _ 55
365.3 29
2?6i. 16
991 1
51-1 3
Z67 3
110 1
53 Z
15 0
Ik 2

2679:
19393
!?«,*!
M51
6ttl<.
ItSfl!
38<-3
2265
99 J
53!
26.
109
5J
li
1?

8755C
6C772
M37i«
21912
11082
UOf.3
J'JBJ
<.n«.f
._»"
1.S5
189
80
zr
i?

30.59
22.15
Ik. 21
10.3".
7.76
5. 69
k.39
2.5S
1.13
lei
.30
.12
.06
.02
.01

SUM P
IOC. 00
69. kl
k7.25
33.0k
22.71
1I..9Z
«.2.k
fc.BS
Z.Z6
1.13
.52
.22
.09
.03
.01

OELTA V SUK *
CU CU
9916 9«.'.'.71
Ik35i, qji.555
111.27 920191
26606 9Cl7Ck
k93S6 fr-,m
5S037 33V59Z
91006 77S •<;<>
107338 &«".'.• '
93632 57f20T
102505 ki3377
1000S2 3B1372
82t5S 2^1293
9331.8 101635
k5k95 1112C7
T279? 72792

•ore
«
i
i
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<,
6
9
U
3
10
10
1
8
k
7
TI"\
.C5
.5?
.55
.5k
.15
.6k
.93
.50
.60
.75
.51
.«Z
.71

100
S,
97
<)5
92
33
5?
72
61
51
fcO
29
21
12
7
•TV
X
.09
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.1.8
.6k
.37
.12
.kS
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.IS
.38
.70
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.52
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                                              "FIFTr PERCENT CLE" VOLUME-

-------
en
               100-!
                90-
             UI
             o  70-

             ui
             0.
             co  60-
             9  50-i
             ?*
                40 -
             8
                30-
                20-
                10-
                 0 -
                                                                                              BBQLTI2A
                                                                                                                r25
                                                                                                  ..
                                                                                                Cin.'C n
                                     FIG. 18.



                                     STATION 1-Q-2A

                                     CUMULATIVE AMD DIFFERENTIAL

                                     VOLUME PERCENT VS PARTICLE

                                     VOLUME



                                     •  DIFFERENTIAL

                                     »  CUMULATIVE
                              •3-
                              f--
                                   v^  en
                                   —  cJ
                                           en
in
63
                                                                                                  I
;   s'   g   g   s   S
                                   to
                                   O
o   o
    CO

    N
    Q
                                                                                              CO
                                               ' PARTICLE  VOLUME- CUBIC  MICRONS
8   8
*?•   I**
q-   03
01   W
—   ro
                                                                                                                -20
                                                                                                                -15
                                                                                                                -10
                                                                 - 5
                                                                                                                     10
                                                                                                                     o
                                                                                                                     cr
                                                                       ui
                                                                       5


                                                                       |
                                                                                                                     tr

                                                                                                                     I
                                                                                                                     a
                                                                                                               .u o

-------
TABLE 22   NUMERICAL  RESULTS-PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (1-Q-3A)
	 S*«PLEI_. 09QLT13A 	
CHI--I CIA
u
:* .79<>
13 1.00

11 1.59
IS 2.00
« Z«M
8 3.17
' 7 "..CO
; a 5.01
5 6. 15
«. 8. CO
J 1B.1
t 16.0
t 20.2
MN VOL.
CU
.... .3732
.71.05
_l.«l
2. "362
5.92*.
11. rs
23. TO
• 9".. 78
189. €
379.1
758.3
1516
3033
6306
. DELTA
PRAM
	 33865
21003
	 13301
_ 9552
7*11
51.72
Z627
1131
387
186
._ 	 93
28
Z2
DILUTION 100



DELTA DELTA DELTA P SU* P DELTA P
PBKG PCOIN NET . MET X
3506
593

78
H?
37
7
d
1
8
	 S ._.
.. 0
fl '
0
	 	 30359
201.13
	 '13163
	 	 9<-7<.
7369
51.35
	 i.. <.267
2020
1127
387
93
28
ZZ
95! 83
6522*.

3;t51
Z-: 177
i-.eos
9373
'J106
:<<,86
716
329
11.3
	 50_
z:
31.76
21.35
. 13.77
. 9.91
r.7i
. 5.69
2.7«.
1.15
.67
.10
	 .OS
.02
-
SUH P
r.
100.00
68.21.
_ 16.88
33.11
23.20
9.61
5.3«.
Z.63
.75
.IS
	 ,C5.
.02

DELTA V
.. CU
	 11239 ,
15111.
	 i<; 1,91. _
28062
	 SddOS
101128
12<<162
106817
121913
1I.671Z
1<.0?8B
1331,5*
—
SUH V .
CU
12831C7
1271StO
	 1256751..
1237260
1209190
lltSSdU
1101139
I'OOGOU
fl?5an
769C32
6<.712Q
$001.08
35936".
	 218376

- •
DELTA V SU* v
* *
.86
1.18
_ 1.52
2.19
3. liO
5.02
7.86
9.68
8.3;
9.59
10. 99
13.99
	 6. 62
16. SS
100.00
97.95 .
96.1.3
9k. 2*
6$. 82
77.91
61.26
31.00
21. Cl
IS. SO
                   FIFTY PERCENTILE VOLUME*
                                          393.I.87

-------
   lOO-i
   90-
   80-
u  70H

U.'
a.


CD  60 •

UJ
S
D

P  50-
lu


5  <0
_i
i
   30-
    10-
    0 -J
                                                                                  BBOLT13A
                                                                                                 r2S
                                                                                       .
                                                                                  wxure
                                                                                  cimc
                                                                      FIG.  18-A


                                                                      STATION 1-Q-3A

                                                                      CUMULATIVE AND OiFFERENTIAt.

                                                                      VOLUME PERCENT VS PARTICLE

                                                                      VOLUME




                                                                      • DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                      » CUMULATIVE
                                                                                                 -20
              fO
                      03
                              01  
-------
IABLE 23  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PAiriCLE SIZE ANALYSIS  (2-Q-1A)

CHA*
!<.
11
12
11
10
9
3
r
l
: S
h
3
2
1
0

I 014 !
.79-.
1.00
1.26
1.59
?.
2.52
3.17
s.go
5.0,
6.15
e. oo
5 5 . ).
12.7
16.0
20.1
SAIPtEl BBCLTH.X
'.N VOl, C£LTA 01
CU PRtvi |
.3702 39303
.71.05 2 2 S 3 S
I.fc61 .. . 13JS.8
2.962 8587
5.9?«. 37W
11.65 3831.
23,70 265*
••7.J9 1-.66
9U.7B 757
189.6 <-01
379.1 211
75S.3 90
1516 . 69
3933 33
6066 6

iLT*
>OKG :
<.9i<>
K^
121.
66
5?
= 0
12
i,
0
i,
0
g
c
0
0
OILUTIC'! 50
CELTA Cf'.Ti P 5;J-< F OELTA P
PCCIH NET Nil K
35079 <>::5'i6 37.'.8
2161". ". )5:.7 23.09
13J2U Ji9ti3 ln.13
8521 2?6;'9 4. 10
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DELTA V SUH V
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13.14
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SUM V
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96.35
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90.70
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                 FIFTY PERCENTILJ: vjt;«£«
                                        291.SCO

-------
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                                                                        FIG.  19

                                                                        STATION 2-Q-1A

                                                                        CUMULATIVE AN3 DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                        VOLUME PERCENT VS PARTICLE

                                                                        VOLUME



                                                                        . DIFFERENTIAL.

                                                                        * CUMULATIVE
                                                                                                             -20
                                                                                                             -15
                                                                                                             -10
                                                                                                    - 3
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                                             PARTICLE VOLUME-CUBIC  MICRONS-
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-------
             TABLE24-   NUMERICAL  RESULTS-PARTICLE  SIZE ANALYSIS  (2-Q-2A)

                      HdOLTIS*.          .DILUTION.    50 ...
CHAN OIA   MM  vot_«     oti.u; OLLTA   OCLTA     DELTA H  SUM p OO.TA ?   SUM ?     UELTA v      SUM v    DELTA  1   SUM v
     •U      CU         P»A«   Pa^O.. PCOIN      NET.     NET      »    . .  » ..     CU             CU        *         ft
 !•»   . 7v*    ,37(;2      37/79    362.._ li<,,5/	_  17S    .   J»»3^       4         ..  JtiJl    c)t5SJ    J.VS    '>.  ..   <«3?0/0    10,OJ    73.Z2

  7 ...*tCO    *f«JV  	1J-J7  .	_..5  	 £.OU	.. ()tl09	  J7f8B      Jill  '    Si.l6    S<;.13

  S   6.3S   . In*.to  ...     ay>       1	    .   ^y.1.     523      .30. .   .b5        5bb63      rfio'.'/a    V.3J    <>i:.97

  +   8.oa    J79.1  ... _	 1J8  	0	•_	I3t	23» _...!*	  .a*  ...,.._  s?3l&. .   auiist:^    a.76    33.66

  3   10,1    7bfl.J     ';   6U      .0               61)  ....  97  .    .06  ...   ,10        '•'i'l'/S      l»B6U|y     7,62    2

  2   W.I     lile   .  .j.  22   .'•   ,U    	 '       ^<      37      .1)2   .   ,0..j     303J  	'..  7	,;0  	„, _..    7	IS.	,01	.U2	  212J1 __  .  bfl-it     3.46    11.69

  o   eo.?     6U66   .  .     o........ o           ;     t        a.     .01      .01  .. <   ASSZB       ',«baa     a.u     u.U


                               '        FIFTY' PEftCLNTlLE VOLUME*     116.79V

-------
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                                                                               BBQLT1SS
                                                                      FIG. 20A

                                                                      STATION  2-Q-2A


                                                                      CUMULATIVE AKO OlFFERenTIAL

                                                                      VOLUME PERCENT VS PARTICLC

                                                                      VOLUME



                                                                      •  DIFFERENTIAL

                                                                      »  CUMULATIVE
                                                                                                 -15
                                                                                                 -10
                                                                                                 - 5
                                                     2
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                                   PARTICLE  VOLUME:-CUBIC  MICRONS
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-------
TABLE  25  NUMERICAL RESULTS-PAF:T;CLE SIZE ANALYSIS  (2-Q-3A)

"CHIN or*
0
:«. .791.
; 12 1.26
It 1.59
_ . i o e . o o
9 2.52
: « 3,1*
" ,. * 5. 94
i S 6.39
j 	 k 8.03
3 10.1
Z 12.7.
1 16.0
E JO.Z
SAMPLEI BDQLTiSA
OILUTICS' 50
HN VOL, DELTA "DELTA "" DELTA DELTA' P~SUM F"bELT*~P SUM > OE'LTA~V
CO PR»K P8KC fCO!N_ NET NET 2 Z CU
.37C2 39727
.7I.C5 22501
l.<.*l 131.93
2.9CZ (663
5.9J*. .5758 .
11. a; 3911.
23.70 2782
1.7.39 1577
51.. 78 769
189.6 S18
379.1 210
758.] 110
1516 . «
3C33 20
6066 6
7059
153J
160
89
1.7
2.
Zl
7
r
z
i
0
1
1
3
32668
20968
13333
6571.
5721
3856
. . 2761
1570
.762
209
_ 	 110
' . *l
19
t
9101.1.
55376
371,03
21.075
15501
•9700
. 569-
3133
1565
601
	 1« .
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25
6
35. It 100
23.03 . 61.
1«..6<. 1.1
9.1.2 26
6.28 17
61 1.59
750367 2.C<>
73',!M 2.59
71509U 3.33
689654 <..<.<•
655807 6.0l>
60975« 6.58
5".".32Z 9.76
••69SZO 9.«.7
3976-58 10.31.
iiaezv 10.39
Z3959Z 10.9
-------
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50-
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    20-
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                                                                                    BBDLT16A
                                                     WSUJME  229.16
                                                     CU3)C
                                                                                                   r25
                                          FIG'.  20-A

                                          STATION 2-Q-3A

                                          CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL

                                          VOLUME PERCENT VS PA9T1CLE

                                          VOLUME



                                          a DIFFERENTIAL

                                          » CUMULATIVE
              f-
              to
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-------
       SECTION IV
WATER COLUMN MEASUREMENTS
            85

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                           SECTION IV
                    WATER COLUMN MEASUREMENTS

Station Locations
     The sediment trap locations (Figure 2) and seven transect
lines positioned along Lake Superior's north shore serve as
the base for the water column measurements made.during this
                 i
study.  Sampling stations were positioned as close as possible
to the deployed sediment trap and along the transects at
distances varying from one to fourteen miles offshore.  The
individual transect stations are shown on Figure 21 with the
exception of the seventh transect, which was made along a
line 13? degrees'   true   from the Grand Marais, Minnesota,
harbor entrance.  The stations were established at distances
of 3, 7 and 10 miles offshore and sequentially numbered
US 89, 90 and 91.
     Additional samples were collected at one off-transect.
station within the western embayment designated NS 92 (location
shown on Figure 21) and at three locations in the main basin,
as indicated on Figure 22.
     The measurements accomplished at these stations involved
both laboratory analyses from collected water samples and the
use of several pieces of equipment, each providing a different
quantification of a water clarity or related parameter.  The
                             86

-------
     '.V i S C 0 N S !  N
             STATION  LOCATIONS  •
             TRANSECTS NUMBERS
FIG. 21.  WATER  QUALITY TRANSECTS.

-------
00
CO
                                                                       STATUTE PILES

                                                                            10

                                                                          ARMY-U.S.LftXE

                                                                        SURVEY NO 9
             FIG.  22.  MAIN BASIN  SAMPLING  STATIONS,  LAKE SUPERIOR (1972)

-------
instrumentation, procedures and analyses are discussed separately
in the following paragraphs with a  series of tables given in
the section on  turbidity which correlate  all the individual
measurements obtained at. any given  station location as functions
of the plant operating schedule.

Temperature and Light Transmission
     Procedures.  The light transmission characteristics of the
water column were measured using a  Bendix Corporation one-meter
path length transmissonieter or alpha meter.  The theory of
operation is described in the manufacturer's manual and is
available upon  request.  In brief,  the instrument measures
the amount of light received by a photocell located a distance
of one meter from a light source of known intensity.  This
quantity is internally converted, through the use of a null
meter, to a numerical value representing, by difference, the
amount of light absorbed and scattered by dissolved and suspended
materials.
     The instrument was deployed in a horizontal orientation
and lowered through the water column to obtain a vertical
profile.   Measurements were recorded at ten-foot intervals for
                                                         '       /
the first 100 feet and at either 50 or 100-foot intervals for
the reii:ainrlcr of the Mater column.  Extreme values'were
vorifircl during instrument retrieval.  Vertical tempcratuic

-------
 profiles were determined in association with the transmissometer
 profiles at many stations.   These measurements were  accomplished
 through the use of a standard 0 to 900-foot bathythermograph,
 commonly referred to as a BT, or by a thermistor probe* wired
 to  a  deck readout thermometer.
      Re s ul ts .   The light transmission and temperature profile
 data  have been grouped by transect number and date and are
 presented in the following figures.  Figures 23 through 25  are
 for the period when the plant was down and Figures 26 through
 34    for the plant up period.  Figures 35 and 36 are for isolated
 profiles, made at transect stations during the plant up period.
 Li g h t P e ne t r a t i on
                   A [jiiuluirieler wdi uStu Oi'i ti'itr first cru'iie to
 make measurements  at the approximate location of many of the
 sediment trap stations within the western embayment and the
 main basin.   The photometer detects luminous flux and provides
 meter outputs that can be used to determine the ratio of surface
•illumination, measured by a deck photocell, to the illumination
 existing at  various depths (as measured by a submerged photo-
 cell).   The  instrument used was on loan from the University
 of  Minnesota and had been recalibrated just prior to its use
 by  EPA personnel .
 *[ilect.ronics  Industries  Limited
                              SO

-------
 500.
 400..
 600 .-
800 ..L
1000
                                                     HORIZONTAL SCALE«  l" = 2.5 S. MILES

                                                     VERTICAL SCALE'0.4"» 100 FEET

                                                     TEMPERATURE*
                                       MILES OFFSHORE
                                                ISOPLETH OF PERCENT TRANSMISSION
        H'S 95
                                      NS' 67
      % TRANSMISSION

       0      DO    100
                          % TRANSMISSION

                           0     50    100
                     -500
% TRANSMISSIOM

0     50  '  100
• i i  i i i -i - i-.
                                         -500
      TEMPERATURE  LioOO    TEMPERATURE  HoOO  TEMPERATURE
% TRANSMISSION

0      50     100
            -•i-O
              -500
                                                                                -500.
                                                                                     UJ
                                                                                     UJ
                                                                                     u.
      35   45  .  55
       I	1	1	1	1	LO
                                                           L-1000  TEMPERATURE  L1000  -
                     -500
             NS 95  MOOO
                          35   45    55       35    45  ,  55       35   45 ,  55
                           i   i  '   i   i  i Q    i	t_  '   i	;	LO     1__L_J__L._;—LO
                                         -500
                                                            -500
                                 Nsea  LIOOO        NS ar  LWOO
                                                                    rrr
                                                                                -500
                          NS 66 MoOO
                                                                                     o.
                                                                                     u
                                                                                     o
                FIG. 23.   LIGHT TRANSMISSION1 & TCMPL'kATURL' UIS1R1DUT10NS  -
                           TRANSECT 1  (8/25/72)
                                              91

-------
 200
 400 JL
1000
 600 4-
 300
                             ISOPLETH OF PERCENT TRANSMISSION

                                  HORIZONTAL SCALE' l"=2.5 S.MU_£S
                                  VERTICAL SCALE'0.4"» 100 FEET
                                  TEMPERATUREi °f
                                     MILE'S OFFSHORE
                                     10
                                     j
                                                                                15
       NS  94
NS f>5
                                      NS 64
                                                     NS 63
      % TRANSMISSION
      0     50    100
        % TRANSMISSION     % TRANSMISSION
         0      50     100     C      50     100
% TRANSMISSION
6     50    100



TEMPERATURE
« , «? , S?



^>
- 500 ' )
rrr
-1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 55
0 it'll)
'. f
\ I
-500 |
-looo NT; G5 .
i
t
i
i
-500 f
'. " X
-1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 55
0 ' • i i_

-500
1.000 NS G4
-
-500
•
• 1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 , 55
0 L ' ' l— - ' 	 1

-500
'000 N:; r^

-500.
UJ
UJ
ii.
-1000 -
-0 £
OL
111
0
-500
-1000
                'IG. 24.  LIGHT  TRANSMISSION AND TEMPERATURE  DISTRIBUTION
                          TKAUSLCT  2  (0/Z6/72)

-------
                                                          <50
 200 _
 400 .
 600 --
 800. .
1000
                                 ISOPLETH OF PERCENT  TRANSMISSION


                                .  HORIZONTAL SCALE'  I"* 2.5 S. MILES

                                  VERTICAL SCALE'0.4"' 100 FEET

                                  TEMPERATURE) °F

                   MILES  OFFSHORE:
         NS 53     NS 74
                   NS 73
                                                                             H f  *T I
                                                                             It %J  I I
c/<. TRANSMISSION

 0      50     100
             -l.X_J—1_J-.U
                     -500
                            Vo TRANSMISSION

                            0      50     100
c/o TRANSMISSION

 0      50     ^100
      Lfl—      ' 0
                                          -500
                                               % TRANSMISSION

                                               0     50     100
                                               I  1 ^ i J-l-U-J-a- . 0
                                          500
                                                                                  -500
                                                                                        IO
                                                                                        UJ
                                                                                        u.
     I  TEMPERATURE  UoOO   TEMPERATURE  L10QO  TEMPERATURE  LIQOO  TEMPERATURE  LioOO  ±
     ' 35   AS,    SS         55   /l<;   cc        'jc    /c    CK       35   45    55
                                 45   55       35    45    55       35   45  ,  55
                                	!	J	1	L 0    i .. '  <_±__ '	U 0     I	1	'-—J --^-'
                     -bOO
i-1000
                                           -500
                             NS /3  ! iOOO
                                         •500
                                                               ',000
                                                                                        0.
                                                                                        UJ
                                                                                        o
                                                                                   500
                                                                              71  .-tOOO
                FIG.  25.  LIGHT TRANSMISSION AND TEMPERATURE  DISTRIBUTIONS -

                           TRANSECT 3  (8/25/72)

                                              93

-------
 200 J.
 400 -L.
 600 -.
 800
1000
         ISOPLETH OF PERCENT  TRANSMISSION

             . HORIZONTAL SCALE-  I" -2.5  S. MILES
              VERTICAL SCALE: 0.4"* IOO FEET
              TEMPERATURE. «F
Mil FS OFF.SHORF
!

5 ' ' ' frt is
MS 95 NS 60 Ns 07 NS G(C
% TRANSMISSIO
o r-o K
T




TEMPERATURE
35 45 5f>
1_ 1 	 1 L_-J 	 ]








NS 95
J % TRANSV.ISSIO
JO 0 50 1
. Q 'till 	 1_.U.1_J_1_
1
I
j
- coo /
/
S' % TRANSMiSSIO
DO 0 50 \
-500
i
.1000 TEMPERATURE L^OOO TEMPERATUT 1 1 1 1 1

-
-500
-1000 NS 88

-
-500
-1000 NS 67
M % TRANSMiSSIdf
JO 0 50 H
: j
•500
-
.1000 TEMPERATUi-.C
35 45 !i5
o t i i •. * .
- v *— - 	

-500
^1000 NS ec
0
•0
-500
t-
UJ
IJ
u_
•1000 -
D.
o
-f-00
-woo
FIG. -26, i.iOlir TMHSMTSSJi.;i /\.';U Tui-iiTRA ;' IF1C DISTRIBUTIONS
                          TRANSECT 1  (9/4/72)
                                            94

-------
 200 ..
 400
 600 --
 800
1000
ISOPLETH  OF PERCENT  TRANSMISSION

     HORIZONTAL SCALE'  l"»2.5 S.M1LES

     VERTICAL  SCALE' 0.4"« IOO FEET

     TEMPERATURE. °F
                                     MILES OFFSHORE

NS 94 NS
•/o TRAN'SMISSIOr
0 50 1C
rT



TEMPERATURE
35 45 55


1 1 s r i
5
65 N
<)• % TRANSMISSIO
)0 0 50 N

i
-500 I
:
-1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 55
0 i i ' I i

-500
-1000 NS G5
10
1
S 64 NS 63
^ % TRANSMISSIOr
30 0 50 1C
i
/
/
-500 J
-
-1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 55
A 1 I , i ' I

-500
- 1000 N S 64


* % TRANSMi SSI O.-
JO 0 50 1C

.
-500
-
-1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 55
n 1 1 1 1 1

•500
• 1000 N ^ 6^
15

J
10

_
-500.
Ul
u.
-1000 -
0 -C
a
o
-500
-1000
                FIG. 27.   LIGHT  TRANSMISSION AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS -
                           TRANSECT 2  (9/4/72)
                                            95

-------
 200
 400-.
 600 -
 COO
tooo	
                                               ISOPLETH OF PERCENT TRANSMISSION
SJORI2OMTAL ?CA!.^'  l"«5>.r,  S. MILES

VERTICAL SCALE' O.V" iOO FEET

TEMPEKATIME. «F
                                      MILCS  OFFSliOKE
5
- - - -- 1 --- - ; I
NS 93 NS 74
,10 15
NS 7;-i NS Y2 NS 71
% TRANSMISSION % TRANSMISSION % TRANSMISSION % TRANSMISSION'
0 50 100 0 50
L J 1—1—1, 1-i 1-1— i- 1_ /-I 11,11,,

J
,£ — """""

^A
-
-500
- 	 X
100 0 50 100 0 50 100
1 	 L 	 i -V. ft 1 1 i . 1 t i 	 l_.( 	 ,__i. r, l i l 	 l-_L_J_J — L-_i~l— I. A




^
/
- 500 /
r?T
" \
/
-500 /
-•
V
-
500.
1—
LU
UJ
u.
TEMPP.RATURE MoOO TEMPERATURE "^OOO TEMPERATURE L1()00 TEMPERATURE L1000 z
f.5 45 55 35 45
l 1 i ..L ) | ft l l ' 1
r" "~~
/

i
NS 93
\s 	 • 	 •
.
•
-500
55 35 45 5i'i 35 45 50
1 | A 1 1 > 1 1 1 T> 1 1 1 1 - ! I ft —




1000 NS 74 !
-
^
-
-500
-1000 NS 73
-
^
-
-500
-1000 NS 7Z
W ^.
0.
Ul
0
-500
'-lOOO
              FIG.  28.   LIGHT TRANSMISSION  AND ThMPERAFURE  DISTRIBUTION -
                                  -j  IOIA i-,'>\

-------
 200 J.
 400
iOOO
                                                 ISOPLETH  OF PERCENT TRANSMISSION

                                                      HORIZONTAL SCALE-  l"=2.5 S. MILES
                                                      VERTICAL SCALE' 0.4"» 100 FEET
                                                      TEMPERATURE' »F
                                       MILES  OFFSHORE
 600 -.
800..
                  NS 75

     % TRANSMISSION
      0     50     100
            NS 76

% TRANSMISSION
0      50     100
                      500
         NS 77
             «

% TRANSMISSION
0      50     100
                                                                           NS  7O
                                                                  % TRANSMISSION
                                                                   0      50     100
                                         -500
                                  -500
                                                                                 500-
            .
       TEMPERATURE LioOO   TEMPERATURE  LiQOO  TEMPERATURE  L-,000  TEMPERATURE  LiQOO
       !i   4S    55        35   45    55        30   4S   55       35   45  .  55
       I _ I  '  -I - -L^. ! Q      I - ' __ ! - j __ 1^, LQ     1.1  • ---I _ !^_4-0     I _ I - •   J... 1— J Q
            ~"~~ '   •          / —                "   ""   •          "       -
                     500
                             1
                                         -500
              NS Vj L
                                  500
                                                              1000
                                                                                -500
                                                                         KS 70  L,000
                                                                                      lu
                                                                                      tn
                                                                                      s
                   FIG. 29.   LIGHT TRANSMISSION AND  TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS -
                              TRANSECT  4  (8/27/72)
                                                 97

-------
 200 -
 400-.
 COO - -
800 __
1000
                                                           60
                                                 ISOPLETH OF PERCENT  TRANSMISSION


                                                      HORIZONTAL SCALE'  l"= 2.5 S. MILES

                                                      VERTICAL SCALE'0.4"« 100 FEET

                                                      TEMPERATURE.  «F
                                       MiLES GFr3HOi\E
                  MS r>y
                                       NS 68
                                                   10

                                                   -J-
                                                                                   15
                                                                                   j
                                                       NS 60
      % TRANSMISSION

      n      50     106
                 •"-^-•0
                    -500
                          % TRANSMISSION

                           0      50     100
                                      -'-"-O
                                    y
                                         % TRANSMISSION

                                         0     50     100
                                                       •0
                              % TRANSMISSION'

                              0      50     100
                              I 1 l_i—l—i-L^.-l—:-u Q
                                                            -500
                                                                                - 500.
                                                                                      H
                                                                                      U4

                                                                                      IU
TEMPERATURE  L.1000   TEMPERATURE  L,00o  TEMPERATURE  L10'00  TEMPcRATJRE  MQOO  ^

"c   "'    rp         •»*    "c    cc        35    45    55        35    45    55
                                         i   •   11  l   t   •              '   -
      35
                 55
                          35
                           i  i
                    -500
           NS 97  .-1000
 55
-i—L0
                                                        -i	1-0
                                        -500
                               67  L1000
                                                      NS GO
                                                        500
                                                              1000
                                                                                  °
                                                                                 -500
                                     NS  69 ! 1000
                FIG.  30.   LIGHT  TRANSMISSION  AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS  -

                           TRANSECT  5 (9/3/72)
                                              98

-------
 200 JL
 400 J_
 600 —
 800 .
1000
L	
                                              ISOPLETH  OF  PERCENT  TRANSMISSION

                                                   HORIZONTAL SCALE'  l"=2.5 S.MILES

                                                   VERTICAL  SCALE: 0.4"" 100 FEET

                                                   TEMPERATURE! °F
                                         M!LEC  OFFSHOFE
                                                                                15
                                                                               _j
                                                          r;c c;
                                                                                NS
USjlu;j ,'Ai!U  li'iii-'LK/iiUi^L  Dlbi
                            TRANSECT 6 (8/30/72)
                                               99

-------
 200 .-
 400 -I
     i
 600
 800. _
1000
                    ISOPLETH OF  PERCENT TRANSMISSION

                       • HORIZONTAL SCALE'  l"« 2.5 S. MILES
                        VERTICAL SCALE-' 0.4"« IOO FEET
                        TEMPERATURE- °F
                                    MILES OFFSHORE
5 10 15
i » _i
I i •
NS no NS 90 NS 91
% TRANPM.'SSION' . % TRANSMISSION ' % TRANSMISSION
0 50 1(
L 1 . . I i i 1,1 i-
7W
'
)0 C EC 1C
« i i i i i | i i i i
I •)
-500 -,./-
:
TEMPERATURE L1000 TEMPERATURE
C.5 45 55 35 45 5S
1 1 ! 1 l.....| r 1 1 « 1 1 1


M C- C Q
-
-300
	 fic r\ rt
>0 0 50 K
Oi i f i ; i i j j _j_J
-500 ,r(
-
.1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 55
0 v i , i ' ' --

-500
	 U C. Q 1
)0
0
500
i—
UJ
UJ
U-
Z
•° H
o.
UJ
o
-500
*
                FIG.  32.
LIGHT TRANSMISSION AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS  -
TRANSECT 7 (8/30/72)

                 TOO

-------
Vo TRANSMISSION
 0      50     100
e/o -TRANSMISSION
       50     100
                     % TRANSMISSION
                     0     50     100
e/« TRANSMISSION
0      50    100
1 — 1 — I— i — l_JJ-.*_
J


_J 	 i



TEMPERATURE
35 /,5 55
1 1 1 1 1



NS



7O
- Q i — i_j_ — ^-.ly i — i — i_
500 !
: • /
: -/
° ^
-500
^ /
/
i _i



-1000 TEMPERATURE [,000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 55 35 45 55
01 1, ' 1 1 I r, 1 1 • 1 1 .

•500
-
- v — —
•500
7
^~


-1000 NS 74 L,000 NS
_— -^


75
.. ^^
-500 1
'. J
7/T
-1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 55
0 i • ' ' ' '

-500
•
.1000 NS 75
- 0
-500
^-
u.
-looo 5
— 0 TT
a.
UI
0
-500
-
-1000
% THAlvSMlSSlOtJ
 0      50   •  100
            <--- - 0
                          !^i CO 0/1/72
% TRANSMISSION
0      50    100
               -5QO
               500
                                        % TRANSMISSION
                                        0     50     100
                                                         -500
                                                       -500.
                                                                                   ui
                                                                                   u.
TEMPERATUfvE  I 1000   TEMPERATURE  L,0QO  TEMPERATURE  [10oo   TEMPERATURE  L1000  5
     45  ,  55  , _      35 _  45',  55        35   45    55        35  ..',5    55
                                   -i- Q	1—t—L o
                                                                                   t-
                                                                                   c.
                                                                                   ui
                                                                                   o
       NS  75
                500
                1000
                                    -500
       US  76 i.,000
                         .NS 77
                                  500
                                                         1900
                                                                      NS  77
                                                       -500
           FIG.  33.   LIGHT  TRANSMISSION AND TEMPERATURE  PROFILES-
                      STATIONS 70-77  (8/26-9/3/72)
                                         101

-------
 % TRANSMISSION
  0      50     100
               -K)
                      % TRANSMISSION     % TRANSMISSION     % TRANSMISSION

                      0      50    100    0      50    100     0     50     100
                          J--1--l_J-.i_.i_*_U Q    ' ' t_l_J  1111 -1--1- Q     1-1 .1 I I J, '-' ' ' < 0
                 DOO
                                     r500
TEMPERATURE  UoOO   TEMPERATURE  LiQOO  TEMPERATURE
35   45  ,  55         35    45    55        35   45    55
 I	1	!	1	1	L 0      I   I   '   I  i   1 o     ii'll
                                                         -500
                -500
                                    -500
        NS  88 1)000          NS 92  L1000
                                                         LQ
                                                                TEMPERATURE
                                                               35   45  .55
                                                                I _ I - ' - ' - '
                                                                              -500
                        Li 000  ^.
    -500
93 LiooO
     IUU 3/ II If.
                                                                              -500
                                                                      NS 94  -1000

                                                                  101. n o/i/TO
                                                                                    t-
                                                                                    O-
                                                                                    bl
                                                                                    O
% TRANSMISSION
 0     50     100
•777-
               -5QO
TEMPERATURE
35   45    55
       NS a6
                500
            FIG. 34.   LIGHT TRANSMISSION AND TEMPERATURE  PROFILES
                       STATIONS  88-96  (8/27 - 9/3/72}
                                          in?

-------
% TRANSMISSION
 0     50     100
Vo TRANSMISSION
0      50     100
«/o TRANSMISSION
0      50     100
                                                            % TRANSMISSION
                                                             0      50    100





. u —
-500









- u •-- u_
- JO
'
•







» TEMPERATURE LiQOO TEMPERATURE r1000 TC.MPERATURF
35 45 55 35
I I > I L.. Ln i 	
_„ — • *^





'




rr
IJ 0 *>f
w

.
-500
-
, '.5 55 35
1 I ' , t C\ 1 J
, ^^ "
/

1

»*
"*



.
-500
T.
-
"
-o —
-500
•
"







I?
-500.
V-
Ul
Ui
U.
-1000 TEMPERATURE L1000 -•
45 55 35
' ' _i_^ ! rt '
r ""








-
-500

-
-
45 55
! 1 I | n -r
r



rr


t-
0*
10
Q
-500
-
.
"
               10oo
FIG. 35.   TEMPERATURE  PROFILES
                                    TRANSECT 4  (C/24/72)
«/» TRANSMISSION      % TRANSMISSION     % TRANSMISSION     % TRANSMISSION
0 50
1 — l_i-_l — 1 — 1 -JL.pl.-
J
TEM
35
« 	 i


/
1
J.J--

PERATURE
JL^LJ
x 	



. — '



NS 70
30 0 50 1
Q lll.lll.lt
-500
„
-1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 55
0 ' ' ' ' - « -

•500

r "


IfT
00 0
'- p l_i_
-500
_
50 1<
*

1000 TEMPERATURE
35 45 S5
0 i i > t i i

-500
•/
-
-1000 NS OO 1-1000
r'



NS 81
DO 0
- 0 L- *—
-500
•
-1000 TEW
35
•0 I 	 '
-500
50 H


PERATURE
<5 55
	 i 	 | 	 |
^.^

777-
_
-1000

US 02
)0
-0
-500.
H
LJ
W
U.
-:ooo -
-° P
a
U)
o
- 00
-'
*
-1000
                             103

-------
     Prior to deployment the two photocells were placed side

by side, oriented in a horizontal  plane, and on-deck readings

were made.  The underwater cell was then lowered and readings

recorded at various depths until the maximum depth permitted

by the available cable length was  reached.

     Results.   Data presented in Figures 37-42 resulted from

computing* the illumination at depth as a percentage of

surface illumination, normalized to produce a reading of 100

percent at the water's surface.  The normalizing factor is shown

on each graph.  Near surface temperature profiles obtained

for the same stations are also presented in the above figures.


Transparency

    Procedures.   The transparency  of neer-surfacc water was

measured along the seven transect  lines and at many of the

sediment trap stations (refer to Figure 1), using a standard

(20 cm), non-reversing Secchi disc.  This weighted disc with

alternate white and black quadrants is lowered vertically

through the water until  it is no longer visible,' then slowly

raised to the. point where it just  becomes visible.  That depth

is recorded as the effective depth of penetration of light.
*  Relative light _                       ,                  .
   penetration(. )     (sea rcv.ding X scale? fj,._0Tfieck reading)
                             104

-------
       0-
      IO-1
 RELATIVE  PENETRATION  IN  «/«

3   20   40   6O   60   100
   l  i   I   l  l   l  l  I  I
 NORMALIZING

 FACTOR
                       SECCHI READING
                                                  TEMPERATURE IN «F

                                             4O°  44°  48°  52°   56°   6O°
                                            i.  I   :  .1  I   i   1.1   i.  i.. i    ,
              STATION H 1400  8/2/72
                                                              -10


                                                              -20
                                                              i
                                                              i

                                                              -30


                                                              -40


                                                              -50


                                                              -6O
I-
UJ
i'.i
IL
i-
(X
          RELATIVE . PFINFTRATIO.N  IN %
                  40
                 i	i   i
              60   60   IOO
               !   I  I  1  l
                                        TEMPERATURE IN °F
 40*  44s
 	I	II	I
48s
 1 ,_
52°   56
 l   l  l
60'
       NORMALIZING

       FACTOR

        1.96
                        SECCHI READING
              STATION  J  1250  6/1/72
                                                  t
SURFACE
                            (-10
                                                             L_

                                                             I
                                                                         30
                                                                         40
                                                                       (-50
                                                                        SO
                                                                                I'J
                                                                                u.
                                     (X
                                     lu
                                     o
            FIG. 37.   LIGHT PENETRATION AND TEMPERATURE  DISTRIBUTIO.'IS
                       STATIONS H AND  J (8/1-2/72)
                                           105

-------
RELATIVE  PENETRATION IN
TEMPERATURE IN
















\—
UJ
UJ
u.

X'
a.
UJ
a




(
O^_

10-

20-
30-

40-
50-
€0-


0
O1
	

10-
2 0-|

30-

40 -J
1
50-
60-

) 20 40 60 60 100 40° 44° 43° 52° 56° C
i : i i i : i i :__j i i ! i i ; i i i i :
NORMALIZING _-—-""""'" *
KAC70R ^^ SURFACE
0.41 /
/
/
/ -6 	 SECCHI READING
/
/
/
/ STATION E 1620 8/J/72
RELATIVE PENE7RA7IG.N 'N % TEMPERATURE IN CF
20 40 60 80 iOO -10° 44C <'6° 51-1.0 56° C
i i 1 i I ; 1 i 1 i ! 1 1 ! ! I I 1 I 1 1 i

F •""-"•• •-•*•" 	 '" f i
SURFACE

READING




/ ,'
i
STATION ?: 1210 Q/2/72 1


L

-20
— 30

-40
-50
-GO


0"
o
~-~ V

-'o fc
til
-20 **•
li
— 3O _
-i.
-- 40 &
O
-50
-60

   FIG.  38.   LIGHT PENETRATION AND TEMPERATURE  DISTRIBUTIONS
             STATIONS E AND F (8/1-2/72)'
                                106

-------
 RELATIVE  PENETRATION  IN %

5   20    40    60   80   100
   i  i   iii   !	i  ;   i	i
    TEMPERATURE IN °F

40°  4
-------
RELATIVE  PENETRATION IN
                                      TEMPERATURE IN
O 20. 40 60 50 100 40° 44° 43° 52° 56°
n • . i i i • i i : i ; i . i i i i : ; : r i i >
W
10-
20-
. /- 	 — 	 	 ' "
I -« — SECCHI READING
I /
30 | NORMALIZING /
j ; FACTOR ' /
v«rit i\k.r*u>«.> 	 -*^
/ ^^^
i f
O 40 — ' ' 1
!/ /
50-
60-
/
STATION L 0925 8/1/72 /
» /
RELATiVE PENETRATION IN % TEMPERATURE IN "c
O • 20 40 60 00 100 40° 44° 43° y-

                                                                   a
   FIG.  40.  LIGHT PENETRATION  AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS
             STATIONS K, L AND  M (8/1/72)
                                108

-------
RELATIVE  PENETRATION IN  %
TEMPERATURC IN "r
O 2O 40 6O 8O IOO 4O° 44° f
n i i i : i : i ; i i i i . i i ._ i
^j
t
.OH ./- 	 -""""" SU*FACE
_0 f -» — SECCHi READING
20-! /
/
30- /
Y NORMALIZING
40—! FACTOR


5O-
60-
O. 3O

|
•i STATION B 1750 3/2/72
S« 52° £6° 60°
. 1 1 1 ! ! • 0

j-io
Uo
1
*— 3O
L
1
i
(-50
-GO
RELATIVE 'PENETRATION IN % TEMPERATURE IN °F
O 20 4O 60 6O IOO 40* 44° 48° 52° 56° 60°
O -1 1 1 1 1 1 ! I i j 1 1 ! I- 1 - 1
NORMALIZING ^ — 	 ' /
u> Q J FACTOR X-
f 0.53 ^/
^ :-?o— s
" / ;
-,- vn / * — SECC:-!! READING
i- wlU — /
w /
0 40-4 /
!/
; / ««
5O —
6O-

STATION1 C i330 7/25/7?, v 15'
1 I 1 | 1 Q

1
-10

t-20
i
-30

- 40
1

r- so
20 8/2/72 r"6°
RELATIVE PENETRATION IN % TEMPERATURE IN »F
0 20 40 GO 80 IOO 40° 44" 48° 52° 56° fcO°
, • i i i i ' ; i I I : 1 1 1 1 ... ! '
O —
10-
20-

30-
.
-------
          RELATIVE  PENETRATION  IN f/o
        TEMPERATURE IN °F

        44°  48°  52°  56°   60'
 i   i  i  ':  _ t   ;   i  l.  i  i   :  ,

                     SECCK! READING
               STATION  X  1600 7/29/72
                                                                         0
                                                                       t-30
                                                                       I
         RELATIVE PENETRATION IN  %
in
ui
lu
0.
lit
o
       TEMPERATURE IN °F

  40°  44°   48°   52°   56°  60"
 I  I   I   l  I   I  l   i  I   I  I   i
                   SECCKI READING
         /     STATION Y 1315  7/29/72
                             |-10




                             I

                             |-30

                             I

                             !-40
                             I
                             i

                             t-50
at
(jj
U.
T


Q-


O
         RELATIVE  PENETRATION  IN  Vo

        0    20   40   60   60   100

      0	L
          NORMALIZING

      ,0_ FACTOR
       TEMPERATURE  IN "F

  40°  44°  48°   52°   56°   6O»
,.l.  I   I	L™J—L.J—i—I—I—I—:- o
                                                                      h
                               20
                                                                       '- 50
                     :i£CCHI REAOIMG
               SVA7'!0.\  7. IO-S5  7/29/72
                                                                      1-40
                                                                      i
                                                                      i

                                                                      -50
                                                                      I-GO
           FIG.  42.   LIGHT PENETRATION AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS
                      STATIONS X,  Y AND Z (7/29/72)
                                         Tin

-------
     RejjjuHjs.  The values obtained are listed in Tables 26,



27, 28, and ?9.





Turbidity'



     Procedures. A model 2100 Hach turbidimeter calibrated in



Jackson turbidity units with standard formazin solutions was



used to measure the turbidity of water samples collected from



various depths at stations along the transects.  This instrument



measures 90 degree scattered light and provides a measure of



water clarity degradation relative to the concentration of



suspended materials.  Some samples were analyzed immediately on



board the R/V Tel son Queen while others were performed at the



Nation?.'! Water Quality Laboratory in Duluth.  The basic pro-



cedures were as follows:



     Water samples from various depths were obtained with 30-



liter Niskin or 3-liter Van Dorn samplers.  Within minutes



after the sampler was secured on deck, a subsample of approxi-



mately 200 ml was collected in a plastic bottle, sealed, and set



aside for turbidity and particle size analyses.  After warming,



the subsample was vigorously shaken and a portion of it immediately



transferred to the sample cell, soncicated in a Millipore ultra-



sonic bath for a few seconds, then wiped clean and inserted



into the calibrated instrument for the turbidity measurement.
                             Ill

-------
     Immediately before each measurement was made the instrument
was calibrated with the standard supplied by the manufacturer.
     A single sample cell, pro'. ;ded with the instrument, was
used for all measurements.  Between measurements it was washed
thoroughly and rinsed with dionized, distilled water.  A final
rinse was made with a portion of the sample to be analyzed
before it was filled.  All moisture and extraneous prints,
marks, etc., were carefully wiped from external surface of the
cell before measurements were made.
     Results.  The station details and analytical results for
all the water samples analyzed have been summarized by series
and plant operating period and are presented in Tables 26,
27, 28 and 29.  Table 26 is for the first series taken at
sediment trap stations during the plant down period, Table 27
for transect stations during the plant clown period, and
Table 28 is for transect stations during the plant up period.
The series collected in Michigan waters were near sediment
trap stations R, S and T, but collected during the period when
the plant was operating, and are entered separately on Table 29.
These tables include supporting data such as the surface
temperature, the Secchi disc reading, and the temperature
and percent li-pht transmission at the depth -sampled.

Partic 1 o_Sizj.' Analysi s
     Procedures.  Following the turbidity analysis, the sample
bottle was sto rod on ice '..intil it could be analyzed on tho

                             112

-------
                               TABLE 26

       STATION DETAILS AND RESULTS - SEDIMENT TRAP WATER SAMPLES
                          PLANT DOWN PERIOD+
                            7/25-8/23/72
                                             Modi an
                                              Part.
                                                   Tailings Secchi
                                                      % ++    (m)

                                                      25      7.0
                                                              7.0
                                                              7.0
                                                      83      6.0

                                                              6.0
                                                      67      g.O

                                                              10.0
                                                              10.0
                                                              7.5
                                                              6.5
                                                              8.0
                                                              5.0
                                                              6.0
                                                              6.0
                                                              15.1
                                                              13.0
                                                              1-1.0
                                                              12.2

                                                              6.3
                                                              7.0

Sta.
A


B


C ,

D
E
F
H
J
K
L
M
U
V
X
Y*
B
E

Time
1930


1135

1810
1550

0935
1630
1207
MOO
1250
0645
0915
1140
1405
0916
1537
1410
0930
1832

Date
8/2


8/2
7/25
8/2
8/2

8/2
8/1
8/2
8/2
8/1
8/1
8/1
8/1
7/30
7/30
7/29
7/29
8/21
8/23
Depth ss
(ft.) mg/1
16 0.4
699
745
16 0.6
780
712
16 0.3
663
837
863
722
532
515
287
318
295
787
886
1083
1253
689
899
Surf.T Vol.
°F
41.2
41.2
41.2
--
__
40.2
40.8
40.8
39.9
40.1
41.8
52.7
43.3
rr r>
•j'j , y
59.0
56.3
44.2
40.1
39.7
40.3.
57.2

y3
9.2
43.6
28.6
27.2
8.2
8.4
14.1
10.6
29.6
9.6
10:4
12.1
72.1
IT. 3
.24.9
11.5
22.2
10.2
53.7
1171.6
^7 11
*.'/«! 1
111.8
  * Bottom disturbed.
**  In < 2 micron fraction only
  + Turbidities deleted due to procedural error
                                  113

-------
STATION DETAILS &
     TABLE  27

RESULTS - TRANSECT WATER SAMPLES
 PLANT DOWN PERIOD
   8/23-25/1972
ransect
H-
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
o
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
G
*<»=
CO
u-i
88
88
87
87
66
66
63
63
74
74
73
73
72
72
71
*7 T
/ r
75
75
76
76
77
77
70
70
79
79
80
80
81
81
82
82
a>
E
•i —
h-
0715
0715
0845
0845
1005
1005
1140
1140
.2010
2010
1845
1845
1625
1625
1500
n r rs/>
tuuu
1550
1550
1500
1500
1426
1426
1347
1347
0600
0600
0900
0900
1 040
1040
1140
1140
a>
rO
O
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
8/25
0/25
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/2'1
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/24
8/24
.c
cx_>
3
721
3
410
3
387
3
450
3
840
3
866
3
574
3
348
3
774
3-
623
3
525
3
525
3
742
3
689
3
558
3
528
l/i D'l
i/i £=
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.3
1.9
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.6
	
9.1
_-_
0.5
1.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
2.5
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
•i—
.0
i. ZD
3 I—
H- "-3
0.54
1.40
0.95
0.59
2.3
0.45
0.7
0.37
0.21
0.88
0.43
15.
0.45
0.54
1.4
0. 36
0.33
0.40
0.83
0.75
0.64
0.44
0.53
0.36
0.28
0.64
0.20
0.52
0.21
0.27
0.21
0.18
c
1 O
I/) -r-
C to
£•!§•
cu LJ-
fe-S
40
31
29
48
9
59
34
60
62
42
48
42
45
51
22
62








67
59






h- o
56.0
39.2
54.2
39.6
54.5
39.5
57.0
41.2
57.8
39.5
57.5
41.0
58.0
40.8
54.0
40. 7
56.6
39.3
56.2
39.0
57.8
39.6
56.8
39.6
57.0
39.8
57.8
39.4
57.5
39.7
57.0
39.5.
*
i—
s_
3 U-
l/O o
56.1
56.1
54.5
54.5
54.7
54.7
57.4
57.4
58.1
58.1
58.1
58.1
58.3
58.3
54.7
54.7
57.0
57.0
56.5
56.5
58.1
58.1
57.4
57.4
57.2
57.2
58.0
58.0
58.0
58.0
57.2
57.2
^J O"
CX. -n C
r-^- '*"
• . r™
-a — -r-
g 0 .<°

20
7
26
11
18
8
22
16
17
10
50
113
29
22
83

22
12
34
9
21
8
90
13
79
61
67
21
20
11
11
17
i —
ND
60
ND
33
T
17
ND
50
ND
50
—
>2?
--.
60
ND
1 GO
ND
T
no
100
ND
50
ND
25
ND
100
HD
67
. ND
ND
ND
T
0
o -—
C1J E
00 v_
5
5
4.1
4.1
2.6
2.6
5.5
5.5


7
7
6.5
6.5
3.3
3.3
















Others :
   02  1435  8/23  843
   03  l!52l.  8/23  764
   01  1610  8/23  787

T=Trace
ND=Not Detectable
*=hot tnin rl i s tu rbed
                                    40.5   57.6
                                    40.3   57.4
                                           57.6
                                        6
                                        7
                                        8.5
       114

-------
                         TABLE  28

STATION DETAILS & RESULTS - TRANSECT WATER SAMPLES
                    PLANT UP PERIOD

                     8/26 - 9/4/72
•*-> .
u
OJ =«=
to
c
ro ra
S- +->
t— u~>
1 88
2 65
2 65
2 64
2 64
3 93
3 93
3 93
3 93
4 96
4 96
4 75
4 75
4 75
4 75
4 76
4 76
4 77
4 77
4 70
4 70
4 70
4 70
5 97
5 68
6 79
6 79
6 80
6 80
6 81
6 81
7 89
7 89
7 90
7 90
7 91
7 91
Others
9?
9?

e
•r—
t—
0905
0930
0930
1050
1050
1600
1600
1840
1840
0915
0915
1410
1410.
1325
1325
1200
T200
1030
1030
0945
0945
0945
1535
1240
1355
2300
2300
1920
1920
1700
1700
0800
0800
1040
1040
1225
1225

1 600
KilJ.'!
O)
•4-*
ru
0
9/4
8/26
8/26
8/26
8/26
9/1
9/1
9/3
9/3
9/3
9/3
8/26
8/26
8/27
8/27'
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
9/3
9/3
9/3
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/30
R/ 30
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/30

8/?7
P./ 2 1
JZ
ft . ,
OJi,_l
Ov_,
49
3
627
3
719
33
59
40
550
20
450
3
800
3
800
3
650
3
509
3
505
20
30
499
35
3
771
3
499
'548
3
3
427
3
466
3
474

3
I>05

*--
to C "s
to E:
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.9
0.9
1.4
0.4
n.7
7.0
0.5
0.2
O.FS
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
	
0.1

0.9
0.3
-o
_cs
i- =}
3 I—
h- 0
1.5
0.4
0.67
0.3
0.74
0.94
1.4
2.0
0.8
0.75
7.6
0.50
0.53
0.35
0.30

0.45
0.30
0.32
0.45
0.26
0.40
1.0
0.25
6.0
0.20
0.30
0.1G
0.30
0.51
0.16
0.25
0.15
0.15
0.24
0.18
0.16

0.64
O.C8
1 C
in O | —
C *r~
rd to
S- tO CL <+-

i
**
17
48
56
56
40
18
0
9
0
0
0
47
52
42
67
44
50
53
54
53
65
34
32
78
48
64
72
68
74
53
71
74
84
64
81
60
82

?5
70
r— £~£
£ QJLL..
t— o
51.0
57.5
• 30.5
55.8
39.4


52.0
40.8
50.5
41.6
58.2
39.8
58.8
39.8
58.2
39.3
57.3
39.8
56.5
39.5
51.5
58.0
39.6
52.0













58.0
'!0.0
s-
3 L_
I/O o
56.5
57.9
57.9
56.1
56.1


58.5
58.5
57.5
57.5
58.6
58.6
59.4
59.4
58.6
58.6
57.9
57.9
57.2
57.2
57.2
60.0
58.0
60.0






61.0
61.0
60.5
60.5
61.0
61.0

58.3
6li.3
t— •
s-
Q. ;i
o *
"O i —
OJ O

19
46
42
14

24
30
31
10


15
9
oo
• 34
47
8
64
12
160
8
20
73
9
39
22
8
61
10
8
26
30
10
91
12
47
11

54
10
to
en
c
•r-

-------
                             TABLE 29

       STATION DETAILS  AND RESULTS  -  MICHIGAN WATF.R  SAMPLE
                          PLANT UP PERIOD
                             10/1/72

                                                        •4->
 +J                                      I  C        •     i-      CO
 (j                                .      CO O       f—     rtJ <"     CT
 O)   =tt=                           "O      C -i-        '     O. 3-    t='
 I/I                    c-         .f—      CO CO  .      .             .|—
 C    •     OJ     -—•   r—  .Q      S-LOQ.     <+-      .-    ,—

 t—   CO    H-	O     C3'—  CO f=  I—

    M2    0800 10/1     0    0.4                          81     ND
    M2    0800 10/1   358    0.6                          11      7
    M3    0906 10./T     0    0.4                         . 29    15
    M3    0906 10/1   541     a 3                          17    ND
    M4    1055 10/1     0    0.3                          29    27
    M4    1055 10/1   653    0.3                          77    13

ND=Not  Detectable
                                116

-------
Coulter Counter.  All samples were analysed within 96 hours
after they were taken, and most within 24 hours.
     Just prior to analysis the sample bottle was shaken
vigorously by hand and an aliquot of approximately 50 ml was
decanted into a 100 ml graduated cylinder.  An equal  volu.nc? of
Isoton v/as added to the graduate, diluting the sample by a fac-
tor of 2 and causing the prepared sample to be electrically
conductive.  The prepared sample was immediately transferred
to a 250 ml round-bottom beaker, stirred vigorously for about
.15 seconds to thoroughly mix the sample, and instrumentelly
analyzed.
     The analysis was performed on a 50 micron diameter aperature
and the instrument calibrated such that particles greater than
0.26 cubic microns and less than 4289 cubic microns were quanti-
tatively measured.  Visual inspection of the instrument
record indicates that this size ran-ge includes the largest
particles occurring in the samples.  There is, however, an
unknown amount of material in the sample less than 0.26
cubic micron in diameter which is not measured.  The number of
particles in 50 micro!iters of prepared sample was determined
in order to calculate the concentration of suspended particles
in the environmental samples.  In addition., the instrument
was preset to count a total of 10,000 or 100,000  particles.
                             117

-------
     Results.   The median particle volume for each sample has
been entered in tables 26 through 29   and the numerical  and
graphical data describing the distributions and concentrations
placed in Appendix III.

Tailings and Suspended Solids Concentrations
     Procedures.   Twenty liters of water from .the 30 1  Niskin
bottles were transferred to pre-rinsed plastic jugs and sealed
immediately after the Niskin bottles  were secured on deck.   As
soon as. a ship-to-shore transfer could be made (usually within
48 hours) the bottles were taken by courier to the National
Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, for tailings and
suspended solidc  analysis under the direction nf Mr. Robert
Andrew.
     Results.   Results provided by Mr. Andrew  are shown in
Tables 26,  27, 28, and 29.

Underwater Use of Television
     Procedures.   An underwater television system (Figure 43)
was used in an attempt to view the so-called density -current
at two separate locatiohs.  Two deployments were made at the
first location approximately 100 yards off the edge of the
delta in water ?00 feet deep.  The first deployment was of
a preliminary nature and no supporting data were taken.
                             118

-------
              	OOO	j
                                              o  o o o  yg
   VIDCO TAPE RECORDER
                                            VIDEO
                                           I
                                            WINCH
    UND,iav/AVErt TV CAKSPiA
FIG. 43.  UNDERWATER TELI.VISIOM SYSTEM
                                                               TARGET
                              119

-------
     During the second deployment a record was made of the
camera depth as a function of the footage marker on the video
tape and a temperature profile  'as acquired with a BT as soon
as the television camera was retrieved.
     During the deployments the boat drifted along the delta
because of high winds, providing an unexpected opportunity to
scan horizontally as the camera was held at selected depths
during the vertical  profile.  The depth  recorded on the BT was
found to be greater than 200 feet, due,  apparently, to the
wind drift between the time of television retrieval and BT
deployment.
     The third deployment was made at a  position located one
mile off Pellet Island in 755 feet of water.
     Results.   The BT data are shown in  Figures 44 and 45,
along with schematic representations of  a qualitative interpre-
tation of the video pictures recorded on magnetic tape.  The
general impression gained from viewing the television images
in the 200-foot water is that a moderately dense (39 foot)
turbid lens exists 45 feet off the bottom, lying over an even
more turbid lens 6 feet thick.  Further  offshore.in 755 feet of
v/ater the less dense lens is about 354 feet thick, and a more
dense lens nearly 80 feet thick covers the bottom.  Within
this deeper, denser lens, even more dense billowing clouds of tur-
bid water are seen.   The videotapes will  be displayed upon request.
                            120

-------
                                                          DEPTH
              DELTA
                                     300 FT.
                                                                 TEMPERATUOE °F
     FT.
"*!     i  40° 43° 46°  49
J_JZ—T— -LL-LLLL I.' .._!
                                                             -50
                                                             -IOO
                                                             -ISO
                                                             -2OO
            FIG.  44.  TV  DEPLOYMENT  NO. 2 -  DELTA AREA
PELLETT

  IKL.
    DEPTH
           TEMPERATURE °F
                          60OO FT.
                                           434'
                                                              6OO
                       TV ut:^!.nv;-:rfjT :;u. 3  - virrurv ITLLLT
                                           121

-------
                   SECTION V
Ml'SCFLLAMEOUS OBSERVATIONS, SAMPLES AND hCASUREMENTS

-------
                            SECTION V
       MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS, SAMPLES AND MEASUREMENTS

Water Movements
     Procedures.  Surface  currents and general circulation
features in Lake Superior  have been deduced from recoveries of
drifters released at various  locations in the lake.  In order
to provide some information on surface water movements during
the second phase of the field study, 1,550 plastic surface
drifters were released on  September 2, 1972, from
an airplane flying approximately 2000 feet over the lake.
Fifty drifters were dropped at each of the 31 .locations shown
on Fiyure 46.  Due io  the  physical limitations of the aircraft
configuration  (a Cessna Skymastor) and flight requirements,
it was impossible to avoid damaging seme of the drifters c.s
they were dropped from the cabin window.   An unknown number
(personally estimated  to be a small percentage) were seen to
have been damaged by striking the rear stabilizer and the
aft propeller.  The elapsed time between the first and thirty-
first stations was about six and one half hours.
     Results.  As of November 2, only 17 drifters have been
returned by beachcombers.  Nine drifters were returned from
three stations within  ten miles of Silver Bay.  While it is
too early to  draw any  conclusions from these few returns, it
may be of preliminary  value to report that of these nine,
                             123

-------
ro
                                         fiOM !.»<£ SUR'/py NO 9
                                         OPAWN BY A.TEETtl! IC-,'9-72.
                                            STATUTE MILES
                                         0   10  20  30  40
                                                                                    0   =  Approximate  Aircraft Position
                             FIG.  46   Location of Surface Drifter Drops

-------
seven were found within 19 days on the north shore near Silver
Bay.  The other tv^o were found on the. south shore between
Bayfield, Wisconsin., and Ontonagon, Michigan, between 38 and
43 days after release.

Wind Transport of Delta Tailings
     On August 2 personnel aboard the R/V Tel son Queen working
at sediment trap station "C" observed a continuous cloud of
white dust originating over Reserve's delta and being blown
eastward over the lake.  The dimensions estimated from this
vantage point suggested a height of several hundred feet and
a width nearly equal to the crosswind dimension of the delta.
This was neither -a short nor sporadic gust, but was a rathe^
stoady blow.  Since this occurred during the period of plant
shut down it was reasoned that the lack of a continuing
stream of wet tailings allowed the delta surface to dry, thus
facilitating a more effective wind erosion of the delta.
     This observation is significant as many analyses were
being conducted in the vicinity during this period to determine
parameters such as water clarity, concentrations of suspended
solids, and suspended   tailings    percentages.  This
mechanism of tailings input into the lake must be considered
significant i'h terms of the particle sizes involved (small),
the point of uitry  (surface), and tho tacit presumption that
                              125

-------
v/ater quality might be improved during this  period of abstinence
from overt tailings discharge,

Green Water Sightings
     "Green water" was sighted  and sampled on two occasions.  The
first was on August 2, the same day that the wind transport
of tailings over the lake's surface was noted.  The second
sighting occurred during one of the water quality studies, and
the data obtained from the samples ai
are given in Table 30 and Figure 47.
the data obtained from the  samples and measurements, obtained
Bacteriological Sampling
     Deep water bacteriological  samples were taken at some
water clarity sampling stations  and at several other locations
of opportunity.  These samples were collected using standard
300 ml Zobell samplers and one that had been modified to accept
a one-liter bottle.  The samples were  stored on ice, in the
absence of light, and were returned to the National Water
Quality Laboratory, Duluth, within eight hours of their collection,
All subsequent analyses were conducted under the direction
of, Mr. Lou Resi, and his findings  will be integrated into a
separate report.  Tables 31 and  32 provide all pertinent
  (
data available at the time of collection.
                                 126

-------
                             TABLE 30
              GREEN  WATER DATA FOR SAMPLES COLLECTED
                         8/2 and 9/1/72
 Tran.   Sta.    Time    Date
A*
93
93
93
93
Time
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1810
1810 '
1810
1930
1930
1930
1500
1500
1550
1600
Dati
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2.
8/2'
8/2
8/2
8/2
2/1
9/1
9/1
9/1
Depth
16
16
633
663
13
23
16
16
712
16
16
6S9
Depth
  ':.)   Sample
(•'
Sample j

BBCL.T01
BBCCC01
B8CBZC1
BBCCC02
BBCBZ03
BBCBZ04

BBBLT01
BBBCC03
BBBCC02

BBALT04
BBACC01
BBACC02
                     Tailings
% Trans.

  26
                                         Tailings
                         ss
                         mg/1
                                  •v 5
                                    0

                                Median part
                                Vol. u3
   Samples collected  at  "B"  and "A"  were  downstream of station
   ' and green water was  not  visible.
                               127

-------
                          TABLE  31



        BACTERIOLOGICAL SAMPLES - TRANSECT STATIONS



                       8/23/72-9/1/72

Tran.
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
3
3
3
2
2
2

Sta.
74
74
79
80
80
81
81
81
93
93
93
93
94
94
94

Time
1400
1400
2300
1920
1920
1700
1700
1700
1500
1500
1550
1600
1830
1830
1830

Date
9/1
9/1
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/30
8/30
9/1
9/1
9/1
9/1
9/1
9/1
9/1
Depth
(ft)
840
49
295
100
105
550
200
205
57
60
33
59
79
80
330

Sample #
BB0ZB74
BB2ZB74
BB0ZB79
BB0ZB80
BB1ZB80
BB0ZB81
BB1ZB81
BB2ZB81
BB2ZB93
BB3ZB93
BB1ZB93
BB0ZB93
BB1ZB94
BB0ZB94
BB2ZB94
% Light
Trans. Comment
36
46
82.5
78.0
78.0
69.3
85
85
, 15 Green H90
0 " ^"
26
5
46
46
49.7
Other Locations:

Sta.
0-

02

03


Time
1445
1445
1540
1540
1610
1610

Date
8/23
8/23
8/23
8/23
8/23
8/23
Depth
(ft.)
500
500
500
GOO
500
500

Sample #
BB0BZ11
BB0BZ12
BB0BZ13
BB0BZ14
BB0BZ15
B30BZ16
Long .
(W)
9.1 °06 '

91°03'

91 "01. 4'

Lat.
(N)
47° 17. 8'

47° 19.3'

47° 20.6'

                             128

-------
                 TABLE 32.



BACTERIOLOGICAL SAMPLES - SEDIMENT TRAP STATIONS



                8/1-2/1972


Sta.-
J
J
J
G
G
D
F
F
H
C
C
r
C
B
B
B
B
A


T i mo
1250
1250
1250
1850
1850
0910
1207
1207
1400
1550
15f,0
i r r r\
1 JJVJ
1550
1810
1810
1810
1810
1930


Date
8/1
8/1
8/1
8/1
8/1
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
B/t-
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2

Depth
(ft. )
515
495
33
597
587
899
702
692
512
643
633
13
23
692
702
16
26
725


Sample #
1 BBJBZ03
BBJBZ02
BBJBZ01
BBGBZ01
BBGBZ02
.BBDBZ02
BBFBZ02
BBFB703
B8HBZ02
BBCBZ01
BBCBZ02
BBCB203
BBCBZ04
BBBBZ02
BBBBZ03
BBBBZ04
BBBBZ05
BBABZ02
Surf.
Temp.
°F
43.4
43.4
43.4
42.1
42.1
39.9
11.8
41.8
52.7
40.8
40.8
10.8
40.8
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
41.2


Comments









Green H00
II C.
II
(t
1!


Green hLO
H

                   129

-------
FIG. 47.   TRANSMISSION  PROFILES - GREEN  WATER CONDITION
                   STATION  93 - 9/1/72
                     %  TRANSMISSION
   DEPLOYMENT NO.I
   TIME  1500
60 8O l(
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1






^\
\
>o
- 0
- 10
- 20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
- 90
-IOO

i—
Ul
Ul
LL
i:
T
a
LJ
a



                     % TRANSMISSION
                     40        6O        80
                   J	I_1_J	I	I	l_.l	I	I._J._.._L__
   DEPLOYMENT  NO. 2
   TIME  1530
- 0
~IO
~ao
- 30
- 40
-50
-SO

- 70
-8O
-90
^-100


H
UJ
UJ
z
T
t-
CL.
UJ
Q



                            130

-------
Insects
     During the initial sediment trap deployments in the main
basin of Lake Superior the water surface, at several locations,
was found to be covered with dead green insects.  These insects
were rather uniformly dispersed, much like a surface film,
and tended to accumulate or compress in the. lee of the boat at
sampling stations.  Not knowning the role that this dispersed
organic material might play in the quantification of the many
water quality parameters being studied, and supported by normal
curiosity as to their origin and identity, a sample was collected
and forwarded to the Pacific Northwest Environmental Research
Center, Corvallis, where a cursory examination revealed them to be
of terrestrial origin.  The sample was then forwarded to the
National Water'Quality Laboratory, Duluth, for further
identification as their interest dictated.
                             131

-------
Controls
     Particle Size Analysis.  To confirm the reliability of the
procedures, used in determining the size distributions of environ-
mental .and prepared cummingtonite suspensions, a set of four
representative samples was sent to the manufacturer of the
electronic counting system for analyses.
     Four samples were chosen as representative of the sediment
trap, water column and cummingtonite samples analyzed during
this study.   The original samples were vigorously shaken and
sonicated  to thoroughly disperse the particles and equal
aliqucts were immediately decanted into two1 separate plastic
containers.   These two replicate samples.were then autoclaved
to prevent bacterial  growth, sealed and one sot mailed to
Coulter electronics and the other analyzed in the field.
The sample identifications are summarized in the .foiloyrinci
table.

                           TABLE 33
     SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION - PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS CONTROLS
Original
Sample
BBILTOi
BBNLT11
BRA I. TO /I
G GO 21 A
Type
Cummingtonite suspension
Sediment trap
Water column sample
Cuiiimi nrjtoni te suspension
Field
Desig.
A--2
B-2
C»2
D-2
Coulter
Desig.
A-l
B-l
C-l
L)-l
                             132

-------
      Results.   Coulter Electronics was requested to follow
the  procedures  used  in the  field  for one analysis and to
perform  a  separate analysis  u  ing the method of their choice
if the field  procedures differed  from their normal laboratory
procedure  for sediments.
      Two analyses were performed  by Coulter; the first was,
as requested, based  on the  field  methods employed by EPA.  The
second involved a change  only  in  electrolytic solutions where
sodium hexametaphosphate  was used to replace the electrolyte
isoton.
      The results of  the two  analyses, plotted in a similar
manner,  are presented  in  the following figures.  Figures
48,  49,  50, and 51 are the  field  results, whereas Figures 52
through  55 are  Coulter's  plots.
      A careful  comparison of these plots reveals a close match
with  agreement  within  1.0%  for samples A, B, and D.   Sample C
'differs  functionally as a result  of the high percentage in
the.  8 to 10 micron range  shown on EPA's plot, Fig. 50.  This
spike was  verified as  being  real  by six replicate analyses of
the  aliquot used by  EPA.  There is no guarantee that equal
distributions v;ere sampled  originally, as this was a dilute
water sample  actually  collected from the lake.  In spite of this
                             133

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single difference, the comparative study indicates that the
procedures follov/ed by EPA produce essentially the same results
as those obtained by Coulter Electronics using, a different
electrolyte and machine.
     Hydraulicany Separated Sample.   Sample BBILT01  was
prepared under the direction of Dr. G. Glass and reported to
contain no particulate matter greater than five microns in
diameter.  This parti culate size selection was accomplished
                               i
using a settling column and settling times as predicted by
"Stokes1 Law."
     To check Dr. Glass1 estimate of maximum particle size,
the results cf the electronic nart.ide analyses performed by
both Coulter Electronics and EPA field personnel and  reported
in the preceding section, were pooled, and reveal  that an
average of; 90 percent of the particles are less than five microns
in diameter;* and no particles greater than 16 microns in diameter*
occurred in the suspensions.
*  Diameter here is equivalent to spherical diameter.
                            134

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              SECTION VI
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
                   135

-------
                            SECTION VI

               DISCUSSION OF RtSULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

                  n ta ryMat e r ia 1 s
Sediment Trap Performance.  Due to a variety of analytical  problems,
barium sulfate determinations could not be completed as  of April  1,
1973, for all the sediment trap containers to which this tracer was
added.  The data shown in Table 12 for "Test 1" show that retention
of settled material varies from good (99 percent) to fair (19 percent)
as a result of disturbances caused by deployment and recovery procedures.
The absence of other material in these containers showed that lalce bed
materials were' not deposited due to placement of the sediment trap
anchor.   This qualitative judgement of reliability was  demonstrated
repeatedly as nearly every trap recovered was seen to have clear  water
above the undisturbed layer of sediments in the containers.  In tests
#2, and #3, the recovered sediments appeared to contain  barium sulfate.
Since the trap containers retained some portion of the tracer material
contributed over deployed periods as long as 3?. days, and apparently  did
not artificially collect materials due to the anchoring  process,  the
results of sedimentary analyses are felt to a conservative estimate
of parti cul ate matter carried by ambient currents in the vicinity.

Distribution of Tailings I n Se djjnenta ry Ma te ri_a 1 s .  In 1969 Bauingartner
(1969) initiated a mild controversy by using data reported by Collier
(1968) to show that 40 percent of Reserve's waste tailings could  not
be accounted for in sedimentary materials within the area defined
by Reserve1 as the 0" isopach.  Reserve employees subsequently explained
that Collier's data did not include a major component of the waste
                                 136

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'tailings  inventory just beyond the  toe of the delta.  By counting
 this,  Reserve claimed to be able to account for approximately 98
 percent of the material  discharged.  (Proceedings, 1970).  Now
"the question  was  reduced to one of  precision of the estimate.  Plus
'or  minus  2 percent, or plus or minus  20 percent.  To provide an
 answer a  study was undertaken to evaluate the volume of material
'in  one zone of tailings, the edge of the "toe" area defined by a
55  foot depth of  tailings at the end of the delta, and a depth of
'3 feet of tailings.  Reserve's data indicated this accounted for
4.3x10 long  tons of tailings.  Reserve acquired basic data for this
 calculation by use of an acoustic sub bottom profiling system.  Eight
hundred and two depth determinations  were made from visual inspection
of  the profiling  system strip chart record by a Reserve employee.
While  errors  are  certainly able to  creep into these determinations,
they were accepted at face value and used in this study to compute
the volume.  The  procedure used to  compute volume by Reserve employees
was to estimate the locations of contours of equal depth (Fig. WA-14
in  Proceedings, p. 352)  from which  areas were planimetered.  The
planimeter areas  were then multiplied by the average depth between
contours  to arrive at the volume.   The volume was then multiplied
by  an  average density to compute the  mass.  This last step is
dependent on  a reliable  estimate of bulk density, which is quite
difficult to  determine,  and having  no basis upon which to offer a
substitute we have elected to remove  it from consideration by.
focussing attention on a comparison of calculated volumes.  In the
volume computation procedure the contouring step is more variable
than the  planimetering step because it is highly subjective.
Planimetering, except for elementary  technical rules, is essentially
a motor skill.  To estimate the variance of the volume computation,
the 802 depth measurements  v/ere presented to three engineers who
were asked to draw the contours for a subsequent analyses of volume.
                                 137

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 This  constituted .the approach used by Reserve—contouring and  pi ahi mete ring.
(An  assistant professor at Oregon State University, working for EPA
.during  the summer, was asked to operate a standard computer system for
 contouring and numerical cubature, and to perform the volume calculation
 on  the  contoured plot by both the planimeter and computer method.  The
 computer  program calculates the most likely location  for a given
 contour according to a strict set of rules, thus producing a very
 objective, but highly stilted version of a contour map.   The
 volume  calculations are shown in Table 34 for that portion of
 the delta between 55' and 10' accumulations.  The conclusions  drawn        |
 from  this comparison are that Reserve's estimate was  unbiased,
 and that  any one estimate has a good chance of being  within _+  11
 percent of the best estimate.
 !
 Taking  into consideration the other variables subject to error in
 the computation of the inventory there is no way the  overall estimate
 can be  more precise than +. 4x10  long tons.  The results of tailings
 analyses  from sediment trap, core, and water samples  collected in 1971
 (Baumgartner et a!., 1973), and 1972 (Tables 8, 9, 13,  26, 27,  28) have
 given rise to additional questions, this time relative to the  validity
 of  Reserve's "zero tailings isopach line" shown on Fig.  48. Fig. 48
 also shows that deep water samples in 4 out of 7 stations outside the
 zero isopach Tine contained tailings.  In 1972, 8 out of 8 stations
 (Fig. 49} outside the zero isopach line contained tailings in  water
 samples approximately 5 meters above the bottom. Tailings have
 been found in sediment traps (Refer to Fig. 2) at stations N,  P, Q,
 (n.ear Grand Marais), and K, L, M, (in Wisconsin) (Andrew, 1973).  In virtually
 every case these findings have been confirmed and reinforced by similar
 determinations in either a water or core sample taken from the same         i
 location.
                                                  i

 During  the summer and fall, the period when these studies were being
 conducted, the natural  input from stream flow was at  a  low level, and as
                                138

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                              TABLE 34
         Comparison of Volumes by Planimetering & Computer
             Cubature for Delta Toe Between 10' a 55'
Source of Contour Map
Reserve Mining Co.
EPA #1
EPA #2

OSU Computer
                                            o
                                 Volumes, 10  cubic feet
                                 Method of Computation by EPA
Planimetry
   7.93

   8.25
                              Arithmetic Mean
                              Standard Deviation
Digital  Computer
     7.22
     6.65
     7.27 (1st trial)
     7.06 (2nd trial)
     5.81
     6.8
     0.6
                                 139

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           M IN N C *0 T A
WISCONSIN
       •   Tailings  Detected
        i
       o   No Tailings  Detected
 LAKE SUPERIOR
I tilt -tTHUH UILCI
Z>
                                             • *o.»t s 91
                                              )r »T(tr[« I-IO-TJ
           FIG. 49    Tailings  Distribution  From. Bottom Water Samples (1972)

-------
          MINNESOTA
WISCONSIN
       0   Tailings Detected

       °   No Tailings  Detected
01
 fhOU AftMr-US. IA«C SUAVCV
    NO. K * 5T
CIUWH 8V A tttTCR I-W7J
                                         SxS Statute Mile Grid
                                         After Reserve Mining WA-13
           FIG. 48    Tailings Distribution From Bottom Water  Samples  (1971)

-------
a consequence, the inorganic suspended solids  distribution expressed as
a percent of the total  provides a rough estimate  of the direction of
tailings transport.  Figure 50 has plotted values  obtained from  the 1971
samples and suggests a  major circulation of material  from Silver Bay,
counterclockwise across the lake where it meets  the generally  northeast
currents that flow along the Wisconsin South shore.  A portion of
this material, as is also suggested in the figure,  may in fact be
deflected by the steep  side wall of the trench,  and flow in both
directions along the trench axis.  It appears, hov/ever, that the general
counterclockwise circulation that exists in the  embayment does eventually
dominate the flow with  material flowing again  across  the Wisconsin
state boundary some 25  to 30 miles downstream of the  discharge.

The data presented so far reveal the presence  of material of tailings
origin beyond the boundaries described by Reserve from visual  inspection
of bottom cores, and confirms the transport of material across the
Wisconsin boundary at several points.  The positive determination  for
tailings northeast of the plant is significant because it implies  the
addition-of a large area previously considered to be  relatively
free of contamination.

If any true "zero tailings" boundary exists it cannot be determined
from the limited data presented here.  The presence of materials of
tailings origin has shown that tailings exceed the boundaries  suggested
by Reserve's 1970 inventory, and with such regularity, and in  such
high concentrations, that the validity of the  earlier work is  highly
suspect, especially relative to the claim that 98.5.percent of all
discharge tailings were included within the zero  inch deposition contour.
Compared to 500 square  miles covered by Reserve's 0"  isopach line.
                                 142

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to
                     MINNE SOTA
             WISCONSIN
             «  Toillngs Detected
             o  No Tailings  Deleded
                FIG.  50   Approximate Distribution  of Inorganic Suspended Solids 5  Meters
                          Off  Bottom   Oct. 22-24,1971   (Plotted  Values  are  Percents)
                          (Refer  Table  IT - 2 )

-------
the area covered by the positive sediment trap  results would cover about
2000 sq. miles.

Materials of tailings origin definitely established in the sediment
trap samples are quantitative for the less than 2 micron  fraction
of the solids only.  Heavy mineral  separations  and other  x-ray analyses
to confirm the presence of materials of tailings origin in the greater than
2 micron fraction are yet to be reported.
 
-------
 This rate of accumulation is, however,  only a fraction of that
 documented by Reserve Mining Company for a longer term sadiment
 trap deployment in 1970 (Mosaic, 1971)   Tha rate they obsarved
                 2
 exceeded 83 gm/m /day which would on this basis suggast an opera
 effect some 230 times tha 1972 rate observed during closure.
 The high percentage of tailings  found in this lower trap, and the
 increase in particle siza are consistent with the resumption of
 the waste discharge.  Andre** (1973 b) explains that >100 percent
 tailings can result when large taconite particles are present if
 a calibration curve based on taconite particles less than 2u is
 used to compute percentage.  The large siza is also consistent with
 reported transport-currents (Baumgartner et al.., 1973) for 17y
 spherical particles of approximately  the same volume (Trask, 1939).
 The distinction between- plant-down and plant-up results for other
 stations near the plant (A-F) is not  easily discernible.

 If deployment period had bean associated with periods when the
 environmental responses in the lake ware more representative
'of "discharge" and "no discharge" conditions, clear differences
 might have been noticed.  Because of  shifting currents and the
 long settling time for small particles* it is unreal to expect
'anything other than a gradual improvement in overall water quality
:when the discharge is even abruptly terminated.  Shoreline erosion,
 wind transport, slumping of the  delta, runoff over the delta,
 resuspension and upwelling are all  potential mechanisms for maintaining
 the presence of suspended taconite particles.  Similarity, after
 a certain degree of improved water quality has occurred due to flushing,
 dilution, and settling, it is likewise the expected result that
                                  US

-------
abrupt commencement of the discharge will  result  only  in  a gradual
reattainment of prior pollution levels.  The  first deployment near
the plant then, can be expected to show  some  influence from the prior
discharge because not all  of the turbid  water would have  been carried
away, and in the second deployment the traps  would be  influenced
for some time by a mass of relatively clean water.  Further from
the plant, the distinctions would be even  less  clear because of the
blending of water masses that occurs naturally, as a function of
time and distance.

The distinctions which might be sought between  sediment traps near
the plant are further confounded by the  lack  of data on currents
during the specific 10 weeks that the traps were  deployed.  This
effect is demonstrated in the data from  Station 0.  Station 0,,
deployed a week later than those A-G, showed  a  sediment accumulation
                        P
rate averaging 0.15 gm/m /day (a=0.16),  but Op, deployed  only
the last three days of the plant-down period  has  a measured average
                              2
accumulation rate of 0.06 gm/m /day (a=.02).

The percent organics increased from an average  of 5.8  percent (a=3.8)
in 0, to 29 percent (0=6.9) in Op.  Even with this remarkable relative
increase in organics, the smaller than 2u  fraction of  particulates
was found to be •>* 100 percent tailings.  Station  03 which was deployed for
the second period showed that sedimentation rates increased considerably
after the plant discharge resumed.

Stations H & J, which were to serve as intermediate data  points
between the "vicinity" traps and the "remote" traps were  never recovered.
                                 146

-------
Sediment and Tailings Accumulation Rates Remote  From Plant.  In
discussing the results at the remote stations where traps were
recovered (S, V, W, X, Y, & Z were lost) data from gravity
corings will be presented in Tables 35, 36, & 37 for comparison
to sediment in the trap containers.  Results in  Table 35 show a rather
high percentage of tailings in sedimentary materials.  The traps
at:K & L also show a significantly different* amount of tailings
between the first and second deployments.

In light of the discussion on the difficulty in  separating effects
in the traps near the great trench, the clear distinction at K & L
could be explained if the transport of water past Silver Bay followed
a route requiring 4-8 weeks to traverse.  This would account for a
travel time of approximately 4-5 weeks for the particle size found.
  i
  (
Station M was deployed throughout both periods and shows a tailings
concentration intermediate between the before and after period.

Cores obtained at Stations K, L, & M contained a tailings content of
12-14 percent (based on the <2\i fraction).  Because this value is
close to the intermediate value found in the sediment trap at M,
it is concluded that the region of the lake bed  near Stations K, L,
& M and near the bottom waters of the Wisconsin  shore  are appreciably
influenced by tailings.
  I
The existence of tailings in the traps at K, L,  & M means that
particles were carried that far by currents, some of which on occasion
could carry particles to the stations near Ontonagon,  Michigan or to
the Grand Marias area.
*  In a formal two-way analysis of variance a dummy value would have to
be generated for a second value for station L, 2nd deployment.  Values 20
and 50 which were tried showed that there was no significant difference
(P=0.05) between stations as well as showing a significant difference
between deployment periods.  A dummy value of 38 would make the difference
between stations significant at the 5% level.

                                 147

-------
                                      TABLE 35.  Sediment Trap and Core Results
                                     Stations; K, L, and M Wisconsin So. Shore
                                                   Sediment Traps
                                                                                       Cores (level  (a) only)
Station Cont.
Deployment 7/25
K+ 1
2
3
L+ 1
2
3
Deployment 8/25
K+ 1
" 2
3
L+ 1
2
3
Deployment 7/26
M+ 1
2
3
R* 2
# gm/m /day
- 8/25
0.16
0.16
0.07
0.35
0.23
0.21
- 10/6
0.65
1.10
0.44
0.10

0.06
- 10/6
0.71
0.89
0.76
Percent
Organics

6.2
3.6
4.4
4.0
3.8
3.6

2.8
2.5
1.3
3.8
3.3
4.5

2.4
2.4
2.4
Percent
tailings
<2 micron
fraction

47
43
—
67
--
.

9
—
<5
12
—
8

17
--
17
Percent
f i ner
than
2 microns
**

59
40
—
57
--
—

67
—
64.
66
—
68

64
--
62
Percent
Percent tailings Percent
tailings in in <2 finer than percent
container micron fraction 2p tailings
*** **** **** ***


17
—
38 30 48 14
--
—

6.0 31 43 13
--
<3
8
--
5

11 27 45 12
--
11
*
•**
***
****

NO
From Tables 8,9
From Andrew (1973)
Product of preceding two columns
From Appendix  H
Not Detectable
Tailings detected in bottom grab samples

-------
  TABLE 36.  Sediment Trap and Core Results
Stations; N, P, and Q, Minnesota No.  Shore
             Sediment Traps
Cores (level (a) only
Station
R* 2
Cont. # qm/m /day
Deployment 7/26 - 8/29
N


P


Q+


1 0.18
2 0.19
3 0.18
1 0.20
2 0.16
3 0.16
1 0.25
2 0.11
3 0.21
Percent Percent Percent
tailings finer Percent . tailings Percent
Percent <2 micron than tailings in in <2 finer than Percent
Organics fraction 2 microns container micron fraction 2y tailings
** *** **** xww* ***
'7.8 11 68 7 9.0 53
8.4
6.3
7.8 18 56 10 Trace 61
8.1
8.4
17 48 8 ND 60
.».
3.8
Deployment 8/29 - 10/4
., N
t»
i

P


0+


*
**
***
****
ND
•{•
1
2
3 0.08
1 0.18
2
3 0.16
1
2 0.15
3 0.15
From Tables 8,9
From Andrew (1973)
Product of preceding
From Appendix II
Not Detectable
Tailings detected in
2.9
2.9
6.2 <5 46 2
4.1
4.0
4.8 9 61 6
4.5
5.1 8 58 5
5.3 9 62 6


two columns


bottom grab samples

-------
                                            TABLE 37 Sediment Trap and Core Results
                                          Stations; R, S, T, and U Michigan So. Shore




Station Cont.
Deployment 7/27
R 1
2
3
T 1
2
3
Deployment 7/27
1 U 1
2
3



R* g Percent
# gm/m /day Organ ics
- 10/1
.30 4.5
.29
.31
.03
.03
.04
- 9/30
.01 9.3
.02 8.3
.02
Sediment Traps
Percent Percent Percent
tailings finer Percent tailings
<2 micron than tailings in in <2
fraction 2 microns container micron fractions
** *** ****



Anc
"
11

Anc ND
11
"
Cores

(level (a) only

Percent
finer
2y
****
64
--
65




57


than Percent
tailings
***
1-3
1-3
3.2







Anc = Analysis not complete
NR = None Recovered
*
**
***
****
ND
From Tables 8,9
From Andrew (1973)
Product of preceding two columns
From Appendix   II
Not Detectable
Tailings detected in bottom grab samples

-------
Table  36  shows  a small  level of tailings in all of the trap containers
at N,  P & Q and only  a  slight difference* between deployment periods.
As with K, L &  M,  the concentration is lower in the second deployment
suggesting the  possibility that 4-8 weeks were required for any effects
from the  plant  closure  to be felt at N, P, & Q.  This difference  is not
as great  as seen at K,  L & M and consequently less emphasis is attached
to this explanation.  The most significant observation is  that tailings
were found in concentrations as high as these.
   i
The core  data in Table  36, updated by a late oral report from Dr.  Cook
at NWQL,** indicate that tailings have been found (4.8 percent of sample)
in upper  layers from  core N, and detected at a trace level  (<4%)  in P.
Tailings  were not  found in core Q.

Stations  R & T  near Ontonagon were recovered, but tailings  analyses
have not  yet been  completed.  Indications from preliminary  analyses
are that  some tailings  can be identified.

No results are  available from Station U, near the Keweenaw  Peninsula.

At those  stations where cores, traps, and deep water samples were
taken  it  was expected that some associations could be drawn between the
respective particle size distributions.  It was expected that water
samples would yield the most variable results, sediment trap containers
less,  and cores the least variable estimates of particle distribution
parameters—solely because of the time-integrated difference in the
samples.  If scour was  an ambient feature during the time  of trap
deployment, the traps would be expected to show a smaller  mean size than
the top layer ("a") of  the core.
*  Significantly different at P = .05.
** Dr. Cook was assigned responsibility for completion of tailings
   analyses as of 3/1/73.
                                151

-------
Particle sizo distributions at Station M shown in  Fig.  51 demonstrate
that 3 container? acquired comparable samples  from the  environment,
all of .which consisted generally of finer material  than was  found  in
the top layer of the core.  A water sample.taken near the bottom
contained "relatively greater amounts of fine material than the sediment
traps.  At Station P (Fig. 52) the trap containers  also exhibited
similar material, closer in mean size to the core  but still  finer.
No deep water sample was collected at P.  Particles collected in the
sediment trap containers, at Station U were similar to each other and
smaller than the core.  All containers showed  some evidence  that they
                                                                      3
were collecting materials of the size range found  in the core (- 10QO y )
representing the greatest volume.  The water sample showed the presence
of particles of this size and also an .abundance of particles in the
size range containing the greatest volume in the containers.  As with
Station M, the largest amount of material was  in the smallest size counted.
The presence of e larger mean size in the top  cere layers at M & I! and
the larger percentage of fines in the water sample  (compared to the treps)
must mean one of two things.  Either erosion (scour) is taking place,
or the water flowing past the station carries  fines which cannot settle
on the exposed bed,'but can settle into the trap.   More detailed statistical
analyses of particle size distributions at these and other stations are
being pursued to aid in evaluating this suggestion.  The relative  lack
of large particles in the traps as compared to the cores indicates that
larger particles may be supplied to the bed in seasons  of tho year not
sampled, for example, from ice rafting or the  more vigorous  transport
conditions suggested for the winter current and thermocline  conditions
(Baumgartner, et al., 1973).
                                  152

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c

c
c
e,
V.
                                       *
                                                                                •— Water Sample

                                                                                -- Sediment Trap

                                                                                —— Core
'*,.
                                                                  *
*o_
                             Pc-vicle
                        riG.  51    D-'^r-.-c-iio.  VTii..;e n-is^-fcyt^on  Stacion  K

-------
      o
      u
en
      a.


      c:



      G>

      E
      2
      •»~
      c
      5    !
'X vx
                                                                                         •-  Sediment  Trap

                                                                                         —  Cere
                    o.
           S>  *0  #0

           '9  \  \
                                  Particle  Volume
                         .-1G. 52   Differential  Volume Distribution - Sea ? Minnesota

-------
en
      u
      w.
      W
      9
      E
      3

      "5 '
      c
      c?
• I


11
                         N
                        	 Water  Sample

                        	Sediment  Trap

                        	 Cere
                                                            ^s
                                            Volume H *
                        FI3.  53   D'-fererstiel  /O^IT.C DistHbttlon Station U -  Michigan

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Water Clarity Analyses

Secchi Disc Measurements.  This measurement is known to be affected
by a host of parameters including the energy spectrum of the incident
light (variations can be caused by degree and type of cloud cover), the
angle of incident sunlight, dissolved and suspended materials within
the water column and the surface reflectance conditions.  Between noon
and late afternoon, for example, reflectance can increase from 2 percent.
to 30 percent of the incident light (see Beyers, 1959).

Secchi disc measurements have been correlated in an approximate fashion
with other measures of water transparency.  Tyler (1968) found that the
depth penetrated by 10 percent of the incident surface light, as
measured by a.submarine photometer, was about equal to the depth of
Secchi measurements taken at the same time and place.  Because the
extinction Oi incident iigrit in tn£ water coiurrrri 15 iCyai'i criiVur.. Lm;
depth to which 1 percent of the light penetrates can bo estimated
from the Secchi disc reading using Tyler's .relationship.  Relationships
of this kind have apparently been known for some time.  Sverdrjp,-
et al., (1942) mention that the extinction coefficient is approximate!;/
equal to 1.7 divided by the Secchi depth in meters..

The data in Pig. 54 from Table 26 show the same general relationship as Tyler
found, including the necessity to assume an apparent contrast for the
Secchi disc ten times higher than would be expected.  There "is no
reason to expect that a should be constant from place to place or at airy
one place, throughout the water column, hence relationships founu in
one part of the lake would not necessarily be expected in others.
                                 156

-------
 o>
 2
 I
•
O
O
 u
 o
 Oi
H_   15
 o

j=
*-
 Q.
 
-------
 For  instance stations K, L, and M are along the Wisconsin  South  shore, an
:area heavily influenced by all the sediment sources  in the Duluth  embayment,
 particularly the red clay erosion along the Wisconsin shore  itself.  This
 consideration may account for the different slope that would occur in
 Fig. 54 if these three stations were treated separately.

to assess the value of the Secchi measurement as an  indicator of water
 clarity degradation resulting from the discharge of  taconite tailings,
data collected and reported by Lemke (1972) were used along  with the data
 presented in this report.  Table 38 presents data on the total suspended
solids and tailings concentrations at various water  sample depths  where
Secchi disc measurements were taken.

Secchi disc readings reported by Lemke have been grouped by  location
and graphically presented in Fig. 55.  The place names listed are  scaled
according to distance along the shore, thus providing a profile  of
.increasing surface water clarity in the waters northeast of  Silver Bay.
Although the differences are slight, the trend is significant in terms
of the general circulation features of the western embayment. The
computed coefficient of variation for these stations was  generally 0.2
to 0.3 near shore, about 0.2 at the three mile stations,  and between
1-2.0 at the 5 mile stations.  The data in Table 38  suggest  that somewhere
in the top 6 meters the tailings concentration increases  significantly
in relation to the increase in total suspended solids concentration, both
of which undoubtedly play an important role 1n the decrease  of the
Secchi disc measurement from near 10m at Guano Rock  to about 6m  at
Silver Cliff.

To. provide insight about the nature of the vertical  variation in tailings
concentration above the thermocline, Lemke's temperature  data were
                                 158

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     Table  38:   Suspended Sol ids  and Tailings  Distribution  With  Depth
   Suspended Sol i ds  Analyses^
Samples
])ep_th	

  1

  6
Concentration
    mg/1        Number
Mean    Range   Sarnpl es

0.48   0.2-1.9     27

0.66   0.1-2.2    133

0.70   0.2-1.8    151
                                        Tailings Analyses
 Concentration
     mg/1
 Mean    Range

0.004    0-0.T

0.005    0-0.8

0.009    0-1.1
Mean
Percent    Samples
Tailings   With
Occurring  Tailings
   7.4
 1

32

52
                                       159

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(Ti
O

o MEAN-^
z
a:
^"••fc
5 _MILES
OFFSHORE
3 MILES
OFFSHORE
1 MILE
OFFSHORE
-~I 	 I— --"~"C
e 	 ©
j. i -
AAV
[ 	 H
A A /
T 	 H
r J-
A A
r ..I...... T

\ A A
- 1 	 1.
>--— -J 	 1
\ A A
!- J I--
L ""i 	 l
A A A

2OW IOW 0
1 1
SILVER SPLIT SHOV
CLIFF ROCK POII*
SILVER
BAY
IOE I 20E 30E 40E 50E
'EL SUGAR GRAND
JT LOAF MARAIS
- 12
"I ' '
- 6
- 3
r l2
T L
1 ..
- 3
*• u
T r2
.0 - 9
'I -•
- 3
•A > 0
60 E
GUANO
ROCK
             FIG. 55   Mean Secchi Disc Readings  - 'Minnesota North Shore (From Lemke 1973)

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analysed as shown  in Tables 39 and 40.  The concentrations of tailings
was found to be  relatable to tna AT values between the surfaco and the
depth sampled.   Measureable tailir s were found when both the mean
temperature and  AT were minimal.  These low AT values are indicators of
the degree of instability or mixing which, in later summer, are
conditions generally associated with wind waves and upwelling.  The source
of tailings found  in the upper layers could be deep water carried to the
surface by upwelling, or a density interflow near the thermocline subsequently
mixed into the surface by either the instability in the surface waters,
or by upwelling.   Similarly, taconite particles initially mixed into
the surface waters near the delta could be more readily restrained from
settling by these  processes.  These data include samples collected during
both plant operating periods, a valid procedure in this case because of
the lack of any  direct correlation between the presence of tailings in
the surface waters and the plant operational status.

A similar analysis wes made to determine if total suspended solids
correlated to temperature in the same manner.  The results of this
analysis are presented in Table 41.  The suspended solids concert J.:r?.ti on
increases with increasing temperature, however, no apparent correlation
to the AT values was found.  This suggests two possibilities:  first,
that the natural inputs are caused by rainfall and runoff, or secondly,
that the sharp increase is due to biological activity, such as the diatom
growth found by  Holland and Beeton (1972)  during the period of maximum surface
warming.

Two opportunities  have occurred which allow analyses to be related
directly to the  plants operations stetus.   During.the 1971 labor dispute
the sampling stations were occupied in the near vicinity of the plant
and the rssultc  o-f Secchi measurements (Baumgartiior, et al., 1973) taken
during both plan-.;  up and down periods are presented in Table 42.
                                 161

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Table 39: Comparison of Temperature Data and Tailings Concentrations
                             for Samples at 13m
                  Measurable
                  Tailings
                  Found	

Mean T (13) °C       5.62

Number of Samples   39
                                  Trace
                                  Tailings
                                  Detected

                                     5.87

                                    56
                                No
                                Tailing
                                Found

                                 9.00

                                 64
                      All
                      Samples

                       7.54

                     120
       ..-
 Mean AI i _
         -
,  =Q   0.50
 Number of Samples   37
 Or-1
.y i
                     54
          61
                                                          '11 5
                                 162

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Table 40:  Comparison of Temperature [ht? and Tailings Concentrations
                               for Samples at 6m


                   Measurable      Trace         No
                   Tailings        Tailings      Tailings    All
                   Found	Detected      Found       Samples

 Mean T (6m) °C       5.89           6.04         9.56        8.12

 Number of Samples.  ,31             47           68         115
Mean AT]
                  C   0.33
 Number of Samples   29
0.34
                                   44
0.64
            67
0.52
          111
                                163

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Table 41:   Comparison  of Temperature-Data and Suspended Solid
                              Concentrations
Suspended Solids Concentration
.1-.4 .5 .6 .7-. 8
Mean T °C
Mean AT]. S6njrf
No. Samples
I'lCuM 1 O
Mean .AT] Jjj'"f .
No. Samples
6.94
, °C 0.41
25
7.0.5
> °C 1.27
15
7.93
0.51
20
7-14
0.90
23
8.58
0.66
17
7. GO
0.97
23
8.07
0.57
21
8 .58
0.98
20
(mg/1) Sample
Depth
.9-2.2 in
9.76
0.61 6
23
6.69
0.59 13
27
                               164

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Table 42: Effect of Plant Operation on Secchi Measurements in the
                       Vicinity of Silver Bay, 1971
                                         Standard
          Number of       Range    Mean   Deviation
          Observation^    m	   (Ma)   (o)         o/Ma

Plant
Down           9         9.2-13.2  11.4m     1.4      0.12

Plant up      16         5.5-10.5   7.8m     1.6      0.21
                                 165

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Table 43:  Effect of Plant Operation on Secchi  Measurements  Made Along
                           The North Shore, 1972
                                           Standard
          Number of       Range    Mean    Deviation
          Observations    m _    .(j^il    (a) _    a/Ma
 Plant
 Down          60       3. 5-13. 5m  7.8m       2.0       0.26

 Plant up      89       2. 5-1 1.0m  7. 2m       1.9       0.26
                                  166

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TABLE 44
Percent
Transmission

Surface
# of
Observations

Occurrence
of Tailings

Thennbcl ine
Posi
I #
tive obs
#
Posi tive
#
obs

Bottom
f
Positive

< 60
60-70
> 70
15
4
1
2
0
0
8
0
0
5


17
4
6
17
4
1
    167

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The readings taken both by Lemke (1972)  and those reported  here  during  the
1972 study have beori segregated by plant operational  status and  are
presented in Table 43.

