Technical Note
                              ORP/LV-75-1
RADIOACTIVITY IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
 A LITERATURE REVIEW AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
           Gregory G. Eadie

              April 1975
  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
  Office of Radiation Programs
  Las Vegas Facility
  P.O. Box 15027
  Las Vegas, Nevada   89114

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                              Technical Note
                              ORP/LV  75-1
RADIOACTIVITY IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
 A LITERATURE REVIEW AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
           Gregory G. Eadie
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  Office of Radiation Programs
  Las Vegas Facility
  P.O. Box 15027
  Las Vegas, Nevada   89114

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                         PREFACE
     The Office of Radiation Programs of the Environmental
Protection Agency carries out a national program designed to
evaluate population exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing
radiation, and to promote development of controls necessary
to protect the public health and safety.  This literature
survey was undertaken to assess the extent of the exposure
of the population to naturally occurring radionuclides pres-
ent in building materials and to provide a basis for further
studies.  Readers of this report are encouraged to inform
the Office of Radiation Programs of any omissions or errors.
Comments or requests for further information are also invited.
                                     lOs

                            Donald W. Hendricks
                            Director, Office of
                          Radiation Programs, LVF
                           111

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                     TABLE OF CONTENTS
                      LIST OF TABLES
INTRODUCTION                                       1

SUMMARY                                            2

CONCLUSIONS                                        3

RADIOACTIVITY IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS            5

RADIATION SURVEYS                                  8

RADON AND RADON DAUGHTER PRODUCT CONCEN-
 TRATIONS INSIDE BUILDINGS                        14

SURVEY OF BUILDINGS WHERE URANIUM MILL
 TAILINGS HAS BEEN USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
 PURPOSES                                         17

SPECIAL STUDIES IN AREAS OF HIGH RADIATION
 BACKGROUND                                       18

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                      20
Table 1.  GONADAL DOSE EQUIVALENT  TO  THE
 U.S. POPULATION FROM NATURAL RADIATION             9

Table 2.  GAMMA EXPOSURE RATES  INSIDE
 BUILDINGS                                         13
                            V

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                      INTRODUCTION
     A literature search has been conducted to evaluate the
exposure of the population to levels of naturally occurring
radionuclides present in construction materials.

     A bibliography of pertinent references has been com-
piled from the bibliographies by Lowder  (1965) and Klement
(1965 and 1970), and has been supplemented by searching the
Nuclear Science Abstracts  (NSA) through Volume 31, Number 4
(February 1975).

     This bibliography on radioactivity in construction ma-
terials contains, to a large extent, articles from the early
1950"s to the present, since few surveys were reported in
the literature prior to 1950.  A brief description of impor-
tant topics dealt with in each article has been provided
with the reference source for those articles which have been
reviewed.

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                         SUMMARY
     Surveys to determine the radioactive content of specific
building materials used in the United States have not been
reported in the literature.  The external dose to the United
States population from exposure to natural radioactive mater-
ials (exclusive of uranium mill tailings) contained in United
States building materials has not been evaluated, and the
possibly significant external exposure from the use of by-
product gypsum and fly-ash materials should be evaluated.
The effects of various construction materials on the attenu-
ation of cosmic and terrestrial radiation have been evaluated
in a limited number of surveys in the urban areas of Boston,
New York, and Livermore,  California.  The measurement of
radon and radon daughter product concentrations has only
been reported for a few dwellings and several multi-story
office buildings in Boston and in several State-owned build-
ings in North Carolina.  This literature search has found a
lack of meaningful data for use in evaluating the U.S. popu-
lation exposure from building materials.

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                         CONCLUSIONS
     1.  The article by Hamilton  (1971) is the only signifi-
cant report of data on the radioactivity content of specific
building materials.

     2.  Radioactivity in building materials used in the
United States has received very little attention.  Except
for the studies to find construction materials of very low
background, there are no reports of radiological surveys of
any United States building materials which are used by the
general population for construction purposes.  Also, there
are no reports of United States studies on the possible use
of by-product gypsum and fly-ash products for construction
materials.

     3.  The reports by Solon, et al., (1960); Yeates, et al.,
(1970 and 1972); and Lindeken, et al., (1971 and 1973) pro-
vide the only data on radiation measurements made inside
United States buildings.

     4.  The reports by Yeates, et al.,  (1970 and 1972) and
Aldrich and Conners  (1974) are the only reported data of
radon daughter product concentration measurements made in-
side United States buildings  (exclusive of measurements made
to study uranium mill tailings material usage).

     5.  The documentation of the evaluation of radiological
hazards associated with the use of uranium mill tailings
material for construction purposes in  the United States has
not been reported in the open literature  [except for the
report by Duncan and Eadie  (1974)].

     6.  Dose assessments of radiation exposures inside
dwellings and evaluation of the internal dose due to the
inhalation of radon daughter products  in the air inside
dwellings have been reported in a number of articles from
foreign countries.  These reports indicate that radon and
radon daughter product concentrations  in air inside dwellings
of concrete or granite construction probably exceed a working
level value of 0.01, which is the lower limit of the exposure

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guideline currently recommended for the remedial action
program in Grand Junction, Colorado (JCAE, 1971), where
uranium mill tailings material has actually been used for
construction purposes.

     7.  Table 1, taken from Oakley (1972) , represents the
best summary of the gonadal dose equivalent to the United
States population from natural sources and concludes that
the total dose equivalent is 88 mrem/yr.

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          RADIOACTIVITY IN CONSTRUCTION
     There are only a few published reports which specifi-
cally discuss the concentration of radionuclides in building
materials such as brick, gypsum board, concrete, etc.  The
article by Hamilton (1971) reports the concentrations of
potassium, thorium, uranium, and radium for various build-
ing materials used in the United Kingdom.  The results are
expressed in "ppm" and, for comparison purposes, the con-
centration results were converted to a "radium equivalent"
unit.  This expresses the summation concentrations of potas-
sium, thorium, and uranium in terms of the concentration of
radium which gives the same gamma-ray emission per gram of
material.  Gypsum board, derived as a by-product of the
manufacture of superphosphate fertilizers, had the highest
radium equivalent of all building materials, 17.0 picocuries
per gram  (pCi/g).  Natural gypsum products in the nnited
Kingdom had a radium equivalent of 1.2 pCi/g.  Clay bricks,
the most commonly used building material, had a concentra-
tion of 1.4 pCi/g.  There is some indication that concrete
blocks produced from fly ash (i.e., a mixture of coal clinker,
ash, and cement) have a radium equivalent greater than other
brick products.  As a result of Hamilton's report, the
United Kingdom has considered legislation to limit the aver-
age concentration of radium in by-product gypsum materials
for use in the construction industry to less than 25 pCi/g
(O'Riordan, et al., 1972).