The dramatic increase in local surface water clarity during the  1971
period of plant closure is evident, primarily because the measurements
were taken in the near vicinity to the plant discharge,  an  area  of about
31 sqi/are kilometers.  During 1972, there were too few observations  near
the plant for this comparison and it was necessary to combine all  read-ings
within 640 sq. km. for Table 43.  On this space scale there was  no significant
change in Secchi disc during the plant closure period.

The data collected by NCPRP personnel during the 1972 study have been
plotted for comparison to earlier data taken from Beeton, et al., (1959)
and from Ruschmeyer and Olson (1958).

The Beeton data are presented in Figures 56 and 57, and  cover the years 1952
and 1953 respectively.  The measurements made at various times over  the
course of the summer months encompass the various basins of the  lake.
Figures 58» 59 and 60 were taken directly from Ruschmeyer and Olson  (1958),
present data for a several day period in July of 1957 and two short  periods
in August 1957.

Figure 61 represents the data collected on the first cruise of the EPA  1972
season and covers only three areas of the lake.  Figures 62 through  55  look
greater in detail at the western embayment for two periods  during whi.ch
the plant VMS not operating, and for two periods after full operations  had
been resumed.                                                       i
                                 168

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    fttOU LAKE 3URVEV /:". 9
   DRAWN 9Y A.TEETe'R 10-19-72
      5TATUTE MILES
    0  10  »  30 10
Readings  in Meters
FIG.  56     Secchi  Disc Readings'in  1952  (Beeton, et  al., 1959)

-------
—I
o
                                       FROM L«KE SURVEY NO. t


                                      O^AWN 9Y A.TEETEP 10-19-72


                                         STATUTE MILES

                                       O  10  JO  30 «C



                                   Readings  in  Meters
6.4
                                                                                                                   10.7
                                    FIG.   57    Secchi  Disc Readings  in 1953  (Baeton,  eta al.,  1959)

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SUP EH :•-.
               •Readings in Meters
                     FIG.  58   Secchi Disc Readings, July 29-30, 1957, (After Ruschmeyer and Olson,  1958)

-------
Readings in Meters
             FIG. 59   Secchi Disc Readings, August 15,  1957,  (After  Ruschmeyer and Olson, 1958)

-------
Readings in Meters
       FIG. 60   Secchi  Disc Readings  Aug.  29,  1957,  (After Ruschmeyer and Olson, 1958)

-------
    PROM LAKE 3U«»VEY N'*: 9
   DRAWN BY A.TEET-'R IO-r9-?2
       ST«TUTE MILES
    0  IO  K  3O <0

 Readings in  Meters
FIG.  61    Secchi Disc  Readings, EPA,  August  1972

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          MINNESOTA
W I S  C 0 N S I N
                                             LAKE  SUPERIOR
                                            SCALE'XTATUTE MILES
                                               **O f« S »7
                                              NIr ATteTE/l -10-
                                        Readings  in Meters
             FIG. 62   Secchi  Disc Readings,  EPA, (7/25 - 8/2/72)

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           MINNESOTA
                                 75
                            4.1
                              2.6
-*s «^_> 7
63

7
6
65
55
6.5
7
7.3
—
6.:

•-
                                                                          85?
                                                               7.8
WISCONSIN
                                             LAKE SUPERIOR

                                            »C»lf STATUTE MiUS
                                                N3 >< A it
                                            OKAWH 8T *?££TtH I-O'M


                                          Readings in  Meters
                         FIG.  63   Secchi Disc Reading, EPA, (8/21  - 8/26/72)

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           MINNESOTA
WISCONSIN
                                              rscu Anur-uS L«IC suiivcr
                                                 NO >• • »T
                                             OUAWStr «TttT(.« I-IO-TJ


                                          Readings in  Meters
                         FIG. 64   Secchi Disc Readings,  EPA,  (8/27 -  9/1/72)

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                         MINNESOTA
* — ^ — ^_>-
7
7
8.5


6.7 9.3

5.5 .,
10
9.8
r
7.3
CO
              WISCONSIN'
                                                                                 10.5
                                                                                  10.5
                                                                                     0
                                                            LAKE SUPERIOR
                                                          !C»i5-suture ui.ts
                                                              NO ffC S 9T
                                                             NCr 4 TCfTI « 1-IO-7Z
                                                       Readings in  Meters
                                       FIG.  65  Secchi Disc Readings,  EPA, (9/3 - 9/4/72)

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The data of Beeton et al., and of Ruschmeyer and Olson  tend  to
demonstrate that Secchi disc readings in the Western embayment are
generally lower than the rest of the lake.   These data,  and  the 1972
data show that large changes in Secchi disc readings can occur over short
time periods at a given location.  The conclusion to be  drawn in terms
of Reserve's discharge is that except for very localized effects, there
has been no long term decrease in Secchi disc readings between the
commencement of plant operations in 1956 and 1971.   While  this is worth
being grateful about, it should be borne in mind that the  reading is
not sensitive, in an analytical sense, and more importantly, the reading
does not relate to water clarity other than in the  surface waters of
the lake, where taconite particles are not found in high concentrations.
                                170

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Transmissometry and Tailings Measurements.  The transmissometer  and
temperature profiles shown in Figs. 23 thru 25 were made on transects
1,2, and 3 between Two Harbors and Split Rock (Fig. 21) following a
period of about 5 weeks during which no waste tailings were discharged
from the plant.  The temperature profiles show that a thermocline existed
beween depths of 20 and 40 meters below the surface.  Water was  generally
more turbid (% T < 60) above the thermocline, clearer below, and then
turbid again near the bottom.  The turbid lens near the bottom was generally
greater than 30 meters thick and extended 13 to 22 km offshore.   The
cross sectional isopleths inferred from these profiles, together with
information from 1971 on currents in the area, suggest dynamic processes
below the thermocline.  Furthermore, the sloping lake-bed adds to the
evidence that the turbid lens was not stagnant.

Diffraction analyses by Andrew (1973), summarized in Table 26 show that
every bottom water sample taken from the < 60% T lens had a large
percentage of tailings.  The fact that tailings percentages were not
linearly related to percent transmission is discussed in subsequent
sections, however, it is evident that the tailings concentration
increased significantly in transects closer to the plant.  By contrast,
only one of the surface water samples contained a detectable trace of
tailings, even though the percent T was also below 60.

About 10 days later, (September 4, 1972) fully eight days after  the
plant discharge was partially resumed, the transects were sampled
again (Figs. 26-28).  The same general character of turbid lenses
                                180

-------
appeared.  If any differences existed, they were the thicker and more
turbid lens at Split Rock, and a more turbid lens near  the  thersnocline.
Table 27 shows taconite tailings results for water samples  taken at these
stations between September 1 and September 4.  In these cases, tailings
were found at all bottom stations, as before, but also  at all stations
where water samples were taken near the thermocline.

Within the first seven days after the plant resumed operations,
transmissometer profiles were made at stations on transects 4, 6S 7
and 5 (Figs. 29, 31, 32 and 30) respectively.  Except for transect seven
at Grand Marais, the features of these profiles are similar to the transects
southwest of Silver Bay.  At Grand Marais the bottom water  transmitted
nearly 80 percent of the light and mid-depth water readings were over 90
percent.  Water adjacent to the coast was clearer than  offshore water,
conforming to circulation patterns previously described.

Figure 29 shows a turbid lens over 30 meters (1001) thick extending 22 km
(14 miles) from shore into Wisconsin waterss and Table  27 shows that
suspended solids in water taken from this lens were 50  percent tailings
in their composition.

Figure 33-35 shows data for stations taken out of sequence with other
stations on the transects.  Transmissometer profiles for station 75 on
8/26 and 9/3 (Figure 33) show the difference in conditions  near the plant
as a result of plant operations.  More dramatic results  are shown in
Fig. 34 for station 96, considerably closer to the discharge point.
The subsurface turbid lens and the bottom lens - nearly 100m (3001)
thick - are'clearly discernible.
                                  181

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Although transmissometer profiles could not be made in Michigan waters,
water samples were taken (Fig. 22) near the bottom, and  as  shown  in
Table 28, two of three contained measurable suspended tailings.   In
contrast to most of the surface samples taken in Minnesota,  two of
three surface samples in Michigan also contained tailings.

Figs. 66 and 67 are presented as a summary of the taconite  tailings  found
in bottom waters sampled as part of the transmissometry  profiles.   For
the "plant-down" period.the distribution indicates an apparent
reduction in tailings in the bottom waters near the plant.   Data  on
tailings and inorganic concentrations from bottom water  samples from
the 1971 study suggested a major circulation path defined by the
broken arrow in the Figures.  This observation is consistent with  the
current meter data showing the possibility of a migrating circulation  cell.
The data from the 1972 samples again confirm this pattern,  increasing  from
a trace of tailings northeast of" Silver Bay to !UU perppt. tailings  in  a
distance of 15 miles.

These values were taken just prior to the plant start up and demonstrate
that after some five weeks of zero tailings discharge, little if  any
effect was felt along the Wisconsin shoreline.  This is  consistent with
the observation of sediment trap results at stations K and  L which
demonstrated that the major decrease in the tailings concentration  occurred
well after the plant had resumed operations.  A near bottom current
averaging 2 cm/sec is equivalent to a transport distance of approximately
52 kilometers in a 30 day period, suggesting transport times of 4-5
weeks for tailings to be moved from Silver Bay to the vicinity of  Sand
Island.

The data taken after the plant had resumed operations show  either  a
displacement to the southeast of the tailings-laden water that had
                                  182

-------
00
                        MINNESOTA
                I S
                     FIG. 66   Distribution of Tailings fron Near Bottom Water Samples (To 5/26/72)

-------
         MINNESOTA
V,' I S CONS! N
      FIG. 57   Distribution of Tailings frcm Near Bottom Water Samples  (After 5/26/72)

-------
previously existed in the deep areas of Tacom'to Harbor, Fig.  64,  or the
rapi-d reoccurrence of high tailings concentrations along the  downstream
axis of the deep trench.

Transmiss'ometry profiles provide basic data useful for evaluation  of
water quality.and water clarity parameters important to light
penetration.  This function is valuable to primary biological  production
in the lake's ecosystem and to human aesthetic appreciation of objects
observed to be below the surface a rather great .depth.  In this latter
respect, transmissometry data in surface waters should relate  to Secchi
disc readings (see Tyler, 1968.)  Fig. 68 provides a rough evaluation
of this effect by comparing the Secchi disc reading to the percent
transmission measured at a depth equal to 1/2 the Secchi disc  reading.
Because the transmissometer can provide at least as much information
as the Secchi disc in terms of water clarity analyses, and the
limitations of the Secchi, the value of the transmissometer to a
continued monitoring program in Lake Superior is warranted.  This  is
reinforced by this simple example.
                                  185

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CO
en
        9-
        7 -
     l-J
     _  5-
        2-
         I-
                                                               O O
                                                              O   OO
                              O
                    10    15    20    25    30    33    40    45    50    55


                             PERCENT TRANSMISSION AT 1/2 SECCHI DEPTH
60   65    70   75   80
                     FIG. 68   COMPARISON OF SECCHI DISC MEASUREMENTS

                              TO LIGHT  TRANSf/.ISS'ON IN SURFACE WATERS

-------
Turbidity Measurements and Correlations.  Only in nine of the samples
reported in Tables 27 and 28 was the turbidity found to be equal
to or greater than 1 JTU.  In six of these, tailings were found by
x-ray diffraction analyses.  Except for these readily noticeable
results, it was not possible to consider turbidity measurement alone
as a useful indicator1 of water quality impairment by Reserve's discharge.
Figure 69 was constructed to aid in distinguishing any association
which might be revealed by comparing turbidity in surface and deep waters
to median particle volume, depending on whether or not tailings were
found.  The overall conclusion inspired by this presentation  is  that,
below 1.0 JTU there is very little difference in turbidity associated
with the presence or absence of tailings.   If, however, attention  is
restricted to the bottom waters, the presence of tailings appears  to
increase the turbidity.  In either case, the particles associated  with
the bottom turbidity most commonly are small—about 10yJ.  Tiie surface
water turbidities project a slightly different picture.  The  surface
turbidity is caused by a wider size range  of non-taconite particles,
but when, taconite particles were found in  more turbid surface waters,
the particle size was more narrowly grouped around a value of 30y  .
Most of the so-called "surface" waters in  this comparison were actually
near the thermocline where, as revealed by the transmissometer profiles,
a turbid sub-surface lens was flowing.  The stations were fairly close
to the plant, which could account for the  larger particle size than
normally found in bottom waters containing tailings.

The turbidity readings from water samples  taken at one meter  seem
to correlate well with Secchi disc measurements taken at the  same
time (Figure 70).  Only tv/o of these samples were found to have a
trace of tailings.  This relationship is not surprising, but  as has
                                 IB?

-------
FIG.  69
SIZE   FOR  BOTTOM
WITHOUT  TAILINGS
                            COMPARISON  OF  TURBIDITY  ft  PARTICLE
                                    &
                                        URFACE  WATERS  WITH  a
10 -


!0

8
7
6
5

4
              KEY-
       O
                         BOTTOM •  NO TAILINGS
                         SURFACE-.^ NO TAILINGS
A.   BOTTOM : TAILINGS
©   .SURFACE' TAILINGS
                         TAILINGS  RESULTS NOT AVAILABLE
                               O
I  -
.9
.5-
      t.**
         A, S*
                O
                 O
                 O
            O
           A
          O  ° 00
               A
           A
        ...I	.:	L
                        G
                           O
                          Q
                        O
                                                                     O
                                                          O
                       0
                                       °
                                                              o
                                                     o
                                                o
                                                                      o
                                                                       o
                               ••\r\
                   MEDIAN  PARTICLE  VOLUME ,
                                 188

-------
co
             "I
             10
          o
          U  4
          Ui
                                      * -.
COMPARISON OF  TURBIDITY  Vs

SECCHI DISC READING

LAKE  SUPERIOR  1972
                                          I	II	I
                        .2     .3   .4  .5  .6 .7 .3 .9 I          23


                                        TUR35DITY JTU - I  METER DEPTH
                  4  5  6  7 8 9 10

-------
been pointed out in prior discussion, both have been shown  to  be
poorly related to suspended taconite tailings.

The Reserve Mining Company has indicated that the basis  of  their
surface water quality assessment is the single  measurement  known  as
"turbidity."  The percentage of transmitted light over a one meter
path length has been suggested as a method for tracing the  transport
of turbid lenses of water.  Along the north shore the lenses
are taken to be of tailings origin if x-ray diffraction  shows  the
amphibole cummingtonite to be one of the prime  constituents.   The
findings of the 1971-72 field studies conducted in Lake  Superior
by the Environmental Protection Agency, as they pertain  to  these
measurements, were analyzed to evaluate the use of turbidity as a
single indicator of water clarity change.

Ttirbidimeters, or nephelometers, are built, according to their
purpose, to respond to light scattered in one or more directions
from the Tight path.  Both Reserve Mining Co.,  and EPA use
turbidimeters which measure the intensity of 90° scattered  light.
Instruments of this type typically have size-selective responses,
similar to that shown in Figure 71 (Monitek, no date).  In  Lake Superior
waters which were analyzed, neither the mass concentration  nor the
shape of the particles can be assumed constant.  In addition,  particle
sizes can be expected to range beyond the range of optimum  response
in the instrument.  It would be anticipated therefore, that  ad  hoc
relationships would have to be established between turbidity readings
and the presence or absence of tailings.   To demonstrate further
the pitfalls in this approach, turbidity data from Tables 27,  and
28 and results of electronic particle size analyses are  presented
in the fol 1 owing Figures.
                                190

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Lu
                  O.I
                                              Wavelength  0.5  microns, constant moss
                                              concentration,  spherical particles
      !               10
PARTICLE SIZE  (MICRONS)
100
    FIG. 71    Relationship  of  90° Scattered  Light
               Intensity to Particle  Size
               (dftGr  Monitek)

-------
Figure 72 shows the volume concentration distribution for two  near
bottom samplesi each with a suspended mass concentration of 0.5  ± 0.1
ppm.  Station NS 88 exhibits the highest turbidity,  1.4 JTU, as  compared
to 0.54 for NS 72.  The total volume concentration was 0.42 ppm  for
station 88, and 0.33 for station 72, demonstrating a situation where
the samples are equal in suspended mass concentration, but the
turbidity is 3 times higher in the sample with only  30 percent greater
volume concentration.  This is apparently due to the fact that volume
in the 2u range is much more effective in the turbidity response
than are particles in the lOy range.

Fi'gure 73 presents data from three bottom water stations where the
turbidities were equal (0.45 JTU) and the suspended  mass varied  from
0:2 to 0.6 ppm.  The volume concentrations, however, varied only by
a factor less than 2 and the median particle volumes between the three
varied about 20 percent.

Figure 74 shows the particle size spectrum for surface samples with
the same turbidity values as the deep samples discussed in Figure 70.
It is apparent that the volume concentrations are greater in magnitude
than those of Figure 73 and the two large volume counts that dominate
the figure seem to have very little direct effect on the magnitude
of. the turbidity measurement.  This effect is not unexpected as  large
papticles have been shown (Figure 71 ) to be inefficient scatters.
Systematic comparison of particle volume histograms  of surface and
near bottom samples reveals that the surface samples are characterized
by,a volume distribution which includes a greater number of large
particles compared to the deep samples, a factor evident in Figure  69
What is not evident is that the surface distributions are frequently
bimodal, containing larger volumes of particles less than 0.5u .  By
contrast, most of the bottom samples contained relatively little volume
in.the small particle range.  This of course means that the median
size is not particularly useful to characterize the  nephelometric
response of surface samples.  The only possible way  to provide a

                                 192

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 o
 K
5
CL
O.
o

o
 o
o
 •I
 "G
 o
 n.
     O.O5-
                                        STAQO-220m.  Turb 1.4 JTU  Median =
                                         STA72-l75ra.  Turb  0.54 JTU  Median =i
              72
                                                    t
                                                     \
               O.37
                                                             ISIS
                  2.96        23.7        189.6
                        Particle  Volume   U^

FIG. 72    Particle  Concentration  Stations 88  8  72  for

Equal  Suspended  Solids  Levels  of   O.5 ppm
      O.IOn
      O.O5-
       2 J4  Equivalent
       Sphenco!  Diameter
                                    STA66-|l6ro.  Sus Sol  0.6 ppm  Median -
                                        STA 76-l98m.   SusSol 0.3 ppm
                                            STA77-l60m.  Sus Sol 0.2 ppm  Median- Q
                0.37
2.96        23.7

      Particle  Volume
189.6
                                                     1516
          FIG. 73    Particle  Concentrations  Station  66,  7G,  8  77
          Turbidity  Constant   at   0.45  JTU
                                  193

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     0.25-
 o

 E

     0.20-)
0.
Q.
O
 to
 o

 O
o
CL
     O.I5-
     o.io-
     0.05-
 2 ^  Equivalent

Spherical  Diameter
              0.37
         2.96        23.7        139.6

              Particle  Volume  j43
1516
12130
      FIG.  74     Particle  Concentration  Stations   70,  72,  8  73  (Surface)

                   Constant  Turbidity    O.4E.  JTU

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 LU
 O



Q.
O.
O
o:
I-
z
LU
O
    O.IO-i
5   o.os-
o

U!
o;
                                                  SURFACE
              O. 37
2.96
23.7
'189,6
                                                       1516
                  PARTICLE  VOLUME
       FIG.  75    COMPARISON   OF  SURFACE   8   BOTTOM


       WATER   SIZE   DISTRIBUTIONS   AT   STATION   64
                              19C

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correlation would seem-to be by integrating the volume concentration
distribution weighted by the instrument's spectral  response  curve.

Figure 75 compares the volume distributions from top and  bottom waters
                                                         3
at Station 64.  The respective median sizes are 8 and 14p ,  and the
volume concentrations are 0.50 and 0.33 ppm.  Even though the  volume
concentrations in the particle ranges near l-|j  are only  slightly
higher in the surface sample, the turbidity in the deep sample was
twice that of the surface sample.  The mass concentration in the deep
sample was slightly greater (3 mg/1 vs. 2 mg/1) than the  surface
which was consistent with the finding of tailings.   It is possible
that the abundance of life forms in the photic zone account  for the
larger volume in the surface.

Reserve Mining Company has prepared a graphical correlation  of their
              W
Hydro Products  Model 612 S treinsinissotiieler--readings against sample
turbidities measured with a standard laboratory turbidimeter calibrated
against a formazin standard.  The EPA instrument used for the  percent
                                     R
transmission measurement was a Bendix  1 meter model. C-2  equipped
with a #44 Hratten filter for best performance in the lower  particle
size ranges.  Reserve's  correlation is shown in Figures 76 and 77
along with data from Tables 29 and 28.  In compering the  two
correlation curves* it is apparent that Reserve's transmissometer
readings would be consistently higher than EPA's.  At a turbidity  reading
of 1 JTU, for example, Reserve's transmissometer would read  at least
30 percent .higher.  The  spread of the data is such that from a single
plot of percent transmission vs. turbidity without, consideration of
the nature of the participate distribution, the effect of increased
tailings concentrations  on water clarity could hot be assessed.
                                196

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  roo

  90

  CO

  70


  6O


  5O


  4O




  30 -
2*0
cn
<
cr.
  10 -
  FIG 76  TURBIDITY  Vs   %  TRANSMISSION

            I   METER   DEPTH



            Refer Table  27
                      Reserves Calibration  Curve

                         Model 6I2S- No  Depth

                            Correlation
                                                        EPA Dato Poinls

                                                          Bendix  CX  Meter


   5 -
               0.5
                         .1.0
                                             •4-
1.5       2.0        2.5


 TURBIDITY   ( JTU )
3.0
3.5
-4—

 4.O
                                         197

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100

90

00


70


60 -



50 -
   30 -
                                           FIG. 77
TURBIDITY  Vs
       %
                                                      RANSMISSION
                                 METERS
                                                                     OFF BOTTOM
O

55


5
en
z

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Furthermore,  the  Reserve  curve  reaches  the TOO percent level for
a finite turbidity  on  the order of 0.25 a level commonly found for
samples collected during  the  1971-72  EPA study.  This indicates that
the model 612 S is  measuring  a  change against an unknown base line
and thus presents a better picture of water clarity than really exists.

The real significance  comes in  other  forms of data presentations,
especially those  claiming to  demonstrate, the extent of the "turbidity
current" excursion  over the lake bottom purely on .the basis of a
percent transmission value.   Figure 77  presents the near bottom case,
showing that  if a 30 percent  transmission value is chosen as an
indicator, the Reserve instrument would respond when the turbidity
equaled 2.2 JTU.  Reserve's data (because of the higher OTU requirements)
would project a smaller area  than would the EPA instrument applied
to the same in situ sampling.   This is, of course, based on the concept
of starting from  a  known  source with  high concentration and working
outv/ard until the concentration has decreased to the desired value.

The relationships presented herein are  not absolute ones, however,
the calibration-correlation curves presented by the EPA data do appear
to be the least biased in quantifying the changes that occur.

It h?-G been shown and  is  generally agreed that the present foMii of
discharge used by the  Reserve Mining  Company creates a density current
reaching the  lake bottom  under  the summer thermal and density regimes.
The existence of  this  density under Floy/ is shown in Figures 44 and
45 which are  schematic representations  of the turbid loycr as viewed
from an underwater  television coniera  used by EPA during the" 1972
study.  Figure 78 is taken from a report by Av Pir.sak (no date) on
v.-jtcr transparency  and shows  another  phenomena known to exist.  This
is iiir- stripping  off of mate-rial  of tr.il ing-j origin as it pa'..:'. :>
the depth where a summer  thennocine exists.  The rapid change in
donsity acts  to support a layer of tailings keeping a supply oi" fine
',•-..r i.' ('•;r i . "  ~i)'] t'n;: ;.j'O'vr wciLi.    c'.   '.'s ,c-'    \ •    .' '\- . '• '   '"

                                 199

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o
o
              10
              20
              50
              60
              70
                          TEMPERATURE  ( °C )




                         6°     "3°     '!0C     !2C
          %  TRANSPARENCY
I4C
                                                                                       IO
                                  20
                                                                                       30
                                                                                       4O
                                                                                       50
                                  60
                                  70
                                                                                          DEPTH
                                                                                          METERS
                                                           0 % IO%  2O%  30°/o 40%
                  FIG.  78   Temperature Transparancy Profile - Summer Conditions (After Pinsak)

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been shown by  both  Reserve Mining Company and the Environmental  Protection
Agency  to exist  at  distances tens of miles from the source,  which
serve to establish  and  support the existence and reality of  this
mode of transport.

Figure  78 demonstrates  very vividly the effect of this thick lens
in reducing to virtually zero the transmission of light.  Pinsak
states, "The sharp  top  and bottom boundaries suggest very finely divided
materials with density  near that of the underlying 4 to 5°c  water...
the suspended material, in addition to being trapped causes  attenuation
of the  shortwave length light and results in the green coloration of
the water."

Figure  79 taken  from  a  statement by a Reserve consultant (Ragotzkie,
no date) shows the  early spring condition where the remnants of
the winter thermal  stratification exist.

Dr. Ragotzkie describes this situation by stating, "From this
vertical section it is  clear that the turbid water is descending along
the bottom directly into the trough of deep water, reaching  a depth
of nearly 1,000  feet.   There is also a separation of flow with a less
dense (less turbid) tongue of water moving away from the delta in the
30,0-400 foot layer.   This tongue Is also descending and is apparently
associated with  an  early season vertical thermal  gradient which  is
typical of winter conditions.  This stable but weak thermal  stratification
is apparently sufficient to cause part of the less turbid water  to
remain  above the bottom and move out along the winter thermocline which
st^ill prevailed."   This winter situation is very interesting for several
reasons.  First,  the  majority of the work undertaken in this problem
evaluation has been conducted under summer conditions, which, because
of the  thermal structure at that time of year, represents the time
when the discharge  will have the least effect.  The second major factor
is that calculations  based on summer conditions are at best  minimum

                                201

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o
ro
                           0123 01234
       TEMPERATURE  °C

0 234        01234
                                                                                       01234
                     300J—-
                 j-IG.   79    iransmission Temperature Profiles - Silver Bay   5-11 April 1969 (After Ragotzkis)

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estimates of  the  types of suspended  loads possible.  Gerard, et al.,
(1972) state,  "It  is  also apparent that winter circulation is probably
more important in  distributing  the 'aconite sediments farther from the
source because of  the density st.r-v.cure of the lake and operation of
the interflow  type  of density current which carries the suspended
material."  Professor Gerard bases this assessment on data similar to
that shown in   Figure 80.   The  density interflow that occurs during
winter conditions  distributes the bulk of the tailings throughout the
water column  immediately below  the level of the winter themiocline
and when no distinct  winter thennocline exists this suspended material
could be mixed in  the surface voters.

These physical  factors describe  a system which places certain constraints
over the final  vertical distribution of tailings in the water column.
It is obvious  that, in general 5  effects can not truly be monitored
by samples collected  at a preselected depth, without regard U> hedibunal
variations throughout the year.  The near (1-5 meters) surface waters
are "a particularly  paor indicator of the presence of tailing,  Dr-tc
collected by  Leinke  (1972) have  been  instrumental in demonstrating
that there is  an  increasing concentration of tailings with clopth
in the summer  epil ii.mion waters  along the north shore.  These; data
support the concept of transport along the thennocline as do:-:s the
transnrissernet.cr profile data.   His data also reveal a direct relationship
between the presence  of tailings in  the surface waters and temperature.
The tailings  concentration increase  as the temperature '•increases}
approaching the 4°C level.  This indicates the existence of mixing
and provides  a rational explanation "of how and why tailings are
only occasionally  found in the  upper few meters of the watc;r column.

"iiif^o factors  t:iust  be weighed very carefully be con so Ih.r/. in fact,
predict that  the:  character!/ation of water quality on primarily su«nr;yr
surface conditions  cannot possibly describe the effect of the- tailings
                                  203

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   c°
                  TEMPERATURE   ( CC )
TURBIDITY   ( JTU )
 60-
 120 -i
 »  i
 ISO -
240
                                                                                              ,60.
                                   120
                                                                                               DEPTH-m.
                                                                                              ISO
                                                                                              240
                                                         .0.5
1.0
                  1.5
2.0
             Tenpsreture Turbidity PrcfPc  :
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discharge on Lake  Superior.  Data  that purport to show no ineasnreablo
effect or change in surface wel&r  quality is, unless properly qualified,
mislead i rig.

Reference -was made earlier to "green water" and it was implied that
the summer therniocline which supports the transport of tailings,
in some manner contributes to the  "green Water" effect observed along
the north shore.   Profiles of percent transmission (Figures 24, 28,
29, and 34) suggest the maximum concentration of particulates v/ould be
found 15 to 20 meters below the surface, a depth consistent with the
presence of the thermoclins shown  in the accompanying temperature
profiles.  In speaking of "green water", Casey (1968) speculated,
"...the difficulty in arriving at  a chemical reason for "green water"
is simply that no  one has actually gotten a sample of true green
water".  He postulated that the suspended material at the 50-100
fool- levol iiici.y ccu'i-t:, or uUiewibe be reruns iule for, Lhe 
-------
Percent light transmission as a measure of water clarity provides
a useful-method of observing changes "in the water column.  M was
used in this case to shcv/ the exi uence and transport of the major
tailing lenses and can serve to describe a large water mass in a new
and meaningful v.-ay.  A decrees •; in percent transmission can be traced
to a change in distribution, magnitude, or type of suspended solids.
Because the results of the measurement are imnediately available, the
appropriate water depth for acquisition of samples for supporting
analyses can be determined.  Without these analyses, the results of
water clarity analyses could be misleading.  Following this technique
in this study we havu concluded that when percent transmission decreases
to less than 60 percent in bottom waters, tailings are likely to he
found.  Above 70 percent transmission tailings are not likely to
be found.   .In surface waters percent transmissions less than 60
percent indicate particles other than tailings, and near the themioclins
the odds c.re about 50-50.  These conclusions are based on 
-------
ro
o
                                    ^r^-r/:(> v-'/x^/v'
                             s 48 .' / , Y / / /
                             / /Y sA///;
        Percent  Transmission  Rsadings


               Transect Numbers
             FIG. 81
Minimum Spatial Extenr of  Bottom Water with Reduced

Light  Transmitting  Quality  Associated

with  Taconite  Tailings

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Conclusions

The sediment trap and core data show that tailings  are  transported
during the summer to parts of the lake as much  as 80 miles  from  the
Silver Bay area, and are found in recent lake bed sediments at those
locations.  The tailings particles found in traps and cores are  of
  t
a size known to be transported as far as 80 miles under the effect
of currents reported to exist in. Lake Superior.

Water flowing near the bottom of the lake in an  area approximately 600
square miles between Silver Bay and Two Harbors  was found to be
transporting finely divided taconite particles  in sufficient quantity
to reduce the light transmitting quality of the  water by 25 percent.
The thickness of this layer is variable, but generally  found to
equal or exceed 30 meters along the axis of the  trench  and to decrease to
5 to 10 meters in the shallower depths  as one approaches  the Wisconsin
shore.

Turbidity as measured in Jackson Turbidity Units by a nephelometer
is not a sensitive measure of water clarity impairment  caused by
suspended tailings concentrations normally found to be  carried by
lake currents away from the immediate vicinity  of the Reserve Mining
discharge or the heavy density current at the base  of the taconite
tailings delta.

Suspended solids concentrations are similarly not an adequate measure
of water clarity impairment.

Secchi disc measurements are not an adequate long term  measure of water
clarity impairment caused by the general distribution of taconite tailings
                                208

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The presence of tailings, and of deep turbid water containing tailings,
beyond the area proposed by Reserve Mining Company as  the  "zero tailings
deposition line" extending into Wisconsin  and Michigan waters means
that several thousand square miles of Lake Superior are affected
by tailings rather than several hundered as previously imagined.

The estimate of Reserve Mining Company's 1969 "tailings inventory"
in the Lake, comprised of several additive terms, has  been shown
to consist of one term whose standard deviation is +_ 11 percent.
This raises a question about the reliability of Reserves'  estimate
that 98 percent of the material can be accounted for in the vicinity
of the plant.
                                 209

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REFERENCES

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                             REFERENCES
     Andrew,  R- W.,  1073.   Government McmoranfSuiii,  Raw  Data on Suspended
Solidi and Tai lines  Concentrations  in 1972  Watc-r ant! Sediment Trap
Samples.  EPA,, fr.'QL,  Feb.  12,  1973.

     Andrev,',  R. W.,  1973b.   Mineralogical and  Suspended Solids
Measurements  of Water,  Sediment and Substrate  Sa;npes for  1972,  lake
Superior Study:   Analytical  Methods.   Preliminary  Data Report,  EPA,
NWQL, Feb. 1973.

     Baumgartner,  D.* J.,-  W.  F.  Rittall, G.  R.  Dltsworth,  and A. M,
Teeter, 1973.   Investigation of Pollution in Western Lake Superior
Due to Discharge  of  Mine  Tailings,  EPA, PNERL  Working  Paper -.HO,  1973.

     Beeton,  A. M.,  T.  H.  Johnson,  and S. H. Smith, 1959.  Lake
Superior Liianological Data  (1951-7).   USD!  Spec-Sen Report Fisheries
No. 297, Wash.  D.  C., 1959.

     Beyers,  H. R. 1959.   General Meteorology.  McGraw Hill, 3rd
Edi tion.

     Casey, D.  J.s 1960.   U. S.  Government  Memorandum, FUQA to  D. Bryson
Director UHR  Lake  Superior  Bas.in Office.  Kov  18,  1963.

     Colier,  C. R..  1968.   Preliminary Report  on Strccinf'low Conditions
and Sedinientation  in  the  Vicinity of Silver Bay5 Mvrtne:-ota.  USQS,
Nov. 19CB.

     Gerard,  R. ,  M.  Costin,  and G.  Assaf, 1972.  A Study  of Circulation
Factors Aflecting  the Distribution  of Particular iteturia'l  in l-!'jstL-rii  !.ai;e-
Superior.  1-PA Find  Report, 68--01-017^., June  1972.

     Holland,  R.  F.:.  and A.  M.  Bepton, 1972. Plank tonic D'i ;•;•;..-.-^ in
Ksftsrn Lake  Superior -• Draft  Report for Wisconsin Attorney mineral's
Office anu U.S. Lo;t;jl Support  Division (unpublished).

     t.onike, A.. 1972.   Characterization of  the I'orth Shore Surface
Waters of Udce Superior (Draft Report).  EPA,  N^QL , Duluth.

     Morritok.   Technical  Note  Number 1, Page 2, Monitor Technology  Inc.,
Redwood Cvty,  California.

     !t?bd;, 1971.  Reserve  Mining Co. Heniorand;ii;i,  Sediment Trap c>t'.;dy,
To K.  !!.  t!o.loy, ,i:;:i.  8, 1971 .
                                  211

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     Pinsak, A. P.  Water Transparancy  in Western Lake Superior, Lake
Survey Center, NOS, NOAA, Detroit,  Michigan  (unpublished).

     Proceedings, 1970.   Conference,  In the  Matter of Pollution of Lake
Superior and its Tributary Basin -  Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan -
Duluth, Minnesota.  Aug.  12-13,  1970, U. S.  Gov. Printing Office, Wash.
D. C., 1970.

     Ragotzkie.  Statement on  Taconite  Tailings Disposal in Lake
Suprior by Reserve Mining Company at  Silver  Bay, Minnesota (unpublished,
no date).

     Sverdrup, H. V., Johnson  M.  W. and Fleming R. H., 1942.  The
Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry and  Biology.  New York:  Prentice
Hall Inc., 1942, p. 82.

     Trask, P. D., (Ed.), 1939.   Recent Marine Sediments, A Symposium,
American Association of Petroleum Association of Petroleum Geologists
Tulsa, Okla.  Dover Pub., New  York, p.  6-47.

     Tyler, J. E., 1968.   The  Secchi  Disc, Limnology and Oceanography,
Vol XIII, No. 1.  January, 1968, p  1-6.
                                212

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INVESTIGATION OF POLLUTION  IN  WESTERN LAKE  SUPERIOR

         DUE TO DISCHARGE OF MINE  TAILINGS
                    DATA REPORT

                       1971

Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory

               Working Paper No. 10
                 D. J. Baumgartner
                   W. F. Rittall
                  G. R. Ditsworth
                   A. M. Teeter

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS
      List of Figures 	
      List of Plates	
      List of Tables 			
      Introduction 	
  I.  SISCOWET Cruise 9/29-30/71  	
 II.  October Cruise - R/V JUDY		
III.  WOODBRUSH Cruise 9/20-24/71  	
 IV.  I.  Current Meters 	
     II.  Sediment Traps 	
          Recovery and Sampling Procedures  	
          Gravimetric Analysis 	
          Salmonella Analysis	
    III.  Bottom Drifters 	
  V.  Discussion and Conclusions  	
 VI.  References 	
      Appendix I - Methods and Procedures  	
      Appendix II - Vertical Transport Calculations
      Appendix III - Particle Volume Distributions -

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                        LIST  OF  FIGURES
1-1  -
1-5           Particle  Concentration   •;.  Mean  Volume  -•
II-2         Particle  Concentration  Vs.  Mean  Volume
III-l  -
111-9         Particle  Concentration  Vs.  Mean  Volume
I11-10       Transmissometer Profile
111-11       Transmissometer Profile
111-12 »
III-T3       Particle Concentration Vs.  Mean Volume
IIJ-14 -
III-21       Particle Concentration Vs.  Mean Volume
111-22 -
IM.-4/       Particle? Concentration Vs.  Mean VoluTie
IV-I-1        Current Meter Deployment		--•
IV-II-1      Sediment Trap Deployment	.--•
IV-III-1      Bottom Drifter	-	-	•
IV-III-2      Cutaway of Deployment  Grouping	
V-I          Silver Bay Transect	
V-2          Week 30, Net Current Vectors,  Silver Bay-
V-3          Week 31, Net Current Vectors,  Silver Bay-
V-4    -     Week 32, Net Current Vectors,  Silver Bay-
V-5          Week 33, Net Current Vectors,  Silver Bay-
V-6          Week 35, Net Current Vectors,  Silver Bay-

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                     LIST  OF  FIGURES
V-7     Week 40,  Not  Current  Vector/,  Silver Bay	
V-8     Week 41,  Net  Current  Vectors,  Silver Bay	
V-9     Week-42,  Net  Current  Vectors,  Silver- Bay	
V-10    Split  Rock  Transect	
V-11    Week 37,  Net  Current  Vectors,  Silver Bay——-
V-12    Week 38,  Net  Current  Vectors,  Silver Bay	.-•
V-13    Week 39,  Net  Current  Vectors,  Silver Bay——-
V-14    Week 40,  Net  Current  Vectors,  Silver Bay	
V-15    Week 41,  Net  Current  Vectors,  Silver Bay	~
V-16    Quiescent Settling Rates  of Taconite Tailings'
V-17    Current Meter Locations Du'iuth Area, "iy/U	••
V-18    Location Current-Meter  Stations in Western Lake
        Superior. May - October 1967	
V-19    Comparison of Erosional Velocities Ys Particle
        fli Amo"I*OV^HV — __.»«.__._»•»»— ..««._..._...««_«-..*«.•—•..
        \J I CtlllC. LC I
V-20    -Erosional Velocity 600  cm Above Bed Vs Particle
        Diameter  in  Microns	

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                     LIST OF TABLES
     1-1     Station Details - S1SCOHET Cruise 9/29-30/71
     1-2    Turbidity & Suspended Solids Results, SISCOWET
            Cruise 9/29-30/71  				
    II-l     Gravimetric & Turbidity Results, October Cruise
            .R/V JUDY 1971			
    11-2    Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation, October Cruise R/V
            JUDY 1971  «		
    II-3    Results of X-ray Diffraction Analysis:  Cummington-
            ite.   October Cruise R/V JUDY 1971 •• —	

   III-l    WOODRUSH Cruise Station Data - Stations NS 5-19

   III-2    WOODRUSH Cruise Station Data - Stations NS 20-27 -

   IJI-3    WOODRUSH Cruise Data - Stations NS 28-42 —	-

   !!!-'!    WOODRUSH Cruise .Data - Stations NS 43-55 --	

   II1-5    Wind  Data, WOODRUSH Cruise			-

  IV-I-1    Current Meter Deployment Data 	
  IV-1-2    Schematic Presentation of Useable Current. Meter
            Record 	
 IV-II-1     Sediment Trap Station and Deployment Details 	


 IV-II-2     Dry Weight Suspended Solids Concentration (g/1) --•


 IV-II-3     Results of Cummingtonite Analysis for Sediment
            Ty*2l rtC   _   _ u  _ «  __M«MH  _HM      MB   ••  MHK
            I I a\};> — — — — --- — — — -- — - — - — — --.— - — — ----- — ---- — — — — -- — — --•
 IV-I-I-4    Total  Organic Carbon Content; Sediment Traps

 IV-II-5    Salmonella - Sediment Trap Samples 	

IV-1II-1    Bottom Drifter Deployment —	-	

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             I.JS'i OF TABLES   Con't
V-l      Weekly Velocity  Components  (cm/sec) Normal  to
         the Current f-ieter  Transect  at Silver  Bay	
V-2      Computed  Flew Normal  to Silver Bay Transect-
V-3      Weekly Velocity  Components  (cm/sec) Normal to  the
         Plane of the Current Meter  Transect at Split Rock—
V-4      Computed  Flow Normal  to Split Rock Transect---

V-5      Weekly Current Averages for Silver Bay	

V-6      Weekly Current Averages for Split. Rock	

V-7      Conversion Chart; Woek Number to Actual Dates-
V-8      Estimated Suspended Tailings Concentrations Assuming
         Various Dilutions  and Sedimentation Efficiencies,
V — Q      Hi c 1-^nrp T2r'0ri''"0  PayM rl oc i.n 1 ] Ke> ^S'-T1! nd bx
         Currents before  Reaching  the bottom — --- -----
V-10     Current Speeds Off the  Lester River (cm/sec)	

V-ll     Current Speeds off Duluth Water  Intake  (on/sec)	

V-l2     Monthly Average Currents Cm/sec  - Duluth Stations	

V-l3     Mean Monthly Speeds  - Casey's 1967 Results Cm/sec-- —

V-14     Expected Excursion Distances for Suspended Tailings
         as f(K2)-	-			—		

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                             LIST OF PLATES

       1-1    Vicinity Sketch - SISCOWET Cruise 9/29-30/71
      II-l    JUDY Stations, October 22, 24, 1971  	
     III-l    WOODRUSH Stations, September 21, 22, 197.T —
     III-2    WOODRUSH Stations, September 21, 22, 1971, over
              Bathymetric Chart 	
     111-3    WOODRUSH Stations, September 21, 22, 1971
     111-4    WOODRUSH Stations, September 23, 24, 1971
     111-5    WOODRUSH Stations, September 23, 24, 1971
    IV-I-1    Lake Superior Current Meter Stations 	
   IV-II-1    Sediment Trap Locations 	
  IV-III-1    Vicinity Sketch			
V-l - V-17    Progressive Vector Diagrams

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                           INTRODUCTION

     The purpose of this report is to present information on water
pollution in Lake Superior based on an evaluation  of data obtained
during a field study conducted in the summer and fall of 1971, and
from subsequent laboratory analyses of samples and data.

     The work was conducted by the following personnel of the National
Coastal Pollution Research Program, I). S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), Pacfic Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon.
       !
          D. J. Baumgartner, Sanitary Engineer, Project Director
          W. F. Rittall, Civil Engineer, Field Party Chief
          G. R. Ditsworth, Oceanographer
          A. M. Teeter, Oceanographer
          M. Costin, Oceanographer
          J. Seaders,- Sani tary Engi neer
          W. P- Mullenhoff, Ocean Engineer
          K. Luse, Physical Science Technician

     The principal objective of this study was the investigation
and determination of factors affecting the transport of taconite
tailings discharged by the Reserve Mining Company's  benefaction
plant at Silver Bay, Minnesota.  The work accomplished toward this
end included the deployment of film recording current meters, large
volume sediment traps and bottom drifters.  Water  and sediment
samples were also collected and subjected to gravimetric, x-ray
diffraction, organic and particle size analyses.   The data and results
of water sampling are presented in the report for  each sampling
cruise (Sections I, II, and III), followed by a section describing the

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deployment of measuring and monitoring devices.  Section V  is  a discussion
of transport functions only.   Discussion of the  remaining data has
been integrated into a subsequent report covering  additional field
investigations conducted by National  Coastal  Pollution  Research Program
personnel during 1972 (PNERL Working Paper #11).   Three appendices
are provided:  Appendix I describing in detail the analytical  procedures
used and Appendix II describing vertical  turbulence and transport
calculations obtained through the use of a mathematical model  recently
developed on a EPA sponsored research grant.  Appendix  III  is  a
condensed computer output giving the results  of  the particle size analyses
on a parts per million basis.

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     PART I



SISCOWE7 CRUISE

-------
(S1SCOWET) CRUISE 9/29-30/71:

     Samples were obtained in Michigan waters on September 29 and 30
v;itii the assistance of the United States Department of the Interior
personnel aboard the R/V Siscowet.  Four water samples were collected
at four stations on a track between,the Keweenaw Waterway and the
Apostle Is.lands and at one station in South Bay at Munising, Michigan.
The positions of stations 2 through 4 described  in Table 1-1 are shown
on plate 1-1.

                            TABLE  1-1                :

           STATION DETAILS - SISCOWET CRUISE 9/29.30/71
Station   Lonqitude
Latitude
jejjt.0.
(fms)
 Time
(appro'x)
Date
              Mn
M-2
M-3
K-4
M-5
89600'W
.89°08'W
89D30'W
89°54'W
47°16'N
47°17'N
47°18'N
47°09'N
                                          62      0030      9/30
                                          92      0130      9/30
                                         110      0345    '  9/30
                                          88      0600      9/30
     ND - Not Determined
     At each station 30 liter samples were collected at the surface and
three meters off the bottom by Niskin bottles.  A five gallon sample
was collected for suspended solids, turbidity, and x-ray diffraction
analyses and two 8 ounce samples for bacterial and particle size
analyses.  One 8 ounce .sample was stabilized by adding one drop of
a 0.01 percent formaldehyde solution which was then mixed with the
sample by shaking.  These samples were collected by E. Norse of the

-------
PLATE 1-1  VCTNITY SKETCH - SISCOWET
           CRUISE 9/29-30/71

-------
Siscowet crow and W. h". Ki ttal'l and were  returned  to  tlie Nation.--; 1 "Water

Quality Laboratory, Duluth, for analyse?  on  September 30,  1971.   The

bacterial analyses were conducted by  personnel  of  the NWQL and  are  not

reported here.


     The turbidity measurements •.•;..-e  made using a  Model  2]QO Hach

Turbidimeter according to the manufacturer's  recommendations (see

Appendix I).


     The results of these analyses are as follow:


                             TABLE 1-2


               TURBIDITY & SUSPENDED  SOLIDS  RESULTS

                    SISCOWET CRUISE 9/29-30/71


               .(meters)            (JTU)               (mg/1)'
Samole          Death            Tnrhirlir.v
M-l                0                0.27                  ND*

M-2               0                0.20                  ND
                109                0.27                 0.1767

M-3  '             0                0.26                  ND
                165                0.18                 0.1849

M-4               0                0.20                 0.3338
                199                0.26                 0.1849

M-5  '             0                0.24                  ND
                160                0.24                 0.1573

     *No't Determined


     After completion of the gravimetric determination the filter

residue was analyzed for the presence of the mineral  cummingtonite in

-------
the four deep samples.  The  filter was mounted on a clean glass .slide
and standard x-ray diffraction  procedures were employed  (Appendix  I).
The presence of cumnringtonite was not detected.*

     These Samples were also analysed using a Model T  Coulter Counter.
This method as described  in  Ap*pc?.uix  1,  provides a particle size distri-
bution for the sample.  The  data generated from this .analysis are
presented as pprn by  volume in each of several volume ranges in Figures
1-1 through 1-5-  The particle  concentration at station  1 may in part
be influenced by the heavy rains which prevailed during  the previous
24 to 48 hours and by the high  winds and waves in excess of six feet
found on the morning this sample was collected.  The bottom as evidenced
by a bottom grab sample was  primarily a  rich brown silty mud of uniform
appearance.
*In this instance,  however,  the amount  of suspended material was judged
 to be too low to allow  the  standard  treatment  to  remove  free  iron oxides,
 The result of deleting  this  step  is  to decrease .the ease of detecting
 the presence of cummingtonite.

-------
                  •!v.i;;;;-;!;'::i::;ii'::r!.F  PARTICLE CONCENTRATION  (ppm  b
•I:!-:::..:;;;-  ::::  ..;:;;;• :>•••"!:. ;;:::;:::;d;:j' .-.|;:p: I. -:. :.!::•;.• •;.;.".;•  ..  .  ..;  .:

-------
PARTICLE CONCENTRATION (ppm by volin

FIG. 1-2 PARTICLE CONCENTRATION
r . .
•r" ";" 0.37 ^ :: Q...
::.. . 0.74 'jr::!.::. .-."
1.4$ «| ' ' :
•:'.: 1.98-f '-
;- ^ 5.97-j- . <~. — -•'
'-• i i.8-h-ir .:.; ::
.;;) 3 23.74^:;;;;;;:'
O ' 1 • •
I— 4 7.4 -T> ' '• '•
m iy
0 9 1.8 ~ j r:-::" •;.
.':- |?i '90 -^3 .... .'
•^ 379-k>':~~-' ;::
* .' . <*> ! i . _
:'.' 758fk_;: : /.
•. T I fi *"*'• "...:"

u. oQJJ;.;
I .: • . .
': 6 066-r ".. .•
	 i. ~ .'
.•:.:: :" I ' :'
:• •: :•: j
~:~'T-: " -j 	 .
... j . .
-^s ". -
.l.::':.;:^'. 	 :.;;:-.: -.. ;.'.'.:..::... 'l:~:i.:.: .". :' . -:
\^-':--:. :'•.;-.;.;- •-..- : :j ...r . : v! i J..:... ": . .
:::'! ;;.:.: ;.r. .. • ""TTr-^r-Lt'T." ": :.;"': ".':. .rt'" .:..:..,'::. •:"<-.. : •• • •
-'••'• • i : 	 ~!~;2~ '. 	 	 ,
'•• ' • ••-'•• •"•' •-. / 	 • : " - 	 : ' •••-•: - 	
	 	 --• ' /- • .--•—---:-... ..,-_..-:-:; : .
:: ••- ~-^^^.^^-:~^: . ' " •.... :::;i:.".v:/i-::::-:
. . . . \ '. . '--'.'.-. '• . . ..:'.?,;.. ;... .",' .;..**." i .. ; i. '.".. ..:..;_,. : ./ . . rn
!'.:!";::'. :'::i':":i; :'' ^HI;:'.:TH':1: ;;::'':l'::;:.U:il-;;:!.:.l]i: :!"•:• i::.:E ':. • '. ; ^
•.:.: ;.n. .:~::r. -.: ;::;. :i.ur :...:.;-:.pi.r:-;.-:.,4;:r;\;-.;-: :.L;:V!.;-: ;.:'i::ri ,: ' j^j
•:::.:- •:•-:::.•:•: •:•!"."•:::• .:::"' -"'t'i'rri;'. i:,::'! ::.:;•:.':':•'.::: ".r. " o
•'••• ::••' -,-••--, -:r;: • '--,;;•:—• '•'-' 	 ll-':-.- ••;-"•! r~



. • • • '.:: .: : : '.. ,' ::~ ;:•..::...::• ;.: ':::< '. . r;/r.'yr ': ' ' :.;': :••.:..., ^1
;-• ::.!,- ;:'t:;: :-::,:. j.-.r 7J.!rf~-t^rii3i--;--|j±!.cr7.'-^ :: L^i; i: •.. . : .- <=
::.:•::••,;-.::• :.: - L- .:.;.-.TJ::::--:-:;: •,j:.:J'-.": ;i-' ::.'•-•;•.'.. .-rr: : , m
;L-:Llr!^.F:."j \^^^l^^}^-^^& '•'- 'cu
	 " i . . 1 	 i . j (,!...: . i j ' - .
-:• •• 	 :••-. ':--': -v::-:-::; "-..jr-jr-r : ••- •••.:•;• •
I:"*:';:..';./::- ;.' ,'...".''.:...::: ..';•;"'-'•../.•;• •; : .:;"'.": ... " '

•-•-••••••' — ..... . i i . . ,• :.,-... . ^ ...:.. i ,. .! . . . , _, r- l-»
, •• ;.. .-..-.;: ;..-••• .. • •

0.37 -f f-:
0.7 *T ... " . .
1.4 BY ; • . ~ ' ;
i '' ' v
2.96 T '.. ••
5. 3 7 -i . .'.-' . . "
i'T'1-':-^' ;:..:-'-:--:' :"--'-..-:' ... ••:...
23.7 v:; ...:::' ;. :.' -: . : ' :
4 7.4 .j-A; •''.• .':' "" "' "-" -. '' ;•
i : . '
9 4.3 y.;-. .-; •;,
' 90 '-.-:. : :".'":, .'• : :..-.--: '. '
3 7 9 •" * • ' ' • 	 	 . . . ..... .
i ' "".' '.'„''. ' '
7 5 3 i -'•••

0 oo . .-•' . ... • .. . : -
6066-A' . ': :. •; " '•; . ' * •


-------
   -o


   2

«= >-•
oo o
   o
c: -I
3: ^
                                                         PARTICLE  CONCENTRATION  (;pm by volume)

               C.3 7





                0,
                      jrzu::'...."!" :-~i:_. "•-;'. :i v i:.f;l; M^-Uj-jTi; r;::';:'•'-rj ;:i:.r|-;'; i-j^-.i.rHti;:: P'!1-;..: .:'..  l'-'.".'  :  ',.  •:',:i'.-:!i.


-------
                                         .!~>"r.- / x n :.-!':«•.•..          <

                                                    Xf:u:-'; '.:- ,-. r^sT'.- co.
                                                       ':.  PARTICLE  CQ:»'CENTRATIO:  (pprr. by  /

               C.37 r>.:  . .



      ::-!•.::.  0.74 •-.    :"


      ~'.      • £ K 4- -  '.'
               2.9 6 -..-._.
O O
  I—
S rn


E O

s o
3 m


       Tr..::  3 033-—•




-------
                                                  PARTICLE CC::CENTPATION
            - n -> ',
            ljH> ' [
                :


                ••

            0.7 4 •:•

        13  1 1.8

 O
        d  *3.7 ^^jfLFxgi^j:^^
 J  ::'.'.[: c  J "°"  ''


^H  ;:".:• J m  190 r.:^-".
 O  •••

            / u 3 *"' • ""*" "   *  •-. • • * ' * i > • " • • : '.  •--.•— ^ ' • t- '-•• ; t.";' | *••-i—-J-- - ——	- .[ . ^.. -- - > ^


-------
         PART n
OCTOBER CRUISE - R/V JUDY

-------
OCTOULk  CrtfcUSi: - K/V JUDY:

     This,  cruise co-i'r: yivd  of  four t'ranr.ects with rampl r-s co'l'lootou  at
M-a'.'/I on1;  '!r->,••;•.;.••! .••r.:,-J!J:;-i-.'|'iy ,'•;,  ?, and 10 ini'ios  off tho north "horc.
Vrcnsccl.s  V/CM c r.^i'.: relative .to  I'n i ft: River, ri';cornrji;'C.-iit Island,  Split
Rod: Litihthui;•.,•:.-.. an.! P?lisade  l-lf;nd.   An additional  offshore 13 i;ii'ie
station  was  occupiac erf  Tv/o Harbors and tv/o c>'^Lion; 15 mi let off  Split
Rocic arn.1  Silver- B:;y v;cre  occupied.  StHtion locutions ;irs shov/ii  on
pVito  !!--!.

     At  ::=scii static;!1, rive gallon samples werR  collected from j depth
of 10  inetors !.>oluv.1 the surface and from five maters above the hoi'-ton1.
Th(:so  f»«ir.!:;Irs  v;?ro collected by  H. Rittall, A.  Tectcv, a;id R. KcCu-'
from th'.v P./v' J"j_dy.  Samples v;arc; taken dsi'ly to  the; National W:-::c>r
Quelit.y  Laboratory, D'jluth, for  storage and Siihr,r-'.-;uent analycL-s.

     A star.c'^rd gravimetric analysis v.'as cond;.'ct.ec! on the filter r-ss'idue
friJiil Criolit '' it^rs, of i^C:.'( SaniplR.   Th."- rpsult'; of 11-ifj oravirn"-; rir
analysis  arc presented along v/ith measured turbidities  in  [obi?  II-l.

     The  orcjanic content  of the  residue was estimated using a Hyciroger,
Peroxide  Oxidation Procedure as  described in Appendix I.  Briefly,
this entailed  sequentially  filtering two. 25 milliliter volumes of  30
percent  H?0? ever a two hour period followed by  a distilled v.:nter
rinse  after  which the filter was dried and weighed to determine  the
weight of  the  material remaining.   The amount  remaining was termed
"inorganic"  and the amount  lost  was considered "organic."  The results
of this  analysis are shown  in  Table  II-2.
       t
     The  material remaining on the filters was subsequently analyzed for
presence  or  absence of the  mineral cummingtonite, utilizing standard
x-ray  diffraction procedures.   These results are presented in  u'.ble  11-3.

-------
           MINNESOTA
VV I  S C 0 N S I  N
                                                E.P.A. EXHIBIT NO-

                                                 LAKE  SIPERICR
                                                err    '     o~o
                                                 fROM A '« '"JS i.AH£ CM* 'PV
                                                 Stotiit 2 N'.i:'!  Grid
                                PLATH  11-1   JUDY  STATIONS
                                               o:rof:-i:R 22, 24, 1371

-------
66
69
70
71.
72
CMtVI
                                            CrUla's K/V ,'ucly   197'
74

'<•'.•>
.10
i . ''
',0
6.1
iO
A 3
K)
1 ':?
i-o
160
J'O
,217
10
85
10
244
U)
195
10
172
10
141
10
132
10
165
1.0
189
10
268
\ >:\t¥
c:ui
•~^/:i2
" '( V ' ' I '"*-
)• v ,• /• ;•' ^
HI-/X5
IO/2.J
Hi/22
10/22
10/22
1.0/22
10/22
in /:•;,'")
1402
1/3 10
V.A2
14A7
1522
153?;
1248
17V-S
1048
1100
1133
1 200
1232
1242
1.347
1400
14.35
1445
1510
1522
1547
1552
1632
1640
Turin .]} i.v-
{JVIO
Q» 24
0 •> 5 2
0.. 2t'
0,^.1
0.32
1 . 1 0
0.32
0.56
0 , 2S
0.55
0 . 2'6
0.&2
0 . 58
0 . «'f;
0.2 «
0 . 67
0.45
0.68
0^.67
0.94
0.66
0.48
0.37
Qi44
0.78
0..62
0.43
o.so
0.25
2 . 40
fSu^iK^dc-"' :-VJ id./
' •,-',-,/ l'r
U . 2 /
• 0.33
„..
0.36
0,3?
0.38
0,35
0»39
0 . 30
•0 . 3 6
0,29
0.56
„_
n « 1
0,26
0 ,. 79
0,33
0 . 5 1
0 . 44
0..60
0,52
0.30
0.33
0,30
0,54
0.48
0.43
0.41
0.36
4.00

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                              TABLE  11-2



     H>-ciroyun P.-.roxide  0/J elation, Or.tolii-n: Cruise  r'./V Jucl\ 19/1




    :ion       .'...(.oil,       Organic       Jnovfj;7iie       Percent ii.-i;;.i:ic
'•'•''  60
    61
    63
    64
    65
    68
    69
    70
    71
    72
    73
    7 A
1 .' 5
I1 2
10
61
10
10
129
^ 10
160
10
217
10
85
10
244
10
195
10
172
10
141
10
132
10
165
10
189
10
268
0.06
0.13
0.10
0.03
0.17
0.09
0.09
0.11
0.06
0.03
0.14
0.09
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.02
0.06
0.05
0.04
0-.02
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.18
0.21
0.21
0.2ft
0:21
0.26
0.30
0.10
0.30
0.26
0.42
0.72
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.45
0.39
0.58
0.46
0.2'>
0.29
0.28
0.48
0.45
0.38
0.40
0.32
3.92
:>2.\
38.0
26.6
9.1
45,4
24.6'
23.4
31.7
1 6 . u
10.3
2'' . 2
11,4
5.1
20.1
26 . 4
11.3
15.3
3.8
17.7
16,9
. 26.0
8.6
15.5,
5.8
17.6
3.1
21 .5
4.4

-------
                     ki:ni.'!.7r,  OF X-RAY  r;TFPArrfCN  AMLYSFS
                 cij:-:ii!;S'io;-iJTE.   OCTOBER CIUJJSL R/V ^U;;Y  is?i
 Observed  D'hTracu'iDM
__ Peak -in  10° Kejjjon_
               H^t  Count/
2*3,  (icgrp-p.'S     Seronci
                                                                 Observed' Ui v'rrac !,1^
                                                                ._ii~f:iL J.J1 .?'"'.''_.. lllC.'' IV'
                                                                              i-->t Ci.uri
                                                                20,  tk'onu-'-.    S^ccrni
>!!'. oO 10'
1 i 2
i-;s 6j 10
6.1,
F:; (..•: -'10
l\ 3
K:^ c'.:.1. 10
] 29
M;'j 6/1 JO
160
KS '05 10
217
!-JS 6fc 10
r% r
0 J
NS 67 10
2/1/4
NS 68 10
195
KS 69 10
172
N!5 70 10
.141
K:> 71 10
132
NS 72 10
165
NS 73 1C)
189
NS 74 10
268
ND
ID.C.f.
10.62
1U.60
10.6'il
10.62
JO. 6 5
10.67.
10.66
10.61
10.64
10.62
10.61
1 r* f r*
J. V . U i.
ND
10.65
ND
10.65
10.67
10.62
10.58
10.64
10.64
10.63
10.65
10.67
]0.62
10.62
ND
10.62
ND
9
1?
7
14
28
3
11
5
16
6
31
.S
9
ND
19
ND
49
6
42
4
13
6
11
7
36
3
26
ND
88
NS
29-15
29.08
29.. 1 2
29.05
7.9.05
i«
ND
NS
29.20
WS
29 . J 0
N-E
i\c> —
NS
29.10
NS
29.03
ND
29.08
NS
ND
MS
29.1.7
NS
29.10
NS
29 .]"?.
NS
29 .08
NS
')
/
9
5
'6
nS
ND
K7S
6
FS
.1.4
v<;
K:-I
NS
8
Nf-
15
ND
13
NS
isn
NS
5
NS
7
NS
11
NS
46
!!i)  •  :<•.•.li'ii'i-u  but:  no c\.iu-i'.:'.i
NS  ~  not sconned

-------
The net counts per  second recorded are also presented.  These samples
were not treated  to remove the  Iron oxide coatings.

     Samples collected were analyzed on  the Model T Coulter Counter
(computer listings  of data are  given in  Appendix III) and the concentra-
tions (ppm by volume) are shown for near bottom stations in Figures II-l
and 11-2.

-------
                                                        PARTICLE  CONCENT
by YO]U<:;3)
. rr '"':": "' ' " '• : ' "• " '•' " .: '<.~ ":""' • • • • '• 	 • :
0.37 - --;-• - :•:-.- - .: - •••?••. : 7 •• ;• <•••'•"•: •' [[••••

0. . 4 --.-;.: .-..•; . . :•- -...,--• -I-/. _.—;-• - - •• • -. -.---

~i . ." •.: "' ' '. '
	 , : : • ,''\ ' '


: i •-•.":: : : >:' : .
t>  -.
H
       m

                             . • • •  :..  :!:!.:: : i"

-------
                                                       PARTICLE CQ'i:CZ^~?:.'Vt:r-:-M'Dp?;i by  YGl>.-a.)
   I
  !\S
        '.jSl.
      •"5-   "r
               '•3
o
r^ "
c=
3
m
  -4
r^   3 4.8 ~
c:


f1   190?

T.    .    ;.r
 "   3 7 9 Tj



     758-



    ' „ 1 3 -:

         i


         [ .

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         PART III
WOODRUSH CRUISE 9/20-24/71

-------
?'in'''"' Coafj u f'-s/pd i)i strict.   The  u;^  of t.l>.is "l'iv--r'aot vessel ~s  s  \;?oi-!
p"!  -:i*\)i':i, aTlc'.:c;,' ;,: t'i..'y  p& rr..onr,£7  tc> op^Kfe- 0^ *  cf-ritfrtuou^ b^'l-.t.  wi til
1'; \!'! v rcfuvfJ for ••r^Vr.r-r  conti'i i; JP.S  giifi to ueriO"'u  nv.i-jj1 of t!i    i>a.1.y's.£;s
      R-rty-;i!iy. s?:hplin;j  5'i i.ss \.!s;, p  occupied durint)  ttvis cryise «i to
Ciiinp'ies c.C'llecte*J fur :-.u&pc-nded solids.  pai;-tic'i« s'izs (iistribt1^ :r-;'ij.
iitic'  x-ray cri -7 •['!•« rt'ijn ^ridl.yses.  The  .cruiso r.an be  irlfyiccci iiico  vj--.r'-c
sojvr:r.;!;o ryofjropiilcs! phases with ^fldi inpiTjil c'ivisi br:s ii;2>Jn frui ^  t- /•;«.
bffsu.   Four  b?sic ^vvi^ions  htivc^ •b.c-'fn "mds end ' esrh  v/i 1 i  h'j, .til^cuss^c1
separetely 1r:  11o; foTlvn'i fig subsections.   Statics detoJls as nc:.x-'.sa.^'
will be inn! udrd.
      A Hydro  Products Ra,d§l, 410 one-met^r triins'-in^soinater was  u^cd to
iV.a.ssuK; the  ri-c;ht trau^nils-o'iOri ch&ra&t^ri sties ot  the  water c'j];;ir!:o at
selected stations; h'Swever, because  cif inability to  insure fld's!;'i.ite
Cutibfati-on .prior to eacli  deployineftt .  tliese dat.u are prese.iitefl  on'iy ;to
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cnllectiQu duties perfontied by Allen M. Teeter, Kenneth |_use»  find
Tom liewiiian,   Mr.  Exrorge  Ditsworth accoi])|>lislied tho o)iljQ
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                                              SEPTtMBE? 21,  22, -1?71

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-------
            MINNESOTA
W
                                                  E.P.A. EXHIBIT  NO.
                                                   iLAKE SUPERIOR
                                                 o   "j « j * r • * 10
                                                  FROM 1RWT-UI. ItPCt SUHVCT
                                                 CKAWII IT * Ttcim i-ia-rt

                                              5x5 Statute Mile Grid
                                              After  Reserve Mining WA-13

                                   PLATE III-4   WOODRUSH STATIONS
                                                   SEPTEMBER  23,  24, 1971
                                                                                                       10*      U*

-------
to the sighting of a green water condition.  These samples were collected
between 1900 on September 22 and 1400 on September 23..

     The data presented in the following figures and tables from
stations NS 28 through NS 34 represent conditions in Wisconsin waters
and stations NS 35 through NS 42 are for Minnesota waters.  Suspended
solids concentrations were determined.for several samples from this
group, followed by an x-ray diffraction analysis for the mineral
cummingtonite on the res.idue.

     The sighting of the green water at approximately'1400 on September 23
prompted a change in the sampling format and this change is the criterion
used to make a division in the data presentation at this point.  Thirteen
stations were occupied between 1400 on September 23'and"0345 on September 24
of which two stations were in Wisconsin waters where the water did not
         t
appear green (see Plate II1-5).
     At approximately 1700 on September23"the "qreen"'.water disappeared^as
suddenly as it appeared, however, sampling proceeded, as scheduled at
the next two stations.  The sampling format was changed when the daylight
faded (1830) to include the use of the nephelometer supplied to the
study group by Professor Gerard of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty
Geological Observatory staff.  The nephelometry data will be presented
in Professor Gerard's report—the other data follow.

-------
                                TABLE III-3
                 WOODRUSH CRUISE DATA - STATIONS NS 28-42
Depth1             Time       	Position	       Sus. Solids        Cumnringtonite
Station
NS 28
NS 29
NS 30
NS 31
NS 32
NS 33
NS 34
NS 35
NS 36
NS 37
(m)
30
30
65
30
50
10
55
10
58
20
55
10
55
15
60
20
30
30
260
Date (Approx)
9/22 1900
2045
2345
9/23 0112.
0210
0320
0415
0445
0520
0630
' Long (W)
90°58.3'
91°03.25'
91°06.75'
91°10.2'
91°13.6'
91°17.25'
;9.ri8.9'
91°20.75'
91°22.6'
91°24.5'
Lat -IN)
47°01.7'
47°01.T
46°59.9'
46°58.75'
46°57.5'
46°56.3'
46°58.95'
47°00.95'
47°03.05'
47°05.8'
(mg/1) 10.64(Z0J 29.04(26)
.2625 ND NS
NO NS
.1925 ND NS
.1578 ND NS
.4456 ND NS •
.082








-------
          TABLE II1-3 (Cont'd.)
WOODRUSH CRUISE DATA - STATIONS NS 28-42
Station
NS 38
NS 39
NS 40
NS 41
NS 42
Depth.
(in) ' Date
50 9/23
0
50
150
0
10
50
150
250
0
10
50
150
250
0 9/23
10
50
150
Time
(Approx)
0900
1010
1125
1230
1350
Position Sus. Solids Cummingtonite
Long (W) Lat (N) (mg/1) 10.64(29) 29.04(29)
91°26.05' 47°07.35' .3489. 11 4
91°22.95' • 47°09.9'
91020.0' 47008.T
91°16.85' 47°10.8'
91°1.9.8' 47°11.9'

-------
                                           TABLE 111-4

                            WOODRUSH CRUISE DATA - STATIONS NS 43-55

           Depth*              Time      	Position	      Sus. Solids         Cummingtonite
                                                                         (mg/1)     10.64(29)    29.04(26)
On)
0
10
20
0
10
20
0
10
20
0
10
20
0
10
20
0
20
60
0
10
30
60
115
Date (Approx) Long (W) Lat.(N)
9/23 1400 91°14.2' 47°15.75'
1515 91°14.65' 47°16.15'
1555 91°15.5' 47°14.5'
1640 91°16.75' 47°15.25'
1710 91°18.25' 47°12.15'
1800 91°19.8' 47°12.55'
1830 91°21.95' 47°10.75'
NS 43
NS 44
NS 45
NS 46
NS 47
NS 48
             20
                                                                         2.204        87           34

NS 49
             10
             30
             60
                                                                         0.5267       30           11

-------
                                           TABLE  II1-4  (Cont'd.)

                            WOODRUSH CRUISE DATA  -  STATIONS  NS 43-55

           Depth4               Time            Position             Sus. Solids         Gummingtonite
Station     (m)     Date    (Approx)     Long  (W)Lat  (N)           (mg/1)     10.64(29)29.04(26)

NS 50         0      "        1930       91°20.4'       47°08.9'  .        0.25267      30           11
             10
             30
            120
            250

NS 51         0      "        2152       91°17.9'       47°07.25'
             45
            125
            235

NS 52         0      "        2323       91°n.7'       47°04.25'
             15
            155
            170     9/23

NS 53         0     9/24      0105       91°19.3'       47°00.0'
             50
            160

NS 54         0      "        0245       91°25.95'    '  46°56.4'
             50
            110

NS 55         0      "        0345       91°31.6'       47°00.55'
             50
            200

-------
                TABLE 111-5    WIND DATA WOODRUSH CRUISE*

Station
NS 5
NS 6
NS 7
NS 8
NS 9
NS 10
NS 11
NS 12
NS 13
NS 14
NS 15
MS 16
NS 17
NS 18
NS 19
NS 20
NS 21
NS 22
NS 23 '
NS 24
NS 25
NS 26
True Wind
Direction
160°
320°
005°
340°
358°
000°
005°
330°
300°
300°
290°
250°
290°
285°
300°
280°
300°
290°
330°
320°
255°
305°
Wind
Velocity MPH
11
14
13
18
23
17
10
12
20
10
06
15
23
22 .
16
18
12
13
13
17
10
12

Time
2050
2300
0110
0215
0416
0545
0700
0950
1245
1256
1352
1442
1650
1750
1845
2115
2255
0005
0215
0245
0335
0418

Date
9/20/71
9/20/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/21/71
9/22/71
- 9/22/71
9/22/71
9/22/71
9/22/71
* Wind data compiled  by  Coast  Guard crew  aboard the USS Woodrush

-------
          t   MINNESOTA
WISCONSIN
                                                E.PA. EXHIBIT NO.
                                                 LAKE SUPERIOR.
                                                »C«.f«UTurt Ulltt
                                                9 i h'i 'i » • r • t w
                                                rw* MuV'UC. bAKK •wftvcr
                                                   •Ol l< • »T .
                                            5x5 J:t.jfu»e Mile  Grid
                                            After Reserve  Mining  WA-13


                            PLATE III-5  WOODRUSH STATIONS
                                            SEPTEMBER 23, 24, 1971

-------

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PART IV

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                                     United Sl::csv:..::!:;rv3M
                                     w\ bahaK oi V.YJ U4,.,'» liu
CURRENT METERS:
     During the time period of July 27 to November 1* current meters
were deployed at nine locations along the Minnesota north shore,
as shown in Plate IV-I-1 and Table IV-T-1.
     Geodyne model A-100 film recording current meters were used at
eight stations with a Model CCTD System used at the remaining location.
The A-lOO's measure only current speed and direction, whereas the CCTD
System measures current speed and direction, conductivity, temperature
and pressure.
     The A-100 meters were deployed in what is termed "strings" with
from two. to four meters per string.  The deployment system is shown
schematically in Figure IV-I-1.
     The recovered -films were processed by EG&G, Incorporated, and the
final data returned in the forms of:
     (1)  strip charts,
     (2)  numerical  printout of each interval value,
     (3)  histograms of rotor speed,
     (4)  polar histograms of current direction,
     (5)  progressive vector diagrams,
     (6)  magnetic tape of the basic data (computer compatible), and
     (7)  Film copy of the original film (EG&G retained the
original film containing the basic data).
     The measurement interval for this study was set at five minutes
to provide a detailed Took at the currents; however, evaluation of
currents in the lake will  involve the use of some earlier current
meter data obtained previously by other agency personnel using a
longer interval (30 minutes) between measurements.

-------
TWO
HARBORS
         1

   l(^  PLATE IV-1-1.  Loke Superior Current Meter  Stations

   V\               July  thru November,1971

     ^*\       With  600 9 900 foot Contours and 5x5 s.mile Grid
    25 W

-------
Sta.
Seq.
                                TABLE IV-I-1



                        CURRENT METER DEPLOYMENT DATA
Long.
Lat.
Deployed    Retrieved    # Meters
Depth, Meters
8


M


D

SRO
SRM
SRI
THO
THM
CCTD
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
91°


91°


91°

91°
91°
91°
91°
91°
91°
14'26"
"
"
12 '57"
n
n
IT 23"
n
19.3"
18.8'
21.2'
32.8'
35.2'
37.5'
47°


47°


47°

47°
47°
47°
46°
46°
47°
17 '07"
It
II
16'23"
II
It
15 '45"
"
10.7'
11. O1 '
n.51
57.6'
59.9'
01 '
7/26/71
8/20/71
10/1/71
7/26/71
8/20/71
10/5/71
7/26/71
8/21/71
9/12/71
9/12/71
9/12771
10/6/71
10/7/71
10/20/71
8/20/71
9/22/71
10/26/71
8/20/71
10/5/71
10/25/71
8/20/71
10/5/71
10/12/71
10/12/71
10/12/71
11/1/71
11/1/71
10/28/71
4
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
15
15
15
15
15
15
15'
15
15
15
15
15
60
47
30
60
60
30
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
205

60 146
146
146
60 231
231
231
250
250
159
221
252
160



-------
                     Marker Buoy with
                      Radar Reflector
Bobber
                                        -—O—
                                               I
                 Typical  Connection
                             5/8  Mooring Line
                            •*-  Swivel
                             — Ring

                             ~- Shackle
Current  Meter
                              ^-Current  Meter
                Fig. BT-1-!  Current Meter Deployment

-------
     Because several units malfunctioned in the field, the data presented
herein represents only those units which provided reliable data based
on pre- and post-deployment equipment checkout (see  Table III-I-2).
     Examples of the data provided by E6&G Inc. are provided by Figures
IV-I-2 through IV-I-6 where:
     IV-1-2 - Legend for strip chart
     IV-I-3 - Actual length of record; strip chart
^\
     IV-I-4 - Plot of rotor speed versus direction
     IV-I-5 - Histogram of rotor speed
     IV-1-6 - Polar coordinate histogram plot of direction

-------
                                 TABLE  IV-I-2

            SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF USEABLE  CURRENT METER RECORDS
Location
    Sta.
                                        Time

Deoth        I*"      August     4"     September  -*]<-      October    -^

 Ft.(m)    30 , 31  , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ,37 , 38 ,.39 , 40 ,  41 ,  42  , 43 ,  44



S
I
L
V
E
R

B
A
Y




S
P
L
I
T
R
0
c
K

T
W
0

H
A
R
B


B


4-
T

M

+
T
D

4-
+
I
4-

t
M
4-
f

0
4-
CCTD
T
M
4-
T

0
X
15
30

60
146

15
30

60
231
15
30
60
250
15
60
159

15
60
221
15

, 60
252
47
60
205
15

60
160
                        •* -
                        Legend
                                                        3.E.
                                                        3  E
                                                   Eftf¥?Jrf-'-fv' '•»f«BS81-iffll  I
                                              Redeployment
                                   ^Useable    '
                                      Records

                                Deployment Period

-------
                  ;t;r f i
                    i " ' '  i
                   •---•-  --
                   Vli-; 1- •"•!"••;: i:---: •  i :": "'•';' "j" '.',« ,i. •','•.•'''
                       CORP.. ELECTRONICS DIVISION. •**/.% S!-)-!>M. M A
                  .

            -l.--.-lv!- |V-.-: .,a,-.U:.-;::,^.,--K.
           ^piigtj-ilE:;
            xlV&^fci'E'f-lvl^1^
            ;j:ji;:|ij:;ji^j^|^
                                                 ^:
                                                            :.j.

                                                             I .... ..,
                                                                     ,.j.,X.
                                                       4-vf;-
                                                       : i tr :
Ji;

   ., ^.•-.V-.|: •..;
   ! ',. ' .' •'.
   *• --'I—;'-t";

   i':.'.! :'..!..
• r.--
             -!:.
             .r.';
                .'-".".lil,'.-.\—~~ :..-*.'.".^	'-'~	' _*.".-4,' _I.!	*J.*..}.*.'..•- _|i	' •	•.. ..I;'.* J .»! ,t ij.!.'.

                --'"; ri i * ! - - ''."'."'-  ^;. '.  •!!.!!..*i. • *: i .'•'. •..' .;'! i" * •' •' *  • .'" ' ." I'' ' ".
                "*":''."-V71* "i".'." ".""." 'j'."-" ]':. "•""_":".""• r.4""!"~j.T*."y~;" .")"-" "}~ '.""' -"j ]fl" "^"  j™*' * r
                                               ..iL=_-L?Ji::-!.


                B-L.-H1 CORP.. ELECTRONICS DIVISION. WAi,THAW. ,VA S. <
            •fWi'ji^l^l^TCT-^Fi^^^^
            51fflSvS:]'M^!;pt'':te^pr^
~— j/
           T..
                                      'i'." "-"i	i'" '.' J ': " "r
                                            ••O1

                                                              •iu ..I..
FigWe IV-I-2. --Legend for  strip chart.

-------

                                                                         1*
Figure  IV-I-3.--Actual length of record; strip chart.

-------
                                 >Vor or ROTOR speeo VERSUS DIRECTION
.00
                           4014<«
.50
.00
.10

                                                                                   *.>-•
                                        DIRECTION IN OEGBCES
                            I


Figure IV-i-4.—Plot  of rotor speed versus direction.
                                                                            270          JIS          »«0



                                                                                  A StRviCE Of CEOO'NE
                                                                                                       r

-------
                                     HISTOGRAM or neroa SPEED
                                                                                            ^^o
:OOT*<
 000
000









300









400









000









200









800









e
0


1
1
1
1
ll
'I
•
M
ll
III
li;i
I'-
ll
It.
I!'.)
|l •,
...1
II :|
Ir.-l
lli::l
|!i-l
!l"

lii. 1
if")
HIM!
ll!-:'l
Hi'.

tin :i
II!, ll
In nl
lit HI
lni'if

Hi:'
|||.:|
III 1!
r)ii':















































I
I



1
j



1


I
III






























































o.



































v

























3

























































































































































































0.





























































4

























































































































































































O.





























































0
1 — 1




































































































































•*



















































o.





























































0

























































































































































































1.





























































0

























































































































































































1.





























































2

























































































































































































I.





























































4

























































































































































































t.





























































«

























































































































































































1.





























































a


























































































































































































                                      ROTOR SPEED IN KNOTS
                                                                               A senwiee OF
Figure IV-I-5.--Histogram of  rotor  speed.

-------
                                      POLAR COOOOINATC HISTOC»AM PLOT OF OIBCCTION
                                               A SERVICE Of CCOOVNE
                                                                                        vxl—
                                                                          4S.O
                                                                                      _>o.o
                                         •o.o
                                                                                          r
Figure  IV-I-6.--Polar coordinate histogram  plot of direction.

-------
     PAR!  IV



II.   SEDIMENT TRAPS

-------
SEDIMENT TRAPS:
     Sediment traps, consisting of three large plastic containers supported
in a metal frame were designed for us-! in the deep waters of Lake Superior
(see Figure IV-II-1).  These devices were deployed along the north shore
to measure the concentration of settleable solids carried by the bottom
waters. Station details are given in Table IV-II-1 and Plate IV-II-1.
RECOVERY AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES:
     The sediment traps were left in place for 54 to 76 days, after
which they were carefully raised to avoid disturbing the contents
and then set on the deck to settle for about ten minutes.  A portion
of the sediment was aseptically sampled using a previously wrapped
and a'Jtoclavcd one-fourth inch glass tube sufficiently lony to reach
the bottom of the sediment trap.  This sample was transferred to      (
autoclaved serological tubes, sealed, and returned to the EPA
bacteriology laboratory in Cincinnati for analysis by Mr. Louis Resi.
     To facilitate handling of the trap samples, five gallons of
the liquid were siphoned off and stored in a clean container for sub-
sequent analysis.  The sediment trap containers were then covered
and transported to the EPA laboratory in Duluth, Minnesota.  There,
samples were stored in a controlled temp.erature room (4° C) for a 24-hour
period to allow any sediments disturbed during transit to resettle.
After carefully decanting, the settled sediments were combined
with five gallons of the remaining liquid and transferred to a plastic
jug.  The entire interior surface of the sediment trap containers was

-------
             Surface  Marker Float
                  Top and Bottom Connections
    75  Circum.
    Inflatable Buoy
Sediment  Trap
         18'
                             •*— 1/2" Mooring  Line
                                 Shackle
                              ••— Swivel
                                 Shackle
                              •*- Sediment Trap
                        Sediment Trap  Deployment

-------
               TABLE  IV-H-1
SEDIMENT TRAP STATION AND DEPLOYMENT DETAILS
Trap #
1
2
3
4
5
Deployed
Date, Time
7/27
7/27
8/17
8/17
8/17
1400
1530
1030
1225
1325
Retrieved Days
Date, Time Deployed
10/11
10/13
10/10
10/11
1530
1000
1500
0920
76
75
56
55
Not recovered
Station Location
Long. Lat.
91
91
91
91
91
°31 .9W
°42.5W
°32.2W
°38.9W
°31.9W
47
46
47
46
46
°03
°56
°03
°59
°48
.25N
.8N
.8N
.2N
,3N
Depth
Feet
504
504
456
492
552

-------
                           Lake  Superior  Sediment Traps
                           July  thru October, 1971
                                                                                       700
       3SW
                     30W
                                                                           10 W
                                             X400'
^  Sediment Trap
O  Water Sample Station
G  Reserve Core Sample
PLATE IV-II-1.  SEDIMENT TRAP LOCATIONS.

-------
coated with a gray material  which was not dislodged during the  vigor-
ous agitation that accompanied the sample transfer procedure.
     Samples were taken from the fiv? gallon jugs for gravimetric,
organic, bacterial, mercury and particle size analysis.

GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSES:
     Five 200-miHi liter replicates from each jug of residue were
filtered through silver filters of 0.45 microns, dried,  and weighed.
The dry weight concentrations per filter, listed in Table IV-II-2,  are
averaged and the average multiplied by the total residue volume
to provide an estimate of the mass of material  collected in
each container.

-------
                TABLE IV-H-2




DRY WEIGHT SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATION (g/1)

REP.
1
2
3
4
5
TOTAL
TOTAL MASS
TRAP 1
CONT.l
.10918
.11065
.11150
.11010
.11363
.55506
.55506
X 18.93
• 10.51

CONT.l
.28540
.29690
.29841
.29646
.28370
1.46087
gm/1
1
gms
TRAP 2
CONT.2
.26675
.27100
.27032
.26940
.27305
1.35052
4.19259
X 18.93
19.36

CONT.3
.29359
.29712
.29595
.29814
.19640
1.38120
gm/1
1
gms
•
CONT.l
.12970
.13092
.13143
.12745
.13606
.65556

TRAP 3
CONT.2
.18090
.18304
.17988
.18271
.18710
.91363
2.16857
X 18.93
41.05

CONT.3
.11847
.12161
.11735
.11706
.12489
.59928
gm/i
1
gms

CONT.l
.13480
.13689
.13753
.13763
.14153
.68838

TRAP 4
CONT.2
.14774
.14856
.14598
.14-.J
.15280
.74467
2.17075
X 18.93
41.09

CONT.3
.14480
.14550
.14860
.14655
.15215
.73770
gm/1
1
gms

-------
     The filter residue from the original  gravimetric analysis
(Table IV-II-1) and from subsequent analyses conducted by the Con-
solidated Laboratory Services section of the National Environmental
Research Center at Con/all is, Oregon, were analyzed, after reduction,
for the mineral cummingtonite,using the standard procedures described
in Appendix I.  The results of this analysis are given in Table IV-II-3,
                           TABLE IV-II-3
                  RESULTS OF CUMMINGTONITE ANALYSIS
                         FOR SEDIMENT TRAPS
                     Observed Diffraction
                      Peak in 10° Region
Observed Diffraction
 Peak in 29° Region
Trap
#
1
2
3
4
Cont
i
1
1
3
3
Rep
# .
1
1
1
1
29, degrees
10.63
10.65
10.63
10.67
Net Count/
Second
94
80
106
82
29, degrees
29.10
29.08
29.12 .
29.10
Net Count/
Second
30
33
34
30
     On November 18, 1971, subsamples of the container residue were sent
to the Consolidated Laboratory Services section of the National Environ-
mental Research Center at Corvallis for several backup analyses including
the determination of the total organic carbon content.  The results of
this analysis are presented in Table IV-II-4 and represent individual
values of several replicate samples.

-------
                            TABLE IV-11-4
             TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT; SEDIMENT TRAPS
         Sediment   Cont.   Total (mg/1)   C as Percent of Total
         Trap #	#	    	-    Suspended Solids
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
/i
H
4
4
1
1
2
3
1
2
3
•«
2
3
14.38
23.94
23.25
10.14
9.26
14.06
9.69
8f\ f\
.JO
12.16
9.88
1.53
1.80
1.97
2.07
1.57
2.13
1.67
1.70
1.93
1.90
     The accumulated sediments in the containers were analyzed on a
Model T Coulter Counter.  Three separate determinations were made and the
average values plotted on both a number and volume base.  These plots
(not shown) indicated that, on a number base, 50 percent of the
collected material is finer than 1.15 microns.  Stations 1 and 2 which were
deployed for an elapsed time of 76 days as compared to 56 days for stations
3 and 4, have 50 percent!le  values of 1.18 microns when averaged together,
whereas the 56-day stations both, indicate a value of 1.12 microns.

-------
     On a volume basis, the analysis indicates that 50 percent of the
volume encompasses particles finer than 5.87 microns in diameter with
50 percent of the volume derived from,particles from 3.4 microns to
9.2 microns.

SALMONELLA ANALYSES:
     A total of ten samples was sent to the microbiology laboratory
for analysis (Table IV-II-5).   Volumes of 10-23 ml  were collected in
25 x 150 mm sterile tubes.   The samples, approximately 5 percent sedi-
ment, were inoculated into  Salmonella isolation media.  No Salmonella were
isolated from the samples.

                               TABLE IV-II-5
                     SALMONELLA - SEDIMENT TRAP SAMPLES
                      Lake  Superior Enforcement Study
            •Duluth-Silver  Bay, Minnesota, August-September 1971
                                       Enrichment Temperature 41.5°C
Date
Pxeceived
15 Oct 71
15 Oct 71
15 Oct 71
15 Oct 71
7 Oct 71
7 Oct 71
7 Oct 71
13 Oct 71
].'. Gel 71
13 Oct 71
Sediment Trap
. & Container #
ST1
ST2-1
ST2-2
ST2-3
ST3a-l
ST3a-2
ST3a-3
ST4a-l
ST4a-2
ST4a-3
Sample Volume
ml
15
10
14
23
18
18
18
18
Broken in Transit
18
Salmonella
Results
Not Isolated
ii
ii
n
ii
M
n
n
-
' Not Isolated

-------
      PART IV



III.   BOTTOM DRIFTERS

-------
BOTTOM DRIFTERS:
    Plastic bottom drifters* were deployed at four locations along the
north shore as shown in Plate IV-III-1.  These devices are constructed
and shaped in such a manner that upon-release they will sink to where
the weighted stem just touches the bottom, leaving the upper disc-rlike
portion in a position wliere it can be acted upon by near bottom currents
(see Figure IV-III-1).  The drag force exerted on the disc by the flow,
when exceeding the threshold value, will result in the transport of the
drifter along or near the bottom.
    Each drifter was imprinted with a five digit serial number and, when
recovered and reported, can be used to reveal some measure of the magnitude
and extent of the movement of the near bottom waters along the north
-1	
J HIM C .
    Bottom drifters exhibit very small negative buoyancies and to insure
that they sunk rapidly to the bottom and were not carried from the area
of deployment by ambient currents, the drifters, in groups of ten,
were tied to a compressed salt tablet and then dropped overboard.  The
procedure used is shown in Figure IV-III-2.  The added weight of the
salt causes the grouping to sink rapidly to the bottom and release is
effected when the tablet dissolves.
    The dates and serial numbers of drifter  deployment are shown in Table
IV-III-1.    The locations are referenced to the vicinity sketch shown
in Plate IV-III-1.
* Mtinufactured by INSULTAB.

-------
[- —
                      17 cm.
        Disc (Yellow)
        Stem (Red) —*
50 cm.
                                       Legend
                                7
               THIS IS A POLLUTION  RESEARCH TOOL
               PLEASE FORWARD THE SERIAL NUMBER,
               DATE FOUND, LOCATION,YOUR NAME AND
               ADDRESS TO: PAC NW WATER LAB USDI
               FWPCA  CORVALLIS. OREGON 97339
                            FIG. IV-III-1.  BOTTOM DRIFTER
                    12 cm.
                       Cutaway of Deployment  Grouping
            Salt Cake
               String
   Bottom Drifter  Stems
         FIG. IV-III-2.   CUTAWAY OF DEPLOYMENT GROUPING

-------
                      ^MINNESOTA
            WISCONSIN
     Lone (W)  Lat (N) Depth  (f)

1.   91°33.6   45°58.9    95
2.   91  20.8   47  11.0  117
3.   91  15.1   47  15.6  115
4.   91  12.9   47  16.4
   E.P.A EXHIBIT  NO.

    LAKE SUPERIOR
   SCALE•STATUTE MILES .
   Ol!>«3670«10
    F*OM MWiY-U*. IAXC SWftVCY
      >»»e«*7
   ORAW« CV « TECTCR I-IO-T!


3x5 Statute Mile  Grid

After Re serve Mining WA-13
                                                   Bottom Drifter Drop
                                                   Points. October.1971
               » DROP POINT
               • NET RECOVERY POINTS
               > BEACH BECOVESV POINTS
                                        PLATE  IV-III-1.   VICINITY  SKETCH

-------
                         TABLE IV-III-1





                    BOTTOM DRIFTER DEPLOYMENT





Location Number     Date       Serial Number    Quantity Released





      1            10/8/71       1862-1894             33



      1            10/8/71       1950-2016             67



      2            10/12/71      1701-1800            100



      3            10/21/71      1801-1850             50



      4            10/21/71      1900-1949             50

-------
    A full public disclosure of the deployment of the bottom drifters
was made over local radio and television stations.

-------
           PART V



DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

-------
                 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
           i
Current Meters

Mass_ Transport.  The main objective of the  current meter deployments
was to provide data needed to compute the transport  of suspended
materials in the near shore waters adjacent to  the Silver Bay area.
Due to weather and other difficulties associated with boat scheduling
and delays in preparing the instruments for deployment it was not
possible to provide the time and space coverage desired.  .The usable
records acquired during the period of deployment  (Table IV-I-2)*
while not sufficient to allow a comparison  of current conditions
between Silver Bay and Split Rock during the same time period
are sufficient to allow calculations of transport at each location
for different time periods during the summer.   A small degree of
continuity between records at Silver Bay and Split Rock during late
September was provided by the inboard current meter  records  at 60
meters, (B-60m, and SRI-60m).

Net transport for a one week period through a section nearly
perpendicular to the shore (through stations B, M, & D shown on
plate IV-I-rl) was determined by summing the products of average
velocity and cross sectional area represented by a current
meter record.  For this computation the section was  terminated at
     *Records at B, 146m & D,  250m were interpreted  to  be  defective
in direction subsequent to preparation  of this  Table.

-------
a distance of 5820 meters from shore.  For ease of computation this
section was divided  into twelve compartments, as shown in Figure V-l
interpolated values  for current speeds were used for compartments
in which no current  meter record was available.  These values were
obtained by assuming a smooth transition between recorded speeds in
neighboring compartments.  Directions were converted from magnetic
to true values.

The current speeds used in the computations are listed in Table V-l,
with interpolated values shown in parentheses.  The calculated values
are the weekly net velocity vectors (shown in Figures V-2 to V-9),
times the sine of the difference between the direction of the vector
and the angle of the plane.

Table V-2 shows the  computed volumetric fluxes through the section
for each week with sufficient data to allow a reliable calculation.
In this table the total sectional area of l.lSxlO6 m2 was used to
compute the sectional mean weekly velocity.

No specific significance was attached to the time period of one
week used for averaging the velocity vectors.  With sufficient
records, average flows over monthly periods would also be a useful
parameter to consider.  Based on an inspection of the continuous
vector diagrams it appeared that, in general, flow conditions near
the surface showed trends over several days, but not as long as two
weeks, corresponding possibly to major meteorological disturbances,
whereas bottom currents were generally steadier.  An intermediate
value of one week therefore was chosen to provide several estimates
of flow at both Silver Bay and Split Rock.

The cross sectional  plane defined by the location of current meter
stations off Split Rock Lighthouse, contains an area equal to the

-------
                            TABLE  V-l

     Weekly Velocity Components  (cm/sec)  Normal  to  the Plane of the
               Current Meter Transect  at  Silver  Bay
                                                                33
                                                               5.36*

Station
B-15m
B-30m

B-T46m
M-30m
M-60m

M-232m
D-30m
D-60m

D-250 '

Section No .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
g
9
10
11
12

30
0.47
0.88
(0.53)
0.12
1.01
1.18
(0.74)
0.36
1.30
1.13
(0.63)
0.18
Week No.
31
-0.96*
2.77
(2.35)
1.87
2.58
1.92
(1.71)
1.54
1.25
0.98
(0.52)
0.10

32.

0.16
, (2.84)
5.91*
1.40
2.05*
(1-12)
0.34
0.53*
(1.01)
(0.71)
0.44
                                                               1.69*
                                                               0.30*
*   Records of irregular length
    (   )  Interpolated  values

-------
           700
                                  3000
5120
 60-
120
180-
240-
5820
300 J
   LEGEND



 a CURRENTS MEASURED



 A CURRENTS INTERPOLATED



© SECTION NUMBERS



  DEPTH  a DISTANCES IN METERS
                      FIG. V-l   SILVER BAY TRANSECT
                                                                                 I24.5(

-------
FIG.  V-3  W? '   31   Net Current Vectors,  Silver  Bay

-------
                                  FIG.   V-2  Vte     ^0  Net Current Vectors, Silver Bay
w

-------
FIG.  V-4  W'     32   Net Current Vectors, Silver  Bay
 H01.ZOMTAL  DISTANCE
                                                  5,120
1
1
1
3C-
i
60.
!
9o j
|2O .
1
i 150.
'
I8o .
^to.
j 2HC.