     In a report to the United Kingdom's National Radiolog-
ical Protection Board, O'Riordan, et al.,  (1972), evaluated
the dose rate from the use of by-product gypsum material.
Considering that the typical radium content of by-product
gypsum material is 25 pCi/g, the corresponding gamma-ray
dose rate to the gonads and bone marrow of the occupants of
a standardized, house was calculated to be 30 mrad per year.
The beta-ray dose rate to the skin and lens of the eye was
less than 20 mrad per year.  An evaluation of the lung dose
due to radon and radon daughter products produced from the
use of the by-product gypsum indicated an annual exposure
of 0.04 working level months (WLM).  The report summarized
that the radiation exposures due to the use of by-product
gypsum products are about one-tenth of the annual dose limits
for exposure to members of the general public as recommended
by the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

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     Standards for natural radioactive substances in build-
ing materials have been established in the Soviet Union and
are contained in the Soviet Sanitary Regulations, Numbers
437 through 463.  In summary, the maximum permissible con-
centration of naturally radioactive substances in Soviet
building materials is less than 20 pCi of the total radium-228,
rad.ium-226, thorium-228,  thorium-230,  uranium-234, lead-210,
and polonium-210 content per gram of material.

     The article by Krisyuk, et al., (1974)  also discusses
gamma-spectrometric analyses of various building materials
used in the USSR and predicts exposure rates inside buildings.
Suggested permissible concentrations of radium-226, thorium-232r
and potassium-40 are 10,  7, and 126 r>Ci/g, respectively,
based on external gamma radiation levels inside structures.

     In the article by Afanas'ev and Krisyuk  (1967), the
exposure of occupants due to increased levels of radon and
thorium and their decay products in indoor air is discussed.
The article concludes that measurements of specific radon
and thorium liberation rates should be evaluated on all new
building materials, e.g., by-product gypsum boards.  Also,
different air-change factors and the influence of paint or
sealants on the emission rates inside structures should be
considered.

     Data on the potassium, uranium, and thorium content of
building materials of Taiwan are given in the article by
Chang, et al.,  (1974).  The results are expressed in parts
per million per kilogram and, from these values, it was
estimated that the external gamma radiation from a typical
concrete building was 52 milliroentgen per year  (mR/y).

     Other articles dealing specifically with radioactivity
in building materials are listed below:

     Author                           Country

     Aten, et al.,  (1961)             Netherlands
     Bergstram and Wahlberg  (1967)    Sweden
     Kominek (1972)                   Czechoslovakia
     Krisyuk, et al.,  (1974)          Soviet Union
     Lindell and P.eizenstein  (1964)   Sweden
     Roehnsch (1974)                  Germany
     Safonov (1972)                   Soviet Union
     Stretta and del Arenal  (1963)    Mexico

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     Several other articles deal with the use of radio-
isotopes as tracers in building materials or their use in
radiography of construction projects:

     Author                            Country

     Hilaire and Le Gallic  (1971)      France
     Ramos Rodriquez  (1970)            Spain
     Toyer (1972)                      France

     With respect to radioactivity in building materials
used in the United States, there are three articles by
Wollenberg and Smith  (1960, 1962, and 1966) which report
the determination of the natural radioactivity content of
materials used in concrete or concrete aggregate mixes.
These studies were undertaken to determine the lowest back-
ground materials for use in constructing a room for a whole-
body counting chamber and are, therefore, not representative
of typical building materials.  Schiager (1974) also dis-
cusses the selection of low-background building materials
(concrete and aggregate mixes) which were used to construct
a photographic film storage facility having an exposure rate
less than 11 microroentgens per hour (yR/h).

     Other articles which report the natural radioactivity
content of various rocks and soils of the United States are
listed in the bibliography.  The articles by Harley and
Lowder (1971) and Oakley  (1972) provide good summary reports
of the natural radionuclide content and dose rates from com-
mon rocks and soils, but these conditions are representative
only of outdoor terrestrial exposures.

     Although extensive surveys have been conducted in the
United States to determine the radioactivty of water sup-
plies and foodstuffs, very little information on the radio-
activity analysis and the radiation exposure conditions of
specific United States building materials, such as gypsum
products, concrete, brick, etc., has been reported in the
literature.  No reports were found which correlate the
radioactivity content of the building materials to the
radiological exposure conditions measured inside the buildings

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                      RADIATION SURVEYS
     The following references are concerned with surveys
of the outdoor measurement of cosmic and terrestrial back-
ground radiation exposure for different sections of the
United States:
     Author

     Beck, et al.,  (1964)

     Golden, Jr. (1968)
     Harley and Lowder (1971)
     Keefer and Dauer (1970)
     Kinsman (1958)
     Levin and Stoms (1969)

     Lindeken, et al.,  (1971,
      1972, & 1973)
     Lowder, et al., (1964)
     McLaughlin  (1972)
     Moxham (1963)
     Oakley (1972)
     Patterson, et al.,  (1958)
     Pinkerton, et al.,  (1964)
     Segall and Reed (1963)
     Soion  (1958)
     Stephens and Patterson (1961)
     Wolienberg and Smith (1960)
Area, of Survey

Southeast, Central,
& Western U.S.
Florida
General
Florida
General
Michigan, Colorado,
& Minnesota

California
New England states
General
Maryland
General
San Francisco Bay area
Maryland
New England states
General
San Francisco Bay area
San Francisco Bay area
     Oakley (1972) summarized the results of studies of
cosmic and terrestrial radiation exposure rates in the United
States.  The average dose equivalent to the United States
population, considering the population distribution with re-
spect to elevation, the influence of housing and biological
shielding, and the contribution from internal emitters, are
presented in table 1, from his report.

     Oakley based his calculations of the terrestrial com- !
ponent of the United States background exposure rate on the'
results of the Aerial Radiological Measurement Surveys     ,
(ARMS), which were conducted from 1958 to 1963 by the U.S.
Geological Survey and EG&G, Inc., under U.S. AEG sponsorship.

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      Table 1.  GONADAL DOSE EQUIVALENT TO THE U.S.
           POPULATION FROM NATURAL RADIATION
                                    DOSE EQUIVALENT
               SOURCE                   (mrem/yr)


External

  Terrestrial	         26

    Housing factor = 0.80
    Screening factor = 0.80

  Cosmic	         44


Internal

  Potassium-40 	         16

  Other nuclides	          2



Total	         88


*Taken from D. T. Oakley  (1972).

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     The effects of different building materials on the
attenuation of the natural background radiation was taken
into account by introducing a "housing factor" which was
defined as the average factor by which indoor living reduces
man's exposure to natural external radiation.  Oakley re-
viewed the available literature which includes both U.S.
and foreign surveys, and concluded that the ratio of the
indoor to outdoor dose rates for wood structures ranged
from 70 to 82 percent.  Similar ratios for homes of masonry
construction ranged from 72 to 106 percent.  Oakley there-
fore assumed that the ratio of inside to outside dose rates
for wood dwellings was 70 percent and for masonry buildings
it was 100 percent.  Other conditions were also considered
in the selection of parameters for the calculation of the
housing factor.  The type of housing (single-family versus
multiple-family dwellings), type of construction  (wood versus
masonry structure), and occupancy time estimates for at-
home versus away-from-home activities were considered in
the derivation of the average housing factor of 0.8.

     The following articles report the results of surveys
conducted to evaluate the radiation exposure rates inside
United States buildings:

     Author                              Area of Survey

     Jones, et al., (1971)             California
     Lindeken, et al.,  (1971 & 1973)   Livermore, California
     Lowder and Condon  (1965)          Vermont, New Hampshire
     McLaughlin (1972)                 General
     Neher (1957)                       General
     Oakley (1972)                     General
     Solon, et al., (1960)             New York City
     Yeates, et al.,  (1970 & 1972)     Boston

     Neher (1957)  reported the results of measurements made
inside various buildings using an ionization chamber.  The
average exposure rate (cosmic radiation contribution sub-
tracted) was 60 mR/yr for wood structures and 130 mR/yr
for concrete buildings.

     Solon, et al., (1960) also used an ionization chamber
to survey dwellings in the metropolitan New York area and
reported the results of the survey as cosmic plus terres-
trial radiation.  Measurements on the first floor of wood-
frame dwellings (for three dwellings surveyed) showed a
range of 76 to 97 mR/yr.  Measurements on the first floor
of brick and stone structures (for six dwellings surveyed)
ranged from 70 to 84 mR/yr.  Radiation measurements were
also made in the upper floors of a brick apartment building,
                              10

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but it is difficult to reach a definite conclusion from the
data reported.  Radiation levels outside of the surveyed
structures were also reported and it appears that, in gen-
eral, the radiation level inside the structure was somewhat
lower than outside.

     The article by Lowder and Condon  (1965) discusses radi-
ation surveys conducted in Vermont and New Hampshire, but
only the results of outdoor measurement are reported.
Although the authors present the conclusion that "the mean
indoor levels were close to 70 percent of the corresponding
outdoor levels in each area," no data were reported for the
measurements made inside structures and it is, therefore,
difficult to verify this conclusion.

     The report by Yeates, et al.,  (1970) concludes that
the ratio of the indoor to outdoor dose rates for wood
structures is 82 percent  (for five dwellings, first floor
measurements), and a range of 87 to 106 percent for steel
and concrete office buildings (for four structures surveyed),
Yeates, et al.,  (1972) also discussed data from the 1970
report and has included data of gamma exposure rates inside
single- and multiple-family dwellings and for several multi-
story office buildings in Boston.  The dose rates inside
wooden single-family dwellings were from 25 to 50 percent
lower than outdoor levels.  For masonry multiple-family
dwellings, the inside dose rate was about 10 percent lower
than the outside measurement.  The gamma exposure rates in
multi-story office buildings x^ere reported, but the data
fail to show any significant change of the radiation level
with height inside the building.

     Lindeken, et al.,  (1971 and 1973) used TLD dosimeters
to record the background radiation exposure in about 100
residences  (mostly wood-frame structures) in the vicinity
of Livermore, California.  A median annual exposure rate
of 63 mR, with a range of 52 to 120 mR/yr, was reported.
Radiation levels on the second floor of the dwellings were
slightly lower than the ground floor levels.  Jones, et al.,
(1971) also reported TLD gamma surveys inside dwellings.

     The article, "Radiation Levels Inside and Outside
Buildings," by Goldin is included in the reference of
McLaughlin  (1972).  Goldin summarizes the work in the
United States by Yeates and presents a summary table of
the radiation measurements inside dwellings in Sweden, East
Germany, and Scotland.  Some discussion of radon daughter
concentration measurements inside buildings is reported by
Hultquist (Sweden) and Yeates (United States).
                             11

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     The Second Workshop on the Natural Radiation Environment,
W. M. Lowder, ed.,(1974) , contains several articles which
discuss environmental gamma radiation surveys and also radon/
radon daughter evaluations made indoors in Grand Junction,
Colorado.

     In summary, the analysis of the few reported United
States surveys can only lead to general conclusions regard-
ing the attenuation of background radiation by United States
building materials.  Wood structures tend to have lower
radiation levels inside compared to the outside levels.
Single-story concrete or brick structures may have inside
radiation levels higher than the outside levels due to the
presence of natural radioactivity in the construction materials
The second floor of any type of structure (i.e., wood or
masonry construction) seems to have a slightly lower radia-
tion level than does the first floor.  The ground-level
floors of multi-story buildings have higher radiation levels
inside than outside; but, in the higher stories, the radia-
tion levels inside the building may be less than the outside
radiation levels.

     The following references report the results of surveys
conducted to evaluate the radiation exposure rates inside
dwellings in several foreign countries:

     Author                            Country

     Cardinale, et al.,  (1971)         Italy
     Gustafsson  (1969)                 Finland
     Hultquist (1956 & 1965)
      (in Swedish)                      Sweden
     Kametani, et al., (1970)
      (in Japanese)                    Japan
     Kurokawa  (1971)  (in Japanese)     Japan
     Ohlsen (1969 & 1970) (in German)  East Germany
     Pensko, et al.,  (1969)
      (in Polish)                      Poland
     Spiers (1960)                      Scotland
     Storruste and Rlinstad  (1965)     Norway
     Yamashita, et al.,  (1966)         Japan
     Yeates and King  (1973)             Western Australia

     The results of most of these reports are summarized
in table 2.
                            12

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             Table 2.  GAMMA EXPOSURE RATES
                INSIDE BUILDINGS - mR/yr
  LOCATION
AND REFERENCE

East Germany
(Ohlsen, 1970)
 TYPE OF
BUILDING
AVERAGE   RANGE  REMARKS
Finland
(Gaustafsson,
1969)

Italy
(Cardinals,
et al., 1971)

Norway
(Storruste
and Reinstad,
1965)
Frame (old)   110
Brick (old)   110
Brick (new)    97
Stone (old)   140
Industrial
Const.(new)    92

Wood           81
Unclassified
Wood           87
Concrete      117
Brick         129
         30-240
         40-200
         40-150
         40-260

         40-150

         78-88
(cosmic of
28 mR/yr
incl.)
         105-263  (cosmic of
                 37 mR/yr
                 incl.)