METtRS
z
HjLcJBO




-------
                                          FIG.   V-5  W '   33 Net Current Vectors, Silver Bay
     '!'•
r<€r'c  .^
l->^>''.---^
            v<

-------
'5  Net Current Vectors, Silver Bay
                                           0-,

-------
V-7  V      40   Net  Current Vectors, Silver Bay

-------
FIG.   V-8  \v     41   Net Current Vectors, Silver Bay
                                                             0-,

-------
               \\
 «L
ft'j
n~',.
FIG.   V-9  W'    42  Net Current Vectors, Silver Bay
                                                        "*— 3.0OO
0.
30-
£0 .

e
So .


120.

J50 .

i
|
I 180 .
3.10 .
2fo.
.U-



5
UJ
)—
Ul
z
Z
^
a.
u)
a



-------
                            TABLE V-2

            COMPUTED FLOW NORMAL TO SILVER BAY  TRANSECT


                                    Weekly Mean
1971 Velocity Normal Number
Week No. Flow in 214°T Direction to Transect Plane Meters
Dates M3/sec KnH/day Km /mo cm/sec Operating Notes
30 8,541 0.738 22
31 14,501 1.253 37
32 13,675 1.182 35
33
.73
1.25
1.18

9
9
7
4
(4.5 days
only)

*
**
*    During this period surface currents where  completely omitted.  The
     current value for segment 10 was  taken  as  the  average of 9, 12, 6.

**   No computation attempted.

-------
Silver Bay Section, although the configuration of the cross  section
is somewhat different (Figure V-10).  The computer and interpolated
velocity vectors normal to the plane are shown in Table V-3.

The volumetric fluxes through the section, and the mean velocities
are shown in Table V-4.  The net weekly vectors are shown  in  Figures
V-ll to V-15.  The progressive vector diagrams for both station
areas are shown in Plates V-l to V-17.  Directions in these  diagrams
is referenced to magnetic North.

The flow rates calculated for these sections are impressive  compared
to the flow of the St. Louis River at Duluth.  The point of  this
comparison Is that the St. Louis River is the largest source  of water
contributed to the western embayment.  At Silver Bay the variability
between the 3 weekly periods is not large--nor is it large for three
out of four of the weekly periods at Split Rock.  What is  of  more
interest is the significantly greater flow at Split Rock compared
to the flow several weeks earlier at Silver Bay.  The current meter
records shown in Table V-5 for station B, 60 meters (200 ft)  for
weeks 39, 40, and 41, are the only records of Silver Bay which might
be used to compare flow at Silver Bay to flow at Split Rock  for the
same period of time.  Unfortunately there are insufficient data
to determine if the difference is a time variable function,  a space
variable, or a combination of both.  The data from Table V-5  which are
used in this comparison are the mean net speeds for each week,
defined by the algebraic sum of the individual velocity vectors over
the number of days of record for the week of interest.  The  direction
of the net vector is shown in the second column.  The overall net
speed is the algebraic sum of the current vectors over the period of
record.  The overall mean gross speed is the arithmetic mean  over the

-------
PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR,
        DIAGRAM
SWION: B    DEPTH: ism.
(7/26/71  TO  8/06/71)
       KILOMETERS
              PLATE  V-l

-------
                                 PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR

                                          DIAGRAM
Q

CO
         !  i
                             SWKJN: B    DEPTH:

                              (7/26/71  TO  8/20/71)
!  l
                                       00
                                                 I2.O
  ~r -1- 1-- i
      i   I  !  .   i
                                    KILOMETERS

                        PLATE  V-2

-------
I
O
u>
                             N
          PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR
                   DIAGRAM

          STOHON: B    DEPTH: i46m.
           (7/26/71 TO 8/09/71)
                                        ao
                           6O
                                          KILOMETERS
 OX) i
12.0
                                    tao
24 O
30.0
                       PLATE V-3

-------
 CM
-8'
                                                  N
                            PROGRESSIVE     VECTOR
                                     DIAGRAM

                            STATION: B   DEPTH: com.
                            (IO/OI/7I  TO  IO/I9/7I)
                                  0.0
                                              iao
                                   KILOMETERS
  ao
              6.0
                           I2.O
                                        18.0
                                                    24.O
                     PLATE  V-4

-------
                             N
                           4-14-
           PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR
                   DIAGRAM
           STATION: M   DEPTH: 30m
           (7/26/71  TO 8/2O/7I)
                 KILOMETERS
                      24.0
                                 3OO
PLATE V-5

-------
Fpp-r-n
                            r   PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR
                           4           DIAGRAM
                                STATION: M   DEPTH: eom.
                                (7/26/71 TO  8/13/71)

                                                    9OO
                    PLATE V-6

-------
                 PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR
                          DIAGRAM

                 STATION: M    DEPTH: 232m.
                 (7/26/71 TO 8/16/71)
                       QO
                       2.0
                        KILOMETERS
^o
4.0:
6.0
                                8.0
                                          IO.O
          PLATE  V-7

-------
8
:~


— r •-:—•'. i 	 - •• • ;
t : ; i :
1 	 - L ..; i 4 _.i • :
i r • ; ; : ;
                                   PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR
                                            DIAGRAM
                                   STCHOM: o    DEPTH: 30m.  |_
                                   (7/26/71 TO 8/12/71)    r
                                          KILOMETERS
S
 O.O
               3.0
                                                          I2JO
                        PLATE  V-8

-------
§1
                       N
                                    PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR
                                             DIAGRAM

                                    STATION: D    DEPTH: eom.
                                    (7/26/71  TO  8/02/71)
                                         0.0
                                                     10
                                           KILOMETERS
 0.0
             |JO
                        2.0
                                    3.0
                                                4.O
                                                            3.0
                        PLATE  V-9

-------
                    M—H—
                        ':    I
                    Ill
                    r—l---—-
                                   PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR
                                            DIAGRAM
i  i;  i  i--  i  i
                                   STCTTON: D    DEPTH 250m.
                                   (7/26/71  TO  8/2O/7I)
         ...    .   :  ,     r .,  .
                                          KILOMETERS

ao i
     i • i  r.p  :
, ^0
                          PLATE  V-10

-------
      LJ__J_L !•„!_.: J
                        T i   i "-• ;
          i   --
         ---- -- • — ••
I  1  !       i
 --—-
                      PROGRESSIVE     VECTOR
                               DIAGRAM
_4-L. L.._. 4...., .....    .
                      STATION: SRI DEPTH: 60m

                   i   (9/12/71  TO  10/12/71)


                              QO      10.0
                             KILOMETERS
                              so.o    : eao
                                            TOO
             PLATE  V-11

-------

        PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR
                DIAGRAM
        STATION: SRM DEPTH: eom.
        (9/12/71  TO  9/28/71)

            0.0           iao
              KILOMETERS
                        .  ,
               — l- --i-t-4-4-4
   '  ;2O-O  :  ! • i   ' SCO
PLATE  V-12

-------
              PROGRESSIVE   VECTOR
                       DIAGRAM

              STATION: SRM DEPTH: som.
            '  (9/29/71  TO 10/12/71)
                   0.0
                               too
                     KILOMETERS
   -...i.-4-i- j  .-.I  {...:.-;
too
~  !  200
30uO
                                     4OO
       PLATE  V-13

-------
                           I— I    I  '  i  (-•
                           '  ' '
  •   ;  ;   i • :  i  '/™
J_U-J-|^f-f-/-4-l-4-
                          4--!	M-.--4-
                            PROGRESSIVE   VECTOR
                                    DIAGRAM
                            STATION: SRM DEPTH: 22im
                            (9/12/71  TO  IO/IO/7I)
^.4.  L.4 -t  f-U-
 !  .   .  ;  i  !  I
                                        500
                                         ,  60X1
                    PLATE V-14-

-------
PLATE  V-15

-------
 -H-  -      M
 I  [    ,  I
                  PROGRESSIVE    VECTOR
                          DIAGRAM
                  STATION: SRO DEPTH eom
                  (9/12/71  TO IO/13/71)
•-H-T-'"
                        KILOMETERS
           PLATE  V-16

-------
Q
o
§


§
".

g
10
1
s
	
;_
•j- -r
. ! •
...


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: /
f ' ''
In
lit
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I,! ; \". ! : ' ' :

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...



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T r
te
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.... j. . |...A Lil.
•| ! k - J L
" i 1 ^ ' j ' •
^J LU i j. .L- i...
t ) , !
...L. ^/j .. | , . ,
• hjL-| 	 i i i
Ll- ' :' r l :
'±WT 	 r J4
-yr -t-f-r -Tt-f -
V i ! -! -j ' i _ i. ..
i. i ! ^ . • !
/ 1 : : J-
' *".•;. : i
, , , . .
'1 •/-* : i ' . ,
Hf- -fr! •! i : r !
£•- Mr •• ••!
k£J I'M ! . . i

• 'tOO \ ! 20 O > <3O.O
/ '" f""
: i i : i 1 ! - 	
• r i • i s^ni-'
j i j • j . . .
. : ; : i r f =-.! •
! : i i-" i ',
. ! : , 1 i -f^...
" Ti 	 " 	 "H-fTir
1 • '• •' i ; T
_ : ! ! ' i ,...,....•
PROGRESSIVE VECTOR
DIAGRAM
1 SWION: SRO DEPTH: 252m.
j (9/12/71 TO IO/O7/7I)
. 0.0 IO.O
KILOMETERS
	



; '
••-

1
4O.O: SCO ' S
-------
                    1400
                                    3250
4200
5820
 60-
 120
 180-
240 -
 D CURRENTS MFASURED
 & CURRENTS INTERPOLATED
0 SECTION NUMBERS
   DEPTHS Q DISTANCES IN METERS
300-1
                          FIG. V-IO  SPLIT  ROCK  TRANSECT

-------
                            TABLE V-3

          Weekly Velocity Components (cm/sec)  Normal  to the
          Plane of the Current Meter Transect at Split Rock

                                            Week No.
Station No
SRO-15m
SRI-60m

SRI-159
SRM-60

SRM-221
SRO-60

SRO-252
Section No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

12
3
(3
2
3
(3
2
2
(2
2
37
.48
.81
.21)
.85**
.74
.28)
.94
.57
.67)
.75

8
5
(3
2
4
(3
2
2
(1
1
38
.55
.36
.29)
.03**
.04
.08)
.38
.29
.94)
.67
39
13.
4.
(3.
3.
32
42
61)
12**
4.37
(3.
2.
9.
(5.
3.
34)
58
00
96)
66
40
n
3
(4
4
4
(4
4
2
(3
4
.49*
.78*
.10)
.29**
.77
.34)
.03
.56
.69)
.54*
41




6.14*

4.32*
3.20*


*  Records of irregular length
   (  ) interpolated values

** Average values from SRM - and SRO -

-------
                       TABLE V-4



     COMPUTED FLOW NORMAL TO SPLIT ROCK TRANSECT
1971
Week No
Dates
37
38
39
40
41
. Flow in
M3/sec
47,551
41 ,324
71 ,486
53,777

213.5 Di
Km3/day
4.108
3.570
6.175
4.646

Weekly Mean
Velocity Normal Number
rection to Transect Plane Meters
Km3/mo cm/sec Operating Notes
120
107
185
140

4.14
3.60
6.22
4.68

6 (5.3 days
only)
6
6
6
3 *
Computation not attempted

-------
37   Net Current Vectors, Split Rock
                                              Oi
                                             30.
                                             60
                                             9o
                                            tzo
                                            ISO,
                                             I8o.
                                            2to,
                                            240
                                                  uJ

                                                  2

                                                  21
                                                  u
                                                  O

-------
^leek  38   Net Current Vectors, .Split Rock
                                                        i/l
                                                        oc
                                                        ul
                                                        (-
                                                        u
                                                        ul
                                                        o

-------
-,  •/< A
 ,«>    i . i
                                                              esk  39  Net Current Vectors,  Split Rock
                           5\V
                                                                                                                       VI
                                                                                                                       a.
                                                                                                                       Ul
                                                                                                                       o
                                                                                N'W
N i   CW&'C


  *~56..\^MS1
                                                                            W

-------
FIG.   •      Week  40  Net Current Vectors, Split Rock
                                                                ul
                                                                h
                                                                UJ
                                                                h
                                                                Q.
                                                                U
                                                                O

-------
FIG.   V     Week  41  Net Current  Vectors,  Split Rock
                                                                 UJ
                                                                J-
                                                                a.
                                                                ul
                                                                o

-------
period  of  record  of  the  five minute  speeds without regard to direction.
The  range  of  current.speeds is  listed following the overall mean
gross speed.   The last two entries in each column are the most
frequently occurring speed and  the percentage of time this speed was
observed.   The record for week  39 shows a mean current at B of 1.4 cm/sec
(260°T)*,  while at SRI,  60m, the current was 4.7 cm/sec (192°T).
The  former is  in  the range of observed currents at B several weeks
earlier.   During  week 40 the  current at B increased to 3.3 cm/sec
(233°T) while  SRI, 60m changed  only  slightly at 4.9 cm/sec (174°T).
Although a record is not available for week 41 for SRI, 60m, the
record  at  SRM,  60m shows a current of 6.2 cm/sec (218°T) while BB
increased  to  5.9  cm/sec  (219°T).  It is suggested, even from this
meager^evidence,  that flow differences of these magnitudes between
these sections  could be  due to  either situation—a local acceleration,
or a non-steady (but possibly uniform) flow.  A northeastwardly
migrating  counter-clockwise circulation cell could produce the observed
records.   The  data mentioned inrnediately above, along with similar
data for all  the  current meters, are shown in Tables V-5 and V-6.
Table V-7  lists the  actual dates for the usable records obtained from
the meters.

It is useful  to consider these  flows in relation to the possible
transport  of  tailings from Reserve Mining Company's discharge of
approximately  26  m3/sec  (900 cfs).   Since our calculated flows are
terminated abruptly  at a distance of 5.8 kilometers (3.6 statute miles)
from shore and  the lake  is nearly six times as wide at  that point,
it is reasonable  to  assume that the  total flowsouthwestardly would
be greater that the  amount computed  for the 5820 meter section.
Assuming that  the same rate of  flow  exists out from shore nearly to
the middle of  the lake (17 kilometers) an estimate of the total flow
     *  U.S. Lake Survey has reported a  local magnetic disturbance
approximately 20 miles southwest of Split Rock.  Charted magnetic
variations as shown on U.S. Lake Survey  Chart 0 have been considered in
all calculations reported herein.

-------
is determined as three times (4^g '* 3) the calculated  flow  for the
section.  (In this crude approximation the same flow would  be
postulated travelling northeasterly along the southern shore of
the basin.)  Applying this factor of three to the actual  range of
flows measured at the sections of 9X10  m3/sec to 71xl03  m  /sec,
the projected maximum range would be respectively 27 to 213xl03
m-Vsec.  These are of the same order of magnitude used by Baumgartner
in his analysis of pollution buildup in the lake.  They also are
of the same order of magnitude as flows which could be predicted  by
analysis of Adams (1970) data and data of Ruschmeyer and  Olson (1958).
The ratios of these flows to the flow rate of Reserve's discharge
range from 500 to over 8000.  To develop a feeling for the  level
of tailings which might be found in suspension if these flows were
wholly effective in diluting Reserve's discharge, the  following
Table (Table V-8) was constructed assuming that only 1 percent and
10 percent of the solids discharged failed to settle.

This estimate is not meant to argue that the total volume of
Reserve's discharge is at once completely mixed into the  volume of
water flowing past Silver Bay out to a distance of over three miles
from shore.  Certainly a finite distance is required to achieve this
dispersion.  As longer flow times are considered, however,  the
possibility exists that even greater dilutions will be encountered
and correspondingly lower suspended taconite tailings  concentrations
than shown in Table V-9 are to be expected.  Concentrations could,
of course, be considerably higher if discrete density  flows occurred.
The point to be emphasized by this analysis is that it is reasonable
to expect that tailings concentrations within 5-10 miles  of the
discharge could be sufficiently low (~ 0.2 mg/1) so as to render
incremental increases difficult to detect by anything  less  than
extraordinary gravimetric analysis procedures.

-------
              TABLE V-5



Weekly Current Averages for Silver Bay



      Surface Currents, cm/sec
Station
Wk #30 7/24-30 (4.5 days)
Wk #31 7/31-8/6
Overall Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occurring Speed
Percent of Total
B
Mean
Net
Speed
0.5
0.7
m.
4.1
0 - 65.
3.6
12%

Direction
°T
226°
117°*
144°
8






Currents at One Hundred Foot Depth
Station



Wk #30 7/24-30 (4.5 days)
Wk #31 7/31-8/6
Wk #32 8/7-13
Wk #33 8/14-20
Overall Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occurring Speed
Percent of Total
Current at
Station



Wk #30 7/24-30 (4.5 days)
Wk #31 7/31-8/6
Wk #32 8/7-13
Overall Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occurring
Percent of Total
B
Mean
Net
Speed
3.3
3.0
3.0
5.5
3JL
7.7
0 - 39.
4.1
15%
M
Mean
Direction Net
°T Speed
289° 1.0
235° 2.6
301° 1.5
225°* 1.7
254° 1.8
2.4
6 0-98
<0.5
32%


Direction
°T
229°
219°
236°
203°*
221°

.6


D
Mean
Net
Speed
1.3
1.3
0.5

LJL
2.4
0 - 79
<0.5
31%


Direction
°T
210°
218°
227°*

?17°

.3


Two Hundred Foot Depth












M
Mean
Net
Speed
1.2
2.0
2.1
L&
2.0
0 - 19
<0.5
26%


Direction
°T
227°
229°
221°*
??5°

.6


D
Mean
Net
Speed
1.1
1.0

LJL
1.1
0-12
<0.5
36%


Direction
°T
216°
224°

P1Q°

.9



-------
                                 TABLE V-5 (cont.)
                       Weekly Current Averages for Silver Bay
                                  Bottom Currents
Station •
B.
M
D
Mean Mean Mean
Net Direction Net Direction Net Direction
Speed QT Speed °T Speed °T
Wk #30 7/24-30 (4.5 days)
Wk #31 7/31-8/6
Wk #32 8/7-13
Wk #33 8/13-20
Overall Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occurring Speed
Percent of Total
*Record of irregular length
Currents
Station


Wk #39 (9/25-10/1)
Wk #40 (10/2-8)
Wk #41 (10/9-15)
Wk #42 (10/16-22)
Qvprall Mpan
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occurring Speed
Percent of Total
7.7
2.7
5.9

2.6
6.4
0 -
<0.5


125° 0.4 224° 0.2 214°
260° 1.5 219° 0.1 226°
219°* 0.3 220° 0.4 216°
1.1 216°* 0.3 197°*
178° £L£. 219° 0.3 211°
0.8 0.2
65.7 0 - 19.6 0 - 12.9
<0.5 <0.5
27% 49% 74%

at Two Hundred Foot Depth
B
Mean
Net
1.4
3.3
5.4
4.5
4,3
4.5
0 -
<0.5

•

Speed Direction °T
260°
233°
231°
229°
?3?°

56.6

12%

-------
                                 TABLE V-6
                   Weekly Current Averages for Split Rock
                              Surface Currents
Stati on
SRO
Wk #37 9/11-17 (5.3 days)
Wk #38 9/18-24
Wk #39 9/25-10/1
Wk #40 10/2-8
Overall Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occuring Speed
Percent of Total
r
Currents
Stati on
Wk #37 9/11-17 (5.3 days)
Wk #38 9/18-24
Wk #39 9/25-10/1
Wk #40 10/2-8
Wk #41 10/9-15
Overal 1 Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occuring Speed
Percent of Total
Station
Wk #37 9/11-17 (5.3 days)
Wk #38 9/18-24
Wk #39 9/25-10/1
Wk #40 10/2-8
Wk #41 10/9-15
Overall Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occuring Speed
Percent of Total
at Two Hundred Foot Depth
SRI SRM
Mean Net Speed Mean Net Speed
Di recti on °T Di recti on °T
3.9 206° 3.7 216°
5.4 211° 4.0 216°
4.7 192° 4.4 208°
4.9 174°* 4.8 217°
6.2 218°
4.0 202° 4.5 215°
6.3 4.9
0 - 79.2 0 - 21.6
5.7 3.6
11% 10%
Bottom Currents
SRM
Mean Net Speed
Direction 6T
2.9 213°
2.4 213°
2.6 213°
4.0 212°
4.3 210°*
3.1 212°
2;$
0 - 98.9
<0.5
18%
Mean Net Speed
Di recti on °T
12.5 215°
8.7 224°
13.7 227°
11 .5 218°*
12.0 222°
12. 5
0 - 99.2
<0.5
m
SRO
Mean Net Speed
Direction °T
2.6 221°
2.3 218°
9.0 213°
2.6 217°
3.2 215°*
4.1 215°
5.5
0 - 65.8
<0.5
17%
SRO
Mean Net Speed
Direction 6T
3.0 191°
2.5 166°
3.8 201°
4.7 199°*
3.4 193°
3.5
0 - 49.5
<0.5
12%
* Record of irregular length

-------
                                TABLE V-6
                   Weekly  Current Averages for Split Rock
                             Surface Currents
Station
SRO
Wk #37 9/11-17 (5.3 days)
Wk #38 9/18-24
Wk #39 9/25-10/1
Wk #40 10/2-8
Overall Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occuring Speed
Percent of Total
Currents at Two Hundred Foot Depth
Station

i
•i
Wk #37 9/11-17 (5.3 days)
Wk #38 9/18-24
Wk #39 9/25-10/1
Wk #40 10/2-8
Wk #41 10/9-15
Overall Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Range
Most Often Occuring Speed
Percent of Total
•
Station

Wk #37 9/11-17 (5.3 days)
Wk #38 9/18-24
Wk #39 9/25-10/1
Wk #40 10/2-8
Wk ,741 10/9-15
Overall Mean
Overall Mean Gross Speed
Ranc,e
Most Often Occuring Speed
Percent of Total
SRI
Mean Net. Speed
Direction °T

3.9 206°
5.4 211°
4.7 192°
4.9 174°*

4.0 202°
6.3
0-79.2
5.7
11%
Bottom Currents












SRM
Mean Net
Direction

3.7
4.0
4.4
4.8
6.2
4.5
4.9
0-21.6
3.6
10%

SRM
Mean Net
Direction
2.9
2.4
2.6
4.0
4.3
3.1
2.9
0 - 98.9
<0.5
18%

Speed
°T

216°
?16°
208°
217°
218°
215°






Speed
213°
21 3° '
213°
212°
210°*
21?°




Mean Net
Direction
12.5
8.7
13.7
11.5
12.0 •
12.5
0 - 99.2
<0.5
17%
SRO
Mean Net
Direction

2.6
2.3
9.0
2.6
3.2
4.1
5.5
0-65.8
<0.5
17%

SRO
Mean Net
Direction
3.0
2.5
3.8
4.7

3.4
3.5
0 - 49.5
<0.5
12%
Speed
°T
216°
224°
227°
218°*
222°

Speed
°T

221°
Zl«°
213°
217°
215°*
215°
,





Speed
°T
191°
166°
201°
199°*

193°




 Record of irregular  length

-------
                 TABLE V-7



Conversion chart; week number  to actual dates




Week No.               Inclusive dates  (1971)



  30                         7/24-7/30



  31                         7/31-8/6



  32                         8/7--8/13



  33                         8/14-8/20



  34                         8/21-8/27



  35                         8/28-9/3



  36                         9/4-9/10



  37                         9/11-9/17



  38                         9/18-9/24



  39                         9/25-10/1



  40                         10/2-10/8



  41                         10/9-10/15



  42                         10/16-10/22

-------
                               TABLE  V-8

        •ESTIMATED SUSPENDED TAILINGS  CONCENTRATIONS ASSUMING
        VARIOUS DILUTIONS & SEDIMENTATION  EFFICIENCIES, mg/1 .
   -Flow                                 Sedimentation    Efficiency
 knT/month 	                         99%	       90%

 22 (measured)                                0.9               9

107 (measured)                                0.2               2

550                                          0.03              0.3

-------
 It  will  now be useful  to examine the  extent to which the observed
 currents could transport tailings particles to various parts of the
 lake.  Although a few instantaneous readings of currents over SO cm/sec
 were 'recorded, this analyses  wil.l proceed on the basis of more commonly
 recorded values, for example, 0.5, 1, &  5 cm/sec.  In the table which
 follows, travel distances in  kilometers  are based on the time to
 settle to various depths, assuming unimpeded settling..  The settling
 velocities selected include computed  values for spherical particles,
 0.9,  1.4, and 2.8u in diameter,  according to Stokes' Law, and values
 observed in laboratory tests  with taconite particles equivalent in
 volumes  to spherical  particles 0.9, 1.4, and 2.8u in diameter.  The
 observed settling rates are shown in  Figure V-16 compared to Stokes1
 Law.  The apparent increased  rate of  settling observed for the
 particles smaller than 0.74u3  could be caused by flocculation or
 by  attraction of the small  particles  to  the wall of the experimental
 settling tube.

 Vertical  currents in the lake occurring  as water moves from deeper
 to  shallower regions,  and turbulence  due to waves will serve to
 transport particles further than shown in Table V-9.  For example,
 vertical  movement is  expected as water carried southwesterly in the
 deep  trench approaches shallower depths  between Two Harbors and Duluth.
 Water rising out of the trench must,  from continuity principles, fan
 out toward the Wisconsin shoreline, or increase in speed.

 Comparison to other current meter measurements in Lake Superior.  The
 only satisfactory current meter  Kecords  available SE of Two Harbors
were from those deployed by EPA  near  the Duluth municipal water supply
 pumping,  station at Lakewood and  the NWQL intake near the Lester
 River (Figure V-17)  in 1970.   The data from these meters are summarized
 in Table  V-10 and V-ll.   These meters  were too close to shore to

-------
provide a great deal of guidance regarding the  nature of  flow  arising
from great trench.  These currents in some cases  were as  great as
currents measured at Silver Bay and Split Rock  in 1971.   All records
ware characterized by along-shore motions, (histograms not  provided
as figures—available in EPA files), the currents northeasterly
generally averaging less than those southwesterly.   The only exception
to this routine was found at 28m near the Lester  River.   Here  the
current was consistently low at 110° until April  12th and then
averaged much higher at 225° until the end of the records on May 22.

The July-December records are not as complete as  seen from  Table V-ll
nor as well documented.  The motion again was primarily along-shore
and slightly more southwesterly than northeasterly.

The arithmetic mean gross speeds (Table V-10, 11) were on the  same order
as those found at Silver Bay and Split Rock in  1971.  Table V-12 shows
monthly mean net speeds and directions for winter and spring months of
1970.  Except for Lakewood station 2, in June,  the spring speeds were
higher than winter.  At NWQL station 3, 28m, the  deepest  and furthest
offshore meter, the winter flow was predominatly  easterly,  while other
stations showed net movements southwesterly.

Current meters installed in Lake Superior by D. Casey of  the Federal
Water Pollution Control Agency (unpublished) in 1967 resulted  in
digital tabulations of current speed, direction and components of
histograms.

The average velocities given on Casey's polar histogram (available
in EPA files) were compiled by month of the year  and station,  and
three month averages during the August, September,  October  period

-------
than shown in Table  V-9 are to be expected.  Concentrations  could,
of course, be considerably higher if discrete density flows  occurred.
The point to be emphasized by this analysis is that it is  reasonable
to expect that tailings concentrations within 5-10 miles of  the
discharge could be sufficiently low (~ 0.2 mg/1) so as to  render
incremental increases difficult to detect by anything less than
extraordinary gravimetric analysis procedures.

It will now be useful to examine the extent to which the observed
currents could transport tailings particles to various parts  of the
lake.  Although a few instantaneous readings of currents over 50 cm/sec
were recorded, this  analyses will proceed on the basis of  more commonly
recorded values, for example, 0.5, 1, & 5 cm/sec.  In the  table which
follows, travel distances in kilometers are based on the time to
settle to various depths, assuming unimpeded settling. The  settling
velocities selected  include computed values for spherical  particles,
0.9, 1.4, and 2.8y in diameter, according to Stokes1 Law,  and values
observed in laboratory tests with taconite particles equivalent in
volumes to spherical particles 0.9, 1.4, and 2.8n in diameter. The
observed settling rates are shown in Figure V-16 compared  to  Stokes1
Law.  The apparent increased rate of settling observed for the
particles smaller than 0.74u3 could, be caused by flocculation or
by attraction of the small particles to the wall of the experimental
settling tube.

Vertical currents in the lake occurring as water moves from  deeper
to shallower regions, and turbulence due to waves will serve  to
transport particles  further than predicted by Stoke's Law.  For example,
vertical movement is expected as water carried southwesterly  in the
deep trench approaches shallower depths between Two Harbors  and Duluth.
Water rising out of  the trench must, from continuity principles, fan
out. toward the Wisconsin shoreline, or increase in speed.

-------
                  TABLE V-9

DISTANCE TACONITE PARTICLES WILL BE CARRIED
  BY CURRENTS BEFORE REACHING THE BOTTOM
TRAVEL DISTANCE, KILOMETERS
Current
Speed,
cm/sec
Particle
Size,
mi crons
Calculated
Settling Velocity
Depth, meters
30 150 300
Observed
Settling Velocijt^
Depth, meters
30 150 300


0.5


1.0


5.0

0.9
1.4
2.8
0.9
1.4
2.8
0.9
1.4
2.8
120
54
16
240
180
32
1200
540
160
600
270
80
1200
540
160
6000
2700
800
1200
540
160
2400
1080
320
12,000
5400
1600
39
54
12
78
108
24
390
540
120
195
270
60
390
540
120
1950
2700
600
390
540
120
780
1080
240
390
5400
1200

-------
                         FIG. V-16

        QUIESCENT  SETTLING  RATES  OF   TACONITE

                        TAILINGS
o
0)
     4 -
    . 2.0-
0.08-


0.06-



0.04-
    0.02-
    O.OI -
        0
                   Volume of Particles', U3

                 0.37  0.74  1.5  5,9    12
                —|	1	1—,-4	1_
              Observed
              Settling
              Rate
                 ©
                   0
   Stokes's Law
 S.6. = 3.0
25°
               I          2         3         4

            Diameter of Equivalent Spherical Particle ,
                                                       -75
                                                         i »^
                                                       _5
                                                          o
                                                          0)
                                                          Crt
                                                              —
                                                              o
                                                              o
                                                              o
                                                       -2,5
                                                          o
                                                          CO

-------
                                      Thousand

                                       Feet
                                     0   5
                                  STA 3
                                    *'
                                    c
                                                      X
X
                                   FIG. V-17

                             CURRENT  METER  LOCATIONS

                               DULUTH AREA , 1970

-------
Station
            TABLE V-10

Current Speeds Off the  Lester River

         NWQL2	IWQL 3
Lati tude
Longitude
Depth of Water
Depth of Meter(s)
45°-49'-45N
92-00 '.9W
23 m
21 m
46°-49'.lN
92°-OT.lW
30 m
20 m



2 8n
                          January - June

Meter Operating Time     64.2 days
Overall Mean Gross Speed  1.7 cm/sec
Range                  ,  0-101.7
Most Often Occurring
Speed                   <0.5 cm/sec
Percent of Total         33%
                            112.4 days
                              5.8 cm/sec
                            0 - 98.5

                           <0.5 cm/sec
                            48%
 129.8 days
   4.3 cm/sec
 0 - 43.7

<0.5 cm/sec
 17%
                          July-December

Meter Operating Time     163.1 days
Overall Mean Gross Speed   2.6 cm/sec
Range                    0-49.4
Most Often Occurring
Speed                   <0.5 cm/sec
Percent of Total         38%
                            162.9 days
                              3.5 cm/sec
                            0 - 98.8

                            <0.5 cm/sec
                            48%
 162.7 days
   2.9 cm/sec
 0 - 25.2

 <0.5 cm/sec
  17%
                          Totals for 1970
      i
Meter Operating Time     227.3 days
Overall  Mean Gross Speed   2.4 cm/sec
Range                    0 - 101.7
Most Often Occurring
Speed                   <0.5 cm/sec
Percent of Total         46%
                            275.3 days
                              4.4 cm/sec
                            0 - 98.8

                            <0.5 cm/sec
                            45%
  292.5 days
    3.5 cm/sec
  0 - 43.7

 <0.5 cm/sec
  28%

-------
                            TABLE V-ll  .
          CURRENTS SPEEDS OFF DULUTH WATER INTAKE (cm/sec)

                                 Lakewood          Lakewood
Station                              2                 3
Latitude                        46°-5T .25        .46°-5V.10
Longitude                       91°-57'.80        91°-57'.80
Depth of Water                      23 m              30 m
Depth of Meter                      21 m              20 m

                                 January           June
Meter Operating Time (days)     164.0             74.0
Overall Mean Gross Speed          2.6              1.6
DDr>n^>                             n^no c           n ./to i
i VWti ^j2*~                             W ^ »-/•*/           VTW*/
Most Often Accuracy Speed        <0.5             <0.5
% of Total                       49 Percent       48 Percent

-------
                            TABLE V-12

        Monthly Average Currents Cm/sec -  Duluth Stations

                                   Month - 1970
Station
NWQL 2,
NWQL 3,
NWQL 3,
LKWn ?.
LKWD 3,
- Depth
21m
20m
28m
2T
20m
Jan
1.3
226°
-
1.6
117°
0.4
251 c
0.5
262*
Feb
0.1
168°
0.4
-235°
2.0
118°
Q.9
237°
1.3
245°
March
0.2*
238°
-
1.0
105°
0 .3
238°
0.2*
287°
April
5.7
236°
5.5
206°
1..0
231°

May

4.3*
205°
/i _g
2*30°

June



0 5*
227°

*  Record of Irregular Length
   Direction Degrees True

-------
were calculated.  The records are incomplete due to instrument
malfunction and only those stations (Figure V-18) for which  satisfactory
records exist have been considered.  The results are tabulated  in
Table V-13.  Only two stations have data from current meters close
enough to the bottom to be called bottom currents whithout qualifications,
These were stations 5 and 7.

In both the mean speed over the several months was similar,  but the
range of monthly means near Bayfield, Wisconsin was greater. The
monthly means are not appreciably different than bottom currents
measured near Silver Bay and Split Rock in 1971.  A qualitative visual
inspection of these records showed that both current speed and
direction vary spatially and exhibit a secular trend.   Starting in
May current speed typically decreased until July or sometimes August,
and then increased with time until October or in some cases, November.
Those stations showing the least change with time seem  to be the ones
in the open lake while.the stations near shore show the greatest
seasonal variation.

Station 9 at 150 meters near the tip of Keweenaw Peninsula was  below
the level proposed by Ragotzkie (1966) as the probable  depth .of the
"Keweenaw Current," a summer current of 30-40 cm/sec in the  upper  30m
parallel to the northwest coast of the Keweenaw Peninsula.   Smith  and
Ragotzkie (1970) subsequently reported currents of about 20  cm/sec at  a
depth of 60m.  Casey's values of 2.6 - 3 cm/sec are consistent  with
the absence of the Keweenaw current at 150 meters.

In 1972, Reserve Mining Company determined currents at  3 depths 1/4
mile offshore from their plant location at Silver Bay.   While, still
incomplete, yet to be analyzed, and published, data* provided by the
     *  Current Meter Data.  Dump on file 200., Reserve Mining Company.
March 8, 1973.

-------
                            TABLE  V-13
         Mean Monthly Speeds -  Casey's 1967 Results Cm/sec

Station                  2      3      5       7       9      11
Meter Depth, m
Month, May
       June
       July
       Aug
       Sept
       Oct
       Nov
Mean
30
3.2
4.4
2.3
3.2
3.2
10. 0
4.9
4.5
60
3.5
3.3
1.8
2.8
2.7
4.7
4.2
3.3
60
2.6
2.2
1.8
4.6
1.7
5.6

2.8
150
2.9
2.8
2.1
1.9
1.9
3.3

2.5
150

4.1
3.8
2.6
3.2
2.8
3.6
3.4
90
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.6
2.2
3.9

2.1

-------
                                                                           O STA II
               Silver
               Scy .
                                                                             0 STA 9
FIG.  V-18  Location  Current-Meter Stations in
           Western Lake  Superior, May-  October  1967

-------
company show  that  during  the  period  October  6, 1972 to October 19, 1972
current speeds  and direction  were  similar  to records from EPA station
G in 1971.

These comparisons  show  that the  currents observed in the Split Rock-
Silver Bay  area in 1971 were  among the  common range of currents found
by others at  different  places  and  at different times in Lake Superior.

Turbulent Transport.  The current  meter records at Culuth do not prove
that water  rises from the deep trench and  continues to flow southwesterly.
The deep, outboard current meter at  Split  Rock, SRO, strongly suggests
that deep water flows out of  the trench on a southerly course prior
to traveling  as far as  Two Harbors.   This  is inferred from the net current
direction of  193°.   Other data on  light transmission, tailings
concentrations, etc., to  confirm this will be discussed in a report
on the 1972 field  study.   Whether  or not upflow contributes to
tailings transport,  the subject  of turbulent transport requires
attention.

Vertical turbulent diffusion  coefficients  (eddy diffusivities), ^,
in the range  of values  suggested by  Gerard et a!., (1972) were used
to compute  expected excursion  distances for  suspended tailings particles.
These results,  presented  in Table  V-14, show by comparison to Table V-9,
where travel  distances  are computed  assuming the complete absence of
                     3
turbulence, that 12u taconite tailings would be expected to be found
in Michigan waters.  The  detailed  computation procedures are explained
in Appendix II.

The existence of measureable  bottom  currents in Lake Superior raised
questions relative to the possibility of resuspension of the recently
deposited tailings  and  natural sediments.  The familiar Hjulstrbm

-------
                                              TABLE  V-14

                    Expected Excursion Distances for Suspended Tailings as f(Ky)
**
u
cm/sec
.5
.5
1.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
Diameter
in
Hi crons
1.4
0.9
1.4
0.9
1.4
0.9
Ws cm/sec
.00028
.00039
.00028
.00039
.00028
.00039
Predicted
Transport
Distances
for Ky = 0
Kilometers
17.43
12.26
34.86
24.52
174.3
122.6
KYT - -9
94.8
100.0 .
94.8
100.0
94.8
100.0
% Deposited*
Ky2 =9.3 ty
29.1
43.8
29.1
43.8
29.1
43.8
r3 =92.9
14.6
15.7
14.6
15.7
14.6
15.7
Distances
Deposition
Ky1 = -9
18.3
10.0
36.6
19.9
182.9
99.5
for 100%
(Kilometers)
Ky2 =93 Ky3 = g
80.9
32.1
161.7
64.1
808.5
320.5
235.3
148.8
470.6
297.5
2353.0
1487.5
* Model results for X distance predicted for K  = 0; proceeding column of table
                                              V              o
**  K  in model is a vertical diffusion coefficient; units cm /sec

-------
   600 -
» 4OO

S
o
;/ 200

5
   100 -
O  go

2  so
   40 -
o
0)
   20 -
    10 J
       \c<50  % Water  Content
         \
-------
curve, (Trask, 1939)  was developed for river flow  situations  and  relates
a mean velocity over a transverse cross  section to the  transport  erosion
and deposition functions.  Work by Postma and Sundborg  (Lauff 1967)
presents more detail  relative to small particulates and 'clays in  terms
of a mean velocity 15 -centimeters above  the bottom.  These  data also
reveal the influence  of the degree of consolidation of  the  material
and show that for particulates smaller than 80 microns, 'consolidation
systematically increases the velocities  required for erosion.

Shields and Vanoni (Inman 1949) are credited with  a theoretical approach
that equates a boundary shear stress to  the critical shear  stress
required for the initiation of motion.  Using this approach under the
assumption of a logarithmic velocity profile near the bottom, a mean
velocity at some height above the bed can be calculated for a given
bed roughness and particle density.
                ^V.-* <*«*> I t I y t*l I *» WJ I I •— V
presented in Fig. V-19.   The dato from Hjulstrom and Postma  consider
particle densities of 2.65 whereas the calculated values  based on
critical shear stress are matched to conditions  more directly  relatable
to Lake Superior and taconite particles (i .  e.,  freshwater,  4°C
temperature, .particle density of 3.0 gm/cc etc).   The minimum  velocities
necessary for erosion from the Hjulstrom and Postma  curves are 14 and
15 cm/sec respectively.   The minimum value calculated by  the boundary
shear approach is 23 cm/sec at a height 15 centimeters off the bottom.
This comparison demonstrates the general agreement of the three curves
for particles  less than  80 microns at a degree of consolidation
corresponding  to a water content of 70 percent.

EPA's bottom current meters measured currents at a height of 600 cm
above the bed.  To determine what the velocity would have to be at 600  cm

-------
in order to produce the required erosion velocity near the bed,  critical
shear stress and velocity calculations were made assuming both  a smooth
and rough bed form.  The equation used are described by Inman  (eq 5a,
5b) and are not reproduced herein.  The results of these determinations
have been plotted in Fig. V-20 and for the ranges of diameters  considered
here exhibited small differences relative to bed roughness.  The curve
predicts erosion when currents 6 meters above the bottom equal  or exceed
36.0 cm/sec (0.7 knots).

The first to be eroded are particulates of approximately 100 microns
diameter with subsequent increases eroding both larger and smaller sizes.
The dashed horizontal lines shown on these curves represent the  maximum
recorded speeds at the Silver Bay and Split Rock transects.

These data show that the currents measured near the bottom of  Lake
Superior off Silver Bay and Split Rock are periodically of sufficient
irsTiit-ds tc C2'jss srosicp. of rscsrs'tl*' deposited !p.3t'ari£!.  The
frequency of such occurrences was found to be small during the  period of
measurement.  Nonetheless, based purely on the data at hand it is
concluded that in relation to the turbid lens that has been shown to
exist at these locations further consideration in this case, is
unwarranted.

The importance of erosion at locations other than those described can
not be as easily dismissed.  Outside the "o" deposition area described
on WA-13 (Proceedings, 1970) the particulates are a mixture of  natural
sediments and tailings with the percentage relationship between  the two
possibly in favor of natural materials.  There, even the slightest
amount of erosion can bias any attempt to quantify the extent  of tailings
transport purely from analysis of sediments taken by gravity coring
equipment or other bottom sampling.

-------
0  6UO -
o>

   400 -
~  200 -\

O
o
c
o

u>
o
i_
Ui

c
c
Q)
100

80


6O



40 -
   20 -\
    10
                                                                              Smooth  Boundary
                                                                              Rough Boundary
                                                                      Max Current Measured Split ROCK
                                                                      (98.9 cm/s«c  at* 600 cm )

                                                                      Max Current Measured SiN-er Bay

                                                                      ( 65.7 cm/sec  or 600  cm )
                         1
                         10
                                           1
                                          IOO
                                                          I
                                                         :ooo
10000
                                    Diameter  in  Microns
                  FIG.  V-20   Erosional   Velocity   6CCcm  Above Bed

                               Vs   Particle   Diameter  fn  Microns

-------
Circulation  Patterns.   The  cyclonic  surface circulation in Lake
Superior was  first  inferred by Harrington  (1894) who employed drift
bottles.  Hughes, Farre11,  Monahan  (1970)  also use drift bottles over
a number of years in Lake Superior.  They  too reported a cyclonic
circulation  pattern as  the  easterly  drift  along the south shore turns
north and continues counter-clockwise  along the north shore.  They
also noted that  strong  sinking takes place along the south shore and
on the  Canadian north shore as far west as Rossport.  Along the
remainder of  the north  shore  upwelling presumably kept the drift
bottles away  from shore because  none were  recovered there.  Adams
(1970) examined  the western part of  Lake Superior and used dynamic
height calculations to  deduce surface  circulation patterns.  An
easterly drift with upwelling from Duluth  to east of Grand Marais
was the conclusion. Ruschmeyer  and  Olson  (1958) used dynamic heights
as well as drift bottles, and transparency values to trace water
movements in  the western portion of  the lake.  They found a cyclonic
eddy within  the  Duluth-Beaver Bay-Apostle  Island triangle.  The
counter-clockwise current of  the main  body of the lake flowing
southwesterly from  the  Grand Marais  area diverged in the Beaver Bay
area with one component continuing southwesterly toward Two Harbors
and the other turning southeasterly  to enter the main region of the
lake.

The current  along the south shore also divided forming a circulation
cell within  the  Duluth  embayment, with the remainder flowing north
of and through the  Apostles Islands.   Smith and Ragotzkie (1970)
compared computed and measured currents in the Keweenaw area and
found the geostrophic component  in serious error, at least in this
geographic area.

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The above investigators  seem to agree that wind stress is'the
predominate driving force in the circulation of the lake.   Murty
and Rao (1970) constructed a linear mathematical model of wind driven
circulation for all the Great Lakes, and predicted that Lake Superior
should have a less well organized circulation pattern than the other
Great Lakes, though generally counter-clockwise.

The currents reported herein conformed to the generally recognized
counter-clockwise pattern reported by most of the other investigators.

Adams (1970) showed that summer surface circulation patterns near
Silver Bay were essentially reversed due to north shore upwelling
caused by westerly winds.  Counter-clockwise surface circulation
could be restored by easterly winds of 1-2 days duration.   The currents
reported in this study were generally near or below the thermocline.
Only two records were produced by meters at 15 meters.  The progressive
Vector Diagrams show only two short periods of easterly flow at
station B, 15m, and one period of 1 1/2 days at 30m a week following
the second occurrence at 15m.  Wind records at Silver Bay provided by
Reserve Mining Company failed to show any obvious correlation of
current direction on these days to winds at the plant.  Easterly flow
was never developed in the 15m station at SRO, nor was easterly flow
ever substantially developed in any of the other meters below the
thermocline.

Several periods of essentially rotary motion were observed, in many
of the records some clearly associated with periodicities near 16 and
12 hours, corresponding to inertial and lunar frequencies.  These
periodic fluctuations were more common in the currents near the surface,
although one of the clearest examples of inertial period rotation was
found in the 250 meter current record at station D (August 14, 15, 16).

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The above investigations seem to agree that wind stress is  the
predominate driving force in the circulation of the lake.   Hurty
and Rao (1970) constructed a linear mathematical model  of wind  driven
circulation for all the Great Lakes, and predicted that Lake Superior
should have a less well organized circulation pattern than  the  other
Great Lakes, though generally counter-clockwise.

The currents reported herein conformed to the generally recognized
counter-clockwise pattern reported by most of the other investigators.

Adams (1970) showed that summer surface circulation patterns near
Silver Bay were essentially reversed due to north shore upwelling
caused by westerly winds.  Counter-clockwise surface circulation
could be restored by easterly winds of 1-2 days duration.   The  currents
reported in this study were generally near or below the thermocline.
Only two records were produced by meters at 15 meters.   The progressive
Vector Diagrams show only two short periods of easterly flow at
station B, 15m, and one period of 1 1/2 days at 30m a week  following
the second occurrence at 15m.  Wind records at Silver Bay provided by
Reserve Mining Company failed to show any obvious correlation of
current direction on these days to winds at the plant.   Easterly  flow
was never developed in the 15m station at SRO, nor was  easterly flow.
ever substantially developed in any of the other meters below the
thermocline.

Several periods of essentially rotary motion were observed, in  many
of the records some clearly associated with periodicities near  16 and
12 hours, corresponding to inertial and lunar frequencies.   These
periodic fluctuations were more common in the currents  near the surface,
although one of the clearest examples of inertial period rotation was
found in the 250 meter current record at station D (August  14,  15, 16).

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Current fluctuations associated with these periodicities are  theoretically
possible (Mortimer, 1963, Csanady, 1968)  and  have been observed  in
other lakes (Mortimer, 1965, Verber, 1966).   Mortimer  (1965)'and
Rockwell (1966) showed the possibility of periodic motion at  8-9 hours,
and visual  inspection of the PVD's show this  motion on at least one
occasion (station D, 30m, August 4-6).  On at least a half dozen records
periods of 24-25 hours seem to stand out.  While these qualitative
evaluations are of interest, they are by no means exhaustive  and
additional  analysis can be expected to provide better understanding
of the circulation patterns.  Power spectra analyses, yet to  be
completed,  will aid in evaluating the significance of periodic motions
compared to the steady currents, which from visual inspection appear
to dominate the flow pattern.

The counter-clockwise eddy in the Silver Bay-Split Rock area  reported
by Ruschmeyer and Olson (1958) can be visually constructed in part
by refering to Figures V-ll to V-15, which show a convergence of
flow at Split Rock, and show an offshore component for the generally
southwesterly flow at the inboard current meters. Figures V  6-9
show an onshore component of flow at Silver Bay.

Summary.  Relating these current meter results to the question of
transport of tailings from Silver Bay to areas of the lake other
than the deep trench* there are four important factors which  have
been established.  They are:
     *  The deep or "great" trench in the western'embayment  of  Lake
Superior extends for 51 miles about 1.5 to 8.2 miles  off  the north
shore and may be considered as the region deeper than the 700 ft.
contour.  The maximum depth is near 950 ft.

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     (1)  Currents exist in the deep trench of sufficient magnitude
to transport tailings out of the trench before effective removal  by
sedimentation.

     (2)  Current directions show- that water passing Silver Bay and
Split Rock can flow southerly across the lake toward Wisconsin without
necessarily traveling around the end of the lake.

     (3)  Current velocities were within the range of previous
current measurements at other locations in the lake and at different
times.

     (4)  Current speeds observed in the near bottom waters at times
are sufficiently high to lift (erode, or scour) small particles from
unconsolidated materials on the lake-bed.  The frequency of occurrence
of these velocities show that this is a relatively small and
insignificant factor in transport of the bed materials from the
Silver Bay-Split Rock area of the Great Trench.

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  PART VI



REFERENCES

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                           VI  REFERENCES

      Adams, Charles  E.  Jr.,  1970.  Summer Circulation in Lake Superior.
Proc. 13th Conf. Great Lakes  Research, 862-879.

      Call away, R. J., 1970.  U. S. Government Memorandum "Phone Call
to Pinsak on Transport Calculations" 2p Aug. 1970.

      Csanady, G. T., 1968.   Simple Analytical Models of Wind-Driven
Circulation in the Great Lakes.  Proc. llth Conf. Great Lakes Res.
371-384.

      Gerard R., M. Costin and G. Assaf, 1972.  A Study of Circulation
Factors .Affecting the Distribution of Particulate Material in Western
Lake Superior, EPA Final  Report Contract #68-01-0175, June 1972.

      Harrington, M. W.,  1895.  Currents of the Great Lakes, as Deduced
from Movements of Bottle Papers During the Seasons of 1892, 1893 and
1894.  U.S.D.A. Weather  Bureau Bulletin B.

      Hughes, John D., P.  Farrel, and E. C. Monahon, 1970.  Drift-
Bottle Study of the Surface Currents of Lake Superior, Michigan
Academician II, 25-31.

      Inman, D., 1949.   Sorting of Sediments in the Light of Fluid
Mechanics.  Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Vol. 19, No. 2, 51-70,
1949.

      Lauff, G. H. Ed.,  1967.  Estuaries, Publication No. 3, AAS, Wash.
D. C., 1967, 158-178.

      Mortimer, C. H., 1963.  Frontiers in Physical Limnology with
Particular Reference  to  Long  Waves in Rotating Basins.  Proc. 6th
Conf. on Great Lakes  Research 9-41.
      1965 Spectra of  Long Surface Waves and Tides in Lake Michigan
and at Green Bay, Wisconsin.  Proc. 8th Conf. on Great Lakes Res.
304-325.

      Murthy, T. W., and  0. B. Rao, 1970.  Wind Generated Circulations in
Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan and  Superior.  Proc. 13th., Conf. on  Great Lakes
Res. 927-941.

      Proceedings,  1970.  Pollution of Lake Superior and its Tributary
Basins, Minnesota-Wisconsin-Michigan.  Volume 1.  Second Session
(Reconvened) Duluth, Minnesota,  Aug.  12-13, 1970, U. S. Gov. Printing
Office.

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      Ragotskie, R.  A., 1966.   The Keweenaw Current,  a  Regular  Feature
of Summer Circulation of Lake  Superior.   U. of Wisconsin.   Dept of
Meteorology.  Tech;  Rept. #29, 30p.

      Rockwell, D. C., 1966.   Theoretical  Free Oscillations  of  the  Great
Lakes. Proc. 9th Conf. on Great Lakes Research.  352-368.

      Ruschmeyer, 0. R., and  T. A. Olson,  1958.   Water  Movements  and
Temperatures of Western Lake  Superior School  of Public  Health.  U.  of
Minnesota.  Nov. 1958, 65p.

      Smith, N. P. and R. A.  Ragotzkie,  1970.   A Comparison of  Computed
and Measured Currents in Lake  Superior.   Proc. 13th Cont.  on Great
Lakes Research. 969-977.

      Trask, P. D. (Ed), 1939.  Recent Marine Sediments, American
Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma  Dover Publishing
Co., NY, 1939. 6-47.

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      APPENDIX I





METHODS AND PROCEDURES

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                       GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

General

     Measured quantities of samples were filtered through membrane
filters having stated pore diameters of 0.45 microns to obtain estimates
of the solids content of the samr <;s.  The weight of the dry solids
was determined for all samples and the weight of matter oxidized by
hydrogen peroxide was determined for selected samples.

Determinations of Total Solids Weight

     Aluminum weigh pans, taken directly from their packing container,
were marked, dried for 30 minutes and weighed.  All drying was conducted
at 103°C.  A filter was introduced into each pan, dried for 30 minutes
and weighed.  The filters were transferred to plastic filter holders,
washed by filtering 200 ml of deionized distilled water through them,
returned to the pans, dried for one hour and weighed.  The filters
. .r* «.« .*A J.. . .A** ~ J J- -. 4-U A £3 14.AM I* «t*l -J~ y,*. ~*^*1 « «*~ -t *.,.%*,% ,4 . .,% 1 . .»w. f^f *~ IM-sl r>
                 L.IIC i I i be i  ii u i Ocr i uiiu a incujui cu Vw i UHII; u i  o unip 10
        .
  i vi icuuincu
filtered.  The filters plus residue were dried for one hour in their
aluminum pans, weighed, and stored in individual, marked plastic
containers, except that sample numbers NS 60-74 were retained in the
weigh pans in desiccators awaiting the hydrogen peroxide treatment.

Oxidation Treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide

     The residues of sample numbers NS 60-74 were treated with hydrogen
peroxide to obtain an estimate of the oxidizable matter.

     Filters containing dried residue were inserted in the filter holders
25 ml of 30 percent hydrogen peroxide were introduced onto the residue
of each and permitted to remain in contact with it for one hour under
atmospheric conditions.  After one hour vacuum was applied to draw

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the filtrate  into  the filtration flask.  The vacuum was released and
a second 25 ml of  30 percent hydrogen peroxide were introduced onto
each residue,  the peroxide was permitted to remain in contact with the
residue, under atmospheric conditions, for one hour, or in some instances,
until it had  filtered through the residue and filter.   Vacuum was  applied
to draw the filtrate into the filtration flask.  A 100 ml  aliquot  of
distilled water was then introduced onto each residue  and  filtered.
The filters were dried for one hour, removed, weighed, and transferred
to individual, marked plastic containers for storage.

Volume of Samples  Filtered

     The volume of each sample filtered was measured at room temperature
in one or two liter volumetric flasks.

     The volume of water samples filtered varied from  three to eighteen
liters.  The  criterion which determined the volume of  sample filtered,
except samples numbers NS 60-74, was either the quantity of sample
available or  the filtering rate.  A nredPtprmineH volume of pinht  liters
of sample numbers NS 60-74 was filtered.

     In the case of sediment traps, the settled residue was resuspended
in 19 liters of the trap water, previously decanted.  A one liter  subsample
of this suspension was removed and divided into five 200 ml aliquots,  each
of which was filtered through a separate filter.

Filters Used

     Samples were filtered through filters with stated pore diameters
of 0.4.5 microns.  Two types of filters were used; Selas Flotronics #FM-47-
.45y and Mi Hi pore HAWP 04700.

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Conditions of Technique

     All weigh pans and filters  were transferred with  steel  forceps.
Filters were always transferred  to weigh pans for weighing
and drying.  After removal  from  the drying oven  the.specimens  were
held in a desiccator at. room temperature for at  least  five minutes
before weighing.  Weighing  was  dc  -• on a semi-micro  analytical  balance.
Weights were recorded to 10 m'crograms.   All fluids; including samples,
were measured in standard laboratory glassware.  All apparatus used
for more than one specimen, including filter holders and  glassware,
was thoroughly wiped or washed  clean (visual inspection)  and rinsed
with deionized, distilled water  between  samples.

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                       PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

     Size  distribution of particulate matter in  the samp-les  was
determined with  a  Model  T Coulter Counter.  This instrument
electronically counts and sizes particles, suspended in a liquid
electrolyte,  as  they pass through a small aperture between two
electrodes.   A particle  passing through the aperture causes  a resistance
change between the electrodes which is proportional to the particle
volume.  The  resulting voltage pulse is electronically counted and
sized.   Details  of the principle of operation are given in the manual
provided by the  manufacturer.

Samp!e Preparation

     Water Samples:   A subsample of approximately 250 ml  was withdrawn
for particle  size  analysis.   Just prior to analysis, the  subsample
container  was  shaken vigorously by hand and a 50 ml aliquot  decanted
into a 100 ml  graduated  cylinder.  Fifty ml of isoton (an electrolyte
,i^ „ j.._-; u .. j. - J L... o „.. i *. _ ... r i „ „->-.„.,„,• „„ \ ......„.* _jj_j .t _ -t-U - „,,_„'.. _4.,,  j,-i ,,j-^ „ „
uioui tutiucu uj ouu i uc i  i_iuv»i»iuiiiv*;>/ we i c uuucu u\j w ic: y i ULSJUU ut. 3  MI tuuiii^
the sample by  a  factor of 2  and causing the prepared sample  to become
electrically  conductive.  The prepared sample was immediately transferred
to a 250 ml round  bottom beaker and inserted in  the instrument for
analysis.  If  the  particle concentration of the  prepared  sample  was too
great to permit  discreet counting of individual  particles by the
instrument (indicated by the concentration index meter),  the prepared
sample was removed and diluted by mixing 20 ml of it with 40 ml  of distilled
water and  40 ml  of isoton.  The original sample, thus diluted by a factor
of 10, was then  analyzed.

     Sediment  Trap Samples:   The sample was vigorously shaken and
immediately a  subsample.  of approximately 250 ml  was transferred  to a
sample bottle  containing tv/o drops of 37 percent formalin.  A one ml
aliquot was transferred  from this container to a 100 ml graduated cylinder
containing 99  ml of  electrolyte consisting of 50 percent  deicnized,

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distilled water and 50 percent isoton (volume measure).   This suspension
was thoroughly mixed and transferred to the 250 ml  round bottom beaker
for instrumental analysis.
     A 50 micron diomster apertur • was used for all  analyses.  The
instrument was preset to count and size particles  occurring in 50
microliters of the prepared sample.  During an analysis the data were
stored in the instrument's 15 data channel counter and upon completion
v/ere displayed and printed as cumulative counts in successively larger
size ranges.

Calibration

     To set the boundaries of the size ranges, mulberry pollen with a
stated diameter of 11.4 microns was suspended in an electrolyte
consisting of 50 percent isoton, 50 percent distilled water (volume
measure), duel cuunLtfii cttcurxiinu Lu pnjceuure provided by Lilt;
manufacturer.

Background Counts

     The current applied across the aperture was adjusted to minimize
(background) counts recorded in the; size intervals.   The optimum current
applied, based on the strength of the electrolyte  and the aperature
diameter, was experimentally determined by analyzing. an electrolyte
consisting of 50 percent de Ionized distilled water and 50 percent
isotori (volume measure).  Once this current was set the electrolyte
was analyzed periodically to detect any variations in the background
count.

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Data Analysis

     The arithmetic rr.^art  cumulative  population  (particle  count)  obtained
from the analysis  v.-as  multiplied  by  the dilution  factor to  determine
the tote! number of particles  present in that parcel  of "lake  water
represented by  tin 50  ml  alir>uot  Analyzed.   By  sequential substraction
the mean differential  population     each channel  was  determined.   These
values were employed in  ths  equation V = (N)(Vp)(G),

where     V  =  tho concentration in ppm by  volume  of particles,

          N  =  the arithmetic inoen  particle count  in the kth channel,

          Vp =  the geometric  mean volume, y3 of  the  volume range  in
                the kth  channel,  and

                                   -5
          C  :-  a  constant,  2  x 10   , representing  the  sample volume
                of 50  microliters and the conversion  of micro!iters
                ^~f\ r-i iK "i f  niT r* v*r\r\r

to calculate the concentration of particulates  in parts per million by
volume in the water parcel samples.

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                        TABLE  A-l
EXAMPLE OF THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE  CONCENTRATION
Channel
Number
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
r
4
3
2
1
0
Mean
Vol ume
Vp
0.3702
0.7405
1.481
2.962
5.924
11.85 x
23.70
47.39
94.78
i r»n /•
1 O2 .U
379.1
758.3
1516.0
3033.0
6055.0
Mean
Cumula.
Pop.
N
98626
54036
16532
2329
563
230
95
40
13
4
3
2
1
1
0
Mean
Differ.
POJD.
44590
37504
14203
1766
333
134
56
27
9
1
1
1
0
1
0
Concen
ppm by
Volume
V
0.330
0.555
0.421
0.1Q5
0.039
0.032
0.027
0.026
0.017
U.UU4
0.008
0.015
0.000
0.061
0.000

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                       CUMMINGTONITL ANALYSIS

General

     The  residue  from  water  and secMment trap samples collected on
filters for  gravimetric  analysis we*  analyzed qualitatively by x-ray
diffraction  to  determine the  presp-.^e of cummingtonite.  Refer to the
section on gravimetric analysis for a discussion of sample treatment
to this point.

Samole Preparation
     With  the exception.of  Michigan  Sample Numbers \-\-2 (109m), M-4
(0&199m),  and sediment  trap sample numbers 1-!, 2-II, 3A-3I, and 4A-3I
the residue of  each  sample  analyzed  was on the filter received from
the gravimetric analysis  and was  not subjected to further treatment
prior to this analysis.   Treatment of  the Michigan and sediment trap
samples here referred to  will be  discussed belcw.  All of the filters
were rnountSu on ylsss slides with 3cotc!'i douijle-si/ick Ldpe Lu pruviiie
a firm, even base  for Lhs sample.

Treatment  of Michigan Sample Numbers M-2 (109;n) and M-4 (0&199m)

     These samples,  received on Selas  silver filters, were treated
wi th the ultrasonic  bath  procedure given below to dislodge the residue
which was  then  filtered onto Milliporc filters.  The filters were
dried, weighed,  and  mounted for x-ray  analysis.

Instrument Analysis

     Strong spectral lines  are found at 26 values of 10.64° and 29.04°
for samples containing cummingtonite.  Identification of tho
mineral in the  samples was  considered  positive only if distinct
peaks were observed  at each of these lines.

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     The samples were scanned over 28 values  of 9.15° to  11.5°  and  from
27.0° to 30.0°.  Scanning over these ranges was sufficient  to cover
the diagnostic spectral  lines to j^0.5°  29  and to determine baseline
levels.  Results of the  analyses were automatically recorded on a
strip chart.

     Instrument settings on the N  elco  diffractometer  used during
the analyses were:  Radiation, CuK; Voltage,  50KV; Amperage, 16 ma;
Scan rate, 1/4° per minute; Chart speed,  15  inches per  hours; Slits,
divergent 1°, receiving  0.006, scatter,  1°;  Filter, nickel; Counter,
                                                                  t
scintillation counter; Baseline, 1.7; Window, 6.1; Counts per second
full scale., @ 10.64° 26, 2 x 102, @ 29.04°  26, 1 x 102; Time constant
10, counter voltage 900  V.  Samples were  analyzed at Oregon State
University, Metallurgical Department, Corvallis, Oregon,  between
February 9-28, 1972.

Steps in Mounting Filters on Glass Slides
           mirrnsrnnp slidss with  dimensions  of  25x37x1  mm were wiped
clean and dry (visual inspection)  and a 3/4"  wide  strip  of Magic Mending
tape, for identification marks,  was  mounted across  the width  of the
back surface on the end not exposed  to the x-ray beam.   Two 1/2" wide
strips of Scotch double-stick tape were mounted  side  by  side  lengthwise
on the top side such that the surface was  entirely  covered.   The filter
was transferred from its plastic container and mounted on the double-
stick tape such that the residue would completely  cover  the ends of
the slide exposed to the x-ray beam.  To fully seat the  filter on the.
slide a second glass slide was placed on the  residue  surface  and firm
finger pressure was applied to it.  That portion of the  filter over-
lapping the slide was trimmed and the slide was  returned to its plastic
container.

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Residue Removal  by  Ultrasonics

     Filters were  transferred  to  an evaporating dish containing about
20 ml of  distilled  water.   The evaporating dish was inserted in an
ultrasonic bath  until  the  residue v/as  dislodged from the filter (visual
inspection).  The  filter was removed  from the evaporating dish.  In the
case of the Michigan samples.the  resusptnsions were immediately filtered.
The resuspensions  from the  sediment trap samples were diluted to 100 ml.
Ten ml of this suspension were transferred to a centrifuge tube for
removal of organic  matter and  free iron oxides.

Removal of Organic  Matter and  Free Iron Oxides

     The  technique  used to  remove organic matter and free iron oxides
from the  sediment  trap samples was based on the procedure given by
Black (1965)*.
                                   I
     The  suspension from the ultrasonic bath was centrifuged in a 50 ml
centrifuge t'jbe.  The  sunemate v.'3£ decanted and the residue resuso^nded
in 10 ml of 30 percent hydrogen peroxide.  This suspension was then
transferred to a 30 ml  test tube  and  permitted to react for one hour.
The suspension was  stirred  occasionally to expose all of the material
to the hydrogen  peroxide.   The suspension was returned to the centrifuge
with about 25 ml of distilled v/ater and centrifuged.  The supernate was
decanted and the residue was transferred to a 150 ml beaker with 40 ml
of 0.3 M sodium  cintrate and 5 ml of  1 N sodium bicarbonate.  This
suspension was heated  to 75-80°C  in a water bath; 0.5 gram of dithionite
was then added.  Temperature was  maintained for 15 minutes.  Immediately
after the dithionite was introduced,  the suspension was stirred continuously
for one minute and  only occasionally  during the remaining digestion
period.  The suspension was removed from the bath, on the order of 50
*Black, C. A, Ed.  1965.  Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1 Physical and
 Mineralogical Properties, American Society of Agronomy Inc. Medisoti,
 Wise.  pp. 572-574, pp. 574-577-
                                  10

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ml of distilled watc^r added, and filtered.   The filter was  dried,
weighed, and mounted for x-ray analysis.

     Each centrifuge step was accomplished  with an Industrial  Equipment
model UV centrifuge outfitted with a #240 head and #320 shields each
holding a 50 ml centrifuge tube.  All samples were centrifuged at 1900
rpm for 30 minutes.  Weighing, to obtain approximate weights only,
v/as done on an analytical balance and weights were recorded to 100
micrograms.  Temperature was measured with  a laboratory thermometer.
All apparatus used for more than one sample was cleaned (visual
inspection) and rinsed with distilled water before reuse.
                                11

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                      TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS

General,

     Turbidity measurements were made with a Hach model 2100
turbidimeter.  The  principle of operation of the instrument is
described in the manual provided by the manufacturer.
          *

Procedure

     A subsample of approximately 250 ml was transferred from the
sample container to a glass bottle and allowed to warm to room
temperature.  The subs ample was vigorously shaken and a portion of
it immediately transferred to.the sample cell, soncicated in a  Millipore
ultrasonic bath for a few seconds, then wiped clean and inserted into
the calibrated instrument for the turbidity measurement.

     Immediately before each measurement was made the instrument was
calibrated with the standard supplied by the manufacturer.
                •N.
     A single sample cell, provided with the instrument, was used for all
measurements.  Between me asuremants it was washed thoroughly and rinsed
with dionized, distilled water.  A final rinse was made with a  portion
of the sample to be analyzed before it was filled.  All moisture and
extraneous prints,  marks etc. were carefully wiped from external surface
of the cell  before  measurements were made.

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                             APPENDIX  II

 Turbulent Dispersion And Transport Computations

 Introduction.  The method used to calculate  the long  term vertical
 dispersion and convective transport of suspended taconite tailings
 was a computer program solution of the mass  conservation equation:
                      —                   C\  .. 9_ /|/  !£>  _  3_
                     3x   x 3x    3y   y 3y'  + 82 (*z 3zJ    3y
The solution is achieved by a method of moments  (Koh  and  Chang,
1972) employing a digital computer.   The pertinent terms  in  the
equation are:

     C = mass concentration of tailings in suspension

     X = longitudinal direction

     Y = vertical direction (Y = 0 at surface)

     Z = transverse direction

    U, = ambient current in X direction
     ci

    W_ = ambient current in Z direction
     a

    KX = Longitudinal Turbulent diffusion coefficient,  (X direction)

    Kv = vertical Turbulent diffusion coefficient, (Y direction)

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    K_7 = Horizontal Turbulent diffusion coefficient,  (Z direction)

    W- = Settling velocity of tailings particle

No vertical currents can be accommodated in the solution,  therefore,
it is necessary to restrict case studies to segments  of the  lake
with flat beds.  Although transverse currents can be  considered,
none were in the cases to be presented.  Both the ambient  longitudinal
current, U, and the vertical dispersion coefficient were varied
          a
in the vertical direction during the analysis.

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of typical ambient  conditions
for a case to be solved.  Figure 2 is a schematic representation
of the answers sought for each analysis.  In the cases  studied the
depth of the turbid layer was set initially at 32.0 feet,  adjacent
to the bottom.  The level to which particles were lifted due to
vertical turbulence was recorded as a function of travel distance.
Similarly the amount of material deposited on the bed,  as  influenced
by a variety of vertical turbulence values, was determined as a
function of distance from the intitial discharge location.

Because of the varying depth in the western embayment of Lake Superior
where the transport conditions were being investigated  it  was necessary
to assume an arbitrary constant depth in order to use the  computer
program.  A depth of 100 feet was chosen to provide a basis  for
comparison to the estimates of travel distances in Table V-9. The
results are conservative—greater depths would indicate greater
travel distances.

The ambient current conditions selected for investigation  were from
the set described in Table V-9.  The ambient vertical eddy diffusion
coefficients used are shown in Figure 3.  Vertical variations in
ambient density due to temperature differences	v/ere not  considered.

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w -
1 •
2 •
3 •
4 -
5 •

10 •
in
1
5 15 -
c

^
Q.
Q 20 •


25 •
26 -
27-
28 -
29 -
30 -
|-2T Ky, (185.8) .
^-"-"""""^
h-3 Ky2 (0.9)
^^>^



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1 t\y *-














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-




-



-
-
-
.
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^





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Variable Ky ( )
No.
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9



/
\ ^~ IX / f\ Q \
|-*-> Ky3 i u."/
Ky (cm2/sec)
0.9
4.6
9.3
46.5
92.9
I85.8
278,7
37I.6
464.5





       \\\\\\\
FIG.  3
Vertical  Eddy  Diffusion  Coefficients  Used  in  Transport

-------
                              X=0  (t=0)
X
                                                 Travel  Distance,  X
                                             Increased  Width  and  Depth  Due  to
                                             Dispersion During Transport
               _  __    Material
                 _^  "^  Deposited
              •"•>   '»  ' on Bed
                 C0  '
     AA
                                                                                                        I

                                                                                  Decreased  Concentration
                                                                                  Due  to  Deposition    '
                                                                                  and  Dispersion
                              FIG.   2
^ichematic  Represention   of  Turbid   Lens   Configuration   Over   Distance

-------
f (a)
                        X=0  (t=0)
   Turbid Lens of
   Cone. =' C0  Carried
   into Zone  of
   Interest by Ambient
   Current Ua
                                                                   Ky
                                                                                         -10
                                                                                              a>
                                                                                              2
                                                                                              a.
                                                                                              0)
                                                                                          20
                                                                                         -30
A\\\\\\\NX
                                        Current
                                         Profile
                                         Dispersion
                                         Coefficient
                                          Profile
                                                                                   V
FIG. I      Schematic  Representation  of   Typical  Ambient   Conditions

-------
Attention was restricted to determinations for particles  having
settling velocities of  .00039, .00028, for comparison to  the observed
settling velocities used for the 0.9 and 1.4 u particles  in Table V-9.

The fact that the  computer program was devised originally to analyze
the transport of particulates discharged into the ocean from barges
does not prejudice the  application for this case.  The computer
program is conveniently divided into three segments, convective
descent, collapse  (representing the achievement of buoyant equilibrium
between the waste  stream and the ambient environment) and long term
diffusion.  Once the  long term diffusion segment comes into play, the
method of discharge no  longer is relevant in the calculations.  This
is  the only portion  of the program discussed in this analysis.  The
fact that the computer  program considers ocean waters is  also  not
prejudicial.  The  only  way the "nature" of the water is considered
is in specification of  its density.  In the analyses discussed,  the
water density was  specified at 1.000 gm/cc, a condition typical  of
the density of the waters of Lake Superior.

The results of these  analyses show that with increased eddy diffusion
coefficients the particles are carried upward in the water and the
percentage of material  deposited on the lake bed decreases for a
given travel time  (or travel distance) (Figures 4 and 5).

-------
Ol
U-

c
01

01
           80
          100
                     Figure  >>   Height  of Rise >'f Participates as f (Ky)

                                for W   = 0,015 cm/sec
                              (Reaches Surface)
                                             2
                                  K   =46.4 cm /sec
                               ,/  K   =  -9.3 cm /sec
                     H = 32 ft.
                      o
                                                                                         ,, = ;9 cm /sec
                                                                                        KY = .09 cm /sec
                                                                                                           __i—
                      10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
                                                 Time  1n  Seconds  X 10"

-------
      100
                                                     K  = 0
       75
                                                                                               cm /sec
-a
ai
CQ

c
o

XJ
a>
o
a.
a>
o

0)
a.
                                                                                     FIG. 4
       50 -•
       25
                                                           -• K  =  9.3 cm /sec
                                               - Percent Deposited
                                                 on Bed as f(K)

                                                 for W$ =  0/015

                                                  cm/sec
                                               •  K  = 92-.9 cm  /sec
                           Ky =  464.5 cm /sec
                                 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
                                                Time  1n  Seconds x 10
                                                                     3

-------
                            REFERENCES

     Koh, R. C.  Y., and Y.  C.  Chang.  Mathematical Model for Prediction
of Dispersion and Settling  in  Barged  Ocean  Disposal of Wastes.  Tetra
Tech Report No.  TC232, Final Report to  EPA.   2  Vols. Tetra Tech, Inc.,
Pasadena, California, July  1972, unpaged.

-------
        APPENDIX III



PARTICLE VOLUME DISTRIBUTIONS

-------
        TA3UIAR
                               OF  CMAV:ri VOLONCS AND
roa 200 u A'
Voluoe. v1
Channel CoiX-cl
Bouncer/ Xcan f
Cr.anne

1.0, )
o so u ArtK/\;u;{i; CCULILR CCUMCR CEILS
Ioi-tncler of Sphere
	 	 t of tr.ua) Vo'uv, p
rie 50 Micron | ?CO Micron- r.,v.T
or 3ia.-«jtcr I Oiarctcr Kson
1 Ajieriture j A^erature Chin
1
37 14 (20) 0.89
74 13 (19) 1.12
^-1.48 12 (18) 1.41
Clric Channel
'or Sotntiar;
nel
7 .00


^•2.96 11 (17) 1.78-^
4.13 ;>
^-5.92 10 (US) 2.24
^•11.85 9 (IS) 2.83
1S.7G • ' £* ' 1
^•23.70 8 14 3.48
3Z.5 /
^47.39 7 13 4.49
<^94.78 6 12 S.56
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^379

? :
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> :
> :

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4
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: x :o> s 28.s -
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^
> X 10' 3 «.3 -
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X-97.2 X iO1 2 57.0 -
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/
X iO' 0 90. S -
j
in 1
> "
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> .,
> ..
An i
• so e

BO S
^ inz.a
      
-------
                   PARTICLE VOLUME DISTRIBUTIONS

Water Samples (All Cruises)

     The following tables show the data obtained from electronic
sizing of particulates contained in water samples.   The  distributions
are expressed on a parts per million times 10 base  for each  of  14
channels.  The volume range of the analyses was from 0.26  cubic
microns to 4289 cubic microns.  The size class or channel  boundaries
established for these analyses are shown on the conversion table.

-------
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.30
.15
.38
.08
.23
2.12
.23
"" .38
.08
3
,19
.76
0
0
0
.15
.15
1.06
.15
.30
0
1.52
.dS
0
0
0
.d5
-d5
0
0
0
8
0
'1.06
0
.15
.15
.15
.15
.15
0
" .15
.1.5
0
.15
6.67
.1.5
.15
.30
2
0
.bl
0
g
.10
0
0
0
.31
n
t
0
2.12
• JVfl
a
0
0
a
8
0
a
0
0
0
.91
0
8
0
0
.30 '
,61
a
.10
0
0
1..S5
.30
.10
.30
1
.61
1.02
0
0
0
.61
0
0
Q
,1
0
0
1.82
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 i*
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
.61
0
.61
a
• 61
.61
.61
.0
a
0

0
1.21
0
1.21
.0
0
1.21
0
0
0
n.OC.
0
0
1.6d
0
36.39
0
0
3.61.
0
a
a
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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8
0
J.6d
0
0
0

-------
The effect of taconite tailings on productivity in Lake  Superior




            .as measured in large polyethylene bags
                     ..Kenneth E. Biesinger



                          James M. McKim




                          Matthew H. Hohn
         United States Environmental Protection Agency




               National Water Quality Laboratory




                   Duluth, Minnesota  55804

-------
                                        V

                            Introduction                     '  x
                                                                    f
     Large polyethylene bags similar  to those used by Strickland
and Terhune  (1961), Goldman (1965), Schelske e_t al^. (1969), Stoermer
et al.  (1971) and others, were placed in Lake Superior to determine
the possible effects of taconite tailings on productivity.  Four
series of bags with and without tailing additions were filled with
lake water and subf;ampled every few days to assess possible changes
in primary productivity, chlorophyll j^, diatom species and abundance,
bacteria, and water chemistry.

-------
                             Study Area




     The study area was located near Francis Island in Wauswaugoning




Bay near Grand Portage, Minnesota (Figure 1).  This site was selected




as the water quality was similar to the open lake and as there was




excellent protection from wind action.  The bags were suspended 15*




(bag centers) below the surface in water from 30-35 ,feet deep.

-------
Figure 1.




     Polyethylene bag incubation site near Francis  Island  in




     Wauswaugoning Bay,  Lake Superior.

-------

-------
                       Methods and Materials


Bag construction,  placement,  filling,  aju[ sampling


     Large  polyethylene cylinders were constructed by DuAll plastics


by folding  a  sheet of  4 mil  thick polyethylene, 16'xl6', in two and

welding  two of  the edges  together forming a cylinder.  A sampling


sleeve 1'xA'  similarly constructed was also x^elded into the scam


5 feet from one end.   The  cylinders  (16 feet in circumference) with


attached sampling  sleeves  (2  feet in circumference) were then folded


and mailed  to the  National Vater Quality Laboratory.


     These  polyethylene cylinders were then made into bags by pleating


the open ends every eight  inches until all of: the material had been


drawn together.  The pleated  cylinders were then taped at each end to


permit tying.   Material was drawn together about 9 inches above the


sampling sleeve, wrapped  tightly with  foam rubber to prevent damage


to the polyethylene, and  then securely tied with a 5/8 inch nylon line.
           Tie,
Above this  knot  (the upper end of the  bag) a simple overhand knot was


tied using  the  polyethylene itself and then four inches above this


another overhand knot  was  tied also  using the polyethylene (Figure 2).


A line was  then attached  to the bag  between the two knots in the


polyethylene  for suspension.  The lower  end of the bag was tied in a


similar manner  starting six feet below the upper foam rubber wrap.


     The bags thus constructed were  filled with lake water on the


fiurfnce at  the  incubation  site by using  two nonmctallic submersible


puinpr. and pumjvj.nii  .lake water  and indigenous biota from twelve feet

-------
Figure 2.




     Diagram of polyethylene bag and frame construction and




     suspension i.n the lake.

-------
          •fflUH-'A&g ft/.*>,H£Z (l
	— FSAKE fa"*



  	\_ $ AWL/US -

         o     /

-------
below  the  surface.  Two pumps were operated simultaneously for ten




minutes  to fill each bag.  Previous calibrations of the volume pumped




per unit of time showed that the volume pumped in ten minutes- was 960




liters  (the capacity of the bags as constructed).  To establish




experimental conditions, previously weighed taconite tailings, less the




5 microns  in diameter, were added as a slury  ("50 ml in volume) when




the bags were about half filled with water.  The 125 ml polyethylene




bottles  containing the tailings were then rinsed several times with




lake water which was emptied into the bags.




     One control and three experimental conditions were used for each




of four  series of bags.  The nominal concentrations of tailings less




than 5 microns for Series I, III and IV were 0, 1, 5, and 10 ppm;




for Series II the concentrations were 0, O.5., 2.5, and 5 ppm.  For each




Series the four bags were filled within about two hours of each other




from the same depth and within a 100 ft. radius.  In addition to the




control  bag the open lake was sampled on most sampling days.  This




served as  an additional control.




     Immediately after filling the bags, water samples were taken for




analyses.   The bags were then taken down to the frames by divers and




securely lashed to the upper and lower ends of the frame.




     The frames were constructed of 2x4" lumber with cross braces




(Figure  2).  Lag bolts were used for securing the bags; eye bolts




were used  for anchor and float lines.   The frames were held in an




upright position by anchor lines and subsurface floats (30-lbs          '




buoyancy).  f'!»«'i31 itiai.-ker floats (1 gallon polyethylene- containers;)




had lines  long enough t:o permit slack  for wnvc action.   This arrangement




proved highly effective: an the frames  rather than the. bng took the

-------
                                                                     10



tension from  the  float-anchor lines;  the bags themselves had"little '



tension or alternate pressure from wave action.



     Eight frames had previously been constructed and randomly placed



in the lake.  Each  frame, v.'as placed in the lake by attaching an anchor,



anchor line,  frame, subsurface float, and surface float and releasing it



from the boat when  the fathometer showed the proper depth.  Depth



gauge readings by divers after the bag placements confirmed that the



bags were uniformly suspended with the center of each bag 15' below



the surface.



     The polyethylene bags were sampled using a nonmetallic subsurface



pump to which a 5/8" tygon tube and a polyethylene probe having a



surgical-tubing tip were attached.  On days vhcn the bags were filled



they were sampled from the surface.  On other sampling days divers



took the probe down to the bags, opened the sleeves, and inserted



the probe, securely  tying the sleeve around the probe to prevent



water leakage from  the bag.  After sampling the probe was removed and



the sampling  sleeve secured.  All bag filling and sampling was done



using a 16' boat,



     On each  sampling day, water samples were randomly taken from all



bags and placed in appropriate containers.   From each bag the following



water samples were  taken for analyses; 2 liters for heavy metals,
     /


2 liters for  general chemistries, 2 liters  for algae counts, 1 liter



for bacteria  counts, 1.5 liters for primary productivity (C-l'i),


2-r> lii-.arr. for chlorophyll, 100 ml for soluiblc. silica, nitrogen,



.-mrl phnsphorti:;, 2 lii-f;irs for tnl.1 :i n,"..':, 300 ml for dissolved oxygon,

-------
                                                              .11


and  125 ml  for  the alkaline earth metals.  All containers had been
                                                                    *


previously  washed and labelled in the laboratory.  Additional rinses


with water  from the bags were made for containers for metal and C-14


analyses.


     After  collecting samples from the bags, C-14 was added to the


appropriate bottles which were then suspended in the lake for


incubation.  Secchi disc and temperature readings using.a tele-


thermometer were then taken.  All water samples with the exception of


C-14 were iced  and brought back to the laboratory within 4 to 5 hours


for  processing  and/or shipment.  Part of the field crew remained to


pick up C-14 bottles following the four hour incubation period.  The


C-14 samples were then brought back to the laboratory for processing


=4 hrs).





Carbon-14 measurements
                                                                «••

     Samples for determining primary productivity were pumped from


each of the polyethylene bags and the open lake into 125 ml glass


stoppered :  bottles. ?«  For each bag and each sampling day six


light bottle and six dark bottle (prepared by wrapping bottles with .


black electricians tape and aluminum foil) samples were collected,


stoppered and immediately placed in a dark insulated box.  After all

                                          11
the bags were sampled 1 ml of C-14 as NaHC   ;03(1.5 microcuries/ml,


having a specific activity of 8.3 millicuries/millimole) was injected


by syringe into each 125 ml bottle.   The sodium bicarbonate (C-14)

-------
                                                                     12





used was prepared by New England Nuclear in aqueous solution at pH




of 9.6 and mailed to us in sealed ampules.  The C-14 activity of each




ampule was checked as it was used, with excellent agreement among all




ampules.  After all C-14 additions were made divers took both the




light and dark bottles down to a slotted angle frame suspended 17 feet




below the surface of the lake.  They attached the bottles to the frame




with a hook which had previously been tied with nylon cord to the neck




of each bottle.  As many as 108 bottles were taken down and attached




within a 15 minute period.  The samples were then incubated in the




lake for 4 hours.  The start of the incubation period varied between




1000 and 1330 on different sampling days; however, the incubation for




all treatments was the same on any given day.




     After four hours incubation, the divers retrieved the sample




bottles from the frame.  At this point all C-14 sample bottles were




immediately placed in dark insulated boxes arid transported to the




laboratory for filtration and processing.




     Carbon-14 activity was determined by liquid scintillation




counting procedures similar to those described by Lind and Campbell




(1969).  Modifications of this technique were suggested by Dr. Evertt,




Applications Division, Packard Instrument Company, through personal




communications.  These modifications are included in the following




description of our methods.




     After returning to the laboratory each 125 ml sample was vacuum




filtered at a pressure of 50 mm llg on a 0.50 micron, 47 mra-diamctcr,




cellulose-.icc:t.nl:c mlllipore-fliter.  Eacli filter was rinsed with 50 ml




of filtered lake water, removed from the filtering apparatus with

-------
                                        \                             13


tweezers and placed directly into 20 ml liquid scintillation counting


vials containing 1.5 ml of solubilizer  (a mixture of Soluene - 100


and isopropanol 1:1).  Each vial was shaken several times and allowed


to stand 24'hours.  Prior to counting the C-14 activity, 15 ml of a

                              1
scintillator (9 parts Instagel  mixed with1 part .5N HC1) was added


to each vial.  The vials were then cooled to 6° C prior to counting.


The filter pads were transparent and were left in the, vials during


counting.   (No effect on efficiency was noted when counting with or •


without the filter pads in the scintillation vials.)


     All C-14 counting was done on a Packard Tri-Carb Liquid Scintillation
                                                 •         *
Spectrometer System, Model 3375.  Each of the 6 light and 6 dark


bottle samples from each bag on each sampling day was counted for


10 minutes or 10,000 counts, whichever occurred first*  The mean dark


bottle count was then subtracted from each of the 6 light bottle


counts.  Automatic external standardization was utilized to determine


counting efficiency and checked against an internal standard of C-14-

       2
Toluene .


     This technique was chosen over others in the literature because:


1) no drying of the filter pads was necessary prior to counting.


(Wallen and Geen (1968) found up to a 50% loss of C-14 labelled


phytoplankton acitivity in the first 24 hours of storage on dry filter


pads); 2) the time required for drying and weighing filter pads was


eliminated since the small amount of water in the filter-pad had no
     1  Packard Instrument  Co.,  Chicago,  Illinois.


     2  Amershaiii/Searlc Corp., Arlington  Heights,  Illinois.


     ^  Mention of trade names does  not constitute  endorsement by

the Knvironi),ciit:al Protection Agency.

-------
                                        \                            14


effects on  the scintillator used; and  3)  according to Wolfe and

Schelske  (1967) and Lind and Campbell  (1969), the efficiency of

scintillation counting is much better  than  that encountered in

Geiger Counting..  The counts per minute obtained for each of the

light bottles was converted to rag of  . C/m3/4   hrs by the formula

described by Saunders <^t al. (1962).



Chlorophyll measurements

     For each chlorophyll measurement  algae from lake water was filtered

on a Gelman glass fiber filter, Type A (47  mm) and processed on the

same day as collected.  After filtration,15 ml of saturated magnesium

carbonate was added to each sample and the  filter was then placed in a

glass tissue grinder to which 6.5 ml of 90% spectrographic grade

acetone was added.  The filter was ground with the algae to help

disrupt the cells after which 3.5 ml more of acetone was added.  The

sample was  then centrifuged  after which  the supernatant was decanted -

into a conical centrifuge tube; the final volume was adjusted to 10 ml

with 90% acetone.  The chlorophyll sample was then placed into a 10 ml

cuvette; the absorption from 430 to 750 millimicrons was read on a

Perkin Elmer 402 Spectrophotoraeter equipped with a recorder.  The

sample was  then acidified and rerun to correct for phaeo-pigments.

     Chlorophyll a_ concentrations were computed from the following

formula:           Chi a  (i«°;/ra3) *=  26.7  (663b-663a) X v
                           . .,  V X  1
where." 663h and 663a arc the extinctions at  663 millimicrons before and

after acidificntions respectively, v_ the final volume of acetone (ml),

V^ the volume of water filtered (liters), and 1_ the path length of the

cuvette'(cm) (as modified from Stickland and Parson, 1968).

-------
                                                              .15,


     The  standard deviation of six chlorophyll samples containing the
            •                                                        »

 same amount of algae was + 4.1%.  Three of the six samples had "3.8


 rog  of  tailings per liter, whereas the others had no tailings added.





 Chemical  measurements


     Total  hardness, alkalinity, acidity, and dissolved oxygen were


 measured  according to  American Public Health Association (1971).  A hydrogen ion


 concentration was measured using a Corning Model 12 pll meter.


     Samples for nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica measurements were     ,,


 preserved in the field by adding A mg HgCl2 to 100 ml of water.  They


 were then shipped to Consolidated Laboratory Services (CLS),


 Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon for


 analysis.


     For nitrogen determinations nitrate was reduced to  nitrite  in a


 cadmium reductor (modified from Technicon Procedure Industrial Method


 43-69W.  The reduced nitrite reacts with sulfanilamide under acidic


 conditions  to form a diazo compound which then reacts with N-Naphthylethy-


 lenediamine to produce a red azo dye.  The efficiency of reduction and


 the effect on nitrite was determined through a computer program since a


 determination was also made for nitrite nitrogen.  Nitrite in turn reacts


 with the above reagents.  The range of analysis was from 0.005 to


 1.0 mg/liter,


     The "indophenol blue reaction" (Technicon Method No. 154-71W, 1971)


 (assumed to be indophenol blue) with use of catalysts  .was used to


incnsurc. ammonia nitrogen.  Tartrate was used as a complexity agent


and nitroprussid'e as the catalyst.   The range of analysis was from



 .01 to 1.0 ing/liter,  samples having concentrations greater than 1.0


mg/litor were diluted for analysis.

-------
                                                                     16
                                        v

     For  the  orthophor.phate,  orthophosphatc as P, and total dissolved


phosphorus  the  procedure of Murphy  and  Riley (1962) vas used.  The


maximum absorbance  of  the blue phosphomolybdenura complex occurs at


885 mm.   Interference  of arsenate was eliminated by reduction to


arsenite  (Johnson,  1971).  Orthophosphate vas measured over the range


of 1 to 400 yg/liter using full  scale.  Total and total dissolved


phosphorus  were analyzed over a  range of 0 to 1- mg/liter using full


scale as  modified from Technicon Industrial Method 36-69W.


     An automated procedure for  the determination of soluble silicates


based on  the  reduction of a silicomolybdate in an acidic solution to


"heteropoly blue" by ascorbic acid  was  used for silicate determinations


(Technicon  Methodology Industrial Method 7-68W).   Oxalic acid vas


introduced  to the sample stream  before  the addition of ascorbic acid


to eliminate  interference from phosphates.


     For  analyses of cobalt,  copper, iron, manganese, zinc, and


molybdenum, samples collected in the field were treated with 25


ml of concentrated nitric acid per  liter of sample to diminish


adsorption  and  absorption of  the walls  of the containers.  Samples


were then mailed to Consolidated Laboratory Services for analysis.

     When the samples  were received in  Corvallis  they were concentrated


10 to 20  times  by evaporation to a  specific volume.  All samples


were then directly aspirated  into the Atomic Absorption unit.


     All  metal  analyses were  made on Instrumentation Laboratory, Inc.


Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Model 353 using Instrumental Methods


supplied  by the manufacturer.  The  clctcctability  and sensitivity wore

-------
                                                                     17
                                        V

determined for each metal on the Instrument used for the measurements.

Signals for the metals had to be at least 3 X the base signal to be '

reported.

     Untreated water samples were sent to Consolidated .Laboratory

Services for analysis of the alkali and alkaline earth metals.

Analysis by Atomic Absorption on unstabilized samples were made using

the methods of Instrumentation Laboratory, Inc.

     The analysis performed by Consolidated Laboratory Services

incorporated a quality control program of replication and recovery.

For verification of analytical results every eighth sample was ruti in

duplicate and in addition, with the Technicon procedure, every eighth

sample was also spiked.

     Total suspended solids were measured gravimetricaily using a

0.45 micron filter.  Tailings were measured by X-ray diffraction

using a standard curve prepared from suspensions with known

concentrations of the < 2 and < 5 micron tailings composite (Andrew,

1973, see footnote Appendix D-2).


Bacteria counts

     Samples for bacteria analysis were collected in sterile one-

liter glass containers from water pumped from the bags.  Preservation

and storage of the samples was done according, to American Public Health

Association (1971).  Several bacteriological procedures were used as

discussed by Cabelli (1972) in an attempt to find a suitable method for

this study.  Result*; given hero are only for total counts in 72 hrn from

-------
                                                                      18
samples from bag Series I, II, and IV.  Bacteria were not sampled from'


the third Series of bags.  Counts by species for Series  I and  II are


given in a report by Cabelli (1972).  Only total bacteria counts were


made for Series IV.




Diatom counts


      Samples (1,500 ml) were collected for diatom counts^and  filtered


through 0.45 micron Millipore Filters (47. mm).  Filters vere  then


dried  and  mailed  to Central Michigan University for counting.


     A cursory examination of  the test filters indicated that the


majority of  the algal  flora (^ 99%)  consisted of diatoms.  The


millipore  filter  method with acid "cleaning" provided an accurate


method  for species  identification when material was mounted in Hyrax,


a mounting medium with an index of refraction of 1.65.  The cleaned


material did  not  provide an accurate specimen  count, since, many of


the forms smaller than 50n  (nannoplankton) did not settle before
                                                               *

decanting.


     Portions  of  at  least 1cm2  were  removed from the same area of


the millipore  filter from all samples  that did not contain heavy


concentrations  of tailings  (2.5 ppm  or  less) and placed on a drop


of cedar wood  oil on a 1x3  inch microscope slide.   A drop of cedar


wood oil was placed on top  of the  cut  portion and a No. 1*5, 18xl8nim


covcrslip inverted on  the oil drop.  The  oil "cleared" the filter


(made it transparent)  and the diatoms  could easily be observed.

-------
                                                                     19

      The enumeration  of  the diatoms was performed according to the
                                                                     *

 procedures outlined in   "Standard Methods"  (American Public

  Health Association,  1971).            The  specimens were examined

 at  a magnification of 1000X using a Zeiss Photomicroscope II with


 Nomarski optics.  At  least thirty fields were observe.d and all


.specimens noted for each field.  Only living specimens were included


 in  the count.  These  specimens could be identified since the remains


 of  the chloroplast could be observed.  An average number of diatoms


 was established for each oil immersion field for each sample.  The


 filtering area for each filter was calculated based on the diameter


 of  the'effective filtering area.  The ratio of the area observed to


 the-filtered area was determined.


      The total count  of specimens was converted to cells per railliliter


 as  follows:                                                          :


           cells/milliliter = — x — x —


           where:


           FA = filtering area (1256.4mm2)


           OA «= area of 100X objective (0.0154mm2)


           S = total specimens observed


           F = number of fields counted.


           Q = original sample size.


      A portion of the filters from samples that contained greater

 than  2.5  ppm of tailings were prepared using the nitric acid-potassium


 dichromate method of "cleaning."  The "cleaned" material was


 ccntrjfuged at high speed for at least one minute and decanted.  The

-------
                                                                     20




centrifuging  insured  the settling of  the nannoplankton diatoms.  The




"cleaning""separated  the tailings and eliminated the organic matter. "




The "cleaned" material was filtered through a 47mm HA raillipore filter




and the procedure  for slide preparation and analysis was performed




as described above.  The concentration of tailings on the filter was  -




reduced to where it was no greater than that present on the 2.5 ppm




filters, the concentration that did not interfere with diatom counts.




Only whole specimens were included in the counts.  Specimens per




milliliter  for each sample are given in Table 3
-------
                                        \                             21



                               Results
                                                                    «

Primary productivity  (Carbon-14)


     On day 0 in all bags which contained tailings, ,there was a


consistent initial decrease in primary productivity in comparison


to the controls (Figure 3).  Mean values were numerically different


but not statistically significant (Appendix A).  On subsequent sampling


days there were no consistent decreased^ in primary productivity related


to tailings.


     In the first series of bags, tailings increased primary


productivity on days 10 through 20.  There was more than a four fold


increase from 1. mg/1 .tailings on day 10 and more'than a two fold


increase from 10 mg/1 on day 20 (the 5 mg/1 bag was lost).  Primary


productivity in the bag having 10 mg/1 tailings became higher than


the control on day 10 and continued to increase throughout the sampling


period.


     In the second, third and fourth series of, bags (Figure 3)


primary productivity was not significantly stimulated from tailings.


After day 0 there were slight stimulations and inhibitions but as


these were mostly within the error terms involved it is apparent


that there were few or no significant differences from controls.



Chlorophyll a.


     Chlorophyll a_measurements (expressed as mg Chi a/m3, Appendix B)


from bags with tailings were compared to normalized controls (Figure 4).


Chlorophyll £ increased in the first bag series from addition of 1 mg/1

-------
                                                                    22;
Figure 3.




     Ratios of primary productivity as influenced by tailings as




     compared with controls in four series of bags with increasing




     periods of incubation.

-------
                                            **.*.
                                     .0
                                     n
                                             X  o.y   vag/L.
                                             O  i.o   wig/L.
                                             O  2-S"   »s>s»/t~

                                             o  to    tfvglL.
C
                                                  O
                                                 —A
         a.   <»   f.   n   to   n.   II-  ift   is

                            1>AV5
                                                    M-  "M-

-------
                                                                    22a
Figure 4.




     Ratios of chlorophyll £ as influenced by tailings  as  compared




     with controls in four series of bags with increasing  periods of




     incubation.

-------
                               •TAILING.*  C.OWL
                                X   0.5
                                O   1.0
                                A
                                Q
                                     to
                                      /L.
                                      /L.
                                      /U.
                                       fu.
                                      / L.
                                           H.
w
G
S
C£


5-»
« 1
1 . , •
/'


r'
•^ a
A ^
0 »
                                          HI.
 o
-a:-
 D
                                          IXC
it>
    «'i.   i/i
                       i ft

-------
                                                                   24
                                                                   •
and  10 mg/1 tailings on  days  10  and  20,  respectively.  In the third


series most experimental values  were below controls.  In the second,


and  fourth bag series the values at  all  tailings concentrations were


clustered  around  the controls and  shotted no consistent increases or


decreases.




Physical and  chemical characteristics


     Secchi  disc readings were usually greater than 7 meters in the


open lake  near the bags.  The temperature was 5.4° C on 19 September,


1972,  but was  from 6.2 to 8.4° C from 29 September through 14 October;


thereafter, it was~4°  C.. Dissolved  oxygen readings were near saturation


in the bags and in the open lake at  all  times.


     Total hardness,  alkalinity,  acidity, and pH readings were similar


in all bags and in the open lake throughout the sampling period


(Appendix C) .   The means and standard deviations of these measurements


in the bags are given in Table 1.  There was no indication that these


parameters were changed  By tailings.


    Amounts of the various forms of nitrogen vere very much the same


in the open lake, control bags and bags  with tailings.  Total phosphorus


and orthophosphate concentrations vere.higher in the bags with tailings


on day 0 than  in  the  controls and  then declined with subsequent incubation


(Appendix C).


    Soluble silicate,  calcium, magnesium, soditum, potassium, total


cobalt and total'%.copper  concentrations wcra not altered by tailings.

-------
                                                                25
Table 1.  Chemical characteristics of Lak'e Superior water in




        polyethylene bags with arid without tailings.
Mean Standard deviation
Total hardness
Alkalinity
Acidity
PH
43.94
42.05
.93
7.82
+ 1.30
± -63
+ .27
± .18
Number of samples
58
61
50
62

-------
        Table 2.   Chenical characteristics  of Lake Superior water  in  the open  lake and in polyethylene bags
                                            with and without  tailings.3
Substance
Kjeldahl nitrogen
Nitrite nitrogen
Nitrate nitrogen
K02-rX03
Ar.~onia nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Orthophosphste AsP
Orthophosphate
Soluble silicate
Calciua
Magnesiura
Sodiua
Potassium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Manganese
Control
bags
.24 5* (11)
.002* (9)
.262 (13)
.286 (12)
.009* (8)
.006 (12)
.004* (8)
.003* (9)
1.078 (12)
13.033 (12)
2.683 (12)
.967 (6)
.544 (9)
.001*(2)
.003 (10)
.023 (12)
.001 (10)
Open lake
. control
.260 (5)
.002* (4)
.219 (6)
.265 (5)
.002*(1)
.005 (6)
.002*(1)
.004* (2)
1.074 (5)
13,275 (4)
2.700 (4)
1.100 (1)
.500 (2)
.002*(D
.003 (4)
.029 (4)
.001 (3)
Tailings in niR/liter
.5
.466 (3)
.002 (3)
,.249 (3)
.249 (3)
A1K*
.004 (3)
.002* (2)'
.001*(1)
1.063 (3)
13.300 (3)
2.700 (3)
1.000 (1)
.566 (3)
*
.004 (3)
.028 (3)
.001 (3)
1
.214 (7)
.002* (5)
.264 (9)
..265 (9)
.002* (5)
.004 (9)
.002* (3)
.002* (5)
1.096 (8)
12.975 (8)
2.712 (8)
.975 (4)
.560 (5)
.002* (2)
JOOS (6)
.049 (8)
.002* (7)
2.5
.255 (4)
.002 (4)
.251 (4)
.253 (4)
.004*(1)
.003 (4)
.002*(2)
.001* (2)
1.100 (4)
13.150 (4)
2.700 (4)
.950 (2)
.550 (4)
*
.004 (4)
.058. (4)
.003 (4)
5
.233* (9)
..002* (8)
.257 (11)
.257 (11)
.005* (4)
.005* (10)
.003* (5)
.003* (8)
1.092 (10)
12.963 (11)
2.672 (11)
.960 (5)
.525 (8)
.001* (2)
.003 (9)
.126 (11)
.007 (11)
10
.285*(7)
.002* (7)
.262 (9)
.264 (9)
.003* (6)
.009 (9)
.004 (5)
.006* (7)
1.092 (8)
12.600 (9)
2.688 (9)
.950 (4)
.533 (6)
.002*(1)
.003 (7)
.262 (9)
,018*(7)
3   Concentrations are mean values expressed in rag/liter.   The number  of  samples  for each mean is given in
    parenthesis.
*   Means are for measured values only.  The number of samples less  than  detectability can be found in Appendix C.

-------
                                                                27
 Total  iron and 'total manganese concentrations, with all sampling dates


 combined, were higher with additions of 1 mg/liter tailings and greater;

           • . , p -                              i        • •  .
 with 10 mg/1 tailings these values were more than ten times control
                                        M a. n 
-------
                                                                      27a
Figure 5.




     Concentrations of tailings in suspension in polyethylene bags




     as influenced by increasing periods of incubation.   Day 0




     concentrations are nominal, all others are measured  values.

-------
   Y7ULIN6-S
a   10
I
A   5"  w\g/L.
           /L.
     (6   10  2ft  3.1.

-------
                                                                     27b
Figure 6.




     Concentrations of total suspended solids in polyethylene bags




     as influenced by increasing periods of incubation.

-------
10
  SOUPS
mj/L.
    L.

-------
                                                                  28
in number  with additions of  1  and  10 rag/1  tailings (Table 3).  Diatom




numbers  in these bags were considerably higher than controls on days




10, 15 and 20.   On the  last  sampling days  for Series I, III, and IV




bags, diatoms  were more abundant in bags with tailings added than in




control  bags although this was not evident in Series II bags.




    The  diversity of diatoms (species numbers) vas high.  The dominant




forms found were those  which have  been reported in previous studies




(Holland,  1965,  and Putnam and Olson, 1966) and in a concurrent study




(Holland arid Beeton,1973).   Cyclotella ocellata and Cyclotella stelligera




comprised  a large percentage of the total count in all bags and in the




open lake  throughout the study period (Appendix F).  Other dominant




forms included Achnanthes inlnutisstma, Asterionella formosa, Fragilaria




crotonensis, Rhizosolenia eriensis, Stephanodiscus tenuis, Synedra acus,




Synedra filtformis  var.  exllis., and Synedra rumpens var.  fragilariqidies.




Other species found are given  in Appendix H.   There was little or no




indication that  species composition changed -ta the open lake or in




the bags either with and without tailings during the study period.

-------
                      Table  3.   Total diatom counts/ml In polyethylene bags with and without tailings and in the open lake.
ieries
;:ar:irg 2at<*
railings Ccr.cer.traticns
in p?n
iS?^
0
3
5
t>
: ' \
S
10
11
14
15
! i*
20
:i
1 M
Oncn L£*O Dace

i 1
5-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
497 514 * *

514 568 * *



323 678 443


257 637** ' .582
.
295 486**

I
9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
503 590 607 448
11
9-23 9-23 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 8
547 590 590 392


634 601 508 246



437 431 372 290
.

447** 497 404 241

426 415

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
449 437 273
III . •

10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 '13 '14
547 410 349 327
323 268 283 196



372 394 268 224


465 645
•


235 426 235 361
279 426 333 394
11-9
426


















IV • •
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-22
0 1 5 10
15 .16 17 IS
432 355. 305 240



317 230 202 175




233 • 235 361 257



.


* Ir-pcssible to analyze; **Kyrax mount counts.

-------
                              Discussion




     Some of the nutrients added in the tailings which  could  increase


 diatom growth included:  zinc, cobalt,  iron, manganese,  silica,


 molybdenum and orthophosphate.  Our measurements did not  show  increased


 zinc,  cobalt,  silica or -molybdenum concentrations; although  their


 presence in tailings was measured by Miller  (1970) and-thus we expected


 them to have been there.   Our measurements did show increased amounts


 of  iron,  manganese and phosphorus from tailings.  Other studies  (Arnon,


 1968;. Goldman,  1960(b),  1964,  and 1966; KcCombie, 1953; Schelske, 1960;


 Holm Hansen et al.,  1954;  lund,  1965;  Biesinger, 1967;  Schelske  et al.,


 1969;  and others)  have shown  all of these elements to  increase primary


 productivity under certain conditions.  However, the elements must be


 in  a form which is biologically available and they must be limiting


 primary productivity; this apparently  did not consistently take  place


 during our study period.


     The values we obtained for primary productivity, chlorophyll a_


 and  diatoms in the open  lake  and control bags were similar to  those


 reported  by others.   Our  in situ primary productivity measurements


 were similar  to in situ values reported by Putnam and Olson  (1966;)

                      la » re.f i v>
 they were lower than lessassfttoary values  reported by Parkos, Olson and


 Odlaug (1969)  and  somewhat higher than  shipboard values reported by


 Schelske  and Callendor (1970)  for Lake  Superior.  Our chlorophyll £


values  ware similar  to those  reported by Putnam and Olson (1966).


Diatom  species  composition and relative abundance were  similar to those


obtained  by Holland  (1965), Putnam and Olson (1966) and Holland and

-------
Becton (1973)..




    In bags with tailings,  primary productivity, chlorophyll a_, and




diatom counts were all higher after incubation in Series I bags than




in the control bag; although three other series of bags did not show




stimulation from tailings.   A possible reason for stimulation in the




first series and not the others was that the temperature and photo-




period were decreasing and  that the summer maximum for diatom abundance




had passed.

-------
                             Conclusions




     The  results of  the "bag" experiments neither prove nor disprove




either  stimulation or inhibition of primary productivity from tailing




additions.




     In the first series of bags tailings increased primary productivity,




chlorophyll a_ and diatom numbers after subsequent incubation.  This




apparent  effect was  not noted in the second, third or fourth series




of bags.  Possible reasons for these differences were:  a decreasing  •




photoperiod, decreasing temperatures, and that the summer diatom




maxima  had passed; thus it was possible that nutrients alone could not




stimulate growth at  this time.




     Bacteria counts were highly variable and no conclusions as to the




possible  effect of tailings could be made.




     Tailing additions did not change the general water chemistry nor




most of the concentrations of the elements and nutrients added under




the conditions of our experiments.  The results suggested slight




increases in total phosphorus and orthophosphate concentrations.  There




were definite increases in iron and manganese concentrations.




     Measurements of tailings and total suspended solids showed that




concentrations in suspension decreased with increasing incubation time




and suggested that circulation within the bags was poor.  Thus any




possible  release of  ions from the sediment would probably not have been




evident in the center of the bags where our measurements were taken.

-------
                          Acknowledgements
     We greatly appreciate the assistance rendered by A. L.  Shelhon,
E. P. Hunt, D. L. Olson, S. L. Forseth, and others at the National
Water Quality Laboratory in Duluth, Minnesota.   We thank D.  F.
Krawczyk at the Pacific Northwest Environmental Laboratory in
Cprvallis, Oregon for his help in providing metal analysis.   We
acknowledge D. E. Wujek at Central Michigan University ,_Mt.  Pleasant,
Michigan for his help with diatom counts and identification.

-------
                                        V

                             References
                                                 (                   »
American Public Health Association.  1971.  Standard methods for

      the examination of water and wastewater.  13th ed.  Amer.

      Public Health Assoc., New York, N.Y.  874 p.

Andrew, R. W.  1973.  Mineralogical and  suspended solids measure-

      ments of water, sediment, and substrate samples  for 1972 Lake

      Superior Study:  Analytical Methods.  Report.

Arnon, D. I,  1958;  The role of micronutrients in plant nutrition

      with special references to photosynthesis and nitrogen assimi-

      lation.  In C. A. Lamb, 0. G. Bently, and J. M. Beatie (ed.)

      Trace elements.  Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.

Biesinger, K. E.  1967.  Micronutrients as possible factors limiting

      primary productivity in certain Alaskan lakes.  Ph.D. dissertation,

      Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.  '114 p.

Cabelli, V,  1973.  Heterotrophic bacterial density in Western

     Lake Superior and their relationship to taconite tailings

      discharged therein.  Report.

Goldman, C. R.  1960.  Molybdenum as a factor limiting primary

     productivity in Castle Lake, California.   Sci. 132:  1016-1017.

-------
  Goldman, C.  R.   196U.   Primary productivity and micronutrient  limiting




       factors in some North American and New Zealand lakes.   Verb.




       Int.  Ver.  Limnol.   15:  365-371*.



  Goldman, C.  R.   1965-   Micronutrients limiting factors  and  their



       detection in natural phytoplankton populations. In:   Proceed-




       ings of the I.  B.  P. Symposium on  primary productivity in




       aquatic, environments.  Pallanza, Italy.   April-May 1965 i




       Mem. 1st Ital.  Idrobiol., I.  S. Suppl. P. 121-135.



..Goldman, C.  R.   1966.   Molybdenum  as an essential micronutrient  .




       and useful watermass marker in Castle Lake, Calif.  Kqninklijke.




       Nederlandse Akademie Van  Wetenschappen.   Proceedings of an




       I. B. P. symposium held in Amsterdam and Nieuwersluis.  p. 229-238.




  Holland, R.  E.   1965.   The distribution and abundance of planktonic




       diatoms in Lake Superior.  Publ. 13.   Great Lakes  Res.  Div.,




       The Univ.  of Mich.,  p.  96-105.



 • Holland, R.  E., and  A.  M. Beeton.   1972.  Planktonic diatoms in




       Western Lake Superior.  Report.



  Holm-Hansen, 0., D.  C.  Gerloff, and F.  Skoog.   1951*. Cobalt as  an



  •<.    essential element  for blue-green algae.   Physidl.  Plant.  7i 665-675.




  Johnson, D.  L.   1971-   Simultaneous determination of arsenate  and




       phosphate in natural waters.   Env. Sci.  and Tech.  5:
  Lind, 0. T., and R.  S.  Canpbsll.   1969.  Canments  on the use  of




       liquid scintillation for routine determination of * C Activ




       in production studies.   Limnol. Oceanogr.,  lU(.5):  787-789-

-------
 Lund, J. W.  G.   1965.  The ecology  of the freshwater phytoplankton.

      BioL.Rev.  ' 1»0: -231-293.                   -. •••;•'; "•..'•':"  '•-.  •. . •  ''•".
                      *                             """'"'«
 McCorabie, A. M.  . 1953.   Factors influencing the  growth of phyto-

      plankton. "J.  Fish. Res. Bd.   Canada. 10(5) :  253-281*. '   •  -'""" :  .':

 Miller, -W* E...  1970-  Chemical analyses  of taconite  tailings.  Report.
    ••.. '••   -^W, v>-:--y''>-:          :...,         "    •::.""'":'   '--:'~-  • :••'
 Murphy, J. ,  andJ.  P. Riley.  1962.   A modified  single solution   -, :
       " •.'.'•!-.'- •;.;.•.."• '•'*••),-:'.":•••'•'.•"                        • '-"  /•''-.    -V ''- '''' •".:•-' ••;•.••
   '•-••' method  for 'the determination of phosphate in natural vaters.

 '},'-.y; Anal. Chin. Acta.-  2?:. 31-36.          ; ";:.'  '  .'/,;•.. ..'• :?:^^-:i •£'*•'• 'I
 ''-'    v   ;• :.=::.-;.; V" ;..---..:-.,;'.."  •.;"             "'  '-  •".'  >:.•-  : •-''"••  "."' '-•-'•"'< *:~' -: .'
 Parkos, V7. G. ,  T. A. 'Olson, and T.  0. Odlaug.  1969-  .Water quality   J

'•.;/.'.:" studies on the Great Lakes based on carbon  fourteen measure-     •

.  .:"v  ments on primary productivity.   Water Res.  Res, Center,. Bull'.
 Putnam, H. D. ,  and T. A. Olson.   1966.   Prinary productivity at a

   '.   fixed station in Western Lake  Superior.  Publ.  15.  Great

      Lakes Res. Div. , Univ. of Mich. p..  119-128.    .    '     .    ..."     .

 Saunders, G. W. , F.B. Trama, and R. W. Bachman.   1962.  Evaluation

      .Of a modified &•* technique for shipboard estimation of photo-

      synthesis  in large lakes.   Great  Lakes Res.  Div., Univ. Michigan,

      Publ. 8.

 Schelske, 0.  L.  I960.  The availability of iron  as  a factor limiting

      primary productivity in a marl lake. Ph.D.  Thesis, Univ. of
   * x  •
      Mich., .Ann Arbor, Mich.          ,            —

 Schelske, C. L. ,  E.  Callender, and E. F. Stoerraer.  1969.  Nutrient

      enrichment experiments on phytoplankton populations in  Lake

      Michigan.   A paper presented at the 32nd annual meeting of

      the Atner.  Soc.  of Limnol.  and Oceanogr.   Scripps Institution

      of Oceanography,  Univ.  of Calif.

-------
Sehelske, G. L., and E.  Callender-   1970.   Survey of phytoplankton




     productivity and nutrients in  Lake Michigan and Lake Superior.




     Proc. 13th Conf. Great Lakes Res.   93-105.




Stoermer, E. F., C. L. Schelske, arid L. E.  Feldt.  1971.   Phyto-




     plankton assemblage differences at inshore versus offshore




     stations in Lake Michigan and  their effects on nutrient enrich-



     ment experiments.  Proc.  lUth  Conf. Great Lakes Res.  llU-118.




Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parson.  1968.  A practical handbook




     of seawater analysis.  Bull. Fish. Res.  Bd. Canada.  167: 3il p.



Strickland, J. D. H., and L. D. B.  Terhune.  196l.  The study of




     in situ marine photosynthesis  using a large plastic  bag.




     Limnol. Oceanogr. 6: 93-96.



Wallen, D. G. , and G. H. Geen.  1968.  Loss of radioactivity during




     storage of l^C-labelled phytoplankton on membrane filters.




Wolfe, D. A., and C. L.  Schelske.  19^7 •  Liquid scintillation




     and geiger counting efficiencies for carbon-lU incorporated



     by marine phytoplankton in productivity measurements.   J. Cons.




     Perm. Int., Explor. Mer., 31:   31-71!.

-------
                             Appendix A




     Primary productivity of algae in lake water and in polyethylene




bags with and without tailings expressed as mg C/m^/4 hrs.

-------
A - Primary productivity in as C/m3/4 hrs.
,-;.--. j
;. '
• 	 '•—•' 	 "-
ji'.iilir.gs Co:-.cc:-.t rut ions
ls^L_
; (
1 °
» ^ j
• J i
!
J I
\ ^
1 |
« 3
i ;
• - • I
; • •
; 21
i "l i
; ^ i
i
1 i-
-!- .-'•'
i '
: . .. i
:•-.>.-. -,-.:'.t D::^
• \
1 T

v-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
o ; 5 10
1234
4.86+ 3.99+ 1.44+ 2.59+
.22 1.03 .23 1.05
i
3.94+ 3.51+ 3.60+ 3.00+
.14 .29 .15 J8



5.22+ 22.32+ — 5.75+
.30 .61 .12


2.30+ 5.9dr 	 5.32+
.2:) .80 .27

3.75+ 	 	 . . 5.12+
.22 .71


9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
^.o/+ 3.19+ 6.16+
.65 .20~ .40
11

-28 9-2o 9-2o 9-23
0 0.5 ' 2.5 5
5. 6 7 3
9. 50+- 9.51+ '8.11+ 7.34+
.66 .28 1.10 - .54~
i
i
5.55+ 5.94+ 5.37+ 4.89+
.44~ .76 .31 .30



7.73+ 7.09+ 6.79+ 6.16+
1.61 .47 .67 .23
.

7.00+ J6.83+ 6.37+ 5.90+
.61 1.40 .21 .61

	 	 2.4A+ 2.13+
.46. .78

10-14 10-11 10-i9 11-1
6.51+ 3.26+
.77 .59
III

10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14
8.74+ 7.90+ 6.77+ 7.20+
1.29 .37 .35 .27
6.80+ 7.47+ 7.35+ 7.83+
.51 .49 .50 .16

.
•
5.03+ 3.08+ 4.06+ 3.94+
.34 .46 .33 .41



l


2.51+ 3.29+ 2.62+ 2.18+
.12 1.0.'. -6/. .36
'
11-9
115.21+
P-.BS"





















IV

10-25 10-2^ 10-25 1-j-^j
0 1-5 10
15 .16 17 18



2.04+ 3.39+- 2.32+ 3.60-n
.43 .24 1.07 .52"

•


I
2.01-.- 1.9S+ 1.83+ 1.4;+
.44 .22 .11 .21

v; .





-------
                              Appendix B




     Chlorophyll a^ concentrations in algae from open lake water and from




polyethylene bags with and without tailings expressed in nag Chla/rn^.

-------
3 - Chlorophyll a  in  P.-J Chla/=3.
;:;.-i^ (j I
I: :!:•::.-. ;••;•.. i j *-15 9-19

9-19
9-19
|'
j 9-28
II
9-25 9r2S
' "I

9-22 |j 10-11

10-1
III
1 10-11
' M
10-11 ; ; 10-25
IV 1
ic-25 10-25 ic-::!

i
* •
H>-^

3
-
'-
-
i
. :•..
--
-•'•
• s
-•?

.'.'.
-
. ..... ......
*

I
JO 1 5 10
j'' 1 2' 3 4
!' .
. ..i
i
1 ,|
; .95 	 .37 1.01
1
1
i
; i
i
! 1.15 1.32 	 .91
i
i
I i
i 	 i

0 0.5 2.5 5
i
.5 .6 7 S .
.
. . - - • -.-
1.46 1.83 2.30 1.70
i
.'
J
!
1.29 1.67 1.39 1.37
0.1 5 10
li 12 13 14
-
10 1 5 10 i
1 I
1 j
! 15 -::... 16 17 - . IS ;
l ' • '
j ! !
.54 1.37 	 1.12 j .47 .25 .36 .45 i
I i
1.43 1.16 1.23 1.34
i i
1 j j
1 t ;
i
I)

!
2. 30 2.37 |

• t
i . . i 1.29 1.50 1.32 1.02
i 1.07 l.So
! i
i
I !
j V-15 V-24 v-29 1C-'*
I — -£? i"5 —

;i2 .57
i
i
10-14 10^11 10-15. 11-1
1.11 1.30 .30 .26
i '
I
.51 .58 .45 .37 !
1 i
1.74 .54 .50 	 j |

! . i
! i
1.43 	 	 .53
1
! j 1.45 1.12 1.24 1.30 I
• ' !
!! i

j . .61 .3-3 .36 .52
1
11-9
» '
1.01
r. -: . • i
1: ':-'••• !
1 i
1
- »
t • 1
i i
i !

-------
                          Appendix C




     Chemical measurements in water from the open lake and  from




polyethylene bags with and without .tailing additions.




     1.   Total hardness.




     2.   Alkalinity




     3.   Acidity.




     A.   pH.




     5.   Kjeldahl nitrogen.




     6.   Nitrite nitrogen.




     7.   Nitrate nitrogen.




     8.   N02 + N03.




     9.   Ammonia nitrogen.




    10.   Total phosphorus.




    11.   Orthophosphate as phosphorus.




    12.   Orthophosphate..




    13.   Soluble silicate.




    14.   Calcium.




    15.   Magnesium.




    16.   Sodium.




    17.   Potassium.




    18.   Cobalt.




    19.   Copper.




    20.   Iron.




    21.   Manganese.

-------
C-l - Total hardness in mg/liter.
tiirias
b:crtir.s Date
Tailings Concentrations
in p?a
p^^jap t:ur.ber
Incubation ""~'"-~-»^ii-__^
0
3
j
6
7
5
10
11
14
15
1°
20
21
29
*jpcr* Li.*c Cccc

i
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
50 47 44 47

_ _ —



44.6 45.2 45.2 45.2


44 43 44 44
.'

44 — — 44

9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
46 — 45.2 44
II
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 8
41.8 41.8 46.6 45.1


43.5 44 44 44



44 44 44 44

'
43 44 44 43
,
— 43 44
. .
10-14 10-11 .10-19 11-1
43 44 "44 43
III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14 "
44 '44 44 44
44 -43 44 44



44 45 44 44


43 — — 43



43 43 43 43

11-9
43




















IV
JLO-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
0 .1 5 10
15 16 17 18
43 43 43 43

'

43 43 43 43




— — — —







-------
C-2 - Alkalinity in ng/liter.
r '
-
..-.o. i — g L/a^c
b-ilir.:s Cor.ccr.trations
i ln ??=
i"-.:-V-i:io:i'"~ -^—.^^

0
„
J
S
6
7
3
10
11
14
13
16
•,„
1
i
21
29
'"pori Li'
-------
C-3 - Acidity in ing/liter.'
peri..
.S fir sip- Date

is ??=
r'a :'^^~~^^-^^
I
n
w
3
j
f,
7
8
10
11
1-
15
16
20
21 - •
2?
Cnor. Laltc Dsta
t t

I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19

0 1 5 10
1 .2 3 A
1.39 1.48 1.52 1.24

__ _ __



_ -^


1.48 '.99 1.24 .99
.
.74 — — .63


9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
1.73 — — .99
II
9-23 9-28 9-28 9-28

0 0.5 2.5 5
5 6 78
—


1.24 .99 .99 .74



.43 .45 .50 .45
*

.74 ,.64 .54 .50
,
— — 1.49 .99

10-14 10-11 . .10-19 11-1
.50 .74 T.24 1.24
III.
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11

0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14
.99 .99 .99 .99
.79 .74 1.24 .64


.99 .74 .74 1.24



.99 — — .99



.99 .99 .99 .99

11-9
—





















IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25

0 1 5 10
15 16 17 18
1
.89 .79 .89 .74


.94 .99 .99 .99




•^
_ _







-------
. C-4 - pH..
2C* - = *
G:ircir.s Date
Tallies Concentrations
in ??= i
ir.cubation """— ~^_^__^
- o
3
5
6
/
3
!,"
11
14
15
16
20
21
29
cr. Lake Dace

I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
7.8 .7.7 7.7 7.8

7.8 7.7 7.7 7.7

|

7.7 7.7. 7.7 7.7


7.7 8.0 7.8 7.7

7.8 — — 7.8


9-19 9-24 0-29 10-.4
7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7
II
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 ' 2.5 5
567 8
.7.6 7.7 7.7 7.8
,

8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9



8.5- 8.2 8.0 8.1
.

7.7 7.9 8.2 8.2

7.7 7.8

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1.
7,9 8.1 7.8 7.5
III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
01 5 10
11 12 13 14
8.1 7.9 7.8 7.9
7.9 7.9 8.0 8.2



7.9 7.7 8.0 7.7


7.4 — — 7.6



7.6 7.6 7.7 7.6

11-9
! "—




















IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
0 " 1 5 10
15 16 17 18
7.8 7.7 7.8 7.9



7.8 7.8 7.7 7.7




__







-------
C-5 - Kjeldahl nitrogen in rag/liter.
t-'c-ries
ktcrtin; Daic
r^iiir.js Cor.cer-.sracions
I in p?n
L^__^ - ». •
^£^r^^_
^Nt""~"---«*^ i
0
3
5
6
1 7
S
10
11
14
15
16' '
2.0
i
29
3? or. la '.-.a Date

1 1
9-19 .9-19 9-19 . 9-19
0 1 5 10

1 2 3 4







.2 .3 ~ .2


.2 .2 — : .A
•
.'. .


9-19 9-24 9-29 10-*
.2 .A
II
9-28 9-28 9-23 9-28
0 0.5 ' 2.5 5

5 67 8




.2 .2 .2 .2



.2 .2 .2 .2
.

.5 1.0 .3 .3

	 __ _2 .2

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
.3 .2 .2
III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
01 5 10

11 : 12 . 13 1A

.2 .2 .2 .3
.4 .3 .3 .4

'

.2 .2 .3 .3


9 — •- — »
•

" """ v ..'•'•- '•••••• - ' 'i.
<.l <.l V.i <.i

11-9























IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-23
0 1 5 10
^
15 •- 16 17 .18

.2 .2 .2 .2



.2 .1 .2 .2






''


•
I

-------
Cr-6 <• Nitrite  nitrogen in ing/liter.
*«!« f| I |
Sorting D3te
i
i'aiiings Concentrations
Zr.cvbacior. ^"^^'-'--^^^^
0
1 3
3
6 j
7
1
10
11
14

15
! 20
21
29
Open I-aUe 2ate
H
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
<.001 £.001 £.001 .001





.0015 .001 	 .001


.001 .002 T-r <.001




9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
£.001 .0023 .002
11
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
S 6 7 8



.0045 .0025 .0025 .002



.002 .003 .002 .002


.002 .002 .002 .002
,
	 .001 <.001

10-14 10-11 .10-19 11-1
.002 .003 <-001
III |
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14
.003 .003 .003 .003
.002 .002 .002 .003



.003 .001 .0025 .002


.001 ' 	



.001 <.001 -c.OOl <.001

11-9

IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-
0 1 5 10
15 16 17 IS
•e.OOl <.001 .003 .002



<.001 <.001 .001 A.001












-------
C-7. - Nitrate- nitrogen in 'mg/liter.
pones
fJiircir.s Oitc
tailings Concentrations
in ppTi
llr.cub.-.cion ' — — *^__^^
0
'
•
6
7
3
10
11
i i;
15
: •
20
21
! *->
Open LaV.a Dale

I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 . 10
1 23 4
.273 .29 .28 .236





.255 .25 — .255


.255 .2U8 — .251
.



9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
.29 .255 .001
11 •!
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 8



.24? .25 .2^7 .2i<6



.26 .2U7 .2^ .23^

• - - A.
.3 .25 .2^7 .?||

.273 .265

10-14 10-11 .10-19. 11-1
.2if? .25 .273
III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
01 5 10
11 12 13 14
,248 .25 .25 .25
.25 .2^7 .237 .2^8



.25 .269 .252 .257












1
.255 	



.26 .273 .27 .2?

H-9 " ..









IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
o: i s 10
15 16 17 18
.28 .266 .26? .279



.27 .27 .28 .265


"









-------
. C-8 - N02 + N03 in ing/liter.
Scrips
firartir.j Date
/.'.iiir.53 Concentrations
in ??z
ilr.CLibition "* .^^^^
0
3
i
5
6
l
7
i &
10
11
14
1
| i'. '
2C
21
29
!0pcr. lake Date
1
1 ' 1
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
•A. 273 A. 29 A. 28 A. 286





A. 255 A. 255 — A. 262


| A. 259 A. 253 " A. 259




9-19 9-24 9-29 10->4
A. 29 A. 255
II
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 ' 2.5 5
567 8



.25 .25 .248 .248



A. 26 A.2U7 A.?.Ji A.23U
.

A. 31' A. 25 A. 25 .22?

,2?i> .265

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
.2-^7 A.' 26 A. 27 3
in 1 1 • iv
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
01 5 10
11 12 13 14
A. 25 A. 25 A. 25 A. 25
A. 25 A. 25 A. 2V> /..2<*9



A. 25 .269 .263 .256


A. 259 -- - • "
-


A. 26 A. 2?3 A. 2? A. 2?

11-9




















10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
.0 1 5 10
15 16 17 18
A. 28 -A. 2?6 .2?i; .2C1



A. 2? A. 2? A. 28 A.2G£












-------
. C-9 - Asunonia nicrogen In ng/llter.
perils
i
starting Data
.".Tilings Concentrations
in ??a
Incubation ^^"""'^*^^^
0
i
j
5
6.
7
8
:o
11
»•*
:>
16
j . 20 •''••'-.
21
29
|0?ca Lcke Sate
i

1 *
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1 2 3. 4
-





<.001 .001 — .001


•e.OOl <.001 — <.001
. . .•-



i 9-19 9-24 9-29 10-.4
i '
| <.ooi
II
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 8



<.001 <.001 <.001



.015 <.001 .004
,

<.00i
.039 <.001 <.001 <.001
' ' '
— — <.001 <.001

10-14 10-11 '10-19 11-1
<.001 • <.001 .002
III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
. 01 5 10
11 12 ' 13 14
A'.003 .002 <.001 A.006
<.001 <.001 .007 A.002



.002 <.001 <.001 <.001


^.0025 — — .

-

.003 .002 .002 .002

11-9





















IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
- 0 1- 5 10
15 16 17 IS
.005 .001 A.004 A.004



A.003 .002 .008 A.005



1








-------
C-iO - Total phesphoruS In'mg/ltter.
S»ries
!
jStsrtir-s Data
!
.Tailings Concentrations
in r-r.

1
0
; 3
! 5
! *
i t
i 7
i s
! 10
! -
! w
i i5
i «
! «
| 21
\ 23 !
iCpes L=>.c Dctc
*
:
I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10

1234
.005 .C06 .011 .016





.009 .002 	 .003

i
.006 ..DO? - — .006



i • / i
| 9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
A.C11 .001 .00.'!
II
9-23 9-23 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5

567 8



.00? .002 ,002 .00*;



.011 .005 .005 A.00i}


.011 .005 A.o64 ,oo4

___ 	 .001 ^.001

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
.003 .007 A.OQO
III
10-11 10-11 10-11. 10-11
0 1 5 10

11 12 13 14
:.00't .005 .012 .032
.003 .003 .00^ *.oo6



.003 .005 .002 .003


.003 — -- . —

1
i
1
!n.oo? *.oo^ \oo*f A.oo^
i

11-9

1 . 1V
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-2J
0 1 5 10

15 16 17 18
.005 .003 -,oc^ .005



A.00if A.00? A.005 A. 005








1

1

-------
C-ll - Orthophosphate aa phosphorus in mg/liter.
J5««s |
Gtsrsir-.g I=te
railings Concentrations
iTl ??3
^J5S^_
^~"~"~— ^^.J
! o
3
•
5
S
7
1 8
10
11
) 14 |
i 15
i 15
! 20
I
2i
| 23 j

:t?cr. "_£/.2 -2te
;
1 * ' 1
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234







/l.OO? <^002 	 A.00?.5

i .
A.0035<.003 	 '-.003





2-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
1 < .coi
1
9-23 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 - 5
567 8

,


.0035 .002 -002 -W3



.005 .002 .002 .001


*.oo^5 <.ooi < .0015 <.ooi




10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
.002
lit
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11 1
0.1 5 10
11 12 13 14

<.ooi .001 .003 A.oo9


1
1
.001 A.001 A.0015 A.003


A.oQ3 — __
1
1 .

1



11-9 |

IV
10^23 10-25 10-25 10-23
0 1 5 10
15 16 17 IS

.006 .pc'* .005 .005









•

'
. -


I

-------
C-12 - Ofthophosphate. in .mg/llter. '
Series
1
?tir:ir? Dcte
1
."-.ilirrs Co-ccr.tratior.s j
ir. ?p-
Sr^i^
•~^^__^^
0
3
I
« 1
«* t
$
7
3
10
11
li
15
15
20
21
;a
??«-n La/.a Tata


!
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
t
1234

.002 .002 .00** .005





.003 < .001 — < .001
1

.001 <.001 	 <.OD1



i
9-19- 9-24 9-29 10-4
! .006 <.ooi < .001

' 1
9-23 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 8

. .


.002. <.001 .001 .001



.003 ' .001 < .001 < .001


s .uuo.
:X.00'i <.001 < .001 < .001

— — . 001.3 .001

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
<.001 .001 .003

in
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 .10
11 12 13 14

<.ooi <.ooi .003 .01
".001 < .001 < .001 A.001


.001 A.OC1 ..002 A .003



<.ooi — — • —



.002 .001 .OOc .001

11-9
i
•























IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
..
0 1 5 10
15 16 17 13

.003 A.ooi5 -.006 .01?



A. CO?. .00^ .002 A.00.?.







;


*


-------
C-13 - Soluble silicate in ing/liter.
fieri-*
cccrtir-s Oatc
.'ailirijs Concentrations
:Iv:cu°.:acion ^""^— •— ^^^
0
3
5
>
1 $
7
1 S
1 10
11
14
15
.15
:o
•>:
1
29
r?cn i.a:-.a Dt:a

1 I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234






*1.05 1.1 — 1.05


1.05 1.05 -- 1.05
• . • "
•


9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
1.05 1.05
ii
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 8



1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05

t

.99 .99 'l.l 1.1


A • - • •
l.l 1.1-5. 1.15 1-15
.
l.l 1.05

10-14 10-11 .10-19 11-1
1.15 i.i !.°2
lit | [ IV .
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14
1.15 1.1 l.l l.l
1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15



i.o ''1.05 i.o 1.05


1.15
-

• •' '
1.0 1.02 1.02 1.02

11-9




















10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
0 1 5 10
15 16 17 18
1.2 1.26 1.26 1.26



1.0'4 l.CU 1.0^ 1.C6












-------
C-14 — Calcium in ing/liter.
I
otirtir.g 2?.~e
i
rciiir.~s Cor.contracior.s
ir. pro
!~~-~^Ea3 :.'ur.ber
C
3
c
•j
7
! s
; ^
11
^
13
| 15
j
; :o
i 21
23

|-"?c-r. Ls'.-.e Date

I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
"l3.1 13.2 14.2 1'r

—



—


12.S 13.^ — 11.6
.




9-19 9-24 9-29 10-A
•• i.
X*'
'I
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 ' 2.5 5
567 8
1
—


13.1 13.0 13.2 13.2

1

12.9 13.6 13.5 13

• |
•13.3 13.3 13. '5 13. ^

._ __ A1X^ 13>0


10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
12.9 A13.2 ^.3
III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
01 5 10
11 12 13 14
1^.2 13 .f* 13 13.^
13 13.2 16 13.2



13.5 13.0 12.8 13.0

1
12.6 — — • 13




12.9 12 11.0 10.8

11-9






















IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-:5
0 1 5 10
15 16 17 18
13 13 13 13

1
A
12.0 12.6 11 11.2





1







-------
C-15 - -Magnesium in ing/liter..
Ser.as |
c:=r:ir.r. fa=c
r
."cilip.js Ccnccr.trctions
IP. ??n
isS^^
!
0
3
3
6
7
3
10
11
1'
15 ' .
! i6
! 20
| 21
j 29
Cpar. La:-.c Sere
i
I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
'•2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7

—



—


2.7 2.7 — 2l?




9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
1 9 -,
I S-.7
II
9-23 9-28 9-28 9-23
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 S
— • — —


2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7



2.7 2.7 .2.7 2.7


2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7

2.7 2.8

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1.
2.8 2.6" 2.7
III . |
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14
2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7
2.7 2.3 :-.B ?..7



2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8


2.7 — — • 2.7



2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6
.
11-9

IV
10-25 ''10-25 10-25 10-
01 5 10
15 16 17 18
2.7 2.7 2.^ 2.7




2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6











-------

uri-,-3
t-rti-: ?=M
• ... r

--,-»•—•.• '
^r~^-~-^^^ |
'•"•• — ' " 	 j
0
3
5
i
5
7
3
i
i
i4
T •
16
?o
i
;i i
t
for. LaV-.s T-ite


I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19

0 1 5 10

123/1
1
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1





|
1

1.0 1.0
|



9-19- 9-24 9-29 10-4
1.1
C-16 - Soalum in mg/i
II •
9-28 9-28 9-23 9-28

0 0.5 2.5 5

567 S

•


1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0








.9 ' .9

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1

iter.
Ill
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11

0 1 5 10

11 12 13 14






.9 .9 .9 .9

•
.5 ~ -- • .9


•


11-9


























IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-2;

0 " ' 1 5 10

15 16 17 IS

.9 .9 -.9 .9









• 1


- -
.


-------
                                                                  C-17 - Potasslun in ng/llter;
Series
Starri:-.; Dsta
1
Tcilir.ss Cor.centrations
i- ron
1
^r^-L
^~~~"—- — ,^:
0
•>
I
5
6
7
8
10
11
14
15
i*
2C
21
29
•:C->?r. ui!-:a Date

I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
6 1 5 10
1 2 3 A










.7 .8 . .. .7 j
••.
'


9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
j 	
II
9-2S 9-23 9-23 9-23
0 0.5 2.5 5
5 6 7 8


.

.7 .7 .7 .7



.5 .-5 .5 .5
"

.$ .5 ..5 ..5

.5 ' .:>

10-14. 10-11 10-19. 11-1
.5 .5-
in
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14

.5 .5 .5 .5
.5 .5 .5 .5



.5 .5 .5 .5


.5 — -- - .5 '
- -




11-9






















IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-23
0 " ' 1 5 10
15 16 17 18

.5 .5 ' .5 .5












;

1
                                                                                                                                                            I
                                                                                                                                                            f(
&

-------
C-18 - Cobal-t in p$/llter.
SK1SS |
prarting 2cte
J.'aiiir.^s Cc-contrations
, -- i .•-
SS^__
0
' >
5
t
6 !
i 7
! s
10
•» "
XJ.
' 14
i 15
! "
:o
1 si
23 i
'Open LaV.e 2ate

I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5








<1. <1. <•!.




9-19- 9-24 9-29 10-4
2
II
9-28 9-26 9-2S 9-28 I
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 8




-------
C-19 - Copper In vig/liter. .
Series ,| i
|?.:sr;ir-3 2ato
railings Ccr.ccr.tracior.s
ir. ??a
!~— .^Sas "ur.bcr
0
; 3
5
6
i
»
! s
10
11
14
15.
1 « -
20
21
29
:0?cn Lake £c*e
i
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
01 5 10
1 2 .3 4
1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0








k 6 - 6

'


9-19 9-2A 9-29 10-4
1.5
ii
9-23 9-25 . 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
5 6 78


1
5 5 5 *



6 6 • C 6


3.o: 2.0 a.o 2;o

2.0 2.0

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
Z A6 • Afe
III 1
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10 :
11 12 13 14
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
3.0 2.0 2.0 ?..0


. . - 1
IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-21
• .0 ... 1 5 10
15 16 17 IS
2222




2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 j |


JZ - - . 2
! . - -. :




11-9
.







i ,

i

-------
C-20 - Iron in jig/liter.
panes
U«ir.s D=t =
•."r.ilints Ccr.ccntraticns
i «• „ „ -,- ,
br^C"
;— wU3t"— n • — — ^^
0
3
5
6
!
7
3
10
i
t
15
16
20
21
! *
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
19 ^ 175 370
1







19 53 130



« i
Open i.3Xe Date j j 9-19 • 9-24 9-29 10-4

22
1
II
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 8
.


21 ^35 10Q ibZ



22 19 >;6 6b


3^.5 30.0 38.0 50..0

1(0.0 46.0

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
33 A29.5 25
III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14
21 70 152 395
23.0 58.0 150. 300 •



30.0 36.0 9--.0 160.0


P.k' — — ' 105


•
18 28 28 22

11-9





















IV
10-25 10-25 -10-25 10-25
.0 1 5 10
15 16 17 18
20 5^ 300 6'vO


*
30 'I? 1^0 2^0

•

.



•



A ' w

-------
C-21 - Manganese .In vg/literv
Serves
Stsrtin; Date
raillr.e,s Csr.cer.tratior.s
in .ppn
iiS^^
o
3
5
6
. 7
£
1
1
1C
! 11
!
14
15 - }
! 15
20
21
29 j
iCpen Lake Sacs

I
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10
1234
A .6 2.0 8.5 21.0








1 3 — ' 8 ' •
•



J 	 ; 	 .
S-19 9-24 9-29- 10-4
.3
. ._
II
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
567 8



.0 Al,5 6 o



.8 .S • 3 <*


^1.0 1.0 2iO 3.0

2.0 2.0 .

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1
1.0 • 1
III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14
.5 '^.0 17.0 3&'.o
< l.o 3 9-0 18.0
I
i
i
i
!
;
j
215 9


1 • - - 5



<1 <1. l <1

11-9










IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-2!'
0. 1 5 10
15 16 17 18
5 3 13 3l.o



1 ?. C
1














.•


. ' •

r
•

-------
                              Appendix D




     Total suspended solids and taconite tailings measured in the lake




and-in polyethylene bags.




     1.   Total suspended solids.




     2.   Taconite tailings.

-------
                                                          D-1?- Total suspended^solids -in ng/llter.
terxes
!$c£"ins Dare
!
I'r.iiin^s Concentrations
in ppn
p-~^pag ::ur.ber
:tr.;ubation " --^^^
0
3
~j
6
7
•3
10
11
14
15
! 16.
20
21
j
! 29
Open Lake Bate
.

I
9-19 9-19 9-1? 9-19
0 1 5. 10
12 3 .4
0.6 1.2 5.3. 9.5

0.6 1.7 3.0



0.6 1.9
i

1.3 1.7
.
0.9


9-19 9-24 9-29 10-4
0.5 — —
II
9-28 9-28 9-25 .9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5
5 6 7 8
— - 1.1 3.3 5.3


0.5 1.4 1.9



0.4 0.9 1.0


0.7 0.9 0.9
•
	 1.1 0.9
.
10-14 10-11 .10-19 11-1
-1-
III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 .1 5 10
11 12 13 14
1.3 4.7 9.5
0.9 2.3 4.6

••

0.8 1.5 2.3


	 .1.9
-


0.6 1.0 0.5
1.2 0.9 0.7
11-9
	




















IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
JO 1 5 10
15 16 17 IS
1.3 4.5 10.2



0.7 1.4 2.3




0.5 0.5 0.7
• •• •





          + error  Is  apnroxir^tely  0.25 mg/llter for all samples.
R

-------
                D-2-- Tacontte tailings..in ing/liter.
?;.riis
1
:S:ar:ir.3 Date
lailinss Concentrations
in ??n
^•-^J'-aS ::u-3or
0
i
3
5
C
7
a
10
11
14
.
1J
16
ZO
i »
2'J
f'poa !.c!5
0.8 >5
1
0.2 1.6 2.7



0.2. — 1.4


0.6 1.5
.
	 — 0.5


9-19 9-24 9-29 10-A
N.D.
II
9-28 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 ' 2.5 5
567 8
r- 0.3- 1.2- 2.4-
0.6 2.5 -5


0.1 1.0 1.2



0.1 0.3 0.5
.

— N.D. 0.3 0.4

Trace 0.2

10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1

III |
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10
11 12 13 14
0.7- 2.7- >5
1.5 >5
0.6 1.9 3.8



0.2 1.4 2.2


__ „— — 1 7
«*— — * t JL • /

!

N.D. 0.9 N.D.
0.7 0.6 0.4
11-9
_
IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
.0 "'1 5 10
15 16 17 18
0.7- >5 >5
1.5
• . r


0.2 1.1 2.1




0.1 0.1 0.3
"




1
M.D. indicates none detected.
NOTE.- Values, for day 0 are the range using standard curves for <2y and <5vi tails, respectively.  Since the
       materials are settling rapidly, the actual upper limit is in this range.  All values for day 3 to
       termination are calculated using the <2p standard curve.

-------
                             Appendix E

     Total bacteria counts per  millileter after  72 hours  in lake water
                                    i
and in polyethylene bags.

-------
E- Total bacteria count s/i?l.
ics
rtir.r; L'ate j
i
iir.ss Concentrations
in r?n
r . ^ %.t ,_.i ^^ i
!^^-^_
0
3
5
i
7 !
3 i
10
11 !
i*
i5 i
16
i
^r\
i-.
1
29
r. L^-.e 5ace
t
i
9-19 9-19 9-19 9-19
0 1 5 10

1234
324 	 284 248


1
I
!
910 168 	 107

1
280 • 610 	 480 '




3-19- 9-24 9-29 10-4
230 840 73
11 • •
9-23 9-28 9-28 9-28
0 0.5 2.5 5

567 8
t

1
600 530 310 30



322 410 420 240
•

470 121 208 670



10-14 10-11 10-19 11-1

III
10-11 10-11 10-11 10-11
0 1 5 10

11 12 13 14








-





11-9
64





















IV
10-25 10-25 10-25 10-25
0-1 5 10

15 16 17 18
91 57 164 116



49 62 390 600




67 98 7.4 76







-------
                             Appendix F


     Percent occurrence  of  diatoms  comprising more  than  5% of  the


total specimens.


     1.    Achnanthes  minutissima.


     2.    Asterionalla formosa.


     3.    Cyclotella  ocellata.


     4.    Cyclotella  stelligora.


     5.    Fragilaria  crbtonensis.


     6.    Rhizosolenia eriensis.


     7.    Stephanodiscns tcnuis.

                                             •
     8.    Synedra  acus.


     9.    Synedra  filiformis  var. exilis.


   .10.    Synedra  rumpens var. fragilarioidies.

-------
              F-l -  Percent occurrence of Achranthes .nlnutlnpkra
Starting
Date
Tailings Cor.c.
in ppa
\2ag //
Ir.cubatlorNs^
0
3
5
.6
7
8
10
11-
U
15
16
20
21
29
3pcn LakoDate

9-19
0
1
3

11



X


X

X


9-19
X
3-19'
1
2
x

10



7


7




9-24
5 .
9-19
5
3
9

6








•


9-29
10
9-19
10
4
5

7



5


5 •

X


10-4
X
9-28
0
5
9


5



6


7
.• '


10-U
7
9-28
0.5
6
7


5



X


9



10-11
9
9-23
2.5
7
8


X



X


6

10

10-19

9-28
5
8
8


X



X


X

7

11-1
6
10-11
0
11
11
8



6


8



X
X
11-9
12
10-11
1
12 .
13
X



16



••


12
8


10-11
5
13
10
5



8






6
8


10-11
10
H
8
5



10


12



16
10


10-25
0
15
-



X




11






10-25
1
16
15



5




X






10-25
5
17
15



X




12






10-25
TO
18
12



11




X

•



-
x = present but less than 5/> » - = not observed

-------
            - F-2 -• Percent occurance of Asterionella formosa
Starting
Da to
Tallies Cone.
in ppa
\^Bag if •
DaysX.
Ir.cubationX^
0
3
5
6
7
8
10
11-
U
15
16
20
21 '
29
3pcn LakcDatc

9-19
0
1
X

K



6


X

12


9-19
X
>19
1
2
x

X



X


X




9-2/f
X
9-19
5 •
3
X

X








•


9-29
X
9-19
10
A
X

5



X


x •

5


10-4
6 .
9-28
0
5
X


X



5


• x



10-H
x
9-28
0.5
6
x


x



X


5'



10-11
x
9-28
2.5
7
x


x



X


6

x

10-19

9-20
5
'•' 8
x


x



X


5

X

11-1
X
10-11
0
11
6
11



U


9



9
8
11-9
x
10-11
1 .
.12 .
3C
16 .



7




*
»
x
-


10-11'
5
13
x
7



5






x
X


10-11
10
U
x
8



8


x



X
X


10-25
0
15
x



7




x






10-25
1
16
x



X

•


7






10-25
5
17
x



x




X






10-25
10
18
x



6




x






x = present but less than 555 ; •- =  not observed

-------
• •" -F-3-.- Percent occurrence'of Cyalotella._eeollata
Starting
Date
Tailings Cor.c.
in pen
X^ag //
3ay3\.
IncubatiorN^
0
3
5
6
7
3
10
11
U
15 .
16
20
21
29
)psn LakeDate

9-19
0
1
28

8



H


21

10


9-19
X
9-19
1
2
35

22



18


24




9-24
22
9-19
5
3
20

20











9-29
18
9-19
10
4
22

16



20


20

12


10-4
13
9-28
0
5
22


25



U


10
.


10-U
13
9-2S
0.5
6
19


17



13


16



10-11
10
9-28
2.5
7
18.


16



18


17

12

10-19

9-23
5
8
19


13



13


16

12

11-1
15
10-11
0
11
13
10



9


13



13
12
11-9
12
10-11
1
12
11
16



16






11
8


10-11
5
13
11
11



11






11
10


10-11
10
H
13
10



17


U



10
13


10-25
0
15
15



11




11






10-25
1
16
20



10




13






10-25
5
"17
16 .



15




. 6






10-25
10
13
15



12




U






x- - present but less than 5% I - = not observed

-------
                                    ..'.F-4 '-, Percent occurrence of Cyelotells stcllifTora
Starting .
Dats
Tailings Cor.c.
in pp.ii
"X. Bag li
DaysX.
IncubationX^
0
3
.5
6
7
8
10
11
14
15
16
20
21
29
3pen LakcDatc
•
9:19
0
1
20

10



8


13

8


9-19
20
5-19
1
2
22

32



25


27




9-24
24
9-19
5
3
37

37








>


9-29
22
9-19
10
4
25

42



30


36-

25


10-4
31
9-28
0
5
30


17



.22


17
•


10-14
36
9-28
0.5
6
31


24



24


20



10-11
25
9-28
2.5
7
34
!

40



32


27

19

10-19

9-28
5
8
41


34



32


26

24

11-1
24
10-11
0
11
22
«i7


'
16


13



9
6
11-9
21
10-11
1
12 .
29
33-



16



.


17
10


10-11
5
13
30
%



40






16
11


10-11
10
H
34
27



13


10



30
13


10-25
0
15
13



17




12






10-25
1
16
12



25




9






10-25
5
17
1.6



36




14






10-25
10
18
25



25




14

•



'
                          x - present but less than 5/'» ;  - = not observed
V

-------
               .  £-5 '- Percent occurrence of Frc.ftilf.rlai  crotonor.sls
Starting
Cats
Tailings Cone.
in ??s
\. Bag H
DaysX.
Ir.cu'uatioiN^
0
3
5
6
7
8
10
11
U
15
16
20
21
29
3pen IckcDate

9-19
0
1
*•

jr



12


X

U


9-19
X
9-19
1
2
X

-



X


-




9-24
X
W9-
5
3
X

-











9-29'
-
9->19-
10
A
v

-



X


X

12


10-4
5
.9-28
0
5
-


X



X
*

• -



10-U
-
9-28
0.5
6
X


X



-


X



10-11
X
9-28
2.5
7
-


>:



X


-

X .

10-19

9-28
5
' 8'
-


X
•


X


-

X

11-1
-
13-11
.0
11.
-
X

•

12


7



; -
-
•11-3
-
10-11
1
12
; ;
.od
- •



-




•
•«
' - .
-


10-11
5
13
X
'X



X






9
-


10-11
10
U
X
7 :



X


X



-
-


10-25
0
15
X



-

.. • -


-






10-25
' 1.
16
. - •.



-




-






10-25
5
17;
-



-




4^






10-25
10
18.
. .-



-




-






x = present but less than 5£ ; - = not observed

-------
              :'.£-&-. Percent occurrence of Rhisosolcr.ia ericr.fds
Starting
Da to
Tailir-cs-Conc.
in ppn
~\2ag //
CaysX"
IncubationX.
0
3
5 ' •
6
7
8
10
11
U
15
' 16
20
21
29
Dpen LakoDate

9-19
0
1
7

X



X


11

12


9-19
7
7-19
1
2
12

X



X


X




9-24
X
9-19
5
3
X

X











9-29
X
9-19
10
4
X

X



5


10

9


10-4
8
9-28
0
•5
X

•
X



X


X
'


io-u
X
9-28
0.5
6
6


7



X

'
X



10-11
X
9-28
2.5
7
X


e



15


5

X

10-19

9-23
5
8
X


9



15


6

X

11-1
•v
•*
10-11
0
11
-
5



X


X



'.-
6
11-9
X
10-11
1
12
X
X



X






X
X


10-11
5
13
x-.
6



JC






X
X


10-11
10
U
X
X



X


X



X
X


10-25
0
15
X



X




X






10-25
1
16
X



X




X






10-25'
5
17
.X



X




x






10-25.
10
13
X



X




X






x = present but less than 5> ; - = not observed

-------
             ....'F-7'- Percent occurrence of SteohanodiscuS   tennis
Starting
Date
Tailir.rs Cone.
in pp:a
\ Ha- $
DaysX"
Jp.cuba tiorNv
0
3 '
5
6
7
8
10
11-
. U
15
: 16
20.
21
29
Dpsn LakcDate

?-19
0
1
x

-



X


X'

X.


9-19
X
7-19
1
2
X

X



-


X




*-2V
X
.S-19
5 •
3
5

5








•:


9-29
X
9-19.
10
A
X

5



X


x •

X


10-4
X
_9r2B
0
5
' 5


• X



X


X



10-U
X
9-28
0.5
6
X


X



-


V



10-11
-
9-28
2.5
7
X


X



6


X

X

10-19

9-28
5
8
- -


X



5


X

X

11-1
7
10-11
b
11
X
X



X


X



X
X
11-9
7
10-11
1
12 .
X
X



X




•

6
5


10-11
5
13
X
X



X






6
7

~
10-11
10
U
-•
X



X


X



5
5


!0-25
0
15-
8



8




6






10-25
1
16
15



11




20






10-25
5
17
5



20




7






10^25
10
18
.5



15




8






x = present but less than 5% ',  - - not observed

-------
                                  " ;.' y_8 - Percent occurrence of Svneflra ecus  '
Starting
Cits
Tailings Cone.
in' ppn
\E=g #
DaysX.
IncabatlorNw
Q
3
5
6
7
8
10
. 11
14
15
16
20
21
29
Jjjea LakcDate

9-19
0
1
X

16



24


16

12


9-19
X
9-19
1
2
X
;
11



10


X




9-24
10
9-19
5- .
3
X

10











9-29
7
9-19
10
4
X

13



13


8

5
-

10-4
6
9-28
0
5
X


10



14


6



10-14
X
9-23
0.5
6
X


7



11


X



10-11
11
9-23
2.J
7
V _


7



9


5

X

10-19

9-28
5
8
X


7



7


8

X

11-1-
5
10-11
0
11
11
8



12


9



13
15
11-9
X
10-11
1
12
10
0



5






X
7


10-11
5
13
8
10



12


6

•

X
9


10-11
10
U
9
11



13






X
9


10-25
0
15
7



X-




X






10-25
1
16
5



7




6






10-25
5
17
X.



X




7
•






1&-25
10
18
X



X




X






                      x = present tut less  than  5^  ;  - = not observed
CO

-------
            T 1.7-9'? Percent oocurrer.co of Svnodra fiU.fomin var.  cxilis
Starting
Date
Tailings Cone-
in ppm
"X. Eae ff
DaysX.
Incubatio^v^
0
3
5
6
7
8
10
11
• u
15
16
20
21
29
3pea IckcDate

9-19
0
1
-

X



«


X

5


9-19
-
9-19
1
2
^

-



-


5




9-24

9^-19
5
3
-

5











9-29
5
9-19
10
4
-

-



-


X

X


10-4
X
9-23
0
;5
X

'
X



X


X
•


10-14
X
9-28
0.5
6
r.


-



•X


X



10-11
X
9-23
2.5
7
X


X



X


6

X

10-19

9-28
5
8
X


X



X


9

X

11-1
X
10-11
0
11
X
9



5


X



X

11-9
X
10-11
1
12
X
X



5






14



10-11
5
13
' X
•X



• x






20



10-11
10
i*
X
X



X


6



T3



10-25
0
15
. X



3




7






',0-25
1
16
7



8




3






10-25
5
17
5 •



X




X






10-25
10
18
6



12




X

•




x = present but less than 55* ;   - =  not observed

-------
             .F-10>, Percent occurrence of Synedra runroeno vn.r. fraH.larioidies
Starting
Dale
Taiiincs Cone.
in ppa
XBag,?
IncubationX.
0-
3
5
6
7
8
10
11
U
15
16
20 '
21
29
3?cn LakcDate

9-19
0
1
X

9



-


. X

8


9-19
•-
)-19
1
2
•*

X



7


7




9-24
7
9-19
5
3
X

X
.










9-29
10
9-19
10
4
-

X



X


X

X


10-4
X
9-28
0
•5
' U


5C~



8


11



10-14
7
9-28
0.5
6
10


6



-14


10



10-11
X
9-28
2.5
7
11


9



5


9

9

10-19

9-28
5 .
8
7


8



7


9

10

11-1
15
10-11
0
11
X
X



X


10



18
7
11-9.
19
10-11
1
12
X.
X



6



,


17
17


10-11
5
13
X
5 .



5






6
13


10-11
10
U-
X
X



6


8



9
19


1Cr-25
0
15
20



17




22






1 0-25
1
16 .
7



8




17






10-25
5
17
5



5




19






10-25
10
18
12



11




21






x = present but less than 5% ;     - »  not observed

-------
                             Appendix G
                                                  »

     Percentage occurrence of diatoms comprising less than 5% of


the total specimens.                                    •','

-------
G-l - Percent occurrence of specinsns that occupied less than five percent of total spoclaens
Starting
Dato
Tailings Cone.
in pp-
"X.Bag 11
DaysX.
Incubatioi^s.
0
3
5
. 6
7
8
10
11
. U
15
16
20;
21
29
5pea lakcDate

9-19
0
1
37

46



36


34

.19


9-19
73
9-19
1
2
31

25



33


30




9-24
32
9-19
5-
3
29

17











9-29
28
9-19
10
4
48

12



27


21

32


10-4
31
9-28
0
•5
20.


43



31


49



10-14
37
9-23
0.5
6
27


34



.33

*
40



10-11
45
9-28
2.5
7
29


20



20


19

50

10-19

9-28
5
8
26


29



16


22

47

11-1
23
1G-'t1
0
11
37
32.



26


31



33
37
11-9
29
10-11
. 1
12
37
26



29






23
28


10-11
5
13
*1
20



19






42
25


10-11
10
1*
36
32



34


M



17
.15


iO-25
0
15
32



32




31






10-25
1
16
19



26




20






10-25
5
17
33



24




.35



1


10-25
10
18
25



12




43

•





-------
                        Appendix H



List of diatom species.

-------
 .  .... H-l  r-  List of diatom  species.

 Achnanthos clevei Grun.
 Achnanthco flexella  (Kutz.) Gruh.
 Achnanthos lanceolnta  (Breb.) Grun.
          v*
 Achnan'thofi'Jmicroc-sphala  (Kutz. )  Grun,
*Achnanthos minutissima Kutz.
 Amphora ovalis Kuts.
 Arrphora ovolis var0 pediculus Kutz.
 Amphora veneta Kutx.
 Anbmoeoneis vitrea (Grun*) Ross
•Asterionella forniosa Mass.
 Caloncis ventricofia  (Ehr.) Meist.
 Cocconeis disculus (Schunio) Cl.
 Cocconej.s pediculus E3ir0
 Cocconeis placcntula Ehr»
 Cyclotella antiqua v;0 Sn\.
 Cyclotella comta (Ehr,) Kutz.
 Cyclotella kutzingicna C10
 Cyclotella michiganiana Skuz.
•Cyclotella oce11ata Pant.
*Cyclotclla  stelligera Cl. & Grun.
 Cymbella affinis Kutz.
 Cymbella cistula (Henipr.) Grun»
 Cymbella jordani Grun.
 Cymbella sinuata Greg.
 Cymbellfi turgida (Greg.) Cl.
 Cymbella ventricosa Kutz.
 Cymbella sp 1.
 Denticula elegans Kutz.
 Diatoma tenuc varc e.longatum Lyngb.
 Diatoma vulgare Bory
 DiplonoiK elliptica (Kutz.) Cl.

-------
 Diploneis oculata (Brob,) Cl.
 Diploneis oblongella (Naeg. ex Kutz.) Ross
 Epithciuia argus Kutz.
 Epithemia zebra (Ehr*) Kutz.
 Eunotia arcus Ehr.
 Fragilaria capucina Desm.
 Fragilaria construens (Ehr.) Grun.                 .
*Fragalaria crotonensis Kitton                  '
                   i
 Pragalaria leptostauron (Ehr.) Hust.
 Frzigalaria leptostauron var. dubia (Grvm.) Hust.
 Fragaloria pinnata Elir.
 Goinphpnema gracile Ehr.
 •  i                          •           •  :
 Gqmphqnema parvulum Kut?,.
 Gomphontma sp 1.   i
 Gpmphqneis herculeana (Ehr.) Kutz.
 Hannaqa arcus (Ehr.) Patr.
 Hclosira distans  (Ehr.) Kutz.
 Msjiopira islsndica 0. Mull.
  i
 Navicula capitata Ehr.
 Navicula cincta (Ehr.) Ralfs.
 Navicula cocconeiformis Greg, ex Grev.
 .'.•''             •       •       ••-.  .  .t-
 Navicula cryptocephala Kutz.           i
 •. . i .    !          .                       I   •
 Navieula rnenisculus  Schura.
 Navicula^ polliculosa (Breb. ex Kut;z.) Hilsi§
 Navicula pseudoscutiformis Hust.
 Navicula pupula Kutc.
 Navicula pupula varc  rectangularis (Greg.) Grxin.
 •;.  ;                              • -t
 Navicula peregrins (Ehr.) Kutz.
 Navicxila radiosa  Kutz.
 Navicula radiosa  var. tcnella (Breb. ex Ku{:s.) Grun.
 Navicula rhyncocephyla Kutz.
   i -                               '
 Navicula reinhordtii  (Grun.) Grun.
 Navicula scutelloides W. Sm. ex Gregc              j
   !                      *        '
 Navicula tuscula  Ehr.

-------
                                                                   H-l
                                                                     3.
 Nitrischia acicularis V.1. Sm.
 Nitsschia amphibia Grun.
 Nitzschia angustata (W. Sin.) Grun,
 Nit?:sch,ia dissipata (Kutz.) Grun.
 Nitzschia frustulum Kutz.
 Nitzschia ptilea (Kufcjj.) W. Sm»
 Nitzschin romnna Grun.
"Rhizosolenia eriensls K. Lo Sm.
 Rhopalodia gibba (Ehc.) O..Mull.
 Stephanodiscus astraca  (Ehr.) Grun.
 Stephanodincus hantzschii Grun.
 'Stephanodiscus niagarae Elir.
*Stephanodiscuy tenuis Kust.
*Synedra acus Kutz.
 Synedra cyclopum Erutschy
*Synedra filiformis var. cyJ.lis Cl-Eul.
'Synedra rumpens var. fragilarioides Grun.
 Synodra ulna (Nits.) Ehr.
 Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngb.) Kutz,,
                                     I
 *Species representing 5» or more of|the population.  Percent occurrence
 and total counts are given in Tables 4-23.

-------
                                       December 20, 1972
  Transfer of Elements Associated with Taconite




Tailings to the Liver and Kidney of Rainbow Trout
            William A. Brungs, Ph.D.




         Ass't for Water Quality Criteria




      U. S. Environmental Protection Agency




        National Water Quality Laboratory




             6201 Congdon Boulevard




            Duluth, Minnesota  55804

-------
                             Introduction






       The uptake of materials associated with bottom sediments




directly by fish, rather than through the.food chain, has not been




studied to any great extent.  Most studies of this nature have been




with pesticides sorbed onto various clays and sediments, and these




studies determined the total uptake from the water and the food chain.




       This investigation was designed to determine the biological




activity, if any, of taconite tailings, a waste product of iron ore




processing in the upper Midwest.

-------
                       Test Methods





       Rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri Richardson) was chosen as the




test species due to its importance and occurrence in Lake Superior.




The single stock of test fish was purchased from the Cedar Bend Trout




Farm in Scandia,  Minnesota.   They had been certified disease free at




the time of purchase by Dr. Milton M.  Beck of Buhl, Idaho.  These




fingerlings were held and acclimated at the National Water Quality




Laboratory at 10-15° C in fiberglass holding tanks  supplied continuously




with raw Lake Superior water.  From the time these.fish were  received,




June 26, 1972,  mortality was less than 2%.  During holding and acclima^




tion the fish were fed Glenco Mills PR-4 dry trout  food without  antibiotics.




The following are the results of the  analysis of that food:




              Compound               Dry Weight (ag/g)




              Zinc                        103.8




              Copper                       18.2




              Lead                          2.82




              Cadmium                      0.38




              Cobalt                        2. 40




              Chromium                     1.57




              Nickel                        0.90




              Iron                         711.5




              Manganese             .      80.2




              Magnesium                 2788.0

-------
                                                                     4
 i


       Fish were transferred to the Newtown Fish Toxicology Laboratory,



a field station of the National Water Quality Laboratory, for final acclima-



tion prior to testing.  Rainbow trout were transferred by truck to the



Newtown laboratory twice, September 14-15 and October 5-6, 1972.  In



both cases the fish were hauled in Lake Superior water  with sufficient



ice to maintain satisfactory water temperature. Several hundred gallons



of Lake Superior water were shipped also in order to provide water for



holding purposes at Newtown for a period of at  least 10 days  preceding



actual testing.  They  were fed the same trout food as during their acclima-



tion at the National Water Quality Laboratory.  No mortality or adverse



appearance or behavior was observed during acclimation.-



       The test water utilized during these bioassays was raw unfiltered



Lake Superior water which was  transferred to the Newtown  Laboratory,



together with the test fish.



       Samples of taconite tailings to be  utilized in the bioassay test



were from a fraction  less than 5 microns.  Several samples of tailings,



each a 1. 2 ml suspension containing 0. 50 grams of tailings,  were sent to



the Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, for neutron activation



at  their reactor in West Jefferson,  Ohio.  Two bioassays were  designed



to  study the transfer of various  activated elements from tailings into the



fish.  The first test,  which began September  25, 1972, and lasted 24 hrs,

-------
                                                                     5.




investigated the uptake of short-lived radionuclides and as a conse-




quence,  the tailings samples for this test were  activated for five



                                                        12
minutes  at a thermal neutron flux of approximately 5 X 10  neutrons/


   o

cm /sec.  Radioactive elements with short physical half-lives are




produced more rapidly than are those elements  with long physical




half-lives.  In order to determine the possible implication of uptake




in the approximately 1. 0  ml of lake water contained with each tailings




sample,  several samples of filtered lake water  (0.1 micron filter) were




activated also under the same conditions.  Radioanalysis of these activa-




ted water samples and activated tailings samples would permit essen-




tially a mass balance to determine whether the majority of the radio-




nuclides  found in the test fish and test water was contributed via the




tailings or the water associated with, the tailings sample during activa-




tion.




       The second bioassay, which began on October 20, 1972, and




lasted for 96 hrs> attempted to determine the uptake of long-lived




radionuclides. Consequently, neutron activation on tailings  samples




and raw  water samples was conducted for a period of 48 hours at a




thermal  neutron flux of approximately 2. 5 X 10*^ neutrons /cm /sec.




       All sample results and uptake data take into account the time of




activation in relation to the time  the test was  conducted and samples

-------
analyzed so that, decay rates were incorporated into the actual determina-

tion of radionuclide concentrations in the various samples of fish tissues

and water.  The use of radioactive tailings did not permit the conduct of
                                                 .' i. *
continuous-flow bioassays.  Consequently,  static bioassays  with 5-gallon

wide-mouth glass jars were conducted at the Battelle reactor site in

West Jefferson, Ohio.  Eleven liters of Lake Superior  water were added

to each of the duplicate test chambers.   These chambers were placed in

a water bath with chillers set to maintain a test temperature of 15° O.

After the water was added,  one liter was removed for measurement of

dissolved oxygen.   Water not used for the test was analyzed for hardness,

pH,  alkalinity, and acidity.   Dissolved oxygen was from 7.4 to  7. 8 mg/1,

alkalinity from 48 to 56 mg/1  as CaCC>2» hardness from 46 to 60 mg/1 as

CaCC>2> acidity from  0 to 2  mg/1 as CaCO^ and pH from 7. 8 to  8. 3.

During the tests,  each chamber was aerated continuously to help main-

tain the tailings in suspension, as well as provide adequate dissolved

oxygen.  Four rainbow trout were added randomly to each chamber for

each of the two tests.  Test fish had been transferred from the  Newtown

Laboratory to the temporary laboratory prepared at the Battelle

reactor. In all but one case,  three tailings samples  were added to

each of the tailings exposure chambers.   This  provided an amount of

tailings equal to 1. 5 grams in 10 liters, or 150  mg/1.   The one excep-

tion was for the 24-hr bioassay in which only two 0. 5 gram samples

were added to one  of the test chambers.  However, one of these 0. 5 g

-------
                                                                    7




samples Had been activated for 10 minutes instead of 5 in this 24-hr




bioassay which resulted in the same amount of radionuclides even though




the amount of tailings was  different from the duplicate.   The second




bioassay received also three samples of tailings containing a total of




1. 5 grams or 150 mg/1 of taconite tailings in each of the tailings test




chambers.




       The range in total Length of test fish in the first bioassay was




80-108 mm (Table  1) and for the second bioassay was.83-111 mm (Table




2).  The range in total weight, after tissue samples had been removed,




was 4. 95 to 11. 48 g for the  first test (Table 1) and for the second bio-




assay the range was 3. 86-12. 31 g (Table 2).




       Test fish were removed at the end of the first test and their




livers excised avoiding possible contamination by contact with the




exteriors of the fish and  placed in individual sample containers. 'Prior




to radioanalysis, liver samples  from each chamber were composited




separately.  Unfiltered water samples, 400ml, were collected from the




controls; the 8-ml  water samples collected from the tailings test




chambers were filtered through a 0. 1 micron filter for eventual radio-




analysis.




       When the second bioassay ended, the fish were removed from




the test chambers and the liver and kidneys removed and placed in




sample containers  in which the livers and kidneys were  composited

-------
                                                     :           8




separately for each test chamber.  Water samples were removed as




before, with the tailings samples being filtered through a 0.1 micron




filter.  A stainless steel pressure filtration system was utilized for




the second bioassay.  A helium cylinder was connected to this filter


                                o

providing a pressure of 40 Ibs/in   and 100-ml samples were collected




for the  tailings test chambers.




        Analysis of the tissue and water samples for  radionuclides was




conducted by the Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering Research




Laboratory,  U. S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.




Only radionuclides that emit gamma rays were measured.   They were




indentified by matching observed gamma-ray energies, relative abunr




dances  of multiple  gamma rays, and the decay between successive




measurements, with radionuclides tabulated by gamma ray energies




and abundances, .half lives, and mode  of formation.  All samples were




measured with Ge(Li) gamma-ray detectors with ZOOOr or 40000-channel




spectrometers, yielding energy measurements within l.keV.  The tail-




ing samples were measured four times and all other  samples, at least



                                                      24           I
twice within 3-week periods.  For radionuclides such as   Na, multiple




gamma rays  and decay  rates could be  measured, heiice identification is




certain; for others, such as  Mn,  only a single gamma ray decaying




very slowly was observed, hence identification is probable but not certain.




The radionuclides  formed by neutron activation of taconite tailings are

-------
listed in Table 3.  Not all elements, during neutron activation, are


converted to gamma-emitting radionuclides.  Such elements would not


be expected to be found in fish tissues using the analtyical techniques
                                          ' i

in this study.  In addition, those gamma-emitting radionuclides with


extremely short or long physical half-lives [in comparison to those


that were found in the fish tissues] would not be readily detectable.


       The sensitivity of detecting radionuclides in the tailings was


affected by interferences from gamma rays of the more abundant


radionuclides.  In the other samples, it was only a function of detector

                                         ft2       86 •
"background".  Thus,  the gamma rays from   Br and   Rb were found


in fish tissues but were probably obscured by other gamma rays in the


taconite tailings.  "Less-than" values for these two radionuclides in-


dicate the magnitude  of these values.


       The reported values are averages of duplicate analyses.  The


detector has been calibrated for counting efficiency as a function of


gamma-ray energy with an accuracy of approximately + 10%.  Values


were measured less accurately when the count rate was so low as to be


near the detection limit, or when other gamma rays interfered.  Concentra-


tion values for the radionuclides in taconite tailings were confirmed by


measuring irradiated  samples of 25,50, and 100 mg.  For long-lived


radionuclides produced by the neutron, gamma (n,y } reaction, the ratio


of radioactivity  in the  tailings activated for the two different periods of


time is approximately 1400.  The calculated ration is 1240.  These values


are in reasonable agreement.  Duplicate fish exposure experiments show

-------
comparable results of the amount of radionuclides in water and retention



in fish livers and kidneys.

                                       233    '   54
       All of the radionuclides except    Pa and   Mri are attributed


to the (n,y ) reaction with  the lighter stable isotope of the same element.

                              59
By this process, for example,    Fe is formed.in the taconite tailings


                                                     58
and the lake water associated  with the tailings from   Fe., .a stable isotope

                          233                                  233
of iron.  The radionuclide    Pa is attributed to beta decay of    Th,


formed by the (n,y ) reaction  with 232Th; and 54Mn, to the (n.p)  reaction


with stable 5AFe.  In some of  the samples, A7Ca values were inferred

                     47                           •   ' 47
from measurements of   Sc formed by the beta decay of  Ca.

-------
                                                                       11


                            Results




          No radionuclides were detected in the control test water or




control fish tissues from either test.




      Bioassay for the Determination of Short-Lived Radionuclides




          Several short-lived radionuclides were found in the filtered test




water and livers of  rainbow trout exposed for 24 hrs to taconite tailings




activated for a period of 5 minutes (Table 4).  The filtered fraction of


                                24    56         76
the tailings test water contained   Na,   Mn,  and  As (Table 3).  In




the composite liver sample  ^Na,    K, and  Br  were found (Table 3).



    82
No  Br was found in the activated tailings as the concentration was




below the limit of detection because of the many other radionuclides.




      Bioassay to Determine the Transfer of Long-Lived Radionuclides




          This second test was conducted utilizing tailings that were




activated for a period of 48 hours  in order to  form long-lived radio-




nuclides.  The test  was conducted for a period ol 96 hours to allow more




time for uptake by the test fish.  Because of the long-lived nature of




these radionuclides, the duration of the test did not inhibit analytical



                                                          59     134
sensitivity due to decay. The filtered test water contained  Fe,     Cs,




47Ca,  54Mn,  6°Co,  and 86Rb (Table 5).   The fish livers and kidneys



                                                          47
both contained the same radionuclides,  with the exception of   Ca.




The   Mn is a result of the neutron, proton reaction with stable  Fe.

-------
                              Conclusions
       Liver and kidney of rainbow trout accumulated several radio-


active elements previously associated with neutron—activated taconite

                                                  •  ,                24 •
tailings.  Livers contained gamma-emitting radionuclides of sodium (  Na) ,

           42             82           59             134             60
potassium (  K), bromine (  Br),  iron (  Fe),  cesium (   Cs) , cobalt (  Co),

              86                                               59    134
and rubidium (  Rb) from the tailings; the kidneys accumulated   Fe,    Cs,


6^Co, and   Rb.  Kidneys were not sampled in the test in which   Na,


A 9       82
  K, and   Br were found in the livers.


       Since contamination  of the biological samples was avoided,


the transfer of these elements, from taconite tailings to internal organs


of fish indicates that at least these elements in tailings are biologically


available..

-------
                                                                    12




                :        Acknowledgments .






        The author wishes to thank especially the assistance of




Dr.  Bernd Kahn,  Director, Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering




Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,  Ohio,




for analysis of the test water and fish.  Mr. Kenneth Kok of the




Battelle Memorial Institute and his staff were most helpful in the




activation of the tailings and water samples, as well as their support




for the  conduct  of the bioassays at their Nuclear Reactor Site.

-------
                                                                  13
Table 1.  Length and weight of fish and tissue samples for 24-hr


          bioassay for short-lived radionuclides.

Fish
number
C1F1
C1F2

C1F3
C1F4
C2F1
C2F2

C2F3
C2F4
T1F1
T1F2

T1F3
T1F4
T2F1
T2F2

T2F3
T2F4
Total
length,
mm
97
100

108
80
101
101

99
83
92
85

102
86
77
91

85
82
Total1
weight,
g
9.72
9.14

11.48
4.95
10.08
9.84

9.26
5.07
7.65
5.06

10.24
5.59
4.62
7.91

7.10
4.95
Weight2
Weight of liver
of liver, composite, Sample
g g number
0.095
0.081
0.332 GIF
0.105
0.051
0.106
0.092
0.324 C2Fr
0.085
0.041
0.051
0.017
0.208 T1F
0.099
0.041
0.028
0.083
0.244 T2F
0.091
0.042
      After samples were removed.


     2
      Liver samples were composited for the 4 fish in each chamber before


radioanalysis but after separate weights were determined.

-------
                                                                  14
Table 2.  Length and weight of fish and tissue samples for 96-hr




          bioassay for  long-lived radionuclides.

Fish
number
2C1F1
2C1F2
2C1F3
2C1F4
2C2F1
2C2F2
2C2F3
2C2F4
2T1F1
2T1F2
2T1F3
2T1F4
2T2F1
2T2F2
2T2F3
2T2F4
Total
length,
ram
86
92
108
92
88
92
91
93
86
93
77
83
111
98
84
85
, Weight2
Total of liver
weight, composite, Sample
g g number
5.58
lO^S °-32° 2C1L
8.31
6.72
I'll 0.200 2C2L
O. JJ
7.85
6.04
I'll 0.192 2T1L
J .00
5.36
12.31
?'J? 0.288 2T2L
j . ->l
5.54
Weight2
of kidney
composite, Sample
g number

0.196 2C1K


0.144 2C2K


0.102 2T1K


0.150 2T2K

   After samples .were removed.
   Tissue samples were composited before weights were determined.

-------
                                                                     15
Table 3.  Radionuclides detected in neutron-activated taconite
          tailings.

Radionuclide
24Na
42K
46Sc
47Ca
51Cr
54Mn
56Mn
59FC
6°Co
4Cu
As
85sr
%b
95Zr
124sb
Ba
134Cs
140
La
Half-
Life
15 hr
12 hr
84 d
4. 5 d
28 d
313 d
2.6 hr
45 d
5.3 yr
13 hr
26 hr
64 d
19 d
66 d
60 d
12 d
2 yr
40 hr.
In short
activation
sample
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X





X
X
In long
activation
sample
X

X
X
X
X

x
X
'•

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

-------
                                                                       16




Table 3.   (Cont'd)

Radionuclide
141Ce
147Nd
152mEu
152Eu
153Sm
153Gd
l6°Tb
175Yb
177Lu
181Hf
233Pa
Half-
Life
32 d
11 d
9 hr
13 yr
47 hr
242 d
72 d
4. 2 d
6. 7 d
43 d
27 d
In short
activation
sample


X
X
X


X
X

X
In long
activation
sample
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X

-------
1 :;':ii,  -i.   A::Kv..;.t vf !M.'Ji.tjiiHc]UU:H   associated'with cHfforer.t portions of the test system (24-ht bioassay).

R«icn,:ciu:c
o .'.
--2
c-2
Chamber T 1
Welded Addd-d Filtered
Tuiliii^s Walar Test Water
130,000,000 11,000 380,000
1,400,000 500
b

Fish
Livers
4SO
250
4.8

Added
Tailings
130.000,000
1,400,000
-
Chamber T
Added
Water
16,000
800
: "•; -
2
Filtered Fish
Test V/>.ter Livers
540, 000 . 720
300
14
"In i>icocurio.-i  (pCi).  Does not include unknown.amount in

  r>-mc.ir.der of fish.


b.
 IScr.c i:ctucleiJ.

-------
                                                                                                                                     18
 Table  5.  Air.cur.t of raclionuclides3 associated with different portions of the test  system  (96-hr bioassay)
i Ch
Radio- .-'ifid.jd Acidid
r.u c a c e T :.i i 1 i n c s V.1' a t ft r
34Mnb i, HO, 000 13
•9Fe 34,000.000 450
°°Co GvO.OQO 12
06,. c
na
134Cs 310,000
amber 2T 1
Filtered
Test Water
56,000
7,000
' : 'll.OCO
100, 000
38,000

Fish Fish
Livers Kidneys
8.0 2.0
9.6 6.4
-
84 52
1.2

Added Added
Tailings Water
1,100,000 13
34,000,000 430
640,000 12
....'.
310,000
Chamber 2T 2
Filtered
Test Water
• 76,000
6,000
13,000
94, 000
39,000

Fish
Livers
20
18
0.8
140
4.8

Fish
Kidneys
4.8
11
1.6
100
4. 0
I:-, iiicocuri.es (pCi).  Does not include unknown amount in
  rcmiir'.dar of fish.

Forr.-.ed by neutron-proton reaction with stable   Fe.
Ko:i«i Detected.

-------
Distribution of Taconite Tailings in Lake Superior




          Water and Public Water Supplied
                 Progress Report



                   April, 1973
              Philip M. Cook Ph.D.
  United States Environmental Protection Agency




        National Water Quality Laboratory




            Duluth, Minnesota  55804

-------
     A preliminary data report prepared for this study in January,



1973 contained copies of X-ray diffraction patterns of settled



sediment samples obtained from different Western Lake Superior water



supplies and X-rayed by Mr. Robert W. Andrew of the National Water



Quality Laboratory in 1969.  This report also included several copies



of X-ray diffraction patterns of suspended solids filtered from



Duluth water supply, water sampled from the tap at the National Water



Quality  Laboratory in early January, 1973.  Each of these samples



contained substantial amounts of taconite tailings as indicated by



the presence of quartz and cummingtonite peaks in the diffraction



pattern.  Since January a large number of water samples have been



examined from the Duluth water supply as it is received at the



National Water Quality Laboratory through the tap.  In late March
                                                                      *


the sampling frequency was increased from approximately twice per



week to daily in order to better define fluctuations of tailings



amounts in the:Duluth water supply.



     The Duluth water intake is located at a depth of about 60 feet,



one-fourth of a mile offshore of the Lakewood Pumping Station which



is situated on the North Shore about eight miles from the Duluth



Harbor entrance.  The approximate site is shown in Figure 1.  The



distance from the water intake to Silver Bay is approximately 45 miles.

-------
Sampling and Experimental  Procedure




     Ten (10.00)  liter water samples  are obtained from the laboratory




tap at mid-day after allowing  the water to run for ten .minutes to




insure a representative  sample from the vater line.  The vater sample




is immediately placed in a 20  liter stainless steel Millipore pressure




filtration  tank and the  water  filtered through a preweighed ,45vi




Millipore type HA. filter with  a pressure of about 50 psi.  The filter




is dried overnight in an oven  at 70°  C and weighed.  A weighing




correction  of +0.3 rag is applied to compensate for the loss in weight,




of the filter due to leaching  and then the weight of. suspended solids




is determined by  difference.   Suspended solids determinations were




not accomplished  for the first 17 samples studied because 0.5p




Solvinert filters were used instead of the Millipore type HA filters.




The Solvinert filters are  unsuitable  for accurate weighing.




     The Millipore filter  is placed on a glass slide using "double




sided" tape and the sample X-rayed using the following instrument




settings:




     CuK*   radiation, 40KEV, 16 ma, Ni filter. 1° slits, 0.010




     receiving slit.  Gain = 10, discriminators » lower 570,




     upper  1000.   H.V. = 1000.  Disc  range = 100%.  Range = IK,




     time constant - 3 sec.  Scan rate » l°/mln. with chart speed




     l/2"/min.  Scale expansion = 100.  Zero suppression.» 200.




The 20 region scanned is either 5-30° or 5-13°, 26-30°.  Representative




X-ray patterns are included in Appendix 1.

-------
Analysis of X-Ray Patterns

     Qualitative study of the X-ray patterns of Duluth water supply

suspended solids reveals the presence of quartz and curamingtonite

in every sample.  The cummingtonite (110) peak at 10.6° 2Q and (310)

peak at 29.1°20 are clearly present in each X-ray diffraction pattern.

Cummingtonite and quartz appear to be the major mineral components

of the filtered solids with minor amounts of clay minerals.

     Table I contains a record of suspended solids and tailings

concentrations for each sample studied.  The tailings values are

preliminary, subject to revision, and are low for those samples

having suspended solids >.7 mg/1.  The standard curve, used for the

tailings determination, is shown in Figure 2 and is the first of a

series to be developed for analyzing water samples filtered by the

pressure filtration method.  This curve was prepared by .adding

pipetted volumes of a <2y, untreated tailings suspension (0.045 mg/1)

to fresh Grand Marais water supply intake water to give 10.00 1 water

samples which were filtered in the same manner as the Duluth water

supply samples.  The Grand Marais water suspended solids did not
          f                                         .    '
show detectable amounts of tailings when X-rayed.

     Despite spring run-off conditions, clay mineral peak intensities

remained small throughout the study period to date.  This in part

reflects the advantageous position of the water intake with respect to

stream input of sediment.  Although a complete analysis has not been

attempted, comparison of suspended solids to wind direction and speed

indicates that strong northeast or easterly winds produce increases

in the amounts of suspended solids measured.  The most dramatic example

-------
of this effect to date is the period from March 30, 1973 to April 10,




1973 during which the suspended solids rose from 0.5 mg/1 to 1.4 mg/1




and strong east or northeast winds predominated.  These samples also




contained the greatest concentrations of tailings found to date.  This




phenomenon can be attributed to the favorable weather conditions for




strong counterclockwise circulation of Western lake Superior water along




the North Shore.




     Preliminary regression analysis shows a correlation of the tailings




concentration in Duluth water supply water to the suspended solids




concentration.  This correlation is highly significant at the 1% level.




The average % tailings in the suspended solids throughout the sampling




period is about 40%.                                 '




     Occasional samples from the National Water Quality Laboratory




lake water tap have been analyzed in the same manner as described above




for Duluth water supply samples.  In every case substantial amounts of




taconite tailings are found.  Clay mineral amounts appear to be greater




in these samples than in Duluth water samples, probably due to the




influence of the Lester River on the National Hater Quality Laboratory




intake.        ; .

-------
Preliminary Conclusions;




     1.   Taconite tailings are a regular and substantial constituent




of the suspended solids found in City of Duluth water.




     2.   East or Northeast winds can increase the amount of tailings




transported to the City of Duluth water supply.




     3.   Daily taconite tailings concentrations are highly correlated




to daily suspended solids concentrations in City of Duluth water.




     4.   Taconite tailings are found in substantial amounts in each




National Water Quality Laboratory lake water sample studied. .'>

-------
Table I.  Duluth water  supply at  the National Water Quality Laboratory
Date
12/28/72
1/1/73
1/8/73
1/10/73
1/14/73
1/17/73
1/20/73
1/30/73
2/1/73
2/4/73
2/6/73
2/8/73
2/10/73
2/15/73

2/16/73
2/22/73
3/1/73
3/6/73
3/9/73
3/11/73
3/14/73
3/15/73
3/19/73
3/20/73
3/22/73
3/23/73
3/24/73
3/26/73
3/27/73
3/28/73
3/29/73
3/30/73
(continued)
Volume
filtered
(1)
10.00
10.00.
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
18.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
Filter
damaged
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00

Suspended
solids
(mg/1)


















0.50
0.54
0.45
0.52
0.41
0.42
0.60
0.65
0.62
0.59
0.64
0.52
0.53
0.41
0.49

Tailings
(mg/D
.07
.04
.11
.22
.15
.17
.18
.18
.14
.24
.20
.22
.09
	

.18
.07
.09
.19
.12
.20
.13
.24
.18
.24
.12
.17
.13
.12
.18
.18
.15
.17

2
Tails
I
i

















38
22
44
25
58
43
40
18
27
22
19
35
34
37
35

Wind
direction
S
w
NW
W
W
S
E
E
E
"'• N
'"'"'-.... NW
NW
6
. N

S
w
0
E
E
N
E
N
SW
E
. SE
E
0
E
S
W
E
SE

Wind
speed
(knots)
8
9
8
12
6
9
12
10
10
5
14
10
0
8

4
11
0
11
11
11
13
13
7
10
6
7
0
8
8
. 6
8
6


-------
Table I. continued.
Date
4/1/73
4/2/7,3
4/3/73
4/4/73
4/5/73
4/6/73
4/7/73
4/8/73
4/9/73
4/10/73
4/11/73
4/12/73
4/13/73
4/14/73
4/15/73
4/16/73
4/17/73
4/18/73
4/19/73
4/20/73
Volume
filtered
(1)
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
Suspended
solids
(mg/1)
0.71
1.17
0.92
0.89
0.75
0.79
0.88
0.91
1.15
1.35
1.12
1.20
1.09
1.00
1.27
1.05
1.12 -
0.97
0.81
0.72
Tailings
(mg/D
.41
.34
.37
.39
.39
.36
.50
.64
.60
.70
.44
.48
.18
.16
.16
.27
.18
.18
.32
.34
%
Tails
58
29
40
44
52
46
57
70
52
52
39
40
16
16
13
26
16
19
40
47
Wind
direction
E
N
E
E
W
NW
NE
NE
NE
NE
SW
E
SW
s
SW
NW
S
E
E
SE
Wind
speed
(knots)
181
7
9
5
10
7
15
18
15
7
10
12
12
17
6
10
9
13
13
10

-------
          Figure 1.






Map of Western Lake Superior.

-------

-------
                              Figure 2.






Standard Curve of X-ray Peak Height  (Cuimningtonite-llQ) Versus mg <2y




Untreated Tailings  in  10.00 Liters of Grand Marais Water.

-------
 ?'i5rS£
 £0
                               i3iffi.f-.
                                 [hi
	G
                                                                     7010

-------
          Appendix I.






Representative X-ray Patterns.

-------
M.WH

-------
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-------
Appendix II.





Weather Data.

-------
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for non thly issue;' ISC tor annual
Issue. Make check! payable to Depart*
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-------
                            OBSERVATIONS AT 3-HOUR JNTERVALS
                                   ADOI1IONAL OA1A
                                   OUm obratrallnal Uu
I «n>ld«d .t co« «U •
 . liMut
                                    Um obratrallna   u «nuM  » .Mof 
-------
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LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA - SKGSiSyiSXi'mn« .,,
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • iSIJuIJI1?^ ""MT
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION *««*•" »•'»
INVIIONMIN7AI DATA SEIVICI
Latitude 46* 30' N Longitude »2 • 11' * Devstion 'ground' 14291. Standard time toed: CENTIUI WItN 11491)
Temperature
j
19
17
17
13
-3
-10
-11
-2
. -22
10
23
11
-3
-15
-6
11
2
-6
-2
11
16
10
6
3
19
15
	 fH
Number
f
24
27
24
19
11
-I
-1
6
-3
19
26
26
9
-6
4
20
IT
t
6
26
22
11
11
12
26
21*
Avf.
13.7
of davi
I
T :
f
19
19
13
10
2
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-11
-4
-15
9
16
15
-1
-IT
-T
9
1
-4
-6
13
0
4
-2
12
13
Dtp.
2.9
Manmum Teir.o. I Mmimun
sto't
0
ai2' a 32-^
16 1 M"
L Avertfe
"~ de* point
21
11
20
H
-II
-1C
- 4
- 7
12
11
12
1
-22
- 1
19
22
6
- 1
It
11
7
11
11
21
29
=*
Temo.
s 0*
11
Derm dan
Bate 9i'
5
X
7A
41
19
41
46
54
66
66
59
TO
46
39
39
96
Tl
61
45
41
J.T
59
39
43
52
47
53
39
37
S
I
7B

m±a\
Total i Total

Wealher types
on dates ol
occurrence
fog
MIT fee. a
Thunder storm
nil9*
Ctasa
Dumtorm
Smole. H...
Blowlna snow
1 * 1
1
1
1
1 1
1 6
1 4
1 99
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 6
Number at da.
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;rounc
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9
14
14
1*
14
14
14
14
16
14
11
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13
11
14
14
14
14
14
13
II
13
13
13
13
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5 1.0 Inch 1
Ttunderstorms 0
Dcp. Dep. Icavy fog X 2
Precipitation
Water
equiva-
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In.
10
0
7
7
7
0
7
7
7
0
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.04
0
0
7
7
.03
7
0
0
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7
.01
7
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Cre
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Snow.
let
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It
1
1.
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7
tell in
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pres-
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Elev.
1417
feel
mj.1.
12
29.31
11.10
19.44
11.63
21.71
21.76
19.73
21.6
21.71
21.51
21.31
29.62
29.7)
19.17
11. It
11.51
It. 40
11.42
29.33
11.69
11.23
11.43
29.71
2B.lt
11.19
21.69
29.47
J 4.601
Ij
33
29
ei
29
29
32
10
16
14
09
36
33
25
12
12
29
26
21
19
16
07
09
09
11
It
24 hours an
ittatioh 1 Snovr.
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f
&
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10
t
11
9
1
10
9
7
6
7
9
7
1
5
10
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a* date
L Averaw speed
r •*»
9.4
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6.
11.
9.
6.
11.
10.
10.
9.
10.
11.
7.
9.
6.
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9.3

ice peHelt
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16
26
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5.0
6.1
9.1
9.0
9.4
3.9
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1.6
9.6
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19
19
96
97
50
64
91
90
94
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64
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9
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9
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10
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3
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10
10
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10
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10
now.
14 1 22*
447 Clear 6 Partly Clouay 6 Clouay 16 j
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10
11
12
13
14
13
17
11
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26
27
29

                                     HOURLY PRECIPITATION  (Water equivalent in inchn)
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annual iaaue if publlened; 7Sc extra
for forcien mailing. Slngli copy: 20c
for monthly i*aue: lie for annual
iasuc. Hake checke payable to Depart'
ment of Commerce, NOAA; send payments
and order* to: National Cllnatlc
Center. Federal Building. Ashcvlllo
N. C. 26801. Attnt Publlcatioria.

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                                LCD-21-14913-FR

                 CPA-NATinNAL WATER  QUALITY LABORATORY
                 ATTNl   OR PHILLIP COOK
                 6201 CONGOON BLVD.
                 DULUTH/  MN .                          55804
                                                                  -
                                                               RST CLASS

-------
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           ^/OW1
Director,  tt.ttlcin.il Climatic Center
                                                                                            USCOH1—NOAA—ASHKV11.LF.    '  J50

-------
                           OBSERVATIONS *t 3-HOUR
                                 4OfMTi<>\4L |1«
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O.S DICARIKIKI OKOKMHCI

HAIIOHAL tllMAHC CllllEi

HDtlAl BUItDIKC
                                                                                       FIRST  CLASS

-------
   ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

        OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
        REMOTE SENSING STUDY

    GREEN WATER IN LAKE SUPERIOR

           OCTOBER 1972
National Field Investigations Center
                 and
EPA National Water Quality Laboratory
           Duluth, Minnesota

             January 1973

-------
          THIS REPORT WAS PREPARED BY:
1).  Arthur W. Dybdahl
   .Physicist
    Remote Sensing Programs
    Process Control Branch
    National Field Investigations Center-Denver
    Environmental Protection Agency
2)  Jim V. Rouse
    Geologist
    Process Control Branch
    National Field Investigations Center-Denver
    Environmental Protection Agency      '.