         66-118   (cosmic of
         81-152  25 mR/yr
         91-158  incl.)
Scotland
(Spiers, 1960)




Sweden
(Hultquist,
1956)
W. Australia
(Yeates and
King, 1973)
Stone
(Edinburgh)
Stone
(Dundee)
Granite
(Aberdeen)
Wood
Brick
Concrete
Wood
Brick
Concrete

48

64

85
80
137
206
52
65
67

25-70

45-80

70-110
70-150
70-220
130-520
—
—
53-91
*Parts of this table were taken  from  the  article by
A. S. Goldin in the report by J. E. McLaughlin  (1972).
                          13

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              RADON AND RADON DAUGHTER PRODUCT
               CONCENTRATIONS INSIDE BUILDINGS
     The only reported radon and radon daughter product
concentrations measured inside United States buildings are
contained in the articles by Yeates, et al., (1970 and
1972), and Aldrich and Conners (1974).   Yeates measured the
radon daughter product concentrations inside dwellings and
inside multi-story buildings and compared the results to
the outside measurements.  The radon daughter product con-
centrations measured inside the dwellings (first and second
floors) were comparable to the outdoor concentrations, but
the concentrations in the basements were about a factor of
five higher than outside.  In the office buildings, the radon
daughter product concentrations were low due to the effec-
tiveness of the ventilation system for changing and filtering
the air.

     In the article by Aldrich and Conners  (1974), data are
reported on evaluations of the indoor radon daughter prod-
uct concentrations for 32 State-owned office buildings in
North Carolina.  Only 5 out of 32 structures surveyed had
working level values in excess of 0.01 WL; the highest value
being 0.028 WL for the Old Senate Chamber of the State Capi-
tol Building (granite, marble construction with no ventila-
tion system).

     Other authors [Barton, et al.,  (1973); Bunce  (1966);
Gesell  (1973);  Harley (1973); and Johnson, et al., (1973)]
have considered the exposure of inhabitants of dwellings
as a result of unvented combustion products from the use
of natural gas in unvented appliances.   The average concen-
trations of radon in natural gas were estimated to be about
20 pCi/1, whereas maximum concentrations of about 1,000 pCi/1
have been measured.  Other articles dealing with radon in
natural gas are to be published in the Proceedings of the
Noble Gases Symposium which was held in September 1973 in
Las Vegas, Nevada.

     Oakley (1972) also considers the internal exposure of
organs, other than the lung, of an individual due to the
inhalation of radon daughter products in the air inside a
dwelling.  Based on the UNSCEAR Report  (1966) , Oakley con-
cluded that the internal exposure from the inhalation of radon
daughter products would be less than 2 mrem/yr, gonadal dose
equivalent.
                             14

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     Auxier, et al., (1974) describe a study on the effects
of using plaster, asphalt, or paint on concrete surfaces to
reduce the radon emission rates.  Plaster and asphalt coat-
ings did not reduce the radon emission rate.  Epoxy paints
did reduce the emission rate; however, this resulted in a
buildup of radon daughter products at the paint to concrete
interface which resulted in an increased gamma exposure rate.
This study does not discuss the radioactivity content of
building materials.

     Kerr, et al.,  (1974) report on alpha-particle spectrom-
eter measurements of indoor radon daughter products in Grand
Junction, Colorado.  This study was conducted to evaluate
the remedial action program in nine structures where uran-
ium mill tailings material had been used for construction
purposes.

     Hultquist (1969) reported the results of radon concen-
tration measurements inside Swedish dwellings.  For wooden
structures  (for eight buildings surveyed), a mean radon level
of 0.53 pCi/1  (ranging from 0.18 to 0.90 pCi/1) was measured.
Brick structures  (25 surveyed) had a mean radon level of
0.91 pCi/1  (ranging from 0.18 to 4.1 pCi/1).  Dwellinas
built mostly of concrete  (28 surveyed) had a mean radon
level of 1.86 pCi/1  (ranging from 0.28 to 5.8 pCi/1).

     Sievert  (1965) reported results of surveys of the radon
and thoron content of air inside Swedish houses of different
construction types.  Measurements were made before and then
after the room was ventilated.  The data presented by Sievert
are given as the percentage of dwellings (by construction
type) which were found in various radon concentration ranges
(ranging from less than 0.5 pCi/1 to the range of 15 to 30
pCi/1).  Therefore, it appears that poor ventilation leads
to high concentrations of radon inside dwellings regardless
of construction type, and that concrete structures have a
higher radon content than do brick dwellings, with wooden
structures having the lowest radon content of any type of
dwelling surveyed.

     Toth (1972)  reported on the determination of short-
lived radon decay products in the air of unventilated living
rooms in Hungary.  Analyses for 841 locations completed in
14 different towns indicated mean concentrations for Ra-A,
Ra-B, and Ra-C of 3.05, 2.64, and 2.49 pCi/1, respectively.
On the basis of these radon daughter product concentrations,
and of certain assumptions concerning occupancy time and
dose conversion factors, Toth estimated that the Hungarian
population receives a dose of 800 mrem/yr to the bronchial
epithelium and 120 mrem/yr to the whole lungs.
                             15

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     Hague and Collinson  (1967) also reported annual doses
for different parts of the respiratory system for various
radon and radon daughter concentrations in dwellings sur-
veyed in London [Hague, et al., (1965)].

     Four other articles concerned with the measurement
of radon concentrations inside dwellings in foreign countries
have also been reported:
     Author

     Mikhaylov, et al./
     Shem'i-zade (1970)
     Toth (1968)
     Truelle (1971)
(1967)
Country

Bulgaria
Soviet Union
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
     Another report of possible interest, Snihs (1973) , is
to be published in the Proceedings of the Noble Gases Sym-
posium held in Las Vegas, Nevada, in September 1973.
                           16

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       SURVEY OF BUILDINGS WHERE URANIUM MILL TAILINGS
      MATERIAL HAS BEEN USED FOR CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES
     The extensive radiological surveys conducted by State
and Federal agencies  (e.g., U.S PHS, U.S. AEC, U.S. EPA,
and the State of Colorado) to evaluate the hazards associ-
ated with the use of uranium mill tailings material for
construction purposes have not been published in the open
literature.  Detailed reports have been issued to each State
where tailings material has been determined to have been
used for construction purposes.  These State reports include
the results of a mobile gamma-scannina survey (used to de-
note locations with suspected tailings use) and the results
of portable instrument radiation surveys completed inside
and outside of selected dwellings.  For some dwellings,
where the use of tailings material could not be completely
evaluated from the gamma radiation surveys only, measure-
ments of the indoor radon and radon daughter product concen-
trations (reported in units of "Working Level")  were made
and the results reported in the state reports.  The extent
of the problem resulting from the use of uranium mill tail-
ings material for construction purposes is recorded in the
Hearings by the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy  (October
1971).

     Auxier (1973) also considered the problems associated
with the use of uranium mill tailings for construction pur-
poses.  Duncan and Eadie  (1974) present data on the evalua-
tion of the indoor working level values and also some indoor
gamma radiation survey results for structures built immedi-
ately adjacent to a uranium mill tailings pile located in
Salt Lake City, Utah.        >
                             17

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   SPECIAL STUDIES IN AREAS OF HIGH RADIATION BACKGROUND
     Several articles are included in the bibliography which
discuss radiological surveys conducted in areas (in India
and Brazil) which have high natural radiation background.
Little information concerning the radiological exposure con-
ditions, which result from the use of sands and rocks of high
radioactivity content for construction purposes, has been
reported in these articles.

     Bharatwal and Vaza give the results of gamma radiation
surveys conducted inside houses in a monazite sand area,
and conclude that, irrespective of the construction material
used in the dwelling, the gamma exposure rate inside was
almost the same as that outside.  No studies have been re-
ported which evaluate the radon levels inside dwellings in
these areas of high radium and thorium bearing soils.
                           18

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19

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                             BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adams, J. A. S., J. K. Osmond, and J. W. Rogers.  The geochemistry of
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Adams, J. A. S. and W. M. Lowder, (eds.). The Natural Radiation Environ-
ment.  Proc. International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environ-
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Adams, J. A. S., W. M. Lowder, and T. F. Gesell, (eds.).  Proc. Second
International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment.  USAEC
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Afanas'ev, M. K. and E. M. Krisyuk.   Standards for natural radio-
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32J10-12): October-December, 1967.  High radon and thoron indoor con-
centrations from building materials.

Akalan, I. and J. L. White.  Natural and fission-produced radioac-
tivity in four Indiana soils.  Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci.   72:325-329,
1962.

Aldrich, L. K. and D. A. Conners.  Evaluation of airborne radon in
state owned office buildings.  In:  Report of the Environmental Radi-
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Aleksakhin, R. M. and V. D. Vasil'yevskaya.  Proc. 2nd Inter-Institute
Conf. on the Problem of Microelements and Natural Soil Radioactivity in
the USSR.  Pochvovedeniye."-9:114-115, 1960.(English translation:
JPRS-6626; CSO:4902-D).

Alexander, L. T., E. P. Hardy, Jr.,  and H. L. Hollister.  Radioiso-
topes in soils:  particularly with reference to strontium-90.  Radio-
isotopes in Biosphere.  R. S. Caldecott and L. A. Snyder (eds.).
Minneapolis, U. of Minnesota Printing Dept.  1960.  Includes natural'
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Asimov, I.  Natural occurrences of short-lived radioisotopes.
J. Chetn. Educ.  30_:616-618, 1953.

                                  20

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Aten, A. H.,  I. Heertje, and M. C. deJong.  Measurements of low-level
environmental radiation by means of G-M counters with observations in
the Amsterdam^area. ^ Physica 27.  pp. 809-820.  1961.  External gemma
radiation inside buildings and in the building material.

Auxier, J. A.  Contribution of Natural Terrestrial Sources to the
Total Radiation Dose to Man.  Thesis.  Georgia Inst. of Tech.  1973.
(NSA 28(6)-13054.)  ORNL-TM-4323 (NSA 29(l)-633, September 1973.)
Sources3 radon in homes, and uranium mill tailings used for
construction purposes.

Auxier, J. A., W. H. Shinpaugh, G. D. Kerr, and D. J. Christian.  Pre-
liminary studies of the effects of sealants on radon emanation from
concrete.  Health Phys.  2^(4):390-392, October 1974.   (NSA 31(5)-
12113.)  Plaster or asphalt coverings do not reduce radon emission
rates; paint reduces emission rate by factor of 4.

Baranov, V. I., N.  G. Morozova, K. G. Kunasheva, and G. I. Grigor'yev.
Geochemistry of some natural radioactive elements in soils.  (English
translation:  Soviet Soil Science.  8_:733-740, 1964.)

Baranov, V. I. and  V. I. Vernadskii.  Natural radioactivity of soils.
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol. 29(1):159-163.  1964.  (English
translation:  JPRS-23912; OTS-64-21919.)

Baranovski, R. and  J. Bars.  The radiometric determination of total
potassium in soil,  taking into account the radiation effect of com-
ponents of the uranium and thorium series.  Zesz. Nauk. wyg. Szkol.
sol. Wroclaw Rol.   !L2_: 143-148, 1960.  (Soil and Fertilizer.  24(6):
abstr. 2991.)

Barr, N. F.  Assessments_of radiation doses to man from various common
sources.  Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc.  15jl):449, June 1972.
(NSA 26(18)-43292.)Sources and dose estimates.

Barretto, P. M. d.  C.  Emanation Characteristics of Terrestrial and
Lunar Materials and the~ZTdZRn Loss Effect on the U-Pb System
Discordance"Thesis.Rice University, 1973.(NSA 29(1)-1272.)
Radon emanation rates from various soils, rocks and minerals.

Barton, C. J., R. E. Moore, and P. S. Rohwer.  Contribution of radon
in natural gas to the dose from airborne radon daughters in homes.
ORNL-TM—4154, 1973.  Dose estimates.

Beck, H. L., W. J.  Condon, and W. M. Lowder.  Environmental radiation
measurements in the southeastern, central and western United States,
1962-1963.  USAEC Report HASL-145, April 1964.  External gamma back-
ground and fallout  contribution.
                                   21

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Beck, H. L., W. J. Condon, and W. M. Lowder.  Spectrometric techniques
for measuring environmental gamma radiation.  USAEC Report HASL-150,
1964.

Beck, H. L., W. M. Lowder, B. G. Bennett, and W. J. Condon.  Further
studies of external environmental radiation.  USAEC Report HASL-170,
1966.  (NSA 20(15)-27196.)  Natural radioactivity.

Beck, H. and 6. de Planque.  The radiation field in the air due to
distributed gamma-ray sources in the ground.  USAEC Report HASL-195,
1968.

Beck, H. L.  Gamma radiation from radon daughters in the atmosphere.
J. Geophys. Res.  79(15):2215-2224, May 1974.  (NSA 30(5)-12692.)
Gamma ray flux from radon as function of height in
atmosphere.

Bennett, B. G.  Estimation of gonadal absorbed dose due to environmen-
tal gamma radiation.  Health Phys.  ^9_(6):757-767,  December 1970.
Theory to calculate gonadal dose from natural and fallout radioactivity
in the environment^ screening factor of 0. 8 used.

Bergstrom, S. 0. W. and T. Wahlberg.  Radium containing construction
materials from a radiation protection standpoint.  Aktiebolaget
Atomenergi.  Stockholm, Sweden,  p. 24, 1967.  In Swedish.(NF-17230,
NSA 22(7)-12429.)

Bharatwal, D. S. and G. H. Vaze.  Radiation dose measurements in the
monazite areas of Kerala State in India.  Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Peaceful
Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva.  23:156.

Bharatwal, D. S. and G. H. Vaze.  Measurements on the radiation fields
in the monazite areas of Kerala in India.  United Nations Document
A/AC.82--G/R.166.  Thorium sands used in construction materials and
exposure rates inside homes.

Blanchard, R. L.   A rapid method for a determination of Pb-210 and
Po-210 in environmental samples.  Health Phys.  11J8):831, 1965.

Bohn, J. L.   Radioactive properties of waters and soils in the
Southern California region.  Phys. Rev.  3^:912, 1928.