-------
                             TABLE OF CONTENTS


Chapter                          Title                               Page

    I         INTRODUCTION	 .	    1

   IJ         MISSION PURPOSE	    1

  !I{         BACKGROUND	    2

   iy         CHRONOLOGICAL DATA	    3

    V         AIRCRAFT SENSOR DATA	    3

   yi         CONTROLS ON AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE DATA .	    9

  VII         FLIGHT PARAMETER DATA	11

              WEATHER INFORMATION	:  ......   11

   IX         MECHANICS OF AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE DATA
              INTERPRETATIONS	13

    $         RESULTS OF THE AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE DATA
              ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS	16

   jq         SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS	25

              REFERENCES  	 .......   26

              APPENDIX A	27
                                  ti

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                       REMOTE SENSING STUDY




                   GREEN WATER IN LAKE SUPERIOR




                           October 1972






I.  INTRODUCTION




     An aerial reconnaissance study of the green water phenomenon




in Lake Superior was conducted on October 19, 1972.  This effort




was requested by the Director of the National Water Quality




Laboratory, EPA, Duluth, Minnesota.  The sections of Lake Superior




covered during this study are shown in Figure 1.






II.  MISSION PURPOSE




     The aerial reconnaissance study of the northern shore reaches




of Lake Superior was designed to fulfill the following objectives:




     (a)  Document the presence of the green-water phenomenon.




     (b)  Obtain the precise location and lake surface area of  the




          green water recorded.




     (c)  Compare, to the extent practicable, the color characteristics




          of the green water mass to those recorded in the immediate




          vicinity of the Reserve Mining Company's taconite tailing




          effluent.




     (d)  Document the presence of any lake water up-welling along




          the Minnesota shore.

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                                -2-
III.  BACKGROUND




     EPA1 has carried out extensive investigations regarding the




cause or source of  the green-water effect.  A long term detailed




field sampling program and subsequent laboratory analysis were




initiated in September, 1968.  The results, pertinent to this report,




of the study are as follows:




     (a)  The major cause of the "green-water phenomenon" along




          Lake Superior's northern shore  (refer to Figure 1) was




          taconite  tailings suspended in  the water.




     (b)  Taconite  tailings were characterized by a mixture of




          cummingtonite, grunerite, and quartz.




     (c)  The taconite tailings, comprising the suspended solids




          in the green-water, originated  from a launder discharge




          within the Reserve Mining Company facility located at




          Silver Bay, Minnesota.




     (d)  Throughout the period of study, the green water was




          not observed northeast of the Reserve Mining Company




          effluent  regardless of the prevailing wind direction.




     (e)  Water clarity in the green water, caused by the taconite




          tailings,  was 4 to 10 times less than the clarity in




          the clear or background water in Lake Superior.




     Patterns2 for  the surface currents in Lake Superior have been




documented through  detailed long term field studies initiated in 1966.




These patterns indicate that the characteristic surface currents,




along the U. S. section of the northern shore of Lake Superior, are




in a counter-clockwise direction.

-------
     It was concluded, from a dr.i El-bottle study  performed by




Northern Michigan Unb'er.sity, thu-.  the test VK>L c.l.es  released  in




Lake Superior along Lhv Michigan shoi'e would not  (exc.ept under unusual




circumstances) gather OT strand a Long the. Minnesota's northern t>l-uirt:--




line, because of prevailing off-shore winds causing  an  upwelling




and off-shore drift.






IV.   CHRONOLOGICAL DATA




     The aerial reconnaissance mission was flown  on .October 19,




1972 between the hou ITS of 0917 and 1108 CDT.






V.  AIRCRAFT SENSOR DATA




     Two high performance aircraft were used to carry out this




remote sensing mission.  The sensors, carried on-board  each of these




aircraft, were three cameras and an Infrared Line Scanner.




     Two of the three cameras were KS-87B Aerial  Framing Cameras




with 6-inch (152mm) focal length lens assemblies.  They were  mounted




in the aircraft in their respective vertical positions.. The




framing cameras were uploaded with different film and optical




filter combinations as follows:




     (a)  Kodak 2403 with a Wratten HF3/HF5 gelatin'optical filter




          combination which effectively eliminates the  sunlight




          scattering by the lower atmosphere.   The resultant  photo-




          graphic data were 4.5"x4.5" black and white negatives.




          This sensor was used for depth penetration..below the surface




          of the lake water.

-------
(b)   Kodak Aerochrome Infrared Film 2443 with a Wratten 16




     gelatin optical filter resulting in a 4.5"x4.5" color




     transparency.  This filter transmits a portion of  the




     visible optical spectrum, i.e., deep green, yellow,




     orange, red, along with the near infrared energy from




     0.7 to 1.0 microns.  This film presents a modified color




     or false color rendition in the processed transparency




     unlike the more familiar true-color films:.  It has an




     emulsion layer that is sensitive to the near infrared in




     addition to the red and green layers, whereas the  true-




     color ektachrome films have red, green, and blue sensi-




     tive layers.  (Every color in the visible optical  spectrum




     is formed in the true color film by various combinations




     of red, green and blue dyes similar to the red, green and




     blue dots on the front of a color television picture tube.)




     The modified or false color rendition comes into play




     when the exposed image on the infrared film is processed.




     In the finished transparency, the scene objects (trees,




     plants) producing infrared exposure, appear .red in color,




     while red and green objects produce green and blue images,




     respectively.  The most important asset of .this film is




     its capability of recording the presence of various levels




     of chlorophyll in plant growth.  The leaves on a healthy




     tree will record as a bright red image rather than the




     usual green.  The orange filter is used to keep all blue




     light from reaching the film which would 'cause an  unbalance




     in the normal red, green, blut color balance.

-------
                                   -5-
       The viewing  angle of the framing cameras  was 41° centered about

  the aircraft's nadir  as shown below:
                                                     AIRCRAFT
                                                     ALTITUDE
                                                        i
                           GROUND LEVEL
Viewing Angle  of  a Framing Camera Configured with a 6-inch Focal Length.
     A diagram of  a typical framing camera is provided below:
                  Focal Plane
                                               Film
                                               Guide
                           Shutter
                                          Lens
                           Film Advances Frame by Frame
                               Framing Camera

-------
                                -6-
      The remaining camera of the three mentioned above, was a

 high altitude panoramic camera, the KA-55.  A typical panoramic

 camera is shown  in the diagram below:
                  Slit-
                                	Plane	
                                   Scanning
                                  "Stovepipe" :
                                 pivoted at rear
                                  nodal point
                        Film Advances Frame by Frame
                         Scanning Lens Panoramic

     This  camera used a 12" lens assembly, provided twice the  image

magnification  over that provided by the framing cameras.  The lens

assembly scans in a direction perpendicular to the aircraft's line

of flight  through an angle of 90° centered about the nadir of the

aircraft as  shown below:
    i
 AIRCRAFT
 ALTITUDE
     I
                            GROUND  LEVEL

        The viewing angle of the lens assembly in  the  direction

   parallel to the aircraft's line  of flight was 21.1°.

-------
                                -7-






     The panoramic camera carried a Kodak Aerographic Ektachrome S0-J97




film producing a true color transparency 4.5"xl8 .8". in size.  No




special optical filters were used with this film in order to preserve




the true color or rtal world rendition of the area flown.




     This camera was used to photograph as much of the green water as




possible in the aircraft's lateral direction while including the




shoreline within each frame.  This was required so that the precise




location and surface area of the green water could be established.




     An infrared line scanner (1RLS),  which records-a thermal map




of an imaged area, completed the array of airborne sensors used




on this mission.  The IRLS uses an infrared detector in an electro-




optic system to record on film the amount of infrared energy




detected in the imaged area.  The effective focal length of the IRLS




is 1.15 inches and the field of view is 120° perpendicular to the




line of flight.




     The three basic units in an infrared reconnaissance set are




scanner optics, a detector, and a recording unit'.   The scanner




collects the infrared emissions from the ground and reflects them




to a parabolic mirror.  The parabolic  mirror focuses the infrared




emissions onto the detector.  The detector converts the infrared




energy collected by the scanner into an electrical signal.  In




the recording unit the electrical signal is converted to visible




light through a cathode ray tube which is than recorded on ordinary




black and white film.  The diagrams below depict the  optical

-------
                                -8-


   collection .system and  the  lateral field  of  view of the IRLS,

   respectively.
                                      Detect oi
                        Bosk Two-Sided Coaxial Rotating
                           Mirroi Optical System
     • mm

     I
  AIRCRAFT
 ALTITUDE
     i
                          GROUND  LEVEL
                      Field-of-View of the IRIS

     The Appendix contains information pertinent to aerial sensors

in respect to:                                    ; •, :.

          - Focal length

          - Angle of  view

          - Effects of  focal length and altitude on scale

            and ground  coverage.

-------
                                 -9-





VI.  CONTROLS ON AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE DATA




     This mission was flown with two high performance reconnaissance




aircraft.  The exposure, processing and subsequent interpretation




of the photographic films were under the control of the National




Field Investigations Center - Denver, EPA.




     The precise flight lines, shown in Figure 1, the respective




altitudes of each aircraft and the approximate time of flight




were specified to the flight crews.  The film and optical filters




were provided by NFIC-Denver.  The respective exposure levels for




the film were specified to the personnel installing the film in the




aerial cameras.  They were as follows:




     (a)  Camera Station 1 - Infrared film 2443 has an aerial




          exposure index (AEI) of 10 with,a Wratteri 12 yellow




          optical filter.  Camera was set on AEI of 12 with a




          Wratten 16 orange filter (1/3 stop underexposed).




     (b)  Camera .Station 2 - Tri-X black and white film 2403 has an




          AEI of 250.  Camera was set on AEI of 150 with HF-3/HF-5




          haze cutting optical filters (2/3 stop overexposed).




     (c)  Camera Station 3 - S0-397 true color film has an AEI  of 12.




          Camera was set on AEI of 12 with no external optical




          filters.




     The film was processed in processors manufactured, by Eastman




Kodak Company.  The infrared and true-color Ektachrome films were

-------
                                -10-




processed In the Ektachrome RT Processor, Model 1811, Type M,


Federal Stock Number 6740-109-2987FK, Part Number 460250.  This machine


uses Kodak EA-5 chemicals.  The temperature of the respective


chemicals in the processor and the film process rate, in feet per


minute, are the important parameters.  Their values were specified


as follows:


     1)  Prehardner       115°F


     2)  Neutralizer      115°F


     3)  First Developer  115°F
                     ^

     4)  First Stop Bath  115°F


     5)  Color Developer  120°F


     6)  Second Stop Bath 120°F


     7)  Bleach           125°F


     8)  Fixer            120°F


     9)  Stabilizer       120°F


     The film process rate was 9 feet per minute,  the nine chemical


baths, mentioned above, comprise the EA-5 process used for the


color films.  The temperature and pressure of the fresh water supplied


to the processor was 120°F and 45 pounds per square inch minimum


respectively.  The fresh water is used to wash the film immediately


before entering the dryers.                       : ,.


     The black and white film 2403 was processed in a Kodak Versamat


Model 11-CM processor using Kodak 641 chemicals.  This process contains


only two chemical baths which are the developer and fixer.  During


processing, these were maintained at 85°F with a film process rate


of 12 feet per minute.  Fresh water  temperature was maintained at


85°F with a pressure greater than 45 pounds per square inch.

-------
                                -II-


     With complete control over the patterns i.'f flight, film type

and exposure, film processing ant! photographic interpretation, the

true color.film.,80-397 is a true and exact representation of the

actual scene recorded by the reconnaissance aircraft on October 1.9, 1.972.


VII.  FLIGHT PARAMETER DATA

     The flight parameter data consists of the following entities:

     (a)  direction-of-flight of the aircraft (line-of^flight)

     (b)  air speed of aircraft

     (c)  aircraft altitude above ground level (AGL)

     (d)  time of flight.

     The values of these parameters are as follows:

          Flight Line 1    Flight Line 2    Flight Lines 3-7

Air Speed    360 Knots        360 Knots        360 Knots

Altitude  16,000 feet AGL  7,500 feet AGL   7,500 feet AGL

     The above mentioned flight lines are depicted in Figure 1.

     The time of flight for this study was 19 October 1972 at 0917

to 1108 hours £DT.


VIII.  WEATHER INFORMATION*

     The direction and speed of the wind at Duluth, Minnesota on

October 17 - 19, 1972 were the following:  (The wind, .direction

is measured at a particular angle clockwise from true north.)
*This information was provided by EPA National Water Quality Laboratory,
6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, Minnesota   55804.

-------
                                   -12-
  Day

Oct. 17
Time
                               TABLE VII-1
Wind Direction
Oct. 18
Oct. 19
1100
1200 (Noon)
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400 (Mdnt)
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200 (Noon)
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400 (Mdnt)
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200 (Noon)
290°
290
280
320
280
280
280
320
300
310
320
320
320
300
300°
310
270
280
290
310
300
310
310
330
330
340
340
310
300
280
330
320
300
270
280
290
270
240
250°
250
260
260
260
260
250
220
230
260
210
260
Wind Speed (Knots)
14
14
15
12
11
14
13
11
9
10
13
9
8
6
5
6
6
8
5
6
8
9
11
10
11
11
13
12
11
10
14
11
9
6
7
8
8
6





























(gusts to 19)
(gusts to 21)
(gusts to 17)





                                             6
                                             6
                                             5
                                             7
                                             7
                                             8
                                             7
                                             4
                                             6
                                             7,
                                            10,
                                            13!

-------
                                -13-
     The daily amounts of rainfall in the Duluth vicinity, recorded

for the 20 days  preceding the flight, are provided below:


                            TABLE VII-2
                         Rainfall (inches)
                           October 1972
  Pay
Amount
Oct. 1
2
3
4
5
6
1
8
9
10
trace
trace
0.04
0.0
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.01
trace
• 0.29
Day
Amount
Oct. 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
trace
0.0
0.0
trace
0.0
: trace
0.0
trace
0.0
     The last measurable precipitation occurred on October 10, 1972.

There was virtually no rain for eight days preceding the mission,

thus precluding the possibility of land run-off in the Silver Bay

vicinity at the time of flight.

     The wind direction as observed by the direction of travel of a

smoke plume, from within the Reserve Mining Company facility, was

measured from the photographic film to be 263°.  This area was

photographed at approximately 1000 hours.  The wind direction at

Duluth, at this particular time, was 260° as given in the table above.


IX.  MECHANICS OF AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE DATA INTERPRETATIONS

     In order to document the magnitude of the surface area of Lake

Superior covered by the large green-water mass, the precise location

of the latter was plotted on a series of.USGS 15 Minute (Scale 1:62,500)

maps.  Thus, the surface area affected by the green water mass was

-------
                                 -14-


measured and  calculated  from these maps.  The location of the green

water is shown  in  Figure 2.

     There was  no  ground truth,  in the  form of water samples,

obtained on October  19,  1972 to  correlate the constituency of the

green-water mass in  Lake Superior with  that of the Reserve Mining

Company's taconite effluent.  Consequentially, a detailed color

analysis was  conducted on the color films to show that the green-

water mass and  the taconite  effluent have Identical color character-

istics.  The  mechanics of this analysis is outlined in the following

paragraphs.

     The original  photographic transparencies were subjected to

optical tests whereby the light  transmittance* through the film

was precisely, measured.   Each preselected physical point on a

given transparency (in most  cases five  points per transparency)

was measured  for optical transmlttance  with the use of a Macbeth

Corporation TD-203AM transmission densitoneter.  This system measures

film transmlttance on a  scale from 100% to 0.01%.  It also provides

transmittance In terms of film density  on a scale from 0.00 to 4.00,

where* 100% transmittance is  equivalent  to 0 density units, 10%

to 1.0 density  units, 1% to  2.0  density units, 0.1% to 3.0 density

units, and 0.01% to  4.0  density  units.  The transmittance measure-

ments were made through  red,  green, blue and yellow (visual) optical
*Light transmittance  is defined as
                              Amount of  lipht transmitted through an object
  Light Transmittance   -    Amount of  light incident upon the object.

-------
                               -15-


fliters* contained within the densitometer.  These filters provide

the optical transmittance or density values only in their respective

colors of the optical spectrum.  For example, the blue filter

transmits light colored from violet through the common blue.

It is opaque or does not transmit the deep greens, yellow, orange,

and red.  This type and degree of color isolation is required to

analyze the respective color densities in the photographic films.

The term "color analysis" refers to the measurement of the various

film densities, through a particular color filter in the densitometer,

and the subsequent technical interpretation of this data.

     The color analysis was, for the most part, performed on the

false color infrared imagery rather than, the true color film for

the following reasons:

     (a)  The green and background waters are differentiated only

          by various shades of green in the true color film.

          Through the previously discussed modified color rendition,

 >        the false color infrared film shows the green water as being

          bright blue in color and the background waters as a very

          dark grayish-green.  The latter provides a significantly

          wider color separation between the two types of water for

          a precise color analysis than does the true color data.

     (b)  The affects of high altitude atmospheric haze is not

          present in the false color infrared film where as there is o

          definite influence upon rendition of the true color film.

          The former film eliminates this interference factor i.n the

          color analysis.
*These filters were manufactured and calibrated to established specifications
 by Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York Mb'>0.

-------
                                -16-






X.  RESULTS OF THE AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS




     The surface area of Lake Superior affected by the green water is




shown in Figure 2.  Two generations or densities of the green water




have been plotted.  The first generation is the heaviest concentra-




tion appearing heavy green and the second is comprised of lesser




concentrations appearing lighter green in color.  The magnitude of




the total surface area of green water was calculated to be approximately




66 square miles.




     No trace of the green water was recorded from a point immediately




north of the Reserve Mining Company launder effluent along shore to




a point near Tpfte, Minnesota.




     The true-color photographic data, recorded by a high altitude




panoramic camera, is presented in this report as Figure 3 through




Figure 46.  The green water is clearly shown in the prints in




a light milky^green rendition, while the background waters appear




in a darker greenish-blue color.  The above mentioned figures are




located in a packet near the back of this report.  They can be




trimmed and, beginning with Figure 3, put together in sequence to




form a mosaic of the area from a point near Two Harbors, Minnesota




to that near Silver Bay.




     It is seen from the above mentioned prints that the green water




did not form a continuum from the Reserve Mining Company effluent




to the location of the mass near Split Rock, which is approximately




8.9 statute miles southwest of Silver Bay along shore.   For this




reason, the detailed color analysis, discussed in Section IX, was




performed on the film for following areas:

-------
                                 -17-



      (a)  Characteristic color  of  the blue on background water


          northeast  of  Silver Bay  where  there was no detectable


          levels of.  green water.


      (b)  Characteristic color  of  the green-water along the effluent


          delta at Silver Bay.   This is  depicted by the bright,


          prominent  blue areas  of  Figures 47, 48 and 49.


      (c)  Characteristic color  of  the green-water in the large


          mass from  Beaver Bay  to  Encampment Island, a distance of


          approximately 16.8 miles along shore.  This area is shown


          in the false  color infrared prints labeled Figures 50


          through 87.


      (d)  Characteristic color  of  the blue or background water in

                                                                jr
          the areas  where sharp or distinctive boundaries exist


          between the green and background waters.  One such loca-


          tion was in the vicinity of Split Rock.


     A total of 83 different frames or transparencies were tested


for optical film densities with the densitometer.  Each of these


values was graphically  plotted  to   form  characteristic curves for


the green water at the  Reserve  Nining Company effluent delta, the


background or blue water northeast of Silver Bay, the green water


in the 66 square mile mass, the background/green water near Split


Rock, and the typical outflowing river waters.  The river vater is


called commonly a "tea" due to  the high  natural organic waste


content giving rise  to  a grayish brown characteristic color.  The


typical graphic plots for the above are  presented in Figures 88 through


93 where the optical film density  is along the ordinate or vertical


axis.

-------
1.0
                                                              JLK
0.8
o.o

-------
0.0

-------
0.0

-------
2.6r
    B1I1
1.1
2.C
 1.6
 \.t
 1.4
 1.2
1.0





 \








0.8

-------
•i.i
0.8
O.OL

-------
0.0

-------
                                -18-






     It was discussed in Section VIII that the green and blue are




the dominant colors, in the modified rendition, of the two types of




water (background and green) in the false color infrared film.  The




smaller the blue optical density value, the more blue there Is




present in the transparency, i.e., the blue transmittance Is greater.




The graphic plots depicted in Figures 89 and 91 are derived from




the imagery recorded over the Lake Superior background on blue water.




The two respective plots have the same general shapes with the blue




optical density in each being greater than the green .optical density.




This is a result of the blue transmittance in the original trans-




parencies being less than that of the green.  This curve a^ape is




characteristic of all those generated from the background water




imagery, during the color analysis.  The plots depicted in Figures 90




and 92 are obtained from the imagery recorded over two different




locations in the sixty six square mile green-water mass whose posi-




tion is shown in Figure 2.  These curves also have the same general




shape.  The blue optical density is seen to be significantly less,




in these two figures, than that of the green.  This results from the




blue transmittance in the original transparencies being greater




than that of the green.  The dominant color in this case, is




the bright blue recalling that the green-water mass records as




blue in the false color infrared film.  Likewise, this curve shape is




characteristic of all those generated from the imagery obtained




over the green-water mass.  This shape is unique, based on spectral




characteristics, for the taconite tailings present in water.

-------
                                -19-






Areas in the water of high turbidity caused by land run-off, for




example, would display a different characteristic curve than that




for the green water mass.  The former would be yellow-gray or




yellow brown rather than green.




     An optical density characteristic curve was plotted from the




original transparencies recorded over the Reserve Mining Company




effluent delta at Silver Bay.  It is depicted in Figure 88.  Its




shape is nearly identical to those of Figures 90 and 92, characteristic




of the green-water mass.  In Figure 92, the green optical density




minus the blue optical density is 0.22 and in Figure 88, it is 0.24.




The difference between these two numbers is quite small, approximately




8%.  This further supports the similarity of the two curves.  Also,




a characteristic curve was plotted for the river water, in this area,




flowing into Lake Superior called a freshwater tea as mentioned pre-




viously in this section.  The curve is shown in Figure 93.  Its




shape is completely different from those for the background water,




the green-water mass, and the green water at the Reserve Mining




Company effluent delta.  It is concluded that this water source made




no contribution to the observed green water effect.




     It is important to mention that there was only one small area,




where plant growth, containing chlorophyl, was detected on the rocks




at water level northeast of Silver Bay.  This area was. 7.7 miles




northeast of the Reserve Mining Company effluent delta.  But, from a




point along shore, approximately 4,000 feet northeast of the delta




to Two Harbors, Minnesota, there were many areas of plant growth on




the rocks at water level.

-------
                                -20-



     Optical studies were conducted on the properties of taconite


tailings to further explain the green water phenomenon recorded in


the aerial reconnaissance imagery.  A wet sample of taconite tailings


was taken, by the EPA National Water Quality Laboratory in Duluth,


from the Reserve Mining Company east launder on October 2, 1972


at 2230 hours CDT.  A partial of this sample was subjected to the


optical tests at NFIC-Denver.  The wet sample was put through 250


mesh arid 325 mesh U.S.A. Standard Testing Sieves.  The sieve set


collected particle sizes of "45 to 63 microns" and "less than 45


microns" respectively (1 micron = one millionth meter)  These


particular particle sizes were chosen for testing over the larger


sizes, because they will remain in suspension in water for much


longer periods of time.  The instrument used for these tests was a


Beckman DK-2A spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere or


reflectance head attached.  This instrument measures the amount of


light reflected from a sample based upon a known amount of incident


light, as a function of wavelength or respective color of the inci-


dent light.  The reflective curves, for the above-mentioned taconite


particle sizes, are presented in Figure 94.  This curve begins at


0.4 microns which is in the violet region of the optical spectrum,


passes through the visible region (deep blue through deep red to


the human eye) into the near infrared and finally into the inter-


mediate infrared region ending at 3.5 microns for Curve 1 and 2.5

                j
microns for Curve 2.  The green water effect, seen by average


human observers, is caused only by the light in the 0.45 to 0.68 micron


region in the visible spectrum.  (The average human eye cannot see

-------
                               —21—






the deep blue and deep red colors as easily as the green, yellow




and orange colors).   In the region from 0.5 to 0.7 microns (deep




blue green to red respectively) the curves are reasonably flat and




nearly horizontal.  In. this area of the visible spectrum the taconite




is called neutral density substance, i.e. it reflects all colors




from blue green through red equally.  In the area from 0.4 to 0.49 microns




(violet to deep blue  green) the reflectance tends quickly toward zero.




This is referred to as a substance exhibiting minus-blue spectral




characteristics.  This is the reason for the smaller taconite




fines appearing yellow-gray in color.  If the reflectance in the




blue were equal to  that in the yellow, green and red, the fines




would be gray rather  than the observed yellow-gray.




     With this in mind, the reffectance or scattering of light by




a spherical  taconite  particle is considered, as shown in Figure 95.




The incident sunlight strikes the particle and is reflected or




scattered off at various angles depicted by the green lines.  This




physical interaction  is governed by the Law of Reflection in




Geometrical  Optics.   A particle that is not spherical, such as




having projections  and indentations, will produce a scattering effect




far more diffuse than the spherical one selected for simplicity of




explanation.




     Now, place the taconite particle in water, as shown in Figure 96.




The incident sunlight strikes the water surface, is bent or




refracted and subsequently strikes the spherical particle as shown by




the green lines.  The light is scattered from the particle and portions




of the light again  emerge from the water.  This is the light viewed




by a human observer or camera.  The characteristic of clear, background

-------
                          INCIDENT SUNLIGHT
                               SPHERICAL
                               PARTICLE   *
SSAHERia UGHT
SCATTERED LIGHT
         * PARTICLE IS ASSUMED AS SPHERICAL  FOR  SIMPLICITY
           OF EXPLANATION OF LIGHT SCATTERING.
   Figure 95. Scattering of Sunlight By A Spherical Particle

-------
 INCIDENT
 SUNLIGHT
                                         SCATTERED
                                           LIGHT
                                             (WATER LEVEL]
                              SPHERICAL
                               PARTICLE
Figure 96. Scattering of Sunlight by Spherical
          Taconite  Particle in Water

-------
                                -22-


water in Lake Superior is a dark greenish-blue.  The bluish color is

caused by the reflection of the light incident upon the lake's sur-

face from the blue sky.)  With the presence ,of large numbers of

taconite particles in the water, this background color is lightened

significantly by the scattering process shown in Figure 96.  The

dark-green color is brightened and becomes a lighter green.  The

water containing taconite does not show as yellow or some other

color because taconite reflects all colors from blue green through

red equally, thus the characteristic green color of the water is

retained, but, appears much lighter.

     The origin of the green water effect is explained with the

use of the Infrared Line Scanner data or the so-called "thermal

maps."
                               x
     Figure 97 is a high altitude (16,000 feet AGL) thermal map

of the shore line from Tiro Harbors, Minnesota to a point near

Tofte, Minnesota, from left to right for the reader.  The Reserve

Mining Company effluent delta is in the center of this map.  Figure

98 is the thermal map, at an altitude of 7,500 feet AGL, of the

shore line from Two Harbors to the above mentioned effluent delta.

Figure 99 is the thermal map, at 7,500 feet AGL, of the shore line

from the delta.to a point near Tofte, Minnesota.

     In these maps, the white areas are warm white, while the dark

areas are colder.  In Figure 97, notice the dark gray area along

shore, in the Lake, through the full length of the thermal map.  The

temperature of the water in this area is cooler than the water temp-

erature, in the white areas near the bottom of the map.  These rela-

tive temperature indications are for the surface of the water only.

-------
                                -23-







Water is opaque or does not  transmit infrared energy in the thermal




band from 8 to 14 microns.   The maximum penetration beneath the




water's surface is 0.01 cm.  With  this IRLS imagery and known




facts about Lake Superior circulation, it is possible to explain




the observed areas of  green  water.




     At the time of  flight,  Lake Superior was in a near-iso.thermal




condition.  The entire lake  mass was near the temperature of maximum




density for water.   Under this isothermal condition, wind-generated




currents have a significant  influence on circulation of the entire lake




depth, as graphically  portrayed by Hough.5




     It is generally accepted  (Beeton and Chandler)^ that Lake Superior




currents are quickly responsive to wind changes.  As illustrated by




the wind data [Table VII-1], there had been strong offshore winds




for two days prior to  the time of  flight.  Shear along the wind-water




interface resulted in  a surface current toward the southeast.  The




bearing of this current is to  the  right of the wind vector caused by




the Ekman effect 6»7 resulting from the Coriolis force.  The surface




current moved the surface layer of water toward the Apostle Islands.




This layer was slightly warmer than the underlying water, as a




result of solar heating.  This is  depicted by the red arrows in Figure 100.




     The development of an offshore surface current required the




counter-development  of a bottom current in opposition to the surface




current.  The bottom current moved to the northwest and surfaced




as an "upwelling" along the  northern shore, as indicated by the cooler




water along the shore, in the  thermal imagery [Figure 97, 98, 99].




The site of the upwelling was  influenced by bottom, topography and the




relative calm in the lee of  the northern shore.  The vertical

-------
                               -24-






circulation pattern is depicted in Figure 100.              - '.




     EPA divers have previously testified to the presence of billowy




"clouds" of fine taconite tailings (brown arrows on Figure 100)




being detached from the main density current.  The bottom current




(blue arrows in Figure 100) would move opposite to the density current,




and would override the density layer.  This is indicated by the tri-




angular shape of the gray area of surface water in the center of




Figure 97.  This results from the bottom current being forced upward




over the density layer.




     The bottom current upwe11s along the entire northern shoreline




covered by the flights.  "Green water" conditions were present only




from Beaver. Bay to the vicinity of Encampment Island. .This is




because the net movement of suspended tailings solids was a combina-




tion of returning bottom current and the prevalent counter-clockwise




lake circulation.  A predominant longshore current.from Silver Bay




toward Duluth is clearly indicated by a geombrphic study of shoreline




features on the imagery and is consistent with published current




studies. 3




     The thermal imagery indicates a sharp boundary between the




green  and blue water masses, especially along the northeastern




boundary of the green-water mass (east of Split Rock) as seen in




Figures 99 and 101.  This is further evidence of a superimposition •




of a counter-clockwise circulation and an upwelling bottom current.




Stereoscopic examination of the boundary area on the film reveals




that the green-water mass underlies blue water for a short distimce




northeast of', this boundary.

-------
                               -25-






XI.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS




     The presence of a large mass of green water was recorded along




the Minnesota shore of Lake Superior, between Beaver Bay and Encampment




Island, on 19 October 1972 between the hours of 0917 and 1108 hours




CDT.  The mass covered approximately sixty-six square miles of lake




surface area.




     The color characteristics of the green-water mass and of the




green water in the immediate area of the Reserve Mining Company




taconite effluent were essentially identical indicating that the




mass was made up of taconite tailings.




     The infrared data shows that the green water effect was caused




by wind-induced upwelling along shore, bringing fine suspended




tailings to the surface.  The tailings solids cause the green color




due to reflecting and scattering incident sunlight.  For two days




prior to flight, the upwelling resulted from strong offshore winds,




together with near-isothermal conditions in the lake.




     Numerous small areas of plant growth containing chlorophyl, were




detected on the aerial reconnaissance data from a point near the




Reserve Mining Company effluent delta to Two Harbors, Minnesota




while only one similar spot was found from a point near the delta




to Tofte, Minnesota.




     The data and conclusions given in this report, apply only to




the conditions recorded on October 19, 1972.

-------
                               -26-
                           REFERENCES
1.  Proceedings from the Lake Superior Enforcement Conference,
    Second Session, April 29-30, 1970, Volume 1, page 223,
    Effects of Taconite on Lake Superior.

2.  Proceedings from Lake Superior Enforcement Conference,
    Executive Session, May 13-15, 1969, September 30-October 1, 1969,
    Volume 1, page 67, An Appraisal of Water Pollution-in the
    Lake Superior Basin.

3.  Drift - Bottle Study of the Surface Currents of Lake Superior,
    J. D. Hughes, J. P. Farrell and E. C.  Monahan, Department of
    Geography, Northern Michigan University, Marquette,  Michigan.

4..  Geology of the Great Lakes, Jack L. Hough, University of Illinois
    Press, 1958.  Figure 22 on page 51.

5.  The St. Lawrence Great Lakes:  Limnology in North America,
    A. M. Beeton and D. C. Chandler, D. G. Frey, editor, University
    of Wisconsin Press 1966, page 539.

6.  General Oceanography,  Gunter Dietrich, John Wiley and Sons,
    Copyright 1963, page 340ff.

7.  Elements of Physical Oceanography, Hugh J. McLellan, Pergamon
    Press, 1965.

-------
                                  -27-
                                 APPENDIX




Focal Length, Angle of View, and the Effects of Focal Length and Altitude

-------
                                    28
     The focal  length of the aerial  sensors affects the  size (or scale)

of the resulting imagery.  At any  given altitude, the image size

chan'ges in direct proportion to changes in focal length.   Also for a

given focal  length,  the image size is  inversely proportional to the

altitude.

     The angle  of view of a sensor is  a function of the  focal length

and the image format size.  The importance of the angle  of view is

its relationship to  the amount of  target area recorded in the imagery.

Refer to the following diagrams:   A. Focal length of a simple lens.

B. Effect of focal length on scale and ground coverage.   C. Effect

of altitude  on  scale and ground coverage.
                  Point at
                  Infinity
                                             Reproduction of
                                             point at infinity-
                              -Parallel light rays from infinite
                              distance and a single point source.
               .    Diagram A.  Focal Length of  a  Simple Lens

     Focal length is the distance from the lens  (A)  to the tilm  (B).

-------
                                         29
3-Inch Focal Length
                                   20,000
                                    Ft
                                  20,000
                                   Ft
                                                                     6-Inch Focal Length
                 30,000 Ft
12-Inch Focal Length    !> \\
                    -H+-
                     /i  i \
                     K  \\
20,000
  Ft
20,000
 Ft
                                f7,500 Ft
                          7,500 Ft
                —/  h~ 5,000 Ft
                                 5,000 Ft
                                  18-Inch Focal Length
     DIAGRAM  B    Effect of  Focal  Length on  Scale and Ground  Coverage
                30,000 Ft
                                                  . 22,500 Fl
                                 .  1
                          _ /  10,000 Ft
                                                                       5,000 Ft
                                    3-Inch Focol Length


       DIAGRAM C    Effect of  Altitude  on Scale and  Ground Coverage

-------
Stomach analyses of fourhorn, Myoxocephalus quadricornis
   (Linnaeus),  and slimy,  Cottus cognatus Richardson,
      sculpins from areas  along the north shore of
                   Lake Superior
                  John G. Eaton
    United States Environmental Protection Agency

         National Water Quality Laboratory

            Duluth, Minnesota »55804

-------
                          Introduction






       Previous studies (Skrypeck ejt al. ,  1968) have indicated that




the amphipcd Pontoporeia affinis is reduced in numbers in the vicinity




of the Reserve Mining Company's taconite tailings discharge  delta.




Therefore,  the purpose of the present study was to compare the  foods




eaten by sculpins near the plant to those of sculpins living in  north




shore areas where relatively small amounts of tailings have been found.




The seulplns were  collected with a research vessel (the Siscowet) and




other equipment provided by the Ashland Research Station of  the U.  S.




Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.  Sculpins were selected  for




the study because they are sedentary fish which live and feed on  the




bottom where amphipods  are found and tailings are deposited. Food




analyses were  conducted  by  the  Environmental Protection Agency,




National Field  Investigations Center, Cincinnati,  Ohio.

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                     Materials and Methods          •




       Fish for analysis were collected during two cruises,  the first




one July 10  - 14, 197Z,  and the second September 25 -28, 1972.  Otter




trawls, either 12 or 39 feet between the ends of the wings and with




1/4-inch mesh cod ends, were used to collect sculpins.   .Trawl runs




were made at 58 to 116 fathoms, with the majority at about 100 fathoms.




A record for each trawl was made by a recording depth-meter and an




estimated average depth was transcribed in the cruise log book.  All




trawls were made, in a northeast or southwest direction, parallel to




shore, in order to stay at  the same depth during each one.  The duration




of each trawl was either 10 or 15 minutes.  For the first cruise, a total




of 9 sampling transects or stations were selected.  These were located




2, 8,  and 14 miles southwest of the taconite plant and 1. 5, 3. 5, 9, 15. 5,




19. 5 and 27. 5 miles northeast of the  plant,  with the latter two stations




designated control:-;  (Figure 1).




       The agenda for the  second cruise was influenced by the discovery




after the first cruise that taconite tailings were present in the designated




control area of the first cruise.  Fewer sampling  stations were selected




for  the second cruise to improve the chances of obtaining more fish from




each st£ttion, which  in turn permitted greater facility of data analysis.




Four sampling transects or stations were selected for the second cruise,

-------
two of them located offshore from points six miles to either side north-




east and southwest of the town of Beaver Bay, and two of them,  considered




control stations, located offshore from points six miles to either side




northeast and southwest of the town of Hovland (Figure 2).   Hovland is




located 73 miles northeast from Silver Bay on the  shore of Lake Superior.




       At  the start of each trawl,  radar observations were  made of the




vessel's location and distance (JX). J'rniles) from shore, and recorded.




Two to 12 trawls were made at each transect, depending on  the success of




each one.  Two species  of sculpins,  fourhorn and slimy, were captured in




about equal numbers,  although the slimys were generally predominant in




the shallower trawls,  and fourhorns  more numerous in deeper trawls.




Tables 1 and 2 summarize the results of the trawls made during the first




and second cruises, respectively.




       As the fish from each trawl were brought on board,  they were




emptied  into plastic pans from the net cod end and immediately  divided




into subgroups, based on species.   Each group of  up to 35 fish was




sealed in a buffered formalin-filled bottle, and a self-sticking EPA




Form  7500-2  (10-71) sample identification seal was stuck over the




bottle  top.  Additional groups  offish were placed in acetone-rinsed




vials or  sterile plastic bags and put into a freezer for  subsequent metals,




PCB,  or pesticides  tissue residue analysis (not reported in this paper).

-------
At the end of each cruise day, all containers of samples were placed in




a larger plastic bag and an FWQA 4200-1 (8-70) Chain of Custody Record




tag attached.  All samples remained on board until they were  transported




to the National Water Quality Laboratory, where they remained under lock




and key until sent out for analysis.




       For  food analysis, stomachs were dissected from each fish,  and




the contents measured volumetrically In a conical  graduated centrifuge




tube.   Volumes less than 0.1 milliliters  were considered negligible.




Food  organisms were identified using a binocular dissecting microscope.




When the percent of digestion was high, head capsules, eye stocks,  and/or




carapaces were used to obtain numerical values of the numbers of food




items eaten.  When a numerical value could not be assigned,  an X was




used to designate the presence of the food organism.  The results are




presented in terms of the percent of occurrence of each type  of food at




each sampling station, the mean number  of each food item  in the fish




at each station, and the mean percent volume that each type of food




made up of the total food eaten for fish at each station, .jygp




                                      .slimy, scu Ipins-.

-------
in stomachs there were no significant differences (P = 0.1) between
                             Results
alimy and fourhorn sculpins.  However, a highly significant (PiO. 01)

                                                             caught
                                  iritf froErtetetgoSfo &Ef fr a
                                                                  every
 trawl 1 if t,m a-ven though these organisms are. sma.ll enough to pass, through
       Tn'eTiSTi eggs^aten \*ere6me same size (Zmm in*diam€ter) as
                                 ^
                                                                limy
                                                  contents.
        Graphic/representation of the results for Myaie and Pontoporeia
 in regard to their percentage of occurrence and mean percentage of the
 total food volume among fish from each sampling station of cruise two,
 are shown in Figures 3 and 4,  In regard to Mytls(Figure  3) there is
 no indication of a regional  difference in stomach content.  In the case of
 Pontoporeia, however (Figure  4),  the least were  found in fish from stations
 nearest the taconite  plant and the most were eaten by fish from stations
 farthest away.   Numbers of these food items per fish are  not shown in
 the figures because  of the many cases in which the  numbers could not be

-------
quantified.  Figure 5 depicts the relationship between the mean





 percentages off occurrence of Mysis, Pontoporeia. and fish eggs in





 stomachs of all fish from stations 1 through 7 combined, as compared





 to those of  fish from the control stations combined.  Here,  also, there





 is shown a  smaller occurence of Pontoporeia in the stomachs of sculpins




 living closer to Silver Bay.





        Stomach analysis of fish from the second cruise revealed that





 at least a few fish from all four stations had recently eaten Pontoporeia





 affinis,  Mysis relicta, fish eggs and Chironomidae larvae  (Table 1).





 Leeches were common food items in the stomachs' of both species from





 Station 4, but incidental elsewhere. The Chironomidae formed  a





 negligible portion of the stomach contents of fish at most stations,  al-





 though about  one-half of the slimy sculpins from Station 3 had eaten one





 to several of them.  Unidentified matter formed rather  large proportions





 of the total stomach contents of both fish species from Station 2, and of




 fourhorn sculpins from Station 1.  Small numbers (1 to 5) of fingernail





 clams,  beetle larvae,  and fish larvae were found in the stomachs of a




 few fish.





        In regard to the Pontoporeia, consistent differences were observed




 between the stomach contents offish from Stations 1 and 2  as compared





 to those from Stations 3 and 4.   By factorial-design analysis of  variance,





 it was determined  that in  regard to the  percent occurrence of Pontoporeia

-------
                                                                     8




 in stomachs there were no significant differences (P = 0.1) between




 alixny and fourhorn sculpine.  However, a highly significant  (PiO. 01)  .




 reduction was observed in the occurrence of Pontoporeia in fish caught




 in the areas near the taconite plant, as compared to aculpins from the




 control areas.  The mean numbers of Pontoporeia in stomachs were also




 significantly less (P-. 005) in scolpins from stations 1 and 2 as compared




 to control stations, although they were more reduced-iii the fourhorn




 sculpins as indicated by the significant interaction (P =  . 025).




        The fish eggs eaten were the same size (2mm in diameter)  as




 those observed in 'the ovaries of several gravid foarhorns collected and




< are assumed to be primarily fourhorn eggs.  ,Fish eggs  made up .




 especially high mean percentages of the total stomach volumes of slim/




 sculpins from Stations 1 and 2 (Table 1).             , .

-------
                         Discussion


       Here,  as previously, Pontoporeia afflnls and My.sis relicta were


found to predominate in the stomachs of slimy and fourhorh sculpins.


In their study of the food habits  of these two fish species collected in


the Duluth-Superior and Apostle Island regions of western Lake Superior


during several months in 1965 through 1968,  Anderson and Smith (1971)


found that these two organisms together exceeded all other identifiable


food organisms in percentage frequency of occurrence  and percentage of


total food volume in all cases.   In regard to the slimy sculpins from, both


regions,  Pontoporeia occurred in 65% or more of the fish from the  several


groups examined,  and made up more than 50% of the total food volume in


all but one (43%) group.  Among fourhorn sculpins, the percentages of


occurrence and percentages of total volume were  greater than 65 and 40,


respectively,  for Pontoporeia, with Mysis being about  equally prevalent.


Fish eggs were not an important contribution to the diet of either species
                                                                       i

as determined by Anderson and Smith (ibid.).


       These results agree reasonably well with those from cruise two of


the present study, except that the amounts eaten of the apparently preferred


food,  Pontoporeia, were less among both species from Stations 1 and Z


near Beaver  Bay.   The lack of association between the relative amounts


of Pontoporeia and Mysis  eaten  argue  against a greater availability of


K/lysi s being responsible for the  reduced number of Pontoporeia eaten.

-------
                                                                   10







As fish eggs were not found by Anderson and Smith (ibid. ) to be




highly prevalent in stomachs, and consequently are probably not a




highly preferred tood,  the large amounts of them, eaten by the slimy




sculpins at Stations 1 and 2 may have been due to a reduced availability




of Mysis and Pontoporeia.  The food habits or distribution of other




endemic species might also be altered by a reduction in numbers of




Pontoporeia.




       Skrypek, et al., (1968) observed a reduction in the numbers  of




Pontoporeia up to 15  miles  southwest of the Silver Bay taconite  plant




outlet which they attributed to a physical effect of tailings sedimenta-




tion.  This "area of  effect" includes the first sampling station of this




study, and helps explain  the corresponding stomach content analyses.




In an area only 1. 7 miles  northe'ast of the plant outlet,  however,




Skrypek,  et al. ,(ibid. ) observed relatively higher numbers of




Pontoporeia which were attributed to lesser  amounts of tailings. While




a contradiction might seem to exist between  their results and those




presented here, subsequent investigations (                 , 1972)




have  demonstrated the presence of tailings in the area of sampling




Station 2 of this study, Z-l/2 miles northeast of the tailings delta.   If




tailings are indeed responsible for the reduced numbers of Pontoporeia




beJow the taconite plant,  their presence would probably also explain the




stomach content analyses on fisli from Station  2.

-------
                                                                    11
        The results of stomach anal/sis of fish from the first cruise are


 somewhat less Informative because of the fewer numbers of fish collected,


 the inability to analyze the results of the two species separately, a


 tailings contaminated control area, and a greater dependence of sculpins.


 on Mysis as food at this time. However,  the results do support the


 evidence  obtained from analysis  of the second cruise sculpins, that there


 are fewer Pontoporeia in the area of taconite tailings deposition around
                                                  t    '

 Silver Bay.

                        Conclusions


       1.  Sculpins living in the vicinity of the taconite plant at Silver


Bay eat fewer Pontoporeia than sculpins living away from it, indicating a


reduction in Pontoporeia in the areas  sampled near  the plant,


       2,   At least at certain times,  sculpins living near the taconite


plant eat more fish eggs,  perhaps due to a reduced abundance of


Pontoporeia.


       3.   The results from the first cruise, while  less informative,


support the results of the second cruise  in regard to the regional


abundances of Pontoporeia.

-------
                                                                     1Z
                          literature Cited             :  •
 ,'   '  •


Alley, W. P.  .1968.  Ecology of  the burrowing amphipod Pontoporeia

              •'*.

  ,.;  affinis  in Lake Michigan.   Great Lakes Div. Univ.. Mich.



     Spec. Rep. 36.  131 pp.                             <



Anderson, E.  D., and L. L. Smith, Jr.  1971.  A synoptic study of food



     habits of 30  fish species from western Lake Superior.  Univ. Minn.



     Ag. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 279.  199 pp.



Andrew, R. W.  In  preparation.   Distribution of taconite tailings in



     Lake Superior in the'vicinity of Silver Bay, Minnesota.
            t '  '  ,


Glass, G. E.  1970,  The dissolution of taconite'tailings in Lake



     Superior.  In Effects of Taconite on Lake Superior.  Contrlb.



     National Water Quality Laboratory,  116pp.        .;
                                            '**''•*


Marcolf, G. G.  1963.  Substrate relations of the burrowing amphipod,



     Pontoporeia affinis. .Ph.D. thesis Univ. Michigan•.•

                      *

Skrypack, J.  P., C. R. Burrow*,  X. Bishop, and J. B. Movie.  1968.



     Bottom fauna  distribution off the Minnesota north, shore of Lake



     Superior as related to deposition of taconite tailings and fish



     production.   Minn. Dept. of Conserv, Spec. Publ, No. 57,  23 pp.

-------
Table 1.

Trawl results  from Cruise  1, primarily using  a twelve foot net to make ten minute tows.
Station ..
Locations
1.5 miles N.E.
of taconlte
plant _

Beaver Bay









Split Rock '







Gooseberry



Palisades


Between Ilgen
City b Little
Maraia
Pork Bay



Sugar Loaf

,




Tofte
I
Station1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
k
k
1»
li
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
C
C
0
C
C
C
C
C
C
Tov
A
B
C
0
A
B
C
D.
B
F
0
H
I
J
A
B
C
D
E
P
0
H
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
E
T
0
A
B
Depth
of tow
(fathons)
rf
lou .
X
106
10U
105
112
72
80
72
105
85
100
70
106
X
110
60
X
60
7>»
6U
X
102
102
65
106
100
62
100
102
100
102
105
X
110
X l
102
105
X
106
X
116 .
102
100
Slimy
Seulpins
Caught

1

23
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

0
1,3

i|3
0
3

1
3
2
3
3
9
2
1
1
k
2
1
ll

7
5

1

0
28
21
Fourhorn
Seulpins fish caught per
Caught. minute per station

2
1.55
5
0
0
0
i
2 : 0.18
5 ' • •
0
7
0
1.U
3' ;'

i
3 0.38

3
2
0
'
18
3 ' 1.2
9
' 7 ' ''
Y» 1.1
3
'11 '
10 1.1
.6
10
9
1.5
16

1
2

1 0.6

5
0.8

'A 39-foot net vas used during tows C, H, I, and J of Station 2 and for both tovs at the
Tofte Control Station-, numbers of fish from these tows were divided by three before use
in calculating catch rate.

20ear malfunction (generally net twicted), oo no finh caught.

3Includc-ii our.1 r.poonhead sculpin.

''Includes one mottled eculpin.

-------
Table 2.

Travl results from Cruise 2, using a 39-foot net to make 15 minute tows.
Station
locations
Split Rock



Palisades



Marr
Island1

Reservation
River1
Station
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
It
li
Tov
A
B
C
D
;A
B
C
D*
A
B
C
A
B
Depth
of tov
( f athcos )
100
100
101
100
100
101
99
102
100
100
to .
81*
81*
Slimy
Sculplns
Caught
9
15
21
17
2fc
0
T*
H
0
19
117
30
75
Tourhorn
Sculpins
Caught
U
5
8
9
5»»
9
90
12
75
132
0
51
75
Pish caught per
minute per station


1.5



5.0


7.6

7.7

'Many additional sculplns vere caught at these stations and returned to vater
because enough of that species had already been secured.

      tov lasted 10 minutes Instead of 15-

-------
                                                         Table  3



Co-blned stonaeh analysis results from fourhorn  and slimy  sculpins  from the nine sampling stations  of cruise'.!.
Pontonoreia affinis
Mysls relicta
.Mean
2 Percent percent Percent
Station N Occurrence^ volume Occurrence
U 11
3 7
2 lli
1 12
5 11
6 7
7 12
C U
C 15
72
57.1
11*
M-.7
8.2
71.5
1*1,7
75
80
29-3
23.3
5
2.8
l.U
6.1.
5-5
1.8.8
2U.5
91
57.1
86
1.1.7
81.8
100
58.3
75
80
Fish CRKS
Mean Mean
percent Percent percent
volune Occurrence volume
53.2
36. U
80.9
3k
6U.5 .
.78.1.
Ui.3
1*6.3
1»1.7
27
0
0
Ul.7
18.2
1*2.8
f 16.7
0 V
33, It
2.5
0
b
29.8
•7.3
5.7
8.U
0
5.0
Other food Unidentified
organisms matter
Mean ' Mean
percent percent
volume volume
5
2.3
7.5
0.1
17.7
3
5
5
12.8
10
38
6.8
38.9
9-1
6.U
39.8 '
0
16
~ - The mean numbers of each organism per fish vere not calculated because the exact numbers could not be deteroln<
2 in a high percentage of cases.
- Excluding 10 fish which had no food or very snail, unidentifiable amounts in their stomachs.
. - The percentage of fish collected in which this food item was Identified.

-------
                                                    Table 1*



Stomach analysis results from fourhorn and slimy sculping collected at sampling stations one through four.
                                               Fourhorn sculpins
Por.tOBoreia affinis
j Percent -
Station H Occurrence
!» 26 ICO
3 31 90
Z 23 !»3
1 8 &£
Mysis relicta
Mean Mean Mean
number percent Percent number
per fish volume Occurrence per fish
11.1
11.6
1.9
1.3
1*6
17
k
9
77
9U
70
88
-1.7
U.I5
1.7
2.65
Chironomidae Unidentified
Fish e^(?s larvae Leeches natter
Mean
percent Percent
volune occurrence
16
5".
31
68
27
8U
70
63
Mean Mean Mean Mean
number percent Total percent Total percent
per fish , volume number voluae nunber volume
0.8 U 17 N* Ul 2
5.6 17 7 N 00
3.7 17 6 K 00
0.9 3 3 H 00
Mean
percent
voluse
N
11
1*6
20
Slimy sculpins
k 20 85
3 23 76
2 22 50
1 12 58
3.3
6.5**
2.0
3-5
31
39
12
35
30
61
16
25
0.5
1.6
0.3
0.3
19
•vr
9
18
35
9
86
58
• = negligible
* - Excluding 13 fish vhich had no food or very small, unidentifyable amounts la
- The percentage of fish collected in vhich this food item vas identified.
* - The percentage of the total volune of food examined that this item comprised.
_ - Excluding 2 fish containing unidentifyed numbers Of this food item.
' _ TV*On«M rtrr "\ W c>* f*rtTit-o4r>^ «» «Y1< ^an+4 *Sr»X ntin**hAwf. r\V 4-V4 e 0r\f*A 4+A*n
U.5 19 72 31 23
0.1 N Ul 8 6l
9.2 51 6 N 00
1U.6 U7 3 H 3 N
their stomachs.
5
1*
27
N


-------
Figure I.

Location cf first cruise
sampling stations.
                                                                 '-

-------
Figure 2.

Location of second cruise
sampling stations.

-------

-------
!/V/£/jA
                                                 ••if-if;-i
                                                  I I.!'•'•'

-------
5.  Hean percentages of: occujprehces o:
                           " " n_ •
.--__.....  ^I-T-T,--
if Mysis, Pontoporeia,: and- fish eggs
 -  "ound in scuipins from combined tacohite area "stations' (l ;-
   - :   -     -   i  .    -   - - I :           I  -         j  . ;      -. •
 :   consnared to combined control stations:of the first cruise.:

-------
    Heterotrophic Bacterial Densities in.



Western Lake Superior and Their Relationship



   to Taconite Tailings Discharged Therein
      Environmental Protection Agency



     Office of Research and Monitoring



Northeast Water Supply Research Laboratory



     Narragansett, Rhode Island   02882








             December 22, 1972

-------
     This report is one of three "being prepared to document

findings obtained betveen July and December, 1972 on the

microbiological portion of Lake Superior Enforcement Study.

The findings reported herein vere obtained at the National

Water Quality Laboratory by Mr. Louis A. Eesi, Mis? Susan

T. Bagley, Dr, Mirdze L. Peterson, and Mr. Robert Becker.

This report was prepared by Dr. Victor J. Cabelli.  The

second report vill document the microbiological findings from

the examination of sediment trap, bottom vater, substrate

(pieces of nylon fish net), and Reserve Mining ore, intake water
 V
and Launder effluent (tailings discharge) samples.  The third

report will present the results of laboratory investigations to

determine if, as reported previously, E. coli and heteYotrophic

bacteria can multiply in taconite tailing's - Lake Superior

vater suspensions held at U° C.

-------
                           INTRODUCTION


      The  results  of  laboratory  studies conducted by  Herman

 (1)  in 1971  suggested  that Escherichla coll  or  a species  of
                                                      ^ »
 Klebslella could  multiply in  taconite tailings  - Lake  Superior
                                                        »
 water (LSVJ)  suspensions held  at 4  C provided that  the  con-

 centration of  tailings exceeded about 0.1 rag/liter.  However,

 when the  colifonn densities in  samples collected from  the water

 receiving the  discharged tailings  were examined (  2),  they were

 not  high  enough to suggest either  that a significant degree  of

 coliform  multiplication - and hence the  possibility  of Salmonella

 multiplication -  does  occur or  that sufficient  numbers of coli-

 fonn bacteria  are transported by the tailings so as  to signific-

 antly increase the colifonn densities in the receiving waters.

 The  absence  of data  on the tailings concentrations in  the water

 samples did  limit the  conclusions  which  could be drawn since there

 was  no assurance,  that, in the  areas from which water  samples

 were collected, the  tailings  concentrations  reached  the con-
                                                          . •
 centration that Herman found  was required for multiplication of
                                     •\
.the  organisms.

      Herman  (1) also reported that the bacterial florai or a

 part thereof,  normally associated  with the tailings  as collected

 from the  Launder  effluent lines  also was capable of  multiplied-

-------
 tlon in tailings - LSW suspensions held at  A°C.  Since intake




 water from Lake Superior is  used in the processing  of the ore,




 it is possible that some of  the organisms which multiplied  in




 the tailings - LSW suspensions were aquatic organisms pathogenic




 for man or aquatic fauna.




      A possibility not considered in the previous studies vas




 that the taconite tailings in sufficient concentrations  could




 directly or indirectly inhibit those bacteria   (i.e., those




 participating in the carbon, phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen




 cycles) which may be involved in maintaining the trophic state




 of Lake Superior.




      The studies, whose results are presented herein, were




 conducted towards answering  some of the questions left unanswered




 by the previous year's studies.  They represent a part of the




 overall bacteriological investigation which included  (1)   the




 examination of sediment trap, substrate  (pieces of  fish  net),




 bottom core, Launder effluent and intake  (process)  water samples




 and  (2)  repetition, insofar as possible,  of Herman's (1)




 studies.




      In addition to the examination of total coliform and total




. heterotrophic bacterial densities as performed  the  previous year




 the water samples were assayed for Pseudomonas  aeruginosa,

-------
                                                                3

Klebsiella sp. and at times Aerorconas species and for proteolytic,

amylolytic and dentrifylng heterotrophic bacteria.   It would have

been highly desirable to examine the water samples  for several
                                                   — «
other organisms in the carbon,  nitrogen, sulfur and-pttosphorus

cycles.  However,  facile, precise and accurate methods for their

quantification were not available.



                       MATERIALS AND METHODS


Sampling stations

     Sampling stations were established in Lake Superior along

six transects, Silver Cliff, Split Rock, Crystal Bay (Shovel

Point), Sugar Loaf, Grand Marais and Guano Rock (Figure 1).

The latter two transects were established midway through the

study.  The stations on a given transect were located approxi-

mately 1, 3 and 5  miles offshore.  Samples were collected at

approximately one  week intervals between July 31, 1972 and

September 5, 1972.  During part of this period (7-31 to 8-23),

there was no discharge from the Reserve Mining Launder effluent

lines.


Sampling collection

     Two samples were collected at each station, one from a

-------
                                                                4




depth of 20 feet and one from a depth of 40 feet.  In addition




some deep water samples were collected.  The data  obtained from




these samples will be presented in another report  vhlch deals




with the findings' from the sediment trap samples.  '' *




     The water samples for bacteriological analysis were collected




with a ZoBell or similar sampler using sterile containers.  The




samples were sealed, iced and delivered to the National Water




Quality Laboratory for examination.  Preservation  and storage




of the bacteriological samples were performed according to




Standard Methods for the Examination of.Water and  Wastewaters (3)-






Assay methods, general




     The M-Endo and M-FC broths and the MPN media  used in total




and fecal coliforra procedures were prepared and used in accord-




ance with Standard Methods for the Examination- of  Vater and




Vastpwaters (3).  The solid media used in the assay of the




other organisms were autoclaved at 12L C for 15 min.  Those media




used in membrane filter (MF) procedures were dispensed in 5 ml




quantities to 50 mm sterile plastic Petri dishes,  solidified,




and stored in the refrigerator (4 C).  Prepared, sterilized agar




media were stored in French square bottles under refrigeration.




The MF procedures utilized sterile 0.45 u filter membranes,

-------
sterile, metal, filter holder assemblies, and sterile dilution




water (3).  Untraviolet light was used to sterilize the filter




funnels between aliquot filtrations of well shaken samples.



The inoculated membrane filters were placed on the different



media, incubated and counted by using a dissection microscope




(15 x magnification) after designated tines and temperatures



of incubation.






Heterotrophic microorganisms




     Total viable heterotrophic microbial densities were



estimated from Tryptone-Glucose-Extract (TGE) agar pour plates




incubated at 35 t 0.5°C for 25 ± 2 hr. and at 20 ± 0.5°C for



48 ± 3 hr.  Membrane filter procedures were used when the



heterotrophic bacterial densities were low.  The filters were




plated on TGE agar plates and incubated at 20 ±.0.5°C for 24,



48, 72 and 96 hr. and/or at 35 ± 0.5°C for 24 hr.






Total colifprms                            .              ^



     Membrane filter (MF) for total collform determinations were



placed on pads saturated with 1.8 - 2.0 ml of M-Endo broth;




the filters were incubatad for 22-24 hours at 35 ± 0.5°C.  In



the Multiple-Tube fermentation method (MPN>. five tubes of Lauryl



Tryptose broth (LST) were inoculated at each of three decimal

-------
                                                               6


dilutions.  Presumptive positive tubes were confirmed by trans-


fer to Brilliant Green Bile Lactose broth.  The tubes were read

after incubation for 24 ± 2 and 48 ± 3 hours at 35 ± 0.5°C;


gas production indicated a positive test.  The MPN re'sults were

determined from the number of positive tubes in three decimal

dilutions.



Fecal coliforms


     The membrane filters through which aliquots of the samples

had been passed were placed on pads saturated with 1.8 - 2.0

ml of M-FC medium'and incubated in a water bath at 44.5. ± 0.2°C

for 24 hours.  The blue colored colonies were counted;


     Fecal coliform KPN estimated were obtained by transferring

the gas positive LSI tubes to corresponding tubes of EC medium


incubated in a water bath at 44.5 ± 0.2°C for 24 hours.  The

number of positive (those in which gas was produced) in each of

the three decimal dilution were used to calculate the fecal
                                                        •
coliform MPN estimates.



Pseudomonas aeruginosa

     P_. aeruginosa densities were estimated using the method of


Le.vin and Cabelli (4).  The identity of typical colonies was

confirmed on the milk agar medium of Brown and Scott Foster.

-------
                                                                7




Klebsiella species




     Estimates of Klebsiella densities were obtained from membrane




filters placed on K medium (5) and incubated at 35°C for 24 hours.




Yellow (lactose positive) colonies were noted.  An In'situ urease




test was performed.  The urease positive, lactose positive colonies




were picked to Simmon's Citrate agar slants, Ornlthine Decarboxy-




lase medium, and SIM medium.  Isolates confirmed as Klebsiella




were nonmotile, did not produce H?S or ornithine decarboxylase




and grew on citrate agar.






Aeromonas sp.




     Aeromonas (primarily A_. hydrophila) densities were estimated




using the procedure (6) of Cabelli.  Yellow (dextrose positive)




colonies were identified.  An in situ oxidase test was performed.




The dextrose positive, oxidase positive (dark purple) colonies




were immediately picked to tubes of dextrose purple broth (Difco)




with gas Cementation inner tubes.  Following Incubation at 35 C




for 24 hours, all tubes in which the gas insert tubes were yellow




(fermentative) were recorede as positive, and those cultures that




were aerogenic were noted.






Amylolytic heterotrophic microorganisms




     The densities of these organisms were estimated by placing

-------
                                                                8

the membrane filters on Starch Agar (7).   After incubation of the

filters at 25 C for 72 hours, starch hydrolysis was observed by

discarding the membrane filters and flooding the medium surface
                                                *
with 0.5 ml of Gram's Iodine solution.  The medium turned a

brownish color except for the zones of hydrolysis which varied

from colorless to opaque reddish-brown zones.   The zones of

hydrolysis, which varied in size, were counted.


Proteolytic heteroCrophic microorganisms

     A membrane filter (MF) procedure using Frazier's Gelatin

agar (7) was used to estimate the densities of proteolytic micro-

organisms.  After Incubation at 25 C for 72 hours, gelatin

hydrolysis was observed by discarding membrane filters and flooding

the medium surface with a 0.5 ml of HgCl2-HCl solution.  After

5-10 minutes, excess solution was carefully decanted;, and the

transparent zones of hydrolysis were counted.


Dentrifytng bacteria                                ^

     A membrane filter (MF) procedures using Nitrate-Sucrose agar

(7) was employed to estimate the densities of bacteria which con-

vert N03 to N0_.  After incubation at 25°C for 72 hours, bacterial

reduction of nitrate was observed by discarding the membrane

filter and flooding the medium with nine drops of a Zinc-Iodine-

-------
Starch solution (7) and three drops of IN H2SO .   Zones of



blue-black color which appeared in the reagent and the medium



were counted as denitrifying bacteria.
                                                    «
                .                                  * * *




                             RESULTS






     The recoveries of the various groups of organisms from the



water samples collected at the six transects are  presented in



Appendix A.  A preliminary examination of these data along with



the data on the total solids and tailings concentrations in the
                   *


samples (Table 1)  revealed that (1)  there was little to be
                          *

gained by further examination of the data from the Grand Marais



and Guano Rock transects,  (2)  £; aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp.



recoveries from the water samples were sufficiently Infrequent



and of such a low order of magnitude as to render further analysis



of these data useless,  (3)   the densities of the dentrifying,



proteolytic and amylolytic portions of heterotrophic microbial



population paralleled the total heterotrophic estimates suffi-



ciently (Table 1)  so that only the latter data required further



analysis - there was a suggestion that the densities of proteolytic



microorganisms was less subject to variations due to climatic



conditions,  (4)  the microbial and tailings recoveries from

-------
                                                               10




samples collected at  the 20 ft. and 40 ft. depths at a given




station were sufficiently similar that the averages could be




used,  (5)  the  impact of climatic and hydrographic conditions,




particularly heavy rainfalls which occurred on Augus"t!20 and




September 20, on the  microbial densities tended to obscure




tailings - bacterial  relationships, if there were such.




     The total heterotrophic and total coliforra densities,




along with the total  solids and tailings concentrations, in the




water samples collected from the Silver Cliff, Split Rock,




Crystal Point and Sugar Loaf transects over the period July 31




to September 5 are presented in Table 2.  The highest tailings




concentrations generally were obtained from the samples collected




along the Split Rock  transect.  However- the highest total solids




concentrations and bacterial densities were found in those Silver




Cliff transect samples collected after a rainfall.  Following a




rainfall, the total solids concentrations and bacterial densities




at the one-mile  sampling station on the Sugar Loaf transect were




higher than the  corresponding station on the Crystal Bay transect.




These findings suggest that there was a major source of rainfall




associated "sanitary" pollution in the vicinity of Two Harbors




and a minor one  near  Taconite Harbor.




     The total heterotroph and total coliform densities in the

-------
                                                             11

 Silver Cliff and Split Rock  samples  were plotted  against the

 total solids concentrations.   Examination  of these plots,(Figures

•2 and 3)  suggests that there is  a positive correlation,, especially

 if the data obtained from the week following a rainfall are  con-
                                                ^ »
 sidered. separately.   However, when the  same bacterial recovery-

 data were plotted against the tailings  concentrations (Pigs.  U

 •and 5), significant  positive slopes  were not obtained..  In fact,

 at Split  Rock there  is a  suggestion  that the heterpph recoveries

 decreased as the tailings concentration increased, if the high

 values due to rainfall are not included.

    The cessation.of  effluent discharge  from .the-Launder lines

 during the period July 31 through 25 August presented an oppor-

 tunity for the comparison of the bacterial recoveries when tail-

 ings were and were not being discharged into the  lake.  Heavy

 rainfalls during both periods made a direct, comparison.of the

 recoveries.   However, it  was observed that, whereas the ratio of

 heterotrophic recoveries  during  discharge  (0) and cessation  of

 discharge'from the Launders  (S)  (o/s, Table 3) decreased with

 offshore  distance along the  Silver Cliff,  Crystal Bay and Sugar

 Loaf transects, the  "o/s" ratio  increased  with offshore .distance

 along the Split Rock transect.

    Some deep water samples were  collected  and assayed.  The

 results of these findings will be presented and discussed in the

 report concerning the recoveries from the  sediment trap samples.

-------
                                                            12

                       DISCUSSION

    In considering the data presented herein,, it must be noted

 that, relative to the movement  of the tailings in the receiving
                                                 _. *»
 vaters as seen from direct observation using a television  camera

 submerged into the water column at various  locations and depths

 and from the concentrations of  tailings in  the water samples, the

 water column to a depth of i*0 feet at the stations  sampled con-

 tain much lower concentrations  of tailings  than the bottom water

 in the vicinity of the discharge.  The recoveries of the two

 bacterial pathogens for which assays were performed, £. aeruginosa

 and Klebsi.ella sp., vere negligible.  The highest colifonn and

 heterotroph recoveries can be accounted for by the  impact  of the

 heavy rainfall, the effects of  which would  obscure  subtle in-

 fluences of the tailings on the microbial flora of  these waters.

    There is no direct evidence  from these data that coliform

 bacteria multiply in the receiving waters in association with the

 tailings.  However, the results from the comparison of*the hetero-

 troph recoveries when tailings  were • and w-»re not being discharged

• into the lake could be interpreted as inhibition of the organisms

 near the source of the discharge and multiplication of the organisms

 "in association with the particles during transit to the 5  mile sam-

 pling station.

-------
    1
Table 1.   Recovery of coliforins and heterotrophic bacteria from Lake Superior water samples.
Area
SC
SR
SP
SL
TCC
9.8
5.5
0.06
1.1
1 mile
Heterotrophs
Total Proteo
50.0
31,2
10.2
16.2
8.5
3.1
1.7
.42
Mean
per ml
Amylo
5.1
2.2
.41
1.5
bacterial
TC
ml
3.9
2.1
0.06
0.08
recovery at offshore dia
• 3 mile
Heterotrophs per ml
Total Proteo Amylo
24.3
7.6
10.4
8.8
4.5 2.9
.84 .66
.87 .53
1.1 .29
tance of
TC
ml
1.8
4.8f
<0.06
<0.06
5 mile
Heterotrophs
Total Proteo
18.8
15.6
7.6
4.3
3.2
2.3
0.52
0.51
per ml
Amylo
1.2
1.1
.27
.40
 SC - Silver Cliff; SR - Split Rock; SP - Shovel Point; SL - Sugar Loaf.

 SMean of 4-8 values from samples collected between 8/7 and 10/4 at depths of 20 and 40 feet.

 :Total coliforms per 100 ml.
 Proteolytic.
                                                                                      * •
 Amylolytic.
 Value due  to a single high recovery.

-------
TablA 2. Recoveries of heterotrophlc bacteria and coliforca froa wcter
Dateb
1 mile
7/31
8/7
8/16,
8/23g
8/23
9/3
9/228
9/28
10/3
3 --ties
7/31
8/7
8/16B
B/238
8/28
9/8
9/22*
9/28
10/3
5 nllea
7731
8/7
8/16
8/23*
8/28
9/8
9/22*
9/28
10/3
Silver Cliff Transect .
Solldac Tall0 Hetero6 Collf1
ng/llter . per ml per
100 ml

1.8
1.1
1.2
1.5 =
1 3 /
0.1 '
1.8
0.7
0.8

1.0
0.7
O.B
• 0.6
0.9
0.5
1.7
0.6
0.6

1.0
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.5
1.3
0.6
0.4

0.6
0.4
0.05
0.2

-------
Table  2.  Recoveries of heterotrophlc bacteria and collfoma from water samples* - COHTIKUED
"values given ere averages of results from samples collected at depths of 20 and 40 ft;  plant  shut  down. 7/31 -  8/28.
 Collections nade within 3 days following day shown.                      Total coliforms from nEndo membrane filter method.
C1otal suspended solids.                                                 ^Heavy rainfall.
Callings based on cunnlngtonite assay.                                  VNot detectable by assay method.
eTotal heterocrophic bacteria as counted (Materials and Methods.         ^""coliforms/100 ml.

-------
Table  3.  Effect of plant operation on heterotrophlc bacterial recoveries in the
          receiving waters
Offshore Launder
Distance effluent
(miles) discharge
a
Shut

3 Oper
Shut

5 Oper
Shut

Total Oper
Shut

Heterotrophic
Silver Cliff
Rec*C o/sd
137.
28.2
4.9
34.8
11.4
3.1
18.2
13.0
1.4
44.3
16.1
2.8
Bacterial recoveries per ml
Split Rock Crystal Bay
Rec o/s Rec o/s
35.3"
17.2
2~:i
15.6
2.4.9
6.3
34.3
3,9 -
8.8
27.4
5.5
5.0
21.3
2.99
7.1
13.2
5.79
2.3
1.61
4. 19
0.38
•5-. 60
4.18
1.3
at transect
Sugar Loaf
Rec o/s
45.4
A. 7

11.2
5.3

7.64
2.56

15.7.
4.01



9.7


2.1


3.0


3.8
Discharge of tailings effluent from Launder exists (o).


 No discharge of tailings effluent from Launder exists (s).
"Heterotrophic microbial recoveries.
 Ratio oi recoveries during effluent discharge to shut down.

-------
Figure 1.  SaBpllng array for rater aanplea collected in Lake Superior.
                                                                                                 RAND HARAIS
                                                                                                      u).\F cove
                                                                                                       roixt
                                                                                                 PUT ROCK
                                                                                                 1LVER CLIFT

-------
                  TABLE  1
    LAKE SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT STUDY •
DULUTI1, MINNESOTA,  JULY - OCTOBF.K 1972

  Silver Cliff Trcr.sccii—1 mile-point
                                                t'nif
iv»-«c uiii'.n
DATE SAMPLE DEPTH TOTAL BACTERIA TOTAL PSEUDO- KLEB- NITRATE STARCH GELATIN
NUMBER MF/100 ml. COL1FORM KONAS STELLA MF/100 ml. MF/100 ml. KF/100 ml
20°C Ml'/lOO ml. MF/100 ml. MF/100 ml. 25°C-72 hr. 25°C-72 hr. 25*C-72 1:
48 lir. 72 hr. 35°C-24 hr. 4l.5°C-48 hr . 358C-24 lir.

7/31/72 LL00037 40'
LL00033 20'
8/ 7/72 LLJU097 40'
LL00098 20'
8/16/72 LI.00157 40'
LL00158 20'
8/25/72 LI.00263b 40'
1.L00264& 20'

8/23/72 LLG0270 40'
l.!X02/9 iO'
9/14/72 L1.00U2 40'
LL'JO«13 20'
9/22/72 UCOiJSb 40'
LL00439^ 20'
9/30/72 LLU0534 40'
LL00535 20'
10/ 3/72 LLUOyyj W*
LL00540 20'

a — 95 hour incubation

1,600
4.000
470
400
200
140
13,700
13,500

5,400
5,000
2,500
4,900
18,400
21,400
3,:.oo
3,yoo
3,500
2,600

period

5.700*
9,600
940
1.900
260
470
15,700
15,500

9,100
8,600
5.700
6,700
23.400
25,600
7, COO
6,400
6,700
3,700
*

Plant Shut Down
20 <1 <1
31 1 <1
/I ^1 /I

-------
             TABLE 2                      M-T" ••-,.,
    LAKE  SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT  STUDY  On "°";'" 01 (l'a
DULUTIt,. MINNESOTA, JULY - OCTOBER 1972   |
Silver Cliff Trar^oet— 3 mile-point
BATE SAMPLE DLPTH TOTAL BACTERIA TOTAL PSEUDO- KLEB-
.NTMBER XF/100 ml'. COUrOKM X.ONAS SIELLA
20'C JT/100 ml. MF/lOO ml. KF/100 ml.
48 hr. 72 hr. 35°C-24 hr. 41.5"C-48 hr. 35°C-24 hr.
7/31/72 Li.00042 40'
LL00043 20'
8/ 7/72 1.L00102 40'
' :.!.•'•.?;;'.''} "O1
8/16/72' LL001.02 VO'
!.LOoltJ'J :'.0'
8/25/72 LLOC:'o*h 40'
LLuOilC* t 20'

8/23/72 LL00283 40'
•i.!.C>:..)2tf4 /U1
9/14/72 Ll.OOil/ 40'
Ll.00413 20*
9/22/72 Ll/J3*4*b 40*
U.r"-'.'i4b 20'
9/30/7^ L1.6C5M 4v'
l.LUOJiO 20'
10/ 3/72 LI.00544 40'
LI.00545 20'

220
290
110
40
60
7,100
1,130

3,200
4,900
200
120
28,600
21,000
2.CQO
2,2M
950
l.OUO

560°
840a
400
1,000
160
J30
10,700
1,610

6,400
8,700
2'JCl
250
31.200
3!),4l,J
":>.iod
3,000
1,530
2,100
,
i
2
1
^ 1
14
i

12
. 4
1. 1
4 1
19
6
4,1
2
1
1

Plant Shut Down .
41 *1
41 <1
*1 41
41 1
<1 41
Plant In Operation •
41 C-72 f
(c)"
(c)
700 ;
600

500 '
500
100
100
(d)
(d)
400
600
500
500 ;
1
a — • *)6 hour incubation period •' "
•0 — after heavy rainfall
c — ovocgrouT. fcy inouius

d — uncountable due to 'overlapping
e — spreader


zones














i
i
r

-------
                                                       TABLE 3                   (_•;/

                                               LAKE SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT STUDY on
                                           DULUTH.  MINNESOTA. J'JLY - OCTOBER 1972

                                              Silver Cliff f r£r.::.Jet— ~5 *ile-pnint
i/5
U.033-.9
U.00550
40'
20"
40"
20'
An'
20'
^C" - 1
2~J ' 3


40'
2G*
-0'
2t>'
4U' 20
20* 23
40'
20'
40'
201
60
60
340
36il"
^0
110
,('?0
!*K,


220
SO
240
go
.300
,200
850
750
730
700


2
3


1
"6






26
40
i
1
1
5
Plant Shut Oovn
340a ^1 <1 <1
380a  •'I 1 < 1
2S-J il Cl tl
,4i,a 10 
-------
V
1
t
\
TABLE 4 l;n;'. J M- •' '
LAKE SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT STUDY . . on fccfalf 07 JflJ i
DULUTH, MINNESOTA, JULY - OCTOBER 1972 ' '" •'':i'
3plit ilcck Lt. Ti'KiJCtct — 1 Kile.— j i/int
s
\DATE SAMPLE DEPTH TOTAL BACTERIA
\ NUMBER Mr/100 :ni.
20° C
* 48 lir. 72 hr.
7/31/72 LLODOD2 40'
LL00053 20'
8/ 7/72 LI. JO) 12 40'
8/16/72 I.L.V.J172" 40*
11"'!! 71 2:V
8/25/72 i.LGu^g* JO'
i.LO:V.AS* 20'

3/28/72 1.1.00303 40'
L!.0^3''/J 20*
9/13/72 !.:oef?7 '
9/22/72 LLOr.^63b 60 '
L:.0c464^ 2i/'
9/20/72. I.I.GU51B i'J'
Li.'iOiiy 20'
10/ 5/72 ' 1.1.00534 40*
LL00585 20'

a — 9(5 hour incubation
240
360
320
230
20
13U
11..VJO
11.000

3,700
4.3CO
260
130
15,900
22,600
2.2iO
2,100*
1,700
1,100

period
. *
701'A.'. - PSEUDO- KLEB- NITRATE.' STARCH GELATIN
Coi.liOIC! MONAS SIELLA KF/100 nl.' - MF/100 ml. MF/100 ral
XT/ 100 mi. MF/100 ml. MF/100 ral. 25°C-72 hr. 25'C-72 hr. 25°C-72 hi
35°C-24 hr. 41.5°C-/.8 hr. 35°C-24 hr.
Plant Shut Down
800a 3 <1 <1
840a 7 "<1 <1
yoo 
"\4o
t,f>0
26,'jiA)
31,000
Z.COO
j.yoo
2, 'iOO
2,500
0

<1 <1 <1
20 <1 1
18 <1 <1
Plant In Operation
1 <1 < 1
10 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1
*1 <1 t I
19 <1 ' 1
12 <1 2
4 U < 1
3 <1 < 1
 ,
* '

.;
400
200
100

*;-
30
(d)
(d) !'.
(d) !
(d) k
400 .
400

1-

b — after heav>- rainfall
C — ovorijrcvn by sou Ids
d — 'jr.countnb.lc due to
i — cpre.ider






overlapping zones ' |.





>


-------
".:•  .•t.T.cr: .••;•':.*••::. .•••s-'.-.-~"-»i -T~-S  ..::...-r
                        TABLE  5

               LAKE SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT  STUDY '
           DULUTH,  MIXSESOTA, JULY.- OCTOBER 1972

            Split Rock Lt,.  Trr.nsocl*— 3  f.ile-pc.ir.t
L'Liui! :; -..
BATE

7/31/72

8/ 7/72

8/16/72

8/25/72


B/2*:/72

9/13/72

9/22/72

9/29/72

10/ 5/72

SAMPLE DEPTH TOTAL BACTERIA TOTAL PSEUDO- KLED- KITRATE STARCH
HL'MBER MF/100 nl. COMFORM NONAS S1CLLA MF/100 nl. MF/100 r.l.
20°C KF/100 ml. KT/100 ml! MF/100 nl. 25*C-72 hr. 25°C-72 hr.
48 hr. 72 hr. 35°C-24 hr. 41.5°C-48 hr. 35°C-24 hr.

Ll.00057
LLOOOS8
I.LP0117
' Li.ooi i a
LLCOl/7
L!.;>0178
LL00253
LL002S4

Lt.CC2')8
LLO'J2V9
I.JOC402
LLOU40J
|.t*0o4 S$
i»L 1.0 $ 5*3
I.LOO>13
LL005U
I.L00589
LL00590

40'
20'
4?'
»U"
40'
2t'
40*
20'

40'
20'
iO'
20'
4,0'
20'
4U*
20'
40'
20'
a — 96 hour Incubation
c — • overgrown by coultls
d — uncountable duo
c — spr
eadcr
Co


90
50
40
60
40
200
40
30

100
730
'JO
150
790
620
2,000
2,500
700
1,000
period
overlapping

Plant Shut Doun
310a <1 
-------
TABLE 6
                        '\-\ •••
LAKE SUPERIOR EXFORCEMl-ST STUDY flfl JjaV'7 ri J '.:».-•*
DULUTH, H1X-XESOTA, JULY - OCTOBER 1972 ^ '-^ --. . --i ^i.^j •/• "
Split Heck Li. Tranrc-ct — 5 »>«ile-ptiint
DATE SAMPLE DEPTH TOTAL BACTERIA TOTAL PSEODO- KLEB-
XUMEER HF/100 al. COLIFOKM HOHAS ' SI ELLA
2O'C MF/1OO Eil. KF/100 al. MF/100 al.
48 hr. 72 hr. 35°C-24 hr. 41.5*C-4S hr. 35°C-2i hr.

7/31/72 LLOC062 40*
LLOJ063 20'
8/7/72 LLi'0122 40'
- LL00123 20*
8/1G/72 L3.0C182 40'
LLC0133 20'
8/25/72 LL00258 40 '
LL00259 20'

8/23/72 LL00293 40'
!.!C0294 20'
9/13/72 L:.:)yj97 40"
M.00398 20*
9/22/72 l-LOCiiib I.Q' 33
|.:.£«;4i'.b 20' 27
9/29/72 I.!.Cu5C;; 40' 4
:.LCC50Sf 20' 4
i 10/ 5/72 L-.ar.5C4 40' 1
L1CJ5-J5 20' 1
a — 94 hour incubation period
^ — sfter hc-vy rair.foll
.. j c — overdrawn i,y nculds

30
40
60
10
<10
UO
30
70

50
90
90
90
,000
.900
,200
.500
.-'•«)0
,jUO


': d — uncountable due to ovorlapj.iac
e — spreatcr

"Plant Shut Down
180a O. 
-------
                                                      TABLE 7                     i|..

                                              LAKE  SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT STUDY  ;.  0),
                                          DULUT1I, MINNESOTA,  JULY - CCTOIJEU  1972

                                            Shovel  roir.t Transect—1 wilo-poir.t
                                                                                                           '•.::! of
                                                                                              ••
                                                                                             U'" l'1
DATE

8/ 1/72

8/10/72

8/17/72

6/23/72



8/25/72

9/12/72

9/23/72

9/28/72

10/4 /72

SAMPLE
SVMBEK

LL00067
• LL00063
LLC0127
•-LL00123
L1.00187
LI.U01S8
L1.00243
LL00244


LL00333
LLOOIJ 34
L1.00332
1.1.00383
U.OC468
r.LCO'(09
LU00498
LI.004V9
1.1.00509
-LL00570
DEPTH

40'
20'
40'
20'
40'
20'
40'
20'


40'
20*
40'
20'
40'
20'
40'
20'
40'
20'
TOTAL BACTERIA TOTAL PSEUDO- KLEB- NITRATE STARCH
' KF/IOO nl.. COLIFORM MONAS SlfLLA MF/100 ml. MF/100 nl.
20"C Ml-ViOO nl. . MF/100 nl. MF/100 nl. 25eC-72 hr. 25eC-72 hr
48 hr. 72 hr. 35°C-24 hr. 41.5*0-48 hr. 35°l>24 hr.

70
90
10
20
270
. 5/.0
460
330


6, '.00
2, (.30
bO
50
CIO
b/.O
1.A20
1,220
5,400.
5,600

240* *1
290a < 1
30 <1
110 <1
570 <1
9ao 
-------
            TABLE 8
    LAKF. SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT STUDY
DULUTI-, MINNESOTA. il':.Y'- OCTOBER  1972

   Si'.cvel Joint Trar^ccv—3 ::ilo-^i '.:.t
DATE SAMPLE DEPTH TOTAL BACTERIA TOTAL PSEUDO- KLEB-
SUSBER KK/100 ml. COLIFORM MONAS SltLLA
20°C MK/100 ml. MF/100 ml. MF/ioO ml.
48 hr. 72 hr. 35BC-24 hr. 41.5°C-48 hr. 35°C-24 hr
8/ 1/72 LL00072
LL00073
8/10/72 LL00132
• LI.00133
3/17/72 LL00192
LL00193
8/23/72 LL00233
LL00239

8/29/72 LL00323
LLC05J9
9/12/72 1.L00337
• Ll.00383
9/23/72 LLC0473
LI.00474
9/28/72 LLOC503
LL00504
10/4/72 LL00574
U.0057S

40'
20'
40'
20'
40'
20'
40'
20'

40'
20'
40'
20'
40'
20'
40'
20'
40'
20'

a — 96 hour incubation.
110
30
10
<10
2,400
360
_370
400

520
1,300
60
30
UO
30
1.510
1,230
1.200
2,21)0

period
Plant Shut Down
n
350 <1 <1 <1
320 *• 1 <1 < 1
70 <1 - <1
60 a - 
-------
•


r-
TABLE 9 •' .:i'
LAKE SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT STUDY Ofl '
DUT.UTH, MINNESOTA, JULY - OCTOBER 1972 j
S?ic-vai ?cint Tro.-.LX'ji— 5 :-.ilc-poii.Ji
DATE SAMPLE DEPTH TOTAL BACTERIA TOTAL PSEUDO- KLEB-
XUMBER



8/ 1/72 LT.00077
LLOC078
8/10/72 U.C0137
. Ll.COJ 35
S/i7/72 LL001V7
;.LOOL9i
a/23/72 " u.owij
LT.U02 J-'

8/29/72 1.L00323
LL00324
9/12/72 U.C03J2
Ll'jQWJ
9/23/72 uc^rs
Li.00^79
10/ './72 '..1.30570
Li-CCjoC




40'
20'
40'
20'
/.u1
,,-. i
40'
20*

40'
20'
CO1
20'
40'
20.'
4,f)'
2o'
a — 94 hour incubation
c — overgrown by moulds
d — uncountable due
c — spreader
to

M?/1QO
20"C
-'.8 hr.

30
30
<10
10
110
620
610
260

— ••. oo
1/.0
40
50
f-Q
50 .
320
330
period
overlapping

ml, COLTFORH HONAS S1ELLA
M/100 tnl. HF/100 nl. MF/100 ml.
72 hr. 35"C-2'. hr. 41.5°C-48 hr. 35°C-24 hr.
Plant Shut Down
160° 
i;
i
i-
r

-------
             TABLE  10

    LAKE SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT STUDY .
DULUTH, MINNESOTA, JULY - OCTOBER 1972

Sugar Loaf Covo Transect—1 mile-point
DATE SAMPLE DEPTH TOTAL BACTERIA TOTAL PSEUDO- KLEfi- NITRATE STARCH CELAT
NUMBER MF/100 r.l. COLTFOl'-M KONAS SIELLA. MF/100 ml. . MF/1CO ml. KF/100
20»C KK/100 nl. MF/100 ml. MF/100 ml. 25"C-72 hr. ' 25"C-72 hr . 25»C-7
48 hr. 72 hr. 35°C-24 hr. 41.5eC-48 hr. 35"C-24 hr. :

8/ 1/72 :.Lt'-0'J2
11 c-;.oi;3
8/10/72 U.OOU2
-.LI.00143
8/17/72 Li.OU202
L«C'02C/3
8/23/72 LLCOZlc
LL002I-5

B/29/72 LI.00303
LL0030')
9/23/72 LI.00493
1.LC049A
10/ A/72 , U.OC554
" ' -MlOC*. 15 "


40'
•J.O'
40'
20'
/•O'
10'
40'
to'

40'
20'
40*
20'
40'
20'

a — V6 haur incubation

30
20
10
10
130
VO
44.800
13^00"

2,880
2.ZGO
6,109
4*200
. 2,200
" 1,100
•
periou
c — overgrown by moulds
«! -- uncountable Juc
c ~ spreader


to



overlapping



Plant Shut Down
220a *1 ' <1 <1
240a -ci • <1 <1
100 <1 - <1
70 <1 - % <1
620 <1 <1 <1
440 *1 . ;  . 30
t
.. \ ;







• ••
' 2
4
(c
•' 'i

-------






DATE




8/ 1/72

3/10/72

8/17/72

8/23/72


8/29/72

9/23/72

10/4 /72



•*




SAMPLE
KUM3SR



LLOOOG7

1.1.00147
• LL00143
LLCCJ07
LLOOJUJ
1.5.00223
LiOO^i

I.L00313
J.I.003K
Li.ooAaa
1.LOG48')
I.I.CCV';9
• .LI.t'05tO
!« "'
a — '}& hour incu'u
c — ovcrgrowi by












i
• • :'.. .'.: : . , .
TABLE 11 (j.-fjitj
LAKE SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT STUDY fln i... . 'f •'...'
DULfTH, MINNESOTA, JULY - OCTOBER 1972 J''l't"":« °' »'.-' -
Sur.ar Loaf Cove Trar.soct — 3 mile-point '.

DEPTH TOTAL BACTERIA TOIAL "PSEUDO- KLEB- KITRATE




40'
20*
40'
ro1
40'
20'
40'
W

40*
20'
40'
20*
4C'
2C '

moulds
d ~ uncountable due to
MF/ioo
20*C
48 hr.

00
10
<10
10
50
70
500
230

40
3,100
liU
70
500
-. .660

porJ.v>C-72 hr.
72 hr. jj:.'.--24 !:r. 4l.5cC-/.8 hr . 35*0-24 hr.
flant Shut Down
2'JOa <1 ^1 <1 <10
200° <1 <1 cl <10
300 <1 - - <1 <10
10 <1 - <1 < 10
430 <1 *1 , <1 40
't'tO <1 Cl <1 4
1,600 . <1 <1 <1 <10
7,700 1 . . 41 <1 <10
Plant In Operation
750 <1 <1 <1 < 10
4,30'C <1 <1 <1 <10
3dO *1 <.! . <1 < 10
230 <1 <1 <1 - ^10
2.400 <:! <1 <1 40
1,000 .. <1 r „. <1 .,.. . <1 ., . 40\
..
•
i
zones t

:• .' , ;; ^.^

• .*! .''


STARCH
• HF/100 nl.
25°C-72 hr



_
20
10 '
1GO
.(c)
60
70

50
20
50
50
< 10
20



e ~ spreader
; .
. ••
••i fit * '
A
Company •

i
GELATI
xr/ioo
. 25°C-72


! ,
,
3C'
1C
3C
•iC
30C
6Ci

6(
'• 'i *(
10;
7:
5CC
5C(



1

-------



1
TARI.P. IJ ': .=
....».- ^
.
•:.:iff-;r !:.;;' ••:::!;' f^carcof
	 „ . „ .... ..... .. 	 	 	 . .. -j ouiiij/jny
t:i.0obii of tiiilj .j :;:. -^i Division" ' *v
LAKE SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT STUDY ~ .-»-"'«>«».
DULUTH, MINXrsOTA, JULY - OCTOBER 1972... '
Su,~yr Lo:..!' 'Jove Trar:coct— $ nilo-pci^t_
DATE SAMPLE DEPTH TOTAL BACTERIA TOTAL PSEUDO- KLEB-
N'UMSKR



8/ 1/72 LL00092
LL'J0093
8/10/72 I.LOU52
' 1.L-.--153
3/17/72 1.1.00212
'11002:3
8/23/72 ;:,.'J^22C6
I.LOOI'29

8/29/72 1.1.00313
1. 1.0031 9
9/23/72 l.l.C«4S3
L1.0C484
10/ -«/7S hour, iucuiution
.c — overgrovn by moulds
d — uncountable due
e -- spreader
to

period
overlapping


cones *

NITRATE STARCH
MF/100 nil.. KF/100 nl.
25°C-72. hr. 25°C-72 hr.


<10
<10 . ' -
*io 
-------
                                                                                 "":-!!»••: t r 17::--
                                                    -   TABLE 13                  "'  ' '• '•'• "•'- : "'. '.'.
                                               LAKE SUPERIOR ENFDKCCXKT STUDY  « :l '.:;.:2i i.. 4: •• .-
                                                !. MISXHSOTA, JULY - OCTOBER J972    ,
                                                Graral Karaia TrnniMcc               «
                                                                                                 :: *-,!,.{•
                                                                                                           
                                                                           S1ELLA     MF/100 ol.    XF/100 ir.l.   KF/100 n
                                                                         HP/100 ad.   25'C-72 I*. .  25°C-72 l.r.  25°C-72 1
                                                                         35*C-2« hr. _ _ _ .     _
1C/ 5/72   LL01026   40'       2.700   3.500    *1
                                                         ja.le Point 1
                                                                            <1
                                                                                                         30
 9/22/73

10/ 5/72
                     ZO'

                     20'
                                  40     360
                                 < iU -    40
                               1.5CO   2.QUO
                               2.000   3.500
                                                         Hile Point 3.
                                                                                30
                                                                                20
                                                                                                         10
20
20
 10!.
 20.'
W).
600'
10/ 5/72   U.0i''21   AO*
           U0102Z   to'
                               3,000   4.100
                               4.700   5.500
                                                         Mile Point 5
                                                                                30
                                                                                40
                                                                        •*~
-------
TABLE 14 »••. rr,-,...v| 'fif I:--:- •'.,
LAKE SUPERIOR EKFOKCEMENf STUDY . , .-,.-•
DULUTU. MINNESOTA, JULY - OCT03KK. 1972"'1 ""' •••'•'•-' '-••
Guano Rock Trr-i.ncct
DAVE SAMPLE DEPTH TOTAL BACTKKIA TOTAL PSEUDO- KI.EB- NITRATE
KUNitER



9/22/72 ILC0431CM
UGvOftZCM
1C/5 /72 -U.01C11
LLOJOU



9/22/72 I.LOOA35HM
LL00436GM
10/ 5/72 U.01C06
LLOJOC7

+ *>•>*• •• vS! *'»>•*•<. <
9/22/72 L1004ZSGM
tL00427S^
,10/ 5/72 i.t.01001
LL01002
(d) uncountable due
MJVlOO
20fC
48 hr.

40' 1.070
20' 99U
 - ^ •»/*«.. .'•.-;». »-Vfl^. 3. \t-,
210 ,<.!• <1 ' • '
. . ..: i.'..iw.-;n. :
STA!;CK CELATIM'
MF/100 ml.
259C-72 hr.


3.00-
<1100
50
60



30
40
30
10

». • '-. +•••••»
20
20 .
•20
40
M?/100 n
25°C-72


800
500
(d> 1
(d) i
i
t
!
200 '
40 :
(d> ;
(d) |
i
>» t f
40V
200 ;
(d)
W)
to overlapping zones
• '

-------
                                  FIGURES
Figure 1 - Location of sampling stations.
Figure 2 - Relationship of total heterotrophlc microblal densities
           to total solids concentrations in water samples collected
           from Silver Cliff and Split Rock transects.
Figure 3 - Relationship of total collform densities to total solids
           concentrations in water samples collected from Silver Cliff
           and Split Rock transects.
Figure. 4 - Relationship of heterotrophic microblal densities to
           tailings concentrations in water samples collected from
           Silver Cliff and Split Rock transects.
Figure 5 - Relationship of total coliform densities to tailings
           concentrations In water samples collected from Silver Cliff
           and Split Rock transects.

-------

-------
    -

         I&Q
:
      o
      o
      S
      <3

             "J 1..
                                     FIGURE'S

                            ¥
     X  i
                                             t,!
1 -
                        D y

                        4
                        4^i
                                ^a-
                            J3-
                   _^1_0b_
                   TTS^I ^
                                                             
-------

-------



                           —         .....
'

-------
                            REFERENCES



1.   Herman,  1971.   Effect of taconite on bacterial growth.


     Supplement.   Internal report to the National Marine Water

     Quality  Laboratory,  E.P.A.,  Duluth, Minnesota.
                                                - •.
2,   Resi, Louis  A., 1971.  Lake  Superior Enforcement Study,


     Bacteria,  August through September, 1971,  Duluth r- Silver


     "Bay, Minnesota.


3.   Anon, 1971.   Standard Methods for the Examination of Water


     and Wastewater, Am.  Public Health Assoc.,  Am. Water Works

     Assoc.,  Water Pollution Control Federation, 13th Ed.


4.   Levin, M.A.  and Cabelli, V.J., 1971.  Membrane filter


     technique for the enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,


     Appl. Microbiol., Vol. 24, December (in press).


5.   Dufour,  A.P.,  Cabelli, V.J.  and Levin, M.A.  Occurrence  of

     Klcbslella species in wastes from a textile finishing


     plant, abstract submitted for publication  in Bacteriological

     Proceedings.


6.   Cabelli, V.J., The occurrence of aeromonads in recreational


     waters,  abstract submitted  for publication In Bacteriological


     Proceedings.

-------
7.   Rodina, A.G., 1972. . Methods in aquatic microbiology,



     University Park Press, Baltimore, Md., p.

-------
       MULTIPLICATION OF BACTERIA IN
       LAKE SUPERIOR WATER CONTAINING
  TACONITE TAILINGS:  LABORATORY STUDIES
      Jeffrey Fischer, Cynthia Thomas
   Morris A. Levin and Victor J. Cabelli
Northeast Water Supply Research Laboratory
   U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
        Narragansett, Rhode Island
 Department of Microbiology and Biophysics
        University of Rhode Island
          Kingston, Rhode Island

-------
                      INTRODUCTION









     Laboratory studies conducted by Herman  (2)




Indicated that taconite tailings obtained from the




Reserve Mining Company Launder effluent lines, when




suspended in Lake Superior water, stimulated the




multiplication of the bacterial flora associated




with the tailings and E_; coll added thereto.  The




purpose of che present study was to repeat Herman's




(2) experiments and, as required, extend his




observations.