Bonka, H.  The local average natural radiation exposure of the popula-
tion in the Federal Republic of Germany.  Atomkernenergie.  23(2):137-
150.  1974.  In German.  (NSA 30(8)-21368.)  Cosmic and
terrestrial exposure estimates for Germany.

Bonta, J. and T. Predmersky.  Technical Hygienical Radiation Protection.
Publisher:  Muszaaki (Budapest),  pp. 102-108, 1962.
                                  22

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Bortoli, M.  D.  and  P.  Gaglione.   Natural  and  fallout  radioactivity  in
the  soil.   Health Phys.   17_(5),  November  1969.   Good  data from Italy
on soil content by  city;  analysis of potassium,  radium., thorium,
strontium and plutonium reported.

Bortoli, M.  D.  and  P.  Gaglione.   Radium-226  in  environmental materials
and  foods.   Hea1th_Phys.   22(1):43-48,  January  1972.  Radium in foods,
water; uptake studies  in  Italy.

Botset, H.  G. and P. Weaver.   Radon  content  of  soil qas.  Physics
2^:376-385,  1932.                                             	

Brill, A. B. and R.  E. Johnston.   Exposure of man  to  radiation.
CONF-690559.  (NSA  25(11)-24430.) Exposure  from all  sources.

Budnitz, R.  J.  Radon-222 and  its daughters—a  review of instrumenta-
tion for occupational  and environmental monitoring.   Health Phys.
26_(2):145-163,  February  1974.   (NSA  29(8)-18328.)
Measurement  techniques discussed.

Bunce, L. A. and R.  W. Sattler.   Radon-222 in natural gas.  Rad. Health
Data and Rep.   7_(8):441-444,  1966.   Room  concentrations from unventi-
lated gas appliances.

Bunker, C. M. and C. A. Bush.   Radioelement  composition of surface
soil in Adams County,  Colorado.   U.S. Geological Survey, Prof.
Paper 600-B, pp. 71-75,  1968.   Thorium, uranium, potassium.

Evaluation  of Radon-222 Near Uranium Tailings Piles.  Bureau of Radi-
ological Health.March  1969.PB-188691.(NSA 30(4)-9538.)
Outdoor sampling for radon from tailings  piles  at  4 locations.

Burgkhardt,  B.  and  E.  Piesch.   Use of CaF2 thermoluminescent dosimeters
for measuring the natural  background radiation.  Kerntechnik.  14(3):
128-134, March  1972.   (NSA 26(14)-33455.)  Use  of  TLD for background
radiation measurements.

Burson, Z. G.,  P. K. Boyns, and  A. E. Fritzsche.   Characterizing the
terrestrial  radiation  environment by aerial  surveys.  CONF-720607.
Trans. Amer. Nucl.  Sci.   15(1):544,  June  1972.   (NSA  26(18)-42959.)
Data analysis and method  description.

Bushong, S.  C..  The composition  and spatial  distribution of back-
ground radiation.   Health  Phys.   10(10):731-742, October 1964. Radium-
226 and potassium-40 content of soil at Pittsburgh; variation with
depth.

Cardinale, A.,  L. Frittelli, and  G.  Lembo.  Studies on the natural
background radiation in Italy.  Health  Phys.  20(3):285-296, March  1971.
Background exposure rates  in the  open, inside buildings, over roadways
in Rome; inside houses=12  to SO vR/h, outside=19. 7 vR/h average over
ground.
                                  23

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Chang, T. Y., W. L. Cheng, and P. S. Weng.  Potassium, uranium and
thorium content in building material of Taiwan.  Health Phys.  27J4):
385-387, October 1974.  (NSA 31(3)-5974).  Typical concrete building
has exposure rate =52 mR/year.

Clark, K. G., M. S. Anderson, and B. T. Shaw.  The potash problem in
the United States.  Agricultural Research Admin., U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.  1944.

Clark, R. W. and H. G. Botset.  Correlation between radon and heavy
mineral content of soils.   Bull. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geol.  16:1349-
1356, 1932.

Clark, S. P. Jr., Z. E. Peterman, and K. S. Heier.  Abundances of
uranium, thorium, and potassium.  Handbook of Physical Constants
revised edition.  Geological Society of America, Inc. (New York).
pp. 521-540, 1966.

Clegg, J. W. and D. D. Foley (eds.).  Uranium Ore Processing.  Massa-
chusetts, Addison-Wesley,  1958.

Clopton, J. C., (ed.).  Environmental radioactivity symposium.  John
Hopkins University.  CONF-700124.  November 1970.  (NSA 28(4)-8133.)
Environmental sources.

Collinson, A. J. and A. K. Haque.  A scintillation counter for the
measurement of radon concentrations in air.  J. Sci.  Instrum.  40:
521-523, 1963.  (NSA 18(2)-2049.)

Report on radon and helium occurrences in soil gas.  Colorado School
of Mines Research Foundation, Inc.  Golden, Colorado.  Report
GJO-928-1.  1967.

Comar, C. L. and J. H. Rust.  Natural radioactivity in the biosphere
and foodstuffs.  Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods  National
Academy of Sciences^1973.(NSA 30(7)-18627).Data on rocks3 soils,
water, foods; exposure estimates.

Cowan, F. P..  Quantitative summary of natural radiation and naturally
occurring isotopes.  Brookhaven National Laboratory Report, USAEC Report
AECU-1138.  1951.  (NSA 5-3465.)

Cowan, F. P..  Every day radiation.  Physics Today.  5J10):10, 1952.

Cull en, T. L..  A study of natural radioactivity in Brazil.  Univ.  ,
Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.  USAEC Report NYO-2577-8, p. 68.
1967.  (NSA 22(13)-25829.)

Curtis, J. T. and R. Dix.   Distribution of alpha radioactivity in
certain forest types.  Science.  123_( 3201): 799-800, 1956.

                                  24

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 Curtis,  J. T.  and  R.  Dix.   The  vertical  distribution of alpha-emitting
 radioactive  substances  in  certain  forest types.  Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am.
 36_:88,  1955.                                     —	

 Davies,  B. L.  and  0.  Forward.   Measurement of atmospheric radon  in and
 out  of  doors.   In:  abstracts of papers  presented at the 2nd Inter-
 national  Congress  of  the  International Radiation Protection Associa-
 tion.   Brighton, England.   May  3-8,  1970.

 De Campo, J. A., H. L.  Beck, and P.  D. Raft.  High pressure argon
 ionization chamber systems for  the measurement of environmental  radi-
 ation exposure rates.   USAEC Report  HASL-260, December 1972.

 De Meijer, R.  J..   Concrete with low intrinsic radioactivity.  Report
 EURISOTOP-55.   £: 1137-1140, 1973.  State Univ. of Utrecht.  (NSA 27(12)
 -27563.)  Measurement methods,  but little data and only Utrecht area
 studied.

 Dick, J.  B.  and D.  A. Thomas.   Ventilation research in occupied  houses.
 J. Inst.  Heat  Vent. Eng.   19_: 306-326,  1951.

 Doke, T., T. Higashimure,  and M. Takenchi, et. al.  External gamma dose
 rate from natural  radionuclides in Japan.  Sci. Papers.  5_6:40-46, 1962.

 Drew, R. T.  and M.  Eisenbud.  The  natural radiation dose to indigenous
 rodents  on the Morro  DoFerro, Brazil.  Health Phys.  .12(9):1267-1274,
 September 1966.  TLD's  used to  measure radiation exposure of rodents;
radon in burrows.

 Druilhet, A. and J. Fontan.  Application of radon as indicator of the
 intensity of exchanges  at  the soil (0  to 100m).  Boundary-Layer
Meteorology.   6(3-4):387-411, 1974.   In French    (NSA 30(9)-23992).
French data on radon versus height in atmosphere.

Duggan, M. J.  and  D. M. Howell.  Method  for measuring the concentra-
 tions of the short-lived daughter  products of radon-222 in the atmos-
 phere.   Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes.   19_: 865-870, December 1968.

Duncan,  D. L.  and  G. 6. Eadie.  Environmental surveys of the uranium
mill tailings  pile and  surrounding areas—Salt Lake City, Utah.
USEPA Report EPA-520/6-74-006,  August  1974.  Indoor and outdoor radi-
ation surveys  and working  level determinations.

Eisenbud, M..   Environmental Radioactivity.  New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., 1963.  Sources3  activity content of rocks,  soils, foods,
water; human body burdens.

Eisenbud, M.   Radioactivity in  the environment:   sources of radioacti-
vity in the environment.   Pediatrics.  41(suppl.);;174-195, 1968.
 (NSA 22(20)-43345.)

                                   25

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Eisenbud, M., H. Petrow, R. T. Drew, F. X. Roser, G. Kegel, and T. L.
Cullen.  Naturally occurring radionuclides in foods and waters from
the Brazilian areas of high radioactivity.  The Natural Radiation
Environment,  pp. 837-854, 1964.  (NSA 18(20)-35727.)

Basic approach for safety analysis and control of products containing
radionuclides and available to the general public.  European Nuclear
Energy Agency.  (NSA 24(22)-46618.)  Guide for radiation protection.

Fallout program quarterly summary report.  Health and Safety Lab.,
USAEC Reports HASL-182 and HASL-172.  Lead-210 in rain, water and in
fertilizers,

Ferri, S. and E. J. Baratta.  210Po in tobacco, cigarette smoke and
selected human organs.  Public Health Reports.  81:121-127,
February 1966.

Fisenne, I. M.  Distribution of Pb-210 and Ra-226 in soil.  Presented
at the Proceedings of the 13th Annual Bioassay and Analytical Chem-
istry Meeting.  Held at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, October 12
and 13, 1967.  A. deG. Low-Beer, (ed.).    Univ. of Calif., Berkeley.
USAEC Report UCRL-18140.  pp. 145-158.  1968.  (NSA 22(18)-37877.)

Gabrysh, A. F. and F. J. Davis.  Radon released from concrete in
radiant heating.  Nucleonics.  L3jl):50, January 1955.

Gabrysh, A. F., N. D. McKee, and H. Eyring.  Determination of the radon
emanation from carbonate rocks and its potential hazard in building
materials.  Mater. Res. Stand.  2^:265-268, 1962.

Gesell, T. F.  Some radiological aspects of radon-222 in natural gas
and natural gas products.  Proceedings of the Noble Gas Symposium.
Las Vegas.  September 24-28, 1973.  In Press.  Radon content of natural
gas and liquid petroleum products reported and its significance to
human exposure.

Geyh, M. and S. Lorch.  Determining the concentration of gamma rays to
the natural environmental radiation at ground level.  The Natural
Radiation Environment,  pp. 979-988, 1964.

Geyh, M. and S. Lorch.  Measurement of the component of the natural
gamma-environmental radiation in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Bundesministerium fur Wissenschaftliche Forschung, Bad Godesberg.
BMWF-FB-K-66-42.  p. 65, 1966.  In German.   (NSA 21(10)-15993.)

Gibbs, H. S. and G. J. McCullum.  Natural radioactivity of soils.
New Zealand J. Sci. Techno!.  37^:354-368, 1955.

Gibson, J. A. B.  Measurement of the gamma-radiation background.
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Research Est.,  Harwell.  Report AERE-R-
4137, 1962.  Cosmicj natural and fallout dose rates.

                                  26

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Gileadi, M.  Joint Radiation Survey Summary.  TID-26642, 1974.
(NSA 31(4)-8877).Background radiation survey in Puerto Rico.

Glauberman, H., A. Breslin, and W. Harris.  Environmental radon measure-
ments.  USAEC Report NYOO-4861.  1957.

Gold, S., H. W. Barkhau, and B. Kahn.  Measurement of naturally occur-
ring radionuclides in air.  The Natural Radiation Environment.
pp. 369-382, 1964.                                          ~

Golden, J. C., Jr.  Natural background radiation levels in Florida.
Sandia Corp.  Document SC-RR-68-196,  1968.

Gopal-Ayenger, E. R.  Possible areas with sufficiently different back-
ground radiation  levels to permit detection of differences in muta-
tion rate of "marker" genes.  Effect of Radiation on Human Heredity.
World Health Org., Geneva.  Monograph series:115-124, 1957.

Gorham, E.  A comparison of natural and fallout radioactivity in
Ontario soils under pine.  Can. J. Botany.  4^(9):1309-1318, 1963.

Gruneberg, H.  Genetical research in an area of high natural radioac-
tivity in South India.  Nature.  204:222-224, October 1964.  (NSA 19(2)
-2131.)  Concludes that no significant genetic changes occurred.

Gustafsson, M.  External and internal irradiation of Swedish reindeer
breeders.  Health Phys.  J7(l):19-34, July  1969.  Radiation levels
outdoors and indoors, environmental radiation exposure evaluated; in-
ternal emitters assessed.

Gustafson, P. F.  Environmental radiation:  past, present, and future.
Trans. Mud. Sci.  NS-19(1):104-106, February 1972.  (NSA 26(18)-
42945.)Sources.

Gustafson, P. F., L. D. Marinelli, and S. S. Brar.  Natural and fission
produced gamma-ray emitting radioactivity in soil.  Science.  127:
1240-1242, 1958.

Gustafson, P. F.  Measurement of soil radioactivity and calculation of
dose therefrom.  Radiological Physics Division Semiannual Report.
Argonne National Lab.  USAEC Report ANL-5967, pp. 156-163, 1959.

Gustafson, P. F. and S. S. Brar.  Measurement of gamma-emitting radio-
nuclides in soil and calculation of the dose arising therefrom.  The
Natural Radiation Environment,  pp. 499-512, 1964.

Gutt, W.  Manufacture of cement from industrial by-products.  Chem.
Ind.  pp. 189-197, 1971.