-------
flora was prepared as follows:  An aliquot from a recently received



east and west Launder effluent composite received from Duluth was



centrifuged for 20 min at 750 xg to remove the larger particles.



The supernatant was then centrifuged for 20 min at .4340 xg to bring



down the bacteria.  The pellet was resuspended in phosphate buffered.



saline (PBS,,(D) diluted, and spread plated on Plate Count agar



(1).  After incubation for 48 hr at room temperature, the growth



was washed from the plates into 100 ml of PBS.  This suspension was



counted microscopically in a Petroff-Hauser bacterial counting



chamber, and the bacterial density was adjusted to .approximately,



2 x 10  cells par ml.  One ml portions of the adjusted suspension



were passed through each of two sterile membrane filters (0.45u),



and each filter was washed with 100 ml of PBS.  The bacteria from



one filter ware resuspended in 300 ml of PBS; the other in 300 ml



of sterile Lake water.  These suspensions were used in the experi-



ment.



     Pour plates  (Trypticase Soy agar; Difco, Detroit, Mich.)  ,



incubated at 20°C for 72 hr were used to estimate, the heterotrophic



flora.  Assays for £. eo^l and other conforms were performed on



Eosin-Methylene Blue agar (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) spread plates



incubated at 35°C and read after 24 and 48 hr.  All assays were



performed in duplicate or triplicate.

-------
      The  powdered ore  particles  were prepared as  follows:  Pieces




of  taconite  ore,  aseptlcally  collected from the conveyor belt




between  the  crusher and the rod  mill, were  immersed in 95% ethanol,




flamed,  and  crushed aseptically  with a clean sterilized hammer and




anvil.   The  powdered product  was assayed  for bacterial contamination




and found to be sterile.




      In  order to  reduce the possibility of  nutrient contamination,




all glassware was soaked in a phosphoric  acid bath and then rinsed




in  tap and distilled water.









                              RESULTS





      In the  initial  experiment,  the  sized taconite tailings were




filtered, washed with  distilled water, and resuspended in Lake




Superior water  to yield final  tailings concentrations  of 2.0 and




and 20 mg/liter.  One-hundred ml quantities  of each suspension




were  aseptically  dispensed Into  4, 125 ml flasks.   A suspension




of  E. coll (NWQL  BBDZB94 b) was  added to two of the four flasks in




each  group.   The  flasks were  placed  on a gyrotary shaker at 150




rpm/min.  The E^.  coli  strain  was isolated from Lake Superior.   It




satisfied  the criteria for E^.  coli in that it was Gram-negative,




fermented lactose with the production of gas, was motile, did not




produce H,.S,  was  MR  positive  and VP  negative and did not grow with

-------
citrate as the. sole source of carbon.  It produced a sheen on



Eoaln-Methylene Blue agar and was "EC gas positive."



     The results presented in Table 1 clearly demonstrate that,



over a period of 5 days, both the strain of E_. coli used in the



experiment and the bacterial flora associated with the tailings



would not multiply at A°C in Lake Superior water to which 2-20 rag



of taconlte tailings were added.  To the contrary, by the 3rd day,



when the first asBay was performed, the coliform and heterotrophic



bacterial densities in all the flasks were below the detectable



level.



     A spurious toxicity of the water sample for the organisms



could have accounted for the results obtained.  This possibility



was examined by comparing the survival at 4 C of the tailings



bacteria in Lake Superior water, phosphate buffered saline and



distilled water to which tailings were added.  Flasks containing



washed suspensions of taconite tailings at two concentrations were



incubated at 4°+0,5°C and growth was measured over a 5-day period.



As can be seen from Table 2, the "tailings flora" did not, multiply



during Che five day interval in the lake water, buffer, or distilled



water to which taconite tailings were added.  These results mini-



mized the possibility that bacterial death was due to toxicity of



the sample of Lake Superior water used in the present study.  Since

-------
 tive 100 ml portions of buffer.   In this experiment, suspension

 of Klebsiella,  prepared as were  those of IS.  coli, were added to

 half, the flasks in each group.   The strain of Klebsiella.  received

 as No.  234, was identified as such because,  in addition to exhib-

 iting the usual characteristics  of the coliform group, it  was H^S

 negative, ornithine decarboxylase negative,  lysine decarboxylase

 positive, urease positive and citrate negative.  The test  suspen-

 sions were dispensed in  50 ml quantities to 125 ml Erlenmeyer

 flasks which were incubated at 13±0.5°C in a Gyrotary shaker at

 150 rpm.  From the data in Table 5, it can be seen that both washed

 and unwashed tailings particles  failed to stimulate the growth of

 Klebsiella 234  at 13°C.  These organisms "died"' as rapidly in both

 tailings-Lake water suspensions  as they did in Lake water  alone.

 The tailings flora multiplied equally well in the presence of

 washed or unwashed tailings particles.

      An additional experiment was performed to determine if ore

 particles would also stimulate the growth of the tailings  flora.
                                  i
 The pieces of ore from which the particles were prepared (see

"Materials and Methods") were obtained from a conveyor belt between

 the crusher and rod mill; hence, they had not come in contact with

 the intake (process) water as had the tailings particles obtained

 from the Launder effluents.  The nature of this experiment did not

-------
                                                                8






permit the examination of the organisms 'already on the tailings




particles as was the case in previous experiments.  Therefore, a




suspension of bacteria grown from the tailings particles was




prepared as described in "Materials and Methods".  This suspension




was washed with buffer and divided into two equal portions.  One




portion was resuspended in buffer, the other in filter-sterilized




Lake water.  Each portion was then distributed into six flasks, two




of which remained intact as particle-free controls, two of which




received sterile crushed ore particles (30 mg/liter), and two of




which received taconite tailings from the east-west Launder com-




posite (30 mg/liter).  The twelve flasks were incubated in a shaker-




water bath at 10°±0.5°C.  Cell multiplication was examined at inter-




vals over a 14-day period.




     The results are shown in Figures 1 and 2.  For each point on




the graphs, the bacterial recoveries from the two replicate flasks




and their average are shown.  In cases where no maxima or minima




are shown, the cells numbers in the replicate flasks were approxi-




mately the same.  In all flasks, inoculation was  followed by a




period of population decline until the second or  third day.  Then,




there was a period of logarithic growth which eventually tapered




off-in short, a growth curve typical of bacteria  growing in static




as opposed, to continuous culture.  Technical difficulties invalidated

-------
                                                                9






 the data from 7th and 8th day readings from  those  flasks containing




 Lake water  (Fig. 2).  From the 3rd day readings and  the nature of




 the growth,  curves in Fig. 1. it would be expected  that the relatively




 rapid exponential growth rate already evident by the 3rd day in-




 those, flasks containing the ore and Launder  particles would continue




 and .that the growth rate of the bacteria in  the Lake Superior water




 alone would be slower.  The most rapid growth was  observed in the




 flasks containing Lake water and ore or Launder particles, however,




 the final cell density in all the flasks was approximately the same.




 In both the Lake water and buffer systems, the most  rapid growth




 occurred when either particle type was present, detnonstrating that




 both crushed ore and taconite tailings particles stimulate the




 growth of a portion of the bacterial flora associated with the




 tailings.









                            DISCUSSION






     The data clearly demonstrate  (a)   that a portion of the'




microbial flora associated with taconite tailings  as obtained from




 the Launder effluent lines can multiply .in Lake Superior water at




 1.0 C and  (b)   that die tailings  in concentrations of 2-30 rag/liter




stimulate the multiplication of the organisms.   Furthermore,  the




stimulatory effect of the tailings can not be accounted for by

-------
                                                               10






nutrients carried in with the process water since stimulation



also was observed when powdered ore particles was substituted



for the tailings.  These findings would suggest .that the tailings



do, in fact, act as platforms for the growth of the bacteria.



     Growth of "tailings organisms" was not obtained at 4°C, over



the 5-day examination period.  However, in view of the protracted



delay before multiplication as seen in Figures 1 and 2, the possi-



bility that multiplication of "tailings bacteria" does occur at



4 C some time after 5 days can not be excluded.  In fact, Venues



(4) did observe multiplication of that portion of the microbial



population recoverable on Tryptlcase Soy agar when suspensions



of tailings, sediments and glass particles in Lake Superior water



were incubated at'about 5°C.



     Neither the E. coll nor Klebsjella strains, used in these



experiments were observed to multiply at 4 C or 10'-13 C under



the experimental conditions of the trials.

-------
                            REFERENCES









1.    Fisher,  J.,  C.  Thomas,  M.A.  Levin  and V.J.  Cabelli.  (1973)




     Heterotrophic bacterial densities  in western Lake  Superior




     and their relationship  to taconite tailings discharged there-




     in:   Examination of net,  sediment  trap,  bottom core,  Launder




     effluent and ore samples.




     Report to Legal Support Division,  Environmental Protection




     Agency,  Washington, D.C.




2.    Herman,  Donald  L.  (1971).  Effect  of taconite on bacterial




     growth.




     Supplement.  Internal report to National  Water Quality




     Laboratory,  EPA, Duluth,  Minnesota.




3.    Lemke, Artnond E.  (1972).  Characterization of the North




     Shore Surface Waters of Lake Superior.




     Internal report to the  National Water Quality Laboratory,




     EPA, Duluth, Minnesota.




A.    Vennes,  John W.  (1973)  Effect of bottom sediments,  tailings




     and glass particles on  microbial populations of Lake. Superior




     wa t e r.




     Report to Reserve Mining Company.

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Table 1.  Recovery of E_. coll and "tailings bacteria" from filtered Lake
          Superior water-tailings suspensions seeded with JS. coli and
          incubated at 4 C.
Time
(days)
0

3

5
Replicate
'1
2
1
2
1 .
2
Bacterial recovery
20 mg/liter .
E. coli Hetero

33004
3500
<
t
<

650
450
<
<
<
per ml at tailings c
2.0 ml/liter
E. coli Hetero

3100
2500
<
<
<

60 '
65

<
"
oncent ration' of
Control
E. coli Hetero

2900
2700
<
<
<

<5
<
<
<
<
  Particle size  <2y.
  No tailings added.
  Determined from  flasks  to which E.  coli was not added.
  Heterotrophic microorganisms  as  determined from Trypticase Soy agar
  pour plates.
  Less than 5 organisms/ml,

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Table 2.   Comparative survival at 4 C of "tailings bacteria"  in  Lake  Superior
          water,  phosphate buffered saline and distilled water containing
          Launder effluent tailings.
No. of
days
0

2

5

Replicate
1 '
2
1
2
1
2
Hetero bacteria per.ml a
3 mg/liter tailings in
Distilled Buffered /Lake
Water Saline /Water
55 '
52
300
530.
750

2020
1740
191
310
278

  As determined from Trypticase Soy agar pour plates.  .
  Particle size, <2u.
  No data.

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Table 3.  The effect of Incubation  temperature on the growth of "tailings
          bacteria" In Lake Superior water phosphate buffered saline and
          distilled water containing Launder effluent tailings:  Temp. 4°C.
No. of
days
0
. • 1
2
• 3
Replicate
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 ' '
2
Hetero bacteria per. ml at
3 mg/ltter tailings In
Distilled Buffered -/Lake
Water Saline /Water
5
7
50
28
59
44
6
14
15
11
35
19
64
52
6
18
5
9
47
53'
86
67
8
11
tailings .concentration of
30 mg/llter tailings in
Distilled Buffered /Lake
Water Saline /Water
6 .
5
340
270 ;
63' .
45
9
4
730
890
197
230
229
203
200
189
940 •
460
46
71
65
48
34
26
I
  As determined  from Trypticase  Soy  agar pour plates.
  Partirle size, v.2vi.

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Table 4.  The effect of incubation temperature on the growth of ''tailings
          bacteria" in Lake Superior water phosphate buffered saline and
          distilled water containing Launder effluent tailings:  Temp.
10°C.
No. of
days
0

I
2
3
Replicate
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Hetero bacteria per. ml at
3 mg/liter tailings in
Distilled Buffered /Lake
Water Saline /Water
1
1
4
1
1
<\
5
15
23
22
18
20
69
91
2000
1850
26
38
12
12
81
82
400
420
2
tailings concentration of
30 ing/liter tailings in
Distilled Buffered /Lake
Water Saline /Water
13
26
57
69
5
8
7
6.
800
720
2900
4100
6.0xl04
2.5xl06
600
570
7.6x10^
1.0x10
5.8x10*
5.5x10*
2.3x10^
2.6x10
  As determined from Trypticase Soy agar pour plates.
  Particle size, <2g.

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Table 5.  Recovery of added Klebsiella 234 from washed and unwashed suspen-
          sions of Launder effluent tailings in Lake Superior water held  at
          13°C.
No. of
days
0
1
2
3
6
Replicate.
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Recovery of KLebs
Control
1.4xlOA
7600
280
72
4
iella per ml when
' Washed
1.2x10*
1.6x10
3220
<10
430
880
20
140
13
15 ' •
2
tailings were
Unwashed
1.2xlof
1.7x10
30
<10
320
790
250
95
10
22
  As determined on Eosin-Methylene Blue agar spread plates.
  Tailings concentration in water, 2 mg/1; particle size,

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Table. 6.  Growth of "tailings bacteria" in washed and unwashed suspensions
          of Launder effluent tailings in Lake Superior water held at 13 C.
No. of
days
0
1
2
3
6
Replicate
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Bacterial recc
Control
"
1920
"
150
300
30
1200
1400
>3xl04
1.2x10®
0.7xl08
i tailings were
Unwashed
69
72
3300
1750
ND3
ND
>3xl04
9.6x10^
1.7x10
  Heterotrophic microorganisms as determined from Trypticase Soy agar
  pour plates.


  Particle size, <2y.
  No data.

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Figure 1.




     The multiplication of "tailings bacteria" in phosphate




buffered saline suspensions of Launder tailings and ore particles:




Particles were added in a concentration of 30 rag/liter.




Bacterial and particle suspensions were prepared as described




in Materials and Methods and Results.  For each point, the




bacterial recoveries from the two replicate flasks and their




average are shown.

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      .01
Fig. I.
                                  particles
              C      1      2      3      456      7      8     9    10     11    12    13      14
                                             Incubation time  (days)      .                 .

-------
Figure 2.




     The multiplication of "tailings bacteria" In Lake Superior




water suspensions of Launder tailings and ore particles:




See Figure 1.

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        r-
        I
      4
                          water only
	ore
         launder particles
I
 tt
•-4
 v
 u
      1  .
Fig. Z
                            56789
                            Incubation time (days)
10
                                                                                 11
12
13
14

-------
    HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIAL DENSITIES IN
 WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP
  TO TACONITE TAILINGS DISCHARGED THEREIN:
     EXAMINATION OF NET, SEDIMENT TRAP,
BOTTOM CORE, LAUNDER EFFLUENT AND ORE SAMPLES
                     by
      Jeffrey Fischer, Cynthia Thomas
   Morris A, Levin and Victor J, Cabelli
 Northeast Water Supply Research Laboratory
   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  National Environmental Research Center
         Narragansett, Rhode Island

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                           INTRODUCTION








     The discharge of large quantities of taconite tailings




from the Reserve Mining Launder discharge lines into Lake




Superior could alter the microbial flora of the receiving




waters and, hence, its quality in several ways.  If the




particles do act as adsorbing surfaces for nutrients and




"platforms" for the organisms, the possibility exists that




pathogenic bacteria present in the receiving waters or the




process water removed from the lake water could multiply




on these particles to sufficient densities as to present a




health hazard.  Secondly, in large enough concentrations,




the tailings could be toxic to the normal flora of receiving




water.  It also is possible the growth of bacteria in




association with the particles, if it does occur to a suffi-




cient degree, could upset the microbial balance in the




receiving waters and, possibly, other aspects of the ecosystem




influenced by the microbial flora.




     The first possibility was examined in laboratory and




field studies conducted at various private, State and Federal




laboratories.  The only evidence suggesting that bacteria do




multiply in Lake Superior water when in association with the




taconite tailings was obtained by Herman from some laboratory

-------
experiments (1).  He reported that a strain of "12. colt",




when added to suspensions of Launder effluent tailings




(mean size <2u) in Lake Sueprior water did multiply at




temperatures as low as 5 C.  He also reported that the




bacterial flora associated with tailings as discharged from




the Launders also multiplied under these same conditons.




Data obtained from the examination of coliform densities




in water samples collected from Lake Superior in the "dis-




charge area" do not appear to support Herman's laboratory




findings.  That is, the coliform densities in these samples




were not "excessive" even when collected from areas in the




immediate vicinity of the Launder effluent outfalls.  However,




the laboratory and field results are not necessarily contra-




dictory if one considers that  (a)  Herman found that appre-




ciable increases in cell density did not occur for about




three days and  (b)  much of the tailings - especially the




larger particles - would have remained near the bottom or




settled out by that time.  Thus, sedimented tailings collected




from traps emplaced near the bottom could be the. most appro-




priate types of samples to examine for confirmation of Herman's




laboratory findings.




     The second and third possibilities, toxicity of taconite

-------
tailings to the normal flora of Lake Superior or the conse-




quences of the growth of aquatic bacteria in association




with the tailings, have received no attention.  To a large




degree this is due to the absence of good quantitative




methods for the enumeration of many of the bacteria which




could be significant in the ecosystems of Lake Superior,




i.e., those which play roles in the carbon, nitrogen,




sulfur and phosphorus cycles.  This limitation restricted




the scope of the present study.




     The present study had two major objectives:  1.  Insofar




as possible, to repeat Herman's  (1)  laboratory experiments




towards determining whether E^. coli as well as the "tailings




flora" will multiply in tailings - Lake Superior water




suspensions maintained at 5 C.  2.  To examine the levels




of coliforms, Klebsiella, 7_. aeruglnosa, aeromonads "total




heterotrophic bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, amylolytic




bacteria, yeasts and molds in receiving water, sediment trap,




"net", bottom core, Launder effluent and process water samples




towards determining if there is a correlation (positive or




negative) of the densities of these organisms to the concen-




tion of taconite tailings in the samples or to the specific




areas from which the samples were collected.

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      The findings  from the  laboratory investigations are
 presented In  a separate report  (2)  as are  the  results  from
 the  collection and assay of environmental  water samples  (3),
 Data from the latter report will be presented  herein only
 when.used in  comparison with the data obtained from the
 laboratory investigations or from  other  types  of samples
 examinedi

                        MATERIALS AND METHODS    ,     '      ...

 Collection of Samples
      Sediment Trap Samples      ,                  ,        • •   •
           Sediment aamples  were collected  in plastic buckets.
'Three buckets were emplaced at  each sampling site,  A  descrip-
 tion of the sediment traps, the manner in  which they were
 deployed and  retrieved, the sampling sites and the intervals
 over which they ware emplaced in the water is  given.in the
 report prepared by Dr,  Donald Baumgartner, This report  also
 describes the manner in which the  subsamples for bacceriologi-
                            A      '               '
 cal  examination were obtained from the sediment traps..  In
 essence, once the  upper half of the water  was  decanted off,
 a sterile 10  mm by 1 meter  long glass rod, connected to  a
 500  ml Bterile evacuated bottle, was moved along half  the

-------
bottom surface of the bucket to remove the sediment which has




settled thereupon.  The samples thusly collected in. the bottles




were maintained in an ice chest with wet ice until returned to




the laboratory.  Three aliquots were prepared from this sub-




sample, one .for tailings analysis, one for other chemical and




physical determinations and the third for microbiological




analysis.  The aliquot for microbiological analysis consisted




of 200 ml delivered into a clean, sterile 250 ml polypropylene




bottle.  These bottles were placed in an ice chest with suffi-




cient wet ice (ice packs) for shipment by air express to the




EPA laboratory in Narragansett, Rhode Island.  The interval




between retrieval of the samples and the arrival of the micro-




biological samples (aliquots) in the EPA laboratory did not




exceed 48 hours..






     Net Samples




          Pieces of nylon netting, whose primary purpose was




as a "substrate" for the collection of phytoplankton, were




also assayed for their microbial content.  The nature of the




net samples (substrates), the manner and in which and sites




at which they were emplaced, and the times at which they were




deployed and retrieved are given in the report prepared by




Mr. Jack Arthur.  That report also describes the manner in

-------
which the pieces of netting designated for bacterial analysis



were treated,  The nets designated for micrpbial analysis



were cut in two equal pieces.  One piece was delivered into



a sterile, screw-cap test tube which was placed in an ice



chest with sufficient wet ice for shipment to the EPA labora-



tory In Narragansett, Rhode Island via air express. The



remaining half-net was frozen and shipped in dry ice for



examination with the scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).



The interval between collection and arrival at the EPA



laboratory did not exceed 48 hours.  The data from examination



with the SEM are not Included.






     Bottom Core Samples



          The core samples were collected as described In the



report by Mr. Jack Arthur,  Upon removal from the water,  the



core liners were capped at both ends with sterile rubber



stoppers.  They were held for periods up to one week at



refrigerator temperatures so that they could be "hand carried"



from Duluth to the Narragansett laboratory.  This was necessary



to prevent  the disruption of the samples in transit,






     Laund_er_ Effluent Samples



          Equal volumes of the effluents collected from the

-------
East and West Launder effluent  Lines were composited into a




single samples  of 200 ml in a sterile 250 ml polypropylene




bottle.  The samples were maintained in vet ice during their




return to  the Duluth laboratory and  during shipment to the




Narragansett EPA laboratory.






     Ore Samples




           These samples were collected from the conveyor




belt between the crusher and the rod mill.  The individual




used sterile gloves to collect  the samples which were placed




in sterile 200  ml polypropylene bottles.  Since the ore samples




were shipped with the Launder effluent samples, they too were




maintained in wet ice during shipment.






     Process (intake) Water Samples




           Process water samples were collected from the




Reserve Mining  water intake lines.  They were delivered into




sterile, 250 ml polypropylene bottles which were maintained




in wet ice until the samples were assayed.  The early samples




were assayed at the Duluth EPA  laboratory using methods as




described  in the report on the  examination of the water samples,




The samples collected later in  the study were shipped in wet




ice to the EPA  laboratory in Narragansett, Rhode Island.  All

-------
samples were assayed with 48 hours of collection.

     General Procedures
          All samples were assigned a laboratory number and
stored in a locked refrigerator or freezer.   Assays were con-
ducted within 24 hours of receipt of the samples.   Formulae
for the various media used in the assay procedure (Fig. 1)  are
included in Appendix 1.                                .

     Launder, Core and Sediment Trap Samples
          The procedure outlined in Figure 1 was followed for
Launder, core and sediment trap samples.  Unless specified to
the contrary two allquots, one to be assayed immediately with-
out further treatment and one to be "treated",  were removed
                                        '           i      '
from each sample.  Following the addition of Tween-80 to a
final concentration of 0.01X, the untreated aliquot was, agitated
vigorously for 1 minute and then immersed for 5 seconds in a
•onic bath operating at 28 KHz/sec.  This procedure has been
shown to remove 98% of the organisms from particlei (Appendix
II) and thus permit a more accurate estimate of tho total
number of bacteria present.  Other experiments  demonstrated
that there was little if any effect of the removal and separa-
tion procedures (Fig, 1) on  the survival of the bacterial

-------
 populations (Appendix II) .




      The "treated" aliquot  was layered over a sterile  20%




 sucrose solution and then centrifuged for 3 min at  40  x g In




 a swinging bucket rotor at  6°C (steps ST-2 and ST-3, Fig. 1).




 This effectively separated  the aliquot into a sediment frac-




 tion which contained 64% of all the particles with  a diameter




 greater than 2.0 microns (Appendix II).   Bacteria which were




.not attached to a particle  were infrequently able to penetrate




 the sucrose gradient (Appendix II).   The  sediment then was




 resuspended in Tween-80 buffered saline;  the resulting sus-




 pension was shaken and sonicated (step ST-4) and then  assayed.




 The results from these assays were defined as the "particle-




 associated" recoveries.



      In some situations, the sediment was concentrated by




 decreasing the volume in which it was resuspended.






      Net Samples




           Ten ml of Tween-80 buffer and 6-8 sterile glass




 beads were added to each tube containing  the half-net  sample.




 The samples then were shaken and assayed  as per step SU-2,




 Fig.  1.   These samples were held at 4-6 C and assayed  within




 24 hours of receipt.

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                                                     10



                             RESULTS





Launder effluents and intake (process) water



     The results from the examination of the Launder effluent



and intake water samples in general (Table 1) confirm those of



previous investigators, who found no significant Increase in the



coliform density in the Launder effluents over that in the Intake



(process) water.  This was also true of the Klebsiella, Aeroaonas



and I?, aeruginosa levels.  However, the total heterotroph recover-



ies were greater from the Launder effluents than from the intake



water (Table 2).  This could be due to a bacterial load contributed



by the ore Itself or by the multiplication of some portion of the



heterotrophic population carried in with the intake water during



the processing of the ore.  The Increase In heterotrophs does not



appear to be particle associated as defined herein nor does it



appear to be particle associated as defined herein nor does it



appear to be reflected in the amylolytlc or proteolytic portions



of the heterotrophic population.





Crushed ore samples



     Neither colifortns, Klebsiella sp. aeromonads nor P. aerugi-



nosa were recovered from the ore samples aseptically removed from



the conveyor belts between the crushers and the rod mills and

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                                                               11






treated as  described  In  "Materials  and Methods".  The heterotrophic




bacterial densities varied  considerably from day to day but were




rather consistant  among  ore samples  collected from the different




conveyor belts  on  the same  day  (Table 3).  More than 90% of the




organisms recovered from the samples collected on 10/g could be




accounted for by two  Gram-negative, oxidase positive, non-spore




forming, rod-shaped bacteria.   One  type did not attack dextrose




and the other attacked dextrose oxidatively and was motile.  The




latter organism probably was a  species of Pseudomonas.






Net samples




     Submerged  net (substrate)  samples, collected during the




first (7/27 - 8/12) and  second  (8/9 - 8/26) collection periods




when tailings were not being dishcarged into the lake and the




third period (9/8  - 9/30) when  tailings were being discharged,




were examined for  their  bacterial, yeast and mold content.   The




microbial densities along with  total inorganic solids and tailings




recoveries  per  net are presented in Tables 4,5 and 6.  Inspection




of these data reveals  no correlation between the concentration of




tailings and the microbial  recoveries.  However, it appeared that,



in general, relatively low  bacterial recoveries were obtained when




the inorganic solids  concentrations were less than 4.3 mg/net




(Fig.  2).  These findings are consistant with the effect of rainfall

-------
                                                               12

as described in the report dealing with the recoveries from the
water samples.  The relatively low bacterial densities observed
in the limited number of net samples available from the first
collection period (7/27 - 8/12), during which time there was no
appreciable rainfall, support this explanation.
     The recoveries from the net samples also were examined In
terms of the stations from which the samples were collected
(Table 7).  From the assays performed on the nets emplaced during
the periods 9/24 - 10/13 and 7/27 - 8/12, It appears that, in
general, tailings concentrations were' highest at the one mile
station on the Split Rock transect.  In consonance with the results
obtained from the water samples, (1)  the highest microbial
recoveries were obtained from the nets taken from the Silver Cliff
transect and  (2)  the eoliform, aeromonas and heterotroph densities
in the one mile - Split Rock samples were disproportionately low
relative to the tailings concentrations in the nets.  Unlike the
results obtained from the water samples, the heterotroph and con-
form recoveries from the nets at the Shovel Point (Crystal Bay)
transect were high relative to those from the Sugar Loaf transect.
There is a suggestion that high tailings concentrations do inhibit
the multiplication of some of the bacteria and that lower concen-
trations stimulate the growth of others during the transport of

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                                                                     13
Sediment  trap  samples




     The  recoveries  of  coilforms,  Klebsiella sp and aeromonads from




the first series  of  sediment  trap  samples are presented in Table 8.




During most of  the interval when the  samplers were emplaced in the




water, there was  no  discharge from the Reserve Mining Launder




effluent  lines.   It  can be seen that  the coliform and Klebsiella




recoveries were sporadic, particularly those from the "treated"




portion of the sample.  This  suggested that most of these organisms




recovered were not "particle  associated" as defined by the treatment




procedure.  It should be noted that the values are given per ml of




sample rather  than per  100 ml, as  coliform data are usually presented.




If, as suggested  by  Hermann's  (1)  laboratory .findings, coliform bacteria



could multiply using the taconite  tailings as platforms and concentrators




of nutrients, reasonably consistent recoveries well in excess of 1 per




100 ml of sample  were to be expected.  With the samples from the second




collection period, when the plant  was in operation, the "treatment"




procedure was modified  to effect a 3  to 20 fold concentration of the




organisms.  Assays were not performed on the untreated sample.  It can be




seen from Table 9, that total  coliform and especially fecal coliform




recoveries remained  sporadic.   When coliforms were recovered, the number




of colonies per membrane filter did not exceed two.  The same can be




said of the Klebsiella  densities although recoveries were obtained more




frequently.  Four of the five  instances in which more than four typical,




urease positive colonies per  filter were obtained occurred at stations




(K and M) relatively distant  from  the effluent sources.  The disparity

-------
                                                                     14  ;'

between the coliform and Klebslella recoveries - one would have expected
total coliform recoveries whenever Klebsiella recoveries were obtained - ,
was probably due to the use of different recovery methods.  The Aeromonas
recoveries from the sediment trap samples were more consistent, suggesting
that these organisms may, in fact, multiply in association with the sediments.
The distribution of aeromonad biotypes recovered from the second sampling
trip is given in Table 10.  Twenty-one of the isolates were further
                                                                         i
identified as biotypes of A. hydrophila.  More than half were hemolytlc  .,,
on blood agar.  Eight of these isolates came from station C, and 2 of
15 strains tested were pathogenic for mice when about 107 organisms were  !
injected intraperitoneally.  Mo correlation was obtained between the
coliform, Klebsiella and Aeromonas densities and' the concentration of  '
tailings in the samples.  £. aeruginosa was not recovered from any of     .
the samples.  '               ,               •
     The "total," proteolytic and amylolytic, heterotrophic bacterial
densities in the sediment trap samples from the first and second
collection periods are presented in Tables 11 and 12.  The values given
are the mean recoveries per ml of sample for each station.  The average,  '
heterotrophic bacterial density In the Launder effluents are included
                               i
for comparison.  A positive correlation of the heterotroph recoveries
to the tailings concentrations  in the samples was obtained (Figure 3).
There was a suggestion that, at both high and low taconite concentrations,
the amylolytic microbial densities were relatively low.
     That the hotarofirophic baeeurial densities in the sediment trap
samples were high relative to thono in the water column can be aeon from

-------
                                                                     15
comparing the recoveries shown in Tables  11  and  12 with  those obtained from




the water samples (2).   This might be expected since  the water samples




were  collected at depths of 20 and 40 feet.   However, it can be seen




from  Table  13 that the heterotrophic bacterial  densities in the samples




collected at depths up  to 200 - 250 meters did not exceed but, in fact,




were  less than those obtained from the water samples  collected at




depths  of 20 and 40 feet.






Bottom  core  samples




      Bottom  cores were  taken in the vicinity of  the delta formed by




the discharge of the tailings from the "Launders" and at various




points  southwest and northeast along the  shoreline from  the delta




(RM).   Coliform densities as obtained by  the  m-Endo membrane filter and




the standard MPN methods were below the detectable limit except at




Silver  Cliff (Table 14).   This result was not unexpected in view of the




other findings reported from this  study.




     The  highest total  heterotrophic bacterial densities were obtained




from  the  cores taken at the Silver Cliff and  Grand Marais sampling




sites (Table 14).   In general,  the recoveries decreased  as the proximity




of the  sampling site to the delta  increased.  This relationship was much




less pronounced,  if operative at all, for the portion of population




recovered  anaerobically from the samples collected between Silver Cliff




and the delta (RM).  At the delta, the total  heterotrophic microbial




population,  as well as  the  amylolytic portion thereof, were relatively




large, whereas  the  proteolytic  and saccharolytic-oxidase positive

-------
                                                                      16
 portions were low relative to  those  found at the sampling locations

 distal  to  the RM station.   The notable  exception to  the observed  trend

 was  the relatively high  heterotrophic bacterial  recovery from sample

 711  (RM).   This  result,  but not the  explanation  for  it, becomes        •

 understandable upon examination of the  tailings  concentrations in the

 samples (Table 15).   The high  bacterial recoveries from sample 711 are

 consistent  with  tailings concentrations below the detectable limit.

 We have no  good  explanation as to why a core sample  collected from this

 area  (RM) should  be  devoid of  detectable taconite tailings.  The  higher

 recoveries  from  the  Shovel Point station relative to those from Sugar

 Loaf  parallel the findings observed  with the net samples.  These  results

 give  a  further indication  that high  tailings densities inhibit the growth

 of a  portion  of  the  heterotrophic microbial  flora in the lake and that

 intermediate  and  low tailings  concentrations stimulate the growth of

 the organisms.

      The recoveries  from the cores (Table  14)  per gram of sediment were
                                   •i
 several orders of  magnitude higher than those obtained per ml of  surface

 (see  the "water"  report) or bottom waters  (Table 13)  and comparable to

 those obtained from  the  sediment trap samples  (Tables 11 and 12).

      It can be seen  (Table  15)  from  the  chemical analysis performed

 on the  suspensions prepared from the bottom  cores that high NH3

 and N(>3 values were  obtained from those  samples  in which tailings  were

 undotectable by the  method used.  The suspension prepared from the core

 removed from  the Pellet  Island  Station  (#713)  -  the  first station

 southwest of  the dcslta - also  had relatively high NOs and N02 densities

along with a high concentration of tailings.

-------
                                                                     17
          The heterotrophic bacterial recoveries from the net (substrate),



sediment trap, bottom core, water and Launder effluent relative to the



tailings concentrations in the samples are presented in Table 16.  The



bacterial recoveries per tog of tailings generally were lowest at the



Split Rock Station.

-------
                                                                       18
                              DISCUSSION



      There is no evidence from 'the, aspects of the overall micro-



 biological study covered in this report that co'liform bacteria or



 Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiply in association with taconite tailings



 either during the processing of the ore samples or after the discharge



 of the tailings into the receiving waters of Lake Superior.  The



 higher and more consistent Aeromonas densities relative to those



 of the California and P.. aeruginosa do raise the question of whether



 this group of organisms does multiply in association with the tailings



 particles.  The biochemical characteristics of many of the Aeromonas



 isolates obtained,from the Launder effluent, net and sediment trap



 samples were consistent with those reported by Gilardi (2) and



 Von Gravnitz (4) for A. hydrophila isolates from cases of human



 disease.   Five of the present isolates were pathogenic for mice when



 106 - 107 organisms  were injected  intraperitoneally.  Nevertheless



 the data from this study are insufficient  to examine the correlation



 of Aeromonas  densities to tailings.concentrations in the net, sediment



 trap  or core  samples.



      The  increase in the total  heterotrophic bacterial densities in



•the Launder  effluents over  that in the intake (process)  water is



 well  established,  This increase could be  due to the heterotrophic



 bacterial  load contributed by the  ore  samples, and/or'  to multiplication



 of  a  part  of  th@  microbial flora carried in with the intake water or



 the or©.



      There are three  approaches  and combinations thereof towards



 examining'the microbial  recoveries.  They  are to qxaninc the  recoveries

-------
                                                                     19





relative  (1) to  the  concentration  of  tailings in the samples (2) to




the effective proximity  of  the  sampling site to the discharge points




(Launders) and  (3) to  "plant operation."  With some types of samples,




the heavy rainfalls  which occurred, particularly those during the period




when the plant was in  operation, most assuredly complicated the




interpretation of the  findings  by  all three of the approaches noted above.




The effect was primarily in increasing  the "noise" (influx of runoff




materials and microorganisms) relative  to "signal" (effect of Launder




effluents on the microbial  populations  in the receiving waters).




     The first approach, an examination of the relationship of microbial




densities fo tailings  concentrations  in the samples assumes that the




measurement of tailings  particulates  as performed in this study




describes the effluent from the Launder discharge lines in terms of the




range of possible biological effects  which could be produced in the




receiving waters.  Two such correlations were obtained:     in the




sediment trap samples  collected during  the first sampling period,




it was observed  that the heterotrophic bacterial densities increased




with the concentration of tailings; and     in the suspensions prepared




from the bottom  core samples, bacterial recoveries decreased with




increasing tailings  concentrations.   However, during the second sediment




trap collection  period,  when the plant vas "in operation," no significant




correlation was  obtained, although the  trend of the data from the




"treated" samples was  towards decreased bacterial recoveries with




increasing concentrations of tailings in the samples.




     The heterotrophic bacterial recoveries generally were lowest




in the Pellet Island and Split  Rock areas, which are to the southwest

-------
                                                                     20





of the Launder outfall, and Increased markedly at Silver Cliff area.




There is no doubt that the high bacterial densities in the water samples




collected from the Silver Cliff area were largely due to the effects of




run-off following the rainfalls on August 20-21 and September 20.  This,




would act to create the Illusion that there was inhibition of the




heterotrophic bacteria as the distance northeast to the Launder outfall




decreased.  The effect of rainfall notwithstanding, the lower bacterial




densities at Split Rock relative to Shovel Point and the increased




bacterial recoveries at Split Rock as the off shore distance/increased




would argue that, in the area adjacent to and southwest of the Launder




discharge sites, there was a true inhibition of a portion of the heterotrophic




microbial flora.




     When the heterotrophic bacterial recoveries from net, sediment



trap, bottom core, water and Launder samples were adjusted to the




concentration of tailings in the samples and the resulting data




were examined relative to location and where possible, "plant operation,"




the data beame more amenable to analysis.  The bacterial densities ,




in the Launder effluents were at least one order of magnitude less




than in any of the samples collected from the Lake.  This would suggest




that, as observed in the laboratory studies, there was bacterial multi-




plication in association with the tailings subsequent to their discharge




from the Launder effluent lines or that the bacteria came from other




sources or both.




     There is no doubt that, relative to the microbial flora of the




Lake, the tailings discharged from the Launder effluent lines into




the receiving waters of Lake Superior are not biologically inert.

-------
That is, they do  influence  the  levels of a part of the heterotrophic
bacterial population.   The  best explanation for the data obtained
is that near the  Launder outfalls and extending offshore and to the
southwest where the  concentration of Launder effluent material is high,
there is an inhibition  of the growth of the bacteria.  Extending
outward from this area, there is a  zone of stimulation for bacterial
growth followed by a zone of "no detectable effect."  This being so,
then why were so  few correlations obtained between bacterial recoveries
-and tailings concentrations in  the  various types of samples?  One
explanation is a  high "noise" (the  effect of rainfall) to signal
(effect of tailings)  ratio  at some  stations which obscured a real
relationship between tailings and bacterial recoveries.  A. second
possibility is that, with reference to the relatively low bacterial
recoveries obtained  at  the  Split Rock one mile station, the
concentration of  tailings as determined from cutmningtonite analysis of
particulate material does not reflect the entire potential of the
Launder effluents to inhibit the growth of some bacteria in the
receiving waters.
     No effect of taconite  tailings on the levels of coliform bacteria
or P. aeruginosa was observed.

-------
                                  References






1.  Herman, D. L. 1971.   Effect of taconite on bacterial growth, Supplement.



          Internal report to National Water Quality Laboratory, Environmental



          Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.



2.  GilarcU, G.  L. 196?.  Morphological and biochemical characteristics of



          Aeromonas punetata (hydrophila. liquefaciens) isolated from human



          sources.  Appl. Microbiol. 15: 1*17-^21.



3.  Cabelli, V.  J. 1972.  Heterotrophic bacterial densities in1Western Lake



          Superior and their relationship to taconite tailings discharged



          therein.  Report to Legal Support Division, Environmental Protection



          Agency, Washington, D. C.



14.  Von Graevnitz, A. and L. Zinterhofer. 1970.  The detection .of Aeromonas



          hydrophila in stool specimens.  Health Lab. Sci. 7- 1214-127.

-------
Table 1.  Recovery of colifonns , Klebsiella sp. and aeromonads from Launder
          effluents and intake  (process) water samples.
Date
10/9/72
10/10
10/11
10/12
10/13
10/14
10/24
10/30
11/6
11/13
11/27
Conforms per
Launder effl. ,
Untr. Treat.
<1. <,35
<1. .35
<1. .70
<1 .35
<1. <.35
<1. <.35
<1. <.80
<1 . < . 80
< 1 . < . 80
<1. <.80
1 . < . 80
mi-
Intake
Water
2.30
1.30
.70
.60
<.10
1.80
1.90
.30
1.00
0.20
2. 10
Klebsiella per
Launder effl.
Untr. Treat.
1 .35
1 <.35
1 <.35
<1 <.35
<1 <.35

-------
Table 2.   Recovery of heterotrophlc bacteria from Launder effluent  and
          intake (process)  water samples.
Date
10/12/72
10/13
10/24
10/13
11/6
11/13
11/27
Ave,
Total
Launder
Untr.
2.3
1.6
5.5
!•*
11,0
20.
1.7
6.2
Heterotroph
heterotrophs (
Effl.a Intake
Tr. Water
0.82 0.56
0.54 0.27
0 . 80 2.4
ND 4.6
ND 1.2
0.62 1.3
2.0 3.7
0.96 2.0
ic bacteria recovered per
Amylolytic
Launder Intake
Untr. Water




0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01




0.05
0.03
ml x 10 from
Proteolytic
Launder Intake
Untr. Water
0.10
0.05


0.11
1.2
0.05 0.14
0.45 0.97
  Composite of equal quantities from East and West Launder discharge lines.
  Treated as described in Materials and Methods to remove non-particle associated
  bacteria.

-------
Table 3.  Heterotrophlc bacteria recovered from crushed

          ore samples  .
Date
collected
10/9




10/25






10/38




Sample
No.
04
09
15
21
27
33
34
35
36
37
38
42
43
44
45
46
47
Heterotrophs
3
per gm x 10
1700.
1500.
1600.
1400.
1500.
1.4
1.1
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
3.6
1.8
3.0
0..65
1.8.
1.4
No recoveries of coliforms, Klebsiella sp, aeromonads
or P. aeruglnosa.

  Multiple samples  collected on a glve.n day were taken
  from different  conveyor  belts (lines) between crusher
  and rod in I 11.

-------
Table 4.  Recovery of heterotrophic bacteria, yeasts and molds trom suomerged net suuatra»,ca,
Sample
No.
326
174
302
182
190
278
230
246
342
198
238
166
222
158
286
Sta.
SC
SL
SR
SL
SL
SR
SP
SP
SC
SL
SP
SL
SP
SL
SR
-Dist.
3
3
5
3
5
3
~3
5
5
5
5
1
3
1
3
-Depth3
20
20
40
40
20
20
40
40
40
40
20
40
20
20
40
Dateb
Emp.-Ret.
8/13-8/26
8/9-8/23
8/12-8/25
8/9-8/23
8/9-8/23
8/12-8/25
8/11-8/24
8/11-8/24
8/13-8/26
8/9-8/23
8/11-8/24
8/9-8/23
8/11-8/24
8/9-8/23
8/12-8/25
Tailings
mg
per net
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.09
ND
0.10
o.u
0.13
0.16
Total
solids
mg
per net
1.2
1-4
2.6
1.0
2.8
4.4
7.
6.4
5.7
1.7
3.7
6.4
9.2
4.5
5.6
Recovery of microorganisms per net
Heterotrophic bacteria Yeasts
Total Proteo Amylo
54000
200
19000
200
460
1500
3800
960
22000
4800
ND
ND
46000
1080
1400
NDC
ND
5.0
1.0
>3000
>3.0
16.
7800
1600
170
400
ND
1100
40000 >3000
1400
ND
740
1.0
<0.2
90
10.
2.0
500
30
2400
80
ND
14
1200
20
1.2
0.10
1.0
1.8
0.94
2.0
200
3.6
2.0
0.26
0.6
6.0
2.0
0.80
x 103
Molds
28
14.
3.6.
12.0
10
30
32
<0.02
18.
20.
2.0
20
10
10
30.

-------
Table 4.
206
294
334
214
318
080
072
254
096
270
088
310
262
CONTINUED
SP
SR
SC
SP
SC
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SC
SR
1
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
5
1
1
20
20
40
40
40
40
20
20
40
40
20
20
20
8/11-8/24
8/12-8/25
8/13-8/26
8/11-8/24
8/13-8/26
7/28-8/11
7/28-8/11
8/12-8/25
7/28-8/11
8/12-8/25
7/28-8/11
8/13-8/26
7/28-8/25
0.22
0.23
0.36
0.42
0.61
ND
0.94
2.33
2.87
3.13
3.92
4.15
12.65
23.7
5.0
6.7
24.7
16.5
ND
4.3
24.1
5.1
17,5
7.1
47.8
31.5
40000
3000
220000
36000
60000
1100
1000
7000
5200
>3000
5200
1 10000
ND
3400
ND
>60
10000
2400
240
>3000
ND
1.0
>300
0.4
4000
3000
3200
460
700
2800
1800
<2.0
<2.0
420
<2.0
680
<2.0
>300
140.
12.0
0.80
8.0
8.0
20.
ND
ND
34
ND
ND
ND
8.0
10.
20
16.
22.0
26.
20
1.3
0.40
ND
0.12
ND
<0.02
30.
8.0
Stations:  SC - Silver Cliff, SR - Split Rock, SP - Shovel Point, SL - Sugar Loaf, Dist.
in miles; Depth - depth in feet below the surface of the water.
- offshore distance
Dates the samplers were emplaced and retrieved.

-------
Table 5.  Recovery of coliforms, Klebsiella and saccharolytic oxidase positive bacteria from submerged net
substrates.
Sample
N'o.
326-
174
302
182
\ 190
278
230
246
342
198
238
166
222
158
286
Sta.
SC
SL
SR
SL
SL
SR
SP
SP
SC
SL
SP.
SL
SP
SL
SR
-Dist
3
3
5
3
5
3
3
5
5
5
5
1
3
1
3
.-Depth3
20
20
40
40
20
20
40
40
40
40
20
40
20
20
40
Date5
Emp.-Ret.
8/13-8/26
8/9-8/23
8/12-8/25
8/9-8/23
8/9-8/23
8/12-8/25
8/11-8/24
8/11-U/24
8/13-8/26
8/9-8/23
8/11-8/24
8/9-8/23
8/11-8/24
8/9-8/23
8/12-8/25
Tailings
mg
per net
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.09
ND
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.16
Total
solids
mg
per net
1.2
1.4
2.6
1.0
2.8
4.4
7.
6.4
5.7
1.7
3.7
6.4
9.2
4.5
5.6
Recovery per net of
Total Klebsiella Sacch-
Colif.C
360 100
<10 <100
200 20
<10 <10
<10 <10
<10 <100
30 <100
10 <100
1300 <100
10 <10
<10 1500
400 >3000
30 <100
2300 <100
60 <10
Oxidase
e
pos. •
3000
200
1400
<10
<10
ND
2400
<100
5000
<10
<100
3000
1700
<100
4500

-------
Table 5.
206
294
334
214
318
080
072
254
096
270
088
310
262

CONTINUED
SP
SR
sc
SP
sc
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
sc.
SR

1
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
5
1
1

20
20
40
40
40
40
20,
20
40
40
20
20
20

8/11-8/24
8/12-8/25
8/13-8/26
8/11-8/24
8/13-8/26
7/28-8/11
7/28-8/11
8/12-8/25
7/28-8/11
8/12-8/25
7/28-8/11
8/13-8/26
7/28-8/25

0.22
0.23
0.36
0.42
0.61
ND
0.94
2.33
2.87
3.13
3.92
4.15
12.65

23.7
5.0
6.7
24.7
16.5
ND
4.3
24.1
5.1
17.5
7.1
A7.8
31.5
2800
100
1600
3700
340
50
<10
700
ND
3900
<10
2300
1500
1
<100
<10
<100
<100
<100
<10
50
<100
<10
2000
<10
<100
<100

<100
6300
> 30000
620
> 30000
650
280
> 30000
60
> 30000
<10
> 30000
4000

Stations:  SC - Sliver Cliff, SR - Split Rock, SP - .Shovel Point, SL - Sugar Loaf; Dist. - offshore distance in
miles; Depth - depth in feet below the surface of the water.
Dates the samplers were emplaced and retrieved.


urease positive by "c" procedure.
CAs measured by m-Endo method (not confirmed).


 Saccharolytic bacteria which are oxidase positive
 (includes aeroinonads).

-------
   Table 6.   Recovery of coltforme,  aeromemedo,  IP.  aerufitnoae  and
ealmonellae .from net samples entp laced 9/8 - 9/30. '
0 :shore
dist.
(-lies)
1
3
5

1
" 3
5
1
'1
5
depth
(ft)
20
40
20
40
20
40

20
40
20 '
40
20
40
10
40
20
40
20
40
SC SR
Tailings in
43,6
1.21
2.12 1.50
1.64
Transects
SP SI GM GR
mg/net at above tranaects
,21 ,01
,04 ,01
1,8
1.4 .01 ,0l
.01
.08 .01
Confirmed eoliforas/net at transects
<200
602 200
200
20
>3000
', ' <130 150
,aooo
2002 «209
UO2
I802
<20
440 i§6
200 <29
<200
20 -'20 <20
.n ; '.«•
         !   §€i  silver
SR( Spiifc R@@k|^ §?, ghev§l F§ini}; §L8 Sugg; teaf t
1
  Densities In all asmplea  <20 per
  Fecsl eolifoems  equal ee leeel

-------
 Table 7.  Bacterial and tailings recoveries from net samples by sampling
           location.
Offshore Depth Tailings and
Dist. (feet) Silver Cliff
(miles)

1 20
40
3 20
40
5 20
40
1 20
40
3 20
40
5 20
40
Tail.
(mg)
4.2
.61
.01
.36

.08
Heterob
Total
110000
60000
54000
220000

22000
Colif.3

2300
.340
360
1600

1300
x 103
SacC
^•30
30
3.0
>30

5.0
bacterial recoveries per net at transect
Split Rock Shovel Point Sugar Loaf
Tail.
(mg)
2.3
3.1
.04
.16
.23
.03
Hetero
Total
7000
>3000
1500
40000
3000
19000
Colif.

700
3900
<10
60
100
200
x 103
SacC
>30.
>30.
ND
4.5
6.3
1.4
Tail.
(mg)
.22
.42
.11
.06

.08
Hetero
Total
40000
36000
46000
3800
ND
960
Colif .

2800
3700
30
30
<10
10
x 103
Sac
<.10
.62
1.7
2.4
<.10
<. 10
Tail. Colif.
(mg)
.13 2300
. 10 400
.03 <10
.03 <10
.03 <10
.09 10
Hetero x 103
Total Sacc
1080 <.10
ND 3.0
200 . 20
200 <.01
460 <.01
4800 <.01
Total coliforms as determined from m-Endo, not confirmed.


Heterotrophs.


Saccharolytic  (dextrose  utilizers) which are oxidase positive (includes aeromonads)

-------
Table 8.  Recovery of coliforms, aerompnads and P_. aerugihosa  from
trap samples: First collection period.
Station

A


B


C


C(30)f


C(60)


E


F


K


L


0


Bucket

05
06
07
11
12
13
17
18
19
11
12
13
14
15
16
11
12
13
11
12
13
11
12
13
11
12
13
11
12
13
Recovery of organisms per ml of .sediment trap sample
Coliforms0 Klebsiella Aeromonas
Untr. Tr.e Untr. Tr. Untr.
L ND8 2 ND 7

-------
  Table 8.   CONTINUED
$ 11
12
13
S
< S
< S
< S
< s
<•• s
< s
< s
< s
  Z.'  aeruginosa densities 
-------
                                                             a
Table 9.   Recovery nf coliforms,  aeromonads and £.  aeruginosa  from
          "Treated"  sediment trap samples:  Second collection  period .
Station
B


C


C(30)


C(60)


D

E


F


K


L


M


$


Bucket
01
02
03
26
27
28
20
21
22
23
24
25
01
02
14
15
16
01
02
03
01
02
03
04
05
06
01
02
03
01
02
03
Recovery/ml of sediment trap
Goliforms Klebsiella
sample
Aeromonas
Total Fecal

-------
Table 9.
P


N


Q


Rf

R
f
Tr

f
U

CONTINUED
14
15
16
14
15
16
14
15
16
01
02
01

01
02

01
02
<. <. <.
ND < . < .
<. <. <.
2.8 2.8 3.2 <.
< . < . ND
<. «. ND
<. <. ND
<. <. <.
<. <. ND
3.0 < 10.
< < 1.0
<

< < <
< < <

< < <
< < <
Z- aeruginosa densities <0.1 per ml.





Aliquots of samples treated to remove particle-unassociated bacteria.
See footnotes to Table  8.
<0.05 organisms per ml.
<0.35 organisms per ml.
Assays performed on  "untreated" samples

-------
Table 10.  Distribution of aeromonad types from sediment trap  samples:
           Second, sampling trip.
Station
B


C


C(30)d


C(60)


D

E


F


L


M


4>


Bucket
01
02
03
26
27
28
20
21
22
23
24
25
01
02
14
15
16
01
02
03
04
05
06
01
02
03
01
02
03
Total

-------
Table 10.  CONTINUED
  From "treated" sample.


  Hemolytic.


  Non-hemolytic.


  Number in parenthesis ( ) indicates depth in meters  off the bottom;
  remaining stations located 3 meters off the bottom.

n
  <0.05 organisms/ml.


  <0.35 organisms/ml.


8 No data.

-------
   Table 11.  Total, proteolytic and amylolytic heterotrophic bacterial densities in
               idii

Station .
A
a
C
C(30)C
C(60)
C
F
. K
I "
o
. d
Launder'
Effluent
Tailings
Bg/liter*
824
2128
577
1057
629
1652
3606
219
.480
" HD
_ " - "
Heterotrophic bacterial density per ml x 10
Total . .Proteolytic Amylolytic
Ohtr Treat Ontr Treat Ontr Treat.
150
170
130
240
93
250
170
52
230
12
62
8.4
31.
12.
18.
44
310
60
3.7
29

9.6
4.7
6.5
9.1
15.
6.8
6.0
7.3
1.3
6.9
<0.71 .
•
1.1
1.5
3.5
<0.55
1.4
1.1
5.4
!-l
1.6
. 1-2

12.
2.8
6.3
12.
10.
3.3
1.0
0.48
4.8
0.82
-
1.6
<0.28
0.54
<0.22
0.33
0.47
0.98
<0. 12
0,63
<0.10 •"-. ^ '

Average from three buckets at station; only approximates tailings in buckets due to method
of saople removal.                                      .

Aliquot of sample treated to remove partlcle-unassociated bacteria (see Materials and Methods).

-------
Table 11.  CONTINUED
*i
  Number in parenthesis ( ) denotes depth of station in meters from the bottom.  Remaining
  stations located 3 meters from the bottom.


  Composite of East and West Launder samples.

-------
Table 12.  Heterqtrophlc bacterial densities in sediment trap samples:
           Second.collection period.
Station
A
B
C
C(30)c
C(60)
D
E
F
K
L
M
$
0
P
N
0
Launder
Effluent
Tailings
mg/liter
e
3701
19000
471
NDf '
772
933
3830
143
182
778
2188

32
6
29
2
Heterotrophs per ml x 10
Untr. Treatb
350
360
3600
69
87
980
700
1200
1200
450
540
1500

710
830
450
62

61 '
230
40
6.0
>300
87
250
170
1100
1200
33 .

150
440
150
9,6.
  Average from three buekees at a Cation; only approximates tailings in
  bucket due to method of sample removal,
  Aliquot of sample treated to remove partiele-unasaoeiated baeterla
  (see Materials and Methods),

-------
Table 12.  CONTINUED
c Number in parenthesis ( j denotes depth of station in meters  from
  the bottom.  Remaining stations Located 3 meters from the  bottom.


  Composite of East and West Launder samples.

  No sediment in sample.


f No data.

-------
      Table 13.   Comparison of heterotrophic bacterial densities  in sediment  trap  and water  samples.
Station no. for Depth in Offshore dist. Heterotrophic bacterial
water - trap sed. meters (miles) In sed. traps In water
Untr. Treat. 1 ml
SCb 0.57f
A 225 4.1 150. 8.4
B 238 2.6 .170. 31.
SRC ' 0.45*
0.17°
0.183
C 275 2.5 130. 12.
C 245 2.5 240. 18.
C 215 2.5 93. 44.
E 280 6.9 250 310.
SPd 0.09f
Average 172 71
2
densities per ml x 10
at offshore distance of
3 ml 5 ml Trap station
0.30f 0.13f
0.06&
0.06
0.05^
0.07*
0.12
0.36
0.02f 0.03f
0.058
0.15f 0.04f
. -09e
a Sediment traps; collection period 7/25 - 8/23.

-------
      Table 13.  CONTINUED
b Silver Cliff.
C Split Rock.
  Shovel Point.
  Average of trap, 3 and 5 mile samples.
  Depth 12 meters (40 ft) ; average from 4 samples collected 8/8 - 8/24.



? Depth 5-20 meters; average from 1-4 samples 8/1 - 9/1.



8 Depth 20-50 meters; average from 1-4 samples 8/1 - 9/1.



1 Depth 50-100 meters; average from 1-4 samples 8/1 - 9/1.



•* Depth 100-150 meters; average from 1-4 samples 8/1 - 9/1.


v
  Depth 150-200 meters; average from 1-4 samples 8/1 - 9/1.



  Depth 200-250 meters; average from 1-4 samples 8/1 - 9/1.

-------
Table 14.  Bacteria molds and yeasts recovered from core saoples.
Sample Area
no.
715 SC
719 CD
717 SR
713 PI
711 RH
710 SP
706 SL
701 CM
703 CR
Determined by
Distance froo
SM shore
(siles) (niles)
21.5 SV
14.5
8.0
3.5

6.0 BE
20.5
54.0
60.0
3
3
3
3
0.1 .
3
3
3
3
suspending the top
b SC - Silver Cliff; CD -
CM - Grand Marais ; CR -
Colifoms per ml Oxldase Pos, fieterotrophlc bacteria per 2! x 10 Yeasts Molds
M?X oEndo Sacch per ml .Total Proteolytic Anylolytic C per ml per ml
total Aeromonas Aer Anaere Aer Anaer Aer Anaer perfrlng.

.20£
<.20
<-20
<.20
<.20
<.20
<.20
<.20
<.20
0.7 cm of the

<1 16
<1 6
<1 * 2
<1 <2
<1 <2
<1 4
<1 2
<1 2
<1 4
sediment in a
Castle Danger; SR - Split Rock; PI -
Guano Rock.
C Yellow oxidase positive colonies
Neither cellalytlc anaerobes nor
on "A" aediua.
t. aeruglnosa
Incubated
obtained.

<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5

650
150
40
37
1500
150
110
910
760
34 mm core in
Pellet
aerobl<
Island
rally.

0.015
>0.075
0.15
0.19
1.8
KD
0.065
0.040
0.18
about 170

83.
11.
0.95
14.
0.75
43.
6.5
140.
0.65
ml of

0.015 <0.5
0.075 <0.05
0.007 0.75

0.030
0.005
<0.005
0.005 0.003 <0.005
ND 8.5
0.008 0.10
<0.005 0.02
<0.005 ND
0.010 0.75
0.10
0.003
0.010

-------
      Table 15.  Chemical analysis of bottom core samples.
Station
SC
CD
SR
PI
RM
SP
SL
GM
GR
Tailings Nitrogen Compounds, mg/Kg of Tailings
mg/ml Total Organic NH NO NO. Dissolved
N+NH Org & Inorg
5700 1.74
14000 1.25
28700 .98
12600 2.18
>14.6
7800 2.36
3000 11.7
< >17.2
>20.5
.88
.68
NDb
.0087
ND
.051
ND
>1.0
>21.3
.037 .014
.016 .011
.009 .0045
.025 .037
>.55 >.37
.035 .028
.050 .040
,.49 >.41
>.40 >.47
.00047
.00050
.00017
.0022
>.030
.00077
.0017
,.012
>.007
.81
ND
.24
.47
>5.6
.69
ND
ND
>5.7
Carbon mo/Kg Tailings
Total Dissolved Dissolved
Organic Organic Inorganic
1.8
2.9
8.4
13.5
>89.9
15.3
69.2
>30.3
>60.0
.51
.44
.72
.47
>5.6
.88
5.1
>4.0
>10.0
2.2
.86
.45
.87
INDd
1.28
4.00
IND
>12.0
See table 14.
No data.
Below sensitivity of assay.
Dissolved inorganic carbon below sensitivity of assay.

-------
Table 16.  Recovery of heterotronlc bacteria per mg tailings   In net,
           sediment trap,  bottom core,  water, and Launder  effluent  samples,
Sample Station or
type transect
Sediment A
B
C '
g oo)
C (60)
D
E
F
K
L
M
P
N
0

*
Launder effl.

Lake Water


No. effluent Discharge
Untreat . Treat
1.8 .10
.80 .15
2.2 .21
2.3 .17
1.5 .71

1.5 1.9
.48 .17
2.4 .17
4.8 .60




l"


No. Effluent Discharge
Offshore Dist. (Mi.)
1 3 5
Effluent Discharge
Untreat Treat

.97 .16
1.9 .12
1.5 .85

13. >3.9
7.5 .93
3.1 .65
84. .12
25. 61.
7.0 15.
220. 47.
1400. 730.
150. 50.
•
6.8 .15
.041 .006
Effluent Discharge
Offshore Dist. (Mi)
1 3 5

-------
   Table 16.  CONTINUED
Net Substrate SCe
SR
CB
SL
Bottom Core SCS
CD
SR
PI
KM
SP
SL
GM
GR
3500. 7600. 28000.
300. 2080. 8500.
12000. 49000. 1200.
980. 666. 4300.
114.
11.
1.4
3.0
>1500.
19.
37.
>910.
>760.













3 x 104.
  See tables 11 and  12.


  See tables 14 and  15.


  See tables 2 and 3  "Heterotrophlc Bacterial Densities in Western Lake Superior
  and Their Relationship to Taconite".
  See table 4.

-------
                                   SAMPLE |
                                      t
                    SHAKE GENTLY TO SUSPEND SEDIMENT (S-l)
                                   REMOVE
                                  ALIQUOTS
              "untreated
i
"treated"
             f
                         t
ADD TWEEN2, SHAKE (SU-2)
VIGOROUSLY, SONICATE
5 SEC3
1 .... , „ ,.,
T t
ASSAY IMMEDIATELY USING:
1. Plate count agar
2. Gelatin agar
3. Starch agar
4. mEndo (mf)
5. mPA (mf)
6. C (mf)
7. Malt (mf)
8. A (mf)
9. Tetrathionate (broth)
















V
[ SEDIMENT
t
RESUSPEND
IN BUFFER
- + TWEEN
SHAKE AND
SONICATE
LAYER 10 ml OF SAMPLE (ST-2)
OVER 20 ml OF STERILE
20% SUCROSE .
1
t
CENTRIFUGE (ST-3)
40xg, 3 min, 6°C
SWINGING BUCKET
*
. ?
SUPERNATE]
1
4 (ST-4) [ DISCARD]

  When required, sediment was concentrated 10 fold by a preliminary centri-
  fugation through a 20% sucrose layer and resuspension in buffer.

2
  Tween-80, final concentration 0.01%.

3
  Operating frequency 28 KHz/sec.

4
  In some cases, the volume used to resuspend was varied in order to provide
  a greater concentration of microorganisms.
                          FIGURE I.   Assay protocol

-------
                              Figures








Figure 2.   Conform and heterotrophic bacterial  recoveries  as  a



            function of the  concentration  of  total  solids.   Data



            plotted from the 7/27  -  8/12  (A.o)  and  8/9  -.8/26  (A,o)



            collections,   A  vertical  arrow (>/)  indicated that  the



            heterotroph recoveries were  less  than 10  per net  or



            the  conforms  were less  than  10 per net.






Figure 3.   Recovery of heterotrophic bacteria  in sediment  trap



            samples during first  collection period  as a function



           , of the concentration  of  tailings  in the sample,

-------
O
M
O
*
r-l

«    7
      I
                  Coliforms


                  Heterotrophs
      1                                           A       A

                    A                                 • A

          •                                    A
                                  Total inorganic solids, mg/net
                                                                                        1

-------
     103"
                     •  Uncreated samples

                     A   Treated samples
3

 «
•H
 U
 01
 4J
 O
 «
 J3

 y
      IOH-
                                                                A
 S
 o>
      10
        3'u
       10
         2 _.
        10
          0,1
1.0
10          ioo        1000

  ,  Tailings In mg/liter   •
                                                                     10000

-------
APPENDIX I

-------
         PLATE COUNT AGAR1  (total heterotrophs)
                                             2
         Ingredients                      g/1
         Tryptone                         5.0


         Yeast extract                    2. 5


         Dextrose                         1,0


         Agar                            15.0
Autoclave 15 min (at  121°C).   Incubate plates for 72 hrs


at 22°C.  Spread plates were incubated for 48-72 hrs at


22°C.
  Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waetewater.


2
  Available  as prepared media, Difco, Detroit, Michigan.

-------
STARCH AGAR (amylolytic heterotrophs)
Ingredients
Indicator
M
Starch



Yeast extract



Agar



Distilled HO
^^••^^
0.5
0.5
0.2

0.2
10.0
1.0
15.0
1000 ml
Iodine 5 g
KI 10 g
H,0 100
2

Dilute 1.5 with distilled
water for use.


Adjust pH to 7.0.  Autoclave 15 mln at 121 C.  Spread plates are incubated



at 22°C for 72 hrs and then flooded with indicator.  The medium turns a



deep purple color with a clear or reddish brown zone appearing around




amylolytic colonies.

-------
FRAZIER GELATIN MEDIUM   (proteolytlc heterotrophlc bacteria)
Ingredients
NaCl
Gelatin




Dextrose




Peptone



Beef extract




Agar




Distilled water
    3.0




    1.5



    0.5




    4.0




    0.05



    0.1




    5.0




   15.0




1000 ml
          Reagent






H8C12                     15 g




HC1 (cone)               10 ml



Distilled water         100 ml
Prepare salt solution  (NaCl, K2HP04, KHjPO,) in 100 ml distilled water.




Dissolve gelatin in  400 ml distilled water.  Add to it the dextrose, peptone,




and beef extract.  Mix the two solutions and boll for several minutes.   Dissolve




the agar in 500 ml distilled water* mix with above solutions, adjust pH to 7.0




and autoclave  (121°C,  15 minutes).




Spread plates  are incubated at 22°C for  72 hrs and then flooded with reagent.




Transparent zones appear around  proteolytic colonies within 5-10 minutes.
  Methods  in Aquatic  Microbiology, A.  Rodina, University Park Press.

-------
CELLULOSE MEDIUM1 (cellulolytic, anaerobic bacteria)
Ingredients                                gm/liter
      S04                                       1.0




     .7H20                                      0.1




NaCl                                      •      2.0




CaCl2 .                                      .....  0.1




K2HP04                                          6.0



KH2POA                                          3.5




Cellulose                                       4.0




Cysteine, HC1                                   0.5




Rezazurin                                       0.001




Yeast extract                                   1.0




Agar                             "             15.0




Distilled water                             1000 ml
Autoclave 121°C for 10 min (rapid exhaust).  Cool rapidly



under N2; adjust pH to 7.0 if necessary.  Four thin plates



(10 ml/plate) on cold surface and place in anaerobic jar



for storage.  Spread plates were Incubated at 22°C for 72



hrs anaerobically in an atmosphere of 5% CO. in nitrogen.
  Methods in Aquatic Microbiology, A.S. Rodina, University



  Park Press.

-------
          CLOSTRIDIUM MEDIUM1 (c. perfrlngens)
          Ingredients                      g/1


          Nutrient troth                100 ml

          Agar                           1.5 g

          Lactose                        1.0 g

          Netural red                   0.3 ml
                              of a 1% solution

          Distilled water               100 ml


Autoclave 121°C - 15 minutes, cool to 55°C, add 4 ml egg yolk

suspension (1:1 egg yolk in sterile physiological saline).

Add 11.74 mg neomycin sulfate.  Pour 15 ml/plate.  Store

anaerobically.  Spread plates were Incubated anaeroblcally in

an atmosphere of 5% CX>2 in N« for 72 hrs at 22°C.
  Isolation of Anaerobes, edited by D.A. Shapton and R.G.

  Board, Academic Press, 1971.

-------
tn-Endo MEDIUM  (total coliforms)
Twenty-four gm dehydrated material (Baltimore Biological Labs) is added


to 500 ml of distilled water containing 10 ml ethanol.  Fourteen gm agar

                                                           2
are added and.the mixture boiled and dispensed (4 ml) to MF  plates.


Plates were stored no longer than 4 days.   Membrane filters were placed


on the plates and incubated at 35°C for 24 hrs.  In some instances,


colonies were confirmed by transfer to Lactose broth and EC broth tubes


with inserts (Difco, Detroit, Michigan).  Lactose was Incubated at 35 C


for 48 hrs and EC at 44.5°C for 24 hrs.  Positive cultures are those


which produce gas.
  Standard Methods for examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th edition,


APHA.


2
  Membrane filter plates; 12 mm x 50 mm.

-------
                 YEAST AND MOLD MEDIUM1
      Ingredients






      Malt extract                    30




      Agar                            15




      Distilled water             100 ml
Autoclave 15 rain at 121°C and adjust pH to 5.5.  After




the membrane filters are placed on the plates, they are




incubated at 22 C for 72 hours.  Only pink and yellow




pigtnented yeast colonies were counted.
  Standard Methods for Examination of Dairy Products.

-------
C MEDIUM (with in aitu urease teat, for Klebsiella sp.)
Ingredients
gins/100 ml
Inhibitors

1-glutamic acid

1-cysteine HC1

1-proline
Yeast extract
NH^Cl
Agar
NaCl
KC1
K,HPO,
fc ^
KH-PO,
2 4
MgSO,.7H 0
*T Cm
Brora thymol blue

Lactose

Distilled H.O

0.5

0.05

0.04
0.05
0.2
1.5
0.1
0.4
0.15

0.05

0.01

0.008

0.75

100 ml
mg/100 ml

Sodium desoxycholate 50.0

Erythriomycin sulfate 1.0

Indicator Solution
g/100 ml
Ferric ammonium citrate 4.0
Sodium thiosulfate 34.0
Distilled water 100 ml

Urease Reagent

g/100 ml

Phenol red .01

Urease 2-0

Distilled water 100 ml

                                             Adjust pH to 5.5 and filter



                                             sterilized; use 1 ml/100ml of



                                             medium.
Adjust pH of medium to 7.5 with 10 n NaOH.  Autoclave at 121 C for 10 min;



cool to 55°C.  Add inhibitors (in powder form) and indicator solution (2 ml/



100 ml of medium).   Plates to which filters have been applied are incubated



nt 35°C for 24 hours,   The number of yellow colonies on each filter are

-------
C MEDIUM - (continued)






counted and Identified, after which  the  filter is transferred to a filter



pad which has been saturated with  urease reagent.  After 10 min the yellow



colonies which are urease  positive (greenish purple) are counted.

-------
A MEDIUM (aerombnads)
Ingredients
NaCl
NH4C1



MgS04.7H20



FeNH. citrate
    4


Brom thymol blue



Arginine HC1



Lysine HC1



Cysteine HC1



Tryptophane



Yeast extract



Dextrose



Agar



Distilled H00
g/100 ml





  0.15



  0.21



  0.50



  0.01



  0.001



  0.008



  0.015



  0.10



  0.05



  0.01



  0.05



  0.30



  1.50



100 ml
        Inhibitors





Sodium desoxycholate     50.0



Novobiacin sulfate         .05





     Oxidase Reagent
Tetramethyl - p -        0.1 g

  phenylenediamine



Distilled H^O           100 ml
Adjust pH of medium to 7.4 and autoclave at 121°C for 10 tnin.   Cool to 55°C



and add inhibitors (powder form).  Re-adjust pH to 7.2  Plates to which fil-



ters have been applied are incubated for 24 hrs at 35 C .and large yellow



colonies are counted.  The filter is then transferred to a filter pad saturated



with oxidase reagent and those yellow colonies which are oxidase positive



(purple) are presumed r.o be aeromonads.  Confirmation of colonies was accom-



plished by transferring isolates to Purple broth dextrose fermentation tubes

-------
A MEDIUM (continued)






containing gas insert tubes.  Tubes which are acid (yellow) in the gas




insert tube were transferred to Blood Agar plates for observation of




hemolysis.

-------
PSEUDQMONAS MEDIUM1 (P. aeruginosa)
Ingredients               g/100 ml






1-lysine HC1                0,5




Nad                        0.5




Yeast extract    .           0.2




Sodium thiosulfate          0.68




Sucrose                     0.125




Lactose                     0.125




Agar                        1.5




Phenol red                  0.008




Ferric ammonium citrate     0.08
             Inhibitors
Sulfapyridine




Kanamycin sulfate




Nalidixic acid




Actidione
mg/100 ml






  17.6




   0.85




   3.7




  15.0
Autoclave 15 rain at 121 C.  Add antibiotics as dry powders to medium after




cooling to 55°C.  Adjust pH to 7.1.  Plates to which filters were applied




are incubated at 41.5°C for 48 hrs.
  Applied Microbiology, December 1972,
  General Biochemicals, Incorporated, Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

-------
TETRATHIONITE BROTH1 (Salmonella sp.)





Ingredients    .                   g/1             Iodine Solution





Polypeptone peptone                5        Iodine                   6 g



Calcium carbonate                 10        KI                       5 g



Bila salts                         1        Water                    20 ml



Sodium thioaulfate                30



Distilled water   .           1000 ml







After boiling, cool to 45°C and add iodine solution (20 ml/1).   Tubes con-



taining 10 ml of the broth were Inoculated with 1 ml of sample  and  incubated



for 96 hrs.  Streak plates (XLD agar, Difco, Detroit, Michigan)  were  inoculated



at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours.








  Microbiological Examination of Foods, APHA, Incorporated,  New York,

-------
          BUFFER






Ingredients           g/1






NaH2P04               0.58




Na2HP04               2.50




NaCl                  8.50




Distilled water    1000 ml
pH 7.4.

-------
                           APPENDIX II








     The validity of the "treatment" procedure for determining




particle-associated bacteria was established by four types of




experiments.  These experiments were designed to determine  (1)



the survival of the bacteria in the 20% sucrose solution used




in the separation procedure,   (2)  the efficiency of the shaking




and sonication procedure in disassociating the bacteria from



the particles and the effect of these procedures on the survival




of the organisms,   (3)  the penetration of free bacteria through




the sucrose gradient - only particle associated bacteria were



expected to penetrate the gradient and deposit on the bottom




of the tube - and   (4)  the size distribution of sediment trap




particles which remain In the  supemate and those which are




deposited on the bottom of the tube following centrifugatlon of




samples layered on  the 20% sucrose solution.  The experiments




and the results obtained are as follows:




      1.   Survival  of heterotrophic bacteria during "treatment".




          Sediment  samples were centrifuged as indicated in Fig.




1  ("treated samples").  The supernate was removed, nixed and




assayed for the total bacterial count immediately (PGA plates.




Appendix I) and after intervals of 1,4,5 and 10 minutes at room

-------
                                                                2b
temperature.  Ten minutes was selected as the maximum holding




interval since, in actual practice, the samples remained in the




sucrose no more than 10 minutes after centrifugation.  Table 1




presents the average recoveries from three such experiments.




     2.   Removal of bacteria from particles.




          A sediment sample (BBLT01) was filtered through a




series of membrane filters to obtain particles in the 5 to 8




micron range.  The particles were gently suspended in 10 ml of




Tween-80 phosphate buffered saline (TPS).  The number of par-




ticles per ml of this suspension ("1") was determined in a




Petroff-Hauser chamber (a).  The suspension was then shaken




vigorously for 1 min and sonicated for 5 sec as indicated in




steps SU-2 and ST-4 of Fig. 1.  The sample then was layered on




a sucrose gradient and centrifuged (steps ST-2 and ST-3, Fig. 1) .




The supernate was resuspended in 9 ml TPS.  This suspension ("2")




was shaken and sonicated, assayed for bacteria (c) and particles




(a1) and then layered and centrifuged as above.  The supernate




from suspension "2" was assayed for bacteria (b') , the sediment




was resuspended in 9 ml of TPS.  The suspension ("3") was shaken




and sonicated and assayed for bacteria (c').




     The results of this experiment are given in Table 2.  It




can be seen that, in each of two consecutive treatment cycles,

-------
                                                               3b
98% of the bacteria were removed.  Furthermore, after the first




treatment cycle, the particle to bacterial recovery in the




sediment was 100 to 1; and after the second cycle, it was 500




to 1.  This suggests that there is a low probability that,




following treatment, the sedimented particles are populated




with more than one bacteria cell.  Finally, the recovery of




80% of the organisms following a treatment cycle agrees rather




well with the survival of bacteria in 20% sucrose for 10 min




(Table 1), thereby confirming that the shaking and sonlcation




do not significantly affect the survival of the bacteria in




the samples.




     3.   Penetration of the sucrose layer by "free" bacterial




          cells.




          The number of cells which could penetrate through the




sucrose layer was determined in the following experiment.  A




bacterial suspension was prepared by washing the growth from




the surface of a PGA spread plate (Appendix I) into phosphate




buffer diluent.  The plate had been inoculated with an aliquot




from a sediment trap sample and incubated at room temperature




(25 C) for 72 hrs.  The number of cells/ml in the suspension




was determined; than a 10 ml portion of the suspension was




layered over 20 ml of 20% sucrose and centrifuged as indicated

-------
                                                                4b
in Figure 1.  Penetration was estimated by comparing the number



of bacteria recovered in the bottom 3 ml of the sucrose layer



to the number deposited on the sucrose gradient.  The numbers



of cells in the 10 ml of the bacterial suspension layered on



the gradient and in the bottom 3 ml of the gradient as determined


                                     8             6
from 3 replicate plates were 6.4 x 10  and 3.0 x 10  respectively.



Thus, it can be seen that less than 1% of the free cells penetrated



the gradient.



     4.   Particle size distribution of sediment trap particles



          after sucrose gradient centrifugation.



          Five sediment trap samples (numbers BBCCT17, BBLLT12,



BBELTll, BBFLT13, and BBNLT14) were centrlfuged as indicated in



Figure 1.  The particle size distribution.of both the super-



natant and the pellet fractions were determined using a Model



B Coulter Counter.  The particles were arbitrarily divided into



14 groups based on particle size due to the operating character-



istics of the Instrument.  The average percent of particles in



each group for the supernate and pellet fractions of each sample



was determined.  Data from the supernate fractions from all five



sediment samples was averaged and is presented in Figure 2, (open



column), as is data from the pellet fractions (thatched columns).



Accumulating the percentages from 42.0 - 3.0 microns indicates



that 63.8% of these particles are in the pellet fraction and only



28.8% are in the supernate.

-------
Table 1.  The survival of heterotrophic bacteria from sediment
          trap samples in. 20% sucrose solutions.
Holding
interval
(min)
0
1
4
5
10
% survival
-
100
100
86
83
  Average of  3  trials.

-------
Table 2.  Efficiency of shaking and sonication for the removal  of bacteria
          from "sediment trap particles".
Assay Type
code
a Particulate
b Bacterial
c Bacterial
Fraction Assayed
source Volume
(ml)
suspension "1" 10 ml
super from "1" 29 ml
suspension "2" 10 ml
(sediment from
"1")
Recovery of bacteria
or particles x 10
per ml Total
11.2 110.0
2.2 63.8
0.13 1.25
b + c total bact. in suspension "1" 65.1
b/b + c % bact. removed 63.8/65.1
c/a ave. # bact/particle 1.25/110
a' Particulate
b' Bacterial
c' Bacterial
b1 + c1
b'/bf + c/
c/a'
suspension "2" 10 ml
super from "2" 29 ml
suspension "3" 10 ml
(sediment from
"2")
13.5 135.0
0.035 1.02
0.0021 0.021
total bact in suspension "2" 1.04
% bact removed 1.02/1.04
ave. // bact/particle 0.021/135
c' + b'/c recov. of bact through "treatment" 1.04/1.25
Recovery
ratio

98%
.0.01

98%
0.0002
80%

-------
Figure 2.



     Particle size distribution after sucrose



     gradient treatment of sediment samples.

-------
40J
        [	j   Supernate
        ^§   Pellet
30 j-
                                                                               n
10!
0  -
        42    35    27   21
17    13    10     8    6.1   5.0
Average particle size (microns)
3.4   3.0   2.4
1.9

-------
 Analysis and Laboratory Experiments




       With Taconite Tailings




             Data Report
             April 1973
        Gary E. Glesc, Ph.D.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency




  National Water Quality Laboratory




       Duluth, Minnesota  5580U

-------
                             Introduction






   In an effort  to  determine the  chemical characteristics of Taconite




Tailings, a number  of  laboratory  experiments were conducted.  Taconit«;




tailings were obtained from  the Reserve Mining Company,, Silver  Say,




Minnesota several times from 1968-1972.




   The complete  range  of  tailings particle sizes were studied in




some experiments so that  the complete impact on the Lake could be




approximated.  Other experiments utilized only the smaller size




fractions of the tailings, which are more reactive, so that the




laboratory results  could  be  used  in a predictive fashion with shortened




times required to observe a  trend.  The results of early experiments




are reported in  the April 1970 report by the National Water Quality




Laboratory, "Effects of Taconite Tailings on Lake Superior."  Additional




experiments have been  conducted since that time and the results are




reported here.





Chemical -Analysis of Taconite Tailings.




   Early analyses of Taconite Tailings are reported in the December




1968, U.S. Dept. of the Interior Report, Basic Studies on the Environ-




mental Impacts of Taconite Waste Disposal in Lake Superior, Part II-




The samples of tailings which were used by the NWQL staff in 1968-70




were of the less than  two micron size fraction.  Samples analyzed by




the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, USDI, FWPCA, Cincinnati,




Ohio, are given  in  Table  1.   Metals were determined by atomic absorption




and emission spectrop,raph and arsenic using silver diethyldithiocarbamalF




reagent.

-------
      The tailings size fraction which was used for the majority of

 the studies in 1972 is five micron and smaller.  Samples of this size

 fraction were sent to W.  T. Donaldson, Chief,  Contaminates Characterization

 Research Laboratory, U.  S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Southeast
  i
 Environmental Research Laboratories,  Athens,  Georgia and to L.  A.  Haskin,
  !
 Department of Chemistry,  University of Wisconsin at Madison, for analysis

 by spark source mass spectrometry and neutron activation.  Table II

 shows the results of the analysis by SEERL for tailings and water sepa-

 rated by centrifugation for the taconite tailings composite sample.

      The tailings sample analyzed at the University of Wisconsin was

 activated and then leached  with 1:9 H.SO. :HNO,..  The results of this
                                      24    3

 analysis are shown in Table III.

      Because of the environmental hazard mercury poses, taconite tailings

 samples were collected by Dr.  Donald Baumgartner for mercury analysis

 during the fall, 1971.

      One sample was analyzed extensively at the NWQL.  The results

 indicated a mercury content of 0.1 micrograms/gram of taconite  tailings.

 To further document the presence of mercury in the tailings, a  sample
  i
 was subjected to mass spectral analysis.  The qualitative presence of
  i
 mercury was confirmed by isotopic distribution.
  i

 Laboratory Experiments with Taconite Tailings


  I    The effect of organic  compounds deposited with tailings in the Lake

 is one of the most difficult systems to model.  The complexing  or

 etiolating organic compounds are known to stabilize metal ions in

aqueous solution.  The results  of the  first  experiments with a synthetic

 chelator are given in Table 4.   The organic compound used was nitrilo-

 triacetate (NTA).   The results indicate that  tailings do interact

-------
with  dissolved organic compound's,  resulting in greater metals release.




      In order  to  more  fully  characterize  taconite tailings several




different  techniques were used.  Figure 2 shows electron micrographs




of a  less  than two micron diameter size fraction    ased in laboratory




studies, NWQL,  April 1970.   These  micrographs were obtained on a RCA




EMU-4A Transmission Electron Microscope by James H» Tucker, National




Water Quality  Laboratory.  The full range of sizes and shapes of




tailings are easily seen in  Figure 1.




      X-ray diffraction techniques  were used to characterize the miner >-




]ogy  of taconite  tailings.   Figure 3 shows three_X-ray diffraction




patterns.  The less than five micron composite sample collected




July, 1972 is  shown in Figure 2a with the smallest composited parti-




cles  in 2b.  Figure 2c shows a sample of  cumningtonite, less than two




micron size fraction.   These-patterns were obtained by Robert W. Andrew,




National Water Quality Laboratory,  1972 using a Picker Difractometer




and copper K a    radiation.  These patterns are characteristic of




taconite tailings and  are used to  identify tailings in the water and




on the sediments  of Lake Superior.




      The remaining solids from the July,  1972 collection and  a. preparation




of a  less  than five micron composite sample were kept cold and dark




and allowed to settle.  The  overlying water was poured 'off and the




slurry was poured into 6.3 cm diameter, one meter long plastic cyl-




inders. After 6h days, the water over  the  sediment was siphoned and




analyzed.  The results are shown in Table V, sample 99A.  The same




procedure  was  followed for a one day composite and ,111 addition( the




sediment: was sectioned as a  function of depth and the interstitial water




removed and nnalyx.crl.   The results are given in Table V sample 101 A, B.

-------
     Portions of the tailings composite samples were extracted with




hexane and the resulting residues analyzed by gas chromatographic and




mass spectrometric techniques at the NWQL.  Figure 1 shows a mass




spectrum of the residue from tb.2 July 1972 tailings composite sample.




Approximately 120 wg of yellow residue/gram of extracted taconite




tailings composite was found and appears to be largely hydrocarbon oils.




Figure 2 shows the same sample made 0.01% in Aroclor^  1254 could have




been detected if present at 0.0001% or greater.




     Samples of dry crushed ore and tailings were extracted with hexane




and the residues perchlorinated with SbCl,. to increase sensitivity for




PCB analysis.  These analyses showed that C 7C1   was formed at con-




centrations equivalent to 2-10 nanograms per gram of extracted sample.




The results are consistent with the presence with hydrocarbon  oils




containing small amounts of PCB in those samples.




    The 'analysis of oil samples obtained are not completed.  Preliminary




results show PCBs to be less than 0.001 percent.

-------
                               Summary



     The chemical  characteristics  of taconite tailings are complex

and vary with the  physical  characteristics of the sample, such as

p'.rricle size distribution,  as well as chemical conditions.  Tailings

have "been shown "by spark  source mass spectroitietry, neutron activation,


and atomic absorption and emission spectroscopic techniques, to contain

a large number of  the elements.  Many of these metals can also be found

in water associated with  tailings  and in larger concentrations in acid

leachates from tailings.  Among these elements are Hg, Cu, Mn, As, Zn,

Mg,, Se, and Co.  The presence  of an organic complexing agent gives the

predictable increase in dissolution of tailings due to the stabilization

of metal ions going into  solution.  Such complex formation is known to

influence metals concentrations in natural waters.

     Analysis of the overlying and interstitial vaters from 6^4-day-old

settled tailings samples, kept cold and dark, shovs large increased in


concentrations of  SiOg, Ca,  Mg, Ha, K. f!n , Mn, and Fe from the original

lake water values.  These increases are also evident in measurements of

the water just over the sediment interface, indicating the transport of
                                                                   j
these dissolved elements  into  the  water column.  A large increase in

specific conductance is observed as the interface is approached and

oxygen levels are  depressed.

              Gas  chromatographic  and mass spectrometric analysis of

organic residues extracted  from composite tailings samples indicates

the presence of hydrocarbon  oils associated vith the tailings particles.

-------
Table 1.  Analysis of Taconite Tailings  Composite
          Sample.  1959  (52jj)
Metal
Zinc
Cadmium
Arsenic
Iron
Molybdenum
Manganese
Aluminum
Beryllium
Copper
Silver
Nickel
Cobalt
Lead
Chromium
Vanadium
Micrograms/gram of sample
200
6
20
106,000
less than Uo
i*,Uoo
3,800
less than 1
50
less than 2
less than 20
less than 20
280
13
less than ko

-------
Table II.  Analysis  of  Taconite  Tailings  Composi.ce Sample 7-72
           (<5u) by  Spark  Source Mass  Spectrometry  (SEERL)

Solids           (weight %)           (  gm/gra)           (.Ug/gm)

Fe
Mg
Ca
Mn
K
Al
P
Si*
Cl*
S*
Na*
10
4
2
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.2
10
0.02
0.03
0.67
S
Ba
Ti
Zn
Zr
Ce
Y
Co
Er
Nd

45
40.
14
11
8
6
5
5
3
3

Sc
La
Sm
Cu
V
Pb
Nd
Rb
As
Pr
Cs
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
  *  Estimates of minimum

  Water  (associated with solids  (vg/".!)
  Mg     20                   Al     7                S*     2
  P      16                   Pb     0.6              Na*    0.5
  Ca     10                   Cu     0.6
  K      9                    Zn     0.5
  Fe     7                    Mn     0.3
                              Sr     0.2
 *  Estimates of Minimum

-------
Table III.  Analysis of H SO rHNO. Leachate of Neutron Activated
            Taconite Tailings Composite Sample 7-72 (<5y), Department
            of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin.*
Element
Hg
Se
Cu
As
Sb
Zn
Ga
Co
Sc
Hf
La
Ce
I
Nd
Sm
Eu
Tb
Ho
Yb
Lu
Concentration (yg/gn>)
0.033±0.008
0.20±0.03
9.9±1.8
19±0.5
2.2±0.2
18±1.2
2.4±0.3
6.1±0.5
0.53±10.10
0.91±0.09
12.3±0.9
24±2

10.4±0.7
1.95±0.12.
0.50±0.04
0.26±0.03
C.36±0.03
0.62±0.08
0.083±0.005
   *  Taken from Haskin,  L.  A.,  Henzler,  T.  E.,  Korda,  R.  J.,  Larsen,  E.  M.,
      Anderson,  M.  R.,  and  Jimenez,  M.  M.   Preliminary  Report  on Analysis
      of  Sculpin Tissues  and Taconite Tailings.   Department of Chemistry,
      University of Wisconsin-Madison,  April 12,  1973.

-------
5-tie ^.  Water Analysis of Taconite Tailings (<2u) KTA Suspensions.
Analysis
Sample
Lake Water
•Jaconite Tailings,
1.5 gm/1
KTA, 0,01 gm/1
HTA, 0.10 gm/1
Taconite Tailings,
1.5 gm/1 NTA, 0.01
Taconite Tailings,
1.5 gm/1 KTA, 0.10
PH

7.7

8.0
7.7
8.1
8.0
gm/1
8.7
gm/1
Fe»

<50

<50
<50
<50
70

300

Ma*

0.2

5.0
0.2
0.3
13

39

Zn»

3

2
i.
li
3

2

Cd* Co*

<0.3 <0.5

<0.3 2
<0.3 U
<0.3 <0.5
<0.3 2

<0.3 <0.5

Ni* Cu»

<0.3 l.U

3 0.8
1» 1.8
<0.3 1.3
1 2.2

<0.3 2.6

CaQ»

13.5

H.3
13.6
13.6
U> -3

15.2

Mg«*

3.1

3.2
3.1
3.0
3.1

2.9

Water Samples filtered, 0.1 micron membrane filter metals determined by atomic  absorption.




°Micrograms metal/liter;  ^Milligrams metal/liter

-------
'TABLE V.   Analysis of Water in Contact with Taconite Tailings Composite Samples Mtf.r 64 Paya.
WATER
       Sample location
     relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)
(99A) 19
11
3.6
(101B) 57
3.8
a°u, "
27
3.8
-1.9
-lit
-3U
Si02
»g/l
9.1.
9-3
10.3
11.3
13.0

7.1
7.1
d1 30
d2 39
d1 2lt
d2 37
d1 Ik
d2 37
Ca
«..
1U.8
17.2
12.8
17.2

11.2
16.8
1*2.9
33.lt
33.0
39.2
30.9
3U. 2
Mg
mg/1
l«.7
It. 9
6.0
lt.0
5. it

li.lt
6.2
17.2
13.2
12.9
1U.7
9.8
13.1
Na
mg/1
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.3

2.1
2.5
8.1
6.1
5.8
6.3
6.6
6.5
K Cu
mg/1 pg/1
2.9
3.1 1.1*
3.U
2.9  K A




108.8
171*. 7



          Colorlraetrlc procedure
        Satnole  hanrtlino.:   d1" -centrifuge filtration; d2-d±lution filtration

-------
              73031
                              !•- •' v 
-------
  SO-,
  10-
  30-
  20-
   10-
       N WQL 73034
                   ll>!
Wkillm
                                  JU^i
ilrilllillll ,il|''M fel,
    no
                                                          340
SPEC*  56 ut  o.otx a issvioo ua QJL. n^n ussato-Jl  STG? nass>  10, j/s/s-  u
Figure 2.  Mass spectrum of hexane extracted residue  from taconite.tailings composite sample
          made 0.01% Aroclor 1254.

-------
         •V  -'.£>" .   —  W
     *    •  -v  <     \
   V-  '     '
                                                   A
* ^ -  '*.» S^.'*  >
           Figure 3.  Electron Micrographs of Taconite Tailitiga.

-------
Figure 3.  Electron Micrographs of Taconite Tailings.

-------
        f
                       ^   £
Figure 3.  Electron Micrographs of Taconite Tailings.

-------
                            •V. .
                             V."
         .,,-.—^
Figure 3.  Electron Micrographs of Taconite  Tailings.

-------
     '•••{ JT   \ \

  •~V"  t \  1  *
  VV"** —W %tf;
A    -.  '
^  e—    *
               Figure  3.  Electron Micrographs of Taconite Tailings.

-------
*&
                                     Figure 3.  Electron Micrographs of  Taconite Tailings.

-------
Figure 3.  Electron Micrographs of Taconite Tailings.

-------
           ••   'x~ ^  ,.j   {
            	-»t    --.**• • *   i' :\   ^
                       "l X^" ^- •''>
                        • v*r    ^s^---  >
x,-*  ^::>
                     Figure 3.  Electron Micrographs of Taconite Tailings.

-------
                          I •'•-* <•   I V
                        \t--'    gj \
                        ••> ?   .    fsb.1-^

   •V
                                   ••-'••», r^
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                                                                          f    i'lif'

                                                                          .  rk£
                                                                          /  /

                                                                         '^    ^ n
                                                                          •''¥}'•». ^^v
                                                                           js.-^  T.'-r^'o
                                               x \  ^ •%
                                                                         4
                                                                          f;
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                                                              b
                                                 / /
                                                                                xj
                                                    .-^
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                               w
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                                  Figure 3.   Electron Micrographs of Taconite Tailings.

-------
Figure 4. X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Taconlte TaUlnga.



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-------
Residue Analysis of Lake Superior Sculpins


           Data Analysis Report

                April, 1973
            G.  E.  Glass,  Ph.D.
  U.  S.  Environmental  Protection Agency-
   National  Water  Quality Laboratory-
          6201  Congdon Boulevard
         Duluth,  Minnesota  55804

-------
                        Background






     Lake Superior sculpins were collected for residue analysis.




They were obtained "by trawling along the north shore of the Lake




in the regions identified in figure 1.  The sediment at sites 01 and




02 contained taconite tailings, while those at sites 03 and OJj




contained relatively small quantities of tailings.  The locations




and details of collection are given in the report, "Stomach analysis




of fourhorn, Myoxocephalus quadricornis (Linnaeus), and slimy9 Cottus




cognatus Richardson, sculpins from four areas along the north shore




6f Lake Superior" by John Eaton, second cruise.  Samples were




preserved by freezing and were sent to four laboratories for analysis.




This report summarizes the preliminary examination of the results of




the analysis of the sculpins.



                  Mercury in Sculpin Tissue




     The arafyses of mercury in the sculpins were conducted by the




U, S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Great Lake Fishery




Laboratory in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  Total mercury was determined




by the combustion-amalgamation method of Willford and Hessellberg




(19T2)1.  Composite samples from four of the sculpin trawls were




homogenized and combusted in a stream of Op for 3-5 min. in an induc-




tion furnace (Leco Model 52300).  The released mercury vapor was




scrubbed, dried, and collected on a 2l*-gauge gold wire.  The amalgam




was subsequently heated to vaporize the mercury, which was quanti-




tated with a Laboratory Data Control, Model 1235 Spectrophotometer.

-------
\  -. V.^V  \),
                                                  Figure 1.  Sampling Region

                                                     for Sculpin Collection

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                                            \

-------
     Table 1 presents the results of mercury analyses on 1971 and




1972 Lake Superior sculpins by the Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory.




The composite samples from the Apostle Islands and Keveenaw region




Trere the same composites analyzed by Western N.Y. Muclear Research




Center as summarized in Table 2 and serve as check analyses.  The




data from the two laboratories are in excellent agreement for the




sculpins from the Apostle Island and Keweenav Bay regions of Lake




Superior.  The data in Table 1 also indicates that both the slimy




and the fourhorn sculpins from area 03 on the north shore (Figure l)




were significantly greater than those from the Apostle Island and




Keweenaw Bay areas of the Lake.




     The results of the triplicate analyses for mercury are presented




in Table 3.




     The concentration of mercury in slimy sculpins from areas 01




and 02 vere both 0.21 ug/gm, vhereas the slimy sculpins from areas




03 and Oh contained only 0.17 and 0.19 ug/gm respectively.  However,




this apparent trend cannot be analyze"! conclusively, since the mean




length and mean weight of the samples from areas 03 and Ok vere




significantly less than those from areas 01 and 02, and the concentra-




tion of some trace metals such as mercury, are related to the age




or weight of the animal2.  The results of the analysis of fourhorn




sculpins are more directly comparable on a length and weight basis




and the data indicate that the mercury concentration in the fish




from the three areas are not statistically different.

-------
              Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn in Sculpin Livers

     Sculpins from the same 1972 trawls were sent to the EPA

National Field Investigation Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, where the

sculpin livers were removed and conposite samples prepared for analysis

of manganese, lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium.

     Check samples were prepared at NWQL by selecting five yearling

brook trout from holding tanks and homogenizing the fish in a blender.
f
Duplicate samples were analyzed at NWQL and at the National Field

Investigation Center.  Table k presents the results of the check
i
analysis, together with an analysis of NBS bovine liver for copper

and zinc.  The data show the NWQL analyses of bovine liver agreed

well with the NBS certified analyses for zinc and copper-  Further-

more, the variations between NWQL and NFIC for Zn, Cu, and Mn in the

five brook trout and the NBS bovine liver were less than 2Q%, and

the majority were less than 10%.

     At NFIC, the sculpin liver samples were weighed in crucibles and

allowed to dry overnight at 103°C to determine the percentage of
1
moisture, after which they were placed in a muffle furnace to

ash at 1*00°C.  The ashes were then dissolved in concentrated nitric

acid and diluted to 10 ml, keeping the acid concentration at about

1%.  Analysis -was completed with a Perkin-Elmer ^03 Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer.  Table 5 presents the results of analyses of sculpin

livers for metals.  The concentration of Pb in all sculpin livers

was less than the determinable limit and are not included in Table 5-

-------
     The slimy sculpin livers were composited for each sampling




area.  Although the concentrations of Cd and Cn vere slightly greater




in areas 03 and OU than  in 01 and 02, the possibility of establishing




a trend is precluded by  the lack of information regarding the mean




weights and the variability within the population.  The concentrations




of Mn and Zn in all of the slimy sculpins were essentially equal,




although Mn appeared slightly higher and Zn lover in area 02.




     The results of the  analyses of livers from fourhorned sculpins




show that the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn in the tissues from




the same size animals are essentially the same in the three areas.




There are no consistent  trends regarding area or size and concentration




of the metals.  Although none of the concentrations are noticeably




higher or lower than others, (i.e. , Zn and Mn in the <9«9 gm fourhorns




from area 02) there are  insufficient data to rule out the possibility




that the observed deviations are not due to analytical variations.






     Neutron Activation  Analysis of Sculpins and Tailings




     Additional samples  of sculpins and sediments were sent to the




University of Wisconsin  at Madison for metal analysis via neutron




activation.  The samples were dissected in a covered work area by




analysts wearing surgical gowns, head covers, and gloves.  The




samples were weighed wet, freeze-dried, weighed dry, and composites




placed in quartz irradiation tubes.  The tailings samples were




transferred directly to  the irradiation tube, freeze-dried and




sealed.

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     The irradiated samples were digested in H SO.  and HNO   after
                                              2  U       3

the appropriate carriers were added.   The radioactive elements


freed from the sample during digestion and the carriers were


separated into the various groups by a routine chemical separation


scheme3.  The concentrations of the metals determinable by  this


technique in the Lake Superior sculpins are summarized in Table  6,


together with the estimate of standard deviation for each of the


analyses.


     The data indicates the fourhorn sculpin muscle and liver


generally contain lesser concentrations of all of the metals than


do the slimy sculpins.  Since the slimy sculpin is much smaller


than the fourhorn (mean length in this sample of 7 cm compared to


11.3 cm for fourhorn), a species selective mechanism for this


accumulation is suggested.  To facilitate the examination of trends


between the two major sampling areas, Table 7 is presented  to give


the ratio of the concentration of each metal from sites 01  and 02


to those from sites 03 and OU.  An initial examination may  suggest


that the concentrations.of Hg, Sb, Zn, and Co are greater in the


muscle of fourhorns and Cd, Sb, and Co are greater in the liver  of


fourhorns captured from the areas covered with taconite tailings.


In contrast, the concentration of Ga, Sc, La and Sm in the  livers


of slimy sculpins appear to be much lower in the fish captured in
!

areas 03 and Ok than those which contain greater quantities of tailings.


However, in comparing the ratios of concentrations, it must be


emphasized that the uncertainties in the analyses become significant.

-------
It is unlikely that the data can be interpreted adequately without




additional samples of the populations, as well as the sediments and




water from the respective regions.




     Table 8 presents the results of the analysis of taconite tailings




via neutron activation.  The data show that the tailings contain Cu,




As9 Zn, Co, La, Ce, and Nd at concentrations greater than 5 ug/gnu




A more detailed analysis of possible relationships between the




composition of trace metals in tailings .and in the sculpins is under-




way.




            Analysis of Trace Organic Contaminants




     The previous data report presented the preliminary results of




the analyses of sculpins for chlorobiphenyls and DDE.  In subsequent




analyses for DDT, the GLC packed column was found unacceptable, due to




possible degradation in the injector.  The samples are being reanalyzed




for PCBs and DDE to assure the measurements are accurate.  In addition,




studies are underway to determine if the sculpins are contaminated




with the oils which have been found associated with taconite tailings




composite samples.

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                                                                        7
                          Summary



     This study was initiated to determine if measurable changes in


the concentrations of trace metals and organic residues occur in


sculpins which live in the area.s of Lake Superior that  are covered


with taconite tailings.  The work was undertaken with full realization


that the content of some metals such as mercury in fish may not be


determined by the concentration of the metal in the habitat2.  Rather,


the observed residue may be the result of more subtle transport inter-


actions of the animal with the environment and food supply.  Moreover,


whereas mercury concentrations within a population may be correlated


with size, the concentration of other metals, such as Fe, Cu, Mn and


Zn, appear to be regulated by species-specific physiological processes*.

                          it
Furthermore, Brungs., et^ al_. , found that there was no accumulation of


copper in the opercle, red blood cells, and blood plasma in fish exposed


to lethal and sublethal concentrations of copper.  Increases in the


concentrations of copper in the liver and gill tissue were not observed


at low concentrations of copper until the fish were exposed to 27 ug/1


in water. Thus,  the  lack of residues does not preclude  a  stress on the animal.


     The data have shown that discernible trends do not exist in the


concentrations of metals in sculpins along the north shore of Lake


Superior.  The absence of any pronounced differences may be due to


insufficient sample size from the population, analytical variations


which are significant at the low concentrations encountered, uneluci-


datcd physiolocical processes alluded to above, similarities in the

-------
                                                                     8






composition and availability of the metals in the two environments,




or a combination of these effects.  Of particular interest is the fact




that, although trends are not apparent along the north shore, the data




presented in Tables 1-3 consistently shov that "both fourhorn and




slimy sculpins from the north shore contain approximately 1.5 to 2




times more mercury than do the sculpins from the Apostle Islands or




Keweenaw Bay area.  It will be important to determine whether this




variation is a result of different geochemical environments in the



respective watersheds , or if the Apostle Islands and Keweenaw Bay




area are more representative of the natural Lake Superior environment




and the entire north shore region of Lake Superior has been contamina-




ted.

-------
                       Bibliography






1.  Willford, W.  A.  and Hesselberg, R.  J.   "A Versatile Combustion-




          Amalgamation Technique for* the Photometric Determination




          of Mercury in Fish and Environmental Samples."  Great




          Lakes Fishery Laboratory, Ann Arbor, in press.




2.  Barber, T. R., Vijayakumor, A. and Cross, F. A.  (1972).




          "Mercury Concentrations in Recent and Ninety-Year-Old




          Benthopelagic Fish."  Science, 178, 636-639.




3.  Haskin, L. A., Henzler, T. E., Korda,  R.J., Larsen, E.M.,




          Anderson,  M.R. and Jimenez, M.M.  "Preliminary Report




          on Analyses of Sculpin Tissues and Taconite Tailings"




          Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison.




          April 12,  1973.




h.  Brungs, W. A., Leonard, E. N., and McKim, J. M.  "Acute and Long-




          Term Accumulation of Copper by the Brown Bullhead,




          Ictalurus  nebulosus (LeSueur).  J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada,




          in press.

-------
        Table 1.  Mercury in 1971 and 1972 Lake Superior Sculping

                                      Total Mercury (ng/gm wet)
 Replicate A

 Replicate B

 Replicate C

 Average

 Standard Dev.
Slimy sculpin Fourhorn sculpin
.EE 03033
0.153
0.162
0.151
0.155
0.0033
Apostle
Island
0.112
0.114
0.121
0.116
0.0047
b
Keweenaw
Bay
0.106
0.113
0.115
0.111
0.0047
a
EE 0301-2
0.193
0.223
0.234
0.217
0.0212
    collected fall 1972

    collected fall 1971
    Table 2.  Concentration of Metals in Lake Superior Fish in 1971
Number of samples
Number of fish
Ave. length  (mm)
Ave. weight  (g)
Arsenic (ppm)
Chromium  (ppm)
copper (ppm)
Mercury (ppm)
Slimy
Apostle
Island
1
50
73
6.0
0.28
0.48
3.10
0.11
sculpin
Keweenaw
Bay
1
131
58
3.0
0.27
0.48
4.32
0.11
                                                    Smelt
                   Walleye
                                              Apostle   Keweenaw  Apostle
                                              Island      Bay     Island
  2
 41
154
 22
0.34
0.10
0.73
0.12
  2
 40
150
 21
0.30
0.086
0.76
0.11
  2
 13
443
969
0.29
0.12
0.43
0.52
 Analyses performed at the Great Lakes
 Fishery Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

-------
Table 3.  Variation of Total Mercury in Sculpins with Sampling
          Site in Lake Superior - 1972.
          (Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Sampling
Site3

01
02
03
04
No. of
fish

13
15
30
15
Mean
Length (mm)
Slimy Sculpin
74 (10.3)
69 (13.3)
68 (8.4)
58 (9.5)
Mean
Wt (gm)

5.5(2.5)
4.4(3.1)
3.6(1.4)
2.4 (1.1)
Total Hg
(yg/gm wet)
0.21 (0.02)
0.21 (0.01)
0.17 (0.01)
0.19 (0.01)
Fourhorn Sculpin
02
03
04 •
3 See
b „ ,
30
40
25
Figure 1

103 (9.7)
•99 (16.5)
96 (18.4)

12.1 (4.0)
10.4 (5.0)
10.2 (5.7)

0.21 (0.03)
0.22 (0.02)
0.20 (0.01)

       Mean of three analyses

-------
     Table 4.  Results of Comparisons Between Split Sample Analysis
               (rag/kg, dry wt)l

Samples    	Zinc	 	Copper	  	Manganese

1
2
3
4
5
NSS
NFIC
82
69
63
63
64
110
NWQL
83
57
61
50
60
137
NFIC
11
6.3
7.0
9.1
8.7
160
KWQL
11
5.2
6.3
8.8
8.0
200
NPIC
4.4
3.2
7.2
3.5
5.0
8.5
NWQL
4.0
3.1
5.9
2.7
4.8
_
       NFIC analyses for Pb were <10 and <5, for Cd they vere <1 and
       <.5.  NWQL Pb results w.ere 2.7-9.0 and Cd were 0.29-0.35.

   NBS Bovine Liver:        Certified Analysis^     NWQL Analysis

                            Copper 193 ± 10 ug/gm   Copper  199.6 ug/gm
                                                            200.1
                                                    	199.7
                            Zinc 130 ± 10 ug/gm     Zinc    137.4
                                                            135.3
                                                            140.2

-------
Table 5.  Variation of Cadmium, Copper, Manganese, and Zinc in
          Sculpin Livers with Sampling Site in Lake Superior
          (National Field Investigation Center, Cincinnati, Ohio)
Sculpin Sampling
Weight (Km) Site
•
<~7 01
<=7 02
<6.9 03
<=7 04

02
<9.9 03
04
02
10-14.9 03
04
02
15-19.9 03^
04
Concentration fue/em
Cd

0.5
0.8
1.0
1.3

0.5
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.6
Cu
Slimy Sculpin
0.5
0.8
1.2
0.6
Fourhorn Sculpin
0.5
1.7
1.3
1.8
3.4
1.0
1.2
3.4
1.4
Mn

1.7
2.2
1.9
1.6

0.05
0.4
0.8
0.6
0.7
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.8
- wet)
Zn

26
23
27
27

0.7
28
26 .
33
32
25
28
32
29

-------
Table 6.  Concentration of Metals in ;-ake Superior Sculpin Tissues (yg/gm wet)
          (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
                       Liver
Muscle
Slimy
Metal
Hg
Se
Cu
Cd
As
Sb
Zn
Go
Co
Sc
La
Sm
Na
Mn
Site/03-04
0,98
5.0
20.1
4.1*
1.3
<0.05
160
0.02
0.54
0.002
0.020
0.004
5920
7.4
01-02
0.
5.
14.
3.
0.
<0.
140
0.
0.
0.
0.
75
0
6
1
92
04

01 ;
67
0006
008
0.0014
5400

6.7
4-Horn Slimy
03-04
0.68
4.2
7.3-
0.55
1.4
0.004
95
0.003
0.10
0.0003
0.005
0.0005
3090
1.55
01- l
0.54
3.7
6.6
l.o
1.3
0.005
82
0.002
0.20
0.0003
0.002
0.0002
3330
1.51
03-04
0.93
9.8
4.9
0.12
0 .74
0.02
79
• 0.001
-
0.0006
0.013
0.0014
4960..
3.4
01-02
3.0
3.4
<0.25
0.52
0.01
59
0.003
-
0.0005
0.003
0.0005
3620
3.6
4-Horn
03-04
, 3.0
; '1.93 '
<0
-
-
32
<0
0
0
0
0
4750
2
.25 (



.007
.033
.0004
.0013
.00008

.2
01-02
T6T
2.9
2.0
<0.03
-
-
35
<0.001
0.058
0.0003
a
3.6
25
2.7
33
19
57
13
30
15
54
42
0. 00002!. 9 3
4420
1.6
1 .2
9.2
   Values in last column represent 2 standard deviations for  replicate analyses of  NBS standard
   bovine liver   Those values are the  Best  estimates  of analytical  precision and  correspond  to
   i 95% confidence level.

-------
 Table 7.  Ratios of Concentration of Metals tn. Composite. Tissue
           of Sculpins from Sites 01-02 to those from Sttes 03-04.
                    (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
Hg
Se
Cu
Cd
As
Sb
Zn
Ga
Co
Sc
La
Stn
Na
Hn
Slimy
0.76
0.99
0.73
0.71
0,72
-
0.83
0.46
1.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.91
0.90
Liver
4-Horn
.79
.88
• 90
1.82
.88
1.25
.86
.43 •
,1.92
1.0
0.5
.45
1.08
.97
Slimy
2.14
0.31
C.69
-
0.71
0.72
0.74
1.8
-
0.8
0.20
0.4
0.73
1.06
Muscle
4-Horn
1.14
.95
1.03
- •
-
1.67
1.11
-
1.52
.71
-
.25
.93
.75
±20(%)
5-1
35
.3.8
54
27
81
18
184
21
76
59
117
1.7
13
Note:  Uncertainties in ratios are based on replicate analyses of
       NBS Standard Liver.

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Table 8.  Concentrations  (yg/gm) of Trace Elements Leached From
          Reactor-Irradiated Taconite Tailings and USGS Standard
          BCR-1.(University of Wisconsin, Madison)
Hg
Se
Cu
Cd
As
Sb
Zr»
Ga
Co
Sc
Hf
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Tb
Ho
Yb
Lu
;kin
Leacna.'.e
Tacon i te
Tall rngs
0.033±.008
0.201.03
9-9±1.8
-
19±0.5
2.2±0.2
I8±l".2
2.4±.3
6.1±.5
0.53^.10
0.91i.09
12.3±-9
24±2
10.*j±.7
1.95*. 12
0.50±.04
0.26±.03
0.36±-03
0.62±.08
0.083±.005
et al., Geochim.
BCR-1
0.013
0.10
1*4.8
-
0.33
0.51
93
4.3
17.0
2.9
4.2
18.3
31
17.6
4.6
0.37
0.61
0.80
1.66
0.?.4
Cosmochim. Acta
BCR- 1 *
-
0.11
A. 6
l
-
0.6
100
25
36
3,2
5.2
24.
54
31
7.5
1.9
1.19
1.2
3.5
0.53
Suppl . 1 ,
    A. A. Levinson, Ed., 1970, p. 1213.
 NOTE:  Uncertainties are two standard deviations based on counting
        statistics, not replicate analyses.

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A Study of Western Lake Superior:  Surface Sediments,




   Interstitial Water and Exchange of Dissolved




  Components Across the Water-Sediment Interface
            Gary E. Glass, Ph.D.






                 April 1973










  United States Environmental Protection Agency




       National Water Quality Laboratory




           Duluth, Minnesota  558dU

-------
                               CONTENTS


                                                       Page

Introduction                                            1


Description of the Study                                _2_


Methods and Equipment                                   1*


Results and Discussion                                 13


Summary                                                19_


Bibliography                                           21


Figures

   la, b, c, Location of the Study Area, 3 pages

   2, Profiles of Component Exchange Across Water-
      Sediment Interface, 12 pages

   3, X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Surface Sediments

   I», Particle Size Distribution of Surface Sediments


Tables

   I,   -Water and Sediment Analysis, Cruise I.

   II,  Water Analyses, Cruise I.

   Ill, Water and Sediment Analysis, Cruise II, 31 pages

   IV,  Water and Sediment Analysis, Lake Superior,
        Cores Analyzed after two months, 12 pages

   V,   Comparison of Data, Cruise II, Area 1 vs Area II

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                          Introduction


      During the summer of 1972, a three-part study vas conducted to

investigate the chemical composition of Lake Superior -water and to

determine the possible effects taconite tailings, discharged at the

rate of about 20 million tons annually, were having on the Lake

"bottom.  A laboratory study1 conducted in 1970, showed that dissolution

of tailings did occur under lake conditions, and that at least l60,000

Ibs. of dissolved solids were being added each day to Lake Superior

by the Reserve Mining Company discharge at Silver Bay, Minnesota.  Some

components of these dissolved solids vere shown to be silica, sodium,

potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese.

      The values of parameters which describe the Lake environment where

tailings finally reside is one of the overall goals of this study.  The

measurement of these parameters is difficult,  since Lake Superior con-

tains about 1.25 x 10   liters of vater and is over 290 meters deep along

the North Shore2'3 and where the discharge occurs.  In addition, the

Lake water is swept by currents southwest along the shore and mixed by

turbulance and upwelling1*" 12'14»1 5.  The determination of where tailings
                                                     !
are'found in the lake has been the object of other studies1'13"16, with

additional data gathered by this study.

      The chemical environment of aquatic sediments has been extensively
                                                     I
studied17 23.  The exchange of components across the water-sediment inter-

face plays an important role in lake vater quality and is one of the more

-------
detailed aspects of this study.  The role of sediments as a reservoir


for metals and nutrients has been studied in detail18 »21"31*, and is


the part of this study upon which future predictions of the fate of


sedimented material in Lake Superior could "be based.  The weathering of


the silicate minerals which make up the bulk of the tailings has  been


studied19'35"40, and is an essential part of the overall .question as to


their fate in Lake Superior.



                      Description of the Study



      The study of Lake Superior vas designed vith several constraints3


the most important of which were:  Five-week lead time for preparation,


limited supportive manpower, and a cruise time on the Lake limited to


ten days.  In order to gain the maximum information about the Lake, the
                      t

ship time was divided into two parts.  The first cruise, which took place


July 18 - 21 aboard the Telson Queen, was mainly exploratory in nature.


The motor ship Telson Queen, owned and captained by Alan M. Kennedy, Jr-,


is a 98-foot vessel, having a 22-foot beam and 9-foot draft, with-a


cruising speed of 10 knots and a 2,500-nautical-mile range.  The pilot


house equipment included the following:   a magnetic and gyro compass,


radar (U8-mile range), radios (AM, VHF-FM), automatic direction finder,


two fathometers and a sonar Seascanner^


      Many different sampling devices and techniques were used to obtain


samples from the Lake and Lake bottom at the depths encountered, and


numerous experiments were planned with laboratory equipment aboard ship


to determine which types of measurements were feasible.  Few were.  The


measurements which were made aboard ship are given in Tables 1 and 2,


along with the analysis of samples obtained and analyzed at the National

-------
Water Quality Laboratory.




      With the experience and kno-wtedge gained from Cruise I, a second




cruise was made on September 18 - 2U, 1972, in areas I and III shovn




in Figure 1,aboard the Telson Queen.  The emphasis °^  this cruise was




the taking of larger numbers of samples, -using veil defined sampling




procedures and carefully maintaining consistency in sampling and




sample preparation, handling and storage.  Fewer types of onboard




measurements were made so that tine would allow for consistency of




procedures and measurement.  Analysis of samples vere performed mainly




at the 1TWQL, with additional parameters measured at the Pacific North-




west Environmental Research Laboratory.  The results are given in



Table III, Stations 1-38.




      The third part of this study consisted of taking undisturbed Lake




Superior water-sediment core samples to the laboratory and keeping them




at Lake conditions to determine what changes would take place if the




Lake currents (lateral and vertical movement of water) were stopped so




that more distinct concentration gradients might form over the sediments.




After about two months, the undisturbed samples were sectioned and




analyzed.  The results are shown in Table IV and Figure 2 (Stations 1,




3, U, 5, 7, 17, 27, 29, 30, 31 and 33).



      A mammouth amount of personal sacrifice was made in terms of time,




effort, and personal risk by the crew of the Telson Queen, especially




during the rough weather of the second cruise.  The skill and knowledge




of Dr. John Poldoski, Dr. Oilman D. Veith and Mr- John Helvig deserve




chief credit for the success achieved.

-------
                      Equipment and Methods





      The equipment and methods used for Cruise 1 and 2 and for



laboratory analyses are given below in an abbreviated form.






                   CRUISE I, July 18-22, 1972



                  Field Sampling Measurements .






A)  Sampling



      Samplers were dropped to within  3-10 m     from the sediment,



stopped and allowed to stabilize, and dropped to the sediment.   A



Phleger corer (3.8 cm dia. x 6l cm) with plastic liner tubes,  was used



to obtain water and sediment samples.  Water vas displaced from the core



liner into a polybottle as the sediment was extruded to the top of the



liner for sampling.



      1.  Core samples - Water from 7.5 cm above sediment surface was



used for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, E^ and pH measurements.  Water
                      I


above the 10 cm level was immediately filtered (0.22y Millipore*^membrane),


             (R)
using a Gelmane' stainless steal in-line filter connected to a  2-liter



polyethylene bottle, .pressurized with prepurified nitrogen. The top




7-5 cm       .of sediment were extruded into a GelmanB/pressure filtration




funnel from which interstitial water was removed by nitrogen pressure



through a 0.22y filter.



      2.  Shipek dredge samples were taken for chemical analysis and



for measurements using electrodes which were inserted into a cross-



section of the sediment sample.  A 7-5 cm-deep section was transferred

-------
to a pressure filtration funnel for extraction of interstitial water-




      3.  Ponar and Shipek dredge samples were taken for "bottom fauna




examination.




      U.  Bulk lake water samples were taken with a 30-liter Van Dorn




water sampler.  These sample- were immediately connected to a flow-through




system where dissolved oxygen, conductivity,, pH and K  measurements were




made.  Water samples for laboratory analyses were subsequently collected




in "precleaned " polyethylene "bottles, which were rinsed twice with the




sample, and filled.




B)  Field Measurements




      1.  Conductivity of bulk water was measured with a Model 18 - 28




Heathkit Impedance Bridge (1000 Hz) and a YSI cell, which was calibrated




before and after using standard KCL solutions.  The conductivity of




sediment samples was measured, using a Radiometer conductivity meter




and a probe calibrated similarly.




      2.  For bulk water samples, measurements of pH were made with a




Corning Model 12 meter, equipped with a glass and calomel electrode




assembly which was routinely standardized with pH 6.86 and h.OI buffer.




Similarly, pH measurements of core and dredge samples were made with an




Orion ^01 meter, equipped with a Sargent miniature combination pH electrode.




      3.  Measurements of Eh for bulk water samples were made with a




platinum wire-calomel-electrode combination and a Corning Model 12 pH




meter.  For sediment samples9 the Orion 1+01 meter-Pt wire-saturated-




calomcl-clectrode combination was used for sediments.

-------
      U.  Dissolved oxygen measurements of bulk vater samples vere


measured with a YSI Model 5^ meter equipped with a YSI probe.  The


system was standardized using Vinkler titrations employing standard


phenylarsineoxide titrant (Hach Chemical), checked against primary

                                                                   fP~}
standard potassium dichromate.  Lake water from an  all-plastic Teel—'


submersible pump system was used as the medium for standardization.


Oxygen measurements of core and dredge sediment samples were obtained


by inserting an oxygen-membrane electrode into the sample, waiting


until the meter reading had stabilized, and then further inserting the


electrode into the sample, before recording the peak meter reading.


      5.  General Shipboard Procedure.  Bulk Lake vater field measure-


ments were made using the flow-through system previously described.  For


core and dredge samples, dissolved oxygen was measured, first, followed


by conductivity, pH and Ew.  Shipek, Ponar dredge and additional core
          \
samples were taken for laboratory analysis.  The filtration apparatus,


spatulas, etc., were rinsed before use with Lake water, from the all-


plastic submersible pumping system.            ,


C)  Laboratory Analysis


      Analyses of samples were made for Mn, Cu,'Fe, SiQ~, Ca, Mg, Ka,


K,.and orthophosphate.  Both filtered and unfiltered samples were


analyzed.  General procedures and conditions are given in the Cruise II


description that follows.

-------
                       CRUISE  II,   September 18-2U, 1972
                         Field Sampling Measurements

A) Sampling

      1.  Core  sample  - A Benthos  corer  (6.3 cm dia. x 122 cm) was

used in "calm"  seas  to o"btain water and  sediment samples.  The check

valve was  modified  to "be kept open until closed vith a messenger.

During "rough"  seas, the Phleger corer was used.

      2.  Water samples - Van Dorn and Niskin water samplers were

used to determine the  bottom  water profile.  Four 2-liter and one 30-

liter samplers  were  mounted rigidly so that when triggered, would sample

the bottom water at  fixed distances from the water sediment interface.

A "foot" mechanism was devised so  that when the interface was contacted,

all samplers would close simultaneously.  The sampler assembly was

lowered to   ~1  meters  above the sediment surface and allowed to stabilize

before slowly lowering to the sediment surface.  The assembly was raised

~3 m   .and lowered  three times, to insure tripping the "foot" mechanism..

Experiments indicated  that the mechanism would not trip during the free-

fall to the sediment surface.

      The Benthos sampler was used to obtain water for analysis by

extruding the sediment and saving  displaced overlying waters for

analysis.

      3.      Sediment samples - A Shipek dredge, in addition to the

Benthos or Phleger corers, vas used to obtain sediment samples.

      *4.  Ponar and  Shipek samples were taken at some stations for

bottom fauna examination.

-------
      5.  Locations were determined by sight and radar and depths were




measured with a line-metering wheel and sonar.




B)  Typical On-Station Procedures




      1.  Water (core) samples (3.8 cm or 6.3 cm diameter) -  Measure-




ments on water above the sediment were made by placing probes (dissolved




oxygen, and temperature) at the top of the core tube and




extruding the sediment to make profile measurements.




      2.  Sediment (core) samples (3.8 cm or 6.3 cm diameter) - Samples




of sediment and water for laboratory analysis were collected in Whirl-




PaR^polyethylene containers.  Water was transferred via FEP teflon-tub-




ing (rinsed with fresh Lake water) and sediment using a teflon-coated




spatula (Lake water rinsed).  Core tubes were conditioned with fresh




.Lake water prior to use.









      3.  Core samples for laboratory analyses were kept undisturbed




at Lake temperature and transferred, packed 5n ice, to the laboratory




constant temperature room (h° C).




      U.  Shipek dredge samples were cut in half (teflon spatula),




depths measured before sectioning, and the central portion of samples




(that sediment not contacting dredge) was-  collected and put in a marked




"Whirl-Pak" bag.




      5.  Van Dorn and Niskin Water Samplers provided samples as a




function of distance from the sediment surface.  These, samples were




stored in precleaned    polyethylene bottles. Precleaning   was done by




storing doublj^vacuum-distilled HCLO^ (10"^) for at least three days

-------
"before rinsing,  and vere  stored  full of  de-ionized water until used.  The




bottles vere  then marked, rinsed twice with the sample before filling,




and kept on ice  or refrigerated.




C)  Instrumentation and Analysis






      1.  Dissolved Oxygen - A YSI D.O. meter (5U) and YSI dissolved




oxygen electrode  vas employed.   The system was routinely calibrated




•with a Winkler titration, using  Lake water as the medium of standardiza-




tion.




      2.  The temperature was measured to ±0.3° C precision with each




     oxygen  measurement, using  the thermistor on the dissolved oxygen




electrode.




D)   Sample Manipulation




      1  . Millipore O.ly membrane  filters were rinsed using Lake water,




followed by de-ionized water-  The last portion of the de-ionized water




rinse was kept and analyzed with the sample as a blank.  Between each




sample, the plastic filter apparatus was thoroughly rinsed with de-ionized




water, and a  new  filter was used for each sample.




      2  . Sediment centrifuge-filtration apparatus (Millipore^-v was




cleaned with  a brush, rinsed with de-ionized water, and stored in dilute




double vacuum-distilled HCLCK until use, at which time it was rinsed




thoroughly and shaken dry.  Homogenized  sediment was added with a poly-




ethylene spatula.   The apparatus was then centrifuged, which resulted




in compacting the sample  and collection  of interstitial water-  Water

-------
                                                                         10




which collected on top of the compacted sediment was decanted into a




conditioned polyethylene bottle, sediment taken put of the tube, and




the water added hack to the tube for centrifugation.  A new filter was




used for each sample, following the above procedure for filter prepara-




tion.




      3 .  The sediment dilution-filtration technique .involved collect-




ing and homogenizing samples in a blanket of nitrogen in a polyethylene




bag (Whirl-Pale0') t subsampling for moisture determination, and adding




nitrogen-purged de-ionized water and filtering under a nitrogen atmos-




phere.  The filter was prepared as described above and a sample of the




de-ionized water used for dilution was kept to serve as a "blank.




      I*.  Water samples were filtered using a Millipore*^plastic suction




filtration unit.  Water to be analyzed for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Ye, Cu, Mn, and




SiO,,, were collected in conditioned polyethylene bottles and kept cold.




For phosphorus, the required sample was filtered Just prior to analysis.




E)    Laboratory Analysis




      1.  Calcium and magnesium were determined by atomic absorption




spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer, Model ';03, flame), each sample being diluted




with LaCl3 (0.18M), 1:U in 2 ml and Provials®.  Cruise samples, spiked




samples, filter blanks, fresh Lake water, and standard solutions were




analyzed together.




      2.  Sodium and potassium were determined by atomic absorption




spectoscopy (Perkin-Elmer, Model 1*03, flame).  Cruise samples, spiked




samples, filter blanks and fresh Lake water were aspirated directly.




     3.   Silica and phosphorous were determined by colorimetric




procedures49.  Samples, spiked samples, and standard solutions in the

-------
                                                                         11
range, P:1-UO micrograms/liter, Si;  0.2-1.6 rng/liter, were measured,


using a Gary lU  spectrophotometer.


      U .  Copper, manganese and iron were  determined "by atomic


spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer, Model  ^OS, HA.-2000 Atomizer, flameless) and


colorimetric procedures  (Mn, Fe)1*1.  Cruise samples, spiked samples,


filter blanks, standard  solutions, and fresh Lake water were analyzed


together-


      5.  Conductance measurements vere made, using a Barnstead


Conductivity Bridge, Model PM-70CB and YSI conductance cell.  Calibra-


tion was made with potassium chloride solution at the temperature of


the measurements, 18.0^0.1° C.


      6.  Dissolved oxygen measurements were made


using a YSI oxygen meter, Model 5U and oxygen electrode in a 51 ml


closed flow-through cell.  Standardization of the electrode was made


using Winkler titrations during the  course of the measurements.


      7 .  Sediment analysis-mineralogy consisted of weighing a portion


of a well-mixed  core or dredge section, oxidising the sample with.


buffered hydrogen peroxide, separating the sample, "by centrifugation


into < and > 2p  size fractions, and  filtering an aliquot of each onto

           (O
HA Millipore1*'membrane filters for X-ray diffraction analysis.  Figure 3


shows typical X-ray patterns for sediments in Area I as a function of


sediment depth.


            X-ray photographs were taken of some cores and core


sections.   Tailings layered over Lake sediments are clearly discernible


and are more opaque than natural sediments.

-------
                                                                           12
           Suspended solids were determined by filtering the water


sample and weighing the filter.  The filters were then mounted for


X-ray diffraction analysis.  Details of the procedure are given "by


P. Cook"2-


      8.   Sediment Analyses.  Organic carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen,


and total phosphorous.


           Subsamples from the first two 2.5 cm core sections were


analyzed "by combustion to K^, COp, and EUo and gas chromatographed in


a closed loop system.  A model 185 C, H and N Analyzer, Hewlett Packard,


was used1*3.  Dry samples were analyzed and the results reported on a


gm/Kgm dry weight "basis.


           Phosphorous was analyzed using a Technicorv^AutoanalyzerB^



During the analysis of the sixty-four samples, standards were run 36


times, and blanks 15 times.  Samples were digested in sulfuric acid and


ammonium persulfate under one atmosphere of steam for 30 minutes'*3.


           Inorganic carbon was measured by acidifying the sample with


10$ sulfuric acid and measuring the C02 liberated with an infrared cell.


Calcium carbonate was used for standardization.  .Analysis showed that
                                                 i

inorganic carbon comprised less than 5$ of the values reported for


organic carbonl+3.


    Sediment Analysis-Particle Volume was determined by particle size


analysis by G. Ditsworth, using a Coulter Counter.  Figure U shows


sample results of the computer-analyzed data.

-------
                                                                          13




                        Discussion and Results




                              Cruise I




      The analysis of  sediment showed taconite tailings present (as indi-




cated by cummingtonite and quartz) at all stations of Areas I and II (Fig.




l), both on the bottom and in the vater.  Previously, no tailings had




been reported on the bottom as far north as Taconite Harbor (27 miles).




      The  parameters  (conductance, oxygen, pH and E, ) measured show little




variation with depth,  which indicates that the Lake was vertically mixed at




the time of sampling and that surface or sediment influences on chemical




composition would be expected to be distributed throughout the water




column.




      Measurements on  sediment samples shewed the pH, E,  and dissolved




oxygen to be markedly  reduced from bulk lake water values.  Values indi-




cating anoxic and/or anaerobic conditions were common within the first




8 cm depth of sediment.




      The concentrations of silica, calcium, magnesium, sodium,




potassium, copper, manganese and iron in the interstitial water of the




first 7.6 cm of core sediment were much greater than those in the bulk




lake water-  The water immediately above the core sediment surface




reflected these increases and suggest transport of dissolved material




from the sediment into the bulk lake water.  The high concentrations




of iron and manganese  indicate the anoxic conditions of the sediment.

-------
                         Cruise II




      On the basis of the data collected in Cruise I, and because of




similar water depths, watersheds, and shore geology, Area III was




chosen as the most likely site for an inlake comparison of Area I




with an area containing relatively small amounts of tailings.  Only




small amounts were found in Aiea III compared to the major amounts found




at every station in Area I.  More than 8 centimeters of tailings covered




the bottom at stations 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8.  The results of the sediment




and water analysis are given in Table II, Stations 1-17 (Area I) and




Stations 2^-38 (Area III).  The sampling and analysis of the field-




collected samples were conducted in the most consistent manner possible,




using the best available equipment and procedures.  The preliminary




comparisons of data made to date show significant differences between




the two areas studied extensively during this cruise.  The absolute




values obtained are operationally defined and may not represent lake




values existing at the time the sample was taken, due to unavoidable




changes during sample collection and manipulation.  This is parti-




cularly true for iron, where the values are low dma to reaction with




oxygen followed by precipitation 18>27~411.  The forms in which iron




precipitates has been studied in detail18 and ferric phosphate is known




to form.  This reaction is very efficient in removing phosphoroust*5 and




causes these values to be very low where sediments containing high




concentrations of ferrous iron were collected.  It is likely, also,




that values for manganese  which was not separated from sediment

-------
                                                                         15




contact in the presence of oxygen, are lover than actual lake values'*5.




Since both areas were  sampled in identical fashion and the samples




obtained were treated  using identical methods, relative comparisons of




the two areas can be made.  The undisturbed lake water-sediment samples




which comprise the third part of this study, yield data more representa-




tive of lake conditions existing at the timesaiaptes for iron, phosphorous




and manganese were taken, because the possibility of oxidation was




eliminated to a greater extent than could be achieved for core samples




sectioned onboard the  sample vessel.




      The first comparison of data involves parameters grouped to combine




all stations where quantities of tailings vere found in the water or on




the lake bottom, with  those stations where only  traces of tailings were




found.  The comparison becomes one of values for Area I (tailings) vs




Area III.  The t-test  for unpaired data was used in this first




statistical analysis.  Table V lists the details of this result.




      Significant differences (P=0.0l) were found for the chemical




composition of lake water above the sediments (bulk water) from 1-183




meters, comparing Areas I and III.  Higher concentrations for potassium




(+10$), manganese (+UOO/J), suspended solids (+800$) and turbidity




(+500$), were found in Area I than in Area III. ,




      The water in contact with the sediments (interstitial wat.er),




silica (+30$), magnesium (+50$), copper (+200$)s and particle size %




>2y were found to be significantly (P=0.0l) higher in Area I, compared




to Area III.  Calcium  and manganese are also found to be higher,  but




with less confidence (P=0.05).  Organic carbon and hydrogen, and

-------
                                                                        16



 reactive phosphate vere found to be higher in Area III.  Total phosphor-



 ous of the sediment was the same in both area?•



       A detailed statistical and chemical evaluation of the data is



 currently underway -

  i

                  Laboratory Study of Lake Cores



       The data for the water-sediment core samples which were taken on



 Cruise II and kept undisturbed for two months, are given in Table IV



 and are plotted in Figure 2 (Stations 1, 3, U, 5, 17, 27, 29, 30, 31



 and 33).



       The sediments which are high in taconite tailings are much more



 dense and coarse than non-tailings lake sediments.  In areas of higher



 rates of tailings depositions where definite layers are formed, the



 wet density of the sedimented tailings is 1.8-2.0 gms/cm3 compared to



• natural lake bottom areas where the density is 1.0-1.2 gms/cm3.  The



 same comparison shows lake sedimented tailings to be coarser (80-95$



 greater than 2p diameter) compared to natural lake bottom sediments



 (15-35$ greater than 2\i diameter).



       The consumption of oxygen in the sediments as indicated by oxygen



 profiles of interface water from samples collected at all stations,



 appear similar.  The diffusion1*6'1*7 and consumption'*8'1'9 of oxygen by



 sediments has been recently studied.  Combinations of chemical and



 biochemical oxygen demand result in oxygen depletion in the sediments.



 Since Area III sediments contain more organic material than Area I



 sediments, one could conclude that greater chemical oxygen demand



 from tailings gives approximately equivalent oxygen consumption in
 ?
 i

 both tailings and non-tailings areas.

-------
                                                                         17
      All water-sediment core samples studied shoved that the direction

of transport was from the sediment interstitial lake water to the bulk

lake water.  Well defined profiles for measured parameters plotted in

Figure 2 (all stations) show striking differences "between interstitial and

interface bulk vater—that portion which contacts the water-sediment

interface.

      Manganese exchange can be seen strikingly.in Figure 2.  Ferrous

iron is not detected above the sediment vater interface, indicating the
                            «
first several millimeters are aerobic.  All parameters measured showed

well defined profiles indicating leeching from lake sedimented materials

into interstitial and bulk lake water -

      .Any material which xs deposited on the lake "bottom and is subse-

quently dissolved in the interstitial water is potentially available for

further chemical and biological interaction in the lake system50-  The

rate and extent of transport across the water sediment interface directly

affects the concentration of the material in both the interstitial water

and the bulk lake water.

      The preliminary statistical treatment of data obtained from

cruise II indicate that statistically significant differences existed in

the concentrations of potassium and ortho phosphate in the bulk water

at 0.3 meters and 30 meters, measured from the sediment in Area I and

Area III.  Moreover, measurable gradients for the concentrations of

silica, potassium, manganese, copper, and oxygen, were observed at

several stations with metals increasing and oxygen decreasing near

the sediment.

-------
      The absence of pronounced gradients at all stations vas due,




in part, to lake currents and vertical turbulence vhich effectively




mix the water near the sediment with the bulk water of the lake.   In




addition, organisms such as algae are efficient at removing essential




nutrients from the watersl >5lf and would reduce the likelihood that




discernible gradients would form in the water column.   Additional




calculations are in progress to more fully understand and model the




exchange rates and transport mechanisms.

-------
                                                                     19
     A study of western Lake Superior during the summer of 1972 has




demonstrated that lake sediments contribute dissolved silica, calcium,




magnesium, potassium, manganese and ortho phosphate to the overlying




lake water.




     The surface sediments in the area or Silver Bay, Minnesota, were




found to be mainly composed of taconite tailings covering an area




greater than 110 square miles.  This layer vas found to be more than 8  cm




thick 1-3 miles off shore at Beaver Bay and Split Rock sampling




stations.




     The composition of lake water in the area of Silver Bay, Minnesota,




when compared to an area at Hovland, Minnesota (70 miles up current, NE),




showed higher concentrations of potassium (+10$), manganese (+kQQ%),




suspended solids (+800$), and turbidity (+500$).  Suspended solids in the




Silver Bay area are mainly composed of taconite tailings.




     Interstitial water of lake sediments is much higher in concentra-




tions of dissolved components.  Higher concentrations of silica (+30$),




magnesium (+50$), and copper (+200$) were found to occur in taconite




tailings sediment compared to lake sediments.




     Samples of lake water collected at different depths indicate the




lake was generally well mixed.  Measurable concentration gradients of




silica, potassium, manganese, copper and oxygen were observed at




several sampling stations, with metals increasing and oxygen decreasing




close to the water-sediment interface.

-------
                                                                    20
     Any material vhich is deposited on the lake bottom and is subse-




quently dissolved in the interstitial water is available for further




chemical and biological interaction in the lake system.  Lake currents




and turbulence effectively mix the bulk water, eliminating extensive




concentration gradients.  Undisturbed lake water-sediment cores stored




for two months at lake conditions, showed distinct concentration




profiles of dissolved substances exchanging from higher concentrations




in the interstitial water to the interface bulk vater.   Earlier studies




demonstrated that taconite tailings dissolved under lake conditions in




the laboratory.  These findings have now been documented in Lake




Superior.  Lake sedimented taconite tailings continue to contribute




dissolved components to the interstitial and bulk water of the Lake.

-------
                                                                       21
                              BIBLIOGRAPHY






1.  Effects of Taconite on Lake Superior 1970, National Water Quality Lab-




       oratory, U.S. D.I.9 FWPCAj Proceedings - Conference in the Matter of




       Pollution of Lake  Superior and its Tributary Basin, U.S. D.I., FWPCA,




       2nd Session Vol. 1, pp. 222-32U, April 29-30, 1970.




2.  Lake Survey District, Corps of Engineers,. Dept.  of the Army, Lake Supe-




       rior Charts and Data.




3.  Farrand, W. R. and Zumberge, J. H. , Lake Superior Bathymetric Chart,




       University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 1966.




U.  Olson, T. A. and others.  Lake Superior Studies. 1956 - 1962, School of




       Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 1962.




5-  Adams, C. E. , Summer  Circulation in Western Lake Superior.  Great Lakes




       Research Center, U.S. Lake Survey Destrict, Detroit, Michigan and




       Variations in the  Physics-Chemical Properties of Lake Superior, Lake




       Survey Center, NOS, NOAA, Detroit, Michigan.  Proc. 15th Cont. Great




       Lakes Research 1972. pp. 22D-??6.




6.  Csanady, G. T.  Dispersal of Foreign Matter by the Currents and Eddies of




       the Great Lakes.   Publ. No. 15, Great Lakes Res. Div., University of




       Michigan, pp. 283-29*4. 1966.




7.  Hughes, J. D. and J.  P- Farrell, and E. C. Monahan.  Drift Bottle study




       of the Surface Currents of Lake Superior.  Michigan Academician,




       2_ (U): 25-31. 1970.




8.  Terrell, Robert E. and Theodore Green.  Investigations of the Surface




       Velocity Structure of Lake Currents.  Linmol. Oceanog. 17: 158-l60. 1972

-------
                                                                        22
                            BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont.)




 9.  Smith, Ned P.  A Comparison of Computed and Measured Currents in Lake



        Superior.   Proceedings of the 13th conference on Great  Lakes Research.



        969-977. 1970.


10.  Ploeg, J.  Wave Climate Study - Lake Superior.  Great Lakes Res. Div.  Pub.



        No. 15, Univ. of Mich. 1966.



11.  Laidly, William T.  Surface Currents of the Great Lakes.  Corps of Engineers,



        Detroit, Michigan.   March 18, 19M.



12.  Ragotzkii, Robert  and Michael Bratnick.  Infrared Temperature Patterns on



        Lake Superior and Inferred Vertical Motions.  Publ.  Nol 13, Great  Lakes



        Res. Div.,  University of Michigan,  pp. 3^9-357. 1965.



13.  Haley, K.  M., Proceedings of the Conference of Pollution of Lake Superior



        and its tributary Basin, U.S. D.I.,  FWPCA, Vol. U, 1969.



I1*.  Baumgartner, D. J., et al. , Investigation of Pollution in  Western Lake



        Superior Due to Discharge of Mine Tailings, EPA, Pacific  Northwest



        Environmental Research Lab., Corvallis, Oregon. 1971.
  )

15.  Baumgartner, D. J., et al., Watei- Clarity in Relation to Fine Particulate



        Matter  in Lake Superior.  EPA, Pacific Northwest Environmental Research



        Lab., Corvallis, Oregon. 1972.
  i

16.  Cook, P. M.  Distribution of Taconite Tailings in Lake Superior and in



        Public Water Supplies. U. S. EPA, National Water Quality Laboratory,



        Duluth, Minnesota.  1973.



17-  Hutchinson, G. E.,  A Treatise on Limnology. Voli 1 & II, J.  Wiley & Sons,



        New York, 1957-



18.  Stumm, W.  and Morgan,  J., Aquatic Chemistry, Wiley -'Interscience, New
                  /


        York. 1970.

-------
                                                                        23
                           BIBLIOGRAPHY  (Cont-. )



19.  Gould, R. F. Editor, Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Water Systems,


        Adv. Chem. Series, No. 67. Am. Chem. Society, Washington, DC


20.  Riley, J. P. and Skirrow, G., Chemical Oceanography. Vol. 122. Academic


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21.  Brooks, R. R. , Presley, B. J. , and  Kaplan, I. R.  Trace Elements in


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        Acta, 32: 397-HlU. 1968.


22.  Runnells, Donald D., Diagenesis, Chemical Sediments, and the Mixing of


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23.  Hayes, F. R. , B. L. Reid and M. L.  Cameron.  Lake ¥ater.and Sediment II.


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2k.  Gorham, Eville.  Observations on the Formation and Breakdown of the


        Oxidized Microzone at the Mud Surface  in lakes.  Limnol. Oceanogr.


        3: 291-298. 1958.


25.  Piotrowicz,  Stephen R.  Trace Metal Enrichment in the Sea-Surface
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        Microlayer.  Journal of Geophysical Research, 77(27): 52U3-5251*. 1972.


26.  Krauskopf, Konrad B. Factors Controlling  the Concentrations of 13 Rare


        Metals in Sea-water.  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 9' 1-32B. 1956.


27.  Krauskopf, Konrad B.  Separation of Manganese from Iron in Sedimentary


        Processes.  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 12: 6l-81*. 1957-


28.  Hem, John D. Chemical Equilibria and Rates of Manganese Oxidation.


        Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1667-A; 1-6H. 1963.


29.  Hem, John D., Deposition and Solution of Manganese Oxides.  Geological


        Survey Water-Supply Paper 1667-B. 1-1)2. 196)4.

-------
                             BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont.)

 !
30.  Gorham, Eville, and Dalway J. Swaine.  The Influence of Oxidizing and

        Reducing Conditions Upon the Distribution of Some Elements in Lake
 I
        Sediments.  Limnol. and Oceanogr-, 10: 268-279- 1965.
                         I                                                  •
31.  Hayes, F. R. and J. E. Phillips.  Lake Water and Sediment.  Limnol. Oceanog.

        3: U59->*75. 1958.
 !
32.  Gamerman, R. C.  Aqueous Phosphate and Lake Sediment Interaction, Proc.

        13th Conf. Great Lakes.  Research.  673-682. 1970.
 <
33.  Parashiva Murthy, A. S. and Ferrell, Jr. R. E.  Comparative Chemical
 i
        Composition of Sediment Interstitial Waters.  Clays and Clay Minerals,

        20: 317-321. 1972.

3l*.  Rodin, E. Y.  Behavior of Nonconservative Pollutants in Aqueous Environ-

        ments.  J. Water Poll. Contr. Fed., Ul: 1475-1+81. 1969.

35.  Berner, R. A., Chemical Kinetic Models of Early Diagenesis., J. Geological

        Education.  October 1972. 267-272.

36.  Krauskopf, Konrad B.^  Dissolution and Precipitation of Silica at Lov

        Temperatures.  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10: 1-26. 1956.

37.  Morey, G. W. The Solubility of Quartz in Water in the Temperature Interval

        from 25° to 300° C.  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 26:  1029-101*3.

        1962.

38.  Okamoto, Go.  Properties of Silica in Water-  Geochimica et Cosmochimica

        Acta, 12:  123-132. 1957.

39.  Goldich, Samuel S.  A Study in Rock Weathering. J. Geol., U6: 17-58. 1938.

1*0.  Huang, W.  H.  and Keller,  W.  D.  Dissolution of Silicates in Organic Acids,

        Am. Mineral.   55= '2076.  1970.

-------
                                                                       25
                             BIBLIOGRAPHY  (Cont.)


1*1.  Standards Methods  for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13 ed.,

        Am. Public Health Assoc.9 Washington, D.C. 1971.

1*2.  Cook, P. M., X-ray Diffraction Methods for the Study of the Distribution
 /
        of Taconite Tailings in Lake Superior Sediments, Water and Substrates.

        EPA, NWQL, Duluth, Minnesota. 1973.

1*3.  Krawczyk, D. F., Chief, Consolidated  Laboratory Services., EPA, NERC,

        Corvallis, Oregon, Analysis were preformed at NERC under the direction

        of.

1*1*.  Childs, C. W. and  Alfsen, B'. E. and Christie, 0. H. J.  on Relative Mobility

        of Iron and Manganese in Sediment  processes., Nature Phy. Sci., 2Ul:

        119. 1973.

1*5.  Hem, J. D. Increased Oxidation Rate of Manganese Ions in Contact with

        Felspar Grains.  U.S. Geol. Survey Prot. Paper 1*75-C, 216-217. 1963.

        Denver, Colorado.

1*6.  Bouldin, D. R. , Models for DescriDing the Diffusion of Oxygen and Other

        Mobile Constituents Across the Mud-Water Interface.  J. Biology 56:

        77-87. 1968.                          '                         '

U7.  St. Denis, C. E. and Fell, C. J. D.,  Diffusivity of Oxygen in Water,

        Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1*9: 885. 1971.

1*8.  Howeler, R. H. ,  The Oxygen Status of Lake Sediments. J. Environ. Quality,

        1:366-371. 1972.

1»9.  McDonnell, A. J. and Hall, S. D. , Effect of Environmental Factors on

        Benthal Oxygen  Uptake.  J. Water Poll. Control Fed., Hi: 353-363- 1969.

-------
                                                                      26
                             BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont.)






50.  Lee, G.  F.,   Factors Affecting the Transfer of Materials betveen Water




        and Sediments.  Lit.  Rev.  No.  1, Eutrophication Information Prog.




        Water Resources Center,  University of Wisconsin, Madison.  1970.




51.  Schelske, C.  L.  and Stoerraer,  E.  F., Eutrophication, Silica Depletion,




        and Predicted Changes in Algal Quality in Lake Michigan, Science




        173:  U23-U2U. 1971.  and  Phosphorus, Silica and Eutrophication of




        Lake Michigan.  Am. Soc.  Limn.  2nd Ocean. Special Symp. on Nutrients




        and Eutrophication,  Vol.  I. 157-171. 1972.




52.  Watt, W. D.  and Hayes,  F. R.,   Tracer Study of the Phosphorous Cycle in




        Sea Water.   Limnol.  2nd  Oceanogr. 8_: 276-285, 1963.




53.  Bella, D. A. ,  Simulating the Effect of Sinking and Vertical Mixing on




        Algal Population .Dynamics.   J. Water- Poll. Control Fed. U2: ll»0-152.




        1970.




51*.  O'Brien, W.  J. ,  Limiting Factors in Phytoplankton Algae:  Their Meaning




        and Measurement. Science 178:  6l6-6l7. 1972.

-------
                                 <$>   ,
FIGURE 1 a.
                           <$>
                                   S
                                      O
                   T
                 -01"  °:  f    «

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                    o       '•«*—%•	
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•^&>—-7 / «  X"    ""r"    '^<   •'•
>O?>**'*  *y   J'','V  	2S	Jll -r"""'";


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     Crystal Bey
        Baptism fiver
      Palisade
        Head
              •
              11
                              12
                                     •
                                      R
13
                              LAKE SUPERIOR
                               1972  Area I
                                  8 tat loon
SilTer
         Delta

        I 'Beaver I.
         'Pellet I.
        • Beaver Bay
 Point
                                                                 •10
                                                                      Minnesota   ,    Wisconsin
            Gooseberry
               Reef
                           5000 Meters
     Encampment 1.
                          3 Statute Miles
                                                                                                              O

-------
                                   •
                                    35
35
              37
                           38
              Bip; Fey
                                                                              Lake Superior
                                                                              1912  Area III
                                                                                  Stations
    Kovl and
                                    30
                                                 •
                                                 31
                                                               32
                            33
                 Brule Fiver
                                                   26
                                                              •
                                                               27
                           •28
    Ter.perance
       River
      Ttconlte
   '     Harbor
/ I'uf'nr 1,'tnf (V.v
                                                         5000 Ke
                                                       3 Jtnl.ut.1! nll'n
                                                                                    Superior
                                                                              19T2  Area II
                                                                                 Stttloas
                                                                                                             or.

-------
Figure 2.  Profiles of Component Exchange Across the  Water-Sediment




           Interface of Cores Taken in Lake Superior.  12 pages.

-------

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 V-
 a
cfl
 1*1  O
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                      ?&
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en
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-------
Figure 3.  X-ray diffraction patterns of sediments from Station 7
Sediment
Depth
                                  Size
0 -
2.5 -
5.0 -
7.5 -
2,5 cm
5.0 cm
7-5 cm
10 cm
<2u
<2u
<2p
<2p
Depth
                                                             Size
                                             I   0 - 2.5 cm   <2u

2.5 -
5.0 -
7.5 -
5.0 cm
7.5 cm
10 cm
<2y
<2M
<2y

-------

-------
                                                                     PAWTKLE sue ANALYSIS
                                                                LAKE SuPtnOH STUDY  JULY-OCTOSErt (872
                                                                                                                  CO

                                                                                                                   oo ^

                                                                                                                   CO
                                                                                                             • 55-J
                                              SIZE MALVSIS
                                   LAKE surfieon sruor JUU-OCTCGCU 1972
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                                                   «oJ
                                                  S ro-l
                                                                          9>2E ANALYSIS
                                                                UKE SUPERlOD STUDY JULV-OCTOOCH I07J
                                             SIZE ANALTSJS
                                  LAKE SUPCaiM STUOr JULr-OCTOOCR 1972
                                              •IS--1
J. i *  *"i -. ;.  i a A 4  A  4 4 A  i    "     """T
3 3 n S £ 2  * 1 5 S  I  5 2 |  |             3
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                                  *  b, s I s  ;  J s  g  s  « g «  § s j  |  f |

Figure

-------
Table I. Cruise I, July 18-21, 1972.
                                                                 Water and Sediment Analysis
Station
location A B
N. Lat. 47°13.6' 47°10.9'
W. Lone. 91°17.4' 91°20.5'
Depth (M) 234 225
Sample location
relative to water-
sediment cl c3
interface (ccO
Specific ~i-9
conductivity", ;
, . i -4.4
(ymho/ca, 7 ,
18 C) -15.2
+2.5
-1.9
-3.8
PH -4.4
-7.6
-15.2'
+2.5
E'h -1.9
my, -3.8
saturated -4.4
Cl'.Ag -7.6
electrode -15.2
+2.5 12.4(12}
Dissolved -1.9 3.6
oxygen -3.8 <1
Bg/1 <*C) -4.4
-7.6
-15.2
+2.5 _ c3
Klnerology ^ -1.9 C,Q;98 C,Q;96
Z>2v -3.8
-4.4
-7.6
-15.2

C
47°09
91°16
290


cl
84
94
308
7.5
6.8



6.9
350
290



230
12.2(5)
6.3(5)












.8'
.6'



C3

74
106
195


6.9

7.0
6.7


190

-60
-60


8.3

<1
<1


C,Q;89

C.Q.ch.i
Q.ch.M


D
47°31
90°45
185


cl
94
188
197
222
7.5
7.3
7.0


7.1

275
220


120
12.5(5)
7(5)
4(5)


<1(5)



m;90
;36



.4'
.5'



c3

142
162
185


7.3

7.1
7.1


250

260
270


2.2

2.1
2.0


C,q,Ch;46

c,Q,Ch; 34
Q,Ch,H;29


E
47°26
.90°53
245'


cl
95
175
151
174
7.6
7.5
6.9


7.0
290
130
110


+5
_13.2(6Jt
6.2(8)
2.7(10


<1(10)








.6"
.4'



c3

205
205
179


6.9

7.3
6.9


180

120
-10


3.0
)
2.4
<1


C,Q;53

Ch.c,Q;29
Q,Ch,M;24,


F
47°28.3'
90°50.3'
200


c3

208
242
242


6.8

6.7
6.7


300

280
275


6.0

3.2
2.0








G
47'12
91°11
273


cl
93
108
162
193
7.
7.
7.


-
220
160
70


-105
	 12.
6.
2.



-------
        Table II.
                         Cruioe  I. July 18 - 21.  1972    Voter
Parameter
Station
Depth (M)
Saaple
Location
2
SiO? 2a
ag/1 I
Ca.
06/1
HS
mg/1
Da
E
og/1
Cu
vg/1
Mn
Fe
P8/1
Turbldlt/
Suspended
Solldsfe/1)
Minerals6
in E.S.
Specific
Conductancee
Oxygen
Kg/1
P-
V
2
2o
4
2
2a
3
4
2
2a
3
4
2
2a
3
4
2
2a
3
4
2
2a
3
4
2
3
2 0
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
S&mp] e I/)cat Ions
1 27M t'low aur'-scc.
2 3-?M bhovc £cdlncnt.
A
234
2.5
2^6
15.9
14.3
64.3
2.9
3.1
11
1.2
3L.ii
0.50
l't>
3.2
1.2
8*5
25
0.7
20
2
1200
.6 o.
.1 1.
C.Q
80.8
82.2
13.2
13.2
(5.0)
_
2.HO
260
B
225
V
14.5
2.8
1.2
0.50
1.2
1.3
4
4 0.7
2 0.7
C.Q
80.7
81.1
13.2
(4.0)
13.2
7.7
7.7
298
290
C
2.b
u!s
15
2.9
2.9
3.2
3.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
l.T
O.50
0.50
0.72
0.84
11
•27
230
b
2400
0.5
0.3
c.«
80.7
81.3
13.2
13.2
(1.0)
7.8
7.8
297
290
C n cunnlngtonlte; Q=
a ° upblbole
D
185
2.4
2.5
16
13.3
13.2
16.7
14.3
2.9
3.1
3.2
2.7
0.92
0.92
1.0
2.7
0.92
0.41
0.52
1.3
1.4
1.2
13
13
1.0
0.6
7.9
210
12
30
2400
0.2
0.1
Q, Ch,
80.7
60.6
13. t>
(U.2)
13. 4
C..5)
7.8
6.0
300
299
quarts;
E
245
2)3
2.3
25
15.2
15.2
12.6
J5.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
3.8
1.2
1.2
1.2
2.1
0.46
0.48
0.48
0.81
1.6
1.3
2.9
1400
0.4
0.6
3.0
21
2
8
7
2400
0.2
0.1
a
60.4
80.5
13.1
13.0
(5.5)
7.8
8.0
269
282
V
200
-
-
-
:
_
-
-
-
0.5
0.3
Q.Ch.i
80.7
80.6
13.2
13.2-
(h.5)
7.7
7.9
292
288
O
273
36
14.5
15.5
13 .6
10.7
2.8
2.7
2.8
1.2
2.2
1.2
3.2
0.46
0.49
0.49
13
5-9
27
0.5
5.8
1500
4
59
22
5600
0.5
0.5
C.Q.
80.7
80.8
13.3
(4.2)
13.2
(4.5)
7.8
7.8
291
290
B
285
2.b
2.1)
2.3
n
11. .6
20.0
28.6
3.0
3.2
1.8
3.*
0.95
0.94
1.2
2.1
0.43
0.42
0.51
0.64
1.4
1.1
5.1
18
0.5
3.7
15
2000
3
17
74
hOOO
0.4
0.1
Q.Ch,
80.7
81.1
13.3
(fc.O)
13.3
(4.2)
7.8
7.8
298
293
I
255
2.3
2.3
2.1
25
lfc.5
1U.6
1«.3
21.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
6-5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.5
•0.49
0.48
0.4.4
0.42
1.7
1.4
12
0.55
2700
5
35
1U
350
0.3
0.2
a C,Q
81.2
80.6
13.3
(U.O)
13.2
(lt.1.) _
7.8
7.9
298
295
Ch " chlorite
3 10-PG cm  oU.y:  0"'lin»nt ,aHneh 2100A, JTU
4 0-7.C cm  of Bedlracnt.    e  .   .    ,00 -
a,. ....    .                 iialioa/cn,  18° C
TlnflKered                 '
bCtatlon Ap n. lAt.  47"  13.1*
            V. l/5nE.,91° 37.6'
av, ve oaturated caloael electrode

-------
   Table III
   Cruise II, September 18-24. 1972
   STA7IOS 1. Latitude N47*10.7'  , longitude H91°22.0'
              • Depth to Sediment 194 Meters.
                                   WATER AKD  SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
   WATER
Sample location
relative to sediment
water interface
(centiaetera)

226

100

30

„

e

«•»,
Si02
og/1

2.5

2.6

k 2.6
Ca Hg Na
• Og/1 Dg/1 Bg/1

14.0

13.6

13.4 '2.7 1.1
K Cu
og/1 pg/1

0.43

0.37

0.37 1.1
Hn Fe PC
M$/l fg/1 vt

1.6

1.1 <

2.0 1.0 <
Oxygen Specific
i$~ dissolved conductance
P/l mg/1 (*C) umho/cm
18"C
:l 12.9 (6.1)1 82.8
12.8 (6.9)0
:1 12.8 (5. 2)"

1 12.8(5.7)v 81. 9f

Miner-
alogy



C, Q.£
ch


Tur-
bidity
JTU


3.4f



Susp.
solids
Bg/1


8./


-1.3 ci 20 10.2 3
c] 25 14.8 4
-3.8. ci 27 11.4 3
03 27 16.2 4
-6.3 cj 33 17.0 5
£3 27 17.8 5
SEDIMENT
Saaple location
relative to sediment
water Interface C H
(centimeters) gn/kg go/kg
-1,3 <1 <1
-3.8 <1 <1
-6.3
-8.9
.-11. 4
-14.0
.1 1.5
.6 1.5
.8 1.6
.8 1.7
.1 2.8
.8 2.2



N P
go/kg ng/kg
<1 0.096
<1 0.073




1.2 8.7
1.3 11
0.96 17
1.1 19
0.93 31
1.1 12


Particle Particle
size volune
X > 2|i V
96 676
95
96
94
62
60
2.7
211
301
606
1440
685



79 425
14 <25
103 <25
18.5 <25
155 <25
16 <2J . -



Cuaaingtonlte Quarts Aaphibole Chlorite Mica
•M- -M-
•H- ++•
•H- -M-
•H- «•
- -f
-
++ +*
•H- -H-
•H- -K
•f^ +t
-rt +f
•M- •**
C,Q,ch

C.O.ch
W | <4|brl
•C.Q.ch



Feldspar






Notes on sampling:
 a: by puap> -240 cm below L.   1.5
yi 36
EI 30
Saople handling
 alt storage in teflon
 dti centrlfuga-filtrdtlOD
 d2: dilution-filtration
 oi: color (Fall)
Mineraiogy
•H-.Ci.caJor peak intensity
 +,c: olnor paak Intensity
   -! <.l chart division
<2p fraction lefc column
>2v fraction right coition
C - cun-.tungtonite
9 - quarts
ch - chlorite
H - mice
a - aophibolo

-------
Table III

Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
STATION 2 . Latitude N47'09.4'  , JonBitudc H91°20.5' .
           ' Depth to Sedimant 276 Meters.
HATER AND SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
HATER
      Sample location
    relative to sediment


tote
a:
01,
ci:
cat
water Interface S102 Co Mg N4i
(centimeters) mg/1 ag/l mg/l mg/1
3050 c 2.6 12.6 2.7 1.2
226 d 2.7 13.2
100 a 3.2 13.2
30 o 2.7 13.0 2.8 1.2
-1.3. cl 25 9.4 1.1
0 25 13.6 1.4
-3.8 ci 22 1.7
C3 26 1.8
-6.3 ci 24
cs 32
SEDIMENT
Saople location
eslatlve to sediment
uaee? interface C B H P .
(centlTaetcra) Qn/lcg gra/kg gm/Icg tag/kg
-1.3 111 0.104
-3.8 111 0.080
-6.3
-8.S
-11. «
-14.0
a on oakling: • Sampler, depth to »a
by pun?, -240 c« below L. Bus-face Hlaklo Van Ooro
21 nasple tCTbtd b: 18,300 d: 226
3.8 ca  2v >> CuEmlngtoaito Quarcc Aaphibole Chlorite Mica Falflopar
93 420 -M- +* •«••*+
93 +«. 4+ ' ++ ++
90 ++•+*• +t +t
40 -•*•+<•«•
37 — + « . A*
38 •-.•«• «• «•
ter-sedlment interface (co) + Sample hand 1 too Hineralsgy
Benthoa all otorago in teflon -«-»C: iMjor pook intensity c - cuma^.nptoniKo
g: 61 -1: 28 p:'19 t: 7:4 at 34" dlt centrlluea-Ciltcetloa *0ci cloor pooli iatoaalty q _ quarts
hs 59 QI 27 qi IS ut 5.6 jri 36 dzt dilution-filnrstisa -i 3)i issceion rtel1' eolesa o . aoptvibola

-------
"Table III

 Cruise II,  September  18-24,  1972
 STATION  3,  Latitude  N47'07,3'  •  longitude W91«U.1'
           • Depth  to  Sediment 285 Hetera.

 HATER
                                     WATER AND SEdHOT ANALYSIS
Sample location
relative to sediment
water interface
(ceatlnetera)

3050 c
a, a:
a
30 k


27 •

-1.3 c»
c3
-3.8 el
c3
8102
.8/1

3.1
1

2.7




25
22
18
26
Ca
•mg/1

12.6
12.8
12.1
12.6




10.2
16.2
16.2
9.4
Kg
-8/1

2.6


2.7




2.4
3.7
4.3
2.S
Na
mg/1

1.2


1.2




1.3
1.4
2.2
1.5
K
mg/1

0.37


0.38




0.76
1.2
2.1
1.5
Cu
ng/1

1.3


•1.2




11
15
11
11
Hn
WS/1

0.3
0.3

2.4




3.2
5.6
5000
1400
Fe
MBA

2.0


1.3




56
23
9.0
140
Oxygen Specific
POj' dissolved conductance Miner-
US PA BS/1 <*C)

<1 12.8(5.5)C
<1 12.5(7.2)3
<1 12.6(7.0)^
<1 12.7(6.2)'
12.6(4.7)*
12.7(5.9)*
<: 12.8(4.1)°
12.6(4.8)*
42
<25
<2S
«25
linho/CB ilogy
18'C
75.2
82. 3a

83.2, C,Q,chf
81.7



C.Q.ch

C 0,ch

Tur- Susp .
toldity aollda
JTU mg/1
0.3 0.6


3.0* 5.6f




-



            -6.3   ci
17.0    4.0
                                                         3.7
                                                                  12
                                                                              980
                                                                                          10
                                                                                                  <25
SEDIMENT
Sample location

relative to sediment Particle Particle '
water interface
(centimeters)
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
C H H P site YOlrae
ga/kg go/kg go/kg ing/kg Z > 2 H v Cumnlngtonite Quarts Anphlbole Chlorite Mica Feldapat
1 <1 2 0.118 89 118 - +* +* -H- -H-
<1 <1 <1 0.064 87 -H- -H- -H- -H-
58 •«• * -H- t+
- + ++


Notes on sampling:                     Sampler, d
 at by pimp, -240 CB below L. surface     Klskin
 bl,2l Mania turbid  - -  -          bi 18,300
 ell 3.8 CB dla. Phlegor cores         ci  3,050
 eat 6.) cm tit, lenthoa COIM         It     70
 eji Intpek dr«tg«                     ki     30
epth to we
Van Porn
d; 226
81 100


iter-sediment interface (cm) +
Benthoa
8s
hi
ii
Ji
61
59
57
38
1:
mi
m
ei
28
27
2)
21
p; 19
qi 15
vt 13
it 11
c;
Ul
VI
VI
7.4
5.6
3.8
t.S
XI
yi
81

34
36
30

Sample handling K
.all storage in teflon +
drt centrifuge-filtration
dil
oil

dilution-filtration
color (mi) <
*
                                                                                                                       Mineralogy
                                                                                                                       •H-,Ci major peak intensity
                                                                                                                         t,oi Dinar peak intenalty
                                                                                                                           =i 
-------
   Table III

   Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
   STATION 4 , Latitude K47"07.2'  , longitude K91°16.6'
              • Depth to Sediment  215 Meterfi.
                                  WATER AMD  SEDBfD? ANALYSIS
HATER
Sample location
relative to sedieent
cater Interface
(centimetcro)
3050
30
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3-
c
c3
C3
C3
S102
Bg/1
2.6
2.6
26
34
30
Ca
s.g/1
12.4
13.2
11.5
5.1
4.2
MS
Hg/1
2.7
3.2
2.3
1.1
1.2
Ha
eg/1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.3
K Cu
Qg/1 Jlg/1
0.39 1.2
0.40 .1.6
0-92 11
0 .80 14
0.86 6.2
Ha
Hg/1
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.6
Oxygen
Fa P0£~ dissolved
K8/1 Vg ?/l "8/1 <*c>
12.6(7.2)*
.  '.y _     v'     Cunningtonitei  Quartz  Aaphikola  Chloric*      Mica       Foldapar
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
6 3 2 0.198 78 63 -H- 1* ++ ++
t <1 <1 0.054 51 + * ++ -w-
31 •+ + j « t »
36 » + **
+4
+4
Roteo oo saopllng:  .
 a: by pump, -240 ca below L. aurfa
 bl,2: tuple turbid
 en 3.8 cm dl». Phlegcr core*
 czi 6.3 cm dla. Beatho* core*
 en Ship** dredge
Sanpler,"depth to vater-aedinent  interface  (CB)*
   Niakin  Ten Porn     	Benthos	
            d: 226
b: 18.300
c>  3.050   et 100
fi     70
kl     30
g: 61' IT 28  p; 19  t:  7.«  x:  34
hi 59  »i 27  41 IS  u:  5.6  yi  36
1: 57  ni 23  rt 13  v:  3.*  «i  30
Jl 38  ei 21  •! U  «i  1.5
Snple handling'
 all storage in teflon
 dli centrifugo-filtrstion
 dli dilution-filtration
 oil color (Fell)
Mineralogy
-H-,C: aajor p_eak intensity
 •;-,c; minor peak intensity
   -I <1 chart division
<2|i fraction left calinm
>3v fraction right column
C. •• cummingtonito
Q - quartz
ch - chlorite
H - alca
• - Mphibola

-------
  "Table  III

  Cruise II,  September 18-24, 1972
  STATION 5  . Latitude N47*05.8'  » Ion«ltu*e W91*14.6'
              • Depth to Sediaent  W3  Meters
WATER AND SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
  HATER
         Sample  location
relative to sediment
water interface SiOj Ca Mg Na
(centimeters) mg/1 .mg/1 tjg/1 mg/1
3050 c 2.6 11.8 1.2
226 d 12.8
100 e 12.8
30 k 2.6 12.6 2.7 1.1
bl 3.4 12.8 2.7- 1.2
27 • 2.3 12.0 2.7
3.8 v 6.2 11.6 2.6
-1.3 c2 32 8.5 1.9 1.3
-3.8 c2 20 11.9 2.8 2.2
-6.3 c2 20 16.1 3.6 3.0
SEDIMENT
Sample location
relative to sediment
water Interface C H N P
(centimeters) go/kg gn/kg gin/kg mg/kg
-1.3 22 8 4 0.220
-3.8 6 <1 <1 0.150
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
Oxygen Specific
K Cu Ma Fe Po£~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
mg/1 ug/1 ' ug/1 ug/1 yg P/l mg/i (*c) pnho/cm alogy bldlty
18'C JTU
0.37 1.4 <1 12.6(9.8)' 80.6 0.81
1.6 l.o 12.7(5.8) 83.1
12.7(5.0)
1.9 12.6(10.5)r c,Q, 2.7f
ch
0.42 1.2 2.0 2.1 3.5 12.6(5.7)
1.2 <.J 14
0.40 1.7 0.3 <1 81.1.
°.3* 1.4 <.l 9.0 65.7
1.0 5.0 3.8 '56 78 c Q
2.4 6.0 250 20 <25 Q Ch
H, a
3.0 7.5 550 30 <23 Q Ch
H, a
Particle Particle
>lte volune
Z > 2u u* Cunmlngtonlte Quarts Aaphibole Chlorite Mica Feldspar
40 20 + + -H- -H-
30 --****•
29 - - ++ +*
33 - - -H- ++
37
33 --+++*
Susp.
solids
mo/1
1.2












tote* on sampling: Sampler, depth to water-sediment interface (cm) * Sample handling Mineralogy
a: by puop. -240 ca below L. surfaca Nlskln Van Horn Benthos ai: sCorage in teflon -H-.C: major peak intensity g . rilpm
bl,J! sample turbid                   b: 18,300   d: 226   g: 61 -1: 28  p:  1,9  C;  7.4  xi  M   di: centrifuge-filtration   *.c: nloor peak intensity   Q. quartz"
ci: 3.8 cm di*. Phlegor cores         c:  3,050   »i 100   hi 59  •: 27  41  IS  u;  3.6  yl  36   d2t dilution-filtration       -; <1 chart division      ch _ chlorlto
ejt 6.3 cm dla. Banlhaa cores         ft     70            i: 57  n: 23  ri  13  v:  3.8  si  30   sli color  (Fell)           <2|i fraction left column     M - mien
CJ! Shlpck dredge                     k:     30            jl 38  O: 21  si  11  wi  1.5                                    >2n fraction right colutm    « _ anphibola

-------
Table III

Cruise II, Septenber 18-24, 1972
STATION' 6 , Latitude N47°14.5'  , longitude  H91M6.8'.
           • Depth to Sediment  215 Meters.

WATER
WATER AMD SJPDfEOT ANALYSIS
Sample location
relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)

3050

226

c

d
Si02
Dg/1

2.6

2.8
Ca
ng/1

12.6

13.2
Mg
mg/1

3.0


Ka
mg/1

1.1


EC
g/l Cg P/l m8'1 ' C^ W mho/cm
18'C
<1 1.0 13.0(4.9). 83.5
12.4(9.0)
1.7 <1 12.9(8.0) 82.3

Miner- Tur-
alogy bidlty
JTU
1.7



Susp.
solids
mg/1
5.4


           100
            30
                           2.8   12.4                    0.42


                           2.6   13.0    2.7    1.2      0.42
                                                                   1.1
         3.5
                                                                                           T.I
                                                                                           1.0
                                        13.0(7.8)


                                        12.9(7.1)   83.5£
  SEDIXEST
        Sample location
      relative to sediment                              Particle  Particle
        water interface       C      H      N      P      size     voluae
         (centimeters)       gm/kg  go/kg  go/kg  mg/kg   Z > 2-u     v'     Cummlngtonit*  Quarts  Aaphlbole  Chlorite      Klca
rh
                                                                                                                                       ?cidipar
             -1.3

             -3.8

             -6.3

             -8.9

            -11.4

            -14.0
Not** oo Mapllng: Sanpler, depth to vi
it py puaf>, -240 CB below L. aurfac* Hi akin Van Porn
bl.Ji laaple turbid bt 18,300 d: 226
Cll 3.8 CB dla, Phlegor core* ci 3,050 at 100
C2i 6.3 o dia. Benthoi cor** t I 70
C3i fhlpck dredga fcl 30
iter-sedlnent interface (CB) t
Bentho*
g: 61
h: 59
l! 57
Jl 38
1: 28
• i 27
ni 23
o: 21
p: 19
qi 15
r: 13
• I 11
t: 7.4
u: 5.6
vi 3,»
•i 1.5
xi 34
yi 36
II 30
Sample handling
*H storage in teflon
dt * centrtfuge-flltration
421 dllutiop-f iteration
ell color (Fall)
Hit
•H-,
•f,
<2j
>2|
                                                                                                                       Mineralogy
                                                                                                                       •H-,C: major peak intensity
                                                                                                                         t,c: minor peak intensity
                                                                                                                           -t <1  chart division
                                                                                                                          i fraction  left coluon
                                                                                                                          i fraction  right coluan
                                                                              C - cuaniJngtppit*
                                                                              Q - quart*
                                                                              ch - chlorite
                                                                              H - Blca
                                                                              • - anphibola

-------
Table  III
Cruise II, September 18-24. 1972
STAT10H  7, Utltuuo N47M3.4'  , longitude Wl'
           • Depth to Sediment 271 Meters.
HATER
      Sample location
    relative to sediment
WATER AND SEDQfEHI ANALYSIS

water interface SiOj
(centimeters) atg/1
Ca Kg Ha
.Bg/1 mg/1 mg/1
3050 e 2.6 12.4 3.1 1.1
100 e 2.6 13.6
30 k 2.6 12.6 2.7 1.2
-1.3 d 20 11.9 3.1 1.4
-3.8 cl 42 10,2 2.9 2.0
-6.3 0 32 12.7 3.4 2.8
SEDIMENT
Saaple location
relative to sediment
water interface C B H P
(eentlneters) gm/kg go/kg ("/kg ng/kg

lot*
a:
bl.
ci:
tit
C3l
-1.3 <1
-3.8 <1
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
<1 3 0.067
<1 <1 0.050
• on »«npllng: Sampler, depth to wa
by pua\p. -240 ca below L. surface Nlifcln Van Dora
2> sample turbid b: 18.300 d: 226
J.8 CB dla. Fhleger cores el 3.0SO •< 100
(.3 ca dia. Benthos cotes ft 70
Shlpek dredge kt 30
K Cu Mn Fe P0j~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur- Susp.
mg/1 ug/1 Mg/1 ug/1 yg P/l ng/l(*C) u mho/cm alogy bidity solids
18*C JTU og/1
0.44 1.2 0.2 <1 <1 13.0(5.0) 82.5 - 0.3 0.6
12.4(9.1)*
0.40 . 1.4 12.8(8.0) - C.Q.ff 1-9* 2.4*
0.47 3.4 2.4 1.5 <1 12.7(8.2) 79. 9f
1.6 10 1.2 12 <25 - - C. Q
1.1 21 24 330 <25 - - c  2|i v1 Cumaingtonite Quartt Aaphlbol* Chlorite Mica Feldspar
96 2074 -H- -M- ++ ++
95 +*++*+++
85 -f ++ -H- ++•
27 -H- -H-
29 ..+*«.
24 __«.++
ter-aedlment interface (CD) 1- Sample handling Mineralogy
Benthos «l: utorage in teflon ++.C: major peok intensity Q , cilTinlngror
g: 61 It 28 p: 19 t: 7.4 xi 14 dt: centrifuge-flltrecion +,ci oinor peak iDtensity q . qmrti
h: 59 mi 27 2f fraction right colunn c . utphlbol*

-------
Table III
Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
STATION  8. Latitude N47*11.9'  . longitudeH91°12.9'
           •Depth to Sediment  286 Meters.
HATER AMI S£DBfm ANALYSIS
HATER
      Sample location
    relative to sedicant

voter interface SiOj
(centimeters) ng/1
Ca Mg Na
rng/1 mg/1 og/1
3050 c 2.6 12.2 . 2.7 1.2
226 * 2.6 13.2
100 e 2.9 12.0
30 t>l 3.0 12.6 2.8 1.2
-1.3' cl 26 34.8 5.6 1.5
-3.8 cl 22 48. S 7.8 2.6
-6.3 «> 24 55.6 9.0 3.0
SEDIMEKT
Saaple location
relative to sediment
water interface C H C P
(centimeters) go/kg go/kg ga/kg ag/kg
'
-1.3  2u V9 Cuamlnatoaita Quarts Aophibolo Chiorico Kica ?oldsp«r
97 1284 -K- -H- «+ «-
93 4+ •«• ++ +4-
94 •«• -H- ++ -H-
94 «••«•++•«• d>
SO + -H- 4+ ++
65 * -«• -M- •«•
iter-sedlment Interface (CB) + Sample handling Mineralogy
Benthos alt storage in toflon -H-,C: major peak intensity c - cummingtonlta
gt 61 1: 28 p! 19 t! 7.4 x: 34 di: -centrlfuga-flltrotloa «-.et ninor peak intanelty -Q- quartz ' "
h! 59 n: 27 qt IS u« J.6 y« 36 42; dtlutlon-silwatioa -i <1 chart division ch - chlorite
it 57 nt 23 si 13 v: 3.8 >: 30 oil' color (Fell) <2(i froctton left colusa n- nica
^t 38 s: 21 «: 11 wi 1.5 >Jn fraction right colunn 0 _ saphibolo

-------
         III
   Cruise II,  September 18-24. 1972
   STATION 9 ,  Latitude N47*10.8' . longitude
             • Depth to Sediment 212  Meters.
HATES AND SEPPJBJT ANALYSIS
   WATER
         Sample location
       relative to sedioent
water interface SiOj C« Mg Na
(ceotlaeters) ag/1 .ag/1 ng/l mg/1
3050 c 2.9 12.4. 2.7 1.1

226 d 2.8 12.0
100 e 2.8 12.4 2.7 1.2
30 k 2.9 12.6 2.7 1.2
-1.3 cl 22 8.5 1.9 1.1
-3.8 cl 32 4.2 1.0 1.1
-6.3 cl 28 3.4 .76 1.3
SEDIMENT
Saaple location
relative to sediment
vater interface C H H P
(centimeters) go/kg go/kg ga/kg og/kg
-1.3 943 0.105
-3.8 21 5 2 0.054
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
— ,w — -r 	
X Cu Hn Ps to} dissolved conductance Miner- Tur- Susp.
ng/1 wg/1 |ig/l ug/1 tig P/l ng/i («c) pnho/cm «logy bidity solids
18*C JTU BiE)/l
0.47 1.0 2.8 <1 <1 12.7(4.9) 74.4 - 2-5 3.6
12.1(9.5)
6.40 . 1.3 12.6(9.0) 82.8 . _
0.44 1.3 2.4 <1 <1 12.6(8.5) - C'^> 2.8f 4.5f
ch
0.44 2.6 1.2 <1 <1 . 12.8(7.0) 81.7* -' .
°'" ?•» .8 34 <2S - - CQ
0.65 13 23 124 - - c Q
Ch M
0.56 5.6 6.8 320 182 - - Q Ch
M, a
•
Particl* Particle
Size VOlUBC
I > 2 p. v1 Cunmingtonite Quarts Anphlbole Chlorite Mica Feldspar
79 81 ++ ++ •«-*• •H-
32 + + -H- ++
29 - - ++ -H-
30 __+<•••-»•

31 - - ++
Dates on sampling:                     Sampler, depth to water-sediment interface (cm)+         Sample handling             Mineralogy
 • i by puap, -Z40 ca below L. aurfM*     NiBktn  Van Porn     	  Benthos	  an  storage  In  teflon      -H-.C: oajor peak intensity   e _ euuutiogtonito
 bl,2: saaple turbid   .     .           b: 18,300   d: 226   g:  61  1:  28  p:  19   t:  7.4   xt  34  dll  centrifuge-filtration   +.c: minor peak intensity   Q- quarts
 ct> 3.8 ca dia. Phleger cores         c:  3.050   «i 100   h:  59  m:  27  v  «   "«  5.6   7>  36  dzt  dilution-filtration       -: t Shlpek dredge                     kt     30            j I  38  e:  21  81  11   w:  1.3                                     >2V traction right coluao    a . omphibolo

-------
    Table III
    Cruise  II,  September  18-24.  1972
    STATION 10. Latitude  N47"09.6'  •  longitude H9i'09.6' •
               •Depth  to  Sedieant  192 Meters.

    HATER
HATER AND SEDDJEHT ANALYSIS
Sample location
relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)
226 d
100 e
30 bl, k
-1.3 Cl
-3.8 ci
-6.J ci
Si02
mg/1

2.7
3.8 .
31
44
36
Co Mg Na
og/1 Qg/1 mg/1
12.8
13.2
12.4 2.9 1.1
7.6 1.7 1.1
4.2 a 78 1.1
5.9 1.02 2.0
K Cu
mg/1 US/1
0.36
0.37
0.40 1.2
0.90 19
OJ71 12
1.2 16
Oxygen
Mn Fe PO£~ dissolved
Ug/1 Pg/1 Hg P/l mg/1 <«C)
12.i(8.2)n
12. 1(9. 4)8
<1 12.6(5.8)
*-2 I-1 8.8 12.6(6.2)
0.5 9 <25 . -
6.5 4.2 98
240 42 482
Specific
conductance
u mho /CD
18°C
82.7
-
81.4*
-
-
-
Miner-
alogy
-
C,Q.f
ch
-
C Q
c Q
Ch, •'
«. Ch
M, a.
Tur- Susp.
toidity solids
JTU me/1
-
3.2* 5.3f
-



  Sample location
relative to sediment
  vater Interface       C      H      M
   (centineters)      gm/kg  gm/kg  gn/kg  ng/kg   X > 2y
                                                            Partitle  Particle
                                                       P      size     volume
                                                                                Cuamlngtonlte  Quartz  Anphibole  Chlorite      Mica
                                                                 Feldspar
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
-11. a
-14.0
13 5 3 0.033 62 97 ++ -H- ++ ++
21 5 2 0.189 71 + i- -H. +^
37 ._++<+
'•totes  on sailing:                     Sadler, depth to water-sediuent Interface (en) •«•
  ai  by p«p. -240 cm below L. surface     Siskin  Van Porn     	Benthos	
  bl,2: M«pl«  turbid
  ell  3.8 em dia.  Phleger coral
  cj:  6.3 0> die.  Benthos core*
  cj:  5hlp«k drvdge
                                                  g: 61  l! 28
                                                  hi 59  BI 27
                                                  It 57  m 23
                                                  Ji 38  01 21
pi 19
qt 15
ri 13
• i 11
t: 7.4
u: 5.6
vi 3.i
wi 1.5
36
30
Sample handling'
 all storage in teflon
 di: centrifuge-filtration
 d2: dilution-filtration
 •It color (Pell)
Mineralogy
*+,C: nnjor peak intensity
 +,et minor peak intensity
   -: <1 chart division
<2|i fraction lofc coluna
>2|i traction right coluao
                                                                              C - eummlngtonity
                                                                              Q - quarts
                                                                              ch - chlorite
                                                                              H - aica
                                                                              • - oophibole  _

-------
Table III

Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
STATION  11. Latitude N47*18.6'  . longitude  V91"ll.l'.
           •Depth to Sediment   227 Meters.

WATER

      Sample location
    relative to sedlaent
                                  WATER AM) S3)»JENI ANALYSIS
water interface
(centimeters)
SiOj Ca Mg Na K Cu Mn Fe P0£~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
•g/1 -«g/l ng/1 Bg/1 ag/1 ug/1 ug/1 ug/1 ng p/1 ag/1 (*C) uoho/cm alegy bldity
18'C JTU
18,300 * 2.6 13.2 0.35 «1 Jj^jj« 81.4
3'050 c 2.6 13.2 1.1 0.31 .1.3 <.l <1 <1 12.6(5.5) 82.3 - 0.15
"« d *•« 12-8 0.38 <.2 <1 12.8(8.2) 75.1
100 " 2.7 13.2 0.37 <1 12.7(8.1) - C,,.£ 0.58£
ch ' '
30 . b2, k 2-6 13.2 2.7 1.2 0.35 1.5 <.3 <1 <1 12.6(7.0) 81.7*
-1.3 c» 23 9.4 2.2 1.1 0.90 9.4 0.9 18 <25 - - C Q
-3.8 d 32 6.8 1.4 1.6 0.74 14 0.6 12 58 - - C Q
Ch M
-6.3 cl 25 5.1 0.89 1.6 0.70 4.6 1.6 65 100 - - Q, ch
SEDIMENT BI *
Sazple location
relative to sediment Particle Particle
water interface C H H P size volune
(centimeter! } go/kg go/kg go/kg mg/kg Z > 2u V1 Cumilngconlte Quartz Aaphibole Chloric* Mica Feldaper
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-a. 9
-11.4
-14.0
tote* on sampling!
• : by pmp, -240 cm below L
332 0.115 91 506 ++ «• -H- ++
4 <1 1 0.052 73 + -H- ++ *+•
57 --++++
47 - - -H- -H-
- - -H-. ++
42 --++++
Soapier, depth to water-sediment interface (en)* Sample handling Mineralogy
. turfaee Niakin Van Dorn Benthoc all storage in teflon +4,0: oajor peak Intensity
Susp.
solids
me/1
0<2b
0.2k
0.7£
C * cuma
els 3.8 cm di*. Phleg-r core*
C2i 6.3 c- dia. Bentho* core*
C5i Shlpck dredge
                                                         g: w  TiZS  p:  19   t:  7.4  x: 34   dr. centrifuge-filtration
                                    ci  3J050   •: 100   hi 59  •:  27  q:  15   u:  5.6  y: 36   d2; dilution-filtration
(i
kl
                                           70
                                           30
li 57  n: 23  n 13  v:  3.1  si  30
j: 38  o: 21  a: 11  w:  1.5
                                                                                             •It color (Fell)
 +,c: minor peak intensity   Q .
   -: <1 chart division     ch . chlorite
<2v fraction left column     n . elca
>2v fraction right column    a . anphibole

-------
  Table III

  Cruise  II.  Septenber 18-24.  1972
  STATION 12 ,  Latitude N47°16.9' • longitude  H91°Q9.1<
              Depth to Sediaect  267 Meters,

  WATER

       Sample location
     relative to  eedicant
MATES AND SZDWEJJT ANALYSIS
water Interface
(centimeters)
18,300 t
3,050 c
226 d
100 «
30 bl , k
-1.3 cl
-3.8 cl
-6.3 cl
SEDIMENT
Sasple location
relative to sedlneot
water Interface
(centineters)
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
Note* on sampling:
a I by DUMP, -240 CB below L,
Si02 Ca Mg Na K Cu Mn
ng/1 .mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 BS/1 W8/1 V&jl
2.7 13.6 1.2 0.33 1.3 0.1
2.6 13.2 1.1 0.34 -1.2 <.2
2.8 13.2 0.37
2.9 13.2 0.37
3.5 12.4 2.7 1.1 0.36 2.0 0.2
32 7.6 1.7 1.1 0.87 17 1.8
11.9 2.4 2.6 2.8 18 680
34 9.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 7.0 27
Pirtlcli Particle
C H H f alse volume
gn/kg gn/kg gn/kg ag/kg t > 2.u . V] Cummlnctonite
- 3 2 0.120 71 41 -H- -H-
24 5 2 0.240 41 + t
28 - -
31 - -
33 - -
33 - -
Saapler, depth to water-sediment Interface (cm) +
. surface Hlskln Van Dorn Benthos
Pe POj" dissolved conductance Miner- Tur- Susp.
ug/1 pg P/l ng/1 ("C) umho/cm alogy bidity solids
18" C JTU n8/l
<1 <1 12,8(6.5) 80.7 - -
12.3(9.2)
1.0 <1 12 N't. 9) 82.0 - 0.18. 0.3.
0.1Sb 0.2b
"l 12.6(7.2) 82-8 ' - "
 38  o: 21  •: U  wi 1.3                                     >2|i fraction  right coluan    . _ ««phibolo

-------
 Ible III

Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
STATION  13, Latitude N47M5.8'  •  longitude «9l'Q7.4<.
            Depth to Sediment  287 Meters.
HATER AND SEDIffENI ANALYSIS
HATER
      Sample location
    relative to sedloent


water interface SiOz
(centloeters) ng/1
18,300 b 2.5
3,050 c 2.6
226 d 2.6
100 * 2.6
30 bl, k 5.4
-1.3 ci 32
-3.8 d
-6.3 cl 44
SEDIMENT
Saaple location
relative to sediaent
water interface C
(centimeters) go/kg
-1.3 8
-3.8 23
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
totes on stapling:
a: by pusp, -240 cm belov L. aurfoc
bl.2: sample turbid
ci: 3-8 c» dia. Phleger cores
c2i 6.3 ea dia. Benthos cores
C3: Shlpek dredge
Ca Hg Na K
Bg/1 ng/1 mg/1 mg/1
12.8 1.1 0.35
12.8 1.1 0.36
12.8 0.42
14.4 0.38
11.2 2.4 1.1 0.40
11.0 2.2 1.3 l.A.
13.6 2.9 3.4
5.1 1.2 2.0 2.1
Particle
BMP size
gm/kg go/kg og/kg Z > 2 u
S - 0.110 77
5 3 0.280 43
30
34
32
Cu Mn Fa PO£~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
Hg/1 Vg/1 Wg/1 Ug P/l og/1 (*C) UDho/CB alogy bidity
18"C JTU
1.2 <.l <1 <1 12.9(7.5) 81.9
12.1(9.4)a
'l.2 0.4 <1 <1 13.0(8.6) 81.7 - 0.5 .
o.ir
<1 12.8(8.2) 84.6
<1 ' 12.9(5.7) - C,Q,£ 1.9f
ch
1.7 0.8 1.7 34 12.7(7.0) 82.3f
14 390 6 <25 ' - C, Q
10 530 19 <25 - - c, Q
Ch, M
8.0 70 32 <25 - - c , Q
' Ch, M
Particle
voluae
y> Cumoingtonite Quarts Aaphtbole Chlorite Mica Feldspar
87 -H- -H- -H- -H-
•»••»• -H- -H-
•f -f •+•*• +4-
- •«• 4+4+
- 4+4+
Sampler, depth to water-sediment interface (en) * Saaple handling Mineralogy
:• Niskin Van Dom Benthos ol! storage in teflon 4+,C: major peak intensity
b: 18,300 d: 226 g: .61
c: 3.050 e: 100 h: 59
It 70 i: 57
kl 30 d: 38
1: 28 p: 19 t! 7:4 «i 34 di: ccntrlfuoc-filtrotion +,c: minor peak incenolty
•: 27 4: 15 u: 5.6 yi 36 dsi dilution-filtration -: <1 chert division
n: 23 r: 13 v: 3.6 st 30 •>: color (Fell) <2v fraction left column
e: 21 s: 11 w: 1.5 >2w fraction right column
Susp.
solids
DC/1
0.7
0.2b
3.8£
C - cummlngtonltc
Q - quartz
ch - chlorite
M - mica
a - nmphibolo

-------
 Table III
Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
STATION 14. Latitude  N47'14.9' . longitude «91°05.6'.
           •Depth to Sediment 212  Meters.
WATER AND SSDJUENS ANALYSIS
HATER
      Sample location
    relative to sediment


uater Interface SiOz
(centimeters) Bg/1
18,300 b 2.2
226 d
100 e
30 b2, b 2.5-
-1.3 ci 31
-3.8 ci 34
-6.3 ci 32
SEDIMENT
Sample location
relative to sediment
water Interface C
(centimeters) gm/k
-1.3 9
-3.8 20
-6.3
-0.9
•11.4
-14.0
Ca Kg Na
as/1 as7l ng/1
12.2 1.2
13.2
12.0
12.2 1.2
13.6 3.1 1.5
5.9 1.2 1.4
5.1 1.3 1.7
H H P
8 8n/fct5 so/kg Eg/kg
5 4 0.060
3 2 0.195
Rotee on soapllng: Soapier, depth to «
a: by pump, -240 ee bolow L. surface Klskln Van Pom
bl.j: ess$l« turbid bi 18,300 d: 226
ei: 3.~8 ca die. Phlegcr cores e: 3.050 at 100
C2i 6.3 ca dla. Benches cores 2l 70
cst Shipek dredge fcl 30
K Cu Hn Fe P0j~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
ns/1 ug/1 VJ5/1 vg/1 ng p/1 mg/i (°c) lioho/cB alogy tldity
18°C JTU
0-32 1.2 <.l <1 12.4(9.2) 81-° ~ °-15
12.0(10.2)°
0-«° 12.5(7.0) 76'° -
0.33 12.5(6.2) - C.Q, 2.8£
ch •
0.34 <1 0.9 <1  2ii . v3 CuoaingtonitG Quartz Anphibole Chlorlta Mica Feldspar
73 118 <-* -K- -H. 4+
36 •)• t «• «•
33 •>•(•++-«•
26 + -H. -M-
24 - - -M- «•
iter-sedlment interface (ca) * Sample handling Mineralogy
Benthos an storage in teflon -H-,C: major peak Intensity
g: 61 1: 28 pt 19 t; 7:4' it 34 di: centrifuge-filtration *,c: minor peak inconoity
hi 59 Bf 27 & fraction right colunn
Susp.
solids
ng/1
0.3
5.5£
C * cumolngtoc
Q - quarts
ch - chlorlto
M - Qlca
9 - aaphlbola

-------
Table  III

 Cruise II,  September  18-24,  1972
 STATICS  IS,. Latitude  N47*13.7' , longitude W91'03.8'
             Depth  to  Sediment 186 Meters.
                                                                          WATER AKD SEDBtENT ANALYSIS
KATES
Sa=ple location
relative to sedlaent
water Interface
(centimeters)

3050


30


c


bl . k
1 "
Si02
s.g/1

2.3


5.4

Ca
ag/1

13.2


12.8

Mg Na
mg/1 mg/1

1.2


1.1

K Cu
ag/1 ug/1

0.36 1.3


0.41 .1.3

Kn
Ug/1

0.2


<.3


Fa POj"
Ug/1 ug P/l

<1 1.0


1.0 18

Oxygen
dissolved
mg/1 CO

12.8(4.9)
12.2(9.8)*
12.8(9.3)
13.0(8.2)'
12.9(8.0)
Specific
conductance
u mho /cm
18*C
82.1


80. 6£


Miner- Tur-
alogy bldity
JTU
0.27


C.Q.£ 1.5*
ch

Susp.
solids
/I
tog/1
0.3


2.9f

-1.3 cl 30
-3.8 cl 44

-6.3 cl 38
SEDIXENT
Saople location
relative Co sediment
water interface C
(centiaeters) gm/kg
-1.3 19
-3.8 22
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
6.8
3.4

6.8



U
go/kg
7
6




1.6
0.6

1.4



H
gm/kg
5
3




1.0
1.0

2.4



P
Dg/kg
0.082
0.160




0.74 14 l.J 23 63 - - C, Q
0.57 9.0 3.J 52 130 - - c, Q
Ch, M
1.6 12 35 32 166 - - Q, Ch,
H, a

Particle Particle
size volute
t > 1-]t Vs Cuaninstonite Quarts Anphibolo Chlorite Mica, Feldspar
58 45 -H- -H- ' -H-
29 + - ++
36 - - ++
31 - -
32 - -
33 - -
dote* on sampling:
 a: by pasq>, -240 en belov L. surface
 bl,j: Maple .turbid
 ci: J.8 cm dla. Phleger corea
 es: 6.3 c» dla. Benthoa eerea
 C3I Skipek dredge
Sampler," depth to water-sediment Interface 1cm) *•
   Siskin  Van Porn     	Benthoa
bt 18.300   di 226
    3.050
       70
       30
            a: 100
g: 61
h: 59
1: 57
J: 38
1: 28
n: 27
n: 23
o: 21
                                                                        p: 19
                                                                        q: 15
                                                                        c: 13
                                                                        •: 11
ts 7.4
u: 5.6
V! 3.8
v: 1.5
y: 36
it 30
Sample handling
 all storage in teflon
 dj: centrifuge-filtration
 d2: dilution-filtration
 all color (Fell)
Mineralogy
-H-,C: major peak intensity
 +,c: minor peak Intensity
   -: <1 chart division
<2u fraction left column
>2v fraction right coluan
C - cummi.ngtonlte
Q - quarts
ch - chlorite
M - Blca
a - anphlbole

-------
Table III
Cruise II, September 18-24. 1972
STATION  17, Latitude N  *7°  01..8',  fortitude W 91° 07.
           •Depth to Sediment   15T  Meters.
HATES. AND SS>D|ESI AHALYSIS
HATER
      Saaple location
    relative to sediment

















.5 11.5 1.2
27 n 2.7 12. ft 2.8
3.8 T 7.6 11.2 2.5
-1.3 cZ l»0 5.1 1.2 1.2

-3.8 cz 20 6.8 1.5 2.0
-6.3 cz 16 Ik. 8 3. It 1».3
SEDIMENT
Saapl* location
relative to sediment
mter Interface C H N F
•(centimeters) go/kg gm/kg gm/kg mg/kg
- 1.3 23 10 3 0.189
- 3.8 12 5 1 O.«10
- 6.3
- 8.9
-ll.U
-H.O
a on sampling: Sampler, depth to va
by pimp, -240 ca below L. surface Nlskln Van Dora
2: supl*. turbid b: 18,300 d:. 226.
3.3 ca dia. Phleger cores c: 3,050 e: 100
6.3 01 dia. Benthos cores ft 70
Shipek dredge hi 30
K Cu Mn Fe PO£~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
ng/1 vg/1 Vg/1 vg/1 Vg P/l ng/1 (°C) umho/cn alogy tidity
18°C JTU
0.3li 1.0 0-3 1.0 <1 12.4(3.2^82.6 - 0.22
<.2 1.0 12.7(lt<9) 82.1
12.6(5.0) - c.q,Ch£ 1.9*
m
a35 <1 <.2 <1 2.3 12.7(6.0) 82.0*
0."»7 2."» <.2 <1 12.5 Ct.2) 81.0 - ' "
0.37 1-9 <.l 15 12.1 (k-2) 67.0
0-77 5.5 «0 135 - - c, Q
t
1.6 9.0 UOO 100 75 - - c, 5
Ch, H
3.3 8.2 600 96 <25 - - Q. Ch
M. a
Particlo Particle
size volune
Z > 2u V CuanlnEtonlta Quartz Aaphlbola Chlorite Mica Feldspar
39 28 » + *+
39 - » **
31 - - *+
25 - -
25 - -
2U
iter-aedlnent Interface (cm) + . Sample handling Mineralogy
Benthos all storage in teflon -M-.C: major peak Intensity
g: 61 1: 28 p: 19 t: 7.4 x: 34 di: centrifuge-filtration -f.c: minor peak intensity
h: 59 n: 27 qt 15 u: S.6 y: 36 d2: dilution-filtration -: <1 chart division
1: 57 at 23 r: 13 v: 3.8 si 30 als color (Fell) <2w fraction left column
ji 38 o: 21 st 11 w: 1.5 >2|i fraction right column
Susp.
solids
mg/1
0.2
-
2.2*
-
-
-










C - cunmlngtonite
*Q -' quart's
ch - chlorite
H - mica
a - sophibole

-------
  Table  III

 Cruise II, Septenber  18-24,  1972
 STATION 2l» , Latitude H 1*7 • Ii7.2', longitude W 90 * Ok.8'.
            •Depth  to  Sediment  128. Meters.