Hamilton, E. I.  The relative radioactivity of building materials. Amer.
Ind. Hyq. Assoc. J.  32(6):398-403, June 1971.  (NSA 25-47192.) Radium,
thorium, potassium, uranium in building materials.
                                  27

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Hamilton, E. I.  Distribution of radioactivity in rocks and minerals,
and the effect of weathering on determinations of uranium.  Nature.
18].:697-698, 1958.

Handly, T. H. and C. J. Barton.  Home ventilation rates.  A literature
survey.  ORNL-TM-4318.  September 1973.  (NSA 28(ll)-27258.)  Review;
0.5 to 1.5 air changes per hour in average house.

Hansen, R. 0. and P. R. Stout.  Isotopic distribution of uranium and
thorium in soils.  Soil Science.  105.(1):45-50, 1968.

Haque, A. K., A. J. Collinson, and C. 0. Brooke.  Radon concentrations
in different environments and the factors influencing it.  Physics
Med. Biol.   10:505-514, 1965.

Haque, A. K. and A. J. Collinson.  Radiation dose to the respiratory
system due to radon and its daughter products.  Health Phys. ^3_(5):
431-444, May 1967.  Lung dosimetry from radon and daughter product
exposure.

Harley, N. A., J. H. Harley, and I. M. Fisenne.  Measurement of radium-
226 and radon-222 in environmental samples.  CONF-727.  pp. 142-151,
1964.  Eadiochemical processes.

Harley, J. H. and W. M. Lowder.  Natural radioactivity and radiation.
USAEC Report HASL-242, April 1971.  United States terrestrial dose
rates, soil content.

Harley, J. H.  Environmental levels of radon.  Proceedings of the Noble
Gas Symposium.  Las Vegas.  September 24-28, 1973.  In press.  Radon-222
and daughter exposures, some discussion of radon inside dwellings and
its source in building materials.

Hart, J. C., R. H. Ritchie, and B. S. Varnadore, (eds.).  Population
Exposures.   CONF-741018, October 1974.   (NSA 31(1)-821).  Exposure
from various sources.

Havolic, V.  Natural radioactive aerosols in the ground level air of a
Czechoslovak locality with respect to the radiological exposure of
its population. Health Phys.   Uj6):553-566, July 1965.  Seasonal
variation of radon in atmosphere; dose estimates given.

Hecht, F., H. Kupper, and W. E. Petraschek.  Preliminary remarks in
the determination of uranium in Austrian springs and rocks.  Proc.
2nd Int. Conf.  Peaceful Uses  of Atomic  Energy.  Geneva.  1958.
2^: 158-160.  Some uranium data.

Herbst, W.   Investigations of environmental radiation and  its vari-
ability.  The Natural Radiation Environment,  pp. 781-796,  1964.


                                  28

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Hess, F. L.   Industrial Minerals and Rocks.  Amer. Inst. Mining and
Met. Eng.  (New York).1949.Radioactivity of beach sands.

Hess, V. F. and G. A. O'Donnell.  The rate of ion formation at ground
level and  at  one meter above the ground.  J. Geophys. Res.  56(4)-
557-562, 1951.	   —

Hilaire, M. and Y. LeGallic.  Nonradioactive reference materials.
Bull. Infor.  Sci. Tech.  Paris.  JJ>3_: 67-72, October 1971.  In French.
(NSA 26-32607.)Copper, lead and steel; reference source with ac-
tivity less than 0.001 pCi/g.

Howell, L. G.  Radioactivity of soil gases.  Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petro-
leum Geol.  18:63-68, 1934.

Hoy, J. E. and L. F. Landon.  Background radiation measurements in
the environs  of the Savannah River plant, 1952-1963.  Du Pont de
Nemours and Co., Savannah River Plant.  USAEC Report DPSPU-63-30-8,
p. 13, 1963.  (NSA 17-18321.)  Natural external gamma radiation surveys.

Hultquist, B.  Studies on naturally occurring ionizing radiation, with
special reference to radiation doses in Swedish houses of various
types.  Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handlingar, Ser. 4, 6/3):1-125,
1956.  In Swedish.

Hultquist, B.  Kungl. Svanska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Fjard
Serien.  6J3):125, 1965.  Stockholm, Almqvist-Wilsells Bocktrikeri
AB.  In Swedish.

International Atomic Energy Agency.  Proceedings of an International
Symposium, Rapid Methods for Measuring Radioactivity in the Environ-
ment.  Neuherberg, Vienna, July 1971.

International Atomic Energy Agency.  Uranium Exploration Methods.
November 1973.  STI/PUB-334.  CONF-72048T:(NSA 29(10)-24171).
Radon measurements in various soils to indicate uranium deposits.

Jackson, M. L.  Chemical composition of soils.  Chemistry of the Soil.
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Jones, D. E., C.  L. Lindeken, and R. E. McMillen.  Natural radiation
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                                  30

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                                  39

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Schraub, A.  Natural radiation exposure.  Atomkernenergle, 23_(2):127-
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                                  40

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                                  42

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                                  43

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                                  44

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                                   45

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                              TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                        (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
 ^REPORT NO.
 ORP/LV  75-1
 4.TITLE AND SUBTITLE
 Technical Note:   Radioactivity in Construction
 Materials—A Literature Review and  Ribliograph'
          \B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
           3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOf*NO.
           5. REPORT DATE
           April  1975-Issuing Date
 7. AUTHOR(S)
 Gregory C-. Eadie
           8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
 ). PERFORMING ORG \NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
 Office of Radiation Programs—
 Las Vegas Facility, P.O. Box  15027
 Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
           10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
           11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
 Environmental  Protection Agency
 National Environmental Research Center
 Las Vegas, Nevada   89114
           13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
           Final
           14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
 16. ABSTRACT         •                                                  '	"
 Surveys to determine the radioactive  content of specific building
 materials used  in  the United States have not been reported  in the
 literature.  The external dose  to  the U.s.  population from  exposure
 to natural radioactive materials  (exclusive of uranium mill tailings)
 contained in U.S.  building materials  has not been evaluated,  and
 the possibly significant external  exposure  from the use of  by-product
 gypsum and fly-ash materials should be evaluated.  The effects
 of various construction materials  on  the attenuation of cosmic
 and terrestrial radiations have been  evaluated in a limited number
 of surveys in the  urban areas of Boston, New York, and Livermore,
 California.  The measurement of radon and radon daughter product
 concentrations  has only been reported for a few dwellings and several
 multi-story office buildings in Boston and  in several State-owned
 buildings in North Carolina.  This literature search has found
 a lack of meaningful data for use  in  evaluating the U.S. popula-
 tion exposure from building materials.
                           KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
               DESCRIPTORS
                                       b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COSATI Field/Group
 natural radioactivity, building
 materials, radiation surveys,
 population exposures, background
 radiation, radium
 8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

 Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified   	
21. NO. OF PAGES
 45
                                      20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
                                      Unclassified
                                                             22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)

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