 WATER

       Sample location
     relative to sedlaent
HATER AMD SECUREST ANALYSIS
water Interface SlOj Ca Mg Na
(centimeters) »g/l og/1 ag/1 mg/1

3050 c 2.7 12.8 2,7 1.2

226 d 13.2
100 e 13.2

30 B2,k 2.7 11. 4 1.1
-1-3 cj 22 5.1 1.2 1.1

-3.8 ei 21 5.1 1.0 1.6

-6.3 el 28 6.8 1.5 2.3

SEDIMENT
Saaple location
relative! to sediment
water interface C H H P
(centimeters) gm/kg gm/kg ga/kg ng/kg
- 1.3 26 6 5 0.078
- 3.8 4 l <1 0.210
-6.3
•6.9
-11. k
-Ik.o
Motes on Mapllng: Sanpler, depth to wi
at by PUBS. -240 c« balov L. surface Bisktn Van Oorn
K Cu Ma Fe P0j~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur- Susp.
Bg/1 vg/1 vg/1 Vg/1 Mg P/l «g/l (°C) vaho/co alogjr bidity solids
18*C JTU "8/1
0-31* 1.6 <.3 <1 <1 13.0(4.5) 82.7 - 0.10 0.3
13.0 (!>.9)a
<-2 1.0 13.0 (4.8) 82.7 - -
<-4 Q aid,1 ^ O'2*
B
0-32 <1 <.3 1.4 6.0 13.0(4.1) 8l.8£
0.65 9.0 o.5 6.0 70 - - c, 2u v* Cunmiagtonlt* Quarts Aopblbole Chloric* Mica Feldspar
61 10 » ++
67 *+
60



iter-sediaent Interface (coJ-T ' Saaple handling Mineralogy
Benthos all storage in teflon -H-.C: major peak intensity 5 _ cun
bl »"• eaWi«--turkid                   bt 18,300   di 226   6' 61  l! 28  pi W  t: 7.4  *: 3*   oir centrj.iuse-i».i««j.o
cli J.«ci di». Phlcger cores         c:  J.OSO   a: 100   hi 59  m: 27  q: IS  ui 5.6  yt 36   d2i dilution-filtration
c»i 6.3 cadia. B«ot!io» cor«s         fl     70            i! 57  ni 23  ri 13  v: 3.«  si 30   all color (Fall)
cji Sblpck drcdce                     kl     30            J' 38  o: 21  a: 11  v: 1.5
                                                                                Q - quartz
                                                      -; <1 chart division      cn _ chlorito
                                                   <2|i fraction left column     K - aica
                                                   >2v fraction right column    . . amphibolo

-------
7able III

Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
STATION  2% LatitudeN Vf" 145.6', longitude w 90° 03.8'.
           •Pepth to Sediment 188 Meters.
WATER AND SEDWEST ANALYSIS
HATER
      Sample location
    relative to sediment
tracer interface S102 Ca Kg Ha
(ccntiaeeara) og/1 .rag/I me/1 ng/1
3050 c 2.6 11.5 1.2
226 a 3.0 13.2
100 e 16
30 fc 2.5 12.2 2.7 1.1
-1.3 cl 22 10.2 1.6
-3.6 ci 21 6.0 1.5 2.2
-6.3 ci 20 6.0 1.5 2.1
SEDIKEST
Sasple location
relative to oediaenC
water interface C H N P
(eentlaeters) gm/kg go/kg gm/kg ag/kg
" 1-3 38 2 5 0.020
' 3'8 2"» 6 2 0.130
- 6.3
-8.9
-11. fc
-H.O
fotes oo sampling: Soapier, depth to wi
a: by PUEP, -240 c* belov L. surface Hiskin Van Porn
bl.:: Maple turbid bi 18.300 d: 226
en 3.8 cm dia. Phlegm cores et 3,050 at 100
C2> *-3 «• dia. Bcothoo coree (< 70
csi Shipek dr«dgo ki 30
K Cu Mn Fa POj" dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
Dg/1 US/1 Vg/1 ¥8/1 Vg PA m«H (°C) jinno/cai a logy bidlty
18°C JTO
0.36 1.2 Q.>4 1.8 <1 12.8 It. 2) 79.0
12.9 (5.5)a
<.2 1.2 82.3
«.3 - Q(«,Chf O.l42f
m
0.37 1.2 0.3 <1 1.2 12.8 (1).2) 81. 9f
1.6 7.0 1.2 10 <25 - - 0.,a,CH
M
2.3 6.0 400 35 Q.a.CH
M
2.2 6.2 110 7J <25 - - Q.a.CH
H
Particle Particle
slse volume
X > 2u u9 Cuomingtonlte Quarts Aaphlbola Chlorite Mice feldapar
31 *+
29 *••• 4
ater-sedioent interface (cm) + • Sanple handling Mineralogy
Benthos alt storage in teflon ++,C. major peak intensity
»• 61 li 28 p: 19 t: 7"i4 x: 34 dlsf centrifagt-flltratlon +.c: oinor peak iocensiiy
hi 59 n! 27 qt 15 u: 5.6 y: 36 di: dilution-filtration -: <1 chart diviaion
•1: S7 o: 23 r« 13 vt 3.« » 30 elt color (Fell) <2v fraction loft column
41 38 e: 21 s: 11 vi I.I >2n fraction sight coluon
Susp.
solids
08/1
.0.1
1.2f
.C.- cuai
Q - quai
ch - ch;
M - nici
a - ampl

-------
   Kble III

   Cruise  II,  September 18-24, 1972
   STATION 26 ,  LatitudeN li?" 1*3.9'. lonjritude W 90° 02.V
              •Depth to Sediment 186  Meters.
WATER AND SEDWENI ANALYSIS
  WATER
         Sacple location
       relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)
S102 Ca Kg Na
ng/1 mg/1 ag/1 mg/1
3050 c 2.6 13.6 2.8 1.2
226 a 11.6
57 1 2.7 12.8 2.8
30 bl.k 3.3 11.6 2.9 1.2
27 m 2.8 13.2 2.7
3.8 v 7.0 11.6 2.5
-1..3 C2 20 6.8 1.5 1.2
-3.8 c2 21 5.1 1.2 1.5
-6.3 C2 20 6.0 l.U 1.7
SEDIMENT
Sample location
relative to aedinent
water interface C H N P
(centimeters) gn/kg go/kg gn/kg ag/kg
- 1.3
- 3.8
- 6.3
- 8.9
-11.1.
-lk.0
totes on sampling:
a: by pump, -240 ca below
23 11 3 0.036
8 1 It 0.160
K Cu Mn F« P0j~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
ag/1 V8/1 Wg/1 Pg/1 Pg P/l n*/l (°C) Jimho/CB alogy bidity
18°C JTU
0.35 1.3 <.2 <1 <1 12.8 (li,9) 81.9 - 0.33
12.7 (6.2)a
<.2 <1 - —
0.33 "l.7 1.5 <1 - 83.1 Q,a,Ch£ 1.1£
f m
0.39 1.2 0.2 <1 5.1i 12.8 (U.6) 82. 2*
0.3k l.lt <.2 <1 - 82.2
0.35 2.3 *.l • - 75-9
0.63 3.6 1.6 22 78 - - Q.a.CH
H
0.58 1.5 6.5 5>> 105 - - Q.a.CH
M
0.67 2.0 1.0 17 ll*5 - - Q.a.CH
M
Particle Particle
else volume
X > 2u V* Cunning tonite Quarts Aaphibolo Chloric* Mica Feldspar
21 -M-
2U 0
33 «-f
Sampler, depth to water-sediment interface (ca) + Sample handling Mineralogy
L. surface Niskin Van Dorn Benthos all storage In teflon -H-.C: najor peak intensity
Susp.
solids
ne/1
0.2
3.*
C - cumi
. bl,2! saaple turbid         •          b: 10,300   d:  226   g:  61  1:  28   p!  19   t!  7.4  K: 34   di:"centrifuge-£iltrotion   +,ci minor peok intensity  Q.
 ci! 3.8 c« di«. Phlegor cores         c!  3,050   a:  100   h:  59  D:  27   q:  15   us  5.6  y: 36   d2: dilution-filtration       -i <1 chart division     ch - chlorite
 c2i 6.3 cm dla. Benthos core!         f i     70            1:  57  n:  23   r:  13   v:  3.6  si 30   elt color (Fell)           <2u fraction left column    K _ ^^
 cjl Shlpek dredge                     kl     30            Ji  38  o:  21   •:  11   wi  1.5                                     >2u fraction right column   a - anphibole

-------
Table III

Cruisa II, September 18-24. 1972
STATION 2T, LatitudeN ^1°  It2.5'. longitude w 90° 01.
           •Depth to Sediment 1T7  Meters.
WATER AMD SZDItfEOT ANALYSIS
HATER
      Saople location
    relative to sedlrant

water interface SiOj
(centimeters) og/1
Ca
ng/1
Hg Ha
rng/1 mg/1
3050 c 2-7 13.6 2.9 1.2
226 a 13.2
100 e 13.6
57 i 2.7 12.1. 2.8
30 bZ^ 2.8 12.6 3.0 1.1
27 m 2.4 13.2 8.8
3>8v 5.7 12.k 2.6
-1.3 cj 21 8.5 1.6 1.6
-3.8 cz 20 6.0 1.3 1.8
-6.3 cj SO 7.6 S.O 2.5
SED1XEST
Sample location
relative to seeioent
vater interface C H N P
(eentloeters) go/kg go/kg go/kg ng/kg

- 1.3 13
- 3.8 6
- 6.3
- 8.9
-11.*
-lk.0
9
3
1 0.038
1 O.lUO
"notes on sampling; Saapler, depth to wi
• : by p«-P, -240 em below L. auclac*. Hishin Van Porn
bl.Jl tuple turbid .. bt 18,300 dt 216
ci: 9.8 cadi*. Phlcger cores ci 3,090 at 100
cji 6.3 o di*. Benthos cores ft 70
eji Shipek dredge ki 30
K
05/1
0.35
0-33
0-33
0.3l<
0.78
a 90
Pat title
size
S > 2u
16
21-
21
Cu
Mg/1
Hn
Pg/1
1.2 0.2
0.2
0.3
1.1. oA
1.0 1.0
1.1 «.l
2.3 <.l
3.9 0.6
3.3 1.6
3.5 2.0
Particle
volusce
II * Cuamlng toot ts
10
iter-ssillnent interface
Benthos
h: 59
it 57
4: 38
1: 28 p: 19
n: 27 0,1 15
nt 23 r: 13
e: 21 •: 11

(a.)*
tt 7.4 vt
ul 5.6 yt
vt 3.8 s:
wi 1.3
Fe POj" dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
ns/I wg P/l mg/1 (°c) pnho/cm alogy bidlty
18*C JTU
1.0 <1 12.8 (l».3) 82.7 - 0.2
12.6 (7.l)a
12.7 (5.7) 75.5
12.8 (5.5) - Q,«,CBf 2.o£
n.
80. ff
5.h 6.7 12.7 (5.2) 81.6
<1 - 82.2
11. "• - 73.9
9.0 62 Q.a.CH
M
SO 70
35 65
Quarts Anphlbole Chlorite Mice Feldspar

Sample handling Mineralogy
ski storage in teflon -H-,Cl major peak intensity
M dli centrifuge-filtration -9-,c: nlnor p3ak Intonslty
36 d2; dilution-flltratioa -: <1 chart division
30 ait color (Fell) <2u fraction left coluoa
>2n fraction rlQbt coluna
Susp.
solids
ng/1
0.3
8.2f
C - cuaolngtonite
Q - quartz
ch - chlorite
M - mica
a - aaphlbolc

-------
"Table  III

Cruise II, Septeober  18-24,  1972
STATION 28, Latitude N 1»7° It0.9'. longitude w 90" 00.6'.
           •Depth  to  Sediment   177  Meters.

WATER

      Sacple location
    relative to sediment
                                                                       VATER AND SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
vater Interface S102 Ca Kg Ha
(centimeters) mg/1 .ng/1 mg/1 mg/1
3050 c 2.6 13.2 2.7 1.2
226 d 13.2
100 e 13.2
57 i 2.6 12.U 2.7
30 b2,k It. 8 13.2 2.8 1.1
27 a 2.6 12.8 2.8
3.8 v 5.0 12.8 2.7
-1.3 C2 26 7.6 1.5 1.1
-3.8 C2 35 8.5 1.8 1.6
-6.3 c* ik 7.6 1.7 1.6
SEDDiOT
Sample location
relative to sedinent
water interface CRN?
(centimeters)- gm/kg gm/kg gm/kg mg/lcg
- 1.3 33 10 3 0.096
- 3.8 29 11 3 0.160
- 6.3
-8.9
-ll.lt
'• -lli.O
Notes on sampling: Sampler, depth to
>• t>v Duun. -240 cm belov L. surface Nlakin Van Doi
X Cu Mn Fa P0j~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur- Susp.
mg/1 ug/1 pg/1 Vt/1 we P/l ng/1 (°C) unho/cm alogy bldity solids
18'C ™ m«/l
0.3>i 1.3 <.2 1.2 <1 12.8 C-.7) 82.1 0.18 0.3
12.8 (7.3)a
0.3 <1 12.8 (1.5) 82.7
<-3 12.9 (5.0) Q,a.Chf O.l8f O.lif
0.32 1.8 1.0  2u V* Cumaingtonite Quarts Aaphibela Chlorite Mica Feldspar
38 3l< +*
ItO **
31
water-sediinent interface (cm) *• Sample handling Mineralogy
ti Benthoe a»: storage in teflon -M-,C: major peak intensity  Shipefc dredge
                                     b: 1OOO   d: 226   g: 61  1: 28  p: 19  t: 7.4  x, 34
                                     c-  3 050   e: 100   h: 59  mi 27  q: IS  u: S.6  j: 36   d2: dilution-filtration
                                     I,     70            ii 57  n! 23  r: 13  v: 3.8  a: 30   all color (Fell)
                                     h:     30            jt 38  o: 21  a: 11  v: 1.5
dii .centrifuge-filtration   -t-.c: minor- peak intensity  2v fraction right column   a - aaphlbolo

-------
   Table III
   dulse II,  September 18-24, 1972
   STATICS  29, Latitude Nk7° >i9.3'» longitude w 89° 57.8'.
              •Depth to Sediment  111 Meters.
                                  MATER ADD SEOEffHT ANALYSIS
   HATER
         Sanple location
       relative to sediment
voter Interface SiOj Ca
(contimetero) ag/1 n

226 d 12

100 e 12
57 i 2.6 12
30 b2,k 2.9 12
. 27 B 2.7 12
3.8 v 6.6 12
-1.3. c2 18 10
-3.8 c2 16
-6.3 c2 20 lit
SEDIMENT
Sample location
relative to sediment
water interface C
(centimeters) ga/kg
-1.3 7
-3.8 4
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
8/1 «

.0

.14
.8
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.14



H
gn/ks
4
3




Kg Ita
US/1 °S/1




2.7
2.7 1.1
2.7
2.5
2.2 1.5
3.k 3.2
2.9 2.6



N r
go/kg mg/kg
«1 0.037
<1 0.046


•

K
BS/1



0.140
0.33

0.3k
0.33
1.2
1.7
1.1


Pertlr.le
size
X > 2u
64
57
35



Cu Mn Fa
V8/1 Wg/1 1*8/1

0.2


"i.o <.2
1.1 <.2 <1
1.2 <.3
2.2 <4
5.6 7.8 510
9.0 6.2 170
1.6 29

•
Particle
volune
V Cunalngtonlte Quarts
10 -H-





PO£~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur- Susp.
pg P/l ae/l (°c) Wdho/cm a logy bidity solids
18°C JTU »g/l
<1 12.7 (14.8) 75.2
12.8 (5.2)a
12.8 (k.9)
<1 82.14 q,ch^if O.l8f O.l4f
3.5 12.7(li.8) 83- Of
<1 82.3
6.7 • 77-6
3° e.,a,CH
80
38




Anphibole Chloric* Mica Feldspar

•




Hotoo on Mnpling:                     Sampler," depth to"«ater-sedim«nt  fntarfaca  (en) +
 at by punp, -240 en below L. surface     Niakln  Van Porn    	Benthos	
 bl,2:-MBpl* turbid    •  --
 cli 3.8 co dla. Phleger corea
 C2I 6.3 em dla. Benthos corea
 C3I Eblpek dredgs
                                                        Sanple handling             Mineralogy
                        	ait otorage in teflon      ++-.C: major peak intensity  c _ cunnlngtonlte
b: 18,300   di 226   s1  '1  1'  28  pi  19   t!  7:«   »:  34  2u fraction rlgbt coluan   Q . amphibola

-------
  table  III

  Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
  STATION 30, Latitude N l>6° l»7.8',  longitudew 89° 56-7.'.
             •Depth to Sedioent  227 Meters.
HATER AND SEDBJENI ANALYSIS
  WATER
        Sample location
relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)
Si02 Ca Kg Na
mg/1 .mg/1 mg/1 og/1
3050 c 12.5 1.2
a' 12.li Z-7 1.2
226 d 12. If
100 e 2.7 12.0
57 l 2.7 12.8 2.7
30 bl.lt b. 9 11.2 s.Ii 1.2
8T • 3.0 12.8 2.9
3.8 T 7.2 12.8 2.7
-1.3- cz 2>4 It. 3 0.9 1.7
-3.8 cz 2lt 7.6 1.5 1.6
-6.3 c2 20 6.0 l.lt 2.6
SEDIMENT
Sample location
relative to sediment
vater Interface C H K F
(eentineters) go /kg gn/kg ga/kg ng/kg
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
40 13 4 0.050
33 11 2 0.330
Oxygen Specific
K Cu Mn Fe P0£~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
og/1 ug/1 ug/1 ug/1 ug P/l eg/1 (°C) M mho/cm alogy bidlty
18*C JTIF
0.36 <.2 1.7 1.0 12.7 (h.i) 83.0 6.17
e.3"i 1.5 <.l 1-2 <1 12.9 (5.9)
<1 12.7 (k.3) 86. U
12.7 d.5)
0,31 1.3 <.3 <1 82.8 Q,B,Chf 15f
a.
0.55 2.0 0.2 <1 3.1 12.6 (k.3) 82.l|
0.33 l.» 0.2 <1
0.31 2.3 «.l H '8.6
l.lt It.O 76 590 Q.a.ch
M
1.5 3.9 9 <25 Q.a.CH
M
l.k ' 3.0 150 81 <25 Q.a.CH
H
Particle Particle
size YOlune
it > 2p V Cuzsilngtonlta Quart! Aaphibola Chlorite Mica Feldspar
36 35 1+
42 ft
33 4+
kites on sampling: Sampler, depth to water-sediment Interface (ca) 4- Sample handling Mineralogy
a: by pump, -240 cm below L. surface Hi skin Van Dorn Benthos ai: storage in teflon -H-.C: major peak intensity
Susp.
solids
og/1
35f
C * ctnnm
b 1,2=.sample turbid   	   -   b: 18,300   d: .226   gi 61  1: 28  p: 19  t: 7:4  xi 34
el! 3.8 CB dia. Phleger cores         c:  3.0SO   •: 100   h: 59  B: 27  2p fraction right coltam   „ - aopnlbele

-------
  Table III

  Cruise II,  September 18-24, 1972
  STATION  31, Latitude N Ii7°  &6.31. longitude  w 990  55,5..
             •Depth ta Sediment  200. (Meters)
WATER AND SEDIMENT. ANALYSIS
  HATER
        Sample location
relative to sediment
water Interface
(centimeters)
3050 c
al
226 d
57 i
30 bl.k
27 Q
3.8 »
S102 Ca Kg Na
mg/1 mg/1 me/1 mg/1
2.6 12. li 3.3 1.2
2.6 12.0 2.8 1.2
12.lt
2.8 • 12:8 2.8
3.2 12.8 -2.8 1.1
2.6 11.2 2.6
7.0 12.lt 2.6
-i.3ci alt 6.8 1.6 1.1
-3.8 cz 29 5.9 1.6 1.7
-6.3 cl 12 lit. I 2.8 2.5
SEDIMENT
i Sample location
relative to sediment
uater Interface C H N P
(centimeters) go/kg gm/kg gm/kg mg/kg
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
-14.0
lotes on sampling:
a: by punp, -240 ca below L
33 11 3 0.370
27 13 Z 0.210
.


Oxygen Specific
K Cu Mn Fe Po£~ dissolved conductance Miner- Tur- Susp.
mg/1 yg/1 ug/1 yg/1 yg P/l mg/i (°c) uoho/cn alogy oidity solids
18"C JTU ng/1
0.35 l.k <.2 1.2 <1 12.9(4.9) 82.4 0.11 0.1
0.33 .l.lt <.l <1 12.9(5.9)a
12.8(5.1) 80.9
0.33 l.lt <.2 <1 12.8(5.1)° 82.3 Q,a,Ch£ 1.5* 2.ll£
O.W 1.2 0.2 <1 7.5 12.8(5.0) 82.&f
0.3"t 0.9 0.3 <1 82.2
0.35 8.7 <.l 12 81.8
0-67 5.l< 1.0 17 63 Q.a.CH
H
0.87 2.5 5 75 Q,a,CH
. M
2.2 5.0 3.6 29 <25 Q.a.CH
H
Particle Particle
size voluse
X > 2t> v3 Cuoaingconlts Quarts Anpnibole Chlorite Mica Feldspar
36 X) t+
40 ++
32 44-


Sampler, depth to water-sediment Interface (em) + Sample handling Mineralogy
. surface Nlakin Van Dorn Benthos all storage In teflon -H-.C: major peak intensity p. _ ,„„„
bl.z: auple turbid                   bi 18,300   di 226   g:  61  1:  28  p:  19  ts  7.4   K!  34   d): centrifuge-filtratioo   -t-rc: ainor peak Inteoalty   Q _ quartz
C»J 3.8 ca dla. Fhlegar cores         c:  3,050   •> 100   hJ  5»  a:  27  qi  15  ui  5.6   yi  36   d2: dilution-filtration       -: <1 chart division      ch . chlorite
C2i 6.3 ca til*, oeocoos cores         f:     70            i:  57  n:  23  rs  13  vi  3.8   it  30   ell color  (Fell)           <2w fraction left column     M .
cl: Shlpok dredge                     ks     30            j:  38  o:  21  s:  11  wi  1.5
                                                  >2y fraction right column

-------
    Table  III
   Cruise II, September 16-24,  1972
   STATION  32, Latitude H It?"  lik.fii  longitude W 89°  5>».6'.
               Depth  to Sedioent   19k  Meters.
                                                                          WATER AND SEDDJEHT ANALYSIS
   HATER
Sample location
relative, to sediment
water interface SiOj
(centineters) ag/1
3050

226

30
-1.3

-3.8
-6.3
c Z.k
a) 2.l>
i 2.7

b2. k 3.1
cl 22

ei 28
Cl 21
Ca
Dg/1
12.8
13.2
16.0

12. fc
5.1

5.5
1>.2
Mg
Bg/1
2.7
2.8


2.9
1.2

1.1
0-9
Na
ng/1
1.1
1.2


1.1
1.2

1.6
2.1.
K
ag/1
0.33
0.3".


0-38
O.TO

0.73
0.70
Cu
Vg/1
l-.lt
1.6
.

1.2
5.1.

2.9
2.0
Mn Fe PO?"
Vg/1 ug/1 vg P/l
<1 <1
«.2 i.o 2u fraction right column
C - cummingtonita
0. - quartz
ch - chlorite
M - mica
a - amphibole

-------
   Table III
   Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
   STATION 33,. Latitude II 1*7°. 43.2', 7oneitudeW 89° 53.3.'
               Depth to Sedisant  171  Metera.
                                      HATER AND SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
   HATER
         Sample location
       relative to sediment
                                                                                                                           Specific
water interface S102 Ca Hg Da K Cu Hn Fe PO^" dissolved conductance Miner- Tur- Susp.
(centimeters) ng/1 tug/1 mg/1 ng/1 tag/l us/1 Wg/1 Vg/1 Pg P/l og/1 (*C) umho/cn alogy bidity solids
18°C JTU mg/1
3050 c Z.k 11.3
ol 2.1i 12.6
226 d 1E.8
100 e 12.8
1.1 0.32 l.k 0.3 1.0 <1 12.9(4.9) 82. k 0.15 0.1
1.2 1.1 OJ» <1 <1 12.6(7.6)
<1 12.8(6.4) 75.2
12.8(6.2) Q,o.Chf O.Tcf 2.6*
               30     b2, k  U.O   13.2     3.0    1.2


               -1.3   c2    23      7.6     1.6    1.6
               -3.8   c2    20


               -6.3   c2    21
6.0
                                            l.fc     1.8
4.2     1.1    1.8
0.1(8
0.8l
O.TO
0.72
2. It
3.6
2.1
2.6
!».!.
0.6
0.7
2.5

15
50
22p
6.
102
100
95
    SEDIMENT
           Sanple  location
        relative  to sediment
           vacer interface       C      H      N
            (centimeters)       gn/kg  gm/kg  gn/kg  og/kg   t > 2
                       Particle  Particle
                  P      size     volume
                                                                               Cuoalngtoalte
                                                                            12.9(6.0)    81.T
                                                                                                      Amphlbola  Cblorlto
                                                                                                                               tUc«
Q.a.CH
 M

Q.a.CH
 M
                                                                                                      Feldspar
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
-11. «
-14.0
12 10 1 0.069 IS 11
16 11 1 0.180 26
27
•H.
•H-
Notea on Mapllng:                     Sampler,  depth to  mter-aedlment Interface  (CB) *•
 at by puv, -240 c» below L. surface     Nlsktn Van Pern    	Benthoa    	
 bl.2l MamU turbid                   bl  18,300   d: 226   gi 61   i: 28   pj  1.9  t: 7.4  X! 34
 CH 3.8 c» dia. Phlegcr cores         ci   3,050   a: 100   hi 39   as 27   q:  II  u: 3.6  v: 36   d2: dilution-filtration
 ezi 6.3 cm dla. Bentho* coraa         li      70            1: 57   n: 23   r:  13  v: 3.«  11 30   ell color (Fell)
 C3I Shlpek dredge                     kt      30            Jt 38   o: 21   •:  11  vi 1.3
                                                            Sanple handling             Mineralogy
                                                            an  storage in teflon      -H-,C! major peak Intensity   c - cumalngtonite
                                                            di:  centrifuge-filtration   t,ci minor peak Intensity   n 1 quarts
                                                             	              -I <1 chart division      ch - chlorite
                                                                                       <2)i fraction left coluam     M - Oica
                                                                                       >2li fraction right column    ,

-------
Table III
Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
STATION 3k,.Latitude II k7°.51.7'  longitudew 89° 51.0'.
            Depth to Sediment   9»  Meters.
                                                                      HATER AKD SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
WATER
Sample location
relative to sediment
water Interface
(centimeters)
3050


30

-1.3

-3.8
-6.3
c


b2

C2

C2
C2
Si02
mg/1
2.7


, k2.6

18

18
20
Ca Mg
mg/1 ng/1
12.5


11.9

12.8 2.2

10.2 2.2
10.2 2.2
Na
ng/1
1.2


1.2

1.3

1.8
2.k
I
ng/1
0.3k


0.3k

0.85

1.0
1.1
Cu
Ug/1
1.6


•0.9

7.1

2.2
l.k
Hn
Ug/1
<.2


<.2

1.6

l.k
0.9

F« POj"
Ug/1 Ug P/l
<1 <1


<1 3.6

3k 30

37 58
35 25
Oxygen Specific
dissolved conductance Miner- Tur-
mg/1 CO unho/en alogy bldity
18"C JTU
12.7(6.0) 82.8
12.7(6.2)*
12.7(6.1)" ,
12.8(6.2)' Q,a,CHr 0.32r
12.7(6.4)* m
Q.a.CH
M



Susp.
solids
mg/1
0.2


0.7f





  Sample location
relative to sediment
  water interface       C
                                                        Particle  Particle
                                                          size     volume
         (centimeters)      go/kg  gm/kg  go/kg  eg/kg   X > 2u      V3     Cumalnetonite  2v fraction right column   a - amphibole

-------
   Table  III
   Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
   STATICS 35, Latitude H Ii7° 19.91  Ion?ltis4e W 89° U9.6'.
               Depth  to Sediment  2^8 Meters.
WATER AKD SEDIHESI ANALYSIS
   WATER
         Sample location
relative tc sediment
vatei Interface SiOj Ca Mg Xa
(centimeters) mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 ag/1
3050 c 2.6 12.3 1.2
226 d 12.8
100 e 12.8 2.7
57 1
30 bi, k 7.8 9.8 S.I 1.3
27 m fc.1 12.0 2.6
3.8 v 6.3 10.8 .2.3
-1.3 c* 30 7.2 l.li l.U
-3.8 C2 5.1 1-2 1-5
-6.3 ez 20 5.1 1.3 8.0
SEDIHEXT
Sample location
relative to sedlnent
vater Interface C H S P
(centimeters) gm/kg gm/kg go/kg ng/kg
-1.3 36 11 3 0.096
-3-8 35 11 4 0.058
-6.3
-8.9
-11.4
-14.0
Oxygen Specific
K Cu Kn Fe POiJ" dissolved conductance Miner- Tur- Susp.
ng/1 yg/1 vg/1 Kg/1 vg P/l "S'1 (°c) unho/co alogy biflity eollds
18*C JTU mS/l
0.33 1.2 0.2 <1 12.8(5.3) 80.5 O.ll 0.1
12.7(6.4)"
1.1 12.8(5.2) T5.7
12.7(5.9) Qf 20*
0.6S 13 22 12.7(5.4) 75. 9f
O.llO 1.8 <.2 <1 ' 79.2
O.Ll 2.1 «.2 13 71.0
1.6 h."! 120 36 <25 Q,a.CH
\t
2.1 It. 2 120 270 26
2.2 U.o 1>3 29 <25
Parttcle Particle
size volume
Z > 2u . V9 Cimniogtoniu Quart* Aaphibola Chlorite Mica Feldspar
*1 152 «•
37 ' .
35
Hotes on sanpllng: Sampler, depth to water-sediment Interface (cm)* Sample handling Hineraiogy
. bl.Xi •ample turbid                   bt 18,300   At 226   g: 61  1: 28  pi  19  t:  7.4   x:  34   dti centrifuge-filtration   +,c: minor peak intensity   Q_
 en 3.8 cm di«. Phleger core*         c:  3,050   •: 100   h: 59  •: 27  <\:  15  u;  5.6   y:  36   dz: dilution-filtration       -: <1 chart division      ch - chlorita
 clt i.3 o dla. Bcothoi cor«»         (;     70            1: 57  n: 23  r:  13  v:  3.8   ci  30   e>i color  (Fell)           <2p fraction left column     M - mica
 cat Shlpefc dredge                     ki     30            j: 38  e: 21  •:  U  vi  1.3                                     >2|i fraction right column    a - aophlbole

-------
   Cruise II. Ser.;e=ber 18-24,  1972
   STATION  !r, :.ati:ude t>  *>1° W.3', foneitude w 89"  It8.
               Iiepth to Sediment   188 Meters.
                                                                          HATER AXD SZDEiEST ANALYSIS
Sample location
relative to sediment
«a:er interface
(centimeters)

• 3050


30

1.3

-3.3

-6.3

c


01, k

Cl

ci

=1
Si02
mg/1

2.6


2.1

3b

19

17
Ca
mg/1

12.6


11.8

7.6

13.6

13.6
Kg
mg/1




2.6

1.6

2.5

2.6
Na
mg/1

1.2


1.2

1-3

2.0

2.7
K
mg/1

0.35


0.1.2

0.76

2. It

3."
Cu
ug/l

1.5


-1.6

12

16

13
Kn
us/1

C.2


*.l

1.9



-.7
Fe POj
pg/1 ug P/l

1.5 <1


29

17 9'">

17 i)0

no <25
Oxygen
dissolved
ng/1 (°C)

12.9(5.3)
12.6(7.0)*
12.7(5.6)°
12.8(6.5)*
12.7(5.2)"





Specific
conductance Miner- TUT- Susp.
y mho/cm alogy bldity solids
18°c JTU ng/1
82.8 O.lo O.i-


82'.9f Q.a.Ch1" 0.57f 1.7f
IT.
Q.a.Cu
M
Q.a.CH
M

     SZDIX2.T
           Sample location
         relative to sedioent
           v;:cr i-:crface       C
                            Particle   particle
                              size      volur.e
            vco-:lr.etcrs)      gn/kg  g^/kg  gm/kg  ng/kg    Z >  :V       M3     Cuanin;;tcnite  O^iartz  Amphibole  Chlorite      Mica
                                                                                                                                           Feldspar
                -1.3

                -3.8

                -6.3

                -8.9

               -11.4

               -14.0
40

 7
                                      13
   0.105

   0.034
  45

  35

  32
       37
"Notes  on sampling:
  a:  by pump,  -2-iO cm below L.  surface
  bl,2: sample turbid
  cl: 3.8 cm dia.  Phleger cores
  c:: 6.3 en dia.  Benthos cores
  c3: Shipek dredge
         Sampler, depth  to wac^er-sediment interface  (cm)
            Nlakln
         b:  18,300
         c:   3,050
         f:      70
         k:      30
Van Porn
 d: 226
 e: 100
                                           Benthos
g: 61
h: 59
1: 57
J: 38
1: 28
m: 27
n: 23
o: 21
p:-19
,: 15
r: 13
a: 11
t: 7.4
u: 5.6
v: 3.8
w: 1.5
x: '34
y: 36
s: 30
Sample handling
 ai: storage in teflon
 djt centrifuge-filtration
 d2: dilution-filtration
 el: color (Fell)
Mineralogy
++,C: major peak intensity
 +,c: ninor peak Intensity
   -: <1 chart division
<2v fraction left column
>2y fraction right column
C - cumraingtonite
Q - quartz
ch - chlorite
M - nica
a - amphiboie

-------
Tatle
Cruise II, Septenber 18-24. 1972
STATION  T% Latitudes  117" 1.6.8t,  longitude W 8°° 1»7.
            Depth to Sediment   19?  Meters.

WATE5
                                                                      BVSH /.IB  SEDIMENT AHALTSXS
Sazple location
relative to sediment
water interface SiOj
(centineters) Bg/1
Ca
mg/1
Mg
mg/1
Na
mg/1
K
Bg/1
Cu
vg/1
Mn
Vg/1
fe
Mg/1
POj"
Wg P/l
Oxygen
dissolved
ng/1 (°C)
Specific
conductance
li oho/cm
18"C
Miner- Tur- Suop.
alogy bldlty solids
          .3050    c       2.6    12.lt

            226

            100

            30

            -1.3

            -3.6

            -6.3

  sronim
        Sample location
      relative to  sediment
        vater  interface
         (centimeters)
c

d

e

b2j

ci
                      2.6
                             1.2
                                      0.37
                                                1.0
3.0

18
15
12. b
6.8
13.6
85.1
2.7
l.b
2.5
k.3
1.2
1.2
2.1
3.9
0.38
O.Tb
2.1.
li.b
1.0
15
16
17
                                            <.2

                                            O.I.

                                            1.1

                                            5.9
                                                                                            <1

                                                                                            11

                                                                                            23

                                                                                            70
                                                               6.7

                                                             130

                                                             <25
                                                                          12.8(4.8)a

                                                                          12.8(5.6)

                                                                          12.8(4.8)

                                                                          12.9(4.9)
                                                                                                                                                0.16
                                                                                                                                                        0.2
                            81.3
                                                                                                                 Q,a,CH
                                                                                                                  M
                                                                                                                 Q,a,CK
                                                                                                                  H
                                                                                                                 Q.a.CK
                                                                                                                  M
         gn/kg  go/kg  go/kg  mg/kg   I > 2 i
                                     Particle  Particle
                                       size     voluse
                                                                            Cunning ton! t«_ ,(}uart»  Anphibole  Chlorite
                                                                                                         Mica
                                                                                                                    Feldspar
             -1.3

             -3.8

             -6.3

             -8.9

            -11.4

            -14. 0
         34

         10
11

 1
                                                   0.180

                                                   0.053
                       36

                       37

                       31
                                                                      40
Notes on sampling:
 at by punp, -240 cm below L. surface
 bl,2: sample turbid
 cli 3.8 ca dia. Phlegel cons
 C2: 6.3 cm ilia. Benthos corei
 cji Shipek dredge
Sampler, depth to vater-sedinent interface  (cm) •*•
   Siskin  Van Porn     	Benthos	
b: 18,300   d: 226   g:  61  1:  28  pj  19 c:  7;4
c:  3,050   a: 100   h:  59  »!  27  .6
fi     70            1:  57  n:  23
k:     30            j:  38  o:  21
                                                    r! 13
                                                    •: 11
                                                                              V! 3.8
                                                                              v: 1.5
                                                                   x: 34-
                                                                   y: 36
                                                                   s: 30
Sample handling
 all storage in teflon
 di: centrifuge-filtration
 d2: dilution-filtration
 el: color (Fell)
                                                                                                                         Mineralogy
                                                                                                                         •H-.C
                                                                                                                               oajor peak intensity
                                                                                            minor peak intensity
                                                                                            <1 chart division
                                                                                      <2M fraction left column
                                                                                      >2M fracclon right columo
                                                                                                                                                     5 _ cummlngtonlte
                                                                                                                                                    • Q - 
-------
   Table III

   Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
   STATION 38,. Latitude B U70.li5.3t, longitude  W 89" 16.3'.
               Depth to Sediment  189   Neters.

   VATER
                                   WATER AND SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
Sample location
relative to
sediment
(centimeters)

3050

226
100

30

c

d
e

bl. k
SiO?
mg/l

2.8
3.8
2.7


It. 8

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l ug/1

11-9 1.1 0.33 1.3

12.0
12. k

13.2 2.7 1.2 0-38 1.6
Oxygen
Kn Fa PO£ dissolved
Ug/1 Wg/1 pg P/l "8/1 (°C)

<.i 1.5 <1 12.8(4.8)*
'..1 12.7(6.4)*
1.2 12.8(4.8)
12.9(5.2)

<.2 1.1 13 • 12.7(6.0)
Specific
conductance Mlner-
Utr.ho/cm alogy
18'C
81.7
82.1
82'. 0
Q,a,CiiE
m
82.5f

Tur-
bidity
JTU
0.13


,f
t.O



Suap.
soiies
Bg/i
0.2


3.3£


Notes on sampling;
 a; by punp, -240 co below L. surface
 bli2t sample turbtd.-
 cl! 3.8 ca dla. Ptileger cores
 CJl 6.3 cm dt«. Benthos cores
 C3! Shlpek dredge
Sanplef, depth to wafer-aedimfint interface (cm) •*•
   Niskln  Van Horn                Benthos
b: .18,300   d: 226   g: 61  1: 28  p;  19  t:
c;  3,030   e: 100   h; 59  m: 27  q:  IS  u:
{;     70            1: 57  n: 23
Hi     30            41 38  o: 21
p: 19
,! 15
n 13
s: 11
   7.4
   5.6
v: 3.8
u: l.S
x: 34
y: 36
it 30
Sanple handling
 alt storage in teflon
 dj: centrifuge-filtration
 d2: dilution-nitration
 ell color (Fell)
Mlneralegy
t+,C: major peak intensity
 t,c: minor peak tntenaity
   -: <1 chart division
<2u fraction left column
>2p fraction right column
C - cummlngtonite
Q - quarT"i
ch - chlorite
M - mica
a - amphlbola

-------
TaUc IV

 Cruise II, Scptec&er 18-24, 1932
 STATICS  1, Latitude Nl)7°  10.7'. Longitude W91° 22.0'.
             Depth to SedinenC 19") peters,
                                                                          HATER AKD SEPBffSI AMAUTSiS
                                                                              (core  aged 72 days)
   WATER
Sar.ple location
relative to sedioant
water interface
(eentisetaro)
57 i
19 p
11 s
3.8 v

-1.3 dl
a*
-3.8 dl
d2
-6.3 Ql
a:
-8.9 ai

Si02
as/1
2.6
3.5
It. 9
6.6

2U
31
30
16
31
62
aii
62
Ca
BS/1
11,2
13.2
12.8
16.0

11.. U
29^6
21.6
36.1
22,1
3T.7
12.8
1.2.7
Kg
Bg/1
2.6
3.0
3.0
3.9

1..1
6.6
6.6
ll.l.
6.1
11.6
3.5
11.2
Na
ng/1
1,0
1.0
1.2
1.1

£.1
2.T
2. It
3.7
3.8
U.I
3.9
t.5
K
ns/1
0.1.2
0.52
0.65
0.62

1.8
2.1
1.3
2.0
1.5
1.6

1.7
Cu
Pg/1
1.2
1.2
1.9
1.2

2.3
8.6
U
11
25
11
3.5
13
Mil
ll.O
30
I8o
380

2".
2600
1800
1.800
1600
5200
1100
5000
Fe
US/1

1.1




120el

280el
_ J
730el
23 i
66ooel
por
U8 P/l
2v      gai/ca^        %
                                                                    Cumingtonito  Quarts  Aopbltole  Chlorite
                                                                                                                    Mica
                                                                                                                               Feldspar
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3 '
-8.9
96
96
9k
93
2.1 •
1.9
1.8
1.8
37 ** +•*•• •*•+ *+
35 f+ +**+++
K ** ** *+ ++
Lo •*•+ +-»• ++ ++ + +
Notes on saxpling:
 a: by pump, -240 cm below L. surface
 bi,2: sample turbid
 ci: 3.8 CQ dla. Phleger cores
 cz: 6.3 cm dia. Benthos cores
 cj: Shipek dredge
ipler, depth to water-sedinent interface (cm) +
Niskin Van Dorn
18,300
3,050
70
30
d: 226
e: 100


g: 61
h: 59
i: 57
Ji 38
1:
m:
n:
o:

28
27
23
21
Benthos
p: 19
q: 15
r: 13
s: 11
t;
u:
v:
v:
7.4
5.6
3.8
1.5
x:
y=
z:

34
36
30

Sample handling
ai :
dl:
d2:
el:

storage in teflon
centrifuge-filtration
dilution-filtration
color (Fell)

                                                                                                                        Mineralogy
                                                                                                                        -H-,Ci major peak intensity
                                                                                                                         •t-.c; oinor peak Intensity
                                                                                                                           -: <1 chart division
                                                                                                                        <2p  fraction left column
                                                                                                                        >2v  fraction right coluoa
C - cummingtonice
q - quart I
ch - chlorite
M - mica
a - amphibole

-------
Table IV
 Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
 STATION'  3, Latitude Nli7°  07.3' •  Longitude H91°  18.1'.
             Depth to Sediment   285 meters.
HATER AND SEDWENT ANALYSIS
    (core  aged 72 days)
 WATER
       Sample location
     relative to sediment







water interface SlOj
(centimeters) mg/1
57 i 3.8
19 p  26
d2 1,3
Ca Mg Na K
• mg/1 mg/1 Bg/1 mg/1
12.14 3.7 1.2 0.4411
12.0 3.fc 1.1 0.148
15.6 3.9 1.2 0.50
15.6 !t.l 1.1 0.55
23.6 5.6 1.9 1.2
29.9 7.5 2.7 1.8
13.8 3.0 2.0 1.9
23.1 5.!t 2.8 2.2
3. It 0.7 1.6 1.3
19.8 «.8 3.2
3.0 0.7 1.6 l.l,
ll.li 3.6 3.2
SEDIMEHT
Sanple location
relative to sediment Particle Density-
water interface size v**o Moisture
(centimeters) f >2u ga/cm3 %




tot
a:
bt
cl
C2
rl
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3 '
-8.9
ea on sampling:
by pump, -240 cm below L. surfi
,2: sample turbid
: 3.8 cm dla. Phleger cores
: 6.3 cm dia. Benthos cores
> Shipek dredge
88 1.9 . 145
80 .1.14 59
91* 1.2 78
35. 1.3 76
Cu
lig/1
1.3
1.7
1.7
12
17
It. 3
Hi
3.14
10
2.8
Hn
Pg/1
6.8
130
300
6UO
3200
3600
2ltOO
5500
360
3500
210
1900
CUBDlngtonlte Quart t
** «
-M. .
* *

Sampler, depth to water-sediment interface
ica Nlskln Van Dorn Benthos
b: 18,300 d: 226 g: 61
c: 3,050 e: 100 h: 59
f: 70 i: 57
k: 30 1: 38
1: 28' p: 1,9
m: 27 q: 15
n: 23 t: 13
o: 21 •: 11
,4. ** *«
.» ** «
. »t t*

(«>) +
t: 7.4 x:
ui 5.6 yi
v: 3.8 z:
w: 1.5
Fe P0t?~ dissolved conductance
Wg/1 Pg P/l mg/1 y mho/cm Mineralogy
3.2 10. 5j 92. Oh
10.3
<1 2.6 10.3° 93.6°
2.0 J.59 100. (f
3.3 1.5 8.3* 112. 6U
6.8"
25 C. Q
60el 101 Ch, M
<25 C, Q
10,000CI 2000 Ch, M
'l60 <25 c, Q, Ch
8600el 770 H,
5.0 <25 c, 5, Ch
5200el It80 M,
Amphlbole Chlorite Mica, Felddp&T


*

Sample handling Mineralogy
ai: storage in teflon ++,C: major peak intensity
3? di: centrifuge-filtration +,c: minor peak intensity
36 d2: dilution-filtration -: <1 chart division
30 el: color (?ell) «2|i fraction left column
>2v fraction right column












C- - cununingtor
Q - quartz
ch - chlorite
M - mica
a - amphibole

-------
Table IV
 < -uise ii, September 18-24, 1972
 STATION  !>, Latitude Nl»7° 07.2',  Longitude W91° 16.6'.
             Depth to Sediment 215 meters.

 KAIfS
HATER ACT SEDIMENT ANALYSI3
   (core  aged 65 days)
Sample location
relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)
50 c2
19 p
11 a
3.8 v
S102 Ca
mg/1 mg/1
3.1 11.8
k.O 12.8
6.1 12. k
7.1 1M
Kg
og/1
3.5
3.1»
3.7
Na
ng/1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1,1
K
mg/1
0.1.3
0.1.7
0.50
Cu
wg/1
1.1
1.1
1.7
Mn
Kg/1
3.0
8.7
170
200
Oxygen
Fe P0^~ dissolved
Mg/1 ug P/l ag/1
1.3 9.6
1.0 1.1 9-6"
*1 o p^
1.3 2p fraction right column
                                                                              C -  cummlngtcnite
                                                                              Q -  quart'z
                                                                              ch - chlorite
                                                                              M -  nlca
                                                                              a -  amphibole

-------
  Table IV
   Cruise II,  September 18-24, 1972
   STATIC:;  5, Latitude Kt7° 05.8'  , Longitude V 91° lit.6'.
             '  Depth to Sedl&enC 183 peters.
WATER AKD SEDinE-NT ANALYSIS
    (core  aged 65 days)
   WATER
         Sample location
       relative to sediment
                                                                                                                Oxygen      Specific
water interface S102
(centimeters) mg/1
57 xi 3.3
19 p li.li
11 B 6.8
3.8 „ 8.3
-1.3 dl 3U
d2 lil
-3.8 dl 23
d2 M
-6.3 dl 20
d2 1.3
-8.9 dl 2k
d2 1.7
SEODffiXT
Sacple location
relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)
' -1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
Ca
12.0
11.6
ll>. 8
13.6
8.7
2k. k
19.1
22.1.
21.3
19.7
12.8
17.8
Particle
size
50
37
32
32
Kg Na
mg/1 mg/1
li.O 1.2
3.8 1.2
k.3 1.2
•k.O 1.2
2.0 1.6
5.5 2.6
li.O 2.3
k.7 3.3
k.k 2.5
k.l 3.3
2.6 2.1i
lt.1 3.7
Density
vet
SB/cm3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
K Cu
mg/1 pg/1
0.1.6 1.2
0.1.5 . 1.5
O.k8 1.3
0.52 l.k
0.9 8.3
l.k k.3
2.0 li.O
2.0 1.7
2.5 2.6
1.9 1.9
1.8 3.2
2.0 2.1
Kn
vg/l
6.3
18
160
290
6.3
1700
1700
3700
1500
1800
590
1600
Moisture
f Cuxmiogtonlte Quarts
77 +
76
79
77
totes oo sampling: Sampler, depth to water-sediment Interface
a: h» pump. -240 cm below L. surface Niskin Van Dorn Benthos
»' ++ +*
+ ++ ++
- ++ *+
++ -f*
(cm)*
Fe POj dissolved conductance
Pg/1 ug P/l mg/1 ymho/cn Mineralogy
18* C
3.6 9.5J 95."»y
0.8 3.7 9.3n 96.9°
6.8 9.2'
2.9 16 8.0* lo6.1iu
ei <25 c. Q
90 Ch, M
e. 78 Q, Ch
<70 110 M, c
' 20 . <25 Q, Ch
2300 lliOO N, a,
31., <25 Q, Ch
ItlOO 1300 M, a,
Aopoibole Chlorite Mica Feldspar
+ +
*+
**

Sample handling Mineralogy
an storage In teflon •H-.C: major peak. intensity Q _ cum
bl,2: saaple turbid                   b: 18,300   d: 226   g: 61 "1:  28"  pi  19  t:  7.4  xi '34
ci: 3.8 en dia. Phleger cores         c:  3.050   e: 100   h: 59  m:  27  o,:  15  u:  5.6  yl  36
C2: 6.3 en dia. Benthos cores         f:     70            1: 57  n:  23  r;  13  v:  3,8  <:  30
C3: Shlpek dredge                     k:     30            j: 38  o:  21  t:  11  v:  1.5
                      dl; centrifuge-filtration   +,c: minor peak intensity  q _ quartz
                      d2: dilution-filtration       -: <1 chart division     Ch _ chlorite
                      el: color  (Fell)           <2y fraction left column    n _ oica
                                                 >2p fraction right column   a _ amphibole

-------
   Table
    dulse  II,  September  18-24,  1972
    STATION 7 ,  Latitude  111)7°  13. V .  Longitude W91° 15.1'.
                 Depth  to  Sediment  271 meters.

    BATER
                                                                     WATER ASD SEDIKENI ANALYSIS
                                                                         (core  aged 66 days)
Sample location
relative to sediment
vater Interface S102
(centimeters) Bg/1
-
57 i 2.

19 p 3.
11 8 5.
3.8 v 6.

9

8
0
8
Co
. Bg/1

10.8

12.14
144.0
1U.8
Mg
Bg/1

2.

2.
3.
3.

6

9
3
9
Na
Bg/1

1.0

1.0
1.1
1.1
K Cu Hn
ag/1 ug/1 ng/1

0

0
0
0

.M <1 0.14

.53 1.1 lU
.60 <1 110
.70 1.2 21.0
Oxygen . Specific
Fe POj" dissolved conductance
|4g/l Vg P/l ng/1 uoho/CB Mineralogy

<1 9.
9.
0.9 <1 9.
1.1, 9,
1.14 7.
IB'C
9* T9.7h
9J
n o
I"1
7* 103.6r'
                                                                                                                   6.5
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
dl
d5
d2
dl
d2
42
30
39
31.
59
38
25
57
15.5
38.6
S8.8
3"..7
13.9
29.1
9.6
214.6
lt.0
9-7
6.7
8.2
2.9
6.5
2.1
5.7
2.0
3.0
3.14
3.6
2.9
6.6
41.9
2.2
2.8
2.2
2.5
2.8
2.6
2.8
12
12
7.7
4.. 2
9.3
8.14
3600
14500
8100
2000
5900
620
3100
<80el
too61
12,000el
7500el
<25
<39
<25
110
<25
2100
25
1100
SEDIMENT
      Sanple location
    relative to sediment    Particle    Density
      vater interface         also        w»»      Moisture
       (centlueteri)         t >2|i      gn/ca3        %
                                                                                                                                         C, Q


                                                                                                                                         C. Q
                                                                                                                                         C, 0
                                                                                                                                         Ch, M

                                                                                                                                         e. 0
                                                                                                                                         Ch, M,
CuBningtonlta  Quarti  Anphibola  Chlorite      Mica
                                                                                                                                Falispor
• -1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
96
914
66
.35
' 2.0 •
1.9
1.1.
1.2
33 *+ -M-. ++ -M-
32 ++ ++ +* *+
63 + +*•»•+++ * +
72 - + -H- ++ +t ft
'Motes  on sa'apUng;                     SkmpiVr, depth to water-aediient "interface (CB) +

  M  ? .Zi.-turbS belW L' "Urta"  k. TO  ^SHlr  ., 61  I. 28  pTff't,  7:4   x,  34
  cl! 3.rcn dia. Phleser core.         c:  3.050   e: 100   h: 59  m: 27  q:  15  u:  5.6   y:  36
  C2: 6.3 cm dia. Benthoa core.         f:     70            It 57  n: 23  r:  13  v:  3.8   «:  30
  C3: Shlpek dredge                    k:     30            1:38  o:Jl  a:  11  w:  1.5
                                                                                          Sample handling
                                                                                           at: storage in teflon
                                                                                           dii centrifuge-filtration
                                                                                           d2: dilution-filtration
                                                                                           cl: color (Fell)
                                                      Mineralogy
                                                      -H-.C: major peak intensity
                                                       +,c: ainor peak intensity
                                                         -: <1 chart division
                                                      <2u fraction left column
                                                      >2w fraction right column
C - cummingtonlte
Q - quart.:
ch - chlorite
M - mica
a - amphibole

-------
   Title IV

    Irutse II, Sepicnber 18-24, 1972
    STATION 17, Latitude t;l<7°  OU.81  • Longitude  w91°  07.li'
                Depth to Sedinenc 157 meters.
                                     WATER AND SEDin£.'.7 ANALYSIS
                                          (core   a^ed  65 days)
    WATER
              HHC171?
Sample location








relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)

19 p
11 s
S102
Bg/1

5.9
6.9
Ca
•mg/1

11.2.

Hg Na
mg/1 mg/1

5.1. 1.2

K
Dg/1

O.U3

Cu
Vg/1

1.1

Hn
Vg/1

33

Fe
Vg/1

0.9

P0j~
Vg P/l

9.2
9.9

Oxygen Specific
dissolved conductance
mg/1 u mho /cm
18°C





Mineralogy



               3.8
lk.0    U.8    1.2      0.1.8
                                                                       1.6
                                                                                  296
                                                           2.8
-1.3 dl
d2
-3.8 dt
d2
-6.3 dl
C2
26
26
26
1.2
18
1.7
SEDIMENT
Sample location
relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)
• -1.3
-3.8
-5.3 •
-8.9




12.3
18.6
8.1
16.8
25.0
23.1.
Particle
size
39.
37


2.6 1.8
t.l 2.2
1.6 2.1
3.8 2.8
k.8 2.9
5.1 3.1
Density
vet
6B/C03
1.1.
1.2
1.1

1.2
1.2
2.0
1.6
3.7
1.5
Moisture
*
81
77
76'

11 700 95
2.7 2500 69
7.3 31.0 150
21.00 21.00
7.5 1500 <25
1.6 2800 6600 22CO
Cummlngtonlte Quartz Amphlbole Chlorite Mica Feldspar
* -f. -M- *+ ++
***** *+ ++


                                                                                                                                           M,
                                                                                                                                           M,
                                                                                                                                                 Ch
                                                                                                                                                 Ch
                                                                                                                                                 Ch
Notes on sampling:
 a: by punp, -240 cm below L. surface
 bl,J: sample turbid
 ci: 3.8 cm dla. Phleger cores
 cz: £.3 co dla. Benthoo corea
 c]i Shlpek dcedge
                                       Sampler, depth to water-sediment interface (cm)
     Nlsktn
  b:  18,300
  c:   3,050
  f:      70
  k;      30
Van Porn
 d: 226
 e: 100
                                     Benthos
g: 61
h: 59
1: 57
4: 38
1: 28
m: 27
n: 23
e: 21
p: 19  c: 7.4
q: 13  u: S.6
r: 13  v: 3.8
01 11  wi 1.5
XI 34
yt 36
a: 30
Sample handling
 ai: storage in teflon
 di: centrifuge-filtration
 d2: dilution-filtration
 el: color (Fell)
Mineralogy
•f+,C; major peak intensity
 +,c: minor peak Intensity
   -I <1 chart division
<2\i fraction left column
>2p fraction right column
C - cumnlngtonice
Q - quart!
ch - chlorite
M - mica
a - amphibole

-------
Table IV

 Cruise II, September 18-24, 1972
 STATION ir, Latitude nl>7° o!t.8'» Longitude W91° 07.
             Depth to Sediment 157 meters.
WATER AM) SEPPJEW ANALYSIS
     (core   a^ed 65 days)
 WATER
           KH01713
       Saiple location
     relative to sedimant
water interface SiOj Ca Kg Ha K
(centimeters) mg/1 rag/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1












«ot
a:
bl
cl
C2
C3
57 xl k.
27
19 1*.
11 6.
3.8 8.
-1.3 dl 38
dj 33
-3.8 a, sit
d2 W
-6.3 a, 33
dz 56
-8.9 dl 25
(12 52
SEDJMEIJT
(Janpla location
relative to sediment
vater interface
(centimeters)
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
6 10.

8
3 11.
8 12.
8.
23.
17.
25.
9.
22.
8.
19.
8 3.9 1.2

3.5 1.1
6 3.7 1.1
8 3.6 1.2
9 1.9 1.6
2 5. It 2.6
9 3.6 2.!t
5 5.3 3.1
6 2.0 2.1
9 5.2 3.1
0 1.6 3.5
7 5.0 3.3
Particla Density
size vrt Molt
% '>2p (5n/cm^ ?
39
31.
32
32
1.3 83
1.1 79
1.2 79
1.3 77
0.39

O.ltl
O.lili
O.Ui
1.1
a. 5
S.'i
i. >
1.7
1.6
s.o
1.5
itUTQ
!




Cu Mn
ug/1 Vg/1
1.2 3. It
.
1.0 16
•+•
+ - +•+• 4-
- 4-f -:-4-
- 4-f 4-
eo on sampling: Sampler, depth to water-sediment interface (cm) <•
by puap, -240 era belou L. surface NisUin Van Dorn Benthos
,2: oonple turbid - b:
: 3.8 co dia. Phleger corea c:
; 6.3 en dia. Benthos cores ft
: Shipck dredge k:
18,300 d: 226 g:
3,050 Q: 100 h:
70 i:
30 j:
61 1:
59 m:
57 n:
38 a:
28 p: 19 t: 7.4 K:
27 q: 15 u: 5.6 y:
23 r: 13 v: 3.8 a:
21 e: 11 w: 1.5
Fs PO^' dissolved conductance
pg/1 tig P/l ng/1 y oho/cm Mineralogy
18°C
1.2 10. 8J
10.ltz
0.8 <1 10.2"
1.2 9. 9* 95. 2r
1.9 9.3* 99. lu
„, 100 C.'Q, en
80el 72 «.
,1 *>* a, ch
.520el HO M, a
, <25 Q, Ch
2300el 880 M, a
,1 <25 0. Ch
2500e' 1200 K, &.
Asphibolo Chlorite Mica Feldspar
f *+ +*
»• 4-* 4-fr
t -M- ++
»• •» 4-4-
Sample handling Mineralogy
ai! storage in teflon -H-.C: major peak intensity c _ cumningcoi
34 dl: centrifuge-filtration +,c: minor peak intensity • Q _ quar-£s
36 d2: dilution-filtration -: <1 chart diwiaion ch _ chlorite
30 all color (Fell) <2v fraction left column M _ mica
>2u fraction right column o _ amphibolc

-------
Tab!- IV
 Cruise II, S^pter.bcr 18-24, 1972
 STATION2', Latitude 1*7° te.5'  . Longitude  W90°01.5'.
           '  Depth to Sediment 177 meters.
 WATER
WATER AND SEDOffiNX ANALYSIS
    (core  a«et.8
3.8 v 7.5
-1.3 dl 23
d2 21
-3.8 dl 27
d2 1.3
-6.3 d! 26
d2 1.6
-8.9 dl 36
d2 Itl
Ca
• mg/1
10.8
20.8
11..0
18.8
Itl. 9
52.5
1.0.2
65.5
38.2
63.0
1.3.8
60.3
SEDIMENT
Sample location
relative to sediment Particle
vater interface size
(centimeters) % >2u
-1.3
-3.e
-6.3
-8.9
13
8.0
5.5
6.0
Mg Na
mg/1 mg/1
2.8 1.0
3.1 1.0
3.3 l.lt
It. 2 1.3
7.2 Z.\
10.1 3.5
7.1. 2.9
13.1 It.fl
7.2 3.8
13.0 5. It
8.5 5.1
12. It 6.1
K
mg/1
O.ltl
O.lt2
0.50
0.53
2.2
2.3
2.1
1 T
1.9
3.0
2.9
Density
vat Moisture
pa/cm3 %
1.0 '
1.3
1.2
l.lt
79
58
58
55
Cu
Wg/1
l.lt
1.2
1.8
1.2
6.1
It. 6
2.7
3.2
it. 6
It. 6
5.0
5.9
CuaoiDgtonlta
_ —
-
-

Mn
ltg/1
0.3
<.2
«.2
7.0
0.7
9.7
1.2
21
1.8
13
2.7
It.l
Quartz
t+ t<
+* «
+*.*

Notes on sampling: Sampler, depth to water-sediment interface (cm) +
a: by pump, -240 cm belou L. eurface Nlakin Van Dorn Benthos
bl,2: sample turbid
ci: 3.8 cm dia. Phleger cores
C2: 6.3 CD dia. Benthos cores
C3: Shlpek dredge
b: 18
c: 3
f:
k:
,300 d: 226
,050 e: 100
70
30
g: 6-1 1:
h: 59 m:
i: 57 n:
i: 38 o:
28 p: 19 t:
27 q: 15 u:
23 r: 13 v:
21 a: 11 w:
7.4 a:
5.6 y:
3.8 z:
1.5
Fe P0£ dissolved conductance
Wg/1 pg P/l mg/1 u mho/cm Mineralogy
18*C
<1 9.7* 92. 8h
9.7
1.0 <1 9.5" 90.1°
1.7 9.5q 101. lr
1.9 6.6 8.2* lltl.8u
. 68 Q, Ch, M
<60 120 a
. 62 Q, Ch, M
<80 ll)0 a
, 63 Q, Ch, M
<70e 170 a
, 93 Q, Ch, M
<70 180 a
Aophltole Cnlorito Mica Fsldnpap
h ++ ++
,
,

• Sample handling Mineralogy
81! storage in teflon ++.C: major peak intensity c . cumaingtonite
34 dl: centrifuge-filtration +,c: minor peak intensity g _ quartz"
36 d2: dilution-filtration -: <1 chart division c), _ chlorita
30 el: color (Fell) <2v fraction left column M . mica
>2|i fraction right column a - amphlbole

-------
Cruise II, September 18-24. 1972
STATION' :\ Latitude nli70  U9.3S Longitude w69° 57-8'.
            Depth to Sedineat ill meters.
WATBt AM) SEDLHEOT ANALYSIS
    (core  DfiedTw  days)
WATER
Sample location
relative to sediment
Hater interface
(centimeters)
57 i
19 p
11 s
3.8 v
-1-3 dl
-3.8 dl
42
-6.3 ai
-8.9 dl
Setple location
relative to sediment
vater interface
(centimeters)
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
Notes on sampling:
a: by pump, -240 co below L. i
big 2: sample turbid
ci: 3.8 ca dla, Phleger cores
cz: 6.3 cm dla. Benthos cores
C3: Shlpett dredge
S102 Ca Mg Na
Bg/1 . Bg/1 Qg/1 Dg/1
3.2 9.6 2.6 1.1
3.9 10.lt 2.8 1.0
lt.lt 11.2 ' 2.9 1.1
6.7 13.6 3.5 1.2
18 IS. 9 2.5 1.6
22 21.1 5-1 2.6
20 15.6 3.0 ?.l
36 32.3 7.3 It. 3
22 21.2 U.l 5.1
36 311.0 8.0 It. 5
32 30. U 6.0 9.0
35 27. U 6.8 5.8
Particle Density
size v«t
' >2y rai/cni
6l l.k
57 1.5
66 1.8
63 2.0
K
mg/1
0.1.0
O.l>2
0..5
0.51
1.1
1.5
1..1
2.3
1.8
2.0
2.6
S.6
Moisture
59
36
"35
36
Cu Kn
Pg/1 Vg/1
«.->
1.0 1.8
1.2 <,5
1.3 95
U.o 0.7
3.6 330
l.lt 1.1
2.7 51"
3.8 1,8
2. It 28
5.0 3.1
2.7 9.6
Cu&miogtoaite Quart!
+ -4-t- *
- *» t
- +* *

Samplert depth to water-sediment interface (cm) +
surface Niskin Van Dorn Benthos
b: 18,300 d: 226
c: 3,050 e: 100
f: 70
k: 30
g; 61
h: 59
i: 57
j: 38
1: 28 p: 19 t: 7.4 x:
n; 27 q: 15 u: 5.6 y:
n: 23 r: 13 v: 3.8 x:
e: 21 s: 11 v: 1.5
Oxygen
Fa P03~ dissolved
MS/1 Mg ?/l Bg/1
<1 9.0^
1-0 <1 9.1n
1.0 Bj'1
t;£
120el 39
el 38
TO'" S
<70el 2y fraction right coluzm a _ ar»phtbolr>.

-------
Table IV
Cruise II, September 18-24. 1972
STATIOX 30, Latitude HU6° U7.81  , Longitude  W89°  56.7'.
 ~       '  Depth to Sediment 227 meters.

WATER
                                                                         WATER AND SEDBfENT ANALYSIS
                                                                             (core  aged 68 days)
Sacple location
relative to sediment
vater Interface SiOz
(centimeter*) ag/1
57 l >%«.0
19 p 5.0
11 s 6.9
3.8 v 11
-1.3 dl 8k
d2 kit
-3.8 ai 2>4
d2 52
-6.3 di 36
d2 61
Ca
10. Q
13.1
Ik. 3
12.6
11.3
25.3
5.k
22.1
k.7
15.8
-8.9 dl 8k 3.0
d2 57 18.1
EEDDffiBT
Sample location
relative to sediment Particle
vater Interface size
(centimeters) {°>2ti
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
Uo
35
37
3k
Hotel on sampling: Sa>
a: by poop, -240 en below L. surface
bl,2: Mnvple turbid - b:
ci: 3.8 c» dla. Phleger cores c:
cz: 6.3 en dla. Benthos cores f :
es: Ehlpek dredge k:
Hg Na
mg/1 mg/1
2.8 1.0
2.7 1.0
3.0 1.2
3.2 1.2
8.3 1.8
6.1 2.1(
1.1 2.2
5.6 2.8
1.0 1.7
k.O 3.1
0.6 1.7
k.6 3.k
Density
"•S
gn/cm3
1.2 '
1.1
1.2
1.2
K
mg/1
0.1(0
O.ttS
O.U5
0.51
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.0
l.k
2.6
Moisture
j
85
83
81
79
Cu Mn
fg/1 Wg/1
1.0 O.I*
<1 100
1.0 670
2.2 2300
8.6 2000
1>.9 8000
2.9 3liO
3.1 3300
1.80
2.9 1900
Oxygen
Fe fO^~ dissolved
ug/1 yg P/l mg/1
"1 10.28
9.8J
1.0 <1 9-7n
2|i fraction right column a _ amphlbole

-------
  Table  IV

   "ruise II, September  18-24,  1972
    IATION  31. Latitude  1)1)7°  W.31 .  Longitude tf89°55.6'.
             '  Depth  to  Sediment 200 ueters.

   HATER
WATER AND SEDIUBil ANALYSIS
     (core   aged 67 days)
Saciple location
relative to sediment
water interface
(centimeters)
57 i
19 p
11 8
3.8 v
Si02
ng/1
3.5
It. 7
6.1
7.0
Ca
Eg/1
10.0
10.2
11.6
13.7
Kg
mg/1
2.8
2.8
' 3.0
2,8
Na
Dg/1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
K
og/1
O.l<3
O.U
0.1<3
O.ltS
Cu
US/1
.'1.0
1.1
1.9
1.2
Ha
ug/1
O.I)
1.1
6.2
37
Fe POr
pg/i n P/l
5-6
5.8
6.8
31 9.0
Oxygen
dissolved
mg/1
9.7s
9.5n
9.2*
8.1,*
Specific
conductance
u mho/cm Mineralogy
18'C
85.1h
86.0°
88. 6r
91.1a
-1.3 dl 21*
d2 28
-3.8 ai 22
d2 39
-6.3 dl 20
dz 39
-8.9 dl 2k
EESIKSST
Sample location
relative to sediment
vater interface
(centimeters)
-1.3
-3.8
-6.3
-8.9
13.2
15.lt
16.7
20.0
13.8
17.8
11.1
15.7
Particle
size
32
ItO
30
31
2.7
3.7
3.1
It. 9
2.8
It. 2
1.7
3.0
2.3
2.8
2.5
2. It 3.7
t.3 3.6
Density
vat
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2




1.6 1.6 1.6
1.5 3.6 52 <70*' 31
1.6 2.0 lit 31
1.6 2.0 88 --ft)el 72
2.2 2. It 101 <25
1.8 2.5 300 930e 5?0
2.3 6. It 190 100 <25
1.6 2.1 630 2500 980
Moisture
% CusBaingtonite Quartz tophlbole Chlorite Mica Feldspar
62 ** t+ ++ *+
86 - . +* »* ** »»
76 - ** ++ ++ ++•
76 - - *+ +* ++ **
                                                                                                                                          Q,  -h,  M
                                                                                                                                          a

                                                                                                                                          Q,  Ch,  M


                                                                                                                                          Q,  Ch,  M


                                                                                                                                          Q,  Ch,  M
Rotes oo sampling:
 Q: by pump, -240 en below L. Bur fee a
 bl,2: cample turbid
 ci: 3.8 ea dia. Phleger cores
 cz: 6.3 ca dia. BonShoa coree
 C3: Sblpek dredge
                                       Sampler, depth to water-sediment interface (cm)+
Nlskln
b: 18,300
c: 3.050
f: 70
ki 30
Van
d:
e:
Dorn
226
100
Benthos
g:
h:
i:
i'-
61
59
57
38
1:
m:
n:
o:
2t>
27
23
21
P =
1-
r:
a:
19
15
13
11
t:
u:
v:
w:
7.4
5.6
3.8
1.5
x: 34
y: 36
z: 30
                      Sample handling
                       ai:  storage in teflon
                       dl!  centrifuge-filtration
                       2p fraction righc column
C - cummingtonita
Q - quarti
ch - chlorite
H - mica
a - omphibole

-------
Table IV

 Cruise II. September 18-24,  1972
 STATION 33, Latitude trt7° Ii3.2' ,  Longitude W89° 53.3'.
             Depth to Sediment 171 meters.

 HATER
                                                                          WATER AND  SSJEtEXT ANALYSIS
                                                                               (core  aged 68  days)
Sample location
relative to sediment
water Interface
(cenciaeterg)
57 i

19 P
11
3.8

Si02
Bg/1
3.1

3.9
k.6
7.0

Ca
- Bg/1
10.14

10.0
IS.li
15.2

Mg
mg/1
2.8

2.8
3.1
J..2

Ha
og/1
1.0

1.0
1.1
1.2

K
Bg/1
0.39

O.M
0.147
0.53

Cu
ug/1
1.0

«
1.0
1.2

Mn
Ug/1
0.7

O.k
0.5
1.8

Oxygen
Fe P0|~ dissolved
Mg/1 ug P/l mg/1
<1 9.78
9.!»J
<1 9."."
1.1 g.O9
1.9 14.0 8. It*

Specific
conductance
u mho /cm Mineralogy
86.1"

87.3°
90. lr
108. Ou
Hotes on sampling:
 a: by pump, -240 ca below L. surface
 bl,2: eaople turbid..
 ci: 3.8 cm di«. Fhleger cores
 cz: 6.3 ca dia. Benthos cores
 C3i Shipek dredge
 Sampler, depth to water-sediment Interface  (cm)
    Ntakln  Van Porn	Benthos
. b: 18,300   d: 226   g:  61
 c:  3,050   e: 100   h:  59
 f:     70            i:  57
 k:     30            J:  38  o:  21  a:
                                                                1:  28
                                                                n:  27
                                                                n:  23
                                                                o:  21
p: 19
,: 15
r: 13
   11
t: 7:4
u: S.6
v: 3.8
w: 1.5
Sample handling
 al: storage in teflon
 di: centrifuge-filtration
 d2: dilution-filtration
 el: color (Fell)
Hlneralogy
++,C: major peak Intensity
 +,c: minor peak Intensity
   -: <1 chart division
<2u fraction left column
>2p fraction right column
C - cummingtonito
Q — quarts
eh - chlorite
H - mica
& - anphibole

-------
                                        Table V




                    Comparison of Data Cruise II, Area I vs  Area II






Parameter   Sample Location      Area I          Area II      t-Statistic   Pegs.Freedom

Potassium +1.0 to +183 m
mg/1
Manganese +1.0 to +183 m
Pg/1
Silica +1.3 to -6.3 cm
mg/1
Copper -1.3 to -6.3 cm
U'g/1
Manganese -1.3 to -6.3 cm
Calcium -1.3 to -6.3 cm
mg/1
Magnesium -1.3 to -6.3 cm
mg/1
Phosphate -1.3 cm
(reactive)
Carbon -1.3 to -3.8
gm/kgm
Hydrogen -1.3 to -3.8
gm/kgm
Phosphate -1.3 to -3.8
(total)
mg/kgm
Turbidity 30.m
JTU
Suspended
Solids 30m
mg/1
Mean
0.38

0.98

29-1

12

320
13-1

2.67

23

9-3

3.0

0.12


0.85


1.63

S.D. Mean S.D.
0.037 0.35 0.021

1.15 <-5 0

7.1*3 21.5 ^.70

5.U 5.8 k.3

QbO 19 kO
12.5 8. It It. 2

1.75 1-75 0.70

33 68 36
1
9.2 22 12

3.0 8.3 U.I

0.08 0.12 0.08


0.81 0.15 0.03


1.72 0.19 0.08


3.514

It. 28

5.UU

5-92

2.18
2.32

3.15

3.31

U. 36

5.63

0.22


2.96


3.00


50

It2

79

83

77
85

83

23

56

• 56

56


23


24


-------
Effect of taconite tailings upon Lake Superior



    periphyton under controlled conditions
               Steven F. Hedtke
United States Environmental Protection Agency




      National Water Quality Laboratory




          Duluth, Minnesota  55804

-------
                            Introduction



     One of the major concerns over the discharge of taconite tailings



into Lake Superior is the biological activity of those tailings.  Several



studies have been undertaken to test the effect of taconite tailings



on phytoplankton.  Using algal counts as a measure of productivity,



Andrew and Glass (1970) and Miller (1970) found taconite tailings



stimulatory to algal growth.  McGee (1970) also found an increase in


                 14
chlorophyll and C   uptake with the addition of tailings.



     As part of the present taconite investigation, Arthur et al. (1973)



have performed an in situ study attempting to determine the effect of



taconite tailings discharge on the growth and attachment of periphyton



on artificial substrates.  These substrates consisted of nylon fish



nets and glass slides suspended at various locations over a 83 mile



reach of Lake Superior.  To determine if variations in growth recorded



in the lake are due to taconite tailings, a laboratory study simulating



lake conditions was set up.  In this study the only variable was the



concentration of tailings.  Any growth due to tailings could therefore



be determined.

-------
                                Methods


Physical conditions

     Four insulated fiberglass tanks, with a three foot diameter and

a depth of k8 cm, -were established in a constant temperature room and

filled with 200 liters of lake vater obtained at Grand Marais, Minne-

sota.  Since Grand Marais is 5*» lake statute miles north of the
                    V
Reserve Mining discharge point, it was felt that this water would be

relatively free of taconite tailings and serve as a good control source

of dilution water.  Static conditions were maintained with no agitation

or water disturbance allowed.  Water temperatures were kept at 13° C

i 1.5-  To simulate the light intensity frequently found at 20 feet

lake depth, the tanks were incubated at 300 foot candles at the water

surface with a combination of Durotest  Optimum FS and wide-spectrum Gro-

lux bulbs.  This illumination was chosen after reviewing the Lake Superior

data of Olson and Odlaug (1972).  The measurements in the laboratory were

made at the water's surface with a Photovolt photometer.  The lights were

automatically controlled to a 16 hour daylight photoperiod.


Experimental conditions

     Taconite tailings of less than 5 M size were obtained from Dr- Gary

Glass of the National Water Quality Laboratory and placed in the tanks

at concentrations of 5 mg/liter, 3 mg/liter, 1 mg/liter, and 0 ing/liter.

After the addition of tailings, the water was stirred for two minutes
      Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement by the

Environmental Protection Agency.

-------
      PART ONE
   Static Systems
1972 Experimentation

-------
and allowed to  settle  for 2U hours.  In order to duplicate Arthur's




study, the same materials were used and treatments given to the sub-




strates and frames.  Therefore, at this time, four 5 x 20 cm steril-




ized nets of  3/l6 inch mesh Ace type oval nylon vere suspended at a




depth of 19 cm  in each tank by means of two 15 x 18 x 20 cm frames




(Figure l).   These frames consisted of a rectangle constructed from




3/H inch, 20  gauge, galvanized strap steel standing on four legs




made of 1/U inch threaded galvanized rod.  To remove any associated




toxicity of the galvanized metal each assembled frame was coated with




polyester fiberglass resin and soaked in lake water for five days.




Two nets were attached to each frame by means of nev wooden snap-type




clothespins.




     Since the  test tanks were slightly sloped at the bottom, large




plate glass sheets were placed on the bottom of the tanks to provide




a level support for the frames.




     Any toxicity of the polyester painted frames was tested with




Daphnia.  Three five gallon aquaria were filled with lake water and




allowed to sit  overnight for adjustment to a room temperature of 21° C.




Ten Daphnia were placed in each tank with two of the tanks containing




two frames and  the third as a control.  Results of this test are indi-




cated in Table  1.  Since there was only a 20$ mortality in only one of the




test tanks at the end  of a 30 hour period, no apparent toxicity was




attributed to the frames.




Sample period




     Two tests  were run in the laboratory, a two-week and a four-week.  In




the latter test, the tanks were cleaned, nev water and tailings added and

-------
                                       «*
HcA

-------
                            Table 1
              Toxicity of Substrate Frames to Daphnia
Time (hours)
Total Dead
0
0.5
1.0
1.75
5-0
7-0
2U.O
28.0
TOTAL
% TOTAL
Control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
£
0
0
N Tank 1
(Two frames)
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2_
2
20
Tank 2
(Two frames)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0_
0
0

-------
 eight nets placed in each tank.   Samples were then taken at  the  end of




 two weeks and four weeks.   In both tests the nets were removed and




 processed "by the same methods and personnel as in the lake study (Arthur




 et al., 1973)•   Diel chlorophyll periodicity has been noted  by Glooschenko




 et_ al^.  (1972).   Therefore, nets  and water samples were removed at the




 same time of day in each test.




      At the end of the second test»growths of- periphyton were  observed




,• on the  glass sheets which had been placed on the bottom of the test tanks.




rThese glass sheets were removed  and four l» x 16 cm scrappings  were taken




:with a  razor blade.  From each tank two scrappings were analyzed for




 chlorophyll and two for total algal cell counts.






 Sample  analysis




      The following analyses were run on the nets:  chlorophyll,  ash free




 weight, total algal cell counts, and taconite tailings.   The three biomass




 determinations  are recognized as standard measurements for the determina-




 tion of algal growth and were performed by Dr.  Wayland Swain of  the Univer-




 sity of Minnesota, Duluth.




      Total counts and ash  free weights  were determined as stated in




 Arthur   et_ al.  (1973).




      Due to the low concentrations of chlorophyll found on the nets, three




 analytical procedures were tried.   The  three instruments used  were a Beck-




 man DK-2A Ratio Recording  Spectrophotometer, a Gary lit Spectrophotometer,




 and an  Aminco Spectrophotofluorimeter-   For the technique utilizing the




 Beckman DK-2A refer to Arthur et_ al.  (1973).




      Analyses were run on  the Gary lU Spectrophotometer utilizing one of




 two slide-wires;  either in the zero to  0.1 and 0.1 to 0.2 range,  or zero

-------
                                                                   8






to 1 and 1 to  2  range.  The use of the more sensitive slide-vire in



this instrument  effected a ten-fold increase in sensitivity over the




use of the DK-2A Spectrophotometer.  In all cases, spectrophotometric




curves were plotted against the ninety per cent aceton reference.  The




cuvette cells  utilized in the Gary lU Spectrophotometer had a two




centimeter light path.  The spectra of each sample was routinely scanned




downward from  750 millimicrons (7500 Angstrom units) to kjQ millimicrons




(U700 Angstrom units).   Scanning was accomplished at the rate of 10




Angstrom units per second, a rate sufficiently slow to insure that the




pen response was independent of scanning time.  Analyses were made




initially, and then acidified according to Standard Methods procedures




for the determination of phaeophytin pigments (American Public Health




Association et^ al. , 1971).




     Samples were then transferred to a five milliliter cuvette and




analyzed on an Aminco Spectrophotofluorimeter.  An excitation wave




length of U30  millimicrons ,(1*300 Angstrom units) vas utilized and the




spectrum scanned from approximately ??0 millimicrons to 800 milli-




microns.  Maximum photofluorescent responses for chlorophyll were noted,




and the sample was then acidified and rescanned over the same spectrum




to determine the conversion of pigments to phaeophytin.  These data




determinations were plotted against a reference base line of ninety




per cent spectrophotometric grade acetone.




     Calculations of the chlorophyll concentrations were made using




three methods  as indicated in Standard Methods (American Public Health




Association et^ a^. , 1971):  the trichromatic method, the unacidified




peak height,          and the determination of chlorophyll in the pres-




ence of phaeophytin. Comparisons of the three methods were made by

-------
 using linear regression analysis and determining correlation coeffi-




 cients.  The three methods all had a significant correlation-at the




 95$ level of significance.  It vas decided to use the peak height




 method as a matter of convenience.




      Using the chlorophyll data from both this study and that of the




 lake study, a comparison of the values obtained by the Gary lh and




 the Aminco Spectrophotofluorimeter were made.  A significant correla-




 tion at the 95$ level of significance was found.  Values obtained




 with the Gary 1^* are reported and used for analysis when available.




      In each test sub-surface water samples were taken initially and




 upon termination and analyzed for standard chemical measurements as




 well as several metal and elemental parameters.   Samples were taken




 by syphoning with Tygon tubing into lake water-washed polyethylene




 bottles.  Samples were preserved and analyzed as stated in the report




 of Biesinger, McKim, and Hohn (1973).




      Tailings measurements, for water were performed by and according




 to the methods of Andrew (1973)'   Tailings deposited on nets and slides




 were analyzed by Dr. Philip Cook according to the methods       de-




scribed in his 1973 methods report.

-------
                                                            10
                         Results and Discussion





Physical - Chemical


    Tailings


    Tailings analyses are reported in Tables 2, 4, 5, and 6.  It is


noted that a large difference exists between the amount of tailings


added and that determined through analysis.  This is  largely  a


result of the settling of tailings particles.  This settling was


visually complete by the end of two weeks.  In most cases the


quantity of tailings measured in the water at the time of suspension


of the nets was less than half of that added.  This quantity then


decreased with time.  It was, therefore, decided that for comparison


to the biological parameters the nominal amount of tailings added


would be used.  These numbers do not, however, represent the actual


amount of tailings exposed to the periphyton but rather a relative


quantity.


    The tailings analyses on the nets and slides show increasing
  t

tailings deposition with increasing tailings added.  There is no


apparent difference between the amount of tailings on the nets


at two and four weeks indicating that the tailings had settled


out by the end of two weeks.  The greater amount of tailings on


the plate scrapings substantiate that the tailings had settled


to the bottom.


    Water Chemistry


    Although complete chemical analyses were not performed for


both tests, it appears that there was little variation in the


chemical parameters between the test, tanks.  Results are listed

-------
                                                            11
in Tables 3 and 7.  Of the changes between initial and final

measurements, the largest was in zinc concentration.  The large

increase may indicate some leaching from the test frames.

Concentrations of 0.3 mg/liter were reached at the end of two

weeks.  Williams and Mount (1965) found that zinc concentrations

of 1.0 mg/liter resulted in a decrease in the number . of  dominant

species of periphyton on glass slides in outdoor canals.  This

may have occurred in Test One.

    Some contamination due to a lack of acid-washing for the sample

bottles may have interfered  with the metals analyses.

Biological

    Chlorophyll

    Chlorophyll concentrations are reported in Tables 2, 4, 5,

arid 6 and Figures 2, 3, A, 5, and 6.  Although absolute  values

varied with each test.  It was noted that in each case the amount

of chlorophyll was greater in the highest tailings concentration

than that in the control.

    Although replicate nets were not sampled, an attempt to

.analyze the chlorophyll results statistically was made utilizing

an estimate of variance in analysis from the replicate slide

scrapings.  Error was assumed to be a percentage rather  than

absolute and the statistical analysis performed with the natural

logarithm of the concentration rather than the concentration itself.

A Student's t test was performed where z = Di -Do and
                                           ""^
   ** T' Mxl ~ X2' •  In Test Two the chlorophyll concentrations

at two weeks were measured using fluoriraetry rather than absorbancc.

-------
                                                                    12
Therefore, the absolute numbers in this test cannot "be directly


compared to those.in the other test.  However, they may still


be used in the statistical analysis.  This method of analyses


indicates a significant (p = 0.05) increase in chlorophyll in


all tests at the highest tailings level as compared to the control.


     The chlorophyll analyses indicated the possibility of algal


stimulation.  Hovever, due to the lack of duplication of nets


and the settling of the tailings, additional studies correcting


these problems are required for futher verification.


Ash free weight (organic weight)


     Ash free weights are reported in Tables 2, 1», 5» and 6 and


Figures 2, 3, h, 5, and 8.  No duplicate analyses were run with


ash free weights and no estimate of error was obtained.  There


does not, however appear to be a definite relationship between


change in ash free weight and tailing added.


Algal counts


     Algal counts are listed in Tables 2, U, 5» and 6.and Figures


2, 3, H, 5, and 7.  No statistically significant relationship

                                     *
between cell counts and tailings added was found.


Diversity


     Diversity indices (Tables 2 and U,. Figures 2 and 3) were


calculated according to the. index discussed by Vilhxn (1970).

                           i          "•
The equation is as follows}'


               d = £(ni/n) Iog2 (Vn).


No significant relationship was found betveen diversity and tailings


added (p >0.05).  Species distributions are listed in Tables 8, 9,


10, and 11.                            :

-------
                                                                    13






                              Conclusions






     In conclusion, no definite relationship vas found between



tailings concentration and algal cell counts or ash free weight.



A statistical relationship between chlorophyll and tailings was



found.  However, the problems of a high zinc concentration, the



lack of replicate samples, and the settling of tailings due to a



lack of circulation necessitates additional study.

-------
      PART TWO
 Circulating Systems
1973 Experimentation

-------
     Due to the previously mentioned problems associated with the static
 i
algal bioassays, additional bioassays are presently underway.   The first

of two duplicate tests has been run although complete results and

analysis not,yet available.  The methods and equipment for these studies

are the same as indicated in Part One with the exceptions as noted below

and pertaining at this time only to the first test of Part. Two.

Physical Conditions

     Fresh water samples were obtained and maintained at a temperature

of 11.U° C +1.0.  The light intensity was maintained at 200 foot

candles *_ 20 .at the water surface.  The water within the tanks was inter-

nally circulated with the use of a glass air pump.

Experimental Conditions

     Taconite tailings effluent-sized to contain only particles of less

than 2P size were placed in the tanks at concentrations of

100 mg/1, 25 mg/1, 5 mg/1, arid 0 mg/1.  The water with tailings was then

allowed to stand, with mixing, for hQ hours.  At this time glass frames

were placed in the tanks and twelve 5 hy 20 cm slides were positioned

on them.  The frames consist of glass strips glued together to form a

platform 18 by 50 cm standing 31 cm off the bottom. ' This allows the

slides to be suspended U cm below the water surface.  The frames were

soaked in tap water for one week and the slides were soaked in a 10$

solution of nitric acid and autoclaved prior to use.

-------
                                                             15
     Due to evaporative losses, it was necessary to maintain the

 water level by the addition of .4ad.onized-distilled water.  This
 *                               **
 water was analyzed for and found to contain no measureable

 chlorophyll.

 Sample Period

     Two five-week tests are planned at the present time.  The

 first of these has been completed although all analyses have

 not  been performed.  Replicate samples were taken weekly starting

 with two weeks after the introduction of the slides.   Two slides

 were pooled for each replicate in the two week sample.  Upon

 removal from the tanks, the slides were scraped Ihto a vial with

 a  razor blade and rinsed with approximately 5 ml of 90% acetone.
                                 •/?<
.The  total volume of acetone was determined upon analysis.  At the

 termination of the test, two slides were removed from each tank, for

 a  differential algal count.

 Sample Analysis

     The following analyses have been or will be performed on the

 slides: chlorophyll,                 inorganic solids, tailings,

 and,on some samples, algal cell counts.

     Chlorophyll analyses were performed with a Gary 14 Spectro-

 photometer.  After removal of theperiphyton from the slide, the

 sample was sonified with a Heat Systems Co. Sonifier Cell Disruptor

 at 50 watts for 10 seconds, allowed to steep refrigerated in

 the  dark for 24 hours, and centrifuged at 500 gravities for

 30 minutes.  Analyses were made with the zero to 0.1 range

 slide-wire, a one centimeter cuvette and plotted against a 90%

-------
                                                                    16






acetone reference.  Chlorophyll concentrations were calculated using



peak height.



     Tailings and total inorganic solids vill be performed "by Dr. Cook




of NWQL according to the methods of his 1973 report.



     Algal counts will be performed by Dr. Robert Nelson of the Univer-



sity of Wisconsin - Eau Claire as described in the report of Arthur,




et al. (1973).



     Turbidity measurements were made daily with a Hach 2100 A Turbidi-



meter for each tank as a measure of the tailings settling rate.  In



addition, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, and hardness were measured



several times during the test.

-------
                                                                       18
  Table 9:     Chlorophyll Analysis for Part Two,  Test One

                                             Weeks
   Nominal                             Chlorophyll/slide
Cone. Tailings                        ,   (mg/1 x 10*^)
    mg/1              2             3               I*               5

      0          1.96 -  2.U1   3.22 -  3.62    3.91* -  3.91*     U.13 -  6.03

      5          3.06 -  3.08   5.36 -  6.23    9.65 T  9.65    12.36 - 12.39

     25               2.1*8*     6.93 -  7.51*   11.26 - 12.22    20.96 - 21.22

    100          i.8l -  1.83  17.63 - 20.3U   20.96 - 21.55         20.96*
*0nly one measurement  made

-------
                              References   .        ' .'• .  '. !••; "":   •   19
 American Public Health Association.  1971.   Standard Methods for the
         •                                        t
      Examination of Water and Waste  Water.   American Public Health
 ' t_          *             .
  .  •  Assoc..,  Washington,  D.C. 8714  pp.              •*.'..
 Andrew, R. W. 1973.   Analysis of tailings  and solids in sediments  and
      waters of Lake  Superior. National Water Quality  Laboratory Report.
 Andrew, R. W. and G. Glass.  1970.  Effect  of'taconite  tailings  on  algal
  ,  .  growth.   National V/ater Quality Laboratory Report.
 Arthur, J. A., D.  A. .Benoit, D.  T. Olson,  V.  R.  Mattson,  and W.  R. Swain.
  [    1973. Periphyton growth on artificial substrates in Lake  Superior.
      National Water  Quality'Laboratory Report.   '
 Biesinger, K. E.,  J0 M. McKim, and M.  H. Hohn.  1973.   The effect of
                                             •    »
  '    taconite tailings on productivity in  Lake  Superior as measured in
 • .                            '                   *
      large polyethylene bags.  National Water Quality  Laboratory Report.
 Cook, P. M..   1973.  X-Ray diffraction methods  for the study'of the  distri-
  •   bution of taconite tailings  in Lake Superior, Sediments, Water, and
                  %            "
     Substrates. NWQL Report-in preparation.
 Clooschenko,  W.  A..-H. Curl, Jr.,  end  L. F.  Small.  1972.   Die!  periodicity •
      of chlorophyll  a concentration  in Oregon coastal  waters.   J.. Fish.

      Res.  Bd. Canada 29:  1253-1259-
McGee, R.  1970.  Stimulation of  algae growth by taconite tailings.  •
  1                                                     .
     National Water Quality Laboratory Report.
Miller, W. E.   1970.   U. S. Government Memorandum to Director,  Pacific
     Northwest Water Laboratory.
Olson, T. A.  and T. 0. Odlaug.  1972.  Lake Superior periphyton in
                                           . i
     relation to water quality.   Water Pollution Control Research

  :   Series,  18050 DBM.
Wilhm, J. 1970.  Range of diversity index in benthic macroinvertebrate
     populations.  J. Water Poll. Cont. Fed. te(5):  Part 2. R221-R22L.
Williams, L., and D.  I. Mount. 1965.   Influence of zinc on pcriphytic

-------
                           ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS






     The author vishes to thank Waylain Swain c.;' the University of




Minnesota, Duluth  for the chlorophyll  analysis, Robert Nelson of




University of Wisconsin.  Eau  Claire for the algal cell counts, and




Robert Andrew and  Phillip Cook of NVQL for the tailings analysis




for this report.

-------
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